(‘yfvadoj0yg 0 mossy ) ‘“MO1Sd3HO LV 3NOLS3WIN SNOYSSINOSHVS 3HL NI 3NITOILNY AOAald SLUN Oa ‘daN1O GTIOMSALLOO ‘008d PROCEEDINGS OF THE OTTESWOLD NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB_ aa et. -f Cavorume “ey. Part I., 1904. Part IL, 1905. Part Ill., 1906. gs * A~ x y ‘GI OUCESTER : 1904—1906. x ¢. a, ; = : meh LIME i vA PRINTED BY JOHN BELLOWS GLOUCESTER 247923 CONTENTS. OF VOLLAY. PART I., October, 1904. PAGE List of Members, Financial Statement, Rules, etc. . : 2 ili.- Plate I. Anticline in the Carboniferous Limestone, at Chepstow 4 ; : - ; : : facing I PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. By C. CALLAWAY, M.A., D.Sc., F.G.S.— Part I. Formal Record. Part II. Pre-Cambrian Volcanoes . 3 b : ‘ 7; Notes on an Anticline in the Carboniferous Limestone at Chepstow. By L. RICHARDSON. (Plate I., Arontis- piece) : ; F ‘ 3 ; : : 17 The Rhetic Rocks of Worcestershire. By L. RICHARDSON, F.G.S. : 5 : E : ; : ; 19 On Some Further Evidence of the Roman Occupation of Gloucester. By M. H. MEDLAND, F.R.I.B.A. ; 45 Evidence of Ancient Occupation on Cleeve Hill, near Chelten- ham. By J. W. Gray, F.G.S., and G. W. S. BREWER, F.G.S. (Plate II.) Appendix: The Verti- brate and Molluscan Remains from Cleeve Hill. By M. A. C. HINTON and A. S. KENNARD ee sa The People of India. By W. CROOKE, B.A., F.A.I. (Report by Lecturer) . , : : . ; : ; 69 PART II., June, 1905 List of Members, Financial Statement, Rules, etc. . : 3 xiii PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. By the REV. WALTER BUTT, M.A. 73 Some Cotteswold Brachiopoda, Part I]. By CHARLES UPTON (Plate III.) : 3 : : : F 82 The Effects of Earth-Pressures on the Keuper Rocks of the Eldersfield District. By L. RICHARDSON, F.G.S._ . 93 Notes on Rocks collected in Cyprus Part I. Description of the Locality. By LieuT.-CoL. J. C. DUKE ‘ : be. "On Part II. Notes on the Specimens. By C. CALLAWAY, M.A., D.Sc., F.G.S. ve LO? Korea. By W. R. CARLES, C.M.G., F.L.S., F.R.G.S. The Rude Stone Monuments of India. By W. CROOKE, B.A., F.A.I. (Plates IV. and V.) . Notes on a Daily Weather Chart. By A. S. HELPS PART III., September, 1906. List of Members, Financial Statement, Rules, etc. . Proceedings of the Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club at the Annual General Meeting, April. 3rd, £308) including the PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS : : . Proceedings at the Ordinary Winter Meetings Excursions. (Plates VI.-VIII.) On a Section of Upper Lias at Stroud. By CHARLES UPTON On a Well-Sinking in the Upper Lias, at Painswick, near Stroud. By L. RICHARDSON : : ° A Cotteswold Brachiopod: A forgotten Name and a neglected Author. By S. S. BUCKMAN, F.G.S. ; Pygmy Flints. By VINCENT A. SMITH. M.A., I.C.S. (Retd.) (Plate IX.) : : ; : : : instinct. By-:PROR. C. -LLOYD “MORGAN, /LL, Eo F.G.S. (Report by Lecturer). : : : Some Lias Ammonites: Sch/otheimia and Species of other Genera. By S. S. BUCKMAN, F.G.S. (Plates X. and XI) ; : ; : : : : ; : Notes on some Natural Conditions affecting the Location and Story of “Gloucester... ‘By. PF. J. GULLS; ~ PoG.5, (Report by Lecturer) ; ‘ ; ; ; Opening of a Round Barrow, near Haresfield, Glos. By WILLIAM BELLOWS : : : : . . On a Section of Lower Lias at Maisemore, near Gloucester. By L. RICHARDSON, F.G.S. Additional Notes on the Denny-Hill Section, near Minsterworth, near Gloucester. By E. TALBOT PARIS . On the Occurrence of Cerafodus in the Rhetic at Garden Cliff, Westbury-on-Severn, Gloucestershire. By L. RICHARDSON, F.G.S PAGE 105 117 147 XXiii 161 175 176 201 208 209 215 227 231 VOL. XV PART «I PROCEEDINGS OF THE Cotteswold Unturalists’ | Peel Exe (es Bae od cel Olea e President Rev. WALTER BUTT, M.A. Dicez Presidents Rev. H. H. WINWOOD, M.A., F.G.S. E. B. WETHERED, F.G.S. CHRISTOPHER BOWLY, M.A.L. M. W. COLCHESTER-WEMYSS C. CALLAWAY, M.A,, D.Sc, F.GS. CHARLES STANTON, M.A., E.R.G:S. Honorary Creasurer LS Sab se LS Honorary Dibrarian F. J. CULLIS, F.G.S. Honorary Accretarp L. RICHARDSON, F.GS. Contents List of Members, Iinancial Statement, Rules, &c. - - - - - page iii. Plate I. Anticline in the Carboniferous Limestone, at Chepstow - facing 1, I President’s Address, by C. Callaway, M. Bes D. ae F.G.S. Part I. Formal Record - ~ - - - - = “ I Part II. Pre-Cambrian Vilcarioes - = i 7 Note on an Anticline in the Carboniferous Tammestone at Chepstow, by L. " Richardson. (Plate I., Fromtispiece.) - = bi 17 The Rhetic Rocks of Worcestershire, by L. Rechanioon, F. G. Ss. - - n 19 On Some Further Evidence of the Roman Oceupation of Gipaces eh by M. H. Medland, F.R.I.B.A. - = n 45 Evidence of Ancient Occupation on Cleeve Hill, near Ghelientere by th w. ‘Gray, F.G.S. and G. W. S. Brewer, F.G.S. (Plate II.) Appendix The Vertebrate and Molluscan Remains oo Cleeve Hill, M. A. C. Hinton and A. S. Kennard - - " 49 The People of India, by W. Crooke, ‘B. A., F.A. I. (Report by eres) Sie» (GO PUBLISHED OCTOBER, 1904 PRINTED AND PUBI.ISHED BY JOHN BEI.I.OWS, GLOUCESTER, 239013 The Library of the Club is at Mr John Bellows’, Eastgate House, Gloucester. It is open every Tuesday afternoon from 2.30 to 4.30. Books may be borrowed by application to the Honorary Librarian, F. J. Cullis, Barnwood, Gloucester. Books, Pamphlets, ete., presented to the Club should be addressed to the Hon. Librarian, the Cotteswold Club, c/o John Bellows, Eastgate House, Gloucester. Correspondence should be addressed to the Honorary Secretary, L. Richardson, 10 Oxford Parade, Cheltenham. ‘Subscriptions (15/, due 1st January each year) should be sent to the Hon. Treasurer, A. S. Helps, The Knap, Great Witcombe, Gloucester. The undermentioned publications of the Club can be supplied at the following prices :— To To Members the Public sd Sa al Voli: Gipt- in parts)! \ rs +) 8A7-TS59 O10. 6 CoB he w Il. n é . 1854-1860 010 6 0 T5739 u Ill. (with 4to plates) oe BB60-2865 --1. Teo i Ute i LV (3 parts) E . 1866-1868 o 10 6 0; 1546 igs Gotan G2 Raa ime : J) 1869-1671 (oo) 16 O“tsnae Min evele SK Cane): * 3 é., \EB72=1877" 10° L410 > Chas pga ba el Ge ag ars as : . > 5878-1660 "0. <7 0 010 6 Tine ULE Ge Nae eo Yee i . 1881-1885 0 10 6 O15 9 vw IX. (5 » with Supplement*) 1886-1889 017 6 1: sae (ee une Get. ae : 1890-1892 0 10 6 0: 35608 Tina © i eae : . 1893-1894 010 6 O56 fh ae Oe ieee ees : . . 1895-1898 0 10 6 O-I5=a eC t ate Ns e ‘ . 1899-1901 0 14 O 1° Tee » XIV. (4 «© withSupplementt) 1901-1903 0 13° oO 019 3 » XV. (1 part published) < | AOGS, O78. .6 QO; Seen Cost of Set to date . ZL8 14 0 413) Deew *The Supplement to Vol. IX., is ‘The Origin of the Cotteswold Field Club, and an Epitome of the Proceedings from its formation to May, 1877,’ by W. C. Lucy, F.G.S. +The Supplement to Vol. XIV., is the ‘ Contents of Proceedings,’ Vols. 1.—XIV. 1847—1903. To Members, 2/6; to the Public, 3/6. Vols. IV. and onwards are sold in separate parts, if required, at the price for each part—to Members, 3/6; to the Public, 5/3- Vol. II. lacks the plate of Cirencester High Cross. Copies of Vol. III., imperfect as regards plates of Crosses, will be sold at one-third reduction. PROCEEDINGS OF THE POLTESWOLD NATURALISTS’ Mb liy CLUB PRESIDENT REV. WALTER BUTT, M.A. HONORARY SECRETARY Ly RICBARDSON,” F-G.S. Wo... XV... Part §, October, 1904 * [4 F 2 fe) — ie) OFFICERS OF THE CLUB. President: Rev. WALTER Butt, M.A. Pice-Presidents : Rev. H. H. Winwoop, M.A.; F.G.S. E. B. WETHERED, F.G.S. CHRISTOPHER BowLy, M.A.I. M. W. CotcurstEerR-WeEmyss. C. Cattaway, M.A., D.Sc., F.G.S. CHARLES STANTON, M.A., F.R.G.S. Hon. Creasurer : A. S. HELps, The Knap, Great Witcombe, Gloucester. Hon. Pibrarian: F. J. Curtis, F.G.S., Barnwood, Gloucester. Hon. Secretary : L. RicHarpson, F.G.S., 1o Oxford Parade, Cheltenham. THE OFFICERS CONSTITUTE THE COUNCIL. iil. iv. PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 LIST OF MEMBERS, SEPTEMBER, 1904 Honorary Members: G. Embrey, F.C.S., Hill-close, 47 Park Road, Gloucester. Nevil Story Maskelyne, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., Bassett Down House, Swindon. George Maw, I.L.S., F.G.S., Benthall, Kenley, Surrey. C. Lloyd Morgan, F.R.S., University College, Bristol. H. Y. J. Taylor, 3 Falkner Street, Gloucester. H. B, Woodward, F.R.S., Geological Survey, 28 Jermyn Street, London. Baker (Gah. Ul. , jee... Ball, A. J. Morton Batten, Rayner W., M.D. Baxter, Wynne E., F.G.S., F.R.M. S., F.R. Hist.s. Bazley, Gardner S. Becher, Major E. F. Bellows, William Berry, James, B.S., F.G.S Birchall, J. D. Bishop, W. Bond, F.'T., B.A., M.D., F.R.S.E. Bowly, Christopher, M.A. I. Bruton, H. W. Bubb, Henry = Buckman, S. S., F.G. S. Butt, Rev. Walter, M.A. Callaway, Chas., M.A., D.Sc. Carles, Wi. R;, C.M.G., ©. L:S:,; BeRGiSoer wa Chance, H.G., M.A. ... Clark, Oscar, M.A., M.B. Colchester-Wemyss, M. W. Collett, J; M., F:C-S.... Cooke, A. S. ves Crooke, W., B.A., F.A.I. Cullis, F. J.; B.G.S. Currie, G. M. sae ane Dorington, Sir J. E., Bart., M.P. Drew, Joseph, M.B., F.G.S. ... Hlembers : Hardwicke Court, near Gloucester. The Green, Stroud. 1 Brunswick Square, Gloucester. Granville Cottage, Stroud. Hatherop Castle, Fairford. 2 Berkeley Villas, Pittville, Cheltenham. Walden, Denmark Road, Gloucester. 21 Wimpole Street, London. Bowden Hall, Gloucester. The Brick House, Stroud. 3 Beaufort Buildings, Gloucester. Siddington House, Cirencester. Bewick House, Gloucester. Ullen Wood, near Cheltenham. Westfield, Thame, Oxon. Kempsford Vicarage, Fairford, Glos. 16 Montpellier Villas, Cheltenham. Silwood, The Park, Cheltenham. Heathville Road, Gloucester. Spa Road, Gloucester. Westbury Court, Newnham. Hillfield, Gloucester. Badbrook House, Stroud. Langton House, Charlton Kings, Cheltenham. Barnwood, Gloucester. 26 Lansdown Place, Cheltenham. Lypiatt Park, Stroud. Montrose, Battledown, Cheltenham. VOL. XV. (1) LIST OF Ducie, The Earl of, F.R.S., F.G.S. Duke, Lieut.-Col. J. C. Dyer-Edwardes, ‘T Ellis, T. S. ~ Evans, Rev. J., B.A. ... Foster, R. G. Fowler, O. H. ; Gael, C. E., B.A., M. Inst. C. E. Gardiner, C. I., M.A., F.G.S. Garrett, J. H., M.D. Gray, J. W., F.G.S. Grosvenor, W. W Guise, Sir W. F. G., Bart. Hall, Rev. Robert, M.A. Hannam-Clark, F Hartland, Ernest, M.A. Hayward, Archdeacon H. R.... Hedley, G. W., M.A., F.C.S. Helps, A. S. 305 Jamieson, Col. A. W. ... Jones, John H. ... Jordan, W. H., B.A. Kay, Sir Brook, Bart. ... Keeling, G. W.... Knowles, H. Leigh, William .. ~ McLaughlin, H. w. C3 M. A. Margetson, W. .. , Marling, Sir William H, Bart. Marling, W. J. Paley ... Marling, S. S. Medland, M. H.. UF, R.I.B. A Mellersh, W. L, M.A. Meredith, W. L., F.G.S. Milnes, G. P., A.M.I.C.E. Mitchinson, Right Rev. J. Moreton, Lord ... . Newton, Surgeon-Major Isaac Norris, H. E. Paine, Alfred E. W. Perkins, Vincent R. 2 Prevost, E. W., Ph.D. F.RS. E. Rankin, J. R. L. Richardson, L., F.G.S. MEMBERS Vv. Tortworth Court, Falfield, R.S.O. South Court, Leckhampton Rd., Chelt’m. Prinknash Park, Painswick, Stroud. 6 Clarence Street, Gloucester. Rosedale Villas, Kings Rd., Cheltenham. Lennox House, Gloucester. Ashcroft House, Cirencester. Charlton Kings, Cheltenham. The College, Cheltenham. 24 Promenade, Cheltenham. St. Elmo, Leckhampton Rd., Cheltenham. 4 Clarence Street, Gloucester. Elmore Court, near Gloucester. Saul Rectory, Stonehouse, Glos. 30 Heathville Road, Gloucester. Hardwick Court, Chepstow. College Green, Gloucester. The College, Cheltenham. The Knap, Great Witcombe, Gloucester. St. Kilda, Hewletts Road, Cheltenham. Barrow Hill, Churchdown, Cheltenham. 8 Royal Parade, Cheltenham. Battledown, Cheltenham. 10 Lansdown Terrace, Cheltenham. Egerton House, Spa Road, Gloucester. Woodchester Park, Stonehouse, Glos. Bradley Villa, Hewletts Rd., Cheltenham. Bright Side, Stroud. Stanley Park, Stroud. Stanley Park, Stroud. Stanley Park, Stroud. Horton Road, Gloucester. The Gryphons, Pittville, Cheltenham. 7 Midland Road, Gloucester. Whitehall, Stroud. College Gardens, Gloucester. Sarsden, Chipping Norton, Oxon. Broadlands, The Park, Cheltenham. Cirencester. Churcham Court, near Gloucester. Wotton-under-Edge. Weston, Ross. Ashmead, Dursley. 10 Oxford Parade, Cheltenham. vi. PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB Ringer, Dep. Surgeon-Gen. T. Ryves, Captain A. Sawyer, John ae Scobell, Canon FE. C., M.A. ... Sewell, E. C. Skinner, J. W. ... Smith, A. E. Stanton, Walter John ... Stanton, C. II., M.A., F.R.G.S. Taynton, LH. J.... Thomas, Arnold, F.G.S. Thompson, W. ... Upton, Charles... Waller, F. W. ... a Washbourn, William... sa Watson, Dep. Surgeon-Gen. G.A. Wethered, E. B., I’.G.S. Wilkinson, Rev. L., B.A. Winnington-Ingram, Rev. A. R. Winwood, Rev. H. H., M.A., F.G.S. Witchell, E. Northam Witchell, C. A. Witts, G. B., C.E. Witts, Rev. F. E. B., B.A. Wollaston, G. H., F.G.S. Wood, Walter B. 1904 20 Lansdown Terrace, Cheltenham. Taynton, Charlton Kings. Battledown, Cheltenham. Upton St. Leonards, Gloucester. The Beeches, Cirencester. The Edge, Stroud. The Hollies, Nailsworth. Stratford Lodge, Stroud. Field Place, Stroud. 8 Clarence Street, Gloucester. Severn Bank, Newnham-on-Severn. Lansdown, Stroud. Tower House, Stroud. Horton Road, Gloucester. Blackfriars, Gloucester. Hendre, Cheltenham. The Uplands, Cheltenham. Micheldean, S.O., Glos. Lassington Rectory, Gloucester. 11 Cavendish Crescent, Bath. Lansdown, Stroud. Bathurst, Cirencester Rd, Charlton Kings. Leckhampton, Cheltenham. Upper Slaughter Manor, Lower Slaughter, R.S.O., Glos. Ellerncroft, Wotton-under-Edge. Barnwood, Gloucester. (Any corrections in this List will be gladly received by the Hon. Secretary. ) VOL. XV. (1) SOCIETIES, &c. Vil. LIST OF SOCIETIES, INSTITUTIONS, &c., To whom Copies of the Club’s Publications are presented. An asterisk denotes those from whom publications are received in exchange. *Tueé AMERICAN MusEeuM OF NatruRAL Hisrory, Central Park, 77th Street and 8th Avenue, New York City, U.S. America, c/o Messrs Wesley & Son, 28 Essex Street, Strand, London, W.C. *tTHe Baru NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLuB, c/o The Librarian (T. S. Bush), Royal Literary Institution, Terrace Walks, Bath, ' *+THE BRISTOL AND GLOUCESTERSHIRE ARCHAOLOGICAL Society, c/o The Librarian, Eastgate, Gloucester. **THE BrisroL NavrurRALists’ Sociery, c/o C. King Rudge, L.R.C.P., 145 White Ladies Road, Redland, Bristol. ; THE BririsH Museum (Natural History), The Librarian, Cromwell Road, London, W. THE CAMBRIDGE UNIversiITy Liprary, c/o The Librarian, Cambridge. *+THE CLIFTON ANTIQUARIAN CLuB, c/o A. E. Hudd, 94 Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol. THE GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE, The Editor of, 129 Beaufort St., Chelsea, S. W. Tue GEOoLoGiIcaL Socirry, c/o The Librarian, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W. *THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, c/o The Librarian, The School of Mines, Jermyn Street, London, S.W. *+THE GEOLOGISIS’ ASSOCIATION, c/o The Librarian, University College, Gower Street, London, W.C. *THE GLasGow GEOLOGICAL SociEery, c/o The Librarian, 207 Bath Street, Glasgow. THE GLOUCESTER MUNICIPAL Library, Brunswick Road, Gloucester. Nature, The Editor of, c/o Messrs. Macmillan & Co., St. Martin’s Street, London, W.C. THE Roya Sociery, c/o The Librarian, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W. *THr SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION (Washington, D.C., U.S. America), c/o Messrs Wesley & Son, 28 Essex Street, Strand, London, W.C. *THeE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SuRvEY (Washington, D.C., U.S. America), c/o Messrs Wesley & Son, 28 Essex Street, Strand, London, W.C. *+THE WARWICKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ AND ARCHEOLOGISTS’ FIELD CLUB, The Museum, Warwick. *tTHE WOoOLHOPE NATURALIS?TS’ FIELD CLUB, c/o H. C. Moore, 26 Broad Street, Hereford. H. D. Hosko p, Calle Libertad 1055, Buenos Aires, South America. Mrs SyMonps, The Camp, Sunningdale, Ascot. Canon W. BAZELEY, Hon. Sec. Bristol and Gloucestershire Archzological Society, Matson Rectory, Gloucester. H. CEeciL Moore, 26 Broad Street, Hereford. +The Presidents and Secretaries of these Societies are considered as Ex-officio Members of the Club, and are cordially invited to the Meetings; Programmes of Meetings to be sent to them as invitations. Vill. PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 INCOME AND EXPENDITURE FROM RECEIPTS To BALANCES, APRIL 28TH, 1903: Ste Ld ge Capital and Counties Bank, Deposit Account ... 