im pe ett: ha hn tt ra alm tee ee ee Pn bewid nde Wah Mittin nto Norte : , ht eat Me te tel ata ff eR ig thn tbh ehh Sab wiht Ro hate <= re So ta ¥ esis he : i pA) 2 yi at \ Gj>"" "PROCEEDINGS OF THE EN TOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VoLuME 28 SQOQilan iS] > . Y\e~ fis PuBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY fn ; WASHINGTON, D. C. co “Wy ie | 2Sozlo y/, e § Pilipert ns SPIRAL Fier ACTUAL DATE OF PUBLICATION OF VOLUME 28. Number I—pages 1-24 inclusive .......... Fanuary 30, 1926. Number 2—pages 25-52 iuelusive> Bt eee oe February 26, 1926. Number 3—pages 53-70 inclusive ......... March 27, 1926. Number 4—pages 71-94 inclusive ......... April 21, 1926. Number 5—pages 95-114 inclusive . . . ...... Fune 4, 1926. Number 6—pages 115-150 inclusive ........ Fune 28, 1926. Number 7—pages 151-166 inclusive ........ October 12, 1926. Number 8—pages 167-190 inclusive ........ December 15, 1926. Number 9—pages 191-222, I-IV inclusive ..... Fanuary 15, 1927. PRESS OF H. L. & J. B. McQueen, Inc. WasuincTon, D. C. [ii] TABLE OF CONTENTS OF VOLUME 28 Avpricn, J. M.: Notes on Hypochaeta and related Genera of Muscoid Hies (Diptera) Meme een chk FSS caer Gene naan 2 ce Reet. te Back, E. A.; and Corron, R. T.: Anthrenus Seminiveus Casey (Cole- ane) SLM co. cote ae a ce Sethe oe) clk oe Barber, H. S.: A New Cotton Weevil from Per Cay Ret eee, Touhy een Barnes, Wn., and Benjamin, F. H.: New U. S. Lepidoptera records win NOYES! LNG Gs Choe ea eh ee ee AS A Resumé of the Works of jacob Hiibner in regard to the Nomenclature employed therein . ..... wi SO Ae va BENJAMIN, Molt. andJBARWES) WiM.2 s0i0.0 5. a 4 fo Sees ee BiaIsDELL, Frank E.: A New Melanastus from Texas (Coleoptera: ES atenidac) mae: At a ey ae see fhe. 3 Eick ee amg Bovine, Apam G.: Immature Stages of Buulechvepe gossypii Barber, with comments on the Classification of the Tribe Zygopsini (Coleoptera: Curculionidac) us ce eee eee eer t YMC, WARE ee A ee Bucuanan, L. L.: A New Otiorhynchid mith Peale tarsal claw (Cole- eptera) PC ar ar eee is Ron. ee coe AERP Caupe.t, A. N.: Melanoplus Borealis in New York State (Orthoptera: A CHIGIC Ze) ene a A Rate hs ROMP Reese WR, Ro 11 8 ng ee eb ah by A New species of Stone Cricket from Arkansas (Orthoptera: diettigzonidde;sRhaphidephornac) eee Go) eee Diestrammena occurring in wells (Orthoptera: Tettigonidae) . CuirrenDeN, F. H.: A Foreign Cabbage Flea-beetle in the United States . Two New Species of Attelabus with notes (Coleoptera). . . CockerELL, T. D. A.: A Fossil Orthopterous insect formerly referred to NMC com neuam peace tat ce ieee wh cca cee ng hanes > 3 a The genus Dixa in Colorado (Diptera: Dixidae). . . ... OOUTON, Ika elepanicl BS AGKAUE AR I eek ogg) a) ee ee ae bee Crawrorb, J. C.: North American Bees of the genus Panurginus. . . . Crossy, C. R.: Some Arachnids from the Carlsbad Cave of New Mexico . Crus, S. E.: The Bronzed Cutworm (Nephelodes emmedonia Cramer) (Eepidepteta)’ $ Jatt ie ee ep. oe Ee eee Cusuman, R. A.: Location of Individual Hosts versus Systematic rela- tion of Hosts Species as a determining factor in parasitic attack . —— —— Address of Retiring President: Some types of Parasitism amongutnelichneumonidacsss sarees nlite aan ene A New Urosigalphus parasite on Eulechriops gossypii Barber (Eiymenoptera:. Braconidae) Wr.y.5 6 eee ee ee ee Dozter, H. L.: Some New Porto Rican Scale Parasites (Hymenoptera: Bneuptidae) . Ase cnnbs ute Saas ee eee ee sl ea Ewinc, H. E.: Some recent generic Derivatives of the mallophagan genus Philopterus Nitzsch (Philopteridae) .. . .......2... Bismer, W.. 'S.2 New @actusubectles =. 5-0 6 2. 2 nee os ks kek 143 64 53 16 179 25 63 D7 Fouts, Ropert M.: Notes on Serphoidae with descriptions of New Species (Elymenoptefa) . ..2 . sn ae foe). s.r ne Ganan, A. B.: Coccophagus lecanii (Fitch) Erroneously recorded from Japan (Hymenoptera) . . 2. 6. ws es se — A New Egg-Parasite (Hymenoptera: Serphoidae). ... . Hernricu, Cart: A New Coleophora from New York (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae). _ Wavsac ania horaeiegate ce aceite) ete) on) 8, oe ee Horrman, Wo. A.: Notes on Ceratopogoninae (Diptera). . . McArtee, W. L.: Insect Taxonomy: Preserving a Sense of Proportion. . Nomina Conservanda from the Standpoint of the Taxonomist . Mann, W. M.: Three New Termitophilous Beetles from British Guiana . Rouwer, S. A.: Remarks on the Name of one of our common Yellow- Mackets! «6 S72, s~-5 enon Strapon mt or er ee os aed oe Description of a new Braconid Parasite of Artona Catoxantha (Hyaenoptera)). i .. (cap och earn ch) o Uehiro eee ws Sr. Georce, R. A.: Taxonomic Studies of the Larvae of the genera a lene brio and Neatus Le Conte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) .... . ScHarrFrer, Cuas.: New species of Boloschesis (=Chlamys) with notes on known species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Fulcidacinae). . . . . Scnaus, W.: A New Satyrid from China (Lepidoptera). ....... Scuwarz, E. A.: Condition of the Coleopterous Collection of the National IMuseumiin 1906") hh. Secret ee en oe ceeceee on tet ce eRe SHANNON, Raymonp C.: The occurrence of an American Genus in Europe and a European Genus in America (Diptera: Syrphidae; Sepsidae) . Synopsis of the American Calliphoridae (Diptera). . . .. . Snyper, Tuos. E.: Five New Termites from Panama and Costa Rica. . Change of Name in Tsoptera i... 43 fon ae eee Taxanasul, Ryorcut: The Aphids of Myzocallis infesting the Bamboo. . [iv] 167 156 189 151 NOTES AND NEWS ITEMS. Catalogue of the Buprestidae of North America, North of Mexico, W. F. Chamberlin, published by W. F. Chamberlin, 1926.—A very complete catalogue of the Coleopterous family Buprestidae. Contains a list of the genera arranged alpha- betically, the type species of each genus, the species arranged alphabetically under each genus with references to literature arranged chronologically, type locality, distribution, host plants and season found. There is also a list of authors and titles of articles relating to both recent and fossil species. The work appears: to be carefully and thoroughly done and the catalogue will be invaluable to any one working on this interesting and economically important family of beetles. Mr. Chamberlin deserves a great deal of credit for publishing such a work at his own expense. —H. E. Burke. VOL. 28 JANUARY, 1926 No. 1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON CONTENTS wy BARNES, WM. AND BENJAMIN, F. H.—NEW U. S. LEPIDOPTERA RECORDS WAN OLE S Memes § OMAN AB Saito, Rey Ge > ~ Augate 115 Sept., 1923, identified by comparison with the Biologia figure and also sent Mr. Schaus as a check for comparison with his Mexican series. The species is closer to pi/acho than to cordova. From the former it is easily differentiated because of having a distinct oblique dark shade from the costa, between the t. a. line and the orbicular, to the t. p. line at and below vein 2. NV. cordova has the ground color paler and brighter, is less heavily powdered, and has the medial region above vein 2, except for the ordinary spots, filled with slate color. =Achaea ablunaris Guenée. Ophisma ablunaris Guenée, Spec. Gén., Lép., vol. 7 (Noct., III), 1852, p. 237. Achaea ablunaris Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., vol. 12, 1913, p. 538, text fig. 125. Described from Columbia. Hampson is presumably correct in listing restituta Walker (Cat. B. M., vol. 14, p. 1366) from St. Domingo and Venezuela, indistincta Walker (Cat. B. M., vol. 33, p. 1009) from Bogota and hilaris Moeschler (Abh. Senck. Ges., vol. 16, p. 202) from Porto Rico, as synonyms. A single specimen, identified by Schaus, from Brownsville, Texas, is in the Barnes Collection. Ophisma tropicalis Guenée. Ophisma tropicalis Guenée, Spec. Gén., Lép., vol. 7 (Noct., IIT), 1852, p. 238.— Felder, Felder and Rogenhofer, Reis. Nov., 1874, pl. 116, fig. 14.—Hamp- son, Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., vol. 12, 1913, p. 544. Described from Brazil, Cuba and Columbia. The Barnes collection contains a male from Esper Ranch, Brownsville, Tex. (probably collected by Mr. Jacob Doll) and a female from San Benito, Texas, neither specimen dated. The two speci- mens are quite different in superficial appearance, color, and intensity of maculation, but the course of the lines is identical PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 1, JAN., 1926 19 in both. Hampson lists crocimacula Guenée (Noct. III, p. 239), detrahens Walker (C. B. M., vol. 14, p. 1368), /utetplaga Walker (l. c., 1369), confundens Walker (1. c., 1372), stigmatifera Walker (l. c., 1387), fugiens Walker (1. c., 1387) and morbillosa Felder, Felder and Rogenhofer (Reis. Nov., pl. 116, fig. 15) in the synonymy. We do not know how many of these names can be saved as forms. Mr. Schaus is responsible for the identification of our pair as tropicalis. He notes, “very variable species.” Cutina inquieticolor Dyar. Taseopteryx inquieticolor Dyar, Ins. Insc. Menst., vol. 10, 1922, p. 169. Described from material furnished by Mr. Fred Marloff from Stemper, Hillsboro Co., Florida. The insect is not a Taseop- teryx (Erastriinae), differing on wing-shape, habitus and tuft- ings. The mid tibiae are spined, throwing the insect into the Catocalinae where it seems to fit well into the genus Cutina Walker (albopunctella Walker type and only other known species). Thanks are due to Mr. Marloff for the donation of one of the types of inquieticolor. We have another specimen from Green- ville, Mississippi (Geo. Dorner), so that the species will probably be found throughout the Gulf Strip division of the Lower Austral-faunal zone. Zale sabena Schaus. Homoptera sabena Schaus, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), vol. 8, 1901, p. 42. A single specimen is in the Barnes Collection from Palmerlee, Cochise Co., Ariz. This has been compared with the type in the U. S. National Museum by both Schaus and Benjamin. Panula(?) scindens Walker. Ophiusa scindens Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M., vol. 15, 1858, p. 1829. Poaphila ordinans Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M., vol. 15, 1858, p. 1837. Scindens was described from a single male and ordinans from two females, all from St. Domingo (Tweedie). Twenty-three specimens are in the Barnes Collection from Brownsville and San Benito, Texas, April, May, June and Aug., six of these being labeled “Geo. Dorner.” The identification and synonymy is the work of Mr. Schaus, who also informs us that there is a specimen in the Brooklyn Museum from Brownsville, Texas. The insect does not fit well into the genus Panula (type inconstans). While a member of the Erebinae by the position of vein 5 of the hind wing, in habitus it is closer to [sogona (type natatrix Guenée) to which we sink Parora (type texana 20 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 1, JAN., 1926 Smith); and appears to be in reality a member of that inter- mediate group between the Erebinae and the Deltoids which Smith termed Pseudodeltoids. Euclystis sytis Guenée. Focilla sytis Guenée, Spec. Gén., Lép., vol. 7 (Noct., IT), 1852) sp. S33. Described from Brazil. A specimen is in the Barnes Collec- tion from Corpus Christi, Texas, identified by Mr. Schaus. The genotype of Euclystis is centurialis. Euclystis guerini Guenée. Focilla guerini Guenée, Spec. Gén., Lép., vol. 7 (Noct., IID), 1852, p:'334.— Boisduval and Guenée, Spec. Gen., Atlas, vol. 5-7, 1858, pl. 23, fig. 12. Described from two males, ‘‘Campéche,” collections “ Guérin- Menneville and M. N.” The Boisduval and Guenée figure 1s apparently not taken from one of the types, being that of a female. A single specimen, Brownsville, Texas, March 11 (Geo. Dorner), is in the Barnes Collection, having been identified by Mr. Schaus. Lois lorina Druce. Polia lorina Druce, Proc.