51 2 2 Ditto—Current Account ... =a =a va) Sete tOsnO In hand ts os a i's oo mee o17 8 —_-— 63 15 10 To INCOME: Interest on Deposit Account to 31st Dec., 1903... LL aiteo Sale of Proceedings... a nits 610 3 Subscriptions received to April rath 1904 ae WA OG — 81 11 9 445.7 7 VOL. XV..(1) FINANCIAL STATEMENT ie. 27TH APRIL, 1908, TO 19TH APRIL, 1904. PAYMENTS By EsTABLISHMENT CHARGES : os, ed pearsei sd. Library Expenses ... os sr soe bee 3 11 7 J. Bellows, One Year’s Rent of Room as Reet 2. OO Miscellaneous Expenses _... Oo 19 6 Gloucester Seen Co., for Re- Varnishing ae case ane Tine 34 ©: 17 14 I Less Archeological Society, Proportion of Rent 8 0 oO _— 914 I By Cost OF PROCEEDINGS : J. Bellows, Printing aes Be ee Serer deo L205, i Bartholomew & Co., Maps_.... ai ic 6 I 0 W. G. Hutchison, Typewriting, etc. ... eri. LESHnS vO W. Thompson, Printing ... és a Pa toma! Gama) W. L. Mellersh, Distribution of Report ran 014 0 ——— 64 1 5 By Cost OF MEETINGS : Municipal Schools (use of room) ... 217 0 Custodian ‘in a 014 0 Coffee Co., Refreshments ... a as 2010 Arranging Field Meetings (L. Richardson) Bosiez Iion. Treasurer, out-of-pocket expenses & postages 16 8 Hon. Secretary (S. S. Buckman), ditto 3-0) 0 I2 10 10 By BALANCES, APRIL Igth, 1904: Capital and Counties Bank, Deposit Account ... 52 3 8 Ditto—Current Account ... a Bae aie 5 16 4 In hand eS Corel | wie HOT elias 4145 7 7 A. S. HELPS, Hon. 7reasurer. Audited and found correct, 26th May, 1904 H. KNOWLES, Ri PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 RULES OF THE CLUB 1.—The Objects of the Club are to study the Natural History and Antiquities of the County and the adjacent districts. 2.—The Club shall consist of a President, Vice-Presidents (not exceeding seven in number), an Honorary Secretary, an Honorary Treasurer, and Honorary Librarian, and Honorary, Ordinary and Ex-officio Members. 3.—Before anyone can be elected a Member he must be duly pro- posed and seconded at an Ordinary Meeting, and come up for ballot at a subsequent Meeting; one black ball in ten to disqualify. 4.—The Entrance Fee shall be £1. The Annual Subscription of Ordinary Members shall be Fifteen Shillings, due in advance on the first day of January. 5.—Any Member in arrear with his Subscription for the year is liable to removal from the list of Members. 6.—No Member shall be entitled to a copy of the Proceedings whose Subscription is one year in arrear. 7.—The Club may admit a limited number of Honorary Members (see Rule 2), whose scientific work entitles them to the distinction, and who must be elected at the Annual Meeting. 8.—The Executive Council for the Management of the Club shall consist of the President, Vice-Presidents, the Honorary Secretary, the Honorary Treasurer, and Honorary Librarian, all of whom shall retire at the Annual Meeting, but are eligible for re-election. 9.—The Annual Meeting shall be held in the early part of each year, at which Meeting the President’s Address shall be read, the Financial Statement of the Honorary Treasurer shall be presented, and the Officers shall be elected, and the dates and places of the Field Me etings be fixed; but the arrangements for the Winter Meetings shall be left to the Executive Council. : 10.—The Club shall usually hold yearly four Field Meetings, and also four Winter Meetings for the reading and discussion of Papers. At the Field Meetings any Member may introduce one Visitor, and at the Winter Meetings more than one; and at the Winter Meetings the term ‘ Visitor” may include ladies. Members must give due notice , to the Honorary Secretary of their intention to be present at any Field Meeting, and should any Member, having given such notice, fail to attend, he will be liable for his share of the expenses. 11.—The Council may at any time call a Special General Meeting of the Members. Upon the requisition of any eight Members being sent to the Honorary Secretary, a Special General Meeting shall be convened; and any proposition to be submitted shall be stated in the Notice. Not less than seven days’ notice of any such General Meeting shall be given. 12.—The Club shall use its influence to promote the preservation of all antiquities and to prevent, as far as possible, the removal of scarce plants and the extermination of rare species of the flora or fauna. Adopted at the Annual Meeting of the Members at Cheltenham, April 27th, 1896; and revised at the Annual Meeting at Gloucester, April 23rd, r1gor. ; ANNUAL ADDRESS TO THE COTTESWOLD NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB, BY C. CALLAWAY, M.A., D.Sc., F.G.S., President. (Read at Gloucester, April 19th, 1904) PART I.—FORMAL RECORD. During the past year eight new members have been elected, and we have lost five—three by resignation and two by death. Major A. K. Abbott died in March of the present year, and Dr W. D. Blyth, who joined in Sep- tember, 1903, did not long survive his election. We have also to deplore the loss of a distinguished honorary member, Mr Robert Etheridge, who passed away in December last, at the ripe age of 84 years. Robert Etheridge, though not a native of the county, was in the earlier part of his career closely connected with its scientific institutions. He served for seven years as Curator to the Museum of the Bristol Philosophical Society, and he was for over forty years an active member of this Club. In 1856, when on a visit to Lord Ducie, he was introduced to Sir Roderick Murchison, then Director- General of the Geological Survey, by whose influence he was appointed to the Survey as Assistant-Palzontologist, under J. W. Salter, in the Museum of Practical Geology. After 24 years’ service in this department, he was trans- ferred to the British Museum of Natural History, and held B 2 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 the post of Assistant-Keeper of Geology for ten years, when he retired under the official regulations. During the remaining 12 years of his life, he continued work, acting as Consulting Geologist to the Dover Coal Boring and as an expert upon water supply. Mr Etheridge contributed to this Club the following papers :—‘On the Rheetic or Avzcula contorta Beds at Garden Cliff, Westbury-on- Severn, Gloucestershire ’ (1865); ‘Section of the Rhetic Beds at Aust Cliff’ (1866); ‘On the Physical Structure of the Northern Part of the Bristol Coal Basin, chiefly having reference to the Iron Ores of the Tortworth Area’ (1866) ; ‘ Supposed Permian Beds at Portskewet’ (1868); ‘Notes upon the Physical Structure of the Watchet Area, and the Relation of the Secondary Rocks to the Devonian Series of West Somerset’ (1873). His memoir, “On the Geological Position and Geographical Distribution of the Reptilian or Dolomitic Conglomerate of the Bristol Area, which appeared in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society in 1870, was a valuable contribution to the geology of this district; and the same may be said of his paper in the Transactions of the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society (1872) ‘On the Rhetic Beds of Penarth and Lavernock.’ His contributions to science outside our area were numerous and important. I may mention especially his paper ‘On the Physical Structure of North Devon, and on the Paleontological Value of the Devonian Fossils,’ his ‘ Stratigraphical Geology and Palzontology,’ a new and revised edition of Phillips’s Manual, and his palzeontologi- cal appendices to Geological Survey Memoirs. Mr Etheridge’s abundant labours were frequently ac- knowledged by the approbation of the scientific world. He was elected a Fellow of the Geological Society in 1854, and held the Presidential office from 1880 to 1882. The Council of the Society awarded him the Woollaston VOL. XV. (1) THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS 3 Fund in 1871, and the Murchison Medal and Fund in 1880. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1855, and of the Royal Society of London in 1871, and served on the Council of the latter Society in 1884. Many learned societies at home and abroad elected him as Honorary or Corresponding Member. Looking across the vista of half-a-century, I can recall the spare figure of Robert Etheridge when as a boy I traversed the Bristol Museum, and made my first acquaint- ance with the ammonite and the ichthyosaurus. I next met him at the Geological Society of London 25 years later, when I went up to read my first paper, for which Mr Etheridge acted as referee. I always found him most kindly and helpful, and this, I believe, was the experience of all his fellow workers. The Club sustains a serious loss in the removal from the district of our Hon. Secretary, S. S. Buckman. His minute and extensive knowledge of the local geology, combined with his great acuteness and originality, made him a most stimulating contributor to our discussions. As Hon. Secretary, especially as editor of our Proceedings, _ his services have been of great value. His work at the British Museum drew him near to London, and ill-health prompted removal to a more bracing climate. A sugges- tion that the Club should show its appreciation in a substantial form was warmly adopted by the officers, and the result is the presentation to Mr Buckman of a cheque for fifty pounds. We all wish him improved health and successful work. The first Field Meeting of the year was held in the May Hill district on Tuesday, May 19th. Starting from Longhope station, the members passed over the Silurian succession in descending order. The Wenlock Limestone received special attention. Near Huntley, the Longmyn- dian inlier was visited, and it was pointed out that the B2 4 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 great Malvern fault passed between this mass and the Triassic sandstone which appeared close at hand to the east. In driving to Mitcheldean, the Silurian sub-divisions were crossed in reversed order, and a fine section of the overlying Old Red Sandstone was passed. Before lunch, a visit was paid to the church, where the rector, the Rey. L. Wilkinson, gave an interesting account of its history. The afternoon was occupied with a study of the Carbon- iferous rocks of Drybrook, with the subjacent transition beds, and the massive Old Red conglomerate which crops out on the road to Mitcheldean station. On Tuesday, June 23rd, our second Field Meeting was held at Faringdon. The chief object of the visit was the study of the famous “Sponge-gravels” of the Lower Greensand. They were well seen at several localities, especially at the Little Coxwell pits, where Mr Davey, F.G.S., met the Club, and gave the members his assistance in naming the specimens which they collected in great variety. The Coralline Oolite was also visited, and the characteristic corals were obtained. At the church, the members were met by the Rev. A. F. Alston and Mr Luker, and a paper on the history of the structure, pre- pared by the latter, was read. The Club met for the third Field Meeting at Worcester on Thursday, July 23rd. At Bromwich Hill the members’ investigated the gravel, in which worn shells of marine mollusca and mammalian remains had been found, as described by the President in his recent Annual Address. The examination was afterwards continued in the Worcester Museum, and the worn and fractured condition of the shells was compared with an unworn /Aznoceros-tooth from the same pit. In the Museum, the members studied the fine collection of fossil fish and saurians presented by the late Canon Winnington-Ingram in 1887, and their VOL. XV. (1) THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS 5 attention was drawn to the large granite boulders discovered near Worcester, and to the evidence they furnished of the southward movement of the glacial ice. At the luncheon, attention was called by the Rev. Walter Butt to the desira- bility of enclosing the long barrow at Belas Knap, and a committee, consisting of the President, Mr Butt and Mr Richardson was appointed to confer with the owner, Mr Rhodes. In the afternoon, visits were paid to the Cathedral and the Royal Porcelain Works. The fourth Field Meeting was held at Painswick on Tuesday, September 22nd. The members first visited the gravels at Cainscross, under the guidance of Mr C. Upton, and then Mr A.J. Morton Ball was kind enough to invite them to inspect his fine collection of mammalian remains. At Painswick, the Club was met by Mr W. St Clair Baddeley, who guided them over the old Court House and the Church, giving them a most interesting history of the former. At the luncheon, the Rev. W. Butt reported that Mr Rhodes, the proprietor of Belas Knap, had most courteously entertained their suggestion, and had promised to construct a wire-fencing round the tumulus. In the afternoon, the members visited the lowermost beds of the Inferior Oolite, and passed over the succeeding formations to Kimsbury Camp, where the ancient earthworks were examined. Here Mr Baddeley delivered an admirable address, in which he argued with much cogency that the camp, commonly supposed to be Roman, was of British origin. The day closed most pleasantly with afternoon-tea on the lawn of Castle Hale, by the kind hospitality of Mr and Mrs Baddeley. The Club had reason to congratulate itself on the guidance of so skilled an antiquarian as Mr St Clair Baddeley. The first half-day Excursion was made to Robins’ Wood Hill on Saturday, June 6th. Previous to the ascent of the 6 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 hill, the members visited the banks of the Severn, near the Rea brook, where Mr T. S. Ellis expounded his theory of river curves, and some discussion arose. On the hill, Mr Richardson gave an account of its structure, pointing out to the party that in ascending they passed from the Lower Lias over the Marlstone and a gentle slope formed by the clays of the Upper Lias to the sczsswm-beds, the basement of the Inferior Oolite, capping the hill. Evidence of the Cotteswold Sands was also observed. On Saturday, July 11th, the second half-day Excursion was made to Churchdown. A sand-pit in the village was first examined. -On the summit, Mr Richardson called attention to the Marlstone capped by a few feet of Upper Lias, the strata thus being more deeply denuded than — in Robins’ Wood Hill. Mr J. Sawyer was kind enough to show to the Club the most interesting points in the Church. A pleasant afternoon was concluded with tea at Barrow Hill, by the hospitable kindness of Mr and Mrs J. H. Jones. At the Winter Meetings the following papers were fread :— z British Land and Fresh-water Gastropods, by Major E. Po Becher: Robert Emmett, by the Rev. A. R. Winnington-Ingram. The Rhetic Rocks of Worcestershire, by L. Richardson, F.G28. Evidence of the Roman Occupation of Gloucester, by M. H. Medland, F.R.I.B.A. Some Evidences of Ancient Occupation on Cleeve Hill, near Cheltenham, by J. W. Gray, F.G.S., and G. W. S. Brewer, F.G.S. The People of India, by William Crooke. BA. FAM The thanks of the Club are due to Mr Crooke and Mr Brewer for their contributions; to Mr G. H. Dutton, F.G.S., for exhibiting a selection from the Lucy-collection VOL. XV.(1) THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS ii of Rock-specimens from the Superficial Deposits; to Mrs Price, of Tibberton Court, for defraying the cost of a block of a photograph of an Anticline in the Carboniferous Limestone to illustrate the Club’s Proceedings; to Mr St Clair Baddeley for his admirable addresses at the Painswick field-meeting: and to Mr Luker for his interesting paper on Faringdon Church, read at the Faringdon field-meeting. I have the pleasure of recording the following contribu- tions to knowledge made by members of the Club outside our own Proceedings. Mr Buckman has contributed two papers to the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, dealing with “The Toarcian of Bredon Hill,” and “ Two Toarcian Ammonites.” To the same periodical, Mr Richardson has contributed a like number of communica- tions, entitled respectively “The Rhatic and Lower Lias of Sedbury Cliff, near Chepstow,” and “On a Section at Cowley, near Cheltenham, and its Bearing upon the Inter- pretation of the Bajocian Denudation.” He has also published a “ Note on a Section of Great Oolite Beds at Condicote, near Stow-on-the-Wold,” in the Geological Magazine. Mr T. S. Ellis has written on “ River Curves round Alluvial Plains,” in the same magazine. Mr John Sawyer has:published an excellent book on “ Cheltenham Parish Church: its Architecture and its History,” illus- trated with many plates; while Mr C. Upton has con- tributed another article to the second edition of the Officzal Guide to the Stroud Valley. Mr C. A. Witchell has published a most interesting book entitled “ Nature’s Story of the Year,” in which acute observation is com- bined with picturesque description. PART JI.—PRECAMBRIAN VOLCANOES. In my last annual address, I drew your attention to a comparatively recent phase of the physical history of the Lower Severn valley, and attempted to demonstrate that its 8 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 final form was due, not to marine action, but to subaerial forces, working by frost and running water. I now pro- pose, by way of contrast, to picture to you the district in which we live as it was in those remote ages when no animal had yet trodden the solid land or fish swum in the waters; when, it may be, not even the humblest mollusc had come into being. Instead of the gentle Naiades of the air and stream, I shall invoke Pluto and his fiery myrmidons, and show you that, in Precambrian times, on the site of Malvern, and far away for hundreds of miles to the north and west, the subterranean energies of the globe were piling up volcanoes, and scattering showers of ashes over land and water. I take as my foent @apput the Uriconian rocks of Malvern. Several rocky spurs project from the eastern base of the Herefordshire Beacon into the Severn Valley at Little Malvern, occupying an area of about one mile from north to south, and half-a-mile from east to west. They are built up of alternating bands of volcanic matter, the dominant type being acidic lavas, andesites and _tuffs, a compact flinty variety of ash being very characteristic. The strike of the bedding is north and south, that is, parallel to the geographical strike of the Malvern range, and the dip at high angles to the east, with occasional reversal to the west. Associated with these strata are bands of dolerite; but whether they were flows of basic lava or later intrusions is not yet ascertained. The bulk of the above rocks are undoubtedly volcanic. They do not essentially differ from the products of recent volcanoes ; but as they do not contain coarsely fragmental material, they were probably accumulated at a distance from any crater of eruption. They are a small relic of an extensive formation known as the Uriconian System. We may safely say that, in the Uriconian epoch, volcanoes were scattered over this area. Far below us at the present VOL. XV.(1) THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS 9 moment, buried beneath a vast thickness of Palzeozoic and Secondary strata, there probably repose the denuded stumps of ancient cones, and the outspread products of their explosive activity. These volcanic rocks are amongst the oldest in the British Isles, perhaps in the whole world. They are far older than the Cambrian epoch, for in Shropshire the lowest Cambrian strata rest upon them with a great discordance. But they are younger than the granitic and gneissic rocks of the Malvernian epoch, which near Shrewsbury yield rounded fragments to conglomerates interbedded with Uriconian tuffs and lavas. In the Gloucester area we have no evidence that in the Uriconian age any Malvernian rocks had been raised above the sea, so that we may conjecture, with some probability, that the Uriconian volcanoes were themselves the first land that emerged from the waves. The Uriconian rocks of Malvern appear at the great fault that runs due north from the Bristol coalfield into Shropshire. They are not again seen in place on this line until we reach Lilleshall, near Newport (Salop); but the Permian strata of the Abberley Hills contain massive breccias made up of large angular fragments of typical Uriconian lava, and we may safely infer that in the Permian period Uriconian rocks were exposed in that area. Also at the southern end of the Malvern Hills, near Hafield and Bromesberrow, we have breccias commonly referred to the Permian, and these enclose fragments of Uriconian rocks. Coming now to the Salopian area, we commence with the Uriconian of Lilleshall. It forms a rocky ridge of hard flinty volcanic mud, which 25 years ago struck me by its resemblance to the prevailing type at Little Malvern, and Professor Bonney confirmed this by the microscope. At this locality the Malvern fault intersects the great IO PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 dislocation which runs from Lilleshall in a south-westerly direction into South Wales. At intervals on this latter line of fault appear narrow ridges of Archzean rocks, chiefly Uriconian. The most important of these masses are the Wrekin chain, near Wellington, and the Caer Caradoc group of hills at Church Stretton. These ridges are wedges of the Archzan floor thrust up through younger strata, and in some localities they further resemble the Malvern chain in that they are faulted against Cambrian and Silurian rocks on one side, and Triassic strata on the other. The Uriconian rocks of Shropshire indicate active vul- canism. Lava-flows, often of great thickness, alternate with beds of ashes, which vary between coarse breccias and fine dust. But in this area we have clearer evidence of the conditions under which the rocks were formed. Some of the eruptions appear to have taken place on the land, for in Caer Caradoc the felsite contains geodes of quartz, which show a tendency to lie in parallel planes, as if they had replaced air-bubbles in a lava-flow. But a large proportion of the Shropshire Uriconian was deposited under water. The bits of felspar and pitchstone which make up a considerable proportion of the ash-beds are often water-worn, and rounded grains of quartz are commonly present. Still more emphatic evidence is fur- nished by frequent beds of conglomerate, interstratified with the finer bands of ash. They contain fragments up to six and eight inches in diameter, often as well rounded as the pebbles on a storm-beaten shore. The predominant materials are quartz, granite, several forms of gneiss, mica-schist, quartzite, felsite, pitchstone, and altered grits. The felsite and pitchstone are similar to Uriconian lavas, and are probably the result of contemporaneous denudation ; but the others are derived from pre-existing land. Some of them are common Malvernian types; the VOL. XV. (1) THE PRESIDENTS ADDRESS II remainder have not yet been recognised in the pre- Uriconian rocks of the district. We must then conclude that in Shropshire the Uriconian formation is largely of subaqueous origin. The area was presumably occupied by a shallow sea with scattered islands. Volcanoes - ejected their contents over land and water. Waves beat- ing on a rocky shore ‘worked up beds of pebbles, and these became intercalated with finer material conveyed by cur- rents or showered down from the sky. The volcanic cones were gradually worn away by denudation at a subsequent epoch. Submergence took place, and the sediments of the Cambrian were laid down. Later on, great dislocations split the Cambrian and later formations into cracks, and along these lines of fracture the wedges of Archzean rock were thrust up. The forces of the atmo- sphere have since worn them down to their present rounded forms. To the west of Shropshire stretches a great expanse of Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian strata; but Archean masses re-emerge at the extreme south-west and the extreme north-west of Wales. St. Davids is classic as the region where Precambrian rocks other than the Fundamental Gneiss were first detected in this country. A central axis of granite is flanked on either side by volcanic strata, which Dr Hicks called Pebidian. They are, I believe, contemporaneous with the Uriconian, and as they were described at an earlier date, the term “ Pebidian ” has priority. However, as the evidence for Precambrian age is clearer in Shropshire than at St Davids, geologists have usually adopted my nomenclature for these rocks in the Midland counties. At St Davids the volcanic series consists predominantly of tuffs of greenish and reddish tints, varying in texture from coarse breccias, through many intermediate gradations, to fine silky schists, which are fine-grained ashes which have undergone metamorphism. I2 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 Lapilli of felspar and felsite are abundant. Lavas are interbedded with the tuffs; but they are not so pro- minent as in Shropshire, and are sometimes of more basic composition. The Uriconian again appears in north-western Caernar- vonshire, forming two parallel bands, striking north-west and south-east, the more westerly extending along the eastern margin of the Menai Straits between Bangor and Caernarvon, the other emerging in the Llanberis district. The lower part of the series consists of massive flows of lava of the variety known as quartz-felsite, because the composition is so acidic that the silica is in excess, separating out as crystals and blebs of quartz. The upper Uriconian is fragmental. Professor Bonney describes felsitic grit, conglomerates interbedded with green grits, green breccias-and slates. A large proportion of these rocks are volcanic ejecta. The rounding of fragments in- the conglomerates and some of the grits indicates sub- aqueous deposition. At Bangor these beds are uncon- formably overlain by basal Cambrian strata, and near Llanberis the Lower Cambrian conglomerates rest upon the quartz-felsite, and contain rounded fragments of it. The Precambrian age of the volcanic group is thus distinctly proved. Rocks of Precambrian age also occur in Anglesey, and some of these bear a close resemblance to slaty parts of the Uriconian at Bangor and in Shropshire. Volcanic material is found in them; but the proportion is not great, and the strata must have been laid down at a distance from any volcanic eruptions. Returning to the Midland district, we find Precambrian volcanic rocks in Worcestershire, Warwickshire and Leicestershire. The Lickey quartzite, considered by the older geologists to be altered Silurian, has been determined by Professor Lapworth to be basal Cambrian, corresponding VOL. XV.(1) THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS 13 to the Lower Cambrian quartzite of the Wrekin. The base of this series shows included fragments of altered purple and green felspathic breccias and shales, and similar rocks have been detected in place below the quartzite at Barnt Green. In the Nuneaton district, certain strata mapped as Carboniferous turn out to be Cambrian, and at their base reappears the quartzite with derived volcanic fragments. The volcanic rocks, consisting of ashes and felsite, emerge from below the quartzite at Caldecote. The ash-beds are made up of angular bits of quartz and felspar, sometimes of the minuteness of dust. The eruptive rock is a quartz-felsite, but whether intrusive or a contemporaneous lava has not been determined. The most important mass of Precambrian volcanic rocks in the eastern Midlands forms the picturesque region of Charnwood Forest. The local name “ Charnian” has been given to the series; but it is generally admitted that they are the equivalent, at least partially, of the Uriconian. Their volcanic origin is most marked. Conspicuous varieties are green slates, sometimes so well cleaved as to be used for roofing. They are composed of comminuted felspar crystals, with earthy matter and some lapilli, and sometimes contain epidote or viridite, which gives the green colour. Some kinds are coarser, and these grade into breccias, containing angular fragments of slate, to- gether with lapilli of andesite, trachyte, and other eruptive rocks. The granite and syenite of Charnwood are well known for their commercial uses. They are regarded as intrusive in the volcanic series, and are therefore of later date. I know of no other Uriconian masses in Great Britain ; but in the north-west of Scotland evidence has been ob- tained of the former existence of a Precambrian volcanic formation which has entirely vanished. The red sandstone of Loch Torridon, considered by McCulloch to be Old Red, I4 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 and subsequently identified by Murchison as Cambrian, is now proved by the Geological Survey to be Precambrian, and is called the Torridonian. It rests transgressively upon the Hebridean gneiss, with no formation intervening. Dr Hicks found in this newer Precambrian group included fragments of “greenish, purplish, and reddish slate, schist, jasper, etc., similar in many respects to those found in the Cambrian conglomerates of Wales,” which he con- sidered were derived from his Pebidian series. The Geological Survey later on described a conglomerate from the Torridonian, which'contained, amongst other varieties, ‘well-rounded pebbles of slaggy porphyrite,” a well-known volcanic rock. There is therefore good reason to believe that in the Scottish area there once existed a volcanic formation older than the Torridonian, and therefore of approximately the same age as the Uriconian. This is a remarkable example of the proof of a geological formation from the sole testimony of derived fragments in a younger group. It would be unprofitable to attempt correlation between our English Uriconian and any external group of racks. In several Irish localities, such as Howth Head, Wexford, and County Donegal, I have seen strata which bore a close resemblance to the slaty type of the Uriconian, and they were probably of Precambrian age. Volcanic rocks below the Cambrian are well-known in America. They occur in both the Lower and Upper Huronian, and later on they form enormous masses in the Keweenawan ; but in the absence of fossil evidence we cannot affirm the exact contemporaneity of any one of these groups with the Uriconian. It is, however, interesting to note that in America, as in Britain, the periods preceding the Cambrian were marked by great and varied volcanic energy. The doctrine of uniformitarianism receives striking confirmation from the Uriconian rocks. The lavas and VOL. XV.