*Zool. Soc. Lond., 1890, p. 515. Catocala juanita Schaus, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 21, 1894, p. 241. One specimen labeled ‘‘ K. W. Fla.” is in the Barnes Collection, probably from a dealer, and may be a trapical specimen wrongly labeled. The name should not be added to our lists, but the “record” is published for what it may be worth, and the species should be looked for in Southern Florida. For the purpose of those who persist in adding species to U. S. lists on the strength of dealers’ material we might well add that we possess many which we believe to be wrongly labeled and quote as an example that there are two males of a Hypolimnas in the Barnes Collection labeled “Sulphur Springs, Fla., Geo. Franck” which appear to be an African species and not the same as the Formosa species heretofore distributed by dealers as H. misippus from Florida. The identification of /orina and its synonymy is the work of Mr. William Schaus. Bendis(?) fufius Schaus. Bendis fufius Schaus, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 21, 1894, p. 243. Described from Coatepec, Mexico. Five males and_ three females are in the Barnes Collection from Brownsville, Texas, PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 1, JAN., 1926 21 March, April, November, all but two being labeled “Geo. Dorner.” Mr. Schaus has seen specimens of both sexes and compared them with the U. S. National Museum Collection and types. Our males are much more contrastingly black marked than our females, similar in this respect to detrahens and griseipennis. Ephyrodes cacata Guenée. Ephyrodes cacata Guenée, Spec. Gén. Lép., vol. 7 (Noct., III), 1852, p. 366— Boisduval & Guenée, Spec. Gén., Atlas, vol. 5-7, 1858, pl. 24, fig. 7. Described from Cuba and Colombia. A single specimen is in the Barnes Collection from Bastrop Co., Texas (O. Meske), identified by Schaus, who notes that it is an extremely variable species. Isogona natatrix Guenée. Tsogona natatrix Guenée, Spec. Gén., Lép., vol. 7 (Noct., II), 1852, p. 323. Isogona continua Guenée, Spec. Gén., Lép., vol. 7 (Noct., II]), 1852, p. 323. I. natatrix Guenée was described from “Am. Sept.,” and continua from Brazil, the former being a @ and the latter a 9. Two specimens are in the Barnes Collection from Browns- ville, Texas, March 11 (Geo. Dorner). One of these is labeled “Probably continua Gn. % B. M.”” in Dr. McDunnough’s hand- writing. The other specimen was sent, with the questionable determination continua on it, to Mr. Schaus, who replied that it was continua, but that both names vatatrix and continua referred to a single species. The species was unknown to Smith (Bull. U.S. N. M., vol. 44, 1893, p. 365), and as far as we are aware, aside from the type of natatrix, this is the first unquestionably authentic U. S. record. Holland’s figure of “‘xatatrix’’ (Moth Book, pl. 37, fig. 18) is referable to ¢enuis Grote. Gloveria arizonensis Packard. Gloveria dentata Hy. Edwards, Pap., vol. 4, 1884, p. 107.—Barnes & McDun- nough, Contr. N. H. Lep. N. A., vol. 1 (2), 1911, p. 17, ignot. Dr. Dyar informed Barnes & McDunnough that dentata was a synonym of arizonensis but the name was not placed by them in their Revision (1911). G. dentata was described from a single @ (W. Schaus), col- lection Neumoegen. This type is in the Neumoegen Collection and appears to be a straight synonym of arizonensis, having been matched by Benjamin with an Arizona specimen. 22 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 1, JAN., 1926 A NEW MELANASTUS FROM TEXAS (COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE). By Frank E. Buatspe.t, Sr., San Francisco, California. Melanastus texanus, new species. Form oblong-oval, parallel, about two and a half times as long as wide and quite strongly convex. Color black; under surface of body piceous; antennae, mouth-parts and legs, rufo-piceous, palpi rufo-testaceous. Luster dull, slightly shining. Dorsal surface throughout extremely finely microscopically sculptured (granulato-reticulate). Pubescence inconspicuous, pale in color, exceedingly fine and short, very sparse, scarcely projecting beyond the punctures; about twice as long on the tibiae as on the dorsum. Three or four long flying hairs arising from punctures along lateral margins of the mentum anteriorly. Head slightly transverse, a little wider than one-half of the width of the pronotum; sides of the front scarcely as prominent as the eyes, evenly and rather strongly arcuate to the feebly defined oblique sutures where the margin is slightly notched, epistomal apex arcuate to arcuato-truncate, margin narrowly deflexed behind the labrum, frontal suture obsolete; front scarcely feebly convex, vertex moderately convex, surface densely punctate, punctures small, well defined, narrowly separated, tending to run in lines converging toward the central area behind the epistoma, the latter more densely punctured apically; a feeble carina is present above the eyes, the latter small, flat and partially divided by the obtuse sides of the front, feebly emarginate posteriorly but more strongly so anteriorly, the upper portion is a little larger than the lower, facets small. Canthi not more prominent than the corneal surface of the eye. An- tennae extending to almost basal third of the pronotum, joints two to eight inclusive subcylindrical, last three slightly compressed and slightly wider form- ing a club, eighth joint as long as wide and subequal in size to the sixth or seventh, third twice as long as wide. Mentum slightly triangularly emarginate at apex, lateral lobes evenly rounded; medial angle of the genae subacute and slightly prominent when the mentum is flexed, or in close contact with it when extended. Mandibles bifid, upper lobe twice as large as the lower. Pronotum a little more than twice as wide as long, marginal bead entire throughout, except at middle of apex, the latter broadly and arcuately emargi- nate; apical angles obtusely rounded and not prominent anteriorly; sides evenly and moderately arcuate, converging a little anteriorly, feebly and rather broadly sinuate before the basal angles; base broadly and not strongly arcuate, slightly wider than the apex and a little more widely beaded, angles obtuse and distinct; disk evenly convex, densely punctate, punctures well defined, rather small and slightly irregular, usually separated by a distance equal to about their own diameter, slightly larger laterally, not coalescent although tending to run in longitudinal lines. Prosternum coarsely punctate, punctures discrete; propleurae coarsely and sparsely punctate but not strongly longitudinally rugulose. Elytra about a third longer than wide, sides parallel to slightly arcuate; apex obtusely rounded, humeri feebly obtuse and very narrowly rounded, very slightly more prominent than the pronotal angles; base transverse; disk quite PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 1, JAN., 1926 23 evenly and strongly convex, evenly punctate, striae of punctures quite evident, strial punctures equal to those of the pronotum, interstitial series slightly irregular and smaller in the central area, smallest basally, while laterally and apically they are about the same size as the strial punctures, somewhat confused laterally and apically, separated by a distance equal to four or five times their own diameter, intervals flat. Epipleurae finely and very sparsely punctate. Scutellum small, slightly transverse and impunctate apically. Wings vestigial. Sterna coarsely punctate. Meso-episternum with large circular and ap- parently entire punctures, epimera with few small punctures; meta-episternum sparsely punctate, punctures latero-apically smaller than on the meta-sternum, the latter with a pre-coxal line of punctures. Abdomen smooth and shining, rather evenly punctured, punctures slightly larger laterally and a little denser on the fourth and fifth segments. Legs moderate in length, femora finely and sparsely punctate. Tarsi moderate in length and stoutness, the anterior not modified in the sexes. Male evidently smaller and more parallel; female slightly more elongate with sides more arcuate. Measurements —(Types) Length, male, 5 mm.; width, 2 mm.; female, 6 mm.; width, 2.5 mm. Type locality —Gillespie County, Texas. Collected by R. E. McDonald, June, 1925. Twelve specimens studied. Type and paraty pes. pede Nor 2388505 U).5.-N. Mi -Para- types also in author’s collection. The species is reported as killing cotton and is therefore of economic importance. According to Casey’s table ¢exanus is to be placed amongst those species which have the eyes more coarsely faceted, the pronotum finely but evidently margined at the sides, the latter arcuate and subparallel, distinctly sinuate for a short distance before the basal angles; elytral series of punctures not impressed and quite distinct throughout the width. The luster is dull and therefore falls near crassicornis Casey of Humboldt SORE ES California. . By direct comparison fexanus most closely resembles exiguus Casey from Colorado. In the latter the elytral punctures are smaller and more confused, the basal angles of the pronotum are rectangular to slightly acute and the terminal joint of the maxillary palpi appears to be a little more eee and less broad at apex. A single specimen of exiguus Casey is at hand and collected in Colorado. In fexanus the elytral series of punctures, both strial and interstitial are quite distinct when viewed longitudinally, the terminal joint of the palpi is more broadly truncate at apex and less elongate and the basal angles of the pronotum are obtuse. 24 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 1, JAN., 1926 COCCOPHAGUS LECANII (FITCH) ERRONEOUSLY RECORDED FROM JAPAN (HYMENOPTERA). By A. B. Ganan, U. S. Bureau of Entomology. In January, 1919, a series of scale parasites were received by the Bureau of Entomology from Shonosuke Nakayama of the Imperial Plant Quarantine Service, Yokohama, Japan, which the writer identified as Coccophagus lecanii (Fitch). These speci- mens had been reared by K. Yoshida and S. Takahashi from Ceroplastes rubens Maskell at Yokohama, and from Pu/vinaria citricola Kuwana and Phenacoccus pergandei Cockerell at Yoko- hama and Shidzuokaken, Japan. A reexamination of these specimens has shown that my identi- fication of this parasite was incorrect. Although closely resem- bling C. /ecanii, the species is rather easily distinguished by the color of the legs. In /ecanii the coxae are all black, the tro- chanters pallid, the femora black with their apices narrowly whitish, the tibiae mostly pale but sometimes more or less infuscated basally, and the tarsi pale with the apical joint dark. In the Japanese species the front coxae are blackish, the middle and hind coxae mostly white (sometimes slightly fuscous and occasionally mostly blackish), the front trochanters and femora usually fuscous, the middle. and hind trochanters and basal one- third to one-half of their femora pallid, the apical half or two- thirds of middle and hind femora black or blackish, all tibiae and tarsi pallid with the bases of tibiae and apical joint of tarsi more or less fuscous. Otherwise the two forms seem to agree. The Japanese specimens agree in every essential with the description of Coccophagus japonicus Compere (Bulletin Southern California Academy of Sciences, vol. XXIII, 1924, p. 122) and are without doubt that species. This misidentification is deeply regretted, the more so be- cause it has apparently become the basis for at least three subsequent references in the literature. The record of Cocco- phagus lecanii from Japan by S. Nakayama (Phil. Jour. of Science, vol. 18, 1921, p. 98), and the repetition of this record by Gahan (Proc. U. S: Nat: Mus:,, vol. 65).1924, py 12)rane certainly based directly. upon this misidentification and it is almost equally certain that T. Ishi [Bul. 3, Dept. Agri. and Com. Imp. Plant Quar. Service (Japan), 1923, p. 86] was dealing with C. japonicus instead of C. lecanii in his excellent account of the biology and habits of the parasites of Ceroplastes rubens. So far as now known Coccophagus lecanii (Fitch) does not occur in Japan. Actual date of publication, Fanuary 30, 1926 EDITORIAL. In England, where the capture of a common butterfly is con- sidered an event worthy of published record, there 1s great excite- ment among lepidopterists because their pets are getting scarce in some of their usual haunts. There has been a great demand of late for butterfly wings for jewelry and other decorative pur- poses. As a result collectors have been unusually active and great numbers of certain species have been shipped—or are supposed to have been shipped—from England to dealers in Canada and the United States. The British lepidopterists are greatly alarmed about the “‘overcollecting”’ which they fancy threatens the extermination of the species in question; and they have sent out an appeal to the societies of Canada and United States to use their ‘““utmost influence to prevent the threatened extermination.” Of course the fancy seems to many of us rather far fetched. We have seen how difficult it is to hold down an insect when all the forces of organized warfare are directed against it, so we are more than