(1) | THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS 15 tuffs ejected from the Precambrian craters are identical, both chemically and lithologically, with the products of modern eruptions. There are the same variations in composition, from the basic, in which lime, iron-oxide, and magnesia predominate, to the acidic, which yield a high percentage of silica, and in which the heavy bases are represented by soda and potash. Texture is equally variable, massive agglomerates containing huge volcanic bombs marking one extreme, and glassy lavas or dust-like tuffs the other. Some slight changes have affected even the least altered of the Uriconian rocks. Rhyolites (lava- flows) originally in the state of glass, are now devitrified, so that under the microscope they present a minutely crystalline structure. Fine-grained volcanic muds have become extremely hard, and ring under the hammer like flint. Both of these forms of alteration may be studied in the Uriconian rocks of Little Malvern. Basic lavas and ashes have often undergone partial decomposition, the hornblende or augite being changed to chlorite, a soft green mineral; and if the decomposition has been accom- panied by pressure, a chlorite-schist may be produced. But in the British area the Uriconian rocks have not usually been transformed into crystalline schists, that change having much more frequently affected the Mal- vernian. | And now as to the life of the Uriconian epoch. Un- fortunately we know of none. Yet the conditions were sometimes favourable to the preservation of organic remains. Deposits of volcanic ash laid down under water might have entombed the shells of molluscs or the tests of crustaceans, and retained them, or impressions of them, to all time. The alteration which the Uriconian rocks have undergone is often too slight to have obliterated such remains. We know that ancient volcanic strata are some- times fossiliferous. A well-known example is the Bala 16 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 ash on the summit of Snowdon. Even ashes erupted on the land may preserve organisms. But though no evidence of life has yet been detected in the Uriconian, this barren- ness may be due rather to the perishability of the inhabitants of those ancient seas than to their scarcity. This subject was discussed in a paper which I read to the Club in 1899, and I must not now reopen it. I will con- tent myself with pointing out that, in Precambrian times, it is unlikely that any conspicuous terrestrial forms of life had been evolved, so that the Uriconian landscape would have presented a weird spectacle to a visitor from another planet. No grass, or herb, or tree was in the ground, and there was no voice of living animal to mingle with the explosive thunders of the volcano, the pattering of the falling ashes, and the murmur of the changeless sea break- ing upon the rocky and barren shore. WOL. XV. (1) CHEPSTOW ANTICLINE oy NOTE ON AN ANTICLINE IN THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE AT CHEPSTOW BY L. RICHARDSON, F.G.S. (See Frontispiece. ) For the excellent picture which forms the frontispiece of the present part of the Proceedings, the Club is indebted to the generosity of Mrs Price, of Tibberton Court. The little anticline depicted is seen on the right-hand side of the Chepstow and Gloucester road, where it ascends the hill after crossing the bridge over the River Wye. The picture is another instance, among many others, of the use ‘which may be made of photography in geological research ; since at a glance such reproductions from photographs present us with a truthful representation of a natural phenomenon, and record facts which might be inadvert- ently omitted from an ordinary sketch. So important an accessory has photography now become to geology, that the British Association appointed a com- mittee in 1889 to form a permanent public collection of photographs illustrating, as far as possible, the most important features of geological interest in the United Kingdom. “Up to the year 1895,” wrote Dr H. Woodward, in a recent number of the .Geological _ Magazine (1903), “twelve hundred photographs had C 18 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 been obtained, and it was deemed advisable that the collection should be placed in the Library of the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, where it has since remained, and is available for reference to all those who take a real interest in or desire to make a proper use of it.” Reference to the Geological Survey Map will show that this little anticline is near a line of fault: a dislocation which is thereon represented to commence near Lancaut— the smallest parish in Gloucestershire—and to run thence southwards, for a distance of a mile-and-a-half, to the cliffs on the Wye a little to the east of the bridge at Chepstow. Possibly this faulting may have had some influence in rendering the anticlinal disposition of the strata more pronounced. There is little doubt that the time when the forces which came into renewed activity and caused pres- sure from approximately the east and west, so as to initiate this anticlinal flexure in the Carboniferous rocks, was at or near the close of the Carboniferous Period. It is well known that over the greater part of England, and even in Europe and America, great earth-movements affected the Paleozoic rocks, bending the strata into folds, and causing anticlinal and synclinal flexures to alternate ; “the folds,” to quote Dr Callaway, “being sometimes shortened so as to resemble elongated domes or ellipsoidal basins.” The genesis of this little anticline probably dates from this time. VOL. XV. (1) RH#ETIC ROCKS : 19 THE RHAETIC ROCKS OF WORCESTERSHIRE! BY L. RICHARDSON, F.G.S. (Read December 8th, 1903.) Page 1—Introduction ea Xe “ io vee se “heap 2—The Western District... we se sme be satan 20 a. The Crowle Section Ss Gen Or. Ps sa 25 6. The Dunhampstead Section de aa as soe ae 3-—The Eastern District... ae oe Ae eigen Sees a. The Wood Norton Section af sa =e aga 4.—Conclusion Jee ae aes ice ste ue Jane Up 5-—Note on the Generalized Section oe oe Be ety: I.— Introduction. For the study of the Rhetic Rocks? Worcestershire cannot be named as a county affording good opportunities. There are certain sections, however, which are important as showing the lithic and faunal characters of the particular beds exposed in this county. In a former communication a résumé of the work accomplished in connection with the Rhetic Series in North-west Gloucestershire? was given, and on the same lines it is now purposed dealing with these rocks in Worcestershire. The portions of the county under con- sideration are represented on Sheets 44, 54, S.W., 54 N.W., and 54 S.E. of the Geological Survey; but it 1 Excepting certain detached portions in Warwickshire and Gloucestershire, and Berrow Hill. 2 A short account of the Rhietic Series is given in “ The Victoria History of the County of Worcester,” Vol. i. (1901), pp- 17-19. 3 Proc. Cotteswold Club, Vol. xiv. Part 2 (1903), pp. 127-174. See also Part 3 (1903), pp. 251-253. G2 20 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 is only on the first of these that the Rhetic and Liassic strata have been differentiated. When the Rhetic deposits come to be mapped, without doubt they will be found to occupy a very considerable superficial extent. Since the dip of the beds is usually very slight, the writer has traversed the greater portion of the area occupied by the Lower Lias as shown on the Geological Survey Maps, on the possibility of finding the higher beds of the Upper Rhetic Stage somewhere exposed. For convenience of descriptive purposes the districts where these rocks occur may be described as an eastern and a western. The noticeable northward trend of the two districts occupied by the Rheetic_and Lower Lias (excepting the south-eastern portion of the eastern district in the neigh- bourhood of Cleeve Prior and North Littleton) is due to their preservation in synclinal flexures. Physiographically, this flexuring has produced some interesting phenomena— especially as regards the streams. In several places “through valleys” traverse the western escarpment of the western area: even where that escarpment is most marked, as near Crowle. The eastern limit of the same district, except for an extent of about two miles near Feckenham, is faulted ; consequently, rivers flow across the line of junction of the Keuper and Liassic Series without giving rise to any phenomena which call for attention. The main anticline, upon which the above-mentioned synclinal flexures are dependent, has a Malvernian trend, that is, north and south; and in the area under considera- — tion, runs from a little east of Feckenham, southwards towards Cropthorne—the Charlton Abbots Valley being on the same line of elevation. The completeness of this anticlinal flexure, between a mile east of Feckenham, and three-quarters of a mile east-south-east of Netherton, is interrupted by a fault: the Lower-Lias strata having been brought into juxtaposition with the Upper Keuper VOL. XV. (1) RH#TIC ROCKS at Marls, and in places with the Upper Keuper Sandstone. Near Inkberrow this Upper Keuper Sandstone is of great assistance in determining accurately the position of the anticline. [he Cracombe Hills cause an interruption to the valley which occupies the superficial extent of the Keuper Marls: the marls having been elevated by the movements causing the flexures referred to. II.—_The Western District. This district is represented on Sheets 44, 54 S.W., and 54 N.W. It extends from Turret Hill on the north (about three miles south-by-east of Bromsgrove) to a little under a mile south of Hill Croome Church on the south—a distance of 18 miles in a direct line. Its greatest breadth, from two-and-a-quarter miles north-of Pirton, to three-quarters of a mile east of Throckmorton Church, is seven miles. In this county, as in North-west Gloucestershire, where unaffected by faults, the junction of the Keuper and Rhetic Series is usually marked by a low but very distinct escarpment. Approaching Crowle from Worcester—after traversing the undulating expanse caused by the Upper Keuper Marls, and the low elevation which indicates the presence of the Keuper Sandstone about half-a-mile west of Ravenshill—a fine view is ob- tained from the railway-bridge of the steep and in places almost precipitous ridge capped by the basement-beds of the Lower Rhetic. From the bold northern termination of this district, Turret Hill, a magnificent view is to be had of the surrounding country. East of Hanbury the Rheetic area is being denuded by small tributaries of the Salwarp River, which seem to have opportunities of denuding the district about equal to the western tributary of the Bow Brook. Between Forest Hill and the rising ground at Hanbury, there is a 22 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 conspicuous valley which is continued towards the south- east across the line of the Rheetic escarpment. Probably a river once rising considerably further to the north-west has excavated both the valley between Forest Hill and Hanbury, and also the prolongation running north of the farm known as “Great Lodge.” Noticeable through valleys” occur at Sale Green, and north-west of Broughton Hackett. The section exposed in the road-cutting at Bourne Bank, near Defford, has been already described:* subsequent research at this locality has yielded no additional facts of interest. In a “Postcript to the Memoir on the Occurrence of the ‘ Bristol Bone-bed’ in the neighbourhood of Tew- kesbury,” Strickland brought forward evidence to show that the ossiferous development of the Bone-bed was passed through by a shaft sunk on Defford Common about half-a-mile to the east of the escarpment.” This shaft was sunk about the year 1772, and attained a depth of 175 feet. It was abandoned in the “ Tea-green Marls,” and consequently the horizon of the Bone-bed was passed through. Portions of this bed brought to the surface yielded to Strickland his “ Pzd/astra arenicola ;” and teeth, scales and coprolites of fish. Between Croome Park and Norton the physical indica- tions of the junction of the Keuper and Rheetic Series are very insignificant. A little under three-quarters of a mile to the north of Croome D’Abitot Church the junction of the two series may be observed, and the exposure is useful as it demonstrates the probable nature and the thickness of the deposit below the Bone-bed-equivalent at Bourne Bank. t Proc. Cotteswold Club, Vol. xiv., pp. 152) 153+ 2° Memoirs of H. E. Strickland,” by Sir W. Jardine (1858), p. 160; Proc. Geol. Soc., Vol. iti. (1842), p- 732- VOL. XV. (1) RHATIC ROCKS 23 I.—SECTION NEAR CROOME D’ABITOT. 15 SANDSTONE. (Bone-bed-equivalent) ; fissile, o's yellowish-white (weathering brown), Schisodus eR (casts), M@odiola minima, annelid-tracks and de other markings ... : (visible) 1 1 16 SHALES, black, ‘imperfectly laminated, pe 2 2 10 Yellowish clayey deposit... a a I «I. ‘Tea-green Marls.” Pale, greenish-grey marls 3 2/ with a hard band of white marlstone near the 52 | top: the hard zone 7 inches thick Ui. Red Mele: visible in fields below.. sour 4oo yards east-by-south of the above exposure is an excellent section of beds of pre-planorbis date, and Mr H. B. Woodward, F.R.S., relegated the basement-beds that he saw here to the Rheetic Series." In the railway-cutting at the locality marked Abbot's Wood on the Geological Survey Map, Strickland noticed that “the beds of fissile sandstone at the base of the Lias are again exposed on the railway, being brought up by a fault.” * The railway-cutting on the Midland Direct Line to Birmingham at Norton breaches the escarpment, but the section once exposed is now overgrown. The “ Tea-green Marls,” however, are visible. The section presented was “exactly analagous to that at Dunhampstead, showing the same succession of lias limestone, clay, white thin-bedded sandstone, grey marl and red marl. The sandstone also contains the oval bivalve met with at Dunhampstead.” ° In the farm-yard at Muckenhill a Rhetic sandstone (bed 17) is exposed, and in the field-track to the east the “ Tea-green” and Red Marls of the Keuper are visible. The “ Tea-green Marls” are again well exposed half-a-mile north-north-west of Wolverton. From Churchill Wood to Dunhampstead the escarpment is most marked. West of r Mem. Geol. Sury., “ Jurassic Rocks of Britain,” Vol. iii, (1893), “ The Lias,” p. 147. 2 Memoirs, p. 138; Proc. Geol. Soc., Vol. iii. (1843), p. 315. 3 Memoirs, p. 138. 24 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 Churchill Wood the “‘ Tea-green Marls” are to be seen with a band of compact, fissile, greyish-white, calcareous, mica- ceous (muscovite) sandstone above. On the south-west side of Thrift Wood, near the cow-shed, “ Tea-green Marls” are visible; whilst a little to the west is much débris of Rhetic sandstone. Here the basement-beds only of the Lower RKhetic cap the steep escarpment, the red marls extending for some distance up the bank. Mr W. J. Harrison, F.G.S., makes mention of an exposure of “White Lias” (freplanorbis ?) of some interest on the south side of Thrift Wood. “It [z.e. the ‘ White Lias’] is here a white earthy nodular limestone containing small quartz pebbles.” * I was unable to find this exposure. Mr G. E. Roberts, in his book on “The Rocks of ° Worcestershire,” has given some information concerning “the steep [and] in places even precipitous, ridge, over- looking the vale of Worcester in the neighbourhood of Crowle.” That author remarked that in this escarpment there is a stratum containing bivalve shells (“‘ Pudlastra arenicola”) and that he would expect to find traces of the Bone-bed and “ Insect-limestone” (Pseudomontzs-bed ?) or their equivalents. “At Wainlode Cliff and Aust Passage in Gloucestershire, which furnish complete series of the Upper Keuper beds, the bone-bed is close upon the band that contains the Pullastra; so that this shell, so plentiful in the Crowle escarpment, will indicate to us its whereabouts. Twenty-two feet above this is the place of the insect-bed: a thin band from three to five inches in depth, of hard blue limestone, in which delicate wings and wing cases (e/y¢va) of various clear-winged insects (Neuroptera) and beetles (Coleoptera) are to be met with. If the height of the cliff is not equal to its produc- tion, I should look for it westward [eastward ?] between Clymer’s Hill and Huddington.”* In the village of 1 Proc. Dudley and Midland Geological and Scientific Soc. and Field Club, Vol. ie No. 5 (December, 1877), p. 123. 2 (1860), pp. 183, 184. VOL. XV. (1) RHETIC ROCKS 25 Crowle a thick deposit of sandstone containing one or more species of the genus Schzzodus (in the form of casts) is exposed in the side of the road opposite the turning for the Church from the Worcester road; and again in the sides of the pond at Crowle Green. a.—The Crowle Section. The best section of the Lower Rhetic in Worcester- shire—of which, however, there is no mention, except that it was visited by a party of the Dudley and Midland Geological Society on May 29, 1877 ‘—is situated at the junction of the road from the house known as “ Frisland” and that from Oddingley. It is easily accessible: not like that section seen in the railway-cutting at Dunhampstead, which is necessarily difficult of access. The beds in the THE CROWLE SECTION. (“Tea-Green Marls.") Upper Keuper. - “Tea-Green Marls" Maris. pee, Scale : ae Horizontal. «, Diets it 20 Feet. 9 F Vertical. 8 Feets > Fic, 1 Crowle section are affected by a fault (fig. 1) having a downthrow of about 14 feet. The ‘“Tea-green Marls,” which are well exposed, comprise creamy white marls, 1 Proceedings, Vol. iii., p, 106; but see also Geol. Mag., Dec. 4, Vol. x., 1903, p. 80. 26 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 slightly green in places, and containing harder zones: the marl composing these harder zones having a most irregular fracture. At the base of the Rhetic is a conspicuous clayey deposit of a yellow colour. IJ. --SECTION AT CROWLE, NEAR WORCESTER. ft. ins. 8 SHALES, black si g toll? SANDSTONE, yellowish white a 12 SHALES, brown, ‘imperfectly laminated ; upper- most 4 inches black... | ae 13. SANDSTONE, several layers separated by shaly partings ; Gyrolepis Alberti, teeth of Gyrolepis ? annelid- tracks, etc. , ripple: -marks, and a fish- x xs S = 3 ~ XN - vertebra 9 » | 14 SHALES, black, numerous "sandstone layers, up- eS permost 3 inches brown ‘ N | 15 SANDSTONE. (Bone-bed- equivalent) ; : . yellow- S ish-white, micaceous, fissile ; Scizzodus aes a ripple- -marks, annelid-tracks ... be 3 | 16 SHALES, black ’ (weather grey), laminated, aren- = aceous towards the base ive 2 11 es . SANDSTONE as 153 Schizodus (casts) somew hat o abundant—especially in lowest layer fee 6-8 Z| 7) b. SANDSTONE layers with tea! ee = 2-3 ae c. Yellow clayey deposit .. x 2 I . (I. ‘*Tea-green Marls.” Creamy white and slightly A. green marls, with hard zones in places, irregu- Fy Jar fracture “ae us ar ms Harder but similar marls. bias :_(visible) ro ® Creamy white, and slightly green marls, esti- a mated at about we 2S © lil. Red Marls with bluish zones and blotches | About three inches of thin sandstone layers separated by shaly arenaceous partings divide the above deposit (C of 17) from a more massive bed of sandstone, in the bottom layer of which casts of a lamillibranch (.Sch2zodus) are somewhat abundant. From the black shales which succeed no fossils were recorded, but they Gn common with the rest of the beds in this section) have suffered much from atmospheric influences. These shales are VOL. XV. (1) RHATIC ROCKS 27 capped by a massive bed of sandstone—the equivalent of the true Rhetic Bone-bed. Now the changes this Bone-bed undergoes in its lithic structure in North-west Gloucestershire have been already demonstrated: how in the cliff section at Wainlode it passes from a thin pyritic bed, full of fish-scales and teeth, into a brown sandstone without fish-remains and about a foot thick ;* and that as such it is visible in the road- cutting at Bushley, near Tewkesbury,* and at Bourne Bank, near Defford,3 where it is two feet in thickness. In the early part of this paper* evidence was quoted to show that this thick deposit of sandstone occasionally acquires a “bone-bed” nature. In the section three- quarters of a mile north of Croome D’Abitot Church, the Bone-bed-equivalent is exposed 2 feet 11 inches above the “Tea-green Marls,” but no sandstone-bed is present between the latter deposit and the shales. In the area, therefore, between that locality and Crowle, bed 17 has come in; and, as a matter of fact, we can state that it has come in between Muckenhill and Croome D’Abitot. To return to the Crowle section, I foot 8 inches above this Bone-bed-equivalent is a series of sandstone layers, separated by clayey partings, collectively nine inches in thickness, and it constitutes the most fossiliferous deposit in the section. It was in what the writer considers to be the equivalent bed near Deerhurst that the new species of Fleterastrea, described by the late R. F. Tomes under the appropriate name of 7. rhketica was obtained. About four inches of brown shales with thin sandstone layers succeed, and are capped by a deposit of black shales. Above again is débris of a sandstone-bed—possibly having a thickness of four inches. 1 Proc. Cotteswold Club, Vol. xiv., p. 133. 2 /bzd., p. 150. 3 Jbid., p. 153. 4 p. 22 of this paper. See also Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. Ix. (1904), p. 349. 28 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 Below the “Tea-green Marls” can be seen the Red Marls, which become more in evidence as the hill is descended. b.— The Dunhampstead Section. The earliest account of this section is by H. E. Strick- land,’ who examined it when the original Birmingham and Gloucester Railway was made, about the year 1840. As Mr Harrison, however, observed in 1877, Strickland did not study it with that detail which was considered neces- sary, even in ’77. . Strickland’s record of it was as follows :— “(a) Lias clay with contorted beds of lias limestone (b) White micaceous sandstone, with nu- merous specimens of a smooth oval Biya pe) Soe ce en ok a ee 2 feet Cops eee lay = er Seg ene eee ee re 6° = (Grey eat es Ole on ee (e)) Bee ilar eae tie cack Makes ee ‘ Bed b this author considered the equivalent of the Bone-bed, a conclusion with which the present writer is in agreement, but the thickness of the deposit called by Strickland “Lias clay,” appears to be 4 feet I inch, not 6 feet. Mr Harrison put it at 3 feet 4 inches. The Rev. P. R. Brodie, in his work “A History of the Fossil Insects in the Secondary Rocks of England,” pub- lished in 1845, remarked that Strickland had found the “ Cypris-bed” (2.e., the Lstheria-bed) and Pecten- and Bone-beds at this locality, but that the “ Insect-limestone ” was concealed, although it would be probably detected in its proper place.* Mr G. E. Roberts observed, “at Dunhampstead.... . the ridge is cut through by the Gloucester Railway ; and here the Bone-bed—a hard, thin stratum, full of the scales 1 Proc. Geol. Soc., Vol. iii. (1842), p. 314; see also pp. 586, 587; Memoirs, pp. 137, 138, 157, and Pls. 7 and 8; Trans. Geol. Soc., Ser. 2, Vol. vi., pp. 545-555. 2 P, 72- VOL. XV.(1) RHATIC ROCKS 29 Dip. 6° N.E: by ED ° and teeth of minute fishes—was detected by the late Mr Strickland.”* It cannot be ‘stated where this author obtained the evi- dence for observing that Strickland detected the Bone-bed, ‘a hard, thin stratum, full of the scales and teeth of minute fishes,” at this locality. On a later page,’ however, the results of Mr Roberts’ investigations are shown to agree with those of other workers at the section, for whilst observing traces of the Bone-bed and “Insect-limestone,” he was not rewarded by any notable discovery of their fossil contents. The section was described in much greater detail by Mr Harrison in 1877, who remarked concerning the Bone-bed that “ Although we searched as closely as time permitted, yet no trace of a true bone-bed was to be found in the Dunhampstead section. The sand- stones Nos. 3 and 5 [15 and 17 of my section] each occupy horizons on which a bone-bed occurs in the Rhetic beds elsewhere.” ? For permission to examine this interesting cutting, the writer is indebted to the Midland Railway Company, and he would express his thanks to the District Inspector, Mr King, for accompanying him during his investigations. Below the Rhetic beds is a considerable thickness of Upper Keuper Marl. Approach- ing the picturesque locality of Dunhampstead from the south along the line of rail, in the last cutting before reaching that at Dun- hampstead proper, there is an instructive example of a fault, accompanied by a num- ber of small step-faults (fig. 2): the lower 135 180 Feet. Vertical Scale. © 10 20 30 40 56-Feet. Horizontal Scale. 9 Level Crossing. 4 Fic, 2 Red Marls. ‘‘Tea-Green Marls.” NE. by N. x “ The Rocks of Worcestershire ” (1860), p. 183. 2 Jé7d., p. 204. 3 Proc. Dudley and Midland Geol. Soc., etc., Vol. iii., p. 123. Upper Rhaeticig Lower Rhaetic 30 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 two-thirds of the “Tea-green Marls” having been let down against the red marls. Il]. —SECTION AT DUNHAMPSTEAD. 4 & 5a? SHALES, sandy, clayey, light-coloured 5 ie 50 LIMESTONE, hard, somewhat arenaceous, greyish- black ; Pecten valoniensis, Modiola sp., Pleuro- phorus, Avicula contorta, Gervillia, Cardium cloacinum, fish-scale , : ‘sis I 6 SHALES, brown _s.. nee ve we we 4 LIMESTONE nodules ae Io 8 SHALES, black, clayey, pyritic (4 ft. less 1 ft. sin, ) 07 9 to 11? SANDSTONE, brown, micaceous ; AModiola minima, Schizodus tes on Ee 3 12 SHALES, brown, clayey Ms 1S) B13 SANDSTONE, yellowish (weathering brown), mi- sl caceous; Modtola minima, Schizodus, annelid- a tracks, fish-scales (Gyrolepis ?) ry : 5 2 | 14a SHALES, black, with sandstone layers containing } ° Schisodus, Avicula contorta (4 inches) 2 9 = 6 SHALES, brownish (1 ft. 8 in.) 15 SANDSTONE. (Bone-bed- equivalent) ; " fissile, yellowish-white, micaceous, ripple- -marks, anne- lid-tracks ; Schizodus (i ft; Sin. to.2 ft. 6 in.) ... "aoe 16 SHALES, blackish, thinly laminated in places, clayey i in others, Schizodus Ewaldi ? + ee 17a SANDSTONE, greenish i in places, usually yellowish- white, micaceous, ripple - marked, oblique lamination conspicuous ; annelid- tracks, Scht- zodus (casts). x a2: 10 b Sandstone layers with shaly partings he os 3 _« (I. Greenish-grey and yellow marls: hard whitish 2 2 zones near the top. ‘‘Tea-green Marls” ... 35. 0 a) II. Red Marls, somewhat laminated in places, varie- nm gated, with a few bluish- -grey zones... ‘se, Soe Entering the Dunhampstead cutting the red (Keuper) marls are seen, succeeded by the “ Tea-green Marls,” both deposits having a cuboidal fracture. The same deposits are exposed in the sides of a Jane-cutting to the west. If the Dunhampstead section be compared with that at Crowle, the similarity will be at once noticed. There is, however, a.slight thickening of the deposits here, and they are more fossiliferous. At both sections the beds have 1 Given on authority of Mr W. J. Harrison, F.G.S. VOL. XV. (1) RHTIC ROCKS 31 suffered much from atmospheric influences, and it is necessary to excavate rather deeply before good examples of the organic contents can be procured. From bed 15 of the present record Mr Harrison obtained Avzcula contorta ; while of bed 13 the same author wrote, “in this no fossils were detected.” The investigations of the present writer, however, yielded better results, and were such as might be expected, judging by the equivalent deposit at Crowle. Bed 14 yielded to Mr Harrison Avecula contorta and Protocardium rheticum. At four feet above bed 14 Mr Harrison noticed a limestone-nodule, which he de- scribed as “an oval mass of limestone 2% feet long by 10 inches in thickness. It was apparently zz sz¢w, for the shales wrapped round it in an undisturbed manner. This is rather a low horizon for the presence of septaria, but at Leicester bands of similar nodules occur in precisely the same position resting upon the shales.” Now if the reader refers to pages 146 and 147 of Volume XIV. of the “Proceedings,” he will notice that in the section of Coomb Hill, given on page 146, certain nodules, together with the one or two layers of hard shelly limestone upon which they rest, were considered the equivalents of beds 5b to 7. Inthe Norton section the nodules and subjacent limestone were given as equivalent to bed 7, since there were present in that section beds equivalent to 5 b and 6. As will be gathered from the text on page 147, however, some uncertainty existed as to what bed the nodules at Coomb Hill represented. From the evidence available in Worcestershire the writer is inclined to think that he was correct in his correlation of the nodules and the subjacent limestone of the Norton section with bed 7 ; but those beds numbered 7 to 5 b at Coomb Hill must be described as bed 7—beds 5 b and 6 being absent. Thus he would consider the nodules of Mr Harrison’s section bed 7 ; and the lime- stone bed two feet above, 5b. At Woodnorton again we have 32 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 beds 5b and 6 apparently absent. These suggestions concerning the equivalents of beds 5b, 6, and 7 in North- west Gloucestershire and Worcestershire do not, of course, lay claim to infallibility, since the portion of the Dunhampstead section under consideration is now ob- scured. However, there is little doubt that at Woodnorton we have a section at this horizon similar to that at Coomb Hill. It will be seen, then, that in Worcestershire, as in North-west Gloucestershire, “at this horizon [5 b, 6, and 7| the deposits are not nearly so constant as_ those immediately sub- and super-jacent.” * The limestone (5b) is similar to a bed occupying the same stratigraphical position at Wainlode and Garden Cliffs. Of this stratum I did not detect any evidence in the cutting, but in a ploughed field to the west of the northern end of the canal-tunnel, numerous pieces were to be obtained from the surface, and yielded the fossils recorded in the section. Of the beds above 5 b, we have no details, excepting that “a considerable thickness of clayey beds ensues, and probably 30 or 40 feet of strata occur before we come to the lowest beds of the Lias.” ? This would mean that the deposits of the Upper Rhietic Stage were from 30 to 40 feet thick here. Although we know that the maximum thickness of the lower stage in Worcestershire obtains at this locality, and that it seems reasonable to suppose that the upper is similarly affected, still it is improbable that the latter attains the enormous— that is, for the Rhetic—thickness of 30 or 40 feet. In Strickland’s description mention is made of Lias limestone containing Saurian-remains.* In a quarry at Saleway these ‘““Saurian-beds” are exposed, and Mr Knight, Goods Manager at Dunhampstead, showed me the head of an Ichthyosaurus and a coral obtained from this section. 1 Proc. Cotteswold Club, Vol. xiv., p. 162. 2 Proc. Dudley and Midland Geol. Soc., Vol. iii., p. 123. 3 Memoirs, p. 137, VOL. XV. (1) RHETIC ROCKS 33 IV.—SECTION AT SALEWAY. ft. ins. Blue and yellowish marl, patches of red sand, and a few ‘‘ Northern Drift” pebbles yas eee Blue and yellowish marl ee x 2 Limestone,. hard, blue ; Ostrea /iasstca : Shales, brown; forma parting ... — ... ee % Limestone, hard, blue ; Ostrea /iassica - 5 Shales, brown ; forma parting ... Le ass I Limestone, hard, blue ace ; eh 2 Shales, brown; form a parting ... nis “Se Y Limestone, hard, blue... as dee Pe 2 Shales, brown ; form a parting ... te fe YY Limestone, hard, blue; Saurian-remains (4 ins. to 8 ins.) Bee oe ae ane one 11 Shales, marly, clayey ; Saurian-remains, a coral 5 12 Limestone, hard, blue. ‘‘ Brick-bed” ... Bs 13. Limestone, greyish-blue and somewhat argillaceous, fissile in places ; crowded with Ostrea “iassica, O’9 ONI DUIB Ww DN H Lower Lias (pre-planorbis) Modiola minima. ‘‘ Bottom-bed.” 2 iA eh Clay gue 8 15 ‘* Limestone” out anc one HoH 460 4 Sg Ries C1 ea aes em tise aae ae siete gaet ae Ge = La ; 1 ‘* Limestone,” Psewdomonotts-bed ? aoe abe 4 Fortunately, at the time of the writer's visit to this part of the county, the quarry was being worked, and he was able to obtain from the quarryman information concerning the four lowest deposits mentioned above. Bed 1 of the Rheetic is the lowest the quarryman knew of, and is very probably the equivalent of the Psewdomonotis-bed. Also, the writer was informed that all the limestone (that is, beds 2 to 15 inclusive) has been removed from the area between the railway-line at Dunhampstead and the row of apple- trees along the west side of the field in which the quarry is situated. As already stated, it may be expected that the maximum thickness of the Upper Rheetic Stage obtains at Dunhamp- stead, but still it is probable that—bearing this considera- tion in remembrance—if we add the Saleway section to that at Woodnorton, and the latter to the Dunhampstead 1 This bed is now classed with the Lower Lias, in accordance with evidence recently obtained by the writer in South Wales. D 34 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 one, we shall have the complete sequence of deposits from the Upper Keuper to Lower Lias. This conclusion is followed out in the Table showing a “ Generalized Section of the Maximum Development of the Rhetic Series in Worcestershire,” and their relationship to the sub- and super-jacent stages (see page 44). From near Primsland End, 11% miles south-west of Droitwich Road Station, to a little south of Broughton House—a distance of three miles—the (Upper Keuper) red marls are faulted against the Lower Lias. A pond about 100 yards south of Upper Goosehill Farm shows red marls; whilst along the ridge a little to the south again are traces of Lower Lias limestone with Ostrea fassica. Broughton Green is situated on high ground, the escarpment being very marked to the west. In the east bank of the road-cutting opposite Broughton House, the “ Tea-green Marls” are exposed with bands of harder marl; whilst about 350 yards to the north-west, the base- ment-bed of the Rhetic (a sandstone) is seen resting upon similar marls in a pond-section. Along the escarp- ment the “ Tea-green Marls” are frequently exposed ; for example, 100 yards north-west of the pond-section referred to, and in an old pit—now utilized as a wood-yard—and roadsides a quarter of a mile south-east of Mere Hall. In the sides of the pond a little to the south-east of “ Little Lodge,” the Rhztic sandstone (17) is again visible, resting upon the “Tea-green Marls.” A valley then in.errupts the continuity of the escarpment. On the north side the ‘“Tea-green Marls” are frequently in evidence, and there are numerous pieces of sandstone containing obscure casts of lamellibranchs, and covered with annelid-tracks and other markings. In the field south of, and in the cutting on the main-road from Droitwich, where it climbs the escarpment, the creamy-white marlstones of the “ Tea- green Marls” much resemble at a distance pieces of VOL. XV. (1) RHATIC ROCKS 35 “ White Lias,” such as occurs at Radstock, in Somerset. “Tea-green Marls” are again visible in the north bank of the road a little over a quarter of a mile west-south-west of “ The Forest.” Thence the escarpment is well marked, trending northwards to its bold termination, Turret Hill. A little under a quarter of a mile north-west of “ Gorse Hall,” sandstone (17) resting upon “ Tea-green Marls,” is visible in a pond side, and the same bed caps Turret Hill. The north flank of this hill is very steep, but as we pro- ceed south-eastwards, the declivity lessens, the Rhetic being faulted against the red marls of the Keuper. Pro- ceeding south from the locality marked as Lane End, and taking the second turning to the left, limestones and clays are exposed in the banks of the stream just below the bridge. One bed of limestone, the first seen when pro- ceeding down stream, may be the equivalent of the Pseudomonotis-bed, and the subjacent and superincumbent deposits are blue and yellow calcareous clays. A little further down stream the Os¢rea-beds (pre-flanorbrs) are visible. In the fields on the escarpment east of the locality marked as “ Stoners” on the Geological Survey Map, are numerous pieces of sandstone (Rhetic), and in the field- track from this locality to Castle Hill the “Tea-green Marls” are exposed, and again about 700 yards north-west of Feckenham Church. Between Noers Green and Beanhall Mill the physical indications of the junction of the two series are not prominent; but at the latter locality, in the bank immediately to the north of the cottage, the “ Tea-green Marls” are visible. From Morton Underhill to three- quarters of a mile east-south-east of Netherton, the Lower Lias is faulted against the Keuper. This fault is very accurately delineated on the Geological Survey Map, but unfortunately it was not possible to obtain the date of the newest Liassic deposit, which occurs in juxtaposition with D2 36 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 the Lower Lias; and similar phenomena were noticed at Abberton. Here, as in the neighbourhood of Inkberrow, the results of “differential denudation” are well exempli- fed. At Abberton the Keuper Sandstone is exposed in the west bank of the lane, 250 yards west of the Church. It is, however, the change in the colour of the ground which indicates the position of the fault best.’ III.—The Eastern District. The eastern district has a maximum length, in a direct line, of about 10% miles, and a breadth of about 7 miles. No appreciable feature marks the line of junction of the Keuper and Rhetic Series between Weethley and a point three-quarters of a mile south-west of South Littleton; whilst the junction between the latter locality and Harvington is faulted. In this district, as in the western, when the Rhetic rocks come to be mapped, they will be found to occupy a very considerable area, especially in the diversified neighbourhood of Rous Lench, Church Lench, and Hob (or Abbot’s) Lench. The western limit of the district is marked by a steep escarpment, especially to the west of Sheriff's Lench, and owing partly to the position of the Avon, and partly to the Harvington- Littleton fault, an equally steep escarpment forms Cleeve and Marl Cliff Hills. The escarpment marking the junction of the Rheetic and Keuper Series commences about a mile east of Netherton (where there is an exposure of “Tea-green Marls”) and runs thence northwards to Cropthorne. A boring near Hasler (or Haselor) Farm proved 75 feet of Lower-Lias and Rheetic strata before the Keuper Marls were reached.” About a mile west-north-west of Bengeworth Station, the xy There is an excellent exposure of red marl near Bishampton Field Farm. 2 Memoirs, p. 88; Mem. Geol. Survey, “ The Jurassic Rocks of Britain,” Vol. iii. (1893), p- 159- oo eS ee ee Se VOL. XV. (1) RHAETIC ROCKS 37 escarpment is breached by the Pershore Road, and a sand- stone-bed (the Bone-bed-equivalent) is exposed. V.—SECTION ON PERSHORE ROAD, NEAR BENGEWORTH STATION. ft. ins. » {14 SHALES, black Foe a3 ai ee gn3 3 \ 16 SANDSTONE. (Bone-bed-equivalent) ; yellowish, a l fissile ; various markings ae ... (visible) 9 © (16 SHALES, black te eS ae ce Rae ta ay 2.) 1. Greenish-grey marls. ‘‘ Tea-green Marls ” =} se ° ae Il. Red Marls (visible in fields below) Between this section and Charlton, in the ploughed fields along the summit of the escarpment, pieces of the Estheria-bed were found ; also pieces of bed 7. A nodule similar to those at Coomb Hill, immediately above bed 7, was also observed. The pieces of the &stherza-bed obtained exhibited imperfect arborescent markings, and contained several Estherie. Bed 7 contained Pecten valoniensis, Pleurophorus, Protocardium rheticum, and Schizodus.: the nodule numerous well-preserved specimens of Schizodus Ewaldi. The “Tea-green Marls” are ex- - posed in the sides of the lane leading southwards from Charlton—immediately after leaving the village. a.—The Woodnorton Section. In the Duc d’Orléans’ grounds at Woodnorton, over which Mr Wasley, the head keeper, kindly conducted me, there is a section of the Upper Rhetic deposits at the hill locally known as the “Blue Hill.” A bridle-path here passes through a cutting under a public road. At the time of my visit (December, 1902,) the section was becoming rapidly obscured, but fortunately it was possible to obtain the thickness of the several deposits, and also to examine the limestone-beds. PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 Ww oo VI.—SECTION AT WOODNORTON, NEAR EVESHAM. ft. ins. LIMESTONE, bluish grey ; Ostrea liassica ai 3 CLAY, yellowish, marly ots, ae LIMESTONE, bluish-grey ; shell fragments, Ostrea liassica, Modiola minima. In two layers 4 SHALES, brown, thinly laminated ee re Lower Lias (pre-planorbis ) 1 LIMESTONE. Pseudomonotis-bed. Hard, bluish-black; Modiola minima 5 2 SHALES, grey and greenish- grey, laminated “in places, usually non-laminated, marly vo See 3 LIMESTONE. Zstheria-bed. Creamy- -yellow, ar- gillaceous ; L£stheria minula var. LGrodieana, ZL copodites lanceolatus ... -5 4 SHALES, grey and greenish- grey, “and yellowish, thinly laminated in places, usually non-lamin- ps . Upper Rhetic ated, marly ; shell- fragments 5a SHALES, dark-coloured 1 LIMESTONE nodules, containing Schisodus Ewaldi, resting upon a laminated limestone full of shell- fragments ; Pecten valoniensis, Schizodus Ewaldz, Protocardium rheticum and Pleurophorus ae 8 8 SHALES, black, laminated ae (visible) 6 This section is the only one of the Upper Rheetic deposits in the county, and is therefore of considerable importance. It demonstrates that the Upper Rhetic beds have increased in thickness. At Wainlode they are 12 feet I inch thick: here—deducting 3 feet from the lowest deposit of the upper stage, which would probably be found to belong to the Lower Rhetic, had it been pos- sible to search for fossils—they have a thickness of 17 feet 7 inches. This difference in thickness is mainly due to the increase in bed 4. Beds 5b and 6 were not observed: at Dunhampstead they have a collective thick- ness of 2 feet I inch; at Wainlode 11 inches (possibly a little more); and at Coomb Hill they are absent. The Zsthervia-bed was seen as a creamy-yellow argill- aceous limestone, somewhat laminated, and containing specimens of Lstheria and plant-remains (Lycopodites). The inclement condition of the weather at the time of the writer’s visit prevented him from making as detailed an examination of these limestone-beds as he could have wished. Lower Rhetic VOL. XV. (1) RHATIC ROCKS 39 About three-quarters of a mile west-south-west of Sheriff's Lench the “ Tea-green Marls” are visible in the south side of the road from that hamlet to Hill; whilst a little over half-a-mile north-west of the former locality pieces of limestone identical with bed 7 at Wainlode Cliff were procured, and found to contain Avecula contorta, Schizodus Ewaldi, Pecten valoniensts, and much shell- débris. The same bed, similar as regards lithic structure and faunal contents, was observed (not zz sz¢w) a quarter of a mile west of Hob (or Abbot’s) Lench. In the road- side, about a quarter of a mile north-west of the same village, the following section was recorded. VII.—SECTION AT HOB (OR ABBOT’S) LENCH. ft. ins. 14 SHALES, black, clayey... BY 15 SANDSTONE, (Bone-bed- equivalent); yellowish- BR white, oreenish in places, fissile; Schzzodus, % = various ‘markings Reedy ts 2) 16 SHALES, black, clayey, imperfectly laminated ae (about) 2 4 @3.)1. Marls, greenish- and PRE BEE. ‘* Tea-green ae) Marls... sia ve “< (II. Red Marls (seen in fields below) .. This section is interesting as ae oncieree (1) that bed 17 of the Crowle and Dunhampstead sections is absent; (2) that the shales below the Bone-bed are diminished in thickness; and (3) that the Bone-bed- equivalent is also less. This Bone-bed-equivalent may also be observed—though not so clearly—in the west bank of the road running north from the bridge over the brook in the village. In the Worcester Museum there is an excellent specimen of Bone-bed from this locality, and the writer is indebted to Mr William H. Edwards, the Curator, for kindly sending it to him for examination. The verte- brate-remains include Acrodus minimus, Saurichthys acuminatus, Gyrolepis Alberti, teeth of Gyrolepis? a piece of skin, and other remains too fragmentary to deter- mine. The smaller piece of Bone-bed in the Worcester 40 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 Museum (mounted with the other) is highly pyritic. The late R. F. Tomes informed the writer that these specimens were procured by himself and Mr Kershaw * from a well in the village, and that similar pieces—but much affected by atmospheric influences—were noticed on the ploughed fields near Church Lench. The finding of pieces of Bone-bed full of fish-remains is interesting, as showing that similar conditions obtain here as at Wainlode Cliff: a sandstone-bed without fish-remains passing into a pytitic stratum one inch thick, and full of such remains. As showing the necessity for re-mapping this district according to the views now commonly accepted,* it may be mentioned that the Upper Keuper Marls extend from the so-represented inlier of Keuper deposits (half-a-mile north of Church Lench) to Morton Low: the ridge where traversed by the road between Church Lench and Morton Low being capped by “ Tea-green Marls.” Bed 7 was observed cropping out in the road south of Rough Hill Wood, and contained Pecten valoniensis, Schizodus, radioles of an echinoid, and much shell-débris. Between Rough Hill Wood and Weethley, and again between the latter locality and three-quarters of a mile south-west of South Littleton, no exposures of the Rheetic beds were observed. Mr Tomes kindly conducted the writer to an exposure half-a-mile north-west of South Littleton which showed : VIII.—SECTION NEAR SOUTH LITTLETON. ft. ins. cg (14. SHALES, black ee 215 SANDSTONE, (Bone-bed- equivalent) ; brownish ; Ss annelid- tracks, Schizodus (casts). (about) 2 16 SHALES, black, laminated - (estimated at). <.5.0e oy a in ‘* Tea-green Marls’”’ =) S12 } II. Red Marls a} 1 See W. J. Harrison, “Geology of the Counties of England and North and South Wales (1882), p. 296. 2 Grouping the “ Tea-green Marls” w with the Keuper. VOL. XV. (1) RHTIC ROCKS Al About half-a-mile to the north of this exposure, the “Tea-green Marls” are visible in the east bank of the road ascending the hill, and again are well exposed in the west side of the road above Cleeve Mill. Mr Tomes informed the writer that in the digging out of a pond opposite his house (about 100 yards north-east of the Church, South Littleton) the black shales of the Lower Rhetic were excavated. This means that the total thickness of the Upper Rhetic was passed through, the Zstheria-bed occurring according to Mr Tomes about eight feet below the Ostrea-beds. The Estherza-bed is frequently exposed in deep drains and other excavations in this neighbourhood. Mr Tomes also informed the writer that the black shales (Lower Rheetic) are very thin around South Littleton—a fact the writer had expected. Finally, on the borders of Worcestershire and Warwick- shire, in the picturesque Marl Cliff, the junction of the Keuper and Rheetic Series is exhibited, and in considering bed 15 the equivalent of the true Rhztic Bone-bed the writer had the support of Mr Tomes. IX.—SECTION AT MARL CLIFE. ft. ins. 14 SHALES, black - 5-s \15 SANDSTONE, (Bone-bed- equivalent) ; yellowish z8 (weathers. brown) ; a few fish-scales ( Gyrolepis ) ad (about) I 16 SHALES, black, laminated, clayey ane asoks2s AG 28. )I. -¢Tea-green Marls” me as ..(about) 24 6 58 II. Red Marls ... e abe as se re IV. —Conclusion. Although there are but comparatively few good sections ‘of the Rheetic Series in Worcestershire, the results ob- tained from an investigation of these rocks are important for several reasons. 42 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 Generally speaking, the component deposits of the lower stage are fairly persistent, but there is evidence to show that at the horizon at which they are not so constant is at the top of this stage—beds 5a, 5 b, 6 and 7. In tracing the Bone-bed into Worcestershire, it has been shown that the massive sandstone-bed at Bourne Bank is its equivalent. This bed, near Croome D’Abitot, rests upon 2 feet 11 inches of shale, and the latter deposit upon the “Tea-green Marls.” At Dunhampstead, how- ever, between the Bone-bed-equivalent and the “ Tea-green Marls” is a deposit 4 feet I inch thick, while the maximum thickness of the Bone-bed-equivalent is 2 feet 6 inches. The point, however, to notice, is the presence of a sand- stone-bed resting upon the Keuper Marls—bed 17. From a study of the sections, it is obvious that the maximum thickness of the Lower Rheetic Stage, and most probably of the upper also, obtains here. But from Dunhampstead to Wainlode Cliff, the Bone-bed and the subjacent Rhetic deposit becomes thinner, and the same phenomenon is observable if the beds be traced eastwards, for at Marl Cliff the Bone-bed is but one inch thick, and is separated from the “ Tea-green Marls” by two feet of shale. The only section of the Upper Rhetic at Woodnorton shows that the lithic structure of the component beds is fairly persistent, but that—as compared with Wainlode Cliff—their total thickness has increased. The /stherza- bed, as in North-west Gloucestershire, affords a sure datum-line for correlation purposes. V.—Note on the Generalized Section. In order to facilitate the correlation of the beds visible in the sections in Worcestershire with those in North-west Gloucestershire and at Sedbury Cliff, near Chepstow,’ the r Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. lix. (1903), p. 390. a a a VOL. XV.(1) RHATIC ROCKS 43 writer has employed the same numbers for what he considers the equivalent deposits. In his notes “On Two Sections of the Rhetic Rocks in Worcestershire,” * however, it was found undesirable to use the same sequence of numbers. The object of that communication was merely to record two sections, and as these presented an almost complete sequence, certain details of beds not therein visible were given on the evidence of the Dun- hampstead section. Therefore the aim of this note is to point out that, even if these three records be read in their proper order, they will not afford a generalized section of the maxzmum development of the Rhetic Series in Worcestershire, as the beds 5b and 6 are want- ing at Woodnorton. 1 Geol. Mag., Dec. 4, Vol. x. (1903), p. 80. 44 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 TABLE GENERALIZED SECTION OF THE MAXIMUM DEVELOPMENT OF THE RHATIC SERIES IN WORCESTERSHIRE. ft. ins. Alternating deposits of lime- yah Lias stone, shale and marl 7 10 (Saleway) | suatus, brown 2 0 — gs}! PsfUDOMONOTIS-bed 5 =| 2 SHALES, grey, greenish-grey 5 4 fA 3 EsrHertA-bed, (3 inches to ( 23 5 inches.. 4 o> | 4 SHALES, grey, greenish-grey Il 6 se sa SHALES, dark-coloured 4 2 5b Limestone, somewhat aren- I 6 7 ~ — FF RiL#TIC SERIES 8 4 x . Lower Rhetic (Dunhampstead) 12 13 : I. =n Upper Keuper KEUPER SERIES ec Lower Keuper Bunter gtoli? SANDSTONE, II. 1) ING Sandstone, glomerate aceous SHALES, brown . LIMESTONE nodules, in cer- tain sections resting upon a laminated shelly lime- stone. Nodules alone at Dunhampstead, 10 inches: when nodules and lime- stone are present in juxta- position, beds 5b and 6 are absent.. SHALES, black, clayey brown, 2 4 ae r 10 J 2 micaceous ... SHALES, brown, clayey SANDSTONE, yellowish (weathering brown) mi- caceous . SHALES, a. black, with sand- stone layers 4 inches. b. brownish, 1 foot 8 inches SANDSTONE, (Bone-bed- equivalent) ; yellowish- white, micaceous, 1 foot 8 inches to 2 feet 6 inches SHALES, black SANDSTONE... I | : sO Ostrea liassica, Modiola minima, Saurian- remains and a coral. Modiola minima. Estheria minuta, var. Brodieana, Lycopodites lanceolatus. Pecten valoniensis, Modiola sp., Pleuro- phorus, Avicula contorta, Gervillia, Cardium cloacinum, fish-scale. Nodules contain Schizodus Ewaldi, lam- inated limestone, Pecten valoniensis, Schizodus Ewaldi, Protocardium rheticum, and Pleurophorus. Modiola minima, Schizodus. Modiola minima, Schizodus, annelid- tracks, fish-scales ( Gyrolepis 7). Schizodus, Avicula contorta. Schizodus. Schizodus Ewaldi. Schizodus. ‘¢ Tea-green Marls ” (Dun- hampstead) ; Red Marls, variegated with a few bluish zones 205 Sandstone (Pendock) 20 Red Marls (Rainbow Hill, Worcester) ...1000 O te} Oo and con- . 316 oO breccia, Sandstone (Bromesberrow), con- glomerate (Wolverley)* . 800 0 Estheria minuta, fragments of plants, etc., fish-remains, 1 Vide “ Monogr. Fossil Estheriz,” Pal. Soc., (1862), pp. 62, 63. VOL. XV. (1) ROMAN OCCUPATION OF GLOUCESTER 45 ON SOME FURTHER EVIDENCE OF THE ROMAN OCCUPATION OF GLOUCESTER BY M. H. MEDLAND, F.R.I.B.A. (Read February 9th, 1904) Whilst excavations were being made, during the summer of 1903, for foundations for the front wall of new offices for the Gloucester Railway-Carriage and Wagon Company, in Bristol Road, a bed of stones (of various descriptions, embedded in clay, and of an average thickness of two feet) was found at a depth of six feet from the pavement level, and extended the whole length of the building (some 133 feet) : the bottom of the deposit being eight feet below the - level of the pavement. The bed of stones, which extended westward from the street some twelve feet, was covered with a bed of compact yellow clay, three feet thick, which showed no apparent sign of interference by human agency. In consequence of the great variety of sub-angular stones that were found, and the worn and scratched con- dition of many of them, together with the condition under which they were found, namely, under a bed of clay three feet thick, it was at first surmised that the stones had been deposited by the stranding of an iceberg or ice-floe. The subsequent discovery, however, of fragments of thin brick and tile among the stones, and pottery and horse-shoes 46 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 in the clay, led to the conclusion that the stones must have been deposited by human agency. The following questions naturally arose, namely : When and why were the stones placed here ? How could such an accumulation of clay have been deposited over them ? It seems probable that the stones were placed there during or subsequent to the Roman occupation of Gloucester, some 15 or 16 centuries ago, as evidenced by the presence of scraps of Roman bricks, tiles, and horse- shoes. The scraps of roofing tiles are of precisely the same section as some found on the site of the Wilts and Dorset Bank at the Cross, Gloucester, during excavations in 1893, at a depth of some ten or twelve feet from the pre- sent pavement level. The last-mentioned fragments were found associated with charred wood, and were evidently from an important Roman building, possibly a Basilica or Temple occupying a prominent position in the Forum of Glevum. The sections of the edges of the bottom and cover-tiles display considerable ingenuity in order to prevent capillary attraction, and thus to keep the flowing water in its required channel. The reason for placing the stones here may be found in the circumstance that the locality lies very low, and imme- diately adjacent to the Sudbrook, a tributary of the Severn. The locality was probably a marsh, with the Sudbrook running through it, and, for the convenience of traffic between Glevum, Bath, and the South, required a hard bed to form a ford. The deposit was evidently made under water, from the fact that the stones had not been laid in any sort of order, either as regards size or level, but had apparently been thrown in without care in their disposition. The stones were of varied sizes, and mixed indiscrimin- ately with dark clay, which evidently formed the bottom of the marsh. VOL. XV. (1) ROMAN OCCUPATION OF GLOUCESTER 47 Evidence of a swiftly running stream, consisting of sharp sand and pebbles of various formations, was found in the deposit of stones Lastly, how could such an accumulation of clay or mud have been deposited on the stones ? The answer to this question may be thus stated. The Gloucester and Berkeley Canal, which runs some 400 yards to the west of the Bristol Road, was commenced, at the Gloucester end, at the close of the 18th century. It appears evident that the spoil from the excavation was spread over the adjacent low-lying land, extending from the Canal to the Bristol Road. The uppermost or yellow clay would be moved first, and be wheeled or carted to the farthest destination. This would account for the uniformly coloured (yellow) clay found over the deposit of stones, and also for the variously coloured clays (yellow, blue, and neutral) found to the west of the stone deposit. A striking bit of evidence that this deposit of yellow clay is comparatively modern is found in the fact that a round lead bullet was discovered near the bottom of the clay-bed. Tradition says that the chapel and burial-ground of Llanthony Priory were destroyed to make way for the Canal. Evidence of this is, I think, shown by a brass pin that was found at the bottom of the yellow clay. It is of medizval design, and of ecclesiastical character—a cross within a circle. It may have fastened some part of the clothing of one of the monks of Llanthony. Hall and Pinnell’s map of Gloucester, published in 1780 (a few years only before the commencement of the Gloucester and Berkeley Canal) shews an island existing between the Bristol Road and Llanthony Priory, on the east end of which now partly stands the Gloucester Wagon- Works. The eastern end of the island is bounded by the Bristol Road. 48 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 The watercourse on the north side of the island is now culverted, and passes under the Railway Inn, on the north side of the Wagon-Works; whilst the channel, surmised to have been formed as a feeder to the Canal, runs through the Midland Railway yard, lying to the north of the Rail- way Inn and the Wagon-Works. A few remarks on the stones, etc., that were found may ~ be of interest. The stones included those of Old Red Sandstone, Lias limestone, Inferior-Oolite limestone, and pebbles of quartz and flint. Many of the stones, especially those of Lias limestone, had probably been in use as road “ sets” : their faces being rubbed smooth, and in some cases grooved, where wheeled traffic had been concentrated. The horse-shoes are apparently of different dates; those thickly encrusted through oxidation being possibly Roman or Medieval. There is a somewhat similar one in the Gloucester Museum, described as Medizval. The other horse-shoes may be of the 16th or 17th century. They are very wide and flat. A curious implement, possibly a meat-hook from the ~ Priory, was also found in the clay. : | | : | 5 ses Oe a5 ERA cn SEF; ——_ as a ets OE (pueq yuep Aq peysinguysip eq uevo pue ‘MBIA BY JO Suqueo 8Yg sf se) gid ey] ) tid SNIMOHS “TTIH 3A3310 ‘AYYVNO SAVED S3HO3RIE S.ONIM Di eV dd ex. aN 1S) GTOM SL LOo + aOud ee ial ae 7 oo eo VOL. XV. (1) ANCIENT OCCUPATION ON CLEEVE HILL 49 EVIDENCES OF ANCIENT OCCUPATION ON CEBEVE HILL BY J. W. GRAY, F.G.S. and G. W. S. BREWER, F.G.S. APPENDIX BY M. A. C. HINTON and A. S. KENNARD. (Read February 9th, 1904.) On Cleeve Hill, at a height of about 800 feet O.D., and lying under the western side of Ben’s Tump, is a small platform, running north and south, and about 90 yards in length by 20 yards in width. The southern part of this platform is bounded on the one hand by the road which passes into the Rising Sun Lane and Gambles Lane; and on the other by a track leading directly to the top of Ben’s Tump, where it divides—one branch leading to Wickfield Lane, the other to Prestbury Hill Gate and the West Downs by way of Cleeve Cloud (see map, fig. 2). That part of the platform near the roadway referred to has been quarried for gravel for a few years ; but it is only during the last two that it has been regularly worked. ; 50 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 The section (fig. 1) will give some idea of the material above the gravel. F SOIL (2” to 4”) SUB-SOIL (3” to 8”) OOLITE- } (3" to RUBBLE 18”) STONE BAND (14" to 24") Roman Coins : Bones, Se pore OLD SOIL <= Pebbles, kc. (10 to 18”) Small Pit GRAVEL with angular stones of Oolite (7' to 9’) Fig. 1.—SECTION OF KING’S BEECHES GRAVEL QUARRY. Soil and subsoil. Fine oolite-débris. Band of angular fragments of oolite. Old soil, in which bones, pottery, etc., occur. This deposit is very hard and compact, as if well trodden. The stones embedded in the surface are smooth, as though from much use, and re- semble those from a well-worn pathway. They are quite distinct from the overlying stones. 5. Gravel, with large and small blocks of oolite. ce clr The gravel-pit faces west, and is about twenty-five yards in length by four yards deep. The thickness of the deposit removed to uncover the gravel varies from three to five feet in depth, and is undoubtedly the continuation of a quarry “tip” which lies behind the platform. The removal of the gravel has exposed a number of ancient pits, which appear to consist of three types. Ss teas tt ee » “weiu get pe VOL. XV. (1) ANCIENT OCCUPATION ON CLEEVE HILL 51 TYPE I. (a.) Near the centre of the quarry (see Plate II.,) was found a pit, which commenced at the sur- face of the gravel, where it measured nine feet long, north and south, by three feet six inches wide. Half-way down the diameter of this pit was reduced to three feet six inches, leaving a projection on one side, which was con- tinued to the bottom. The total depth of the pit was three feet four inches. The sides had no artificial lining. The sequence of the different layers in the pit was as follows :—(1) Dirt-band with small teeth and bones. (2) Water-rolled stone-band, with teeth, bones, etc. (3) Fine gravelly band, with small stones and a few bones. (4) Black band. The last-named deposit, which lay in the bottom of the pit, was composed almost entirely of car- bonised wood, ash, and very fine soil. Throughout this layer, which was eleven inches in thickness, bones and fragments of pottery were found. The pit probably had been abandoned, and filled up by the action of the weather and infiltration. Neither the sides nor bottom showed any traces of the frequent use of a fire, such as reddened stones or soot. (b) Another pit of the same type was found as the gravel was worked back. It was smaller than the preced- ing, of a circular shape, with a diameter of two feet six inches and a depth in the gravel of two feet eight inches. In this pit we found the following sequence :—(1) Dirt- band. (2) Yellow loamy material with gravel. (3) Black band, comprising carbonised wood, ash, etc., in which were found a few bones and a fragment of pottery. (c) From the quarryman and others we heard of a pit which was found before our attention was directed to the quarry. It was described as having been about ten feet long, east and west, and four or five feet in width, with a depth of about four feet in the gravel. In this pit was found a boar’s tusk, a jaw, and other bones of pig, and some E22 52 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 pottery, and from the end of it one of us obtained a block of stone, with a basin-cavity in one end, several quartzite grinders, and pieces of worked sandstone. As far as we can ascertain, there was no burnt material in the bottom of this pit. TYPE II. (a.) Scattered around these pits were a num- ber of small ones—twenty of which have been observed. These were excavated only to a depth of about one foot six inches in the gravel, and were one foot in diameter. Some of the smaller of these pits were half-full of clay, which must have been placed there, for the nearest ex- posure of that deposit zz sz¢z is at least fifty yards distant. (b) At various stages of the quarrying other pits were exposed, varying from eighteen inches to two feet six inches in diameter, and from two to three feet in depth. The contents vary, but @// contained burnt wood and bones, clay, pottery, and a greasy material like adipocere. In some cases the pits were full of these materials, in others the upper part consisted of gravel. TyPE III. These were shallow pits or depressions into which débris had been washed. They were about six or seven feet in diameter, and their greatest depth was two feet. No less than six or seven of these pits have been noted, and the measurements in each case were somewhat alike. No carbonised wood was found in the bottom, and the pits had no artificial lining. Many interesting objects have been found, those of stone largely preponderating. STONE. (1) A large block of oolite with a basin-shaped cavity, which, however, was not worn evenly all round. The size of the stone is as follows :—Height one foot six inches, width twelve inches, and length ten inches. The basin is three inches deep, and has a diameter of six and a half inches. This stone may have been used either for separating the husks from barley by beating; or for E i VOL. XV. (1) ANCIENT OCCUPATION ON CLEEVE HILL 53 erinding corn; or for working into a paste, sand, small stones and clay for pottery ; or pounding acorns for food. (2) A flat round piece of oolite, with a diameter of two inches and thickness of half an inch. Near this were found two similar stones, and a fragment of another. These, however, were not so carefully worked. It has been suggested that they were used for playing games. Lord Avebury says—‘“ The Feegeeans . . . . are fond of games . . . of throwing stones or fruit at a mark.” * And again, in speaking of the vessels made and used by this people,—‘‘ The pottery was all made by the women. Their tools were very simple, consisting of a small flat round stone to fashion the inside.” ‘Thus the Cleeve Hill examples may have been put to a similar use. (3) Several quartzite grinders were found. Two of them were of an unusual type, inasmuch as they had been used only on the ends. Other quartzite pebbles show signs of use, as if for breaking bones for marrow. Some of the pebbles found were possibly sling-stones. The pebbles are of the liver- coloured variety, and are foreign to Cleeve Hill. (4) A small triangular-shaped piece of Stonesfield Slate with rounded edges, one side concave, one convex, and one straight, would have made an excellent tool in the hands of a potter, since it would form any of the curves of the pieces of pottery found at the King’s Beeches. (5) A piece of fine grained limestone with a concave end, possibly used for finishing the rims of vessels. (6) Three small pieces of sandstone, probably parts of one implement, which may have been used for smoothing and finishing earthenware vessels, or for preparing skins. (7) The remaining stones are of a miscellaneous cha- racter, and call for little notice. ‘These included several pieces of stone which had been used for grinding, polish- ing, or sharpening tools. One is a piece of fine-grained 1 “ Prehistoric Times,” p. 454. 54 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 red sandstone. Three flints only were found, a scraper, a portion of a knife, and one with a notch, which probably was used for scraping bone needles, etc. A point, used for boring, is broken off. Several hearthstones were from time to time met with in the old soil. These were large stones, on which fires had been placed, or which had been placed round a fire. THE ANIMAL REMAINS, of which a large number were found, consist of bones (including man) and mollusca. These are dealt with in the Appendix. Ona fragment of bone, ground to a point, Mr A. S. Kennard expresses the following opinion: “It is very interesting, and certainly rude, and totally unlike anything that I have seen.” POTTERY. Fragments of pottery were plentiful through- out the old soil—for the most part, however, in very small pieces. It is all distinguished as being coarse and badly fired. Some have the appearance of being wheel-turned, but this is doubtful, especially if the tools we have above described were used. There is practically no attempt at decoration, and the vessels were probably made for domestic use. ‘There is a total absence of Roman and Romano-British pottery. . BURNT CLAY. Much burnt clay was found, and one or two pieces show impressions of sticks. Messrs A. S. Kennard and Reader are in perfect agreement in describ- ing these as follows: “The portions of burnt clay with impressions of stick are the remains of ‘ Wattle and daub’ work of a house. The structure caught fire, and the wood burnt, leaving the partially burnt clay as the evidence of the conflagration.” The pieces in question were found near pit (a) Type I. COINS. Three Roman coins were found in the Stone Band. They were three and a half feet below the surface- soil, and eleven inches above the old soil. They were found together on a large stone, not in any way connected ee VOL. XV. (1) ANCIENT OCCUPATION ON CLEEVE HILL 55 with the old soil. The following is a description of the coins by Mr H. A. Grueber, F.S.A., of the British Museum :— Base denarii of Carausius and Allectus, struck in ~ London. 1 Carausius. Obverse. IMP. C. CARAVSIVS P.F. AVG. [Jmperator Caesar Carausius Pius Felix Augus- tus). Bust with radiate crown and in armour. Reverse. PAX AVGG [fie. Pax Augustorum]. Pax standing, holding branch and sceptre ; in the field, S.P. [ségnata prima. i.e. first issue]: below, M.L. XXI [Woneta Londinensis 21: 1.€., 21 to the old silver denarius]. 2 Allectus. : Obverse. IMP.C. ALLECTVS. P.F.AVG. [see previous coin]. Bust with radiate crown and in armour. Reverse. PROVID. AVG. [Providentia Augustt]. Providentia standing, holding globe and cornu- copiz; in field, S.P.; below, M.L. [see previous coin]. 3 Similar, but on Reverse. Providentia holds in her right hand a sceptre, with which she touches a globe: in field, S.M. [s¢gnzata moneta]. These coins were struck in A.D. 293 in London. _ The coins when found were in perfect mint condition, and had the appearance of being silver-gilt. They must have been covered up soon after being struck. In the Stables Quarry (see map) shallow pits of Type III. are to be seen, and from these pottery and bones similar to those from King’s Beeches have been obtained. Near the Stables Quarry we have marked on the map what appear to be intrenchments—probably indicating part of 56 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 the settlement. We have also marked on the map the intrenchment which runs from near the top of Cleeve Cloud along the northern side of Postlip Hollow. This intrenchment has been variously interpreted. By Mr John Sawyer’ it is regarded as a tribal boundary. It seems highly probable that the ground lying between Wickfield Lane and the King’s Beeches was occupied in the Iron Age. This may be assumed from the sawn antler of red deer and the saw-cut in the horn-core of dos longifrons, as well as from the pottery and tools found, and from an almost entire absence of flints. The Stone Mortar or Mill indicates that agriculture was practised to some extent. It is difficult to decide for what purposes the pits were used. We think Type I. may have been pit- dwellings, or they may have been covered pits used for storing grain. The small pits of Type II. may have served several purposes, as for instance, store-pits for clay, kilns for pottery, or cooking pits. There is not yet sufficient evidence to enable us to state more definitely the period of the occupation of the site at the King’s Beeches; but it is very probable that the remains indicate a settlement of some Celtic tribe—per- haps the Dobuni, before the Romans conquered this part of the country. Apart from this opinion, the paper deals only with outlines of the results obtained. It is unfortunate that operations have been discontinued at that part of the quarry in which further interesting dis- coveries were anticipated. Our thanks are due to many friends, particularly to Mr A. S. Kennard, for information and assistance in course of the work of investigation. 1 Proc, Cotteswold Nat. F. C., Vol. xii., pt. 1 (1895-96), p. 83. 57 VOL. XV. (1) ANCIENT OCCUPATION ON CLEEVE HILL ‘AVELVId TINH-3SA3SIO 3HL JO NOILYOd LSSM-HLYON ZHI JO dVWHOL3MS—'z ‘314 eee ee ee ee cs ge) dura WH wey Suro y 1929 0001 00S O01 0 3 aul Ra auv'y POU HOTA KUN ais os wWguIyouosjUy 4 ecitetiae tl Veyycritt! = Ae y Asseng yurg Surjjoy = %& Dy, Saderg au. = : Gr), ae (One, SE ios te oe, 4 sojnuny Per a £o61 ‘pjiyd pue uvwo, jo SU01A| 34S yy so ig eS \\ Sry i= uPsrhsavin a4.L,, &. p? Sury ayy, iz rs i = dug aut a i @ = ‘ TVET YAN Ty ot Saye 2) Gs OTT THT YT ; jusudivossgy s nus? hoe ay b dy PooM S1927n Ny 41o PooM, yray 7, (i 8 Sundg © Sunudg an [207] ung Suisiy 58 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 APPENDIX. THE VERTEBRATE AND MOLLUSCAN REMAINS FROM CLEEVE:-HILA BY M. A. C. HINTON and A. 8. KENNARD. The vertebrate and other remains which have been so kindly submitted to us by Mr Brewer are of the greatest interest. It cannot be too strongly urged that at the pre- sent time we possess far too little information about the earlier races of domesticated animals. Practically the only scientific work that has been done in this country is to be found in the publications of the late General Pitt Rivers, on the excavations in Cranborne Chase, and in the papers of the late Professor G. Rolleston. Measurements are rarely given, investigators being usually content with listing the names of the species, oblivious of the fact that: ‘““science is measurement.” Few people who have not worked at such remains can appreciate the numerous minor problems which continually confront and too often baffle the osteologist in his endeavours, be they directed towards specifically distinguishing the various animal- remains, or towards elucidating the mysteries of abnormal development. The osseous-remains from Cleeve Hill, though numerous, are very fragmentary, and by no means easy to determine. ‘Their fragmentary condition arises from two causes: the bones having been split by man for marrow, whilst many of these fragments—as well as practically all the smaller bones—have been gnawed by VOL. XV. (1) VERTEBRATE AND MOLLUSCAN REMAINS = 59 dogs. In spite of these drawbacks, we have, however, been able to obtain some satisfactory results. Flomo sapiens. The only human bone forwarded is a fragment com- prising the lower two-thirds of a right humerus. The distal articulation has been gnawed off, and the broken proximal end has been similarly treated, subsequent to the fracturing. The medullary cavity was lined with aragonite. Canis familiaris (Dog.) The gnawed bones abundantly testify to the presence of this species, although the only actual remains that we have noted were a right ramus, from which all the teeth except m. 2 have dropped out, and two canine teeth. These apparently indicate a breed of dog similar in size to the modern sheep dog, and therefore evidently long domesticated. Equus caballus (Horse.) The horse is abundantly represented in this series, and appears to have been of modern size, about 13 hands high. Unfortunately the long bones have all been broken for the marrow. A fragmentary right tibia measures 4°25 inches in minimum circumference. ‘The dimensions of the astragali are :-— Width of navicular articulation 1°80 Woy rion ely \urydbeemn 8S TL 114 1°28 Width of trochlear ridges _..... 1°43 1°42 A tooth, right m. 3, measures 1°18 by 0°51, oat a right m. 2, 1°16 by 0'59 inches. Remains of this species occurred in all parts of the workings. The bones evidently belong to the same type of horse as was existent in the Romano-British village at _ Rushmore—a type which appears to have been character- _ istic of the Late Celtic and Roman periods. 60 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 Sus scrofa, var. domesticus (Pig.) The remains of this species were very numerous, and. occurred in all parts of the pits. They indicate animals of all ages, from sucking-pigs onwards, and nearly all the bones have been broken for the marrow. From the cir- cumstance that all the animals had been killed while still _ young (although in one case full-grown) and from the comparatively small size, there can be no doubt that they belonged to domestic and not to wild swine. There are several canine teeth, all of medium size. The following are the dimensions of some of the remains :—A right humerus, without the proximal epiphy- sis, measures 6°5 in length, and has a minimum circum- ference of 3'1. The distal articulation of another humerus measured transversly 1°46; distal end of a tibia 0°88 by O91. The oldest individual was represented by a fragment of a left ramus, which carried the m. 3, but this tooth had only just come into wear. The m. 3 measures 1°30 by 0°59. In a fragmentary right ramus, the m. I and m.2 measured 0°66 by 0°40 and 0°79 by 0°43 respectively. Bos longifrons (Ox.). Three horn-cores and a large number of teeth and fragmentary bones represent this species. The horn-cores are of an extremely interesting type, since they are very much compressed before and behind, so as to be narrowly elliptical in section. The length, as measured along the outer curve, from the base to the tip, is a trifle less than the circumference at the base. The following are the dimensions of the three specimens :— I 2 = Circumference at base ....... 625 “525437 Greatest diameter’ 4s 5.2 250 1770 Tao Extreme length, measured along outer or upper curve 6°00 480 3°00 2 ay > pe De ee ee “os ie eee VOL. XV. (1) VERTEBRATE AND MOLLUSCAN REMAINS 61 It is worthy of note that No. 2’ has had its top partly sawn through by an iron tool. No. 3 evidently belongs to a young individual. There are no specimens in our collections which exhibit such compression, and on exam- ination the fine collection of ox-remains in the possession of Dr Frank Corner also failed to yield a similar example. In all the examples of early oxen we have seen the section is more nearly circular than in those from Cleeve Hill. There is no doubt, however, that we have here a local race of Bos longifrons. ‘The teeth represent every individual age from the calf to the old cow, and many of them show traces of alveolar abscesses and similar morbid develop- ments. An identical state of affairs is also found in the sheep-remains from Cleeve Hill, and it appears that these diseases which evidently affected a very considerable per- centage of the Cleeve Hill stock resulted from morbid conditions, set up by early domestication, just as in the case of elephants, the improper or unnatural feeding, consequent upon their captivity and taming, produces the abnormal intercalated ridglets in their molars. The following measurements of a series of milk-molars may be of use for comparison : Lower