sceptical of the exterminating powers of net-collecting; but be that as it may. The joke is on us. We rose to the bait like hungry carp. The American Entomological Society promptly responded with the following: “Whereas there is grave danger of exterminating some of the most beautiful species of insects for use in works of art and jewelry; “ Resolved, that The American Entomological Society strongly disapproves of such practice and herewith places itself on record as opposing the use of insects for decorative purposes.” Our British brethren have started something. Over here it is a dangerous business to suggest anything in the nature of a prohibition or regulation. Scratch an American and you find areformer. Scratch him ever so lightly and you start a mighty regulating itch. I dread to think what shall happen if this latest call gets its due publicity. There are numbers of lady and near-male regulators out of employment. Here will be their opportunity. We may soon have a “Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Insects,” insect game wardens, pro- tected preserves for persecuted caterpillars, arrests of small boys and amateur “‘bug-hunters,”’ net laws, statutes prohibiting the cruel and promiscuous use of squirt guns,—heaven knows what! Before the thing has gone too far, and-in a possibly false direction, we offer a suggestion that may turn the stream of regulation into a desirable channel. The Japanese Beetle is a beautiful insect. It has, so far, no friends that we know of in this country. It would make a splendid ornament mounted in rings, stick pins, etc. Turn the dreaded forces of commercialism loose upon it. Perhaps they can accomplish with their nets more than we with our high power control-artillery. If so they will earn the gratitude of all who are seriously concerned with the destruction of insect pests; and if the zest of the new pursuit diverts persecution from the poor butterfly, peace will come again to sooth the troubled heart of the amateur lepidopterist. —Carl Heinrich. NOTES AND NEWS ITEMS. Animal Voices, Austin H. Clark, Scientific Monthly, fan., 1926, pp. 40-48.—This 1s an extremely embarrassing paper. To review it critically would require several pages and it is hardly worth such extravagance. On the other hand one can not ignore it altogether. It is written in a popular style which makes the author’s reasoning clear to all whether they be laymen or men of science. It bears the name of one justly respected for his scientific achievements. It professes to be a serious scientific explanation of certain phenomena. (The explanation is so ingeniously simple that the unthinking might be pardoned for failing to see that it is simply ingenious.) And it so challenges our common sense that we can not afford to give it even the partial consent of silence. We must protest against any method that converts half-truths into all-inclusive, all-exclusive explana- tions. It is undoubtedly true that certain sounds and colors may be protective. The lion’s roar may frighten his enemies, or the bird’s pattern hide it from unfriendly eyes; but to assume from such presumptions as these that all animal sounds and colors are nothing but protective or that they are even primarily protective in their nature is simply preposterous. There is a type of mind that rebels at any complexity in the motives or forces behind natural phenomena. It insists upon a single impulse that can be expressed in a simple formula. (The very simplicity of the formula should lead one to doubt its universal application; but this seldom happens.) Such a mind does not arrive at theories or explanations from a careful synthesis of facts. It begins with a theory acquired like faith by some process of interior illumination and thereafter sets itself to square the facts—an easy, fascinating business; but surely not sound science. We are all too familiar these days with certain sex obsessionists who see the sexual motive as the explanation of everything from a table leg to the aurora borealis, from a baby’s squalling to the B minor Mass. Now no one denies the large part that sex plays in the animate world, or that it is more or less involved in all animal and plant behavior; but our sex theory gets a hard bump when we find that it was a loose safety pin and not the CEdipus complex that set the infant yowling and that Bach wrote his music while he was fathering twenty children. So, when our esteemed fellow member tells us that, “like the various colors with which they are adorned, the similarly varied voices of the mammals, birds, and reptiles, amphibians and fishes, and the insects are primarily protective in their nature,’ we presume to doubt and deny. We have heard the old sow grunting in her gruel, and we have ascribed the music to no more than the ex- pression of gastronomic emotion. And Chanticleer’s morning salutation has rung in our ears with such a cocky, carefree lilt that we have heard it simply as a song—the outburst of an egotistic tenor full of the joze de vivre and conscious of his voice. Perhaps we were all wrong. Perhaps he was merely saying “keep away” toachicken hawk. Perhaps the old sow was only frightening competitors from the swill. Perhaps! But it will take something much stronger than a theory to make us believe sO. —Carl Heinrich. VOL. 28 FEBRUARY, 1926 No. 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON CONTENTS CUSHMAN, R. A.—ADDRESS OF RETIRING PRESIDENT: SOME TYPES OF PARASITISM AMONG THE ICHNEUMONIDAE ...........-. DS HEINRICH, CARL.—A NEW COLEOPHORA FROM NEW YORK (LEPIDOPITERA: BOVE OREUORDDNAR: em rmtw a. este Ge wbarse eyMs to 2 ce SES Bee. 52 SNYDER, THOS. E.—CHANGE OF NAME IN ISOPTERA. ........ - 51 *~ MAR 41926 SEPTEMBER “onal Ms ewe PusitsHED Montuiy Excerpr Jury, Aucu BY THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM WASHINGTON, D. C. Entered as second-class matter March 10, 1919, at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., under Act of August 24, 1912. Accepted for mailing at the special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized July 3 1918. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON OrcanizeD Marcu 12, 1884. The regular meetings of the Society are held on the first Thursday of each month, from October to June, inclusive, at 8 p. M. Annual dues for members are $3.00; initiation fee $1.00. Members are entitled to the ProcEEDINGs and any manuscript submitted by them is given precedence over any submitted by non-members. OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1926. Hlonorary President. 3.303, 6 ote hee ee ee ee President... oe is ey) SS ede ee be ge ae aC eee et First VicesPresident | i. vse 42 a ee ee ee ee ola eo SECON WAGE=LTESIA CIE = 7 es en ee J. E. GRAF IROCOTAING SCChelATy fo es es ee ie co) ie eee edad Corresponding Secretary-Treasurer ...:.......S. A. ROAWER U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. BO: aca. tahun Soene Gale ee . . . CARL HEINRICH U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Executive Committee: THE Orricers and W. R. Watron, A. N. Caube Lt, T. E. Snyper. Representing the Soctety as a Vice-President of the Washington Academy of SceBECS gas GS os 8 8 a ee Oe eee PROCEEDINGS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON. Published monthly, except July, August and September, by the Society at Washington, D. C. Terms of subscription: Domestic, $4.00 per annum; foreign, $4.25 per annum; recent single numbers, 50 cents, foreign postage extra. All subscriptions are payable in advance. Remittances should be made payable to the Entomological Society of Washington. An author of a leading article in the ProcEEprNGs will be given 10 copies of the number in which his article appears. Reprints without covers will be fur- nished at the following rates, provided a statement of the number desired accompanies the manuscript: 4 pp. 8 pp. 12 pp. 16 pp. 50 copies 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 100 copies 2.25 4.50 6.75 9.00 Certain charges are made for illustrations and there are available rules and suggestions governing the make-up of articles. Immediate publication in any number may be obtained at the author’s expense. All manuscripts should be sent to the Editor. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOL. 28 FEBRUARY 1926 No. i) ADDRESS OF THE RETIRING PRESIDENT. By R. A. Cusuman. In this heyday of the moving picture the subject that I have selected for my address might well be illustrated by that means. Unfortunately the exigencies of time and other conditions have prevented this, and I present for your approval, and I hope for your pleasure, the next related thing, a scenario illustrated by a few stills and closeups. ParasitismM:—A Scenario IN THREE Parts. Cast or Cuaracrers.—A galaxy of villains, no hero nor heroine, but many victims. VILLAINS.—I seropus Hy posoter | All females and each far more deadly than Polysphincta { the male of her species. Paniscus Victims.—Hemerocampa—a cocoon-spinning caterpillar. Anisota—a family group of very young caterpillars. Agrotis—a catworm—full-grown. Theridium—a spider. Director.—Mother Nature. Assistant Ditrecror.—/nstinct. Scene.—A sunny glade at the edge of a forest. Against the background of the forest stand smaller trees and bushes. In the foreground low herbage and tall weeds. Part 1. Time.—Midafternoon until dusk of a summer day. In a forked twig of an elm tree Hemerocampa, with most of the hair removed from her body, has just finished the con- struction of her cocoon and settled herself to a long rest. On a low hanging leaf of one of the oak trees, the Anisotas, tiny brown creatures covered with black tubercles, and with two long black horns extending forward over the head, are feeding happily. In her web beneath a dead weed top the small, fat Theridium is poised waiting for an unwary gnat to blunder into its meshes. Under the edge of a fallen bit of bark the smooth gray cut- worm, Agrotis, can be seen taking his afternoon nap. 26 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 2, FEB., 1926 Into this peaceful scene there fly three slender creatures, two black and one red and dark brown. Each has six legs, two pairs of thin transparent wings, a pair of long, slender, jointed feelers protruding from the head, and at the opposite end a slender, poisoned stiletto, concealed in a sheath. The black one with the elongate oval abdomen and two flattened tubercles on each segment is Iseropus. The other black one with slender pedicelled, somewhat club-shaped abdomen, is Hyposoter. The small one with black head and red and brown body is Poly- sphincta. Iseropus flies directly to the elm tree, hovers up and down and around the tree, and finally alights near Hemerocampa’s cocoon. With her feelers extended in front and tapping against the bark she moves this way and that until finally she touches the coocoon. Eagerly she tests it all over until, apparently satisfied that it suits her purpose, she takes a firm hold with her feet, arches her abdomen until the stiletto points perpen- dicularly toward the coocoon, then thrusts it through the meshes. The imprisoned Hemerocampa feels the prick and wages a desperate but hopeless fight. Stabbed repeatedly she sinks gradually into a coma from which she is destined never to recover. Iseropus rests for a few moments while licking up the juices that have followed her weapon from the body of the caterpillar. Again she thrusts it into the cocoon, and soon there drops from near its end an elongate white object. This is shortly followed by another, and another, and yet another until there are a dozen or more. Iseropus now withdraws her stiletto, washes her face and feelers, preens her wings and renews her search for victims. In the meantime Hyposoter has been flitting about a small oak tree nearby, and, as our fascinated gaze leaves the Hemero- campa cocoon, she alights on the very leaf on which the little Anisotas are feeding. Quickly she discovers them with her sensitive feelers. One after another, only a few escaping, she stabs them leaving them inert and helpless, then flies away. Why this wanton destruction? But, is it destruction? Ap- parently not, for here one and there another of the Anisotas shows signs of life. Gradually all recover from their fearful experience and go back to eating as busily as ever. But, have they recovered? We shall see later. In our absorption in the attack on the Anisotas we have forgotten Polysphincta. There she is flying from weed-top to weed-top, and now, just as we again catch sight of her, she comes to the one where Theridium has her home. In exploring it she touches the web. Eagerly Theridium advances to seize her expected prey, but hastily retreats. Polysphincta is all alertness. Slowly and cautiously she advances toward the now cowering spider. In desperation Theridium lunges for- PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 2, FEB., 1926 Puy] ward in an attempt to capture and destroy her enemy, but Polysphincta dodges to one side, then again advances. Again and again Theridium attacks, each time failing and each time retreating a little farther. Suddenly Polysphincta leaps, there is a brief rough and tumble fight ending in the sudden collapse of Theridium. Polysphincta crawls to the underside of the spider and stabs it repeatedly in the mouth at the same time licking up with avidity a drop of fluid that oozes from the abdomen of her victim. Her appetite satisfied, she changes her position so that her body is across that of the spider, lays the underside of her abdomen along the side of that of the spider and, after holding this position for a time moves away leaving a tiny oval whitish object glued to the spider. Hardly has she left when Theridium begins slowly and painfully to recover. Gradually she pulls herself to her feet, slowly re- covers her strength and again takes up her position in the web and waits apparently as eagerly as before for the unwary gnat. The sun has dropped below the horizon and dusk replaces the full light of day. Agrotis under the chip of bark stretches himself and, feeling the pangs of hunger, crawls from his retreat to a succulent weed standing close by, and begins his last meal before making a cozy cell in the ground in which to rest and wait for the wings that will carry him hither and yon in cool evenings to come. Suddenly there appears from under a leaf of the plant on which the cutworm is feeding a slender yellowish brown creature flying on broad wings and armed with the same sort of weapon as those of Iseropus and the others. This is Paniscus. She flies down close to the ground and in her flutter- ing among the plant stems soon discovers Agrotis. Now she alights on the ground and cautiously on tiptoe with her weapon thrust forward she approaches her victim. Sensing danger, Agrotis thrashes his head from side to side in a vain endeavor to frighten Paniscus away. She tiptoes around him seeking an opening and at last steps quickly in giving him a thrust. He tries to run away but the poison has its deadening effect and he soon lies helpless. Grimly Paniscus waits until he is powerless to resist, then she inserts her weapon just back of his head and stands quiet for a time. Now there appears at the base of her stiletto an oval, black, shining object attached by a short stalk to the underside of the stiletto. It slides down to the body of the cutworm. Paniscus withdraws her weapon leaving the black object fastened by its stalk to the skin of Agrotis. Two more of these she places on her victim, then preens herself for a few moments and flies away among the weed stems. Agrotis lies inert for a few moments but finally recovers strength, starts digging into the ground and gradually disappears. 28 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 2, FEB., 1926 Part 2. Time.—Beginning a few days later and extending over a period of several weeks. Hemerocampa still lies motionless in her cocoon; the Anisotas are still feeding voraciously and have grown several times larger; Theridium is still poised in her web with the remains of many gnats entangled in its meshes; and beneath the ground we can see Agrotis ensconsed in his earthen bed. As we glance again at Hemerocampa’s cocoon we detect mo- tion in the white objects placed there by Iseropus, and we see coming from each one a tiny white maggot-like creature. These dispose themselves on the body of Hemerocampa and by look- ing closely we can see that they are biting at the skin with very minute pointed jaws. Theridium is still carrying the whitish object glued to her back by Polysphincta, and as we look in her direction we see come from it another creature similar to those in the cocoons of Hemerocampa. It begins immediately to gnaw at the skin of Theridium’s abdomen. She tries to dislodge it but can not reach it. Again we look at Agrotis and find that protruding from a slit in the free end of each of the shiny black things placed on his neck by Paniscus is a brown head and part of a white body. Its jaws have already pierced the skin of the cutworm. Slow motion camera speeds up events so that we see the maggot-like creatures on Hemerocampa, Theridium, and Agro- tis, the last two still holding to their egg-shells, increase enor- mously in size, their victims decreasing correspondingly until all that is left of them is their dried and crumpled skins. We see the slayers crawl away; those of Hemerocampa to spin a bundle of white cocoons inside that of their victims. The de- vourer of Theridium, hanging to the spider web by patches of minute hooks on its back, builds a beautiful net-work bag about itself, while the cutworm’s slayer makes a dense black one. All this time the Anisotas have been feeding, but most of them have now stopped and lie listlessly on the leaf. They have not grown nearly as large as the few that are atill feeding on the edge of a nearby leaf. And now a change comes over them. They seem to be inflated while their necks appear shrivelled. Looking at them closely we see that each encloses a white cocoon, within which is a creature much like those in the cocoon of Hemerocampa. It comes to us that these Ani- sotas are the ones that we saw so viciously attacked by Hypo- soter and that those big healthy ones on the other leaf are the ones who escaped her attention. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 2, FEB., 1926 m8) Part 3. Time.—A week or ten days later. Everything is apparently as we last saw it except that there is a hole in one end of each of the cocoons and as we watch there crawls from each not the maggot that we saw make it, but a quite different creature. Each has six legs, two pairs of thin transparent wings, on the head two long slender antennae, and at the opposite end a slender stiletto concealed in a two- parted sheath. From the cocoon of Hemerocampa come about a dozen exactly like Iseropus, from each of the Anisotas one exactly like Hyposoter; from the mesh bag in Theridium’s web an exact duplicate of Polysphincta; and from the ground over the earthen cell of the cutworm the double of Paniscus. We have witnessed the life-cycle of four species of Ichneumon- flies. By this more or less fanciful and somewhat anachronistic scenario I have attempted to convey to you a picture of the life and habits of a few ichneumon-flies with various habits of attack, oviposition, host relations, and development. It also serves as an admittedly rather long introduction to my real subject: SOME TYPES OF PARASITISM AMONG THE ICHNEUMONIDAE. The origin of the parasitic habit in the hymenopterous insects is shrouded in the mists of the dim and distant past. It seems safe to assume that it did not originate on one occasion and one occasion only; the parasitic groups are too diverse to admit of a theory of common origin. It may even be that within a single group, like the Ichneumonidae as we now know it, are lesser groups which have originated at quite different periods and from quite different ancestral forms, and whose present similarity is due to convergence of development resulting from the similarity of the environment and other conditions of the parasitic life rather than from common origin. Whatever the origin of the various groups of parasitic Hymen- optera we must assume that the carnivorous habit followed the phytophagous habit. We must also, I think, assume that when this change of habit began the Hymenoptera were already a well-defined group distinguishable from the other groups of insects by the same characteristics that distinguish them at the present time. In other words, we must look among the more primitive phytophagous Hymenoptera for clues to the immediate origin of the various groups of parasitic Hymen- optera. The parasitic habit probably had its origin in the habit practiced by many insects of devouring their fellows. A taste 30 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 2, FEB., 1926 for such fare was passed on to the progeny of some of these, increasing from generation to generation, until the carnivorous or parasitic habit entirely replaced the phy tophagous or plant- eating habit. With the change in method of living and nature of food came certain modifications in form and structure of the larva. Since the egg from which it hatched was placed by the parent in direct contact with the insect that was to furnish it with sustinence the larva had no need for legs with which to move from place to place, no need for strong muscles with which to operate them, and no need for other strong muscles for lengthening and shortening the body in the process of crawling, but muscles only sufficiently strong to permit it to move about in the immediate vicinity of its host and to per- form such motions as were necessary in the construction of its cocoon, etc. Its food being soft or fluid and requiring no chew- ing, it no longer needed strong cutting and grinding jaws, but jaws only strong enough and ‘sharp enough to pierce the skin of its host. No longer needing strong jaws it no longer needed strong muscles to operate them, nor a stiff, strongly arched and heavily braced head capsule to contain and support such muscles. In living organisms unused or little used structures and organs become lost or atrophied or reduced to size and strength com- mensurate with their use. The parasitic larva, therefore, lost its legs, acquired small, acutely pointed mandibles and suffered a great reduction in the size and strength of the muscles operat- ing these structures as well as those involved in other move- ments of the body. Its head lost much of its rigidity and became broad and short. With the loss of strength in the musculature of its body wall its shape was determined by the turgidity furnished by the largely Huid body content. As a natural consequence, instead of being cylindrical and of cater- pillar form, it became spindle-shaped, large in the middle and small at each end, more or less curved below, with weakly constricted sutures between the segments of its body. This, in general, is the form and structure of the full-grown larva of the parasitic hymenopteron. In the various parasitic groups the larvae have acquired characteristics that differentiate them one group from another. Within a group further modifications have taken place, so that within, for instance, the family Ichneumonidae are displayed great variations in both form and structure and in habits and manner of living, not only in the adult insects but in all of the preparatory stages. The sometimes very remarkable modi- fications of the first instar larva and egg are of this later develop- ment. The Ichneumonidae are in very large part parasites of other insects, the comparatively few exceptions to this rule being PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 2, FEB., 1926 31 parasites of spiders. Some are parasites of larvae and some of pupae, some within the egg-sacs of spiders and some on the spiders themselves. During its growth the ichneumonid larva passes through several instars, usually five in number; though Timberlake (USS. Dept Agr, Burnt. Bull.> Vech. Sér. 19>pt: Vj 1912) detected only three in Seszoplex validus (Cresson) and Tothill (Can. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bull. 3, 1922) a like number in Hyposo- ter pilosulus (Provancher) and Therion morio (Fabricius). The present speaker found five in Thersilochus conotracheli (Riley) (Journ. Agr. Res., vol. 6, No. 22, 1916), and at least four in Paniscus (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 15, 1913, p. 156). Chewy- reuv (Parasites and Hyperparasites) observed five instars in the last-named genus but only four in Amb/yteles. From the standpoint of position of the parasite in relation to the host the Ichneumonidae are divisible into two main groups: external and internal parasites. The external parasite deposits its eggs on or near the host and the resulting larva feeds on the host from without by puncturing its skin and sucking its juices through the rupture. Very little is known of the provisions for breathing on the part of the early instars of externally feeding larvae. The only positive observation that I know of is that of Chewyreuv, who studied all instars of the larva of Paniscus for this point. He says that the first instar has one pair of spiracles on the prothoracic segment, the second instar the prothoracic spiracles and a pair on each of the first six abdominal segments, the third instar another pair on the seventh abdominal segment, and the fourth and fifth instars the full complement of pro- thoracic and eight pairs of abdominal spiracles. There is great variation among the external parasites in the habit of stinging preparatory to oviposition and in the effect of the sting on the host. Some species do not sting the host at all, others render it only temporarily comatose, while still others sting it into permanent coma or kill it outright. The internal parasite deposits its egg within the body of the host and the larva feeds on the host from within. It lies in the body cavity of the host feeding on the fluid and semifluid body content in which it lives. It 1s fitted for breathing in the aqueous medium in which it finds itself, the spiracle being absent or functionless until such time as the exhaustion of the liquid body content of the host makes direct breathing neces- sary. In some groups the body of the larva in the early instars has a slender caudal extension of the body wall so modified as to serve as a gill. In other groups no such extension or attenu- ation occurs and possible a relatively large part of the necessary oxygen is obtained in the food consumed. Chewyreuv found that in Enicospilus, of which he knew only the first two and BZ PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 2, FEB., 1926 last instars, the first two have no spiracles and the last the full complement of nine pairs. He says that in Amb/yteles the first instar has no spiracles, but the second instar has the full nine pairs though these are very small. In the attack by the parent parasite the host is rendered at most temporarily coma- tose, recovering shortly and continuing its normal activities. Forms oF ExTERNAL PARASITISM. Of external parasitism among the Ichneumonidae there are known to me four types. In the first and least highly specialized of all the types of parasitism the host is either not stung, is permanently para- lyzed or is killed outright by the sting of the parent parasite. The egg is of simple form, usually elongate oval, more or less curved with tough chorion and without pedicel or other special means of attachment to the host. Such an egg is that of Calliephialtes sp. (Fig. 12) and all the eggs of parasites of this group known to me are very similar in form. It is deposi- ted on or near the host. At the time of the attack by the parent parasite the host is enclosed within the tissue of its food-plant, a cocoon, a pupal shell or other medium, into which or through which the parasite thrusts her ovipositor for stinging the host and for deposition of the egg. The larva of this type of parasite when first hatched is of the form shown in Fig. 11. The head is relatively large with the mouth on the lower anterior margin and a pair of small simple antennae. The body is composed of thirteen segments besides the head. The full-grown larva (Fig. 16) is fat and maggot-like in form with small head. It has spiracles on each side, the first in the intersegmental skin between the prothorax and mesothorax and one on each of the first eight abdominal segments. Examples of this type of parasitism are the members of the tribes Rhyssini and Ichneumonini. Megarhyssa lunator (Fa- bricius) according to accounts by Lintner in The Country Gentleman, vol. 49, 1884, p. 331, and Riley in Insect Life, vol. 1, 1886, p. 171, indicate that the parent parasite does not necessarily sting (perhaps never stings) the host Tremex larva, but simply deposits her egg in the Tremex burrow, the larva searching out the Tremex and killing it. W. S. Fisher tells me that this coincides with his observations on Megarhyssa made some years ago in Pennsylvania. The species of the ichneumonine genus Tromatobia and many species of the cryp- tine genus Ge/is (formerly Pezomachus), as well as certain species of the cryptine tribes Hemitelini and Cryptini, are parasitic within the egg-sacs of spiders, feeding either on the eggs or on the young spiders, which are quite obviously not PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 2, FEB., 1926 33 severally stung by the parent parasite. Jseropus coelebs (Walsh), as probably most of the other members of the tribe Ichneumonini, permanently paralyzes or kills its host prepara- tory to depositing its eggs. An excellent account of the habits of this species under the name of “‘Pimpla inquisitor Say”? is given by Howard in Technical Bulletin 5 of the Bureau of Entomology. The present speaker’s paper on “The Calli- ephialtes Parasite of the Codling Moth” (Journal of Agri- cultural Research, vol. 1, 1913, pp. 211-237) in an account of another parasite of this type. Probably few of this type of parasite are, as appears to be the case with Megarhyssa, specific enemies of any particular species. The position of the prospective host individual is of nearly or quite as much importance as the systematic position of the host species. Many of the species confine their attack to members of a single insect order, but within that order may have a very wide range of hosts. Thus Iser opus coelebs (Walsh), referred to above, parasitizes species of such distantly related lepidopterous genera as Malacosoma, Hemerocampa, Notolophus, Thyridopteryx, Ctenucha, Cecropia and Olene, all medium to large Lepidoptera that construct their cocoons in exposed situ- ations. FEpiurus alborictus (Cresson) is parasitic upon many species of leaf-mining and leaf-folding Lepidoptera. Other species are even less particular as to the nature of their hosts, attacking almost any insect larva that occurs in a suitable place. Epiurus pterophori (Ashmead), for example, attacks both lepidopterous and coleopterous borers in weed stems and has also been reared and recorded by Newcomer (Bull. 265, U. S. Dept. Agr.) as a parasite of larvae of the sawfly Ameta- stegia glabrata (Fallen) that had entered the stems of weeds for pupation. Newcomer found that larvae of the sawfly that bored into apples entirely escaped parasitism by this species. In many, but not all, of the parasites of this group the develop- mental period is of very short duration, especially that of the larva, there being no apparent synchronizing of the life cycle of the parasite with that of the host. They may thus pass through several generations in a year, using as host whatever suitable species is available. In a second type of external parasitism the host is only temporarily paralyzed by the sting of the parent parasite, recovering and resuming its customary activities. The egg is fastened to the host by a secretion applied by the parent at the time of oviposition at a point where it is not likely to be knocked off. The-larva hatching from this egg, uses the egg- shell as a means of holding on. The host is not protected by any extraneous covering at the time of the oviposition. The only examples of this type of parasitism known to me are the members of the tribe Polysphinctini, which are parasitic upon spiders (Figs. 4, 8, 37). 34 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 2, FEB., 1926 The very usual host relations of the insects of this group have intrigued the interest of many observers, most of them not especially interested in parasites or even in the Hymenoptera; and short notes concerning one or another of the species have frequently appeared in entomological and other scientific peri- odicals. This interest is so widespread and the specialization of the insects themselves are so remarkable that a rather exten- sive treatment of the subject in this place is perhaps permissible. Probably the first recorded observation on the habits of a Polysphincta is that of DeGeer published in 1771 (Memoirs pour servir a histoire des Insectes, vol. 2, 1771, pp. 863-6) and his crude figure of the cocoon in the center of the spider web probably the first illustration of any feature of the immature life of one of these insects (Fig. 1). He found a comman orb- weaving spider with a parasite larva on its back and reared the parasite through to maturity. Curiously enough none of the European Ichneumonologists has since recognized the species but there can be no doubt that it was a Polysphinctine. Apparently the first to observe the attack of the parasite on the spider was Dillwyn. (Memoranda relating to Coleopterous Insects found in the neighborhood of Swansea, 1829, p. 27.) In a footnote he says: “I have frequently observed a small black species of Ichneumon successively deposit an egg in the abdomen of two or more spiders in the sand-hills near Swansea; and I doubt whether the spider had in any case arrived at its maturity. On one of these occasions I perfectly recollect having seen a young brood of dark-coloured spiders on Crwmlyn Burrows, and that when the Ichneumon hovered over them they appeared alarmed, and instinctively endeavoured to es- cape.” Dillwyn’s observation was at fault, for he states that the egg is deposited “‘in the abdomen.” It is interesting, however, to remark that he did note the fact that the spiders had an instinctive fear of the parasite. Quite naturally the collectors of spiders would be expected to happen upon the immature forms of Polysphincta more frequently than the collectors of insects; and so we find one such, John Blackwall, a well known British arachnologist, giv- ing us one of the earliest papers devoted to the subject in his “Account of a Species of Ichneumon whose Larva is parasitic on Spiders” (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, 1843, pp. 1-4). He says “Immature spiders of the species Epeira antriada and Epeira cucurbitina, and adults of the species Linyphia minuta and Linyphia pusilla are frequently infested by the larva of a small Ichneumon, which feeds upon their juices and ultimately causes their death. This parasite is always attached to the upper part of the abdomen, near its union with the cepho- lothorax, generally in a transverse but occasionally in a longi- tudinal direction, and, though.it proves a source of constant PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 2, FEB., 1926 35 irritation, is secured by its position from every attempt of the spider to displace it.” In 1893 McCook (Amer. Spiders, vol. 3, pp. 52-56) writes: “Mr. George Carter Bignell has favored:me with an account of the manner in which Drassus lapidicolens Walckenaer was attacked by an ichneumon. While walking in the woods he noticed the spider suspended by a silken drop thread from the bough of a large oak. Looking for the cause of such a situation, he found an inchneumon fly walking cautiously down the thread towards its victim. When close to the spider she touched it with her antennae, whereat Drassus dropped a few inches lower. The fly, having apparently ascertained that she had found a suitable subject, turned round and walked back- wards until close to the spider, where she paused a few moments, and then deposited her egg on its abdomen close to the cepha- lothorax.” Practically the same account is given by Bignell himself (Trans. of the Devons. Assn., vol. 30, 1898, p. 14). In addition to the references cited above there have been many other records published dealing with these insects. Very few of these have contributed additional facts concerning the general habits of the group, but have merely recorded the asso- ciation of different species of the group with their spider hosts and their specific habits and development. Another arachnologist, E. Nielsen of Copenhagen, produced in 1923 (Saertryk of Entomologiske Meddelelser, 14 Bind., 4-5 Haefte, pp. 137-205) the most exhaustive and best contri- bution to the subject of the habits of the Polysphinctinae and the modifications in structure associated with their manner of living. Nielsen had the very unusual good fortune of finding in numbers immature stages of several species and made a detailed study of their habits, structure and life history. He observed the oviposition of Polysphincta eximia Schmiede- knecht on Theridium limatum but not the attack. In ovipo- sition the parasite took up a position with its head opposite the spinnerets of the spider and its ovipositor at the base of the abdomen on the upper side. Nielsen does not describe the egg. In less than an hour the spider had fully recovered from the effect of the sting. Somewhat more than a year ago I received from a California lady a letter regarding some observations she had made on the habits and life-history of a Polysphincta. The subsequent correspondence resulted in her writing for publication a popular account of her observations, which included the complete development from oviposition to eclosion of the adult. Unfor- tunately this most interesting arfd delightfully written article has not yet been published and I am unable to quote from it. However, my correspondent sent me living material of both adult parasite, Polysphincta (Zatypota) parva (Cresson), and 36 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 2, FEB., 1926 spider, Theridium punctipes Emerton, and | was able on several occasions to observe the act of oviposition. My observations were made on spiders and parasites confined in test tubes. As soon as the spider became aware of the proximity of the parasite it endeavored to catch her, but on discerning the nature of the intruder retreated into its web, whence it made several vain attempts to catch or frighten away its enemy. The parasite advanced and reconnoitered and finally sprang at the spider and delivered her sting so quickly that I was unable to deter- mine where the spider was stung. Almost immediately after the stinging the spider collapsed. The parasite then took up such a position on the under side of the spider that while she stung it repeatedly in the mouth between the chelicerae she was at the same time licking up a drop of fluid that was exuded from the base of the spider’s abdomen. It seems most likely that this fluid indicated the location of the first sting Her appetite satisfied, the parasite changed her position to one across the underside of the spider at its waist and for some time apparently scratched the surface of its abdomen near the base and to one side of the middle with the tip of her ovipositor but did not thrust it through the skin. She then laid her abdomen against that of the spider so that the base of her ovipositor was over the spot where she had been scratching, remained quiescent for a short time and finally crawled away leaving her egg glued to the spot. The egg was about half a millimeter long by about a third as broad and equally rounded at both ends. It was covered with a shellac-like secretion that spread out on the surface of the host a short distance beyond the egg. Blackwall thought that the parasite larva maintained its position on the spider by means of the mouth and “a viscid secretion emitted from its caudal extremity.” This opinion was not refuted until nearly fifty years later, when Borries (Ent. Meddel., vol. 2, pp. 155-161), working with a single preserved parasitized. spider discovered that this was accom- plished by means of the egg-shell and the larval exuvia (Fig. 3). Nielsen found that the newly hatched larva of Poly- sphincta clypeata Holmgren remains partly enclosed in the egg-shell (Fig. 6). In Polysphincta eximia Schmiedeknecht he discovered that each subsequent instar maintains its hold to the exuvium of the last preceding instar by means of two pairs of fleshy projections situated on the ventral surface of the fifth and sixth abdominal segments (Figs. 2, 5) which are telescoped in the corresponding structures in the previous in- star. He presents two figures of this mechanism in longi- tudinal section, of which I teproduce one (text fig.) showing apparently four exuvia beneath the last stage larva. I have been able to corroborate the observations of Borries and Niel- sen in the case of Polysphincta parvae (Cresson). PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 2, FEB., 1926 oP In its last instar the polysphinctine larva has on the dorsum paired rounded protuberances bearing minute recurved hooks (Fig. 7 a). The larva spins its cocoon on the spider web and uses these hooks for suspending itself in the web while laying the foundations of the cocoon. Having engaged the hooks on the web the larva retracts the structure within the body, thus retaining a firm hold. The number and arrangement of these dorsal “‘pseudopods” varies with the species. Nielsen found that there are eight pairs in Polysphincta eximia (Fig. 7), nielseni, tuberosa (Fig. 36), and clypeata (Fig. 38), and seven e& S eS oe Ss HQ — MN sara séte ) CL Z Zac —v UVa are OW, Z Fe YG — wy z yj oy, Ye ijl = (P- Longitudinal section of larva of Polysphincta eximia Schmiedeknecht showing attachment to host. (Redrawn from Nielsen.) pairs in pallipes. In all of these the first pair is on the meta- thorax and the others on the first six or seven abdominal seg- ments. In Polysphincta percontatoria var. gracilis, however, he found only four pairs, placed on the third to sixth abdominal segments. A third type of external parasitism is in some respects simi- lar to the second type in that the paralysis of the host is only temporary, the host at the time of oviposition is not enclosed in any extraneous covering, and the larva uses the egg-shell as an anchor for maintaining its position on the host, but the egg itself is entirely different, being provided with a pedicel which is thrust through the skin of the host. In the act of oviposition the egg itself is not enclosed in the ovipositor but is fastened to it by the pedicel. Representatives of this type are the Paniscini and probably the true Tryphonini. The habits of the members 38 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 2, FEB., 1926 of the latter group are very little known except that they are, for the most part at least, parasitic on the larvae of the saw- flies, although the habit of certain of them of carrying eggs on their ovipositors is well known to every collector of Ichneu- monidae. It is on this habit that the generic names Poly- blastus and Monoblastus of Hartig dating from 1837 are based, Polyblastus including originally those species of the old genus Tryphon Fallen that carry several to many eggs exposed on the ovipositor and Monoblastus those that carry only one egg in this manner. Probably most of them attack the host as a full-grown larva, which later constructs its cocoon. Of Pants- cus, on the other hand, much has been written and many figures have been published. Apparently the first to record any biological observations on Paniscus was Goedart, who in 1700 (Metamorphoses Naturelles ou Histoire des Insects, vol. 2, p. 163) reared five specimens of what was undoubtedly Paniscus cephalotes Holmgren from the caterpillar of the puss moth (Dicramura vinula). His figure of the bundle of cocoons from which these specimens ‘emerged is probably the earliest published figure concerning the early stages of this genus. The next published observation was that of Bonnet in 1755. (Mémoires présentés a |’Académie des Sciences de Paris par divers Scavans, vol. 2, pp. 281-282). In a paper on two para- sites of the puss-moth, he says (I give a free translation): “The second species is the more remarkable. _ It lives externally on the caterpillar; it appears at first in the form of a little egg, black and brilliant as jet. This little body seems implanted in the caterpillar by a short pedicel. Little by little there emerges from under this sort of shell a soft whitish worm. The worm becomes larger and longer from day to day, but without aban- doning its shell. The shell seems to diminish in size, or rather this diminution is only apparent, being due to the comparison that the eye makes between the size of the shell and the size of the werm. Finally the worm molts; then the shell drops and the worm appears much like those that one finds in fruits or in the bodies of different insects. I have not been able to find out to what claés it belongs. I have sometimes seen it spin threads after the manner of caterpillars.’ In 1771 DeGeer (Memoires pour servir a |’histoire des Insectes, vol. 2, pt. 2, pp- 850-861) gave a remarkably accurate account of the habits and development of probably the same species as that observed by Bonnet. He reared from a cocoon of Dicranura vinula nine specimens of Paniscus. Upon opening the cocoon he found a mass of parasite cocoons and the dry and shrunken skin of the caterpillar. Remarking: “Cependant cette peau m’a fait voir une chose 4 quoi je ne m’attendois pas et que mérite |’at- tention d’un naturaliste,” he proceeds to examine this cater- PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 2, FEB., 1926 39 pillar skin and finds several black shells each strongly attached and implanted in the skin by means of a long, slender pedicel, having near its insertion in the skin two or three thickenings sug- gesting articulations (Fig. 19). To each was attached a white, wrinkled pellicle which he thought was a single exuvium of the parasite larva (Fig. 23). DeGeer illustrated his observa- tions by suprisingly good figures showing the development and anatomical details of Paniscus. Newport (Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. 21, 1852, pp. 71-76, Pl. VIII, figs, 13-19) gives an extended account of the habits and biology of Paniscus virgatus (Fourcroy) as a parasite of Mamestra pisi. His principal contribution to the knowledge of the insects of this group is his discovery that the ‘‘ white pellicle” of DeGeer is composed of the several exuvia of the larva, each telescoped into the preceding one and the first into the egg-shell (Fig. 9). Many writers have recorded additional observations on the life and habits of Paniscus, but the latest and most detailed is a paper by Chewyreuv, “Parasites and Hyperparasites,” published in Russia in 1912. A translation of this was made by Jacob Kotinsky, formerly of the Bureau of Entomology, and it is on this translation that the subsequent discussion of Chewyreuv’s work is based. The egg of Paniscus is comparatively large, in some species as much as a millimeter in length, broadly oval, dark brown or black depending on the species, and at the caudal end has on the ventral surface a flexible pedicel (Figs. 19, 20, 24, 28, 29, 30). On the dorsal side near the anterior end there is a small weakly chitinized depression with radiating grooves, the micropyle (Fig. 22). Chewyreuv found that the form and structure of the micropyle differs in different species. In oviposition only the stalk of the egg is within the channel of the ovipositor, the egg itself lying along the ventral side (Fig. 25). The ovipositor is thrust a short distance into the host, serving to thread the pedicel of the egg through the skin. The twisting up of the pedicel after it leaves the ovipositor serves to hold the egg in place while the ovipositor is withdrawn, and the subsequent healing of the wound in the host fastens it still more securely. The hatching of the larva in Paniscus is peculiar in that it at first only protrudes its head from a slit beginning at the mi- cropyle and extending backward along the ventral surface of the egg. The time of hatching has no very intimate relation to the time of deposition of the egg for in some instances the egg may not hatch for several days after deposition while at other times it is already hatched when deposited as shown in Fig. 25. Paniscus has the habit of throwing off fully developed eggs for which no host has been found, which action is, at least in 40 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 2, FEB., 1926 part, to avoid the disastrous results following hatching of the eggs within the body of the mother. Chewyreuv recorded one instance of the killing of a female in this manner by her own progeny. The larva retains its hold on the egg-shell and thus to its host until practically full-grown. This is accomplished by means of a patch of minute forwardly directed spines at the apex of the last abdominal segment (Fig. 46). The larval stage consists of five instars each telescoped within the last preceding exuvium (Figs. 9-21). In Paniscus and very likely in all of the parasites of this type the attack of the parasite is made on nearly or quite full-grown, free-living host larvae, which thereafter burrow into or some other medium for pupation The first instar larva of Paniscus (Figs. 26, 27) is short and fat with a relatively large and narrow, heavily chitinized head, distinctly constricted at its junction with the body. At each succeeding molt the head becomes relatively smaller and broader and less heavily chitinized. At full-growth (Fig. 13) it is broadest at its junction with the body, much shorter than broad, and hardly more heavily chitinized than the rest of the body. As stated before the first instar has only one pair of spiracles, those on the thorax. These really belong to the mesothorax, but are pushed forward into the intersegmental skin between the prothorax and mesothorax and appear to lie in the prothorax, to which segment Chewyreuv ascribed them. In the second instar six more pairs appear, one pair on each of the first six abdominal segments. The third instar adds another pair on the seventh segment, and the fourth and fifth instars have each another pair on the eighth segment. Chewyreuv gives a very long and detailed account of the attack and oviposition of Paniscus cristatus (Thomson) and Paniscus ocellaris Thomson. The female parasite first stings the caterpillar, which attempts to escape by running and rolling but finally succumbs to the effect of the poison. When the caterpillar has been rendered helpless the parasite mounts it, inserts the ovipositor a short distance in the intersegmental skin between the thoracic segments or between thorax and abdomen, and there plants her egg (Fig. 39). Eggs that through faulty instinct are deposited elsewhere do not develop because they can be reached and destroyed by the caterpillar. A fourth type of external parasitism is very similar to the first type discussed in that the egg is deposited externally with relation to the host. But it differs from the first type in that there is a partial return to the phytophagous habit. The only known example of this type of parasitism 1s Grofea anguina Cresson, a parasite of the bee Ceratina dupla Say, and to S. Graenicher (Ent. News, 1905, pp. 44-46) is due the credit of having discovered the very peculiar habits of this species. i PROC.. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 2, FEB., 1926 41 Graenicher says that the egg of Grosea is usually placed length- wise on top of the egg of the bee. The larva of the parasite may emerge either earlier or later than the bee larva, but its first food is the contents of the egg or of the larva as the case may be. Thereafter it feeds for several days on the bee bread stored by the parent bee. This exhausted, it forces its way into the next cellin the nest, killing the bee larva. It usually enters a third cell and frequently a fourth, killing the occupant of each. At the end of about two weeks the parasite larva is full-grown and begins the construction of its cocoon. After clearing a space three or four centimeters long of pith, bee bread, etc., it builds a hard partition at each end of the burrow and lines the burrow with a thin layer of silk. In this cocoon it passes the winter emerging as an adult in time to attack the next generation of Ceratina. Unfortunately Graenicher de- describes only the egg of Grotea and his article is without illus- trations. He says the egg is hardly half as long and a fourth as thick as that of the bee, which he describes as about two and a half mm. long and one mm. thick. Forms or INTERNAL PARASITISM. You will remember that in our general description of internal parasitism we stated that the egg of the parasite is deposited and the larva feeds within the body of the host, that the body of the larva in its early instars is modified for breathing in an aqueous medium and that the host is not or is only temporarily comatose after the oviposition of the parasite. Of this general group there are at least five divisions or types among the Ichneumonidae. In the least highly specialized type the host is attacked in a late stage of its development, full-grown larva or pupa, and the development of the parasite is not closely synchronized with that of the host. The entire developmental period is passed within the host, and the parasite makes very little if any cocoon. Pupation takes place in the pupa of the host. To this class belong the members of the tribe Ephialtini and probably those of the tribe Theroniini. The egg is practically identical in form and structure with that of the first type of external parasite. These parasites are very catholic in their selection of hosts though normally confined to the Lepidoptera. Within this order, however, they seem to have little choice. Jtoplectis conquisitor (Say), for example, is known to parasitize a great many species in both macrolepidoptera and microlepidoptera. The members of the subfamily Joppinae, which includes the large genus Ambélyteles, appear to represent a somewhat different type of parasitism from that of the Ephialtini in being more highly specialized for the internally parasitic life. As 42 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 2,. FEB., 1926 is well known the adult parasite emerges from the chrysalis of the lepidopterous host. The only detailed observations that I know of on the life and development of a member of this group are those of Chewyreuv. He states that the host is attacked in the last larval instar by 4mb/yteles and Ichneumon (old sense), and he gives accounts of the attack by both Jchneu- mon sarcitorius Linné and Amblyteles vadatorius Mliger. The egg of each has a very thin, colorless, transparent chorion (Fig. 33). He does not give measurements of the egg, but from the small size of the newly hatched larva (Fig. 32) it is much smaller in relation to the size of the adult insect than is that of Jtoplectis. According to Chewyreuv the newly hatched larva of 4mb/y- teles vadatorius (Fig. 35) has a relatively large, heavily chiti- nized yellow head with white body. The body tapers backward from the head and consists of twelve segments, of which the last has a transverse groove so that the body seems to be thirteen-jointed. There are no spiracles. The antennae are represented by hyaline circles on the upper side of the head. In the second instar, which is in general very much like the preceding, the spiracles appear to the full complement of nine pairs. The author does not say whether or not he considers them functional, merely describing them as very small and, according to Kotinsky’s translation, “bung-shaped.” The third instar, judging from the head shield, which was all that he knew of it, Chewyreuv says is much like the second. The fourth and, according to the author, the last instar (Fig. 31), judging by his figures is of somewhat different form with rela- tively smaller head and much larger spiracles. Ina third type of internal parasitism the specialization for the internally parasitic habit has gone much farther, especially in the early larval instars. Oviposition of the parasite takes place when the host is in the larval stage, frequently very young, the development of the parasite proceeds along with that of the host, the adult of the parasite emerges from a later instar of the host larva or from the host pupa. The develop- ment of the parasite is frequently so closely synchronized with that of the host that the parasite matures at the time when the host is in the proper stage of development for parasitization. Examples of this type of parasitism are to be found in the Ophionine tribes, Campoplegini and Porizonini, probably also in other tribes of this subfamily, certain Tryphoninae, and possible in the Ichneumonine tribes Lissonotini and Glyptini. The egg is relatively small, elongately oval and more or less curved (Fig. 10). The first instar larva is frequently very slender and has the area of the body surface further relatively increased by an extension of the last abdominal segment into a longer or shorter ~~ -— — PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 2, FEB., 1926 43 tail-like appendage. The head is relatively very large and heavily chitinized, narrowly attached to the body and with the mouth on the anterior ventral surface (Figs. 17, 45, 47). Spiracles are absent. During this instar the larva in- creases very greatly in size with the head and sometimes the tail retaining their original size (Fig. 15). With its first molt the larva of Thersilochus was found by Cushman to entirely change its appearance, the head becoming broader and shorter, the mouth parts very weak, and the tail disappearing entirely (Fig. 14). The third instar larva is very similar to the second, differing practically only in size. The fourth and fifth instars (Fig. 18) are of the typical ichneumonid form, the last leaving the body of the host and spinning its cocoon in the under- ground cell made by the host larva. Timberlake (Bur. .Ent., Tech. Ser. Bull. 19, part V, 1912), in a study of (Limnerium) Sesioplex validus (Cresson), and Tothill (Dept. Agr. Canada Tech. Ser. Bull. 3, 1922), working with (Campoplex) Hyposoter pilosulus (Provancher), each dis- tinguished only three larval instars. Both found the second instar to be quite similar to the first but with shorter tail (Fig. 43). Tothill states that the spiracles first appear in the third instar. Timberlake thought the caudal appendage in the first two instars to be a blood gill, but Tothill showed that the dorsal blood vessel does not enter the appendage, but that instead it is a tracheal gill, being completely filled with tracheids which are connected directly with the tracheal system (Figs. 48, 49), and each at its distal end penetrating the basement membrane of the body wall into an air chamber formed of a single very large hypodermal cell. These disappear in the third instar, when the spiracles become functional (Fig. 50). A fourth type of internal parasitism, exemplified by Therion morio (Fabricius) differs from the last type discussed in that the egg, instead of being simply deposited loosely in the body cavity of the host is fastened to the inside of its body wall by a tabor cushion on one side of the egg, which differs further from that of the simpler type of internal parasites by being greatly prolonged at the caudal end (Fig. 42). Tothill thought the attachment pad to represent the micropyle, on what basis he does not state. This type of parasitism differs from the simpler type also in that the first instar larva is enclosed within a membraneous sac (Fig. 41) which Tothill considered to be the embryonic membrane, and he therefore terms this instar “the feeding embryo.” This sac also is fixed to the inside of the body wall of the host. The function of breathing is accomplished in the same manner as in Hyposoter (Fig. 44). The larva remains in the first instar until long after the host has pupated. 44 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 2, FEB., 1926 In the second instar the larva leaves. the sac and thenceforth lives free in the fluid body content of the host. From this time on this type of parasitism does not differ essentially from the last type discussed. Tothill found three larval instars in Therion. Of the last type of internal parasitism that I shall discuss there is so far as is at present known only one instance, Diplazon laetatorius (Fabricius), although it is probable that the habits throughout the tribe Diplazonini are the same. This knowl- edge concerning the parasitic life of /aetatorius is very meagre. It has long been known that this species, as well as many others of the same tribe, are internal parasites of the dipterous family Syrphidae, emerging from the puparium. But in 1914 Kelly (Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 7, pp. 294-297) brought out the fact that the parasite deposits her egg in the egg of the host, thus passing in its development through three of the stages of its host. It is quite probable that there will be found among the Ichneu- monidae other types of parasitism differing in some important particular from any of those that I have discussed; but I have summarized all those types of which I have first-hand knowl- edge or which I have been able to find discussed in literature. It is evident from the paucity of the published accounts of this phase of Ichneumonology that much remains to be done and should be done. I have purposely refrained from any detailed discussion of the comparative morphology of the larvae in the various types of parasitism and also of the modifications in the adult insects associated with the different parasitic habits, partly because its inclusion in this address would have resulted in too great length and partly because such information as is available is too fragmentary and in considerable part too inaccurate to be used as a basis for conclusions. But from what little study I have made of the immature stages of insects of this group it is evident that there is here available much of value in the determination of relationships within the group. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2. Fig. 1.—Cocoon of a polysphinctine. (After DeGeer.) Fig. 2.—Larva of Polysphincta eximia Schmiedeknecht showing ventral pro- cesses for attachment to host—lateral view. (After Nielsen.) Fig. 3.—Polysphincta larva showing attachment to host by means of exuvia. (After Borries.) Fig. 4.—A Ceylonese spider with its parasite. (After Green.) Fig. 5.—Larva of Polysphincta eximia Schmiedeknecht showing ventral pro- cesses for attachment to host—ventral view. (After Nielsen.) PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28 PLATE 2 CUSHMAN—SOME TYPES OF PARASITISM. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28 \. CUSHMAN—SOME TYPES OF PARASITISM. PROC. ENT. SOC, WASH., VOL. 28 PLATE 4 CUSHMAN—SOME TYPES OF PARASITISM. PLATE 5 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28 “ “ys ¢ y ‘ Pye CUSHMAN—SOME TYPES OF PARASITISM. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28 PLATE 6 CUSHMAN—SOME TYPES OF PARASITISM. 50 Fig. Fig. Fig. Fj _ Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. g. PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 2, FEB., 1926 6.—Newly hatched larva of Polysphincta clypeata Holmgren showing part of body still enclosed in egg-shell. (After Nielsen.) 7.—Larva of Polysphincta eximia Schmiedeknecht showing “dorsal pseudo- pods’’; a—a single “pseudopod”’ in lateral view. (After Nielsen.) 8.—Linyphia communis with larva of polysphinctine parasite. (After Howard.) EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3. 9.—Fourth instar larva of Paniscus virgatus (Fourcroy) showing exuvia of three previous instars. (Redrawn from Newport.) 10.—Forms of eggs of internal parasites: a—Thersilochus conotracheli (Riley); 6—Mesoleius balteatus Cushman; c—Campoplex tortrici- dis Cushman; d—Dioctes obliteratus (Cresson). 11.—Newly hatched larva of Calliephialtes sp. (After Cushman.) 12.—Egg of Calliephialtes sp. (After Cushman.) 13.—Full-grown larva of Paniscus cristatus Thomson. (Redrawn from Chewyreuv.) 14.—Second instar larva of Thersilochus conotracheli (Riley). (After Cush- man.) 15.—First instar larva of Thersilochus conotracheli (Riley)—fully fed. (After Cushman.) 16.—Prepupa of Calliephialtes sp. (After Cushman.) 17.—Newly hatched larva of Thersilochus conotracheli (Riley). (After Cushman.) 18.—Full-grown larva of Thersilochus conotracheli (Riley). (After Cush- man.) EXPLANATION OF PLATE 4. 19.—E gg of Paniscus. (After DeGeer.) 20.—Egg of Paniscus pallens Cushman. (After Cushman.) 21.—Larval exuvia of Paniscus pallens Cushman attached to egg-shell. (After Cushman.) 22.—Micropyle of egg of Paniscus ocellaris Thomson. (After Chewyreuv.) 23.—Egg-shell of Paniscus with larval exuvia attached. (After DeGeer.) 24.—Egg of Paniscus teataceus Gravenhorst. (After Martelli.) 25.—Oviposition of Paniscus cristatus Thomson. (After Chewyreuv.) 26.—First instar larva of Paniscus virgatus (Fourcroy). (After Newport.) 27.—First instar larva of Paniscus ocellaris Thomson. (After Chewyreuv.) 28.—Egg of Paniscus ocellaris Thomson. (After Chewyreuv.) 29.—Egg of Paniscus cristatus Thomson. (After Chewyreuv.) 30.—Egg of Paniscus testaceus Gravenhorst. (After Chewyreuv.) EXPLANATION OF PLATE 5. 31.—Full-grown larva of Amblyteles vadatorius (Illiger). (After Chewy- reuv.) 32.—Newly hatched larva of Ichneumon sarcitorius Linné. (After Chewy- reuv.) ; 33.—Egg of Ichneumon sarcitorius Linné. (After Chewyreuv.) PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 2, FEB., 1926 51 Fig. 34.—Fully fed first instar larva of Ichneumon sarcitorius Linné. (After Chewyreuv.) Fig. 35.—First instar larva of Amblyteles vadatorius (Illiger). (After Chewy- reuv.) Fig. 36.—Larva of Polysphincta tuberosa Gravenhorst. (After Nielsen.) Fig. 37.—Theridium punctipes Emerton with larva of Polysphincta parva (Cres- son). (Drawing by Eleanor T. Armstrong.) Fig. 38.—Larva of Polysphincta clypeata Holmgren. (After Nielsen.) Fig. 39.—First instar larvae of Paniscus cristatus Thomson in situ on host. (After Chewyreuv.) Fig. 40.—Fourth instar larva of Paniscus in situ on host showing exuvia of first three instars. (After Chewyreuv.) EXPLANATION OF PLATE 6. Fig. 41.—First instar larva of Therion morio (Fabricius) in its sac. (After Tothill.) Fig. 42—Egg of Therion morio (Fabricius). (After Tothill.) Fig. 43—Second instar larva of Hyposoter pilosulus (Provancher). (After Tothill.) Fig. 44.—Diagram of tracheation of caudal appendage of young larva of Therion morio (Fabricius). (After Tothill.) Fig. 45.—First instar larva of Hyposoter pilosulus (Provancher). (After Tothill.) Fig. 46.—Apex of abdomen of larva of Paniscus ocellaris Thomson. (After ‘ Chewyreuv.) Fig. 47.—First instar larva of Sestoplex validus (Cresson). (After Timberlake.) Fig. 48.—Diagram of first instar of Hyposoter pilosulus (Provancher) showing tracheation of caudal appendage. (After Tothill.) Fig. 49—Same, second instar. (After Tothill.) Fig. 50.—Third instar of same showing lack of tracheation. (After Tothill.) CHANGE OF NAME IN ISOPTERA. By Tuos. E. Snyper, U. S. Bureau of Entomology. In a paper entitled “‘New Termites from Guatemala, Costa Rica and Colombia” (Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 16-28, Jan. 4, 1926), the writer described (p. 23) a termite from Costa Rica under the name Kalotermes (Calcaritermes) thompsonae. Since the name fhompsonae is preoccupied in the genus Kalotermes by K. (Cryptotermes) thompsonae Snyder (which I have made a synonym of K. (Cryptotermes) dudleyi Banks), I therefore propose for Kalotermes (Calcaritermes) thompsonae the name— Kalotermes (Calcaritermes) fairchildi, new name. Dr. David Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer of the United States Department of Agriculture, has made important investi- gations of termites, and I take pleasure in naming this species after him. ae PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 28, NO. 2, FEB., 1926 A NEW COLEOPHORA FROM NEW YORK (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE). By Cart Hernrtcu, U. S. Bureau of Entomology. The following-was received from Mr. E. A. Hartley of the New York State College of Forestry with request for a name. Coleophora albovanescens, new species. Antenna with large basal tuft; white annulated with pale drab brown; basal tuft with a slight ochreous or smoky shading beneath and sometimes above towards extremity. Palpus white with a few pale drab scales along upper edge. Face and head white. Thorax white with a fine median longitudinal line of yellow scales (in type) or a rather broad median yellow patch (in para- types); tegula white, more or less tinged with yellow at extremity. Forewing yellow striped with white and (in paratypes) with more or less shading of fuscous toward costa and apex; white markings variable, consisting of a rather broad stripe along costa from base to end of cell, another on basal half of dor- sum, a thinner and longer stripe along vein 1c, a short median stripe from middle of cell to base of vein 3, a couple of indistinct lines of white scales in apical third and a scattering of coarse white scales at base of cilia (these mark- ings are most pronounced in the type while in one of the. paratypes they are overlaid with dark scaling and nearly obsolete); cilia pale glossy brown. Upper side of hind wing and under sides of fore and hind wings a uniform dark brown. Legs white with tarsi faintly annulated; hind tibiae more or less shaded with ° pale ochreous drab. Alar expanse.—13-14 mm. Type—Cat No. 28924, U. S. N. M. Type locality —Cranberry Lake, New York. Food Plants —Yellow Birch and Beech. Described from male type, one male and one female paratypes all from the type locality; the type reared from yellow birch (‘“7-3-25”” E. A. Hartley) and the two paratypes from beach (7-12-25” and “7-21-25,” E. A. Hartley). The larvae are external feeders and the larval case is of the “‘pistol”’ type, black and similar to that of ti/iaefoliella Clemens, with postol handle turned down abruptly (at right angle with upper edge); upper edge straight; lower edge somewhat irregular; barrel of case broadening towards handle; flaps present, small, appressed; mouth but slightly deflected; 7-8 mm. long. An easily recognized species. As the species are arranged in Forbes’ ‘Lepidoptera of New York and Neighboring States”’ (Cornell Univer. Agr. Exp. Sta. Memoir 68, 1923), it would come between wigralineella Chambers and ¢iliaefoliella Clemens. Actual date of publication, February 26, 1926. EDITORIAL. In our modern world the soundest of principles often suffer through exaggeration and misapplication. We torture them out of shape to make them cover a host of alien things. So with Democracy. From a principle we have transformed it into a cult, a kind of universal religion that we feel obliged.to profess at all times and in all places, and to whose precepts appeal for judgment and direction of our acts—at least of such acts as have any social consequence. In actual practice we do as men -have ever done, live comfortably under the faith without ful- filling it any too faithfully. In one respect, however, we are consistent. Deducing, with a kind of perverse logic, from a special truth to a general application of it, we attempt to apply the democratic principle to some things to which it definitely does not apply. Science is one of these. Science is essen- tially aristocratic. It is something for the many but of the few and by the very few. It does not submit either its findings or its methods to the judgment of the masses or the classes or to the peculiar standards of any age. It does not even recog- nize the right or propriety of scientists to set up among them- selves a court of demos. Its immediate appeal is to the best few, the most intelligent, the most idealistic. Its ultimate appeal is to the test of time—the ordeal of experiment. Its standard is the highest possible achievement. Its objective— truth. It reserves to itself the fullest freedom to examine all things, to revise its judgments and—if greater knowledge warrants—to completely reorder itself. It acknowledges ob- ligation to serve the necessities of man; but it does not admit the right of these necessities either, to define its liberties or to restrict its field of inquiry. It has a valid place in a demo- cratic world, but it is not in itself democratic, nor does it admit into its constitution the fundamental principle of democracy— the rule of the many. It should not, therefore, if it is to remain true to itself, be entirely dependent for support upon the caprices of the many, upon the fees it can earn as a practical servant of public or private interest. It should have a support that will enable it always to maintain its freedom, that will allow it (whatever else it may do besides) to continue the search for truth unhampered by economic considerations of the mo- ment or the whims of majorities. As research pure and simple it has a right of its own. —Carl Heinrich. NOTES AND NEWS ITEMS. A List of British Aphides, F. Davidson, 1925, Longmans, Green and Co., pp. I-IX, 1-176; price, $4.50—This is one of the’ Rothamsted Monographs on Agricultural Science. Section I of the book gives a list of the species, with their important syno- nyms, their food plants and distribution in Britain, and refer- ences to the best writings on each species. Section II contains a list of the genera used, with references to original descriptions, together with synonyms and critical notes. Section III is a list of the host plants, with the species of aphids found on each. Section IV is a rather complete bibliography of the important literature dealing with the biology and systematic study of the species concerned. The type is pleasingly large. Valid specific names are in bold face, synonyms in italics. To the economic entomologist this will prove to be a very valuable reference book. To the specialist on aphids it will be very useful when he is considering British and European forms, many of which are known at present only from rather poor descriptions. While the generic placing of all of the species probably could not please all taxonomists, this does not detract from the value of the work. A few typographical errors in page references are easily overlooked. It is, on the whole, a most valuable book. One can only wish that the species of the entire world could be treated in as careful a manner. —P. W. Mason. VOL, 28 MARCH, 1926 No. 3 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY