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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ips xX SINS LIT UPR:

N Om We

1864—5.

[LSSwused Owew re wliys]

SALEM:
PUBLISHED BY THE INSTITUTE.

1866.'

BH AES O4

y,

ERRATA.

Fare vil, line 21, for John H. Bettis read John B. Bettis.
x, “ 18, for conventieal read conventical.

oe 9, ‘* 14, for Phalssenide read Phalenide.

“11. ‘' 12, after Agaristide insert a comma.

“12, “6, for lignivorus read lignivorous.

“12, “ 380, for strangly read strangely.

“18, “ 36, for Tortriide read Tortricide.

“15, heading, for Zy¢mnipIA read ZYG HENIDZ.

“15, line 24, for Zyxginide read Zygenide.

“16, “ 8, for maxillary read labial.

“ 92, “ 11, for gives read give.

S Plate J.

The figure of the Imago should be fig. 1, not 16.

‘

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ESSHX INSTITUTE:
1864.

Monpay, January 11. Evening meeting.
The President, A. Huntington, in the chair.
Donations to the Library and Cabinets were announced.
Rev. G. W. Briggs occupied the evening in reading a portion
of a Memoir of the late President of the Institute, Hon. D. A.
White.

Adjourned to Thursday evening next, for the continuation
of the reading of the Memoir.

WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 18. Ordinary meeting.
J. G. Waters, in the chair.

E. K. Roberts was appointed Secretary pro tempore.

Arthur Kemble, and William Neilson of Salem, grere elected
Resident Members; Benjamin Peirce of Cambridge, James B.
Endicott now in England, and William Endicott now in China,
Corresponding Members.

THurspay, JANUARY 14. Adjourned evening meeting.
The President in the chair.
H. M. Brooks was elected Secretary pro tempore.
Rev. Dr. Briggs finished the reading of his Memoir of the
late Judge White.

Il

The thanks of the Institute were voted to Rev. Dr. Briggs,
for his valuable and interesting Memoir of our late President,
and a copy was requested for publication. (See Historical

Collections, VI, No. I.)

Monpay, JANUARY 25. Evening meeting.
The President in the chair.

Donations were announced to the Library and Cabinets.

Letters were read, from G. A. Ward accepting membership ;
from Corporation of Yale College; Trustees of the New-
buryport Public Library; and New Haven Colony Historical
Society, acknowledging the receipt of Publications: from R. 8.
Rantoul, in relation to the naming of Forts in Marblehead
and Gloucester.

George A. Ward read a communication, giving an account of
the formation of the Esszx HisroricaL Society, forty-two
years ago last June.

Allusions having been made in Mr. Ward’s communication,
to the existence of the frame of the original “First Church,” in
Salem, on the land of David Nichols, rear of Boston street,
considerable discussion ensued, as to the proof of the above
mentioned frame being that of the ‘First Church.’ “The
President, Francis Peabody, G. A. Ward, A. C. Goodell Jr.,
and Rev. G. D. Wildes participated in the discussion; the:
arguments agduced seemed to favor the affimative of the ques-
tion.

The thanks of the Institute were voted to Mr. Ward, for his
valuable communication and a copy was requested for publica-
tion. (See Historical Collections, VI, No I.)

Monpay, Fesruary 8. Evening meeting.
The President in the chair.

Donations to the Library and Cabinets were announced.
Letters were read, from Wm. Neilson accepting membership :

iii

from the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, acknowledging
the receipt of Publications: from Jonathan Pearson of Schenec-
tady, in relation to the publications.

The Secretary read a communication from D. M. Balch,
“* On the Nodalite at Salem.’ Referred to the committee on
publications.

F. W. Putnam read a communication from George H. Em-
erson of Cambridge, ‘On Magnetite, and an Unknown
Mineral at Nahant.” Referred to the publication committee.

Rev. G. D. Wildes spoke of the thoroughly English aspects
of several of our olden towns in the County of Essex, noting
particularly those of Ipswich, as illustrating to the untravelled
eye, the marked features of the English rural town. Probably
no County in the State in its local names and physical char-
acter is more suggestive of associations connected with the
mother land.

A. C. Goodell Jr., in presenting to the meeting, one of the
parts, (viz: the deed to the grantees, Edward Winslow and Robert
Cushman,) of the original indenture or patent from Lord Shef-
field, of the territory of Cape Ann, which indenture was depos-
ited in the archieves of the Institute by J. Wingate Thornton
Esq., of Boston, gave a brief account of the dates of the several
voyages of discovery, charters and settlements by Englishmen in -
America; and specially referred to the earlier grants and char-
ters of the planters at New Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay.

The instrument deposited by Mr. Thornton, bearing date
Jan. 1, 1623-4, he declared to be the grant under which the
New Plymouth people first laid claim to Cape Ann, and began
that series of settlements by fishermen and planters which laid
the foundation of this flourishing Commonwealth.

Mr. Wildes followed Mr. Goodell in some remarks as to the.
- great value of such documents, and alluded to the care taken of
similar articles in the British Museum, mentioning several very
valuable historical relics which he had seen in that collection.

iv

The thanks of the Institute were voted to Mr. Thornton for
this valuable contribution.

WepNeEsDAY, Fepruary 10. Ordinary meeting.
H. J. Cross in the chair.
Charles Creesey and Joshua Safford, of Salem, were elected
Resident Members. |

Monpay, FEepruary 22. Evening meeting.
Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair.

Donations to the Library and Cabinets were announced.
F. W. Putnam presented a communication by A. 8. Pack-
ard Jr., of Brunswick, Maine, entitled “‘ Notes on the Family
Zygenide.” Referred to the Committee on Publications.

R. S. Rantoul read the following communications which he
had recently received from the War Department, at Washing-
ton, accompanying the same with a brief account of his visit to
Washington and his interview with Mr. Whiting, the Solicitor
for the Department, in relation to the subject of naming the
Forts in Gloucester and Marblehead :-—

War DEPARTMENT,
Washington City, Feb. 8th, se.
Rosert 8. Rantout Esq.,
DzAR SIR,

T have the pleasure of enclosing the order of the
Secretary of War made at my request in accordance with the
wishes of the Essex Institute, naming Fort Glover and Fort
Conant.

Respectfully, your obedient servant,

WILLIAM WHITING, _
Solicitor of the War Department.

—E

War DEPARTMENT,
: Washington City, Feb. 7th, 1864.
IR,
The Secretary of War directs me to acknowledge the

Vv

receipt of Mr. Robert S. Rantoul’s communication dated Janu-
ary 22d, addressed to you and enclosing copy of a resolution
passed by the ‘‘ Hssex Institute’ of Salem, Massachusetts, rec-
ommending that the fortifications’ now erecting in Marblehead
be named “ Fort Glover,’”’ and the works designated for the
‘Stage’ in Gloucester ‘‘ Fort Conant.”

In reply, Iam instructed to inform you, that the Secretary
regards the names proposed as suitable designations of these
defences, and that he has ordered that they be named accord-

ingly.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
Ep. M. Campy,
Brigadier General, A. A. G.
Hon. Wm. WHITING,
Solicitor of the War Department.

The chair remarked as follows: soon after the publication
of Mr. W. P. Upham’s Memoir of Gen. John Glover of Mar-
blehead, S. H. Phillips Hsq., suggested the propriety of hav-
ing one of the Forts about to be constructed in Marblehead
named ‘ Fort Glover.”

At a meeting of the Essex Institute, held on Wednesday,
Sept. 2, 1863, on motion of Mr. W. P. Upham, a committee,
consisting of Messrs. W. P. Upham and A. C. Goodell Jr.,
was appointed to codperate with the town authorities and citi-
zens of Marblehead in such a manner as may be deemed ap-
propriate to accomplish this object.

At a meeting held on Monday evening, Dec. 14, 1863, the
subject of naming the fortifications designed for the “‘ Stage”
in Gloucester, ‘‘ Fort Conant,” suggested in a letter to Mr.
Goodell by J. Wingate Thornton Hsq., of Boston, in honor of
Roger Conant, the founder of the first plantation in Massachu-
setts Bay, was brought to the notice of the Institute and refer-
red to the same Committee who’ had-under consideration the
naming of the Fort'at Marblehead.

Mr. Goodell moreover stated that as’ the business for which
the Committee was appointed had been so fully accomplished
by Mr. Rantoul, he desired to be excused from’ further duty.

VI

This was voted, and also a resolution of thanks to Mr. Rantoul.

Adjourned to meet on Monday of next week, Feb. 29th, and
voted that meetings be held on every Monday until otherwise
ordered.

WEDNESDAY, Fesruary 24. Ordinary meeting.
H. ¥. King in the chair.
Henry R. Stone of Salem, was elected a Resident Member.
Charles H. Hamlin of Waterville, Me., and 8. I Smith of
Norway, Me., were elected Corresponding Members.

Monpay, Frpruary 29. Evening meeting.

Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair.
Donations were announced to the Library and Cabinets.
Letters were read, from Henry R. Stone, accepting member-

ship: from B. F. Mudge, of Quindaro, Wyandote Co., Kan-
sas, in relation to the Geological survey of that State: from
- ‘Trustees of the New York State Library; Historical Society of
Pennsylvania; Henry A. Smith of Cleveland, Ohio; J. Henry
Stickney of Baltimore, Md.; and N. Paine of Worcester,
relating to the publications.

F. W. Putnam made some remarks on Orthopterous Insects,
suggested by specimens presented to the Institute by Miss Ed-
mands.

Mr. Putnam presented a communication from A. E. Verrill
of Cambridge, entitled ‘‘ Synopsis of the Polyps collected dur
ing the years 1853-6, by Dr. Wm. Stimpson, Naturalist to.
the North Pacific ae, commanded by Captains Ring-
gold and Rogers.’ Referred to the publication committee.

The Secretary read the following communication from See
A. Ward, in regard to the naming of ‘‘ Fort Lee.”

“While at work in reconstructing the fort on Salem Neck in
1812 as a member of the Salem Light Infantry, my grandfather
informed me that it was originally planned by General CuaRLEs
Lee, and that he gave instructions regarding it, and that his
name was given to it. My said Grandfather was of the Com-

Vit

mittee of Safety and had considerable to do as to the fortifica-
tions in the neighborhood of Salem, and I think he could not be
mistaken as to Fort Lee.”

Extracts from the Town records were read in relation to this
subject, and remarks were offered by the chair, H. Wheatland,
. W. P. Upham and others. Some suggesting that the Fort was
named for Colonel W. R. Lee, formerly collecter of Salem and
an active officer in the Revolution:

The chair presented in behalf of J. V. Browne, a copper
plate, on which was engraved the likeness of Rev. Joseph
Sewall of Boston, and gave a brief sketch of the life of Mr. Sewall.

T. Ropes made some enquiries relative to the old Friends
Meeting House, on the South side of Hssex street, between
. Monroe and Dean streets, which were replied to by the chair.

John M. Ives spoke of the new silk worms that feed on the
Ailanthus, and remarks were offered by F. W. Putnam and
others on silk producing worms.

The remainder of the evening was occupied by F. W. Put-
nam, who gave a general view of the geological succession of
animals, and their geographical distribution at the present time.

John H. Bettis and Robert Brookhouse 8d, of Salem, were
elected Resident Members.

Monpay, Marcu 7. Kvening meeting.
Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair.

Donations to the Library and Cabinets were announced.

Letters were read, from C. E. Hamlin and §S. I. Smith, ac-
cepting membership: from 8. Jillson respecting some Birds.

H. Wheatland read extracts from the Records of the
Superior Court of Judicature and the Inferior Court of Common
Pleas (1766) relative to one Jenny Slew of Ipswich, Spinster,
(colored woman) vs. John Whipple Jr. of Ipswich, claiming
damages for his detention of her as a slave. The judgment of
the Inferior Court was reversed by the Higher Court and the
plaintiff recovered her liberty and damages.

Rev. G. D. Wildes spoke of Domestic Servitude as it existed

VIII

in this country prior to the Revolution, and instanced the case
of a Norwegian girl in his Grandfather’s family, whose services
were purchased for a term of years.

The chair alluded to a similar case in Manchester.

Mr. Wildes spoke of Marblehead as presenting a near and most
interesting field of Antiquarian research for the younger mem- |
bers of the Institute, whose minds might be directed to that de-
partment. St. Michael’s Church, with its ancient Church yard ;
the old mansions of that formerly flourishing seaport; the
history of several families identified with Colonial and Revo-
lutionary history, would be found to present most interesting
points of enquiry.

Mr. Wildes also spoke of Christ Church, Cambridge as per-
haps the best specimen, in this country, of the English Village
Church of the last Century. It was a question whether the
frame of this Church was brought from England or not. Mr.
W. gave an interesting account of the Vassal family, in connec-
tion with this Church, and of the several old mansions, still
marking the social life of Cambridge in the Ante-revolutionary
history of the town. A visit to Cambridge, in connection with
researches into the history of some of these, even now elegant
residences of a later generation, would be found to be full of
interest and instruction.

Remarks of a conversational character from Messrs. Wildes,
Beaman, the chair and others, relating to Boston and its vicin-
ity in Revolutionary times occupied the rest of the evening.

A Committee consisting of Messrs. F. W. Putnam, J. A.
Gillis, R. S. Ranteul, W. P. Upham and H. Wheatland were
appointed to revise the Constitution and By-Laws.

Monpay, Marcu 14. LEHvening meeting.

Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair.
Donations to the Library and Cabinets were announced.
Letters were read from Joseph A. Goldthwait of New Berne,

N.C., relating to specimens sent to the Institute: from Wm. A.

1D6

Smith of Worcester, Mrs. P. A. Hanaford of Beverly, 8. D.
Bell of Manchester, N. H., C. M. Tracy and F. H. Oliver of
Lynn, relating to business matters.

The Secretary read some extracts from the Records of two
Aqueduct Corporations, which, though limited in their opera-
tions, are interesting as relating to the history of the introduction
of water into this city. (See Historical Collections, VI, No. I.)

F. W. Putnam exhibited the Pea Hen recently presented by
¥. Peabody and mounted by 8S. Jillson. This Hen had been
_kept on the grounds of Col. Peabody for seventeen years; about
two years since she commenced to assume the plumage charac-
teristic of the male, and had so far accomplished this object that
at the time of her death she had attained the “train” and the bril-
liant colors of the male. Mr. Putnam stated that Latham, in his
Synopsis of Birds, mentioned two such instances that had come
under his observation. He also said that similar cases had
been noticed among other birds, and was quite common in the
English Pheasant. Similar changes in the external appearance
were known to take place in some species of fishes.

A. C. Goodell Jr. read a portion of an account, presented by
George B. Loring, of the houses on Essex street in 1793, writ-
ten by Col. Pickman who died in 1819.

Thomas Morong of Gloucester, was elected a Resident Mem-
ber. Jeremiah L. Hanaford of Watertown, and Benj. F. Mudge
of Quindaro, Kansas, were elected Corresponding Members.

Monpay, Manrcu 21. KHvyening meeting.
Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced.

Letters were read, from the Trustees of the New York State
Library, giving notice of the transmission of books: from
Trustees of the Boston Public Library, acknowledging the re-
ceipt of publications: from Wm. A. Smith of Worcester, in
relation to publications.

Mr. Goodell concluded the reading of Mr. Pickman’s account

x

of the old houses on Essex street. Referred to the publica-

tion committee to be printed in the Historical Collections.
Some discussion followed relative to the old houses in Salem,

participated in by Messrs. Ropes, Goodell and others.

Monpay, Marca 28. Evening meeting.
Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair.

Donations to the Library and Cabinet were announced.

F. W. Putnam made some remarks upon the Trilobites from
the Braintree quarry, presented by A. S. Packard Jr.

The Rev. Mr. Wildes, presented to the Institute, several
articles which he had procured in a visit to Newburyport this
afternoon. One of these was a framed engraving of the body of
Marshal Ney, as it appeared after being taken to a conventieal
house in Paris, immediately after his execution. The engray-
ing, suppressed by the Allied Commander in the fear that it
might tend to popular tumult, is supposed to be the only one in
this country. It presents a most faithful portrait of the Mar-
shal, and is not the least interesting among the historical objects
in the collection of the Institute. -

Mr. W. also presented to the Institute, on deposit, the bullet
by which Capt Greenleaf was wounded in the fight with the
Indians near Newbury, in 1695. It is hoped, that the buff
coat, worn on the occasion by Capt. G., and still in the posses-
sion of his descendants, may eventually be obtained for the
Institute.

A third article presented by Mr. W., on behalf of the Misses
Tracey of Newburyport, was the snuff box of the eminent mer-
chant Jeremiah Lee of Marblehead, the subject of the exquisite. -
painting by Copley, now, with that of Madame Lee, in the pos-
session of the Misses Tracey.

Another article presented by Mr. W., in behalf of E. W.
Rand Esq. of Newburyport, was a pair of very ancient tongs,
used for the purpose of lighting a pipe, and with various pecu-

XI

liar contrivances for securing reasonable comfort in smoking.
Mr. W. accompanied the presentation with various interesting
details as to these and ‘other objects of interest, which might
eventually be procured from the same sources for the collections
of the Institute.

F. W. Putnam called the attention of the meeting toa singu-
lar monstrosity that had been presented by Mr. James Bufling-
ton of Salem. This was a young duck that had, apparently,
an extra leg developed from its back. Upon dissection this leg
proved to be made up in some parts, of two legs closely united.
The portion joining the pelvis (the femur,) being single, but
the second segment of the leg (tibia and fibula) was shortened
and spread out, so as to allow the articulation of /wo tarso-meta-
tarsal bones, and from this point the foot was nearly double,
having six toes, the two small hind toes being wanting.

Mr. William Mansfield presented to the Institute a wooden
_model, used before the city government to illustrate the grade
and direction of the proposed route of the Hastern Railroad, in
1837-8, through Washington Street, in Salem. This model
contains, in miniature, all the buildings then standing on the

land included in the present Washington Street South of Hssex
- Street, except the ‘Marston building.” The chair gave an
historical sketch of these several buildings, and of earlier struc-
tures in the same locality.

Additions to the Museum and Library during January,
February and March, 1864.

TO THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT.

BERTRAM, JOHN. Specimen of Malachite.

Burrineton, James. Malformed Young Duck.

Epmanps, Miss A. M. Collection of 24 species of North
American: Orthoptera, named by Mr. Scudder. 250 speci-
mens of New England Spiders.

Fett, 8. Q. Lime incrustation from Brazil.

Gotptuwatr, Cart. J. A., New Berne, N.C. Fossil wood,
a portion of a large tree, from Neuse River, near Kingston, N.C.

Hamuin, Pror. C. H., Waterville, Me. 3 Salamanders, 2
species from Waterville.

Harrine@ton, Capt. Guo. Fossil Shells from Gibraltar.

Hartt, C. F., St. John, N. B. Fossil coral, Siderastrea
siderea Blainy. from Bermuda. 7 species of Minerals from
Nova Scotia.

Harrt, J. W., St. John, N. B. Two specimens of Fossil
Fish from the Albert Coal Mine, N. B.

Kine, Carr. H. F. Wood of the Sophora Japonica.

Lyceum or Natura History or WILLIAMS COLLEGE.
(In exchange.) 19 species of Corals from Florida, named by
Mr. Verrill.

Museum or Come. ZodLtocy, Cambridge. (In exchange. )
32 species of corals from various localities. Named by Mr.
Verrill. 16 specimens, 11 species of Bird’s eggs from Florida,
Grand Menan and Anticosti.

NezAuL, Jos. Body of a Fox, for Skeleton.

Orpway, H.L., Ipswich. 384 specimens, 5 species of Spi-
ders from Ipswich.

PackarpD Jr., A. §., Brunswick, Me. ‘Trilobites from the
Braintree Quarry. 40 species, 200 specimens of Lepidoptera
Maryland. 3 species, 8 specimens of Lepidoptera from
England.

Peapopy, Francis. <A female Pea fowl which had assumed
the characteristic plumage of the male.

Purnam, F. W. Iron Ore from Port Henry Mines, N. Y.
Clay stones from Lake Champlain.

Putnam, Capt. W. H. A. Copper'from Chili. Dry shells
and Hchini from Caldera, Chili. Alcoholic specimens of Crabs
and Starfishes from Caldera.

Rosinson, JoHn. 40 specimens, 12 species of Insects from
Salem.

Russet, T. B. Geological specimen of Sand Stone.

xili

SanBorn, F. G., Boston. 117 specimens, 28 species of
Spiders from Essex County.

Situ, Lawrence P. Insects from the Southern States.

Smiry, 8. 1, Norway, Me. Young Salamanders from Nor-
way.

STEVENS, C. B. Skin of a Phatagin Manis tetradactyla
from Madagascar.

Stone, W. H, Agent Port Henry Mines, N.Y. Specimen
of the Cheever Iron Ore from four hundred feet depth.

TO THE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT.

Barton, Wm. C. Model of a Chinese Vessel.

Brooxs, H. M. Rebel Prayer Book, from a Blockade
Runner ; Child’s book of 1812.

Brown Jr., Bens. Two United States Buttons.

Brown, Horace. Feather Cape from India.

Couz, Mrs. N. D. Bust of Alex. Hamilton, (in plaster,
bronzed. )

CLouTMAN, WILLIAM R. 3 China, 3 Japanese and 3 Russia
Coins. Japanese Inkstand. Brick from Captain Kid’s Fort,
and a Stone from the grave of ‘‘ Paul and Virginia.”

GreenoucH, W. An old Musket, taken from a Blockade
Runner.

Kimpatt, Capt. Tuomas. Model of a Catamaran used on
the coast of Brazil.

MANSFIELD, WM. Model used to illustrate the route of the
Salem Tunnel.

Nicuous, Mrs. ANDREW. ‘Tile from the old Gov. Winslow
house, Plymouth.

Nicos, C. F. Stone from the Hoosac Tunnel, half a mile
from the entrance.

Nicwots, Capr. James B., 24th Reg. Mass. Vols. Stone
from an old Spanish Fort at St. Augustine, Fla.

Orpway, Lizut. A., 24th Reg. Mass. Vols. Rebel Musket

x1V

taken at the Battle of Roanoke Island. Portion of Rebel Flag-
staff at Washington; N. C. f

Ranp, E. W., Newburyport. Ancient Tongs used for light-
ing a pipe.

Ropinson, JoHN. War Relics from New Berne. . Chinese
Playing Cards.

Rogers, Ewp. 8. Old Tiles-for Fireplace ornaments.

Russet, A. B. Cane made with a jackknife.

Smitu, Lawrence P. Rebel Sword.

Warp, G. A. The Waistcoat worn by Capt. Jonathan Har-
aden during the Revolutionary war.

Warp, W. R. L., New York.- Shaving from a wrought iron
cannon, made at Falls Village, Conn.

Wieein, J. K., Boston. Sword blade, from the cargo of
the Anglo-Rebel Blockade Runner ‘ Minna.”

Wipes, Rev. G. D. (On deposit.) An engraving of the
body of Marshal Ney, from a drawing made soon after his exe-
cution. The bullet taken from the body of Capt. Greenleaf,
wounded in a fight with the Indians near Newbury in 1695.
The Snuff Box of the eminent merchant Jeremiah Lee of Mar-
blehead. ;

TO THE LIBRARY.

CuaAse, GEorGE C. Friend’s Review, 20 numbers.

Cote, Mrs. N. D. Salem Gazette, 1863, 1 vol. folio;
Boston Daily Evening Traveller 18638, 2 vols. folio.

Davis, CHARLES of Beverly. Files of Beverly Citizen, vols.
1 and 2, folio, 1850 to 18553.

Decosta, B. F. of Charlestown. Footprints of Miles Stan-
dish, by Rev. B. F. Decosta, 12mo, pamph. Charlestown, 1864.

Dopez, ALLEN W. of Hamilton. Cushing’s Newburyport,
12mo, 1826; Report on Hoosac Tunnel, Feb. 1863, 8vo,
pamph.

Foors. C. Files of several County Papers, for September,
October, November, and December, 1863.

XV

GiLLis, JAMES A. Massachusetts State Registers for 1856
and 1858, 2 vols. 8vo. 25 Pamphlets.

Hanarorp, Mrs. P. A. of Beverly. Several numbers of
the New Jerusalem Messenger.

-Hopspon, Joun L of Augusta, Me. Annual Rep. of Adj.
Gen. of Maine for 1862, 1 vol. 8vo. Augusta, 18638.

Hotmss, Jonn C. 24th Annual Rep. of Supt. of Public
Instruction of Michigan, 8vo. Lansing, 1862.

Jounson, A. B. of Utica, N.Y. Our Monetary Condition,
by A. B. Johnson, 8vo, pamph. Utica, 1864.

Jounson Jr., Capt. DanieL H. Enrollment List, 5th
Dist. Mass., Nov. 1863. 4to.

Jounson, Mrs. Lucy P. Independent for 1868, fol. New
York.

Kinpy, W. H. of Eastport, Me. Eighth Annual Rep.
Sec’y of Maine Board of Agriculture, 8vo. Augusta 1868.

Lanewortuy, Isaac P. of Boston. Spirit of Missions, ten
numbers. Am. Tract Soc. of New York Annual Reports 28,
30, 32, 35, 34. Am. Tract Society of Boston. Reports 11,
87, 61, 65, 67.

Lorn, N. J. Boston Post, Dec. 1863 and Jan. 1854.

Lorine, Georee B. Two manuscript volumes containing
the Expenses of Salem from 1788 to 1802, kept by Benjamin
Pickman.

MASSACHUSETTS SECRETARY OF STATE. Mass. Public Doc-
uments 1862, 3 vols. 8vo; Census of Mass., 1 vol. 8vo, 1863 ;
19th and 20th Registration Reports, 2 vols. 8vo; Acts and
Resolves for 1863.

Moore, Gro. H. of New York. The Treason of Chas. Lee,
by G. H. Moore, 1 vol. 8vo. New York, 1860. Historical
Notes on the Employment of Negroes in the American army
of the Revolution, by George H. Moore, 8vo, pamph. New
York, 1862.

Nicuots, Cuartes F. Collection of Handbills, &e.

NicHots, Gzor@e. Christian Inquirer for 1868, 1 vol. fol.
New York.

XV1

NicHois, Henry P. Several pamphlets.

Ouiver, H. K. 27 pamphlets, including Teswetnes Docu-
ments and Town Reports.

PaINnE, NarwanrEL of Worcester. Worcester Directory
for 1864. 12mo.

Putnam, Capt. GzorGe D.- Regulations of the Army of the
Confederate States, 12mo. Richmond, 1863.

Rantovt, R.§. Several pamphlets.

SHort, JosepH. Shepard’s Sound Believer, 12mo. Bos-
ton, 1762.

SIBLEY, JoHN L. of Cambridge. 88th Annual Rep. of Pres.
and Fellows of Harv. College, 8vo, pamph. Cambridge, 1864.

Stevens, C. B. Pilot from July to Dec. 1807 and part of
1809, 3 vols. folio. London.

Stone, H. M. of Providence, R. I. Report of the Ministry
at Large, Jan. 24, 1862, 8vo, pamph. Providence, 1864.

Swett, 8. of Boston. Original planning, &c. of Bunker
Hill Monument, by S. Swett, 8vo, pamph. Albany, 1863.

Upton, GEorGE. Scientific American, several numbers.

Upton, JAMES. Magazine of Horticulture, vols. 8 to 29,
22 vols, 8vo, Boston, 1842, &c.; Horticulturist for 1863, 1
vol., 8vo, New York, 1863; Littell’s Living Age, vols T7, 78,
79, 3 vols, 8vo, Boston, 1862; Am. Bapt. Missionary Maga-
zine, vol. 43, Boston, 1863; Nautical Magazine, vols. 2 to 6,
5 vols., 8vo, New York, 1855, &.. Barry’s Fruit Garden, 1
vol., 12mo, New York, 1851; Kenrick’s Am. Orchardist, 3d
edition, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1841 ; Kenrick’s Am. Orchardist,
Tth edition, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1844; Johnston’s Agricul-
tural Chemistry, 1 vol., 12mo, New York, 1844; Downing’s
Fruit and Fruit Trees, 1 vol., 12mo, New York, 1845; Field’s
Pear Culture, 1 vol., 12mo, NewYork, 1859; Liebig’s Agricul-
tural Chemistry, 1 vol, 12mo, Cambridge, 1842; Hoare on Vine
Roots, 1 vol., 12mo, London, 1844; Hoare on Grape Vines, 1
vol., 12mo,‘ Boston, 1840; Manning’s Book of Fruits, 1 vol.,
12mo, Salem, 1838; Jaques on Fruit Trees, 1 vol., 12mo,

XVII

Worcester, 1849; Thomas’ Fruit Culturist, 1 vol., 12mo,
Auburn, 1849; Lindley’s Horticulture, 1 vol, 12mo, New
York, 1841; Hlliott’s Fruit Grower’s Guide, 1 vol., 12mo,
New York, 1854; Peter Schlemihl in America, 1 vol., 12mo,
Philadelphia, 1838 ; Wood’s Modern Pilgrims, 2 vols, 12mo,
Boston, 1855; Lester’s Glory and Shame of England, 2 vols.,

~12mo, New York, 1841; Pamphlets, 23.

>

Warp Jr., Cuartes. New York Journal of Commerce from
July to Dec., 1868; Philadelphia Directory for 1861, 8vo;
Bradbury’s History of Kennebunk Port, 12mo, Kennebunk,
1837; Commercial Relations of United States, 5 vols., Ato,
Washington, (Pub. Doc.) ; Handbook to the Museum of Phil.
Acad. Nat. Sci., 12mo, pamph., Philadelphia, 1862.

Waters, J. Linton of Chicago, Ill. 15th Annual Rep.
of Trade and Commerce of Chicago, for 1863, 8vo, pamph.

WHEATLAND, Mrs. B. Boston Daily Transcript, July to
Dec., 1863, 1 vol., folio.

WHEATLAND, STEPHEN G. 45 Pamphlets.

Wvrnan, T. B. of Charlestown. Genealogy of the Hunt
Family, 4to, Boston, 1862-3.

BY EXCHANGE.

AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN Society. Proceedings at meet-
ing, Oct. 21, 1868, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1863.

Boston Socrety or Naturau History. Proceedings, vol.
Ix, Sig. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19; Journal, vol. vir, No. 4.

CaNADIAN Institute at Toronto. The Canadian Journal

‘for Jan. 1864.

Cuicaco HistoricaL Society. Hibbard’s Discourse, “A
Spiritual ground of Hope for the salvation of the country,”
Svo, pamph., Chicago, 1863; Several Reports of the Sanitary
Commission of Illinois.

EKprtors. Historical Magazine for Jan. Feb. and March,
1864, New York, 1864.

XVIII

Epirors. The British American for J poe February and
March, 1864, 8vo. Toronto 1864.

Towa Strate Huisrorican Soctzety. lowa Legis. Doc. ;
House Journal, 1854, 1856, 1858, 3 vols. 8vo; Senate Journal,
1854, 1856, 1858, 3 vols., 8vo; House Journal, Extra Ses-
sion, .1856, 1 vol., 8vo; Iowa Laws, 1848, 1856, 1860, 6
vols., 8vo; Lowa Legis. Doc. 1859-60, 1 vol., 8vo; Iowa
Journal of Constitutional Con., 1857, 1 vol., 8vo; Lowa Con-
stitutional Debates, 1857, 2 vols., 8vo; Iowa Census Returns,
1857, 1 vol., 8vo; 4th An. Report of Iowa State Agricultural ”
Society, 1858, 1 vol., 8vo; 16 Miscellaneous pamphlets.

Lone Istanp Histortcat Society. Clark’s Onondaga,
2 vols., 8vo, Syracuse, 1849; Stiles’ Supplement to Hist. and
Geneal. of Ancient Windsor, 8vo, Albany, 1863; N. Y. State
Agr. Soc. Trans. 1861, 8vo; Longworth’s Directory of New
York, 1840-1, 12mo; William’s N. Y. An. Reg., 1831, 1832,
1835, 1834, 1836, 1837, 6 vols., 12mo0; Brown’s History
of the Shakers, 12mo, Troy, 1862; 12 pamphlets.

Mowntreat Society or Natura History. The Canadian
Naturalist and Geologist, Dec. 1863. : :

New York State Lrprary, Trustees or. Laws of New-
York, session 1863, 1 vol. 8vo; Journal of Senate, session
1863, 1 vol. 8vo.; Documents, Senate, session 1863, 5 vols.
8vo; Journal Assembly, session 1863, 1 vol. 8vo.; Documents,
Assembly, session 1863, 9 vols. 8vo; N. Y. State Agr. Soc.
Trans. 1862, 1 vol. 8vo.; N. ¥Y. Med. Soc. Trans. 1863, 1
vol. 8vo.; Am. Inst. Trans. 1862,.1 vol., 8vo.; 16th Annual |
Report on State Cabinet, pamph. 8vo.

PHILADELPHIA AcADEMY oF NatuRAL ScIENcES. Pro-
ceedings for August, Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec., 1863.

PupuisHEeRS. North American Review for Jan. 1864.

Monpay, ApRit 4. Evening meeting.
The President in the chair.
Donations were announced to the Library and Cabinets.

XIX

Letters were read, from J. L. Hanaford of Watertown,
accepting membership; and from Wm. Graves of Newburyport,
on business matters.

Rev. G. D. Wildes gave an account of Queen Elizabeth’s
yacht, and showed, by a drawing on the black board, that in
model and rigging it very nearly resembled the North River
Sloops of the present day.

He suggested that an account of the different kind of vessels
used from the early settlement of the country to the present
day would be a valuable contribution to our commercial history.

A. C. Goodell Jr. called attention to the late discovery of a
sunken vessel near Yarmouth on Cape Cod, supposed to have
foundered there in 1623, which illustrated the manner of build-
ing at that period.

. F. W. Putnam, in reply to questions, described the charac-
teristic form of the breast bone of swimming birds and the dif-
ferent modes of progression among fishes. Mr. Putnam alluded
to the erroneous views in regard to moths, as recently given in
the newspapers and gave an account of the various species
which are so destructive to furs, carpets, cloths, &c.

Voted ; that the committee, appointed on the 7th of March,
on the Constitution and By-Laws, be requested to nominate a
list of officers for election at the annual meeting.

Monpay, Aprit 11. Evening meeting.

Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair.
Adjourned to Monday Evening the 18th inst.

Monpay, Aprit 18. Evening meeting.
Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair.

Donations to the Library and Cabinets announced.

Letters were read, from Thomas Morong of Lanesville and
B. F. Mudge of Quindaro, Kansas, accepting membership ; from
Long Island Historical Society, Smithsonian Institution, and
George A. Ward relating to books transmitted to the Library ;

AX

Messrs. Ticknor and Fields on business matters; from David
Choate in reply to queries proposed; from Miss M. B. Derby
accompanying a donation of a Burmese Idol sent from India in
1825, by her brother the late Capt. Alfred F. Derby; from
James T. Tucker, of the staff of General Banks, relating to a
donation to the Historical Department, of the envelope, franked
by President Lincoln which enclosed his recognition of the
election of Governer Hahn of Louisiana.

Rev. G. D. Wildes exhibited a piece of stone taken from a
window sill in Kenilworth Castle, and made some interesting
remarks about that celebrated place. Mr. W. also exhibited
several views of the house in which Shakespeare was born and
of other interesting localities in the vicinity of Stratford upon
Avon, and gave a description of the same.

The remarks of Mr. Wildes called forth a general discussion
upon the life and writings of Shakespeare.

F. W. Putnam mentioned that Mr. James H. Emerton had
found’a female Lump Fish Cyclopterus lumpus, having ma-
tured eggs, just on the point of being laid, and had made an
estimate of their number, which amounted to 258,372. Five
hundred eggs weighed 43 grains.

Col. J. H. Wildes, Asst. Surveyor General of California was
elected a Corresponding Member.

Voted to adjourn to Monday evening, the 25th inst.

Monpay, Aprit 25. Hvening meeting.
The President in the chair.

Donations were announced to the Library and Cabinets,
Letters were read, from Newburyport Public Library and
Pennsylvania Historical Society, acknowledging the receipt of
publications; from Messrs. Crosby & Nichols of Boston, and
Henry A. Smith of Cleveland, Ohio, on business matters ;
from Mrs. P. A. Hanaford in relation to holding a Field
Meeting in Reading.

F. W. Putnam, from the Committee on the Constitution and

XXI

By-Laws, submitted the first reading of the amendments to the
Constitution to be acted upon at the annual meeting,

Mr. Putnam read a communication from A. 8. Packard Jr.
of Brunswick, Me., entitled ‘‘The Humble Bees of New Hng-
land, and their parasites, with notices of a new species of An-
thophorabia, and a new genus of Proctotrupide.”’ Referred to
the Publication Committee.

The subject which occupied a portion of the last meeting, and
which had engrossed the attention of the Literary and Historical
Societies during the past week, the ter-centenary birth day of
Shakespeare, was resumed, remarks being made by the chair,
Messrs. Wildes, Beaman and others.

John Kilburn of Salem was elected a Resident Member.

Monpay May 2. Evening Meeting.
Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair.

Donations to the Cabinets and Library were announced.

Letters were read, from Henry Saltonstall of Boston, Justin
Rideout of Boston, L. Saltonstall of Newton, and the Post-
master of Boston, on business matters; from the Misses Derby,
relating to a donation of books to the Library ; from the Mass.
Historical Society, acknowledging the receipt of publications ;
from John Kilburn, accepting membership. ©

A variety of May-flowers having been placed upon ‘the table,
and the subject of May-day festivals having been alluded to, the
Chair remarked that the return of another May-day, with its
accompanying festivities, invites us to consider the pleasant
change now working in the public mind of New England with
regard to the observance of this ancient holiday of our Mother-
land.

The very name of May, not less than the practices used to
usher in the month, runs: back into the obscurity of antiquity.
The poet Ovid, whose surmise has been generally adopted, de-
rives it from the names of several Roman deities, among whom
is the fair Maia, the mother of Mercury. But there are, on

XXII

the other hand, some reasons to support the conjecture that the
name is of Teutonic origin; and, as this conjecture neither
wounds our vanity nor conflicts with history, we may safely
assume it to be the true one, and so unbridle fancy to carry
back our May-day festivals beyond the time of the Heptarchy,
into the woods of Germany, aud among those hilarious wild-men,
the primitive ancestors of our Saxon stock.

Whatever gave rise to the ceremonies of May-day—whether
they are a relic of the early “ mythology of the Teutonic peo-
ples,” or a continuation of the FYoralia of the Romans, or a
Christian festival in honor of the Blessed Virgin, as has been
variously supposed by different investigators of the subject—all
are agreed that, in England; at least, they are of so ancient
observance that “‘the memory of man runneth not to the
contrary ;”’ and that, universally, they symbolize the joy of
mankind at the triumph of the Sun over the frosts and barren-
ness of Winter.

The celebration of the May-games was extremely distasteful
to the Puritans and other early reformers in the English
Church ; and, doubtless, the many excesses of the revellers—the
wantonness and debauchery inseparable from these festivals—
were sufficiently scandalous to all pious and moral men. Lat-
imer, who suffered martyrdom in the reign of Mary, discloses
another objection to these pastimes in a sermon preached before
the young King Edward against the popular observance of
Robin Hood’s day, which, he complains, sometimes drew all the
parish away from church. “I thought,’’ he mournfully says,
concerning an instance of this kind within his own experience,
‘“my rochet would have been regarded; but it ven not serve,
it was faine to give place to Robin Hood’s men.’

The Puritans were certainly not steeled against all the sweet
influences of nature, nor backward in their enjoyment and
praise of the beauties of Spring; and it was the chief of Puritan
poets whose “Song on May Morning,” remains to this day un-
approachable in its excellence.

XXIIT

But the Puritans were not blind to the evils already alluded
to, and, moreover, it is clear that they considered the May-pole
to be a relic of those heathen rites performed by the ancients in
their worship of the goddess Flora: it was for this reason that
Philip Stubs arraigned the May-games in 1595, in his ‘‘ Anat-
omie of Abuses ;” and for this reason sixty years later, Thom-
as Hall made them the subject of his ‘“ Munebria Flore; or,
Downfall of May-games,’’ &c. Here, in New England, our
good old Governor Bradford, of Plymouth, also condemned
them for the same reason.

Not long after the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth some
évents occurred in their neighborhood, which called forth an
official denunciation of May-day festivities, by the colonial au-
thorities; and the rebuke was administered in so emphatic a
manner that,-if it has not effectually prevented a repetition of
these ceremonies for all time, in New England, it has, at least,
brought upon them a stigma which the lapse of two centuries
has not wholly removed.

The Chair then proceeded to give an account of ‘‘Thomas
Morton, of Clifford’s Inn, Gent.’’—as he styles himself in his
“New English Canaan’’—and of the famous May-day revels
at ‘‘ Ma-re Mount,’”’ now Mount Wollaston, in Quincy, which
were celebrated under his direction in 1626.

After detailing the particulars of the action of the colonial
authorities against Morton, the dispersion of his followers and
the destruction of his plantation, the Chair narrated the princi-
pal known facts of his subsequent career down to the time of
his death at York in Maine, in 1646, and stated that this first
May-day jubilee continued to be, for generations, the last.
There had been May-day festivities in Maine before the affair
at Mt. Wollaston, and there is some reason to suppose that
Morton was a participant in those revelries; but, after his ex-
pulsion, and the destruction of his plantation at ‘‘ Mount Dagon”
no Puritan father was ever offended by the sight of the scanda-
lous altar of Flora enticingly set up before the innocent eyes

XXIV

of his children. But the times are greatly changed since the
dark and troubled days of the Pilgrims. There is now, hap-
pily, no need of ceaseless vigilance and the most sensitive jeal-
ousy in guarding a tender faith from the two-fold danger of
relapsing into error or being contaminated by new and specious
' fallacies. . Around our morals, our faith, our liberties, as their
great bulwark of safety, modern science has thrown a network
of invulnerable truths till old besetting evils have lost their
power of harm forever.

No prejudices, then, based on the experience of an age
remote and quite unlike the present, should be suffered to
interfere with the celebration of the pleasant and pure festivities
which of late years are beginning to be observed on May-day,
in some parts of New England. It is to be hoped, rather, that
we shall add some day in May to the list of legal.holidays, and |
that, from the St. Croix to where ‘‘ Mine Host of Ma-re Mount”
sleeps under the brow of Agamenticus, and thence to Mount
Wollaston, where he held his revels, and so along the entire
boundary of our Union, May morning will evermore be held
sacred to the celebration of the sun’s return, the bursting of
green buds and the birth of the flowers.

The wild flowers exhibited at the meeting, by those who went
a-maying, were described by G. D. Phippen in the following
manner :

Hepatica triloba, which differs but slightly from an ane-
mone, is one of the earliest plants that has any pretensions to
beauty, and is found in oaken woods, peeping up among the
dried leaves, in close proximity with drifts of snow. It was
mentioned by Higginson in 1629, and described by Josselyn in
his New England Rarities printed in 1672, as ‘‘ Noble Liver-
wort, one sort with white flowers and the other with blew.” The
Rev. Dr. Cutler mentions it in 1784, and Collinson writes to
Bartram of Philadelphia in 1739, that ‘‘out of some mould
sent with other plants has come up your Hepatica.”’

Anemone nemorosa, or Wind Flower. ‘This little flower or

XXV

a co-species was described centuries ago by Pliny, and
long before Gerard wrote “That this floure doth neuer
open itself but when the wind doth blow.” Darwin says—
the wind “ gives its ivory petals to expand.” It certainly
is shy of opening and only occasionally when warmed by
the sun, not forced by the wind,
It ‘‘looks up with meek, confiding eye,
Upon the clouded smile of April face,’’—

are words beautifully expressed by a poet much nearer
home.

Lpigea repens, called Mayflower, and Forefather’s-flow-
er, 18 fast becoming well known and much used of late as
a souvenir present at this season of the year, and is _asso-
ciated historically with the ship Mayflower of Pilgrim
fame, which however we believe to be of recent applica-
tion. This flower commends itself both for its delicious,
spicy fragrance, as well as its beauty, and is destined to
find a place in literature as well as science.

Caltha palustris, Marsh Marygold, grows on the border
of brooks, hasa brilliant golden cup, and first flowers about
the 22d of April.

*<In that soft season when descending showers
Call forth the greens and wake the rising flowers.”’

It is called also May-blouts, or May-blobs, and all the
poetry of so fine a posy often subsides into a mess of
greens, as it is a favorite dish with many.

Old Parkinson says “It joyeth in watery places and
flowereth somewhat early.” All the old botanists describe
it, such as Clusius, Bauhin, Tournefort, Clayton and some
with figures. Cutler imputes the yellowness of butter to
the cows feeding upon it.

Aquilegia canadensis, or Columbine, was noticed by the
early travelers to America, and is well described and
figured by Cornuti soon after the settlement of Canada,

4

XXVI

and through him obtained its specific name; it has been
from that day highly prized by the botanists and florists of
Europe. Parkinson says, “it was brought out of Virginia
by Master John Tradescant, and flowereth somewhat earlier
than any of the garden kinds, usually by a month.” There
is a remarkable locality of this showy flower on the hills
of the Great Pasture on the east side of the road, which
is much frequented by the young during the vacation of
this month, who, returning with bunches of them in their
hands, remind us—
‘*That spring is here, the delicate footed May,
With its slight figures full of leaves and flowers.””

Sanguinaria canadensis, Blood-root, appropriately nam-
ed, as may be seen by breaking the root, which is rarely
avoided in digging them up. This fine flower, as large as
the Ox-eye daisy, has a deserved place in many gardens,
where it gradually increases and elevates its numerous
and paper-white flowers in a flat surface over the plant
about four inches above the ground. Its singular root
is used extensively in medicine, and probably worthily so,
and the plant is often figured in medical books. Its large
and deeply lobed leaves give to the plant, throughout the
summer, a tropical appearance. It was carried to England
and cultivated as early as 1680. Linnzus wrote to John
Ellis from Upsal in 1765, “If you see Mr. Lee, ask him for
the Sanguinaria, which I know is to be had in England,
though I have not received it from any of my correspon-
dents.”

Violets. Two or three species of this well known genus
can now be obtained from the fields. They are celebrated
both by the exact botanists and the idealist. Pliny says.
“There be some wild and of the field; others domestical
and growing in our gardens. Garlands made of violets
and set upon the head resist the heaviness of the head

XXVII

and withstand the overturning of the brain, upon over-
drinking; yea, the very smell thereof will disperse such
fumes and vapors, as would trouble and disquiet the
head.”

Gerard, alluding perhaps to the Pansy, then called Herb
Trinitie, says they ‘“ have a prerogative above others, not
only because the mind conceiveth a certain pleasure and
recreation by smelling and handling them, but they bring
to a liberal and gentle minde the remembrance of hones-
tie, comelinesse and all kind of virtues.” An eastern poet
has said of this flower,

<‘ It is not a flower ; it is an

Emerald bearing a purple gem.”’

Houstonia cerulea, one of the most common of the
spring flowers, and a universal favorite, often called Vio-
lets,—a most delicate little biennial plant, its erect and
very slender stem topped off with starry white or pale
blue flowers with a yellow eye, and in masses often ap-
pearing like a thin sprinkling of snow over the fields.

It does not appear to have been introduced into the
Kew gardens till 1785. It is figured in Curtis’s Magazine
and elsewhere.

Saxifraga virginiensis. One of Parkinson’s seventeen
tribes of plants are the “ Saxifrages, or Break-stone
Plants,” so called from their habit of growing in the seams
or crevices of rocks, not inaptly described by Josselyn as
‘‘The New England Dayzie or Primrose, the second kind
of Navelwort in Johnson upon Gerard; it flowers in May
and grows amongst moss upon hilly grounds and rocks
that are shady.” It is an Alpine plant, this and a co-
species, the 8. nivalis, were among the very last flowers
that greeted the eyes of Kane and his weary voyagers as
they pressed onward toward the pole, beyond all vegetable
life.

XXVIII

EHrythroneum americanum, most improperly and un-
happily called “ Dog’s Tooth Violet,” a fine locality of
which can be seen in the low land among bushes near
Lege’s Hill and the Forest River road. It belongs.to the
Lily tribe, and it has been suggested that it be called May
Lily. It has elegant glossy leaves, blotched with purple.
Josselyn, in 1672, calls it “ Yellow Bastard Daffodil ; it
flowereth in May; the green leaves are spotted with black
spots.” It was cultivated in England in 1665, and is
mentioned in Rea’s Flora.

Feathery Catkins, from the branches of Alders, Willows,
Poplars and Maples, are now for a brief period shaking
their pollen to the winds, and in their graceful beauty are
well worthy of study. They are occasionally mentioned
with much effect in the poems of Bryant, some of whose
sweetest inspirations were caught under the swaying
branches of his native woods.

Rev. G. D. Wildes gave an account of a recent celebra-
tion of May-day in England.

F. W. Putnam gave a summary of a paper, presented for
publication by J. A. Allen of Springfield, entitled a “ Cata-
logue of Birds found at Springfield, Mass., with Notes on
their Migrations, Habits, &c., together with a List of those
Birds found in the State not yet observed at Springfield.”
Referred to the Publication Committee.

The proposed amendments to the Constitution were
read for the second time.

Charles D. McDuffie, of Salem, was elected a resident
member.

WepnesDAy, May 11. Annual Meeting.
Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair.

Donations to the Library and Cabinets were announced.
Letters were read, from 8. F. Baird, William Stimp-

XXIX

son, J. A. Allen of Springfield and L Trouvelot of
Medford, relating to the publications and the “‘ Naturalist’s
Directory”; from J. EH. Oliver of Lynn, N. B. Shurtleff of
Boston, A. W. Dodge of Hamilton and C. F. Hartt of Cam-
bridge, on business matters; from J. T. Rothrock of
Cambridge transmitting a paper for publication in the
Proceedings.

The reports of the Secretary, Treasurer, Cabinet Keeper
and Curators were read and accepted.

The Secretary stated that the Society was never in a
mofe flourishing condition than at present. The receipts
from the assessments of resident members had been great-
er than in any preceding year, which was also the case
in regard to the sales of publications. During the year
thirty-seven resident, and twelve corresponding members
have been elected. Six members have died, leaving the
number of resident members three hundred and sixty-one.
Biographical notices of the deceased members will be
printed in the June number of the Historical Collections.
The Secretary alluded in particular to the late venerable
botanist, Dr. George Osgood of South Danvers, who had
always taken an active part in the Field Meetings of the
Institute, and who was extensively known as one of the
Linnean school of botanists.

Five field meetings were held during the past summer,
in Swampscott, Amesbury, Salem, Newburyport, and Rock-
port, which were all fully attended, and acknowledged suc-
cessful in the attainment of their objects. Throughout the
winter months meetings were held at the Society’s rooms
on Monday evenings, alternating with lectures on Zodlogy
from Mr. F< W. Putnam.

A course of twelve lectures was given under the aus-
pices of the Institute, at Lyceum Hall during the last win-
ter, as follows :—two from Prof. C. T. Jackson, on Min-

XXX

ing: one each, from Mr. C. W. Tuttle, on Cometery
Astronomy; Mr. Cleveland Abbe, on Astronomical Instru-
ments; Capt. N. E. Atwood, on the Habits of our Native
Fishes; Prof. Benjamin Pierce, on Cosmogony; Mr. Al-
pheus Hyatt, on the Mollusca; Mr. C. M. Tracy, on Ber-
ries; President Hill, on the Geometrical Curve; and Mr.
A. E. Verrill, on Corals and Coral Reefs.

The publication of the Proceedings and Historical Col-
lections has been continued during the year. Of the
former, the first quarterly number of the fourth volume,
under its new form, is ready for distribution to subscri-
bers. The Historical Collections have now reached to
number one of volume six. |

The annual Horticultural Exhibition took place on the
23d, 24th and 25th of September, but owing to the great
scarcity of fruit, of all kinds, the tables were not loaded as
in former years, though many fine specimens were con-
tributed, particularly of grapes, which included not only
those varieties grown in the hot-house, but many choice
seedlings raised by the industry and care of Edward S.
Rogers, of Salem. The show of vegetables was unusually
good and in great variety. Heretofore very little atten-
tion has been devoted in our exhibitions, to this class of
horticultural products.

To the Library valuable additions have been made,
during the year, consisting of 1603 volumes and pamphlets,
received from one hundred and nineteen individuals and
thirty-two societies, editors of journals, and the various
departments of the State and General Government. The
most valuable of the donations were, one from George
A. Ward, consisting of 160 volumes in the various depart-
ments of History, and general reading: «and another from
the retiring Vice President of the Institute, James Upton,
comprising 51 valuable volumes, principally relating to
horticultural subjects.

/

XXXI

The Treasurer presented the following statement of the
financial condition, for the year ending May, 1864.

GENERAL ACCOUNT.

Debits.
Athenzum Rent, half fuel, &c. ; ; $491 77
Lectures, $237 76; Publications, $699 25, 937 01
Collecting Assessments, $16 50; Gas, $8 74, 25 24
Express and Postage, $24 68; Sundries, i 22. 54 90
To Historical Account, . 209 78
To Natural History and Horticultural Account, 42, 47
Balance in Treasury, : : . 7 04
$1768 21

Credits.
Balance of last year’s account, 39 36

Dividends Webster Bank, $40 00; Sundries, S15 60, 55 60
G. Andrews’ Legacy, $190 00; Lectures, $311 55, S01 55

Sale of Publications, . : 497 70
Assessments, ‘ : ee A . - 674 00
$1768 21
NATURAL HISTORY AND HORTICULTURE.

Debits.
Preservatives and Taxidermy, $29 22; Cases, $44 97, 74 19
Books, $30 76; Glass, $37 48, . ; 68 24
Horticultural Exhibition, Fz ficsuldia 2 42 12
$184 55

Credits.
Horticultural Exhibition, , 6 : 90 08
Dividends Lowell Bleachery, - 40 00
OG Portland, Saco & Portsmouth Railroad, 12 00
General Account, : : 42 47
$184 55

HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.

Debits.
Binding, $236 08; Books, $12 00, ; : 248 08
Repairing picture frames, . ° : = 13850
$261 58

Credits.
Dividends Naumkeag Bank, 2 : : 13 00
Coupons Michigan Central Railroad, : . 38 80

General Account, é ; F é 209 78

$561 58

XKXII

The Cabinet Keeper reported that the specimens in the
Museum were in as safe a condition, as the crowded cases
of some of the departments would allow. During the
year, Mr. T. M. Pond has arranged, catalogued, and labelled
the North American birds, and their nests and eggs. Mr.
Horace Brown has done the same with the collection of
Mammalia, and had commenced to catalogue the Osteologi-
cal collection when other occupations prevented his
completing the work. Mr. Charles H. Higbee has ar-
ranged the Mineralogical collection, and by his efforts
much has been done to increase its value. The Reptiles
have been partially catalogued and named. The snakes
which were sent to Professor Jan of Milan have been
returned in good condition, with his identifications.
Among the specimens Prof. Jan found several unknown
species, descriptions of which will appear in his great work
on Ophidians, in which he will give full credit to the Insti-
tute for its assistance.

During the year, an Essex County Collection has been
commenced with the intention to soon have the Natural
History of our county fully represented and separately
arranged.

The total number of donations to the various sections of
the Department of Natural History, since the last annual
meeting, amounts to one hundred and twenty-six, received
from eighty-six persons ; besides which, several exchanges
have been made with the Museum of Comp. Zodlogy at
Cambridge, and the Lyceum of Nat. History of Williams’
College.

Mr. James H. Emerton, curator of Articulata, reported
that the Insects had been looked over, the worthless ones
discarded and the others carefully protected from injury.
The large collection of Brazilian Insects had been arranged,
according to their orders, in a case by themselves. Tho

XXXII

other pinned specimens have been arranged in tight boxes
and drawers. The alcoholic specimens of Insects, Crusta-
ceans, and Worms have been arranged in the central cases
of the large Hall. The pinned specimens of Coleoptera,
Orthoptera, and Hemiptera have been catalogued and as
far as possible named. Of the Coleoptera there are 1212
species, and over 3000 specimens. Of Orthoptera, 155
species; Hemiptera, 169 species ; Neuroptera, 40 species.
Several hundred species of Diptera and over 2000 speci-
mens of Lepidoptera, one* half of which are from South
America. The Lepidoptera have been partially named by
Mr. 8. H. Scudder while in the Museum of Comp. Zodlogy.
The small collection of Bees has been named by Dr. A. 8.
Packard Jr. Several exchanges have been made with
Messrs. Scudder and Packard. The collection of Spiders
has been largely increased during the year, and the curator,
who is specially engaged in studying this order of insects, ©
requests contributions of specimens from all parts of the
country for his work.

Mr. John Robinson, Curator of the Ethnological De-
partment, reported that the collection under his charge
had been rearranged during the year. There had been
many valuable donations received from fifty-five persons.
Several sub-departments have recently been commenced,
and good progress thus far made in rendering them avail-
able for purposes of study and examination; the Curators
request the codperation of the members and friends of
the Institution in aid of these objects, trusting that their
appeal will meet with a hearty response, and that many
specimens will be contributed, especially such as are
evanescent in their character, and if not preserved at the
time, soon disappear, and afterwards are very difficult if
not impossible to obtain.

The Constitution and By-Laws as revised by the Com-
mittee were unanimously adopted.

5

XXXIV

The following officers were elected for the ensuing year:
PRESIDENT.
ASAHEL HUNTINGTON.
VICE PRESIDENTS. ;
Of Natural History—Samvet P. Fowier. Of History—A. C. GoovEett Jr.
Of Horticulture—J. F. ALLEN.
SECRETARY AND TREASURER.
HenNReyY WHEATLAND.
LIBRARIAN.
NATHANIEL J. HOLDEN.
SUPERINTENDENT OF THE MUSEU.
F. W. Purnam.
FINANCE COMMITTEE.
J. C. Lee, BR. S. Rogers, H.M. Brooks, G.D.Phippen, Jas. Chamberlain.
LIBRARY COMMITTEE.
J. G. Waters, Alpheus Crosby, H. J. Cross, G. A. Ward, G. D. Wildes.
PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.
A. C. Goodell Jr., G. D. Phippen, Ira J. Patch, C. M. Tracy.
Wm. P. Upham, R. S. Rantoul, F. W. Putnam.

: LECTURE COMMITTEE.
A. C. Goodell Jr., Francis Peabody, G. D. Phippen, George Perkins,
James Kimball, G. W. Briggs, F. W. Putnam.
FIELD-MEETING COMMITTEE.
A. W. Dodge, C. M. Tracy, S. Barden, S. P. Fowler, J. M. Ives,

G. D. Wildes, C. C. Beaman, E. N. Walton.
CURATORS OF NATURAL HISTORY.
Geology—H. F. Shepard; Mineralogy—C. H. Higbee;
Paleontology—H. F. King; Botany—C. M. Tracy;
Comparative Anatomy—Henry Wheatland; Vertebrata—F. W. Putnam;
Ariiculata—J. H. Emertor; Mollusca—H. F. King;

Radiaia—Caleb Cooke.
CURATORS OF HISTORY.

Ethnology.
William S. Messervy, M.A. Stickney, John Robinson, J. A. Gillis.
Manuscripts.
W.P. Upham, H. M. Brooks, S. B. Buttrick, G.L. Streeter, G. D. Wildes.
Fine Arts.
Francis Peabody, J. G. Waters, G. A. Ward.

CURATORS OF HORTICULTURE.
Fruits aud Vegetables.
J. M. Ives, J. S. Cabot, R. S. Rogers, John Bertram, G. B. Loring,
S. A. Merrill, W.Maloon, A. Lackey, G. F. Brown.
i Flowers.
Francis Putnam, William Mack, C. H. Norris, Benj. A. West, Geo. D. Glover.

KXXXV

On motion of Mr. G. A. Ward, a committee, consisting
of Messrs. G. A. Ward, R. 8. Rantoul, George Perkins,
EK. N. Walton, T. M. Stimpson, Charles Davis, G. D. Wildes,
S. P. Fowler, and W. P. Upham, was appointed to present
the claims of the Institute upon the public for a more lib-
eral patronage, so that it may be better enabled to
accomplish the objects of its organization.

On motion of Mr. 8. P. Fowler a committee was ap-
pointed to make a collection of card photographs of the
members of the Institute. Messrs. 8. P. Fowler, John
Robinson, and D. W. Bowdoin were placed on this com-
mittee.

Mr. S. P. Fowler was requested to prepare a paper on
the Ornithologists of America, for publication in the Pro-
ceedings.

THuRSDAY, JUNE 9th. Ordinary Meeting.
J. G. Waters in the chair.

The followimg persons, having been nominated at a
previous meeting, were duly elected Resident Members:
William B. Parker, James S. Kimball, Edward H. Payson,
S. W. Davis, Edward L. Perkins, George P. Farrington,
Mrs. John Clark, J. Ford Smith, A. G. Cornelius, Charles
Roundy, James F. Hale, HE. F. Roberts, J. W. Roberts,
David Perkins, Jeremiah Page, Henry Morton, Benj. M.
Chamberlain, A. P. Amidon, all of Salem.

Additions to the Museum and Inbrary during April, May
and June, 1864.

TO THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT.
BrooxuouseE Jr., Ropert. Specimens of Glyptemys insculpta from Salem.
Burt, D. W. Male and female Attacus cecropia.

CHAMBERLAIN, JAMES. Eggs of a Mollusk and an Echinus from Beverly
Bar.

CuipmMan, R. M. Attacus luna from Salem.

XXXVI

Croutman, Capr. W. R. Snake from Yangtse River, Japan.

Cotcorp, Mrs. H. M., of South Danvers. A Red-winged Black-bird from
Danvers.

Conway, Capt. Mounted specimen of White Owl.

Cooke, C. Dried Plants, Shells and Eechini from Zanzibar, Africa.

Cross, i. J. Sponge from Marblehead Beach.

Davis, CHaR.es, of Beverly. Young Eagle taken from the nest in Beverly,
June 2d.

Emerton, J. H. Insects, Helix, and 2 Salamanders from an Island off
Manchester. 125 specimens, 91 species of Insects from Essex Co. 147
specimens, 82 species of Insects from Salem. A collection of Ants from Sa-
lem. 6 species of Insects and a Tree Toad from Danvers. Cyclopterus
lumpus and Raia sp. from Nahant.

GtoveR, Gro. D. Attacus cecropia from Salem.

Hunt, Y. Attacus cecropia from Salem.

Lawes, Exveazer, of Topsfield. A ‘Little Auk,’’ Phaleris microcerus
Brandt., female. Shot on Ipswich River in Topsfield, Apr. 8th.

Lenpatt, Ep. E., of Manchester. Coral found on Glasshead flats, Man-
chester.

Lyceum or Natorat History oF WitL1AMm’s Coutmas. (In exchange) Skin
of a Seal and several Bird’s Skins from Greenland. Bird’s eggs from
Florida and Greenland.

Marks, Carr. T. 2 Saurians from Landana, S. W. C. Africa.

Museum or Comp. Zootogy, Cambridge. (In exchange) 17 specimens, 9
species of North American Turtles.

Mason, Mrs. G. R., of Lynn. 43 specimens of dried Seaweeds and 3 of
Hydroids. Native.

Nicuots, H. P. 117 specimens, 40 species of Insects, and a Snake from
Salem.

NortHenD, Miss L. H. 2 specimens Attacus cecropia from Salem.

PeaBopy, ALFRED S., of Cape Town. Copper Ore from Cape of Good
Hope. Set of pressed Ferns, Bulb of a plant, Seeds of the Blue Gum
Tree, Hydroids and Barnacles from Cape Town, Africa.

Ponp, T. M. A Java Sparrow.

Porter, Epw. 38 Salamanders from Salem.

Pornam, F. W. A-Series of Crystal Models. Lime Stone from Williams-
town, Mass.

Rantout, R. S. Portion of an Indian’s jaw from West’s Beach, Beverly. _

Rowe, Josepx. Specimens of Storeria DeKayi from Salem.

Smiruson14n InstiTuTI0n, Washington, D. C. A collection of 27 specimens
of Building Stones and Minerals.

Stone, Frank. A Bird and 2 Reptiles from Essex Co.

Unknown Donor. 2 Loons from?

XXX V IT

Verritt, A. K., of Cambridge. 42 species of plants from Anticosti and
Grand Menan.

Watson, F. P. Larvee of Wasps from Salem.

Wesster, Mrs. Joun. Lime incrustation. Seeds of Plants. Eggs of Pyrula.

West, G. W. A collection of Ants and others Insects from Salem. 929
specimens, 80 species of Insects from Salem.

Waeattanp, H. Iron Ore, Lime Stone and Slag from Allentown, Pa.
Fishes and Salamanders from River Clarion, Elk Co., Pa.

WHEATLAND, Simeon J. Attacus cecropia from Salem.

Waits, G. W. 85 specimens of Insects from Salem.

TO THE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT.

Brooks, H. M. Picture of Gen. Abbot. Cartridge from Alexandria.
Rebel School-book.

Brown Jr., Bens. Rebel war relics.

Crourman. W. R. Chop Sticks and Japanese Smoking apparatus.
Brick from the Porcelain Tower of Nankin.

Curwen, Henry. Ancient Button. Chinese Pipe.

Farrineron Jr., G. P. Rebel Equipments.

Fett, 8. Q. Native Fan from the Philipine Isles. Chinese Chop-sticks.

Gooprett Jr., A.C. Coins from Half-way Rock.

Hiesece, C. H. Rebel War Relics from Port Hudson.

Kitsy, Wm. H., of Eastport, Me. Postage Stamps.

Kine, Capr. Jas. B. Silver Ornaments from the ruins of the Inca city
Kuamachueo.

Mansrietp, Wm. Grape and Canister Shot, Bomb, and Bullet, revolu-
tionary relics.

Marks, Capr. Tuos. A Ring of Native Copper, wrought by the Natives
of the W. C. Africa.

Putnam, F. W. Calcutta Hookah.

Putnam, G. D. Breastplate of the 38th Staffordshire Reg’t.

RicHaRpson, FrepD. Buttons of the Bombay Artillery.

Rosinson, JOHN. Chinese Kites.

Stocum, Espen. Ancient set of Knives and Forks in a case. Ivory Cane.

Vanvuieck, H. J., of Nazareth, Pa. 7 Bills of New Jersey Continental
Money, and a number of Ancient Relics relating to the early history of
Nazareth, Pennsylvania.

Vent, James. Indian Arrowheads.

Wittiams, IsrazL, (Estate of) Native War Implements of the Fejee
Islanders. New Zealand Chief’s Blanket and Native Basket. Sword taken
from the Pirates on the coast of South America.

Witttams, Capr. Old Shot from Fort Sewell. Coins, Military Buttons
and other Revolutionary Relics found at Ft. Pickering.

WaueaTitanD, H. Relics from the Field of Gettysburg. 5 Catholic
Medals.

XXX VIII

TO THE LIBRARY.

Autey, Joun B. (M.C.) Message and Documents, 1862—3, 4 vols 8vo0;
Message and Doc. Navy Department, 1862—3, 1 vol. 8vo ; Message ana Doc.
Dept. of State, 1863—4, 2 vols. 8vo ; do. Dept. of Interior, 1863—4, 1 vol.
8vo ; do. P. O. Dept., 1863—4, 1 vol. 8vo; U. S. Coast Survey, 1861, 1 vol.
4to ; Patent Office, Mechanical, 1869, 2 vols. 8vo; do. Agricultural, 1861,
1 vol. 8vo; Report of Commissioners of Agriculture, 1862, 1 vol. 8v0;
Reports on the Finances 1862—3, 2 vols. 8vo ; McClellan on the Army of the
Potomac, 1 vol. 8vo ; Report on Armored Vessels, 2 vols. 8vo. :

Bapnarp, James M , of Boston. Scilla de corporibus Marinis Lapidescen-
tibus, 1 vol., 4to, Rome, 1752; Griffith’s Icones Plantarum Asiaticum, part
Iv, 1 vol. 4to, Calcutta, 1854. Griffith’s Palms of British India, 1 vol. fol.,
Caleutta, 1850.

Boston, Ciry or. Boston City Documents for 1863, 2 vols. 8vo.

Brooks, Henry M The Drum Beat, published by the Brooklyn Fair.
Feb., 1864.

Burrows, Tos. H., Supt. of Schools, Penn. Pennsylvania School Reports
for 1855, 1856, 1858, 1859, 1863, 5 -vols., 8vo. ;

CiLEveELAND, Miss M.S. Turner’s North Carolina Almanac for 1864, 8vo,
pamph. Also several Newspapers from Newbern, N. C.

CotpurN, JEREMIAH, of Boston. Lewis’s Address N. E. Hist. Gen. Soc’y,
Jan., 1864, 8vo, pamph. Albany, 1864.

Cow tes, WARREN, Smethport, McKean Co., Penn. Penn. School Reports
1861, 1862, 2 vols., 8vo.

Curwen, James B. Scientific American, vol. vi. Pamphlets 25.

Derpy, Miss Carorine R. Wagstafie’s Piety Promoted, 1 vol., 12mo,
London, 1775 ; Phipps’s The Original and Present State of Man, 1 vol., 8vo,
New York, 1788. Life of Mary Neale, 1 vol., 12mo, Philadelphia, 1796.
Introduction to English Grammar, 1 vol., 12mo, London, 1782. Penn’s
Primitive Christianity, 1 vol., 8vo, Philadelphia, 1783. Various Almanacs,
Pamphlets, &c.

Downie, Mrs. Enizasera A. 16th Ann. Rep. Pittsburg Mercantile
Library Association for 1864, 8vo, pamph.

FLeTcHER, CHARLES. Boston Gazette for 1817, 1 vol., folio. Boston
Weekly Messenger for 1818, 1 vol., folio.

Gitman, Dantex C., of Yale College. Several pamphlets relating to Yale
College.

GoLDTHWAITE, Josepu A. Carpenter on the Microscope, edited by Smith
1 vol., 8vo, Phila. 1856.

Goopett Jz., ABNER C. A Manifest Book began Sept. 5, 1774, ended
Aug. 2, 1775, 1 vol., folio.

HanarorpD, Mrs. P. A., of Beverly. Various Pamphlets and Newspapers.

Jackson, S. C., of Boston. 17th An. Rep. of Mass. Bd. of Education,
1 vol., 8vo, Boston, 1864.

XXXIX

Jounson, Mrs. Lucy P. United States Commercial and Statistical Reg-
ister—several numbers.

Kinsy, W. H., Eastport, Me. 7th An. Rep. of Maine Bd. of Agri. 1862,
1 vol., 8vo. New Brunswick Almanac and Register, 1 vol., 16mo. Third An.
Rep. of Bd. of Agri. of New Brunswick, 8vo. Maine Legis. Register, 1864.
Memorials of the Centennial Anniversary of Machiag, 1 vol., 8vo.

Kimpatt, Miss Exizaseru. Liberator for 1863, 1 vol., folio.

Kimpatt, James. Systems of Building Associations Examined, 1 vol.,
4to, New Haven, 1856. Fisher’s Marrow of Modern Divinity, 1 vol., 16mo,
Boston, 1743. Proceedings of Grand R. Arch Chapter of Mass., from Sept.,
1862 to Sept. 1863, 8vo, pamph.

Kine, Misses Hannan and Enizaperu. Winckler, Essai sur 1’ Electricite,

12mo, Paris, 1748. Aldini, Essai sur le Galvanisme, 1 vol., 4to, Paris, 1804.
Helvetius, Oeuvres completes, vol. 1, 12mo, London, 1777.
- Kine, Henry F. Greeley’s Art and Industry of the Crystal Palace, 1 vol.,
12mo. Dana’s Lead Disease, 1 vol., 8vo, Lowell, 1848. Clarke on the Mi-
croscope, 1 vol., 12mo, London, 1758. Ferguson on the Microscope, 1 vol.,
12mo, Edin., 1858. Wood’s Common Objects of the Sea Shore, 1 vol., 12mo,
London, 1859. Gosse’s Evenings at the Microscope, 1 vol., 12mo, New York,
1860.

Lorp, N. J. Boston Post for Feb., March, April, and May, 1864.

Nason, Wm. A., of Williams’ College. Williams’ Quarterly, 14 numbers.
Pamphlets, 11.

Mercanr, Hiram, of Boston. The Metropolitan Catholic Almanacs, for
1851, 18538, 1854, 1855, and 1856, 5 vols., 12mo.

Moutron, Herny W. Specimens of the Blank Forms used in the Provost
Marshal’s office, 5th District, Mass.

Montaaur, Wm. L., of Amherst College. Annual and Triennial Catalogues
for several years.

Packarp, A. §., of Brunswick, Me. Catalogue of Bowdoin College,
Spring term, 1864, 8vo, pamph.

Paine, Natu., of Worcester. 4th An. Report of Worcester Public Library,
8vo, pamphlet.

Ruopve Isnanp, Sons or, py Henry T. Drowne. Oration and Poems before
the Sons of Rhode Island in New York, May 29th, 1863, 8vo, pamph.

Roserts, Davip. Rhee’s Manual of Public Libraries, 1 vol., 8vo, Phila-
delphia, 1859...

Siptey, Joun L, of Cambridge. Report on Library of Harv. Coll., Jan.,
1864, 8vo, pamph.

Stocum, Espen. Boston Patriot for 1812, 1 vol., folio.

Stone, Bens. W. Manual of New York Legis., 1864, 1 vol., 16mo. Sth
and 6th An. Report, of Commissioners of Central Park, New York, 8vo
pamph. An. Report of the Comptroller of New York, Jan., 1864. 4th An
Report of Com. of Public Charities 8vo, pamph., New York 1864.

AL

SourHer, Henry, of Ridgway, Elk Co., Penn. Pennsylvania School Rep.,
1860, 1 vol., 8vo, Annual Rail-Road Reports of Pennsylvania for 1864,
1 yol., 8vo. .

Taomas, ApeLt C., of Hightstown, N. J. The Gospel of Slavery, Syvo,
pamph., New York, 1864.

Unitep States Treasury DEPARTMENT. Report on the Finances for year
ending June, 1863, 1 vol., 8yvo.

Warp, Georce A Census of the State of New York, 1855, 1 folio vol.
Documentary Hist. of New York, 5 vols., roy. 8vo. Documents Col. Hist.
of New York, 10 vols., folio. Colonial Records of Connecticut, 1636 to 1665,
1 vol., roy. 8vo. American Eloquence, 2 vols., roy. 8vo. Annals of San
Francisco, 1 vol., roy. 8vo. Ditto of Salem, 2 vols., 12mo. Messages and
Documents 30th Congress, 1 vol., 8vo. Ditto 1849, 1 vol., 8vo. Prescott’s
Mexico, 3 vols., rey. 8vo. Ditto Ferd. and Isabella 3 vols., roy. 8vo. Ditto
Peru 2 vols., roy, 8yo. Miscellanies, 1 vol., 8vo. Wilkes’ Exploring Expe-
dition, 5 vols., roy. 8vo. N. E. Genealogical and Historical Register, 12
yols., 8yo. D’Aubigne’s Reformation, 38 vols., 8vo. Morse’s Universal
Geography, 2 vols., 8vo. Graham’s Hist. of United States 4 vols., 8vo.
Wm. Ware’s Julian, 2 vols., 12mo. Ditto Zenobia, 2 vols., 12mo. Dewey’s
Works 3 vols., 12mo. Ditto Sermons, 1 vol., 12mo. Headley’s Washington
and his Generals, 2 yols.,12mo. Ditto Two Wars with England, 2 vols.,
12mo. Ditto. Adirondack, 1 vol.,12mo. Miscellanies, 1 vol.,12mo. Han-
nah Adam’s Hist. of Religion, 1 vol., 12mo. Rupp’s Hist. of Religion, 1
yol., Svo. Covode’s Investigation, 1860, 1 vol., Svo. Coffin’s Hist. of New-
bury, 1 vol, 8vo. Brooks’ Hist. of Medford, 1 vol., 8vo. Gage’s Hist. of
Rowley, 1 vol., 12mo. Young’s Chronicles of Massachusetts, 1 vol., 8vo,
Brazer’s Sermons, 1 vol., 16mo. Osgood’s Stud. of xn. Religion, 1 vol., 12mo.
Lee’s Memoirs of the Buckminsters, 1 vol., 12mo. Elder Brewster, Chief of
the Pilgrims, 1 vol., 8vo. E. Watson’s Men, &c. of the Revolution, 1 vol.,
8vo. Hist. of Portsmouth, 1 vol.,12mo. Thom’s Epistle to the Corinthians,
1 vol., 12mo. Gospel Visitant, 1 vol.,12mo. Simpson’s Journey Round the
World, 1 vol., 12mo. Frothingham’s Sermons, 1 vol., 12mo. Verses by Rev.
Jas. Flint D. D.,1 vol., 12mo. Sermons, do., 1 vol,, 12mo Sermons by
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Playfair’s Euclid, 1 vol.,12mo. Life of S. Judd, 1 vol., 12mo. Lay Preach-
ers, 1 vol., 16mo. Beauties of Dr. S. Johnson, 1 vol., 12mo. Capt. Canot
20 Years a Slaver, 1 vol., 12mo. Maj. Sam. Shaw’s Journal, 1 vol., 8vo.
Ralph Izard’s South Carolina Revolution, 1 vol., 12mo. Owen’s Foot Falls,
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quies of President Monroe, 1 vol., 12mo. Catalogue of N. Y. Soc. Library,

1 vol., 12mo. Edward’s Hist. and Poetry of Finger Rings, 1 vol., 12mo.

XLI

Bellsham’s Evidence of the xn. Religion, 1 vol., 12mo. Thatcher’s Hist. of
Plymouth, 1 vol., 16mo. Eraste 2d vol. on 1’ ami dela Jeaneese, 1 vol.
The Lost Prince (Louis 17th) Rev. Williams 1 vol., 12mo. European
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vol., 12mo. Letters to and from John Wilkes, 1762, 1 vol., 12mo. Dealings
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Church Boston, 1 vol.,12mo. Letters and Dispatches of Cortez 1 vol., 12mo.
Willis’s Idlewild, 1 vol., 12mo. The Landing on Cape Ann by Conant, 1
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Linda, (Slave) 1 vol., 12mo. Salads for the Solitary, 1 vol., 12mo.
Notices on Duels by Sabine, 1 vol.,12mo. Memoirs of Lucien Bonaparte, 1
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Notte’s 50 Years in both Hemispheres, 1 vol., 12mo. Memoir of John W.
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Gasparin on the American Rebellion, 1 vol., 12mo.—Volumes, 161.

Waters, J. Linton, of Chicago. Adjutant General’s Report, State of
Illinois, 1 vol., 8vo, 1863. War Record of Illinois, to Oct. 1, 1863; 8vo,
pamph. Revised Charter of Chicago, 8vo, pamph. 1863.

Witpes, J. H., of San Francisco, Cal. 11th An. Rep. of San Francisco
Mercantile Library Association for 1864, 8vo, pamph.

WILLIAMS, EsTAaTE OF THE LATE IsRAEL. Charnock’s Biographia Navalis,
vols. 1 to 5—5 vols., 8vo, London, 1794. Stavorinus’s Voyage to the East
Indies, 8 vols., 8vo, London,‘1798. Whitman’s Travels to Turkey, &c., 1 vol.,
8vo, Philad., 1804. Turnbull’s Voyage Round the World, 3 vols., 16mo,
London, 1805. Naval Trade and Commerce, 2 vols., 8vo. Lathrop’s
Sermons, 1 vol., 8vo, Worcester, 1806. Wayland’s Discourses, 1 vol., 12mo,
Boston, 1833. Malham’s Gazetteer, 2 vols., 8vo, Boston, 1797. Eusta-
phieve’s Character of Peter the Great, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1812. Demetrius
Epick Poem, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1818. Apontamentos Grammaticos e filo-
logicos, 1 vol., 16mo, Boston, 1787. Voyage in Search of La Perouse, 2 vols.,
8vo, London, 1800. Beatson’s view of the War with Tippoo Sultana, 1 vol.,

6

XLII

4to, London, 1800. Ware’s European Pilot, 1 vol., Whitehaven, 1774.
Woopsury, Ezra J. The Works of Thomas Goodwin, 1 vol., folio, Lon-
don, 1671.

BY EXCHANGE.

AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL AND STATIsTicAL Society. Proceedings, vol. 11,
No 2, 8vo, pamph.

AMERICAN PuILosoPHicaL Sociery. Proceedings, vol. 1x, Nos. 68, 69, 70.

Burrato Youne Men’s Association. 28th An. Rep., 8vo, pamph.

CANADIAN InstiITUTE. Canadian Journal for Mch. and April.

Crncrinnatt MercAnTILE Liprary Association. 29th An. Report, 8vo,
pamph., Cincinnati, 1864.

Eprtors. Historical Magazine, for April and May, 1864.

Epitrors. Round Table, Nos., 24 to 32.

Frretanps Historicat Society. Firelands Pioneer, vol. 5, 8vo.

Iowa State Hisrorican Society. Annals, No. 6 for April, 1804.

Lone Istanp Historica Society. Brooklyn Manual, for 1858-9, 1859-60,
1860-1, 8 vols., 12mo. Various Documents Relating to the Brooklyn San-
itary Fair, Feb., 1864. Fifty Pamphlets.

Museum or Comparative ZooLocy at CamBringe. Annual Report of the
Trustees, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1864.

Peazopy Institute. 12th An. Rep-, of the Trustees, 8vo, pamph.

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF Natura Scrence. Proceedings, Jan., Feb.,
Mch., April.

Pusuisuers. North American Review, for April, 1864.

Pusuisuers. Lynn Weekly Reporter. Lawrence American. South Dan-
vers Wizard. Haverhill Gazette. Essex Banner. Toulumne Courier.

RaopeE Istanp Historica Society. Rhode Island Colonial Records vols. 1
to 7, 7 vols., 8vo. 87 Pamphlets.

San Francisco Mercantive Liprary Association. 11th An. Rep., 8vo,
pamph.

Smitusonian InstituTIon. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. rv.
Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge vol. xu.
1862.

ZoOLOGISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT, Frankfort, a. M. Der Zoologischen Garten,
Nos. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 (1863,) and No. 1 (1864,)

Annual Report, for

Wepnespay, JuLY 6. Ordinary meeting.
Francis Peabody in the chair.

The following persons having been nominated at a pre-
vious meeting by Messrs. G. A. Ward, H. Wheatland and
W. P. Upham, were elected Resident Members; Daniel

XLIi

Perkins, John Felt, William H. Jelly, John Chapman,
Francis Boardman, Charles 8. Rea, Joseph H. M. Bertram,
Joseph H. Hanson, Nathaniel Brown, John H. Nichols,
Edward A. Smith 2d, Francis Choate, Samuel R. Hodges,
Theron Palmer, William H. Kehew, George G. Creamer,
John P. Browning, Miss Elizabeth W. Treadwell, Miss
‘Elizabeth C. Ward Jr., Thomas M. Saunders, Manuel Fen-
ollosa, Mrs. John H. Silsbee, F. S. Peck, Jeremiah S. Per-
kins, Richard D. Rogers, Francis W. Tuttle, W. J. Stickney ,
Orrin F. Thompson, Henry Hale, Xenophon H. Shaw, John
H. Downing, Willard Goldthwaite, John Francis Tucker-
man, M. H. Hale, W Reith Jr., Jonathan Tucker, George
C. Lord, George A. Fuller, Augustus Perry, Tristram T.
Savory, HE. A. Simonds, J. F. Almy, George B. Jewett,
Harrison O. Flint, John P. Peabody, Henry Hubon, Henry
G. Hubon, Ingalls K. Mackintire, Charles Sanders, Miss
Caroline Saltonstall, James Manning, William B. Ashton,
Henry K. Oliver, Nathaniel Brown Jr., Joseph F. Walden,
Daniel C. Haskell, Daniel E. Clough, George P. Daniels,
Charles Lamson, Peter Silver, Charles H. Glazier, George
Bowker, Charles Bowker, all of Salem, and Samuel Porter
of Beverly.

WepnespayY, JuLy 13. Field meeting at Hast Saugus.

This meeting was attended by a company who arrived
by the 10 A. M. train from Salem, Lynn, and other towns,
and made their rendezvous at “ Waverley Hall.” From
thence, dividing into parties, one pursued the route leading
to “ Round Hill” and the “Center,” while another took a
path on the easterly side of the river and visited “ Pirates
Glen” and other interesting spots adjacent. Others pushed
their travels as far as “ Dungeon Rock” in Lynn. At 3
P. M. the meeting was called to order, and Rev. 8. Barden
of Rockport was invited to preside during the absence of
the constituted officers.

XLIY

The records of the preceding meeting were read, and
letters were announced from the following:

A. Agassiz, of Cambridge ; John H. Klippart, Sec’y Ohio State Bd. of Agri-
culture; J. Mayer & Co., of Boston; S. F. Baird of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion; Edward L. Graeff, of Brooklyn, N. Y.; E. T. Cresson, of Philadelphia;
J. A. Allen, of Springfield; L. Trouvelot, of Medford; Henry White, of New
Haven, Conn.; C. B. Richardson, of New York, relative to the publications.
From the Maine Historical Society ; Massachusetts Historical Society ;
Literary and Historical Society, of Quebec ; Lyceum of Natural History, of
New York ; Corporation of Harvard College ; Trustees of Newburyport Public
Library; Trustees of Boston Public Library, severally acknowledging
receipt of publications. From Jere. Page ; Willard Goldthwaite ; Charles
Bowker ; Francis Boardman; Geo. P. Daniels; W. J. Stickney; H. K. Oliver ;
M. Fenollosa ; G. B. Jewett, accepting membership. From C. M. Tracy, of
Lynn; Mrs. P. A. Hanaford, of Reading ; 8S. H. Scudder, of Boston, relating
to Field meetings. From Long Island Historical Society ; A. S. Packard, of
Me. Hist. Soc.; Henry W. Moulton; Smithsonian Institution, relating to
exchanges and transmission of books and specimens. From J. Porter, of
Wenham ; Henry A. Smith of Cleveland, Ohio ; Mrs. Hannah B. Russell ;
Morris Phillips, of New York; C. B. Preston, of Danvers ; R. M. Piper, of
Nahant ; Lowell Bleachery ; Geo. A. Ward, on business matters.

Donations to the Library and Cabinets, were announced.
The chair proceeded to give an account of the geology of
the place, as observed by him. He spoke of the “Jasper
Ledge” of “Round Hill” and its amygdaloid, and of the fine
porphyries of this region. At this pomt Vice President
A. C. Goodell Jr. arrived and took the chair.

C. M. Tracy, of Lynn, described a variety of plants and
flowers gathered during the day. A fine cluster of rhod-
odendrons being sent to the table he gave some account
of the family to which it belonged and of its peculiarly
fine developement among the Alps and Himalayas. Also
of the other splendid members of this family, the azaleas,
the kalmias, the heaths, &c.

Wilbur F. Newhall, of Saugus, gave somewhat extended
remarks on the more prominent points in the history of
the town. He remembered the old Newhall Tavern for-
merly kept here by an ancestor of his, and famous in its

XLV

time, and he recollected being carried, when a little boy,
to see the old building torndown. At this tavern, as he
had heard the story from an ancient dame, Washington
once stopped during his journey, rested awhile, and only
allowed himself a cup of cold water. Mr. N. also spoke
of a series of articles on the history of the town, pre-
pared by his late father Benj. F. Newhall, and printed in
the Lynn Reporter, a reprint of which is under consider-
ation.

Joseph Dampney, of Lynn, gave some further statements
in the same direction, particularly as to the first church
built in Saugus, which was at,the “ Center.”

The chair said that Saugus was a place very interesting
to the antiquary, and historian. Some of the ramblers of
the day had probably seen the heaps of scoria at the
“Center” called the “Cinder Bank.” At that spot was
established the first iron foundery in the country, the scene
of the labors of Joseph Jenks, one of the pioneers of
American inventors. It was he who first contrived and
jntroduced the long stiff scythe now used by mowers; and
we also find record to show that he invented an “ engine
for the more spedye cutting of grasse,” for which he
sought legislative encouragement. What this “ engine”
was does not well appear. The foundery was a success,
it would seem, and a choice relic from it is yet preserved
in the family of the late Alonzo Lewis, of Lynn, to wit, the
first article cast, being a small quaintly shaped iron pot.

Rey. C.C. Beaman, of Salem, gave a brief account of
the delightful scenery at and about “ Pirate’s Glen” and
also adverted to the tribe of Indians who formerly dwelt
hereabout. It was said that their camps might still be
traced by the imbedded clam-shells in the soil; and there
were some who could recollect the last of these easy,
indolent, fish-eating people, as they lingered awhile among
their civilized and more powerful successors. .

XLVI

Rev. A. W. Bruce, of Marblehead, expressed his satis-
faction at the proceedings of the day, and spoke further
of the importance of preserving items of local history.

James H. Emerton, of Salem, made some statements
as to the large collection of insects received by the Insti-
tute in the past year, and gave some Meee: on the
preservation of specimens in this class.

P. L. Cox, of Lynn, testified to the pleasantness of the
day’s afiainst and paid a just and warm tribute to the
memory of Benj. F. Newhall, the historian of Saugus.

Prof. John C. Holmes, of Michigan, gave some descrip-
tion of the tulip tree as found in that State (allusion
having been made to the tree by Mr. Tracy.) He
then spoke of the developement of the agricultural re-
sources of the West, the transportation eastward of their
products, and the necessity of increased facilities for this
purpose.

W. P. Upham, made some remarks on the jasper and
porphyry of this region.

Rev. C. C. Beaman, of Salem, alld attention to the
character and worth Ge the late Joshua Coffin Esq., the
historian of Newbury, and on his motion, the Vice Presi-
ident of History was requested to prepare a memoir of
that venerable author to be read at a future meeting.

On motion of Mr. Upham the thanks of the Institute
were tendered to Messrs. Wilbur F. and Alston Newhall
for their services as guides and otherwise, to the Proprie-
tors of Waverley Hall and all our friends in Saugus for
their kindness this day. Several persons were nominated
for membership and the Institute then adjourned.

Tuurspay, Juty 14. Ordinary meeting.
G. A. Ward in the chair.

The following persons nominated at the Saugus meet-
ing by Messrs. G. A. Ward, R. S. Rantoul and H. Wheat-

XLVII

land, were duly elected Resident Members; Abraham J.
Stanley, Samuel Carlen, John Mackie, C. W. Richardson,
W. C. Moulton, Charles Baker, J. M. Rice, Miss Annie
Treadwell, Mrs. Mary Doyle, Mrs. Chas. Hoffman, Charles
Sewall, Thomas P. Newhall, Robert McCloy, James Tref-
fren, Fred. Porter, W. D. Northend, Julian A. Fogg, J. S.
Cross, Andrew H. Lord, Charles Osgood, Mrs. D. A. Neal,
all of Salem; 8S. S. McKenzie, of Topsfield; A. W. Bruce,
of Marblehead; Wilbur F. Newhall, John W. Newhall,
Harmon Hall, James S. Oliver, John Westwood, and Miss
Charlotte M. Hawkes, of Hast Saugus.

WEDNESDAY, JuLY 27. Field meeting at North Beverly.

A small company of those most actively interested
repaired to the neighborhood of Wenham Pond in the
morning, taking the early train as far as the little village
of North Beverly. These spent the forenoon in various
rambles in the vicinity and being joined by a large addi-
tional force from Lynn, Salem, and other places, at about 3
P. M. the regular meeting was organized on the westerly
margin of the pond under a clump of venerable pines on
the grounds of Richard P. Waters Esq. Vice President,
A. C. Goodell Jr., took the chair and made a few remarks,
explanatory of the objects of the Institute.

After the reading of the records of the last Field
meeting, and the announcement of donations to the Li-
brary and Cabinets, letters were read from the following ;

Trustees of Boston Public Library, acknowledging receipt of publications;
W. F. Newhall, of East Saugus; A. W. Bruce, of Marblehead; D. C.
Haskell, J. F. Walden and Mrs. J. H. Silsbee, of Salem, accepting membership ;
R. M. Piper, of Nahant; 8. Barden, of Rockport, and Wm. Lafavor, of
Salem, on business matters.

Robert 8. Rantoul, of Salem, read an extended essay on
the History and Uses of Wenham Pond. In his remarks
he spoke of the remarkable purity of its water; its per-
manency of level; the enormous crops of ice taken from it

XLVI

and the esteem in which this product is held abroad; the
many notable characters associated with it in history, par-
ticularly Rev. Hugh Peters; and the singular amount of
litigation that had marked the adjoining territory in the
course of years.

A short but very pleasing poem by Mrs. J. H. Hanaford,
late of Beverly, but now of Reading, was read by Rev.
Geo. D. Wildes of Salem who prefaced it with a few re-
marks. The Poem was descriptive of the emotion felt by
an American in Europe on meeting with a specimen ot
the famous ice from these waters.

Stephen H. Phillips, of Salern, adverted to the very in-
teresting fact that this was one of those “ greate pondes,”
of more than ten acres in extent, whose entire freedom to
all our people for fishing and fowling is guaranteed for-
ever, first, by the “ Bodye of Libertyes,” drawn and pro-
mulgated by Rev. Nathaniel Ward of Ipswich in 1643,
then by later enactments of the General Court, and now
finally made a fixed fact by decision of the Supreme Court
lately rendered. He read extracts from the manuscript opin-
ion of the Court in the case of Inhabitants of W. Roxbury
vs. Stoddard, bearing on this point. Thus, said Mr. P. we
are in full posession of these lovely waters, for all legiti-
mate public uses, free of cost and beyond hinderance by
designing men; and this more than by all else, by the
early foresight of Nathaniel Ward of Ipswich, known as
the “ Simple Cobbler of Agawam.”

James Slade, late City Engineer of Boston, gave some
interesting facts on the subject of furnishing water to
cities, and said that when a tolerable source was selected,
it was always found that the quantity provided by nature
could be much increased by art, by the use of ‘means to
prevent loss and waste.

Rev. G. W. Skinner, of Gloucester, made some state-
ments upon the remarkable ridge, or moraine, which runs

ALIX

along the shore of the lake, from near this spot to almost
the northern end. He discussed its structure very fully
and concluded that it was formed, during the period of
drift, by the deposit of stones and gravel brought by
ice-floes or field-ice, which here, restrained by the high-
lands, was forced to move for sometime in a kind of eddy.

C. M. Tracy, of Lynn, made some observations on the
peculiar structure of the Sarracenia or Huntsman’s Cup.
He favored the idea that its pitchers, which are usually
partly full of pure water, are reservoirs for the collection
of dew, which may, by some natural means, be formed
upon them more readily than upon other objects. The
specimen before the meeting was from Cape Ann, and,
despite the severe drought, had been found with its usual
supply of water.

Prof. B. O. Pierce, of Beverly, had also examined the
. moraine spoken of by Mr. Skinner, and gave some con-
siderations thereon, as also on the mollusca found in
Wenham Pond.

Richard P. Waters, of Beverly, said this moraine had
attracted the notice of Hitchcock who had pronounced it
a wonderful formation ; but he seemed not to have alluded
to itin his writings.

Rev. C. C. Beaman, of Salem, gave some notice of the
earlier proprietors of this region, and particularly of Rev.
Mr. Fiske, one of the first clergymen in Wenham; also
of the church records of that old parish which are still
preserved.

Charles 8S. Osgood, of Salem, alluded to the kind enter-
tainment given us this day, and moved the thanks of the
Institute to the friends who had furnished it. The same
were voted unanimously. After the nomination of several
persons for membership the Institute adjourned.

~I

L

THuRSDAY, JULY 28. Ordinary meeting
Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr, in the chair

The following persons nominated at the North Beverly
meeting by A. C. Goodell Jr., and H. Wheatland, were
elected Resident Members; Isaac Appleton, of Beverly ;
Geo. P. Russell, of Haverhill; Shadrach M. Cate, Ephraim
Miller, James C. Stimpson and George Newcomb, of Salem.
The thanks of the Institute were voted to Mr. Rantoul for
the reading of his paper, on the “History of Wenham
Pond” at the meeting of yesterday, and a copy was re-
quested for publication in the Historical Collections.

Wepnespay, AuGcust 10. Field meeting at Gloucester. ;

About three hundred persons arrived in the first train
from Salem, and were escorted to the Town Hall where a
few remarks of welcome were made by Rey. Mr. Skinner,
of Gloucester, and the divine blessing was invoked by
Rev. Mr. Banvard of Worcester. The party was then
dismissed for rambles and observations. Some visited the
“Stage Rocks” and “ Rafe’s Chasm”; others rambled along
the beach or in the woods in search of plants and animals.

At one o’clock the party had mostly reassembled at
the Town Hall, where after appeasing the good appetites
caused by the morning walks, the meeting was called to
order by Rev. S. Barden, of Rockport, who made a few
opening remarks. .

The records of the last Field meeting were read, and
donations to the Cabinets and Library announced. Letters
_ were announced from:

New Jersey Historical Society, acknowledging the receipt of publications ;
J. F. Tuckerman, of Salem, accepting membership; C. M. Tracy, of Lynn;
Hi ES Péabody, of Cambridge, and G. W. Skinner, of Gloucester, respecting
. Field meetings.

G. D. Phippen, of Salem, gave a brief account of the
early history of Gloucester, and then spoke of the trans-

LI

mutation of species among plants, holding that, while under
cultivation, plants were by the hand of man, changed, so
as to produce well marked varieties, yet, if left to nature’s
own laws, every species would remain true to the charac-
teristics stamped upon it by the Creator, at its first gees
ance upon earth.

Rev. H. C. Bolles, of the Portland Nat. Hist. Society,
upon being ineroduced: made a most eloquent, and appro-
priate speech, advising all to study the works of God in
the field, and open their eyes to the beautiful gems at their
feet. Mr. Bolles stated that he had come from Portland
with his fellow member of the Nat. Hist. Society, Mr.
Morse, to see how a field meeting was conducted, and
hoped that his own Society would be able to follow the
example of the Essex Institute.

Rey. G. W Skinner, of Gloucester, exhibited, under a
microscope, some infusorial earth found. on the Cape, and
explained the probable origin of the deposit.

Prof. Wm. Hinks, of University College, Toronto, C. W.
was introduced to the meeting, and gave an interesting,
general account of the lower animals and plants, during
which he stated that he was inclined, with others, to admit
a fifth branch to the animal kingdom, in which the sponges
and allied organisms should be placed.

Rev. Joseph Banvard, of Worcester, gave an account of
the Worcester Society which had similar objects with those
of the Essex Institute, and had commenced to hold field
meetings. In the Worcester Society, ladies are not only
admitted as members, but are elected assistant curators,
and take an active part in all the meetings of the Society,
reading papers, and discussing the various subjects pre-
sented. Mr. Banvard stated that he had recently seen the
ants feeding upon the juices secreted by the aphides, or
plant lice, and that he had noticed three distinct species

LII.

of ants, each of which lived upon the secretions of a
peculiar species of aphis.

Ed. 8. Morse, of Portland, whose especial study is the land
snails, gave an account of the collection made by himself and
Mr. Bolles during the morning, stating that he had found
several specimens of two very rare species of minute snails.
The structure of these little snails, furnished, like most of
the larger species, with a shell, which is secreted by, and
is a part of the animal itself, and not a house which it can
leave at will, as is commonly supposed, was explained by
drawings. He also showed the position and shape of the
hundreds of microscopic teeth with which the snail’s
tongue is furnished for the purpose of rasping its food.

Mr. Morse read the following list of Terrestrial Mol-
lusca collected at Gloucester during the morning.

Tebennophorus dorsalis Binney. Helix ferrea Morse.
Limax campestris Binney. ‘¢ Binneyana Morse.
Helix striatella Anthony. “© exigua Stimpson.

‘< labyrinthica Say. Vertigo ovata Say.

‘s arborea Say. Pupa pentodon Say.

«< chersina Say. Succinea Totteniana Lea.

«lineata Say. ss avara Say.

<* milium Morse. Melampus bidentatus Say.

A. C. Goodell Jr., called the attention of the meeting to
the little neglected barnacle on the rocks, and after
giving an interesting description of its structure, which
he illustrated by a drawing of that portion of the animal
under the shell, he favored the meeting by reading a few
stanzas, found in his pocket, relating to the little crusta-
ceans

F. W. Putnam, of Salem, being called upon to explain
the structure of the lobster and other animals that had
been collected during the day, gave a brief account of
the various animals, and by a comparison of the lobster
with the young barnacle, which for a short period of its
life, is a free swimming animal, showed how closely related
were the wo, and how erroneous was the common opinion,

LUT.

that the barnacle was a mollusk, on account of its limy

shell.

Prof. A. Crosby, of Salem, gave an account of the walk
taken by his party to the rocks, where many interesting
things were discovered, and several kinds of minerals

collected.

Rev. 8. Barden, of Rockport, exhibited a number of
the minerals that had been collected, and described the

structure of each.

George F. H. Markoe, of Boston, explained the various
properties of the medicinal plants which he had collected,
and furnished the following list of plants seen during the

day.

Drosera longifolia
Drosera rotundifolia.
Leucanthemum vulgare.
Maruta cotula.
Nymphea, odorata.
Nuphar advena.
Gaultheria procumbens.
’ Achillea millefolium.

Asclepias incarnata var. pulchra.

Platanthera blephariglottis.
Sambucus canadensis.
Mitchella repens.
Leontodon autumnale.
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, in fruit.
Hypericum perforatum.
Hypericum sarothra.
Elodea virginica.

Silene inflata.

Statice limonium.

Clethra alnifolia.

Cuscuta Gronovii.
Eupatorium perfoliatum.
Epilobium angustifolium.

Epilobium lineare.
Cornus canadensis, in fruit.
Scutellaria laterifolia.
Spirzea tomentosa.
Spirea salicifolia,
(Enothera biennis.
(Enothera pumila.
Antennaria margaritacea.
EKupatorium purpureum
Impatiens fulva.

Lobelia cardinalis.
Lobelia inflata.

Lobelia spicata.
Pontederia cordata.
Sagittaria variabilis var. sagittifolia.
Vaccinium oxycoccus.
Lythrum salicaria.
Xyris bulbosa.

Solanum dulcamara.
Oxalis stricta.

Trifolium repens. *
Trifolium pratense.

James H. Emerton, of Salem, exhibited a collection of
about an hundred species of insects, including many
species of spiders, the object of his special study, that had
been collected by him during the day.

Rev. E. B. Willson, of Salem,-made a few general
remarks upon the usefulness of these meetings in pro-
moting the study of Nature.

LIV.

Henry W. Peabody, of Salem, was nominated for Resi-
dent Membership by A. C. Goodell Jr. and H. Wheatland.

On motion of Mr. Goodell the thanks of the Institute
were voted to the Selectmen of Gloucester, for the use
of the Town Hall during the day, and to Rev. G. W.
Skinner and other friends in Gloucester, for kind atten-
tions. Adjourned.

Tuurspay, Aucust 25. Field meeting at Rockville, South
Danvers.

A company of pleasant size and character gathered
this day at the little chapel at “ Rockville” for a series of
refreshing rambles in the neighborhood of our old famil-
ant ae Rock.” Some of the party started for Barthol-
omew’s Pond; others proposed to find “ Wildcat Ledge”
on the cna of Prospect Hill near the line of Lynn;
and some went to Spring Pond and the Aqueduct Foun-
tains. The largest portion, probably, as generally hap-
pens, took the shortest walk, and ended their jaunt at
“Ship Rock.” The iron ladder and steps, provided by the
Institute, are still in good order ; and the shady woods
around were very refreshing for a hot and dusty day.

The afternoon meeting was organized in the chapel;
Rev: 8. Barden, of Rockport, taking the chair. On so
doing, he remarked that we had brought stones, plants
and animals, and displayed them on and about the sacred
desk. It might seem as if this apparent desecration
needed some apology, but to him, at least, it was evident,
that no antagonism existed eteeen these elements, but
most beautiful harmony. True, we seldom see it exem-
plified in this way. The works of God are never opposed
to his word; and Nature teaches nothing in ag of
irreligion or vice.

Tue records of the last meeting were read arid dona-

LY

tions to the Library and Museum announced. Letters

were announced as received from the following persons
and Societies, since the last meeting :

Julian A. Fogg ; John P. Browning; George P. Russell, of Haverhill ;
J. H. Wildes of San Francisco, accepting membership: James D. Dana, of
New Haven, respecting Ordway’s ‘‘ Tree Protector’? : B. Westermann & Co.
of New York; J. A. Allen, of Springfield; Raynal Dodge, of Newburyport,
relating to the publications ; J. D. Dana, of New Haven ; James Hubbert,
of Toronto; S. F. Baird, of the Smithsonian Institution ; James Hall, of
Albany ; Vincent Barnard, of Chester Co. Pa.; Charles H. Pitman, of North
Barnstead, N. H.; Wm. Dawson, of Spiceland, Ind.; Amory L. Babcock, of
Sherborn; Geo. C. Huntington, of Kelley’s Island, Ohio ; James Lewis, of
Mohawk, N. Y.; John Johnston, of Middleton, Conn.; John Haywood, of
Kingston, Ohio ; W. M. Beauchamp, Skaneateles, N. Y.; Wm. Muir, of Fox
Creek, Mo., relating to the Naturalists’ Directory’: S. Jillson, of Feltonville;
E. 8. L. Richardson, of Chicago, Ill.; P. A. Hanaford, of Reading, on busi-
ness matters.

The chair then spoke of the geology of this region ;
and said that he had been able to-day to verify the ob-
servation made by Messrs. Alger and Jackson in 1848,
of scratches and groovings on the ledge under the eastern
base of Ship Rock. These clearly proved it a bowlder ;
since there must have been a time when it stood else-
where, and other materials were doing this grinding work
in the place it now occupies. Under the well known rock
in Gloucester called the “ Whale’s Jaw,” similar markings
are to be seen, proving the same thing. If any “one
doubted that such rocks had ever been transported, or that
ice was an adequate agent for such work, he had only to
visit Cape Cod in the winter, when in one of its harbors
‘it might be seen at play, as it were, with a great stone,
carrying it rods away and back, this way and that, with
every tide.

F. W. Putnam exhibited the various animals which
had been collected and explained the characters of the
bream, perch and shiner, showing in what way the shiner
differed from the other two, and how the perch and bream

LVI.

belonged to two closely allied families. He stated that the
three species under consideration had a wide geographical
range, only equalled by one or two other North Amer-
ican fishes, being found in almost all the ponds and lakes
east of the Rocky mountains and south of the Arctic regions.
He also made some brief statements as to the nature and
habits of the several kinds of batrachians such as frogs,
toads, and salamanders.

C. M. Tracy, of Lynn, made some explanation of the
plants collected by the explorers, particularly of the
composite family, which make ten per cent. of the world’s
vegetation, and were well represented to-day, by ‘a pro-
digious thistle, some six feet high. A few moments were
spent in considering a variety of plants reputed to cure
the bite of snakes and other venomous animals. Some of
them, it was stated, probably possessed a degree of virtue,
while others would be but idly employed for such a
purpose.

Rev. Joseph Banvard, of Worcester, said that he had
seen to-day, fresh evidences of that grand principle of
Nature, that all life is nourished by decay. Death and
dissolution are everywhere before us. The animal dies,
the plant perishes, and both are turned to mould. The rock
weathers and disintegrates. Ship Rock itself is crumbling.
From the dust of all decaying structures, a new order and
generation of things, sentient and otherwise, springs con-
stantly up, to fill a place and enjoy a time in the universal
history. So inallthings. Inasense wholly legitimate,
we have lived for years on the blood and bones of our
Revolutionary Fathers. To-day we are called to fertilize —
the soil anew with sacrificial blood, that life and enjoy-
ment may arise for future generations. These things are
often more literal than we think. When,some time ago,
there was opened the grave of good old Roger Williams,
the root of an apple tree was found to have travelled to

LVII

the head of the coffin and penetrated all along the spine,
and thence branched down the legs to the feet, being
thus nourished by the material of the bones. And _ there-
fore those who ate of that tree had been unwittingly
-partaking of the very substance of the old Reformer. Nor
in all this is there anything abhorrent to a fine and merci-
ful sense. Nature destroys with sudden stroke, mostly,
all things that can feel. She saves pain, she shows no
malevolence, but only kindly transfers the life from one
form to another.

Prof. A. Crosby, of Salem, gave some account of the
operations of the Portland Natural History Society. This
institution has excellent accommodations, and is about
commencing a system of Field Meetings, much on the

plan of our own. A curious feature at their.rooms, is the
grand table, eleven feet long by six wide, made of a single
plank from the “Big Tree” of California. Prof. C. also
spoke of the facilities afforded by these meetings for
educational purposes, and for acquaintance with things
around us which are too rarely seen in schools.

E. N. Walton, of Salem, spoke in continuation of the
same subject.

The Secretary read a letter from Rev. Charles Babbage,
chaplain in the army, in relation to Wenham Pond, giving
some curious anecdotes of that locality, and the former
residents thereabout.

On motion of C. M. Tracy of Lynn, the thanks of the
Institute were voted to the Proprietors of the Rockville
Chapel for the use of their premises to-day; also to the
friends in the village who have favored us with their
assistance and encouragement.

Henry W. Peabody of Salem, nominated at a previous
meeting, was elected a resident member.

The Institute then adjourned.

8

LVIll

FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER, 16. Field meeting at Newburyport.

This meeting had been appointed for the previous
Wednesday, but postponed on account of dull weather.
The company from the lower towns of the county, arriving
by the morning train was quite large. :

Under the efficient guidance of the Rev. G. D. Wildes,
the large company were at once placed upon the route
for visiting the most interesting objects in Newburyport
and its neighborhood. A small party of the members
whose interest was more immediately connected with the
botanical and mineralogical departments, left the cars at
the “ Serpentine Quarry,” returning thence in time for the
collation and public meeting. After a general gathering
at the City Hall, some of the party went on a delightful
trip to Plum Island ; others chose to stroll over the bridge,
and enjoy the fine walk and views on the Salisbury side, |
and the remainder proceeded to visit the Church and
Memorial Chapel of St. Paul’s. The latter structure
attracted special attention, from the connection with the
memory of a deceased clergyman and his daughter, held
in affectionate remembrance by many friends in Salem.
The exquisite memorial windows of the Chapel placed as
monuments to their dead, by several families of St. Paul’s
parish, may certainly be regarded as among the finest
specimens of the stained glass to be found in this country.

From the Chapel, the party were next conducted to the
beautiful grounds of the Dexter mansion, which were
thrown open to them through the kindness of the proprie-
tor, Dr. E. G. Kelley. In other particulars than this, the
Institute, as on previous occasions, found themselves
greatly indebted to the courtesy of Dr. Kelley. After
spending some time in these grounds, the party proceeded
to the Mall, the Putnam School, and thence to the beauti-
ful Oak Hill Cemetery. None could fail to admire the

LIX

new gateway, just erected through the generous gift of
Mr. Tappan of New York, a native of Newburyport.
None could fail to be struck with the beautiful inscription
wrought in the granite entablature. We understand that
the inscription was furnished by Mrs. Tappan, the daugh-
ter of the late C. W. Story Esq., of Newburyport, and we
record it, as itself a testimony to a tasteful and pious cul-
ture long known to her friends :

“Until The Day Break,
And The Shadows Flee Away.”

From the elevated portions of the cemetery, beautiful
and extensive views of the surrounding country were
obtained, embracing on the south and west the hills of
West Newbury, Rowley, Ipswich, and Old Town; on the
east and north the headlands of Cape Ann, the sandy
shores of Plum Island, Salisbury, and Hampton; the dis-
tant Isles of Shoals, and the woods and hamlets of Salis-
bury, Seabrook, with the towns of Amesbury and West
Newbury. After leaving the Cemetery, the Copley paint-
ings were visited at the house of the Misses Tracy, who
very kindly threw open their mansion to the large party,
and furnished much valuable information as to the history
of the portraits of Colonel and Mrs. Lee. Another fine
portrait by Trumbull of Col. Jackson, the ancestor of the
distinguished Jackson family of Boston, was seen at the
same place. From this point, the route was taken to the
old South Church, passing by the way the old colonial jail
house in Federal street. Many of the party visited the
tomb of Whitfield, where the remains of the great preach-
er, together with those of Prince and Parsons, were seen.
After testing the quality of the whispering gallery in the
church, the party proceeded to the old Tracy Mansion,
once honored by the presence of Washington, Talleyrand,
Chateaubriand, Louis Philippe, LaFayette and others.

LX

This venerable mansion, now occupied, in part by the
Rev. Mr. Fletcher, the distinguished traveller in Brazil, is
soon to be used for the purposes of the Public Library ;
alterations to that effect being now made. We hope to
see in connection with the valuable Public Library of
Newburyport, a flourishing branch of the Essex Institute.

After viewing other localities of interest as connected
with the literary, professional and commercial history of
the city, the party returned to the City Hall, where the
large hospitality of their friends in Newburyport had
made excellent provisions for a noonday repast.

The afternoon meeting was called to order in the City
Hall, about 2 1-2 o’clock, and Rev. George D. Wildes, of
Salem, was invited to occupy the Chair. On assuming
that place he made some remarks in explanation of the
plan and practice of the Institute and the influence
exerted by its meetings on the community around.

Donations since the last meeting were announced and
letters were read from the following:

A. S. Packard Jr., of Brunswick, Me.; G. C. Huntington, of Kelley’s
Island, Ohio; J. D Dana, of New Haven; J. A. Allen, of Springfield ;
Thomas Barlow, of Canostota, N. Y., in relation to the publications ;
Smithsonian Institution, acknowledging the receipt of publications ; Lyceum
of Natural History of New York ; S. Barden, of Rockport ; W. H. Prince,
of Northampton ; John L. Russell ; Mrs. E. H. Derby, of Auburndale, on
general business ; A. L. Babcock, of Sherborn ; Thos. Gile, of Washington ;
Hiram A. Cutting, of Lunenburg, Vt., on exchanges of books and speci«
mens.

F. W. Putnam, explained the structure of the galls
found on the leaves and stems of plants, and the habits of
the gall flies. He also spoke of the habits of the Aphis,
Coccus and other insects injurious to vegetation.

Rey. S. Barden, of Rockport, had been to the “ Devil’s
Den.” But there was nothing there infernal; it was a
place of unmixed beauty. He was glad to see the clergy-
men of this place interested in the pursuits of this day ;

LXI

they have saved Newburyport to the cause of science.
While laboring with his hammer at the ledge he had been
cheered by the presence of some of them, and encouraged
to open more fully the wealth of that spot. There
were beautiful specimens of serpentine, as well as asbestos,
or amianthus of a fine description. He exhibited an
elegant vase made from the serpentine by Mr. Osgood, of
Newburyport, and pronounced it equal to anything of the
kind to be seen elsewhere.

Dr. H. C. Perkins, of Newburyport, said that every boy
in the place had at some time been to the “ Devil’s
Den,” which few here know as a serpentine quarry.
It was opened for lime exclusively and worked for
some time. It furnished besides serpentine and asbestos,
some very good steatite and dolomite. The celebrated
Jacob Perkins, once of Newburyport, made paper from
this asbestos and printed some bank-notes on it which
were incombustible and served té surprise his friends.

Rev. Artemas D. Mussey, of Newburyport, expressed
his deep satisfaction in the meeting and its purposes.
He could not doubt its effect on those who attended,
especially on the young ; and he hoped a branch society,
or something like it might be formed and sustained in this
place.

Rev. J. S. Spalding, of Newburyport, had fortunately
met the party at the “Den” and highly enjoyed the
enthusiastic activity of those who composed it. If all the
members of the Institute were equally engaged and suc-
cessful, the best results must follow. There are young
men in Newburyport engaged in science and natural his-
tory. They have made fine collections of birds’ eggs
including many rare kinds and if directed and encouraged
by some systematic society, they would do much for
themselves and the cause of knowledge.

LXII

Rey. C. C. Beaman, of Salem, thought the Essex Insti-
tute could not fail to be greatly cheered by such language
as that of the Newburyport people to-day. The historical
side of our society well deserves encouragement. We are
at work to preserve a worthy past by gathering and
securing every relic of historic value.

Rev. Mr. Spalding, said that Essex North was rich in
archeological wealth. Its history was both valuable and
available. Felt, in his annals, had made some statements
as to John Barnard, a celebrated teacher of the early
times; but recent researches have corrected him in this
matter and identified parties very differently.

Rev. John N. Sykes, of Newburyport, was glad to see
the activity of the young men who took part in the opera-
tions of the Institute. The benefit of such employment
in youth must be great. They would form habits of
observation, which in after life would be of the greatest
advantage. .

C. M. Tracy, of Lynn, gave some explanation of the
plants gathered by the explorers, alluding in particular to
the asters, goldenrods and other autumnal flowers, and dis-
cussing somewhat the relations of the oaks and hickories.
He also spoke of his visit to the garden of Dr. HE. G.
Kelley, in which were noticed, among the many interest-
ing objects there found, the beautiful and finely grown
hedges of hemlock, spruce and other evergreens also one
of weigelia, this last in the time of flowering must have
presented a splendid appearance.

Dr. Perkins said every one ought to study Natural
History. It was the greatest source of comfort amid
pain, sorrow and affliction, that he had ever, known.
When the botanical specimens were just now brought
forward, they seemed to him like old friends. He remem-
bered that forty years ago, he left Cambridge with a class-
mate and botanized from thence to Newburyport, losing
the way in the ardor of the pursuit.

LXIII

The Chair added some further thoughts on the Institute
as a means of education. Such an institution forms the
best of safeguards for the young and developing minds.
The love of science will live every where. He had seen,
in the icy fastnesses of the Alps, the little band of German
students, on their vacation from the Universities, camping
in the mountain valleys and enjoying their explorations
with a zest that made him almost envious. Yet this
enjoyment is not all, for modern science is not pleasurable
only; it is eminently. practical and therefore eminently
useful. Encourage its growth among the people and
you give them at once both happiness and power.

Stephen B. Ives, of Salem, offered the following resolu-
tions, which were unanimously adopted.

ftesolved, That the sincere thanks of the Essex Insti-
tute be presented to the City Council, of Newburyport,
for the use of the City Hall, for its meeting here this day.

Resolved, That the most grateful acknowledgements of
the Institute be presented to those kind friends in New-
buryport, whose attentions in making the most ample, and
tasteful arrangements for the field meeting, and, in provid-
ing bountiful and elegant refreshments, have rendered the

present meeting among the foremost in interest and encour-
agement in the history of the Society.

Resolved, That the thanks of the Institute are especially
offered to Mrs. D. T. Granger, Mrs. Pearson, Mrs. Nourse,
Mrs. W. Horton, the Misses Tracy, of the ladies; and to
the Messrs. G. J. F. Colby, E. 8. Moseley, E. G. Kelley,
D. T. Granger, Charles Wills, C. H. Bailey, J. H. Froth-
ingham, J. Bogardus, J. Horton, and others who have
so largely contributed to the gratification of the Institute
in its present meeting.

After the nomination of members the meeting adjourned.
WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 21. Ordinary meeting
Joseph G. Waters, in the chair.
William Whitaker, Thomas L. Perkins and William H.

LXIV

Emmerton, of Salem, and John 8. Allanson, of Marblehead,
nominated at a previous meeting were duly elected Resi-
dent Members.

FRMAY, SEPTEMBER 30. Special meeting.
The President, A. Huntington, in the chair.

The president stated that the object of our assembling
this evening was to take some suitable notice of the re-
cent sudden decease of our late associate member GEORGE
ATKINSON Warp, of Salem. Mr Ward was one of the
original members and very active in the organization of
the Essex Historical Society. He removed to New York
in 1823 to engage in business in that metropolis. He
returned to Salem, in November last to spend the remainder
of his life among the scenes and friends of his youth;
since that time he has renewed his interest in the doings
of the Institute and by his zeal and industry has largely
contributed to its success.

Rey. George W. Briggs moved that a committee be
appointed to prepare resolutions and a memoir to be
presented at some future meetings, accompanying the
same with appropriate remarks.

Francis Peabody, in seconding the motion, alluded prin-
cipally to Mr. Ward’s previous residence in Salem, his
interest in the Institute and in all measures conducive to
the intellectual and moral culture of his native place.

Rev. George D. Wildes stated that his acquaintance
with Mr Ward was recent, but during that time he had
seen much of him both in his walks and in visits to his
home, and bore testimony to his worth and character as a
citizen and a friend.

A. C. Goodell Jr. followed in remarks of a similar
import and suggested that the committee consider the
propriety of providing a portrait of Mr. Ward to .be
placed in the rooms of the Institute.

LXY

The motion of Mr. Briggs, seconded by Mr. Peabody
and amended by the suggestion of Mr. Goodell, was
unanimously adopted, and Messrs. C. W. Upham, A. Hun-
tington, A. C. Goodell Jr., G. W. Briggs and Francis
Peabody were appointed on said committee.

On motion of Mr. F. Peabody, Mr. C. W. Upham was
appointed, in place of Mr. G. A. Ward deceased, on the
committee to which was referred the “ consideration of
the authenticity of the tradition that the frame of the old
Building in rear of Boston street is that of the first
meeting house in Salem.”

The committee on resolutions was authorized to call
meetings whenever it may be prepared to report.
Adjourned.

Additions to the Museum and Inbrary during July, August
and September, 1864.

TO THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT.

ALLEN, J. A., of Springfield. 382 specimens, 9 species Reptiles from Spring
field. 1 specimen Trout, young.

Bascock, Amory L., of Sherborn. (in exchange) Several fresh water
Shells. Specimens of Gryllotalpa borealis and other Insects and Spiders,
3 Jumping Mice, Embryos of Native Birds from Sherborn, Mass. Body of
Little Ant-eater and several Nuts from Surinam. Fossil Coral from Kansas.

Barpen, Rey. Srinuman, of Rockport. Specimens of Pyrhoclose, Smoky
Quartz, Pyrites, Fluorspar, &c., from Rockport.

Boxwes, Ray. Epwrn C., of Portland, Me. 8 Specimens Helix hortensis
from Broom Corn Island, Casco Bay. 3 valves of Pecten icelandicus, 4
do. of Mytilus edulis, 38 do. of Saxicava distorta Say, 38 do. of Astarte
laurentiana Lyell, from the Post Pliocene, Canal St., Portland, Me.
3 Specimens of Macoma fusca, 4do. Muscula antiqua Mighels, 11 do.
Leda portlandica Hitchcock, from the Post Pliocene, Land Slide, West-
brook, Me.

Bowoircu, Mrs. Resecca. Specimen of Limax from Salem.

Briaes, Mrs. Apattine, of 8. Danvers. 2 Specimens Attacus cecropia.

Brown, Bens. Fossil coral.

Brown, Horace. Specimen A. cecropia.

Byrnes, Ciirrorp C. 2 specimens Slag. Iron found among coal.

CARLEN, SAMUEL. Brown Bat taken in Salem.

9

LXV I

Cuipman, R. Mannina. Flowers of Linnea borealis from Westford, Mass.

Creamer, Mrs. F. M. Cones and twigs from the ‘‘Great Pine of Cali-
fornia,’’ also a string giving the exact circumferance of the tree from which
they were taken.

Dersy, Mrs. M. A., of Auburndale. Deer’s horns from Minnesota.
Specimen of coral.

Emerton, JAmes H. 112 specimens, 44 species Insects, collected at the
field meeting in East Saugus, June 13. 23 specimens Insects, 23 specimens
2 species Ants, 1 larva of Cicindela from Salem. 58 specimens, 34 species
Insects collected in Beverly. 132 specimens, 74 species Insects collected at
the Gloucester field meeting. :

HmMeRtTON, W. H. Specimen of Walking-stick, Bacunculus femoratus, from
Salem.

Farrineton, Miss A. W. B. Specimen of Attacus cecropia from Salem.

Frint, G. F. Specimens of Hudryas grata.

Frost, Mrs. L. A. Clay from Talahama, Tenn.

Goovrett Jr., A. C. Nest of Wasps from Ipswich.

Grant, Henry.~ Fossil Mollusks from Lake Champlain.

Harz, Carr. W. H. 6 Starfishes and Embryo Whale from West Coast of
Africa.

Hammonp, Capt. Josep. Fishes, Crabs, Starfishes and Mollusks from
Baker’s Isle, South Pacific. Flying-fish, North Atlantic. Several Fishes,
Crustaceans, &c., from off the coast.

Hanarorp, Mrs. P. A. Specimen of Chauliodes pectinicornis.

Hasxetn, Josuua, of Marblehead. 5 specimens of Insects collected at
the field meeting at Wenham Lake.

Hriaspen, Cuartes H. 38 specimens of Solitary Bees and specimen of
Attacus Promethea from Salem. ;

Kimpatt, Mrs. Enocu F., of Wenham. Nest of Chimney Swallow.

Kine, H. F. 4 specimens, 2 species Coleoptera from Gorham, N. H.

Lake, Cuartes H,U.S. V. Specimens of Galena, Blende, Pyrites, Mica,
Limestone, Tourmaline, Hematite and Fossils from the vicinity of Little Rock,
Arkansas.

Leavitt, Mrs. Larva of Cerura borealis from Lexington.

Lee, Joun C. Humming Bird from ‘Worcester.

Leravor, JOSEPH. Specimen of Cicada pruinosa.

Lewis, [. P. Large Pearl from a Quahaug.

Lorp, Greorce R. Specimen of Monohammus sp.

Lowp, Marx. Nest and specimens of Hornets.

Mercwant, Appison, of Gloucester. Barnacles and Shells from Banks of
Newfoundland.

Nicnors, H. P. 297 specimens, 148 species Insects, 2 malformed Hen’s
eggs, 40 specimens 3 species Salamanders, 20 specimens Fish, collected in
Bethel, Vt. 73 specimens, 40 species Insects from Salem.

Oscoop, J. C. Nest and eggs of a Wren from Salem.

LAV II

PaRKER, CHas. Specimen of Walking-stick, living female.

Peasr, W. H., of Honolulu, Sandwich Isls. 29 species of Land Shells
from Tahiti. 71 species of Marine Shells from the Pacific Islands. Several
specimens of each species, all named and several types of new species.

Perkins, Henry W. Full grown larve of Attacus cecropia. é

Putnam, F. W. 2 specimens of a large Aphis, with eggs and cast off skin
from Salem. ‘Quartz, Pyrites with gold, from Rangely, Me. 49 specimens
of Spiders from the northern parts of Maine.

Putnam, Carr. W. H. A. Collection of over 500 specimens of Coral and
several Shells from Singapore, E. I. 2specimens Forficula. Several hundred
Crustacea and several Fishes from soundings off the coast.

Rosrnson, Ass P., Specimen of Nepa from Grafton Lake, Me.

RoBinson, JOUN. 73 specimens, 50 species Insects from Salem.

Russett, Joun W. Full grown larve of Attacus cecropia.

Sarrorp, JosHuA. Coal with vein of Sulphuret of Iron.

Savace, Miss. Specimen of Walking-stick, female with eggs, from Salem.

Sitspes, WittrAmM. Nest of Hornets with about 1000 specimens in differ-
ent states of growth.

Smita, Henry. . Specimen of Prionus laticollis.

SmirH, Lawrence P. Specimen of Attacus cecropia.

Stickney, M. A. Specimens of Pterogorgia and Plexura from the Cape
Verd Islands.

Stone, Frank. 85 specimens, 84 species Insects from Salem. Specimen
of young Turtle from North Reading.

Stonz, Dr. Lincotn R., U. 8. A., Gallipolis, Ohio. Specimen of Sphinx
quinquemaculata from Gallipolis.

Symonps, 8. 8. Specimens of Pelecinus sp. and Philampelus satellitia
from Salem.

Tracy, C. M., of Lynn. Specimen of Scolopendra sp.

True, JOSEPH. 18 specimens, 4 species Hymenoptera from Salem.

Watson, Frank. Spevimen of Monohammus sp. from Salem.

Wuitsr, Gro. M. 60 specimens of a Beetle from Milkweed, Salem.

Witsox, Miss Atice. Specimen of Cicada pruinosa from Salem.

TO THE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT.

CHAMBERLAIN, JAMES. 2 Postage stamps, Cape of Good Hope and Victoria.

Cuareman, R. M. Grains of Corn from the grave of an Indian supposed
to have been buried 400 years.

Creamer, Gxo. G. Piece of the Stone steps down which Gen. Putnam rode
when pursued by the British during the Revolution, Greenwich, Conn.

Fett, 8. Q. Piece of Palmetto wood from the Rebel ram Merrimac.

Hammonp, Capt. Josepu. Model of Canoe and native Spear Sandwich Is.

Putnam, Perury, (Estate of) 3 Weapons from the Feejoe Islands.

LXVIII

Potnam W. H. A. 10 cent Postage stamp of Netherlands India.

Rantout R.S. Netherland Copper Coins.

Waters, R. Parmer, of N. Beverly. Helmet of a British soldier..

. WILLIAMS, . 4 shot, 2 fragments of shot and 1 fragment of Cannon
from the old Ft. Pickering, Salem.

TO THE LIBRARY.

Apams, Sameson & Co, of Boston. N. Y. State Business Directory, 1 vol.
8vo, New York, 1859. Fall River Directory, 1864, 1 vol. 16mo. Taunton
Directory, 1864, 1 vol. 16mo. Lawrence Directory, 1864, 1 vol. 16mo.
Manchester Directory, 1864, 1 vol. 16mo. Charlestown Directory, 1864,
1 vol. 16mo.

Crourman, Wm. R. Hoffman’s Shopping Dialogues in Japanese, Dutch
and Engtish, 4to. London, 1861. Van Reed’s collection of Phrases in
English and Japanese, 1 vol. 8vo.

Drowne, Cuariss, of Troy, N. Y. Annual Register of the Renssellaer
Institute, 1864, 8vo, pamph.

Foore, Cates. Files of the County Papers for several months.

Gisss. J. W., of New Haven. Family Notices by W. Gibbs of Lexington,
8vo, pamph. 1845.

Hanarorp, P. A., of Reading. Bible Society Record, nine numbers.
Dwight’s Open Converts, 1 vol. 16mo, New York, 1836. Stone, W. L.,
Matthias and his impostures, 1 vol. 16mo, New York, 1835. 22 Pamphlets,
also several Newspapers.

Hotpen, N. J. Proceedings of Am. Anti-Slavery Society at its 8d decade.
8vo, pamph. New York, 1&64.

Houtmes, Joun ©. 2d Annual Rep. of Secretary of Michigan State Board of
Agriculture, 1 vol. 8vo. Lansing, 1863. Boston Daily Evening Traveller,
for 1850, 2 vols. folio.

Hotmes, Tomas, (Estate of) Historie de France par Anquetil, 15 vols. .
16mo, Paris, 1822. Memoires pour Servir a |’ histoire de France sous
Napoleon, Tom 1—6 ; Tom 2, notes—7 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1828. Gourgaud’s
examen critique del’ ouvrage de Segur, | vol. 8vo, Paris, 1825. Bonnycastle’s
Algebra, 1 vol. 12mo, Phil., 1806. Letellier Grammaire Francoise, 1 vol. 16mo,
Tournay, 1816. Gilleland’s Counting House Assistant, 1 vol. 12mo, Pitts-
burg, 1815. Spanish Grammar by Jos. Giraldel Pino, 1 vol. 12mo, Phil.,
1795. Veneroni’s Complete Italian Master, 1 vol. 12mo, London, 1791.
Bonnefoux, Seances Nautiques, 1 vol: 8vo, Paris, 1827. Several Log Books.
Pamphlets, &c.

Kurprart, J. H., Cor. Sect’y Ohio State Bd. of Agric. Ohio Agricultural
Reports for 1853, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 8 vols. 8vo.

Mann, Miss Exizapetra N. Andover Advertiser, from 1857 to 1863 incl.

—

7 vols. folio.
Mannina, R. C. Cooper’s Surgical Dictionary, 2 vols. 8vo, New York,

LXIXZ

1832. Ballou’s Candid Review, 1 vol. 12mo0. Orton’s Discourses, 1 vol.
12mo, Boston, 1816. 14 Pamphlets.

Morss, Epwarp §., of Gorham, Me. Observations on the Terrestrial
Pulmonifera of Maine, by EH. S Morse, 8vo, pamph., Portland, 1864.

Mouper, B. F., of Quindaro,'Kansas. Ist Cat. of Officers and Students of
Kansas State Agric. College 8vo, pamph. 38d Ann. Rep. of Sup’t. of Public
Instruction of Kansas, 8vo, pamph. Cat. of Baker’s University. The
Rocks of Kansas, by Swallow and Haven, 8vo, pamph., St. Louis, 1858.

Monsett, Joet, of Albany. Catalogue of Library of Philom. Soc. of
Union College, 1868, pamph. Baker’s Address to Chem. Soc of Union
Coll. July, 1863. Annual Catalogue of Columbian Coll. 1362—3. Albany
Female Academy Report of Exam. June, 1863. Twenty-five pamphlets.

Nason, Wituram A., of Chicago, Ill. The Gulielmensian No. 8, May, 1864.
The William’s College Quarterly for June, 1864.

Packarp, A. §., of Brunswick, Me. Catalogus Collegii Bowdoinensis,
MDCCCLXIV, 8vo, pamph.

Packarp Jr, A. §., of Brunswick, Me. Synopsis of the Bombycidee of
U. 8. A., by A. S. Packard Jr. 8vo, pamph.

Parsons, G. W. ‘*The Cartridge Box,”’ printed at U. 8. Army Hospital,
York, Pa, 1864, several numbers.

Puivires, StepHeEN H. Proceedings of National Union Convention at
Baltimore, June, 1864.

Purnam, Exsripce. The old Franklin Almanac for 1860—64 inclusive,
8vo, pamph.

Putnam, Mrs. Espen. Several Pamphlets.

PotnaM, Partny, (Estate of) Nouvel Abecedaire, 1 vol. 12mo, Phil.,
1811. Reuss on the trade between Great Britain and U.S. A., 1 vol. 8vo,
London, 1883. Duane’s Infuatry Regulations, 1 vol. 8vo, Phil., 1815. Life
of Moreau, 1 vol. 12mo, New York, 1806. Rawson’s Military Duty, 1 vol.
8vo, Dover, 17938. Hawney’s Measurer, 1 vol. 12mo, Baltimore, 1813.
Steuben’s Regulations 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1802. Vose’s Astronomy, 1 vol.
8vo, Concord, 1827. Fisher’s Military Tactics, 1 vol. 8vo, New York, 1805.
Gray on the Reveiations 1 vol. 12mo, Newburgh, 1818. Trial of Gen. St.
Clair, Aug. 25, 1778, 1 vol. fol. Phil., 1778. History of Revolution in
Frince, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1794. 79 Pamphlets.

Stocum, Espen. Cooper’s Naval History, 2 vols. Svo, Phil., 1840. Ditto
continued to 1853, 1 vol. 8vo, New York ,18538. Browne’s Whaling Cruise,
1 vol. 8vo, New York, 1846. Frost’s Naval Biography, 1 vol. 8vo, Phil.,
1844.

Stone, Bens. W. Philadelphia Directory, for 1848, 1855, 1859, 1860,
1861, 1862, 6 vols. 8vo.

Swerr, Joun, of San Francisco. 1st An. Rep. of Sup’t. of Pub. Instruction
of California, 8vo, pamph. Sacramento, 1863.

Symonps, Epwarp. Several Almanacs.

LEX

_ Trrtie, Miss 8. J., of Beverly. 12 Pamphlets.

Tpask, Amos. Moore’s Navigation Improved, 8vo, pamph. Salem, 1815.

Tucker, Cox. James T., U.S. Volunteers. Journal and Proceedings of a
Convention for a Revision of the Constitution of Louisiana, 8vo, pamph.
New Orleans, 1864.

Tucker, JoNaTHAN. Opening Address by the President ai Illinois State
Agric. Soc. Fair at Decatur, 1864, 8vo pamph.

Tucker, Winitam P., of Portland, Me. Catalogus Collegii Bowdoinensis,
MDCCCLAIYV, 8vo, pamph.

Unitep States, DEPARTMENT OF State. Diplomatic Correspondence, 1863,
2 vols. 8¥0, Washington, 1864.

Wapbe, Misses, ofipswich. Frisbie’s Oration on Restoration of Peace, in
1783, 8vo, pamph. Dana ’s Eulogy on Washington, 1800, 8vo, pamph.

Warp, CHartes. Journal of Commerce Jr. for several months. Essex
Statesman vol. 1 fol. Salem, 1863—4.

Warp, Georce A. The Giles Memorial by John A. Vinton, 1 vol. 8vo,
Boston, 1864.

Waters, J. Lintoy, of Chicago. Annual Statement of Receipts -and
Expend. of Chicago, from Apr. 1, 1865 to Apr. 1 1864, 8vo;pamph. Cata-
logue of Library of Chicago Young Men’s Association, 8vo pamph. Chicago,
1856, ditto 1859. Chicago Revised Charter, 8vo, pamph. 1863. 30 Pamphlets.

WicuTman, W. J., of Reading. 11 School and other Reports of Reading.

BY EXCHANGE

AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SocreTy. Lincoln’s Address on C. C. Baldwin,
8vo, pamph. Jenks’ Address Oct. 23, 1818, 8vo, pamph. Proceedings at
Meeting April 1, 1864, 8vo, pamph.

AMERICAN PattosoPpHican Society. Proceedings, vol. 1x, No. 71.

Canapian Institute. The Canadian Journal for July, 1864,

Epitozs. Historical Magazine, for July, Aug., and Sept, 1864.

Iowa Srate Hisroricat Socrery. The Annals of Iowa for July, 1864, 8vo,
pamph.

Lone Istanp Hisroricat Soctery. 1st An. Rep. of Directors, Librarian,
&c., May, 1864, 8vo, pamph.

Montreat Society of Naturat History. Canadian Naturalist and
Geologist, for Feb., Apr , June and Aug., 1864.

New JERSEY Historica Society. Proceedings vol. rx, No. 6, 8vo, pamph.

New York Lyceum or Naturat History. Annals vol. vit, Nos. 13—16.
Voi. vor, No. 1.

New York Mercantite Liprary Association. 43d Annual Report, July,
1864, 8vo, pamph.

PHILADELPHTA ACADEMY OF NATURAL Science. Proceedings for May, June,
July and August, 1864.

LxXXI

PortLanp Society or Naturau History. Proceedings, vol. 1, pages 7 to
128 incl,

Fustisuers. North American Review for July, 1864.

QueBec Lirerary AND Puitosopnrcan Socrery. ‘Transactions, New Se-

ries, vol. 1, Nos. 1 and 2.
Witmineron (Det.) Institute. Annual Report April, 1864, 8vo, pamph.

Monpay, Ocroser 10. Evening meeting.

The President, A. Huntington, in the chair.

Records of previous meeting read and donations to the
Museum and Library were announced.

Letters were read from thé following :

Chas. H. Lake, of Little Rock, Arkansas; J. A. Allen, of Springfield; W.
H. Dall, of Marquette Co. Mich., relating to donations of specimens: J. H.
Hickeox, of the New York State Library, Albany; S. J. Young, Librarian
of Bowdoin College ; Secretary of the American Philosophical Society, Phil-
adelphia, relating to exchanges of publications: Prof. S. F. Baird; J. H.
Thompson, of New Bedford ; Sam’! Clarke, of Milwaukee, Wis., relating to
the Naturalists’ Directory: Miss Lucy Treadwell, of Salem ; Miss A. L
Coffin, of Newbury; J. E. Oliver, of Lynn ; J. W. Young, of Worcester ; 8.
Tenney, of Cambridge ; James Lewis, of Mohawk, N. Y.; Rev. E. C. Bolles,
of Portland, on business matters: A. L. Babcock, of Sherborn ; Dr. A. 8.
Packard Jr., of Brunswick, Me. ; Theo. Gill, of Washington ; W. Hoxie,
of Newburyport, relating to exchange of specimens.

Albert B. Russell, and Miss Lucy Treadwell, of Salem,
and Theodore Attwill, of Lynn, having been nominated
at a previous meeting were elected Resident Members.

Mr. Putnam communicated a paper from Mr. Alpheus
Hyatt Jr., entitled “ Remarks on the Polyzoa of New Eng-
land” In this paper, which was referred to the committee
on publication, Mr. Hyatt describes and figures several
new species of Cristatella and Plumatella from Cambridge,
Mass., and Norway, Me. For these species he proposes
the names of C. ophidioidea, P. hyalina and P. pennissewas-
seensis. Mr. Hyatt also describes the anatomy of the
genera Cristatella and Pectinatella and discusses their
relations, as naked Polyzoa, to the remaining genera of
the sub-order Lophopea.

LEXI

It was voted that meetings be held on the second and
fourth Monday evenings of each month until otherwise
ordered, and that all persons interested be invited to attend.

The President, from a committee appointed at the last
meeting, reported that the Hon. C. W. UpHam had con-
sented to prepare a memoir of Mr.Ward, and was desirous
of receiving any contribution that would aid in its prep-
aration. After a few additional remarks, in which he
stated that Mr. Ward was born at Salem, March 29, 1793,
and died at Salem on Thursday evening, September 22,
1864, he submitted the following resolutions :

Resolved, that the members of this Institute received
with deep and unaffected sorrow intelligence of the recent
and very sudden death of our friend and associate, GEORGE
Atkinson Warp; and desire, by these proceedings, to ex-
press our high appreciation of his character and worth as
a man and citizen, and our very great respect for his
memory. As one of the original and prominent founders
of the Essex Historical Society, in whose behalf he early
enlisted with all his accustomed energy and enthusiasm,
and to whose interests he was strongly committed, and as

the Jast survivor of the founders of that institution, since
merged in our body, it is especially fit and becoming, that
we who have thus entered into these his early labors,
should mark, with suitable testimonials of regard and
respect, the event of bis death, so sudden and startling to
his friends and to this community, and so much deplored
by us all. Descended from one of the most ancient and
honored families of Salem, he was always ready and pre-
pared, by his accurate and full knowledge of her annals
from the earliest days of the Colony, to vindicate her
character and good name ; and whether at home or abroad,
he was ever steadfast to the traditions, memories, and
principles of the place of his birth. Endowed with the
most genial qualities, with high executive ability, and
with large practical and business capacities, he early
sought a fitting sphere for their exercise and developement
in the commercial metropolis of the country; and after
walking in the high places of commercial life for more than

LXXIIT

thirty years, with varying fortunes and success, but always
with honor and integrity, never too busy to foster and cul-
tivate the studies aud tastes of his earlier life, or to
engage in those works, which in all communities are
required and expected at the hands of men of public
spirit, and enlarged views, he came back here, but little
less than one year ago, to a new generation—to die in his
native and beloved town, and to be here gathered to his
kindred and fathers. Although suffering from disease
and infirmity he was still the same genial companionable
and enthusiastic man as ever, in all good words and works,
and betook himself at once, with all the zeal of his youth,
to the care, culture and growth of this child of his earlier
days, as one of the departments and functions of the
Institute. How he labored to extend its means and use-
fullness, and to enlarge its boundaries; and how he com-
mended it to the regards, support and encouragement of
our people we are all this day his witnesses. He had
performed the same work on a larger scale, many years
ago, for the Historical Society of New York, by present-
ing with great attractiveness, and in his fervent and
glowing manner, its objects and labors to the culture and
wealth of that city, thus greatly augmenting its means,
and largely aiding it in entering on that career of useful-
ness and renown for which it has since been so much
distinguished. The hand of our friend and associate was
strongly in that earlier work of revival and reconstruction ;
and it was only in renewal of similar labors, years before,
in the formation of the Essex Historical Society. It is an
affecting incident, that his very last days and thoughts
were employed in preparing illustrative memorials of the
first meeting house of the First Church in Salem (and the
first Congregational Church founded on the Western Con-
tinent,) the frame of which is now being reérected and
covered for preservation on the grounds of the Salem
Atheneum, in the rear of Plummer Hall, under the direc-
tion of a committee of the Institute, a work which he had
undertaken, as a labor of love, and in which he was
engaged at the very moment of the fatal attack.

Resolved, That a man of a character so strongly marked
as that of our deceased friend, and who has so impressed

10

+ *

Donations to the Library and Museum were announced.

LXXIV

himself in various ways and degrees of usefulness on his
day and generation, deserves to be held in honored
remembrance ; and we are happy to have it reported to
us this evening, that the work of preparing a fitting and
just memorial of his life, and character, is entrusted to
entirely competent hands, and that in due time, it will be
ready for publication in our Historical Collections.

fesolved, That these Resolutions be entered at length
on our records, in perpetual remembrance of the respect
we bear for the memory of our deceased associate and
friend, and of our grief at his death; and that an attested
copy thereof be transmitted by the Secretary to the
nearest relatives of Mr. Ward.

The acceptance of the resolutions was moved by Rev.
G. D. Wildes and seconded by Prof. A. Crosby, and they
were unanimously adopted.

Monpay, October 24. Evening meeting.
Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair.

Letters were read from—

Maine Historical Society, acknowledging the receipt of publications: Prof.
8. F. Baird, of Washington, relating to the ‘‘ Naturalist’s Directory’’: H. L.
Ordway, of Ipswich, on the habits of the Canker worm: Albert B. Russell
and Theodore Atwill, of Lynn, accepting membership: Department of the
Interior, Washington, giving notice of the transmission of books: A. L.
Babcock, of Sherborn, relating to exchange of specimens: Dr. A. 8. Pack-
ard Jr., of Brunswick, Me ; John W. Young, of Worcester ; Miss Mary H.
Coffin, of Newburyport ; S. Lincoln, of Boston; 8. J. Young, Librarian of
Bowdoin College ; Joseph Willard, of Boston; Wm. A. Smith, of Worcester,
on business matters : James C. Ward, of Northampton, in reply to a com-
munication containing the resolutions in memory of his father, the late
G. A. Ward, Esq.

I’. W. Putnam exhibited a skeleton of a Green Turtle,
which had been prepared from aspecimen lately presented
by Francis Peabody, Hsq., and explained the various parts
of the skeleton, comparing it with that of a bird. He also
spoke of the different sub-orders and families of Turtles as

LXXV

characterized by the skeleton, and exhibited a skeleton of
the Chelys Matamata from the Amazon, which had been
in the possession of the Institute for nearly thirty years,
but had only recently been prepared for exhibition.

The Secretary presented, in the name of the Heirs of
the late Perley Putnam, an autograph letter of General
Lafayette, accepting the invitation to visit Salem in 1824,
and made some remarks on the visit of Lafayette to this
country in 1824—25.

The request of the “‘ Picture Committee ” of the National
Sailor’s Fair, for the loan of the portraits of John Rogers,
Andrew LeMercier, Samuel Sewall, William Pinchon, Sam-
uel Cooper, Benjamin Colman, Thomas Prince and Edward
Holyoke, was referred to the Board of Directors.

WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 9. Stated meeting.
Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair.

F. W. Putnam proposed several amendments to the By-
laws, which were adopted.

Solomon Lincoln Jr., of Salem, was elected a Resident
Member. Hdward S. Morse of Gorham, Me., and Edwin C.
Bolles of Portland, Me., having been nominated by the
Directors, were elected Corresponding members.

Monpay, Novemprer 14. Evening meeting.
Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair.
Letters were read from the following:

Minnesota Historical Society, acknowledging the receipt of publications :
Major Albert Ordway, 24th Mass. Infantry ; Lt. John S. Allanson, Ist New
York Engineers ; Alex. Agassiz, of the Museum of Comp. Zodlogy ; Alpheus
Hyatt, of Cambridge, relating to the transmission of specimens: James C.
Ward, of Northampton ; E. M. Stone, of Providence, R.I., relating to the
transmission of books: Prof. A. 8. Packard, of Brunswick, Me.; J. 8. Lewis,
of Batavia, N. Y.; E. S. Morse, of Gorham, Me.; 8. I. Smith, of Norway,
Me., in relation to the publications.

F. W. Putnam read a communication from J. A. Allen of

LXXVI

Springfield, entitled “ Notes on the habits and distribution
of the Duck Hawk, or American Peregrine Falcon, in its
breeding season, and description of its eggs,” which was
referred to the Committee on Publications.

Mr. Putnam presented, in the name of Rev. K. C. Bolles,
of Portland, a collection of land and fresh water shells
from Maine and New York.

Mr Bolles, who was present by invitation, being called
upon, remarked that he felt like little more than a beginner
in this department of conchology. He had been attract-
ed to the study by the examination of the lingual ribbons
of the land mollusks, organs remarkable for their beauty
and regular structure, and exhibiting under the micros-
cope fine specific characters. As yet there are but a few
American students of these shells. In general, people are
ignorant of the riches scattered about them in every forest
and on every hill side. A snail is only a snail to almost
everybody, and the common belief is that there is only
one species and that unworthy of a serious man’s attention.
In Maine from which most of these specimens were
brought, there are fifty species of land and fifty-four of
fresh water mollusks. Most of these are forms peculiar to
N. America. One, the Achatina lubrica is a cosmopolite,
the same in both hemispheres, on islands and on
continents. Some are analogues of foreign shells,—
not facsimiles, but built on the same general plan. A few
were evidently imported—carried by the accidents of
commerce, as vermin and weeds have been, to make the
grand tour of the globe. The islands of the Maine coast
were early colonized. Sometimes old coins and carved
stones are discovered there. There is another proof of
European visits. The common snails of England still
retain their rights of squatter sovereignty upon the soil.
These shells have never been found far inland. They
testify like the weeds which follow the pioneer to the
great tide of nature’s migration.

LXXVII

These specimens show us another great law of nature.
Dissimilar as they are, all their differences lay in simple
modifications of a simple type or plan. Beginning with
Vitrina there is a loose transparent whorl of organized
lime to protect the viscera of the mollusk. Through the
flattened Helices to the turretted Achatina this whorl is
twisted more or less closely, sculptured or plain, tinted or
blanched, elevated or depressed, but in all cases repro-
ducing the original plan in its structure. The animal ex-
hibited the same fact. Animal and shell must be studied
together. Here we begin to realize with what economy
the Divine Wisdom worked. Out of a few simple sub-
stances and by touches of change almost microscopic in
their minuteness the living vesture of the globe is made
so various in its beauty and exhaustless in its forms.

The study of the anatomy of these mollusks is ren-
dered somewhat difficult by the softness of their bodies.
The most wonderful organ is the tongue or lingual
membrane,—a rasp by which the creature secures its food.
Each tooth of this rasp seems formed of the clearest
glass. In some species there are over two thousand of
these teeth upon the lingual organs. Under the micro-
scope and especially by polarized light they form beautiful
objects for examination. Mr. E. 8. Morse, to whom the
Natural History of Maine owes so much, has studied this
matter scientifically and with fine results.

In short—Nature at our side everywhere offers us the
choicest encouragement, whatever our particular tastes.
The land repeats the wonders of the sea, and any associa-
tion, like the Essex Institute, to study the lessons of both,
is an association for mutual enjoyment, education and re-
finement in the knowledge of the great Creator.

The donations to the Library and Museum, received
since the last meeting, were announced.

Charles Babbidge, of Salem, was elected a Resident
Member. .

LXXVIII

Monpay, Novemper 24. Evening meeting.
The President in the chair.
Letters were read from the following:

Rev. E. C. Bolles, of Portland, Me.; Solomon Lincoln Jr., and Charles
Babbidge, accepting Membership : A. 8. Peabody, of Cape Town, Africa ;
C. H. Jones, of Sun Prairie, Wisc., relating to the transmission of specimens :
A. R. Burton, of Littleton, N. H.; William Muir, of Fox Creek, Mo., relating
to exchanges: Rev. James Hubbert, of Toronto, C. W.: Prof. A. E. Verrill,
of Cambridge ; Charles W. Felt ; Robert Hamlin, of Bennington, Vt., on
business matters.

F. W. Putnam read letters from George C. Huntington,
of Kelly’s Island, Ohio, giving an account of the “ Red
bug” of that Island, specimens of which were presented
to the Institute by Mr. Huntington. Mr. H. stated that
the insect was, as far as he could learn, found only on
Kelly’s Island. It is called the ‘‘ Red bug” on account
of its bright crimson color when living. It is so minute
as to be hardly visible to the naked eye, and from its habit
of penetrating beneath the skin, at the elbow joint, under
the arms and other tender places, is very annoying to per-
sons of delicate skin, especially to women and children;
of late years however, it has been discovered that alcohol
applied to the part affected will kill the insect and allay
the eruption caused by it. Whence this insect comes,
or where it goes, is still a mystery. They do not
propagate while under the skin. In many of its habits it
is similar to the “Jigger” of the Southern States, and it
is thought by most persons to be the same insect, but by
its size and structure this is at once disproved. Mr Put-
nam thought that the insect was allied to the Louse
(Pediculus) and, as far as he could ascertain, it was as yet
undescribed.

William P. Upham. presented in behalf of Mrs. Martha
Lee late of Manchester, an old Journal kept by Benjamin
Craft during the siege of Louisburg in 1745, with letters

LXXxIx

written by him at that time; also a Journal kept by
Hleazer Craft in the Revolutionary war, at the period of
the surrender of Burgoyne, which was presented by Mrs.
A. H. Trask of Manchester.

After some remarks upon the subject by A. C. Goodell
Jr., and Rev. G. D. Wildes, the communication was refer-
red to the Committee for publication in the Historical
Collections.

The Secretary presented in the name of S. H. Phillips,
a portrait of President William H. Harrison, painted by
Abel Nichols Jr., of Danvers, who visited North Bend on
the Ohio, for this purpose, during the Presidential cam-
paign of 1840.

The chair made some remarks upon the events connec-
ted with this campaign, and mentioned several incidents
illustrative of the character of the late President.

Two very handsome and large specimens of sponge col-
lected from the piers of Beverly bridge, in the channel of
the river, at about ten feet below low water mark, were
presented by Rev. A. B. Rich of Beverly, who stated that
these specimens exhibited, in his opinion, the two ex-
tremes of the species, as he had other specimens in his
collection from the same locality, having intermediate
forms.

Mr Putnam spoke of the structure of sponges and the
various opinions of Naturalists as to their proper af-
finities, some holding them to be plants and others the
lowest form of animal life; to the latter opinion he was
strongly inclined.

R. 8. Rantoul stated that the War Department had
caused surveys to be made for one or two new forts,
within the limits of our County. One of these is at Bey-
erly and is intended as a part of the defence of Salem
Harbor; for this fort the name of “ Hale” would be ap-
propriate, in honor of Col. Robert Hale, a distinguished

LXXX

citizen of Beverly, in the last century; and if the other
should be located in Ipswich, it might be designated
“Fort Dennison,” in respect to the memory of Col. John
Dennison, formerly one of the most noted personages in
that section of the county. On Mr. Rantoul’s motion a
committee, consisting of Messrs. Davis, Rich and Tuck,
all of Beverly, was appointed to confer with other parties
in relation to the naming of the proposed forts, should
they be erected.

Mr. Rantoul called attention to the large number of val-
uable manuscripts that were daily sent to the paper mills,
and trusted that all present would endeavor to rescue as
many old papers as possible and have them placed on file
at the Institute.

A. C. Goodell Jr., followed Mr. Rantoul, and hoped that
all the friends of antiquarian research would endeavor to
save the old manuscripts, books, papers, &c., especially
those of the Ante-Revolutionary period, from the collec-
tors of such articles for the paper manufactories.

G. D. Phippen mentioned that during the past season
Mr. C. W. Felt had removed his establishment for the man-
ufacture of the Type-setting and Justifying machine to
this city. Much interest having been expressed in this
machine, which bids fair to change the present mode of
composition in the printing office, Mr. Phippen’ moved
that a committee be appointed to invite Mr. Felt or his
associates to give an account of the machine at some fu-
ture meeting of the Institute; Messrs. Huntington, Phip-
pen, Goodell and Kimball were appointed on said com-
mittee.

James Talant of Concord, N. H., and James Hubbert
of Toronto, C. W., having been nominated by the Direc-
tors, were duly elected Corresponding Members.

LXXXI

Wepyespay, DecemBur 7. Special meeting.
The President in the chair.

The chair announced that the object of the meeting was
to listen to an explanation of the Type-Setting, Justilying
and Distributing Machine invented by C. W. Felt of this
city, and now in the course of construction at the manu-
factory on Bridge street. After some general remarks
appertaining to the subject, a general explanation of the
machine, and of the purpose of its various parts, and their
mode of operation was given by Mr. Wm. G. Choate, and a
more detailed description of particular parts of the machine
by Mr. John B. Richards, and remarks were made in regard
to the invention by Mr. A. C. Goodell, Jr., and Mr. James
Kimball.

This machine, as its name imports, sets and justifies type,
and also distributes. The setting is done by the manipula-
tion of a key board. There are thirty-seven keys for
setting the type, one for each letter and character of some
one alphabet, or size of type. While other keys touched
with the keys of the several letters, turn the letters into
any required alphabet, or size of type. Thus there is an
italic key, and a capital key, which touched with the key
of any letter, turn that letter into a capital or an italic,
&c. The mechanism is so arranged as to keep pace
with the most rapid compositor. Consequently if the
manipulation of a key board is the quickest method of
communicating motion intelligently to mechanism, as 1s
believed, then this machine will enable a compositor to
set types as fast as in the nature of things it can be done.
Some idea may be formed of the rapidity with which the
machine may be operated from the example of printing
telegraphic machines which are operated by a similar key
board. Rapid operators can compose on these at the
rate of 7500 ems an hour, which is seven and a half times

Il

LXXXII

as fast as a rapid compositor can set types by the old
method. By the use of a certain series of combined
letters, cast in single type, which Mr. Felt has invented
and which are used in the machine, there will be a further
gain of about one-third, thus bringing the capacity of the
machine nearly if not quite up to 10,000 ems an hour in
the hands ofa quick and skillful operator. Besides setting
the type, this machine. spaces and justifies the line, as
well, or even better than can be done by hand and also
leads the matter. The operation of justifying which print-
ers have usually pronounced impossible for machinery to
accomplish, and which no other type setting machine
does or attempts to do, is performed by the machine
automatically, all that the operator does, being to touch a
key when his line is full, which transfers the line into the
justifying apparatus and puts it in motion. Nor does the
justification take the time of the operator. It is performed
while he is setting the next line.

Attached to the machine is a register as it is called,
which makes a complete record of all the operations of the
machine by punching holes in a strip of paper. The use
of the register is in résetting and distributing the matter.
These strips of paper being placed in the machine, and the
machine set in motion, it will automatically set and justify
the same matter in the same or a different type at any
future time. This will obviate the necessity and save the
experse of sterotyping books. The distribution is also
automatically performed by means of the register, or it
may be effected by the key board, or by nicks in the type.

Besides this machine Mr. Felt has invented several very
simple and ingenious applications of the principles of
the machine to setting type by hand which will be of
great value, especially in small offices, where the large
machines will not be required.

On motion of James Kimball it was voted—That the

LXXXITI

thanks of the Institute be presented to Messrs. Choate and
Richards for their interesting and instructive remarks
and explanations of the machine.

Monpay, Drecemper 12. Evening meeting.
The President in the chair
Letters were announced from:

New Hampshire Historical Society ; Maine Historical Society ; Massa-
chusetts Historical Society, acknowledging the receipt of publications: A. L.
Babcock, of Sherborn and A. B. Burton, of Bethleham, N. H., relating to
, exchange of specimens : Dr. Wm. Wood, President of the Portland Society of
Natural History ; Lt. J. 8. Allanson, lst New York Engineers ; Prof. S. F.
Baird, of the Smithsonian Institution, on business: Rev. Joseph Banvard,
of the Worcester Society of Natural History ; Rev. E. C. Bolles, of Portland,
Me.; Prof. A. E. Verrill, of Norway, Me.; J. A. Allen, of Cambridge ; W.
H. Dall, of Chicago, Ill., relating to the publications.

F. W. Putnam read a letter from William Hoxie, of
Newburyport, in which Mr. Hoxie stated that he had
found the following birds breeding in Byfield Parish
during the past season—~Scolecophagus ferrugineus Sw.
(Rusty Blackbird), Myiodioctes canadensis Aud. (Canada
Fly-catcher) and <Antrostomus vociferus Bonap. (Whip-
poor-will).

George D. Wildes read a memoir of the late Captain
William Nichols; of Newburyport, a noted Privateersman
during the war of 1812 and one of the most enterprising
and daring navigators of that period.

On motion of Mr. Goodell the thanks of the Institute
were tendered to Mr. Wildes for his interesting communi-
cation, and a copy was requested for publication in the
Historical Collections.

Mr. Putnam mentioned that ina collection of Reptiles
received from J. A. Allen, of Springfield during the past
season, there was a specimen of the Celuta amena B. & G.
(Worm Snake). Mr. Allen had for several years past
been confident that he had seen this species near Sprine-

o

LXXXIV

field, but had never been able to secure a specimen be-
fore. The only notice of this snake having been found
in New England is by Dr. Storer who states, in his
“Report on the Reptiles of Massachusetts,” that a single
specimen was coilected by Professor Adams in Amherst,
Massachusetts. Several authors having doubted the iden-
tification of Storer’s specimen, the present one from Mr.
Allen places the species beyond doubt in the Massachu-
setts fauna. Several specimens of Heterodon platyrhinos
Latr. (Hog-nosed Snake, or Blowing Viper) were also in
the collection received from Mr. Allen.

Mr. Putnam made some remarks upon the nest of a
mouse found in a barberry bush, near Swampscott, and
preserted by Edward J. Porter.

A. C. Goodell Jr. mentioned that the course of Lectures
on Insects, their habits and structure, by F. W. Putnam,
would be delivered under the auspices of the Institute as
soon as the necessary number of tickets were subscribed
for.

Donations to the museum and library were announced.

W. P. Martin, W. R. Cloutman and E. 8. Attwood, of
Salem, were duly elected Resident Members.

Monpay, DecemMBeR 24. Evening meeting.

The President in the chair.

Letters were read from:

Messrs. Silliman & Dana, of New Haven, Conn.; T. A. Cheney, of Havana,
N. Y., relating to an exchange of publications : Asst. Surgeon A.S. Packard,
jr., 1st Maine Infantry; Alpheus Hyatt, jr., of Cambridge; James G. Ar-
nold, Librarian, Worcester Nat. Hist. Soc., in relation to the publications:
Edwin Harrison, of Irondale, Mo.; Albert G. Browne, Treasury Department,
Reaufort, S. C., relating to the transmission of specimens; G. F. Matthew, of
St John, N. B.; G. W. Tryon, jr., of Philadelphia, relating to the Natural-
ists’ Directory : Prof. L. Agassiz, Director of Museum, Comp. Zodlogy; W. Bar-
ry, Sect’y Chicago Historical Society, acknowledging the receipt of publica-
tions: Rey. E. C. Bolles, of Portland, Me.; W. A. Nason, of Chicago, Ill.; W.

LXXXV

H. Dall, of Chicago, Ill.; B. Q. Peirce, of Beverly; R. Kennicott, Sect’y, Chi-
eago Acad. Nat. Science ; Dr. J. Bernard Gilpin, of Halifax, N. 8.; W. A.
Smith, of Worcester; N. Paine, of Worcester, on general business.

F. W. Putnam read a communication from D. M. Balch,
“On Native Grapes.” In this paper Mr. Balch gives the
results of his analyses of the following varieties of grapes
grown in this vicinity, viz: the Delaware, Hartford Pro-
lific, Concord, Adirondac, Allen’s Hybrid, Union Village,
Clinton, Alvey (Hagar), Franklin, Rogers’ Hybrids Nos. 1,
Seed, lon oy 22, 30 ao, and. 4

From these analyses, native grapes would seem to be
divided into three classes: Ist, those in which the propor-
tion of acid and sugar are well balanced, as the Delaware,
Rogers’ Nos. 4 and 15, Allen’s Hybrid, &c.; these should
make good wine. 2d, those in which the acid is deficient,
asin the Adirondac, Hartford, &c. 3d, those in which
the great excess of acid overpowers all else, and renders
the fruit nearly uneatable ; such are the Clinton, Franklin,
&c. The paper also contained several important practical
remarks upon the culture of the grape in our climate. On
motion of Mr. Putnam the communication was referred
to the Publication Committee. -

Mr. Putnam stated that, since the last meeting, he had
ascertained that Mr. Samuels, in his report on the Mammals
of Mass., mentioned that the White-footed, or Deer Mouse,
Hesperomys leucopus, builds its nest in bushes, and he
therefore presumes that the nest presented at the last
meeting by E. J. Porter, was that of this species of mouse.
In reply to a question from the chair, Mr. Putnam gave
a brief account of the winter nests of the Musk Rats.

Charles Davis, in behalf of the committee appointed at
a previous meeting, submitted a report containing the rec-
ommendation of the Selectmen of Beverly, that the Fort
which the Government proposed to erect in Beverly, be
called Fort Hale, in memory of Col. Robert Hale, formerly
of Beverly, which was adcpted.

LXXXVI

Mr. Davis exhibited a fragment of the shell fired from the
“Alabama” into the “ Kearsarge,” and which wounded three
men on board the latter steamer ; also the only piece of the
“ Alabama” remaining above water, and which was taken
from the leg of one of the crew of the “ Alabama” by Sur-
geon’s Steward G. A. Tittle of the “ Kearsarge,” a citizen
of Beverly.

Donations to the Library and Museum were announced.

James P. Kimball, of New York and Felipe Poey, of Ha-
vana, Cuba, having been nominated by the Directors were
elected Corresponding Members.

Miss Susan T. Boynton, of Lynn and Henry W. Putnam,
of Salem, were elected Resident Members.

Additions to the Museum and Library during October,
November, and December, 1864.

TO THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT.
BY DONATION.

AuLanson, Lieut J. 8., Ist. N. Y. Engineers. Lignite from the Dutch
Gap Canal.

Barker, Georce. Skin of a Coot from Lake Cupsuptic, Me.

Barrett, Miss, of South Danvers. Salamander, Hair Worms,
and two Insects from South Danvers.

Bouies, Rey. Epwin C., of Portland, Me. 44 specimens, 25 species of
Insects and Spiders from Portland, Me., and Mohawk, N. Y. 43 species
of New England Land and Fresh water Shells.

Brown Jr., Beys. 12 specimens, 11 species native Insects.

Brown, Dantet. Fresh specimen of Blue Heron, Ardea herodias
Linn.

Datu, W. H., of Chicago. 9 specimens of Reptiles from the vicinity
of Lake Goodwin, Marquette Co., Mich. :

Day, ALBERT. Specimen of Scorpion.

Everton, JAMES H. 87 specimens of native Insects.

Everton, Epurarm. A Lizard enclosed in copal.

Euuerton, W. H. Specimen of Sphinx taken in Salem.

Hare, Henry. Specimen of Blue Sulphuret ‘of Iron, from which me-
talic paint is made.

LXXXVII

Harrison, Epwin, of Irondale, Mo. Specimen of the Walking Fern,
Camptosarus rhizophyllus from Irondale, Mo.
Haske, Josaua P., of Marblehead. Cases of Worms resembling the
shells of helix from Wenham Pond. 46 species of native Shells.
Hearn, Joun. A Birds’ nest from Marlboro, Mass.
Horton, N. A. <A specimen of very thin veneer.
Ives, Joun M. Fresh specimen of Bittern, Botawrus lentiginosus.
Jituson, §., of Feltonville. Part of a skeleton of a Bald Kagle.
Jones, C. H., of Sun Prairie, Dane Co., Wise. <A collection of 130
Fishes from Madison 4th Lake, Wise.
Kaweazt, Ep. D. Crown Crane, Balearica pavonina, from W. Africa.
Laxe. Cuas. H., Mass Vols. <A ‘‘ Green Rose’’ from Little Rock, Ark.
Lanper, Miss E.R. Specimen of Lead from West Hampton, Mass.
Larrasper, H. L. 4 specimens of the Silver-side, Atherina notata
captured under Beverly Bridge. :
Lerayor, Joseru. Fresh specimen of a Woodchuck found in Salem.
Matoon, Wu. Hornets’ nest.
Museum or Compartive Zootocy, Cambridge. 40 Specimens, 30 species
of Fishes from Singapore, collected by Capt. W. H. A. Putnam.
-Nenson, Sytyanus, of Georgetown, Mass. Fossils from Rock river,
INEGY?
Norris, Cuas. H. Mud Turtle, Chelydra serpentina, from Salem.
Oscoop, Carr. Cuaries. Eges of Pyrula from Coast of Brazil.
Oscoop, Joun C. Specimen of Crystalized Salt from Atlantic Salt
Company’s Works, Bay City, Michigan.
Puasopy, A. S., of Cape Town, Africa. 2 specimens of Callorhynchus
antarctica from South Africa.
Prapopy, Francis. Green Turtle, Chelonia mydas.
Purepen, G. D. 12 specimens, 4 species Insects from Salem.
Porter, Ep. J. Nest of the White-footed Mouse, Hesperomys leucopus ,
found in a barberry bush in Swampscott.
Purnam, Cuas. A. 6 specimens of Frost Fish Morrhua pruinosa, from
North River. 30 specimens of Unzo complanatus from Spring Pond.
Purnam. F. W. Eggs of the Sheldrake, Merganser, and Black Duck,
from Oxford Co., Me.
Ricu, Rey. A. B., of Beverly. Two large and handsome specimens of
Sponge from the piers of Beverly Bridge.
SAFFORD, JosHUA. Ore from the Hecksher Coal Mine.
Samvuets, H. A., of Boston. Egg of Fish Hawk, Pandion carolinensis
Bonap., from Maine.
Sanporn, Francis G., of Boston. 227 specimens, 69 species of Spiders
collected in Massachusetts.
Sure, James G., of Woburn. 73 specimens, 14 species of Insects from
Newbern, N. C.

LXXXVIII

Topp, Mrs. Joun E. A. Native Silver from Copiapo, Chilli.

Tracy, C.M., of Lynn. 2 specimens of Desmocerus palhatus, male
and female. Butcher Bird, Collyrio borealis, from Lynn.

Wueatitanp, Henry. Skull of a Musk Deer. Collection of Flower
seeds from California.

WueatLanp, Capt. Ricuarp. Specimen of Tobacco grown in Salem.

BY EXCHANGE.

Bascock, Amory L., of Sherborn, Mass. 45 Skulls, mostly of native
birds. Part of skeleton of a Cannibal fish from Surinam. Several
Minerals from Kansas. Insects and Spiders from Sherborn.

Pacxarp Jr., Dr. A. S., Brunswick, Me. Skulls of Seal, Esquimaux
Dog, Black Bear and Squirrel, 13 specimens, 8 species of Fishes, 1 Frog,
16 species of Crustaceans, 200 specimens, 60 species Fossil Shells from
the drift, 15 specimens, 3 species dried Echinoderms, from Labrador.

TO THE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT.
BY DONATION.

Autanson, Lr. J. S., Ist N. Y. Engineers, Bermuda Hundreds. Fossil
Wood from Dutch Gap Canal.

Anprews, Wu. P. A piece of one of the timbers of the oldest house
in America, St. Augustine, Fla. Shells from Fort Wagner.

Brack, Ensicy Natu. W., of the gunboat ‘‘ Mahaska.’’ Rebel Tor-
pedo from St. John’s River, near Jacksonville, Fla.

Boutzs, Rey. Epwiy C., of Portland, Me. Rebel Envelopes. Several
Postage Stamps, Foreign and American.

Brooxs, Henry M. 7 City Checks for 5—25 cents from N.Y. & N. J.

Browne, Aupert G., of Beaufort, S$. C. Lime blocks from the oldest
house in America, St. Augustin, Fla.

CLourman, Wu. R. A Pike taken from the Chinese rebels by Gen.
Ward. Japanese Custom House Receipt. Chinese Coin. East Indian
Copper Coin.

Danon, , of Marshfield, Mass. Piece of Shell from the ‘‘ Tennes-
see’’. Piece of Wood from the stern post of the ‘‘ Brooklyn.”

Davis, Cuas., of Beverly. Photographs of the new Chapel of the
Baptist Society in Beverly and of the first Pastor of the society.

Emerton, J. H. Cincinnati Token. Chinese Cash.

Exmito, Capr. Lours. Several Fuses of different kinds.

Fry, Two Spindles from the railing on the top of a pew in
the old East Church, built in 1718.

Minter, Frep. L., Ass’t. Eng. U.S. 8S. Kearsarge. A piece of the
shell fired by the ‘‘ Alabama,’’ and which wounded three men on board
the ‘‘ Kearsarge.”’

Orpway, Masor ALBert, 24th Mass., Infantry. 245 Foreign and
American Coins.

LXXXIX

Perkins, Gro. Spoon made of bone by an American prisoner con-
fined in Dartmoor prison during the war of 1812.

Puitirrs, 8. H. Portrait of W. H. Harrison, painted by Abel Nichols
of Danvers.

Pournamu, Cart. W.H. A. Native Sword from Java.

Roprs, Natu., of Cincinnati, Ohio. 250 specimens, 108 kinds of
Western Tokens.

Rorss, Truorny. Image from ancient Thebes.

SuitH, Warren A. Confederate 10 cts. Postage Stamp.

Stone, Rey. Epwrn M., of Providence, R. J. A portion of the Cotton
from the bale on which David Crowley of Providence floated and was
saved from the burning ‘‘ Lexington’? Jan. 13, 1840.

TREADWELL. Capt. W. A., 14th N. Y. Artillery. Confederate Pass
taken from the body of Lt. J. B. Gayle, C. 8. A., killed at Spottsylvania,
C. H., May 14, 1864. Spur from the boot ofa rebel killed at Bull Run.

Wueatitanp, H. Two antique Powder Horns.

TO THE LIBRARY.
BY DONATION.

Brices, WituiamM. Dedication of Forest Dale Cemetery, pamph. 8yo,
Holyoke, 1862. 2d An. Rep. of New England Freedman’s Aid Society,
pamph. 8vo, Boston, 1864.

Brooxs, Henry M. Roscobel, or the compleat history of the most
miraculous preservation of Charles u., 1 vol., 12mo, London, 1725. An.
Rep. of Adj. Gen. of Mass., pamph. 8vo, Boston, 1862. Ash’s Gram-
matical Institutes, 1 vol., 16mo, Worcester, 1785. Boston Almanac
1861, 1 vol., 16mo. Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, several numbers. The
Hive, vol. 1, 16mo, Salem, 1828—9. 22 Pamphlets.

Cuasr, George C. Friend’s Review, 20 Nos., Philadelphia, 1864.

Davis, CHarizs, of Beverly. The Alabama and the Kearsarge by F.
M. Edge, 8vo, pamph., London, 1864.

Drowns, Cuartes, of Troy, N. Y. Annual Register of the Rennselaer
Polytechnic Institute, 1864-5, Ist term, 8vo, pamph., Troy, 1864.

Farnum, Josepu. The Brunonian, edited by Students of Brown Uni-
versity, 1 vol., 8vo, Providence, 1831.

Gitpin, J. B., of Halifax, N.S. Bernard’s Lecture on the Sable,
Darby’s wreck of the Arno, &ec., 12mo, Halifax. 1858. Transactions
of the Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science, vol. 1, pt. 1, and vol.,
i, pt. 1, 8vo, Halifax, 1863-4.

Green, Samuen A., of Boston. Radicalism in Religion, Philosophy
and Social life, four papers from Boston Courier, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston,
1855. Catalogue of Lawrence Academy, Groton, 8vo, pamph., 1864.

12

XC

Correspondence between Webster and Hulseman, Syo, pamph., London,
1851. 71 Pamphlets.

Ives, Henry P. Trial of the Murderers of Mr. White, 8vo, pamph.,
Salem, 1830.

Kizgy, Wittiam H., of Eastport, Me. Annual Report Adj. Gen. of
Maine, for 1863, 8vo, 1 vol., Augusta, 1863.

Kiye, Henry F. Hayden’s Science and Revelation, 1 vol., 12mo,
Boston, 1852. Barrett, the Golden Reed, 1 vol., 12mo, New York,
1855. Wilkinson on War, Cholera, and the Ministry of Health, 1 vol.,
Svo, Boston, 1855. A Portrait of Swedenborg, &c., 8vo, pamph.,
Boston, 1854.

Kiye, Miss Sarau, of Danvers. Tull’s Husbandry, 1 vol., 8vo, London,
1750. The Gentleman’s Jockey, 1 vol., 8vo, London, 1683. Bulkeley
and Cummin’s yoyage to the South Seas, 1 vol., 12mo, London, 1757.
Alingham’s Geometry, 1 vol., 12mo, London, 1714. United States
Register for 1795, 1 vol.; 16mo, Philadelphia, 1794. Salem Gazette for
1799, 1801, 1802, 3 vols., fol.

LanewortHy, I. P., of Boston. 43d, 48th, 49th, An. Rep. of Ameri-
can Tract Society, 8vo, pamph., Boston. American and Foreign Chris-
tian Union 32 Nos, and 64 Nos of the Christian World.

Lorp, N. J. Files of the Boston Daily Post for June, July, August
and September, 1864.

Massacuusetts—Sect’y or State. Massachusetts Public Documents
for 1863, 4 vols., 8vo. Report of Ship Canal, 1864, 1 vol., 8vo. 2Ist
Registration Report of Mass., 1 vol., 8vo. Adj. Gen. Report, Mass.,
1863, 1 vol., 8yo.

Nicnots, Jonn H. Several papers printed at Charleston, 8. C., dur-
ing the year 1864.

OpELL, Cartes. Collection of Almanacs.

Satem, Ciry. 277 Pamphlets,—principally Town Reports.

Stptey, Joun L., of Cambridge. Catalogue of Harvard University,
1864-5, 12 mo, pamphlet.

Smatu, Mrs., Natu’t., of Pembroke. Perin’s Meditations, 1 vol.,
16mo, Boston, 1709.

Sparks, Jarep, of Cambridge. Life of John Ledyard, by J. Sparks,
1 yol., 12mo, Boston, 1864.

Stickney, M. A. 40 Pamphlets. Introduction to Latin Grammar,
lvol., 12mo. Exeter, 1794.

Srory, Aucustus. Herald of Freedom, Railway Times and The Inde-
pendent, files for several years. 24 Pamphlets.

Tucker, JonatHan. A collection of Manuscripts from the estate of
the late G. Tucker.

Upton, James. Littell’s Living Age, vols., 24, 25, and 26, 3d series,
8yo, Boston, 1864.

XCI

Unrrep Stares—DerarrMent or tHe {nrerior. Reports of the Pacific
Railroad, vols. x and x1. 4to. Japan Expedition Report, vols. 11 and
ir. 4to.

Vatentine, B. EK. Catalogue of Haverford College, 1864-5, pamph.,
12mo, Philadelphia.

Warp, Cuartes. Journal of Commerce Jr., files for July, August,
. September and October, 1864.

Warp, James C., of Northampton. The Journal and Letters of
Samuel Curwen, edited by George A. Ward, 4th ed., 1 vol., 8vo,
Boston, 1864.

Winpes, James H., of San Francisco, Cal. Maps of the Public Surveys
of California and Nevada, 1863.

BY EXCHANCE.

Aupany Instituts. Transactions, vol. 1v, 8vo, Albany, 1858-64.
Transactions of the Society for the Promotion of the Useful Arts, vol. rv,
pt. 11, 8vo, Albany, 1819.

American ACADEMY oF ARTS AND Sciences. Proceedings, vol. v1,
pages 97 to 340 inclusive.

AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL AND SravisticaL Sociery. Proceedings, vol.
11, Nos. 3 and 4, 8vo, pamph., New York, 1864. :

Canapian Institute. The Canadian Journal for Sept. and Noy. 1864.

DartmourH CoLiece Lisrary. Catalogue of Dartmouth College,
1864-5, 8vo, pamph.

Eprrors. The American, Vol. 1, No. 1, December, 1864, Salem.

Kssex Banner, Haverhill, Mass.
Florida Union, Jacksonville, Fla.
Haverhill (Mass.) Gazette.

Historical Magazine, New York.
Lawrence (Mass.) American.

Lynn Weekly Reporter.

Salem Observer.

South Danvers Wizard.

The Palmetto Herald, Port Royal, S. C.
The Reader, London, England.
Tuclumne Courier, Columbia, Tuolumne Co., California.

Gruman, D. C., Librarian of Yale College. Catalogue of Yale College,
1864-5, 8vo, pamph., New Haven, 1864.

Harvarp Coitece Lisrary. 130 Pamphlets, principally relating to
the various New England colleges.

Harvarp Coiitecr Opservatory. Safford on the Right Ascension of
the Pole Star, 8vo, pamph., Cambridge, 1864.

Towa Strate Historican Socrzery. Annals of Iowa for October, 1864,
8yo, pamph.

XCII

Massacuvuserts Hisrorican Socrery. Proceedings, 1863-4, 1 vol.,
8vo, Boston, 1864.

Massacutsetts InstrrurE or Trecunonocy. Scope and Plan of the
School of Industrial Science, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1864.

Missocrr State Horricutruran Society. Proceedings at Ann, Meet-
ing, January, 1864, 8vo, pamph. Proceedings of Missouri Fruit Grow-
ers’ Association, for 1859, 8vo, pamph.

Montreat Society or Naturat History. The Canadian Naturalist
and Geologist for October, 1864.

New Hampsuire Historican Soctery. Collections, vol. vir, 8vyo, Con-
cord, 1863.

PuinapELpHiaA Acapemy or NatursaL Screxcr. Proceedings, Sept.
and October, 1864, 8vo, pamph.

PortLanp Soctery or Naturat Hisrory. Journal Vol. 1, No. 1, 8vo,
pampk. Proceedings, Vol, 1, pages 97 to 128 inclusive.

Provipence ATHENeUM. 29th Ann. Report, Sept. 1864, 8vo, pamph.

Pusuisuers. North American Review, Oct. 1864.

Ruope Istanp Hisroricat Sociery. One hundred and fifty pamphlets.

Youne, Srepuen J., Librarian of Bowdoin College. 10th Ann. Rep,
of the Schools in Maine, 8vo, pamph. Ann. Rep. of Adj. Gen. ef Maine,
for years ending Dec. i861, and Dec. 1863, 2 vols., 8vo. The Bowdoin
Bugle, No. xu, Noy. 1864. 12 Pamphlets relating to Bowdoin College.

ZoOSLoGIscHE GESELLSCHAFT, Frankeurt, 4. M. Der Zodlogische Gar-
ten, Vol. vy, Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

BY PURCHASE.

Draper’s History of Spencer, 1 vol., 8vo, Worcester, 1860. Lincoln’s His-
tory of Worcester with Hersey’s Continuation, 1 vol. 8vo, Worcester, 1862.
Meade’s Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia, 2 vols. 8vo,

‘Philadelphia, 1857. Sewall’s Ancient Dominions of Me., 1 vol. 8vo, Bath,

1859. Moore’s Lives of the Governors of New Plymouth and Massachu-
setts Bay, 1 vol., 8vo, Boston, 1851. Thayer’s Family Memorial, parts 1
and 2, 1 vol., Hingham, 1835. Plumer’s Life of William Plumer, 1 vol.,
8vo, Boston, 1857. Adams, John, The Works of, with a Life of the au-
thor, Notes, &c., by C. F. Adams, 10 vols. 8vyo, Boston, 1850-6. Vallan-
digham, C. L., The Trial by a Military Commission, 1 vol., vo, Cincin-
nati, 1863. Field’s Centennial Address and Historical Sketches, 1 vol.,
12mo, Middletown, 1853. Millet’s History of the Baptists in Maine, 1
vol. i2mo, Portland, 1845, Westeott’s Life of John Fitch, 1 vol., 12mo,
Philadelphia, 1857. Brick Church Memorial, 1 vol. 8vo, New York, 1861.
Woodworth’s Reminiscences of Troy from its Settlement in 1790 to 1807,
8yo, lL vol., Albany, 1860. Barne’s Settlement and Early History of
Albany, 1 vol. 8vo, Albany, 1864. Humphrey’s Life of Putnam, 1 vol.,
12mo, Hartford, 1850. Hopkins, The Patriot’s Manual, 1 vol. 12mo,
Utica, 1828.

XCHI

Monpay, January 9. Regular meeting.
Vice President Goodell in the chair.
Letters were read from:

E. $. Atwood of Salem; James S. Tallant of Concord, N. H., ac-
cepting membership: J. W. Young of Worcester, relating to one! pub-
lications: IL. C. Draper, Sec’y Wisconsin Historical Society; E. T.
Cresson, Sec’y, Entomological Society of Philadelphia; W.H. Dall of
Chicago, Ill.; J. E. Arnold, Libr., Worcester Society of Natural His-
tory; W.C. H. Waddell of the American Geogr. and Statistical So-
ciety ; B. Westermann, & Co.; James E. Oliver of Lynn; Waldo Hig-
ginson of Boston, on Business.

F. W. Putnam exhibited several colored drawings by
Dr. J. Bernard Gilpin of Halifax, N.S

One of these was a winter scene, representing a moose
feeding on the tender twigs of a young tree which it had
pushed over for the purpose, by straddling the tree with
its fore legs, bearing on it with its chest. “Another draw-
ing was probably that of an undescribed species of Trout
from Nova Scotia. The remaining were figures of the
“Nurse” or “ Sleeper Shark,” Somniosus brevipinna Le Su.,
taken froma specimen captured in seventy fathoms of
water on Sambro Banks, and brought to Halifax in the
winter of 1862-5. The specimen was eleven feet three
inches in length. In the manuscript accompanying the
drawings, Dr. Gilpin describes the stomach, small and large
intestines of this shark as being formed of one large sim-
ple gut from the mouth to the anus, with hardly percepti-
ble differences in the various parts. He also mentions
that there was a single coecal appendage. This shark is
said to inhabit deep water, never appearing on the surface,
and its habits are so sluggish as to allow of its being often
captured witha cod line. The fishermen speak of it as vo-
racious, and, at some seasons, troublesome about their
nets. Dr. Gilpin also remarks upon the inaccuracy of the
published figures, of this species, by Le Sueur, DeKay and
Yarreil

Mr. Putnam spoke of the importance and great value of
such figures and observations as those made by Dr. Gilpin,

and called attention to the articles on the habits of the

13

GINS

Herring by Dr. Gilpin, published in the Transactions of
the Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science.

Rev. G. D. Wildes presented, in the name of Mrs. John
Forrester, a Chinese visiting card of the late D. Fletcher
Webster Esq., used while Secretary of the American Em-
bassy at China. Also a Hindostanee Poem, written on
Palm leaves and supposed to be five hundred years old.

Donations to the Library and Museum were announced.

Daniel H. Mansfield, Charles Odell, and Charles B. Fow-
ler, of Salem, were elected Resident Members.

Monpay, January 23. Regular meeting.
The President in the chair.

Letters were read from:

E. S$. Morse of Gorham, Me., accepting. Membership; Hiram A.
Cutting of Lunenberg, Vt.; William Wood & Co.of New York; A.
Mather of Philadelphia, in relation to the publications: J. A. Allen of
Cambridge; R. Kennicott, Curator, Chicago Acad. of Sciences; E. T.
Cresson, Sec’y, Entomological Society of Philadelphia; C. W. Felt;
C. P. Preston of Danvers; Wm. Prescott of Concord, N. H.,. on
business.

Rev. G. D. Wildes presented, in the name of Elijah
Haskell, an old Spanish spear head and a gun lock, which
were found in the Castle of San Juan d’ Ulloa, Mexico:
also the eggs of Pyrula from the Delaware Breakwater.

Donations to the Library and Museum were announced.

The President, after some appropriate remarks on the
life,character and public services of the late Edward Ev-
erett, submitted the following resolutions:

Resolved. 'That we desire to express, and to place upon
our records, in perpetual remembrance, our profound ad-
miration and respect for the life and character of the
Honorable Epwarp Everett, a Corresponding Member
of the Essex Institute, and to join in the tributes, every-
where so justly and in such large measure paid to his
memory, his worth, and his deeds, as the great American
Scholar, Orator, Statesman and Patriot, and our most
illustrious citizen.

XxCV

A. letter from the Hon. C. W. Upham, was read by the
President as follows :

Salem, Jan. 23, 1865.

Hon. Asahel Huntington,

President of the Essex Institute.
Dear Sir:

It is eminently proper for every literary
and scientific association to participate in the honors paid
to the memory of Epwarp Evererr. I regret not to be
able to be present at the meeting this evening.

An uninterrupted friendship, covering a period of more
than forty years, frequent and long continued correspon-
dence, and much personal intimacy, have given me oppor-
tunity to judge of his character. I can say, with the strict-
est truth, that every word of encomium in the various
forms in which the universal public sentiment has been
expressed on the occasion of his death, finds full support
in my impressions and recollections. In the combination
of his natural endowments, the circumstances of his edu-
cation and history, and the uses to which he put his great
faculties and advantages, he has always appeared to me
without a parallel.

The warmth and tenderness of his heart, his devotion to
offices of benevolence, and his calm moral courage, are
the traits which ever most arrested my attention. He
often encountered vehement hostility, and the tide of
popular misunderstanding and misrepresentation some-
times threatened to overwhelm him, but he kept on his
way patiently and quietly, never yielded to its power, or
veered from the course marked out by his convictions of
duty.

He has been the great teacher of his countrymen of
two generations, constantly pouring forth from his won-
derful resources of knowledge and genius, the most useful
information and the noblest sentiments. An elevating
influence has pervaded all the productions of his pen,
and inspired his eloquence. He has pushed forward the
intelligence, and stimulated the progress of society stead-
ily for more than half a century. If his unrecorded acts
of courtesy, kindness, and usefulness in the daily routine,

XCVI

and ordinary course of life should be made known by
those who have experienced them, they would equal in
amount the extraordinary accumulation of his public
Jabors. No one, however humble, ever addressed him
for information without receiving a prompt and consid-
erate reply, no one ever sought his aid without receiv-
ing evidence of his kind endeavor to serve him. He
was faithful, punctual, and true to every opportunity
of usefulness.

The collection of his Orations and Addresses, when
completed, will be found to possess the elements of
value and interest that will secure for them a permanent
place in the highest department of the literature of the
language. They embrace a wider circle of knowledge
and a greater variety of subjects, ina style of elegance,
accuracy, and polish, than any other work, and will stand
the test of time.

His career justifies, and his classic grace and dignity of
countenance and mien would peculiarly adorn the most
costly monument that a grateful people can rear. All ©
coming generations ought to be enabled to behold the
features and form of the American, who has wrought out,
by a life of industry, duty and virtue, the most finished
model of culture and civilization.

If a portion of the contribution, which wealth and pa-
triotism are about to make to this object, could be ex-
pended in giving to the public, in a beautiful form, and at
a cost within the means of the great body of the people,
a full collection of his productions, of all kinds,—from his
first academic efforts to his last expiring strains, pleading
the cause of country and Christian charity in Faneuil
Hall,—it would indeed be the grandest monument, and
render his usefulness perpetual.

Yours, very truly,
CHARLES W. UPHAM.

Resolved. That the letter of Mr. Upham be entered at
length upon the records, and that we cordially concur in
its sentiments and estimation of the life and character of
Mr. Everett.

Resolved. That an attested copy of these proceedings

XCVII

be transmitted by the Secretary, to the family of Mr.
Everett.
Rev. G. D. Wildes seconded the resolutions with ap-
propriate remarks, and they were unanimously adopted.
Francis C. Webster of Salem, was elected a Resident
Member.

Monpay, Fepruary 6. Regular meeting.
Vice President Goodell in the chair.

Letters were read from:

Massachusetts Historical Society; Natural History Society of New
Brunswick; Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science; Corporation of
Brown University, acknowledging receipt of publications: Prof. A. E.
Verrill of New Haven, Ct.; W. H. Dall, of Chicago, Ill.; Thomas R.
Drowne; James L. Oliver of Lynn; C. W. Felt; J. Colburn of Boston;
S. D. Bell of Manchester, N.H., on business: J. A. Allen of Cam-
bridge; Trubner & Co. of London, relating to the publications: W.
W. Stuart of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, on the exchange
of specimens: Rey. E. C. Bolles of Portland, Me., transmitting spec-
imens: Prof. Theo. Gill, Librarian of the Smithsonian Institution, giv-
ing the particulars of the destruction by fire of a portion of the Smith-
sonian Institution: Franklin B. Hough of Albany, N. Y.; Prof. D. C.
Eaton of -Yale College, relating to the Naturalists’ Directory: William
Endicott of Shanghae, China, accepting Membership: Mrs. Mary H.
Nichols, presenting a portrait of her late husband, Dr. Andrew Nich-
ols: William Everett of Boston, in reply to a communication contain-
ing the resolutions passed at the last meeting of the Institute in
memory of his father.

Dr. H. Wheatland gave a brief account of the life and
services of Dr. A. Nichols, who was one of the pioneers
in the study of Natural History, in this vicinity ; follow-
ing immediately in the steps of the celebrated Rev. Dr.
Cutler of Hamilton. His example and precept have done
much for the promotion of those objects which we now
possess and enjoy. He was active in the organization of
the Essex County Natural History Society, and for the
first twelve years its President. It is well, occasionally,
to look back upon the days of our infancy, and call to_

XVCII1

mind those who have laid the ground work of the opera-
tions of the present day.

Messrs. J. M. Ives and F. W. Putnam, alluded to the
various discoveries made by Dr. Nichols in local Natural
History.

F, W. Putnam announced the donation of one hundred
and thirty-five copies of “The Victoria Regia, or the Great
Water Lily of America, by John Fisk Allen,” from the
author. This work was published in 1854. It is a folio,
and contains sixteen pages of text, and six plates repre-
senting the flower of natural size, in several stages of its
growth, the structure of the leaf, and the young plant.
The Institute, is, by this donation, in possession of all the
remaining copies of the edition, and the only source
whence the work can be obtained. On motion of Mr.
Putnam, it was

Voted. That the copies of the “ Victoria Regia,’ do-
nated by Mr. Allen, be sold at a price not less than ten
dollars per copy, or exchanged for works, equal in value,
on Natural History and Horticulture, and that all monies
received from this source be expended in the purchase of
works on Natural History and Horticulture ; and that all
books received as above be placed in the Library of the
Institute as donations from Mr. Allen.

Donations to the Library and Cabinets were announced.

Albert J. Lowd, Thomas R. Drowne and Benjamin Pear-
son, of Salem, were elected Resident Members. Winslow
Lewis of Boston, was elected a Corresponding Member.

Monpay, Frpruary 8. Quarterly meeting.
Vice President Goodell in the chair.
The following amendments to the By-Laws were
adopted.

Cuaprer I. The following to be added: “ Provided,
however, that any member may, in lieu of the annual as-
sessment, pay the sum of thirty dollars to be added to

XOIX

the funds of the Institute, the annual interest thereof to
be considered as the payment of the annual assessment
of said member.”

Cuaprer LV. Lines 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th to be changed
so as to read; “ No specimen shall be taken from the rooms
except by permission of the Committee of the Department
to which it belongs, upon a written application made to
the Secretary or Superintendent.”

Amos Noyes of Newburyport, John Kinsman, Freder-
ick Lamson of Salem, were elected Resident Members.
James C. Ward of Northampton, was elected a Corres-
ponding Member.

Monpay, Frrruary 20. Regular meeting.
Vice President Goodell in the chair.

Letters were read from:

Prof. F. Poey of Havana ; Messrs. Triibner & Co. of London ; Prof. A.
KE. Verrill of Yale College; J. A. Allen of Cambridge, relating to the
publications : R. Kennicott, Curator, Chicago Acad. Nat. Science ; Lt.
Col. Ordway, Bermuda Hundred, Va. ; A. L. Babcock of Sherborn, notice
of the transmission of specimens: Prof. Poey of Havana ; Dr. Winslow
Lewis of Boston ; F.C. Webster, accepting membership : Lyceum of
Natural History of New York ; Mass. Historical Society; Boston Society
of Natural History, acknowledging the receipt of publications: New
York Chamber of Commerce, giving notice of the transmission of books :
N. Bouton of Concord, N. H., in reply to questions respecting the Re-
cords of the Conventions, at Exeter, 1774—’75: Dr.S. A. Green of Boston,
J.S. Appleton of Boston, on business: H. G. Jones, Corresp. Sec’t.
Penn. Historical Society,’relating to the exchange of publications of the
State of Pennsylvania.

Mr. Putnam read a communication from J. A. Allen,
entitled, ‘“ Notice of a Foray of a colony of Formica san-
guinea Latr, upon a colony of a black species of Formica
for the purpose of making slaves of the latter.” Referred
to the Publication Committee.

F. W. Putnam madea few remarks upon the develop-
ment of the fins of fishes, and the subsequent absorption
of certain fins in some species.

He had lately examined young specimens of Achirus lin-
eatus Cuv., and had discovered that they possessed pecto-
yal fins, which were situated very near the opercular
openings and composed of four well developed rays. In
two specimens, which were nearly three inches in length,
the pectorals were perfectly developed, except on the left
side of one specimen where no fin could be traced. In
another specimen, about four inches in length, both pec-
torals were present. A number of larger specimens were
without pectoral fins which has been considered as the
normal condition ot the species of the genus Achirus.

Donations to the Library and Museum were announced.
Voted. That this meeting be adjourned to Tuesday ev-
ening next.

Turspay, Fesruary 28. Adjourned meeting.
Vice President Goodell in the chair.

Hon. C. W. Upham read an interesting memoir of our
late esteemed member, Grorce. A. Warp.
On motion of Dr. Wheatland, it was

Voted. That the thanks of the Institute be tendered to
Mr. Upham for the highly interesting and valuable memoir
of the life, character and services of our late member,
George A. Ward, and that a copy be placed at the disposal
of the Publication Committee for publication in the “ His-
torical Collections.”

Monpay, Marcu 6. Regular meeting.
Vice President Goodell in the chair.
Letters were read from:

The Department of the Interior, giving notice of the transmission of
twenty-eight volumes of Public Documents: $8. P. Fowler of Danvers-
port ; N. Brown of Boston, relating to the publications; Natural His-
tory Society of New Brunswick, acknowledging the receipt of publica-
tions: T. A. Cheney of Havana, N. Y., relating to an exchange of pub-
lications: Prof. James Hall of Albany, N. Y., offering to complete the
Institute’s set of the Reports on the New York State Cabinet: W. W.
Burrage of Boston, relating to the printing of Reports of the Classes

Cl

of Harvard University ; H. W. Putnam, City Point, Va.; William L.
Welch, notice of transmission of specimens and photographs: Messrs.
Hartman & Laich of Cincinnati, Ohio, on business.

Captain N. E. Atwood of Provincetown, being present,
was called upon by the chair and gave an interesting ac-
_ count of several species of native fishes as observed by
him—

The Cod fish of the Eastern coast of the United States
is not an inhabitant of the waters south of Cape Hatteras ;
that cape being the southern limit. of the species. The
northern limit he could not state, though it was certainly
far north of the Straits of Belle Isle. In regard to the
Cod, on our eastern coast, being of one, two, or three spe-
cies, he could not, as yet, decide, but judging from their
habits alone there might be three species, and it was his
greatest desire to devote the rest of his life to the solving
of this and similar problems in ichthyology, which can
only be done by a person spending a length of time at
each of the fishing grounds on the coast; carefully col-
lecting facts, examining and comparing a large number of
specimens from each place. At present, all he could say
was, that there was a great and constant variation in the
habits and size of the Cod from the various fishing grounds
on the coast. The Cod taken by troll lines in the Gulf of
the St. Lawrence are much larger than those from any
other place, while those taken by the hand lines are quite
small. The largest Cod he had ever seen weighed one
hundred and one-half pounds, and this specimen was taken
near Provincetown. He had heard of others that were
supposed to have weighed from one hundred and fifty to
one hundred and seventy-five pounds, which had been cap-
tured in the Gulf of St. Lawrence near the shore. On
the coast of Labrador, he had never seen a Cod that
would weigh twenty-five pounds; larger specimens, how-
ever, were taken on the small banks in the Straits of
Belle Isle, five miles and upwards from the shore, and on
George’s Bank the fish caught with hand Imes average
larger than from other localities.

Mackerel come into Provincetown harbor in the spring
as early as the 15th of May, all of full size and with spawn,

14

CII

and are then known as large No. 3’s. By the 28th of May
the spawn is fully developed, and deposited by the first of
June. About the first of July young Mackerel, not more
than two and one-half inches in length, are abundant in
the Bay. These young Mackerel, in the latter part of Oc-
tober, are about six inches in length, and he has caught and
packed and sold them as “ No.4 Mackerel.” They leave
the coast earlier in Autumn than the older ones. The
large Mackerel, which appear first, as before stated, are
followed by the arrival of small ones, on our coast north of
Cape Cod about the 15th of June. These are known in the
market as “ Blinks,” and are from last year’s eggs. “ Tink-
ers,” are of two years growth; “ Half-Size,” are three years
old, those older are called “Large ones.” When Mackerel ar-
rive on the coast, being lean, they are all designated as “ No.
3’s,” but as they feed and improve in condition they are
called “ No. 2’s,” and when fat, are marked “ No. 1,” pro-
vided that they are thirteen inches long: but if less than
thirteen and over eleven, then they are “No. 2’s” if fat;
all under eleven inches are marked as “small No. 3’s,”
whether fat or poor. Adult Mackerel of four years, or more,
are the only ones which spawn on our coast, and they will
not take the hook until they have deposited their spawn,
when they become lean and voracious. Formerly it was
supposed that the large Mackerel, which first appear in
Provincetown harbor, had passed the winter in the mud,
and many persons would not eat them owing to their sup-
posed muddy taste. These large Mackerel go further north
than the smaller ones, returning southward long after the
others have left the coast, and are even captured in No-
vember and December in the vicinity of Provincetown.
Capt. A. was convinced that the Scomber grex was the
young of the S. vernalis, Mitchill, and not a distinct spe-
cies.

After giving an interesting account of the various
modes of capturing the Mackerel at different times of the
year, Capt. A. alluded to the Bluefish and the changes
which had taken place in its habits. This fish, which
many years ago, was very abundant, and held in high es-
timation by the Aborigines of our country, wholly disap-
peared from our coast in 1764, and not a specimen was

CiIl

seen on the coast, so far as Capt. Atwood knew, for fifty
years. In 1847 they returned to the North of Cape Cod
in great abundance, and have since been taken in large
quantities in weirs and nets, and by the hook, near the
shore. Now they avoid the shore, and, during the last
year or two have kept in the Bay, where it is difficult to
capture them, as they seldom take the hook, though, until
recently, they were most voracious and game fish.

The Menhaden, which were formerly so great a pest to
the fisherman, and considered only fit for manure, appear
in vast numbers on the coast of Massachusetts during the
summer, a little later than the Mackerel, and remain until
late in the season. They are now a valuable source of
income, being caught for the oil, which is pressed from
them, and sold for $40 a barrel. The refuse, after the
oil is extracted, is used as a fertilizer and commands a
high price. The sides of these fish are also salted, packed
in barrels, and sold at a good price for Mackerel bait.
The Menhaden does not spawn while on our coast, and it
is only in the few, which have been driven into the rivers
and which do not leave the coast until December or Jan-
uary, that spawn has been found. In the month of Au-
gust and September a few of the young Menhaden are
seen in our harbors; but further south, along the coast of
Virginia, the young are seen in countless millions, and in
heavy storms are driven on shore and left to die. On the
coast of Virginia, small Menhaden appear after the large
ones have left for the North. From the fact that the
Menhaden which visit us during the summer, are either of
a large and uniform size, or quite young, this species is
supposed to attain its erowth i in a single year.

On motion of Rev. Mr. Wildes, the thanks of the Tnsti-
tute were voted to Capt. erro for his interesting re-
marks.

Donations to the Library and Cabinets were announced.

John Dixey, Joseph B. F. Osgood, and Edward H.
Knight, of Salem, were elected Resident Members.

CIV

Monpay, Marcu 20. Regular meeting.
Vice President Goodell in the chair.
Letters were read from:

Lyceum of Natural History of New York, acknowledging the receipt
of publications: Boston Society of Natural History, acknowledging
the receipt of a collection of plants, collected in Zanzibar, by Caleb
Cooke: Amos Noyes of Newburyport, accepting Membership.

Donations to the Library and Museum were announced.

A. C. Goodell Jr. read a paper entitled the “ Cavalier
and the Puritan.” This will be published in a separate
form. ,

John Daland of Salem, and Eben F. Stone of Newbury-
port were elected Resident Members.

Additions to the Museum and Library during January,
February, and March, 1865.

TO THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT.

BY DONATION.

ALLEN, Francis R., Hamilton, Fresh specimen of Bald Eagle, Hali-
@tus leucocephalus, shot in Hamilton, Jan. 20.

ALLEN, J. A., Cambridge. Specimens of a Red and of a Black species
of Ant, and the pupa of the Black species ; taken from an army of the
Red species, Springfield, Mass., July 30, 1864.

Bassince, Cuas. H. Chalcopyrite from Cheticamp, N.S.

Bascocx, A. L., Sherborn, Mass. 9 specimens, 7 species, Insects ;
Skin of Sciwrus hudsonius ; skeletons and parts of skeletons of 3 species
of native Birds; specimen of Anodonta fluviatilis, from Sherborn.

Burrrick, 8. B. Portion of the jaw of a Porpoise. Water Beetle, Dy-
tiscus sp., from South Salem.

Boxes, Rev. E. C., Portland, Me. 7 specimens of Anodonta edentula
Lea, A. Ferussaciana Lea, Unio iris Lea and U. calceolus Lea from Mil-
waukee, Wis. 3 specimens Mya arenaria from the Postpleiocene at
Gardiner, Me. 3 specimens Coleoptera from Africa.

Cary, Geo. A. 2specimens of Tellena from Turk’s Island.

CHAMBERLAIN, JAMES A. 2 Holothurians, dry.

Cutcaco Acapemy or Natura Sciences, Chicago, Ill. Skins of 8 spe-
cies of Mammals and 64 species of Birds from the West and North. 36
species, 51 specimens of Western Bird’s eggs.

Davis, Cuartes, Beverly. Egg of an African Ostrich.

CV

Iarrincron, Aucusrus, North Becket. Crystal and massive Emery,
Tron ore and Margarite, from Chester, Hampden Co., Mass.

Haskeni, Huisna. Kegs of Pyrula from Delaware Breakwater.

Harcu, Cas. F. Flying fish, Hxocetus sp., from off the mouth of the
Amazon. Centipede from near Parahiba River, Brazil.

Hearn, Joun. Larva of Papilio Turnus Linn. from Lynnfield.

Heatu, N. 5 Insects from Salem.

Hicsrr, Cuas. H. Malachite from Africa.

Horrman, Capt. Cuas. Lizard from Bissao, W. C. Africa.

Kezar, Watrer A. Wood perforated by leredo, from Pensacola, Fla.

KneeLtanp, Cyrus A., Topsfield. Living specimen of the Saw-whet
Owl, Nyctale acadica, captured in Topsfield.

Loverr, Epmonps. 3 species, 5 specimens of Ophidians; 3 species, 3
specimens of Saurzans ; 1 Bird; 6 species, 21 specimens of Insecis ; from
the South West Coast of Africa.

Lowp, Marx. Fungus.

Mack, Dr. Wu. Larvee of Gstrus Bovis from a cow.

Netson, S. Aucustus, Georgetown. Jasper from Winter Island.

Nicuois, STEPHEN. Fungus.

Orpway, Con. Apert, 24th Mass. Inf’t. Clay from ‘‘ Dutch Gap
Canal.”’

Paurray, Cuas: W. Specimen of the Mocking Bird, Minus polyglot-
tus Boie, 13 years old.

Parcu, W. H. H.,Concord, N. H. Living Opossum, Didelphys vir-
gimana Shaw, from Virginia.

Perkins, Ezra, Essex. Nest of Humming bird, Trochilus colubris
Linn.

Ponp, T. M., Framingham. Nest and eggs of the Meadow Lark, Ster-
nella magna Swains, from Illinois.

Porter, Kp. J. Fossils and Minerals from Ohio. 10 Insects, 7*Crusta-
ceans, from Essex Co. Mantis sp. from Washington.

Purois, H. A., Boston. Several Spiders from Boston.

Purnam, F. W. Cochineal Insects, Coccus cacti, from Mexico. Speci-
men of Sapphire. Several species of Fishes from Mass. Bay. Claw of
Lobster (malformation. )

Purnam, H. W. Infusorial Earth and Marl from near City Point, Va.

Quiusy, Dr. E. H. Human embryo.

Rozserts, J. W. Fresh specimen of the Great Gray Owl, Syrniwm
cinereum Aud., captured in North Salem.

Sanporn, F. G., Boston. Specimens of the Potter Wasp, Hunemes fra-
terna. Plum Weevil, Rhynchenus Nenuphar; Pine Weevil, Curculo
Pales, from Mass.

SaunpERSs, Miss Mary. Living specimen of the Acadian Owl, Nyctale
acadica, captured in South Salem on Jan. 19.

Whiter, Gro. M. 226 specimens, 75 species, Insects from Salem.

CVI

TO THE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT.
BY DONATION.

Auten, J. F. Waterproof Japanese Coat made of paper.

Bouzs, Rev. E.C., Portland, Me. One of the first stamped Envel-
opes issued in England, May 5, 1840. Designed by G. W.Mulready, R. A.

Burrrick, 8. B. The Cockade worn by the late High Sheriff, Joseph EK
Sprague. Indian Relics from Ware’s Beach, Marblehead, collected by
Joun W. Bartrert.

CHAMBERLAIN, JAMES. 4 Foreign Postage Stamps.

CocswELL, Bric. Gen’L. A series of Photographic Views taken in At-
lanta, Ga.

Epwarps, Cuas. W., Serg’t 2d Mass. Inf’t. Piece of the Rebel Flag
found flying at Atlanta on the capture of the city.

FarrFicLp, Capt. James. 3 Coins from Uruguay ; 1 Coin from Bue-
nos Ayres.

Fett, S. Q. Native Dress (Sarong) from Java. 5 Photographs of
Sikhs and other castes of India.

Forrester, Mrs. Jonn. Chinese Visiting Card of D. F. Fletcher.

GoopetL Jr., A.C. Bill Head of John Hancock.

Haskett, Extsaa. Gun Lock and an ancient Spanish Spear Head from
the Castle of San Juan d’Ulloa, Mexico.

Ives, Joun M. Wooden Images, carved by Alfred Bates, a soldier of
the war of 1812. 5

Kine, Cart. H. F. Dutch Copper Coin (2 stivers.)

Lovett, Epmonps. Native Mat from the South West Coast of Africa.

Perkins, Ezra, Essex. Indian Pipe.

Purppen, Natu’t. $5 Bank Note of the United States Bank 1828.

Putnam, Mrs. Espen. Cane made from a timber used in the 2d and
3d house of the 1st Church.

Ruopes, Henry W. Rebel Uniform Button.

Steers, James L. Rebel Uniform Button.

Symonps, Gro. W. Piece of a Rebel Gunstock from the ‘‘ Wilderness.’’

Witkinson, Mrs. Enizaseru, Beverly. Irish Flax ; such as was used
in the manufacture of linen cambric. Brought from Ireland in 1791.

TO THE LIBRARY.
BY DONATION.

ALLEN, Cuarites A., Cambridgeport. 1st and 2d Triennial Reports of
Class of 1858 of Harvard, pamph.

Auten, JouN Fiske. Boston Cultivator for 1862, 1863, 1864, 3 vols.,
Ato, Boston. 135 copies of the Victoria Regia, folio.

Batiarp, Davip, Brunswick, Me. Bourne’s Address at the Popham
Celebration, Aug. 29, 1864, pamph.

CVII

Bouues, EK. C., Portland, Me. Illustrations de Timbres Postes, J. B.
Moens. 8vo, Liv. 1 to 9. Bruxelles, 1862.

Boston Pusiic Lisrary, Trustees or. 12th Annual Report, 1864,
8vo, pamphlet.

Brooks, Cuartes T., Newport, R. I. Carriers New Year’s Addresses,
Jan. 1, 1865.

Brooxs, Henry M. Gospel of St. Mark, tr. and arranged by L. A.
Sawyer, 1 vol., 12mo.

Brooks, M. C., James. Speech of J. Brooks in U. 8. Congress, Dec.,
1864, 8vo, pamph.

Burrage, Wu. W., Boston. Reports of Secretary of Class 1856 of
Harvard for 1860, 1861 and 1865, 8vo, pamphlets.

Cuass, Grorce C. Friends’ Review, 16 Nos.

CuasE, Grorce H. The Boatswain’s Whistle, National Sailor’s Fair,
Boston, Nov. 1864, 1 vol., 4to.

Cuase, Mrs. Gzorce H. The Sanitary Commission Bulletin, Nos. 1 to
32 incl., 8vo. The Sanitary Reports, Vol. 1 and Vol. 2. Nos. 1 to 18, 4to,
Louisville, Ky, 1863. 30 Miscellaneous publications of the Sanitary Com-
mission.

Cuoatr, Wu. G. Rep. Adj. Gen. Mass. 1863, 8vo, I vol. Report of
Commissioners of Agric. for 1862, 1 vol., 8vo. Manuals of Mass. Legis.
for 1860 and 1861, 2 vols., 18mo. Midgley’s Sights in Boston and Sub-
urbs, 1 vol., 18mo. 45 Pamphlets.

Cotz, Mrs. N. D. Salem Gazette for 1864, 1 vol., fol. Boston Daily
Traveller for 1864, 2 vols., fol.

Coiman, Bengamin. The act of Tonnage and Poundage and rates of
Merchandise, 1 vol., 8vo, London, 1702.

Dawson, Henry B., Morrisania, N. Y. Correspondence between
John Jay and H. B. Dawson, etc., concerning the Federalist, 8vo,
pamph., New York, 1864.

Eastern Rartroad, Directors. 30th Annual Report, 8vo, pamph.

Forrester, Mrs. Joun. The Overland Friend of India, files for 1858,
59, 60, 61, 62, 63, Serampore. Manuscript of a Hindostanee Poem on
Palm leaves ; supposed to be 500 years old.

GoopELL Jr., ABNER C. Lynn Directories, 1851, 1854, 1856, 1858,
4 vols., 16mo. Mass. Register, for 1858, 1 vol., 8vo. Boston Almanacs,
1861, and 1862, 2 vols., 16mo. 20 Pamphlets.

GreEN, SamuEL A., Boston. Charleston Directory for 1862, 1 vol.,
- 12mo. 8 Pamphlets.

Guitp, R. A., Brown University. Jackson’s account of R. I. Churches,
1 vol., 8vo. Ann. Cat. of Brown Univ. for 1856, 7, 8, 9, 60, 64. 16
Pamphlets.

Hau, James, Albany, N. Y. Account of Fossils of the Niagara Group,
by J. Hall, 8vo, pamph.

CV Ut

Hanarorp, Mrs. P. A., Reading. The Young Captain, a Memorial of
Capt. Richard C. Derby, by Mrs. P. A. Hanaford, 1 vol., 16mo, Bos-
ton, 1865.

[Hlonis, Joun C. 25 Pamphlets.

Ripersaas son, I. J. The Country, Justice, by M. Dalton, 1 vol., fol.,
London, 1626.

Ives, Henry P. Robinson’s Ancient History, 1 vol. Everett, L.8.,
Sacred Songs, 1 vol., 16mo. Jackson’s Questions on the Lessons, &c., of
the Church Service, No. 1, 1 vol., 16mo. Marshall’s Public School Ac-
count Books. Worcester’s Historical Atlas. 24 pamphlets. The Amer-
ican Publishers Circular for 1863.

Kitsy, W. H., Eastport, Me. Address of Gov. Cony to Maine Legis.
Jan’y 5, 1865, 8vo, pamph. 9th Ann. Rep. of Sect’y Maine Bd. of
Agric., 1864, 8vo., pamph. Legis. Register of Maine, 8vo. pamph.

Lanewortuy, I. P., Boston. 152 Pamphlets, being Reports of vari-
ous Charitable Societies, Minutes of Congregational Associations, &c.

Luwis, Winstow, Boston. Address at meeting N. H. Hist. Gen. Soc.,
8vo., pamph., Boston, 1865. Report of Trustees of Mass. Gen. Hospital
for 1864, 8vo, pamph.

Lorp, N. J. Files of Boston Post for Oct., Nov., Dec., 1864.

Lorine, Grorce B. Files of Boston Post for 1863 ina 1864, and Jan a
and Feb’y, 1865.

Miss, M., Lansing, Mich. Catalogue of Michigan State Agric. Coll.
for 1864, Sa. pamph. 2d Ann. Rep. of Sect’ry of Bd. of Agric. of Mich.
for 1863, 8vo, pamph.

Neutson, Henry M., Georgetown. Ann. Rep. of Auditing and School
Committees for 1865, 2 pamph., 8vo.

New York CuamBer or Commerce. Annual Reports for 1858, 1859,
1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 6 vols, 8vo. 30 Pamphlets, publications of
the Chamber.

Nicuoxs, George. Burnham’s Historical Directory at Rindge, N.H.,
Noy. 14, 1861, 8vo, pamph. Ist An. Rep. of Discharged Sailor’s Home,
8vo, pamph., Boston, 1863. Christian Enquirer for 1864, 1 vol., folio.

Packarp Jr., A.S., Brunswick, Me. Synopsis of Bombycide of U.
8. A., 8vo, pamph.

Paine, Naru’, Worcester. Worcester Directory, 1865, 1 vol., 12mo.

Patrray, Cuartes W. Mass. Legis. Doc. for 1864, 2 vols., 8vo. 30
pamphlets.

Parisu, A., Springfield. Report of School Comm. of Springfield, for
1864, 8vo, pamph.

Pease, Guo. W. Statement of the Account of Danvers from Feb’y
1864 to Feb’y 1865, 8vo, pamph.

— Paruirs, W. P. The Savannah Daily Herald and Savannah Repub-
lican.

CIX

Ranrovn, R. 8. 24th, 25th, 26th Ann. Rep. of Mass State Bd. of Kdu-
cation, 3 vols, 8vo. Report of School Comm. of Boston, 1861. 1 vol., 8vo.
Code Investigation 1860, U. S. Pub. Doc., 1 vol., 8vo. 7 Pamphlets.

Sanborn, Francis G., Boston. Economical Entomology by F. G.%.,
8vo, pamph.

SisLey, Joun L., Cambridge. Ann. Rep. of Pres. and Treas. of Har-
vard College, 1863—4, 8vo, pamph.

Stone, Bens. W. Valentine’s Manual of the Common Council of New
York. 1864, 1 vol., 12mo.

Stone, Epwin M., Providence. 23d Ann. Rep. of the Ministry at
Large in Providence, 8vo, pamph. .

Taytor, Samuet L., Philadelphia, Ann. Rep. of Lio. of Penn. Hist. So-
ciety, 8vo, pamph., Philad., 1865.

Urnam, Wm. P. Flint’s i griculture of Mass., 1861, 1 vol., 8vo. Mass.
Railroad Returns, 1863, 1 vol., 8vo. Ann. Rep. of Mass. Bd. of State Char-
ities, 1 vol., 8vo, Boston, 1865.

Waters, J. Linton, Chicago. Ann. Rev. of Trade of Chicago in 1864,
8vo, pamph. Message of R. Yates, Gov. of Lilinois, to the General As-
sembly, Jan’y 2, 1865, 8vo, pamph. 5th Biennial Report of Sup’t of
Public Instruction of Illinois, 1863-4, 8vo, pamph. Address of R. J.
Oglesby, Gov. of Illinois, to Gen’] Assem., Jan’y 16, 1865, 8vo., pamph.

WHEATLAND, STEPHEN G. 22 Pamphlets.

BY EXCHANGE.
AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN Society. Proceedings of Annual Meeting, Oct.
21, 1864, 8vo, pamph.
American PainosopuicaL Sociery. Proceedings, vol. 1x, No. 72. 8yo,
pamph. List of Members, 1865, 8vo, pamph.
Canavan Institute. The Canadian Journal for Jan’y, 1865.
Epirors: American Journal of Science and Art, Jan. and Mch., 1865.
Florida Union.
Nistorical Magazine, for Jan. and Feb., 1865.
Haverhill Gazette.
Essex Banner, Haverhill.
Lawrence American.
Lynn Weekly Reporter.
The Reader, London, Eng.
The Newburyport Star.
The American, Salem.
Savannah Daily Herald.
Tuolumne Courier.
Salem Observer.
Towa Hisrorican Socrery. Annals of Iowa, No. 9, Jan., 1865, 8vo,
pamphlet.

15 ‘

Cx

MassacutseTts Historica Society. Collections, Vol. VII, 4th ser.

Massacuvsetts Stare Lisprary. Report of the Librarian for the year
ending September 30th, 1864, 8vo, pamph.

Minyesots Hisroricat Socrery. Collections for the year 1864, 8yo.
pamphlet.

New Brunswick Naturat History Socrery. Jones on Ocean Drifts
and Currents, 8vo, pamph. Bailey’s Notes on Geol. and Botany of New
Brunswick, 8vo, pamph. Bailey’s Report on_ Mines and Minerals of
New Brunswick, 8vo, pamph.

New Enerianp Historic-Geneo.ocicaL Soctety. Tercentenary cele-
bration of the Birth of Shakespeare, April 23, 1864, 8vyo, pamph. Lewis's
Address before N. E. H. G. Soc., Jan. 4, 1865, 8v0, pamph. Tribute to
the memory of Edward Everett, Jan. 17, and Feb. 1, 1865, 8vo, pamph.

New Jersey Hisrortcan Socrery. Collections, vol. v1, 8vo, New-
ark, 1864. Proceedings, vol. x, No. 1, 8vo, pamph.

New York Srate Lisrary, Trusrers or. Instructions on taking
Census of New York, 1865, 8vo, pamph.

PuitsapeLpHi1a AcapEMY oF Nattura Scrences. Proceedings for Nov.
and Dec.,. 1864.

PariapELPHIA MercanTiLe Liprary Company. 17, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42 Annual Reports. His-
torical Sketch, 8vo, pamph. Special Report, April, 1863, 8vo, pamph.

Pusuisuers. North American Review, Jan’y, 1865.

BY PURCHASE.

Saint John—The letters from an American Farmer, 1 vol., 12mo, Phil-
adelphia, 1793. Sanderland—The testimony of God against Slavery, 1
vol., 16mo, Boston, 1838. United States, Foreign conspiracy against the
liberties of, 1 vol., 16mo, New York, 1835. Rankin’s Letters on Ameri-
can Slavery, 1 vol.. 16mo. Boston, 1833. Bourne, The Book and Slavery
irreconcileable, 1 vol., 12mo, Philadelphia, 1816. Paxton’s Letters on
Slavery, lvof., 12mo, Lexington, Ky., 1833. Duncan’s Treatise on Sla-
very, 1 vol., 12mo, New York, 1840. Clarkson’s Essay on the Slavery
and commerce of the Human Species, 1 yol., 12mo, Philadelphia, 1804.
Buxton’s Remedy for the Slave Trade, 1 vol.,12mo, New York, 1840.
Thatcher’s Indian Biography, 2 vols., 16mo, New York, 1832. Autobi-
ography of Henry C. Wright, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1849. Stuart's
Memoir of Granville Sharp, 1 vol., l12mo, New York, 1836. Selections
from the Writings and Speeches of William L. Garrison, I vol., 12mo,
Boston, 1852. Memoir of Sebastian Cabot, 1 vol., 8vo, Philadelphia.
1331. Morse’s system of Modern Geography, 1 vol.,8vo, Boston, 1814.
Herrick.—A Genealogical Register of the name and family of Her-
rick, 1 vol., 8vo, Bangor, 1846. Secret Instructions of the Jesuits, print-
ed verbatim from the London copy of 1725, 1 vol., 16mo, Princeton, N.

CXI

J., 1831. A. Bradford, New England Chronology, 1 vol., 12mo, Bos-
ton, 1843. Dowling, John.—The burning of the Bibles, defence of the
Protestant version of the Scriptures, 1 vol., 16mo, Philadelphia, 1843.
A Platform of Church Discipline of Synod at Cambridge in 1648, 1 vol.,
12mo, Boston, 1808. A Book for New Hampshire Children in familiar
letters, 1 vol, 12mo9, Exeter, 1823. Edwards, Jonathan—A Treatise
concerning the Religious affections, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1768.

Monpay, Aprit 3. Regular meeting.
Vice President Goodell in the chair.
Letters were read from:

Baron Osten Sacken, Russian Consul General, New York ; John Ak-
burst, Brooklyn, N Y.; Philip S. Sprague, Quincy ; Chas. M. Wheatley,
New York; M.S. Bebb, Washington ; Dr. H. C. Wood jr., Philadel-
phia; Dr. Wm. Wood, East Windsor Hill, Ct.; Wm.S. Vaux, Phila-
delphia; John Krider, Philadelphia; 8. Jillson, Feltonville; D. G.
Elliot, New York; T. McIlwraith, Hamilton, C. W.; John H. Thomson,
New Bedford ; Chas. J. Sprague, Boston ; Wm. A. Smith, Worcester ;
B. Billings, Ottawa, C. W.; Dr. John L. LeConte, Philadelphia ; Ho-
mer F. Bassett, Waterbury, Ct.;-Nathl. Paine, Worcester ; Sanborn
Tenney, Cambridge; Isaac Lea, LL.D., Philadelphia; Geo. W. Peck,
New York ; Prof. James Hall, Albany, N. Y.; Dr. Theo. A. Tellkampf,
New York; Dr. John W. Greene, New York; P. W. Sheafer, Potts-
ville, Pa.; H. A. Cutting, Lunenburg, Vt.; Prof. O. P. Hubbard, Hano-
ver, N. H.; J. O. Treat, Lawrence; Dr. J. W. Robbins, Uxbridge;
Thos. Barlow, Canastota, N. Y.; Dr. F. J. Bumstead, New York; W.
W. Denslow, Inwood Station, N. Y.; Alex. Agassiz, Cambridge; H. F.
King, Salem; D. M. Balch, Salem; Rey. David Weston; Worcester ;
G. F. & R. Matthew, St. John, N. B.; B. P. Mann, Concord; J. L. Ser-
geant, Philadelphia ; Thomas Bland, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Chas. L. Blood,
Taunton; Aliston Bacon, Natick; Prof. J. Leidy, Philadelphia ; E. T.
Cresson, Philadelphia ; Jacob Ennis, Philadelphia ; F. H. Hough, Alba-
ny, N. Y.; G. J. Bowles, Quebec, Canada; Prof. L. Agassiz, Cambridge ;
James Lemoine, Quebec, Canada ; Geo. E. Brackett, Belfast, Me.; R. H.
Brownne, New York; Ewd L. Graef, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Vincent Barnard,
Kennett Square, Penn.; T. A. Greene, New Bedford ; Prof. E. D. Cope,
Philadelphia; J. T. Rothrock, McVeytown, Pa.; J. A. Allen, Cam-
bridge; Alpheus Hyatt, Baltimore, Md.; Ed. 8. Morse, Gorham, Me.;
Prof. A. EK. Verrill, New Haven, Ct.; T. A. Cheney, LL.D., Havana,
N. Y.; John G. Hodgins, Toronto, C. W.; Rev. Chester Dewey, Eoches-
ter, N. Y.; John Macoun, Belville, C. W.; R. P. Whitfield, Albany, N.

CXxII

Y.; J. V. C. Nellis, Auburn; J. P. Haskell, Marblehead; John Orne
jr-, Salem; Rey. Joseph Banvard, Worcester ; Prof. T. C. Porter, Lan-
caster, Pa.; Stephen Salisbury jr.. Worcester; Prof. S. F. Baird, Smith-
sonian Institution ; L. Satterlee, New York ; Prof. J. L. Russell, Salem ;
William Couper, Quebec, Canada, relating to the publications:
N. Brown, Boston; Wm. Stimpson, Corr. Sect., Chicago Acad. Nat. Sei;
A.L. Babcock, Sherborn ; Rey. E. C. Bolles, Portland, Me.; Capt. N.
E. Atwood, Provincetown, on business: Trustees of Boston Public Libra-
ry, acknowledging the receipt of publications: EH. F. Stone, Newbury-
port, accepting membership.

The Superintendent called the attention of the meeting
to the fifty mounted specimens of birds and mammals on
the table, stating that all the species were new to the
collection and that they were the skins presented by tlie
Chicago Academy of Natural Sciences and the Lyceum of
Natural History of William’s College.

Gilbert L. Streeter read a communication entitled, “Sa-
lem one hundred years ago,” suggested by a perusal of a
Dudleian lecture sermon by Rev. Thomas Barnard of
Salem, delivered in May 1768, and printed in Salem by
Samuel Hall, who about that time opened a printing office
in Salem.

Remarks were offered by Messrs. Wildes, T. Ropes, and
the chair, and on motion of the Secretary, a copy of the
paper read by Mr. Streeter, was requested for publication
in the Historical Collections.

Edward S. Thayer, Nathaniel Kinsman, Jonathan Ropes
and Charles H. Pepper of Salem, were elected Resident
Members.

Monpay, Apri 17. Regular meeting.
Rey. G. D. Wildes in the chair.
Letters were read from:

Prof. J. Henry, Sect. Smithsonian Institution; Isaac Lea, LL.D.,
Philadelphia, Pa.; Prof. C. A. Joy, Columbia College, New York; Dr.
Wm Stimpson, Cor. Sect. Chicago Acad. Natural Sciences; Capt. A

Cxiilt

Hyatt, Baltimore, Md.; Dr. H. C. Wood jr., Philadelphia; Rev. C. J.
S. Bethune, Sect. Entomological Soc. of Canada; Dr. J. H. Salisbury,
Cleveland, Ohio; W. W. Cary, Coleraine, Mass.; J. G. Sanborn, Cher-
ryfield, Me.; Miss Julia H. Spear, Burlington Vt.; B. P. Maun, Con-
cord, Mass. ; Prof. Traill Greene, Easton, Pa.; D. G. Elliot, New York;
S. B. Mead, Augusta, Ill.; Dr, J. W. Robbins, Uxbridge, Mass.; Dr.
Asa Horr, Dubuque, Iowa; A. N. Prentiss, Lansing, Mich.; Dr. C. C.
Abbott, Trenton, N. J.; J. R. Willis, Halifax, N. S.; John Kirkpatrick,
Sect. Cleveland Acad. Natural Sciences; C. A. Emery, Springfield,
Mass.; Dr. Ezra Michener, Avondale, Pa.; G. C. Brown, Mt. Holly, N.
J.; J. F. Knight, Sect. Entomological Society of Philadelphia; A. L.
Babcock, Sherborn, Mass.; Rey. J. E. Long, Hublersburg, Pa.; Isaac
A. Pool, Chicago, Ill.; Frank Stratton, Natick, Mass.; C. F. Austin,
Closter, N. Y.; Wm. W. Stewart, Custodian, Buffalo Society Natural
Sciences; Prof. L. W. Bailey, University of New Brunswick; J. P.
Lesley, Philadelphia; KE. Tatnall jr., Wilmington, Del.; J. A. Allen,
Cambridge; W. H. Niles, Cambridge; C. F. Hartt, Cambridge; O. H.
St. John, Cambridge; Prof. T. C. Porter, Lancaster, Pa.; H. S. Babbitt,
Asst. Sect. Ohio State Bd. of Agriculture; Prof. How, King’s College,
N.S.; D. Wilkins, Littleton. N. H.; Saml. P. Fowler, Danvers, Mass. ;
P. S. Sprague, Quincy, Mass.; J. D. Sergeant, Philadelphia Acad. Nat.
Sciences; Wm. Gossip, Sect. Nova Scotian Institute of Nat. Science;
Dr. H. M. Paine, Albany, N. Y.; H. A. Cutting, Lunenburgh, Vt.; B.
S. Lyman, Philadelphia; Elihu Hall, Athens Hll.; Dr. Daniel Clark,
TVlint, Mich.; Dr. J. A. Meigs, Philadelphia, Pa.; Prof. D. S. Sheldon,
Griswold College, Davenport, fowa; R. Kennicott, Director, Museum
Acad. Nat. Sciences, Chicago, Ill.; B. F. Mudge, State Geologist of
Kanzas, Quindaro, Kanzas; Wm. S. Sullivant, Columbus, Ohio; Prof.
¥F. Poey, Habana, Cuba; J. G. Arnold, Worcester; Dr. J. C. Draper,
New York; Prof. S. S. Haldeman, Columbia, Pa.; Prof. A. E. Verrill,
Yale College;.C. M. Tracy, Lynn; Wm. S. Vaux, Philadelphia; Dr.
Theo. Tellkampf, New York; E. T. Cresson, Corresp. Sect. Entomolo-
gical Society of Philadelphia; Prof. Leo Lesquereux, Columbus, Ohio,
relating to the Publications: C. M. Wheatley, relating to an exchange of
specimens: Miss Anna L. Coffin, Newbury; C. M. Tracy, Lynn; Dr.
Wim. Wood, Portland, Me.; N. Brown, Boston; Capt. N. E. Atwood,
Provincetown, on business: G. A. Boardman, Milltown, Me.; W. W.
Denslow, New York, offering to send specimens to the Museum: Al-
bert G. Browne, Charleston, §. C.; J. C. Convers; Mrs. G. H. Chase;
Blagden & Co., Boston, announcing the transmission of books for the
Library : Smithsonian Institution, acknowledging the receipt of Pub_
lications : Charles Henry Pepper, accepting Membership.

16

CXIV

Donations to the Library and Museum were announced.

Professor A. E. Verrill made some remarks upon the
Iron ores found in the New England States and contig-
uous part of New York. ‘I'wo kinds of ore were mention-
ed, the Hematitic and the Magnetic oxide. The bog ore
found in our low lands resembled the Hematitic in its
composition but is usually much inferior in quality.

Francis C. Butman, and Francis A. P. Rust, of Salem,
were elected Resident Members. Professor Edward D.
Cope of Philadelphia, Professor James Hall of Albany,
and Baron Osten Sacken, Russian Consul General at
New York, were elected Corresponding Members.

The Chair stated that at the last meeting, the news of
the evacuation of Richmond had been received, and that
en the morning of the Monday following the announce-
ment of the surrender of Lee’s Army was published to the
Country. This day startling news of a different character
was received: the death of the President of the United
States, at Washington, on Saturday, April 15, at 7.20
o’clock in the morning, occasioned by a bullet wound
from a pistol in the hands of an assassin on the evening
previous. These events deserve a place on our records.

Robert 5S. Rantoul introduced a series of appropriate
resolutions, which were unanimously adopted and ordered
to be placed upon the records of the Institute. Dr.
George B. Loring, on moving their adoption, paid an
eloquent and deserved tribute to the memory of the late
President. Professor A. Crosby followed Dr. Loring with
suggestive remarks. .

CXV

Monpay, May 1. Regular meeting.

Vice President Goodell in the chair.
Letters were read from:

Chas. Stodder, Boston; Samuel R. Carter, Paris Hill, Me.; Wm. A.
Haines, New York; Prof. T. S. Parvin, Iowa City; Asst. Surg. B. G.
Wilder, 55th Mass. Vols.; Chas. Wright, Wethersfield, Ct.; Prof.
Edw. Hitchcock, Amherst College; Dr. John Gundlach, Habana, Cuba;
Tryon Reakirt, Philadelphia; Thomas Meehan, Editor of the Garden-
er’s Monthly; S. I. Smith, Norway, Me.; John Bolton, Portsmouth,
Ohio; S. D. Poole, Lynn; J. D. Parker, Steuben, Me.; Prof. Dana,
Yale College; Isaac C. Martindale, Byberry, Pa.; Prof. D. 8. Sheldon,
Griswold College; Wm. S. Sullivant, Columbus, Ohio; Prof. H. A.
Thompson, Otterbein University; G. F. Matthew, St. John, N. B.; Prof.
A. E. Verrill, Yale College; 8S. B. Mead, Augusta, Il]l.; Dr. J. Aitken
Meigs, Philadelphia; W. J. Howard, Central City, Colorado; Dr. S. A.
De Morales, Habana, Cuba, relating to the Publications: Wm. Wood &
Co., New York; Wm. W. Stewart, Custodian, Buffalo Soc. Nat. Scien-

ces, on business: A. M. Edwards, New York, announcing the forma-
tion of the American Microscopical Society in New York.

Donations to the Library and Museum were announced.

A large number of native plants, collected by Nathaniel
Hooper and James H. Emerton, were placed on the table
and were explained by Geo. D. Phippen, who had a few
interesting remarks to make on each of the various speci-
es. Mr. Phippen thought that the opening of the flowers
this year, was about ten days in advance of many previous
years.

Messrs. Hooper and Emerton gave an account of the
special locality of several of the rarer species. Mr. Emer-
ton read a few notes relating to the time of flowering of a
number of species of plants, the present season, and also
as to the first appearance of several species of insects this
spring.

F. W. Putnam stated that the Toads commenced
spawning on the 16th of April. He then made some re-
marks, suggested by those of Mr. Phippen, upon the vari-
ous theories regarding the origin of species.

CXYVI

Messrs. F. W. Putnam, Charles Davis, W. P. Upham
and the Secretary were appointed a committee to nomi-
nate oflicersefor the ensuing year, and report the same at
the annual meeting.

Edward Dean and T. Francis Hunt, of Salem, were
elected Resident Members. E. T. Cresson of Philadelphia,
was elected a Corresponding Member.

Wepnespay, May 10. Annual meeting.

Vice President Goodell in the chair.

The reports of the Secretary, Treasurer, Superintendent,
Curators and Committees were read and accepted. From
these reports the following particulars may be specified.

The Society is in a good and healthy condition. The
receipts from the assessments of the Resident Members have
been greater than in any preceding year, which was also
the case in regard to the sales of publications. During the
year one hundred and fifty seven Resident and twelve Cor-
responding Members’ have been elected. Hight Resident
Members have removed from the county, and the follow-
ing have died during the year: Wm. B. Brown, Henry
Hubon, Edward L. Perkins, Charles W. Swasey, Lucy
Treadwell, George A. Ward, Mary E. Wheatland, Sam-
uel Webb, all of Salem. The sad intelligence of the de-
cease of the following Corresponding Members has been
received: Hon. Edward Everett of Boston, Mass., Pro-
fessor Benjamin Silliman of New Haven, Conn., Carlton A.
Shurtleff of Roxbury, Mass., and William B. Fowle of
Medfield, Mass. Biographical notices of the deceased
Members will be printed in the Historical Collections. The
present number of Resident Members is five hundred and
two, of Corresponding, one hundred and thirty-six.

Five field meetings have béen held during the past sea-
son; at Hast Saugus, Wenham Pond in Beverly, Glouces-
ter, Rockville chapel in South Danvers and Newburyport.
‘These meetings have been largely attended, and a greater
interest than at any previous season has been manifested.

EXVII

Evening meetings have been held on the second and
fourth Mondays of each month for the first part of the
winter, and the first and third Mondays afterwards, at the
rooms of the Institute, commencing in October and clos-
ing with the annual meeting in May. The large number
attending these meetings calls for a more commodious
- meeting room at as early a day as practicable.

The Lecture Committee, having adopted the plan of
having courses of lectures on special subjects and of an
educational character, delivered to appreciative audiences,
in lieu of the more extended courses of a miscellaneous
character of former years, made arrangements with Messrs.
Putnam and Tracy, who have taken the initiative, and the
committee trust that this plan will be adopted in other
branches.

F. W. Putnam, on the five Thursday evenings in
March, delivered a course of lectures on “Insects, their
habits and structure,” at Lyceum hall, under the auspices
of the Institute, which were very instructive and were well
attended by highly appreciative and intelligent audiences.
At the close of the course the following resolution, moved
by Prof. A. Crosby and sicomled by Gen. H. K. Oliver,
was unanimously adopted :

“Resolved: ‘That we express to Mr. Putnam our high
appreciation of the valuable and interesting Course of
Lectures he has just completed; and the personal thanks
and obligations of our community to him for these labors
in the cause of science and public improvement, especially
in view of his generous appropriation of the greater part
of the proceeds to the benefit of the Museum of the Essex
Institute.”

Cyrus M. Tracy of Lynn has delivered two of a series
of eight lectures on Botany at the rooms of the Institute
on the two preceding Saturday afternoons.

CXVIII

The Treasurer presented the following statement of
the financial condition, for the year ending May, 1865.

GENERAL ACCOUNT.

Debits.
Atheneum Rent, half fuel, &c. Z $535 53
Publications, $1001 25); collecting assessments, $23 10, 1024 35
Postage and Express, $76 90; Gas, $11 90, ; F 88 80
Printing, $26 75; pete and Books, $33 03, : 59 78
Sundries, 3 a : 41 06
Historical account, Mt : 143 50
Natural History and Horticultural ‘account, 5 59 34
Balance in Treasury, : : 5 : ; 12 27
. $1964 63

Credits.
Balance of last year’s account, t 7 04
Dividends Webster Bank, $60 00; Books ‘sold, #180 19, 240 19
Sale of Publications, : : 809 40
Assessments, : : Z : 5 . * 908 00
$1964 63

NATURAL HISTORY AND HORTICULTURE

Debits.
Preservatives &c., $65 00; Specimens, ee 00, : 99 00
Cases, $56 75; Bottles, $6 60, : : : 63 35
Horticultural Exhibition, 5 : : : 53 10
$215 45
Credits.
Horticultural Exhibition, : ‘ : : 104 11
Dividends Lowell Bleachery, 3 F 40 00
He Portland, Saco & Portsmouth Railroad. : 12 00
General Account, - 3 : : : : 59 34
$215 45
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
Debits.
Binding, $100 00; Books, $98 50, : ‘ é $198 50
Credits.
Dividends Naumkeag Bank, 5 E 17 00
Coupons Michigan Central Railroad, i 4 : 38 00
General Account, : : : : ; : 143 50

$198 50

CXIX

The Library is daily in receipt of additions. A large
increase is consequent upon the exchanges that have been
arranged with different societies, and editors or proprietors
of historical and scientific journals, newspapers, &c.

The additions during the year, principally by donation
or exchange, are:

Octavos and lesser fold, 500
Quartos 4, Folios 12, 16
Newspapers, Folios, (files) 88
Pamphlets and Serials, 1,500

2,104

The above have been contributed by one hundred and
twenty individuals and fifty-seven Societies, Hditors of
Journals and the various departments of the State and
General Government.

The publication of the Proceedings and Historical Col-
lections has been continued during the year: of the for-
mer, vol. III and Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 of vol. LV have been
printed ; of the latter, volume VI.

The annual Exhibition of Fruits, Flowers and Vegeta-
bles took place on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday,
Sept. 21, 22, 23, and exceeded our expectations after the
severe unprecedented drought. There were many plates of
fine pears. The leading feature was the display of out-
door grapes, which was judged the finest ever exhibited in
the state. The vegetables were particularly fine. The
flowers, as usual, were very attractive and contributed es-
sentially to the general appearance of the rooms.

The Historical Department has been increased during
the year by the addition of two hundred specimens to the
Hthnological section, a large number of valuable manu-
scripts and several engravings and portraits. ‘The room
given to this department is much crowded, rendering a
proper display of the collection impossible and obliging
the storage of many of the engravings and manuscripts
for the want of accommodation.

Two hundred and thirty-seven donations, embracing
eight thousand five hundred and three specimens, have
been received for the Natural History Department during
the year. ‘The work in the various sections of the depart-

CxXX

ment has been carried on with good results, and several
are in a forward state of arrangement. Catalogues have
been commenced and ia some of the classes the specimens
are as far arranged as the limited supply of case room, jars
and alcohol will allow forthe present. Weare under great
obligations to Professor Verrill, of Yale College, for the iden-
tification and arrangement of the Polyps, and Acalephs.
These classes have been largely increased by the valuable
addition of several hundred specimens of East Indian corals,
collected and presented by Capt. W. H. A. Putnam. By
the kindness of Professor Verrill, and Mr. Alexander Agas-
siz, who had previously identified the coliection of Kchino-
derms, we have the specimens belonging to the branch of
Radiata so far identified that it is proposed to publish a
catalogue of the collection at an early day. We are also
indebted to Rev. E. C. Bolles, of Portland, for the identi-
fication of many of our native land and fresh water shells.

It is to be hoped that the work on the collection will not
long be impeded by the present insufhicient supply of cas-
es and materials for the proper exhibition of the speci-
mens. Much larger accommodations are required for the
various departments of the Museum and these cannot be
supplied to the extent desired without an addition to the —
present building by which, at least, three times the present
amount of case room can be obtained. Not more than
three-fourths of our specimens are now visible to the pub-
lic, or of use for study, as many are stowed in kegs and
cans in the cellar and in drawers and boxes in the hall.
A partial supply of case room could be obtained by the
construction of a few railing and table cases in the hall
for the Insects, Fossils and Birds’ nests and eggs. The
cases for the pinned Insects are needed at once, for this
valuable collection is being destroyed by its insect ene-
mies, and until more room is given to it this destruction
cannot be wholly prevented, even by the constant vigilance
of the Curator

As the arrangement of the various classes is perfected
large numbers of duplicate specimens are separated, which
will be presented to such institutions and individuals as
will use them for the advancement of science, in accor-
dance with the rule adopted by the Institute regarding

CXXI

the distribution of its duplicates. ‘Though a number of
collections are now being packed for transmission to vari-
ous persons and societies the following, only, have been
sent during the past year.

To the Cabinet of Yale College:
40 sypeetesy 102 specimens, of Corals.

25 4 “ “ HKchinoderms.
is cata 20 a «Sponges.
4 “c ) “ “ 'Tunicates.

To A. L. Babcock, of Sherborn, Mass.:
168 specimens Of South American and
2 66 “ African Insects.

To the Chicago Academy of Science :
2) species, “110 specimens, of foreign Helices.

To the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy:

1 specimen of Goniaster cuspidatus Gray, from the
West Coast of Africa.

To J. G. Shute of Woburn, Mass.:
28 species, 09 specimens of foreign Shells.

To Rev. E. C. Bolles, of Portland, Me.:

73 species, of several specimens each, of foreign and
American land and fresh water Shells.

The following estimate of the number of specimens
(exclusive of a large number of duplicates) in the various
departments of the Museum presents a general view of the
character of the collection at the present time.

HisToRIcaL DEPARTMENT.

The section of Ethnology contains about 1400 specimens, illustrating
the habits, costumes, war and domestic implements of the various races
and nations.

In the section of Manuscripts there are a very large number of
Manuscripts relating to our early civil and ecclesiastical history.

In the section of Fine Arts there are several hundred Portraits,
Paintings and Engravings, many of which are of great historical
value.

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL HISTORY.

Specimens.
Geological specimens, about Ss 200
Minerals, 1896 specimens, of which 196 are from
Essex County, ; : 5 : : : 1896

17

CXXIT

FOSSILS.
Radiates, 186 species, 250 specimens.
Mollusks, 1108 fe 2000 eC

Articulates, 20 a 50 Ge

Vertebrates, 90 He 120 OG

Plants, 135 BY 200 GG Fossils, 5 2620
RECENT.

Plants, about 5000 species, native and foreign, among
which are nearly all the species found in Essex County, a
number of specimens of wood, and a large number of seeds

&c., in all about 6500. Plants, . 6500
Sponges, 42 species, 100 specimens. Sponges, 3 100
Acalephs,

Polyps, 446 species, 1500 specimens.
Echinoderms, Radiates, . 1500
Moltlusks, in alcohol, 500 species, 1000 specimens.
Shells, § 4152 species, 8000 specimens.

Mollusks, A 9000
Worms, 110 species, 200 specimens.

Crustaceans, 150 Ge dry, 830 species in alcohol,
about 1300 specimens.
Insects, 21000 specimens pinned, 5000 specimens in alcohol,
of these 2000 species of the pinned have been catalogued.
Nests, 15 species, Articulates, é 27515

Fishes, 1000 species, 2000 specimens in alcohol, and about
200 specimens dry and mounted.

Reptiles, 400 species, 1000 specimens, principally alcohol-
ic. (A fine collection of Turtles mounted.)

Birds, 100 species, 150 specimens in alcohol; 411 species,
500 specimens mounted.

Birds’ nests, 50 species, 80 specimens.

Birds’ eggs, 180 fg 425

Mammals, 51 te 75 ef in alcohol;
es 65 Bg 70 ot mounted ;
st 9 se 10 ee as skins.
Vertebrates : 4510

Skulls of Maximals, 172 species, 280 specimens, of which
39 are human.

Skulls of Birds, a é 150 species, 200 specimens.
Skulls of Reptiles, . i Di 27 BA
Skulls of Fishes, : ; 10 se 10 a
Skeletons of Mammals, : 12 se 12 ¢
Skeletons of Birds, . : 4 ot 5 GC
Skeletons of Reptiles, e 6 Ge 6 oe
Skeletons of Batrachians, . 10 ee 30 és
Skeletons of Fishes, 8 és 8 ue
Parts of Skeletons, of Mammals, 8 oG 8 oC
Birds, 10 ae 10 ee
Teeth of Mammais, ‘ 14 ss 80 es
Jaws of Fishes, : : 15 OP 20 go
Horns and Antlers, F 43 rs 43 at

CXXIII

May not the Institute hope that its friends and the pa-
trons of science will soon give that aid, which is so essen-
tial to promote its objects and to continue with success
its usefulness in diffusing a knowledge of the works of the
Creator and of the History of Mankind ?

If an addition to our present accommodations and
means could be obtained and a number of professional
Naturalists, having the charge of the various branches of
the department of Natural History, and also several as-
sistants in the Library, who, in addition to the ordinary
duties could classify and arrange the manuscripts, pam-
phlets, newspapers and other materials that appertain to
the Historical department, be permanently attached to the
institution, much good would be done to the cause of
education in our community by well arranged collections
and libraries, and also by free lectures illustrating the vari-
ous objects of the Institute. Much could also be accom-
plished through the medium of our publications in advanc-
ing the cause of science, and also of historic research
by the continuation of the printing of abstracts of wills,
deeds and other documents which are deposited in the
offices of the county of Essex, and other materials of an
historical nature that may be obtained from various sources.

Letters were read from:

Prof. S. S. Parvin, Iowa City; Asst. Surg. B. G. Wilder, 55th Mass.,
Vol.; W. P. Alcott, Andover; Dr. Wm. Prescott, Concord, N. H.; J.
W. P. Jenks, Middleborough; John Jenkins, Monroe, N. Y.; Rey.
Joseph Blake, Gilmantown, \. H.; Edwin Harrison, St. Louis, Mo.; Dr.
Simeon Shurtleff, Weatogue, Ct.; W. W. Jefferis, Westchester, Pa.;
W.J. Beal, Cambridge; L. E. Chittenden, New York; Wm. H. Edwards,
Newburgh, N. Y.; Wm. F. Hall, Boston; Theodore Howland, Sect.
Buffalo Soc. Nat. Science; E. Lewis, Jr., Brooklyn, N. Y.; Chas. N.
Hoyt, Providence, R. I.; John C. Trantivine, Philadelphia; Frederic
Ware, Cambridge; Edward Norton, Farmington, Ct., relating to the
publications: Elihu Hall, Athens, Ill.; Geo. C. Huntington, Kelley’s
Island, Ohio, relating to the collection of specimens: Prof. S. F. Baird,
Smithsonian Institution, on business: F. C. Butman, accepting mem-
bership: A. G. Browne, department of the South, relating to the
transmission of books for the library: Smithsonian Institution, ac-
knowledging the receipt of publications: C. W. Felt, calling attention
to Mr. Perkins’ class in Phonography: A. Huntington, declining to be
a candidate for the Presidency.

CXXI1V

The following officers were elected for the ensuing year:

PRESIDENT.
FRANCIS PEABODY.
VICE PRESIDENTS.
Of Natural History—SAMvEL P. FowiLer. Of History—A. C. GooDELL JR.
Of Horticulture—J. F. ALLEN.
SECRETARY AND TREASURER.
HENRY WHEATLAND.
LIBRARIAN.
CHARLES DAVIS.
SUPERINTENDENT OF THE MUSEUM.
¥F. W. PUTNAM.
FINANCE COMMITTEE.
J. C. Lee, R. S. Rogers, H. M. Brooks, G. D. Phippen, Jas. Chamberlain.
LIBRARY COMMITTEE.
J. G. Waters, Alpheus Crosby, H. J. Cross, G. D. Wildes, William Sutton.
PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.

A. C. Goodell Jr., G. D. Phippen, Ira J. Patch, C. M. Tracy,
Win. P. Upham, R. 8S. Rantoul, F. W. Putnam.
LECTURE COMMITTEE.

Francis Peabody, A. C. Goodell Jr., G.D. Phippen, George Perkins,
James Kimball, G. W. Briggs, F. W. Putnam.

FIELD MEETING COMMITTEE.

Geo. B. Loring, C.M. Tracy, S. Barden, S.P. Fowler. J. M. Ives,

G. D. Wildes, E. N. Waiton, Charles Davis.
CURATORS OF NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT.
Geology—H. F. Shepard ; Mineralogy—C. H. Higbee;
Paleontology—H. F. King; Botany—C. M. Tracy ;
Comparative Anatomy—Henry Wheatland; Vertebrata—F. W. Putnam;
Articulata—J. H. Emerton ; Mollusca—H. F. King;

Radiata—Caleb Cooke.

CURATORS OF HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT.
>

Ethnology.
William S. Messervy, M. A. Stickney, John Robinson.

Manuscripts.
W. P. Upham, H. M. Brooks, S. B. Buttrick, G. L. Streeter,
G. D. Wildes, E. 8S. Waters.
Fine Arts.
Francis Peabody, J. G. Waters, J. A. Gillis.

CURATORS OF HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

Fruits and Vegetables.
J. M. Ives, J.S. Cabot, R.S. Rogers, John Bertram, G. B. Loring,
S. A. Merrill, W. Maloon, A. Lackey, G. F. Brown,
C. H. Norris, C. H. Higbee.
Flowers.
Francis Putnam, William Mack, Benj. A. West, Geo. D. Glover.

CXKV

Voted; That the meetings on the first and third Mon-
days of each month be held at 4 o’clock P. M. until other-
wise directed.

Voted; That the Curators of Horticulture be authorized
to hold exhibitions of Fruits, Flowers, Vegetables &c., at
such times and places as may be desirable; also to offer
premiums and gratuities for specimens exhibited, under
such regulations as they may adopt.

Voted; 'That Messrs. Goodell, Rantoul and Upham be
a committee to prepare suitable resolutions expressive of
the thanks of the Institute due to A. Huntington, the re-
tiring President, for his valuable services during the four
years which he has presided over the Institute.

On motion of Mr. Putnam, Chapter I, Section VI,
lines five and six, of the By Laws were so amended as to
read “make such use of the duplicates as may be benefici-
al to science.”

George M. White, James A. Chamberlain, Jonathan
Ropes and George Fowler, all of Salem, were elected
Resident Members.

Monpay, May 15. Regular meeting.

Vice President Goodell in the chair.

R. 8. Rantoul, for the committee appointed at the an-
nual meeting, submitted the following report which was
adopted and a copy of it ordered to be transmitted to the
retiring President :—

Whereas the Honorable Asahel Huntington having de-
clined reelection to the Presidency of the Essex Institute
after four years of acceptable service in that capacity, dur-
ing which the Institute has prospered beyond precedent.

Therefore, Resolved: ‘That we cannot forego this oppor-
tunity of putting upon record our appreciation of the vir-
tues of his private character, and of the usefulness of his
long professional and public career; together with the hope
that he may hereafter look back upon his efforts, while
President of this body, in behalf of sound learning, the

CXXVI

diffusion of useful knowledge and the generous culture of
letters, science and the arts, as not the least among the
honorable services of a well spent life.

John L. Marks, William H. Silsbee, and Henry R. Gard-
ner, of Salem, were elected Resident Members.

Turspay, June 6. Adjourned Regular meeting.
Henry F. King in the chair.

On motion of the Superintendent it was Voted: That
the thanks of the Institute be tendered to George C. Hun-
tington, Esq., of Kelley’s Island, Ohio, for the donation of
a valuable collection of Fishes from Lake Erie, and also
for his kindness in defraying the necessary expenses at-
tending the same.

Wepnespay, June 7. Field meeting at Nahant.

The society opened their series of Field meetings this
day by a visit to the ever delightful retreats of Nahant.
The number in attendance reaching over two hundred who
took the regular conveyances from the Central Station,
besides many who took other means and different hours
for the passage. Arriving at the Methodist Chapel, which
had been selected as the place of meeting, the company
deposited their various provisions, and under the guidance
of John Q. Hammond, Esq., the greater number set out to
examine the curiosities of the place. Some, in search of
particular objects, scattered here and there, to fish, or gather
plants, or break the rocks for specimens of minerals. But
most of the party made a circuit round the shore, passing
the summer residences of Gen. Fremont, Prof. Longfellow,
and that formerly of Prescott, the historian, as well as
many more. The “Swallow’s Cave” received due atten-
tion, as also those features of the eastern extremity, “Pulpit
Rock,” “Natural Bridge,” “Castle Rock,” and the “Spouting

€xXxVI!I

Horn.” <A brief stay was made about the crumbling ruins
of the old Nahant Hotel, whose scorched and shivered
stones yet bear up against the elements. Some pursued
their walk to the “Maolis Gardens,” so fancifully laid out
and bedecked by the late Frederick Tudor, and puzzled
themselves with his unexplained devices. On returning,
and after a plentiful repast, the party assembled in the
Chapel for the formal exercises of the afternoon, when the
meeting was called to order by A. C. Goodell, Historical
Vice President.

Letters were read from:

Rey. E. C. Bolles, Portland, Me.; Tribner & Co., London, Eng.;
Mrs. B. F. Mudge, Quindaro, Kansas; E. L. Layard, Director of the
South African Museum, Cape Town; Elihu Hall, Athens, Ill.; C. M.
Tracy, Lynn; Smithsonian Institution; J. J. Babson, Gloucester; G.
B. Loring; A. Lackey, Marblehead; John Howarth, Boston; H. R.
Stiles, New York; David Choate, Essex; Dr. Wm. Prescott, Concord, N.
H.; Dr. T. M. Brewer, Boston; Chas. M. Wheatley, Phoenixville, Pa.;
Prof. Richard Owen, Indiana State University; B. O. Peirce, Beverly;
A. §. Peabody, Cape Town, Africa; Geo. C. Huntington, Kelley’s Isl.,
Ohio; Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale College; Prof. James Hall, Albany, N.
Y.; W. W. Denslow, Inwood, N. Y.; W. W. Stewart, Custodian, Buf-
falo Soc. of Nat. Sciences; Brown, Brothers & Co,, Boston, on various
business matters: Sidney S. Lyon, Jeffersonville, Ind.; Rev. Samuel
Lockwood, Keyport, N. J.; Dr. T. M. Logan, Sacramento, Cal.; Thure
Kumlien, Busseyville, Wis.; D. G. Tompson, Montpelier, Vt.; Prof. 8.
F. Baird, Smithsonian Institution; Prof. C. C. Hamlin, Waterville Col-
lege; H. B. Lord, Ludlowville, N. Y.; Codman & Shurtleff, Boston;
W. A. Haines, New York; E. S. Morse, Gorham, Me.; W. J. Beal,
Cambridge; Dr. Frederick Brendel, Peoria, Ill.; Prof. S. N. Norwood,
Columbia, Mo.; Rev. E. B. Eddy, Waltham; Dr. John G. Thomas,
Riviére-du-Lotsyp-en-bas, Canada; Prof. Alex. Winchell, Ann Arbor,
Mich.;G. A. Boardman, Milltown, Me.; A. L. Russell, Quebec, Canada;
Henry Bannister, Evanston, Ill., relating to the Publications: Maine
Historical Society, acknowledging receipt of Publications; Albert G.
Browne; J. Vincent Browne; F. Cox; transmission of Specimens : Prof.
James Hall, Albany; Henry R. Gardner; accepting Membership: F.
Peabody, accepting the office of President: G. B. Loring, accepting the
oftice of Chairman of Field Meeting Committee.

CXXVIIT

Donations to the Museum and Library were announced.

Dr. George B. Loring being called upon said that he
had been surprised in several waysto day. He had found
evidences of greater antiquity on Nahant than he had sup-
posed were to be seen on the continent. He had found a
ruin here, whose worn and tottering stones showed more
of the ravages of time than the broken arches of the Fo-
rum. He had been through Rome and many places in
Europe of the older sort, but nowhere had he seen such
worn and plainly antiquated piles as appeared on Nahant
to day. Further on, he had found the very rocks carved
with inscriptions in forgotten tongues. Noone here to day
could read them, no one could say what meant the ‘ epinon
ek tes petras’ that still endured in the monumental granite
of Nahant. Statues were here, but beyond the design of
the old masters; frescoes, but wholly pre-Rapheelite in their
execution. He was full of wonder at what he had seen.
He further spoke of the place as formerly a field for the
simple agriculture of the early time, when the unambi-
tious farmers drove their flocks here to graze by day and
brought them home at night. He closed by an eloquent
allusion to the restoration of peace, under which blessing
the Institute could come to such delightful spots as this
and continue its Field meetings.

John Q. Hammond, Esq., of Nahant, would speak in
behalf of his townsmen and extend their welcome to the
Institute in their visit to day. For himself, he felt little
of the enthusiasm in the study of nature that some exhib- -
ited, but he could appreciate the purposes and the utility
of the Society, and was glad to lend what help he might
to promote its interests. A good field was surely here
for exploration; students were constantly resorting to it,
and its rare and curious wealth seemed only partly yet
discovered.

CXXIX

C. M. Tracy, of Lynn, gave a brief account of some
points in the botany of the peninsula. A remarkable fact
appears in the almost total absence of all heath-like plants
from this place. It is said there are a few huckleberry
bushes here; but not a pyrola, laurel, lambkill, blueberry,
swamp-pink, or any such thing could he ever find. On
the contrary, the field chickweed, a most lovely plant for
the lawn, grows here abundantly, though rare or wanting
in all the region round. Formerly, it is said, Nahant had
heavy forests; but the settlers destroyed them, and since
then a tree can scarcely be made to endure the climate.
Persevering care has, however, partly retrieved the error,
and the place is growing far greener than for years before.

F. W. Putnam, of Salem, gave some description of the
zoological specimens taken during the day.

Wm. J. Beals, of Union Springs, N. Y., said he had
been born and brought up ina country where there were no
rocks, no ocean, no evergreen trees, and he had heard of
these things in his childhood, as the inventions in a pleas-
ant story. A few years ago, he had made a pilgrimage to
New England that he might see these things; and he had
set himself down by the sea for half a day at a time, full
of delight as a child. You who live in the midst of these
things have no idea of their true beauty. He gave a
description of the curious plant called the sundew, which
traps insects by the adhesive drops on its leaves.

Caleb Cooke, late of Zanzibar, Kast Africa, excused
himself from speaking on account of feeble health. He
had enjoyed the day and its rambles, and at another time
would be glad to speak.

Abner H. Davis and Emery 8. Johnson, of Salem, were
elected Resident Members. John da Costa Soares, of
Mozambique, HK. C. A.; George C. Huntington, of Kelley’s

18

CXXX

Island, Ohio; Professor Richard Owen, of New Harmony,
Ind., and Professor Leo Lesquereux, of Columbus, Ohio,
were elected Corresponding Members.

On motion of Mr. Tracy the thanks of the Institute
were voted to the Proprietors of the Methodist Church for
the use of their House for the meeting, and to Messrs John
Q. Hammond, Edmund Johnson, George A. Perkins and
other friends in Nahant for their favors on this occasion.

Monpay, June 14. Regular Meeting.
The President, Francis Peabody, in the chair.

Letters were read es

W. W. Densiow, Inwood, N. Y.; 8. M. Buck, Hancock, Mich.: A. iy

Taylor, Santa Barbara, Cal. ; oe J. G. Norwood, Columbia, Mo. ;
S. Morse, Gorham, Me.; Prof. Joseph Henry, Sect. Smithsonian Age
tution; N. Brown, Boston: Geo. C. Huntington, Kelley’s Island, Ohio;
H. W. S. Cleveland, Danvers; Andrew Lackey, Marblehead; Leverett
Saltonstall, Newton, relating to general business and the transmission
of books and specimens: Geo. Scarborough, Sumner, Kansas; Rey. A.
P. Chute, Sharon, relating to the publications: J. J. H. ioe os
blehead; C. M. Tracy, Lynn; G. W. Skintier, New Bedford; N. E.
Atwood, Provincetown, relating to the Field meetings: ie ise
Davis, accepting membership: G. H. Peirson, containing an invitation
to join in the celebration of the fourth of July in Salem.

The Secretary submitted the following resolutions
which were unanimously adcpted.

The Institute having been invited to join in the celebra-
tion of the fourth of July i in Salem :—

Resolved: That the coming anniversary of American
Independence marks an epoch i in the progress of civiliza-
tion and the life of Nations to which no studious observer
can be indifierent, and that this Historical Body cordially
unite, in spirit, with the people of this community, in such
demonstrations as shall impress upon the minds of all the
character of the crisis through which the Nation has pass-
ed and the honorable place in history which awaits the
defenders of their Country.

Resolved: 'That, whereas, the Members are widely
scattered, and many of them will take part in the demon-

CXXXI

stration in connection with other bodies, the Institute,
grateful for the polite invitation, deem it unadvisable to
take any prominent position; at the same time they will
cheerfully render such assistance in their power, consistent
with their regulations, as may contribute to the interest of
the occasion.

The President, as chairman of the committee on the
‘“Wirst Church,” presented a final report of the doings of the
committee. The frame of the Church has been removed
and placed in the rear of Plummer Hall, encased in an ex-
ternal structure of suitable strength to which it is bolted
and is seen projecting from the plastering on the inside of
the building. ‘The Committee, in giving the key of the
building to the Institute, do so, with the sincere wish, that
the Holy House may be preserved to thgse who come
_ after us, and handed down, from generation to generation,
as a valued trust.

Rev. G. D. Wildes, after some appropriate remarks,
moved that the report be accepted and that the thanks of
the Institute be tendered to the committee, for the faithful
and successful performance of their duty, which was
unanimously adopted. [The report of the Committee will
be published in full in the Historical Collections.]

R. 8. Rantoul read a memoir of Major Thompson Max-
well, a soldier in the old French war, the Revolution, and
the war of 1812.

On motion of Mr. Putnam, the memoir read by Mr. Ran-
toul was referred to the publication committee, for publi-
eation in the Historical Collections.

The thanks of the Institute were voted to Colonel E.
EF. Miller for the presentation of the original documents,
from which the memoir of Major Maxwell had been com-
piled.

Mr. Putnam communicated, by title, a paper by EH. 8.
Morse, on the “Classification of the Mollusca on the Princi-

CXXXITI

ple of Cephalization,” accompanied with a plate. Referred
to the Publication Committee.
Donations to the Library and Museum were announced.
H. R. Lovett of Beverly was elected a Resident Member.

Tuurspay, June 24. Field meeting at Standley’s Grove
in Beverly.

This second Field meeting of the season was attended
by a large party from Salem and the adjoining towns,
who, after a pleasant forenoon’s ramble in the woods and
over the Laurel Ground, and a collation in the grove,
assembled on the platform, when the meeting was called to
order by Dr. G. B. Loring, Chairman of the Field meet-
sing committee, who made a few remarks upon the history
of the town, alluding to several of the worthy persons who
once lived within its limits, as the Cabots, Nathan Dane,
President Willard, of Harvard University, and others.

After the reading of the records of the last meeting,
letters were read from the following:

Thomas Bland, New York; Thomas Me Ilwraith, Hamilton, C. W-.;
Capt. Alpheus Hyatt, Baltimore, Md.; Thomas M. Peters, Moulton, Ala.:
John Bolton, Portsmouth, Ohio; S. I. Smith, Norway, Me.; A. L. Bab-
cock, Sherborn, Mass.; E. 8. Morse, Gorham, Me.; Thomas Meehan,
Germantown, Pa., relating to the publications : Prof: Theo. Gill, Smith-
sonian Institution, applying for the use of specimens: Prof. Leo Les-
quereux, Columbus, Ohio, accepting Membership and notice of trans-
mission of books for the library: Asst. Surg. A. S. Packard, Cainp near
Washington; C. M. Tracy, Lynn; Dr. W. Prescott, Concord, N. H.; Rey.
S. Barden, Rockport, on business: B. F. Mudge, Quindaro, Kansas.
stating that he will send fossils to the Institute: W. H. Dall& R. E. C.
Stearns, San Francisco, relating to an exchange of specimens.

Donations to the Library an 1 Museum were announced.

Rev. G. D. Wildes read a poem written for the occasion
by Mrs. P. A. Hanaford.

Dr. Henry C. Perkins, of Newburyport, read a paper of
which the following is an abstract.

CXXXIII

Attempt to explain the formation, or development, of
the cumulus or thunder cloud on the principles laid down
by Mr. Espy in his Philosophy of Storms, modified some-
what as to the principle of the ascent of the air in the tor-
nado and water spout.

On the 9th of August, 1852, a large cumulus cloud was
observed in process of development, the cloud was soon
capped by a dense, white vapor, (as if by a veil), showing
that the air above the cloud was being lifted bodily (as it
were) by the ascending column of hot air, above the dew

oint.
‘ The dry bulb thermometer stood at 79° F., wet bulb
at 69° F., the dew point being at 65° F.

The rain was soon seen to fall and in a few moments
the Jightning was observed, followed, at an interval of 45
seconds, by a clap of thunder. A heavy shower from this
cloud fell at Hampton Falls.

Reckoning a fall in temperature of 1° for every 100
yards, the base of the cloud was about 1,400 yards above
the surface of the Earth, and the top of the cloud about
three times as high, or 4, 200 yards.

If we suppose with Mr. Espy that the air cools in ascen-
ding at the rate of 1.5° for every hundred yards, the ther-
mometer in and outside of the cloud would indicate a fall
of 60° in the temperature in ascending 4,000 yards, unless
warmed up by the condensation of the vapors in the cloud.

By the above ratio of descent of temperature, when the
air has risen 1,700 yards, the temperature will have fallen
between 25 and 26°, and in so doing, will, (according to
Dalton’s tables) after making due allowance for the in-
creased space it occupies in “ascending three miles, viz.:
one-third, condense forty-four one hundred and fifteenths
nearly of its vapor; which would be sufficient to heat up
the air in the cloud 35°.

‘The expansion of the air in the cloud by the giving out
of this amount of latent heat, viz.: 35,° would equal thirty-
five four hundred and eightieths or one-fourteenth nearly,
of its bulk, or of the space occupied by the ascending
column of hot air.

Supposing now the base of the cloud to be at one mile
above the earth, where the barometer may he taken as

CXXXIV

standing at 30 inches and the density of the air at unity,
or one; ‘at four thousand two hundred yards, its density
would be .630, or one third less: or in other words the
barometer would stand at 20 inches at or just above the
cloud, and at 30 inches at its base: one-fourteenth of this
difference would equal .71 of an inch of barometric pressure,
which would express the fall of the barometer from expan-
sion by the heat given out by the condensation of the
vapors if the expansion was all in an upward direction.

On the supposition that the column of heated air or the
cloud ascends to a point where the barometer wonld stand
at 20 inches, the amount of rain which would fall would
be about 1.6 inch, supposing all the vapors to be condens-
ed and to fall on an area equal to the base of the cloud;
and it would occupy about 30 minutes in falling: for when
the dew point is at 65° the air contains about one seveniy-
seventh of its weight of vapor, and air at 80° dew point
ascending on the principle of floating bodies, at the rate of
7 1-2 feet in one second, at 65°, would rise one tenth less
rapidly, or at about the rate of 6 feet and 9 inches in a
second.

Without doubt the Sun may and does, in the day time, aid
in the development of the cumulus cloud. We learn from
Mr. Wise, the Aeronaut, that the air in the base of and on
the sunny side of the cloud is much warmer than at other
parts, and these clouds are seldom formed in the night; but
we apprehend that the electricity given off by the “conden-
sation of the vapors is, in many of these clouds, especially
those giving rise to the tempest or tornado and the water
spout, the great expansive power in their development: in-
deed, on no other principles but that of the convective dis-
charge of electricity can be explained the uplifting and re-
moval to great distances of heavy bodies, the drying up of .
ponds, or the phenomena noticed in the subjoined account

of the tornado which has so recently occurred in Wisconsin.

‘An awful tornado nearly destroyed the village of Viroqua, Wiscon-
sin, Thursday week. One hundred-and seventeen persons were killed
and wounded. A correspondent of the N. Y. World gives the follow-
ing Ete: =

The southern part of the village. forastrip near eighty rods in width,
Was swept away. Where stood handsome whit2 houses, neat barns, and
out buildings, nothing now remains but ruins. Gardens, garden fenc-

CXXKV

es, orchards, grape vines, floral shubbery, well-curbs, buggies,
wagons, cutters, &c., &c., were caught up, whirled, shaken, dashed to
fragments, and the pieces taken for miles beyond. Never was work of
destruction more rapid or complete. The track of the whirlwind is as
if some mighty viver had rushed over the course, leaving thousands of
odd fragments strewn with liberal yet spiteful power.

Trees were torn up by the roots and thrown rods away. Roofs, sides,
doors, floors, chimneys, underpinning, and furniture of houses were
pounded together, broken into fragments and fairly sown over the
land. Log chains were twisted apart, stoves and plow castings broken,
ready for the smelter’s furnace. Tree tops were loaded with clothing,
bed-clothes, feather beds, carpets, chairs, harnesses, calves, sheep,
dogs, cats, and poultry, dead or writhing on points of branches which
had themselves been broken. Timbers have lodged in the tops:of tall
oaks, or, from their weight, borne saplings to the earth, and the sap-
lings left covered with fragments of household goods as if hung out to
dry. Doors, partitions, roofs, and floors of houses are found from five
rods to three miles from where they belonged. Horses and cattle were
killed or so badly maimed as to inake their death an act of mercy.
Fence rails, for ten years lying on the earth till imbedded therein, were
whirled out. Stumps were torn up. Great rocks of twenty tons
weight, were rolled, lifted, and broken by the mighty power.

Near the residence of John Gardner stands a tall oak rising about
sixty feet fromthe ground. The wind whisked every leaf and small
twig from the tree, leaving it looking as if dead. The house—a large
white one—was taken so high in the air that it was seen above the tree
tops, dashed to the ground, lifted again higher than before, whirled
around and dashed roof down upon the earth a few rods from its foun-
dation, and all but a few timbers borne away. Mrs. Gardner was in
the house all the time; was spilled out in the second tumble and but
slightly hurt, while an ‘infant who vy yas clinging fast in her arms escaped
without a scratch or bruise!

In a schoo] house were twenty-four children and a young lady teach-
er. The building was lifted high into the air, dashed upon the ground
some distance from its foundation, again lifted about forty feet and
dashed bottom up to the ground, and the fragments swept away.
Hight children were killed ‘and every other occupant badly injured.
One }ittle ten year old girl, whose thigh was lacerated and broken,
when found in the fields begged the people to look for the others who
were worse hurt than herself. The school house is not to be found.

Mr. Bennett was blown from his own demolished residence into a
cellar near by, from which a house had been torn away. In a few
seconds a little girl was thrown in by him for company. At the same
time a horse was hurried in, striking Mr. Bennett and badly breaking a
leg. The horse kicked and strugeled to release himself from the rub-
bish which was ‘‘spilling” in upon the party, when Mr. Bennett tried to
get a knife from his pocket that he might cut the poor animals throat,
and thus save the life of himself and the girl. At this moment a span
of horses with part of their harness on were hurled in unon him and
killed. The wagon to which they were attached went—the box to the
west—the running gear into fragments and away over the field. The
man who was in the wagon driving when the storm began was thrown
like an arrow into an oak thicket thirty rods south from where he start-
ed, with fatal injuries.”

CXXXVI

Joseph H. Abbot, of Beverly, offered a few remarks,
corroborative of the theory advanced by Dr. Perkins relat-
ing to the formation of thunder clouds, from personal ob-
servations.

Rey. Mr. Spaulding, of Newburyport, said a few words,
expressive of his gratification at being present and of the
increasing popularity of the study of Nature.

John I. Baker, of Beverly, welcomed the Institute, and
thanked them for bolding a meeting in the town.

C. M. Tracy, of Lynn, explained the plants which had
been collected during the day, interspersing his remarks
with many pleasant allusions, especially in respect to
the Laurel found in such profusion, as though “to the
Manor born,” and thought that the reputation of Beverly
could well “rest upon her laurels.”

F. W. Putnam spoke of the nest of a Red-eyed Vireo,
which he had found on a small oak in a swamp. The
nest contained two eggs of the Cowbunting and none of
the Vireo, having evidently been deserted as soon as the
Cowbunting’s eggs had been laid.

Joseph D. Tucke of Beverly presented a Lieutenant’s
commission given by Goy. Dudley of Massachusetts to
Thomas Whittridge of Beverly, April 23, 1707.

R. 8. Rantoul read a few extracts from the memoir of
Thomas Maxwell, a Revolutionary hero.

Rey. G. D. Wildes offered some reminiscences of the
brave young men who had achieved our National Inde-
pendence.

‘The Secretary read the following communication :—

“C. M. Tracy, of Lynn, one of our esteemed Members
and Curator of Botany, delivered on Saturday last the clos-
ing lecture of a course of eight on Botany. This course
gave great satisfaction and was much admired by an ap-
preciative audience. Before separating a meeting was
called to order and Professor Crosby was invited to pre-

CXXXVII

side. James Upton, after a few appropriate remarks, in-
troduced the following resolutions, which were unani-
mously adopted :—

Resolved; That we have listened with much satisfac-
tion to the course of lectures by Mr. C. M. 'Tracy, of which
the concluding one has been delivered this afternoon, and
that the subject has been presented by him with a discrim-
ination of thought and felicity of language as to demand
some special token of our appreciation ; we therefore ten-
der to Mr. Tracy the thanks of this audience for his very
successful efforts to interest us in his favorite study, the
science of Botany.

It was then Voted, that a notice of these lectures with
a copy of this resolution be communicated at a meeting
of the Essex Institute with a request that the same be en-
tered upon the records.”

On motion of the Secretary it was Voted: That the
above communication be entered upon the records.

George W. Pousland and J. Vincent Browne Jr., of
Salem, were elected Resident Members.

On motion of C. M. Tracy it was Voted: That the thanks
of the Institute be tendered to Charles Davis Esq., Miss
Sarah J. Tittle and other citizens of Beverly, for the kind
interest they have manifested and the assistance they have
afforded in carrying out this meeting.

Additions to the Museum and Library during April, May,
and June, 1865.

TO THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT.
By DONATION.

ADAMS, SAMUEL, Hamilton. Attacus cecropia from Hamilton.

ALLEN, J. F’., Salem. Larve and Imago of Lepidopterous Insects
from the Grape vine.

Bakr, Davin, Andover. Cast off skin of a Black Snake, 5 feet 2 in-
ches in length.

BENNETT. Mrs. A., Salem. Flying fish from Atlantic Ocean. Teeth
of a Squid, Crustacean and Centipede from the East Indies.

Boies, Rey. E. C., Portland, Me. Several Insects from Portland.

Brooxs, H. M., Salem. Aftacus polyphemus from Salem.

Brown Jr., Bens., Salem. Papilio Turnus from Salem.

1g

CXXXVIII

BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL Scrences, Buffalo, N. Y. Collection
of 18) species of Plants from the vicinity of Buffalo.

Burrrick, 8. B., Salem. Several Minerals.

CaRLEN, SAMUEL, Salem. Papilio Turnus from Salem.

CarLTon, Frazer, Salem. Aftacus cecropia’from Salem.

CoLcorD, Mrs. HELEN M., South Danyers. Male, female, and young
Red-winged Blackbird from South Danvers.

Conway, Mrs., Salem. Nuts from South America.

Cooke, Castres, Salem. Collection of Plants from Zanzibar, Africa.
Ophidian from a wellin Zanzibar, Africa. Young Partridge from Salem.
Parasites from the Cod, Haddock, and Skate, from Salem Harbor.

Crossy, Mrs. A., Salem. Cocoon of Aftacus cecropia containing a
grain of corn between the two layers of the cocoon.

DENSLOW, W. W., New York. 34 species of Plants, mostly collected
by Audubon on his trip to the Rocky Mountains.

EaGLeston, Capt. J. H., Salem. Sulphur from Isl. of Formosa.

Eaton, Peter E., South Danvers. Head of a Barbyroussa Hog kill-
ed on the Coast of New Zealand in 1845, by Charles H. Ingalls.

EMERTON, JAMES H., Salem. Gall fiies and their parasites from Oak
galls. Aquatic larve and larva of a Beetle from Swampscott.

FELT, JoHN G., Salem. Weloe angusticalis from Salem.

Fiint, C. H., Salem. Bombus pennsylcanicus from Salem.

HaMMOND, J. L., Salem. Musk gland of the Musk Deer from China.

HatTHaway, BeNJ. F., Salem. Chicken with four legs.

Heatu, N., Salem. Collection of Insects from Salem.

Hitt, BENJ. D., South Danvers. Barnacles from the Ship ‘‘Said
Bin Sultan.”

Hopart, Miss, Salem. Hymenopterous Insect and a Centipede from
Honolulu, Sandwick Islands.

HOoOoPeER, NaTH’L., Salem. Seeds from South America.

HUNTINGTON, GEO. C., Kelley’s Island, Ohio. 25 species, 58 speci-
mens of Fishes from Lake Erie.

Ives, J. M., Salem. Lepidopterous Insect from Salem.

Ives, J. S., Salem. Surf Duck from Salem Harbor.

JANES, JOSEPH P., Topsfield. <Aftacus Luna from Topsfield.

JONES, E. W., Salem. Collection of Insec's and Spiders from Salem.

KITTREDGE, Miss, Beverly. <Attacus cecropia from Beverly.

Mack, Miss Harriet O., Salem. 16 species of Shells.

Marks, J. L., Salem. Pudding stone from Long Island Sound.
Breckenridge Coal from Kentucky.

MoreGan, Miss Respecca, Salem. Twig of a Clove tree with the
leaves and fruit.

NeExtson, S. A., Newburyport. Minerals from Dedham, Boxford, and
Newburyport.

CXXXIX

Orpway, Cou. ALBert, 24th Mass. Inft. Specimen of Madrepora
from Florida.

Prerity, THomMas W., Topsfield. Attacus cecropia from Topsfield.

PickMaNn, H. D., Salem. Several Fishes from Massachusetts Bay.
Parasites from a Sculpin.

Porter, E. J., Salem. 25 species of Insects from Salem.

POUSLAND, GEORGE, Salem. Skate from Salem Harbor.

Putnam, Mrs. EBEN, Salem. Several Insects and Cells of the Mud
wasp from Providence, R. I.

PurnaM, E. L., Salem. 2 Cockroaches from Santa Cruz, British
Honduras.

PurnaM, F. W., Salem. Nest of the Red-eyed Vireo, containing
two eggs of the Cow Bunting, from Beverly.

Ropes, T., Salem. Larvee of an insect very destructive to the
Tartarian Honeysuckle.

SAFFORD, JOSHUA, Salem. Malformed Claw of a Lobster.

SANBORN, FRANCIS G., Salem. Collection of Spiders from St. Louis,
Mo.

SAUNDERS, Miss Mary, Salem. Eggs of a Lepidopterous Insect
from an Apple tree.

SueparD, H. F., Salem. Hydroids and Polyzoa from Atlantic Ocean,
Lat. 28°N., Long. 60°W. Collected April 1, 1865.

SHeparp, 8. A. D., Salem. Male and female Dragon flies from
Salem.

SuREVE, Capt. S. V., Salem. Malformed egg of a Hen.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, D. C. 66 species, 125
specimens of Bird’s Eggs, principally from Arctic America.

SyMONDS, N. G., Salem. Embryo Skate taken from an egg found in
Salem Harbor, May Ist, 1865.

TirrLn, Mrs. 8. J., Beverly. Spider from Beverly.

Tuck, J. D., Beverly. Sesia pelasgus from Beverly. —

Upron, Watrer, Salem. 2 young Hawks taken from a nest in
Beverly.

VERRILL, Pror. A. E., New Haven, Ct. Collection of 46 Minerals
from various localities.

WHEATLAND, Dr. HENRY, Salem. Lepidopterous larva from the
Birch.

Wuitr, GEO. M., Salem. 38 species of Spiders from Salem.

YALE COLLEGE, New Haven, Ct, Dry specimens of Astrophyton
Agassizi, Asterias sp., Solaster endica, and Solaster papposus from East-
port, Me.; collected by Prof. Verrill, 1864. Collection of Minerals
from various localities.

CXL

TO THE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT.
By DONATION.

ADAMS, SAMUEL, Hamilton. Two Stone Chisels of the Agawam
Indians found in Hamilton.

Batcu, JoHN H., Newburyport. $5 bill on the Lincoln and Kenebece
Bank, dated 1806.

Bowpbircu, Mrs. Resecca, Salem. Embroidered Mourning piece to
the memory of Maj. Anthony Morse, 1803.

Browne, Cou. ALBERT G., 10 inch Shell invented by Capt. James
Harding, Confederate Ordnance officer, made at Charleston Arsenal
and used against Iron clad Ships. Large Shell fired from Battery
Putnam. 10 inch shot from Charleston. ‘Torpedo from Charleston
Harbor. 50 specimens of Confederate local scrip of various denomi-
nations. 50 cents, 1, 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, dollars Confederate States
currency.

Brown, J. VINCENT, Salem. Ballot thrown in the 8th Congression-
al District of Virginia, Nov. 6, 1861.

CaRrPENTER, D. B., U. S. Sanitary Commission. Canteen, Bullets
and pieces of Shel! from the Battlefield of Vicksburg.

CuHarEL, W. F., Salem. Relics from Gosport Navy Yard.

CHASE, GEO. H., Salem. Confederate Scrip of various denominations.

DENNIS, Carr. JOHN, Beverly. Hand Grenade thrown from the
fort at Port Hudson at the time of Gen. Banks’ attack, July 8, 1863.
Japanese Sword.

EAGLESTON, Capt. J. H., Salem. Water Jar from Manila.

HamMMOND, J. L., Salem. Priest’s Robe made by the Rebels while
in Nankin. Brick from the Porcelain Tower of Nankin.

JoHNSON, W. B. F., Salem. War Club from Feejee Islands.

Marks, J. L., Salem. Sword blade from the Plains of Abraham.

PurnaM, F. W., Salem. $1 note of the Hungarian fund, dated New
York, Feb. 2d, 1852.

Rust, JoHN O., Salem. 6 inch Cannon Ball from the Rebel Steamer
Merrimac.

SHort, Miss Lypia ANN, Salem. Two Memorial Pitchers made
during the Revolution. Chinese Umbrella.

SmirH, WarrEN A., Chelsea. Two 10 cent Confederate Postage
Stamps.

TraILL, H. S., Marblehead. Pieces of the Confederate flag from
Fort Pulaski.

UNDERWOOD, JOSEPH, Marblehead. 50 cent Confederate check on
the Miss. Central R. R. Cu.

Vaux, WM. S., Philadelphia. 14 Continental bills of Pennsylvania,
Delaware and Maryland, of various denominations.

CXLI

TO THE LIBRARY.
By DONATION.

AND2bEWs, CHarLtes HW. The New Whole Duty of Man, 1 vol., 8vo,
London, 1788.

ANDREWS, Mus. J. H. Wheaton’s Enquiry into the right of search,
1 vol., 8vo, Phil., 1842. Patent oflice Report, agric. 1857. 1 vol., 8vo,
‘Washington, 1858.

Boston, Ciry or. Boston city Documents for 1864, 2vols., 8vo.

BrooOKLYN MERCANTILE Liprary ASSOCIATION. 7th Annual Report,
March 30, 1865, 8vo, pamph.

Brooks, Henry M. Statutes at Large passed 2d sess. 37th cong.
U.S. A., 1861—2, 8vo, pamph.; Monthly Miscellany of Western India,
1 vol., 8vo, Bombay 1850; Youth’s Primer by Jona. Fisher, 1 vol., 16mo,
Boston, 1818; Cowper’s Task, 1 vol., 16mo, Boston, 1819; Alden’s
Speaker, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1810; Schoberl’s Persia, 1 vol., 12mo,
Philadelphia, 1828; Forbes’ Maps of Richmond and its Fortitications.

BROWNE, ALBERTG, F. Hoffmanni Ommium Physicomed Supplemen-
tum, 1 vol., folio, Geneva, 1769; Harrington’s Oceana, 1 vol., 8vo, Dub-
lin, 1733.

BUFFALO’Ss YOUNG MEN’s ASSOCIATION. 29th Annual Report, 8vo,
pamph.

BurGeEss, GEorRGE. Burgess’ Address at the Funeral of Rt. Rev. T.
C. Brownell, Jan. 17, 1865, 8vo, pamph.

CHASE, GEORGE C. Friends’ Review, vol. xviii, Nos. 28 to 41, incl.

CHASE, GEORGE H. Richardson’s Speech in convention of Virginia,
April 4, 1861, 8vo, pamph., Richmond, 1862.

Cuasz, Mrs, Georcr H. The Sanitary Reporter, three Numbers;
The Sanitary Commission Bulletin, four Numbers; Pamphlets of Sani-
tary Commission, seven.

CLEVELAND, H. W. S., Danvers. Boston Courier from Jan. 1861,
to June, 1865, 9 vols., folio; North American and United States Gazette
from April, 1861, to June, 1865, folio, 5 vols., Philad.

Cotcorp, Mrs. H. M., South Danvers. The Pious Christian In-
structed in the Catholic Church, 1 vol., 12mo, Dublin, n. d.

CurwEN, GEORGE R. Spirit of Missions, 34 Nos. The Church Al-
manac for 1864, 16mo, pamph, The Protestant Epis. Almanac for 1864,
16mo, pamph.

Hatprman, S. S., Columbia, Penn. Notes on Wilson’s Readers,
12mo, pamph., Columbia, 1864.

HamMonp, J. L. Legge’s Chinese Classics, vols. 1 and 2, 8vo, Hong-
kong, 1861. .

CXLII

Hanavorp, Mrs. P. A., Reading. The Martyred President by Mrs.
Pp. A. H., 8vo, pamph. Pamphlets, twenty.

Houprn, N. J. Mass. Legis. Documents for 1865, 4 vols., 8vo.

How, Henry, King’s College, Windsor, N.S. On Magnesia Alum by
Prof. How, 8vo,pamph. On Economic Geology of Nova Scotia, pt.
1, 8vo, pamph. On Mordenite, 8vo, pamph. On the Waters of the
Mineral Springs of Wilmot, 8vo, pamph.

Hunt, Tuomas. <A School Book in Chinese, 1 vol., 8vo. A Visiting
card of Howqua.

JOHNSON, Mrs. Lucy P. Monthly Journal of Amer. Unit. Associa-
tion, vols. 4 and 5, 120, Boston, 1863—4. Fowler’s English Gram-
mar, 1 vol., 12mo, New York, 1860; The New Testament, 1 vol., 12mo,
New York, 1819; Pierpont’s National Reader, 1 vol., 12mo, Philad.,
1854. ‘

KimMBaLi, Miss ExizaBetTu. Liberator for 1864, 1 vol., folio, Boston.

KIMBALL, James. Proceedings of the Supreme Council ‘of the
Northern Jurisdiction U. 8S. A., 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1864; Proceed-
ings of Gr. R. A., Chapter of Mass. for 1864, 8vo, pamph.

Kine, Henry F. Scientific American, vols. xi, xii, xiii, xiv. New
Series, vols. i, ii, ili, iv.; Blackwood’s Edin. Magazine, 29 Nos.; Littell’s
Living age, 29 Nos.

Lapnam, J. A., Milwaukie, Wis. Lapham’s Maps of Wisconsin,
showing the remarkable effect of the Lake in elevating the mean tem-
perature of Jan’y., and depressing that of July, 1865.

Layarpb, E. L., Cape Town, 8S. Africa. Catalogue of the South
African Museum, pt. 1, 16mo, pamph. :

Ler, Miss Harriet R. Collection of Hand Bills and Programmes.

Lin, Hiacinson & Co., Boston. Rand & Avery’s Specimens of
Printing, 1 vol., 8vo, Boston, 1865.

Lewis, WINSLOW, Boston. A description of the City Hospital of
Boston, 8vo, pamph.

Logan, T. M., Sacramento, Cal. Reports of Bd. of Agric. to Cali-
fornia State Agric. Soc’y., Jan’y. 26, 1865, 8vo, pamph.

Lorp, N. J. Files of Boston Post for Jan’y., Feb. and March, 1865.

LORING, GEORGE B. Boston Post for March, April and May, 1865.

LOWE, CHARLES, Somerville. Lowe’s Sermon on the death of Lin-
coln at Charleston, April 23, 1865, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1865; Lowe’s
Discourse, June 4, 1865, on the condition and prospects of the South,
8vo, pamph, Boston, 1865.

Mack, Miss Harrier O. ‘“Boatswains Whistle,” pub. at National
Sailors’ Fair in Boston, November, 1864.

Marrnew, Grorce F. Cupriferous Rocks of South Eastern New
Brunswick, 8vo, pamph., St. John, N. B., 1865.

CXLIII

Norwoop, J. G., Columbia, Mo. Norwood’s Notice of Producti &c.,
found in Western States, 1 vol., 4to; Norwood’s Illinois Geological
Survey, 8vo, pamph.; Several Pamphlets relating to University of
Missouri.

ODELL, CHARLES. Eliot’s Biographical Dictionary, 1l*vol., 8vo, Salem,
1809. ;

OwEN, Ricuarp, Bloomington, Ind. Owen’s Key to the Geology of
the Globe, 1 vol., 8vo, Nashville, 1857; Owen’s 2d Report on Geology of
Arkansas, 1 vol., Svo, Phil., 1860; Owen’s Report on the Geology of
Indiana, 1 vol., 8vo, Indianapolis, 1862; Catalogues of Indiana Univer-
sity, 1863—4, 1864—5, 8vo, pamph.

PATTERSON, ROBERT, Pennsylvania. A Narrative of the Campaign in
the valley of the Shenandoah, by R. Patterson, 1 vol., 8vo, Phil., 1865.

Prasr, GEORGE W. 3d Ann. Rep. U. S. Christian Commission, Jan. 1,
1865, 8vo, pamph.

PERLEY, JONATHAN. Hepworth’s Address at the Starr King Lodge
of Masons, April 17, 1865, 8vo, pamph.

Pickman, WititiamM D. American Museum, vols. 2, 3, 6, 7, 9,10, 11,
12. 8 vols., 8vo; Gray’s How Plants Grow, 1 vol., 12mo, New York, 1859 ;
Whelpley’s Compend of History, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1821; Goodrich’s
Early History of Virginia &c., 1 vol., 16mo, Boston, 1833; Wakefield’s
Botany, 1 vol., 12mo, Phil., 1818; Guide to the Lakes of Cumberland
&c., 1 vol., 16mo; Ronna’s Dictionnaire Francais—Italien, 1 vol., 16mo;
Paris, n. d.; Spirit of the Annuals for 1830, 1 vol., 16mo, Phil., 1830;
Willis’ Legendary, vol. 1, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1828; The Mysteries of
Udolpho, 3 vols., 12mo, Phil., 1800; Goodrich’s United States, 1 vol.,
16mo, Boston, 1827; Memoirs of Sherburne, 1 vol., 12mo, Providence,
1831; Rambles in Italy in 1816—17, 1 vol., 8vo, Baltimore, 1818; Staun-
ton’s Embassy to China, 1 vol., 8vo, Phil., 1799; Life of Lafayette, 1 vol.,
16mo, Boston, 1835; Memoir of James Jackson Jr., 1 vol., 16mo, Bos-
ton, 1836; Maitland’s Narrative of the Surrender of Napoleon, 1 vol.,
12mo, Boston, 1826; China and the English, 1 vol., 16mo, New York,
1835; Cathrall’s Buchan, 1 vol., 8vo, Phil., 1799; Angleskay Grammat-
ika, 1 vol., 8vo; The Children’s Week, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1830; Das
Newe Testament Nach D. Martin Luthers, 1 vol., 12mo, Frankfort,
1830; The Saracens, 2 vols., 12mo, New York, 1810; Minot’s History of
the Insurrection, 1 vol., 8vo, Boston, 1810; Ostraiider’s Mensuration,
1 vol., 8vo, New York, 1833 ; History of the Trial of Warren Hastings,
1 vol., 8vo, London, 1796; Joyce’s Scientific Dialogues, 3 vols., 16mo,
Phil., 1825; Comstock’s Chemistry, 1 vol., 12mo, Hartford, 1831; Con-
versations on Chemistry, 1 vol., 12mo, New Haven, 1809; Blair’s Gram-
mar of Philosophy, 1 vol., 16mo, Hartford, 1822; Fowle’s Linear
Drawing, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1825; De Porquet, the Turning of Eng.

CXLIV

Idioms into French, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1883; De Porquet’s Parisian
Phraseology, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1833; Comstock’s Practical Elocu-
tion, 1 vol., 12mo, Phil., 1837; Dictionnaire des locutiones vicieuses, 1
vol., 16mo, Paris, 1813; The Traveller’s Manual in Eng., Fr., Ger., and
Ital., 1 vol., 16mo, Coblentz, 1847; The Holy Bible, 1 vol., 8vo, Boston,
1831; The Holy Bible, 1 vol., 16mo, Concord, 1838; Key to Murray's
English Grammar, 1 vol., 12mo, Concord, 1820; Woodbridge’s Geogra-
phy, 1 vol., 16mo, Haitford, 1825; Adam’s Latin Grammar, abridged,
lyol., 16mo, New Haven, 1825; Putnam's Analytical Reader, 1 vol.,
12mo, Dover, 1827; Sherwin’s Algebra, 1 vol., 12mo, 7th ed., Boston,
n. d.; Colburn’s Key to Arithmetic, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1829.

PutnaM, Mrs. E. A. 3 Pamphlets.

Putnam, F. W. and Packarp, A. S. Putnam and Packard’s Notes
on the Humble Bees and their parasites, 8vo, pamph.

RopBeErtTS, WILLIAM S. Asiatic Journal, vol. 1, 8vo; Stewart’s Histo-
ry of the Discovery of America, 1 vol., 8vo. Pamphlets, 3.

SaFForD, Mrs. Josuvua. Washington’s Farewell Address, 1 vol.,
2imo, Newburyport, 1812.

Satispury, J. H.. Cleveland, Ohio. Catalogue of the Charity Hos-
pital Medical College of Cleveland, Ohio, 8vo, pamph, Cleveland, 1865.

SHAEFER, P. W., Pottsville, Pa. Maps of the Anthracite Collieries
and the Pottsville, Lehigh, Mahonoy and Shamokin Coal Basins in
Penn., by P. W. Shaefer, 1859.

Stimpson, WILLIAM, Chicago, Ill. Stimpson’s Synopsis of Marine
Invertebrata, 8vo, pamph.; Stimpson’s Malacodlogical Notes, No. 1.

Stoner, B. W. Memorandum in relation to the Gold Mines of the
Chaudiere in Canada, 8vo, pamph.; Circular of the Dawn Petroleum
Company.

Trask, J. H., Wenham. Reports of Selectmen and School Com-
mittee of Wenham, March, 1865, 8vo, pamph.

Tucker, W. P. Bishop Burgess’ 5th Charge, July 9, 1862, 8vo,
pamph.

Warp, CHarites. Journal of Commerce Jr., New York; Essex
Statesman, Salem.

Warenrs, J. Linron, Chicago, Ill. Receipts and Expenditures of
Chicago, from April 1, 1864 to April 1, 1865, 8vo, pamph; A Guide to
Illinois Central R. Road lands, 8vo, pamph., Chicago, 1865.

WuEATLAND, HENRy. The Olive and the Pine, 12mo, 1 vol., Boston,
1859; Record of an Obscure Man, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1861; Success in
Life, The Mechanic, by Mrs. L. C. Tuthill, 1 vol., 12mo,. New York,
1860.

Wipes, J. H., San Francisco, Cal. 12th Annual Report of Mer-
cantile Library Association of San Francisco, 8vo, pamph.;: Views of

CXLV

the works of the Gould & Curry Silver Mining Company, Virginia
City, N. T., J vol., 4to; Life of Joseph Vico, a Japanese who was res-
cued by the ‘‘Fennimore Cooper,” an account of his travels in the United
States, in the Japanese Language, 1 vol., 8vo.

WILLSoNn, E. B. Willson’s Review of Ecclesiastical Proceedings in
Brooklyn, Conn., 8vo, pamph., Worcester, 1818; Adam’s Historical
Discourse at Templeton, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1857; Willard’s Histori-
cal Discourse at Deerfield, 8vo, pamph., Greenfield, 1858.

YouneG, 8. J., Librarian of Bowdoin College. Catalogue of Bowdoin
College, 1865, vo, pamph.

By EXcHANGE.

AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCE. Proceedings, vol. ix.,
pages 341 to 364 incl. ;

AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN Socimty. Proceedings of Special Meeting,
Jan. 17, 1865, on the Death of E. Everett. Svo, pamph.

AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SociETY. Proc’d., vol. i, pages 1 to 48.

Boston Sociery or NATURAL History. Proceedings, vol. ix., pages
305 to 375.

CANADIAN INstiruTE. The Canadian Journal for March and May,
1865.

Epirors. Savannah Daily Herald; North American Review; His-
torical Magazine; American Journal of Science; Florida Union; Home
Evangelist; Salem Observer; Lynn Weekly Reporter; Essex Banner,
(Haverhill) ; Haverhill Gazette; Lawrence American.

FirELANDS HistoricaL Socirry. The Firelands Pioneer, vol. vi.,
8vo, Sandusky, 1865.

Iowa Hisrorican Socrery. The Annals of Iowa for April, 1865.

MONTREAL SOCIETY OF NATURAL History. The Canadian Natural-
ist and Geologist for February, April and June, 1865.

MusrumM oF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT CAMBRIDGE. Annual Report
of the Trustees for 1864, 8vo, pamph.

New ENGLAND HisToric-GENEALOGICAL Socimty. N. E. Hist. Gen.
Register for Jan. and April, 1865.

PENNSYLVANIA HisroricaL Socrrry. Resolutions on President Lin-
coln, April 27, 1865, 8vo, pamph.

PHILADELPINA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Proceedings for
Jan., Feb. and March, 1865.

TRUBNER & Co., London. Triibner’s Amer. and Oriental Literary
Record, Nos. 1 and 2.

ZOOLOGISCHE GESELLSCHAFT, Frankfurt a. m. Der Zodlogische
Garten, vol. 5, Nos. 7 to 12 incl.

20

CXLVI

Monpay, Juty 3. Regular meeting.
Henry F. King in the chair.
William H. Osgood and Joseph C. Foster, of Salem;
Robert R. Endicott and George Roundy, of Beverly, were
elected Resident Members.

Tuurspay, Juty 13. Field meeting at Reading.

The first Field meeting held by the Institute beyond the
limits of Essex County took place in the town of Reading.
The party from Salem leaving in the ten A. M. train and
arriving at Reading at about eleven o’clock.

Reading is an attractive looking town, containing many
hills and groves, among which are pleasant drives and
walks. This town was many years ago a part of Lynn.
It also included South and North Reading, which were
afterwards set off in response to local requirements. On
arrival, the company immediately repaired to the chapel of
the old South Congregational Church, where the refresh-
ment baskets were deposited and Vice President Goodell
announced the programme for the day. As the time was
limited, no very long rambles could be taken, and the few
hours were passed in examining the garden of Mr. Amos
Cummings situated on “Prospect Hill;” the nurseries of
Mr. J. W. Manning; the old burial ground where many
interesting and quaint epitaphs were to be seen; and by a
trip to the pond and adjacent fields and groves.

About one o’clock the party again assembled in the
Chapel, and, after partaking of refreshment, adjourned to
the Church where the regular meeting was organized with

Vice President Goope.t in the chair.
The Rev. Wm. Barrows, pastor of the society in whose
church the meeting was held, welcomed the Essex Institute
to the town of Reading, alluding to the fact that this town

CXLVII

was once a part of Lynn, and was then known as ‘Lynn
Village,” and, therefore, properly within the range of the
researches of the Institute.

The Chairman responded, thanking the people of the
town for the interest they had manifested this day and for
their successful efforts to make the visit of the Institute a
pleasant one.

Rev. W. W. Hayward, of South Reading, read an
original hymn, written by a resident of Reading, which
was sung by the choir of the church.

The records of the last meeting were read, and donations
to the Library and Museum were announced.

Letters were announced from:

EK. W. Blatchford, Chicago, Ill.; Chas. J. Sprague, Boston; Joseph
N. Howe, Boston; Prof. C. F. Chandler, Columbia College; Thomas
Barlow, Canastota, N. Y.; J i Kirkpatrick, Cleveland, Ohio; Prof. J. C.
Holmes, Lynn; Dr. A. Kellogg, San Francisco, Cal.; J. J. Haagensen,
St. Thomas, W. I.; Dr. Frederick Brendel, Peoria, Ill.; Geo. W. Peck,
New York; Prof. A. Winchell, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Chas. Stodder, Bos-
ton; G. Hastings Grant, New York, relating to the publications: Dr.
Wim. Stimpson, Corr. Sect., Chicago Acad. Nat. Science; Prof. Theo.
Gill, Smithsonian Institution; Prof. S. F. Baird, Smithsonian Institu-
tion; EK. A. Samuels, State Cabinet; E. S. Morse, Gorham, Me.; Rev.
E. C. Bolles, Portland, Me.; Prof. J. G. Norwood, Missouri State Uni-
versity; Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., Brunswick, Me.; Prof. P. A. Chad-
bourn, William’s College; G. A. Boardman, Milltown, Me.; Dr. Daniel
Clark, Flint, Mich.; Prof. D. S. Sheldon, Griswold College, Davenport,
iowa; Tryon Reakirt, Philadelphia; Henry L. Hotchkiss, New Haven,
Conn.; Mrs. P. A. Hanaford, Reading; A. J. Archer, Salem, on busi-
ness, and acknowledging the receipt of specimens : Prof. Richard Owen,
New Harmony, Ind.; Prof. E. D. Cope, Haverford College, Pa., accept-
ing membership: Maine Historical Society ; Albany Institute, acknow-
ledging receipt of Publications.

A communication on the Geology of Reading by Mr. L.
B. Pillsbury of Hopkinton, formerly principal of the High
School in Reading, was read by the chair.

John M. Ives, of Salem, spoke of Birds, particularly of

the Swallows, describing the habits of the various species

CXLVIII

known in this vicinity. He also alluded to the habits of
the Robin, Cow Bunting, Wren, Cherry Bird and Canada
Goose, relating several curious. anecdotes illustrative of the
peculiarities of a number of the species.

Dr. G. B. Loring, in connection with Mr. Ives’ remarks,
spoke of the habits of the Haves Swallows, a number of
which had built their nests on his barn. Dr. Loring also
claimed to be something of a Reading man, having once
had charge of a school in that town, and related some
amusing experiences connected with his professional duti-
es. His compensation was $15 per month and “board
round.” He said that Rev. Dr. Flint, Hon. Amos Ken-
dall and Rev. Cyrus Pierce had also been school teachers
in the town. He related an anecdote of Mr. Kendall, who,
while Post Master General under Jackson’s Administra-
tion, had astonished some Reading politicians who desired
a change of location in the town post office, by asking why
the petition did not bear the signatures of certain leading
men whom he named. “What!” said they, “do you know
the name of every man in the United States?” ‘The truth
was Mr. Kendall remembered the names of some of the
citizens who had been his friends, while a school teacher,
at the age of sixteen.

F. W. Putnam, of Salem, made a few remarks on the
geology of the town, called forth by Mr. Pillsbury’s paper,
and then proceeded to describe the few insects and fishes
which had been collected during the morning.

C. P. Judd, of Reading, occupied a few moments, quite
acceptably, with some interesting reminiscences of the
early history of the town.

Ezra F. Newhall, of Salem, was elected a Resident
Member.

On motion of Dr. Loring it was Voted: 'That the thanks
of the Essex Institute be presented to the Proprietors of
the old South Chureh of Reading, for the use of their

CXLIX

house; and to the Rev. W. Barrows; the members of his
society ; and other friends in Reading, for their kind atten-
tion to the members of the Institute during the day.

After the singing of “America” by the choir anda bene-
diction by the Pastor, the meeting adjourned in time for
the cars for home, and all were well pleased with their
visit to the town and the hospitality of its inhabitants.

At the depot, the signal master called the attention of a
number of the members to a pair of Blue Birds which had
built a nest in one of the signal balls, from which a piece
of the canvas had been torn. These birds, after raising
one brood of young, had made another nest, by the side of
the first, in which they had laid the eggs for a second brood.
The signal ball, in which the nests were made, was low-
ered and hoisted about fifty times a day. The birds fly-
ing out as soon as the ball commenced its descent, and,
alighting upon the fence near by, would wait patiently for
it to be hoisted again, when they would at once return to
their nest.

Monpay, Jury 17. Regular meeting.
Vice President Goodell in the chair.

William E. Doggett, of Swampscott and Sarah B. En-
dicott, of Salem, were elected Resident Members.

The Secretary stated that the portrait of Gov. John
Leverett, which was sent, at the request of Leverett Sal-
tonstall Esq., to Mr. Howarth of Boston, to be cleaned and
restored, had been returned to the Institute in excellent
condition, without cost to the Society.

On motion of Judge Waters, it was Voted: That a com-
mittee be appointed to tender to L. Saltonstall Esq., of
Newton, the sincere thanks of the Essex Institute for this
mark of his esteem and liberality in behalf of the Institute.

Messrs. J. G. Waters, H. Wheatland and 8. B. But-
trick were appointed on the committee.

CL

Tuurspay, Juty 27. Field meeting at Georgetown.

The Fourth Field meeting of the season was held this
day at Georgetown.

Georgetown is not, distinctively, an old town. Its an-
tiquity is entirely borrowed from the interesting town of
Rowley, of which, like Boxford and Bradford, it was for-
merly a part, having enjoyed an independent existence
among the family of towns only since the year 1838, and
consequently being a younger sister of the towns last
named. It was known, before the separation, as “New
Rowley.” The original post office box, not over three or
four feet long, through which the New Rowley mail pass-
ed, is still in existence, and may be seen at the native wine
establishment of Messrs. M. Carter & Son. It bears the
following painted inscription: “New Rowley and George-
town Post Office, established March 17, 1824; Benj. Little,
P.M. First quarterly return, $7.32. Last quarterly re-
turn, June 1, 1845, $117.96. Whole amount collected,
$9,373.63.”

Georgetown appears to be one of the most active and
spirited of our country towns, where attention is given not
only to farming, but, also, a considerable share of the
capital of its men of means is devoted to the manufacture
of shoes, giving steady employment to many. The crops
in the town look flourishing and bid fair to be plentiful.
Apples will be scarce here as elsewhere in New England;
but berries, cheapest of all fruits, abound.

‘On the arrival of the party a cordial welcome was ten-
dered by O. B. Tenney Esq. Chairman of the Selectmen,
who offered the hospitalities of the place, and called atten-
tion to the various points of interest in the town. Nu-
merous vehicles were also in waiting to convey the party
to the various objects of interest. Among the places visi-
ted by the several parties, were the “Old Lull House,”

CLI

which is situated about two and a half miles from the vil-
lage on the Newburyport road. It is owned by Mr. Gor-
ham D. Tenney, who is proprietor of the adjoining farm,
which comprises two or three hundred acres. Mr. Tenney
is the son of Capt. Gorham P. Tenney, whose wife was
the daughter of Dudley Lull, whose name still imparts a
designation to the old house. When, in 1690, the war
was being conducted against the French in Canada, the
Indians became troublesome in the Provinces, and on Oct.
23, 1692, this old house, which is in that part of the By-
field Parish included in the town of Georgetown, was the
scene of a massacre of which an account may be found in
Gage’s History of Rowley. At that time it was occupied
by a Mr. Goodrich who, with his wife and two daughters,
while engaged in his family prayers, on Sabbath evening,
were killed by the Indians. Another daughter, named
Deborah, aged seven years, was taken captive, but was
redeemed the next Spring, at the expense of the Province.
She died-in Beverly, as appears by the records of the First
Church in that town, where the entry reads, “Buryed,
March 28, 1774, Deborah Duty, aged 88, a widow.”
Those who were killed are said to have been buried in one
grave a few rods to the east ofthe house. ‘The exact spot,
as located by tradition, was pointed out.

Mr. Tenney, the present owner, was very courteous and
attentive to those who visited his place, and, besides
proffering acceptable comforts, exhibited, at the farmhouse
which he occupies, some good specimens of Indian relies,
such as a pestle, gouge, axe, and arrow-heads; all having
been found upon his farm, which was evidently an Indian
resort in the olden time. He conducted the party through
the old house, which is now very dilapidated and of course
unoccupied. It has undoubtedly undergone some altera-
tions since the day when Mr. Goodrich and his family

cLIii

were murdered, but the huge fire-places, clay-cemented
chimneys, and broad and ponderous beams, betoken decid-
ed antiquity.

The famous octagonal barn of Mr. Samuel Littell was
visited by a large party. - This barn is said to be the larg-
est in Essex County, being about eighty feet in diameter,
each of the octagonal sides being about thirty-two feet.
lt has two floors in addition to the basement, and is so
constructed with reference to the rising ground upon
which it is built, that upon each floor there is an entrance
from the ground. Situated upon a natural eminence, the
view from the top of it is very extensive. Here may be
seen Pentucket Pond, not far distant; Rock Pond, which
flows into it; Haverhill, Groveland and Bradford; the
ocean far away, and a vast extent of surrounding country,
including distant eminences, among which several peaks
of the White Mountains could be distinctly traced.

“Bald Pate,” the highest hill in Essex County, being 392
feet above the level of the sea, and the “Ridges” were visi-
ted, as well as the Burial Grounds and other places of in-
terest, among which was the Vineyard of Messrs. Carter
& Son, who carry on a large manufactory of native wines.

The Mineral Point Mine on Atwood’s Hill, was also
visited. ‘This mine yields an inexhaustible quantity of
brown ochre, with which a large number of the houses in
Georgetown and vicinity are painted, and which has been
quite an article of export.

Another party made an excursion to the pond where a
number of botanical and zodlogical specimens were col-
lected.

Soon after one o’clock nearly all the parties had return-
ed from their rambles, and assembled once more at the
Town Hall, where, in addition to the refreshments brought
by the company, the Georgetown people had liberally con-

CLIII

tributed to the entertainment. The hospitalities having
been duly partaken of, the meeting for discussion was then
held, commencing at half past two o’clock.

Dr. G. B. Lortne, Chairman of the Field meeting
Committee, in the chair.

The Chairman opened the meeting with remarks relating
to Georgetown, of an historical character, alluding to its
ecclesiastical controversies; some witchcraft experiences ;
and the character of some of its public men.

After reading the records of the last meeting and the
lists of donations to the Library and Museum, letters were

announced as received since the last meeting from:

Prof. J. Wyman, Cambridge; Prof. A. Winchell, Ann Arbor, Mich. ;
Frank Stratton, Natick, Mass.; T. A. Cheney, Havana, N. Y.: T.
Bland, New York; E. S. Morse, Gorham, Me.; A. Hyatt, Baltimore,
Md.; I. C. Martindale, Byberry, Pa.; Prof. L. Lesquereux, Columbus,
Ohio; Prof. A. N. Prentiss, Lansing, Mich.; E. W. Blatchford, Chicago,
Ill.; Thure Kumlien, Bussyville, Wis.; A. Agassiz, Cambridge, Mass. ;
B. P. Mann, Concord, Mass.; Noble, Brothers & Co., New York, rela-
ting to the publications: Redwood Library and Athenzeum; Maine His-
torical Society, acknowledging the receipt of publications: Isaac M.
Long, Salem; Col. Albert Ordway, Richmond, Va., transmitting speci-
mens to the Museum: Prof. J. G. Norwood, Columbia, Mo.; Dr. T. A.
Tellkampf, New York; Wm. Couper, Quebec, Canada; W. S. O.
Brinckloe, Philadelphia, Pa. ; Prof. Richard Owen, New Harmony, Ind.;
Rand & Avery, Boston; Lowell Bleachery; New York State Library;
Joshua P. Haskell, Marblehead, Mass.; J. R. Newhall, Lynn, Mass.,;
J. K. Wiggin, Boston; Lyceum of Natural History of New York, on
business matters.

James P. Cooke and David P. Carpenter, of Salem, were
elected Resident Members.

Mr. C. M. Tracy, of Lynn, was called upon by the chair,
and responded in his usual happy and ready manner, giv-
ing some account of his observations during the day, and
mentioned some of the principal plants collected. Among
these were the Orchis, Buttonbush, Cardinal Flower,

21

CLIV

Clethra, Asters, Golden Rods, and other varieties. In this
connection some discussion arose in reference to the para-
sitical character of the Indian Pipe.

C. L. Flint, Esq., Secretary of the State Board of Agri-
culture, being called upon, made some general remarks
favorable to scientific research and commending the ob-
jects of the Institute.

Rev. J. L. Sibley, Librarian of Harvard College, follow-
ed, speaking of the importance of preserving old pam-
phlets and papers, as having an important bearing, aside
from any historical value, in settling questions involving
the rights of property. He mentioned several instances
which had come under his observation, and said the Insti-
tute was doing a valuable work in this connection, besides
exerting an influence that was felt all over the country.

Capt. Alpheus Hyatt, of Baltimore, made some remarks
with regard to the general sac like plan of the Animal
Kingdom, defining the Radiata as radiated sacs, the Ar-
ticulata as articulated sacs, the Mollusca as the simple
typical sac and the Vertebrata as sacs divided internally
into two cavities. Capt. Hyatt adduced specimens of
Paludicella and Fredericella, found during the forenoon
ramble, as proofs of the specialization of the sac among
the Mollusca, and gave in detail their anatomical and
physiological peculiarities.

Mr. F. W. Putnam, of Salem, gave a brief abstract of
his day’s observations, and enlarged upon the habits of the
gall fly, specimens of which he produced at the meeting.

Capt. J. G. Barnes, while he made no claim to being a
naturalist, said he had no doubt Georgetown could present
much that was worthy the attention of a careful scientific
observer. He said that during the past four years we have
been making history very fast; and he looked with local
pride upon what had been done in his state and town for

CLV

the maintenance of the union of the States, and suggested
that it was the duty of this historical society to gather all
facts and memorials tending to elucidate the history of
this period.

Mr. A. C. Goodell, of Salem, gave some curious facts in
regard to the names of several towns in the vicinity, and
closed his remarks by reading a poem written for the oc-
casion by a Salem lady.

Richard Tenney, Esq., Postmaster of Georgetown, gave
some facts in the history of the town, especially in relation
to its incorporation as a distinct municipality.

Mr. John Preston, of Georgetown, presented a leaf from
a magnolia planted by George Washington at Mount
Vernon.

A resolution of thanks, offered by Mr. Walton and
seconded by Mr. Upham, was passed to Messrs. O. B. Ten-
ney and Sherman Nelson, Selectmen ; Maj. Moses Tenney,
Capt. Barnes, Lieut. Wildes; Messrs. Stephen Osgood,
John Preston, John Bradstreet, Isaac Wilson, Edmund
Bailey, Chas. Carter, Samuel Wadleigh, Geo. W. Boyn-
ton, Jos. Folsom, Richard Tenney, Geo. Harnden, Wm.
Horner, Robert Coker, Gorham D. Tenney, and other
citizens of Georgetown, for their liberal and successful
efforts in making the meeting a pleasant and instructive
one.

On returning to the depot, at the close of the meeting,
Mr. W. 8. Horner, the depot master, displayed a few of
his many Indian relics.

Wepnespay, Aueust 9. Quarterly meeting.
N. Weston, Jr., in the chair.
On motion of F. W. Putnam, it was Voted: That the

following be added as a final clause to Chapter IV of the
By-Laws.

CLVI

“Every facility in the power of the Superintendent, con-
sistent with the welfare of the specimens, shall be offered
to persons visiting the Museum for the purpose of study
and comparison.” .

D. B. Hagar, J. Leonard Hammond and Elizabeth A.

Putnam, of Salem, were elected Resident Members.

Fripay, Aucust 18. Field meeting at North Andover.

The fifth Field meeting of the season was held at North
Andover this day. About three hundred persons arrived
in the train from Salem and assembled at the “First
Church” before separating into small parties to visit the
special objects of interest to each.

The zodlogists sought the brooks and streams and found
many specimens amply rewarding them for their search ;
the botanists the woods and meadows for various flowers;
the antiquarians for the relics of olden time.

This township was first settled in 1631. In the same
year the following order of the court was issued respecting
the land in Andover:

“Tt is ordered that the land about Cochichewick shall be
reserved for an inland plantation, and whosoever will go to -
inhabit there shall have three years immunity from all
taxes, levies, public charges, and services whatever, mili-
tary discipline only excepted.”

The land is uneven, rising into large hills, affording fine
and delightful prospects and scenery. Dr. Dwight, in his
travels, some sixty or seventy years since, says of the North
parish of Andover: “Its surface is elegantly undulating,
and its soilin an eminent degree fertile. ~The meadows
are numerous, large, and of the first quality. The groves,
charmingly interspersed, are tall and thrifty. The land-
scape, everywhere varied, neat and cheerful, is also every-
where rich.” Hither many come from the crowded city to

CLVII

enjoy the recreation of the country; and where can a bet-
ter place be found than this well known Summer resort?

The Church was founded in 1645 and consequently is one
of the oldest inthe Connty. For seventy years the desk
was very acceptably filled by the two Barnards—the Rev.
Thomas, and his son the Rev. John—and “during their
ministry the people enjoyed a series of peace and improve-
ment beyond what is common.” ‘The second Barnard died
14th of June, 1758, aged 68 years ; he left two sons, both.
distinguished clergymen. One was the Rev. Thomas
Barnard of Newbury, afterwards of the First Church in
Salem, and father of the Rev. Thomas Barnard, D. D.,
first minister of the North Church in Salem; the other
was Rev. Edward Barnard of Haverhill, whose portrait by
Copley is in the possession of the Essex Institute.

The Great Pond, so called, is a fine, clear basin of
water, containing obout 450 acres, and is well stocked
with fish. The outlet, known as Cochichewick brook,
furnishes the power of several woolen mills, some of which |
belong to the estate of the late Eben Sutton, Esq., of
South Danvers. This was visited by many, and from the
adjacent hills fine views of the Merrimack, the city of
Lawrence, and other places, were enjoyed.

The afternoon session was called to order at three
o’clock.

Dr. Grorce B. Lorine in the chair.

The records of the last meeting were read. Donations
to the Library and Cabinets announced.

Letters were read from:

Rey. Samuel Lockwood, Keyport, N. J.; Edward A. Brigham, Bos-
ton; C. F. Austin, Closter, N. Y.; The Abbé Brunet, Quebec, Canada;
E. 8S. Morse, Gorham, Me.; Prof. James Hall, Albany, N. Y.; James
Lewis, Mohawk, N. Y.; Dr. Julius Homberger, New York; Henry
White, New Haven, Conn.; J. H. Stickney, Baltimore, Md.: S. S. Par-

CLVIII

vin of the lowa Historical Society; Dr. L. R. Stone, U. 8. V., Harper’s
Ferry, Va.; Prof. Jonathan Pearson, Schenectady, N. Y., relating to the
publications : Prof. Richard Owen, New Harmony, Ind.; W. H. Pease,
Honolulu, S. I.; 8. Jillson, Feltonville, Mass.; S. H. Scudder, Sect.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.; Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., Brunswick, Me. ; Capt.
Alpheus Hyatt, Boston; James R. Newhall, Lynn, Mass.; Mrs. P. A.
Hanaford, Reading, Mass.; J. Prescott, Supt. Eastern R. R.; William
Merritt, Supt. Boston & Maine R. R.; H. J. Cross, Salem, relating to
the collection of specimens and business matters; Albany Institute ;
New York Historical Society, acknowledging the receipt of publica-
tions: Mrs. Sarah B. Endicott, accepting membership. '

E. W. Buswell, of Malden; James Hill, Henry. P Hen-
drick, William Haskell, A. T. Mosman, of Beverly, and
Martha G. Wheatland, of Salem, were elected Resident
Members.

On the table were three beautiful and very finely execu-
ted paintings of flowers by Miss Eliza B. Davis, for sever-
al years a resident of Salem, a lady long and very favora-
bly known to our citizens as zealously devoted to this
beautiful art.

The Chair made some remarks upon the early history of
Andover, alluding to several incidents connected with the
first settlers and their immediate descendants. He spoke
of the Phillips family, and paid a high eulogium to several
of its members who have been great benefactors to the
cause of education, in the liberal endowments’'to several
seminaries of learning, which bear the honored name of
Phillips. He also spoke of Stevens, the founder of one of
the woolen mills on the Cochichewick stream, as one of
the pioneers in this branch of our domestic industry. The
old Franklin Academy was mentioned, incorporated in
1801, and which had been highly beneficial to the parish and
to the youth who have enjoyed its advantagesfequally un-
der the superintendence of Mr. Simeon Putnam, and of
Mr. Cyrus Peirce, the experienced and faithful teacher, and
the first teacher of a Normal School in this State. Inthis

CLIX

connection he alluded to the late Gen. I. I. Stevens, who
fell fighting for the cause of his country in the recent re-
bellion, and who displayed in boyhood and youth the same
intrepidity and courage which marked his later career.

The Chairman, after some additional remarks of a simi-
lar tenor, called upon Mr. John M. Ives, of Salem, who
continued his observations upon the habits of many of
our birds, which he had commenced at the meeting in
Reading, a few weeks since, with especial reference to the
migration of several species.

The Chairman stated that Andover had long been noted
for its large trees, mentioning a large elm transplanted by
Mr. Jonathan Frye in 1725, and called upon Mr. Goodell
to give some account of what he had seen during the day.

Mr. A. C. Goodell, Jr., replied giving an interesting ac-
count of the large elm tree which he visited, and which
measures, two feet from the ground, about thirty five feet
in circumference. He then spoke of his ride around the
Great Pond, above alluded to, and the view from some of
the high hills, concluding by mentioning some interesting
reminiscences of the early history of Andover. The land,
including Andover, Lawrence, &c., was purchased of
Cutshamache, the Sagamore of Massachusetts, for twenty
six dollars, sixty four cents, and a coat. ‘The town was
incorporated in 1646 by the name of Andover, receiving
that name from Andover in Hampshire, England, whence
many of the settlers came.

Mr. F. W. Putnam spoke of the Striped Snake and other
species which were found in this vicinity. Referring to the
snake bite case in Lowell, Mr. Putnam said he had himself
been bitten by the striped snake and had never experienc-
ed any ill effects, and he thought that the effects said to
have followed the bite in the Lowell case were wholly due
to fear, as there was no venomous fang in the striped

CLX

snake. He then alluded to the fishes, giving some account
of the minnows and pointed out the differences between
these and those found in salt or brackish water.

Mr. E. G. Parker, of Groveland, asked some questions
respecting the Tent Caterpillar, stating that from some
happy but unaccountable cause all the caterpillars of this
species, in this vicinity, had not had the strength to com-
plete their cocoons, or had died soon after forming them.
Considerable discussion upon the Tent Caterpillar and
other injurious insects followed, participated in by Messrs.
Parker, Ives, Putnam and the Chair.

The Secretary announced that Rev. Stillman Barden, a
member of the Field Meeting Committee, and an ardent
friend of the Institute, who had felt a great interest in, and
had been a constant attendant upon these meetings, had
died at Rockport since the last meeting; and upon his mo-
tion a committee was appointed to prepare suitable testi-
monials of respect to his memory and worth.

Mr. C. Davis, of Beverly, offered the following vote,
which was unanimously adopted:

Voted; That the thanks of the Institute are due to the
proprietors of the First Church in North Andover for the
use of their house ; to the members of “Cochichewick En-
gine Co., No. 2”, for the use of their building; to Messrs.
Moses T. Stevens, Otis Bailey, W. P. Phillips, John Ber-
tram, James B. Curwen, Matthew Poor, I. O. Loring, Mrs.
Nath’l Stevens, and other citizens and temporary residents
of North Andover, for their kind attentions during the day.

The meeting then adjourned.

Wepnespbay, Aucust 23. Adjourned Regular meeting.
Judge Waters in the chair.
Prof. J. G. Norwood, of Columbia, Mo., was elected a
Corresponding member.

CLXI

TuHurRsDAY, SEPTEMBER 7. Field meeting at Newburyport.

The sixth and last Field Meeting of the season took
place this day. About three hundred and seventy five
persons attended, the larger portion proceeding over the
Eastern Railroad to Newburyport, and thence down the
Merrimack to Salisbury Point. ‘The party was so large
that, in addition to the passenger barge usually employed,
it was found necessary to charter a schooner, both being
taken in tow by a powerful little tug boat called the “Thur-
low Weed”. ‘The trip down the river, some three miles, oc-
cupied about half an hour, and upon arriving at the Point,
the barge and schooner were run directly upon the sand
beach, and the company landed without any difficulty.
Here nearly two hours were spent, and a few improved
the time by inspecting Fort Nichols, and rambling over
Salisbury Beach proper, which extends several miles along
the ocean side, and is one of the finest beaches on the
coast. The heat was so intense, however, that but a small
number improved the opportunity. The fort mounts ten
or twelve guns. The parapet already shows signs of dis-
integration, the effect, probably, of the severe drought, and
of the sun’s rays which concentrate upon the sand heaps
with overpowering intensity. ‘There were several tents in
the vicinity, occupied by “camping out” parties from up
the river.

Returning to Newburyport, the company partook of the
usual picnic dinner in the City Hall, and afterwards had
an opportunity to visit the many places of interest in the
city, including the Horton Memorial Chapel, the White-
field Church, the Copley Portraits, the Public Library, and
other objects of note heretofore described,

At three o’clock, the afternoon meeting was organized
in the City Hall.

22

CLXII

Vice President A. C. GoopELt, Jr., in the chair.

The records of the preceding meeting were read. Do-
nations were announced to the Museum and Library.

Letters were read from the following :

S. H. Scudder, Sect. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.: H. A. Bellows, Con-
cord, N. H.; A. W. Dodge, Hamilton; Dr. A. 8S. Packard, Jr., Boston;
C. G. Brewster, Boston; H. A. Purdie, Boston; Samuel Jillson, Felt-
onville, Mass.; Prof. Joseph Henry, Sect. Smithsonian Institution;
Prof. Theo. Gill, Smithsonian Institution; B. Westermann & Co., New
York; Ezra Cleaves, Beverly; Mrs. K. N. Doggett, Chicago, Ill.; Hugh
Wilson, Salem; A. Lackey, Marblehead; Mrs. P. A. Hanaford, Reading;
I. P. Langworthy, Boston; Rev. Geo. D. Wildes, Salem; Paul J. Beck-
ford, Salisbury, relating to the forwarding of specimens and general
business: W. M. Hunting, Fairfield, N. Y.; E. S. Morse, Gorham, Me.;
Prof. O. P. Hubbard, Dartmoutn College; Prof. S. F. Baird, Smithso-
nian Institution; Dr. Julius Homberger, New York; Prof. HE. A. Ver-
rill, Norway, Me.; Capt. Alpheus Hyatt, Gorham, Me.; H. B. Rice,
Boston; Surgeon B. G. Wilder, 55th Mass. Vols.; N. S. Shaler, Cam-
bridge; W. Bower, New York; A. C. Goodell, Jr., Salem; W. A. Sinith,
Worcester, relating to the publications: James P. Kimball, New York,
accepting membership.

Joseph P. Cloutman, of Salem, was elected a Resident
Member.

Mr. F. W. Putnam, of Salem, was called on for an ac-
count of the forenoonramble. The various specimens that
had been collected were displayed on the table, and Mr.
Putnam took them up in order. He first showed a fish
bone, and explained how from one bone, hair, tooth or
scale the character of the living animal could be determin-
ed, the analysis in the present case proving the specimen
to be part of the jaw of the monk fish (Lophius). He next
showed several specimens of sandlances (Ammodytes),
which bury themselves in the sand, when thrown up by
the waves, and remain till the next tide allows them to re-
turn to their native element. 'These fishes often lie at the
bottom of the water, apparently dead, but on being dis-
turbed revive and become as active as ever. A bottle of

CLXIII

minnows was next exhibited and their characteristics ex-
plained. The next object in order was the skull of a cat,
picked up on the beach, which was interesting from the
very extreme age indicated by the teeth, many of which
had dropped out, and the cavities become closed. ‘The
horse-shoe, or king crab, was next taken up. These were
not the animals themselves, but only the shells, the ten-
ants having vacated ou their quarters becoming too close
for them, a new and larger shell being secreted in a short
time. ‘They also cast out the lining of their stomachs,
‘These animals are among the lowest of their class, ap-
proaching the fossil trilobite. The sand flea was also re-
ferred to as a proper crustacean. The sea urchin was ex-
hibited as a specimen of the radiates, and shown to be in
its structure closely allied to the starfish. A black body
about two inches long, with prongs projecting from the
corners, and which is popularly supposed to be a seaweed
bladder, was explained to be the egg case of a skate.
The fish attains its perfect form in this case, being suppli-
ed with water during its entire growth by. means of the
four tubes or prongs.

Dr. Henry C. Perkins, of Newburyport, was next called
on. He said he came to learn, not to teach, but still would
not be selfish. He thought the society had made a collec-
tion of all the specimens the waters of this region afforded.
He once had a dredge made, and used for several years by
a boatman, for the purpose of fishing up, if possible, some
new species not found on the shore, but succeeded in find-
ing only one—an arctic shell. _ He had been interested in
watching an excavation in order to study the various strata
and other objects of interest. The hill where the observa-
tory stood during the last war, had changed from a north-
west to a northeast slope. The sand resembles the Plum
Island sand, and at the present time the drought had reach-

CLXIV

ed five feet, that being the point where the first indications
of moisture were found. When the “James Mills” excava-
ted the hill on the turnpike for a reservoir, they found at
a depth of five feet pine logs three feet in diameter at a
locality known by tradition as the “Pine Swamp.” Lower
still, stratified sand was found, and five feet lower, a trunk
of a tree within one foot of water. In searching for or-
ganic remains he had found gravel cemented to larger
stones by lime which had apparently percolated through
the strata. above from shells. He also referred to the
change in the channel in the river, and to the storm which
cut off a mile of Salisbury beach, making a channel for the
largest ships.

Rey. A. E. P. Perkins, of Ware, made some remarks on
geology. He thought geologists were often mistaken in
deducing the age of formations, for, owing to causes which
we did not understand, the alluvial formation often accu-
mulated in a hundred years as much, as at the slow rates
sometimes observed, would indicate ten thousand years.
In his native town, not yet a century old, a certain loca-
tion was known as the beaver dam though no traces of the
dam were found or known to the present generation, till,
on digging a ditch, it was discovered four feet below the
surface, which proved that that depth of alluvium had ac-
cumulated in a hundred years.

He then made some remarks on the migrations of birds.
He included in this term not only the annual migrations
but the permanent change of habitat. Birds often appear-
ed in great numbers in a region to which they had previ-
ously been strangers; and, on the other hand, sometimes
disappeared entirely from their accustomed haunts. There
were many birds in our woods which not one man in ten
had ever seen, whose song could be detected by an ex-
perienced ear, but never heard by the chance passer by.
He instanced the Indigo bird as an example.

CLKXV

Hon. Asahel Huntington, of Salem, gave an interesting
reminiscence of Newburyport, and his early acquaintance
with many of the prominent divines, physicians and law-
yers. He highly eulogized Miss Gould, the poetess, and
her father, Capt. Benjamin Gould, who took part in the
Revolution and was wounded at the battle of Lexington.
He built the house in which Mr. H. was born, and the first
rudiments of his education he received in a school taught
by asister of the poetess. The first of Miss Gould’s famous
series of epitaphs was written for him, at his suggestion, in
reply to her assertion that he would kill himself smoking.
She complied, and wrote the epitaph off hand, together
with some half dozen others the same evening. This was
her first attempt at poetry.

Col. Eben F. Stone, of Newburyport, was next called
upon. He said that being a new member of the Institute
he came to hear, not to talk. His studies had been in
other directions than science-ward. He felt the necessity
of science—of a knowledge of nature to make his walks
more agreeable. He had learned something, and did not
believe that the study of science destroyed the poetry and
charms of nature.

Vice President Goodell, Chairman of the Committee to
report upon the death of Rev. Mr. Barden, presented the
following resolutions :

Resolved: That in the recent death of the Rev. Stillman
Barden of Rockport, the Institute deplores the loss of a
sincere lover of science, and an active and zealous worker
in its cause; that it is peculiarly painful to the survivinl
members of the Institute to reflect that its meetings wig
no longer be enlivened by his presence, nor its memberll
encouraged by his ever cheerful voice and his genias
manners.

Resolved: That these Resolutions be entered on the
records of the Institute, and that the Secretary cause a
copy thereof to be sent to the family of the deceased.

CLXVI

The adoption of the resolutions was moved by Dr.
Wheatland, and seconded by Rev. Willard Spaulding, of
Salem, who spoke with much feeling and earnestness in
eulogy of the deceased. ‘The resolutions were unanimous-
ly adopted.

The members of the Institute having received and ac-
cepted a polite invitation from Hon. Caleb Cushing to visit
his house, the meeting adjourned for that purpose, after,
passing votes of thanks to the City authorities for the use
of the Hall, to Hon. Caleb Cushing, and to Rev. Dr. Spal-
ding, and other citizens, for their courtesies and attentions.

Repairing to Mr. Cushing’s fine residence, the company
were kindly greeted by the host, who not only opened all
his rooms for their inspection but also entertained them
with a generous hospitality, entirely unexpected, and not
often bestowed by any distinguished gentleman upon so
numerous a party, principally entire strangers. The priv-
ilege of such a reception may be in some measure estima-
ted, when it is stated that Mr. Cushing has one of the finest
and most extensive private collections of rare paintings to
be found in the United States. They include many cele-
brated works of the old Spanish masters, and other valua-
ble specimens, not omitting some of the best of Chinese
art, obtained by Mr. Cushing during his various sojourns
in Mexico, and Europe, and in the Oriental World. ‘The
collection comprises more than seventy distinct pieces, of
different sizes, and a variety of subjects, many of them of
great historical interest and value. He also possesses
some choice statuary and several fine family portraits.
The examination of these splendid works of art afforded
the crowning pleasure of the day.

Mr. Superintendent Prescott furnished an extra train for
the return trip, and the party reached home safely, highly
delighted with the closing excursion of the season.

CLXVII

Additions to the Museum and Library during July, August,
and September, 1865.

TO THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT.
By Donation.

ALLEN, J. F. Salem. Larvee and Imago of Ctenucha grata from the
Grape vine.

BoarRDMAN, Gro. A. Milltown, Me. Embryos of the Sheldrake,
Ruffed Grouse and Loon, from Milltown. Smelts, Osmerus sp?, and
Crangon sp?, from St. George River. 2 Snakes and a Mineral, from
near Milltown.

Bowpoin, Dr. W. L. Salem. Head and feet of a large Turtle,
Chelydra serpentina, from a Lake in N. H.

CARLEN, SAMUEL Salem. Syngnathus Peckianus, from Salem Mill
Pond.

Conepon, Miss Eunicz: New Bedford, Mass. Fossil Astrea, Verte-
bra of a Cetacean, from York River, about 2 miles from Yorktown, Va.
Specimens of Cotton plant, from Virginia. Seed Vessels of a species
of Asclepias, from Yorktown, Va. 380 specimens, 10 species, Fossil
shells, from the Bank of James River, Va., near Allen’s Landing, about
6 miles from Yorktown.

CLoUTMAN, WM. R. Salem. Specimen of a Beetle, from Salem.

Cooxr, C. Salem. Coleoptera, from Pond Lily leaves. 48 speci-
mens, 16 species, Insects, from Reading. Parasites, from the intestines
of the Golden-winged Woodpecker.

Cooker, C. and Pickman, H. D. Salem. Collection of Insects and
Fresh water Fishes, from Rye, N. H,

Covitu, T. N. Salem. 200 specimens of Pinnotheres ostreum Say,
Oyster Crab. :

CrreL_MAN, Mrs. B. C. North Beverly. Specimen of Solen ensis,
from Salisbury Beach.

Cross, Henry J. Salem. Ascidians, from the North River flats.

DopGer, A. W. Hamilton. Living Specimen of Lasiurus novebora-
censis Tomes, Red Bat, from Hamilton.

EDWARDS, CHARLES Salem. Specimen of Strombus, from Africa.

EMERTON, JAMES H. Salem. 256 specimens, 60 species, Insects,
from North Andover. Salamander erythronota, from the Gloucester
woods. 386 Specimens, 29 species, Insects, from Georgetown.

Feit, 8. Q. Salem. Tropidonotus sauritus, and a Mineral, from
North Andover. Head of an Antelope, from Sierra Leone, W. Africa.

Footr, Rry. Henry W. Boston. Collection of Minerals, Shells,
Corals and Seeds, from various localities.

CLXVIII

Heatu, N. Salem. 105 specimens Insects and Spiders, from Salem.

Hines, Mes. Salem. A Glow-worm (living specimen) Lampyris
noctiluca (female larva), from Boston.

Hooper, NATHANIEL M. Salem. Nuts, from Cayenne,S.A. Albert
Coal, from Hillsboro, N. B.

JOHNSON, Danie H. Salem. Clam, Mya, with a double shell, from
Ipswich.

KIMBALL, JaMES Salem. 6 specimens of ‘‘Spanworm Moths,” from
New York.

LanvDER, Miss L. Salem. Large Moth, from Salem.

LARABEE, EBEN L. Salem. A. Large collection of Sponges, from
under the draw of Beverly Bridge.

Lovett, Epwonps Beverly. Skin of a Leopard, from West Africa.

Mack, Dr. Wm. Salem. Specimen of Tenia solium.

Mason, Jamestown, N.Y. Silver Ore, from Colorado Territory.

McItwraitH, THomas Hamilton, C. W. Skins of Lanius excubito-
roides and Plectrophanes lapponicus, from Hamilton, C. W.

NELSON, AUGUSTUS Georgetown. Clay, from Georgetown.

NeELson, Henry A. Georgetown. Pupa, Imago and Parasite of the
Tent Caterpillar.

Norwoop, Pror. J. G. Columbia, Mo. A collection of 687 speci-
mens, 298 species of Western Fossils. Identified.

OsGoop, Mrs. Cuas. Salem. Specimens ofa dipterous Insect, from
Salem.

PaLFREY, CHAs. W. Salem. 5 Eggs.of the Mocking Bird, Mimus
polyglottus.

PickMan, H. D. Salem. Dragon-fiy, from Salem.

Portser, E. J. Salem. Specimen of Hpiera riparia, from Salem.

PRESTON, JOHN Georgetown. Several Minerals, from various lo-
calities.

PurnaM, C. A. Salem. Dipterous larva, from the Canal of Naum-
keag Mills, Salem. Star-nosed Mole, Condylura, from Lawrence. 4
Trout, Salmo fontinalis, from the Aqueduct Fountains in South Dan-
vers. 6 Osmerus ; 2 Ctenolabrus ; 2 Morrhua (young) ; Phycis (young) ;
Platessa, from Salem Harbor.

PurnaM, F. W. Salem. Storeria Dekayi and Tropidonotus sauritus,
from North Andover. Fundulus multifasciatus, from Andover Pond.
Gall-flies and parasites in several stages, from the Galls on the Wild
Rose.

RoBINSON, AsA P. New York. Skin of Rana Catisbiana, from
Lake Umbagog, Me.

Russet, Miss M. A. Salem. Specimen of Walking stick, Spectrum
Femoratumn.

CLXIXx

SAUNDERS, CapT. O. H. Salem. Lead Ore and Lime, from Island
Pond, Canada,

SmirH, Samury H. Salem. Specimen of Platyphyllwm concavum,
Katy-did, from Holmdil, N. J.

SPRINGFIELD City Lisrary Musrum, by S. Sreppins. 500 speci-
mens Spiders, 2 specimens Polyommatus porsena, from Springfield.

STEBBINS, S. and BenNertr, C. W. Springfield. Specimen of Rat-
tlesnake, Crotalus durissus Linn., from Mt. Tom.

Stites, Frepreric Topsfield. White Rat from Topsfield.

STONE, ALFRED Providence, R. I. Nest and young of Vespa macu-
lata. Nest and young of Polistes sp?, from Providence, R. I.

TeLyKaMpr, Dr. A. New York. Ascidia nov. sp., from Huntington
Bay, Long Island.

TENNEY, Pror. S. Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Copperhead Snake, from
Mt. Holyoke.

TrRuE, JosepH Salem. Stone bored by Shells, from the Grand
Banks. Insects, from Salem.

_ Upron, Carr. Groner Salem. 2 specimens (skins) of Birds, and
specimens of Polyzoa, from the Grand Banks?

Wess, Capt. BeNJ. Salem. Specimen of Spondylus, from the West
Indies. 2 specimens of Coral and 4 of Minerals, from various locali-
ties. Tree Toad, from China?

WHEATLAND, Miss M.G. Salem. Minerals, from the Banks of the
Genessee River, Rochester, N. Y.

WILSON, CHARLES S. Salem. Specimen of the Hoary Bat, Lasiurus
cinereus Allen, from Salem.

Witson, Mrs. THos. Salem. Nest of the Chimney Swallow, from
Salem.

Woops, Henri N. Rockport. Fistularia serrata Bloch, from Rock-
port Harbor.

TO THE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT.
By DONATION.

ABBOTT, JOHN Beverly. Leaves of the Charter Oak.

ALLANSON, Limur. J. S. Marblehead. 4 Confederate Buttons. 2
Confederate Torpedo caps. Several pieces of Confederate fuse. $10,
and 50 cent script of Confederate States.

CarPENTER, J. S. Salem. $1, $500 and two $100 (different issues)
Confederate paper currency.

Conapon, Miss Eunice New Bedford. 3ballsand a fragment of a
shell picked up outside the Fort, soon after the Confederate troops

23

CLXX

evacuated Yorktown, Va. Slate and pieces of Brick from the ruins of

William and Mary College, after the battle of Williamsburg, Va. A.
piece of the Tombstone of ‘‘Major William Gooch, dyed Oct. 29, 1650,”

near the spot where Cornwallis surrendered to Washington. A piece

of Window glass, from the house in which Cornwallis had his Head

Quarters in the Fort at Yorktown, Va. Lath, Plastering, and Moss

from the roof of the ‘‘Capitulation House,” Head Quarters of Gen.

Washington, and near which Gen. Cornwallis surrendered, Oct. 19, 1784,

about 14 miles from the Fort at Yorktown, Va.

DENSLOW, W. W. New York. Revolutionary button of the 57th
Regiment, British Army, found on Washington Heights.

Footer, Cates Salein. $10 note Confederate currency.

Footrt, REy. HENRY W. Boston. 13 Plaster Medallions. Seeds
and leaves, from various Historical places, and other specimens.

GOLDTHWAITE, JOSEPH A. Salem. A collection of North Carolina
paper currency.

GRANT, Lizut. FRANKLIN Salem. Cutlass taken from the wreck of
the Confederate Steamer Merrimac, at Newport News. Piece of one
of three Muskets stacked over the magazine of Ft. Fisher at the time
of the explosion.

Horcukiss, HENry L. New Haven, Ct. Photographic views of Ike
Marvel’s House; Temple Street, New Haven; Library Building and
Alumni Hall, Yale College; Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven; Prof. B.
Silliman, Sen., and President Woolsey.

Lone, Isaac M. Salem. 1628 ‘Patriotic Envelopes” collected
during the first part of the Rebellion.

Lovett, EpMonps Beverly. 3 Native swords, from the West Coast
of Africa.

Orpway, Cont. ALBERT Richmond, Va. 120 specimens, different de-
nominations and issues, Confederate paper currency.

Pirman, Aucustus P. Salem. Palmetto Flag.

Roperts, Davip Salem. Confederate paper currency.

SHORT, JOSEPH Salem. Various relics from the Battle Field of
Gettysburg.

TENNEY, GorHAM D. Georgetown. Indian Arrow Head, from
Georgetown.

WEBB, Capt. BENJAMIN Salem. Chinese toy.

Witiiams, W. A. Salem. Indian relics, consisting of a stone pot,
stone chisel, stone arrowheads and a twisting-stone, also a few small
bones of a skeleton, and a piece of Red Ochre, taken from an Indian
grave on Salem Neck, under the embankment of Ft. Pickering.

CLXXI

TO THE LIBRARY.
By DONATION.

ANDREWS, Mrs. James H. Endicott’s Memoirs of John Endicott,
1 vol., 4to, Salem, 1847.

ATWOOD, EH. S. Atwood’s Discourse on Lincoln, 8vo, pamph., Salem,
1865.

BARRANDE, JOAcHuIm A. Paris. (Through Smirusonian INSTITU-
TION.) Defense des Colonies par J. Barrande, 1 vol., 8vo, Paris, 1865.

BATCHELDER, Mrs. JOHN H. The Last will and Testament of Capt.
Miles Standish, Broad-sheet.

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE OF LOWER CANADA. Prize List for the Ex-
hibition at Montreal, Sept., 1865, 8vo, pamph.

Brooks, Henry M. Fidler’s observations in United States and .
Canada, 1 vgl., 12mo, New York, 1833.

BRUNET, Le ABBE OviDE Quebec. Catalogue des Plantes Canadi-
ensis by Brunet, 1st Liv. 8vo, pamph., Quebec, 1865.

CHAPMAN, JOHN Attwood’s Discourse on Lincoln, 8vo, pamph.,
Salem, 1865.

Cuasr, Mrs. E.E. U.S. Sanitary Commission, Nos. 87 and 90. The
Sanitary Reporter for May 15, 1865. The Sanitary Commission Bulle-
tin for June 1, 1865, and No. 39. U. S. Sanitary Commission pamph-
lets, 5.

Cuasrz, GrorGcE C. Friend’s Review, 9 Nos. Proceedings of the
Alumni Association of Friends Yearly Meeting School, 1865, 8vo,
pamphlet.

CHASE, GEORGE H. Intellectual Symbolism, a basis for Science by
Pliny E. Chase, 1 vol., 4to, Phil., 1863. Sanscrit and English Analo-
gues by Pliny E. Chase, 1 vol., 8vo, London, 1860.

CuasrE, TuuMas Haverford College, Penn. The Manuscripts of the
Satyricon of Petronius Arbiter, Des. and col. by Chas. Beck, 1 vol.,
4to, Cambridge, 1863.

ConGpon, Eunice New Bedford. De Obligatione Conscientiae
Praelect, Decem a Roberto Sandersono, 1 vol., 12mo, Londini, 1719.

COUPER, WILLIAM Quebec, C. E. Fraser’s Journal relating to the
Seige of Quebec in 1759, 8vo, pamph.

CURWEN, GEORGE R. Church Review, vol. xv, Nos. 1, 2,3,4. Mis-
cellaneous pamphlets, 16.

DrENsLow, W. W. New York. Plays, by Barry Cornwall, H. H.
Milman, James Haynes and David P. Brown, 1 vol., 8vo.

DROWNE, CHARLES Troy, N. Y. Annual Register of the Rennselaer
Polytechnic Institute, 1865, 8vo, pamph.

Exviot, JOAN F. Boston. Reports of Mass. Humane Society, 5.

CLXXII

FABENS, JOSEPH WARREN ‘The Uses of the Camel, a paper by J. W.
Fabens, 8vo, pamphlet, New York, 1865.

GILL, THEODORE Washington. Descriptions of New Species &c.,
by Theo. Gill, in 17 pamphlets.

GREEN, SAMUEL A. Boston. Warder and Catlett’s Account of the
Battle at Young’s Branch or Manassas Plain, July 21, 1861, 16mo, 1
vol., Richmond, 1862. New Testament, 1 vol., 16mo, Atlanta, Ga.,
1862. 25 Pamphlets printed in Richmond relating to the Confederacy.
Report of the School Committee of Boston, 1864, 1 vol., 8vo, Boston,
1865. The Boston Business Directory, 1863—4, 1 vol., 12mo. 49
Miscellaneous pamphlets.

Hormns, Joun C. Detroit, Mich. Michigan School Report and
Laws, 1863, 1 vol., 8vo. Michigan School Report, 1864, 1 vol., 8vo.
’ 8d An. Rep. of Michigan Board of Agriculture, 1 vol., Svo, Lansing,
1864. Elford’s Marine Telegraph, 1 vol., 8vo, Charleston, 1823. War-
ren’s Ten thousand a year, 1 vol., 8vo, Phil., 1841. Mitchell’s United
States, 1 vol., 8vo, Phil., 1834.

Horcukiss, Susan VY. New Haven, Conn. Ten pamphlets and Col-
lege Exercises relating to Yale College.

Huguer-Larour, L. A. Montreal. Journal of Education, vol. vir,
Nos. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 4to, Montreal, 1863. Journal de Institution
Publique, vol. vu, Nos. 9, 10, 11, 12, 4to, Montreal, 1863.

Lanprr, W. W. A collection of blanks used in the department of
the Commissary of Subsistence, U. S. Army.

LANGWoORTHY, Isaac P. Philadelphia. 10 Reports of the American
Sunday School Union, 8vo, pamph., Philadelphia.

LEE, JouUN C. Stewart’s Geography for Beginners (Palmetto Series)
1 vol., 12mo, Richmond, 1864.

LiesQquEeREUX, LEO Columbus, Ohio. Botanical and Paleontological
Report of the Geol. Survey of Arkansas, 8vo, pamph. Paleontologi-
cal Rep. of Geol. Survey of Kentucky, 8vo, pamph. Musci Boreal-Ameri-
cani, by Sullivant and Lesquereux, 8vo, pamph. Lesquereux on Coal
formations of North America, 8vo, pamph. lLesquereux on Californian
Mosses, 4to, pamph. 4th Report of the Geol. Survey of Kentucky, 8vo,
1 vol., Frankfort, 1861. Lesquereux on the Origin of Prairies, 8vo,
pamph.

Lorp, N. J. Boston Post for April, May and June, 1865.

Mack, SAMUEL E. St. Louis Mo. Edward’s St. Louis Directory, —
1865, 1 vol., 8vo.

MANNING, ROBERT Perry’s Eulogy on Stanley, Svo, pamph., Salem,
1865.

Meenan, THOMAS Philadelphia. The Gardeners’ Monthly, vols. 2,
3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, 8vo, Phil., 1860, &c.

CLXXIII

Norwoop, J. G. Columbia, Mo. 1st and 2d Annual Reports of
Geol. Survey of Missouri, by G. C..Swallow, 1 vol., 8vo, Jefferson City,
1855. Catalogue of Univ. of Missouri for 1862, 3, 4 and 5, 8vo, pamph.

OsGoop, GrorGr P. Autocrasy in Poland and Russia by Julian Al-
len, 1 vol., 12mo, New York, 1854.

OWEN, RicHarp New Harmony, Ind. Report on the Mines of New
Mexico, by Owen and Cox, 8vo, pamph.

PaInr, NATHANIEL Worcester. Bullock’s address at Worcester,
June 1, 1865, on A. Lincoln, 8vo, pamph.

FPALFRAY, CHarLtes W. An. Rep. of Adj. Gen. of Missouri, 1863,
1 vol., 8vo.

PERKINS, Hunry Philadelphia. The Soldier’s Guide in Philadelphia,
1865, pamph.

PHILLIPS, STEPHEN H. Sectional Maps of Farming and Wood Land
for sale by Illinois Central R. Road, 8vo, pamph., Chicago, 1865. La-
mark, Historie Naturelle des Animaux Sans Vertebres, vol-1, pt. 1,
and vol. 2, 8vo, Bruxelles, 1837. Walter S. Newhall, a memoir, 1 vol.,
8vo, Phil., 1864. Dietrichsen and Hannay’s Royal Almanack for 1861,
8vo, pamph., London, 1861. Ocean Telegraphing by S. F. Van Choate,
8vo, pamph., Cambridge, 1865.

Pirman, Aucustus P. Brevard’s Digest of Pub. Statute Laws of S.
Carol., vol. 2, 8vo, Charleston, 1814. Acts of Assembly of S. Carol.,
1801 to 1804, 8vo, 1 vol., Charleston. Several unbound Manuscripts.

PULSIFER, Davip Boston. The State House in Boston, Mass. by
David Pulsifer, 12mo, pamph., Boston, 1865.

RANDALL, STEPHEN Providence, R. I. Aspinwall’s remarks on the
Narragansetts patent, 2d ed., 8vo, pamp., Providence, 1865.

Ropes, Cuartrs A. Trow’s New York City Directory, vol. 75, 1
vol., 8vo, New York, 1862.

SAFFORD, JOSHUA Spiritual Songs, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1787.

STEARNS, GEORGE L. Boston. 26 Pamphlets.

STEVENS, Miss CAROLINE Rochester, N. Y. Rochester Directory
for 1847—8, 1 vol., 12mo. Several Newspapers.

TruBNER & Co., London. Triibner’s Amer. and Orient. Literary
Record, vol. 1, Nos. 2 and 3.

Warterrs, H. F. G. Regulations of Med. Dep’t of Confed. States
Army, 8vo, pamph., Richmond, 1861. ;

Waters, J. Linton Chicago, Ill. The Prairie Chicken, 1864, 1
vol., 4to, Tilton, 1864—5. Monthly, under the auspices of the late
Mrs. Kirkland. *

Wess, BensamMiIn Howison’s Dictionary of the Malay Tongue, 1
vol., 4to, London, 1801.

WHEATLAND, MartHa G. Daily Evening Transcript, July, 1864, to
July, 1865, 2 vols., folio.

CLAX 1 v

WHEATLAND, STEPHEN G. Roll of Students of Harv. Coll. in the
Army and Navy during the Rebellion, 12mo, pamph., 1865. Porcellian
Catalogue, 1865, 8vo, pamph.

Wicein, J. K. Boston. A. L. Stone’s, Discourse on A. Lincoln,
April 16, 1865, 8vo, pamph.

WILLIAMS, HENRY L. 12 Rail Road Reports.

By EXCHANGE.

AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN Society. Proceedings of Meeting April 26,
1865, 8vo, pamph.

AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL SOCIETY. Proceedings,
pages 117—176, 8vo, pamph, New York, 1865.

AMERICAN, PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. Proceedings, No. 73, pamph.,
Phil., 1865.

Boston Pusiic Lisrary. A Memorial of Joshua Bates, from the
city of Boston, 1 vol., 8vo, Boston, 1865.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF NaTURAL SCIENCES. Proceedings, vol. 3,
pt. 2, 1864, San Francisco, 1864.

CANADIAN INSTITUTE. The Canadian Journal for July, 1865.

CuHicaGo HistoricaL Socrety. Brown’s Historical Sketch of the
early movements in Illinois for legalizing Slavery, 8yo, pamph., Chica-
go, 1865.

DarTMOUTH COLLEGE Liprary. Catalogus Collegii Dartmuthensis,
1864, 8vo, pamph. Catalogue of Dartmouth College for 1864—5, 8vo,
pamph.

Epirors. The Gardener’s Monthly for July, Aug. and Sept., 1865.

American Journal of Science for July and Sept., 1865.
Savannah Daily Herald.

Florida Union.

Historical Magazine for July and Aug.

American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol., 2, No. 2.
The Home Evangelist.

North American Review, July, 1865.

The Essex Banner.

Haverhill Gazette.

Lawrence American.

Salem Observer.

South“Danvers Wizard.

Lynn Weekly Reporter.

Iowa;SratTe HistoricaL Socrety. The annals of Iowa for July,
1865, 8vo, pamph.

LonG Istanp Historicat Sociery. 2d Annual Report, 8vo, pamph.,
Brooklyn, 1865.

CLXXYV

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT CAMBRIDGE. Tilustrated
Catalogue of, No. 1, 8vo, pamph., Cambridge, 1865.

New ENGLAND HistorIC—GENEALOGICAL Society. N.E. Hist. Gen.
Register for July, 1865. Eulogy on A. Lincoln before N. E. Hist. Gen.
Soc., May 8, 1865, Svo, pamph.

New YorK CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. An. Rep., 1864—5, 1 vol., 8vo,
New York, 1865.

New York Lyceum or NaruraL History. Annals vol. vu, Nos. 1,
9, vol. vit, Nos. 2, 3, 4 and 5.

New York MERCANTILE LiprarRy AssocisTION. 44th Annual Report,
8vo, pamph.

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Proceedings No, 2,
for April, May and June, 1865.

QUEBEC LITERARY AND HISTORICAL ees Transactions, Session
of 1864—5, 8vo, pamph., Quebec, 1865.

REDWOoD LIBRARY AND ATHENZUM. Report Made Sept. 28, 1864,
8vo, pamph., New York, 1864.

YaLeE COLLEGE Liprary. Catalogus Collegii Yalensis, 1865, 8vo,
pamph. Obituary Record of the Graduates of Yale College, July 26,
1865, 8vo, pamph.

Tuespay, Ocroser 3. Adjourned Regular meeting.
Vice President ALLEN in the chair.

Samuel Q. Felt, of Salem, was elected a Resident
Member. 3

Monpay, Ocroser 16. Regular meeting.
N. Weston, Jr., in the chair.

The Secretary read by title the following communica-
tion :—‘‘Prodrome of a Monograph of the Pinnipedes.” By
Prof. ‘Theodore Gill, of the Smithsonian Institution.

James N. Estes, of South Danvers, was elected a Resi-
dent Member.

Monpay, Novemser 6. Regular meeting.

Dr. Georce B. Lorine in the chair,
Letters were read from :—

T. Mcllwraith, Hamilton, C. W.; M. S. Bebb, Washington, D. C.;
W. H. Niles, Cambridge; W. E. Endicott, Canton; H. C. Perkins, New-

CLXXVI

buryport; N. S. Shaler, Cambridge; Stephen D. Poole, Lynn; Prof. A.
E. Verrill, New Haven, Ct.; W. M. Hunting, Fairfield, N. Y.; L. L.
Thaxter, Boston; B. P. Mann, Concord; E. E. Barden, Rockport ; Prof.
C. E. Hamlin, Waterville, Me.; R. E. C. Stearns, San Francisco, Cal.;
Prof. J. Wyman, Cambridge; Prof. W. B. Rogers, Boston; Julius Sil-
versmith, New York, N. Y.; A. B. Kendig, Marshalltown, Iowa; W.
O. White, Keene, N. H.; W. O. Currier, Providence, R. I.; E. W. Her-
vey, New Bedford; W. W. Denslow, New York, N. Y.; John Bolton,
Portsmouth, Ohio; American Philosophical Society; Joseph Blake,
Gilmantown, N. H., relating to the publications: E. Suffert, Matanzas,
Cuba; Dr. J. C. Puls, Ghant, Belgium; Prof. R. Owen, Bloomington,
Ind.; James Lewis, Mohawk, N. Y.; Smithsonian Institution; G. L.
Stearns, Boston; W. Wallis, Salem; Dr. S. A. Green, Boston; A. W.
May, Boston; Mrs. E. E. Chase, Salem; J. Linton Waters, Chicago, Ill. ;
Rey. C. F. Barnard, Boston, relating to the transmission of specimens
and books: B. O. Peirce, Beverly; Prof. James Hubbert, Richmond, C.
E.; Prof. A. E. Verrill, New Haven, Ct.; Geo. C. Huntington, Kelley’s
Island, Ohio; E. T. Cresson, Philadelphia, Pa. ; Horace Mann, Concord;
A. E. Kursheedt, Cincinnati, Ohio; Mrs. P. A. Hanaford, Reading; J.
F. Allen, Salem; W. B. Trask, Boston; John Krider, Philadelphia, Pa. ;
Dr. Wm. Stimpson, Chicago, Ill.; W. J. Howard, New York, N. Y.;
Henri N. Woods, Rockport; Chas. A. Emery, Springfield; G. A. Board-
man, Milltown, Me.; Hon. C. Cushing, Newburyport; I. L. Gosling,
New York, N. Y.; H. A. Bellows, Concord, N. H.; James W. Perkins,
Salem; J. C. Holmes, Detroit, Mich.; Prof. J. G. Norwood, Columbia,
Mo.; Wm. Merritt, Salem; Capt. D. H. Johnson, Jr., Salem; Dr. H.
C. Perkins, Newburyport; Prof. S. Tenney, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.; T.
A. Cheney, Havana, N. Y.; E. E. Barden, Rockport; Hon. O. P. Lord,
Salem; F. W. Putnam, Salem; Hon. A. Huntington, Salem, on genera:
business: New York Lyceum of Natural History; Buffalo Society of
Natural Sciences ; New York Historical Society ; Trustees of Dartmouth
College; New England Historic-Genealogical Society; Museum Comp.
Zoology; Albany Institute; Maine Historical Society, acknowledging
the receipt of publications: Prof. J. G. Norwood, Columbia, Mo.;
Josiah Stickney, Boston; A. T. Mosman, Beverly, accepting member-
ship. -

Donations to the Library and Museum were announced.

Adjourned to Tuesday evening, Nov. 14.

Wepnespay, NovemBer 8. Stated meeting.

N. Weston, Jr., in the chair.
Adjourned to Tuesday evening, Nov. 14.

CLXXVITI

Turspay, Novemper 14, Adjourned Regular and
Stated meetings.

Vice President Goopr.t in the chair.
Donations to the Museum and Library were announced.
Mr. W. P. Upham read two letters ; one, written by Col,

Azor Orne, of Marblehead, to Governor Adams, dated
May 20, 1796, in which Col. Orne says his advanced age
and infirm health forbid his attention to public business, and
therefore he resigns the office of Senator for the County of
Essex to which he had been chosen. The other letter was
written by Samuel Sewall, afterwards Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court, and is dated Jan. 27th, 1780, at Marble-
head, where he was then commencing the practise of
law. ‘The letter gives a graphic account of the sufferings
of the people of Marblehead from the scarcity of wood oc-
casioned hy the great snowstorm of that winter.

Mr. Upham gave a brief sketch of the character of Col.
Orne, and an account of the family of Judge Sewall.

The Communication of Mr. Upham was referred to the
Publication Committee for publication in the Historical
Collections.

Dr. Loring made some remarks in connection with the
subjects of Mr. Upham’s communication, and narrated
several incidents of the poverty of the people from 1765 to
1800.

Mr. Caleb Cooke read a portion of his notes on Zanzi-
bar, Africa, made during a residence of four years on the
Island, in which he gives an account of the Island and the
customs of the inhabitants, with remarks upon the Natural
History of the place.

Mr. Cooke’s notes were requested for publication.

Benjamin Pickman, M. D., of Salem, was elected a
Resident Member.

24

CLXXVIII

Monpay, Decemper 4. Regular meeting.
Rey. Grorce D. Witp:zs in the chair.

Letters were announced from the following :—

Prof. S. F. Baird, Smithsonian Institution; Prof. A. Guyot, Prince-
ton, N. J.; Capt. Alpheus Hyatt, Baltimore, Md.; E. S. Morse, Port-
land, Me.; Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale College; H. M. Raynor, New York;
Thomas Bland, New York; Prof. Theo. Gill, Smithsonian Institution;
Prof. Wm. P. Blake, San Francisco, Cal.; Joseph E. Chase, Holyoke,
Mass.;: Wm. Couper, Quebec, Canada; Prof. J. G. Norwood, Columbia,
Mo.; Dr. J. C. Puls, Ghent, Belgium; A. M. Edwards, New York; C.S.
Fellows, Boston; Henry B. Dawson, Morrisania, N. Y., relating to the
publications: Prof. E. D. Cope, Haverford College, requesting the loan
of specimens: Prof. S. F. Baird, Smithsonian Institution; Prof. A. E.
Verrill, Yale College; S. Stebbins, Springfield; Hon. H. A. Bellows,
Concord, N. H.; Robert E. C. Stearns, San Francisco, Cal.; Geo. A
Boardman, Milltown, Me.: Dr. Theo. A. Tellkampf, New York; Frank
Stratton, Natick, Mass.; Wm. Couper, Quebec, Canada; John S. Stey-
ens, London, Eng.; Prof. Leo Lesquereux, Columbus, Ohio; Dr. Daniel
Clark, Flint, Mich.; Prof. J. G. Norwood, Columbia, Mo.; Thomas Bar-
low, Canastota, N. Y. Dr. J. C. Puls, Ghent, Belgium; Prof. Richard
Owen, Bloomington, Ind.; M. G. Farmer, Salem; Francis C. Webster,
Salem; Justin Hinds, Salem; Richard Eddy, Libr., Pennsylvania His-
torical Society; N. E. Atwood, Provincetown; Fitch Poole, South
Danvers; C. P. Preston, Sect. Essex Agricultural Society; Desmond
Fitzgerald, Providence, R. I.; John R. Bartlett, Providence, R. I.; Geo.
Brinley, Hartford, Ct., on various business matters and the transmis-
sion of specimens and books: Baron R. Osten-Sacken, Russian Consul
at New York, accepting membership: New Haven Colony Historical
Society, acknowledging the receipt of Publications.

Donations were announced to the Library and Museum.

Capt. N. E. Atwood, of Provincetown, made a verbal
communication on the Lobster.

The Lobster is found in great abundance on our coast
from the southern point of Cape Cod northward, being
plentiful in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. They are caught
in the vicinity of the Islands of Boston harbor and along
the “North shore” during the whole year. In winter they
are caught in deep water. As the spring advances, they
come near the shore and are taken in vast quantities.

In March, April, May, and June, large numbers are
taken and sent to Boston, New York and other markets,

CLXXIX

where they are sold to wholesale dealers ; and there are also
several establishments on the coast of Maine where they
are put up in cans, which are hermitically sealed, for trans-
portation to foreign markets; the fishery thus gives em-
ployment to a great number of persons.

On the North Shore, including the coast of Maine,
during July, and until the next spring, the Lobsters are
less plentiful, and a large portion of them are “soft shelled”
and in poor condition for an article of food.

Of the Lobsters taken on the North Shore, at all sea-
sons, more than three quarters are males, while those in
the vicinity of Cape Cod are nearly all females, at all
times when they are found in that region, such is the dis-
proportion of the sexes in different localities.

In Boston the male Lobster is prefered, consequently
Lobsters from Cape Cod will not sell there until they be-
gin to catch less on the North Shore. In New York, on
the contrary, they prefer the female Lobsters and the sup-
ply for that city comes from Cape Cod, when the Lob-
sters can be caught there.

The female Lobster is considered the best at Cape’Cod,
and usually they are in the best condition. Most of the
males are coarse and poor, and are nearly all thrown away
when they are caught.

At Provincetown, Cape Cod, the Lobsters do not come
in to the shore until late in May or early in June, they are
then abundant until the last of September and are in excel-
lent condition, and are so plenty at times that one man
will catch from three to four hundred in a single day.
This is the time when they produce their young. They
do not deposit their eggs in a particular locality, like fishes,
where they will be exposed and liable to be destroyed be-
fore the young are hatched. When the Lobster lays her
eggs they adhere to the under part of the tail by a glutin-
ous substance, and remain there in safety during the term
of incubation, consequently countless millions are hatched
every season.

Before the Bluefish came north of Cape Cod (1847),
Lobsters were very scarce in the waters about the Cape.
The reason of this was owing to the large number of small
fishes which remained along the coast during the summer

CLXXX

and fed upon the young Lobsters, since the appearance of
the Bluefish and the consequent disappearance of the
smaller fishes, the Lobsters have increased tenfold, so that
the supply is now equal to the demand. The Lobsters
leave the shores of Cape Cod in October, and, going to
parts unknown, do not return until the next May or June.

On Mr. Putnam’s asking Capt. Atwood several questi-
ons relating to his late examiniation of the fisheries of the
Merrimack and Connecticut rivers, considerable discussion
ensued regarding the practicability of restocking those
rivers with Salmon and Shad, and the protection of the
fish; in which Messrs. Atwood, Putnam and others partic-
ipated, and Mr. Putnam explained how, in his estimation,
the rivers could easily be restocked, and the fish protected
by the construction of proper “fish ways” over the dams,
and the enforcement of laws drawn up with reference to
the habits of the fishes in question.

Monpay, December 18. Regular meeting.

Vice President Goope.u in the chair.
Letters were read from :—

Prof. Theo. Gill, Smithsonian Institution; Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale
College; Proi. J. Wyman, Harvard College; Samuel R. Carter, Paris
Hill, Me.; H. A. Smith, Cleveland, Ohio; Mrs. P. A. Hanaford, Read-
ing; John R. Bartlett, Providence, R. I., on business matters: Edw.
L. Graef, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Andrew Garrett, Tahiti, South Seas; Prof.
James Hall, Albany, N. Y.; H. M. Raynor, New York, N. Y.; Prof. S.
F. Baird, Smithsonian Institution; Joseph E. Chase, Holyoke, relating
to the publications: Natural History Society of New Brunswick, ac-
knowledging the receipt of publications. :

The Secretary read a Biographical Notice of the late
Rey. Stillman Barden, prepared by Mrs. P. A. Hanaford,
which was referred to the Publication Committee, and a
vote of thanks was passed to Mrs. Hanaford, for the in-
teresting memoir of our late associate.

Mr. James H. Emerton exhibited a large and handsome

living specimen of Actinia marginata, taken under Beverly

CLXXXI

Bridge, and gave an account of its habits while in confine-
ment. He was followed by Mr. Putnam, who explained
the anatomical structure and mode of development of the
Actinia and its relation to the Coral producing Polyps.

The Superintendent exhibited a number of Indian relies
taken from a grave on Winter Island, Salem, near the
embankment of Ft. Pickering, just west of the fosse. The
grave was about four feet long, two wide, and two deep,
and was made by placing a few stones about two feet
from an abrupt ridge on a ledge and resting other stones
from these to the ledge.

The following relics were found :—Six partially finished
Arrow heads of stone. Four completely made Stone Ar-
row heads. One Stone Chisel or Gouge. One “'T'wisting
Stone.” (A thin oval stone with two holes in it, supposed
to have been used in twisting when making a kind of
twine). One “Polishing Stone.” (An ovalstone fitted to
the hand, and probably used in rubbing skins of animals
used for clothing). A number of fragments of a Pot made
of soapstone and of an oval shape; estimated from the
fragments to have been about fourteen inches long, ten
wide, and four deep. A portion of one end of the pot
has a knob or handle. The pot is smoothly finished on
the inside, rougher on the outside, and formed in a regu-
lar manner, with slightly ornamented or serrated edges.
The bottom of the pot showed signs of its having been
used over a fire.

With the above mentioned implements were found a
portion of a scapular and two bones of the foot of a Cow;
a premolar tooth of a Hog; a small fragment of bone
which could not be determined; considerable bone dust ;
and as much as a shovel full of a red substance mixed
with earth and bone dust, and quite a large piece of pure
red-ochre.

For these relics the Institute is indebted to the thought-
fulness of W. A. Williams, Esq., the Engineer at the
Fort, who, as soon as the grave was discovered, reported
it to the Institute for examination.

CLXXXII

The thanks of the Institute were voted to Mr. Williams
for his valuable donation of Indian Relics.

Donations to the Museum and Library were announced.

Joseph Peabody, Hannah M. Lord and Joseph Chand-
ler, of Salem, were elected Resident Members. John R.
Bartlett, and R’t Rev. Thomas M. Clark, of Providence,
R. IL, and Prof. Theodore Gill, of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, were elected Corresponding Members.

Additions to the Museum and Library during October,
-Vovember and December, 1865.

TO THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT.

By Donation.

ASHBY, Miss ExizA ANN Salem. Canary 16 years old.

Bosson, A. S. Salem. Skull of Fox-hound and Fox. Italian
Queen Bee.

Brooks, H. M. Salem. Plumbago, from shores of Lake Huron,
Canada.

BROwNE, A.G. Salem. Pomegranate, from Florida.

Browne, Bens. Jr. Salem. Red Bat, Lasiurus noveboracensis
Tomes, from Salem.

CARPENTER, Mr. Kelley’s Island, Ohio. Fossils, from the sand-
stone quarry at Kelley’s Island, Ohio. Beetles injurious to the Grape
vine.

CarTER, FRANCIS Georgetown. Specimenj of Lime deposited in
the Boiler of a U. S. War Steamer.

CLarkK, Dr. DanieL Flint, Mich. A collection of Fishes, Insects,
and Reptiles, from Flint, Michigan. 2 young Trout, from Lake Supe-
rior. Land and Fresh Water Shells, from Flint, Michigan.

Cooks, C. Salem. 20 specimens, 3 species, Medusa; 3 specimens,
3 species, Mollusks; 1 specimen Fish, from Lagulhas Banks, E. Coast
Africa. 20 specimens, 2 species, of Mollusks, from Champany Island,
Zanzibar Harbor. 1 Mollusk and collection of Ants, from Zanzibar, E.
Coast Africa. Seed vessel, from Pangani River, E. Coast Africa.

Dati, W. H. Chicago, Ill. 1 Bat, 2 Salamanders, 3 Frogs, 1 Toad,
3 Boleosoma, from Lake Goodwin, Marquette Co., Mich.

EmerToN, J. H. Salem. 51 bottles of Insects, in alcohol, from
Essex County.

_EMERTON, J. H. and Cooke, C. Salem. Collection of Fishes, Crus-
tacea and Radiates, from under Beverly Bridge.

CLXXXIII

FARMER, JAMES Salem. An Eel ofa bright yellow color on the back,
sides and fins, and a light yellow color below, from Salem Mill Pond.

GARDNER, WiLt1am Salem. 27 specimens of Helix cellaria, from
the Greenhouse of F. Putnam.

HASKELL, J. P. Marblehead. Eel, from a deep well in Marblehead.
The specimen is a singular mal-formation; short head, large eyes and
large pectoral fins.

Harcn, Cuas. Salem. Mantis, from Senegal River, W. C. of Africa.

HUNTINGTON, Gro. C. Kelley’s Island, Ohio. Fossils, from the
sandstone quarry at Kelley’s Island, Ohio. (Lake Erie). 38 species of
Beetles injurious to the grape vine and to wine barrels, Kelley’s Island.

KinG, Miss H. Salem. Rose Quartz, from White Mountains, N. H.
Jasper, from Berlin Falls, N. H.

Leravor, WM. Cart. Salem. Specimens of wood, from 400 miles
up the Uruguay River.

Lewis, JAMES Mohawk, N. Y. Helix, 7 species, 685 specimens;
Planorbis, 1 species, 58 specimens; Cyclas, 48 specimens; Succinea, 2
species, 79 specimens; Pycidiwm virginicum, 29 specimens; Physa, 1
species, 389 specimens ; Melania, 2 species, 777 specimens; Paludina,
4 species, 1704 specimens; Lymnea, 1 species, 23 specimens. Also a
lot of mixed Fresh-water and land shells, from various localities near
Mohawk, N. Y.

LoMBARD, Miss M.E. Boston. Specimen of Humming Bird, Trochi-
lus colubris, from Boston.

Marcy, PLimpron. Plumbago, from Starbridge Lead Mines.

Nicuots, C.F. Salem. Scopelus Humboldti, from the Mediterrane-
an. 4 species, 10 specimens, Land Shells, from Hesse Darmstadt,
Germany. Coral, from the Blue Grotto at Capri, Mediterranean. Mine-
rals, from Hesse Darmstadt, Germany. Limestone, from the Falls of
Terni, Italy. 2 Minerals from Vesuvius. Lizard and Insects, from
Malta.

Norris, C. H. Salem. Egg of African Ostrich.

Owen, Pror. Richarp New Harmony, Ind. A collection contain-
ing 55 species of Land and Fresh Water Shells, from the West. Also
Reptiles, Fishes, Insects and Shells in Alcohol, from New Harmony, Ind.

PackarRD, Dr. A.S.Jr. Boston. 4Salamanders, 2 species ; 9 Lizards,
4 species; 1 Snake, from Bailey Cross Roads, near Washington, Va.

PrErRKINS, T. LymMaN Salem. Collection of Shells, from East Indies.
Galena, Quartz and Garnets.

PickMAN, H. D. and Cooxn, C. Salem. Gold Fish, Cyprinus aura-
tus and Leuciscus americanus, from Salem.

Putnam, F. W. Salem. Skulls of Deer, Lynx, Hedge-Hog, Mink,
Marten (male and female) and Domestic Sheep, from Oxford Co., Me.

CLXXXIV

Collection of Insects, Shells and Infusorial Earth, from Ipswich, Mass.
Collection of Fishes, Insects, Mollusks &c., from Lake Erie and Kel-
ley’s Island, Ohio. Fossils, from Kelley’s Island, Ohio.

SANBORN, F. G. Boston. 210 specimens, Diptera, 100 specimens,
Hymenoptera, collected in Mass.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, D.C. Collection of Fish-
es, from various N. American localities. :

Taytor, C.H. Lynn. Red Clay, from Maryland.

TELLKAMPF, Dr. THEO. A. New York. 10 specimens Ascidia man-
hattensis Dekay. 6 specimens Phallusia fluitans Tellkampf (nov. sp.),
from Huntington Bay, Long Island.

UNKNOWN, Danvers. Eggs of the Walking Stick, Spectrum femo-
ratum.

WALKER, MILLEDGE Ossekeag, N. B. 1 Bat, 1 Green Snake, 1 Sala-
mander, from Ossekeag, N. B.

Waters, E.S. Salem. Mineral, from Natick, Mass.

WHEATLAND, GEORGE Jr. Salem. A collection of 106 species, 208
specimens, of Shells, from various localities.

WHEATLAND, Dr. H. Salem. Shells and Crustaceans, from Nahant
Beach.

Wuitt,G. W. Salem. 4 specimens of Atherina notata, from upper
part of Salem Mill Pond.

TO THE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT.

By DONATION.

Browne, ALBERTG. Salem. Unsigned bills of the Bank of Com-
merce. Savannah, Ga.

CALLER, JAMES M. Salem. Specimens of Confederate Money.

CHAMBERLAIN, JAMES A. Salem. Coins.

CuRWEN, S.R. Salem. Arabian Sandals.

DEBAKER, Capt. V. F. Salem. A pair of Shoes, such as are worn
by the Chiefs on the West Coast of Africa.

Hopss, GEORGE J. 13 Stone Arrow heads, found at Sturbridge,
Mass. ;

KimwBaLL, JAMES Salem. Padlock, from Stone Jail in Ipswich, er-
ected in 1800. This lock was used in the old Jail also.

LEGRAND, CHARLES Salem. Ancient Pitcher, 2 Ancient Tea Pots.

NicHots, C. F. Salem. Various Historical relics, from Rome and
Vicinity.

NORRIS, JOHN Salem. A picture of the Ship Mount Vernon of
Salem, commanded by Capt. S. Elias Derby, 1789. Painted by M. C. P.
OSBORNE, STEPHEN Salem. 2 Bonnets and 4 Hats, style of 1835.

PerkKINS, T. LyMaN Salem. 12 Chinese coins.

CLXXVII

PuLsiIFER, Davip Salem. Indian Mortar and Pestle, made of stone,
from California.

PutnaM, Mrs. EBEN Salem. Ancient Pitcher.

Savory, BeNJamIn Salem. Pair of Snow Shoes, over 90 years
old.

Taytor, O. H. Lynn. Piece of marble, from Gov. Bradford’s house,
destroyed by the Confederates, 1864.

Warp, CHartes A. Salem. Piece of ‘“Treenail” of the old ship
“Sparrow Hawk,” wrecked at Cape Cod, in 1626.

WHEATLAND, GEORGE, JR., Salem. Old Shoe and Clog.

TO THE LIBRARY.
By DONATION.

AGassiz, A. E. R. Cambridge. Sea-Side Studies in Natural Histo-
ry, by Elizabeth C. and Alex. Agassiz, 1 vol., 8vo, Boston, 1865.

BaRTLETT, JOHN R. Providence, R. I. Bibliography of Rhode
Island, by John R. Bartlett, 1 vol., 8vo, Providence, 1864. Records of
the colony of Rhode Island, vols. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 8 vols., 8vo, Pro-
vidence, 1856. Index to Acts and Resolves of R. I., from 1758 to 1850,
by J. R. B.; 1 vol., 8vo, Providence, 1856. Registration Reports of
Rhode Island, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 8 vols., 8vo, Providence, 1856, &c.
History of the Criminal Law, of R. I., 8vo, pamph. Journal of Con-
stitutional convention at Newport, 1862, 8vo, pamph. Census of R. I.,
1774, 1 vol., 8vo, Providence, 1858.

BROWNE, ALBERT G. Elliott’s Fast Sermon, at Savannah, Feb. 28,
1862, and Sept. 15, 1864, 8vo, pamph. LHlliott’s Address before the
Societies of S. C. Coll., Dec. 4, 1859, 8vo, pamph. lLegare’s oration at
Columbia, S. C., Dec. 6, 1859, pamph. 7 Miscellaneous pamphlets.

Browne, J. VINCENT French Universal ExpoSition, for 1867, offici-
al Correspondence, pub. by Dep. of State, pamph., Washington, 1865.

Bunker Hitt MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. Proceedings at Annual
Meeting, June 17, 1865, 1 vol., 8vo, Boston, 1865. Inauguration of the
Statue of Gen. Warren, June 17, 1858, 1 vol., 8vo, Boston, 1858.

CHAPPLE, WILLIAM F. Salem Gazette for 1790, 1 vol., fol. Colum-
bian Centinel, for 1798, 1 vol., fol.

CuHAss, Eniza E. Hospital Transports, 1 vol., 16mo, Boston, 1863.
Sanitary Commission Bulletin, Nos. 33, 84 and 40. The Sanitary Re-
porter, vol. 2d, Nos. 19, 22. Final Report of Supply Dep’t of N. E.
Women’s Aux. Association of Sanitary Commission, 8vo, pamph. 25
papers relating to Sanitary Commission.

CHASE, GEORGE C. Friend’s Review, 10 Nos.

CHASE, GrorGk H. The U. S. Sanitary Commission, a sketch of its
purposes and its work, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1863.

24
Soo Se

CLXXVIII

CuasE, THomas Haverford College, Penn. Catalogue of Haverford
College, 1865—6, pamph.

Copuren F.S. of Boston. Ames’s Oration on Washington, Feb. §,
1800. 8yo, pamph. Massachusetts Resolves for 1797, pamph., folio.

Coe, Nancy D. Silliman’s Journal of Science, vols. 28 to 50, Ist
series, vols. 1 to 14 of 2d series, inclusive, 37 vols.

Cooke, CaLeEB The Bombay Almanac, for 1858—60, 2 vols., Syo,
Bombay. Bombay Civil List, 1859, 8vo, pamph. Four pamphlets.

CrosBy, ALPHEUS Regulations for the Army of the U. S., 1861, 1
vol.,12mo. The Sisters of Solense, by C. W. S., 1 vol., 16mo, Phil.,
1857. Curtis’ Inventor's Manual, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1861. Fibrilia,
1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1861. Kitto’s Court of Persia, 1 vol., 8vo.
Dumas and Boussingault, The Chemical and Physiological Balance of
Organic Nature, 1 vol., lémo, N. Y., 1864. Davis, The Measure of the
Circle perfected, 1 vol., 8vo, Providence, 1854. Bartlett, The Frontier
Missionary, 1 vol., 8vo, Boston, 1853. Old South Chapel Prayer Meet-
ing, 1 yol., 16mo, Boston, 1559. Calvert's Scenes and Thoughts in
Europe, 12mo, N. Y., 1852. Challen’s Igdrasil or the Tree of Existence,
12mo, Phil., 1859. Willard’s Memoirs of Youth and Manhood, 2 vols.,
12mo, Cambridge. 1855. Caswall, The Martyr of Pongas, 12mo, N. Y.,
1857. McClinteck’s Narrative of the Fate of Sir John Franklin, 12mo,
Boston, 1860. Coming’s Physiology. 12mo, N. Y., 1854. Boutwell’s
Thoughts on Educational Topics and Institutions, 12mo, Boston, 1859.
The U. S. Custom’s Guide. 12mo, Boston, 1859. Huntington, Home
and College, 12mo, Boston, 1860. Fdlborn’s German Instructor, 12mo,
Philadelphia, 1852. Dalrymple’s Memoir of Great Britain and Ireland,
2 yols., 4to, Boston, 1771. Tables for correcting the apparent distance
of the Moon and a Star, 4to, Cambridge, 1772. 350 Serials. 500 Mis-
cellaneous pamphlets:

Dawson, Henry B. Morrisania, N. Y. The Gazette (Yonkers),
from May 6 to Nov. 11, 1865.

DEAN, JOHN Warp Boston. Memoir of Rey. Giles Firmin, 8yvo,
pamph., Boston, 1865.

GREEN, SAMUEL A. Boston. 40 Various Pamphlets.

GRINDEL, STOVER One bound volume of Miscellaneous Newspapers,
1804, 1805, 1806.

Hotcuxiss, HENRY New Haven. Several Handbills &c.

KnmoysBaLL, JAMES Pamphlets, 12.

LaNDER, W. W. A Digest of the Military and Naval Laws of the
Confederate States, 1 vol., 8vo, Columbia, 1864.

LixncoLtnx, SOLOMON Hingham. Notes on the Lincoln Families of
Massachusetts, by S. Lincoln, 8vo, pamph, Boston, 1865.

Lorp, N. J. Boston Post, for July, Aug. and Sept., 1865.

CLXXIXx

LorinG, GEORGE B. Boston Daily Post, for July, Aug. and Sept.,
1865.

LovETT, JOHN W. Beverly. Eliot’s Sermon at Ordin. of Rev. J.
Willard, 8vo, pamph. Prince’s Fast Sermon, May 9, 1798, 8vo, pamph.

MASSACHUSETTS SECRETARY OF STaTE. Acts and Resolves 1864, 4
vols., 8vo, Boston, 1865. Public Documents, 1865, 1 vol., 8vo, Boston,
1865. Supplement to Ichnology of Mass., by E. Hitchcock, 1 vol., 8vo,
Boston, 1865.

Mites, M. Lansing, Mich. Catalogue of State Agzic. Coll., of
Michigan, 1865, 8vo, pamph.

MunpGE, BENJAMIN F. Quindaro, Kansas. Fourth volume of Pub.
Doc. of Kansas, Dec. 31, 1864, 8vo. Instructions, Ist Census of Kansas,
1865, 8vo, pamph.

NicHoits, Mary H. A collection of Account Books kept by the late
Dr. E. A. Holyoke. Account Books of the late B. Herbert Hathorne.

PickKMAN, BENJAMIN The Nation, vol. 1, Nos. 1 to 19, 4to, New
York, i865.

Rust, Lyp1a London Magazine, for 1796, 1 vol., 8vo. 8 Miscella-
neous pamphlets.

SHEPPARD, JOHN H. Boston. Reminiscences of the Vaughn Family,
8vo, pamph., Boston, 1865.

SIBLEY, JOHN L. Cambridge. Sibley’s Notices of Trien. and Annu-
al Catalogues of Harvard University, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1865.

STEARNS, GEORGE L. Six pamphlets on various subjects.

Story, NorMAaN Essex. Crowell’s address at the consecration of
Spring St. Cemetery, Essex, Oct 27, 1852, 8vo, pamph.

SwaseEy, Mrs. JoHN Cincinnati, Ohio. Mitchill’s Tennessee State
Gazetteer, for 1860, 1 vol., 8vo, Nashville, 1860. Smith and Damou-
lin’s Illinois State Business Directory, for 1860, 1 vol., 8vo, Chicago.
Hawes & Co. Indiana State Gazetteer, for 1862—63, 1 vol., 8vo. Mis-
souri State Gazetteer and Business Directory, 1 vol., 8vo, Saint Louis,
1860. Williams Cincinnati Directory, for 1849—50, 1850—51, 1851—52,
1852—53, 1855, 1856, 6 vols., 8vo, Cincinnati. Cist’s Cincinnatiin 1851,
1 vol.,12mo. Cist’s Cincinnatiin 1859, 1vol.,12mo. Disturnell’s New
York State Register, for 1858, 1 vol., 12mo. MHall’s Western Land
Owner’s Manual, 1 vol., 12mo, Auburn, 1847. Butler’s History of Ken-
tucky, 2d ed., 1 vol., 8vo, Cincinnati, 1836. Lapham’s Wisconsin, 2d
ed., 1 vol., 12mo, Milwaukee, 1846. Ohio Railroad Guide, illustrated, 1
vol., 12mo, Columbus, 1854. Scott’s Messiahship, 1 vol., 12mo, Cincin-
nati, 1859. Swallow’s, Ist and 2d An. Reports on the Geology of Mis-
souri, 1 vol., 8vo, Jefferson city, 1855. William’s Cincinnati Guide, for
1852. 1 vol., 16mo. Mendenhall’s Map of Cincinnati, 1865.

TELLKAMPF, THEODORE A. New York. Vierzehnter Jahresbericht

CLXXX

der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft zu Hannover, 1863—4, 4to, pamph.,
Hannover, 1865.

Trask, IsraEL H. Wenham. Reports of the Town of Wenham, for
several years, 10 pamphlets. a

TRUBNER & Co., London. Triibner’s Amer. and Orient. Literary
Record, Nos. 6, 7, 8, 1865.

WaLuis, Witti1am Christian Watchman and Reflector, from Jan.
1853 to Dec. 1865 inclusive, 12 vols., folio, Boston.

WEBB, JOSEPH H. Record books of Salem Union League, 4to, Mass.

WeEsBB, Wit11aM G. The Daily Citizen, for July, 2d and 4th, 1863,
printed at Vicksburg on house paper.

WHEATLAND, HENRY New Hampshire Register, for 1857, 1859, 1860,
1861, 1862, 5 vols., 16mo, Concord, N. Y. Pigot & Co. Metropolitan
Directory, for 1828 and 1834, 2 vols., 8vo, London.

WILDEs, GEORGE D. Binney’s Oration on Lincoln, at Providence,
June 1, 1865, 8vo, pamph. Catalogue of Brown University, 1865—66,

8vo, pamph.

By EXCHANGE.

Boston Socrety oF NatTurAL History. Condition and Doings at
Annual Meeting, May 1865, 8vo, pamph. Proceedings, vol. 10, sig. 1.

BowvDorn COLLEGE LipraRy. Bowdoin Ivy-day, Class of 1866,
pamph. The Bugle, Bowdoin College, No. 14.

CANADIAN INSTITUTE. The Canadian Journal, Sept. 1865.

CuicaGo HistoricaL Society. 7th An. Statement of the Trade and
Commerce of Chicago, 8vo, pamph. 4th An. Rep. of Record of Public
works of Chicago, 8vo, pamph.

DaRTMOUTH COLLEGE. Catalogue of Dartmouth College, for 1865,
1866, 8vo, pamph.

Epitors. Gardner’s Monthly, for Oct. Nov. and Dec., 1865.

North American Review, Oct., 1865.
Florida Union.

Savannah Daily Herald.

Historical Magazine, Oct. and Nov.
The Gazette (Yonkers, N. Y).
American Journal of Science, Nov., 1865.
The Essex Banner.

Haverhill Gazette.

Lawrence American.

Lynn Weekly Reporter.

Salem Observer.

South Danvers Wizzard.

American Miner’s Index.

CLXXXI

Iowa STaTE HistoricaL Society. The Annals of Iowa, for October,

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. First Annual Cata-
logue, 1865—66, S8vo, pamph.

MONTREAL SocizrTy oF NarurAL History. The Canadian Natura-
list and Geologist, for Aug. and Oct. 1865.

NEw Brunswick NatTuraL Hisrory Socirery. Gold Mines and Gold
Mining in Nova Scotia, by H. F. Perley, 8vo, pamph., Montreal, 1865.

NEw ENGLAND HisTORIC—GENEALOGICAL Society. N. E. Hist. Gen.
Reg., Oct., 1865.

New Hampsuire HisroricaL Society. Adj. General’s Report of
New Hampshire, 1865, 2 vols., 8vo, Concord, 1865. Municipal Register,
of Concord, 1864, 8vo, pamph.

NrEw Haven HistToricaL Society. Papers of N. H. Hist. Society,
vol. 1, 8vo, New Haven, 1865. ;

Nova Scotia INsTIruTE OF NaTURAL SCIENCE. Proceedings and
Transactions, vol. 2, pt. 3, 8vo, pamph., Halifax, 1864—65.

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Proceedings for
July and Aug., Sept. and Oct., 1865.

PHILADELPHIA ENTOMOLOGICAL Socrery. A Memoir of Thomas B.
Wilson, by a Committee of the Society, 8vo, pamph., Philadelphia, 1865.

YALE COLLEGE LIBRARY. Catalogue of Officers and Students in Yale
College, 1865—66, 8vo, pamph.

ZOGLOGISCHE GESELLSCHAFT, FRANKFURT a. M. Der Zodlogische.
Garten, vol. 6, Nos. 1 to 6.

ERRATA TO THE PROCEEDINGS.

Page V, line 12, for Camby, read Canby.
oe Vii, “ 21, “ John H. Bettis, read John B. Bettis.
oe X, ‘** 13, ** conventical, read conventual.

ce EDN TS G55 NcaU toate
“XXXVI, “ 16, ** Phaleris microcerus, read Mergulus alle.

ce LXXI, ‘“* 33; “ P. hyalina, read P. vitrea, and for P. pen-
nissewasseensis, read P. Arethusa.

“ CXXXIII, ‘ 19, after the word “yards,” insert higher.
“ CXXXVI, “ 25, for Thomas Maxwell, read Thompson Maxwell.
«¢ CLVIII, ‘* £2, ‘* Henry P. Hendrick, read Henry P. Herrick. —

INDEX

To Proceedings, Vol. IV.

Achillea millefolium, LIL
Achirus lineatus, Pectoral fins of Cc
Actinia marginata, CLXXX

Additions to the Historical Department
XIII, XXXVII, LXVII, LXXXVi
CVI, CX, CLXIX, CLXXXIV.

Additions to the N atural History Depart-
memt, XI, XXXV, LXV, LXXXVI
CIV, OXXXVII, CLXVIIL, CUxodL:

Additions tothe Library, XIV, XXXVIII

LXVIII, LUXXXIXx, OVI, CXLI,
CU RENA CLXXXYV.
“Alabama, ” The, relics of, LXXXVI
Alluvial formation at Ware, CLXIV
Andover North, Large Elm at, CLIX
purchase of, CLIX
Anemone nemorosa, XXIV
Annual meeting, XXVIII, CaN
Antennaria margaritacea, LUI
Antrostomus vociferus, LXXXIII
Aqueducts in Salem, Ix
Aquilegia canadensis, XXV
Arctostaphylos uva- ursi, Lill
Asclepias incarnata, var. pulchra, LIII
Bald Pate Hill, CLII

Barden, Rev. Stillman , biographical notice

of, CLXXX
=== respludons on the
death of, LX, CLXV
Barn of §. Littell at aaien CLIL
Beverly, fort at, LAXIX, LXXXV
Birds, migration of, CLXIV
Blue Birds, singular nest of, CXLIX
Blue Fish, habits of, CII
By Laws, amendments to, XCVIII
LXXV, XCIX, CXXV, CLY,
Caltha palustris, XXV
Cape Ann, deed of, IIL
Caterpillar, Tent, CLX

Celebration of Independence, Institute
requested to join in, CX XX

————_ resolutions on, CXXX
Celuta ameena, LXXXIIl
Cemetery, “Oak Hill”, LVIIL
Chelys Matamata, LXXV
Church, “Christ”, Cambridge, Vil

“ce

“Kirst”, Salem, II
“South”, Newburyport, LIX

46

Church, ‘“‘St Michael’s”, Marblehead, ay
Clethra alnifolia, III
Codfish, habits of, eT
Committee to present claims of Institute
to the Public, XXXV
—on Constitution and By-Laws,
— VIII, XX, XXVIII, XXXII.
— on election of officers, XIX, CXVI

—— on photographs, KXXV
Copley, portraits by, LIX
Cornus canadensis, LIL

Correspondence announced, II, III, VI
VII, VIII, 1X, XIX, XX, Kony XXVIII
XLIV, XLVIL, L, LV, Taye LXxI

| EXay, LXXV, LX XVIII, LXXXIII

; DOCU XCIi, XCIV, XCVIL, XCIX
C, CIV, CXI, GXIL, OXxv, CXXIII
CXXVI, CXXx, CXXXII, CXLVII
CLIII, CLVII, CLXII, CLXXV
CLXXVIII, OLX XK:

Craft, Benjamin, Journal of, LXXVIII

Craft, Eleazer, Journal of, LXXIX
Cristatella, LXxI

——_—— ophidioidea, LXxI
Cuscuta Gronovii, LIII

Cushing, Hon. Caleb, visit of Institute to
residence of, CLXVI
Cyclopterus lumpus, eggs of, XX

Davis, Miss Eliza B., paintings of flow-
ers, CLVIII

Dexter Mansion, LVIIL
Donations from E. I., CXXI
Drosera longifolia, Lil
rotundifolia, LUI

Duck Hawk, LXXVI
— monstrosity, XI
East Saugus, Field Meeting at, XLIII
Elodea virginica, LIL
Epigza repens, XXV
Epilobium angustifolium, LIIl
———— lineare, LIL
Erythroneum americanum, XXVIII

Essex Historical Society, account of, IT

Eupatorium perfoliatum,

purpureum, LUI

Everett, Hon. Edward, resolutions on the
death of, XCIV, XCVI

CLXXXIV

Feathery Catkins, XXxVIIL

Field Meetings, Sandie XLVII, L, LIV

LVIII, CXXVI, CXL CXLVI, CL
CLVI, CLXI.

aie Church, Salem, report of Committee

CXxxI

Flow ers collected on May-day, XXIV

X!

Formica sanguinea, CIxX
Fort Conant, naming of, IV
— Gloy er, ec IV
— Lee, x oe VI, Vil
— Hale, Committee on Name of, LXXX

Gaultheria procumbens, Lill
Georgetown, Field Meeting at, CL
————’ Indian relics at, CE CLV

Gilpin, J. B., drawings by, XCI ue
Gloucester, Field Meeting at,
Grapes, analy ses of, LXxxy.
Gun Lock, old Spanish, XCIV
Harrison, President, Portrait of, LXXIX
Helix arborea, Lil
— Binneyana, LIL
— chersina, Lit
—— exigua, Lit
—— ferrea, LIL
— laby rinthica, Lil
— lineata, Lil
— milium, LIT
str iatella, Lil
Hepatica triloba, XXIV
Hesperomys leucopus, LXXXV
Heterodon platy rhinos, LXXXIV

Houses on Essex St., Salem, 1793, Ix
Houstonia ceerulea, XXVITI

Huntington, Hon. Asahel, Pres. E. I.,
Resolutions on his declining reelection,
CXXV

Huntington, George C., thanks to for
donation, CXXVI
Hypericum perforatum, LIIL
sarothra, Litt

Impatiens fulva, LIIt

Independence, celebration of, CUXCRER:
Indian relies at Winter Island, CLXXXI

Tron Foundery, first in U. XLV
Jenks, Joseph, one of the first American
Inv entors, XLV

Kelley’s Island, ‘‘Red Bug” of, LXX VIII
Lafayette, Gen., autograph letter of,
LXX

Lee, Col. and Mrs., portraits of, by

Copley, LIX
Leontodon autumnale, Lil
Leucanthemum vy ulgare LI
Leverett, Goy. John, portrait of, CXLIX
Limax campestris, Lil

Lincoln, President, death of, CXIV
Lobelia’ cardinalis, LI
inflata, LI
spicata, Litt
Lobster, habits “of, CLXXVIII
Louisburgh, seige “of” LXXVIII

Lull House, Old, at Rowley, ch
Lump Fish, eggs of, XX
Lythrum salicari ia, LIII

iN ichols,

Mackerel, habits of, cI
Maruta cotula, LIII
Maxwell, Major, memoir of, CXXxXI

May-day, ‘customs and observance of, XXI
Meeting’ House, The “Old Friends, +-VII
Melampus bidentatus, Lit
Memorial Chapel of St. Paul’s, eS

buryport, II
Menhaden, habits and use of, CIil
Mineral Point Mine, CLIL
Mitchella repens, LIil
Myiodioctes canadensis, LXXXIil
Nahant, Field Meeting at, CXXVI

Newburyport, Field Meeting at, LVIIL
CLX1.

“Oak Hill” Cemetery, LVI

Ney, Marshal, suppressed engraving of, X
Nichols, A., life and services of, XCVII
William Capt., Memoir of,
ROX

North Andover, Churches and Ministers
of, CLVII
Dwight’s Description of,
CLVI

—— Field Meeting at, CLVI
Great Pond at, CLVIL
—— Settlement of, CLVI

North Beverly, Field Meeting at, XLVII

Nuphar ady ena, LIL

LIil

Nymphea odor. ata,
Observatory Hill, Newburyport, change

il

in slope of, CLXIII
Ochre at Georgetown, CLII
(nothera biennis, LUI
———— pumila, LUI
Officers for 1864—35, XXXIV
= CXXIV
Oxalis stricta, Lil
Paintings, by Copley, LIX
Pea Hen, male plumage of, Ix
Pectinatella, LXXI
Peregrine Falcon, LXXVI
Platanthera blephariglottis, LIil
Plumatella, LXXxI
— “Arethusa (pennissewasseen-
sis), LXXxI
———— vitrea (hyalina), LXXxI
Polyzoa, new species of, LXXI
Pontederia cordata, LIII
Portraits, loan of, LXXV

Post Office Box, old, at Rowley, CL

Pupa pentodon, Lit
Reading, Field Meeting at, CXLVI
Red Bug, LXxVII
Report of Committee on naming Fort
Hale, TKN
Reports,” Abstracts of, at annual meet-
ing, XXIX, CXVI
Resolutions, on Tracy’s lectures on Bota-
CXXXVII
Rockville, South Danvers, Field Meciin
at,

Sagittaria variabilis var. sagittifolia, LIII
Saltonstall, Leverett, thanks to, CXLIX
Sambucus canadensis, LIIL
Sanguinaria canadensis, . XXVI

CXCIII

Sarracenia, XLIX
Saxifraga virginiensis, XXVITI
Scolecophagus ferrugineus, LXXXIII
Scomber grex, CII

vernalis CII
Scutellaria later rifolia, LIit
Sewall, Joseph, engraving of VII

Shakespeare, ter- centenary bir th day, X XI

- Shells, Land and Fresh water, LXXVI
Silene inflata, LIL
Silk worms, VII
Sl» ery and Domestic Servitude in Essex

County, Vil
Solanum duleamara, LIIL
Somniosus brevipinna, XCIIL
Spear Head, ancient, XCIV

Specimens, estimate of number of, in
Hist. Dept., CXXI
in Nat. Hist. Dept., CX XI

Spirea tomentosa, Lil
salicifolia, LI

Se dley Grove, Beverly, Field Meeting
OXXXII

Statice limonium, LI
Succinea avara, LIT
Totteniana, Lil
Tebennophorus dorsalis, Lit
Thunder Storms, Perkins on, CXXXII
Tracy Mansion, Newburyport, LIX
Trees, buried, CLXIV
Trifolium pratense, LUI
repens, LIil

Turtles, Skeletons of, LXXIV

Type Setting and Justifying Machine,
LXXX, LXXXI

Vaccinium oxycoccus, LUI
Vertigo ovata, Lit
Victoria Regia, Allen’s work on, XCVIII
presented to Institute, XCVIII

XXVI

Violets,

Ward, George A., Memoir of,
proceedings at special siestiie
on death of, - LX TW
resolutions on death of, LXXIT
LXXIV.

Ware, alluvial formation at, CLXIV
Washington Street, Salem, model of, XI

Wenham Pond, XLVII
White, D. A., Memoir of, i, JUL
Whitfield, Tomb of, LIX

Winter Island, Indian relics found at,

CLXXXI
- Wreck, Ancient, on Cape Cod, XIX
Xyris bulbosa, ° Litt

COMMUNICATIONS, VERBAL, BY.

Abbott, Joseph H. CXXXVI
Atwood, N. KE. CI, CLXXVIIT, CLXXX
Baker, John L. CXXXVI
Banvard, Joseph Li, LVI
Barden, $8. XLIV, LIII, LIV, LV, LX
Barnes, J. G. CLIV
Barrows, William CXLVI
Beals, Wm. J. CXXIX

26

Beaman, C. C. XLV, XLVI, XLIX, LXII

Bolles, B. C. LI, LXXVI
Briggs, George W. LXIV
Bruce, A. W. XLVI
Choate, Wm. G. LXXXT
Cooke, Caleb CXXIX
Cox, P. L. XLVI
Crosby, A. LI, LVII, CXIV
Dampney, Joseph XLV

Emerton, James H. XLVI, LIII, CXV
CLXXX.

Flint, C. L. CLIV

Goodell, A. C.Jr. ®11I, V, VII, XI, XIX
XXI, NEVE LI, LXIV, OOS DOO
CXL, CLV, CLIX.

Hammond, John Q. CXXVIII
Hinks, William LI

Holmes, John C. XLVI

Hooper Nathaniel CXV

Huntington, Asahel LXIV, LXXIX
CLXYV.

Hyatt, Alpheus CLIV

Ives, J. M. VIL, XCVIII, CXLVII, CLIX
Judd, C. P. CXLVIIT

LXXXTI
CXIV, CXXVIII

Kimball, James

Loring, George B.

CXXXII, CXLVIII, CLITI, CLVIII

CLXXVII.
Markoe, George F. H. LUI
Morse, Edward 8. Lil
Mussey, Artemas D. LXI
Newhall, Wilbur F. XLIV
Parker, E. G. CLX
Peabody, Francis LXIV
Perkins, H.C. LXI, LXIT, CLXIIT
Perkins, A.,E. P. CLXIV
Phillips, Stephen H. XLVIII

Phippen,G. D. XXIV, L, LXXX, CXV

Pierce, B. O. XOX

Putnam, IB Win Vil VILE XG OX XGIL XG
XX, joiue, LV, Xe KOXMVE TAXON
1S CONTMIL, LXXXIV, TPREXONGV XCIUT
XCVIII, XCIX, CXIT, CXV, CXXIX
CXXXVI, CXLVIII, CLIV, CLIX
CLXII, CLXXX, CLXXXI.

Rantoul, R. S$ IV, LXXIX, LXXX

CXXXVI.
Rich, A. B. LXXIX
Richards, John B. LXXXI
Ropes, T. VII, CXII
Sibley, J. L. CLIV
Skinner, G. W. XLVIII, U, LI
Slade, James XLVIIT
Spalding, J. S. LXI, LXIT, CXXXVI
Stone, E. F. CLXV
Sykes, John N. LX

CXCIV

Tenney, O. B. CL
Tenney, Richard CLV
Tracy,C.M. XLIV, XLIX, LVI, LXII

CEXIX, CXXXVI, CLIIL.

Tucke, Jos seph D. CXXXVI
Upham, W. P. VII, XLVI
Verrill, A. E. CXIV
Waters, Richard P. XLIX
Walton, E. N. LVII
Wheatl: and, H. VII, XCVII
Wildes, G. D. TO WS Vil OX XX

XX, XXVIII, XLVIII, LXIIT, XII
CXIV, CXXXI, CXXXVI.
Willson, E. B. LIIl

COMMUNICATIONS, WRITYEN, BY.

Allen, J. A. XXVIIT, LXXYV, XCIX
Babbage, Charles LVII
Balch, D. M. Iti, LXXXV
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Emerson, G. H. Ill!
Gill, Theodore CLXXV
Gilpin, J. Bernard XCIII
Goodell, A. C. CIV
Hanaford, Mrs. J. H. XLVIII, CX XXII

Hoxie, W ‘illiam LXXXIII
Huntington, George C. LXXVIII
Hyatt, ‘Alpheus 1.@.@
Loring, George B. IX
Morse, "Edw ard S. CXXXI
Packard, ALS ie LV, RST
Perkins, Henry C. CXXXII
Pillsbury, L. B. CXLVII
Rantoul, RS. IV, XLVII, CXXXI
Streeter, Gilbert L. CXII
Upham, C. W. XCV,C
Upham, W. P. CLXXVII
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Ward, G. A. LE, Vir
Wheatland,*H. IX
Wildes, G. D. LXXXIII

MEMBERS ELECTED, RESIDENT.

Allanson, J.S. - i LXIV
Almy,J.F. . : 5 XLII
Amidon, A. P. £ : XXXV
Appleton, Isaac S > L
Ashton, William B. . XLIII
Attwill, Theodore 5 : LXxI
Atwood, Edward S. LXXXIV
Babbidge, Charles LXXVII
Baker, Charles : XLVII
Bertram, Joseph H. M. XLITI

Bettis, John B. é : VII
Boardman, Francis . 5 XLITII

Bowker, Charles XLIII
Bowker, George XLIil
Boynton, Susan T. LXXxVI

Brookhouse, R. 3d, : : VII

Brown, Nathaniel XLIII
Brown, Nathaniel Jr. 3 XLITI
Browne, J. Vincent Jr. : CXXMVit

Browning, John P.
Bruce, A. W. .
Buswell, E. W.
Butman, Francis C.
Carlen, Samuel
Carpenter, Dayid P.
Cate, Shadrack M. 5
Chainberlain, Benj. M.

Chamberlain, James A.

Chandler, Joseph
Chapman, John
Choate, Francis
Clark, Mrs. John
Clough, Daniel E.
Cloutman, Joseph P.
Cloutman, William R.
Cook, James P.
Cornelius, A. G.
Creamer, ‘Ceorge G.
Creesey, Charles
Cross, J. 8.

Daland, John
Daniels, George P.
Davis, Abner H.
Davis.) Wis.
Dean, Edward
Dixey, John.
Doggett, William E.
Downing, John H.
Doyle, Mary
Drowne, Thomas R.

Emmerton, William H.

Endicott, Robert R.
Endicott, Sarah B.
Estes, James N. :
Farrington, George P.
Felt, John

Felt, Samuel Q.
Fenollosa, Manuel
Flint, Harrison O.
Fogg, Julian A.
Foster, Joseph C.
Fowler, Charles B.
Fowler, George

Fuller, George A.
Gardner, Henry R.
Glazier, Charles H. .
Goldthwaite,-W illard
Hagar, D.B. . 2
Hale, Henry

Hale, James F.

Hale, M. H.

Hall, Harmon
Hammond, J. Leonard
Hanson, Joseph HH
Haskell, Daniel C.
Haskell, William
Hawkes, C. M.,
Herrick, Henry P.
Hill, James

Hodges, Samuel RR. .
Hoffman, Mrs. ernst
Hubon, Henry
Hubon, Henry G.
Hunt, T. Francis
Jelly, William H.
Jewett, George B.
Johnson, Emery 8.
Kehew, William H.
Kemble, Arthur
Kilburn, John

XLIII
XLVII
CLVIUI
CXIV
XLVII
CLIIL
L
XXXV

XLVITI
CLYI
XLII
XLII
CLVIIT
XLVII
CLVIII
CLVIII
XLIIT
XLVII
XLIIT
XLIII
CXVI
XLII
XLII
CXXIX
EE

XXI

Kimball, James 8.
Kinsman, John
Kinsman, Nathaniel
Knight, Edw ard H.
Lamson, Charles
Lamson, Frederick
Lincoln, Solomon Jr.
Lord, Andrew H.
Lord, George C.
Lord, Hannah M.
Lov ett, A.R.

Lowd, "albert J.
Mackie, John .
Mackintire, Ingalls K
Manning, James

Mansfield, Daniel H. ;

Marks, John L.
Martin, William P.
MeCloy, Robert
McDutiie, Charles D.
McKenzie, S:S:
Miller, Ephraim
Mosman, ANT.
Morong, Thos.
Morton, Henry

Moulton, William C. ”

Neal, Mrs. D. A.
Neilson, William
Newcomb, George
Newhall, Ezra F
Newhall, John W.
Newhall, Thomas P.
Newhall, W. F.
Nichols, John H. :
Northend, William D.
Noyes, Amos 3
Odell, Charles

Oliver, Henry K.
Oliver, James S.
Osgood, Charles
Osgood, Jos. B. F.
Osgood, William H.
Page, Jeremiah
Palmer, Theron
Parker, William B.
Payson, Edward H.
Peabody, Henry W.
Peabody, John P.
Peabody, Joseph
Pearson, Benj.

Peck, F. 8

Pepper, ‘Charles Henry v

Perkins, Daniel
Perkins, David
Perkins, Edward L
Perkins, Jeremiah S.
Perkins, Thomas L.
Perry, Augustus
Pickman, Benjamin
Porter, Frederick
Porter,-Samuel
Pousland, George W.
Putnam, Elizabeth A.
Putnam, Henry W.
Rea, Charles S.
Reith, \iveoate

Rice, J. M.
Richardson, c& Ww.
Roberts, E. F.
Roberts, J..W.
Rogers, Richard D.

CXCV

XLII

CCLxX xn

CXXXI
XCVIII
XLVII
XLII
XLUI
NCHV
CXXVI
LXXXIV
XLVII
XXVIII
XLVII

L

CLVIIL
IX

‘XLII

Ropes, Jonathan - ; - CXII
Roundy, Charles : XXXV
toundy, George 2 : CXLVI
Russell, Albert B. = LXXI
Russell, George P. . : L
tust, Francis A.P. . : CXIV
Safford, Joshua : 5 IV
Saltonstall, Caroline - XLII
Sanders, Charles J s XLII
Saunders, Thomas M. : XLITI
Savory, Tristram T. XLIII

Sewall, Charles : :
Shaw, Xenophon H. 5 XLII
Silsbee, Mrs. John H. =

Silsbee, Wim. H. CXXVI
Silver, Peter XLIITI
Simonds, E. A. : XLII
Smith, Edward A. 2d XLIIT
Smith, J. Ford XXX V
Stanley, Abraham J. : XLVII
Stickney, W. J. : 5 XLII
Stimpson, JamesC. . : L
Stone, Eben F. - s CIV
Stone, Henry R. : : VI
hayer, Edward S. . 2 CXII
Thompson, Orin F. q XLII
Treadwell, Annie : XLVII
Treadwell, Elizabeth W. XLIlit
Treadwell, Lucy 3 LXXI
Trefren, James : > XLVII
Tucker, Jonathan. < XLITI
- Tuckerman, John Francis XLII
Tuttle, Francis W. XLIII
Walden, Joseph F. XLII
Ward, Elizabeth C., Jr XLIII
Webster, Francis C. - XCVII
Ww estwood, J. 5 XLVII
Wheatland, Martha G. CLVIII
Whitaker, William . 2 LXIIT
White, George M. CXXV

MEMBERS ELECTED, CORRESPONDING.
Bartlett, John R.

CLXXXIT
Bolles, Edwin C. 5 <
Clark, Thomas M. . .- CLXXXII
Cope, Edward_D. = 2 ]
Cresson, Ezra T. : C
Endicott, James B. . 5 I
Endicott, William

Gill, Theodore CLXXXII
Hall, James . 5 = CXIV
Hamlin, Charles E. . : VI
Hanaford, Jeremiah L. - IX
Hubbert, James LXxxX
Huntington, George C. CXXXI
Kimball, James P. LXXXVI
Lesquereux, Leo CxXxxX
Lewis, Winslow _ XCVIII
Morse, Edward S c = LXXV
Mudge, Benjamin F. : Ix
Norw ood, J. G. 3 : CLX
Osten Sacken, R. E CXIV
Owen, Richard : 2 CXXxX
Peirce, Benjamin = : I
Poey, Filipe LXXXVI
Smith, Sidney I. VI
Soares, John da Costa CX XIX
Talant, James < > LXXX
Ward, James C. XCIxX

Wildes, J. H. ; ‘ xo

COMMUNICATIONS

READ BEFORE

THE

EsSshx, INSP ULE.

We Ore EEN:

1864—5.

[Issued Quarterly with the Proceedings. }

SALEM:
PUBLISHED BY THE INSTITUTE.

1866.

Eonar shi gite Shan

yi

~

; 4 s W he "J

XIl.

XIII.

COMMUNICATIONS.

D. M. Batcu, On Sodalite at Salem. p. 3.

GEORGE H. EMERSON, On Magnetite and an Unknown Min-
eral at Nahant. p. 6.

A. §. Packarp, jr., Notes on the Family Zygenide.
With two plates. p. 7.

J. A. ALLEN, Catalogue of Birds found at Springfield, Mass.,
with Notes on their Migrations, Habits, &c., together with
a List of those Birds found in the State not yet observed
at Springfield. p. 48.

FB. W. Putnam, Notes on the Habits of some species of
Humble Bees. op. 98.

F. W. Putnam, Notes on the Leaf-cutting Bee. p. 105.

A. 8. Packarp, jr., The Humble Bees of New England and
their Parasites; with notices of a new species of Anthopho-
rabia, and a new genus of Proctotrupide. With a plate. p. 107.
D. M. Batcu, On Native Grapes. p. 140.

A. EH. VERRILL, Classification of Polyps; (Extract condensed
from a Synopsis of the Polypi of the North Pacific Explor-
ing Expedition, under Captains Ringgold and Rodgers, U. S.
N.) Part I. p. 145.

J. A. ALLEN, Notes on the Habits and Distribution of the
Duck Hawk, or American Peregrine Falcon, in the Breeding
Season, and Description of the Eggs. p. 153.

EpwarpD S. Morsg, A Classification of Mollusca, based on
the ‘‘ Principle of Cephalization.” With a plate. p. 162.

A. E. VERRILL, Synopsis of the Polyps and Corals of the
North Pacific Exploring Expedition, under Commodore C.
Ringgold and Captain John Rodgers, U. S. N., from 1853
to 1856. Collected by Dr. William Stimpson, naturalist to
the Expedition. With Descriptions of some additional
Species from the West Coast of North America. Part II,
ALCYONARIA. With two Plates. pp. 181.

ALPHEUS HyaTT, Observations on Polyzoa, Suborder Phy-
lactolemata. With nine Plates. p. 197. (The ninth plate
will be given with the continuation of the paper in the next
volume).

Plates
Paper,

PLATES.

1, accompanying Dr. Packard’s Paper, explanation on p. 47.
<c ce

2, ec ce ce ce Dp. 47.
Ap ee ‘74 “ec ec “ec 44 D. 140
4, a Mr. Morse’s re ce oan Same 310)
5, ce Prof. Verrill’s ‘“ “6 <p. Ob
6 ce cc “e “ec “ec “ec p- 196.

3
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, accompanying
have the explanations opposite each plate.

Capt. Hyati’s

92,
92,

ERRATA TO COMMUNICATIONS.

line 14, for Phalseenidx, read Phalenide.

6s

(t5

5

5

12, after Agaristide, insert a comma.
6, for lignivorus, read lignivorous.
30, ‘* strangly, read strangely.

36, ‘* Tortriide, read Tortricide.

heading, for ZYGNIDIA, read ZYGHNIDZA.
line 24, for Zyeginide, read Zygenide.

ce

No.

8, ‘** maxillary, read labial.

11, ‘* gives, read give.

18, ‘* Coccyzus, read Coccygus.
42, ‘** ninety-two, read one hundred and one.

18, for June, read May.

1 of foot note, for 1728, read 1788.

1, for Pallaciti, read Pallasit.

9, and following pages, for Dendroica, read Dendreca.

and 95, for Siwrus, read Seiurus.

18, for Chickedee, read Chickadee.

39, “ Astrigalinus, read Astragalinus.

11, “ linaria, read linarius. [censis.

9, “ Sturus noveboracensis, read Seturus novebora-
16, ‘ illwaca, read iliaca.

4, “ Tringites, read Tryngites.

23, ‘* Pedewthya, read Pedetecthya.

7, ‘* Myioioctes, read Myiodioctes.

13, ‘* Myiodictes, read Myiodioctes.
12, ‘** Octhodromus, read Ochthodromus.

25, ‘* noveboracensis, read noveeboracensis.

86, and p. 94, No. 27, for Gambellii, read Gambelii.
12, for erythrorhyncus, read erythrorhynchus.

36, ‘“* Temn., read Temm.

5, ‘** Skau, read Skua.

18, ‘* ¢rotle, read troille.
39, and p. 94, No. 4, for Pallassi, read Pallasii.

Nos. 51 and 52, for Dandroica, read Dendreca.

No

. 72, for Harporynchus, read Harporhynchus.

93, No. 116, and p. 96, No. 93, for Squartarola, read Squatarola.

94,

96,

96,
104,
131,
131,
131,
132,
175,
180,
209,
218,
219,

ce

ce

1, for Hypotryorchis, read Hypotriorchus.

57, ‘* Harporhyncus, read Harporhynchus.

99, “ lacticauda, read laticauda.

24, and page 108,line 30, for Byturus, read Antherophagus.
9, for Mezercon, read Mezereon.

11, ‘“‘ nest, read net.

25, after female, insert situated almost wholly.

15, ‘“ abnormal, insert a.

29, for anterior pole, read posterior pole.

lines 12—13, for anterior end, read posterior end.
line 9, for trunk read trunks. [testinal.

38, ‘‘ cardiac and pyloric, read cesophagal and in-
1, ‘‘ Gssophagal Retractors, vead Lophophoric Re-
tractors.

COMMUNICATIONS.

1864.

(Communications on Historical subjects are printed in the ‘‘ Historical
Collections of the Essex Institute.’’)

PY Sit we

ahi fonda 1%), wih OOD Lite aubrey bh te sear

e obeaal coat. auld Ye syd ably ¥, i aant

l.—On the Sodalile at Salem, Mass.
By D. M. Batcu.
(Communicated February 8, 1864.)

The occurrence im our neighbourhood of this rare silicate was
first noticed in Oct. 1855, by G. L. Streeter Esq , and others.
The locality was the recently opened syenite quarry, on the
right hand side of the road leading along Collins’ Cove, from
the Alms House to Hospital Point Peculiar bluish stains in
a block of stone from the quarry having attracted the attention
of these gentlemen, a search was instituted which resulted in
the discovery of the remains of a vein of elzolite and orthoclase,
in which were imbedded amorphous masses of the blue mineral,
sodalite. Unfortunately this vein, once extensive, had been
mostly quarried and carted away by the workmen, and, though
it yielded some fine specimens, was soon exhausted.

An account of the discovery of this mineral and some discus-
sion thereon (in which it is erroneously called cancrinite, ) can
be found in the Kssex Institute Proceedings, Vol. I, p. 158—
155; also a more extended description and analysis, by J. P.
Kimball in Silliman’s Journal; 1860, Vol. xxix. p. 65.

I visited the above locality in the autumn of 1858, and traced
the vein some distance, until it was reduced to a mere seam; I
noticed at that time several characteristics, rendering it highly
improbable that the Salem mineral had a common origin with
that of Litchfield, Me., its only other locality in the States.
At the place last mentioned sodalite occurred disseminated
through an erratic block, and associated with eleolite, citron-
yellow cancrinite, and zircons of unusual size and excellence
(all long since exhausted ,) while at the Salem locality it was
found imbedded in a vein of elaolite and feldspar, with very
small zircons, biotite, marcasite, plumbago, &c.; but no trace
of cancrinite, the most conspicuous of all in the Maine group,

4 BALCH, ON THE

was present. Moreover, although not enough of the vein re-
mained for accurate observation, I was of opinion that it was
not peculiar to chance boulders, but a true vein in the ledge.

An analysis. performed at that time, (Sept , 1858,) afforded
ine results, which, as they have never been published, are given
below :

Siliere Acide. WO a aN ee 57.69
PANDO TaN Or Se est Angee Seeet at Sy ei Ae ole
Oda Cece CURR PME Be en eae es 2 ae 24 80
Chlorine Se. erase. ety cone AP mee onli
Ferrous (Oxyd) ng aie Meee me meer Nt: trace.

This agrees well with the recognized formula for Sodalite,
3 (NaO Si0, +Al, O3 SiOz )+ Na Cl, except that the amount
of Chlorine is a little too low.

In April, 1862, while examining the ledges on the left hand
of the road I discovered quite an extensive vein of elzolite,
situated about 10 rods N. W. from the old locality, and nearly
at right angles withit. This new vein varies in width from a
few inches to a.foot, or more, and runs irregularly along the
face of the ledge for 50 or 40 feet. It is composed of orthoclase
and greenish elzolite, large imperfect crystals of black horn-
blende, biotite, zircon, flakes and filiments of graphite and
several other minerals in small quantity ; there is no sodalite
near the surface; it first begins to appear at the depth of 13—
2 feet. This vein was blasted in its widest part this autumn
by Mr. C. H Higbee and myself, and yielded us some very fine
specimens of sodalite, varying in colour from violet to azure
blue, and subtransparent. Ihave analysed carefully selected
specimens of both sodalite and eleeolite from this vein with the
following results :

Sodalite ; very dark blue. Sp. Gr=2.30. Two portions
a. and b. were analysed.

Results.

SiO, 37.64 37.44 37.04
Al, Oz 382.13 32.16 SANG):
INaOl 2401 18.94
CO Lod — sat)
Na -— 4.18 4.18
Cl —— 6.45 6-45

SODALITE AT SALEM, MASS. 2)

The composition of sodalite, calculated from the formula
given on the preceding page is as follows:

8Na0, 93 = 18.98
3Al2 O;, 153.78 = 31.38
6Si0,, 184.86 = 37.72
Na, 23 = 4.69
Cl, 3546 = 7.93

490.10 100.00
with this the results obtained by analysis agree quite closely.
It ig worthy of note, that although the specimen employed
was unusually deep coloured, scarcely appreciable traces of
iron were detected; the alumina thrown down from its solution
in aqua regia was white, and most of the reagents for iron gave
negative results; it is therefore very doubtful if this mineral
owes its color to iron, as has been supposed.

Hilcolite The eleolite of this locality is filled with minute
specks, probably mica or feldspar, from which it cannot be
separated mechanically; this impurity amounts to about 5 per
cent., and remains behind when the levigated mineral is dissolv-
ed in acids. The elxolite occurs in compact masses, of a light
green colour and greasy lustre; in connection with orthoclase
it forms the bulk of the vem; it has not yet been observed in
crystals. Heated before the blowpipe it fuses and gives off a little
moisture. Dried at about 150° C. it has the following com-
position :

SGI CHAIGIG Matos sir ea. etme 44.32
PAI Ney ce hts 1 NE SON RE: 32 69
SOM eM Paes) hat be Lee mete 17.02
PO GASS ALE ee vegan oe ts eRe aes eae 5.09
IGE BUN, at RR ke Ret, UMS 5g)

99.71

It also contains slight traces of iron. A portion dried at 100°
~ C. and then ignited lost 1.31 per cent.

The sodalite is found near the centre of the vein in thin lay-
ers. There is no doubt that this locality will furnish fine cabi-
net specimens when more deeply explored. As the vein strikes
downward ata very acute angle, extensive blasting will be
necessary ; however it well deserves a thorough exploration, for,

6 EMERSON, ON MAGNETITE, &C., AT NAHANT.

apart from the circumstance that this is the only American
locality known, the silicate is quite searce elsewhere. Its foreign
localities are Greenland, Norway, Siberia, &c.; it is almost
invariably associated with elzeolite, but the latter mimeral often
occurs unaccompanied by sodalite.

Tam at present occupied with the examination of several
unrecognized minerals, which are disseminated in minute quan-
tities through the vein. From slight indications it is probable
that canerinite may yet be met with; it has not ,been found at
either the old or new localities. | The largest zircon that [ have
seen measured about one-third of an inch in diameter.

Nalem, December, 1863.

Il. On Magnetite. and an Unknown Mineral at Nahaut.
By George H. Emerson.

( Communicated February 8, 1864. )

Besides the minerals mentioned by Dr. Prescott in his list,
communicated to the Essex County Natural History Society,
in the year 1839, as occurring at Nahant, I noticed, while
there last summer, that magnetite was abundantly disseminated
through the diorive near * ‘Spouting torn,” an] Abo in a simi-
larly constituted, | but more finely grained rock, a little to the
West of ‘‘ Pulpit Rock.’’ In both y-laces it is socal with
chalcopyrite and jron pyrites, and in both I found small, but
tolerably perfect, octahedral crystals, though it is, for the most
part, amorphous.

A recent examination of a specimen of the greenstone from
the locality last named, disclosed to me a crystalline mineral
which I did not recognize, and whose external characters failed
to identify it. It was too imperfect to determine the form, or
even with certainty, the crystalline system to which it belonged,
though its cleavayes, three in number, led Prof Cooke to
refer it to one of the inclined systems.

The color was a dull purple on one face, and greenish gray
on the other; lustre, waxy to pearly; streak, yellow; hardness,
about that of calcite. The quantity was altogether too minute

FAMILY ZYGANIDE. T
to take the specific gravity, or to admit of many cuemical tests.
Betore the blowpipe it fused quietly on the edges toa gray
enamel, imparting an indistinct reddish-yellow color to the flame,
which changed to green upon moistening the assay with nitric
or sulphuric acid. With the sodium test, however, it did not
give phosphuretted hydrogen. On platinum wire, with borax,
the presence of iron and lime were indicated. It dissolved in
nitric and hydrochloric acids with effervescence, with the excep-
tion of a slight, black, granular residue, insoluble even on the
upplication of heat. Heated alone in the closed tube there was
no trace of water. So far, its blowpipe characters seem to be
as anomalous as its general appearance.

It should be remarked, by the way, that the greenstone to
which I have last alluded, forms a di4e in what is known as the
“coralline formation,’ while that from the vicinity of ‘‘Spouting
Horn’’ is the metamorphic or stratified variety of diorite. ‘The
latter contains so much magnetic iron as to have a very decided
influence on the needle. Indeed, in the specimens I have
examined, the rock seems to owe its dark color and high specific
gravity (very nearly three) fully as much to the magnetite, as
io the hornblende, which enters into its composition.

Cambridge, January, 1864.

HII. Notes on the Family Aygenide. By A. 8. Pack-
ARD, JR.

( Communicated February 22, 1864. )

The primary object of the writer in preparing this paper was
to give as full an account as possible of the transformations of
Clenucha virginica, and the systematic position of the genus
Hudryas. The very close resemblance of the early stages of
the former genus to the Arctians both in structure and habits,
and the fact that the genus has been recently placed among the
Bombycide by some authors, affords us an opportunity of dis-
cussing the characters of the Zygxnide in contrast with tlie
allied families. or this purpose it has been necessary to study
the typical Huropean genera in connection with the American
types of the group. For most of my material I am indebted to
Messrs. F. G. Sanborn, Boston, Mass; A. R. Grote, New

8 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE

York; F. W. Putnam, who collected the larve and pups of
Hiudryas grata, in alcohol at Bridport, Vt., which are now in
the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy at Cam-
bridge ; and for specimens of Castnia to the collection of the
Essex Institute.

Besides the interest excited by the discovery of the transfor-
mation of any member of this family of moths, the near rela-
tionship of Ctenucha to the Bombycide attracts our attention.
This genus when in the larval stage, so closely resembles the
Arctians, as to have misled us wholly as to its nature upon
first meeting with it. Indeed we were convinced that we had
found a larva of Phragmatobia rubricosa Saunders and were
much surprised at raising Ctenucha from it. On the other
hand the moth bas been referred by Walker to the Lithosiide.
Here we see such a delicate balancing of analogical and struc-
tural features, that different writers do not agree which natural
group to refer the object to. Thus those who place Ctenucha
among the Lithosians (the highest sub-family of Bombycidz)
think of course, that the Zygenid characters which the moth
possesses are those of analogy, while those of a contrary mind
judge the same moth to be a Zygzenid with the less essential
features borrowed from the Bombycide. This leads us to
the enquiry, how far analogy differs from affinity. It is evident
that the relation is only relutive and not absolute. Typical
animals are those having the greatest mass of characters to
isolate them from others. For instance, among the Zygenide,
the Fabrician genus Zygeena is the dype of the family, just as
in the Bombycidee, Telea Polyphemus Hiibner, or, still better,
Attacus Atlas Linn, are the types of that family. In Zygena
we have forms the most unlike other genera of its family.
There is not a character drawn from its structure or habits
which is not swt generis, original, unique. Itis the pattern
upon which the family form is ‘moulded, and the moment the
form is slightly modified, and any resemblance to some other
moth is superadded, as in Syntomis which already begins to
show Lithosian affinities, that moment something has gone from
it. There is a loss in affinity, and what is thrown in to supply
the vacancy is a gain in analogy.

In the genus Aftacus we have massed tosether a number of
characters which are those of pure affinity (using the term in
its technical sense, otherwise it has no meaning in specifying

FAMILY ZYGHNIDA. 9

what is typical.) This is without doubt the most isolated group
in the whole family. If we step higher or lower we find
changes of form introduced which, slight as they are, detract
from the singleness of the type. Sombyx mori the silk-worm,
stands next above, in the adjoining subfamily Bombycine.
But the larva is greatly elongated, with a slight tubercle on
the end of the body, being in fact sphingiform. The moth has
short narrow falcate wings, which are no longer than the body.
Attacus has falcate wings, but they are very broad and are
three or four times the length of the body, while the larva is
short, large and plump. ‘The next step below is 7T?opea
Lana Hiibner. This is colored green and the hind wings are
‘tailed.’ The family color is brown, not green, and the
‘tail’ is borrowed from Papilionidee, Lyceenidze and Phal-
snide. If we descend further down in the scale we find
Hlyperchiria fo Walker, possessing manifest analogies to
Clisiocampa in the elongated body of the larva, the pupal form
and the outlines of the imago.

The genus Eudryas stands at a nearly equal distance from
the beginning and end of its group, and is still loaded down
with features which are so unlike Alypia to which it is in reali-
ty closely allied, that Harris refers it to the Notodontians,
though fully acquainted with its larva, and Walker refers it to
the Noctuide. Its coloration is most deceptive, since the
species instead of being blue or green, are white with yellow,
green and purple markings. The body is unusually hairy, the
antenne: are filiform as in the Noctuide, the legs tufted as in
Pygera, Datana and allies, and the metallic scales on the
thorax are only found so far as we know in Tolype.

The first attempt to group the Fabrician genera Procris and
Zygeena was that of the authors of the Wiener Verzeichniss*
in 1801. They divide the Linnzan genus Sphinx into seven
groups of which the last, “‘G,” ‘ Sphinges maculaie,” com-
prises the Zygeenide, thus making it equivalent to all the
Aigeriadee, and to any one of their five groups of the true
Sphinges, i. e. the genera Sphinx, Smerinthus, &c.

* Syst. Verz. der Schmetterlinge Wiener Gegend. Illiger’s ed. Wien. 1810.
Vol. 1, p. 88.

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. B.

10 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE

In 1807 Latreille* first under the family name Zyecnides
groups into three sub-divisions: I. -Sesia, Thyris, Zygena,
and Syntomis; IJ. Procris and Atychia, and TIL. Glaucopis,
Aglaope and Stygia. He places Castnia however among the
Sphingides, placing it at the head of the family, and next to
Hesperia. Afterwards according to Klug.t in the article
‘Papilio’ in the ‘‘Hncyclopedie methodique, ® by Latreille and
Godart the group ‘‘Hesperi-Sphinges” was formed for Castnia
and Agarista, and they were still placed before the Sphingides.
Also in the ‘‘Familles naturellesdu Régne Animal,’ 1825, we
see the Hesperi-Sphinges isolated as a distinct “tribe”? equivalent
to the ‘‘tribe’’ Sphingides, and standing at the head of the
‘family’? Crepuscularia.

Hiibner has shown more than any other writer how important
a guide in arranging the Lepidoptera is their style of coloration,
and how useful it isin distinguishing genera. Relying upon this
character perhaps more than any other, this bold imnovatory
sub-divided the Lepidoptera into generic yroups which are
now commonly received; thus showing an appreciation of the
modern idea ot a genus, far in advance of his time. Depend-
ing however too much on slight characters, his groups of
genera are often forced and unnatural.—he Zygeenide are
placed in the same order as observed by Latreille.

Hiibner places them at the head of his second “ pha-
lanx’”’ Sphinges, composing the tribe ‘‘ /’apilionides’”’ which is
a group equivalent to tlie Sesie Hubner ( Adgeriade of authors, )
and also to the ‘‘ Sphinges legitime’’ Hubner. It embraces
three “‘stirps;’’ 1.e. I. Zygene for the single genus Zygee-
na. IL. Chrysaores which includes Procris, Atychia and Syn-
tomis, and III. Glazcopes, for Glaucopis and a large number
of its allies.

He placed Castnia however, among the butterflies, immedi-
ately after Colias, and Alypia among the Pyralide, next to
Einnychia which it closely resembles in its coloration.

In 1829, Boisduval$ while following Latreille in excluding

* Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum. ‘Tom. tv, p. 211.

+ Ueber die Lepidopteren-Gattung Synemon. Abhand. Konig. Acad. der
Wissenchaft. Berlin. (1848.) 1850. p. 251.

¢ Verzeichniss bekannter Schmetterlinge. Augsburg, 1816. 8vo.

§ Essai sur une Monographie des Zygénides. Paris, 1829. 8vo.

FAMILY ZYGHNIDZ. if}

the Castniares Boisduval, and placing the Sphingidz between
these and the Zygeenidx, goes a step farther in establishing the
group ‘‘ Procrides”’ consisting of those genera provided with
pectinated antennze. He considers the group as equivalent to
the Sesiares (Aigeriade), to the Castniares and likewise the
Zygenide. The elimination of Sesia and Thyris is an im-
provement upon Latreille.

In 1832, Newman* divides the Zygenide into Stygiides,
igeriites and Glaucopites.

In 1839, Dr. T. W. Harrist like the author just quoted divides
the ‘“‘Sphinges adscitze’’ Linn, into three families, i. e. Agaristi-
de Zygenide and Glaucopide which last name must be a
synonym of Biosduval’s ‘‘Procrides,”’ since it is used in exactly
the same sense.

The year after, Westwood{ under the term Uraniide adopts a
provisional arrangement of Urania with Castnia and allies. He
rejects the name Zygeenide, using instead Anthroceridx
Westwood, since Stephens had already rejected Zygena, ‘the
name Zygeena having been preoccupied in Ichthyology.” This
is probably an error, since Latreille’s name has priority over
Cuvier’s.

Of all the writers upon the Castniares, Klug has been the most
thorough. His article “Ueber die Lepidopteren-Gattung Syne-
mon,’’t is a positive addition to our knowledge ofthese moths.
Besides the quite full historical account of the group, and the
descriptions and good figures of new species of the Australian
genus Synemon Doubleday, we have a mass of new facts con-
cerning the comparative structure of the genus above named,
and very precise information about the transformation of the
South American genus Casinia, fully confirming the obser-
vations of Madam Merian, which had been doubted by West-
wood, together with important remarks on the classification of
the whole group to which these two genera belong. With
Boisduval he agrees in throwing Urania out of the group and

*Ent. Mag. Vol. 1., p. 67.

+ Descriptive Catalogue of North American Insects belonging to the Linn-
wan genus Sphinx. Amer. Jour.Sc., July, 1839, 8vo, pp. 40.

¢An Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects, 1840, Vol 11, p. 369.

§Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Academie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin,
(1848), 1850.

12 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE

placmg it between the Noctuidae and Phalenide. He is
aided by a fortunate discovery in arriving at the proper location
of Castnia. Among some plants received from Kingston, Ja-
maica, was a Species of Catasetum, from the bulbs of which
hatched the perfect Castnia, proving that the habits of the larva
is lignivorus like the Sesiz, Algeriadze and Cossus and Hepi-
alus. In nearly his own words, the burrowing habits of Cast-
nia, the larva of which forms no silken cocoon, are like Sesia,
but the imago differs, and as Dalman observes is nearer
Zygeena, whence he concludes that ‘‘ they seem much more hke
the beginning of the Spinners (Bombycidz) and through Glau-
copis and a succession of other genera form the passage to
Ochsenheimers Kuprepia, the genera Arctia, Chelonia, Callimor-
pha, ete. ae

‘his is indeed bringing pilen out of confusion. He then
proceeds to remark that Castnia and its Australian representa-
tive Synemon, which probably has similar habits, belongs to a
group of borers, at the head of which stands the ‘‘Sesien,”
(Adgeriade) then Thyris, Chimera, Stygia, Hudagria, and
farther on Cossus, Zeuzera, Hepialus and Crino, to yend with
Castnia. He speaks, from want of material, with some doubt
of the affinities of Oiketicus to this group of borers, but consid-
ers that this genus may easily lead to Zygena.

Dr. Herrich-Sel ieeffert proposes a different arrangement of
the family under apteleninnal while placing the Castniaria
H-S next to the butterflies, he follows with the Epialoidea
H-S. (Hepiali Linn.), next with the Sesioide H-S (Mgeri-
ade); then come the Pyramorphina H-S a group made for
Pyromorpha dimidiata H-S and another genus Chrysopygus
H-S. which leads to Zygenoide H-S. He then strangly
interposes the Sphingidz, Bombycide, Phalenide (Geome-
tride) and Noctuide between the groups of Zygenide
above named, and the rest (Agarista and allies, Syntomis and
fHigocera) of the family. Under the names of Agaunaida and
Agaristoidea, which groups he makes the equivalent of the
Arctioidea, and the other groups of moths enumerated above,
he places the genera Aganais, Agarista and Adgocera Latreille.
He interposes between these two groups, a sub-family of the

*Loce. cit. p. 255.

+Sammlung neuer oder wenig bekannter aussereuropaisher Schmetterlinge.
Regensburg, 1850-58,

FAMILY ZYGENIDA. 13

Bombycide, i. e. the Arctioidea H-S (Arctiidee Leach, 1815,)
and concludes the large moths with the Syntomoidea H-S.
(Glaucopites Newman, 1832.) Then follow the Microlepid-
optera. The series of large moths ends with Clenucha virgo
H-S. which he places next to the Crambina H-S.

In the Catalogue of Lepidoptera Heterocera in the British
Museum, part I and II, 1854, Walker adopts the Castnians, and
the Zygeenides, as groups equivalent to the Sphingide and the
Bombycide, but places several undoubted Zygeenid genera,
1. e., Ctenucha, Aglaope Americana Boisd. and Lycomorpha
among the Lithosiidee.

So far as Tam aware Horsfield and Moore* are the first
xuthors who virtually placed both the Castniares and Zygeenide
among the Bombycidew, considering them ‘‘from the examination
‘of the metamorphosis’ of the genera of these two groups which
fell under their observations, as belonging to the Lithosiide.
This work is indispensable to the American student of the
“Zygenide and Bombycide, since it represents the transforma-
tion of many Asiatic genera closely allied to those of America,
which are not found in Hurope.

{f would here draw the attention of entomologists to im-
portant characters for classifying the Lepidoptera which have
been hitherto overlooked. I refer to the characters drawn
from the pieces of which the head and thorax is composed.
Each family has a distinct form and size, and a different
way of combining the three principal pieces which compose
the head: i.e. the occiput which lies behind the ocelli; the
epicranium which lies behind the antennz, and the clypeus
which in the Lepidoptera generally occupies the ‘‘front’’ of
the head. In the family under consideration and the Bom-
bycide, those parts vary markedly in the different genera,
and in each sub-family of these two families there is a
distinct form for the clypeus, more especially. There are also
two forms in the Noctwide which affords to us strong indica-
tions for their division into but two sub-families. There is
also a distinct form for the Geometridz, the Pyralidz, Tortri-
ide, and Tineidz, which gives a peculiar fucies to each of
these groups.

The mouth parts: 1. e., the mandibles, maxillez and labium

*A Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects in the Museum of Natural History
at the East-India House, Vol. 11, 1858-59.

14 PACKARD, NOTES ON

have not given valid generic characters, with the exception of
the labial palpi, the value of which are well known.

In the thorax also there isa family form, at least, in the
Zygenide and the succeeding group, the Bombycide. The
comparative length and breadth especially of the meso-scutum
and scutellum are of value, as are in a less degree the relative
size and position, slanting or vertical, of the flanks of the
thorax. But this last character owing to the remarkable con-
stancy in the form of the thorax and abdomen of all Lepidoptera,
is not often of generic value*.

I have also found the genital armor most useful in separating
genera of moths, but for this purpose alcoholic specimens are
necessary so that these parts may bedrawn out and dissected.
There is however no one general family type to which their
great variations of form can be reduced. .

These characters are of special use in locating mimetic forms.
The Zygznidz do not imitate the lower moths, nearly so much
as do the Bombycide. Indeed just as embryologists arrange
groups in series by their greater or less resemblance to low
embryonic forms, can we arrange animals by the greater or less
proportion of mimetic forms in any group.

Mr. Bates (Linnean Trans. 1862) has considered that
the Heliconide stand at the head of the Lepidoptera. We
venture to question this position of the family from the
fact that this family mimics most wonderfully the Zyge-
nidz. An instance may be quoted from Stoll of a genus
allied to Glaucopis which he calls Papilio Zubina (Pl. XI.
fig. 3.) Judging from the plate simply, the antenne, the
neuration and the brown and yellow bands and white spots are
unmistakedly Zygznid ; the general form of the body and of
the wings are like Heliconia. Among the Pieridz, Colias has
a mimetic form in the Australian Helerusia pulchelia Koller
figured by Herrich-Scheffer. But we cannot think of any other
butterfly, or of any Hesperians, Sphingide or Adgeriade
which imitate the lower moths, and therefore we consider this
as ah argument for the superiority of their rank. On the

* We might here say, that before we were aware of the use Dr. Leconte had
made of the epimeral and episternal pieces in the Coleoptera we had used these
parts to good purpose in the hymenoptera, where they are exposed to con-
stant variation in genera and groups of genera, as well as families.

FAMILY ZYGANIDIA. 15

_ other hand it may be argued that the Zygzenide are lower
than these families, because there are forms among them
(Castnia) which imitate the butterflies, others (Alypia) which
resemble the (Hesperiade) and others again (Glaucopis and
allies) which resemble the Adgeriade. ‘Thus the lowest gen-
era imitate the lowest family enumerated, while the highest
genus Castnia mimics the butterflies. As happily expressed by
Professor Dana,* it 1s ‘‘a characteristic of a type of the very
highest grade, that it is extensively copied after.”’

To distinguish Castnia therefore from the Hesperians we
look for the square clypeus, and the neuration peculiar to the
Castniares. !n the lower genera allied to Glaucopis we look at
the square clypeus, which is often scutellate, and also at the
long slender acute porrected palpi, the pectinated antenne, and
also the peculiar neuration which it is difficult briefly to
describe. In certain genera of Bombycide, allied to Limacodes,
which are difficult to distinguish from some Tortricidx, the
practiced eye can by the large broad clypeus which carries the
insertion of the antenna very high up the front, at once locate
the genus. Likewise the large broad clypeus enables us to
separate those Notodontians from the Noctuide, which they
resemble. If we could select with safety any single character
among the moths upon which to rely, it would be the clypeus.

The Zyzginidze are distinguished from the neighboring fami-
lies of Lepidoptera by the following characters: the head is of
moderate size and entirely free from the thorax, but not so
much so as in the Algeriade or Noctuide. There is a great
equality in the size of the three tergal pieces of the head: 1. e. the
occiput, epicranium and clypeus. The length of the two first
of these pieces taken tovether is about equal to that of the cly-
peus, but more generally shorter, and as among all Lepidoptera
the epicranium is the larger and longer. On the flanks of
the head, is situated an ocellus just in the rear of the insertion
of the antennz, which are inserted on the side of the head, in
front of the epicranium which narrows, and is often bilobed_be-
tween" their bases. In the typical genera the antenne are
simple, not setose, and slightly swelled in their middle, or par-
tially clavate towards the tips as in Zygeena. yes large and
globose. *\i The clypeus is nearly square, the sides hardly con-

* Classification of Animals based on the principal of cephalization. Amer.
Journ. Sc. Jan. 1864, p. 15.

16 PACKARD, NOTES ON

verging towards the front edge which is very straight, with the
edge slightly revolute. Its surface is convex, often remarkably
so, sometimes ending ina large mesial tubercle. The mouth
parts do not afford good family characters in distinction from
the Sesiidee and the higherBombycidee—the mandibles are slen-
der, curved, with dense sete applied upon the well developed
maxille. Labium small equilaterally triangular. However
there is a distinct form of the maxillary palpi, which are long,
slender, acute, slightly ascending, but porrect; the third joint is
long, acute, thinly scaled, and very free from the head; the
first and second joints very equal in length, and with long thin
scales beneath.

Thorax moderately stout, longer than broad. The pro-thorax
is well developed, especially the scutum (collar), the two halves
of which are partly separate, large suborbicular, and often gaily
colored. The meso-scutum is small, quadrangular, shorter than
broad, the sides bent down angularly under ibe patagia, which
are half as long as the meso-thorax in Zygena, but more gener-
ally much longer. Scutellum nearly as long as broad, lozenge-
shaped,the posterior half longer, being more produced than the
anterior half. The meta-thorax much as usual. though the
scutellum is a little longer and more elevated than in the other
families. The flanks cannot be properly described without alco-
holic specimens, however, they are slightly inclined--the middle
flanks occupy more than half the lateral surface of the whole
side of the thorax, while the hind flanks are one fourth to one
half as broad as the middle ones. ‘Wings long and narrow,
though often triangular, with very short nervules one third as
longas the wing. The primaries equal the body in length; they
are nearly three times longer than broad, while the costa! and
inner edge are more parallel than in the other moths, except
the Aigeriade. Costa straight, apex much rounded; outer edge
full, half or two-thirds as long as the inner, internal angle well
rounded. The costal space isnarrow. The nervules more ger-
erally arise far beyond the middle of the wing, and are of very —
equal lengths, thus making their interspaces very equal. The
s.c. nervules are unusually short, especially the fourth, while the
fifth equals in length the median nervules. Both the subcostal
and median nervules curve inwards and throw off the discal
neryules at opposite points, which are together curved very
regularly inwards, thus making the discal space which is nar-

FAMILY ZYGAHNIDA. 17

row, less triangular than usual, and less angular at its centre
and broader end. The fourth median arises much farther out
beyond the middle of the wing than usual, and hence much
nearer the three first, the three interspaces being of nearly the
same size.

Secondaries nearly twice as long as broad, though more
generally one half longer than broad, reaching half way
to, or more rarely beyond the tips of the abdomen. Costa
straight, but a little convex in the middle. Apex acute and
much produced, or obtuse. The outer edge is nearly as long
as the costa, the internal angle much rounded, and the internal
edge is one half to a third shorter than the outer edge. The
neuration differs greatly asin the primaries. In the typical
Zygeenidee the subcostal goes straight to the apex, and the sin-
gle fifth nervule arises by an angle connecting with the discal
nervules, being equal in length to the four median nervules -
which are remarkably short, arising at the outer third of the
wing. In Ctenucha and also in Alypia the subcostal sends off
a branch as usual, which is not angulated near its origin,
while the median nervure has only three branches, which arise
near the middle of the wing.

The legs are rather stout, but well proportioned, the joints,
in the typical species of very uniform size throughout, and
thinly scaled, while in the Castniares they are stouter, more
sphingiform with long sharp spines, and hairy femora, while
the anterior tibiee are densely pilose.

Abdomen short, being generally twice the length of the tho--
rax, and thick, obtusely pointed at the tip, sometimes partly
truncate. The scales in this family are fine, powdery and
scattered thinly over the surface, often leaving naked spots on
the wings. Upon the thorax and head the squamation is so
fine and thin that the different parts beneath can be often
easily distinguished. In the Castniares the scales become
larger, more hair-like, approaching somewhat the Sphingide.

Often when in doubt about the position of some genera of this
family, the peculiar dark coloration of this group aids to settle
the question. The general color of the Sphingidx is cinereous,
that of the Bombycide is brown, the Aigeriade and Zygenide
differ wholly in being bluish, with purplish shades of black or
entirely black alternating with gay colors, golden, bronzed,
or white and red. However the typical genera are ornamented

ESSEX INSTITUTE PROCEED. VOL, IV. C.

18 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE

with green and bright red patches (Zygena), or are wholly
green (Ino), or as in Procris, Ctenucha and allies, deep Prus-
sian blue, or with shades of dark brown with red about the
head or pro-thorax. An exception to this general rule is Hu-
dryas with its remarkable arrangement of colors.

Of the two subfamilies into which this family is divided, the
Castniares approach nearest the Sphinges, while the lower sub-
family, the Zygeenine, have the closest affinities with the Aige-
riadze. They both in the structure of the head resemble much
the AHgeriadze, since in them the clypeus is square, being
broader in front thanin the Zygeenidz. But in the last named
group the epicranium is shorter, so that the antenne arise
nearer the base of the head; also in the Algeriad, the occi-
put is nearly obsolete ; and they are remarkable from the fact
that the head is greatly advanced in front of the insertion of
the primaries. This is owing to the great length of the thorax,
which agrees with the slender abdomen, and long and narrow
wings. Owing to the last character the style of neuration
differs from the Zygeenide in the branches of the nervures pro-
ceeding straight out to the outer edge, and being parallel with the
costa and inner edge, which last is greatly elongated, and parallel
to the costa. Thus while the nervules in both families are very
short, one third as long as the whole wing, all arising very
near the outer edge; in the typical Zygenide they are curved
more downwards, and are even shorter. In allthe wing charac-
ters there is a much greater variation than in the Sesiade, and
we have broad wings, becoming almost geometriform, being
equilaterally triangular, as in Huremia from India and China,
with long nervules, arising within the middle of the wings.

Another character of importance is the form of the meso-
scutellum which differs from the Sphingidz and Aigeriade in
being much longer, especially produced behind, where it is much
rounded. In Sphingide it is subacute. In the typical Bom-
bycidee (Attaci) itis perfectly square behind. The tergum of
the meso-thorax affords better family characters than the other ~
parts of the thorax.

Among the typical genera (Zygana, &c.) the abdomen is
shorter than in the families mentioned above, though this is
a character of little value.

FAMILY ZYGHNIDA. 19

Larva. It is difficult to give even in general terms the
family characteristics of the larva of the Lepidoptera, since there
are somany exceptional forms. In characterizing those of the
Zygenide we select that of the Huropean Zygeena, and say
from the figures and descriptions of authors that they are short
and thick fleshy cylindrical larvae, whose bodies taper rapidly
towards either end. The head is very small and partially
retractile within the anterior part of the pro-thoracic ring. The
tip of the abdomen is likewise very small and more acute than
in the typical form of other families. ‘The feet are sixteen in
number. The rings are convex, short, and with transverse rows
of unequal tubercles which give rise to thin fascicles of very
short evenly cut hairs, which are seldom dense enough to obscure
in the least degree the outlines of the body, and are often nearly
absent. Often there are one or two transverse,bands of gay
colors or of dark spots between the rows of tubercles and the
edges of each ring. The colors are greenish or yellowish. This
form is more especially that of the subfamily Zygeenine.

When we depart from this typical form and ascend to the
neighborhood of Alypia and allies we find them elongated, with
large heads, and with a supra-anal tubercle towards which the
body imperceptibly increases in size: the colors are gay, and
the long unequal sparse hairs arise from minute tubercles. This
form is evidently influenced by the close approximation of the
genera to the Sphinges. This is the prevalent form of the
Castniares. On the other hand in descending towards the
Bombycidze, we find the larvee again elongating, but not by any
means so much so as in the Castniares, while the head still in-
creases in size, and the body is rather thickly clothed with hair,
with mesial tufts of larger and party-colored hairs.

The larva of Ctenucha resembles the Arctians very remarka-
bly. Stoll* figures the larva of a genus which resembles closely
the larva of Halesidota, which is still longer than Arctia, being
related to Orgyia. It is elongated, very hairy, with long pen-
_ cils of party-colored hairs before and behind. The pupa is like

that of Arctia, while the moth belongs to the old genus Glau-
copis, having feathered antenne and a Sesia-like body.

When the larva is about to pupate, it constructs a dense
silken cocoon generally, but Hudryas and Castnia make no

*Supplement a 1’Ouvrage, intitule Les Papillons exotiques, Par M. Pierre
Cramer. Pl. xr. fig. 1,a, b,c, d.

20 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE

cocoon, and as we show below that of Ctenucha is formed simply
of hairs. ‘There is but one brood in the year, since the larve
hybernate, and at the beginning of summer pupate, to become
moths in the middle of the season.

Pupa. The pupa of Zygena is represented as of a form
intermediate between Adgeria and Arctia, being much stouter
than the first and somewhat more so than the last. The head is
prominent and the tips of the abdomen subacute. Ctenucha is
more arctian, while Castnia and Alypia are elongate slender,
with the head made especially prominent by the tuberculous
clypeus.

In common with the Sphingide and Adgeriade, the Zyge-
nidz are confined to the temperate and tropical regions. ‘The
family type Zyg@na has its metropolis about the Mediterra-
nean Sea, and thence spreads to the north of Kurope, and south-
ward to the Cape of Good Hope. 4%. exulans ig found as far
north as Lapland, and in vertical distribution rises 6000 to
7000 feet in the Alps of Styria.

The types of the Castniares however are tropical American.
Alypia is the most northern genus, extending into the Hudson
Bay Territories. Glaucopis and allies which form an immense
number of species are almost exclusively tropical American.
In Australia as Klug observes, Castnia is represented by Syne-
mon. The American genus Hudryas is represented by very
closely allied South African genera.

From the study of the illustrations of Hiibner, Moore and
Herrich-Scheeffer we are convinced that there are forms which
lead from Castnia to Zygeena so gradually as to unite the old
families of Castniares and Zygeenide into a single group equiy-
alent in value to the Sphingide, Noctuide or Phaleenide of
Latreille’s families of moths, first proposed in 1807 in the ‘‘ Gen-
era Crust. et Insectorum.’’ ‘The genera EKusemia, Neochera,
Anagnia, Milionia, Eterusia, Pintia and Agalope show this
transition. They have the simple antennz, in most cases; the
broad secondaries, the long nervules, stout hairy palpi and
bands and spots of the Castniares, with more superficial but
striking resemblances to the Glaucopides among the Zygenide.

It follows, therefore, that the two subdivisions of the groups
are subfamilies, each of which I would consider as the equiva-
lent of the Lithosiidz, the Atticide or any other one of the
subdivisions of the family Bombycide.

FAMILY ZYGHINIDA. PAN

In retaining Latreille’s term ‘‘family’’ for these large groups
of moths, I am aware that I go contrary to the practice of mod-
ern lepidopterists who give names to very small groups of
genera after raising them to the rank of ‘ families,’’

Subfamily Casrnrarzs Boisduval.*

The family name given by Boisduval to this group is adopted
instead of Latreille’s term Hesperi-Sphinges.

This group is a difficult one to characterize, owing to the
great diversity among the genera, so few of which we have been

able to examine. As it is, this description must be considered
as but provisional. ;

The most trenchant characters are, the large head, the prom-
inent front, the long simple filiform, subclavate or subprisma-
tic antennee, the stout bushy palpi, with the terminal joint very
slender and projecting much beyond the head. The convex
clypeus is square, but often narrows in front, and is provided
with a mesial tubercle projecting beyond the hairs. The body is
stout and the thorax often pilose. ‘The meso-scutum is longer
than in the Zyg@@nine, approaching more in this respect the
Hesperiade. The fore-wings are stout, broad triangular, with
long nervules. Secondaries broad, with very obtusely rounded
apices, while the internal angle reaches nearly to the tip of the
abdomen, which is moderately long and terminates in a slender
subacute tip. The legs are stout, often very hairy and some-
what tufted.

The larval characters given below are drawn from the cater-
pillars of Alypia and Eudryas preserved in alcohol, and from
figures of those of Psycomorpha epimenis Harr. drawn by
Abbot and now in the library of the Boston Society of Natural
History ; of the Australian Agarista glycine Boisd. (Phale-
noides glycine Lewin) ; and of the Hast Indian genera H'use-
mia Dalman, Hypsa Hibner, Anagnia Walker, Aiteva
Walker, Lyclene Mooreand Bizone Walker, which are figured
in Horsfield and Moore’s ‘‘ Catalogue.”’

The body is elongated, cylindrical, the eighth ring is either
considerably enlarged, towards which the body increases in size, or
it is simply humped on the upper surface of the ring. From this
ring the end of the body rapidly diminishes in size, laterally and

*Monogr. Zygeenides, 1829.

22 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE

especially from above where it slopes down suddenly to the
supra-anal plate which is short, broad and lunate.

There are six rows of small tubercles, or spots representing tu-
bercles, which are largest above, and decrease in size on the sides
of the body. On each ring the four tergal rows arrange their
tubercles in a trapezoid. ‘There are three rows on each side,
and another row at the base of the legs. These give rise to
single hairs, or slender spine-like hairs. The rings themselves
are not very convex, and between the hairs and edge of the
ring are crossed by bright or dark colored narrow lines or rows
of spots which gives the larvee a gay appearance.

The head is rather large and free from the pro-thorax. It is
broad above, as well as below, and three-fourths as wide as the
body. ‘The clypeus is larger and its anterior division long,
being equal in breadth to the length of the posterior division : its
edge is not thickened, but when seen from beneath is slightly
arched upwards.

The labrum is not very deeply bilobate. Hach lobe may be
divided into an outer corneous portion and an inner softer fleshy
part. The labium and maxille are large and broad.

CASTNIA Fabricius.

In examining Castnia, a moth which is so completely Hes-
perian in its an: nalogies, we are not at all bafiled in ascertaining
its family characters. Though with the broad head, long thorax
and peculiar shape of the wings which belongs to the Hesperians,
and the form of the abdomen of that group it still differs essen-
tially even in these parts.

The head is one half narrower, the clypeus is still square,
and the antenneze are inserted much higher up the front than in
Hesperia. The epicranium (vertex) is one-half shorter than in
Hesperia. The antennz do not differ greatly from Zygena,
and often resemble that genus much more than the antennz of
the Sphingide. The palpi are more like the higher butterflies ;
in Alypia they are more like those of Hesperia.

The meso-thorax, as well as the pro-thorax, is greatly elong-
ated. The meso-scutellum is very long and rounded behind
instead of being short and acute posteriorly as in the Bomby-
cide; in this respect closely resembling the Hesperians and
butterflies generally.

In the triangular primaries, with their regularly curved costa,

FAMILY ZYGHNIDA. 23

the produced and acute apex, and the very straight outer edge
and rectangular internal angle; and in the peculiar form of the
secondaries, the analogies to the Hesperians are remarkably
close. This is shown especially in the fact that the internal
edge of the secondaries is longer than the outer edge, much of
which goes to make up the broadly rounded apex. They also
reach out even with the tip of the abdomen; in Coronis,
Cocytia and Alypia they are considerably shorter.

But in considering the neuration, we find it pursuing a plan
very diverse from all the butterflies, which at a glance reveals
the affinity of Castnia to the other Zygzenide. ‘The subcostal
nervule in the butterflies throws off its five very short nervules
upon the costa. In Castnia all the nervules are remarkably
long, and are directed in just the reverse direction from the
Hesperians, i. e., downwards and outwards upon the outer edge.

The four median nervules are remarkably long and continu-
ous with the nervure. In Hesperia and other butterflies the
first median often becomes the ‘‘ independent’ of authors, and
the three below are grouped together separately. Castnia
and the allied genera have an additional nervure, the submedian,
which is generally in the Lepidoptera obsolescent. In the
secondaries the subcostal is like that in Hesperia, but there
are four median nervules, while in Hesperia there are three
only, and they are much longer, arising very near the base
of the wing.

The coloration and squamation which are so near the Hespe-
rians have always been remarked by authors.

ALyPIA Hibner.

Head small; front long, pilose, the scales surrounding the
conical projection of the clypeus, but not concealing its apex.
Antenne long, a little thickened in the middle, with scattered
lateral setze. Clypeus square, the front margin very obtusely
rotund-pointed. First and second joint of the palpi stout,
pilose ; third joint long slender; the whole palpus porrect, the
third joint passing beyond the front of the head.

Thorax more then usually pilose, especially the pro-thorax
and patagia. Wings short and broad. ‘he primaries are one-
half as broad as they are long, being broadly triangular. The
nervules are rather short, and arise at a greater angle with the
main nervures than in Hudryas. Secondaries rounded, trian-

24 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE

gular, the outer margin full, rounded at the apex and also at
the internal angle.

The legs have the first pair of femora and tibice densely
spreading pilose and stretched out in front of the body as insome
Notodontians. The hind pair of legs are large and long, with
stout tibiz armed with two unequal pairs of spines, of which the
terminal pair is the shorter.

In coloration the species are black moths with large white and
yellow rounded patches upon both pairs of wings, and with deep
vermillion upon the pro-thorax.

Pupa. ‘Ihe specimen described is from the cast skin, con-
sequently broken, from Dr. Harris’ Cabinet, kindly loaned me
by Mr. Scudder. Compared with that of Eudryas the body is
not at all contracted at the base of the abdomen, there being a
continuous curve from the pro-thorax to the tips of the abdomen,
while that of Hudryas is very sensibly contracted at this point.
The head is too much injured to describe. The pro-thorax
differs in being square behind, where in Hudryas it is a little
pointed. ‘The meso-scutellum is not at all defined in outline,
nor is the whole meso-notum so much produced behind, being
more bluntly rounded, thus making the meta-thorax longer.
The wings are in form, relative size and position as related to
the abdominal rings, much as in Hudryas. The basal abdominal
rings are beneath, broader than in Eudryas, and the spiracles
are much more distinct.

The abdomen tapers much the same in both genera, the chief
difference lying in the tenth ring and the genital parts. This
ring is much smaller and one-half shorter. Seen from above
the ring is larger; the upper pair of tubercles are broad and
squarely docked, and the tergum is lengthened out even with
them, while the surface has longitudinal ruge. The lateral
tubercles are obsolete. Beneath is a distinct curved line, which
is the trace of the claws of the anal legs of the larva. This
mark is obsolescent in Eudryas. The larva previous to pupa-
ting constructs an earthen cocoon, like that of Aigeria, ac-
cording to Harris

Eupryas Boisduyal.

Head rather large, eyes and ocelli large and full. Antenne
not thickened in the middle, with short lateral sets in the male
and pubescent beneath. Front prominent, densely pilose, though
the hairs hardly conceal the conical clypeal tubercle, which

FAMILY ZYGANIDA. 25

last is very large and truncated at the apex. The clypeus in
front is square. Palpi large, porrect ; two basal joints evenly
pilose to the tip of the second. Third joint small, cylindrical,
short, porrect reaching nearly one-half its length beyond the
front.

Thorax pilose, with a broad median crest of metallic-colored

scales, succeeded by a dorsal row of similar tufts upon the basal
half of the abdomen which diminish in size from the thorax.
- Wings shaped as in Alypia, but the primaries are more
rounded at the apex, internal angle rounder. The nervules are
nearly continuous with the direction of the main branches. Sub-
costal nervules long, first subcostal] arising one-third of the distance
out to the apex of the wing. ‘The hind wings hardly reach to tlie
outer fourth of the abdomen, being much as in Alypia. Outer
margin a little scalloped below the apex, below straight and
parallel with the costa of the primaries. Discoidal nervules
situated within the middle of the wing. The femora and tibic
of the fore-legs are very pilose, forming a dense tuft projecting
in amass over the first tarsal joint. Hind pair of legs stout,
with longer tibial spines than in Alypia.

The very intimate relationship of this genus to” Alypia may
be better seen after a more detailed comparison.

The head of the genus under consideration is much larger,
the eyes are nearly twice larger, more globular, and occupy a
larger extent of the sides of the head. The whole front of
Alypia is proportionally narrower than that of Eudryas, the
ocelli and antennze are therefore more approximate in the former
genus. The occiput is much developed in Alypia, occupying a
much larger area than in Hudryas, where it forms but a narrow
rim. ‘The convex epicranium is larger in Kudryas, being twice
as broad as long, and having a slight ridge between the ocelli.
In Alypia it is nearly two-thirds as long as broad, convex, and
narrow in comparison with Hudryas. The clypeus in Alypia
is very distinctly rectangular, the sides being exactly parallel,
and the angles well pronounced, while the same piece in Kudryas
narrows rapidly anteriorly, is longer than broad and has the
angles of the anterior edge a little rounded. Both genera pos-
sess a large truncated conical tubercle rising from the surface of
the clypeus a little in advance of the middle, but itis smaller
and slenderer in Alypia.

ESSHX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. D.

26 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE

The mandibles of Alypia are equilaterally triangular, as is also
the labrum. In Hudryas these parts, at least in the specimens
at hand, are much lessdeveloped. Beneath, the head of Kudryas
is narrower between the eyes, and the labium is larger and longer
than that in Alypia. The antennz of Alypiaare most Zygenid
in character, being swollen a little beyond their middle: those
of Hudryas are Noctuid, being filiform, tapering gradually toward
the tip,.and setose. The palpi of the two genera do not differ
essentially, though in Eudryas they are stoutest, most thickly
scaled, and the most depressed, being porrect, while the third
joint does not go so far beyond the front as in Alypia. They
also agree in the structure of the legs: in both the fore tibize
are thickly tufted, but especially soin Eudryas, wherein this
genus resembles closely some Notodontians. In both genera
also, the hind tibize are large and thick with four nearly equal
spurs, but longer and more slender in Eudryas.

The wings agree very nearly in outline. In Eudryas the
costa of the primaries is straighter, the apex more rectangular
and also the outer edge is straighter than in the other genus.
The neuration is very similar in both genera, but Eudryas has
its nervules longer, arising at about the middle of the wing,
while in Alypia their origin is carried farther out beyond the
middle; thus the first, second and third subcostals are farther
apart at their origins, longer and more parallel to the costa,
since by their decrease in length in Alypia, they go to the costa
and apex more rapidly and at a greater angle. In Eudryas the
third subcostal subdivides at the inner third of its length,
but in Alypia nearer its middle. The intercostal space has the
inner side shorter than the outer in Eudryas, while in Alypia
it is longer than the outer side. ‘The fifth subcostal remains
in the former genus attached to its nervure, while in Alypia it
is detached, being removed towards the middle of the median
area. The nervules of the median are more approximate at
their origins in Eudryas. The first and second median are
nearest together at their origin in the last named genus; the
second and third are nearest together in Alypia, where also the
median area of the wing is shorter and broader than in Eudryas,
which has a longitudinal crease reaching from the base of the
wing to the point of juncture of the two discal nervules.

The secondaries also agree remarkably well in their form and
neuration. The nervules are still very long. But the first
median in Kudryas is continuous with its nervure, and its origin

FAMILY ZYGHNIDZ. OT

is identical with that of the lower discal nervule, while the
course of the nervule in Alypia is much more flexuous.

The abdomen in Alypia preserves the peculiar family form ; in
Kudryas however it is slenderer and gradually tapers towards
the pencilled tip.

The Bombycid characters of Hudryas are found in the pecu-
liar squamation: i. e., in the thickly scaled thorax, the middle
of which is covered with the steel colored large and broad scales
which occur in the same place in Tolype, and it resembles He-
terocampa and Datana, near which the genus was placed by Dr.
Harris, who has given quite full details about the habits in his
descriptions of the two species E. grata and /. unio.

Mr. F. W. Putnam has observed the larve of #. grata feed-
ing on the grape vine in Bridport, Vt., and collected the larve
and pupeze in alcohol, which are in the Museum of Comparative
Zodlogy at Cambridge. ‘The moth of E. unio has been collected
by a friend in Bangor, Maine.

Dr. Fitch has raised the larvze of both species from the grape.
He says of HE. unio* that it ‘is equally common with the pre-
ceeding, and the worms are so much alike that we as yet know
not whether there are any marks whereby they can be distin-
guished from each other.” p. 399.

Larva. The head is ofgood size, bemg three-fourths as
wide as the body. It is nearly as broad across the vertex, as
in front, above it is rather deeply impressed by the median line.
The V-shaped epicranium is large not sunken below the level
of the front; its apex is rather blunt, its sides bulge out
from the apex to the anterior third of its length, where it is
slightly contracted; and when it joins the clypeus its edge is
linear. The short transverse clypeus is as broad as the epicrani-
um is long, its front edge being straight and very slightly raised.

The labrum is divided half of its length by a sinus, into two
lobes which are farther sub divided into two portions, ‘the outer
corneous and hard, and shaped somewhat like the mandible of
the mature moths of this family, while the inner portions meet
on the median line, and are more fleshy.

The two jointed antennee are placed directly opposite the
thick sub triangular truncated mandibles.

*Third Report Insects N. Y. 1856.

28 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE

The labium and basal portion of the maxille are broad and
thick.

The body is elongated and gradually increases in width to
the eighth ring, which is much enlarged and raised into a
hump, from which the body rapidly narrows, and the tergum
falls down at an angle of about 45° to the broad lunate supra-
anal plate.

The rings are slightly convex; across their middle is a row
of tubercles ending in hairs equal in length to that of the ring
itself. Upon the tergum of each ring are four large tubercles
arranged in a broad trapezoid, two in front and two more dis-
tant, on the middle of the ring; on the thoracic rings these
tubercles are arranged in a single transverse line and on the supra-
anal plate in a square. Below is a lateral row of similar warts,
one for each ring, immediately below which is the row of stig-
mata, behind which, on each ring, isa minute wart. On the
pleural line of the body, formed by the triangular raised portion
of the side of each ring is a tubercle; and at the base of all the
legs is a single similar wart. On the sternal side of the body
on the segments between the legs, is a transverse row of smaller
warts than those above, which are inclined to be geminate
between the true and false legs. There is a distinct thickening
of the skin on the sides of the anal legs, as in the Bombyces.

The coloration of the body generally, is a light hue, with
linear transverse tergal stripes, about six for each ring, and
nearly black in color, which are lca near or between the
tubercles.

On the vertex of the head are four black spots; below in a
curvilinear line are three black spots on each side of the epicra-
nium, and two on the front edge of the clypeus. Around
the V-shaped apex of the epicranium are smaller dots. There
is a single dot within and opposite the eyes which are arrang-
ed in a line forming a little more than a semicircle. All these
spots give rise to minute hairs.

In another lot (which may possibly be the young of HE. unio)
are some smaller than the specimens noticed above. The head
is much the same, but the clypeus is smaller, and its sides do
not bulge out. The spots on the head are the same, but the
eyes are not surrounded with black. The eighth ring is more *
distinctly humped. The whole body is smoother, since he
tubercles in Hudryas grata are here merely black spots, and
much smaller, so that the transverse tergal lines are much more

FAMILY ZYGENIDA. 29

prominent. ‘There are no hairs on the body, while in Eudryas
grata they are prominent.

Pupa. Dr. Harris (p. 427) merely remarks that “ the
chrysalis is dark brown, and rough with elevated spots.’’ The
whole body is elongate and rather slender ; both the head and
pro-thorax taper continuously towards the clypeal_ tubercle,
which is quite prominent. The antennz do not reach to the
end of the wings. The pro-thorax is twice as broad as long;
slightly carinated. The sides of the body are continuous and
straight from the base of the wings to the fourth abdominal ring,
while the body itself is hardly depressed or constricted at the
juncture of the thorax and abdomen. The wings meet upon the
sternum, reaching to the middle of the body. Fifth to seventh
rings of ‘the abdomen separated by deep sutures, while the sur-
face of each ring is flat, not convex, with two rows of small
teeth ; while lower down on the sides of the body are four tuber-
cles, being the remnants of the two middle pairs of prop legs.
The remaining rings are less angulated. The tips of the abdo-
men is obtusely conical, ending in four tubercles, the pair above
long and truncate, those below broad and short. On the under
side are two minute approximate tubercles.

The whole chrysalis is of a dark mahogany brown, with the
surface finely granulated.

Length, .30; breadth, .20 inch.

Subfamily Zy¢mninz.

We use for the subfamily name one previously employed by
Swainson in 1839 for a family of Sharks. He was evidently
mistaken in saying that Cuvier was the first to adopt the name
Zygena. That name was long before proposed by Fabricius
in 1775, and adopted by Latreille in 1807.

The head is large and prominent; the front very convex,
nearly square, with the angles well defined, with rather long or
short scales. The occiput and epicranium together equal in
length the clypeus which is square, convex. The antennz are
inserted therefore midway between the front edge and the base
of the head. They are in the typical genus simple, much
thickened towards the extremity or, as in the lower genera, well
pectinated. The two ocelli are situated at either end of the
raised suture or ridge between the occiput and epicranium, and
immediately behind the insertion of the antenne. The eyes
are large, globose. Labrum short and broadly triangular.

30 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE

Mandibles long and narrow, the tips incurved, the dense setz
on the inner side converge over the base of the maxille, which
last are well developed, reaching when unrolled, nearly to the
posterior trochanter. The three-jointed labial palpi are large
and long, ascending, and often reaching beyond the front by the
length of the third joint. The joints are nearly equal in length,
from the two basal joints depend long scales; those on the third
are short and generally fine.

Thorax but moderately stout, being a little wider than the
abdomen. ‘The two prothoracic scales (scutum) large, orbicular
and very distinct. Patagia often largeandlong. Meso-scutum
shorter than broad. The large scutellum encroaches upon it,
being one-half and sometimes two-thirds as large as the scutum.
It is a little longer than broad, very equally produced before
and behind, being longitudinally somewhat lozenge shaped.

Meta-thorax short, scutellum transversly linear, while the
scutal pieces are small and narrow, being crowded away on the
sides of the thorax.

Wings long and narrow, and the nervules arise beyond the
middle of the wing in nearly every genus, being much shorter
than usual, and having their origins very approximate and equi-
distant. Primaries nearly three times as long as broad. Costal
edge convex near the base and towards the obtusely rounded
apex. The outer margin is on the average one-fourth shorter
than the internal margin with which it is nearly continuous, the
internal angle being obscure.

Marginal and subcostal nervures at nearly equal distances from
each other, subcostal nervules short, their origins approximate,
and aij arise beyond the middle of the wing. Third generally
forked. Fourth either independent, being removed towards the
middle of the discal space, or simply branching out from its ner-
vure as usual.

The four median nervules are very short, nearly equal in
length ; their origins nearly equidistant, all four being grouped
closely together, since the fourth is remarkably short. Sub-
median often present, or its place when absent indicated by
a well marked fold. Internal long, terminating near the end
of the fourth median.

Secondaries long, narrow, and acute, rarely short and:
obtuse. Costa long, inner margin one-half as long as the outer.
Nervules generally short and very equal in length. Discal
space divided by a well marked curve; discal nervules directed

FAMILY ZYGANIDA. OL

inwards to meet it. Subcostal and median nervulesas described
in the primaries. Submedian most often present.

The trochanters are very nearly vertical, or in the slender-
bodied genera much inclined, and are then long and slender.
Legs long and slender, all the joints slender, and of very uniform
thickness ; the tibial spurs are small, the tarsal joints long, very
slowly diminishing ; in size.

The abdomen is hardly twice as long as the head and thorax
together, generally stout and obtusely pointed at the tip, which
is rarely tufted; sometimes slender. ‘he scales that cover the
body are fine and powdery; on the wings they are especially
so, and are often absent in the middle, making them transparent.
Moths of this family are of brilliant rich and gay colors, being
of different hues of green, deep blue, black, black and white;
red and brown, yellow and black, and white and red with bright
bands and spots. The crust of the body is often shiny black.

The characters of the typical larvee and pups have been con-
sidered under those of the family, and farther on in the descrip-
tion of Cienucha.

HARRISINA nov. gen.

Under this name may be placed the Procris americana of
Dr. Harris, Aglaope coracina Clemens and another undescribed
form from the middle states communicated by Mr. F. G. San-
born. Without attempting to improve upon Dr. Clemens’ ex-
cellent description of this genus*, we would merely point out ,
some marked differences from Procris Fabr. and Aglaope
Latr. From the latter genus Harris statest that the aer-
icana entirely differs. With Fuessly’s figure of Latreille’s
infausta from Southern Europe before us, which has broad
wings and bright colors, and differs throughout, we are con-
vinced of Boisduval’s mistake in referring our species to it.

However it differs nearly as much from Procris vitis and
allies of Kurope. The wings are a third longer and much nar-
rower, the apex is much more rounded and the outer margin
much more oblique. One of the best distinctions lies in the
very ovate secondaries of americana, owing to the convex outer

* Contributions to American Lepidopterology, vil, p. 539.

+ Loe. cit. p.33.

32 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE

edge, which in Procris and Inoas well as Zygena, is angulat-
ed in the middle, thus giving the wing in those genera a squarish
appearance. he nervules are longer and more parallel with
the costa. When expanded the secondaries only reach to the
basal third of the abdomen, while in Procris they reach to the
basal two-thirds. ‘The abdomen is remarkably square, a little
flattened and slightly spreading in the female of Harrisina,
in Procris it tapers gradually to an obtuse point.

Dr. Harris has given ample details of the history and trans-
formation of the americana, and it is most appropriate to
dedicate to his memory the genus to which it belongs,

Dr. Fitch also gives the following summary of its aspect
and habits. ‘‘In August standing in a row side by side on
the under surface of the (grape-vine) leaf, eating its edges,
and leaving only the coarse veins, little yellow worms about
-60 (inch) long and slightly hairy, with a transverse row
of black spots cn each ring; forming their tough oblong oval
cocoons in crevices; the moth appearing the following July.”
Third Report, 1856, p. 398.

HARRISINA SANBORNI nov. sp, Another interesting species
belongs here, kindly loaned me by Mr. Sanborn, to whom
it is dedicated. It is half the size of AH. americana, has
shorter wings; primaries with a more convex costa, while
the costa in the secondaries is straight. ‘The neuration also
differs. ‘The costal nervure goes more rapidly towards the
costa, and in fact the whole costal area is broader, the median
nervures are more angulated at their origins, and are wider
apart, with consequently larger interspaces than in A. amer-
icana. The abdomen is much shorter. The antenne likewise
differ in having stouter pectinations.

It would at first, from the similarity of its colors, be easily
mistaken for a dwarfed americana, but it differs throughout.
From Dr. Clemens’ A. coracina, of which unfortunately no
measurements are given by that author, it will be known by
having a saffron collar which is however smaller than in amer-
icana.

Our species is wholly deep blue black, the tinge being decid-
edly bluish and not greenish as in americana. Length, fe-
male. 20; Exp. wings, female, .61 inch.

We would place after this genus, Pyromorpha dimidiata
H.-Sch., Exot. Schm. 1855, of which Malthaca perlucidula

FAMILY ZYGMNIDZ. 33

Clemens Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sc. Nov. 1860, is evidently a
synonym. Of the former genus a figure was simply published,
Dr. Clemens has however given a careful description of the
genus as named by him.

Crenucua Kirby. =

In 1839 Dr. Harris* placed Ctenucha as a subgenus of
Glaucopis immediately after the subgenus Lycomorpha, and
including C. semidiaphana Harris in it, gives generic charac-
ters to suit the admission of this last named species.

In 1854 Walker} divides the genus Ctenucha into four
groups of species. Group 1. Ctenucha proper, includes C.
latreiliana Kirby. Group 2. PAiloros, includes three species
from Mexico and New Grenada. Group 8. WScepsis, includes
a single species S. falvicollis, and group 4. Aglaope is
restricted to A. americana Boisd. for which Mr. Walker thus
makes a new synonym Cilenucha americana Walker. His
description of the species is copied verbatim from Harris, except
that the measurements are omitted, though three specimens are
referred to as coming from Georgia, and ‘presented by H.
Doubleday Esq.” p. 286.

In 1860 Dr. Clemens{ excludes Aglaope americana Boisd.
and divides Ctenucha into four groups, with C. Jatreillana
Kirby as the type, discarding Walker’s subgenera Philoros
and Scepsis.

We venture to say that of all the species referred to this.
_genus by Walker only C. virginica Grote (latreillana Kirby)
and C. cressonana Grote belong properly to it, and would limit it,
for the present, by the characters subjoined. Cvenucha virgo
H-S. from the ‘‘ Antilles” belongs to another genus.

Mr. A. R. Grote has shown$ that Ctenucha latreillana Kirby
is the Sphinx? virginica Charpentier. Edit. Esper’s Exot.
Schm. Sphing. Exot 1830 Plate 2, fig. 38 male, 4 female. He
says also, ‘‘ I have taken it indamp woods in the vicinity of Buf-
falo, N. Y., as well as along the Canadian shore of the Niagara
River. It has also been reported to me as having been taken in
different parts of the Hastern and Middle States.”’

* Cat. N. Amer. Sphinges.
j List of Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. Il. Lepidoptera Heterocera. London, 1854,
+ Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Phil. Nov. 1860. p. 587.
§ Proceedings Ent. Soc. von. 11 Dec. 1863, p. 334.
ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. E.

34 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE

In this genus the front of the head is as broad as the distance
from the insertion of the antennz to the front edge of the cly-
peus, being full and convex. Ocelli large. Hyes full and
globose, of the usual size. When denuded the clypeus is seen
to be short and scutellate, as long as broad, rising between the
antenne into alow obtuse point. In front it sweeps rapidly
away from the eyes, rising from them, while the front edge
contracts rapidly, the sides being slightly excavated just behind
the square subtruncate front edge, which seen from below is
somewhat arched. On the surface is a slight mesial ridge ex-
tending and increasing in size to the base of the piece. The
two pieces behind, i. e., occiput and epicranium are together in
length equal to the clypeus, so that the antennz are situated
very exactly midway from the’ base to the front of the head.
The “vertex’’ of the head is clothed with much longer scales
than the frontal ones which project out between the antenne.
The occiput is regularly transversely oblong, being about four
times as wide as long. The epicranium is narrower, subtrian-
gular, truncate in front; and at its base encroaches a little upon
the occiput, than which it is one-fourth longer. The triangular
labrum is short, broad and obtusely pointed. Mandibles slen-
der, being nearly twice as long as broad, not very acute, with
long setz converging over the maxille which are well devel-
oped, and when unrolled reach to the base of the abdomen.
The palpi are long and slender, of good size, porrect, somewhat
flexuous in their course, curving downward at their base, and
then rising a little, in front of the head} while their tips are a
little depressed. First joint nearly as long as the second, with
long depressed scales beneath, but generally the scales are fine,
Second joint twice as long as broad, and with the third
which is a little shorter and acute, reaches out in front of the
clypeus.

Antenne halfas long as the primaries, with long finely
scaled pectinations, each of which bears a terminalseta. In the
female the pectinations equal in length that of the joints of
the antenne.

Thorax and body generally, stout and finely scaled. Patagia
large free from the tergum beneath,reaching behind nearly to
the posterior edge of the meso-scutellum, while its posterior
scales reach to the base of the abdomen. The prothoracic scales
are orbicular, large, and are unitedly considerably broader than
the head. Meso-scutum short, broader than long; scutellum

FAMILY ZYGHNIDZ. 43)

large and pentangular, the longest side being the posterior
edge which is a little convex, and scarcely angulated in the
middle.. Wings broad; the primaries a little less than half
as long as broad. Costa full, convex towards the apex, which
is rounded acute. Outer margin half as long as the costa,
more than usually oblique. Inner edge two thirds as long as
the costa. The costal area is very narrow in this genus, since
the subcostal runs very near the edge of the wing, and its
first, second and third nervules are very long and parallel to
the costal edge. Third subcostal simple, the fourth arises
midway between the apex of the wing and the origin of the
second subcostal. Fifth slightly removed towards the middle
of the discal area, arising directly opposite the first and
‘second median nervules, the origins of which are united, the
second being straight, while the first and third are arched, the
last named one arising very near the two first. They then
enclose a very regular semioval area. Fourth median arises
at a distance from the third equal to the length of the two discal
nervules, which are straight, and unitedly are directed exactly
at right angles to the costa.

The secondaries are broadly triangular, reaching nearly to
the tips. The costa is decidedly convex within its middle, the
apex is produced, but very much rounded, as in the internal
angle, though the inner edge is itself very straight, and is one
half as long as the costa. The lower discal nervule is directed
obliquely outward, and both are curvilinear. The space between
the first and third median is acutely triangular, since the ner-
vules are nearly straight.

The legs are long and slender, the hind tibize with two pairs
of small acute unequal spurs, of which the inner pair are the
smaller. Hind tarsi longer than the hind tibiz, and the first
tarsal joint is a little shorter than the three succeeding ones
taken together. Abdomen twice the length of the thorax, pro-
vided with minute lateral tufts, slowly tapering towards the tip
which is subacute, though not abruptly pointed.

The colors of the genus are deep indigo blue, with a smoky
tinge on the primaries, a lighter blue abdomen and saffron
“collar.” The nervules may be concolorous or as in the very
interesting C. cressonana from Pike’s Peak, described by Mr.
Grote—to whose kindness I am indebted for a specimen of this
rare species—the median and submedian nervules are white
and thus remarkably distinct. The size of the genus is large,
both species expanding two inches and a half.

36 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE

I find after receiving a specimen of C. cressonana from
Mr. Grote that there will have to be no modification of the
generic characters given above, which were drawn from a
single species C. virginica Grote. In the first named species
the palpi are more curved up in front of the head than in the
latter, otherwise the differences are merely those of coloration.

Larva. The head is large, being nearly as wide as the pro-
thoracic ring. ‘The vertical region is largely developed, and is
considerably narrower above than in front. The epicranium is
small, being nearly equilaterally triangular, the clypeus is nar-
rower than the epicranium is long, and is raised, thickened, and
its front edgedistinctly convex. The labrum is short, and divided
into two remote broad and short lobes. ‘The mandibles are very
broad, short obtuse and thick. . The labium and maxille can ~
not very well be made out in my specimen, they are fleshy and
with no determinate form for comparison.

The body is short and rather thick, the rings moderately
convex, and in consistence the skin is softer and more flexible
than usual. On each side of the body are six rows of tubercles
—the tergal ones much the largest. There are on each ring of
the abdomen four tergal warts, arrayed in a broad trapezoid,
becoming linear in position on the thoracic rings, and on the
supraanal plate. These tubercles give rise to dense fascicles
of evenly cut hairs, which radiate out on every side so as nearly
to conceal the body, and give it when viewed from above a regu-
lar broad elliptical form, with very even sides. The eighth
ringis not enlarged, but the body from that ring tapers posteriorly
rather rapidly to the tip, though not by any means so much so
as in Eudryas. The abdominal legs are short, thick and hairy
and the thoracic legs are still more bristly.

The hairs on the upper part of the larvee are collected intoa
mesial line of slight tufts. The head seen from above is con-
cealed by dense overarching hairs. True and false (abdominal)
legs covered by lateral radiating hairs. The outline of the ter-
gum is hardly tufted, but rather scalloped, the scallop on the
third and twelfth rings of the body being the most prominent,
becoming short thick tufts. The hairs when magnified are seen
to have long thickset spinules.

The specific characters are these. The body of the larva is
purplish livid covered with white and yellow hairs. Those
hairs on the first two thoracic, and last two abdominal
rings are all white. The head is a bright shiny red, black in

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FAMILY ZYUANIDA. ot

front. There is a subdorsal and lateral row of bright yellow
elongated spots, one for each ring, which are conspicuous
through the hairs. ‘Thoracic legs black, abdominal legs red-
dish, nearly concolorous with the’ head.

A few specimens in the fourth (?) stage,.1.e.: that next to
the last moulting differed thus: They are more oblong in out-
line. Those hairs which in the fullfed larva were described as
black are here white. The mesial line of scallops here become
actual tufts and black -in color, of which the first and last are
the longest. The hairs overarching the head and tip of the
abdomen are whitish gray. The colors of the body and the’two
rows of yellow spots are the same as in the mature larva. The
‘‘frass’’ 1s short thick cylindrical with no markings.

These larve in both the stages of growth above described were
found June 6th, 1862, on the spears of grass, which grew in a
sunny place upon a high neck of land running out into Casco
Bay, Maine. Most of the caterpillars were feeding, a few
mature larvee were running about restlessly. A year after at
the same place but a single specimen in the fourth (?) moul-
ting was found May 16th. This one was kept in confine-
ment until July 8th. Towards the last it languished until
numerous Braconid larvee issued in different directions from the
body and spun their silken cocoons in a bunch upon the outside
of the larva, when it died.

June 13th the Ctenucha larva began to construct its cocoon.
Early in the morning it described an ellipse upon the side of
the glass vessel of hairs plucked from just behind the head.
From this elliptical line as a base, it had by eight o’clock built
up rather unequally the walls of its cocoon; in some places a
third of the distance up, by simply piling upon each other the
spinulated hairs, which adhered firmly together. At four
o'clock in the afternoon, the arch was completed, and the larva
walled in by alight thin partition. Soon afterwards the thin floor
was made. No silk is spun throughout the whole operation. I
afterwards carefully examined portions of the cocoon under the
microscope, and could detect no threads of any kind.

Four days after, the pupa appeared, and July 15th the moth
came out. ‘The female laid smooth green spherical eggs in a
patch, side by side upon the side of the vessel, which hatched
out July 28th. The young larve were about twice the size of
those of Orgyia when of the same age. They had large heads,
and the body gradually decreased in size towards the opposite

38 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE

extremity. The hairs were sparse, long and rather uneven, much
resembling young Orgyix. Owing to my absence the larve
could not be raised. It will be seen that the larva lives twelve
days in the egg, about ten months as a larva, since there is but
a single brood in the year, and they must hybernate when two-
thirds grown; it spends about twenty days in the pupa state,
and but a few days as a moth.

I have taken the moth late in July at Perry, Me., and early
in August at Brunswick. It flies in the-hot sun, hovering over
flowers, and is not difficult to capture, since its flight is not
strong or rapid. In cloudy days it clings to the stems of
plants, and can be easily taken with the hand.

A good illustration of the larval characters of the family
compared with those of the Bombycide, is seen in the growth
of the young Ctenucha, which at first has a very large head and
long unequal hairs, like the larvee of Orgyia and in a less de-
gree like the Ceratocampade in their first stage. Afterwards
in the third and fourth stage of growth they resemble the
Bombycide in having tufts of longer hairs than those around
and differing from them in color. This act of throwing off the
characters of a lower family in the course of its growth, is an
index of the relative rank of the two groups. The young
Ctenucha thus resembles a mature Arctian perhaps as much
as any Bombycid, but no particular genus, since the resem-
blance is only very general. Stoll’s figure, before referred to,
shows usa perfect Zygeenid, evidently higher than Ctenucha
which resembles strikingly Halesidota which is one of the
lowest Arctian genera. If we follow the general law of em-
bryology too rigidly in classification we shall be led into occa-
sional errors.

Pura, female. The pupa is short and thick, approaching rather
closely in form that of the Arctians, being shorter than that of
Eudryas. Seen from above the body is of nearly equal thick-
ness from the thorax to the fourth abdominal ring, thence it
diminishes a little in size, until at the eighth ring it suddenly
terminates in a mucronate point. At the third abdominal ring
however the body is somewhat swollen.

The head is of good size but not at all prominent, very
slightly projecting beyond the pro-thorax, with which it is very
continuous since there is no clypeal tubercle. The vertex
(epicranium and occiput) forms a continuous piece with the
clypeus ; next to the pro-thorax it spreads out, and has a slight

FAMILY ZYGHNIDZ. 39

mesial ridge, continuous with that of the pro-thorax. The
scutellate clypeus is as long as the base is broad, the sides
narrow somewhat towards the square front edge. ‘There is an
appearance of a short transverse oblong piece like that in the
pupa, (the clypeus-anterior Newport ?) to. which are attached
the minute triangular labrum, and on each side are the mandi-
bles, whose form cannot be distinctly made out. ‘The space
between them is filled in with a piece whose surface is longitu.
dinally convex.*

The eyes cover a much broader space than in the imago but
are flatter, from their under side depend the broad flattened
maxille, whose bases are excavated next the eyes, the inner side
being the longer, and between them is a minute triangular piece,
the homologue of which in the imago we do not know. They do
not extend along the abdomen quite so far as the antenne,
whose tips partially embrace them. The antenna are crossed
by the sutures which define the joints, which are very short.
Only two pairs of legs are exposed in the pupa. The hind pair
are long and narrow especially towards their base, while the
more anterior (probably the first pair) are twice as broad as
the others near their base. All these appendages with the wings
extend as far as the posterior edge of the fourth abdominal ring.

The wings are not broad, and the outer edge is much more
oblique than in Hudryas.

The thorax is very short. Pro-scutum consisting of the two
scales united into one piece by a raised median line; convex
behind, in front deeply excavated by atriangular incision. The
surface of the meso-scutum is very convex, the hind edge
rounded and encroaching deeply into the meta-scutum, which
is very short, expanding triangularly on the sides.

On the sternal side of the ninth ring are seen the traces of
the genital armor of the imago, consisting of two triangular
pieces closely approximated upon the mesial line of the body,
appearing as if coming out from under the eighth ring, since
the ninth is carried under the preceeding one at this point. A
longitudinal impressed line in the middle of the tenth ring

marks the site’of the anal opening. The two minute obtuse

* The accuracy of this description of the mouth-parts will have to he tested
by renewed observations The supposed division of the clypeus into two pieces,
which do not appear in the imago, is of great interest in a morphological
point of view.

40 PACKARD, NOTES ON

spines which are very closely united terminate the obtuse tip of
the abdomen, and are no doubt homologous with the supraanal
plate of the larva.

The surface of the pro-thorax and abdomen is finely punc-
tured. The color of the pupa isa uniform dark shiny mahogany.

Length, .65; breadth, .20 inch.

While the form of the pupa of Arctia Isabella is almost iden-
tical in its general outlines and proportions with Ctenucha,
there are still important differences which it will be interesting
to notice. The head parts are less distinctly marked; the
vertex and clypeus are broader; the antenne and legs are very
much shorter, not reaching to the ends of the wings, which meet
in front of them, and are united at their tips by a distance
equal to the length of the fourth abdominal ring. The wings
of Arctia have the outer edge very much less oblique than in
Ctenucha, the thorax is much longer throughout; the female
genital armor is the same, though the ninth ring is longer, and
the supraanal spine is a large flattened single stout spine, its
edges terminating in two slender small spines.

One imago died just as it was breaking through the pupa
case, affording a means of ascertaining the mode of exclusion of
the imago. ‘I'he meso-scutum was split widely apart, throwing
the pro-thorax with the head and its mouth-parts forward and
downwards; this act likewise forced outwards and downwards the
wing, thus allowing the feet and wings of the immature imago to
become exposed to the air long enough to harden, and thus serve
to aid the moth in freeing itself from the rest of the body, which
remains whole, after the moth has escaped from it. The
antenne were also drawn out and extended in front of the head ;
to effect this, the eyes of the pupa were evidently separated
from the pro-thorax, thrust downwards by a space equal to the
width of the antennz, which were then enabled by the splitting
asunder of the antennze and wings of the pupa, to be extended
forward.

By the pectinations of the antenne, the specimen is evidently
a female, its genital armor agrees exactly with that of the pupa
above described, so that the sexes of the two are the same.

The hairs of the body within the pupa case are the same in
density and coloration as in the mature moth.

Scepsis Walker.
The head is larger in proportion to the rest of the body than

FAMILY ZYGANIDA. 41

in Ctenucha, since it is a little broader than the pro-thorax,
while in Ctenucha it is not as broad. The vertex is not so
thickly scaled, the front edge of the clypeus is broader and
straighter, thus making the whole clypeus square, as long as
broad since the sides do not narrow so much as usual towards
the front edge. Upon removing the scales, the occiput and
epicranium are together equal in length to the clypeus. The
occiput is transversely oblong, and divided by a mesial impres-
sion into two halves, considerably shorter than broad. The
epicranium is subtrapezoidal, narrowing rapidly in front, and
bilobed anteriorly by a deep mesial impression. The two
ocelli are situated, not on either of the pieces, but just below
the antennee, and at each side of the suture between the two
above mentioned pieces. The clypeus isa little longer than
broad. At its base it is obtusely angular between the antennz ;
its sides narrowing slightly towards the front edge, which is
nearly square. On the basal half of the piece is a narrow
ridge. Mandibles very slender, directed outwards, with long
fine dense. bristles. Labrum small, equilaterally triangular.
Maxillee well developed, reaching when unrolled beyond the
base of the abdomen.

Antenneze like those of Ctenucha, but with longer and more
hairy pectinations. In the female the pectinations are stouter,
clavate, ending in setze which are more apparant than in Ctenucha.
Palpi ascending, acute and slender, reaching beyond the front
by a distance equal to that between the bases of the antenne.
Thorax rather slender, a little longer than broad. The scutal
pieces of the pro-thoraxare united closely alongthe medial suture,
each half not being so separate, or so orbicular as in Ctenucha.
The patagia are narrow, not reaching to the end of the meso-
scutellum. Owing to the thin scanty squamation’ the form of
the tergal pieces of the thorax can be very distinctly seen: the
meso-scutellum is hardly as long as broad, and is very obtusely
pointed behind. It is much narrower and longer than in Cten-
ucha: so also the meta-scutellum, which is rounded behind, and
very slightly produced into a slight obtuse angle.

Primaries three times as long as broad, being long and nar-
row. Costa straight to the outer third, where it is curved slowly
around to the somewhat produced apex. Outer margin one-
half as long as the inner, very oblique. ;

The costal nervure terminates at the outer third of the wing,
and runs very close throughout its length to the edge of the

ESSEX INSTITUTE PROCEED. VOL. IV. F.

42 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE

wing. First subcostal arises very near the upper discal ; second
subcostal arises a little beyond the middle of the first subcostal;
third subcostal is short, and arises a little beyond the middle
of the distance.between the apex of the wing and the origin of
the upper discal nervule. ‘he fourth subcostal branches off
very near the apex, and is very short, being but one fourth as
long as the fifth subcostal, which last arises at a less angle from
its nervure than in Ctenucha. The discal nervules are much
more curved inwards than in Ctenucha. The median beyond
where it throws off its fourth median is bent upwards exactly”
parallel with the costa. Though longer, the nervules are thrown
off from the nervure much as in Ctenucha, but the distance be-
tween the origins of the third and fourth median is proportion-
ally greater than in Ctenucha.

Secondaries not quite half as broad as they are long, being
much produced towards the apex, and behind reaching to the basal
third of the abdomen. Costa straight, convex near the base.
Apex acute. Outer edge nearly three times as long as the
inner; straight on the outer half of its length, but becoming a
little convex towards the internal angle, which is well rounded,
while the inner edge itself is straight. The subcostal goes re-
markably straight to the apex where it curves a little down-
wards; it throws off a single straight nervule a little within the
outer third of its lengtb. The upper discal is a third longer
than the lower, which is the stouter of the two ‘The three
first medians are very short, one third as long as the whole me-
dian, the third shortest. First curved, second and third straight,
fourth curved downwards near its origin. The submedian is
obsolete at its basal third, the terminal portion being more like
a nervure than a mere fold. It is close to the internal and re-
mote from the median. Internal straight, cutting off a large
triangular area comprising the internal angle.

Legs rather long, slender, thinly scaled, the spines minute
and weak. The hind legs differ from Ctenucha in being much
slenderer not at all swollen. ‘There are the same proportions
in the length of the joints.

Abdomen broad, and acutely pointed at the tip in both sexes,
with slight lateral tufts along the sides. The female tip is more
obtuse than in the male, thus approaching female Procris with its
truncated tips, more than Ctenucha with its simple pointed tip.
The genitals are simple and concealed within the eighth ring of
the abdomen. ‘There is apparent a tergal piece, and a sternal

FAMILY -ZYGHNIDAZ. 43

pair of short clavate appendages. Without more alcoholic speci-
mens of this and the other genera it is useless to study these parts,
which a casual inspection of dry specimens assures me afford
excellent generic and specific characters in this family.

In coloration it differs from Ctenucha in the saffron pro-thorax,
and dark head, and the semihyaline secondaries.

While at first sight distinguished from Ctenucha by its long
wings and slender body, and obtusely pointed, almost triangular
tip of the abdomen, and the difference in the tergum of the tho-
racic rings, there are additional characters which separate the
two genera, and show conclusively that Scepsés should be con-
sidered as a group of equal value with Ctenucha itself, and not
a subgenus of it. These are: the curved palpi which are consid-
erably shorter ; the thicker clavate pectinations of the antenna,
the marked differences in the neuration, and the slender hind
femora. ‘he clypeus is much wider, and the mesial ridge is
not so prominent or so long asin Ctenucha, the clypeus of which
narrows much more rapidly towards the front edge.

To show how accurately, in-insects at least, the generic char-
acters can be discovered from the inspection of a single species
of the group, | would state that the above description was
drawn up from specimens of WS. fulvicollis only. Upon com-
paring afterwards specimens of a Californian species in the Mu-
seum of Comparative Zodlogy at Cambridge, which is closely
allied to the species first mentioned, I find that the characters
considered above as generic will in no case have to be altered.
In the Californian species the style of coloration is the same, the
palpi are a little more curved, the antennz are the same, so
also the pro-thorax, the neuration is identical throughout, and
there is the same broad obtusely pointed tip of the abdomen.
The specific distinctions are these; a light tint of brown, a
brownish abdomen, imstead of deep blue, and a more hairy
thorax than in S. f2lvicollis ; while in size, the two species are
much alike. .

Scepsis fulvicollis Walker is found in Canada West (St. -
Catharines, Coll. 8. H. Scudder) It will no doubt occur in
southern New England.

LycomorpHa Harris.

The front of the head is provided with long scales extending
to the base of the maxille. When the head is denuded, the
clypeus is’ broadly scutellate, the length being equal to the

44 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE

breadth, with the basal margin produced backwards and en-
croaching more upon the epicranium than usual. The front edge
contracts suddenly into a square portion resting above the man-

dibles and maxille. The epicranium is small and short, deeply -

impressed by a mesial line and divided thereby into two trian-
gular halves; while the occiput is.transversely oblong, being
twice as broad as long.

The antennze have short setiferous densely scaled pectinations;
in the female they are serrated, the teeth terminating in single
setze. Mandibles rather long and slender projecting out beyond
the scales of the front.

The body of this genus is long and narrow, slender. The
thorax is narrow, and the pleure of each thoracic segment are
very oblique. Pro-thoracic scales (being the two halves of the
pro-scutum) ovate elliptical. ‘The meso-scutum is remarkably
small, being shorter than broad, and no longer than the scutel-
lum, which is of much greater length than usual. The iorm of
this last piece is much different from what we find in Ctenucha.
In form it is pentagonal, the front edye being transverse, the
two posterior sides forming a triangle, while the two anterior
sides are, though nearly parallel, yet slightly divergent. Wings
remarkably long and narrow: primaries nearly three times as
long as broad, bemg remarkably long and narrow as in the
Lithosiz. Costa straight as far asthe apex, which is much
rounder than usual, as is also the internal angle, while the inner
edge is but one-fourth shorter than the costal. The nervules
arise remarkably equidistant, and their origins are much shorter
and nearer the outer edge than in the allies of the genus. The
short subcostal nervules run rapidly to the costal edge. First,
second, and fifth of equal lengths, the third not branched and
equal in length to the fourth, while the origins of each are
opposite the inner third of the fifth, which arises near the middle
of the discal space. ‘Two discal nervules of equal length meet

to form an angle pointing inwards, from which a fold is~

thrown inwards along the middle of the discal space.

Median nervules much straighter than usual, their interspaces
oblong and of very equal size. Origins of second, third and
fourth equidistant. Submedian nervure long and distinct.

Secondaries long and narrow, the apex much produced, the
inner angle not reaching to the tips of the abdomen. Costa
convex, a little excavated just before the apex. ° Outer margin
two-thirds as long as. the costa, angulated slightly on the second

FAMILY ZYGHNID A. 45

median. Inner edge very short, being one-half as long as the
costal, First and second subcostal nervules nearly equal in
length. The upper discal‘is very long and oblique, and with
the lower discal is parallel with the outer edge of the wing.
But three median nervules present. First, obsolete ; second
and third parallel; third and fourth shorter than the second and
directed downwards. Distance between the two first median
nervules one-third as great as that between the third and fourth.

The slender abdomen is a little more than twice the length
of the head and thorax. The male genital armor is large and
well developed in the genus. The two tergal pieces consists of
a semielliptical horizontal piece, beneath which comes out
another tergal piece of the same length, but linear, and curving
downwards and inwards. The side pieces are large, concave,
broad and long. nearly meeting beneath, along the mesial line
of the body. Hach piece is widest in the middle, thence nar-
rowing rather rapidly, becomes truncate at the extremity, end-
ing in a pair of hooks separated by a deep sinus.

The coloration is prussian blue, with saffron bases to the
wings, somewhat as in Pyromorpha. .

Compared with other genera of the subfamily this inter-
esting genus presents some notable differences, all the characters
being, as it were, influenced by the close relationship to the Litho-
siz. This is seen in the dentated antennz, neither simple as in
the Lithosiz, or pectinated as is the rule in its own group.
The Lithosian characters also appear in the head, in the form
of the clypeus especially ; and in the unusually slender body, .
with its narrow wings, and elongated scutellum of the meso-
thorax. Though after all the Zygzenid characters prevail so
extensively that it is a little strange that observers after Dr.
Harris’ time should change his location of the genus to a
place among the Lithosiide. Though the larva is a lichen-
feeder and thus in this early stage is like Lithosia and allies,
we must consider the insect as simply analogous in its habits as
well as structure to that genus, and not be misled by these very
strong resemblances.

I have taken LZ. Pholus on the wing in the daytime about
stone walls on which lichens were plentiful, in Brunswick,
Maine.

ANATOLMIS nov. gen.

Head of moderate size, broad and short. Occiput and epi-
cranium together equal in length to the clypeus; epicranium

46 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE

bilobate, much as in Lycomorpha, with much the same propor-
tions. The clypeus is very broad, scutellate, just as broad as
long, covered with broad flat scales which converge towards the
median line. Eyes small, hemispherical, their diminished size
adding to the breadth of the broad clypeus between them. An-
tenne situated nearly midway between the front edge and the
base of the head; rather slender, with very short broad pectina-
tions, equalling in length the joints, and covered densely, espe-
cially on the sides, with stout hairs, and terminating in a single
seta. Maxillz well developed, longer than the head is broad.
Palpi long porrect, reaching beyond the front: third joint min-
ute conical subacute,. nearly continuous with the second, which
is not very broad.

Body slender, thorax not much broader than abdomen; wings
remarkably long and narrow. Primaries a little more than
three times as long as broad; costa very straight, a little con-
vex on the outer third; apex rounded ; outer edge very convex,
very short; inner edge remarkably long, and nearly parallel
with the costa, very straight, the usual convexity near the in-
sertion very slight.

Costal very near the margin and impinging on the middle of
the first subcostal; third subcostal of very equal length, first
curved towards the costa, the third shorter than first; fourth
branched within its middle, enclosing a narrow long triangular
apical interspace; fifth, not removed “from its nervule at its orl-
gin. Median nervules arise at the outer third of the wing.
First and second are united at their base ; ; third and fourth, are
equidistant from the second. Submedian curve long well mark-
ed, but no nervure. Very long internal nervure. Fringe
rather long, especially just below the apex.

Secondaries very long, twice as long as broad, narrow trian-
gular, hardly reaching to tip of abdomen. Apex much produ-
ced, though obtuse. Costa very straight, outer edge very long,
remarkably straight , internal angle rectangular not reaching
much beyond the “pase of the anal ‘tuft.

Subcostal subdivides near the outer fourth of the wing; first
and second median very short, nearly parallel; third, very re-
mote but of the same length.

Legs long and slender, finely scaled. Hind tibial spurs very
small unequal acute, inner pair very remote, and half as large
as the terminal pair. Tip of abdomen provided with large anal
valves, of unusual size, being laterally broad lanceolate.

FAMILY ZYGHNIDA. 47

The squamation is fine and powdery. Compared with Lyco-
morpha, to which it is nearest allied, besides the very different
style of coloration, the primaries are narrower, costa straighter;
secondaries more triangular, owing to the rectangular inner an-
gle. But in the structure of the head, of the antenne, of the
thorax and abdomen it agrees closely with Lycomorpha, and—
these characters are those which place it without doubt in the
Zygenide, though after a casual glance one would not hesitate
to callita Lithosian. The bluish scales of the body, the dark
mahogany colored tegument, the fine powdery squamation, and
the slender very equally jointed legs and pectinated antenne aid
in determining the true systematic position of this interesting
genus.

From the resemblance to the parallel genera HfYypoprepia
and Atolmis, among the Lithosiide, I have proposed the name
above given.

A. Grotei nov. sp. Vermillion red and smoky purple ; head
and appendages purple, thorax red; primaries red throughout
except the purple fringe and the edge of the outer third of the
costa. Secondaries red on the basal third, beyond smoky pur-
ple; the red extends from just within the middle of the inner
- edge to near the apex upon the costal edge. Legs purple, con-
colorous with the abdomen. Beneath colored the same as above.
There are no other markings on the wings.

Length, .88; exp. wings, 1.20 inch.

Pike’s Peak, Colorado Terr. (Coll. Phil. Ent. Soc.)

Dedicated to Mr. A. R. Grotsz, to whose kindness in secur-
ing for study this and many other rarities I am under special
obligations.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Prate I. Fig. 1. Ctenucha virginica Grote. 1a, Palpus enlarged.
16, Head denuded and enlarged. 1c, Primary wing. 1d, Secondary wing.

Fig. 2. Larva seen from above. 2a, side view. 2c, front view of head
enlarged. 2d, last abdominal ring seen from above.

Fig. 8. Young larva, after the fourth moult.

Fig. 4. Pupa seen from above. 4a, side view.

Puate Il. Fig. 1. Alypia octomaculata Hubner, head denuded and
enlarged. la, Primary wing. 16, Secondary wing.

Fig. 2. Pupa of Eudryas grata Boisduyal. 2a, dorsal view.

Fig. 8. Head of the same, denuded and enlarged. 3a, Primary wing.
36, Secondary wing.

Fig. 4. Lycomorpha Pholus Harris, head denuded and enlarged. 4a,
Primary wing. 4), Secondary wing.

48 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF

IV. Catalogue of the Birds found at Springfield, Mass.,
with Notes on their Migrations, Habits, §c.; together
with a List of those Birds found in the State not yet ob-
served at Springfield. By J. A. ALLEN.

( Communicated May 2, 1864. )

Nearly all the land birds known to inhabit New England are
found in the Valley of the Connecticut, at one season or anoth-
er ; and during spring and fall the number of passengers from
the northern to the southern parts of the country, and vice
versa, is immense ; even some of those species usually esteemed
quite rare occur in considerable numbers. The number of in-
dividuals of land birds, during the periods of migration, seems
to be much greater at Springfield than at most localities in the
eastern part of the State ; yet some species are more numerous
in Eastern Massachusetts than at Springfield ; and some are
common there through the breeding season, which at Spring-
field are almost unknown, or at least occur in much fewer num-
bers. Among such may be mentioned Coccyzus americanus,
Hirundo bicolor, Carpodacus purpureus, the Ammodromi,
&c. The rapacious birds, owing to the absence of extensive
woods, are comparatively rare, especially in summer and win-
ter, and the water birds are limited to the fresh water or river
Ducks and Gralle, which are, with few exceptions, far from
numerous.

Among some of those species noticed as of very rare occur-
ence here, may be mentioned Nyctale Richardsonii, Picoides
areticus, Centurus carolinus, Helminthophaga peregrina,
Hi. celata, Dendroica tigrina, Icteria viridis, Mimus poly-
glottus (found breeding), Melospiza Lincolnii, Coturniculus
Henslowii, Corvus carnivorus, &c. The ‘‘ Turdus alicie’
of Baird, I have found to be not rare; and froma careful exam-
ination of many specimens of both 7. alicie and T. Swainso-
nii, have found alicie to be based on faintly colored specimens
of Swainsonii, and not to be a distinct species, as heretofore

BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. 49

supposed. This subject is noticed at length under Turdus
Swansonii.

Springfield being situated near the northern confines of the
Alleghanian Fauna, some of the more southern species found
here are represented merely by a few individuals in the breed-
ing season, while the southern limit of many others properly
belonging to the Canadian Fauna is removed but a few miles to
the north, varying from sixty to one hundred miles in the Val-
ley of the Connecticut, and in the mountainous districts of Wes-
tern Massachusetts falls nearly as low as Springfield.

I have designed to include no species, in the following list,
which I have not known taken or observed in the immediate
vicinity of Springfield, (except in the case of a few Ducks,
noticed below, ) preferring to err in omitting some really existing
in the prescribed region than to include a single species not be-
longing to the locality. I have introduced, however, those very
probably occurring, which have not, to my knowledge, been
observed here ; but these are not reckoned as a part of the list.
The times of migration given are generally an average of obser-
vations covering several years. _

In order to render the list as complete and valuable as
possible, I have not failed to solicit aid from others, and
am pleased to be able to acknowledge valuable assistance ;
chiefly from Messrs. C. W. Bennett and L. Hyde, whose
very complete collection of our native birds forms a val-
uable part of the collections of local natural history in the
‘“Hthnological and Natural History Museum’ established a
few years since in Springfield; to Mr. B. Hosford, for various
useful notes, and to Dr. Wm. Wood, of Hast Windsor Hill, Ct.,
who has kindly furnished me with many valuable facts, particu-
larly in reference to the water birds. ‘The names of contribu-
tors follow the facts resting on their authority. Several of the
Ducks included in the list, (Aythya vallisneria, Bucephala
albeola, Harelda glacialis, Melanetta velvetina,) are inserted
from their having been taken on the Connecticut River, by Dr.
Wood, some fifteen miles below Springfield; and though not
known to have been taken here, undoubtedly occur, and have
only been overlooked from a want of more thorough searching
on the part of collectors. The whole number of species inclu-
ded in the Springfield list is one hundred and ninety-five ; the
number of those found in Massachusetts not observed at Spring-
field is ninety-two, of which the greater part are truly coast
species.

ESSEX INSTITUTE PROCEED. VOL. IV. G.

50 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF

In order to give a complete list of the birds of our State, I
have appended a catalogue of those found in Massachusetts not
yet noticed at Springfield. No species is included of which
there is not good evidence that it has been taken in the State.
Some occasional visitors may have been overlooked, but it is
believed such instances are few. ‘Those probably occurring
but not to my knowledge detected, are also mentioned but are
not counted as a part of the list. To present a general view
of the Ornithology of our State in a condensed form, I
have appended tabular lists of those birds that are resident the
whole year in the State, those that breed, those that are sum-
mer, winter, or spring and autumn visitors, and those that
are merely rare, occasional, or chance visitors, &c.

1. Falco anatum Bonap. “Duck Hawk. Very rare.
One or two pairs are known to breed regularly on Mount Tom,
some fifteen or twenty miles north of Springfield. Nest on the
rocks, very early in the season, the young being full grown by
the last of June. Mr. C. W. Bennett, who gives me these
facts, took some young birds from the nest a few years since.
This species has also been found breeding on Talcott Mountain,
Ct., a few miles south-west of Hartford. Your nearly full-fled-
ged young were taken from the nest June 1st, 1861, and the
female was shot.* (Dr. W. Wood, in Hartford, Ct., Times, June
24th, 1861. _ See a valuable series of twenty-one articles, by
Dr. Wood, on the Rapacious ‘ Birds of Connecticut,” publish-
ed in the Hartford Times, March 14th to August 9th, 1861.)

2. Hypotriorchis columbarius Gray. Pigeon Hawk. Very
rare. Seen in spring and fall. May 7th, 1861, obtained a
male in perfectly adult plumage.

3. Linnunculus sparverius Vieill. Sparrow Hawk. Not
common. Seen in spring and fall. Has been found breeding
at Williamstown, Mass. (Brewer’s N. Am. Ool. pt. I. p. 17.)

4. Astur atricapillus Bonap. Goshawk. ‘Partridge Hawk.”
Winter visitant. Usually rare, but was quite common in the
_ winter of 1859-60. Arrives about the first week in November.

* Since the above was written, the eggs have been obtained (April 19th,
1864,) from a nest on Mount Tom, by Mr. C. W. Bennett, of Springfield.
The female was also obtained, and the identity of the eggs ascertained
beyond question.

BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. 51

9. Accipiter Cooperii Bonap. Cooper’s Hawk. “ Chicken
Hawk.” Common summer visitant, breeding, but is most nu-
merous 10 September.

6. Accipiter fuscus Bonap. Sharp-shinned Hawk. ‘* Pi-
geon Hawk.” Summer visitant, breeding; common, particu-
larly in spring and fall.

7. Buteo borealis Vieill. Red-tailed Hawk. ‘Hen
Hawk.” Probably resident, but most numerous in fall and
spring, and breeds here.

8. Buteo lineatus Jard. Red shouldered Hawk. Not un-
common, arriving early in spring, and breeds here. Is most
common in autumn, when those that breed further north are
migrating southward.

9. Buteo pennsylvanicus Bonap. Broad-winged Hawk.
Quite rare; breeds.

10. Archibuteo lagopus Gray. Rough-legged Hawk.
Winter visitant. Not common, except occasionally, and in par-
ticular localities.

11. Archibuteo sancti-johannis Gray. Black Hawk. Rare
winter visitant. -

12. Cireus hudsonius Vieill. Marsh Hawk. “ Blue
Hawk.” ‘ Bog-trotter’’ of sportsmen. Common summer vis-
itant; arrives early in’ March, and nests on the ground in the
marshes, often many years on the same site. It is by far our
most common Hawk. Both sexes incubate.

13. Halietus leucocephalus Savigny. White-headed Ka-
gle. ‘‘ Bald Kagle.”’ Not common; sometimes breeds on Mt.
Tom, about twenty miles north of Springfield

14. Pandion carolinensis Bonap. Fish Hawk. A few
are seen along the Connecticut and its tributaries during the
spring months. Have never heard of its breeding in this vicinity.

15. Bubovirginianus Bonap. Great Horned Owl. .‘‘ Cat-
Owl.” Rather common. Resident, but seems to be more com-
mon in autumn and winter.

16. Scops asio Bonap. Mottled or Red Owl. ‘‘ Screech
Owl.”’ Resident, and probably our most common species of Owl.

17. Otus americanus Bonap.*. Long-eared Owl. Not

* Striz americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, (1728) 288; Otus Wilsontanus
Less. Traité d’Orn., I, (1832) 180. —Why the specific name americanus
has not been adopted for this species by the later ornithologists I cannot
perceive, it being that having the priority of all others.

lo

J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF

common. Probably resident, but most frequently taken in au-
tumn.

18. Brachyotus Cassinii Brewer. Short-eared Owl. Re-
sident. Rather common in autumn and winter. Dr. Wood
has found it breeding in Connecticut, a few miles from Spring-
field.

19. Syrnium nebulosum Gray. Barred Owl. Quite
common. Resident.

The Great Gray Owl CS. cinerewm Aud.) may occur occa-
sionally, but I have never known it taken here.

20. Nyctale acadica Bonap. Acadian Owl. ‘Little Owl.”
Pretty rare. Resident.

21. Nyctale Richardsonii Bonap. Richardson’s Owl. Ve-
ry rare winter Visitant. Obtained a specimen in December,
1859. A specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zoilogy,
Cambridge, taken at Malden, Mass., and one taken by Dr. W.
Wood, in East Windsor, Ct., were obtained the same winter.

22. Nyctea nivea Gray. Snowy Owl. Winter visitant,
and usually rare; in some winters quite common. Has been
taken third week in November.

23. Coccygus americanus Bonap. Yellow-billed Cuc-
koo. Extremely rare; in the eastern part of the State it
occurs frequently. Though it has been an object of special
search with collectors here for several years, but one specimen
has been obtained. Dr. Wood says it is ‘‘ very rare’ at East-
Windsor Hill, Ct., where he has found its nest and eggs.

24. Coccygus erythrophihalmus Bonap. Black-billed
Cuckoo. Rather common summer visitant, arriving about
May 10th.

25. Picus villosus Linn. Hairy Woodpecker. Resident,
but quite rare in summer; more common in winter.

25. Picus pubescens Linn. Downy Woodpecker. Resi-
dent, and common. at all seasons.

27. Picoides arcticus Gray. Black-backed Three-toed
Woodpecker. A very rare or accidental winter visitant. The
only specimen I have known taken here I shot in January, .
1860; a Woodpecker, however, was seen here for several
weeks in March of the same year, which I think, from descrip-
tions of it, must have been this species. .

BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. 53

28 Sphyropicus varius Baird. Yellow-bellied Woodpeck-
er. Not common, and only seen in fall and spring when mi-
grating. Ihave never seen this species in summer, and do not
think it breeds here, though they breed plentifully on the hills
in Western Massachusetts, twenty or thirty miles west of
Springfield. (W. H. Niles.) ;

29. Centurus carolinus Bonap. Red-bellied Woodpecker.
Summer visitant. Accidental. Saw one May 18th, 1863.. It
has been taken several times in Connecticut, but occurs in New
England only as a straggler. Found in the breeding season in
Western Massachusetts by Prof. Emmons. (Peabody’s Rep. on
the Birds of Mass.)

30. Melanerpes erythrocephalus Swain. Red-headed
Woodpecker. Very rare summer visitant. Have taken but
two specimens in five or six years. Three were taken in 1860
by Messrs. Bennett and Hyde. A few are still known to breed
within about twenty miles, in several directions, (at Amherst,
Mass., C. W. Bennett.) Twenty-five or thirty years ago they
were very abundant here.

31. Colaptes auratus Swain. Golden-winged Woodpecker.
‘“ Yellow Hammer.” ‘‘ Wakeup.” Summer visitant, breeding
very abundantly. Arrives about the first of April or last week
in March ; leaves about October 12th.

32. Trochilus colubris Linn. Humming Bird. Common
summer Visitant, breeding plentifully. Arrives‘early in May,
and in August is very abundant wherever the Impatiens fulva
abounds.

33. Chetura pelasgia Steph. Chimney Swift. ‘ Chim-
ney Swallow.’ Abundant. Usually arrives about the first of
May, but are frequently seen the last week in April; greater
part leave early in September, but some often remain till the mid-
dle of September, and even sometimes till near the first of Oc-
tober. Arrives earlier and commonly remains later than any of
the true Swallows, except perhaps Hirundo bicolor. Raises
two broods, the last young sometimes not leaving the nest be-
fore August 15th or 20th.

34. Antrostomus vociferus Bonap. Whip-poor-Will. Com-
mon summer vVisitant, arriving about April 25th. <A few of the
males are musical till into September;. have heard them
throughout the summer till September 25th, about which time
they leave us.

o4 " J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF

35. Chordeiles popetue Baird. Night: Hawk. Common
summer visitant Arrives early in May, and departs south
early in September. Many leave in large straggling parties
during the latter part of August.

36. Ceryle alcyon Boie Belted Kingfisher. Common.
Chiefly a summer visitant, arriving in March, but a few usually
remain about open streams during winter.

37. Tyrannus carolinensis Baird. King Bird. Sum-
mer visitant, breeding very abundantly. Arrives about May
10th, and departs early i in. “September: usually by the 10th or
12th, sometimes by the Ist.

38. Myiarchus crinitus Cab. Great-crested Flycatcher.
Rare summer visitant Have taken it May loth, and Sept.
17th. Breeds on Mt. Tom (C. W. Bennett), and in some oth-
er parts of the State.

39. Sayornis fuscus Baird. Pewee. Phoebe. Common
summer visitant, arriving about the last of March. Begins
nesting in April, and have found freshly laid eggs the middle
of August, it raising two, perhaps occasionally three, broods,
in a season.

40. Contopus borealis Baird. Olive-sided Flycatcher.
Summer visitant; not very rare. Arrives about May 12th,
and breeds in high, open woods, far away from which it is sel-
dom seen. Leaves about the middle of September.

41. Contopus virens Cab. Wood Pewee. Very common
summer visitant, breeding in the open woods quite abundantly,
and occasionally i in orchards. “Arrives about May 15th, and
leaves September 10th to 1oth.

42. Hmpidonax Traillii Baird. Traill’s Flycatcher. Rath-
er rare summer visitant; arrives May 10th to 15th, and prob-
ably breeds.

43. Empidonax minimus Baird. Least-Flycatcher. A-
bundant summer visitant. Arrives the last of April; some-
times as early as April 20th. Most abundant in orchards and
cultivated grounds, where it commonly breeds, but also fre-
quents open woods. Leaves before, or by, the middle of Sep-
tember. Exceeds in abundance all the other Empidonaces
taken together.

44. E’mpidonar acadicus Baird. Acadian Flycatcher.
Rather rare summer visitant. Breeds in swamps and low

BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. 55

moist thickets, which are its exclusive haunts. Under Musci-
capa querula (Small Green-crested Flycatcher), Wilson, in a
few words, has very correctly indicated the habits and notes of
this species. It is the most spirited and tyrannical of all our
Eimpidonaces, with which its sharp, quick note, like que-
queah, uttered sharply and hurriedly, and its erect, Hawk-like
attitude eminently accord. It is very quarrelsome with its own
species, a battle ensuing whenever two males meet ; they pursue
each other fiercely, with snapping bills and sharp querulous
twittering notes. It is also a very shy and difficult bird to
collect, frequenting exclusively, so far as I have observed,
thick alder swamps and swampy thickets, keeping either
concealed among the thick bushes, or at too great-a distance
from the collecter.

45. Hmpidonar flaviventris Baird. Yellow-bellied Fly-
catcher. Rare. Have taken it from May 15th to June oth.

46. Turdus mustelinus Gmelin. Wood Thrush. Sum-
mer visitant, arriving May 1st to 10th. Not common, usually
breeding in deep, moist woods. Is more terrestrial in its habits
than the other Wood Thrushes.

This species has commonly been described by authors as re-
markable for its shyness of man, and for selecting for its haunts
the most secluded woodlands ; and though this is generally true,
there are some noteworthy exceptions. So far as I have seen,
however, it is not so recluse in its habits as has been very gen-
erally supposed; having found it (in May) where there were
but few trees and a scanty undergrowth, and even within the
limits of a thickly peopled village. Mr. W. H. Hall has inform-
ed me of a nest of this species, which he found in the summer
of 1861, built within a few yards of the road leading up Mt.
Holyoke. For three successive summers a single Wood Thrush
has lived among the elms and maples of Court Square, Spring-
field, spending the whole season in its immediate vicinity, pour-
ing out his melodious strains at early dawn, and at various
hours of the day till late in the evening, as wholly undisturbed
by the people on the walks beneath him, or by the noise and
rattle of moving vehicles in the contiguous streets, as though in
the usual wild-wood haunts of his species. His superior musi-
cal powers have caused him to become a well-known and
protected favorite with the people, familiarly searching for
his food along the gravel walks of the Square.

26 J. A, ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF

47. Turdus Pallacii Cabanis. Hermit.Thrush. Abund-
ant in spring and autumn. Seen in small parties from April
15th to May 10th in spring, and in fall from October Ist
till November, sometimes till the 10th, commonly in swamps
and low woods, and occasionally in open, plowed fields. Never
sings while here, and is quite unsuspicious. Have not found it
breeding here.

48. Turdus fuscescens Stephens. Tawny Thrush. Wilson’s
Thrush, Veery. Abundant summer visitant. Breeds in swamps
and low woods, nesting on or very near the ground, beginning
to sit the first week in June; have found its eggs May 29th.
Arrives about May 10th, and leaves early in September. Dur-
ing the summer months is quite arboreal in its habits, collect-
ing a large part of its insect food among the foliage of the
trees. It is the most numerous here of all the woodland
Thrushes, and the only one that breeds here in abundance, and
the only one, excepting 7. mustelinus. Have found three
nests in an hour’s walk.

49. Turdus Swainsonit Cab. (Lurdus Swainsonii and
7’. alicie of Baird.) Swainson’s Thrush. ‘Olive-backed Thrush.
Common in spring and fall. Seen in spring from May 15th to
June 3d, usually in small parties about woodlands, but often
frequents open fields, and even gardens; is quite unsuspicious,
and seldom sings while here. .

After a critical examination of a very extensive series of spec-
imens, including many fresh, I am forced to the conclusion
that 7. alicie and T. Swainsonit form but one species. Lhave
carefully studied the bills, feet, wings, size, and proportions for
specific differences, and find that, though there is more or less
variation in all these, as there is among individuals of almost
every species, there is nothing that approaches to constant spe-
cific difference. Indeed, the principal character that has ever
been urged as separating them is that of the color. But this I
fnd is not a constant character. I have had specimens before
me during the last year exhibiting every gradation in the color
of the breast, sides of the neck, eye circle, &c., from the strongly
buff-tinted of the true 7. Swainsonti to the pale gray of the
typical ‘‘alicie,’”’ where the buif was scarcely perceptible or
quite obsolete. :

Prof. Baird, in his original description of alicia (P. R. R.
Exp. and Surv. 1X. 217) observes: ‘‘ These parts [sides of
the neck and breast] are not of as pure white as the belly,

BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS, ETC. 57

having the faintest possible shade of yellowish red, but it is
barely appreciable, nor is it any more distinct in raising
the feathers. There is the faintest possible shade of
reddish in the tail and its coverts above, but this is only
to be observed on a close examination. This species
comes much nearest to Zurdus Swainson, the Olive-
backed Thrush, agreeing with it in the dark greenish olive
of the upper surface. This, however, is decidedly darker,
and showing a clearer greenish than usual in the other.
The absence of any buff on the throat, breast, and sides otf
the head, and the predominating ashy on the latter, witha
white ring instead of a reddish yellow round the eye, are
strong points of distinction. The bill appears more
slender, and the whole bird is larger. It is barely possible
that it may constitute a variety only of 7. Swainsonii;
but if so a very strongly marked one.”

Detecting ZT. “ alicie” among specimens I had collected,
and many specimens intermediate in color between this
form and strongly marked 7. Swainsoni, I began to
search for some more constant character than color to
separate the two forms; and found by extensive measure-
ments that both the largest and the smallest specimens
occurred in the form recognized as 7. Swainsonw, though
some 7’. alicie were larger than the average of the series.
On comparing the proportions of the primaries, some
alicie agreed with Swainsonit while others differed.
Comparisons made between the bills, feet and other
characters, gave similar results; while in color the
majority of the specimens ranged between those having
the greatest amount of reddish-yellow and those in which
the buff was scarcely appreciable. The difference in color
is merely one of intensity, dependent neither upon sex
nor season, possibly upon age, and extends throughout
the plumage; thus those that have the breast of the
brightest buff, have also more of this tint pervading the
whole plumage, the paler specimens being of the purest
dark olive above, without the brownish cast observable in
the more rufous individuals.

Among individuals of Zurdus fuscescens, collected the
past summer at Springfield, I have detected a dif-
ference similar in kind and as great in degree as that
separating forms heretofore considered typical respec-

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. H.

58 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF

tively of TZ. Swainsontti and T. alicie. Thus one
specimen is very highly colored throughout, being very
bright reddish brown above, and has the breast bright
reddish buff, of about the same tint as in highly colored
T. Swainsoni, and the spots very distinct, while the
other is very pale throughout, being of a decided yellowish
brown above, and has the breast pale buff, and the spots
more indistinct than in the first. Both specimens were
taken May 29th, 1863. The depth of color also varies
more or less in different specimens of Turdus Pallasit,
though hardly so marked as in 7. Swainsonti; but even in
T. Swainson the gradations from one extreme to the
other are so minute and complete that the state described
as T. alicie can now hardly be considered “a very strongly
marked” variety.

50. TLurdus (Planesticus) migratorius Linn. Robin.
Abundant summer visitant. Are sometimes seen in
February, but commonly arrive in March, from the 15th
to the 25th. Are last seen in autumn from the 7th to the
14th of November. Breeds plentifully in orchards and
gardens, often in the woods, and is a familiar inhabitant
in the village and city. Have observed it at all seasons in
the eastern part of the State, where many are resident.
Some also spend the winter along the south side of Mount
Holyoke, feeding on the berries of the red cedar.

51. Sialia sialis Baird. Blue Bird. Abundant, often
arriving in February, and is generally common by the
15th to the 25th of March. Nests early, the first brood of
young generally leaving the nest as soon as June Ist, and
the second during the third week in July. Commonly
leaves about the last week in October.

52. Regulus calendula Licht. Ruby-crowned Kinglet.
Common spring and autumn visitant. Seen in spring
from April 15th to May 12th; in autumn from October Ist
to 20th. Have never seen it here in winter.

53. fegulus satrapa Licht. Golden-crested Keanelee
Abundant winter visitant. Arrives about October Ist,
and departs north again about April 10th to 15th.

54. Anthus ludovicianus Licht. Titlark. “Sky Lark”.
Spring and autumn visitant. Seen for a week or ten days
in the early part of October, often in large flocks, fre-

BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. 59

quenting stubble and newly-plowed fields, and the muddy
banks of streams and ponds; also for a few days in May.

59. Mniotilta varia Vieill. Black and White Creeper.
Common summer visitant. Have found it breeding, nest-
ing on the ground. It appears to nest in various situa-
‘tions, according to different observers; in hollow trees,
on the ground, and in crevices among rocks. Arrives
~ about April 25th, and for several weeks is very abundant,
but the greater part going further north to breed, is not
so common in summer, but becomes abundant again
the last of August and early in September.

56. Parula americana Bonap. Blue Yellow-backed
Warbler. Very common, particularly in May. Many
remain through the summer and breed, nesting about June
1st. Seem to prefer high mixed woods and thick spruce
and larch swamps, keeping almost wholly im the tops of
the taller trees and near the extremities of their larger
branches. On their first arrival, about May 5th, they fre-
quent the orchards, and keep lower among the undergrowth
in the woods than they do later in the season. Leaves
10th to the 15th of September.

57. Geothlypis trichas Cab. Maryland Yellow-throated
Warbler. Summer visitant. Very abundant, breeding
plentifully in all swampy situations, nesting on the ground.
Arrives about May 10th, and leaves the first or second
week in September.

58. Geothlypis Philadelphia Baird. Mourning Warbler.
Very rare. Have taken two specimens about the middle
of September. Five specimens of this Warbler were taken
in Lynn, a few years since, from the 4th to the 29th of
September, by 8S. Jillson. (Ms. notes of 8. J.)

The Connecticut Warbler (Oporornis agilis Baird) may
probably be found here as an extremely rare species, but I
have not known it detected here.

59. Icteria viridis Bonap. Yellow-breasted Chat. Ex-
tremely rare. Has been seen here but a few times. In
May, 1863, I saw a few pairs which appeared likely to breed
here, but being harrassed and some of them killed, by
collectors, the others sought a safer haunt. Was seen here
in September, a few years since, by R. B. Hildreth, Esq.

60. Helminthophaga ruficapilla Baird. Nashville War-

60 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF

bler. Abundant in May, and in the early part of autumn.
Arrives May 1st to 5th, and for two or three weeks isa
common inhabitant of the orchards and gardens, actively
gleaning insects among the unfolding leaves and blossoms
of the fruit trees. Nearly all go north, but a few retire to
the woods and breed. During June, 1863, I frequently
saw themin my excursions in the woods, often three or
four males in an hour’s walk. Its song so much resembles
the song of the Chestnut-sided Warbler (Dendroica penn-
sylvanica) that it might readily be mistaken for it. To
this cause, and to the difficulty of seeing such small birds
in the dense summer foliage, is doubtless owing the fact
of its being so commonly overlooked by naturalists during
the summer months, rather than to its extreme rarity in
this latitude at that season. I have found the nest of
this species for two successive seasons, as follows:—
May 3lst, 1862,containing four freshly laid eggs. The
nest was placed on the ground, and sunken so that the top
of the nest was level with the surface of the ground, and
protected and completely concealed above by the dead
grass and weeds of the previous year. It was composed
of fine rootlets and dry grass, lined with fine dry grass and
a few horse hairs, and covered exteriorly with a species of
fine green moss. The eggs were white, sprinkled with
light reddish brown specks, most thickly near the larger
end. Longer diameter srxty, and the shorter fifty, one-
hundredths inches. The following year, June 5th,
1863, I found another nest of this species, within three or
Jour feet of where the one was discovered the previous year,
and containing three eggs of this species and one of the
Cow Bunting, in all of which the embryos were far ad-
vanced. The nest in every particular was built and ar-
ranged like the one above described, and the eggs must
have been laid at just about the same season. In both
cases the female bird was secured, and the identity of the.
nests ascertained beyond question. The locality of the
nests was a mossy bank, at the edge of young woods,
sloping southward, and covered with bushes and coarse
plants. Probably the male of the first nest, mating again,
selected the same site for the second nest; and it may
have been occupied for a longer time.

61. Helminthophaga celata Baird. Orange-crowned

BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. 61

Warbler. Very rare; perhaps accidental. Shot a single
specimen May 15th, 1863. Saw quite a number of this
species among the fruit trees of the garden and orchard,
then in blossom, but thinking them only pale individuals
ol H. rujicapilla, which thronged every tree, I neglected
at first to shoot. Finally, being strongly in doubt, I shot
one, and the specimen proved to be HH. celata, which, as
the group immediately passed on to a piece of woods,
was the only one I secured.

62. Helminthophaga peregrina Cab. Tennessee War-
bler. Very rare. Have taken it September 19th, and
. May 29th.

The Golden-winged Warbler (H. chrysoptera Cab.) prob-
ably rarely occurs here, as it is occasionally taken in other
parts of the State. Probably also the Blue-winged Yellow
Warbler (4. pinus Baird) and the Worm-eating Warbler
(Helmitherus vermivorus Bonap.) may yet be detected here,
but they must occur only as very rare visitants. Of the
FHlelminthophage, H. ruficapilla is abundant and _ breeds
here, while all the others appear to be extremely rare.

63. Sturus auvrocapillus Swain. Golden-crowned Wag-
tail. “Oven Bird.” Very abundant summer visitant,
breeding plentifully, in every thicket and patch of wood-
land. Arrives about May 10th, immediately making
known its presence by its loud echoing song, heard every-
where in the deep woods. Leaves first or second week
in September.

64. Sturus noveboracensis Nutt. Water Wagtail. Not
uncommon in spring and fall, and apparently a few breed
here, having seen them in June, July, and August; is very
rare during the summer months. Arrives May 12th to
20th.

The Large-billed Water Wagtail (Siwrus ludoviciana Bo-
nap.) ought to occur here, but after several seasons of
careful search I have not found it.

65. Dendroica virens Baird. Black-throated Green
Warbler. Abundant in May, and the last week of August
and the first part of September. Though some breed, it
is not much observed in summer, as it keeps mostly in the
tops of the trees in thick woods. Arrives May 5th and
later, bemg most numerous in spring from May 15th to

62 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF

25th, when it is often seen in the gardens and orchards,
gleaning insects among the opening foliage.

66. Dendroica canadensis Baird. Black-throated Blue
Warbler. Common from May 15th to 25th, and again the
fore part of September. Found in the breeding season on
Mt. Holyoke (C. W. Bennett), and along the ridges in the
western part of the State (B. Hosford).

67. Dendroica coronata Gray. Golden-crowned War-
bler. Myrtle Bird. Yellow-rumped Warbler. Very abun-
dant spring and autumn visitant. Commonly arrives first
week in May, in greatnumbers, but generally passes rap-
idly northward, and is usually abundant but four or five
days. Stragglers are sometimes seen the last of April,
and a few as late as May 15th. Are often so abundant as
to seem to be in an almost continuous loose flock, equally
common in orchards, thickets, cultivated grounds and
woodlands, keeping up a constant motion northward, others
continually arriving to fill the places of those which have
passed on. In autumn they are longer in passing, moving
much more leisurely than in spring; are very abundant
for ten days to two weeks in the fore part of October.
Often alights on the ground, particularly im autumn, and
is then rather more common about cultivated fields, flying
along fences and hastening from field to field, than in deep
woods. None breed here.

68. Dendroica Blackburnie Baird. Blackburnian War-
bler. Not very uncommon. Arrives about the middle of
May. A few probably breed, having taken it here June
24th. Most common in mixed or hard wood forests. The
nest was found in the eastern part of the State some years
since, by Dr. Brewer. (Aud. Orn. Biog., vol. v., 73.)

69. Dendroica castanea Baird. Bay-breasted Warbler.
Very rare. Have taken it May 20th and May 25th. One
taken in July, 1862, by B. Hosford.

70. Dendroica pinus Baird. Pine Warbler. Very com-
mon, breeding plentifully. This is the earliest warbler to
arrive inspring, except perhaps D. palmarum, and remains
till the second week of October. In 1861, they were com-
mon in the pine woods April 4th, though the ground was
covered with several inches of snow, some of which re-
mained for a week after their arrival. During the last

BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. 63

weeks of April and the early part of May they frequent
open fields, obtaining much of their food from the ground,
associating with D. palmarum, and at this time closely re-
sembling it in habits. A little later they retire to the pine
forests, where they almost exclusively remain during sum-
mer, keeping mostly in the tops of the taller trees. Dur-
ing a few weeks, about October first, they again come
about the orchards and fields.

71. Dendroica pennsylvanica Baird. Chestnut-sided War-
bler. Common. Arrives about May 9th, and many spend
the summer and breed. Mostly frequents, in the breeding
season, low woods and swampy thickets, nesting in bushes,
and is not generally found much in high trees. Leaves
early in September.

72. Dendroica striata Baird. Black-poll Warbler. A-
bundant spring and autumn visitant. Arrives the latest
of the Warblers in spring, seldom being seen before May
20th, and remains till June 1st. None breed. In fall be-
comes common the latter part of September, and remains
till the last of October.

73. Dendroica estiva Baird. Yellow Warbler. Sum-
mer Yellow Bird. Abundant summer visitant, arriving
early in May, and breeds in great numbers among the wil-
lows of river meadows, and among the fruit and ornamen-
tal trees of the city. Does not frequent the woods, and in
many localities is rare, except in May, seeming to prefer
the vicinity of water courses and alluvial meadows.

74. Dendroica maculosa Baird. Blackand Yellow War-
bler. Spotted Warbler. Common spring and autumn vis-
itant. Seen in spring from May 15th to June Ist, and in
autumn as late as September 20th. Does not breed here.

75. Dendroica tigrina Baird. Cape May Warbler. Very
rare. Took a single male May 15th, 1863. Has been
taken at Kast Windsor Hill, Conn., by Dr. W. Wood.

76. Dendroica palmarum Baird. Yellow Red-poll
Warbler. Common in spring from the first or second
week of April to the middle of May, frequenting, in com-
pany with D. pinus, the edges of thickets, orchards, and
open fields, and is much on the ground. Is not seen in
summer, but becomes common again the last week of Sep-
tember, and is seen throughout October, .and sometimes

64 J, A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF

the first week of November, remaining the latest of all the
Warblers. Is sometimes seen in spring before the snow
is gone.

17. Dendroica discolor Baird. Prairie Warbler. Usually
very rare, but was rather common in May, 1862. Have
not known it detected here in summer, though it breeds
in other parts of the State. The region is not of the kind
they appear partial to, rather preferrmg rocky barrens,
with scattered, dwarfish cedars and pines. Its habits are
peculiar, and its notes are very much so.

Of the twenty-two species of Dendroica inhabiting the
United States, thirteen have been found at Springfield, and
one other (D. coerulea) may occur as accidental or ex-
tremely rare. Four of them’ (D. virens, pinus, pennsylva-
nica, cestiva) are known to breed here, and two others
(D. Blackburnie, castanea) have been taken in the breeding
season. None are permanent residents, and none are seen
in the winter. The remaining five (D. coronata, striata,
maculosa, tigrina, palmarum) are at present known merely
as spring and autumn visitants. D.coronata is most abun-
dant ; striata next so; virens, canadensis, maculosa, cesti-
va and palmarum are but little less common; Blackburn
is more rare; castanea and discolor are quite rare, while
tigrina is extremely rare. The earliest to arrive are pinus
and palmarum, commonly appearing early in April; striata
is rarely seen before May 30th; the others commonly ar-
rive from May 5th to 12th, and stragglers remain till June.
D. coronata is decidedly gregarious in its migrations, and
is everywhere about equally abundant. The others are
usually seen in small parties, and keep pretty closely to
the woods, except D. estiva and palmarum, estiva being
never found in the deep woods.

78. Wilsonia* pusilla Bonap. Black-capped Flycatch-
ing Warbler. Rare. Have taken it May 12th to the 18th,
and August 23d. Probably breeds. Generally found in
swampy thickets. .

Probably the Hooded Flycatching Warbler ( Wilsona
muitrata Bonap.) will yet be found here.

* The prior use of Wilsonia in Botany does not appear to me to be suffi-
cient reason for discarding its use in Ornithology.

BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. 65

79. Euthlypis canadensis Cabanis. (Myiodioctes cana-
densis Aud.) Canada Flycatching Warbler. Common
spring and autumn visitant, frequenting all woody situa-
tions. Arrives May 12th to 20th, and stragglers are seen
till June 3d; returns about the first week of September.
Has been found breeding at Lynn, Mass., by George Wells.
(Dr. T. M. Brewer, Proc. B. S. N. H., vol. v1., p. 4.)

80. Setophaga ruticilla Swain. Redstart. Very com-
mon in all wooded places during the greater part of May,
and for two or three weeks about September Ist. A very
tew breed, but the greater part retire to the mountains or
northward.

81. Pyranga rubra Vieill. Scarlet Tanager. Rather
common summer visitant, in high open woods, where it
breeds. Occasionally visits open fields, and have known
a pair nest in an apple tree, remote from any forest. Ar-
rives about May 15th, and leaves early in September.
Gathers its insect food almost wholly among the foliage of
the forest trees.

82. Hirundo horreorum Barton. Barn Swallow. Very
abundant from about May Ist to September Ist. A few
usually seen the last week in April; stragglers often seen
till the middle of September. One season knew some Barn
Swallows to take possession of the nest of a pair of Cliff
Swallows, placed as usual under the eaves of a barn, driv-
ing off the Cliff Swallows ; the next year they built a nest
themselves under the eaves, in place of the old one that
had fallen down. Have known Barn Swallows to attempt
to build in the same place since, butafter persistent efforts
generally fail, and take to their old quarters inside the
barn.

83. Hirundo lunifrons Say. Cliff Swallow. “ Have
Swallow.” About equally common with the preceding ;
arrives commonly a few days later, and leaves a week ear-
lier. Nests under the eaves of buildings.

84. Hirundo bicolor Vieill. White-bellied Swallow.
Not very common; apparently least abundant of the
Swallows, while in some of the maritime parts of the State
it is the most abundant, arriving in numbers the second
week in April.

85. Cotyle riparia Boie. Bank Swallow. Common,

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. I.

66 . J..A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF

arriving about the second week of May ; leaves last of Au-
gust. Arrives the latest, and leaves the earliest, of the
Swallows. Breeds in communities.

86. Progne purpurea Boie. Purple Martin. Not a-
bundant. Arrives early in May; leaves last of August.
_ All the Hirundines are gregarious during the latter part
of summer, and at other times as much so as the duties of
incubation will admit.
_ 87. <Ampelis garrulus’ Linn. Bohemian Wax-wing.
Winter visitant. Accidental. One was taken a few years
since a few miles south of this city.—(Hast Windsor Hill,
Ct.—Dr. W. Wood.)
' 88. <Ampelis cedrorum Baird. Cedar Bird. Cherry
Bird. “ Wax-wing.” Abundant during the summer. Is
quite irregular and roving in its habits; seen here at near-
ly all seasons. Seems to be influenced in its wanderings
by the supply of food rather than by climate, having ob-
served it in Cambridge in every winter month, where it is
often excessively abundant in February and March, feed-
ing on cedar, ash, and hawthorn berries. Are also found
in winter along the south side of Mount Holyoke. (C. W.
Bennett.) Have observed them often in February and
March at Springfield, but they are not common settled vis-
itors till late in May. Seldom begins nesting before the
15th or 20th of June, often laying its first eggs as late as
the 25th; have seen the young of the second brood scarcely
fledged September 12th. In May they gorge themselves
to excess with the petals and stamens of apple blossoms,
and generally depend on the smaller fruits for sustenance ;
they also take many insects, darting from a perch upon
them, like the Flycatchers, and towards the end of summer
hunt them in the air for half an hour together, pursuing
them like the Swallows, but more clumsily, and apparently
for amusement rather than from necessity. Gregarious at
all seasons, but seen in smaller parties while breeding.

89. Collyrio borealis Baird. Great Northern Shrike.
Butcher Bird. Regular winter visitant, but not very com-
mon. Seen from last of October to middle of April.

90. Vireo (Vireosylvia) olivaceus Vieill. Red-eyed
Vireo. Abundant, breeding in open woods everywhere,
generally fixing its nest to bushes and saplings, four to

BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. 67

ten or twelve feet from the ground. Arrives about May
5th, and is common till the last week of September.
Most abundant of the Vireos; as numerous as all the
others together.

91. Vireo gilvus Bonap. Wiaibling Vireo. Common.
Arrives first week in May and remains till last week of
September. Frequents orchards and gardens, and is very
common among the shade trees of the city, but is yery
rarely seen about woods or thickets. Continues its song
throughout the season.

92. Vireo (Lanivireo) solitarius Vieill. Solitary Vireo.
Quite rare. Probably some ‘breed. Arrives in spring
about May Ist. Frequents open woods.

93. Vireo (Lanivireo) flavifrons Vieill. Yellow-throat-
ed Vireo. Rather common, and breeds. Arrives second
week in May. Frequents open woods and the shade trees
of the city.

Have never known the White-eyed Vireo (V. novebora-
censis Bonap.) taken here, and if occurring, as it very
probably does, being not very uncommon in the eastern
parts of the State, must be excessively rare. In above
a thousand specimens of the smaller land birds taken at
Springfield during the last three years, by different col-
lectors, not a single White-eyed Vireo has been found.
Vireo philadelphicus Cass. may also occur, having been
taken the past season at Waterville, Me., by Prof. C. E.
Hamlin. (A. E. Verrill.)

Of the thirteen species of Vireo described by Prof.
Baird as inhabiting the United States, only three ( V. oliva-
ceus, gilvus, flavifrons ) are at all common here, but one other
(V. solitarius) occurs, and perhaps two more ( V. novebo-
racensis and philadelphicus) will yet be detected here. All
but V. philadelphicus, of the above mentioned, are known
to breed within the State. V. olivacews is rarely seen
outside the woods, and gilvus as rarely elsewhere, while
flavifrons is common to both situations.

94. Mimus polyglottus Boie. Mocking Bird. Very
rare. Appears to be its extreme northern limit. Have
been known to breed in Springfield several times within
five years, and in 1860 two pairs nested here. June 20th,
1860, I found a nest containing three freshly laid eggs,

68 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF

incubation not having been begun. Locality, a sandy
field growing up to pitch pines, in one of which the nest
was placed, about three feet from the ground. The paii
was secured, with the nest and eggs.

95. Galeoscoptes carolinensis Cab. (Mimus carolinensis
Gray). Cat Bird. Very abundant, breeding in hedges,
thickets and swamps everywhere. Arrives the last week
in April; leaves about middle of October.

96. Harporhynchus rufus Cab. Brown Thrush. Brown
Thrasher. Abundant summer visitant. Breeds in hedges
and thickets, occasionally in fields, near woods or thick-
ets. The nest is very generally placed on the ground ; very
rarely in bushes, one to three feet from the ground. Among
scores of nests I have seen here, only three were placed in
bushes, though most authors describe it as always nesting
in bushes. But whether the nest is placed on the ground
or in bushes may depend upon the nature of the soil, as
many birds vary the situation of their nest according to
circumstances. Those nests I have observed on _ the
ground have all been in dry and sandy, and consequently
warm, localities, favorable for nesting in such a manner
while in some cases where the nest has been found ir:
bushes the ground was cold and wet. Here in the Con
necticut Valley the nest is almost universally placed on
the ground, and only in a few exceptional cases in bushes.

97. Troglodytes aedon Vieill. House Wren. Summer
visitant. Not very common. Breeds.

98. Troglodytes (Anorthura) hyemalis Vieill. Winter
Wren. Rare spring and autumn visitant; occasional in
winter. Found in swampy thickets and borders of moist
woodlands. A specimen was taken in January, 1863,

by Mr. B. Hosford.

All the Wrens are quite rare here, and though I have
really detected no others, probably others occur very
sparingly, as Telmatodytes palustris Cab., and very possibly
Cistothorus stellaris Cab., and Troglodytes americanus Aud.
Dr. W. Wood has found the short-billed Marsh Wren
(Cistothorus stellaris) breeding in the river marshes, at
East Windsor Hill, Ct.

99. Certhia americana Bonap. Brown Creeper. Com-
mon. Resident; but most numerous in winter. Found

BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS, ETC. 69

mostly in high open woods, but is also common in the city.
Breeds sparingly. Mr. Bradley Hosford showed me: a
nest of this species, June 2d, 1863, containing young, that
apparently had been hatched some four or five days. The
nest was in a large elm, in Court Square, Springfield,
about ten feet from the ground, and built behind a strip of
thick bark that projected in such a way as to leave a pro-
tected cavity behind it.

100. Sitta carolinensis Gm. White-bellied Nuthatch.
Resident. Very common, especially in autumn. Prefers
open woods, but frequents orchards in the fall and spring.

101. Sttta canadensis Linn. Red-bellied Nuthatch.
Winter visitant. Usually common; sometimes very rare.
Seen in the woods from the first week in October till the
last of April. )

The Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila cerulea Scl.)
perhaps will be found as a rare summer visitant.

102.: Parus atricapillus Linn. Chickedee. Black-capped
Titmouse. Resident, and abundant at all seasons. Seems
to be the only Titmouse yet observed here.

103. Hremophila cornuta Boie. Shore Lark. Sky
Lark. A few are seen in spring and fall.

104. Pinicola canadensis Cab. Pine Grosbeak. Wir'
visitant. Rare. Occurs in small parties at irregular in-
tervals. Were seen in the winter of 1859—60.

105. Carpodacus purpureus Gray. Purple Finch.
Chiefly a spring and autumn visitant. But very few breed,
and rarely stragglers are met with in the winter. Rather
common in April, September and October, but are never
so abundant as I have seen them at Cambridge, where, in
the spring of 1863, they were the most numerous species
of bird for several weeks, occurring in flocks from March
25th to April 20th. Not uncommon in winter on Mount
Holyoke. (C. W. Bennett )

This species seems to have greatly increased in numbers,
in the last twenty-five years, in this State, as well as in
other of the Hastern States, judging from the accounts of
the older naturalists.

106. Astrigalinus tristis Cab. (Chrysomitris tristis Bo-
nap.) Yellow Bird. Goldfinch. Resident. Abundant
at all seasons. Breeds very late, often having unfledged

70 _ J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF

young September Ist. Is gregarious most of the year,
especially in winter, and of roving habits.

107. Chrysomitris (?) pinus Bonap. Pine Finch. Reg-
ular winter visitant, but not abundant. Arrives first or
second week in October, and are seen in small parties
till second or third week of May; often frequents orchards
in autumn and in May to feed on a species of Apis that
infests the appletrees. A nest of this species, found in
Cambridge a few years since, is in the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology.

108. Agiothus linaria Cab. Red-poll Linnet. Lesser-
Redpoll. Irregular winter visitant, occasionally abundant,
occurring in very large flocks, as in February and March,
1860, and again are not seen for several years.

109. Curvirostra americana Wilson. Common Cross-
bil. Red Crossbill. An irregular and often very abun-
dant visitor. Though seen here at all seasons I have
never been able to find it breeding. But feware generally
observed here, but at intervals of several years the pine
woods are found in the winter to abound with them, as in
the winters of 1853-4, and 1859-60, when in February
and March they were in full song; were also abundant in
the spring of 1863. Are at all times gregarious, and are
sometimes seen in large flocks.

110. Curvirostra leucoptera Wilson. White-winged
Crossbill. Winter visitant, occurring at irregular inter-
vals in large flocks. Have never seen them later than
April 15th. Were very abundant in 1854 and 1860. Are
much less frequent visitors than the preceeding.

111. Plectrophanes nivalis Meyer. Snow bunting.
Regular winter visitant, roving about in flocks, and most
numerous in severe weather. Stragglers are sometimes
seen the last of October. Mr. C. W. Bennett tells me
that a pair spent the summer of 1862, and reared their
young, in Springfield.

The Lapland Longspur (Centrophanes lapponicus Kaup,
Plectrophanes lapponicus Selby,) may rarely occur.

112. Passerculus savanna Bonap. Savanna Sparrow.
Chiefly a spring and autumn visitant. Have never found
it breeding. Not common.

113. Pocecetes gramineus Baird. Grass Finch. Bay-

BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. TL

winged Sparrow. Summer visitant, breeding abundantly
in open sandy fields and dry pastures. Arrives about
April 1st, and remains till the first week in November.
Breeds two or three times in a season, first young leaving
the nest the last week of May.

114. Coturniculus passerinus Bonap. Yellow-winged
Sparrow. Abundant summer visitant. Arrives about the
first week in May, and leaves in autumn the earliest of the
Sparrows, generally about the middle of September.
Breeds in dry fields and pastures, raising two broods in
the season.

115. Coturniculus (?) Henslowi Bonap. Henslow’s Spar-
row. Very rare summer visitant. Tooka male May 18th,
1863, and heard another in June. It probably occasionally
breeds, as it has been. found to do in other parts of the
State. (Berlin, Mass.—K. 8. Wheeler. Proc. B. S. N. H.
vul, p. 187.—Near Lynn, Mass.—E. A. Samuels. Agr. Mass.,
1863, Secy’s Rep., App. p. XXIV.)

116. Zonotrichia leucophrys Swain. White-crowned
Sparrow. Rare spring and autumn visitant, possibly
breeds here. Have taken it May 22d, and October Ist to
15th 1860; May 7th to June 6th 1861 ; and May 14th 1863.
In 1861 were not very rare in May, and remained latest
in spring of all those migratory Finches that do not breed
here. Arrives inautumn with the White-throated Sparrow.

117. ~Zonotrichia albicollis Bonap. White-throated
Sparrow. Common spring and autumn visitant. Seen in
spring from the last week in April till May 20th: in fall
from last week in September till the last week in October.
Its favorite haunts, while here, are moist thickets, but is
found much elsewhere. The males do not attain their mature
colors till the second spring. The young males sing equal-
ly well with the adults, and probably breed in this plumage.
Observing many birds singing in the garb of the female
drew my attention to the subject, and dissection showed
them invariably to be males. This accounts for the great
proportion of birds in the livery of the female, both in
spring and fall, often observed.

118. Junco hyemalis Sclater. Snow Bird. Spring and
autumn visitant; a few are occasionally seen in winter.
Arrives from the north about October 1st, and is abundant

72 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF

till the last of November ; appears in spring early in March;
is very abundant till the middle of April, and stragglers
are seen till May. Are in full song on their arrival in
spring, and at all times are seen in loose flocks. While the
show is passing off in spring they seem to be more num-
erous than all other birds. Breed among the mountaims
of Berkshire County, according to Prof. Emmons, and as
far south in Hampden County as Blandford and adjoinmg
towns.

119. Spizella monticola Baird. Tree Sparrow. Com-
mon winter visitant. Seen from October 20th to about
May 1st. In winter inhabits sheltered ravines and swamps,
and feeds much on the seeds of weeds that remain above
the snow in open fields. Are gregarious, and when feed-
ing, particularly in severe weather, keep up a peculiar
tinkling twitter. This species was found breeding in the
eastern part of the State in the summer of 1855, its nest
and eggs being found by Mr. E. Samuels. (Proc. B. 8.
N. H., vol. v, p. 213.)

120. Spizella socialis Bonap. Chipping Sparrow.
Very common summer visitant, breeding everywhere in
the vicinity of farm-houses, in the city, and even in re-
mote fields, nesting in trees. Arrives about April Ist;
leaves second or third week of October. Is not so grega-
rious while here as its congeners.

121. Spizella pusilla Bonap. Field Sparrow. Wood
Sparrow. Common summer visitant. Breeds in old bushy
fields, nesting on the ground. In one or two instances
only have I found it nesting in bushes. The males sing
the whole summer, and almost constantly from April till
July. Arrives about April Ist, collects into loose flocks
in August and September, and leaves about the middle of
October. In autumn emit tinkling notes, similar to those
of S. monticolor. ;

122. Melospiza melodia Baird. Song Sparrow. Abun-
dant summer visitant. Breeds about meadows and in
moist situations. Arrives the last of March, and is ex-
tremely abundant during April, but is not properly grega-
rious, though occasionally found in considerable flocks
when feeding; retires south late in October.

123. Helospiza Lincolnii Baird. (Melospiza Lincolnit

BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. 13

Baird.) Lincoln’s Sparrow. Very rare. Shot one in May,
1860, and another May 14th, 1863. No account of its
previous capture in New England.*

124. Helospiza palustris Baird. (Melospiza palustris
Baird.) Swamp Sparrow. Not uncommon in spring and
fall, and probably some breed, though I have never taken
it later than May 25th. In spring arrives first or second
week in April, and appears fully as aquatic as the Water
Thrush (Siwrus noveboracensis Bonap.), associating with it
about the margins of ponds and streams, hopping in the
shallow water, and is very rarely seen away from watery
situations; In autumn is found in bushy marshes and wet
places, becoming common about the last week of Septem-
ber, and continuing till the last week of October. Said
by Audubon to be abundaant, in winter, about Boston.

125. Passerella iuliaca Swain. Fox-colored Sparrow.
Abundant in fall and spring, in small parties, scratching in
thickets and moist woods. Arrives in fall October 15th;
leaves last of November; appears again early in March,
occasionally in February, in open winters, and leaves
about April 10th. Often sings finely while here in spring,
and sometimes in fall. Audubon was mistaken in saying
this species is abundant about Boston, im swmmer.

126. Gwiraca ludoviciana Swain. Rose-breasted
Grosbeak. Summer visitant, breeding in open woods.
Not abundant. Arrives May 10th to 15th. One of our
most noted woodland songsters, the male occasionally
singing while sitting on the nest, both sexes incubating.
Nest placed in shrubs and low trees, often in evergreens,
six to ten or twelve feet from the ground. Seems to have
increased in numbers in the last twenty-five years, in all
parts of the State.

127. Cyanospiza cyanea Baird. Indigo Bird. Not
very common summer visitant. Breeds in bushes, near
gardens, orchards, edges of woods, and in bushy meadows.
Arrives about the middle of May; leaves middle of Sep-
tember.

* Since the above was writtenI have taken another specimen (shot May
25th, 1864.) It was a female, and the largest eggs contained in the ovary
were not bigger than a common pin’s head.

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. YOL. IY. J,

74 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF

128. Pipilo erythrophthalmus Vieill. Chewink. Towhe
Bunting. Ground Robin. Very abundant summer visi-
tant, breeding in thickets, edges of woods and swamps
everywhere, nesting on the ground. Arrives last week
in April; leaves second week in October. Somewhat
eregarious in autumn.

129. Dolichonyz oryzivorus Swain. Bobolink. “Skunk
Blackbird.” Summer visitant. Arrives about May 10th.
Abundant in orchards and meadows. Is scarcely grega-
rious in the breeding season, though many are usually
found nesting in the same meadow, but begin to collect
into flocks about the third week in July, at which time the
old birds are beginning to moult.

130. Molothrus pecoris Swain. Cow Bird. Cow Black-
bird. Abundant summer visitant. Polygdmous, and more
or less gregarious at all seasons. In spring and fall are
sometimes seen in flocks of many hundreds, particularly
in fall. Arrives first to third week in March, and common-
ly leaves last week in October. Dr. Brewer was mistak-
en in saying that the Cow Bird leaves Massachusetts before
the first of July, or earlier, &c. (See Aud. Orn. Biog.,
vol. v, p. 490.)

131. <Ageleus phoniceus Vieill. Red-winged Black-
bird. Marsh Blackbird. Summer visitant, arriving in
small parties about the second and third weeks of March.
Breeds plentifully, in communities, in the marshes. Rove
about the country in considerable flocks during the latter
part of the season, and leave the last of October.

132. Sturnella magna Swain. Meadow Lark. Com-
mon summer visitant. Breeds in meadows and moist
pastures. Arrives second or third week in March; leaves
about the first week in November; a very few remain in
winter. Partially gregarious, especially in autumn.

133. Icterus Baltimore Daud. Baltimore Oriole. “Golden
Robin”. Abundant summer visitant. Breeds plentifully
in orchards and shade trees, the elm and the apple being
its favorite nesting trees. Arrives about May 10th, and
remains till the second week of September. In August
and September hunts much in the tall deciduous woods,
where it sometimes breeds, feasting, in loose, roving par-
ties of sometimes several dozens, upon the caterpillars

BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. 75

and beetles that infest the trees, and are then seldom seen
in the orchards they so much frequent in the breeding
season.

134. Icterus spurius Bonap. Orchard Oriole. Rare
summer visitant. A few pairs breed every season.

135. Scolecophaqus ferrugineus Swain. Rusty Grakle.
Rusty Blackbird. “Rather rare. Stragglers are seen in
fall dna spring; occasionally small flocks. In spring ar-
rives early, and is seen as late as May; seen in autumn
from the last week in September till November; have
seen it November 24th.

136. Quiscalus versicolor Vieill. Purple Grakle. Crow
Blackbird. Common summer visitant, breeding in com-
munities, but is not generally dispersed over the country.
Arrives last week in Mar ch, and earlier.

1387. Corvus carnivorus Bartram. American Raven.
Accidental. One was taken by Mr. C. W. Bennett, in the
fall of 1859. One was killed at Tyngsborough, Mass., a
few years since. (Agr. of Mass., 1859, Secy’s Rep., p. 143.)

138. Corvus americanus Aud. Common Crow. Resi-
dent. Very abundant in spring and fall, appearmg in
immense flocks. Seems to have diminished very materially
in numbers in the last six or eight years, hundreds, and
probably thousands, having been killed in the State by the
use of strychnine almost every year. Fewer have bred
here for the last few years than formerly.

139. Cyanura cristata Swain. Blue Jay. “ Corn Bird.”
Common resident. Somewhat gregarious. Resides in the
woods, but makes frequent excursions over the open coun-
try, visiting the orchards for piratical purposes in the
summer, and the farmer’s corn crib in the winter. In
winter have found in its stomach the eg ges of the common
tent caterpillar in abundance.

140. Ectopistes migratoria Swain. Wild Pigeon. Seen
in some years in great numbers; in others very rarely;
are usually more or less common at all seasons, except
winter, and a few generally breed. Lays but one egg ata
time, but breeds two or three times in a summer.

141. Zenedura carolinensis Bonap. Carolina Turtle
Dove. “Mourning Dove.” Very common summer visi-

76 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF

tant. Often nests in orchards, and generally in low pine
woods. Lays two eggs, and breeds more than once in a
‘season. Arrives second week in March, or earlier; have
seen it March 5th. Collects into loose flocks the last of
July, frequenting old rye fields, and for two months is
abundant, and much hunted by sportsmen, so that at all
seasons it isa shy bird. The greater part leave about the
Ist of October, but some remain till the second or third
week.

142. Bonasa umbellus Steph. Ruffed Grouse. “ Part-
ridge.” Common resident. In autumn many are taken in
snares.

143. Ortyx virginiana Bonap. Quail. Resident, and
now extremely rare. As late as 1851 it was quite abun-
dant, but severe winters and sportsmen have nearly
exterminated the species in this vicinity.

144. Herodias egretta Gray. White Heron. A single
specimen was taken a few years since. There is a fine
specimen of this species in the Springfield Museum, taken
in West Brookfield, Mass., in 1860.

145. Ardea herodias Linn. Great Blue Heron. “ Blue
Crane.” Regular summer visitant, breeding. Not com-
mon. Arrives early in April.

146. Ardetta exilis Gray. Least Bittern. Extremely
rare. Has been taken here. (C. W. Bennett.) Have
seen specimens taken in other parts of the State.

147. Botaurus lentiginosus Steph. Bittern. “ Stake-
driver.” Common in the marshes and river meadows.
Arrives first week in April; remains till second week of
October, or later. .

148. Butorides virescens Bonap. Green Heron.
‘Shitepoke.” Common. Breeds plentifully in trees in
the vicinity of marshes. if

149. Nyctiardea Gardent Baird. Night Heron.
“Squawk.” Common. Arrives about the middle of
April. In August have seen several dozens in the air at
once, near their feeding grounds, soon after sunset. Are
gregarious and breed in communities. Says Dr. Wood, in
a letter to the writer, “ I know of a swamp some fourteen
miles from here {East Windsor Hill, Ct.] where thousands
breed. I have counted eight nests on one maple tree.

BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. TT

I knew two sportsmen shoot a business wagon body full
one forenoon—probably two hundred.”

150. Charadrius virginicus Borck. Golden Plover.
Spring and autumn visitant. Not Common, except occa-
sionally.

151. Oxyechus vociferus Reich. (Avgialitis vociferus
Cass.) Killdeer Plover. Summer visitant, and breeds.
Common only in particular localities.

152. Aigialeus semipalmatus Reich. (Agialitis sem-
palmatus Cab.) Semipalmated Plover. Spring and autumn
visitant. Not rare.

153. Philohela minor Gray. Woodcock. Common
summer visitant, arriving early in April. Breeds.

154. Gallinago Wilsoniti Bonap. Wilson’s Snipe.
Spring and autumn visitor; sometimes abundant. Prob-
ably a few breed.

155. Pelidna americana Coues. (Tringa alpina var.
americana Cass.) Red-backed Sandpiper. Spring and au-
tumn visitor; not generally common.

156. <Actodromas maculata Cass. (Tringa maculata Vi-
eill.) Jack Snipe. Occasionally taken in autumn.

157. Actodromas minutilla Coues. (Tringa Wilsonir
Nutt.) Least Sandpiper. Occasionally taken towards au-
tumn ; probably occurs also in spring. Bonaparte’s Sand-
piper (Actodromas Bonapartw Cass.) 1s undoubtedly to
be found here occasionally in autumn.

158. Symphemia semipalmata Hart. Willet. Spring
and autumn visitant. Not common. Perhaps a few occa-
sionally breed.

159. Gambetta melanoleuca Bon. Greater Tell-tale
Tatler. Rare spring and autumn visitant; less common
than the next.

160. Gambetta flavipes Bon. Lesser Tell-tale Tatler.
“Yellow Legs.” Spring and autumn visitant. Not un-
common.

161. 'Rhyacophilus solitarius Wils. Solitary Tatler.
Spring and autumn visitant ; not usually common.

162. Tringoides macularius Gray. Spotted Sandpiper.
Summer visitant, breeding abundantly. Most common of
the Gralle.

78 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF

163. Bartramia laticauda Less. (Actiturus Bartramius
Bonap.) -Field Plover. Bartram’s Sandpiper. Summer
visitant : breeds, and towards autumn is often very common.

164. Tringites rufescens Cab. Buff-breasted Sandpiper.
Rare spring and autumn visitant.

165. fallus virginianus Linn. Virginia Rail. “ Water
Hen”. Not common. Occasionally breeds here; a pair
of young in the Springfield Museum taken here.

166. Porzana carolina Vieill. Common Rail. Sora
Rail. Arrives in April, and some remain till November.
Breeds, and is pretty common in September and October.

The Yellow Rail (P. noveboracensis), being found in
other parts of the State, may be looked for here, but only
as a rare species.

167. Fulica americana Gm. Coot. Occasionally taken.
Dr. W. Wood says: “I have taken fiveina season. They
come after most ducks have gone north, and resort to the
small and inland ponds.” Breed in some parts of Massa-
chusetts.

168. Bernicda canadensis Boie. Canada Goose. “ Wild
Goose.” Common spring and autumn visitant, but seldom
seen except flying in the air. Pass to the north in March
and April, and to the south in November. Have seen
flocks as early as September 28th, and as late as December
10th. Were unusually abundant in the fall of 1859. No-
vember 19th, 1859, between the hours of 10 A. M. and 12
M., I noted ten flocks in a breadth of two miles, estimated
(more than half being actually counted) to contain more
than seven hundred geese, a remarkably large number for
the length of time Probably does not breed in the State,
though supposed to by Audubon.

169. Bernicla brenta Steph. Brant. Not common;
seen at the same seasons as the preceding.

170. Anas boschas Linn. Mallard. Taken near here
by Dr. Wood, and undoubtedly occurs here, but is very
rare, as it is in all parts of the State.

171. Anas obscura Gm. Black Duck. Abundant. Ar-
rives in March and remains till May: becomes common
again in September and remains till late in November; a
few sometimes seen in winter. Our most common Duck.
Breeds in the mountainous parts of Western Massachusetts.

BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. 79)

172. Dafila acuta Jenyns. Pin-tail Duck. “ Sprig
Tail.” Rather rare winter visitant.

173. Nettion carolinensis Baird. Green-winged Teal.
Common. Dr. W. Wood tells me they pass north later
and return earlier than most Ducks.

174. Querquedula discors Steph. Blue-winged Teal.
Common, but less abundant than the preceding.

175. Chaulelasmus streperus Gray. Gadwall. Gray
Duck. Rare. Specimen in Springfield Museum taken
here. Said to breed in the State, but the authority is
doubtful.

176. Mareca americana Steph. American Widgeon.
Bald-pate. Not very common, in spring and fall.

177. Aix sponsa Boie. Wood Duck. Summer Duck.
Not an uncommon summer visitant, breeding. Arrives
early in spring, and leaves late in November.

178. <Aythya vallisneria Bon. Canvass-Back Duck. Very
rare; found occasionally near here (Dr. Wood), and
undoubtedly is to be found here. Occurs in other parts of
the State. Probably the Red-head (A. americana Bon.) is
also to be found here.

179. Bucephala americana Baird. Golden-eye Duck.
“ Whistler.” “ Whistle-wing.” Not uncommon in winter.
Dr. Wood, says it is abundant on the river in winter, but
very difficult to obtain unless you gre pretty familiar with
its feeding grounds.

180. Bucephala albeola Baird. Buffel-headed Duck.
“ Butter Ball.” Occasionally taken here in winter.

181. Hareldaglacialis Leach. Long-tailed Duck. “South
Southerly.” Occasionally taken near here (Dr. Wood),
and undoubtedly occurs at Springfield.

182. Melanetia velvetina Baird. Velvet Duck. Rare.
Dr. Wood has taken two specimens at Hast Windsor Hill,
Ct., and it must occur here.

183. Hrismatura rubida Bon. Ruddy Duck. Rare:
there is a specimen in the Springfield Museum taken here
by Mr. L. Hyde.

184. Mergus americanus Cass. Sheldrake. Goosander.
Common winter visitant. Said by Audubon to breed in
the State, which is not improbable.

80 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF

185. Mergus serrator Linn. Red-breasted Merganser.
Common winter visitant; rather more common than the
preceding. Breeds in the State, according to Audubon.
(Orn. Biog., vol. v, p. 93.)

186. Lophodytes cucullatus Reich. Hooded Merganser.
Winter visitant; rather less common than either of the
two immediately preceding.

187. Thalassidroma Leachii Temm. Leach’s Petrel.
Very rare; probably accidental; has been taken here ina
few instances only. Common off the coast of the State.

188. Larus Smithsonianus Coues. (Larus argentatus
Brinn.) Herring Gull. Not very uncommon at times
along the river, especially in spring and fall. Abundant
along our coast in autumn, winter, and early spring.

189. Chrecocephalus Philadelphia Lawr. Bonaparte’s
Gull. Occasionally observed here. Common along the
coast.

190. Colymbus torquatus Brinn. Great Northern Di-
ver. “Loon.” Resident, occasionally breeding. Not
common.

191. Colymbus septentrionalis Linn. Red-throated Diy-
er. Rare winter visitant; chiefly young that are seen.

192 Podiceps (Pedecethya) Holbolli Reinh. (Podiceps
griseigena Gray.) Red-necked Grebe. Chiefly a winter
visitant; not common. Possibly breeds, as it has been
taken here the third week of May in full breeding plumage

193. Podiceps cristatus Lath. Crested Grebe. Rare
winter visitant.

194. Podiceps (Dytes) cornutus Lath. Horned Grebe.
Rare ; chiefly young taken here. A pair was killed here
a few years since, about June Ist, in full breeding plumage.

195. Podilymbus podiceps Lawr. “Dipper Duck.”

Common in spring and fall.

List of Birds found in Massachusetts not observed at
Springfield.

To complete a catalogue of the Birds known to exist in
the State of Massachusetts, I have added, in the following
list, all those known to have been obtained within the

BIRDS OF MASSACHUSETTS, ETC. 81

State that have not been noticed at Springfield. The list
will be seen to consist mainly of those Water Birds that
frequent the coast and are not found far inland, witha few
rare or accidental visitors. No species is admitted of
which there is not good evidence of its capture in the
State ; and when the species is extremely rare, the author-
ity is cited on which it is mserted. Consequently some
species that have been attributed to Massachusetts, from
their occurrence in adjoining States, though probably to
be found here as rare visitors, and are thus mentioned, are
not counted as a part of the list; very careful observers
will, doubtless, yet detect most of them here.

1. Cathartes atratus Less. Black Vulture. Acciden-
tal. One was obtained in Swampscott, in November, 1850.
(S. Jillson, Proc. Ess. Inst., Vol. 1, p. 228 —Brewer’s N.
Am. Odlogy, pt. 1, p. 5.) Another was taken the past
season, Sept. 28, at Gloucester, by Mr. William Huntstord.
(A. E. Verrill.)

2. Cathartes aura Ill. Turkey Vulture. Accidental.
Two were taken in the State in 1863. (KH. A. Samuels,
Agr. Mass., 1863, Secy’s Rep, App, p. Xvm.)

3. alco candicans Gm. Jer Falcon. Accidental in
winter. One was shot at Sekonk Plains, about 1840. (5S.
Jillson, Proc. Ess. Inst., vol.1, p. 226.) Has been seen
here by Nuttall and others.

4. Aquila canadensis Cass. Golden Hagle. Extremely
rare; but few recorded instances of its capture in the
State. (Lynn, 8. Jillson, Proc. Hss. Inst., vol. 1, p. 203.
Lexington, Dr. Kneeland, Proc. B.S. N. H., vol. v, p. 272.
Near Boston, Brewer, N. Am. Odl,. pt. 1, p. 45.—Upton,
Agr. Mass., 1859, Secy’s Rep., p. 141.)

5. Syrnium cinereum Gmelin. Great Cinerous Owl.
Occasional in winter. (Marblehead, February, 1831, and
January, 1835; 8. Jillson, Proc. Ess. Inst., vol. 1, p. 204.)
Seven were taken in the State during the year ending
February, 1843. (Dr. 8. L. Abbot, Proc. B.S. N. H., vol.
I, pp. 97 and 99.) Two specimens in the Mus. Comp. Zo-
dlogy were obtained in 1848, in the Boston markets, and
were probably killed in the State.

The Hawk Owl (Surnia ulula Bon.) is said by Prof.
Emmons to have been seen in autumn. Though I have

ESSEX INST, PROCEED. VOL. IY. K.

82 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF

found no notice of its capture, it is not improbable that it
may occasionally occur along the Green Mountains in the
Western part of the State.

The Banded Three-toed Woodpecker (Picoides hirsutus
Gray) has been repeatedly attributed to the State, and may
occur as a very rare or accidental winter visitor.

6. Hylotomus pileatus Baird. Pileated Woodpecker.
“Tog Cock.” Rare. Driven from most parts of the State
by the absence of extensive forests, but is still found in
the wooded, mountainous parts of Berkshire County.

The Varied Thrush (/zxoreus nevius Bon.)- is said by
Prof. Baird, in the Reports on the Pacific Railroad Explo-
rations and Surveys, vol. 1x, pp. xxr and 219, to be
accidental near Boston, quoting Dr. Cabot (Proc. Bost.’
So. N. H., vol. m, p. 17) as authority. Dr. Cabot states
that a specimen of this species was obtained in Boston
market, but adds that it was shot in New Jersey. This is
the only notice I can find respecting this species being
found in Massachusetts, either by Dr. Cabot or others.

7. Oporornis agilis Baird. Connecticut Warbler. Very
rare. Was taken in Berlin, in the summer of 1845. (Dr.
8. Cabot Jr., Proc. Bost. So. N. H., Vol. m1, p. 63.)

8. Helmitherus vermivorus Bon. Worm-eating Warbler.
Very rare. Its nest has been found in Cambridge. (Pea-
body’s Rep. Orn. of Mass., p. 312.*)

9. Helmitherus Swainsonit Bon. Swainson’s Warbler.
Audubon states, on the authority of Dr. T. M. Brewer,
that one was taken in Massachusetts by Mr. 8. Cabot Jr.
(Aud. Orn. Biog., vol. v, p. 462.) Mr. Peabody probably
alludes to the same specimen (Rep. on Orn. of Mass., p.
213.) Very rare in this State.

10. Helminthophaga pinus Baird. Blue-winged Yellow
Warbler. Summer visitant. Very rare. (8. Cabot Jr.,

‘Proc. B. 8. N. H., vol. v1, p. 386.)

11. Helminthophaga chrysoptera Baird. Golden-winged
Warbler. Summer visitant. Very rare. (S. Cabot Jr.,
Proc. B. S. N. H., vol. v1, p. 386.) Have seen specimens
in the Mus. Comp. Zodél., Cambridge, that were taken in
the State.

* Fishes, Reptiles and Birds of Massachusetts.

BIRDS OF MASSACHUSETTS, ETC. 80

The Blue Warbler (Dendroica cerulea Baird.) is said to
be a rare summer visitant, (F. W. Putnam, Proc. Ess. Inst.,
vol. 1, p. 207,) but I have fatled to find an authentic in-
stance of its capture in this State. Audubon says it has
been taken at Pictou, Nova Scotia, and so may very nat-
urally be expected to occur in Massachusetts.

12. Wilsonia minuta Bon. (Myioroctes minutus Baird.)
Small-headed Flycatcher. This little known and rather
doubtful species is said to occur in this State. (Ipswich,
Dr. T. M. Brewer; Berkshire County, Prof. E. Emmons.
Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass., p. 297.—Salem, T. Nuttall, Man.
Orne voli ipso)

The Hooded Flycatcher (Wilsonia mitrata Bon. ; Myi-
odicetes nutratus Aud.) may be looked for in this State, as
it has been found in Connecticut and New York. Mr.
K. A. Samuels, in his recent list of the Birds of Massachu-
setts, (Agr Mass., 1863, Secy’s Rep., App., p. XXII,) gives
it as a rare summer visitor.

13. Pyranga estiva Vieill. Accidental. “Two were
taken in Lynn, after a severe storm, April 21st, 1852.”
(S. Jillson, Proc. Ess. Inst., vol. 1, p. 224.)

14. Vireo noveboracensis Bon. White-eyed Vireo.
Summer visitant. Not very uncommon in the eastern
part of the State, where it breeds.

15. Cistothorus ( Telmatodytes) palustris Cabanis. Marsh
Wren. Summer visitant. Rare.

16. Cistothorus stellaris Cab. Short-billed Marsh Wren.
Summer visitant. Not uncommon.

The Blue Gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila cerulea Sclat.)
is said by Peabody to be found in Massachusetts, on the
authority of Dr. Brewer, (Rep., p. 297.) Having been
found in adjoinmg States,——in New York north of the
latitude of Boston, as well as in Nova Scotia, and in Con-
necticut,—it may be looked for as a rare straggler from its
usual habitat. I have been unable as yet to learn of its
actual capture in this State.

The Crested Chickadee (Lophophanes bicolor Bonap.)
though mostly a southern species, Audubon states (Orn.
Biog., vol. v, p. 472) is common in Nova Scotia, and
hence may be expected to occur here.

17. Parus hudsonicus Forster. Hudsonian Titmouse.

84 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF

Occasional or accidental in winter. (Brookline, S. Elliot
Green, Peabody’s Rep., p. 402.) | Resident at Calais,
Maine, but not common. (G. A. Boardman, Proc. B. 8.
N. H., vol. Ix, p. 126.)

18. Centrophanes lapponicus Kaup. Lapland Long-
spur. Winter visitant. Occasional, or accidental. (F.
W. Putnam, Proc. Ess. Inst., vol. 1, p. 210.)

19. Ammodromus maritimus Swain. Sea-side Finch.
Summer visitant. Common in the salt marshes along the
coast, where it breeds.

20. Ammodromus caudacutus Swain. Sharp-tailed
Finch. Common summer visitant in salt marshes, where
it breeds. Have taken it in the marshes of Charles River
the last week in October.

21 Chondestes grammaca Bon. Lark Finch. Acct
dental. “One found in Gloucester, about 1845.” (S Jill-
son, Proc. Essex Inst., vol. 1, p. 224.)

22. Huspiza americana Bon. Black-throated Bunting.
Probably rare or occasional. Said to be found here by
Nuttall (Man. Orn., vol. 1, p. 461). According to Pea-
body, “is found in high Ve ee s near salt water marshes,
from the middle of May till the last of August.” (Rep.
Orn. of Mass., p. 319.) Mr. E. A. Samuels informs me that
he has seen two specimens killed in this State; one was
sent him from Woburn. Nuttall, in his account of the
notes and habits of this species, as observed here, has de-
scribed the peculiar song and habits of the Yellow-winged
Sparrow ( Coturniculus passerinus Bon.) with remarkable
aptness, which species he evidently mistook for the Black-
throated Bunting. Nuttall seems not to have known the
Yellow-winged Sparrow, under its proper name, at the
time he wrote, and it is difficult to tell what he had in
mind when describing its habits and distribution in the
breeding season; his description of its song, which he
strangely likens to that of the Purple Finch, and of its
eggs, being not at all applicable to the Yellow-winged
Sparrow. As Nuttall has been the authority chiefly de-
pended on for the occurrence of Huspiza americana in this
State, I strongly doubted its having been taken here, till
assured of the fact by Mr. Samuels.

The Blue Grosbeak (Guiraca cerulea Swain.) may be

BIRDS OF MASSACHUSETTS, ETC. 85

looked for as an occasional visitor. Has been found at
Calais, Maine, where it is “very uncertain, but common in
the spring of 1861.” (G. A. Boardman, Proc. B.S. N. H.,
vol. 1x, p. 127.)

23. Cardinalis virginianus Bon. Cardinal. Red Bird.
Accidental summer visitant, according to Nuttall. (Man.
Orn., vol. 1, p. 519.) Seen “only at irregular intervals, in
_ the villages on the Connecticut river.” (Peabody, Rep.
Orn. Mass., p. 329.)

24. Quiscalus major Vieill. Boat-tailed Grakle. <Acci-
dental. Have heard of one that was killed in Cambridge
afew years since. Mr. E A. Samuels tells me that a pair
bred in Cambridge in 1861.

25. Corvus ossifragus Wils. Fish Crow. An occasional
visitor along the southern coast of the State.

26. Tetrao canadensis Linn. Spruce Partridge. Acci-
dental. Found in the hemlock woods of Gloucester, in
September, 1851. (S. Jillson, Proc. Ess. Inst., vol. 1, p.
224.)

27. Cwpidonia cupido Baird. Pinnated Grouse. Prai-
rie Hen. Nearly extinct in Massachusetts. A few are
occasional visitors in the southeastern part of the State,
from Long Island, where they still remain. (S. Cabot
Jr., Proc. B.S. N. H., vol. v, p. 154.) About thirty years
since were quite common in Martha’s Vineyard (Audubon
Birds Amer., vol. v, p. 101.)

The Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo Linn.) is now
probably extinct in this State. Within a few years it has
been said to occur wild on Mts. Tom and Holyoke; but
I can find no authentic instance of its recent capture in
this State. The accounts of those recently taken seem to
rest on the authority of hunters, who might readily mis-
take a stray domestic turkey for a wild one, and not on
the authority of reliable naturalists. It is well known
that the domestic turkey will sometimes take to the woods,
assuming the habits of the wild bird; hence these reports
may well be received with considerable caution. In win-
ter the wild birds are found in Boston markets, but are
brought from distant parts of the country, chiefly from
the West.

28. Garzetta candidissima Bonap. Snowy Heron. Ac-

86 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF

cidental. Stragglers have been taken in a few instances.
Have seen one that was killed near Boston, in 1862.

29. Florida cerulea Baird. Blue Heron. Stragglers
only taken here. There is a specimen in the State Agri-
cultural Cabinet, taken in the eastern part of the State.

30. Ibis Ordii Bonap. Glossy Ibis. Occasional; ap-
parently accidental. Have been taken here at irregular
intervals. In June, 1830, three were obtained in the east-
ern part of the State. (Nuttall, Man. Orn., vol. , p. 88.)
Others have been taken. (Cabot, Proc. B. 8. N. H., vol.
I, pp. 315, 333, 355; vol. Iv, p. 346.)

31. Octhodromus Wilsonius Reich. (Aigialitis Wilso-
nius Cass.) Wilson’s Plover. Occasional in summer. 5 In-
serted on the authority of Dr. Brewer, who found them,
according to Peabody (Rep. Orn. Mass. p. 360), “abund-
ant at Nahant, in August,’ 1838.

32. Aigialeus melodus. (Algialitis melodus Cab.) Pip-
ing Plover. Common visitant, mostly along the seacoast
in summer, some breeding.

33. Hematopus palliatus Temn. Oyster Catcher.
Very rare. Has been found in the State by Dr. Brewer.
(Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass., p. 358.)

34. Strepsilas interpres Ul. Turnstone. Common
spring and autumn visitant, along the coast.

The American Avoset (Lecurvirostra americana Gmel.)
and the Black-necked Stilt (Aimantopus nigricollis Vieill.),
from their general distribution, may be looked for in Mas-
sachusetts as very rare species.

39. Phalaropus Wilsonit Sab. Wilson’s Phalarope.
Very rare. Found in the State by Audubon. (Birds Am.,
vol. v, p. 301.)

36. Phalaropus hyperboreus Temn. Northern Phalar-
ope. Along the coast; not common.

37. Phalaropus fulicarius Bon. Red Phalarope. Oc-
casional visitor, chiefly along the coast,in spring and
autumn.

38. Macrorhamphus griseus Leach. Red-breasted Snipe.
Not very common. Spring and autumn visitant, near the
coast.

39. Tringa canutus Linn. Ash-colored Sandpiper.

BIRDS OF MASSACHUSETTS, HTC. 87

Knot. “Gray Back.” Spring and fall; sometimes very
abundant in autumn, arriving in August.

40. Arquatella maritina Baird. (Tringa maritima
Brinn.) Purple Sandpiper. “ Rock Snipe.” On the coast
in autumn; not generally common.

41. Ancylochilus subarquata Kaup. Curlew Sandpiper.
Coast; not common.

42. Actodromas Bonapartii Cass. (Tringa Bonapartu
Schl.) Bonaparte’s Sandpiper. Coast in spring and fall ;
sometimes abundant.

43. Hreunetes pusilla Cass. Semipalmated Sandpiper.
Common along the coast in spring and autumn.

44, Inmosa fedoa Ord. Marbled Godwit. Rare pas-
senger in spring and fall.

45. LInmosa hudsonica Swain. Hudsonian Godwit.
Spring and fall. Not common.

46. Numenius longirostris Wilson. Long-billed Cur-
lew. Spring and fall. Not common.

47. Numenius hudsonius Lath. Hudsonian Curlew
Rare. Spring, fall and winter.

48. Numenius borealis Lath. Esquimaux Curlew.
Spring and fall; occasionally in winter onthe coast. Rare.

49. Lallus crepitans Gm. Clapper Rail. Rare or ac-
eidental. (S. Cabot Jr., Bost. So. N. H., vol. 1, p. 326.)

50. Porzana noveboracensis —? Yellow Rail. Found
in spring and fall; perhaps breeds. Not common.

51. Gallinula galeata Bonap. Florida Gallinule. Ac-
cidental. Has been taken at Fresh Pond, Cambridge, by
Mr. Cabot. (Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass., p. 258. )

52. Gallinula martinica Lath. Purple Gallinule. Like
the preceding, occurs as a very rare, chance visitor from
the south, but is oftener met with. Has been taken but a
few times in this State.

53. <Anser hyperboreus Pallas. Snow Goose. Winter
visitant. Not common.

54. Anser Gambellii Hartl. White-fronted Goose. Have
seen specimens obtained in Boston market that were prob-
ably taken in the State.

55. Bernicla Hutchinsiti Bonap. Hutchin’s Goose.

88 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF

This species is introduced as a bird of Massachusetts with
considerable doubt. For its occurrence here, we have the
authority of Nuttall, (Man. Orn., vol. 1, p. 362) who men-
tions it as a straggler on our coast,—and of Giraud, who
says it is quite abundant some seasons on the coast of
Massachusetts. Lindsley, in his Catalogue of the Birds of
Connecticut, (Am. Jour. Sc. and Arts, vol. xLiv, p. 249)
says it is not unfrequently taken in Connecticut in spring.

56. Bernicla leucopsis —? (Anser erythropus Linn.)
Barnacle Goose. Is said to have been shot at Quincy,
Mass. by Drs, Cabot Jr, (Proc, B. 5. N. Evol. ap:
136.) Prof. Baird says, “its occurrence in North America
is very doubtful, resting only on very insufficient evi-
dence,” (P:R. R. Hix. and’ Surv., vol ix" p. 768: )

d7. Nettion crecca Kaup. English Teal. Accidental
from Europe. Has been taken in the State. (Dr. H. Bry-
ant, Ero, 'B. S.-N.H., vol, ¥, py loo.)

58. Spatula clypeata Boie. Spoonbill. Shoveller. Not
uncommon. Chiefly seen in spring and fall.

59. Mareca penelope Bon. European Widgeon. Has
been taken at several points along the eastern coast of the
United States, and has been found apparently breeding on
Long Island, (Dr. T. M. Brewer, Proc. B.S. N. H., vol. v1,
p. 419) where it has been repeatedly found. One has
been taken in this State. (H. A. Samuels.)

60. Fulix marila Baird. Scaup Duck. Black-headed
Duck. “Blue Bill.” Not common. Found chiefly in
spring and autumn; occasionally in winter.

61. Fulix affinis Baird. Little Black-headed Duck.
Spring and fall. Not common.

62. Fulix collaris Baird. Ring-necked Duck. Spring
and autumn. Rare.

63. <Aythya americana Bon. Red-headed Duck. “ Red-
head.” Autumn and winter. Not very common. Abundant
in the markets of Boston in winter, but, like the Canvass-
backs, are brought from the bays and rivers of the Middle
States.

64. Histrionicus torquatus Bonap. Harlequin Duck.
Winter visitant. Not common.

65. Camptoleemus labradorius Gray. Labrador Duck.
Rare winter visitant.

BIRDS OF MASSACHUSETTS, ETC. 89

66. Pelionetta perspicillata Kaup. Surf Duck. Com-
mon in fall and spring, and some remain through the winter.

67. Ordemia americana Swain. Scoter. Autumn and
winter. Not uncommon; often abundant.

68. Somateria mollissima Leach. Hider Duck. Not
uncommon in winter.

69. Somateria spectabilis Leach. King Hider. Rare
visitant in winter.

The Smew (Mergellus albellus Selby) Mr, HE. A. Samuels
attributes-to this State, having seen a specimen which
he was told was taken in Massachusetts Bay.

The American Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhyncus Gme-
lin) has recently been taken at Calais, Me., (G. A. Board-
man, Proc. B. S. N. H., vol. 1x, p. 130) and, according to
DeKay, was formerly numerous on the Hudson and other
rivers and lakes of New York. It probably occurs asa
chance visitor in this State.

70. Sula bassana Ross. Gannet. Occasional on the
sea coast in fall and winter.

71. Graculus carbo Gray. Common Cormorant.
“Shag.” Common near the coast in fall and winter.

72. Graculus dilophus Gray. Double-crested Cormo-
rant. Not uncommon near the coast in winter.

73. Procellaria glacialis Linn. Fulmar Petrel. Spring
and autumn visitant.

T4. Thalassidroma Wilsonw Bon. Wilson’s Petrel. Not
uncommon off the coast. Have seen specimens taken
near Chelsea Beach.

7d. Thalassidroma pelagica Bon. Mother Cary’s Chick-
en. Rare, off the coast, as far south as Provincetown.
(EK. A. Samuels.)

16. Pufinus major Bon. Greater Shearwater. Not
common. Off the coast in winter.

Ti. Puffinus fuliginosus Strick. Sooty Shearwater.
Coast in autumn and winter. Not common.

78. Puffinus anglorum Temn. Mank’s Shearwater.
Rare, off the coast in winter.

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. L.

90) J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF

79. Stercorarius pomarinus Temn. Pomarine Jager.
Massachusetts Bay. Rare in winter.

80. Stercorarius parasiticus Temn. Arctic Jager.
Massachusetts Bay in winter. Not common.

81. Stercorarius cepphus Lawr. Buffon’s Skau. Rare.
Has been taken near Boston.

82. Larus marinus Linn. Black-backed Gull. Nota
common winter visitant.

83. Larus delawarensis Ord. Ring-billed Gull. Not
very uncommon near the coast in winter.

84. Larus leucopterus Fabr. White-winged Gull. Rare
winter visitant.

85. Chroecocephalus atricila Lawr. Laughing Gull.
Winter. Not common.

86. Lissa tridactyla Bon. Kittiwake Gull. Very com-
mon about the islands in Massachusetts Bay in autumn
and winter.

The Fork-tailed Gull (Xema Sabinii Bonap.) may occur
on our coast as an occasional visitor.

87. Sterna aranea Wils. Marsh Tern. Rare summer
visitor. (H. A. Samuels, Agr. Mass. 1863, Sec’s Rep.
App., p-. XX1x.)

88. Sterna fuliginosa Gm. Sooty Tern. Rare summer
visitor. (H. A. Samuels, Agr. Mass., 1863, Secy’s Rep.,
App., p. xxix.) Mr. Samuels informs me that it breeds on
Muskegat Island, near Martha’s Vineyard.

89. Sterna hirundo Linn. Wilson’s Tern. Common
in summer, breeding on the rocky islands in the Bay.

90. Sterna macrouwra Naum. Arctic Tern. Common.
Chiefly a winter visitant. Sometimes breeds.

91. Sterna paradisea Brinn. Roseate Tern. Very
rare; perhaps merely accidental; from the south in sum-
mer. Several instances known of its capture in the State.
(Chelsea Beach, Nuttall, Man. Orn. vol. 1, p. 278.—Bev-
erly, Mass., 1847, S. Cabot Jr., Proc. B. 8. N. H. vol. 11,
p. 248.—Have seen a specimen taken off our coast a few
years since.

92. Sterna frenata Gambel. Least Tern. Spring and

BIRDS OF MASSACHUSETTS, UTC. 91

autumn visitant. Notcommon. Occasional in summer.

Other species of Sterna undoubtedly occur as rare
visitors off our coast, as the Caspian Tern (Sterna
caspia Pall.) im winter, from the north; and possibly, at
the same season, Trudeau’s Tern (Sterna Trudeau Aud.)
as a very rare, or accidental species.

93. Hydrochelidon fissipes Gray. (Hydrochelidon plum-
bea Wils.) Short-tailed Tern. Not common. Have seen
specimens taken near Chelsea Beach.

94. Oolymbus arcticus Linn. Black-throated Diver.
rare autumn and winter visitor.

95. Utamania torda Leach. Razor-billed Auk. Not
uncommon on the coast in autumn and winter.

96. Mormon arctica Ill. Arctic Puffin. Not uncommon
in winter.

97. Uria grylle Lath. Black Guillemot. Not very
uncommon winter visitant.

98. Cataractes troile Bryant. Foolish Guillemot.
Murre. Not uncommon in winter, and perhaps a few
breed. ;

99. Cataractes ringvia Bryant. Murre. Common in
winter.

100. Cataractes lomvia Bryant. (Uria arra Pall.)
Thick-billed Guillemot. Murre. Rather common in winter.

101. Mergulus alle Vieill. Little Auk. Sea Dove.
Rather rare winter visitant. Has been taken on the
Connecticut, at Greenfield, Mass., in one instance.

The birds found in Massachusetts may be conveniently
grouped into the following classes: I. Species that reg-
ularly breed in the State. IJ. Resident species. III.
Winter visitants. IV. Spring and autumn visitants. V.
Summer visitants. VI. Accidental or irregular visitants.

I. Species that regularly breed in the State.

Those marked with a star, though repeatedly found breeding in some lo-
calities, breed very sparingly, and not generally over the State. Some
others are common in some parts of the State, but are unknown or very rare

92 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF

in most parts. Several others have been known to breed, but apparently
only accidentally, as in the case of Chrysomitris pinus, Spizella monticola,
and a few others. A few not in the list may occasionally breed.

1. Faleo anatum Bonap.* -| 52. Dandroica canadensis Bd.*
2. Tinnunculus sparverius Vieill.* | 538. ce Blackburnie Bd.
5. <Accipiter Cooperii Bonap. 54. ss pinus Baird.

4, 3 fuscus Bonap. | 5d. ss - eestiva Bd.

5. Buteo borealis Vieill. 56. ‘« discolor Bd.

6. «© lineatus Jard. 57. Euthlypis canadensis Cab.*
Ue ‘* pennsylvanicus Bon. 58. Setophaga ruticilla Sw.

8. Circus hudsonius Vell. 59. Pyranga rubra Vieill.

9. Halizetus leucocephalus Sav.* 60. Hirundo horreorum Barton
10. Pandion carolinensis Bon.* 3) cs lunifrons Say.
11. Bubo virginianus Bonap. 62. es bicolor Vieill.
12. Scops asio Bonap. 63. Cotyle riparia Bove.

13. Otus americanus Bonap. 64. Progne purpurea Boie.

14. Brachyotus Cassinii Brewer. 65. Ampeliscedrorum Baird.
15. Syrnium nebulosum Gray. 66. ~Vireo olivaceus Vieillot.

16. Nyctale acadica Bonap. 67. ‘© gilvus Bonap.

17. Coceygus americanus Bon. 68. ‘¢ noveboracensis Bon.
18. Ke erythrophthalmus Bon.) 69. *¢ flavifrons Vieill.

19. Picus villosus Linn. 70. Mimus polyglottus Boie.*

20: <¢ pubescens Linn. 71. Galeoscoptes carolinensis Cab.
21. Sphyropicus varius Baird. | 72. Harporynchus rufus Cabanis.
22. Hylotomus pileatus Baird.* 73. Cistothorus palustris Cad.
25. Melanerpes erythrocephalus Sw.* 74, x stellaris Cad.
24. Colaptes auratus Swain. 75. Troglodytes aedon Vieill.
25. Trochilus colubris Linn. 76. Certhia americana Bon.
26. Cheetura pelasgia Steph. | 77. Sitta carolinensis Gel.
27. Antrostomus vociferus Bon. 78. Parus atricapillus Linn.
28. Chordeiles popetue Baird. 79. Carpodacus purpureus Gray.
29. Ceryle aleyon Boie. 80. Astrigalinus tristis Cabanis.
30. Tyrannus carolinensis Bd. '81. Passerculus savanna Bon.
81. Myiarchus crinitus Cab.* 82. Pocecetes gramineus Baird.
82. Sayornis fuscus Baird. 83. Coturniculus passerinus Bon.
33. Countopus borealis Baird. 84. ce Henslowii Bon.*
34. 3 virens Cab. 85. Ammodromus caudacutus Sw.
85. Empidonax Traillii Baird. 86. bg maritimus Sw.
36. = minimus Bd. 87. Junco hyemalis Sclater.*
37. ce acadicus Gd. 88. Spizella pusilla Bonap.

58. Turdus mustelinus Gmelin. 89. ‘© socialis Bonap.
3g. s© Pallassi Cabanis.* 90. Melospiza melodia Baird.
40. ‘¢ fuscescens Steph. |91. Helospiza palustris Baird.
41. ‘¢ migratorius Linn. 192. Guiraca ludoviciana Swain.
42. Sialia sialis Baird. 93. Cyanospiza cyanea Baird.
45. Mhniotilta varia Vieill. |94, Pipilo erythrophthalmus V7e7ll.-
44. Parula americana Bon. |95. Dolichonyx oryzivora Swain.
45. Geothlypis trichas Cab. | /96. Molothrus pecoris Swainson.
46. Icteria viridis Bon* 97. Agelzeus pheeniceus Vierll.

47. Helmitherus vermivorus Bon.* (98. Sturnella magna Swain.

48. Helminthophaga ruficapilla Bd. |99. Icterus spurius Bon.*

49. Siurus aurocapillus Swain. | 100. <* Baltimore Bon.

50. «© noveboracensis JVutt. '101. Quiscalus versicolor Vieil/.
51. Dendroica virens Baird. | 102. Corvus americanus 4ud.

BIRDS OF MASSACHUSETTS, ETC. 95

108. Cyanura cristata Sw. 118. Gallinago Wilsonii Bonap.
104. Ectopistes migratoria Sw. 119. Symphemia semipalmata Hartl.
105. Zenzedura carolinensis Bon. 120. Tringoides macularius Gray.
106. Cupidonia cupido Baird.* 121. Bartramia laticauda Less.
107. Bonassa umbellus Steph. 122. Rallus virginianus Linn.

108. Ortyx virginianus Bonap. 123. Porzana carolina Vieill.

109. Ardea herodias Linn. 124. Fulica americana Gmel.*

110. Ardetta exilis Gray. 125. Anas obscura Gmel.*

111. Botaurus lentiginosus Steph. 126. Mergus americanus Cass.*
112. Butorides virescens Bon. 127. “ serrator Linn.*

113. Nyctiardea Gardeni Baird. 128. Aix sponsa Bove.

114. Oxyechus vociferus Reich. 129. Thalassidroma Leachii Temm.
115. Adgialeus melodus Reich. 130. Sterna hirundo Linn.

116. Squartarola helvetica Cuv. 131. <* —macroura /Vawm.

117. Philohela minor Gray.

Il. Resident Species.

Ofa few species more properly to be regarded as spring and autumn
or summer visitors, a few individuals are sometimes found in winter, as of
Ceryle alcyon, Turdus migratorius, Melospiza melodia, &c., but since the
majority are migratory, they are not placed in the list of resident species.

1. Falcoanatum Bon. 15. Certhia americana Bon.
2. Tinnunculus sparverius Vieill. | 16. Sitta carolinensis Gmel.
8. Buteo borealis Vieill. 17. Parus atricapillus Linn.
4. Circus hudsonins Veil. 18. Astrigalinus tristis Cad.
5. Halizetus leucocephalus Savigny.| 19. Corvus americanus Aud.
6. Bubo virginianus Bonap. 20. Cyanura cristata Swain.
7. Scops asio Bonap. 21. Cupidonia cupido Baird.
8. Otus americanus Bon. 22. Bonasa umbellus Steph.
9. Brachyotus Cassinii Brew. 23. Ortyx virginiana Bonap.
10. Syrnium nebulosum Gray. 24. Fulica americana G mel.
11. Nyctale acadica Bonap. 25, Anas obscura Linn.
12. Picus villosus Linn. 26. Mergus americana Cass.
13. ‘¢ pubescens Linn. 27. <¢ serrator Linn.
14, Hylotomus pileatus Baird. 28. Colymbus torquatus Brunn.

Ill. Winter Visitants.

Those species marked with a star are occasional or irregular visitors, but
some of them sometimes occur in great abundance. A few individuals are
often found in winter of some of those species properly to be considered as
spring and autumn visitants, and as such are placed in the next list below.

1. Astur atricapillus Bon. 11. Collyrio borealis Baird.

2. Archibuteo lagopus Gray. 12. Troglodytes hyemalis Viedll.

3. wg Sancti-Johannis Gr. | 138. Sitta canadensis Linn.

4. Aquila canadensis Cass.* 14. Parus hudsonicus Forst.*

5. Syrnium cinereum Aud.* 15. Eremophila cornuta Boze.

6. Nyctale Richardsonii Bon.*. | 16. Pinicola canadensis Cab.*

7. Nyctea nivea Gray. 17. Chrysomitris pinus Bonap.

8. Picoides arcticus Gray.* 18. Curvirostra americana Wils.

9. Regulus satrapa Licht. | 19. ss leucoptera Wils.*
10. Ampelis garrulus Linn.* 20. giothus linaria Cab.*

J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF

Plectrophanes nivalis Meyer. }
Centrophanes lapponicus Kaup.*
Spizella monticolor Baird.
Tetrao canadensis Linn.*
Arquatella maritima Baird.
Anser hyperboreus Pallas.

** Gambellii Huril.
Dafila acuta Jenyns.
Bucephala americana Baird.

= albeola Baird.

Histrionicus torquatus Bon.

Camptolzemus labridorius Gr. |

Melanetta velyetina Baird.
Pelionetta perspicillata Kaup.
Oidemia americana Swain.
Somateria mollissima Leach.
ee spectabilis Leach.
Erizmatura rubida Bonap. .
Lophodytes cucullatus Reich.
Sula bassana Briss.
Graculus carbo Gray. |
rg dilophus Gray.
Puffinus major Fuser. |

‘* fuliginosus Strick.

IV.

45.

46.

Puffinus anglorum Temm.
Stercorarius pomarinus Temm.
% parasiticus Temm.
«6 cepphus Ross,
Jarus leutopterus Faber.*
ss marinus Linn.
‘¢ Smithsonianus Coues.
‘* delawarensis Ord.
Chreecocephalus atricilla Lawr.
ee Philadelphia Lawr.
Rissa tridactyla Bonap.
Sterna macroura VVaum.
Colymbus septentrionalis Linn.
Podiceps Holbollii Reinh.
cs cristatus Lath.
ee cornutus Laih.
Utamania torda Leach.
Mormon arctica Illiger.
Uria grylle Latham.
Cataractes troile Bryant.
FS ringvia Bry.
es lomvia Bry.*
Mergulus alle Vieill.

Spring and Autumn Visitants.

Of some species properly regarded as spring and autumn visitants, a few

individuals remain through the winter, in sheltered situations

the summer, now and then breeding.

are marked with this * ;

, or through

Those of which some remain in winter
those in summer, with this +. There may be a few

other species of this character not thus marked, as Empidonax flaviventris,
Vireo solitarius, &c., that should be.

eM

CORR ED as

Hypotryorchis columbarius Gr.
Pandion carolinensis Bon.
Empidonax flaviventris Baird.
Turdus Pallassi Cub.
; Turdus Swainsonii Cad.

es aliciz Baird.
Regulus calendula Licht.
Anthus ludovicianus Licht.
Geothlypis Philadelphia Bd.
Oporornis agilis Baird
Helmitherus Swainsonii Bon.
Helminthophaga pinus Baird. |

chrysoptera Bd.
ss celata Baird.
OF peregrina Baird.

Dendroica coronata Gray.

es castanea Baird. |

<< striata Bd.

‘s maculosa Bd.

£< tigrina Bd.

a4.
35.

Dendroica palmarum Bd.
Wilsonia pusilla Bon.
Euthlypis canadensis Cab.t
Vireo solitarius Vieill. |
Zénotrichia leucophrys Swain.

cc albicollis Bon.
Junco hyemalis Sclat.*t
Helespiza Lincolnii Baird.
Passerella illiaca Sw.
Scolecophagus ferrugineus Sw.
Charadrius virginicus Borck.
Egialeus semipalmatus Reich.
Strepsilas interpres I/lig.
Phalaropus Wilsonii Cab.

"s hyperboreus Temn.

ok fulicarius Bonap.
Macroramphus griseus Leach.
Tringa canutus Linn.
Ancylochilus subarquata Kaup.
Pelidna americana Coues.

BIRDS OF MASSACHUSETTS, ETC.

Actodromas maculata Cass.
se pusillus Cowes.
ss Bonapartii Cass.
Calidris arenaria J/liq.
Ereunetes pusilla Cass.
Micropalama himantopus Bd.
Gambetta melanoleuca Bon.
Bo flavipes Bon.
Rhyacophilus solitarius Bon.
Tringites rufescens Cad.
Limosa fedoa Ord.
‘* hudsonica Swain.
Numenius longirostris Wils.
s hudsonicus Lath.
ie borealis Lath.
Porzana noveboracencis 2
Bernicla canadensis Boze.
«¢ Hutchinsii Bon.

58.
59.
60.
61.

YD

Bernicla brenta Steph.
Anas boschas Linn.
Nettion carolinensis Bd.
Querquedula discors Steph.
Spatula clypeata Boze.
Chaulelasmus streperus Gr.
Mareca americanca Sieph.
Fulix marila Baird.

‘< affinis Bd.

** collaris Bd.
Aythya americana Bonap

st -vallisneria Bon.
Harelda glacialis Leach.
Procellaria glacialis Linn.
Sterna frenata Gambel.
Hydrochelidon fissipes Gray
Podilymbus podiceps Lawr.

V. Summer Visitants.

Of some species of which the greater part are merely summer visitants a

few individuals remain in winter, but not enough to entitle the species to be
considered resident, and are marked thus * ; those of which the greater part
pass north to breed, thus t; those of which but few reach us in summer
trom the south, thus f.

SOFC CO

Accipiter Cooperii Bon.
oe fuscus Bon.
Buteo lineatus Jard.*
‘¢ ypennsylvanicus Bon.
Coccygus americanus Bon.
0G erythrophthalmus Bp.
Sphyropicus varius Baird.

Melanerpes erythrocephalus Sw.

Colaptes auratus Swain.
Trochilus colubris Linn.
Cheetura pelasgia Steph.
Antrostomus vociferus Bon.
Chordeiles popetue Baird.
Ceryle aleyon Boie.*
Tyrannus carolinensis Bd.
Myiarchus crinitus Cab.
Sayornis fuscus Baird.
Contopus borealis Baird.
OG virens Cab.
Empidonax Traillii Bd.
BC minimus Bd.
oc acadicus Bd.
Turdus mustelinus Gmel.
‘« fuscescens Steph.
‘¢ = migratorius Linn.*
Sialia sialis Baird.
Mniotilta varia Vieill.+

Parula americana Bon.
Geotlilypis trichas Cab.
Icteria viridis Bon.
Helmitherus vermivorus Bon.
Helminthophaga ruficapilla Bd.
Siurus aurocapillus Sw.
‘¢ noveboracensis JVult.t
Dendroica virens Bd.
we canadensis Bd.t
US Blackburnize Bd.t
“ pinus Bd.
es pennsylvanicus Bd.
he estiva Bd.
ce discolor Bd.
Wilsonia minuta Bon.
Setophaga ruticilla Sw.
Pyranga rubra Vieill.
Hirundo horreorum Bart.
lunifrons Say.
s6 bicolor Vieill.
Cotyle riparia Bote.
Progne purpurea Bote.
Ampelis cedrorum Baird.
Vireo olivaceus Vieill.
‘<< gilvus Bonap.
‘¢ noveboracensis Bon.
‘* flavifrons Vieill.

96 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF

55. Mimus polyglottus Bote.¢ 81. Icterus Baltimore Daud.
56. Galedscoptes carolinensis Cab. |82. Quiscalus versicolor Vieill.
o7. Harporhyneus rufus Cab. 88. Ectopistes migratorius Sw.
58. Cistothorus palustris Cab. 84. Zenzedura carolinensis Bon.
59. ac stellaris Cab. 85. Ardea herodias Linn.

60. Troglodytes edon Vieill. 86. Ardetta exilis Gray.

61. Carpodacus purpureus Gr.*t 87. Botaurus lentiginosus Steph.
62. Passerculus savanna Bon. 88. Butorides virescens Bon.

63. Pooecetes gramineus Bd. 89, Nyctiardea Gardenii Bd.

64. Coturniculus passerinus Bon. 90. Oxyechus vociferus Reich.
65. cs Henslowii Bon. 91. Ochthodromus Wilsonius Reich.t
66. Ammodromus maritimus Sw. 92. Aigialeus melodus Cab.

67. ss caudacutus Sw. 98. Squartarola helvetica Cur.
68. Spizella pusilla Bon. 94. Hzematopus palliatus Temm.
69 *¢ socialis Bon. 95. Philohela minor Gray.

70. Melospiza melodia Baird. 96. Gallinago Wilsonii Bon.

71. Helospiza palustris Bd. 97. Symphemia semipalmata Haril.
72. Euspiza americana Bon. 98. Tringoides macularius Gray.
73. Guiraca ludovicana Sw. 99. Bartramia lacticauda Less.
74. Cyanospiza cyanea Baird. 100. Rallus virginianus Linn.
75. Pipilo erythophthalmus Vieill. |101. Porzana carolina Vieill.

76. Dolichonyx oryzivorus Sw. 102. Aix sponsa Bote.

77. Molothrus pecoris Sw. 108. Sterna hirundo Linn.

78. Ageleeus pheeniceus Vieill. 104. ‘¢ paradisea Brunn.t
79. Sturnella magna Swain.* 105. “© aranea Wils.

80. Icterus spurius Bon.} 106. «‘ fuliginosa Gm.

VI. Accidental and Irregular Visitors.

The following species are known in this State merely as rare chance visitors,
a few only excepted, from the common habitat of their respective species.
The others are very irregular in their visits. There are many other species
so extremely rare that there are but few known instances of their capture in
the State ; but from what is known of their distribution we are not to regard
them in the light of chance visitors.

1. Cathartes atratus Lesson. (19. Cardinalis virginianus Bon.
2. a6 aura Il. 20. Quiscalus major Vieill.
3. Falco candicans Gmelin. 21. Corvus carnivorus Bartram.
4. Syrnium cinereum 4ud. 22. ss ossifragus Wils.
5. Nyctale Richardsonii Bon. 23. Tetrao canadensis Linn.
6. Picoides arcticus Gray. 24. Garzetta candidissima Bon.
7. Centurus carolinus Bon. 25. Herodias egretta Gray.
8. Icteria viridis Bon. 26. Florida cerulea Baird.
9. Pyranga estiva Vieill. | 27. Ibis Ordii Bon.
10. Ampelis garrulus Linn. '28. Ochthodromus Wilsonius Reich.
11. Mimus polyglottus Bote. 29. Rallus crepitans Gm.
12. Parus hudsonicus Forster. ,80. Galiinula galeata Bon.
18. Curvirostra leucoptera Wils. ol. ‘© martinica Lath.
14, Aigiothus linaria Cad. 32. Bernicla leucopsis Linn.
15. Centrophanes lapponicus Kaup. | 383. Nettion crecca Kaup.
16. Chondestes grammaca Bon. 34. Mareca penelope Bon.
17. Helospiza Lincolnii Baird. 35. Sterna paradisea Brunn.

18. Euspiza americana Bon. 36. ** fuliginosa Gm. -

BIRDS OF MASSACHUSETTS, ETC. _ 97

Summary.
Number of species found at Springfield . : . , . 195
SF MEFS cle ‘¢ in the State . : : j 4 296
Sipe ase «s that breed in the State ; : A 5 desl
Sali tesident species arial la abe Ha he 28
Winter visitants . ‘ F : ‘ 5 j 4 a on
Spring and Autumn visitants . ~- . 2 5 , ; 75
Summer visitants . : F - 4 ; ‘ 5 . 106
Chance visitors . ; ‘ 5 ‘ 5 F ; 35

Springfield, April, 1864.

Supplemental Notes. While the preceding paper has
been passing through the press the following facts have
been ascertained :

A specimen of the Snowy Owl (Nyctea nivea Gray) was
taken in Springfield, the present year, about May 20th.
Another instance of its capture here late in May has
occurred within a few years. It has been found here
repeatedly in November, and consequently spends at least
half the year here.

A specimen of the Yellow-billed Cuckoo ( Coccygus
americanus Bonap.) was killed here in May this year, by
Mr. B. Hosford, who informs me that he obtained another
specimen here several years since. The capture of only
three specimens of this species at Springfield has as yet
come to my knowledge.

That the Hermit Thrush (Twrdus Pallasi Cab.) does
occasionally breed at Springfield I am now convinced,
having seena specimen shot here in July, but the instances
appear to be extremely rare

In the preceding list of the Birds of Springfield, the
Prairie Warbler (Dendroica discolor Baird) is mentioned
as rare, and as not breeding at Springfield. I find it not
uncommon in sandy fields, growing up thinly to pitch
pines, the present summer, where it is breeding quite
plentifully. It was not uncommon in June to hear several
males singing at a time.

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. M.

98 PUTNAM, NOTES ON THE

A pair of Yellow-breasted Chats (Icteria viridis Bonap. )
are breeding here the present season. Noticed another
_ pair in Ludlow, Mass., about June 3d, which were probably
also breeding. . Have seen a specimen taken in Berkshire
county, in the breeding season. Only straggling pairs
of this species, however, reach Massachusetts.

The following species of Hawks, though extremely
rare in winter, should probably be properly included in
the above list of “ Resident Species:” Hypotriorchis col-
umbarius Gr., Accipiter Cooper Bon., A. fuscus Bon., Bu-
teo lineatus Jard., and B. pennsylvanicus Bon.

July, 1864.

V. Notes on the Habits of some species of Humble Bees.
By F. W. Purnam.

(Communicated October 22, 1863.)

During the summer of 1862, while in Warwick, Mass.,
my attention was called to the Humble Bees by finding
three nests of Bombus fervidus Fabr. and B. vagans Smith.
These nests were formed of the deserted nests of mice,
one under a barn in an old stump of a tree, the other two
under piles of stones in a field. One of the nests of B.
Jervidus I kept in a box for some time, and watched the
actions of the bees, but as I then neglected to make full
notes, and as my first observations were confirmed by
later ones, | allude to them here only to introduce an inci-
dent which has relation to the duration of life of the
various kinds which always compose the communities of
the Humble Bees. Upon leaving Warwick I left my valise,
in which was a nest of bees, at the depot. Two months
afterwards, in November, it was brought to me, when upon
examining the nest several large queen bees were found
in a lively condition, while the males, small females and
workers were all dead. When the valise was left at the
depot there was but one queen in the nest. This incident
proves that the queens are not only late in leaving the
cells, but that they are capable of enduring cold which is

HABITS OF THE HUMBLE BER. 99

fatal to the other bees. In the summer of 1863 while at
Bridport, Vt., on the borders of Lake Champlain, I was
so successful, in my entomological excursions, as to find
as many as twenty-five or thirty colonies of bees, and to
collect fifteen complete nests. These were of the follow-
ing species: Bombus fervidus Fabr., B. ternarius Say, B.
separatus Cresson and B. virginicus Fabr. As the general
economy of these four species 1s the same, my observations
may be considered as made upon one community, pre-
ceded however by the following special statements in re-
gard to the several species. i

BomBUs TERNARIUS. ‘Two nests collected: one under an
old stump in a deserted mouse nest; the other, in Septem-
ber, under the clapboards of a house, about eight feet rom
the ground. Upon removing the boards, a large bunch of
sheep’s wool was found, evidently collected by rats, as
there was a quantity of nut shells, with the under jaw
and other bones of a rat among the wool. In the
centre of the wool the bees had their cells. By etherizing
the bees twenty-eight specimens were collected, which, as
it was after dark, when the bees are generally at home, I
have reason to believe were nearly all that belonged to
the nest. There were thirty-five cells containing young,
and thirty that were filled with honey, having their tops
covered with wax. This is the only instance of my find-
ing the honey cells closed over. - There were also a number
of bunches of pollen in which there were no eggs.

This species is not so common as B. fervidus and is far
more savage in its disposition. I was formed by Mr.
Brigham Rockwood, that he had noticed that this species
never takes possession of the nests of mice (Arvicola)
which are found so plentifully among the grass, but
always chooses a place under cover of boards or stumps.

Bompus FeRvipus. This is the most common species at
Bridport, and is of quite a gentle disposition, allowing its
nest to be disturbed for some time before it makes any
show of resistance, merely exhibiting its uneasiness by
buzzing. The communities of this species are found in
old mice nests, both under stumps and boards; and also
among the grass in the nests of the common field mice
(Arvicola riparia). They also occupy the forsaken nests

100 PUTNAM, NOTES ON THE

of the house mice, as in one instance a colony was found
under the flooring of a shed, in a nest made of bits of
paper, rags, &c. This was the largest community collected,

consisting of about seventy adult bees, one hundred and
fifty cells containing young, and two hundred young larvee,

in various stages of growth, in the pollen masses, besides
fifty cells filled with honey. ‘his nest was found on the
23d of July. July 28th a nest was discovered in which
there was a single queen bee and five or six large queen |
cells still soft and recently finished.

July 8th. Two queens were seen fighting upon the
outside of a nest. So firmly were they united that they
did not part until placed in alcohol, although pushed about
for some time. They were both of the same species, but
one might have been an invader, as I have found upon |
placing a strange queen, in a nest, that the rightful sover-
eign immediately commenced battle and in a short time
expelled the intruder.

One community kept under glass on a window, with
free ingress and egress, continued working, until, on a
very hot day, the young became baked in their cells, by
the heat of the sun. Then the old ones left and did not
return.

Aug. 6th. A nest was brought home and the cells, con-
taining young, placed apart from all old bees for the
purpose of ascertaining if the young bee cuts its own way
out of its cell. The cells were all of large size. In about
half an hour a queen bee had come out and was seen
walking over the other cells. She was immediately re-
moved and the other cells were examined, but no signs of
their having been cut could be seen. In the evening a
slit was noticed in one of the cells and the young bee was
seen at work cutting with its jaws. In a short time
it made an opening in the cell large enough for it to push
its head through. It then commenced cutting on each
side, from the slit, above and below; now and then with-
drawing its head and resting. Then it tried to force its way
through the opening, but finding this was not large enough
it cut a little more. The bee evidently did not wish to
work more than was necessary, for it often tried to force
its way out. At each attempt it made but a small enlarge-

HABITS OF THE HUMBLE BER. 101

ment of the orifice; but, after spending half an hour in
alternate work and rest, it succeeded in freeing itself from
its prison. Then it stood, for a short time, on the sides
of the cell, moving its wings, after which it commenced
walking over the other cells. This was a queen bee.
Aug. 8th, another bee came out in the same way. Aug.
10th, two. Aug. 14th, one. Aug. 15th, another, which
was the last in the cells. They were queens and all quite
light colored when just from the cells.

These facts prove that the young cut their own way
out of the cells. In another nest a young bee was seen
to come from the cell while the old bees were present,
which did not concern themselves about the matter fur-
ther than to give a few passing glances and to cut off
some jagged pieces of the cell. As soon however as the
young bee was out of the cell, one or two old bees trim-
med the edges of the cell and removed a few fragments
from the inside.

BoMBUS SEPARATUS. Several colonies of this were found
under old stumps and in other situations similar to those
in which the nests of B. fervidus were found. This spe-
cies 1s nearly as ferocious, on being disturbed, as B. terna-
rius.

Bomsus vireinicus. A single nest of this species was
found under an old stump in an orchard. On the 27th of
August three males were captured while flymg under a
large tree on which they frequently alighted. So much
did these bees resemble large flies in their actions, that at
first I mistook them for those insects. Male Humble Bees
are often seen flying in this manner under trees. Are
they not the drones which have left or been driven from
the nest?

Let us now notice the life of a colony in its different
stages. In the spring, the queen bee, having left her old
home, may be seen roaming about in search of a new one,
which she soon finds in some such place as previously
described. She immediately collects a small amount of
pollen mixed with honey, and in this deposits from seven
to fourteen eggs, gradually adding to the pollen mass until
the first brood is hatched. She does not wait, however,
for one brood to be hatched before laying the eggs of

102 PUTNAM, NOTES ON THE

another, but, as soon as food enough has been collected,
she lays the eggs for a second. The eggs are laid, in
contact with each other, in one cavity of the mass of pol-
len, with a part of which they are slightly covered. They
are very soon developed; in fact the lines are nowhere
distinctly drawn, between the egg and the larva, the larva
and pupa, and again between the latter and the imago; a
perfect series, showing this gradual transformation of the
young to the imago, can be found in almost every nest.

As soon as the larve are capable of motion and com-
mence feeding they eat the pollen by which they are
surrounded, and gradually separating, push their way in
various directions. Hating as they move and increasing in
size quite rapidly, they soon make large cavities in the
pollen mass. When they have attained their full size they
spin a silken wall about them, which is strengthened by
the old bees covering it with a thin layer of wax, which
soon becomes hard and tough, thus forming a cell. The
larvee now gradually attain the pupa stage and remain inac-
tive until their full developement. They then cut their way
out and are ready to assume their duties as workers, small
females, males or queens according to their individual
formation.

It is apparent that the irregular disposition of the cells
is due to their being constructed so peculiarly by the
larve. After the first brood, composed of workers, has
come forth, the queen bee devotes her time principally to
her duties at home, the workers supplying the colony
with honey and pollen. As the queen continues prolific,
more workers are added and the nest is rapidly enlarged.

About the middle of summer, eggs are deposited which
produce both small females and males, and it is supposed
by some observers that it is from the union of these, at
the last of the season, that the eggs are laid from which
the queens are developed: but there seems some reason
to doubt this, as a new nest, previously mentioned, was
found on the last of July occupied only by a queen and
queen larve. It is true, however, that all eggs, laid after
the last of July, produce the large females, or queens, and,
the males being still in the nest, it is presumed that the
queens are impregnated at this time, as, on the approach

HABITS OF HUMBLE BEES. 103

of cold weather all, except the queens, of which there are
several in each nest, die.

The efforts of my friend Mr. Rockwood to procure
nests for me during the winter have as yet been unsuc-
cessful, those which he had marked for removal having
been destroyed by mice.

_. It is desirable to ascertain whether the queens remain

torpid during cold weather and what use is made of the
pollen and honey stored during the last of summer and
in the fall, which perhaps is food for the queens during
the mild weather in spring before plants are in blossom.

But little wax is made by the Humble Bees, as it is only
used for covering the cocoons of the larve, for thinly
lining the nest on the inside, strengthening the old cells
which are used for honey pots, and occasionally covering
these pots, and propping up the old cells.

Durimg some years Humble Bees are very numerous.
This is generally the case when a dry and early spring is
followed by a summer producing a good crop of clover.
After such a season, if the following spring be favorable,
nests are very abundant.

Though very similar to those made by Reaumer, over a
hundred years ago, it will be noticed that my observations
differ,in several particulars, from those made by some
European naturalists who have written on the Bombi.

Some observers have stated that the eggs of the
-Humble Bee are deposited in cells, partly filled with
pollen, which are enlarged by the workers as the young
increase in size, and that the old bees, cutting holes in the
cells, feed the young until they are fully developed when
they relieve them from their prisons. This is quite con-
trary to the results of my observations in New England.

At present I cannot believe that the peculiarity of food,
or the structure of the cells, produces a difference of de-
velopement in Humble Bees, for the larve,as has been
previously stated, were seen to make their own cells from
the pollen paste, while the old bees were quite indiscrim-
inate in selecting the plants from which they procures
both pollen and honey.

Is it not more natural to believe, as has been ceeesred
to me by Professor Wyman, that the difference in the de-

104 PUTNAM, NOTES ON THE

velopement of the eggs is owing to their being laid at
various times after impregnation? Thus, if I am right in
supposing that the queens are impregnated by the males
late in the summer, the eggs laid soon after produce the
large queen larve: the next set of eggs, laid in the
spring, produce the workers, or undeveloped females,
while from those deposited still later, male bees are prin-
cipally developed.

This opinion seems to be corroborated by the state of
the nest, previously noticed, found on the 28th of July,
which had been recently commenced and contained only
queen cells, the parent queen being obliged, by her recent
impregnation, to lay only such eggs as were adapted to
the season. As no first brood of workers, or second
one of males and small females, had existed in this nest,
the eggs producing the queen larve must have been laid
by the large female or queen, found in the nest, and not
by a small female.

The fact, that our species of Humble Bees take posses-
sion of the nest of mice and rats, accounts for the large
number of mites found in most nests.

Three parasites are common in the nests of our New
England Humble Bees. They are,a small beetle of the
genus Byturus only known thus far in the imago state; a
moth of the genus Nephopteryx: the larve of which is quite
abundant in most nests, and a dipterous insect which is
often found in the larval state.

It is singular that in all the nests, which I collected,
not a single specimen of Apathus was found by Mr. Pack-
ard, though this parasitic bee is generally supposed to be
quite common in the nests of Bombi.

Additional Notes, August 3, 1864. A nest of Bombus
pennsylvanicus was found at Upton, Me., on the sixth of
last June, in which there was but a single queen bee with
seven cells of the smallest size, containing larve, and sev-
eral eggs in a mass of pollen.

A queen of B. pennsylvanicus was taken, on July 20th,
under leaves in a wood.

Professor A. E. Verrill found a queen Humble Bee in
a torpid state under leaves, before the snow was off the
ground in the spring of 1863.

LEAF-CUTTING BEE. 105

VI. Notes on the Leaf-cutting Bee. By F. W. Putnam.
(Communicated Oct. 22, 1863.)

While at Bridport, Vt., I] was enabled to make a few
observations on the habits of the Leaf-cutting Bee
(Megachile). My attention was first called, on the 26th of
June, to a female busily engaged in bringing pieces of
leaf to her cells, which she was building under a board, on
the roof of the piazza, directly under my window. Nearly
the whole murning was occupied by the bee in bringing
pieces of leaf from a rose bush growing about ten yards
from her cells, returning, at intervals of a half minute to a
minute, with the pieces which she carried in such a man-
ner as not to impede her walking when she alighted near
her hole. About noon she had probably completed the
cell upon which she had been engaged, as during the
afternoon, she was occupied in bringing pollen, preparatory
to laying her single egg in the cell. For about twenty
days the bee continued at work, building new cells and
supplying them with pollen. At the end of this time she
had probably completed her allotted task, as she was not
seen again. :

On the 28th of July, upon removing the board, it was
found that the bee had made thirty cells, arranged in nine
rows of unequal length, some being slightly curved to
adapt them to the space under the board. The longest row
contained six cells, and was two. and three quarters inches
in length. The cells averaged about one half an inch in
length; the whole leaf structure being equal to a length of
fifteen inches. Upon making an estimate of the pieces cf
leaf in this structure, it was ascertained that there must
have been at least a thousand pieces used. In addition
to the labor of making the cells, this bee, unassisted in all
her duties, had to collect the requisite amount of pollen
(and honey ?) for each cell and lay her egg therein, when
completed. Upon carefully cutting out a portion of’ one
of the cells, a full grown larva was seen engaged in spin-
ning a slight silken cocoon about the walls of its prison,
which were quite hard and smooth on the inside, probably
owing to the movements of the larva and the consequent

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. N.

106 PUTNAM, NOTES ON THE

pressing of the sticky particles to the walls. In a short
time the opening made was closed over by a very thin
silken web. The cells, measured on the inside of the hard
walls, were .35 of an inch in’ length and .15 in diameter.
The natural attitude of the larva is somewhat curved
in its cell, but if straightened, it just equals the inside
length of the cell.

On the 31st of July two female bees came out, having
cut their way through the sides of their cells. Five other
cells were opened, in the hope of finding a pupa, but with-
out success; two of them containing larve, and three,
dead bees fully formed. In these last mentioned cells,
several hundred minute Ichneumons were seen, which
came forth as soon as the cells were opened.

August 4. Three more bees came out. One was a
male, and differed from the female by not having a sting;
by its blunt abdomen; by the hairs on the under side
being fewer and shorter and not of so deep a red color,
and by being very hairy about the underside of the head.

August 5,and 6. A female came out each day, after
which no more appeared, the rest of the cells having prob-
ably been ichneumoned, as upon being opened in October,
by Mr. Packard, Ichneumons were found in nearly all.
Most of these parasites being then in the larval or pupal
stages, were probably not developed until the spring.
Are there two broods of Ichneumons in one year, or are
those that came out on the last or July of a different
species ?* '

July 3. A female Megachile was discovered making a
cell of pieces of leaf in a small hole in the ground. The
hole was about two inches in depth and the cell was just
commenced, as there were but four quite fresh pieces in
it, which appeared to have been cut from locust leaves.
This was of the same species as the one that built her
cells on the piazza, and which has been identified by Mr.
Packard as J. centuncularis.

Another species was also seen cutting pieces from the
rose leaves, but its cells could not be discovered. This

* For further obseryations on these parasites, see Mr. Packard’s remarks
in the following article.

LEAF-CUTTING BEE. 107

was yellow, with the four terminal segments of the abdo-
men black.

July 22. Twocells of Megachile were brought to me,
having been found in the crown of a bonnet in a closet.
One of these cells, about half filled with pollen (mixed
with honey?) contained a small larva, and was closed by
several pieces of leaf Which were quite fresh. The other
cell was empty and not completed.

August 4. A third species was discovered, in consid-
erable numbers, on the same bushes. These were of
about the same color as the preceding, but so much
larger as to be easily recognized.

These three species, assisted by a single specimen
of a blue species of Osmia, which was captured while
cutting out a piece of leaf, on the 28th of June, were
so numerous, and worked so diligently, that they ruined
five or six rose bushes, not leaving a single unblighted
leaf uncut, and were forced to take the leaves of a locust
tree as a substitute, though they almost invariably hov-
ered over the rose bushes before going to the locust tree.

During the last of August many specimens of the three
species of Megachile were collected from the thistle flowers,
where they were quite abundant.

VII. The Humble Bees of New England and their Para-
sites; with notices of anew species of Anthophorabia, and
a new genus of Proctotrupide. By A. S. Packarp JR.

[Communicated April 23, 1864.]

The following descriptions of all the species of Humble
Bees known to inhabit New England, together with descrip-
tions of some of their parasites will, it is hoped, draw the
attention of entomologists to the great interest attending
the study of the growth and economy of our native bees.

Mr. E. T. Cresson in a “ List of the North American
species of Bombus and Apathus” published in the Pro-
ceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia for
July, 1863, has given descriptions of over forty species of
Bombus, and eight species of Apathus. This has been of

108 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES

service to me in distinguishing our species. I have also
followed his synonymy of the species therein given.,

We have in this country nothing published concerning
the economy of our Bombi previous to the present year.
For two years past Mr. F. W. Putnam has paid consid-
erable attention to observing the habits of several species
of wild bees, the results of whicl? he has embodied in the
interesting articles preceding. I am indebted to him for
nearly all the material upoa which these notices are based.
I have also been much aided in identifying the species
by a labelled series of most of our species received from
Mr. E. Norton several years since, and more recently by
a small collection of species from different parts of the
country sent by him to the Museum of Comparative Zvdl-
ogy at Cambridge, Mass; the Museum also contains over
twelve hundred specimens, of four species, in all stages of
growth, being the collection made by Mr Putnam. I
have also had access to the small collection of this genus
in the Harris Cabinet now belonging to the Boston
Society of Natural History.

Among the numerous parasites upon the Humble Bee
we have insects belonging to the Hymenoptera, the
Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera. Each have a dis-
tinct mode of attack. The Stylops and Conops live within
the abdomen of the bee upon the fatty tissues of its body.
The Meloe clings to the outside of its body and sucks in the
juices of its victim through the joints of its corneous
harness ; and after it assumes the pupa stage, passes a period
of inactivity safely lodged among the cells of the bee’s
nest. The Byturus is less intimate in its friendship
and probably troubles the bee only as it consumes the
stores of food laid up for the bee grub, while it may also
prove to be serviceable in acting as a scavenger in
clearing the nests of the cadavers of those bees which
have perished within their enclosure The unknown
dipterous larva noticed below, is undoubtedly, from the
structure of its mouth, a carnivorous animal, and lives by
sucking in, like a leach, the juices of the young bees.
The species of Nephopteryx, which differs so much from
its allied species in its habits, feeds largely upon the
waxen walls of the bee cells. As to the habits of Apathus,

OF NEW ENGLAND. 109

in its early stages especially, we know nothing definite.
We are not yet acquainted with the forms of the larva
and pupa as distinguished from those of the bee upon
Which it is a pirasite, and indzed know the two sexes of
but a single species. As yet we know of no ichneumon
parasite of Bombus. It will be of interest to determine
whether this genus by reison of its secluded habits
while in the preparatory stages of its existence, 1s exempt
from the attacks of these vigilant enemies to most other
insects.

For a proper study of our Humble bees, we should
collect the nests and colonies from the last of May until
late in the autumn. We should watch the queen bees
as they are searching for deserted mice nests, or
other convenient places, in which to rear their colo-
nies, and follow them to their holes. We should then
watch for the different broods, and collect the young
and mature bees of both sexes, and also of the work-
ers, or undeveloped females; and as it is a well known
fact that each sex including the workers are composed of
individuals of two sizes, we should endeavor to trace the
history of each of the six forms into which the species
4s specialized and ascertain the functions of each. Early
in the spring we can only capture those queens which
have survived the winter, while late in the fall we can
often secure the males in large numbers, as they frequent
autumnal flowers.

It will therefore be necessary in order to collect the
young of all these different broods, to take the nests at
short intervals during the summer. The cells containing
the young, with whatever parasites that may be found
among them, may be placed in alcohol, while the mature
bees may be pinned. The simplest method of collecting the
nests is to visit them before sunrise or after sunset, when
all the bees are in the nest and we can secure the whole
colony. The bees can be picked up with forceps as they
emerge from the nest, or caught with the net and then
pinned. Refractory colonies may easily be quelled by
pouring in ether or chloroform, or burning sulphur at the
aperture, as is the best method of procedure with wasps’
nests. The alcoholic specimens of the mature bees may

110 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES

be dissected open for the purpose of finding the Stylops
and Conops lodged within. The author would be greatly
obliged for material to aid him in the study of our wild
bees, and would take pleasure in corresponding with those
interested in the study of their habits and forms.

Bomsus FeERviIpus Fabricius.

Male. Head yellow in front both above and below the
antenne. Thorax yellow. Abdomen yellow with the tip
black. The black band between the wings is_ broader
than in the female, while also the front is much narrower
and the legs and wings are paler. Length, .65—.70;
breadth, .30—.32 inch.

Female. Head long in front’; black, with a few yellow
hairs above the insertion of the antennze. Whole body
lemon yellow except a narrow black band between the
wings, and the two black terminal rings of the abdomen.
Wings not as dark as in B. pennsylvanicus, but dark
smoky. Legs with the second to the fifth tarsal joints
very little longer and slenderer than in the females of the
other species, though hardly differing from B. pennsylva-
nicus to which this species seems nearest allied; they are
black ; tibiz with fuscous hairs on the tip and along the
edges, while the first tarsal joint is dark fuscous above,
beneath much lighter. Compared with the male, this sex
often differs in having no yellow hairs below the antenne,
while throughout the body the hairs are finer, shorter
and more dense. The tip of the abdomen is pure black,
while in the male it is partly yellow. Length, 1—1.25;
breadth, .40—.45 inch.

Worker. Only differs in size from the female. Length,
4A0—.60; breadth, .17—.35 inch.

In a nest of this species, collected by Mr. Putnam
at Warwick, Mass., which numbered five females and
forty workers, all had black fronts below the insertion
of the antenne. But another colony of twenty fe-
males and workers from Bridport, Vt., had the fronts
almost wholly yellow, with a few exceptions. This was
especially marked in the larger sized females, while
most of the smaller sized females had black fronts. I am
hardly prepared to say that such differences as these

OF NEW ENGLAND. ll

distinguish the two broods of larger and smaller sized
females, but would at present consider that the variation
noticed above is not confired to either size.

This species is common in all parts of Maine, and is
one of the most common species in New England.

BoMBUS PENNSYLVANICUS Cresson.

Male. ‘“Wead black, intermixed with obscure yel-
lowish on the face and vertex; eyes very large and
prominent, almost contiguous on the vertex. Thorax
above and on the sides tawny-yellow, with a_ blackish |
band between the wings; in some specimens the thorax
is entirely yellowish. Wings fusco-hyaline, darkest
along the costa and towards the base. Legs black;
hairs of the basal joint of the posterior tarsi pale; tarsi
brown. Abdomen with the first three segments tawny-
yellow, slightly mixed with blackish on the base of the
first segment; remaining segments black. Beneath black,
sparsely clothed with pale hairs. Length 10 lines,”
Cresson.

Female. Head and eyes as described in B. fervidus but
the antenne are longer and more slender; black in
front. The yellow band on the thorax is broader than in
the male; in some specimens there are a few yellow hairs
on the scutellum. ‘The three basal rings* of the abdo-
men are yellow above, and the basal one is often partially
black, the remaining rings black. First tarsal joint
fuscous, much larger than in B. fervidus. In the form of
the body this and fervidus are closely allied, both being
flatter and a little longer than in the other species.
Length 1.05; breadth, .45 ; expanse of wings 1.85 inch.

The measurement given would indicate that this species
was the same size as fervidus, but it is a little larger by
about .05 inch.

From want of specimens I am obliged to quote Mr.
Cresson’s description of the male. This is our least abun-

* For convenience of description in this paper I have practically ignored
the fact that the basal ring of the abdomen is in most hymenoptera thrown
forward upon the thorax, as I have observed the passage to take place in
the semi-pupa state ; hence what is in reality the second segment of the
abdomen is called in this paper the first or basal segment.

112 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES

dant species, being very rare in Maine, but, growing more
abundant as we go southward. My specimens were col-
lected by Mr. Sanborn in the vicinity of Boston.

BomBus TERRICOLA Kirby.

Male. Head broad and short, eyes narrow, as in
B. fervidus; the front is a little broader than in that
species but the eyes do not. approximate so much
above; there are a few yellow hairs on the vertex,
and on the clypeus are a few yellow hairs mixed with
black. Front of the thorax yellow, as,are the sides;
beneath black; no yellow hairs on the scutellum.
Basal ring of the abdomen black, the second and third
rings yellow, the remainder black, with scattered tawny
hairs around the tip. Legs much as in the male of B.
fervidus, but the basal joint of the tarsus is more arcuate,
being broader in the middle, and narrowing more rapidly
towards the base; they are black except the fuscous tarsi,
with long black hairs on the under side of the femora, and
the tips of the claws are black. Length, .65; breadth,
.o2 Inch.

Compared with B. fervidus the antenne are nearly one-
fourth shorter, so that by this character it would be
easily mistaken for a worker, though the hairs are much
looser and more uneven than in the other sex.

Female. Head very broad and short, eyes of moderate
width, much as in B. pennsylvanicus; front black, dis-
colored with a few yellow hairs above and below the
antenne. There is a narrow line of black on the front
edge of the thorax; behind, and extending as far as the
insertion of the wings, is a yellow band; beyond, the
thorax and basal ring of the abdomen are black. Second
and third rings of the abdomen lemon-yellow, the hairs at
the base of each ring honey-yellow; remaining rings
black with long loose fuscous hairs about the tips and on
the hind edge of the penultimate ring, the presence of
which easily distinguishes this species from B. pennsyl-
vanicus; beneath smoky black. Wings dark smoky, but
not so much so as in the other species. ‘The legs are also
paler, but stouter with broader joints, while the femora
and the tibie are black with smoky black hairs beneath.

OF NEW ENGLAND. 413

The first tarsal joint is still more arcuate than in B. penn-
sylvanicus, and broader, while the remaining joints are
shorter and thicker and more fuscous. Length, .80—.86 ;
breadth, .45 inch.

Worker, length, .55—.60; breadth, .25—.30 inch.

This species replaces B. pennsylvanicus, in Maine
where it is one of the most abundant species. The females
are common early in the spring, while the workers
first appear in the middle of June. I have one worker
from Mr. Sanborn collected about Boston. It may be
easily mistaken for De Geer’s B. pennsylvanicus but it is
shorter, broader and somewhat smaller. In form more
regularly elliptical when seen from above than any of
the other species. The broad head, honey tint of the
basal abdominal rings, shorter antenne and especially the
fuscous hairs about the tip of the abdomen will further
distinguish it from De Geer’s species. Sometimes a few
yellow hairs are present upon the scutellum.

Bomeus vireinicus Fabricius.

Male. Wead short and broad; the front being broader
and the eyes narrower than in B. fervidus; the joints
of the antenne are also a little shorter than in that
species; vertex of the head yellow; between this and
the insertion of the antennz the front is often black
but more often yellow, while the clypeus is covered
with black and yellow hairs. Whole thorax above and
beneath, the under side of the femora and basal joint of
the abdomen yellow, while the rest of the abdomen is
black. Beneath on the side of the abdomen are thin
yellow hairs; the basal yellow portion on the upper
side of the abdomen is indented on the mesial line of
the body. The legs are a little slenderer than in B.
fervidus, while the tarsal joints are more cylindrical,
longer, more dilated and provided with longer and
slenderer spines; black; tarsal joints tinged slightly
with fuscous brown, with fuscous hairs. The whole body
is shorter and broader, more elliptical, the abdomen
shorter, the sides converge more towards the acute
tips; the wings are paler and the hairs longer and hardly
so thick as in B. fervidus. The size of the male is equal

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. O.

114 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES

to that of the worker of B. fervidus. Length, .50—.55 ;
breadth, .25—.30 inch.

Ihave carefully compared male specimens from Maine
and Massachusetts in Dr. Harris’ cabinet labelled by him
“ Bombus impatiens Say Ms.” They do not differ from
undoubted males of B. virginicus, and I agree with Mr.
Cresson in considering it as a synonym of our common
species.

I have taken the males very abundantly flying about
asters and solidagos during the middle of October, when
out of twenty males but a single worker of some other
species occurred.

Female. Head broader than in B. vagans, front black
with a few yellow hairs between the antenne, and less
than the usual number on the vertex. Thorax and basal
joint of the abdomen yellow above and on the sides,
black beneath; remainder of the body black. Wings
paler than usual. Legs with the tarsal joints longer than
in B. vagans; the first joint longer and slenderer, with
fuscous hairs on the edges,and the remaining joints
dilated more than in B. vagans; dark fuscous, with lighter
fuscous hairs. Length, .30; breadth, .42; expanse of
wings, 1.60 inches.

Worker. Uength, .50; breadth, .20 inch.
Bompus SEPARATUS Cresson.

Male. Head a little broader than in B. virginicus,
to which this species is very closely allied; the eyes
are large and full, and the front is narrower by one
third than in any other species; vertex yellow, the
tuft larger than in B. virginicus; a yellow tuft below not
reaching to the base of the labrum; both the maxille
and lingua are shorter than in B. virginicus ; lingua
with a single circle of spinules near the tip, which last
is longer ‘than in that of B. fervidus; the joints of the
antennze are shorter and more contracted in the middle
than usual. Thorax and abdomen colored as described in
worker. Legs black; tarsal joints slightly tinged with
testaceous ; femora beneath thickly clothed with long
yellow hairs ; ; first posterior tarsal joint longer and narrow-
er, remaining joints much stouter, though no longer than

OF NEW ENGLAND. PES

in B. virginicus. Abdomen wholly black beneath. Length,
.65 ; breadth, .35 inch.

Compared with B. virginicus this species is considerably
larger; the head when seen from above is much broader,
eyes twice as large, outer edge of the fore wings straight-
er, making the wings more triangular, and they are a
little darker. In form the two species are very similar. °

Worker. Head short and broad; the front is black, with
a transverse yellow tuft just above the antennz; the
hairs are remarkably short, dense and more glossy and
velvety than usual. Thorax ofa rich lemon-yellow above ;
in certain lights, especially on the sides, tinged with
pruinose. Two basal segments of the abdomen obscurely
fuscous, intermixed at the base with yellowish hairs;
second ring most distinctly fuscous; remainder of the
abdomen black, with very short hairs. Length, .55;
breadth, .22 inch.

This species connects B. virginicus with B. vagans and
B. ternarius, which last it resembles in its broad head and
compact body. The obscurely brick-red base of the
abdomen will serve to separate this species from B. vir-
ginicus, besides the smooth, glossy, velvety bloom which
is due to the short, evenly cut, dense hairs.

Mr. Cresson observes im a letter, “ that the second ring
of the abdomen varies from yellow to dark fuscous,
sometimes quite red. The hairs on the head are some-
times mixed with yellow on the vertex and sometimes
entirely black.”

Mr. Putnam collected a nest of over twenty workers at
Bridport, all of which had the second ring reddish above.
At another time a solitary male was captured which did
not differ from the workers. Another male was taken
near Boston by Mr. Sanborn.

BomBus VAGANS Smith.

Male. In form and size closely resembling B. vir-
ginicus ; the front is wholly yellow. Black; thorax above
and beneath, two basal joints of the abdomen and the
unaer side of the femora yellow; beneath, on the side
of the abdomen to just before the tip are sparse yellow
hairs. Tarsi dark fuscous, with fuscous hairs. Wings
pale. Length, .55; breadth, .28 inch.

116 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES

Compared with B. virginicus, the head is smaller,
antennee slenderer, front more yellow, and there are not
so many yellow hairs beneath the abdomen as in that
species, while the first tarsal joint is narrower and all the
joints are a little more fuscous.

Female. Wead a little narrower than usual; front dark,
with a yellow tuft above and below the antenne. Black;
thorax and the two basal abdominal rings pale lemon-
yellow. Abdomen wholly black beneath. Legs black;
femora beneath black; first tarsal and remaining joints
black. Length, .65—.80; breadth, .28—.42; expanse of
wings, 1.04 inches.

Worker. Length, .35—.50; breadth, .17—.22 inch.

This species is full and plump. The larger sized
females have finer, denser hairs than the workers, where
they are more than usually loose and uneven. ‘These last
are often found with very pale yellow hairs.

In a colony of thirty workers collected at Warwick,
Mass., by Mr. Putnam, there occurred no special variation
except in the different shades of yellow on the fronts. It
is one of our common species, and occurred abundantly
the last of August in company with B. ternarius about
Chamberlain Lake at the head waters of the Penobscot
river.

BomBvus TERNARIUS Say.

Female. Wead broad and short; front broad with yel-
low tufts above and below the antenne. Black; thorax and
basal ring of the abdomen yellow; an irregularly defined
black band between the wings, sometimes produced behind
into a triangular point on the scutellum, extending to the
base of the abdomen; second and third abdominal rings
red; fourth yellow, and the tip black; beneath black, the
posterior edges of the third and fourth abdominal rings
provided with yellow hairs. Legs black; tarsi fuscous,
especially the inner side of the first joint; femora clothed
beneath with yellow hairs. Wings pale smoky, of the
same size and formasin B. vagans. Length, .70; breadth,
.o2; expanse of wings, 1.30 inches.

Worker. Length, .40—.45; breadth, .17—.25 inch.

Male. “ Colored same as the female,’ Cresson.

OF NEW ENGLAND. Nel

Compared with B. vagans, the legs are very similar; the
first tarsal joint is however not so broad and convex
without, while the remaining joints are much the same.

In a nest of twenty-three specimens collected by Mr.
Putnam at Bridport, Vt., the scutellum was invariably
yellow. Most of these specimens have the fifth abdomi-
nal ring red, so that there are three instead of two red
rings. In nearly every case the front of the head was
darker than above described, since by their pollen gather-
ing habits the longer yellow hairs easily rub off. It is a
common and widely distributed species ranging according
to Cresson from Maine to Utah, Puget Sound and Arctic
America, and southward to Pennsylvania.

I append the description of three additional species
described from Connecticut and New York by Mr.
Cresson.

BoMBUS PERPLEXUS Cresson.

“ Male. Uead black, with a tuft of pale hairs in front
below the. antennz; vertex yellowish. Thorax bright
honey-yellow. Wings hyaline, apical margins faintly
clouded. Legs black; base of femora beneath yellowish.
Abdomen with the three basal segments bright honey-yel-
low, the third segment having a shght admixture of black ;
remaining segments black. Beneath black, shghtly mixed
with yellowish. Length 8 lines.

Female and worker not seen.

One specimen, Connecticut. (Coll. Norton.)

This species closely resembles B. hudsonicus, but the
form of the body is more elongate and not so compact as
that of the latter species, and the color is much brighter.”

BoMBUS BIMACULATUS Cresson.

“ Male. Head black, mixed with yellowish on the face
and vertex. Thorax honey-yellow. Wings sub-hyaline,
slightly stained with yellowish. Legs black, clothed with
yellowish hairs, especially on the femora beneath. Abdo-
men with the whole of the first segment above, and the
second, except a few black hairs on the middle, anda
round black spot on each side, pale honey-yellow; the
fourth segment mixed with black and yellow; the third

118 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES, ETC.

and apical segments black. Beneath yellowish, hairy.
Length, 7 1-2 lines.

Female and worker unknown to me.

One specimen, Connecticut. (Coll. Norton.)’

Bomets AFFINIS Cresson.

“ Female. Head black. Thorax in front and on the sides
yellow; between the wings black; scutellum, yellow.
Wings fusco-hyaline. Legs black. Abdomen with the
whole of the first and the sides and posterior margin of the
second segments above yellow; remainder of the second
segment rufo-fulvous; remaining segments black; be-
neath black. Length, 8 lines.

Male. Colored the same as the female, except a slight
admixture of yellowish hairs on the vertex. Length, 8
lines.

Canada, (Saunders) ; and New York, (Coll. Norton.)”

APATHUS.

The genus Apathus may be distinguished from Bombus
by the males having broader fronts, and the tibie being
convex instead of concave on the outer side, the whole
joint being rounder and thicker, while the first tarsal joint
_is longer and not so convex on the posterior edge as in
Bombus, being very straight and oblong.

The females are more easily known by having very acute,
triangular, bidentate mandibles instead of having them spat-
ulate and three toothed asin Bombus. The head is also
shorter and broader; the front is much broader, since the
eyes are a little smaller, as are the ocelli; both the
clypeus and Jabrum are shorter and broader, and the
antenne are a little stouter. The tip of the abdomen is
larger, acute, the surface convex and not concave as in
Bombus, and the sides are flat, giving the tip a quadran-
gular form.

APATHUS ASHTONI Cresson.

This is the largest New England species yet discovered
and differs very considerably in its coloration from the
others.

Female. The head is short and broad, the front broad

OF NEW ENGLAND. 119

and covered with short wholly black hairs. Thorax
lemon-yellow above, descending partially down the sides
in front of the fore wings; there is a short lozenge-
shaped black space, lying partly on the hinder edge of the
meso-scutum and the anterior half of the scutellum,
while the hinder convex edge of this last piece is rather
broadly margined with yellow. The two basal rings of the
abdomen and half of the third are black, while the side of
the third is yellow; fifth ring black above, yellow on the
sides; tip naked, large, triangular, incurved, with an oval
depression on the upper side; beneath, the body is wholly
black. Legs stout, short, black: tips of the tibia fuscous ;
the inside of the first tarsal joint partially, or in certain
lights, wholly deep fuscous; remaining joints dark fus-
cous; the fifth one including the claws darker than the
others. The wings are a little paler thanin A. elatus,
with black veins. Length, .75; breadth, .35; expanse of
wings, 1.45 inches.

I have taken several female specimens of this handsome
species during the middle and last of summer, at
Brunswick, Me. There is one specimen, “ No. 215,” not
labelled, in the Harris collection belonging to the Boston
Society of Natural History, which, as nothing to the
contrary is stated, must have been captured near Boston.

In size and form and partially in its colors it is similar
to B. fervidus, and is perhaps a parasite upon it.

APATHUS CONTIGUUS Cresson.

Male. Front black; vertex yellow; thorax and two
basal joints of the abdomen yellow ; body beneath, and the
five terminal joints of the abdomen black. Legs black ;
tarsi fuscous, the basal joint blackish except on the edges.

It very closely resembles B. vagans Smith, differing from
it by the nearly twice as broad front, which is black
instead of yellow, as in B. vagans, and the body is entirely
black beneath, where B. vagans has long yellow hairs.
Length, .67; breadth, .28 inch. (Mus. Comp. Zodl., Mr.
Norton.)

APATHUS CITRINUS Smith.

Male. Front black, a few greyish-yellow hairs on the
vertex. Thorax and four baso-abdominal rings covered

120 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES, ETC.

with sparse greyish-yellow hairs, being very thin between
the wings, and on the middle of the fourth joint of. the
abdomen; beneath black. The abdomen is at the ex-
tremity a little broader and more incurved than in the
preceding species. My specimen is very pale greyish-
yellow, Mr. Cresson however describes it as “ pale lemon
or greyish-yellow above and on the sides,” and it is most
probable that the specimen before me is hardly mature.
Legs, outer half of tibie, and tarsi fuscous. Length, .55 ;
breadth, .28 inch. (Mus. Comp. Zool., Mr. Norton.)

APATHUS ELATUS Cresson.

Male. Very closely resembling B. fervidus Fabr. The
headis black, rest of the body, except a black band
between the wings, and the black tip of the abdomen
deep lemon-yellow. Wings much darker than in the pre-
ceding species. Legs black, sometimes dark fuscous;
femora clothed with yellowish hairs beneath. The extreme
tip of the abdomen has a few fulvous, or yellow hairs.
Distinguished from B. fervidus chiefly by the black front.
Length, .55—.85 ; breadth, .25—.35 inch.

NEPHOPTERYX Hiibner.

NEPHOPTERYX EDMANDSII nov. sp.

Cinereous, with a decided purplish hue. Head, an-
tenn, thorax and abdomen rather pale cinereous, con-
colorous, without any dark scales; palpi much darker at
the tips and on the outer side; within paler. Fore wings
with two transverse parallel lines; the inner one a little
outside of the basal third of the wing; blackish, diffuse,
angulated just before the costa, straight below; a slight
blackish discal dot ; the outer sub-marginal line is situated
on the outer fourth of the wing; it is dark within, the outer
half pale, straight, angulated acutely opposite the discal
dot; not angulated in the costa; just within this line and
in front of the discal dot there is a pale patch, free from
the dusky scales. An obscure marginal row of dots, the
apical one much larger than the others. Fringe pale cine-
reous. Secondaries, abdomen and legs uniform pale shiny

OF NEW ENGLAND. 121

cinereous; the former paler towards the internal edge ;
beneath both wings are nearly concolorous, the primaries
a little darker however, but without any markings.
Length of the body, .87; expanse of wings, .75 inch.

Larva. Body cylindrical, tapering slightly towards
each end. The head is of moderate size and somewhat
flattened as usual, presenting the usual semi-elliptical
form ; the three simple eyes are placed in nearly a straight
line parallel with the anterior edge of the pro-thoracic
ring. The pro-thoracic (cervical) shield is sub-lunate ;
each of the two succeeding rings is impressed by three
transverse lines, forming four transverse ridges. On the
abdominal rings there is but one of these impressed lines
like the suture between the different rings, except that it
extends only as far as the sides of each ring; like the
sutures they are roseate flesh-colored; there are two
sub-dorsal rows of minute setiferous tubercles, one on each
elevation of the rig; and a similar lateral row; the
pleural region is raised considerably; of the nine stig-
mata, the pro-thoracic one and the last abdominal one
are the largest, and the pro-thoracic stigma is placed a
little below the line of the others ; the supra-anal plate
is semi-oval ; ten pairs of rather short abdominal (prop-)
legs. Ofa pale flesh-color with the lnes and sutures
deeper roseate. Length, .45; breadth, .08 inch.

These larvee were observed Jan. 16th, twenty or more in
number, in a box containing the remains of a nest of
. Bombus fervidus taken during the previous fall at Warwick,
Mass. The larve had eaten up all the cells, and while
some were spinning their thin cocoons, which were very
slight compared with those of Galleria, the honey-bee
moth, others had died for want of food.

Pupa. The body is obtusely spindle-shaped, since the
upper and under sides are continuously convex from the
head to the tip of the abdomen. Head prominent, the
front convex; epicranial piece large and broad, convex
behind, on the sides deeply excavated for the insertion
of the antenne; the clypeus nearly round, being convex
behind and on the sides, which narrow towards the square
shehtly concave front; in front of the clypeus is the
transversely narrow labrum which is a little produced in

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. P.

122 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES, ETC.

front and obtusely pointed; in front are two triangular
pieces, united for a slight distance along the mesial line,
but they soon separate to allow the base of the maxille
to pass up between them; these last are very long and
slender, and with the legs and wings extend down to the
anterior edge of the fifth abdominal ring ; the forewings
are long, narrow and acute, the outer edge very oblique,
and continuous with the hind edge; the pro-thorax is
short, excavated in front, with a slight mesial tooth; the
hind margin convex, with a mesial excavation corres-
ponding to the tooth in front; there is a mesial ridge
on the pro- and meso-thorax; the meso-scutellum is sol-
dered in front without suture, behind acutely pointed ;
behind is (probably) the post-scutellum, transversely
linear, but distinct; meta-thorax as usual, square behind;
the second pair of wings are visible at their insertion and
along the hinder edge. Ten abdominal rings very equal
in length, minutely punctured, smooth on the emarginated
hind edge; from the fifth, the tip slowly becomes conical ;
the extreme tip is rather obtuse, not spmous, but with a
few hairs. In color it is of the usual reddish testaceous
tint, but paler thanusual. Length, .34; breadth, .08 inch.

The year after this larva was discovered at Warwick, Mr.
Putnam raised it from the larve found in bees’ nests at
Bridport. This species is respectfully dedicated to Miss
A. M. Edmands of Cambridge, who was the first to draw
attention to its interesting habits. In this respect it differs
much from other species of the same genus. Ratzeburg
in his “ Forstinsecten” figures two species which feed on
the pine leaves, and Dr. Clemens* describes the habits of
two species which feed upon the American Elm.

Microcaster Latreille.
MICROGASTER NEPHOPTERICIS nov. Sp.

Male. The body of this species is black with pale and
black-brown legs. The eyes are provided with short scat-
tered pale hairs thickest around the margin like those on

*Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 205. 1860.

OF NEW ENGLAND. 123

the head, which is wholly black. The surface is finely

punctured, and the front is covered with fine hairs, espec-
_ially thick on the middle of the clypeus where they form
two lines of silvery hairs ponmiting ‘inwards, while the lines
themselves diverge outwards, thus forming a triangular
space, and below is another triangle of silvery, but much
shorter hairs on the labrum; the four sub-equal jointed
labial palpi are pale testaceous; the basal joint darker;
the three-jointed maxillary palpi have the middle joint
pale, the other two darker. The surface of the black
thorax is hardly punctured, but finely and irregularly
striated. The pale white wings contrast with the black
body; patagia pale testaceous; base of the wings black,
nervures pale; the marginal one darkening towards the
blackish pterostigma which is a little paler in the middle.
Legs black at their base; outer two-thirds of first pair,
outer half of second, and tip of third pair of femora pale ;
fore and middle tibie and tarsi pale, hind pair pale on the
basal two-thirds; the hind tarsi dark; all three pairs of
claws blackish. Abdomen black, with a few pale sparse
hairs. Length of body, .13; breadth, .03; length or one
primary wing .09 inch.

This species agrees well with the typical European
species in most respects. The antenne are 18 jointed,
and the joints are long cylindrical, impressed in the middle
by a slight constriction. The neuration is like Ratzebure’s
figure of WZ. flavilabris, but the pterostigma is a little
broader, and the outer cubital cell is still more incomplete,
no traces of the third and outer side of the minute trian-
gular cell being present.

Two males found by Mr. Putnam to be parasitic on the
species of Nephopteryx described above, were raised by
him while at Bridport, Vt.

Conops Linnzeus.

The history of this genus is very fragmentary. I quote
from Westwood’s “ Modern Classification of Insects” a
summary of what was known in regard to its habits up to
the date of the publication of that work. “These insects are

124 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES, ETC.

generally prettily colored, and are met with upon plants and
flowers. ‘The species are parasites in the larva state upon
bees, as first discovered by Baumhauer. Latreille also
states that the Conops rujfipes undergoes its transforma-
tions in the interior of the abdomen of living humble bees,
escaping at the margin of the segment, having reared four
specimens of the Conops in a box in which he had placed
some of the Bombi; and Messrs. Lachat and Audouin
have published an interesting memoir upon an apod larva
found in the intestines of Bombus lapidarius which La-
treille attributed to this species of Conops. M. Robineau
Desvoidy has also observed a species of Conops pursuing a
Bombus with great patience, and flying on it several
times (Comptes Kendus de V Acad. No. 23, 1836), as has
also M. Dufour, who, moreover, possesses a Bombus terres-
tris from the anal part of which a Conops rufipes is depen-
dent, the swollen extremity of the abdomen of -the latter
being retained within the former. (Ann. Sc. Nat. Jan.
1837.) I have also frequently observed Myopa atra flying
about sand-banks in which were the burrows of various
bees.” Vol. 1 p. 560.

I translate two passages from the memoir of Messrs.
Lachat and Audouin*, referred to above, which describe
the larvee and their habits. “ A white, very soft and foot-
less larva (figs. 1, 2, 3, 4,) was found the 7th July 1818,
between the ovaries above the stomach, between it and
the sting and under the dorsal vessel of a Bombus lapida-
rius Fabr. which was deprived of its fat; it had eleven
rings, a long neck, a mouth, two lips, two hooks and
several papille dependant from the skin; the rest of
its body was distended, a little furrowed above and be-
neath, by a longitudinal series of points grouped usually
three by three on the side of each ring, which likewise
appeared plainly constricted. The extremity opposed
to the mouth, corresponds to the rectum of the Bombus,
has an anus slit vertically, and two more elevated lateral
plates, placed near each other and very curious in their
organization and their importance. It bears much resem-

*Mémoire sur une larve apode trouvée dans le bourdon des pierres. Mém.
de la Soc. d’Hist. Nat. 1823. Tom. 1. p. 826-339. avec fig.

OF NEW ENGLAND. 125

blance to Dipodiwm apiariwm of Bose, and is like several
dipterous larvie described by Réaumur (Mémoires, tomes
Ivand v.) M. Latreille refers it to Conops rufipes of
which he has found four individuals in a box in which he
had placed some Bombus terrestris Fabr.”’

“This larva, then, passes its first three stages, lodged
directly within another insect, there living upon the fats,
and receiving like most dipterous larve, through its pos-
terior openings, an abundant supply of air, that another
being inspires for it. Already has M. Dumeril surmised,
that from the curvature of its abdomen, the Conops must
lay its eggs within the body of some other insect.”

The larve are represented by the authors as being flask-
shaped, convex above, flattened beneath, with the anterior
portion of the body elongated and very slender; while
upon the obtuse anal extremity are placed the crescentic
respiratory organs.

We have nothing new to communicate respecting the
habits of this genus, but merely to note the occurrence of
a species which is parasitic either upon Bombus vagans
Smith, or B. fervidus Fabr. Unfortunately the specimen
died while issuing from the body of the bee so that the
wings were not expanded and the colors were not devel-
oped; and since a colony of each of the two species above
mentioned were pinned in the box, itis uncertain upon
which species the Conops was a parasite.

In the dilapidated specimen, which Baron Osten Sacken
has referred to the genus Conops after reading my descrip-
tion, the large eyes do not meet on the vertex, but their
opposite edges are straight and parallel, leaving the front
of the head between them of even width above and below,
and as wide as the breadth of either of the eyes; the
front is deeply excavated for the reception of the antennz.,
on each side of a triangular prominence ; the antenne
are apparently threejointed; the first very long, square,
and truncated at the tip; the second is a third shorter
than the basal jomt, but broader and conical, and contin-
uous with the slender, minute, acute third joint ; the pro-
boscis is very long, reaching nearly to the tip of the abdo-
men and clavate at the extremity. The abdomen: is
apparently somewhat shrivelled, and iy cylindrical, the

126 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES, ETC.

tip a little obtuse and incurved. The legs are large and
long, with stout joints and strong claws; the femora are
dilated, the tip of the tibia much enlarged; and the
tarsal joints are broadly triangular.

Notes on an unknown larva allied to that of Volucella. «

Westwood (Intr. 1. p. 558) states that the “ larve of Vol-
ucella reside in the nests of Bombi and Vespe, upon the
larvee of which they subsist; they have the body long, nar-
rowed in front, transversely wrinkled, with fine lateral
points, and the tail armed with six radiating pomts ; the
mouth is armed with two bifid mandibles, and with three
pairs of tentacula.” The pupe of this genus have not
been described, DeGeer figuring only the larva and imago
of V. bombylans (Mém. tom. vi. tab. 8. fig. 4—9;, and see
Réaumur, J/ém. tom. iv. pl. 33.)

Several nests of Bombus fervidus and B. vagans were
found by Mr. Putnam to be infested by larve which it
wil be seen agree in many respects with the above
description of those of Volucella.

They were 13jointed. The terminal triangular portion
appears to consist of a single ring, though in reality made
up of three segments soldered together. In form the
larve are oval lanceolate, narrowing in front, and the
dorsal surface is convex continuously from the head to
the anal tip, and beneath flattened; with two dorsal and
two lateral rows of stout bristles spinulated at the base.
The head is broad oblong, flattened from above; it is
nearly as long as the pro-thoracic’ ring, and two-thirds as
broad; very square in front, the sides are parallel and very
slightly convex, arising from the front edge of the head,
and above the mouth are two minute sete which do not
appear to be jointed, or to differ structurally from the
other spinules upon the surface of the body, except
that they are simple; these are all the appendages to the
head that can be seen when the mouth is rétracted; in
one specimen however where the mouth is partially
thrust out there is seen attached a v-shaped organ (max-
ill?) such as are described as occurring in Volucella ; on

OF NEW ENGLAND. 1 Ar

each side and near the base of the head is a convex raised
vertical ridge, with its edge armed with obtuse short
spines which probably protect a simple eye situated at the
bottom of the depression. The middle of the body is -
nearly twice as wide as the pro-thoracic ring. All the
rings are separated by well defined sutures; they are
convex, and angularly so on the sides; the spies are
very equal in length, the two dorsal rows approximate
and are rather remote from the two lateral rows; the
tip of the abdomen, which, judging from the three pairs
of spines, is originally composed of three rings, is semi-
ovate, triangular in form, suddenly flattened above; at
the base is a pair of obsolete spines; the remaining spines
are longer than those on the front of the body, radiating
outwards, but hke them are armed at the base with three
or four pairs of obtusely bifurcate spinules which stand
out stiffly at right angles to the spine itself; the lon-
gitudinal anal opening is protected on the sides with
minute obtuse spines; on the under side of each ring
of the body, with the exception of the terminal one, are
two transverse angulated ridges; the front one smooth,
while the posterior ridge is provided witha single row
of minute teethlike spines. The larve are of a dirty pale
flesh color. The head is concolorous with the rest of the
body and of but little harder consistence. Length, .36;
breadth, .10; height, .07 inch.

While bearing a general resemblance to the larva of
Volucella as figured by Westwood, they differ in being
much narrower, very hairy, or rather spinulated, and the
terminal portion of the body is not provided with stout
spines as in Volucella, but is continuously hairy with the
rest of the body.

I quote in this connection notices by Westwood of
other dipterous genera which are parasitic on wild bees,
with the hopes of stimulating observers in this country to
search for these interesting parasites in the nests of
American wild bees.

“Some species of Anthrax were supposed by Latreille
to be parasitic on bees, while Réaumur (Jém. tom. vi. pl.
27. fig. 15) figures Anthrax morio, of which he observes.
“Plusieurs mouches de cette espéce ont été tirées d’un

128 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES, ETC.

nid creusé dans le bois”. p. 290. “ All these authors
have, however, overlooked the direct observations of
Schaffer, who has figured the larva, pupa and imago of
Anthrax ornata (or a closely allied species) as one of the
parasites in the nest of the Mason bee (Megachile muraria)
(Abhand. v. Ins. vol. 1. pl. 5. figs. 11, 12, 13.)”

“M. V. Audouin has confirmed in his unpublished obser-
vations the parasitic habits ot Anthrax morio by rearing it
from the nest of an Anthophora. He hag given me one of
the exuviz of the pupa, which retains its previous pupa-
form, and exactly resembles the pupa of Bombylius. He
remarked that the Anthrax makes its way out of the cell
of the bee, immediately before assuming the perfect state,
by the assistance of its dorsal spines, in the same manner
as Cossus. I have also found exactly similar exuvie in
the nest of Megachile muraria.” p. 534.

The muscid genus Tachina besides attacking parasitically
grasshoppers, caterpillars, the larve of saw-flies and other
insects, 1s known also to frequent the burrows of the
smaller species of wild bees, such as the Andrenide.

ANTHEROPHAGUS Latreille.

ANTHEROPHAGUS OCHRACEUS Melsheimer.

' Female. Pale testaceous honey yellow, with darker
antenne, legs, and elytra; the head and pro-thorax above
and beneath are honey yellow; the anterior two-thirds
of the head, pro-thorax and elytra is covered with very
fine yellowish hairs arising from the fine punctures which
cover the upper part of the body; the antenne are also
very finely haired; on the head the minute hairs are
arranged longitudinally ; while upon the pro-thorax they
all converge to a mesial point near the hind edge of the
pro-notum. The elytra are a little darker especially along
the suture. The ends of the antennal joints, the base of
the coxe and tibiz, and tip of the terminal joint of the
tarsi are black. Length of the body, .16—.18; breadth,
.06—.08 inch.

This species was identified for me by Mr. F. G. Sanborn
of Boston. He informs me that the species is common

OF NEW ENGLAND. 129

on the flowers of the sweet briar and other Rosacez,
but that my female specimen is much larger than usual.
Hence the above description will not be out of place.

Both at Warwick, Mass., and at Bridport, Vt., Mr. Put-
nam found several nests of bees infested by this beetle.
Though it is probable from the fondness which these in-
sects manifest for the sweets of flowers, that they visit the
nests of the bees for the purpose of consuming the honey
stored up within them, we do not as yet know the extent
of the injury they cause, or whether in their early stages
of growth they are not true parasites.

Larva of MELOE ANGUSTICOLLIS Say.

This insect, as is well known, is parasitic in its early
larval stage on the bodies of wild bees, and dwells as a
pupa in their nests. I have found them several’times upon
the bodies of Bombus, Halictus, and Andrena, with their
heads plunged in between the head and thorax of their
victims. During the flowering of the willows in April, I
have found them in abundance upon the flowers, while
those bees which had evidently brought them there were
more or less infested by them. I have tried in vain as
yet to rear the larve by feeding the bees with sugar.
They are comparatively. hardy and with proper care in
changing the bees as fast as they die can most probably
be raised to maturity. They are very active in their
habits, very quickly deserting the halfdead bee for a
newly introduced and more lively one.

I would here venture to suggest that there is nothing
very abnormal in the development of this genus of Coleop-
tera, so far as concerns the different forms of the young ;
judging simply from the form of the semi-pupa figured by
Newport, which is called by him and previous observers
a distinct form equivalent to the larva and pupa form, I
would suggest that that stage is simply the beginning of
the pupa form.

In studying the development of Bombus, I have ascer-
tained that the semi-pupa takes on a most remarkable form,
intermediate between that of the worm-like larva and the

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. Q.

130 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES, ETC.

matured pupa: but the transitional forms between show
that they gradually merge together. Owing to the great
rapidity with which the pupa is developed beneath the
larval skin which in most insects is hard and thick, the
intermediate stages pass on so rapidly that we know really
little about them.

The “ semi-pupa,” as it may be called of Meloe has not
been compared with the similar stage in other Coleoptera,
of which we know almost nothing, hence it is not to be
wondered at that so philosophic and acute an observer as
Newport should call the immature pupa of Meloe,a fourth
stage of existance, intermediate between the larval and
pupal.

The specific characters of our larva can be beat brought
out by comparing it with the figure of Newport.* It is
shorter and broader throughout. The head and thoracic
rings are together longer than the abdomen, which is
shorter and more ovate than in the European species;
the head is longer and the pro-thoracic ring is longer
than the two succeeding rings, where, according to New-
port’s figure, it is a little shorter than the mesial thoracic
ring; the two hinder rings also dilate more on the poste-
rior edge, as do the abdominal rings; the setz attached
to the hinder edge of each abdominal segment, which are
large and conspicuous in Newport’s figure, are in our
species minute, and the terminal sete are shorter; the
legs of our larve are a little stouter than in the species
referred to. Its color in the young is very pale, becom-
ing in the full sized individuals nearly black. Length, .06;
breadth, .02 inch.

Notice of StyLops CHILDRENI Gray.

I was fortunate enough during the past spring and after
this article was presented to the Institute, to discover the
male of this species.

According to Westwood (Modern Class. Insects) this
species was discovered in the abdomen of a species of

* Trans, Linn. Soe. Vol. 20, tab. 14.

OF NEW ENGLAND. 131

Andrena, carried to England from Nova Scotia, which was
in the collection of Mr. G. B. Sowerby; it was figured by
Prof. Westwood and with many details formed plate 59 of
Griffith’s Cuvier, Part Insects. Though named by Mr.
Gray, no description has ever been made. ‘The insect has
not subsequently been noticed by observers in this coun-
try.

On the 29th of April I captured an dAndrena placida
Smith flying about the flowers of the Mezercon. This
specimen was stylopized, and flying briskly within the
nest and in company with the bee wasa male Stylops,
which agrees in all respects with Westwood’s figures, ex-
cept that he does not represent the abdomen as being long
enough. Ina few hours my specimen died, and its abdo-
men long and flexible, which the insect had kept in con-
stant motion, opening and shutting its large and broad
anal forceps, soon partially dried up, then resembling more
Westwood’s figure which must evidently have been taken
froma dried specimen. The whole body, the antenne
and appendages of the mouth were velvety black; abdo-
men slightly brownish; legs and anal forceps pale resinous
brown; the tarsal joints, and tips of tibiz pale testaceous.

IT have little doubt but that this male was at the time of
capture adhering to the body of the bee in order to unite
with the wingless female within the abdomen of the bee,
and thus the use of the long flexible abdomen and large
terminal forceps are obvious.

Is the wingless specimen a pupa, or female? That it is
a female, and was destined in about six wecks to produce
immense numbers of young there can be little doubt.*

| proceed to notice a female and young discovered dur-
ing the preceding year.

On the 18th of June while collecting Hymenoptera
which were feeding upon the flowers of the garden Rasp-
berry I captured an Andrena vicina Smith, which was
stylopized. Near the middle of the abdomen, on the upper
side, projected from between the rings, the flat triangular
head of the female. Upon drawing out the whole body,

* During the middle of May I captured two more of the same species of
Andrena, each with a female Stylops within its body.

132 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES, ETC.

which was very extensible, baggy and full of a thin fluid,
I examined it under a high power and found multitudes,
at least three hundred, of very minute, dust-like Stylops
larvee issuing in every direction from the body of the
parent. Most of them issued from near the head, over
which they ran, as they must do when the parent is in its
natural position, in order to get out upon the surface of
the bee. The soft body of the female rapidly dried up,
causing the death of many of the larve, and as | was un-
able to rear them, my only object in mentioning them now,
is to describe briefly the appearance of the female and the
young at the time of birth. It appears therefore that the
female does not lay eggs, but is viviparous. Siebold was
_ the first to show that the females were such, though ap-
terous, wormlike, of so abnormal form and so different
from the winged male; and it seems a little strange that
Westwood and others should call this form a “ larva”
~ when they plainly perceived that its body was filled with
the newly hatched young. The head of the single female
that fell under my observation resembles very closely the
figures of Newport in the Linnean Transactions; it is
flattened, triangular, nearly equilaterally so, with the apex
or mouth-region obtuse, and the two hinder angles each
containing a minute simple eye ; the larger part of the head
above consists of the epicranium, which is narrowed in
front and its edge convex; no clypeus, or labrum can be
distinguished; the mandibles are also obsolete, being two
flattened portions lying in front of the “‘ gena” and sepa-
rated from that region by a very distinct suture; the mouth
is transverse and opens on the upper side of the head,
while in front lies the rather large labium, and the rounded
papilliform maxille.

The larve are in form linear elliptical; head semi-ovate,
while the tip of the abdomen is truncate. The sides of
the body are continuous, there being no suture between
the segments; seen laterally the larva is thickest at the
meta-thoracic ring. Two simple eyes are lodged near the
base of the head. The body is so transparent that the
intestine can be traced easily to just before the tip, where
it ends in a cul de sac. The two anterior pair of legs are
much alike ; coxze short; femora and tibia small, cylindri-

OF NEW ENGLAND. a sys)

cal; asingle slender tibial spur; tarsi consisting of a single
clavate joint equalling the tibia in length, much swollen at
the tip, where no claws can be discovered; the hind tarsi
are longer, very slender, two jointed, the terminal one being
bulbous. The pair of terminal stylets inserted in the four-
teenth and terminal joint of the body area little more than
one half the length of the body. The whole body, espe-
cially the abdomen is partially covered with long setose
scales, which project from the side of each rmg. In color
the body is pale grayish. ;

In their movements these infinitesimal larvee were very
active, as they scrambled over the surface of the body of
the parent or of the glass slide, holding their caudal sete
nearly erect.

Notes on a new species of Anthophorabia parasitic on the
Leaf-cutting Bee, and a new genus of Myrmarides
probably parasitic on the former.

In Westwood’s “ Introduction to the Modern Classifica-
tion of Insects,” we find the following notices of chalcid
parasites on wild bees and wasps. ‘“ Pteromalus apum
is parasitic gregariously in the nest of the mason bee. A
brood of Encyrtus varicornis was obtained by Esenbeck
from a cell of Eumenes coarctata. Réaumur has described
and figured (Meém. vi. pl. 20, fig. 2, and pl. 21, fig. 3,) a
species of Chalcis, which is parasitic in the nests of the
American wasp (Lpipone nidulans) and which he regard-
ed as the female of that wasp.” Westwood also mentions
that Monodontomerus lives in the nests of Osmia, the ma-
son bee; and on the authority of Audouin states that the
same genus is also “ parasitic in the provisioned nests of
Odynerus, Anthophora and Osmia. The male has most
singular antenne, and minute rudiments of wings, so that
it does not quit the cell.”

Newport* has given us many new details of the history
of the wild bee parasites. He states that the larvee of
Monodontomerus are flat, very hairy, and spin silken co-

* On the Anatomy and Development of certain Chalcidze and Ichneu-
monidz. Trans. Linn. Soc. Vol. 21, 1855.

134 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES, ETC.

coons when about to pupate. The imago appears about
the last of June, perforating the cell of the bee. The lar-
va isan “ external feeding parasite” consuming the pupa
as well as the larva of Anthophora. Very full information
is given concerning the habits and structure of two spe-
cies of a new genus of these minute parasites, which he
calls Anthophorabia. The males differ remarkably from
the females, especially in having simple eyes instead of
compound organs of sight, besides the usual three ocelli.

We were fortunate enough in cutting open the cells
of Megachile centuncularis, brought by Mr. Putnam from
Bridport, Vt., to find that nearly a dozen were ichneu-
moned by these parasites. There were counted in one cell
upwards of one hundred and fifty of the larve; whereas
Mr. Newport only found thirty to fifty in a cell of Antho-
phora. A few perfect females had hatched out, it being
the middle of October, and there were besides a few pupa,
but the large majority were larve which have survived
the winter as such, so that a new and much larger spring
brood of the Chalcids must appear, when it is to be hoped
we shall have an opportunity of describing the male.
The larve were all clustered upon the outside of the
dead and dry Megachile larva.

Upon one of the female Anthophorabia I accidentally
discovered an exceedingly minute Proctotrupid, one-nin-
tieth of an inch in length, which I am unable to refer to
any known genus, and which will be found partially
described on a following page; it is highly probable that
it is an egg-parasite, as are most of the Mymaride, to
which section it properly belongs; and it is not too large
to live in the eggs of the Anthophorabia, small as the last
named insect is.

ANTHOPHORABIA MEGACHILIS Nov. sp.

Female. The head is very stout, broad and flattened
posteriorly ; the front is rounded ovate, narrowing a little
anteriorly ; the occiput is very distinct, and its vertex is
very considerably elevated and slightly angulated; above
the ocelli-bearing piece it is linear, but towards the eyes
widens out into a linear triangular portion; in front, isa

OF NEW ENGLAND. 185

tranversely oblong piece bearing the three ocelli; in front
of this is a smooth triangular area which rapidly contracts
to a narrow line which connects this area with the ante-
rior portion of the epicranium, thus dividing the front
region of the head into two lateral halves composed of the
large broad pieces, unusually developed in this genus,
which bear the ovate eyes; the anterior portion of the
epicranium is narrow triangular, and its surface is very
convex; clypeus very short, tranversely linear oblong ;
the mandibles are long and narrow, their tips very acute
and slightly incurved ; antenne nine-jointed ; second joint
nearly as long as all the remaining ones collectively, a little
dilated beyond the middle, but not bent so much as in A.
fasciata Newp.; the succeeding four joints are shorter and
more closely united together | than in A. fasciata and the
three terminal ones are united apparently into a single
joint more acute than in the Huropean species. Thorax
and abdomen much flattened, hardly convex above; pro-
thorax longer than broad, triangular; meso-scutum very
small, trapezoidal, the sides converging a little towards
the scutellum, which is larger than the scutum, oblong,
twice as long as broad, the sides very exactly parallel and
a little convex behind next the curved transversely oblong
post-scutellum; on each side is a linear oblong parapsidal
piece, and the parapsidal pieces on each side of the
scutum are here especially marked, occupying a space
larger than the scutum itself; meta-thorax narrow, small,
shorter than broad. The fore wings have the costa divided
into three-convex portions of which the basal third is
most convex ; the sub-costal nervure follows these convex-
ities, terminating nearly at the outer third of the wing,
directed inwards at its extremity towards the middle of
the wing, being more incurved than in A. fasciata. Hind
wings nerveless, lanceolate, obtusely angulated in the
middle of the costa, apex sub-acute. The legs are rather
long and slender ; coxe long; femora, especially the hind
ones, considerably swollen ; tibiz long, slender, not dilated
at the extremity, with very slight and unequal spurs ;
tarsi five-jointed, slender, of very equal length, not dilated
at the extremity, hairy and having the tip of each joint
provided with a slender spine. The six-jointed abdo-

136 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES, ETC.

men is flattened, oblong, ovate, the sides quite paral-
lel ; tip a little obtuse ending in the slightly exserted
ovipositor which is only visible from beneath. The body
is of a uniform pitchy blackish brown including the entire
head and antenne. The legs are of a uniform pale testa-
ceous honey yellow. Length, .04 inch.

Pupa. Side view. Head and thorax very exactly
equal in length to that of the abdomen. The head is very
narrow, and the rather long ovate eyes are situated nearly
midway between the vertex and the anterior edge of the
“oena” near where the antenne are inserted. The thorax
is bent at nearly right angles to itself a little in front of
the middle; the terminal half of the antenne lie near and
parallel to the wings and the middle pair of long slender
legs, which last reach to the middle of the abdomen. The
first pair of legs are seen bent upon themselves midway
between the insertion of the wings and the head; only the
femora and tibiz are visible, the tarsi being laid under the
antenne and the front of the head. Only the first pair of
wings are visible, being inserted just half way from the
vertex of the head to the base of the abdomen; they are
long and narrow oblong, and in length equal the distance
from the vertex of the head to a point parallel with the
base of the abdomen. From under the tip of the wings
proceed the tarsi of the last pair of legs, which terminate a
little beyond the basal third of the abdomen; they are a
little incurved towards the middle of the sternal surface.
The meso-scutellum is distinctly seen, and is quite sepa-
rate from the meta-thorax, when the body of the pupa is
slightly contracted. In outline, the abdomen is elongate
oval; the pleural line between the tergum and under side
runs diagonally from the tergum of the base to near the
tip. The minute, slender ovipositor surrounded by the
pupal membrane projects considerably beyond the tip.

It differs very considerably from Newport’s figure of
the pupa (side view) of A. fasciata. The head is larger
and the vertex much Jengthened, rismg up beyond the
thorax which is stouter and bent at right angles to itself,
while in A. fasciata it is simply convex. The wings are
laid straight upon the side of the body, while in 4. fasci-
ata they are directed a little forwards.

OF NEW ENGLAND. aT

Seen from below, in its general outline, the insect, is
long, narrow, elliptical ovate. The head is ovate, being
longer than broad, and narrowing in front of the eyes; the
vertex is very high and convex; eyes remote, the interme-
diate space broad and curvilinearly ridged just within the
eyes; between the insertion of the antenng and the eyes
is a broad space; the antennz are inserted near the ante-
rior fourth of the front of the head; they are elbowed at
the. end of the second joint, which projects ata right angle
beyond the head, thence they are folded upon the ster-
num, converging slightly, and their very acute tips reach
to just before the coxe of the second pair of legs. All
the three pairs of cox are visible. The forelegs termi-
nate at the second pair of cox. The ovipositor seems as
if a continuation of the mesial ridge, and is nearly one-
third the length of the entire abdomen.

Larva. Body short and thick, fourteen jointed, cy ae
drical, both extremities much alike ; the larva assumes
lunate form, the head being inclined towards the tip of the
abdomen, which is hikewise incurved; the head is conco-
lorous with the rest of the body, which is pale, pearly
white; the rings are slightly convex, with no lateral raised
line ; terminal anal segment orbicular and rather large.
Length, .04 inch, being one-third as broad as long.

PTERATOMUS* nov. gen.

This genus will be easily distinguished from Anagrus,
to which it is nearest related, by the obtusely conical
abdomen and the narrower linear wings. The generic
characters laid down by authors are so scanty that the
comparison with other genera of this group cannot be car-
ried farther. Jn the figure, a side view of the insect is giy-
en, and the following description is made from the insect in
that position. Owing to its minute size the single speci-
men was unfortunately lost from the glass slide before a
complete description could be prepared. Hence I am
unable to state the number of tarsal jomts, or the exact

* From the Greek pteron, a wing, and atomos, an atom.

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. R.

138 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES, ETC.

number of the antennal jomts, since they could not be
distinctly made out with the light used; the figure repre-
sents the insect when magnified 250 diameters. It will be
noticed that one of the forewings is fissured, while the
other is undivided, but has the base of the inner edge of
the wing dilated into a tooth-like expansion, at a point
corresponding to the origin of the lower branch in the
other, wing. Iam inclined to think that the simple wing
is the normal form. The fact that one of the wings is
fissured is interesting as showing the tendency of the wings

of a low Hymenopterous insect to be fissured like those

of Pterophorus and Alucita, the lowest Lepidopterous
genera. In the figure I have not attempted to place the
wings in their natural position. It will also be noticed
that the right hind tibia and tarsus were wanting in the
specimen. The species, which so far as I am aware is
undescribed, is dedicated to my friend Mr. Putnam, who
has enabled me to bring it to the notice of entomologists.

PTERATOMUS PUTNAMII nov. sp.

Male. Side view. Head very large, equalling the tho-
rax in size, but surpassing that of the abdomen; in out-
line sub- rhomboidal, five sided, the vertex being ‘equal i in
length to the under side of the head; the greatest length
of the head is from the base to the obtuse point in front
of the eyes; the eyes are large, globose, occupying a
third of the side of the head; antennz equalling in length
the thorax; divided into three portions, the basal thick and
evlindrical, the fourth joint large avd much swollen, while
the terminal joints form a slender cylindrical tip. The
thorax is short and high; the outline of the tergum is
very convex, especially above the inserfion of the wings ;
the hind edge of the meso-scutum extends a little behind
the middle of the entire thorax, whence it descends at
an angle of 50° to the insertion of the abdomen; the
wings are nearly twice the length of the body; the fore-
wings in-the single specimen are dissimilar, since one is
deeply fissured into two linear spatulate feather-like por-
tions, while the edges of the wing are fringed with long
nearly straight hairs : the other primary is as large as the
former, but a little longer, it is entire, spatulate, dilated

OF NEW ENGLAND. 139

slightly on the base of the inner edge, with a central row
of fine scales representing a median nervure, and the

edges of the wings are fringed with hairs much longer
than those on the other wing, and a little curved, thus
giving a graceful, feather-like appearance to the wing.
The hind wings are half as large, very slender linear and
frmged like the forewings. Legs very long and slender,
hardly longer than the whole body, hairy on the tibize and
especially so on the tarsi; coxe long and narrow; all
-the remaining joimts are very equal in length and size in
each pair of legs; femora linear, not swollen ; tibiz linear ;
tarsal joints very indistinct, slender and hairy beneath ;
no claws distinguishable. Abdomen compressed, triangu-
lar, truncated broadly at the tip whichis obtusely rounded.
In color the species 1s of a uniform dark piceous, with
pale, almost whitish legs. Length, one-ninetieth of an
inch.

A species of mite is also abundant in the nests of bees.
According to Mr. Putnam several of our species of Bombus
almost invariably occupy the forsaken nests of field mice,
and he supposes that these mites which are of comparatively
large size, come from the mice. This opinion is most
probably the correct one. Mr. Newport has given a most
interesting account of a new genus of mites peculiar to
Anthophora which lives on that wild bee in all stages of its
existence, but mostly while a larva. Heteropus ventricosus
Newp. was found in immense numbers in the bee cells.
When the female mite is full grown, its previously small ab-
domen swells to an enormous size, so that the animals look
like “clusters of microscopic grapes.” This immensely
distended abdomen serves as a nidus for the young, which
it is probable, are born alive, as Lyonnet has observed to
be the case with the cheese-mite when exposed to high
temperatures. (It is worthy of notice that the viviparous
Stylops lives in a high temperature; 1. e. in the abdomen of
living bees.) We also learn that there are two other gen-
era of Acari peculiar to the Apide; the Zrichodactylus
Dufour which is parasitic on Osmia, and Ansetus Dujardin.

140 BALCH, ON NATIVE GRAPES.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3.

Fig. 1. Apatuus AsHToni Cresson.

Fig. 2. Nepuopreryx Epmanpsir Packard: 2a, Larva; 2b, Pupa.
Fig. 3. Microcaster nrpHoprericis Packard : 3a, side view.

Fig. 4. ANTHEROPHAGUS ocHRACEUS Melsheimer.

Fig. 5. DrerEerous Larva, allied to VotuceLLa: 5a, side view.
Fig. 6. Larva of StyLops cHILDRENI Gray : 6a, side view.

Fig. 7. Larva of ANTHOPHORABIA MEGACHILIS Packard: 7a, Pupa.
Fig. 8. Preraromus Purnamu Packard, side view: 8a, Fore wing.
Fig. 9. Mire from nest of Bombus: 9a, ventral view (enlarged).

VII. On Natwe Grapes. By D. M. Batcu.
( Read December 26, 1864. )

It has been proved from numberless trials and disap-
pointments extending over a long course of years, that
the wine grape of Hurope (Vitis vinifera) cannot be cul-
tivated in the States east of the Rocky Mountains, with
success, except under glass, both fruit and vine in open
air culture, being sooner or later destroyed by disease,
even in latitudes where the fruit would otherwise be per-
fected.

This much to be regretted failure is due neither to the
cold of winter nor the heat and aridity of summer, but
probably to the great and rapid fluctuations of tempera-
ture peculiar to these States; for on the Pacific coast
where the climate is far more equable most European
grapes flourish luxuriantly, and the bearing vines of Cali-
fornia now number millions. :

Such being the case we in the Hast must turn for our
table fruit and wine to the various indigenous wild grapes,
(Vitis labrusca, cestivalis, &c.) healthy and hardy plants,
which grow spontaneously, varying in kind with the cli-
mate from Maine to Texas. The fruit of these wild vines
is in most cases of the very worst quality, being acid,
astringent and of a peculiar musky odour and taste,
the so-called foxiness ; but that horticultural skill and pa-
tience, by which have been elaborated from the common
choke-pear all our well known varieties, approaching per-

BALCH, ON NATIVE GRAPES. 141

fection in quality and ripening throughout the entire year,

is being applied to the wild grape, and the results of
the few past years are astonishing. The goal of per-
fection in this case is still far distant, but we have many
good and some excellent varieties; and the number of
these is being yearly augmented, so that it is by no
means improbable that many grapes, hitherto popular, will
be gradually discarded as others of better quality or habit
arise to fill their places: I refer to the Isabella, Catawba,
Hartford, &c., i all of which there is large room for im--
provement.

To be of value as a table fruit or for wine a grape must
contain a sufficient quantity of free acid, and sugar enough
to temper, modify or partially disguise this acid, so that
the juice shall not be flat and insipid but vinous and spark-
ling. In the case of table grapes the minor considera-
tions of size, beauty, flavour, thin skin, deficiency of cen-
tral pulp, etc , are of great importance, but the first point
to be ascertained ina wine grape is the quantity of free
acid and saccharine matter it is likely to produce in fay-
ourable circumstances.

To ascertain which (if any) of the native grapes ordi-
narily ripening in this vicinity, was best adapted to wine-
making, I have this autumn analyzed the fresh must of
many varieties. I had also another object in view, viz:
to ascertain if the table adapted to Oechsle’s must-scale
by Gall, from numerous analyses of European musts in
1851, ’52 and 753, were applicable to the must of our native
grapes.

The method of analysis in all cases was as follows. The
grapes were gathered when perfectly dry, pressed and the
juice strained through linen. The specific gravity of this
clear must was taken by weight in bottle with perforated
stopper; a portion of must was diluted with 50 times its
bulk of water and sugar contents ascertained by Fehling’s
method, (Annalen der Chemie und Pharm., Bd. 72. 8S.
106.) ; this method is very accurate if carefully performed:
finally the free acid in a weighed portion was neutralized
by a solution of caustic soda of such strength that 1 ¢. ¢c,
equalled .00825 grm. of Tartaric acid G H, Oy). All
the free acid in must is not Tartaric, but in calculating

142 BALCH, ON NATIVE GRAPES.

results we can consider it so with small inaccuracy. The
percentage results obtained are as follows:

Variety. Time of Gathering. Sp. Gr. Sugar. Acid.
Rogers’ No. 15, Sept. 5, 9.20

Hs a ie eo 26.) eeO783 16.47 .66

i id ie Och Wier lease *17.90 - 10

Delaware, os cs 1.0896 19.70 70

Z c: - L102 hy Obs 65

Hartford Prolific, Sept. 26, 1.0721 15.01 a)

Concord, a i 1.0615 11.83 86

Adirondac, Ock yo F Loi 14.00 .28

Allen’s Hybrid, is, GEST GP LLOTSO *=16.20 oo

Union Village, - i VetOnob *=10.00 1.21

Rogers’ No. 4, Sept. 26, 1.0749 15.46 61

C psc) Octeretoel ail Ooto 417.30 65

| No. 22, Sept. 26, 1.0723 14.56 .16

eae Oeie a (Oh ate UOT *16.70 9

Clinton, Sept. 26, 1.0688 saa | 2.40

Alvey (Hagar), ode it LOCI Se Ora 2.60

cE ee Oct. 5, 1.0734 *14.70 2.02

Franklin, Sept. 5, 8.77 ==

cs aL SR OGTO 11.20 2.16

Rogers’ No. 3, oo DG, i MOUS 14.70 .66

ie ag Octii ica - ot O149 *15.30 ie

f “ 19, Sept. 26, 1.0680 13.65 81

ss dt. Oe 65 i Oboe 12.60 62

“3 9, Sept. 21, 1.0680 13.41 87

¥ oF ae “626, 1.0742 15.00 OT

es JAE e is PR) LOS TZ 11.70 1.01

ms ee: ee fe 10749 15.65 .76

us fo 50.067 Oct, ona, JeOG30 *11.80 84

The sugar percentage marked * in the table were not
obtained by analysis, but are Dr. Gall’s for the corres-
ponding densities.

From these analyses native grapes would seem to be
divided into three classes :— .

1st. Those in which the proportions of acid and sugar
are well balanced; as Delaware, Rogers’ 4 and 15, Allen’s
Hybrid, &c.; these grapes should yield good wine.

BALCH, ON NATIVE GRAPES. 145

2d. ‘Those in which the acid is deficient; for instance,
Adirondac, Hartford, &c.

dd. Those in which the great excess of acid overpow-
ers all else and renders the fruit nearly uneatable ; such
are Clinton, Franklin, &e.

The analyses also prove that Dr. Gall’s table for Oech-
sle’s must scale can be safely used in finding the saccha-
rine contents of native musts, the numbers obtained by
analysis agreeing closely in most instances with the tabu-
lar amounts for corresponding densities.

To produce a wine that shall keep it is necessary that
the must should contain at least 15 per cent. of sugar.

In Germany the must of the best grapes (Riesling) of
the most favourable seasons contains 24—28 per cent. of
sugar, .65 per cent. of free acids; this yields the most ex-
cellent Wine, and is regarded as the normal standard with
which inferior musts are compared and often made to re-
semble as far as possible by dilution and addition of sugar.

This method of bettering the must of partially ripened
grapes, by which in bad seasons (total failures excepted)
a wine can be made equal to the product of favourable
seasons, is due to Dr. Ludwig Gall, who has published a
treatise on the subject, an abridged translation of which
may be found in the Patent Oflice Report, Agriculture,
1860.

To be of value for the production of wine, available for
vineyard culture, a vine should be hardy enough to endure
severe winters with slight protection ; healthy and vigor-
ous, so as to be little subject to the attacks of mildew, for
it is very well known that a vine which has lost most of
its foliage from this or any other cause cannot ripen its
fruit. Injury from frost is little to be feared if the fruit be
well ripened before its advent; the clusters should hang
on the vine as long as the weather permits, and the ripest
(better if slightly shrivelled) removed in three or four
successive gatherings; they should be picked on a dry
day and all defective berries removed. Many things influ-
ence early ripening, among which are soil, position, cul-
ture, variety and age of vine and crop ‘adapted to its
strength. The flavour of wine depends on the ripeness
of the grapes and the proper proportion of free acids; this

144 BALCH, ON NATIVE GRAPES.

flavour is not present in the must but is developed during
fermentation and the after-preservation of the wine.

It might appear that undue preference had been given
in these analyses to the “ Rogers’ Hybrids”; this is sim-
ply owing to the fact that these grapes, arising from the
union of the wild grape (Vitis labrusca) with the Black
Hamburgh, and retaiming some features of both, are more
largely planted in this vicinity than other varieties, and
are consequently more plenty in their season.

It has been asserted that these grapes are not true hy-
brids, but only seedlings of the “ Mammoth Globe,” and
contain no foreign blood whatever. Such a conclusion is
diametrically opposed to the horticultural experience of a
century. For it is a well known fact that out of a large
number, say five hundred chance seedlings of any fruit,
but one or two at most will excel their parent; but these
remarkable “seedlings,” some forty in number, have not
a bad grape among them, and are so far superior to the
“Mammoth Globe” as to preclude all comparison. Their
admixture of foreign blood is patent in the heavy clusters
of fruit, so far pulpless as to yield 75—80 per cent. of
juice, and the indigenous element recognizable in the
health, hardiness and habit of the vine.

The chief value of analyses of grape-must lies in their
repetition and comparison. The product of various sea-
sons, climates and soils should be examined. If this is
done we shall soon arrive at the grapes suitable for wine in
different latitudes, and no doubt other important results.
Those parts of the country lying on an Isotherm of 70°-72°
for the growing months, June, July, August, and Septem-
ber, wherever the summer rains are not excessive, are best
adapted to wine growing; for a mean temperature of at
least 65° for the above months is required for the ripening
of even the earliest and hardiest varieties of grapes. The
average temperature of Salem and vicinity, as deduced from
observations extending over 45 years, is about 66.5°, and
several degrees above “this can be gained in well cultivated
and protected gardens.

The above analyses are imperfect, several prominent
grapes having been omitted, but I hope to extend and im-
prove the collection at some future time.

CLASSIFICATION OF POLYPS. 145

IX. Classification of Polyps: (Extract condensed from
a Synopsis of the Polypi of the North Pacific Exploring
Expedition, under Captains Ringgold and Rodgers, U. 8.
N.). By A. HE. VERRILL.

(Communicated February 29, 1865.)

The report upon the collection made by Dr. William
Stimpson, naturalist to the expedition, having been much
delayed, the following tabular view of the classification
adopted is here presented, with the hope that, if imper-
fect like every other, it may, nevertheless, afford some
aid in Miners the natural affinities of these humble
forms.

Although in a communication read before a Zodlogical
Club at Cambridge, Jan. 1862, I attempted to demon-
strate the existence of the three natural orders among
polyps, I refrained from presenting this view in a paper
published last year, in order that I might make further
investigations upon the subject before finally publishing it.

CLASS CNIDARIA OR POLYPI.

ORDER I. MADREPORARIA.

Polyps simple or compound with embryonic or rudimen-
tary basal or abactinal region, which has no special function
unless for vegetative attachment while young. Actinal
area well developed, form broadly expanded, having a
tendency in the higher groups to become narrowed
towards the mouth. Tentacles simple, conical. Dermal
tissues, and usually the radiating lamelle, depositing solid
coral; the radiating plates being between the lamellz, are,
therefore, ambulacral and appear to originate from the
surfaces of the lamellae and the connective tissues extend-
ing across the ambulacral chambers and filling them from
below. Interambulacral spaces distinct.

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. S.

146 VERRILL, CLASSIFICATION

SuporperR I. Srauracea (Madreporaria rugosa* ).

Coral simple, or compound by budding; chiefly epider-
mal and endothecal ; septa apparently in multiples of four,
sometimes wanting. ‘Type embryonic, likea young Astrea
or Fungia. |

Families,—Stauride, Cyathophyllide, Cyathaxonide,
Cystiphyllidee.

SuBoRDER IJ. FUuNGACEA.

Polyps either simple or compound by marginal or disk
budding, rarely by fissiparity. Tentacles numerous, in
multiples of six, imperfectly developed, scattered on the
actinal surface, usually short and lobe-like. Upper part
of polyps scarcely exsert. Coral broad and low, growth
mostly centrifugal, tissue chiefly septal; walls imperfectly
developed, often perforate, subordinate, usually forming
the basal attachment.

Families,— Cyclolitidew, Lophoseride, Fungide, Merulini-
de.

SuBoRDER III. ASTREACEA.
Polyps mostly compound, either by fissiparity or vari-

ous modes of budding. Tentacles usually well developed,
long, subcylindrical, limited in number, in multiples of six

* This group is placed here with considerable hesitation and princi-
pally on account of the close resemblance in structure to the young
of the succeeding and higher groups, when they first begin to form
a coral, which then consists of a ring of epitheca or epidermal deposit
with a few, imperfect, rugose septa radiating from the centre. If the
number four be a constant feature of the arrangement of their septa, it is
possible that they may be entitled to rank as a separate order of Polyps.
‘To this opinion Prof. J. D. Dana inclines. Prof. Agassiz unites the
group with Hydroid Acalephs on account of their resemblance, in some
features, to the Tabulata. It seems to me, however, that the absence of
transverse plates in Cyatharonide and Cystiphylide and the perfection of
the vertical septa in Stauride, Cyathaxonide and some of the Cyathophyl-
lide, together with their general structure, shows them to be more closely
allied to the Fungacea and Astreacea, of which they may be considered
embryonic types, while at the same time the group isa synthetic one,
haying analogies with nearly all the higher groups of Polyps and also in
some respects, with Hydroids.

OF POLYPS. " 147

encircling the disk. Coral mural, septal and endothecal ;
growth vertical and centrifugal, producing turbinated
forms which are often elongated.

Families,—Lnthophyllide, Mceandrinide, Husmillide,
Caryophylide, Stylinide, Astreine, Oculinide, Stylo-
phoride.

SuporDER TV. Mapreporacea (Madreporaria perforata).

Tentacles in definite numbers, twelve or more, well de-
veloped, encircling the narrowed disk, therefore nearer the
mouth; polyps with the upper portion much exsert, flexile;
growth chiefly vertical; coral mural and septal, porous.
Polyps compound by budding, sometimes simple.

Families,—Lupsamnude, Gemmiporide, Poritidee, Mad- -
reporidee.

ORDER II. ACTINARIA.

Polyps with well developed, often highly specialized,
basal or abactinal region. Walls well developed, tenta-
cles longer, more concentrated around the mouth, which
is also, usually, if not always, furnished with special tenta-
cular lobes or folds. Ambulacral spaces always open,
destitute of connecting tissues and solid deposits.

Suporper I. ZoaNnTHACEA.
Polyps encrusting, adherent, budding from mural expan-

sions; tentacles simple, short, at edge of disk.
Families,— Zoantlide, Bergide.

SuporperR II. ANTIPATHACEA.

Polyps connected by a coenenchyma, secreting a solid
sclerobase or coral axis. Tentacles few, six to twenty-

148 _ VERRILL, CLASSIFICATION

four, simple, conical.
Families,—Antipathide, Gerardide.

SUBORDER III. ACTINACEA.

Polyps free, capable of locomotion, with a highly spec-
jalized, muscular base or abactinal area. Tentacles well
organized, either simple or branched; varying from ten to
many hundreds, often with accessory organs arising from
the same spheromeres, such as inner tentacles, verruce,
complicated or simple branchial lobes, cinclide, eye-
spherules, suckers, etc. Mouth with speciallobes or folds.
Most of the species are simple, a few are compound by
fissiparity, many abnormally bud from the wall near the
base, a few secrete from the base a horn-like deposit

- similar to the axis of Antipathes.

Families,—Actinide, Thalassianthide, Minyide, Ilyan-

thide, Cerianthide. ;

ORDER III. ALCYONARIA.

Polyps with well developed actinal, mural and abactinal
regions, compound by budding. ‘Tentacles eight, pin-
nately lobed, long, encircling a narrow disk. No inter-
ambulacral spaces. Ambulacral ones open and wide.

SUBORDER I. ALCYONACEA.

Polyps turbinate at base, budding in various ways,
encrusting, adherent to foreign bodies by the coenenchyma.
Families,—Alcyonide, Xenide, Cornularide, Tubiporide.

Suporper IJ. GorGoNACEA.

Polyps cylindrical, short, connected by a, coenenchyma,
secreting a central supporting axis.

Families,—Gorgonide, Plexauride, Primnoide, Gorgon-
ellidee, Isidee, Coralide, Briaride.

OF POLYPS. 149

SuBORDER III. PENNATUALACEA.

Polyps forming free, moving colonies, the composite
basal portion with locomotive functions and _ special
cavities, with or without a solid free axis.

Families,—Pennatulide, Pavonaride, Veretillide, Renil-
lide.

Among the most interesting species in this collection
the following may be mentioned :

STEPHANOSERIS LAMELLOSA Verrill.

Coral low, subcylindrical, with a broad base, which
completely covers small univalve shells with the exception
of the opening; wall rudimentary ; septa in four cycles,
the primaries much the largest with subentire rounded
tops; columella well developed, papillose, costze prom-
inent, unequal.

Loo Choo Islands. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

HETEROCYATHUS ALTERNATA Verrill.

A low species with very unequal septa and cost, the
primary septa very prominent. Encrusts and covers small
univalve shells.

Gaspar straits. Capt. John Rodgers.

BALANOPHYLLIA CAPENSIS Verrill.

A species about half an inch high, broadly attached,
slightly turbinated, with an epitheca rising within a line of
the margin. Calicle deep, broadly oval. Septa in four
cycles, the principal ones much exsert, vertical, narrowed
at top, those of the fourth cycle joming the columella
in pairs. Color of the living polyp bright orange.

Cape of Good Hope. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

150 VERRILL, CLASSIFICATION

EuPSAMMIA STIMPSONII Verrill.

Coral free, elongated, turbinated, blunt at base. Calicle
oval, deep; columella well developed, septa broad, the
principal ones with entire inner-edges, rounded. Length
an inch or more; breadth of cell .30

Interesting as a living representative of a genus
hitherto known only in the fossil state.

North China Sea. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

METRIDIUM FIMBRIATUM Verrill.

A species closely allied to I. marginatum of this coast,
but apparently more elongated, with longer and more
slender tentacles which are almost hair-like. Disk within
the tentacles narrow. “Color pale orange, translucent,
body punctate with dark brown, mouth deep orange.”

San Francisco, Cal. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

PHELLIA COLLARIS Verrill.

Edwardsia collaris Stimpson, Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Science, May
and June, 1855.

A species remarkable for its great size compared with
previously known species from Kurope.
Hong Kong, China. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

PHELLIA CLAVATA Verrill.

Edwardsia clavata Stimpson, 1. c. 1855.

A species even larger than the last.

Near Ousima, Japan. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

AMMONACTIS nov. gen.

Column elongated, gubcylindrical, with well developed
basal disk, covered, as in Phellia, with a persistent epidermis
extending to near the summit, naked above; but differs in
having a lobe-like tubercle below each tentacle, distinct
from the margin. Tentacles long and numerous.

OF POLYPS. Lk

AMMONACTIS RUBRICOLLUM Verrill.
Edwardsia rubricollum Stimpson, 1. ¢. 1855.

Hong Kong, China. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

HALOCAMPA BREVICORNIS Verrill.
Edwardsia brevicornis Stimpson, |. c. 1855.

Hong Kong, China. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

HALOCAMPA CAPENSIS Verrill.

Body elongated, tentacles twenty, blunt; ambulacra
subpapillose. Six tentacles have their inner bases dark
brown; body pale reddish with dots and patches of flake
white; inner side of tentacles flake white.

Cape of Good Hope, 12 fathoms, sand. Dr. William
Stimpson.

CERIANTHUS ORIENTALIS Verrill.

A large species similar to C. americana nobis. Body
elongated, ina tube of mud. Tentacles long and slender.
Color of body deep reddish brown, outer tentacles
translucent, yellowish and white, pale brown on their
inner sides, greenish at base; inner ones purplish brown
or sometimes grass green.

At low water mark, Hong Kong, China. Dr. William
Stimpson.

NEPHTHYA THYRSOIDEA Verrill.

Polyps forming thyrsiform bunches of closely clustered
branchlets, three inches high and two broad. Color wine-
yellow or light brown, with a dark purplish tinge below the
tentacles; tentacles nearly white; spicula forming eleva-
ted, transverse lines of silvery white on the stalks.

Cape of Good Hope, 20 fathoms, rocks. Dr. Wm. Stimp-

son.
TELESTO RAMICULOSA Verrill.
Cornularia aurantiaca Stimpson, |. ¢. 1855, non. T. aurantiaca Lamx.

Hong Kong, 10 fathoms, shelly bottom. Dr. Wm.
Stimpson.

152 VERRILL, CLASSIFICATION OF POLYPS.

Parisis Laxa Verrill.

Coral forming openly reticulate fronds; papille numer-
ous rounded, on all sides of the branches; coenenchyma
minutely villous in alcohol. Calcareous joints shorter and
internodes longer than in P. fruticosa nobis.

Hong Kong. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

ACANTHOGORGIA COCCINEA Verrill.
Nepthya coccinea Stimpson, |. ¢. 1855.
Hong Kong, 10 fathoms, on shells. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

VERETILLUM Stimpsont Verrill.

A large species six or eight inches long, the upper
portion enlarged, more than half the entire length. Pol-
yps much exsert, upwards of an inch long; tentacles very
long. Axis thick, short, fusiform, a third of an inch long.
Base white, somewhat striated; body light cream-color;
polyps transparent, bluish white at the bases of the tenta-
cles.

Hong Kong, 6—10 fathoms, mud. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

VERETILLUM BACULATUM Verrill.

Club-shaped, the base about a third of the length.
Polyps scattered, not numerous. Axis small, fusiform,
about half an inch long in a specimen three inches long.

Sea of Ochotsk, off Siberia. L. M. Squires.

KOPHOBELEMNON CLAVATUM Verrill.
Veretillum clavatum Stimpson, |. c. 1855.

- Polyps more numerous and crowded than in X. Burgert
Herkl. which it resembles; body more claviform, naked
dorsal space very narrow.

Hong Kong, 6 fathoms, mud. Dr. Wm Stimpson.

ALLEN, NOTES ON THE DUCK HAWK, ETC. 153

X. Notes on the Habits and Distribution of the Duck
Hawk, or American Peregrine Falcon, in the Breeding
Season, and Description of the Eggs. By J. A. ALLEN.

(Communicated November 14, 1864).

The Duck Hawk, Great-footed Hawk or American
Peregrine Falcon, (Falco anatum Bonap. Falco peregrinus
Wilson, Audubon and Nuttall), has not long been known .
to breed within the limits of the United States. Dr. T.
M. Brewer, in the “ North American Odlogy,” (part I, page
8,) published in 1857, says that but one authenticated
instance has come to his knowledge of its having been
met with, in the breeding season, south of Newfoundland.
This was near Columbia, in Pennsylvania, where the
young that had fallen from the nest had been procured by
Prof. 8. 5. Haldeman; but the eggs had not been discov-
ered, nor many particulars learned beyond the fact of its
breeding there. In a note on this subject from Prof.
Haldeman to Dr. Brewer, published in Dr. Brewer’s ac-
count of this species, Prof. Haldeman says: “ A pair [of
these hawks] hada nest for many years about a hundred
yards from my house, on a high and almost vertical cliff;
but as a railroad now traverses its base, it is not probable
that the species will return to the locality. * * * * The
nest was difficult of access, and I never saw it; but it was
once reached, and the young taken by getting down from
above.” Prof. Haldeman also states that he felt confident
they bred among the cliffs at Harper’s Ferry, as he had
seen them flying about there.

It has recently been ascertained that the Duck Hawk
regularly breeds on several of the mountains in and near
the Connecticut River Valley, the young having been
procured from Mount Tom and Sugar Loaf Mountain in
Massachusetts, and from Talcott Mountain, ten miles west
of Hartford, in Connecticut. From accounts that I have
received from different persons of a hawk agreeing in
habits with the noted Duck Hawk, I am fully satisfied it
has: long nested on some of the precipitous mountains
bordering on the Connecticut River in the States of Ver-
mont and New Hampshire. Mr. J. G. Boardman says it

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. T.

154 ALLEN, NOTES ON

breeds on the cliffs of Grand Menan, where it is resident
the whole year.* Although the young have been procur-
ed, as above stated, from Mount Tom and Sugar Loaf
Mountain several times in the last few years, and according
to Dr. W. Wood, also from Talcott Mountain+, I am not
aware that the eggs have been found in New England, or
even in the United States, before the present season, when
they were procured from a nest on Mount Tom, (April
19th, 1864) by Mr. C. W. Bennett}. The only egg figured
by Dr. Brewer was from Greenland, and its authenticity not
ascertained wholly beyond doubt. Dr. Brewer mentions
a drawing in his posession, by Dr. Trudeau, of another
egg from Labrador; these being the only specimens to
which he then had access.

In fall, winter and spring, this Falcon is not unfrequent.
along our Hastern sea coast, wherever its favorite prey, the
sea ducks and other marine birds, abounds, but it is not at
that season very commonly distributed over the country.
Although it has been found throughout Eastern North
America, chiefly near rivers, from Greenland to Cuba, and
as far westward as the mouth of the Vermillion River, on
the Upper Missouri§, but little definite information has yet
come to ornithologists of its distribution and habits in the
breeding season. Hitherto it has generally been supposed
to retire to regions north of the United States to spend
the summer and rear its young| ; and though many do so,
quite a proportion, it is evident, are resident in the northern
parts of the United States the whole year, retiring to inac-
cessible cliffs for the purpose of breeding, and thus generally
escaping the notice of naturalists during that important
season. Poultry yards that chance to be in the vicinity of
its nests are so frequently visited for plunder by this daring

*Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., Vol. IX, p, 122, (Sept., 1862).

tHartford, (Conn.) Times, June 24, 1861.

{The writer is indebted to the kindness of Mr. Cates W. Bennett, of
Springfield, Mass., for the specimens and many important facts which
form the basis of the present article. Great credit, is due Mr. Bennett
for the persevering efforts he has made to discover and procure the eggs
of the Duck Hawk ; his complete success has not been unmerited.

QP. R. R. Ex. and Surv. Vol. [X. p. 7.

| Aubudon found it breeding quite plentifully along the high rocky
shores of Labrador and Newfoundland.

THE DUCK HAWK, ETC. 155

species, that it is well known to many of our farmers and
sportsmen, who readily distinguish it from other hawks by
its bold dashing flight, and peculiar manner of capturing
its prey; and its nests, I learn, are sometimes found by
them, and the young destroyed.

All accounts agree that they nestin almost inaccessible
cliffs; and often the nest can only be approached by a
person being let down by a rope from above. The old
birds are represented as bold in the defence of their nest,
approaching so near as generally to be easily shot. They
arrive early at their nesting place, and though they often
bestow no labor in the construction of a nest, beyond the
scraping of a slight hollow in the ground, they defend
their chosen eyrie for weeks before the eggs are laid, and
are known to return for several years to the same site.
Incubation commences very early, the young having been
found in the nest at Mount Tom May 30th, nearly fledeed*,
and on Talcott Mountain in the same condition’ June Ist,
so that the laying of the eggs must occur by the last of
March, or very early in April. The number of eggs has
been known in several instances to be four.

Mountains Tom and Holyoke, in Massachusetts, afford
several localities favorable for the nidification of the Duck
Hawk, and sometimes several pairs, and probably usually
more than one, breed about these mountains{; about the
last of May, 1863, Mr. Bennett saw five adult birds of
this species about Mount Tom. Dr.. W. Wood of East
Windsor Hill, Ct., informs me, that two pairs of Duck
Hawks were evidently breeding on Talcott Mountain in
the summer of 1863. ,

Discovery of the eggs on Mount Tom. Although the
Duck Hawk has been long known to breed at the localities
in Massachusetts mentioned above, those conversant with
the fact were not aware that any special interest was

*According to R. B. Hinprera, Esq., of Springfield who visited this
nest May 30th, 1861, and noted the fact.. The nest on Talcott Mountain,
Ct., was found the same season, and first visited only a few days later—
about June Ist, 1861. (See Hartford Times , as quoted above).

+ Since the above was written I have been’ informed by Mr. Bennett,
that a pair of these Hawks actually raised their young on Mount Tom,
in the summer of 1864, notwithstanding one pair was broken up the
same season.

156 ALLEN, NOTES ON

attached to it, or that its eggs and breeding habits were
but very little known to ornithologists ; and so, until very
recently, no particular efforts have been made to obtain
the eggs. Mr. Bennett, becoming aware of this, resolved
to procure the eggs. He accordingly visited Mount Tom
for this purpose April 7th of the present year, when he.
searched the whole ridge of the mountain, discovered the
old birds and the particular part they most frequented,
and also the site of a nest, where young had been raised.
The old birds were continually near this spot, and mani-
fested much solicitude when it was approached, often
flying within six or eight rods, and once the female came
within three, screaming and thrusting out her talons with
an expression of great rage and fierceness. The birds did
not appear at all shy, being easily approached quite near
to, though in walking the cracking of sticks and the clink-
ing of the splinters of trap rock made no little noise. One
of the birds appeared to keep close to the eyrie, and both
would approach whenever it was visited, screaming at
and menacing the intruder, notwithstanding that at that
time there were no eggs, as was afterwards proved. Mr.
Bennett suspecting that incubation had already commenc-
ed visited the locality again on the 9th, but only saw the
old nest, the birds behaving as before. On April 19th,
ten days later, he made another visit, and creeping carefully
to the summit of the cliff, ata point near the eyrie already
spoken of, he saw the female, on looking over the cliff, sitting
on the nest, and but five or six yards distant. She eyed
him fiercely for an instant, and then scrambling from the
nest to the edge of the narrow shelf supporting it launched
into the air; in a twinkling Mr. Bennett’s unerring aim
sent her tumbling dead at the foot of the precipice,
several hundred feet below. The nest contained four
eggs, which were soon safely secured, and the body of the
female was obtained from the foot of the cliff. The male
soon coming about, was shot at, but he was too shy to
come within range, except once, while the gun was being
reloaded. The eggs were all laid after Mr. Bennett’s
visit April 9th, and their contents showed, April 19th,
that they had been incubated but a day or two. Incuba-
tion seems in this case, to have commenced several weeks

Proceedings Essex Institute, Vol. IV. Pl. 3.

J. H. EMERTON, on wood.

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THE DUCK HAWK, ETC. 157

later than usual, which may be owing to the late snows
and unusual coldness of the weather this year during the
first half of April.

Location and Description of the Eyrie. The situation
of the eyrie was near the highest part of the mountain,
about one-third of the length of the mountian from the
south end, on a narrow shelf in the rock, eight or ten feet
from the top of a nearly perpendicular cliff, one hundred
and fifty or two hundred feet in height, and was inaccess-
able except to a bold climber, and at one particular point.
The nest was merely a slight excavation sufficient to
contain the eggs; no accessary material had been added.
The site had been previously occupied, and probably for
several years; and for weeks before the eggs were laid
was carefully guarded by the bold and watchful birds.

Description of the eggs. The eggs, four in number, as
already stated, differ greatly both in shape and coloring,
the extremes in either being widely diverse. They are
described in detail, and probably in the same order as laid.

No. 1. Longer diameter, 2.18 inches; shorter diameter
1.71 inches ; the shorter diameter is .885 the longer. The
form is somewhat ovoid, one end being slightly larger
than the other; but neither end is very pointed; the
point of greatest transverse diameter is .645 the length of
ege from the smallest end. In form this egg is very
nearly like the egg from Greenland, figured by Dr. Brewer
in the “North American Odlogy” (pt. 1, pl. I], fig. 11) The
general color is chocolate-brown, darker and more dense
and uniform about the ends, the part about the middle
being lighter, varied with small irregular blotches and
specks of a darker tint than the ground color. The color
of the smaller end is nearly a uniform dull red-ocher.
There is also an irregular belt of scattered and apparently
very superficial blotches of very dark-brown, or nearly
black. Something similar is often noticed on the eggs of
many birds that lay brown or speckled eggs.

No. 2. Longer diameter 2.21 inches; shorter diameter
1.67 inches; shorter diameter .755 the longer. Form
nearly an ellipsoid, the point of greatest transverse diame-
ter being scarcely to one side of the middle (.54 the length
of the egg from the smaller end ); ends very nearly equal

158 ALLEN, NOTES ON

and not very pointed. The distribution of the color in
this is nearest of any of the four eggs b2fore me to that
figured by Dr. Brewer and only differs from it in tint.
One end (the smaller ?) is very light-reddish, or reddish-
white, becoming lighter from the middle towards this end,
about which it is the lightest and thinly marked with irreg-
ular mottlings of dark reddish-chocolate, which present a
very superficial grayish tinge that 1s very characteristic ;
the other end (the larger?) is of a uniform dark ferrugin-
ous-brown or dull red-ochre, varied towards the middle
by the appearance of the light ground color between the
there scarcely confluent blotches of dark-brown that give
the uniform deep tint towards and about this end.

No. 3. Longer diameter 2.32 inches; shorter diameter
1.70 inches ; “shorter diameter .733. the longer. Form
ovoid, the smaller end elongated and much pointed. This
egg is the longest, and much larger in proportion to its
diameter than either of the others. The point of greatest
diameter is .656 the length of the egg from the smaller
end. In this specimen the contrast between the ground
color and the markings becomes very strong, the ground
color which is seen chiefly in a broad band about the
middle of the egg, being white or reddish-white, and the
markings very dark reddish-brown nearly approaching
purple, and are quite uniformly distributed in blotches of
various sizes, the largest being near the larger end of the
egg; the sub. inarkings are of a lighter reddish-brown
and are more blended.

No. 4. Longer diameter 2.16 inches; shorter diameter
1.65 inches; shorter diameter .765 the longer. Form
regular ovoid, the smaller end rather more pointed than
the same in No. 1; point of greatest transverse diameter .60
the length of the egg from the smaller end. In this speci-
men the contrast of the ground color with the markings is
very striking, especially when compared with specimens
No. 1 and No. 2; and the most peculiar part is that the
greater end of the egg, which in the eggs of most birds is
the end usually most subject to markings and to the
greatest depth of color, is white, sprinkled “sparingly with
reddish specks, while the smaller end is deep, bright, brick-
red, here and there relieved by small specks and patches

THE DUCK HAWK, ETC. 159

of white ground color. About the middle of the egg the
colors are in more equal proportions, the white patches
becoming larger on the smaller end towards the middle,
and the red patches on the larger end increase towards
the same point, where the colors meet and become mixed
in irregular patches of various sizes, from mere dots to
blotches. The smaller end has a few streaks and blotches
of dark-purple ee apparently the other colors, as in
specimen No. 1.

These ee are very interesting, as indicating the
great amount of variation to which the American Pere-
erine’s eges are subject, and especially so since they are
all the product of one pair of birds, laid in one set, and
identified as such beyond question. In coloration a
transition can be traced between the extreme in the order
they are numbered, which is undoubtedly the order in
which they were laid, as indicated by the thickness of the
shell as well as by the depth of color.

Table of Comparative Measwrements.

Prop of breadth Point of greatest transverse

Ligth. Breadth. to length. . diameter from small end.

No. 1 2.18in. 1.71in.. 0.785 0.640 lV eth of the ege
So, Beil 8 Wey oF 0.756 0.540 +f
EOFS} Wao SS Tan) SC 0.732 0.656 ee
oO dl J Boil 8F Ife 89 0.765 0.600 a
Average Bees 8S Nas) PS O27 0.609 ‘
Greater extr. Bs) SG Taz oe 0.785 0.656 ee
Lesser extr. Boils So - Tee SS 0.732 0.540 oe
Am’t of variation 0,16 ‘* 0.06 ‘S 0.053 0.116 fa

Dr. Brewer’s spec. 2.00 ‘* 1.56 ‘* 0.780

From the above table it will be seen that the range of
variation in the four specimens in length is .16 of an inch;
or nearly seven and half per cent. of the average length ;
in breadth .06 of an inch, or about three and a half per
cent. of the average breadth ; in the proportion of breadth
to length, about fifteen per cent. of the length, or nearly
twenty per cent. of the average proportion ; the varia-
tion in the position of the point of greatest tranverse
diameter is about eleven and a half per cent. of the whole
length of the egg, the form of the eggs varying from an

3?
ellipsoid in No. 2 to an ovoid, which in No. 3 has the

160 ALLEN, NOTES ON

smaller end considerably elongated. It will be observed
that the egg measured by Dr. Brewer. is considerably
smaller than my smallest specimen, and that the propor-
tion of breadth to length scarcely differs from the same
proportion in No. 1.

In comparing the eggs of the American and the Euro-
pean Peregrine Falcons, Dr. Brewer, observes: “It [the
American] closely resembles a variety of the eggs of the
European species, but seems to present differences sufii-
ciently well marked to be regarded as specific. * * * * The
ground colors of both American and European are a
reddish-yellow, and both are thickly covered with fine
dottings of chocolate and ferruginous-brown, diffused over
the whole egg, in nearly equal degree, and to such an
extentas nearly to conceal the ground. The length of the
American egg is slightly less, but it is of equal or greater
capacity, and varies in its markings from all the European
specimens that I have ever met with. These variations,
though readily traceable by the eye, are not so easily de-
scribed. The shades of coloring in both are closely alike ;
the variation consists more in the distribution of these
markings. In the European specimens, the fine markings
of chocolate are distributed with nearly exact uniformity.
In the American, the secondary colorings are now more
thickly and now more thinly diffused, here leaving the
ground color nearly unchanged, there becoming confluent
and blending into waving lines, blotches and bold dashes.
The egg in consequence, presents a more varied appear-
ance. These mar kings are also in. greater proportion
around the larger se of the egg, and the blotches are of
a deeper shade, so there is a variation in the shading
between the smaller and larger extremities not noticeable
in any European egg that I have met with.”

The amount of variation presented by the eggs of the
Duck Hawk described above, shows that but little depen-
dence can be placed on the eggs in deciding specific dif-
ferences. The eggs mentioned by Dr. Brewer, are not
much different from those of the true European Peregrine.
One or two of the specimens before me considerably
resemble Dr. Brewer’s, and likewise eggs of the European
species as figured and described by authors, while the
others are very different, one being remarkably so.

THE DUCK HAWK, ETC. 161

The eggs of the different species of this group of Fal-
cons seem to resemble each other greatly, and to be sub-
ject to considerable variation in the same species. In the
manner of laying the eggs there is also a similarity, as
might be expected among closely allied species; the same
species sometimes laying them on the bare rocks, and
again in a bulky nest of sticks and other coarse materials.
The nest of this species visited on Talcott Mountain, Ct.,
was of the latter kind, while on Mount Holyoke the eggs
were laid on the bare earth.

Audubon thus describes the nest and eggs of the Duck
Hawk as observed by him at Labrador:

“T have nowhere seen it so abundant as along the high, rocky shores
of Labrador and Newfoundland, where I procured several adult indi-
viduals of both sexes as well as some eggs and young. ‘The nests were
placed on the shelves of rocks, a few feet from the top, and were flat
and rudely constructed of sticks and moss. In some were found four
eggs, in others only two, and in one five. In one nest only a single
young bird was found. The eggs vary considerably in color and size,
which I think is owing to a difference of age in the females, the eggs
of young birds being smaller. The average length of four was two
inches, their breadth one and five-eighths. They are somewhat round-
ed, though larger at one end than the other; their general and most
common color is a reddish or rusty yellowish brown, spotted and con-
fusedly marked with darker tints of the same, here and there intermix-
ed with lighter. The young are at first thickly covered with soft white
down. * * * * In several instances, we found these Falcons breeding on
the same ledge with Cormorants, Phalacrocorax carb».”*

Audubon adds that he is perfectly convinced that the
Great-footed Falcon, or Duck Hawk of the later
ornithologists is not different from the Peregrine Falcon of
Europe. “Since my first acquaintance with this species,”
he says, “I have observed nothing in its habits, form, or
marking on one continent that is different from what is
found on the other.” Since the difference in breeding hab-
its supposed to exist when Bonaparte separated them in
1838, and which influenced his judgment in the matter,
has been found tobe not real, there seems to be nothing
whatever in the breeding habits orin the appearance of
the eggs to indicate specific difference between the Amer-
ican and Kuropean birds.

Springfield, July, 1864.

*Orn. Biog., vol. V., p. 366.

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. U.

162 MORSE, CLASSIFICATION OF MOLLUSCA

XI. A Classification of Mollusca, based on the “Principle
of Cephalization.” By Epwarp 8. Morse.

With a Plate.

[Communicated June 19, 1865. |

After becoming acquainted with the perfect unity of plan
in the Radiata and the connected series of homologies, run-
ning through the whole branch, (as demonstrated vy Prof.
Agassiz in his private lectures) my interest was excited, to
discover, if possible, a like symmetry of development in
the Mollusca. Finding the universality of vertebration
among the Vertebrata, of articulation among the
Articulata, and similarly of radiation among the Ra-
diata, I could not but believe that in the Mollusca some
plan lay hidden, which, when unfolded, would as definite-
ly convey their type, and unite them all, as in the other
branches. It is not enough to call them soft bodied ani-
mals ; for in considering their shell as a part of their organ-
ization, we have among them many of the hardest ani-
mals known, and we also have an equal number of soft
bodied animals in the other branches. Their bilaterality,
as expressing anything definite, is an equally unsatisfacto-
ry character. Prof. Huxley has given an archetype, or com-
mon plan of the Mollusca, as he conceives it, with many
truthful homologies, in the article “Moliusca,” English Cy-
clopedia, Vol. II1., p. 855. In his figure of the archetype how-
ever, which is bilaterally symmetrical, we have details of
structure only.

Prof. Agassiz in his “ Methods of Study in Natural History”
also suggests his idea of the plan, or structure, when he
says, p. 04, “Right and left, have the preponderance over
the other diameters of the body,” and says furthermore,
that collectors unconsciously recognize this in the arrange-
ment of their collections. “'They instinctively give them
the position best calculated to display their distinctive
characteristics, and to accomplish this they necessarily
place them in sucha manner as to show their sides.”
This can refer only to the Lamellibranchs, and their shells
are displayed on the sides, because they naturally fall in
that position. This lateral preponderance of structure on-
ly obtains among the Lamellibranchs. All Brachiopods

ON THE PRINCIPLE OF CEPHALIZATION. 163

are displayed from the dorsal or ventral valve. Also the
Gasteropods, particularly the flat forms like Patella, Chi-
ton, etc. and the Nudibranchs as well, while in the figures
of the naked Cephalopods we most usually have a dorsal
view.

Though Prof. Agassiz speaks of radiation as characteriz-
ing the Radiates, and similarly of articulation and verte-
bration as characterizing the Articulates and Vertebrates,
yet Mollusks are spoken of as first introducing the charac-
ter of bilaterality, or division of parts along a longitudinal
axis, that prevails throughout the Animal Kingdom, with the
exception of the Radiates. This then can be no restricted
definition for the Mollusca, since it pervades the two high-
er branches ; and who will deny the evidence of bilaterality
among the Radiates, the higher Kchinoderms for instance,
as Clypeastroids and Spatangoids, where we have as good
a definition of a longitudinal axis, as we obtain in many
Mollusks. Even among the Polyps, as in the Actinaria,
the antero-posterior axis is clearly expressed in the undue
prominence of the primary radii.

Prof. Dana has been the first to publicly announce the
plan of Mollusca, when he says, “The structure essential-
ly a soft, fleshy bag, containing the stomach and viscera,
without a radiate structure, and without articulations.”*

As far back as 1855 he has presented this thought in
his lectures at Yale College.

In the year 1862 Mr. Alpheus Hyatt’had independently
worked out a similar result, and has already in MSS.
notes, the necessary data demonstrating the same.

Mr. Hyatt also proposes the name Saccata as more fully
and truthfully expressing the type, than the unmeaning
word Mollusca. This name not only expresses the Plan,
but is equivalent to the titles Vertebrata, Articulata, and
Radiata, and is in no way a qualitative appellation.

*Dana’s Manual of Geology, p. 148.

+Mr. Hyatt has relinquished all ideas of publishing on this subject,
since becoming aware that I was to do the same. During the prep-
aration of these pages, I enjoyed his companionship, and many of
the points herein stated, were fully and freely discussed between us,
and to him I am indebted not only for the privilege of announcing
his proposed name, Saccata, but for the suggestion of certain points
to be hereinafter mentioned.

164 MORSE, CLASSIFICATION OF MOLLUSCA

Objecting as all must to the introduction of a new
name, still one so appropriate as that proposed by Mr.
Hyatt, in lieu of one that has no relation to the Branch,
except its traditional use, is certainly worthy of considera-
tion, as it so clearly indicates what is believed to be the
fundamental idea in the Branch, that of the Sac.

It might be said, in one sense of the word, that all ani-
mals are bags, or sacs, in various degrees of development.
And if we mistake not, Prof. Pierce of Harvard Univer-
sity has expressed this idea, modified by saying that one
is a radiate sac, another a simple sac, another an articulate
sac, and finally a vertebrate sac, or a sac having two com-
partments. Viewing the Radiates as degradational, in re-
lation to the higher animals, or partaking a plant-like charac-
ter, we may justly be allowed to remark, that the Mollusks,
as a type, present the sac feature most completely, for
nowhere (with few exceptions, e. g. Cirripeds), do we find
the various organs so essentially concealed, or possessing
the power of retraction within a sac, as in the Mollusca.
And that this is the leading feature in Mollusca might
properly be inferred from the following; that in the four
prominent branches of the Animal Kingdom, we have
sketched out, in the incipient stages of the embryo, or at
least, in its first indications of permanent characters, its
typical features. .

Thus,in the vertebrate ovum, after segmentation, we
have the area pellucida, and primitive trace as indicating
the future region, and direction of the vertebrate column.
Among the Articulates, we have the transverse division of
the embryo: and certainly the most prominent feature in
the Molluscan embryo is the sac or mantle ; as in the Gas-
teropods, where we not only have in the embryo a mantle
developed, but a distinct nautoloid shell, from which the
little animal thrusts himself. In Cephalopods also, as Kol-
liker has shown in the development of Sepia officinalis, the
mantle, or sac, is the first figure traced on the germ
mass.

In my search after homologies between the different
groups in this Branch, I always met with difficulty in the
relations of the classes ;—and though many of the views to
be presented, I had long ago worked out, and had consid-

ON THE PRINCIPLE OF CEPHALIZATION. 165

ered, and tested them, by personal examinations of the an-
imals, it was not till I comprehended the importance of
the sac character, and understood the “Principles of Ceph-
alization” first enunciated by Prof. Dana, that I was enabled
to clear up previous doubts, discover new relations, and, as
I believe, rightly interpret the relations of the classes.

“As the principle of Cephalization is involved in the very
foundation of the diverse forms that make up the ani-
mal kingdom, we may look to it for authoritative guid-
ance, with reference to the system that prevails among
these forms.”*

In the following considerations, all preconceived ideas
regarding the relative positions of the dorso-ventral, and
antero-posterior diameters of the animal must be laid aside,
and the essential structure of the animal if rightly under-
stood, must be our guide. The gradual morphological
changes of the contents of the sac, and all other relations,
are based on the principle of Cephalization. In the plate
presented (Series 1) I have given a typical figure of the
six prominent groups of the Saccata; namely, Polyzoa,
Brachiopoda, 'l'unicata, Lamellibranchiata, Gasteropoda,
and Cephalopoda.

For obvious reasons, only the intestine, head, and pedal
ganglia within the sac are represented. These six figures are
placed in their normal position, anterior pole downward,
the dorsal region is turned to the left. Commencing with
the Polyzoa (Series I, P) we have the sac closed, while
the mouth and anus terminate close together at the pos-
terior pole of the sac; the mouth occupying the extreme
posterior position, and by a dorsal bend of the intestine
upon itself, terminating dorsally. ‘The nerve mass is found
between the oral and anal openings. In this class the
mouth and anus have the power of protrusion from the
sac. In the three lower orders, Cyclostomata, Ctenos-
tomata, and Cheilostomata, the polyzoon, when complete-
ly evaginated, presents no fold or inversion of the sac,
while in the higher group Phylactolemata, there is a partial
and permanent inversion of the sac under like condi-
tions.

* “Classification of animals based on the principle of Cephalization.” Dana,
Amer. Jour. Sci., Second Series, Vol. XXXVI., p. 321.

166 MORSE, CLASSIFICATION OF MOLLUSCA

This latter group, combining the permanent inversion
of the sac-walls with the lophophoric arms, is the first ap-
proach to the Brachiopoda. No organ corresponding to a
heart has yet been discovered. In the Brachiopoda (Se-
ries I, B) we have a permanent invagination of the sac, and
the mouth, as in Terebratula, already occupies a position
some distance from the posterior edges of the overlapping
shells, and the brachial coils permanently occupy the space
thus made.*

We have in this group a dorsal flexure of the intestine,
and a tendency to terminate as in the Polyzoa. In Lin-
gula it terminates posteriorly and at one side.. By the
permanent inversion of the sac, the mouth makes a great
advance toward the anterior pole. In Terebratula, Wald-
heimia, and allied genera, where the sac is very short and
swollen, and the brachial coils very large, the viscera are
crushed to the front, and the intestine, which is short and
simple, is nearly. bent upon itself, though still occupying a
median line. In Lingula, where we have a very long and
flat sac, the intestine is long, and has ample room for con-
volutions, but the anus, instead of terminating in a line
with the mouth, is thrown to one side, in consequence of
this excessive flatness of the sac. The heart will be found
on the outer bend of the intestine and actually on the ven-
tral side; the nerve occupying its homological position.

(The manner in which I view the Brachiopoda, if true,
will entirely reverse the accepted poles of their structure.
What has been considered as dorsal, is here regarded as
ventral, and what has been considered as anterior, is here
regarded as posterior. Further remarks on this will be
made hereafter).

Thus far the balance of structure has been thrown to
the posterior pole of the sac, and though we see a cephali-
zation, or concentration of the muscular system and vis-
cera, toward the anterior pole in Brachiopoda, yet that pole
being essentially closed, we have no function manifested
at that end, except the degradational one of adhesion. In

*<Terebratulina caput-serpentes, and Crania anomala, projected
their cirri beyond the margin of the open valves, and moved them as
the Polyzoa move their oral tentacles, but inno instance were the arms
extended.” Woodward’s Treatise, p. 466.

ON THE PRINCIPAL OF CEPHALIZATION. 167

the Tunicata (Series I, T) we have, through continued
cephalization, the mouth thrown to the bottom of the sae,
or nearer the anterior end,and now the anus terminates
behind the mouth, and posteriorly.

The heart has also followed the intestine in its rotation
and becomes anterior, and partially dorsal. The nerve
mass is still posterior, and occupies a position between the
two openings as in Polyzoa.

We have commencing in this group, the Tunicata, that
erratic bending of intestine, and varied position in its anal
termination, that is witnessed higher up in the scale, and
though apparently governed by no law, we can yet trace
the progressive movements toward a normal condition, by
comparing Appendicularia, one of the lowest forms of the
Tunicates, and representing the larval condition of their
class. In this form the intestine has a ventral flexure, and
terminates on the ventral side. In Pyrosoma it makes an
abrupt bend toward the anterior dorsal region, and termi-
nates anteriorly. In Salpa it terminates dorsally, on a line
with the mouth, though still anteriorly. In Botryllus it
creeps up, and terminates nearer the posterior pole of sac,
though still dorsally. We have in this genus, and other
compound Ascidians, the excurrent orifices of several in-
dividuals coalescing, forming a common cloaca for a com-
munity. ‘The dorsal flexure is distinctly seen in Clavel-
lina borealis. In these three classes; namely, Polyzoa,
Brachiopoda, and Tunicata, the sac is essentially closed at
the anterior end, and consequently the mouth opens to-
ward the posterior end, and with few exceptions all are
attached by the anterior end.

This makes a natural division, corresponding to the
Molluscoidea of Milne-Edwards, the Anthoid Mollusks of
Dana, and a portion of the neural division of Huxley. In
the Lamellibranchiata (Series I, L) we have the sac open-
ing anteriorly, and the mouth permanently occupying the
anterior region, though in the lower forms pointing pos-
teriorly, and in all cases the tentacular lobes pointing in
that direction, and the mouth bent downward (ventrally),
and partially obstructed by the anterior adductor, or by
the undivided mantle. The gradual enlargement of the
anterior opening is clearly seen, wherein the Gastroche-

168 MORSE, CLASSIFICATION OF MOLLUSCA

nid, we have first a minute orifice, for the passage of an
immature foot, or metapodium; this opening gradually
enlarging in different genera, until in the Unionide we
have the sac almost completely separated, except dorsally.
It will be noticed that the anterior opening is also ventral,
or nearly so in the lower forms. In Gasteropoda (Series
I, G) the posterior end of the sac becomes essentially closed,
and the ambient fluid now finds access to the gills through
the anterior (though partially ventral) portion of sac, while
with Cephalopoda (Series I, C) the opening is all anteri-
or. Thus far we have traced the gradual cephalization
of the contents of the sac, and of the sac itself. The
dotted lines X X, running through the oral open-
ing of each figure in Series I of Plate, show the
gradual advance of this opening from the lower to the
higher classes. In the lowest class all the display of struc-
ture, with the oral and anal openings, lies at the posterior
pole of sac. In this highest class, all this display of struc-
ture lies at the anterior pole. Advancing from the Polyzoa,
by the gradual advance of the mouth, the posterior pole
becomes less prominent. ven when the sac opens ante-
riorly as in the Lamellibranchiata, the posterior end of sac
remains open, and the mouth, partially inclined that way,
receives its food from that end; the food being conducted
to the mouth by ciliary motion as in the threé lower class-
es. The nature of their food is also identical, being of an
infusorial character, and as such it is obvious that masti-
cating organs, or biting plates, such as we find in the two
higher classes, are not needed.

So long also as the posterior end of the sac remains open,
the anus terminates at that end; when this opening be-
comes closed, as in the higner classes, the anus seeks an
outlet through the anterior opening, and the mouth, that
before received its food from the posterior end of the sac, and
by ciliary motion, now distinctly points the opposite way,
and is furnished with the proper organs to procure food,
the nature of which requires separation and trituration.

In nearly all the foregoing homologies, and also the po-
sition in which I place the Tunicate sac, I am sustained
by the writings of eminent naturalists. With the Brach-
iopoda, however, my views completely reverse the accepted

ON THE PRINCIPLE OF CEPHALIZATION. 169

poles of the body, though, even here, according to “ Wood-
ward's Treatise on Mollusca,” page 204, Forskahl an 1
Lamarck “compared Hyalea with Yerebratula; but they
made the ventral plate of one answer to the dorsal valve
of the other, and the anterior cephalic orifice of the pter-
opodous shell correspond to the posterior, byssal fora-
men of the bivalve!” And, if the views [advance prove
correct, they were precisely right. In all my previous at-
tempts to homologize the different classes, I had always
met with an obstacle in the apparently aberrant characters
of the Brachiopods : never for a moment doubting the truth
of the accepted views, that indicated the regions to be
called dorsal and ventral, as such, I labored in vain.
When I undertook to interpret the relation of these classes
on the principle of cephalization, I found that these ac-
cepted views must be doubted, and it was with amaze-
ment that I beheld such unlooked for results: that the so-
called anterior pole is really the posterior pole, and that the
so-called dorsal region is really the ventral region.

It has not been without patient consideration that I now
advance these views, knowing that by many they will be
received with opposition; nevertheless, the more I try to
make them comformable with already received relations,
the more Lam convinced that such relations are wrong;
and itis only in believing that continued research will
but confirm these propositions, that I now dare to offer
them.

According to the views here advanced, the Brachiopods
are attached by a prolongation from the dorsal area, as in
the lower Polyzoa, where they lie on the back. Thatin their
natural position in life, this valve is really uppermost.
That the process of attachment also proceeds from the an-
terior pole of the body, as in all the members of the Branch
even to Gasteropods, with the exception of those attached
by one valve, (e. g. Ostreans, Clavagella,) whether it be by
a byssus, confined in cells of their own making, or buried
in the mud, it is the anterior end which is fixed. In sev-
eral lower forms, like Tridacna and Anomia, the point of
attachment springs from the dorsal area, as in the two low-
est classes. In regard to the posterior position of the
mouth in Polyzoa and Brachiopoda, we have similar anal-

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. V.

170 MORSE, CLASSIFICATION OF MOLLUSCA

ogies amongthe Articulata; Cirripedia, for example, where
we have animals becoming attached head downward, and
all the oral parts, as in the pedunculated forms, tending
towards the posterior pole of the body; or in Limulus,
where we have such a decephalization as it were, the mouth
occupies nearly a central position in the ventral region.

Again, considering the intestine as asimple tube, open-
ing at each end, with the weight of structure evenly divi-
ded between the two openings, is itany more incredulous,
that the oral opening should be posterior, than that the
anal opening should be anterior, as in the Gasteropods ?

In Polyzoa, the oral and anal openings occupy a simi-
lar position in all the forms. In Brachiopods, while the
mouth remains in nearly a constant position, the anus
terminates either in a median line, or by a lateral deflection
of intestine to one side. In Tunicata, while the mouth oc-
cupies a permanent position at the front of the sac, the
anus terminates at various portions of the sac, generally in
a median line, though there is usually a lateral deflection of
the intestine.

In Lamellibranchiata, the mouth and anus terminate
in a median line, with few exceptions, (e. g. Pecten) though
the intestine convolutes in various ways. In Gasteropods
we have again lateral deflection of intestine, and though in
many genera the anus terminates in a median line, yet in
the bulk of the Gasteropods it terminates at one side or
the other. In the Dibranchiate Cephalopods we have
again the termination of the intestine in a median line.

o The diagram here given (Fig. 1) re-

/ presents an ideal longitudinal section of

4,2’ the sac, similar to those of Series I. The

\ arrow within the sac, shows the direction
of rotation of the bent intestine; carrying

y| with it the heart, (see Plate, Series L.)
1 which in Brachiopoda we find on the ven-
tral region; in Tunicata on the anterior
dorsal region; in Lamellibranchiata on
the dorsal region ; in Gasteropoda on the
dorsal region and also further back; and
in the Cephalopods at the posterior portion of sac. The
different positions of the sac openings (represented in fig.

K NOILV.LOY
_——

A Fig. 1.

ON THE PRINCIPAL OF CEPHALIZATION. 171

1 by arrow QO) follow the same direction, that is, from
posterior to anterior, ventrally. ‘Thus in Tunicata the
two openings are posterior and posterior dorsal; the pos-
terior dorsal, being the anal or excurrent orifice ; this is
always the shortest in Tunicata. In Lamellibranchiata
the anal tube moves nearer the branchial tube; in the lower
forms their outer covering coalescing and of equal length,
while, higher up, the tubes becoming entirely separate, and
in some of extreme length, the anal tube being the long-
esf. In Pisidium and other forms the branchial tube dis-
appears, and water is received through a ventral opening;
while the anal tube yet remains, occupying a posterior
position on a line with the antero-posterior axis, in the
same position the branchial tube occupied in the 'Tuni-
cata: and, finally, both tubes become nearly obsolete, and
the mantle is cleft all round, except dorsally. Thus the
progress of sac opening follows in the same line of rotation
with the intestine. ‘The progressive regions of attachment
move in an opposite direction (Fig. 1, arrow A). Com-
mencing with the Polyzoa as the lowest class, we have, as.
in the Cheilostomata, the dorsal portion large and spread-
ing, this being the fixed portion; the anal opening being
turned toward this region, as in the Brachiopoda and
Tunicata. (The movable part of the ventral surface,
which is uppermost, being represented by the little lid).
This mode of attachment is the lowest feature; namely,
attached along the entire dorsal region.

As we ascend to the higher forms of the class, we have
a freeing of the posterior portion of sac, and the viscera
permanently occupies this freed portion. In the Brach-
iopoda we have the sac free, held only by the peduncle ;
the means of attachment springing anterior, and from the
dorsal valve, as in the partially freed Polyzoon. (Crania
and Descina are attached as in Lepralia).

In Lingula, where we have the lengthened and flattened
sac, the animal stands vertical in the sand. In ‘l’erebratu-
la and allied genera, the dorsal valve already assumes
preponderance over the ventral valve, and now obtains its
normal position uppermost. .

All the 'Tunicates with few exceptions are attached, and
by their anterior end.

172 MORSE, CLASSIFICATION OF MOLLUSCA

In the compound Ascidians like Botryllus, where we
have a community of individuals clustering round a com-
mon centre, their dorsal as well as anterior regions are at-
tached, or, in other words, the ventral and posterior regions
are free only.

Among the lLamellibranchiata nearly all the lower
forms, and many of the higher forms are fixed or stationa-
ry ; and whether moored by a byssus, buried immovable in
the mud, or imprisoned in cells of their own making, it is
the anterior end which is fixed. This obtains, with im-
portant exceptions.

The Monomyarians combine in their structure both high
and low characters. In their open mantle, and certain
other features, they rank high. In their fixed position, the
attachment generally springing from the dorsal region,
they rank low. For these reasons, I have placed them in
the centre (see Plate, Series I], M) not indicating by
this their equal value with the other groups, for I doubt
if their separation from the Dimyarians is valid, since the
large adductor, composed of two elements, would indicate
the presence of both anterior and posterior adductors, com-
bined in consequence of the excessive shortness of their
antero-posterior diameter. ‘he Monomyarians present sin-
gular features of analogy with the Brachiopoda. Thus
they are generally inequivalve. The viscera are compact-
ed toward the dorsal region, and, when attached, they are
generally by a process from the dorsal portion, (e. g. Ano-
mia) the lowest feature of attachment. In all these in-
stances, particularly with Anomia, the analogy is very
striking ; it is analogy only, and nothing more, for in their
whole structure, and in the relative proportion of their
diameters, they present just the opposite extreme. While
we have in Brachiopoda the growth laterally, that is,
spreading on the sides and depressed dorsally, and the
valves, dorsal and ventral, in the Monomyarians we have
the other extreme; the valves are right and left, and the
display is on the side, the growth extending ventrally as it
were. So narrow are they that in certain forms, Placuna
for example, it is almost impossible to conceive the pres-
ence of soft parts between the valves. We compare the
relative diameters between the Brachiopods and Monomy-
arians, to show how unlike they are in this respect.

ERRATA.
Page 175, line 12 from bottom, for anterior pole read
posterior pole. 5
Page 180, lines 12—13 from top, for anterior end read

posterior end.

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ON THE PRINCIPLE OF CEPHALIZATION. 173

Diameter. BracHIopops. MonomyaRIiaNns.
Antero-posterior. Medium. Small.
Dorso-ventral. Small. Very large.
Transverse. Large. Very small.

For reason of their excessive narrowness, the greater
number of Monomyarians lie on the right or left valve, and
_ as their peculiar form precludes the possibility of locomo-
tion by the usual organ, the foot, they either remain fixed,
or swim freely about in the water, by violently closing
the’r valves, as in Lima and Pecten.

Among the Unionide, the highest family in the Lam-
ellibranchiata, the animal assumes nearly a horizontal posi-
tion in crawling, though the anterior end is always the
lowest, and generally buried in the mud. Its embryos,
like Monomyarians in shape, are attached to the ovisac
by the dorsal margin, whichis straight, asin Pecten. (Lea’s
paper on Embryonic forms of Unionide, Journ. Acad.
Nat. Sci., 2d Series, Vol. IV., plate 5).

By their violent shutting of the valves, while in embryo,
they may, after birth, swim, even as Pecten swims; at all
events they are said to become attached by a byssal
thread while young. Among the Gasteropods we have a
few genera attached, or fixed, as in Magilus, Siliquaria,
Vermetus, Spiroglyphus, Nerinza, and Petaloconchus.
These are now .attached posterior end downward. In
Calyptraea they are in a fixed position, secreting a ventral
valve, upon which they rest. (It would be interesting to
know for a certainty which part first becomes attached in
Vermetus and allied forms; their first point of attachment
must take place at the mouth of the tube or aperture,
which is really anterior and ventral). The Cephalopods
are free.

Thus we have the various regions of attachment, chang-
ing and following in the direction indicated by the arrow
Aven Eioayl:

1st, Polyzoa : dorsal attachment.

2d, Brachiopoda: dorsal and anterior attachment.

3d, Tunicata: anterior.

Ath, Lamellibranchiata: anterior and ventral attach-

ment.
5th, Gasteropods: ventral and posterior attachment.

174 MORSE, CLASSIFICATION OF MOLLUSCA

While we have thus seen that the area of attachment
first springs from the dorsal region, and gradually changes
as we ascend in structure toward the anterior end, so we
find the principal organ of locomotion, i. e. the foot, is
first developed from the ventral region, and in like manner
tending toward the anterior end, as we ascend in the scale,
until, in Cephalopoda, the specialized divisions of the foot
surround the head, and point directly forward.

Having personally communicated the substance of this
paper to Professor James D. Dana, he has, in a letter to me,
indicated certain gradient relations among the Lamelli-
branchs, Gasteropods, and Cephalopods, as manifested in
the special characteristics of the head, or anterior part of
the body, so clearly illustrating the principle of Cephaliza-
tion that I now take the liberty of presenting them. In
the Lamellibranchs the foot is a simple muscular organ
developed from the ventral surface and protruding anteri-
orly. Itis simply an organ of locomotion, in the lower
forms not even performing this function. The oral open-
ing is a simple slit, without the power of seizing or tritura-
ting its food.

In the Gasteropods the foot is more specialized, and as
an organ of locomotion far superior to that of the Lamelli-
branchiates, having oftentimes three well characterized re-
gions, called by Huxley, the pro- meso- and metapodium,
these regions oftentimes supporting certain processes,
e. g. cirri, opercula. The foot not only performs locomo-
tion but in many cases has the power of seizing and re-
taining its prey (e. g. Natica). The mouth has an appar-
atus for biting and triturating its food, being furnished
with an upper jaw, or buccal plate, and a tongue, armed
with silicious particles. In the Cephalopoda the footis so
far differentiated as to be separated into prehensile arms
furnished with rows of suckers, or hooks. These arms sur-
round the head, and are thrown directly forward. They
are capable not only of locomotion, but of seizing their
prey, and performing also movements of aggressive action.
In the higher forrms of Cephalopods, the function of loco-
motion is delegated to other organs, while the arms sub-
serve the uses of the head alone, and the mouth, furnished
with two powerful mandibles opposed vertically, forcibly

ON THE PRINCIPLE OF CEPHALIZATION. 175

reminds us of a parrot’s beak, or that of certain other verte-
brates. Thus we have cephalic power manifested in the
mechanical action of the foot.

1st, Lamellibranchs—Locomotion.

2d, Gasteropods—Locomotion, Prehension.

3d. Cephalopods—Locomotion, Prehension, and Ag-
gression.

According to the principle of Cephalization, cephalic
power is manifested either as a mechanical, sensorial, or
psychical force. Thus the Cephalopods possess in the
greatest measure, all three ; while Gasteropods, not indica-
ting, to any great extent, aggressive action, may be said to
manifest but little psychical power; and the Lamellibran-
chiates manifest essentially only mechanical action.

We have based the preceding considerations on the com-
mon structure of each class, and for comparison have
given an archetype, as it were, of each class (Series 1).
In continuing these archetypal figures, as illustrating the
relative diameters and mean forms for each class (Series
II and III), and also the mean, or average position in na-
ture of the antero-posterior axis (Series 1V), we obtain
singular features of polarity,” which I will now proceed to
indicate; premising, however, that what follows is offered
with reluctance, as I have not at present the opportunity
to verify the statements as I would wish. In Series IT
the average lateral form of each class is given. In Series
III a transverse section is given of the same figures in
Series I]. In Series II the arrow A indicates the direction
of anterior pole, and D indicates the dorsal region in Series
If and III. In Series IV a line for each class is given, re-
presenting the average position of their antero-posterior
axis in nature (A, anterior pole, P, posterior pole). The
central figures in Series II, III, and IV represent cor-
responding views of the Monomyarians. Inthe Polyzoa,
(Series II, P) the sac is long and cylindrical, the mouth
and anus terminate at the posterior pole, and the tentacles
surround the mouth only; the anus terminating outside
the lophophore. Witness in the highest order of Ceph-
alopods, the Dibranchiates, the sac as in Loligo (Series
II, C), long and cylindrical, and in all cases mouth and

*We use this word in its most general sense.

176 MORSE, CLASSIFICATION OF MOLLUSCA

anus opening anteriorly ; the arms surrounding the mouth
only. T'worough diagrams, alike in form, but reversed
in one case, would represent each class as we have it here.

In Brachiopoda (Series II, B) we have the sae widen-
ing laterally, and correspondingly depressed dorsally ;
mouth and anus opening posteriorly. In Gasteropoda
(Series II, G) we have the same features, except that the
parts are reversed again. In Tunicata (Series II, T) the
sac is lengthened and swollen. Lamellibranchiata (Series
II, L) the same. The relative diameters ofthe Monomy-
arians are unlike those of any other class, as before point-
ed out.

It is confidently believed that when these relations, or
polarities, between the ascending, and descending, or, as
Professor Dana terms them, the Holozoic and Phytozoic
classes, have been farther studied, new and interesting
features will be revealed. Thus, the resemblances be-
tween the Tunicates and Lamellibranchiates are too obvi-
ous to indicate.

Among the Brachiopods and Gasteropods, beside what
has been pointed out, we have unlooked for similarities,
as for instance Descina and Calyptrea, or Terebratula and
Hyalea. Among the Polyzoa and Cephalopoda, though
no polarities are brought to mind, except those given
above, yet we cannot help remarking how strong the re-
semblance is between the Polyzoa and Protozoa, through
Vorticella: and if Vorticella belongs to Polyzoa, as Pro-
fessor Agassiz appears inclined to believe, a few steps more
bring us tothe Ammonitic forms ofthe Rhizopods. This
is speculative (though suggestive), as it is now considered
by many that the Protozoa forms a fifth Sub-Kingdom.

In considering a transverse section of the sacs, as shown
in Series III, we obtain a like order of polarity. ‘Thus the
highest orders in Polyzoa and Cephalopoda present a cir-
cular section. Brachiopoda and Gasteropoda are trans-
versely oval; Tunicates and Lamellibranchiates are longi-
tudinally oval, or in lower forms circular ; while the Mono-
. myarians have the dorso-ventral diameter in excess, and
the transverse diameter reduced to the minimum.

In considering the position, or angle of the antero-pos-
terior axis of each class in nature, we obtain similar re-
sults (Series IV).

ON THE PRINCIPLE OF CEPHALIZATION. 177

Polyzoa and Cephalopoda, we place in a_ horizontal
position, taking a swimming Dibranchiate for comparison :
this may be premature however.

Brachiopods and Gasteropods with posterior pole slight-
ly elevated, as in Cyrtia and allied forms of Brachiopods,
and any coiled Gasteropod for example. Tunicates and
Lamellibranchiates with the axis vertical, the anterior pole

being below, and the Monomyarian horizontal again. It
must be remembered that the above considerations are
taken in their most general sense, representing only the
mean for each group, many of them perhaps erroneous.
They are given rather for the purpose of indicating a
future path of inquiry, which the writer considers fruitful
and intends to follow, than as points in any way settled.

In ascertaining the mean position of the antero-posterior
axis for the whole branch of Saccata, (that is, the average)
we find that a line at an angle of 45° would represent its
position in nature; the lower end being anterior. In the
Radiates a line through the mouth to the opposite region
of the body would stand vertical. In Articulates the an-
tero-posterior axis would be horizontal. Among the Ver-
tebrates, Fishes would be horizontal, as in Articulates;
Reptiles have the head slightly elevated; Birds and Mam-
mals still more elevated; so that a mean line, for these
classes might be drawn at an angle of 45,° the cephalic
region being uppermost. Man stands vertical. Thus ina
diagram we would have the following:

| Man.
Vertebrata.
— Articulata.
Saccata.
Radiata.

Fig. 2.
In the preceding considerations I have endeavored to
show the importance of the sac, as the principal and promi-
nent feature in their plan of structure. All animals, re-

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. W.

178 MORSE, CLASSIFICATION OF MOLLUSCA

duced to their primary elements, are sacs in one sense of
the word, though in one case a radiate sac, in another an
articulate sac, ete. Yet nowhere does this character pre-
dominate so universally, noris it expressed so simply as in
the Mollusca; the leading idea as it were. It was shown
also that, essentially, the heart is on the outer bend of the
intestine, or between that and the sac wall, while the
principal nerve mass was on the inner bend of the intestine.
We would thus state their characters.

SACCATA.

(1) Animals of a varied form, without a radiate struc-
ture and without articulations. -

(2) Stomach and viscera enclosed by a fleshy sac, which
may be closed or open, at either one or both ends.

(3) Principal nerve masses, consisting of ganglia, which
are adjacent to, or surround the esophagus.

(4) Intestine bending inward, or having an outward
flexure.

(5) Heart on the outer bend of intestine.

( Sac open at { CEPHALOPODA.

( Hotozorc, or | anterior end. ? GASTEROPUDA.
TYPIC.
Mouth opens | Sac opens at

: a RAN CHIATA.
anteriorly. | both ends. se SELL 2
SACCATA. <

PHYTOZOIC, OR ( Sac open at &y
HEMITYPIC. posterior end. USE
Mouth opens

| posteriorly. Z BRACHIOPODA.

| Sac closed. fe eae

We must now consider the relations of the Saccata to
the other branches of the Animal Kingdom. In the paper
of Professor Dana’s, above referred to, he has used the terms
alphatypic, betatypic, and gammatypic, as a numbering
of the grades of types, whether of branches, classes, or or-
ders; also, below gammatypic, we have degradational.

The Radiates are regarded as degradational, and below
this, hemiphytoid, also, the terms used above, namely,
Holozoic, or true animal forms, and Phytozoic, or plant-
like forms.

ON THE PRINCIPLE OF CEPHALIZATION. 179

Applying these terms to the classes or sroups of Sac-
cata, we have the following:

Alphatypic, CEPHALOPODA.
Houozorc. <¢ Betatypic, GASTEROPODA.
¢ Gammatypic, LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

TUNICATA.
BRACHIOPODA.
Hemiphytoid, POLYZOA.

po ca .e i
eaerorore ; Degyradational, ;

Prof. Danahas pointed out many interesting parallel-
isms between the groups of the different branches. Let
us now look at the parallelisms between the groups above
indicated, and the other branches. Cephalopods approach
nearest the Vertebrates through their lowest class, the fishes,
and already many interesting analogies have been point-
ed out between them.

Gasteropods may be likened to Articulates, through
their lowest class, the Worms, through certain resemb-
lances many forms bear to the Leeches, Planarians, and
Trematodes. Lamellibranchiates may be considered the
essential embodiment of the branch to which they belong.
Tunicates and Polyzoa may be compared to Radiates.

Or, in considering their freedom or fixedness in life, we
have Cephalopods free, as in all Vertebrates ; Gasteropods,
a few fixed, as in Articulates; Lamellibranchiates, many
fixed as in Saccata, with relation to the other Branches.
Tunicates, the greater portion fixed, though they do not
compare so well with the Radiates in this respect, but
Brachiopods and Polyzoa fixed as in the lowest class of
Radiates, the Polyps.

We would thus have

ALPHATYPIC, Cephalopds, Vertebrates, Fishes.
GAMMATYPIC, rasteropods, Articulates, Worms.
BETATYPIC, Lamellibranchiates, Saccates.

Radiates.

iq Y > a
DEGRADATIONAL, ee i

Brachiopods,
HEMIPHYTOID, Polyzoa, Ladiates, Polyps.

180 MORSE, CLASSIFICATION OF MOLLUSCA

EXPLANaTION oF Puate IV.

Series I. Represents a typical figure of each principal
group in Mollusca—viz., P, Polyzoa; B, Brachiopoda; 'T,
Tunicata; L, Lamellibranchiata; G, Gasteropoda; and C,
Cephalopoda—(M, indicating Monomyaria, of the second
series). ‘These figures are represented anterior end down-
ward, the dorsal region being turned to the left. ‘The tube
within each cut, represents the intestine, the larger end of
which is the mouth, and the smaller end the anus. The
harp-shaped figure represents the heart, and the star repre-
sents the pedal ganglion.

Series II. Represents similar views, with less detail.
The dorsal region in this series is uppermost, and the an-
terior end, is turned to the left, as indicated by arrow A.
The curved line indicates the intestine, the large end be-
ing the mouth.

Series II]. Represents transverse sections of corres-
ponding figures in Series II.

Series IV. Represents the mean position in nature, of
the antero-posterior axes of the figures represented above,
A, Anterior pole, P, Posterior pole. The vertical rows
of figures are identical.

Nore. Since lines 7—12, page 164, were printed I have had an op-
portunity of quoting the remarks made by Professor Peirce as reported
in the Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., Vol. ILI, p. 8.

“Professor Peirce also presented a communication upon the form as-
sumed by an elastic sac containing a fluid.

The positions of unstable equilibrium he found to divide themselves
into four special forms, the annular, cylindrical, that of a cylinder with
a bilateral character, and the double or multiple cylinder. The ultimate
form of the first case is a sphere.

He also alluded to the interest of this fact to those who were not
themselves mathematicians. For the primitive forms which Professor
Agassiz had found to be the four types of the animal kingdom were the
same, the Radiata being represented by the sphere, the Mollusca by the
cylinder, the Articulata by the bilateral, and the Vertebrata by the
double cylinder. Now, as all animal forms begin as elastic sacs, con-
taining fluids, these forms seem the necessary ones for the condition of
equilibrium.”

It was Mr. Hyatt who defined the animal forms in the terms used on
page 164. K. S. M.

VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF POLYPS AND CORALS. 181

XII. Synopsis of the Polyps and Corals of the North Pa-
cific Exploring Expedition, under Commodore C. Ring-
gold and Captain John Rodgers, U. 8S. N., from 1853 to
1856. Collected by Dr. Wm. Stimpson, naturalist to the
Expedition. With Descriptions of some additional Spe-
cies from the West Coast of North America. By A. E.

VERRILL.
Part II, ALCYONARIA. With two Plates.

{Communicated February 29, 1865.]

The specimens upon which the following descriptions
are based were mainly collected by Dr. Wm. Stimpson
while acting as naturalist to the expedition.

They were for the most part preserved in alcohol, and
many are accompanied by notes and drawings of the soft
parts, which have been reproduced in the plates. In most
instances I have given the descriptions of the colors of
perishable parts, as well as notes on the mode of occur-
rence, in Dr. Stimpson’s own words.

Descriptions of a few species in the collection of the
Smithsonian Institution and the Yale College museum,
from the Pacific Coast of America, have been added, for
the sake of making thepaper more complete.

SUBORDER, PENNATULACEA,

Famity, PENNATULIDE.

PTEROMORPHA EXPANSA Verrill.
Plate 5, figure 1.

The pinnate portion is broad ovate, abruptly rounded be-
low; peduncle, or basal portion, thick, swollen, a little less
than half the entire length. Pinne crowded, about thirty-
two on each side, long and wide, somewhat thickened, an-
gular, the naked posterior margin somewhat concave, the
~ anterior rounded and supporting numerous small polyps,
and strengthened with sharp spines, which are often in clus-
ters of two or three. The outer half of the sides of the

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. X.

182 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF %

pinne as well as their anterior edges, are covered by small
polyp-cells; basal half of the lower surface densely covered
by small papille. Axis strong, pointed at the ends; interior
cavity of the base small. Length of a large specimen in
alcohol 6 inches, breadth across pinne 3.5, length of pe-
duncle 2.75.

“Color (in life) white, bases of the polyps dirty white,
on the stalk there are a few scattered blackish spots.

It lives with the stalk immersed in the mud like Renilla ;
undulating, moving contractions are often seen in the stalk, -
resembling those of a Holothuria.”

Bays opposite Hong Kong, China. Common in 6 fath-
oms, mud, April, 1854. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

Leroptinum Gray.

This genus is most nearly allied to Pennatula, but differs
in having soft, fleshy pinne, with even borders and no ap-
parent spicula. The polyps are in two or more rows
along the edges of the pinne. The peduncle is enlarged
into a conspicuous, contractile bulb. The axis is very
slender, quadrangular, and extends only through the mid-
dle portion of the body. The rudimentary individuals on
the back are developed in the form of conspicuous papille.

LelopTituM unDuLaATuM Verrill, nov. sp.

Basal portion smooth, pointed at the end, swelling into
a large bulb just below the pinne. Posterior part of the
body, except along a narrow median band, covered with
large verruciform rudimentary polyps, forming rounded
papille, some of which are a tenth of an inch in diameter.
Pinne large, very broad and rounded, with narrow bases, the
edges thrown into undulations or frills. Polyps rather
large, arranged in three alternating rows along the edges
of the pinne. Axis very slender, about two inches long,
extending from about an inch above the basal end to
about the middle of the pinnate portion. The naked base,
of a specimen 4.25 inches long, is 1.75; the largest pinne
‘75 long and 1.12 wide. This specimen has twenty-five
pinne on each side. Pinnacati Bay, Cal. Mr. Stone.
(Coll. Smithsonian Inst.)

: :
POLYPS AND CORALS. 183

PTILOSARCUS.

This section of the genus Sarcoptilus Gray seems to be
sufficiently distinct from the original type of that group to
rank as a separate genus.

The form is thick, club-shaped; the pinne numerous,
crowded, with thickened edges on which the polyps are
arranged in several rows, each cell surrounded by promi-
nent, spine-like spicula. The hack of the body, except
along a narrow median space, is covered by two broad
bands of rudimentary polyps, appearing like crowded gran-
ulations. The basal portion is thick and bulbous, with two
large interior cavities, one of which extends along the an-
terior surface, communicating with the pinnex, the other
along the dorsal portion. ©

The axis is long, fusiform, tapering to very slender points,
which are curved (in preserved specimens) into a loop at
each end. Connected with the lower part of the axis are
very strong thickened muscles, which pass obliquely up-
ward and outward to the wall-tissues, while higher up, a
little above the lowest pinne, other shorter ones are at-
tached, which pass obliquely downward to the wall.

Prinosarcus GuRNEYI.

Sarcoptilus (Ptilosarcus) Gurneyi J. E. Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist., Vol. 5, p. 28, pl. Ill, f. 2, 1860; ? Pennatula tenua Gabb. Proc.
Cal. Acad. Nat. Sciences, IL. page 166. 1862.

Basal portion about one half the whole length, thick,
bulbous, very muscular, the surface strongly sulcated in
contraction. Pinnez smooth on the sides, broad, rounded,
nearly semicircular with a broad base, the posterior edge
extending beyond the base as a rounded lobe: the edge is
thickened and covered by the polyps arranged in four rows,
each cell armed with two sharp spinules. Along the back
are two broad bands of very small papille or granuliform,
rudimentary polyps.

Length of a large alcoholic specimen, having fifty-two
pinne on each side, 10 inches; greatest breadth 2; length of
pinne .80, breadth 1.50; length of naked base 4.75, diame-
ter 1.25.

Puget Sound, Wash. Terr. Dr. C. B. Kennerly, Dr. G.
Suckley. (Coll. Smithsonian Inst.)

184 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF
Famity, Pavonaripz Dana, restricted.

VircuLaria PusILua Verrill, nov. sp.
Plate 5, figure 2.

Very small and slender, the pinne extending nearly to
the base, which is rounded and bulbous; pinne of the up-
per portion surrounding the stalk on all sides except the
back, which is naked; below they are separated also by a
narrow anterior space, but the pinne of the opposite sides
appear to coalesce anteriorly higher up, producing a sub-
verticillate arrangement. The middle whorls are separat-
ed about .1 of an inch; polyps small, twelve to fourteen in
the median whorls, somewhat crowded ; tentacles slender,
elongated, with slender, rather distant, lateral lobes along
nearly their whole extent. Length 1.75 inches; diameter at
the middle .12.

“Bays opposite Hong Kong, China, in 6 fathoms, mud.
April, 1854. Color pale orange or dirty red.” Dr. Wm.
Stimpson.

The only specimen in the collection is probably young.

Famity, VERETILLIDZ Gray, emended.

VereTILLUM Stimpsoni Verrill, these Proceedings, p.
152, April, 1865.

Plate 5, figures 3, 3a.

Polypiferous portion of surface thick, swollen, somewhat
fusiform, broadest below the middle, the surface granulous ;
basal portion less than a third of the whole length, bulb-
ous, smooth, and very contractile; polyps rather distantly
scattered, arranged sumewhat in quincunx; between them
are numerous minute papille or rudimentary polyps; in
expansion the polyps are much exsert with very slender
elongated tentacles, bordered with rather distant, elongated,
slender lobes in a single row on each side, commencing
close to their bases; axis short, thick, fusiform, situated
just below the commencement of the polypiferous part.

Whole length of the largest specimen in alcohol 3.5
inches ; naked part 1; diameter where broadest 1; length

POLYPS AND CORALS. 185

of axis .35. When living, length 6.5 inches; breadth 1.75;
polyps about .75, exsert.

“Hong Kong Harbor, China, in 6 to 10 fathoms, mud,
March 1855; also in 24 fathoms, shelly sand, China Sea,
23° N. lat. April, 1855. Body whitish cream-colored ; pol-
yps transparent with an opaque digestive tube, bluish white
about the bases of the tentacles; base white, somewhat
longitudinally striated”’ Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

VERETILLUM BacuLATUM Verrill, these Proc. p. 152,
April, 1865.

Small, clavate, broadest near the upper end, which is
obtusely rounded; polypiferous portion about one half the
whole length; naked basal portion elongated, pointed be-
low, in one specimen, with a distinct terminal pore; axis
small, fusiform, less than one half an inch long; polyps
much smaller and more numerous than in the preceding.
Length of the only specimen obtained 2 inches; diame-
ter .3.

Sea of Ochotsk, in 25 fathoms, taken Aug. 1855, by U.S.
Steamer “John Hancock,” Capt. Stevens; preserved by L.
M. Squires.

KoPHOBELEMNON cLavatTum Verrill, 1. c. page 182.

Veretillum clavatum Stimpson, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol.
7, p. 375, June, 1855.

Plate 5, figures 4, 4a, 4b.

Polyps large, the tentacles long and slender with oblong
lateral lobes; surface of the body between the polyps, ir-
regularly papillose, variegated, punctate with orange and
spotted with brown; basal portion white, with a pointed
extremity. Length 2 inches.

‘Bay opposite Hong Kong, in 6 fathoms, mud, April,
1854. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

This species is more claviform and has more crowded
polyps than K. Burgeri Herklotz. The naked dorsal space
is scarcely apparent, owing to the crowding of the polyps
towards it upon each side.

186 VERRILL, SNYOPSIS OF

SUBORDER, GORGONACEA.

Famity, GorRGONIDa.

Gorconta vENosa Valenciennes.
Off Madeira, in 25 fathoms, rocks. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

Leptocoreia cuspipata Verrill, nov. sp.

Corallum broad, subflabelliform, irregularly branching
nearly in a plane, the principal branches arising near the
base divide above in an irregularly dichotomous manner,
forming a rather thick fasciculate clump. Branchlets
thick, rigid, nearly straight, tapering to a point. Cells
numerous, rather large, rounded, covering the surface of
the branchlets except along a narrow median space on
each side. Grooves rarely distinct except near the base.
Color deep purple ; cells yellow; axis black.

Cape St. Lucas, Cal. J. Xantus. (Coll. Smithsonianl
Institution). ;

Famity, Puexaurip& Gray.

PLEXAURA FRIABILIS Lamouroux.

Cape of Good Hope. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

I refer with some doubt to this species, specimens of a
large dichotomous Plexawra with long, upright, cylindrical
branches, the terminal ones often undivided for a foot or
more, and about .8 of an inch in diameter, tapering but
little at the ends. The cells are often a little prominent
and evenly crowded; the axis dark brown, scarcely com-
pressed, even at the axils; the cenenchyma very spiculose
and friable. ‘

It resembles in form and general appearance P. crassa
(Gorgonia vermiculata Lk.) of the West Indies.

LopHocoreia PaLMa Edw. and Haime.
Gorgonia palma Pallas, 1766. Gorgonia fammea Ellis and Solander,
1786.

False Bay, Cape of Good Hope. Not rare in 20
fathoms, rocks, Oct. 1853. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

POLYPS AND CORALS. 187

One specimen differs from the ordinary form in having a
large, very compressed trunk, with the long, subdigitate
branches much more flattened than usual; color, in alcohol,

light gray.

Lissocoreia Verrill.
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. History, 1864.

In this genus the coenenchyma is very thin, friable and
highly spiculose throughout, the spicula conspicuous at
the surface and covering the verruciform cells, which are
eight-lobed in contraction. ‘Tentacles strengthened at the
base by large spicula, which often radiate within the dried
cells. Axis horn-like, smooth, usually without visible stri-
ations. Type, L. flabellum (Antipathes flabellum Auth.)

Lissocoreia FLEXxuOSA Verrill, nov. sp.

Corallum much branched, subflabelliform, the branches
irregularly pinnate, branchlets slender, divaricate, often —
coalescing ; axis soft and flexible, dark brown; ccenenchy-
ma thin, membranous, filled with large fusiform spicula,
visible at the surface; polyp cells rather large, rounded,
verruciform, covered by numerous elongated and pointed,
imbricated spicula. Color, in alcohol, grayish white.

Hong Kong. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

Moricea sINEeNsIS Verrill, nov. sp.
Plate 5, figures 5, da.

Corallum irregularly dichotomous with elongated, sub-
clavate branchlets; polyp cells verruciform, rather large,
somewhat prominent, irregularly crowded, surface granu-
lose with crowded spicula; external portion of the ccenen-
chyma hard and coriaceous, rather thick, the surface thick-
ly covered by small oblong spicula; tentacles strengthened
by numerous red spicula. Axis, in alcohol, very soft and
flexible near the ends, slender, dark brownish below ; color
of the ceenenchyma deep red. Height 8 inches, diameter
of branchlets .15.

Hong Kong. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

188 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

Mortcea ? prvaricata Verrill, nov. sp.
Plate 5, figures 6, 6a.

Corallum low, much branched somewhat in a plane,
branchlets slender, elongated, divaricate; covered by the
very prominent irregularly crowded, socneianes secund,
polyp cells ; these are mostly .2 of an inch high and spread
abruptly at right angles to the branches, and are some-
what claviform, the summits being enlarged. The ce-
nenchyma is very thin and filled with large, thickened
spicula, conspicuous at the surface, producing a granulated
appearance; the polyp cells are thickly covered by more
elongated, fusiform spicula, which are irregularly arranged,
interlaced and conspicuous at the surface, converging at
the summit of the cells, which are eight- -rayed in contrac-
tion. Color, in alcohol, light ash gray, axis light {SED TE,
soft and flexible. Height ‘three inches.

Hong Kong. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

AcaNnTHoGorGIa coccinea Verrill, these Proceedings, p.
152.

Nephthya coccinea Stimpson, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. June, 1855,
Vol. 7, p. 375.

Plate 6, figures 7, 7a.

All the specimens observed of this species consist of
simple clavate stalks, rising from broadly expanded bases,
which, like the stalk, are densely covered with large, open
polyp cells, irregularly crowded over the whole surface ;
the cells are surrounded by numerous, deep red, prominent,
imbricated, spines, their outward ends long and sharp, but
irregularly branched at their bases, forming thus a cluster
of short, secondary spines; axis light brown, slender and
‘flexible. Height of the largest specimens 2 inches, diame-
ter .2. Below each tentacle, imbedded in the external
membrane, are two rows of linear, crimson spicula, con-
verging towards each other so as to form a series of V-
shaped markings with the apex towards the ends of the
tentacles. .

Hong Kong, China, in 10 fathoms, attached to dead
shells. “The specimens when contracted look like the fruit

POLYPS AND CORALS. 189

of the Sumac of New England (Rhus typhina L.) Color
bright red, that of the tentacles and spicula deepest; polyp
bodies hyaline, yellowish flesh color.” Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

Famity, Primnoips M. Edwards, emended.

Primnoa compressa Verrill, nov. sp.

Corallum much branched in a plane, flabelliform, con-
sisting of several large branches arising from near the base,
_ which give off, alternately from each side, numerous, long,
slender, acute branchlets, which rise at a very acute angle
with the main branches and are often again subdivided in
the same way; branches and branchlets strongly com-
pressed in the plane of the branches, delicately striated,
stony, near the base dark brown, the branchlets yellowish
white, their tips setaceous. Height of largest specimen 24
inches; diameter of largest branches .25. Ccenenchyma
and polyps not observed.

Aleutian Islands. Capt. Gibson.

Famity, GorconELLIDZ Valenciennes.

JUNCELLA L&vis Verrill, nov. sp.

Corallum tall, simple, subcylindrical, rather slender, di-
minishing in size both at the summit and near the base,
where the polyps become obsolete; cells appressed, scarce-
ly prominent, arranged in two broad bands, leaving a nar-
row, median, naked space on each side, along which there
is a well marked groove; they are placed alternately at a
distance of about .2 of an inch, in about six vertical rows
on each side, producing a quincunx arrangement; axis
slender, cylindrical, calcareous, white, surrounded by about
sixteen longitudinal tubes, two of which are larger and
correspond with the lateral grooves, the others to the rows
of polyps. Length of the single specimen, imperfect at
each end, 20 inches; greatest diameter .25. Color yellow-
ish brown, in alcohol.

Hong Kong, China. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. Y.

190 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF
Famity, Isipz.

Parisis Laxa Verrill, these Proceedings, p. 152.

Corallum flabelliform, loosely branched, openly reticu-
lated, only a few of the branches coalescent; branchlets
spreading nearly at right angles, somewhat elongated,
curved, obtuse at the ends; papille rather large, irregular-
ly crowded ; cenenchmya thin, roughened by the points of
minute spicula; axis slender, consisting of white calcareous
joints alternating with shorter dark brown ones of the same
thickness, but softer; color, in alcohol, light gray. Height
of a small specimen 3 inches; width 3; diameter of branch-
lets .20.

Off Hong Kong, China, in 15 fathoms, shelly gravel,
May, 1854. Color, in life, bright light blue. Dr. Wm.
Stimpson.

Mopsetia saponica Verrill, nov. sp.

Low, spreading, dichotomous, branching nearly in a
plane ; branches slender, diverging at an angle of about
45,° obtuse at the ends; cells rounded, papilliform, rather
large, crowded. Color, of all the specimens observed, ver-
million with yellow polyps.

Simoda, Japan. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

This species is most nearly allied to M. coccinea (Isis
coccinea Ellis and Sol.), but the branchlets do not coalesce
as in that species, and spread much less abruptly. The
cells, also, are considerably larger.

SUBORDER, ALCYONACEA,
Famity, ALCYONID2.

ALCYONIUM RUBIFORME Dana.
Lobularia rubiformis Ehrenberg.
Arctic Ocean in 35 fathoms. Capt. J. Rodgers. West

Coast of Behrings Straits in the Laminarian Zone. Dr.
Wm. Stimpson.

POLYPS AND CORALS. 191

ALCYONIUM, SP.

A specimen hadly preserved, and too imperfect for iden-
tification.
Hong Kong. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

Axucyonium ?

The corallum consists of rounded, glomerate clusters of
large, verruciform polyps, striated at the tops. Color, in
alcohol, bright red.

Sea of Ochotsk. L. M. Squires.

SARCOPHYTON aGarRicum Verrill.
Alcyonium agaricum Stimpson, |. c. page 375.

This species forms mushroom-shaped disks, which are
circular, convex, with entire, revolute margins, and support-
ed on a central pedicel about one-third as broad as the disk.

The polyps cover only the upper surface, are rather
large, three-tenths of an inch long and an eighth of an inch
distant, the surface between them being covered with mi-
nute dots. Upper surface of the disk bluish gray, polyps
lighter with still paler tentacles ; lower surface and pedicel
dark cream colored. Diameter of disk 1.5 to 2 inches; of
pedicel .d.

Kagosima Bay, Japan, not uncommon in 10 fathoms,
sand, January, 1855. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

NepaTHya aurantiaca Verrill, nov. sp.

Corallum thyrsoid in form, consisting of a stout naked
pedicel, divided above into several short, thick branches,
which are covered by small, glomerate clusters of crowded
polyps; cells very small, verruciform, much crowded; their
bases covered with closely imbricated, red spicula; the
bases of the tentacles with golden yellow ones. Height 2in-
ches; diameter of pedicel .3. Color of pedicel and bran-
ches pale pink; polyp cells bright red at base, yellow at
summit.

_ China Sea in 23° N. lat. Dredged in 28 fathoms, shelly
gravel. Color pale reddish gray ; tentacles ge yellow
Dr. Wim. Stimpson.

192 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

NeEpPHTHYA THykRsoIDEA Verrill, lc. p. 151.
Plate 6, figures 8, 8a, 8b.

Corallum thyrsoid, consisting of a pyramidal head of
compound, glomerate clusters of polyp cells, supported by
a short, thick pedicel. The short branches arise from all
sides of the main trunk and spread abruptly, dividing at |
once into numerous small rounded lobes, which are dense-
ly covered by the crowded polyps; cells larger than in the
preceding, less thickly covered by the spicula, which are
yellowish gray and quite small. Height of the largest
specimen, 3 inches, diameter 2, diameter of pedicel .5,
length of naked part .75.

False Bay, Cape of Good Hope. “Taken commonly
in small clusters, rarely in large ones, in 20 fathoms, rocks,
Oct. 1853. Color wine-yellow or light brown; polyps dark
purplish just under the tentacles; the latter palish, nearly
white; stalks with irregular, transverse, elevated, silvery
lines of spicula.” Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

SponcoDEs cigaNTEA Verrill, Bulletin of the Museum

of Comparative Zoology, p. 40. Jan., 1864.

Large, paniculately branched; principal branches few
and large, covered on all parts by short, thick, glomerate
branchlets, which are themselves divided into numerous
clusters or small heads of polyps; the polyps are small, not
crowded, most of them armed with a bundle of long, white,
prominent spines, some with smaller single ones; bases of
the tentacles filled with numerous red spicula; the trunk
is very Open, cavernous, the walls membranous, filled with
slender, white spicula; the base divided into root-like ex-
pansions. Height 12 inches or more; diameter of trunk,
near the base 3; of principal branches 2. Color of trunk,
in alcohol, brownish gray; polyps dark red, with conspic-
uous white spines.

Hong Kong, China, on rocks in 1 fathom, April, 1854.
Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

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Vol. IV.

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Proceedings Essex Institute.

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E. S. Morse, Del. A. Holland, Wood Cut Printer, Boston. L. Sanford, Eng., New Haven.

POLYPS AND CORALS. 193

Sponcopes capiTaTa Verrill, Bulletin of the Museum of
Comparative Zodlogy, p. 40. Jan., 1864.

Trunk short and thick, dividing rapidly in a dichotomous
manner, forming a broad rounded clump. Branchlets much
subdivided, corymbose, the polyps all terminal, small, ver-
ruciform in contraction, in rounded clusters of forty or fifty;
with these are often intermingled little groups of three or
four individuals supported by slender, white spines, one of
which is longer than the rest, and considerably exsert, sup-
porting one of the cells on its side. ‘The tentacles and
polyp walls are also strengthened by slender white spicula.

Height of a large specimen 4 inches, breadth 5, diame-
ter of polyps about .05.

Hong Kong, China. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

Sponcopes craciuis Verrill, nov. sp.

Trunk slender, arborescently branched, the branchlets lax,
a little elongated, furcate, the polyps mostly arising singly
along their sides in asecund manner, not crowded, scarcely
clustered, small but quite prominent, supported by several
slender spines, the walls and tentacles strengthened by
numerous very slender fusiform spicula of a bright red col-
or. The trunk and branches are open, membranous, dia-
phanous, filled with long, slender, curved, fusiform spicula
of a white color.

General color light pink. Height 2 inches; diameter
of trunk .25; of polyps .02.

Loo Choo Islands. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

Famity, CorNuLARID#.

ANTHELIA LINEATA Stimpson, l.c. p. 375.

Plate 6, figures 9, 9a, 9b.

Polyps elongated, tapering somewhat towards the disk.
Tentacles nearly halfas long as the body, slender, tapering,
with a single series of oblong, somewhat irregular papille,
those near the base of the tentacles shorter and nearly ob-
solete. Body pale brownish with eight, longitudinal, lead-
colored stripes, tentacles bright blue. Length of body
about an inch.

194 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

‘Hong Kong. “Abundant on rocks at low-water mark,
which it covers with a light bluishscum.” Dr. Wm. Stimp-
sou.

TELESTO RAMICULOSA Verrill.

Cornularia aurantiaca Stimpson, l. c. p. 375. (mon T. aurantiaca
Lamx.)

Plate 6, figures 10, 10a, 100.

Corallum irregularly branching, the branches and coral-
lites straight, subcylindrical (clavate when young) marked
with numerous, fine, longitudinal sulcations. The upper
portion of the polyps projecting considerably beyond the
firmer tubes in expansion, pellucid, somewhat constricted
at the junction with the tubes. Tentacles long and rather
broad, with a single series of elongated lateral lobes, which
are themselves tuberculated. Color pale orange, polyps
transparent with a few linear spicula on the sides, stomach
crimson. Height 2 inches.

Hong Kong. Dredged sparingly in 10 fathoms, shelly
bottom. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

TELEestTo? noposa Verrill, nov. sp.

In this species the stalks usually rise half an inch or
more and then divide at once into a cluster of twelve to fif-
teen slender corallites or branchlets, which diverge from one
point. By continued growth another leading polyp arises
from the cluster and after a short distance produces another
similar cluster, thus forming an elongated stalk, densely
ramulous along the sides, except where the intervals be-
tween the clusters occur, and even there scattered cells of-
ten appear. Corallites slender, turbinate, a third of an inch
long, the walls very thin, encircled by numerous elevated
rings, and finely striated longitudinally.

Height of the largest specimen about three inches.

Loo Choo Islands, in pools at low water. Dr. Wm.
Stimpson.

Dry specimens only of this species are in the collection,
and therefore its true characters are somewhat uncertain.
In many respects, and especially in the transverse rings
around the tubes, it resembles some species of Tubularia.

POLYPS AND CORALS. 195

* SARCODICTYON.

A species of this genus occurs creeping over dead shells.
The polyps in alcohol are mostly contracted and form scat-
tered verruce about a line in diameter and rather more in
height, connected by slender, fleshy stolons.

Hong Kong, China. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

Faminty, Tusiporip™.

TupiporRa RUBEOLA? Quoy and Gay.
Bonin Islands. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

I refer to this species, with much doubt, a fragment of
Tubipora of very light red color, having the transverse
plates about .25 of an inch apart; the tubes .1 in diameter.
It is too imperfect to be determined satisfactorily, if, in-
deed, it be possible to determine species of this genus from
the dry corals.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Puate V.

Figure 1. PreromorpHa expansa Verrill; a polyp en-
larged.

Figure 2. Vireuuaria pusitua Verrill; a polyp much
enlarged.

Figure 3. VERETILLUM Sammesor Verrill; a polyp
somewhat enlarged; 3a, structure of the surface between
the polyps.

Figure 4. KopHoBeLEMNON cLavatvim Verrill ; natural
size, with the polyps expanded, front view; 4a, a polyp
much enlarged, showing outline of stomach, below which
are, apparently, clusters of eggs; 4b, a tentacle much
magnified.

Figure 5. Muricra sinensis Verrill; a branchlet, natu-
ral size: da, one of the contracted cells magnified to show
the spicula. This and the next were drawn from nature
' by Mr. E. 8. Morse.

Figure 6. Muricha DIVARICATA Verrill; portion of a
branch, natural size ; 6a, a contracted cell pac magnified,
showing spicula

196 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

Puate VI.

Figure 7. AcantHocoreia coccinea Verrill; a polyp
much enlarged, showing spiniform spicula at the base and
smali spicula below the tentacles; 7a, view of a polyp
from above.

Figure 8. Neputuya tuyrsorea Verrill; a cluster of
polyps from a branch, slightly magnified ; 8a, a polyp par-
tially contracted, much enlarged to show the spicula; 8d,
one of the spicula greatly magnified.

Figure 9. ANTHELIA LiNEaTA Stimpson; cluster of
polyps natural size; 9a, a polyp enlarged; 9), a tentacle
magnified.

Figure 10. Teuesto ramicutosa Verrill; a group of
polyps in contraction, natural size; 10a, an expanded polyp
much enlarged; 10b, a contracted polyp somewhat mag
nified.

Note. Part I of this paper, including a Synopsis of the Classifica-
tion of Polyps, herein adopted, was published under a somewhat dif-
ferent title in the fifth number of these Proceedings, page 145. Part
Ill, embracing descriptions of the Actinaria, will appear as soon as
the necessary plates can be completed.

HYATT, OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 197

XIII. Observations on Polyzoa. Suborder Phylactolemata.
By Aupueus Hyatt.

‘ With nine Plates.

[Communicated October 10,* 1864.]
INTRODUCTION.

The investigations recorded in the following pages are
the results of observations made on the American species
of the Phylactolemata; with the intention of elucidating
the structure of the genera, and of presenting the laws of
their siructural combination as fully as this can be ac-
complished within the limits of the present communication.

For this purpose synoptical tables have been given, ex-
hibiting the anatomy of the different divisions, as far as
our knowledge of the adult animals would permit.

Had such a plan been possible at the present time, the
synopsis would have embraced only the anatomy of the
most complicated species of each generic series; and other
tables, similarly constructed, illustrating every genus, would

--have been prefixed, one individual of each species being
selected for analysis. But the small number of species
now known in each genus not affording material enough

’. for perfecting this system, the tables include only general
statements of the characters of each genus, and these are
arranged in a linear series in order to show clearly their
serial relations. I venture, however, to assert, that, not-
withstanding these defects, the results obtained by this
mode of procedure are more exact, than if the usual me-
thods of describing the anatomy had been followed.

The advantages of thus analyzing the anatomical fea-
tures of any natural division are at once apparent. Their
organization, as a whole, is rendered plain ; and the reader
is enabled to trace, throughout the structure of the group,
not only the changes of any organ by itself, but even of

*During the proof reading I have embodied in the original text many
new facts discovered since the 10th of Oct., 1864, and the communica-
tion, therefore, may be considered as covering a period extending from
that date to the day of publication.

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. Iv. z. March, 1866.

198 HYATT,

the different systems of organs, from their lowest to their
highest states.

The laws, also, according to which the changes, or dif-
ferences in the parts, take place, are better illustrated by
such @ tabular view, than by any other method.

The manner commonly pursued of describing the mi-
nute differences between species, or genera, and of simply
generalizing with regard to their anatomical peculiarities, is
very unsatisfactory. It does not afford the means for com-
paring the anatomical composition of the parts of the in-
dividual in each species, or genus, which is necessary to a
complete understanding of the whole, and the differences
are sought for and described, to the neglect of the agree-
ments, that are either passed by, or only casually noticed
in the descriptions of the larger divisions. Such errors are
avoided by the use of analytical tables, which, besides the
advantages before described, set forth the similarities as
prominently, as the differences. We thus never lose sight
of the initial points of the structure, while the diflerences,
or changes, from time to time appearing, stand out even
more vividly against the common background of similari-
ties.

It is far from my intention to underrate the labors of
naturalists who devote themselves to the discovery and
publication of new forms; their labors are essential to
the progress of science. The ordinary mode, however, of
prosecuting these investigations is, perhaps, too disconnect-
ed, species being habitually regarded in the light of isola-
ted creations, rather, than as allied to others by the larger
number of their essential characters. This engenders a
habit of always looking for differences, and overlooking
agreements, which the study of series of species, or even
of series of individuals would correct.

The facts published in these “Observations” have been
verified by my own experience, with the single exception
of the spermatozoa. These I have not yet seen, my obser-
vations having been made, for three successive seasons,
principally during the fall and winter months.

The questions involved in the body of the paper, and
the difficulties to be overcome in obtaining living Euro-
pean specimens have obliged me to quote extensively from

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 199

the works of foreign naturalists. References, however, are
always made to the original publications, and the state-
ments used have been, in all cases, sifted of facts that did
not correspond with my own researches upon closely allied
«\merican species.

The nomenclature of Professor Allman’s exhaustive
“Monograph of the Fresh-water Polyzoa” has been adopted
throughout, with the exception of a few alterations, which
become necessary, partly in consequence of some ideas of
my own, with regard to the composition of the organs, dif-
fering from those of Prof. Allman, and, partly, because I
here adopt a new view of the relations of the anterior and
pesterior poles of the body, originated by my friend Edward
S. Morse.* In an article published in these Proceedings
he homologizes the parts of the animal in the various classes
of the Mollusca, and arrives at the conclusion, as surpris-
ing, as it is truthful, that the attached end of a Polyzoén
is in reality the anterior, and that the peduncular end of a
Brachioped is the homologue of this, and, also, anterior.

It therefore becomes necessary to alter the commonly re-
ceived nomenclature, and to denominate the attached end
of a Polyzo6n the anterior; the free end the posterior; the
anal side the dorsal; and the opposite, or so called hemal
side, the ventral.

*A Classification of Mollusca based on the principle of Cephalization.
Proc. of Essex Inst., Vol. lV, No. V1, p. 162.

Nore. Jam indebted to Dr. Joseph Leidy, of Philadelphia, for iden-
tifying my specimens of Fredericella regina with his species, for tra-
cings of all the species described by him, and for other valuable infor-
mation. IJ desire, also, to return thanks to Professor H. J. Clark, of
Harvard College, Professor A. HE. Verrill, of Yale College, Professor
Alfred Mayer, of Penn. University, Professor Theodore Gill, of the
Smithsonian Institution, Mr. Elliott Smith and Mr. 8. I. Smith, of
Norway, Maine; to all of whom I am under obligations for important
assistance.

My thanks are also due to the Officers of the Smithsonian Institution,
of Washington, and the Peabody Institute, of Baltimore, for the use of
books which I could not have otherwise obtained.

It is but just that I should also express the feelings of gratitude with
which I cherish the memory of my father, Mr. Alpheus Hyatt, of Bal-
timore, whose long continued generosity, while living, enabled me not
only to accomplish this undertaking, but to plan, and prosecute others
of a similar kind.

Mr. Edward $8. Morse perfected the drawings with the skill of an

200 HYATT,

The unquestioning manner with which I take up these
views may excite some surprise, but they are founded up-
on facts which calmed all the doubts I at first entertained,
and satisfied me entirely of their correctness. Mr. Morse’s
paper, entitled “A Classification of the Mollusca based on the
principle of Cephalization,” fully illustrates the homologies,
as well, also, as the general plan of that subkingdom.

Mr. Morse has, also, done me the honor of quoting from
my manuscript the term Saccata as a new name for the
Mollusea. Since it has been so auspiciously introduced to
science, and, as such a definitive term seems to be needed
to give uniformity and completeness to the nomenclature
of the four plans, I shall make no further excuse for its em-
ployment in the future.

BiBLIOGRAPHY AND CLASSIFICATION.

There is no bibliography of the Phylactolemata, or in
- fact of the Fresh-water Polyzoa taken together, as far as
our own country is concerned, but, in Europe, they have,
from the time of Trembley,* their discoverer, attracted much
attention, and the list of works, that may be consulted with
profit, is extensive. The principal among these are the
writings of Dumortier and Van Beneden, Professor All-

accomplished draughtsman, and with all the interest of a zoologist and
personal friend. I am indebted to him both for this, and for many other
favors that have rendered it possible for me to publish at an early date.
In fact, my only regret, in connection with this article, is, that a gen-
tleman of such acknowledged ability, whose time is important to science,
should not be able to devote it to his own original investigations.

The lenses employed were made especially for the purpose by Rob-
ert B. Tolles, of Canastota, N. Y. The one halfinch objective having
an angle of 175° and one fifth of an inch working distance was especi-
ally well suited for the examination of living animals.

Mr. J. F. Richardson, of Portland, executed the engraving of the
plates with the same skill he has shown in other scientific works, and
with more than usual care.

The wood cuts are very large for a black ground, and, being printed
directly from the wood, required all the skill and patience of Mr. Hol-
land to produce accurate impressions.

*Mémoire pour servir a histoire d’un genre des polypes d’eau douce.
1744.

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 201

man, and Mr. Albany Hancock.* These experienced
naturalists surveyed the whole field, and, armed with pow-
erful modern microscopes, they completely disclosed the
anatomy and physiology, making nearly all preceding ex-
plorations interesting only as matters of history.

Dr. Leidy is the sole authority upon this subject in
America.t His observations have given us all.the informa-
tion we at present possess of our native species, besides
adding two new and singularly interesting genera, Pec-
tinatella and Urnatella, to the systematic catalogue. Of
these two, Pectinatella alone belongs to the Phylactole-
inata.

Nothing of a general nature having been published in
this country, it may, perhaps, be well, before proceeding
with the structural analysis of the Phylactolemata, to give
a sketch of the classification and a description of the dif-
ferent forms of this suborder.

The Polyzoa, for a long time confounded with the Radi-
ata, were first definitely separated by Thompson in 18380,
and called by him Polyzoa, thus taking precedence of
Bryozoa, the name afterwards given them by Ehrenberg
in 1831.4

In 1834, De Blainville, although still continuing to as-
sociate them with the Radiata, set off the genera Crista-
tella, Plumatella and Alcyonella as a subclass, styling
them “Polypiaires douteux.’’||

*DUMORTIER & VAN BENEDEN. Hist. Nat. d. Polypes composés d’eau
douce. Nouv. Mem. de Acad. Roy. de Bruxelles. Vol. 16. 1843.

VAN BENEDEN, Recherches sur les Bryozoaires. Mem. de lAcad.
Roy. de Belgique. Vol. 21. 1848.

DumMorTiER & VAN BENEDEN. Hist. Nat. des polypes com. d’eau
douce. Mem. de lAcad. Roy. de Bruxelles, comp. au tom. 16. 1848.

ALBANY Hancock. On the Auatomy of the Fresh-water Bryozoa,
with descriptions of new species. Ann. and Magazine of Nat. Hist. Vol.
5. 1850.

Pror. AttMAN. Monograph of the Fresh-water Polyzoa. Ray
Society, 1856.

*Dr. Joserpa Leipy. Proc. Philadelphia Acad. of Nat. Sciences,
Vols..5, 7, and 10.

tBusk. On the priority of the term Polyzoa. Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist. 2d Ser. Vol. 10, p. 352. 1852.

De BuaINviLLe. Man. d’Actinologie et de Zoophytologie. p. 489.
Paris. 1834—37.

202 HYATT,

In 1837, Gervais divided the Polyzoa into two sub-
classes, “Polypiaires hypocrepia,” and “Polypiaires infun-
dibulati.” ‘The first included the genera with lateral arms,
and the second those with round lophophores, among
which he placed Fredericella.*

In 1848, Fredericella was restored to its proper division
by Dumortier and Van Beneden, but they committed the
mistake of uniting it with Paludicella,a genus with a truly
orbicular lophophore, and devoid of an epistome.t These
authors, also, recognized the Hypocrepian division, as limit-
ed by Gervais, separating Fredericella and Paludicella as
a distinct group.

Professor Allman in 1856 instituted the order Phylacto-
lemata, basing it upon the epistome, which is present in
all the genera.t

He divides the order into two suborders; Lophopea and
Pedicellinea, the former including all the Hypocrepian
forms, and the latter the marine genus Pedicellina. Al-
though differing from Professor Allman in my estimation
of the relations of Pedicellina, 1 have retained his name
tor the Fresh-water genera, from F'redericella to Cristatella
inclusive.

In the Suborder Lophopea, he has two grand groups, or
families, founded upon the characteristics of the cene-
cium ; one the Cristatellide, for the genus Cristatella with
its locomotive ccenecium ; and the other the Plumatellide,
embracing all the remaining genera, that have rooted
coencecia.

There is a partial coincidence between Professor All-
man’s classification and the one I advocate. He makes
of his Plumatellidz two groups ; one equivalent to my first
family including Fredericella, because of the obsolete
arms, and another including precisely the same genera as
my second family. Thus the classifications virtually agree
in regard to the number of the principal groups, although
not with regard to their relative values.

*GmRVAIS. Recherches sur les Polypes d’eau douce. Annales des
Sciences Naturelles, 2d Ser. Vol. 7, p. 77.

+DUMORTIER & VAN BENEDEN. Memoirs de Acad. Roy. de Bel-
gique. Vol. 21, p. 5. 1848. .

TALLMAN. Fresh-water Polyzoa. p. 10.

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 203

According to this view of their relations, the PayLactTo-
LEMATA comprise three families, or subgroups. First;
the Fredericellide, founded upon the great differences be-
tween the lophophore and nervous system of Fredericella,
and the members of the other families. Second; the Plu-
matellide, which differ from the Fredericellidz in the lopho-
phore and nervous system, and from the Cristatellide in
their coenecial characters. Third; the Cristatellide, whose
coencecia and mode of development separate them widely
from both the preceding.

The following is a scheme of this classification, enumer-
ating the families and genera by name, and the number of
species at present known in America, Europe, India and
Australia.

mast
q4A6 <
a
SHNSY pst ois
; 5 =
S = mo 5
= cs v ORS pcs i
oD ion iS Paige sik eae Pd We
<4
3
ae
tet
a i ;
= FREDERICELLIDE. Fredericella. 33 {fal
=) Plumatella.* 5 | 13 1t
S PLUMATELLID-©. } Lophopus. ie |] a
5 Pectinatella. 1 1||
— CRISTATELLID-£. Cristatella. 7 |fal
S|
SS TOUR AT ih BY
lan)
a
a

*Plumatella includes Aleyonella, which is only a variation of the ordinary form of
the species.

+A species of Plumatella mentioned, but not named or described, from Melbourne,
and the vicinity of Richmond. D.Oyly H. Alpin. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d Ser.
Vol. 6, p. 454. 1860.

{A species mentioned by Dr. Leidy. Proc, Phil, Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 10, p. 190.

\|A statoblast, found near Bombay and described by Mr. J. H. Carter in the Ann.
and Mag. of Nat. Hist, Vol. 3, p. 341, pl. 8, f. 8-15, 1859, supposed by him to belong to
Lophopus crystallinus. It, however, undoubtedly belongs to a new species of Pec-
tinatella, and I therefore propose for this new species, which is remarkable for its
spines, furnished with many lateral hooks, growing only from the ends of the stato-
blast, the name of Pectinatella Curteri.

204 HYATT,
FREDERICELLA.

These are plant-like animals with graceful dendritic
forms, common in our brooks and ponds (PI. 7). They
cling, immovably fastened by their ectocyst, to the lower
surfaces of submerged stones, or floating boards; and
thrive best in the darkest places, often carpeting the dismal
recesses, under the loosened bark of dead branches, with
their lovely, campanulate corollas.

Nothing can exceed the exquisite beauty of these small
“phytozoons’ *; their symmetrical outlines, the alertness of
the motions of the poly pides, and the surprising complexi-
ty of the internal structure of their transparent bodies rich-
ly repay the labors of the microscopist.

Cenecium. ‘This part of the colony, formed by the tu-
bular dark brown trunk and branches, is made up of lines
of little hollew twigs, or cells, each separate cell encasing
a single polypide, and opening into the preceding cell, or
parent Polyzoén, at the lower end. Thence the cells
are generally attached for some distance to the surface, al-
though frequently the entire branch is free, the lowest cell
alone being attached. The extremities of the cells bend
upwards, and are always free, but vary exceedingly in
length. The color is due to the ectocyst, which is a thin
gelatinous excretion, soft, and transparent when first de-
posited, but acquiring with age a dark brown hue and
parchment like consistency (Pl. 7, figs. 4,5, D). This ex-
cretion is the product of the ccencecial endocyst, or true
body wall of the branches and polypides (Pl. 7, figs. 4, 4,
6, E). The endocyst is continuous throughout the gener-
al system of branches or ceencecium, and the latter may,
therefore, be regarded as a common tubular cavity, more
or less cut up into cells. Some scattered, partial divisions,
made by ring-like folds of the endocyst, open in the centre,
are found in each colony, but these are not constant, and
occur only at rare intervals in the branches.*

Polypide. ‘The free portions of the cells are capped by
translucent tubes crowned with thread like tentacles radia-
ting from the periphery of the Lophophore, or floor of the

*Similar to those of Plumateila. Pl. 8, fig. 6.

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 205

crown. This is perforated in the centre by the round
mouth, overshadowed by the tongue like Epistome (Pl. 7,
fig. 5, I’, I’), which is an obtuse, upward fold of the lopho-
phore, opening below into the neural chamber, or cavity.
This cavity contains the orbicular nerve-mass suspended
immediately under the epistomic opening (PI. 7, fig. 5, 5).

The surface of the tentacles, the oral side of the epis-
tome, the lophophore and the interior of the throat in the
vicinity of the mouth are covered by cilia (Pl. 7, figs. 4,
H, 5, H’’). Constantly vibrating towards the centre of the
crown, these cilia create a vortex in the water, at the apex
of which lies the mouth, always open and ready to en-
gulph the microscopic plants, or Infusoriz, that may be
caught by the encircling current, and swept into this liquid
trap (Pl. 7, fig. 5, I’).

The polypides not unfrequently form a sort of cage, by
interlacing the extremities of their tentacles, and imprison
the more active of the Infusoriz, who would otherwise
readily escape. ‘Thus inclosed, however, their strength is
expended in fruitless efforts to break through the tentac-
ular bars, until finally exhausted and overcome, by the
power of the miniature maelstrom, they are whirled unre-
sittingly downward into the funnel shaped throat.

The tentacles are used not only, as above described, to
catch the prey, but for a multitude of other offices. They
are each capable of independent motion, and may be
twisted or turned in any direction; bending inwards, they
take up and discard objectionable matter, or push down
into the stomach and clear the cesophagus of food too small
to be acted upon by the parietal muscles. ‘They are also
employed offensively in striking an intrusive neighbor, and
their tactile power, sensitive to the slightest unusual vibra-
tion in the water, warns the polypide of the approach of
danger.

Between the lophophore and the ccencecium, the internal
organization is plainly seen, the pellucid wall of the tube
offering no obstacle to the eye of the observer.

‘The alimentary canal hangs from the lophophore, occu-
pying the centre of the polypide, and floating freely in the
rapidly moving blood. The yellowish cesophagus, the
stomach barred with brown, and the brownish intestine

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. vou. ty. AA. March, 1866.

206 HYATT,

compose a deeply colored axis relieving and vivifying the
shadowy outlines of the tube and tentacular crest (PI. 7,
fig. 0, K, K’, K”).

“All these ‘delicately proportioned members are balanced
upon a fold of the endocyst, called the Invaginated Fold
(PI. 7, fig. 5, B), which is retained within the ceenecial
cell by the Retentor muscles (PI. 7, fig. 4,5, N,N’). These
together with numerous other sets of small muscles will
be described hereafter. At present it is only necessary to
call attention to the Sphincter (Pl. 7, fig. 6, L), a broad,
contractile band surrounding the inv aginated fold, and the
large retractors (PI. 7, fig. 4, fig. 8, M, M, M"'), which are
in two sets, one on each side of the alimentary canal.
‘They arise apparently from two common bases, but each
large trunk subdivides above into many bundles, which
may be distinguished from each other according to the lo-
cation of their attachments and divided into three branches.

The fibres of the first branch, the Gastric Retractor, are
distrinuted to the stomach; those of the second, the Lo-
phophoric Retractor, to the cesophagus and oral region ;
those of the third, the Brachial Retractor, to the bases of
the arms, and to the endocyst along the line of the Brachi-
al Collar. The crest is swayed by these muscles in every
direction ; or, when alarmed, the polypide may withdraw
by their aid into the larger ccencecial tube below, very
much as the finger of a glove may be inverted within the
empty palm. This is so quickly done, at times, as to
bafile observation, and the fully expanded polypide, with
every tentacle stretched to its full length vanishes instant-
aneously within the ceenecium. Often, however, the in-
vagination is more slowly performed, and the motions can
then be easily followed.

The polypidal endocyst is first turned inwards, folding
upon itself, and prolonging the permanently invaginated
fold below. The tentacles, arriving at the edge of the
ceenecial orifice, are pressed into a compact bundle by the
action of their own muscles, and, together with the lopho-
phore, are dragged into the cell by the continued invagina-
tion of the endocyst until they are wholly inclosed and at
rest within the sheath formed for them by the inverted
walls of the tube. The sphincter muscle then closes the

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 207

cceneecial orifice above, and the process of invagination is
completed.

The polypide in its exserted state is buoyed up and sus-
tained by the pressure of the fluids within. Consequently
when invaginated it displaces an equal bulk of these in
the closed ccenecium, and their reaction, aided by the
contraction of the muscular endocyst, is sufficient to evagi-
nate the whole.

The evagination begins with the relaxation of the sphinc-
ter, which permits the ends of'the tentacles to protrude.
These daintily feel about for the cause of the alarm, and,
if they fail to detect the proximity of an enemy, the whole
fascicle is cautiously pushed out, and the sentient threads
suddenly and confidently unfolded.

The polyzoén reasons from the sense of touch inherent
in its tentacles, and cannot be induced to expose itself
above the crencecium until thoroughly satisfied, by these
sensitive feelers, that no danger is to be apprehended. In
fact, these plantlike creatures, singly mere pouches with a
stomach hanging in the midst, exhibit greater nervous ac-
tivity and “animality,” than we find among the more highly

organized Ascidia, or shell-covered Brachiopoda.

PLUMATELLA.

The species of this genus abound near the shores of our
ponds, close to the surface, and are generally in company
with Fredericella (Pl. 8). They may be found attached
to the under sides of flat stones, or floating boards, but do
not usually seek the narrow, dark recesses in which Fred-
ericella often occurs. Better fitted to endure the sun’s
rays, they may, occasionally, be seen in positions exposed
to their full influence. I have been so fortunate as to col-
lect specimens of P. Arethusa which were growing from
the ends of the long water grasses ; their tiny branches, and
living, crystalline flowers glittering in the light, and sway-
ing to and fro in the open current without protection from
the heat, even at midday.

The coenecium is dendritic as in Fredericella, but the
growth is generally more luxuriant, extending over larger
surfaces, and the ccenecial cells are wider in proportion to

208 HYATT,

their length. The polypide, also, is capable of more ex-
tended protrusion, and its motions, therefore, are less re-
strained. T'he arms, previously indicated in the lopho-
phore of Fredericella, are fully developed, and stretch out
on the dorsal side just above the anus, giving a crescentic,
or horse-shoe shaped aspect to the disk, which is retained
throughout the succeeding genera.

The ectocyst may be either transparent or Geos in the
same species, and the polypides may be widely separated,
as in Fredericella, or be closely aggregated, the branches
and cells adhering together by means of their gelatinous
ectocysts. :

LOPHOPUS.

Lophopus introduces us to a new class of characters.
The ectocyst, in place of being a thin enveloping sheet, is
a thick deposit of clear jelly in which the ccenccium is
buried. ‘The branches are lobiform, and the cells even less
widely separated, or differentiated, than in the aggregated
varieties of Plumatella.

Prof. Allman describes Lophopus crystallinus as attach-
ed to the stems of Lemna, and other fresh water plants,
but avoiding exposure to bright sunlight.

These positions must necessarily, however, be less shad-
ed than those occupied by the majority of the Plumatelle.

PECTINATELLA.

The reproductive and vital energies of the group reach
their climax in the voluptuous beauty and endless multi-
plication of the ccenecia in Pectinatella (Pls. 9,10, 11, 12).

The cells of the separate polypides are wholly merged
in the lobiform branches, and the gelatinous ectocyst, often
several inches thick, is gathered underneath the ccenccia
(Pl. 9, fig. 5, D). It affords a common base fur all the
colonies, and is-no longer, as in the preceding genera, con-
fined to one ccencecium.

The tropical aspect and luxuriant growth of the cling-
ing masses, frequently several feet in diameter, investing
the summits of submerged stumps, and the branches of

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 209

waterlogged timber, are unequalled among the fresh-water,
or even among the marine Saccata of our climate.

The communities, assembled in countless profusion up-
on the gelatinous ectocyst, are crowded together and being
compressed become irregularly hexagonal in their outlines.
The polypides upon the lobiform branches, adorn the bor-
ders of these hexagonal patterns with a dense, glistening
fringe, speckled with the scarlet coloring of their oral re-
gions; and the bare coencecial trunk (PI. 9, figs. 5, 6, 7, A’)
in the centre shine with a deep, opaline lustre, completing
the rich, coralline effect of the fringed outlines.

The protrusion of the polypides is not limited by the in-
vaginated fold, as in the preceding genera, but they roll out
nearly the full length of their evaginable endocyst, and re-
semble columns supported by a simple ovolo and fillet
(Pls. 10, 12). The fillet corresponds to the invaginated
fold of the preceding genera, and the ovolo-like bend in the
endocyst is produced by the contraction of the anterior re-
tentor muscles.

In July and August specimens of Pectinatella magnifica
are very abundant in shallows and in the depths of Pen-
nissewasse pond, but as the fall advances, those in the
shallows die, and in October they can live only upon the
logs in deep, cool water, or in shaded situations. These
autumnal specimens are old, and being unable to with-
stand the direct rays of the sun, disappear from all exposed -
positions, where they grow with impunity as strong and
healthy adults earlier in the season. I have found them
fifteen or twenty feet below the surface, showing a marked
departure in this respect from the preceding genera, whose
species seldom occur below two, or three feet, and are al-
most invariably near the shore line.

CRISTATELLA.

The Cristatelle are by far the most highly organized,
not only of the Phylactolemata but of all the Polyzoa
(Pls. 13, 14).

The ccencecia are neither dendritic, as in Fredericella
and the Plumatellze, or lobate, as in Lophopus and Pec-
tinatella, but naked, depressed sacks, capable of determi-

PAD HYATT,

nate motion; their interior divided by walls of reticulating
muscular fibres into numerous radiating cells and tubes.
The latter, however, do not meet internally, but leave a
vacant space in the centre of the cceneecial trunk unoccu-
pied either by the polypides, or the muscular walis (Pl. 13,
figs. 2, 3, A’).

The polypides extend to the full length of their evagina-
ble endocyst, and are destitute of an invaginated fold, not
even possessing a fillet around the upper edge of the cce-
noecial orifice as in Pectinatella (Pl. 14, fig. 1). They are
disposed in rows upon the borders, inclosing the clear,
bare central spaces with an edging not unlike the polypid-
al fringes of Pectinatella (Pl. 13, fig. 1).

The ectocyst loses the tixed character it still possessed
in Pectinatella, and is only a transient, gelatinous excre-
tion, thrown off in great abundance from the common base
of the colony (PI. 13, fig. 3, D).

The communities are not invariably gathered upon a
common ectocyst, as in Pectinatella, but are sometimes
single, as in Lophopus.

There is, however, a very curious, and remarkable simi-
larity of one species with Pectinatella.

The ccenecia of C. ophidioidea herd together within
confined boundaries from a few inches to a foot or more
in diameter, covering such favorite resorts with a glairy
coating accumulated upon the surface by the moving
bases of the numerous colonies. The aspect of one of
these settlements, supported upon this common ectocyst,
is analogous to that of a mass of Pectinatelle; especially
to the old age, or degradational period of the life of a mass
of the latter; where a large number of colonies still cling
to a thin sheet of gelatine left from the decay of the great-
er part of the ectocyst.

This similarity may be explained by the fissiparous
multiplication of the ccencecia in both genera and the slow
progression of Cristatella. The colonies of the last can
never wander far from their place of origin, unless floated off
by some accident, and, continually multiplying, they soon
create a dense population in a comparatively small space.

The distribution of Cristatella is similar to that of Pec-
tinatella, they being generally found together.

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 211
REPRODUCTION.

The Phylactolemata have two modes of reproduction,
one by buds, and the other by eggs. The former occurs
in two ways; by statoblasts, either fixed or free, and by
regular buds, which grow out from the side of each poly-
pide. The first are the founders of new colonies. The
last merely increase the number of individuals in each es-
tablished community. The colonies are, however, some-
times multiplied by other processes, which cannot be classi-
fied under either of the above heads. In large specimens
of Plumatella Arethusa the polypides on the old trunk die
first and the remnants of the coencecia are gradually swept
away, leaving the branches as so many independent colo-
nies (Pl. 8, fig. 1). This, also, is not uncommon with Plu-
matella diffusa, and is, probably, peculiar to all the species
of this genus that distribute their branches over a large
surface.

I have directed, perhaps, more attention to the old age
than to any other period of the growth of the individual,
and among the many curious and novel facts, which this
comparatively untravelled path of investigation has,led me
to, there are few more interesting than the above.

Specimens of Fredericella may be often observed at-
tached near the ends of their branches by the soft ectocysts
of their younger polypides, the ragged end of the branch
floating freely above. These may sometimes have been
torn by accident from the parent colony, but in the majori-
ty of cases they owe their liberation to the decay of the
original stock. In Pectinatella and Cristatella the march
of extinction is, also, from within outwards. But, in con-
sequence of the greater width and the common occupation
of the coencecium by the polypides, the decay of those in
the interior does not effect the vitality of the trunk, and
their living ccencecia carry both the quick and the dead
(BE Sire i)!

Thus death, which is an active agent in multiplying the
number of independant colonies in Fredericella and Plu-
matella, is, probably in Lophopus, and certainly in Pec-
tinatella and Cristatella, of no avail; the constrictive pow-
er of the endocyst being its functional substitute in the

212 * HYATT,

three last named genera. Although the polypides of the
Phylactolemata never display any marks of fissiparity, the
coencecia are multiplied by division. 1 have seen the lobi-
form branches of old colonies of Pectinatella divided from
the ccencecial trunk by constrictions, which, gradually deep-
ening, finally separated them from the latter. The form,
the thickness of the ectocyst, and the vast number of cce-
neecia upon every mass, indicate, that this selfmultiplica-
tive mode of propagation is of frequent occurrence among
the adults.

Prof. Allman has observed similar phenomena in Cris-
tatella and Lophopus, showing it to be common to all the
genera having the thickened gelatinous ectocyst. It ap-
pears probable, that this method of multiplying the colonies
would also take place in Fredericella and the Plumatelle,
if it were not for the toughness of the ectocyst. The par-
tial divisions continually occuring in the branches of these
genera and, apparently, restrained only by the stiffness of
the ectocyst from becoming effective and severing the
ccencecia, wherever they occur, into separate parts, are the
homologues of the permanent septa between the cells of
Paladicella and of the lateral partitions in the marine
Polyzoa. This homology was suggested to me in observ-
ing the readiness with which the lobes of Pectinatella were
cut off; the constrictions occuring irregularly, sometimes
isolating a whole branch, sometimes only a few cells. If
the ectocyst was pergameneous in this genus the constric-
tions would either not take place at all, or form scattered
partitions, as in Fredericella and Plumatella. ‘l'hus the
same function that produces a constant anatomical char-
acter in Paludicella, Fredericella, and Plumatella, would
seem to be the effective cause of the selfmultiplication of
the ccencecia in Lophopus, Pectinatella and Cristatella..

Prof. Allman divides the mode of reproduction by buds
into two, “non sexual reproduction by gemme, which at
once proceed to the full term of their destined develop-
ment,” and “by statoblasts or gemme in which the develop-
mental activity remains for a period latent.”*

The statoblasts bud from the funiculus, a cord like pro-

*Fresh-water Polyzoa. p. 41.

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 213

longation of the outer membranes of the stomach, connect-
ing the lower end of that organ with the bottom of the
cell in the vicinity of the bases of the retractors.

The researches of Mr. Hancock, upon the early devel-
opment of the statoblast, which he supposed, in common
with other observers of that time, to be a true ovum, and
those of Prof. Allman, give an almost complete history of
their growth.* The former found them in Plumatella and
Fredericella, in the interior of the funiculus, as large nu-
cleated cells; and the latter, apparently begining his inves-
tigation at a later period, as a mass of smaller cells, which
must have resulted from the division of the primary cell
of Mr. Hancock.

They arise within bead like swellings of the funiculus,
and, enlarging slowly, push out to the surface of the chord,
and upwards towards the stomach, until finally they hang
upon the exterior, arranged alternately on either side, the
youngest being at the lower end (PI. 8, fig. 2, W).

According to Prof. Allman the contents increase in bulk
by the formation of new cells, and are enveloped in a
cellular membrane (Fig. 1, a) with an outer gelatinous
envelope (Pl. 8, fig. 2, W'’). Between these, two other
membranes are secreted, one of which constitutes the horny
sheath, and the other the annular ring of the statoblast
(Pl. 8, figs. 7, 8,9, W’, W"). This sheath and the annulus
gradually assume a distinct cellular structure, and a horny
consistency ; the former at the same time acquiring a deep
brown color, and the latter a brilliant golden hue.

The contents of the statoblast are often contracted, and,
while in this condition, during the earlier stages of de-
velopment before the horny casing becomes too opaque, the
membranes may be analyzed by the aid of the microscope.

The interior cells are large and colorless. They are
surrounded by a thin, homogeneous membrane, which,
when the cellular contents are reduced by contraction,
seems to be drawn out into numerous, minute, conical pro-
jections at the points where it is attached externally to the
overlying membrane (Fig. 1, b). Iwas unable on account

*ALBANY Hancock. Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol. 5. p. 190.
ESSEX INST. PROCEED. Iv. BB. March, 1866.

214 HYATT,

of the opacity of the sheaths of the specimens of Fredericelia
regina, upon which my investigations were principally
made, to determine with absolute precision, whether these
conical projections were tubes, or partly solid muscular
bands connecting the investing membrane with the overly-
ing layer (Fig 1, a).

The cellular contents do not project into the interior of
the cones, as they might be expected to do, if the latter
were simply hollow continuations of the investing mem-
brane. This fact may be considered as favoring the opin-
ion, that they are partly solid, and, perhaps, muscular, con-
nective bands, or else there must be another membrane in-
terior to the one described, which, also, invests the cellular
contents and prevents the cells from flowing into and fill-
ing up the conical projections. The overlying layer (Fig.
1, a) is exceedingly thick, and acts, in all respects, like a
muscular membrane. It is unconnected with the horny
sheath, and either lies closely against the latter, or is sepa-
rated from it; and may be smooth and of equal thickness
throughout, or corrugated and of unequal thickness, as in
fig. 1, according to its state of expansion, or contraction.

The horny sheath is composed of flattened, hexagonal
cells, the whole surface garnished internally with a thin
coating of short, horny, brown colored sete (Fig. 1, W’).
This sheath is so exceedingly tough and hard that it is
difficult to pierce it with the point of a needle.

The annuli of the statoblasts of Plumatella, and of the
other genera in which they are found, are made up of more
prominent and larger hexagonal cells than those of the
horny sheath.

In Fredericella the annu-
lus is not developed, but in
all the other genera it is, and
in Pectinatella and Crista-
tella spines are superadded.

These spines apparently
arise from the annulus in
toblast of FREDERICELLA REGINA; J, Pectinatella, as described
conical projections on the surface of the by Dr. Leidy, but they

cellular contents; a, thick, muscular
membrane; w’, horny sheath. may be traced by a close

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. ONO

examination of this part, by transmitted light, to their junc-
tion with the body of the statoblast. From the edges of
the statoblast they pass through the centre of the annulus,
coming out on the border of the seam, that divides the up-
per and lower sides of the annulus.

Prof. Allman describes the statoblasts of Cristatella as
surrounded by a ciliated envelope before the spines begin
to be developed, and remarks, that these impinge upon
this membranous envelope, which gives way before them
and disappears. I have been unable to detect any similar
ciliated membrane in Plumatella or Pectinatella, and, in
this respect, Cristatella probably differs from all the other
Phylactolemata. The gefatinous matrix of the statoblast
of Pectinatella does not reach its full growth before the
spines are produced, but appears to be carried up on their
sides as they progress outwards. When the spines are
fuliy developed, the reentrant spaces in the envelope be-
tween them become filled out, and they are buried in the
gelatine, like those of Cristatella when they first begin to
protrude from the horny sheath.

The gelatine is absent from the full grown statoblasts of
Fredericella and Plumatella, which are found naked in
the cceneecial cells, whereas those of Pectinatella and Cris-
tatella are enveloped by it until after the death of the colo-
ny; losing it only by decay. In the two first this covering
is not essential, and it is absorbed before the bud is floated
out of the ecencecium, while in the two last it is needed in
order to protect the parent from laceration by the pointed
hooklets of the spines, and it is, therefore, retained until
lost by the exposure of the bud to external influences.

Before the spines of Pectinatella appear, and often, even
before the horny casing shows the deeper shades of the
brownish coloring that afterwards distinguishes it, the stat-
oblasts are detached from the funiculus. They lie loose
in the ccenecial cavity from this time until the death and
decay of the polypides destroy the upper parts of the cells.
Through the openings thus made, being lighter than waier,
they are readily floated off and pass the winter unprotect-
ed by any other covering than their cellular casings, al-
though remaining near the surface, and consequently, in
the higher latitudes, imbedded in the ice for several months.

216 HYATT,

Growth begins at the approach of spring and the edges
of the sheath are split apart by the increasing bulk of the
polyzoén, which protrudes between them. The opacity of
the sheath has hitherto prevented microscopists from as-
certaining the early history of the development of the
polypide, and we are obliged to be content with such ob-
servations as can be made during the later periods of its
life, when it is partly exposed.

The organs, when the little animal first makes itself
visible, are well advanced in growth and the polypide is
already capable of retraction and expansion. For a time
it floats freely in the water, wafted about by the cilia,
which clothe the whole external surface, and increases in
size until the sheaths of the statoblast can no longer con-
tain it; then, in some appropriate locality, the gelatinous
ectocyst adheres to the surface, the cilia are absorbed, and
the polypide enters upon a new phase of life as the founder
of a community.

The sides of the sheath and the annulus, although sepa-
rated from each other, frequently cling to the bud, and may
occasionally be found adhering to its sides even after the
colony has attained its full size.

Besides these floating buds, which might be called free
statoblasts, there are others, originating in a similar man-
ner, but from the attached or lowermost sides of the cells
instead of the funiculus. ‘These remain permanently fixed
by their external investment to the endocyst, and, on this
account, I have called them fixed statoblasts. They have
been described in Plumatella emarginata and Alcyonella
(Plumatella) Benedeni by Prof. Allman, and by Dr. Leidy
in Plumatella nitida.*

It may be well to remark here, that the location of the
free statoblast in Fredericella is different from what it is
in all other genera. After dropping in the usual manner
from the funiculus they become soldered to the sides of
the parent cells, and being of the same size, are indistin-
guishable from the true, fixed statoblasts.

The fixed statoblasts found in Plumatella are much

*Dr. Lerpy. Proc. Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 5, p. 321.

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 217

larger than the free forms, have no annulus, and in many
species the walls of the cells immediately under them be-
come so compact and hard, that they cannot be removed
from the surface of the wood or stone to which the cell is
attached without considerable exertion.

Certain so called exceptional forms of buds, also, previ-
ously noticed by Prof. Allman in Alcyonella fungosa and
Lophopus crystallinus, are very abundant in Cristatella, on
the interior of the basal membrane* (PI. 13, figs. 2, 3, 8, 9,
10, 11,12, X). They are at first small oval bodies near
the border, jutting out from the endocyst of the tubes lead-
ing to the second or third line of polypides. Their com-
position is similar to that of the statoblast. They have a
thick external membrane and granular contents, but are
devoid of a gelatinous envelope, and, also, have a large
vacant spot in the interior which is continually varying its
shape and position. Simultaneously with them, and con-
tinuous with their outer envelope, a long ridge springs up
from the endocyst and the outer membrane of the bud,
which, becoming membranous, splitting into two portions,
and connecting with the upper side of the ceencecium, even-
tually incloses them in a tube (PI. 13, figs. 8, 10, 11, Q).
This ridge sometimes passes directly over the centre of the
bud, and sometimes to one side, but is almost always
present. It occasionally retains the cord like embryonic
character, and freeing itself from the endocyst, except at
the extremities, forms a pseudo-funiculus, suspending the
bud in the ceenecial cavity. ‘The thick external membrane
becomes in course of time differentiated from the walls or
ridges, and acquires the horny consistency of the casing
on the free statoblast, but is never so opaque, or deeply
colored. As the outer membrane stiffens no change seems
to be made in the granular contents, but the more con-
vex face of the envelope sinks, forming an elliptical depres-
sion, and the greater number of the buds become free (PI.
13, fig. 12, W’). Prof. Allman found them to be hollow,
and described this elliptical depression as an aperture. I[
was, however, unable to substantiate either of these con-

*ALLMAN. Op. cit. p. 40.

218 HYATT,

clusions in Cristatella. The rupture of the sheath and the
consequent escape of its contents is not an uncommon oc-
currence among the fixed statoblasts of Plumatella; and
this seems to have been the cause of the emptiness of the
specimens described by Prof. Allman. From their mode
of development, and the place they occupy in the cceneci-
um, it is probable that they are the same as tie fixed sta-
toblasts of Plumatella. They differ, however, from the
fixed statoblasts in being unattached to the endocyst when
fully grown, but this not being an invariable character,
and the elliptical depression, which is nothing more than
the accidental sinking in of one side of the sheath, being
quite common, even among the free statoblasts of Pluma-
tella, I see no reason for considering them exceptional
forms.

At an early stage of growth, while still floating freely in
its native element, the statoblastic polypide begins to mul-
tiply by the process of budding. An internal swelling of
the endocyst, on the lower side, in the vicinity of the bases
of the anterior retentor muscles, first shows the position of
the coming polypide. This elongates into a little hollow
sack with a thickened rim (PI. 7, fig. 5, Y), upon the up-
per edge of which, in the Hypocrepian Polyzoa, a slight
noteh is formed by the duplication and pushing out of its
sides into two loops joined along the centre (Pl. 13, fig.
4, Y). A-series of minute folds of the membrane on the
upper sides of the loops are the incipient tentacles, and, as
they enlarge, the intervening membrane is drawn up with
them like a thick web; but this, however, eventually recedes
externally and becomes the calyx. The loops growing out-
ward augment their longitudinal diameter at the expense
of the transverse, and the inner sides of each, approximat-
ing and at last coalescing, make up the lophophore and
arms. Preceding the beginning of the tentacles, a trans-
verse constriction of the body of the little sack draws the
line between the cesophagus, and the stomach; and the
subsequent deepening of this constriction divides off the
internal cavity, establishing the cardiac and pyloric valves.
The muscles, which become well differentiated at a very
early period, are divisible into three pairs: one pair attach-
ed to the rim, the Brachial Retractors; one to the region

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 219

of the esophagus, the Gisophagal Retractors ; and one to
the region of the stomach, the Gastric Retractors. The
are active from the first, and appear to drag the polypide
inwards, stretching the endocyst of the parent, which is
joined to the loops, into a tube. This tube is the future
evaginable endocyst of the polypide; and, as the various
organs are developing, it is everted little by little, becom-
ing gradually capable of the adult evagination.

The tentacles of Cristatella ophidioidea are not fully
grown, nor the arms divaricated, until long after the evagi-
nation of the polypide is completed (Pl. 18, fig. 5, Y’).
At this period the tentacles of the external rows near the
mouth are the longest, decreasing regularly to the mere
tubercles on the ends of the arms, and the internal tenta-
cles are not separated from each other, exhibiting only two
closely appressed lines of tubercles all of about equal length.
The division of the arms begins internally, and its progress
outwards may be followed by the gradually increasing
length of these interior rows, which retain their tubercular
character until this division commences (PI. 9, fig. 14).

The mode of reproduction by true ova, although detect-
ed by Dumortier and Van Beneden, was first fully describ-
ed by Prof. Allman. ‘They are produced from the gemma
dot, a bud-like mass on the upper side of the endocyst in
the neighborhood of the orifice, which, during the fall,
when not filled with ova, becomes opaque and granular.”

The testicle, first described by Dumortier and Van Bene-
den, arises from the funiculus, resembling in its mode of
formation, according to Prof. Allman, a true bud. The

*Prof. Allman thus describes the earlier periods of the development
of the ovum. Monograph Fresh-water Polyzoa p. 33.

“Development of the Ovum.—I have succeded in tracing the develop-
ment of the ovum through most of its stages in Alcyonella fungosa.

In this polyzoon the mature ovum consists of a granular vitellus,
surrounded by a very evident vitellary membrane, on whose internal
surface the contents appear frequently to be aggregated in a coarse
granular layer. It presents a large germinal vesicle, and a very dis-
tinct germinal spot. After a time the germinal vesicle and the germi-
nal spot disappear, and the vitellus undergoes segmentation, and after
the mulberry-like condition thus induced has in its turn vanished, we
find the contents of the egg have assumed the form of a roundish or
oval body, richly ciliated on its surface, and provided with a large cen-

220 Hy Any,

nuclei of the cells are of large size and in due time are con-
verted into spermatozoa. These have been observed swim-
ming freely in the perigastric cavity into which the full
grown ova are, also, discharged from the ovary.

After the segmentation of the vitellus, the egg appears
as a hollow oval body clothed externally with cilia, and it
is at this period that most observers have seen and des-
cribed its peculiarities.

Mr. Albany Hancock, although confounding it with a
statoblast which he supposed to be an egg, speaks of one,
an undoubted ovum, which, he observed forcing its way
through the closed orifice of the cell, rending and destroying
the parent polypide in its course.*

I have, also, seen them during this stage in Plumatella

tral cavity, which as yet does not open externally. When liberated from
the outer membrane of the ovum, which still confines it, it swims ac-
tively through the surrounding water by the aid of the cilia with which
it is invested.

As development proceeds, we find the ciliated embryo while still
confined within the cuverings of the egg, presenting in some part of
its surface an opening, which leads into the central cavity ; and through
this opening an unciliated, hernia-like sac is capable of being protrud-
ed by a process of evagination. The unciliated protrusible portion
would seem to have been derived by a separation from the walls of
the central cavity, and appears therefore to originate by a process of
unlining, a true chorization.

Towards the opening, which leads from without into the central
cavity, the chorization is incomplete, the membrane as it separates
being here still held to the walls of the cavity by irregular transverse
bands; these bands check the entire evagination of the membrane, but
after a time they disappear, and then the unlining and evagination are
perfect. In the interior of the protrusible portion, and before the dis-
appearance of the transverse bands, a polypide is developed.” The
further development of this polypide, as described by Prof. Allman,
does not differ materially from those produced from the regular buds
of the adult cells. ,

The same authority thus describes the testicle of Aleyonella (Plu-
matella) fungosa on page 32 of the work above quoted.

‘The testicle is composed of a mass of spherical cells, each of which
contains within it numerous secondary cells, ‘‘vesicles of evolution.”
The visible contents of the vesicles of evolution consist, at first, of
nothing more than a well-defined spherical nucleus, and this is subse-
quently transformed into a spermatozoal filament, which finally escap-
es by the rupture of the containing cells. Whe spermatozoal filaments,
in this genus, are simple vibrioid bodies without any terminal enlarge-
ment.”

*HANCOCK. Op. cit. p. 186, note.

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 221

Arethusa, squirming in the perigastric cavity, and tossing
the stomach of the polypide about, as ifit had been a play-
thing. ‘They certainly, in this species, evinced sufficient
power to open a passage through the thin membrane of the
polypide, although such did not seem to be their object
at the time.

No orifices for the expulsion of the ova have been as yet
positively demonstrated. Meyen chronicles the escape of
the eggs of Alcyonella (Plumatella) stagnorum from an
opening in the vicinity of the anus.* But this is, proba-
bly, erroneous, since, as observed by Mr. Hancock, “the
great size of the egg forbids the possibility of its escape
without the destruction of the polypide.”

From the preceding account it may be seen that there
are four localities, all within the cceneecium, devoted to the
function of reproduction. ‘These are, the ovary on the dor-
sal side of the orifice ; the free part of the endocyst of the
cell on the abdominal side, bringing forth true buds; the
attached portion lower down, giving birth only to fixed
statoblasts; and the funiculus, generating spermatozoa and
free statoblasts. The true buds of Fredericella and Pluma-
tella are numerous, although only one usually matures and
prolongs the stem: when two or three mature, at the same
time, the lateral branches are produced. ‘These buds grow
slowly, forming the ordinary tubular cells. In some varie-
ties of Plumatella, however, the buds mature more rapidly
and in greater numbers, while the branch assumes a lobe-
like form, the polypides, with the cells but half developed,
crowding the upper surface. This mode of formation,
which is only a variation of the species in Plumatella, is
of generic value in Pectinatella, where the polypides are
invariably arranged upon lobiform branches. In Cristatel-
la the true buds are more numerous than in any other
genus, and they mature until the ccencecium is full grown.

The gradual increase in the number of the buds, that
reach maturity, coincides with the decrease in the tough-
ness of the ectocyst, and its final obliteration in the higher

*MBYEN. Isis. 1828, p. 1228.
ESSEX INST. PROCEED. Iv. cc. March, 1866.

222 HYATT,

genera; and the absolute number of the buds to the expan-
sion of the bud producing surface. As has been shown in
the preceding paragraph, the number of the buds reaching
maturity, and their absolute number in each cell of Frederi-
cella, is generally less than in those varieties of Plumatella
that have a gelatinous ectocyst; and they are less, in the
latter, than in the Pectinatelle, which have no ectocyst;
and less in the Pectinatelle than in Cristatella, where the
ectocyst is wanting, and where the bud producing surface
is of the greatest extent.

CoMPOSITION OF THE ENDOcYST.

In the foregoing remarks the anatomy has been discuss-
ed, so far as was necessary, in order to give clearness to
the descriptions of the different genera and the subsequent
notice of the modes of reproduction. It now remains to
consider more fully the composition of the body, together
with the relations and functions of the various organs.

The endocyst is made up of four layers: (1) an outer
large celled membrane (Pl. 11, fig. 1, KH’, Pl. 12, fig. 2, EH’,
Pl. 13, fig. 16); (2) an inner one of smaller cells (Pl. 11,
fig. 1, E’’); (8) one of muscular fibre (PI. 11, fig. 1, H’”);
(4) an epithelial layer lined internally with muscular fibre
(PI1h | fies 1, ay),

(1) The first membrane forms the external surface of
the endocyst of the polypide and of the ccencecium.

The cells on the ccencecia of Fredericella and Plumatel-
la are hexagonal containing a large brilliant nucleus and
nucleolus (Figs. 3, 5). Their upper sides are depressed
by the weight of the superincumbent ectocyst, and their
longitudinal diameters are not so long as in the cells of the
same membrane on the evaginable endocyst.

When fully expanded on the living ccencecium the cells
are closely pressed one against another ; but, if treated with
alcohol, they contract, and, separating from each other, leave
wide intervening spaces (Fgs.2,4,5). ‘These spaces have
been figured by Prof. Allman under the impression that they
were anastomosing channels, perhaps blood channels; my
observations, however, have been too numerous to leave any

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 223
doubt of their being what Ihave stated. The larger cells are
continually multiplying by division, and there result num-
bers of small cells which lie scattered here and there in the
supposed blood channels. Fig. 3 shows a large cell under-
going the process of division, and below, near the right
lower corner of the figure, there are two minute cells, un-
doubtedly created in a similar manner, occupying the in-
terstices of the membrane. Fig. 5 shows a group of cells
taken from a point nearer the orifice than those of fig. 2,
and, also, from a different zodid. These are not so dis-
figured by contraction and have more angular outlines.
Fig. 4 shows a group of five cells, from another zodid, more
highly magnified than either of the above, and more wide-
ly separated. When the cells are so dispersed the intervals
are usually more or less filled in by minute cells; but, in
this instance, the spaces were vacant and the nucleus of
immense size, the nucleolus not being visible.

Fie. 2. Fie. 3. Fia. 4. Fie. 5.
Fias. 2 and 5, groups of cells of the first membrane, greatly enlarged, from the
cenccium of PLUMATELLA VITREA.

FIG. 38, one cell still more enlarged showing nucleus and nucleolus.

Fic. 4, E’, cells of first membrane: E’”, muscular fibres of the third layer: E””,
muscular fibres of the fourth layer.

_ The cells on the cceneecia of Pectinatella and Cristatella
do not differ sensibly in their structure from those of Fred-
ericella and Plumatella. The outer sides, however, being
free from the presure of an ectocyst, are more convex ; and
the longitudinal diameters, instead of being less, are greater
than in the cells of the same membrane in the evaginable
endocyst. Plate 13, fig. 16, and figures 7, 8, E! present lat-
eral views of the membrane in the cceneecia of Cristatella
and Plumatella: in figure 8 the cellular structure is not
given, but the relative thickness of the membranes may be
estimated by a comparison of the two figures. The cells of
ihe first membrane of the evaginable endocyst do not vary

224 HYATT,

essentially from those on the ccencecium, except in being
greater or less than the latter, as mentioned above, and in
having the power of expanding and contracting their pa-
rietes. They may swell to twice or three times the normal
size, and contract again with considerable quickness, as if
they had collapsed after parting with their fluid contents.
From the evaginable endocyst they can be followed into
the calyx, which, in the adult, is merely a web like fold of
the first membranous layer; and from the calyx into the
external ciliated membrane of the tentacles.

The cells on the calyx and tentacles are of about the
same size as those on the evaginable endocyst, but they are
not so distinctly hexagonal, unless contracted. The outer
sides are more convex, than those on the cceenecium; this
peculiarity is, also, shared by the cells of the evaginable
endocyst. The nucleus is large and brilliant. The nucleo-
lus was not defined. The cilia are prolongations of the
walls of the cells; each cell bearing one long slender hair

(Fig. 6).
eae aa 2,

Vv

tn
Fi. 6, two living cells, with cilia, from near the tip of a tentacle of FREDERICELLA
REGINA.

The vibrations of the cilia are not constant, and, if a
tentacle be severed and quickly placed under the micro-
scope, those that are at rest can be viewed without diffi-
culty throughout their entire length.

The cells become smaller on the lophophore, forming a
denser layer than on the other parts of the zodid. ‘There
is no break upon the edge of the esophagus and the cells
of tHe first membrane are continuous with the cells of the

innermost layer of the alimentary canal.
(2) The second layer is made up of smaller cells. It is

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 225

coextensive with the first, and is the principal membrane of
the endocyst. The size of its cells does not vary apprecia-
bly within the limits of the group. As a general rule,
however, its thickness in the ccencecium is quite double
what it is in the evaginable endocyst, and on the outer side
of the tentacles. On the inner side of those organs, and in
the lophophore, it becomes as thick as it was in the ccence-
cium. In the arms, also, it is thicker than in the evagina-
ble endocyst; but its greatest development in this respect
is attained in the region of the sphincter muscles (Fig.
8, E”). This membraue is thicker than the first membrane
in the other parts of the coencecia of Fredericella and Plu-
matella, but thinner than the first membrane in the ccene-
cia of Pectinatella and Cristatella (Figs. 7, 8, E’’).
\ (3) The third layer is exceeding-
| ly contractile. The transverse fibres
of which it is composed are loose-
ly and irregularly set, but have con-
siderable muscular power (Figs. 4,
Ki’). ‘The cceneecial endocyst
of Plumatella is sometimes drawn
in by annular constrictions, hap-
pening, apparently at will, in any
part of the wall where the ectocyst

Fic. 7, base of a cenecial is sufficientl liable, which are
b)
wall of a living specimen of C
CRISTATELLA OPHIDIOIDEA generally referable to the action of
viewed from the base, the his 1 g h ]
specimen being inverted : E’, this muscular coat. uch annular
first membrane of the endo- Teta 1
yet: HP, second melibraiie constrictions can be occasionally
of the endocyst: E”, third traced to rows of small muscles ex-
layer of transverse muscular : :
fibre: E> epithelial mem- tending across the cavity from the
ane with longitudinal mus- :
Marne Fo eT endocyst to the alimentary canal,

or to the invaginated fold. ‘These muscles, however, could
not have been the cause of the constrictions in the dead
Plumatella Arethusa figured in Pl. 8, fig. 10. The most
careful observations of this specimen, with a high power,
failed in bringing to light any such rows of muscles, and,
in this case, all the plications, with the exception of those
brought about by the influence of the retentor muscles (PI.
8, fig. 5), were due to the transverse annular muscles of
the third layer.

An involution of this layer aids in forming the base of

226 HYATT,

the walls in the ccencecium of Cristatella (Fig. 7, E’’’), but
it does not probably extend into their reticulated portion
(Pl. 14, fig. 1, Q). Judging from the thinness of the lat-
ter, and, from the fact, that all the longitudinal muscles of
the body appear to be connected more or less with the
fourth or epithelial membrane, it is quite likely that the
reticulated portion, or those parts of the ccenecial walls
which lie between the junctions of the walls with the up-
per and lower internal surfaces of the ccencecial endocyst,
are composed wholly of longitudinal fibres, encased by the
epithelium. Around the invaginated fold of Plumatella
the fibres are thickly disposed arid form the so called sphinc-
ter muscle. This is not a narrow band, as described by
Prof. Allman, encircling the lower edge of the fold, but a
local development of the transverse fibres, as broad as
the fold itself (Fig. 8, E’”’).

In the evaginable
endocyst this layer
can be seen, by
careful focussing,
through the fourth
membrane, but only
with ease, when
more or less contrac-

ted.

Fic. 8, Magnified view of the Invaginated fold In the arms and
of a living specimen of PLUMATELLA DIFFUSA.* 1 1
A””, cenecial orifice: D, ectocyst: 1’, first mem- lophophore it 1S
brane of the endocyst: E”, second membrane of thick, and frequent-
the endocyst: E””’, third layer of transverse mus- C
cular fibre, constituting the Sphincter muscle. ly, in the former, be-
~””, fourth or epithelial layer, accompanied by 5 <
longitudinal muscular fibres. ’ comes convoluted

by the action of muscular bands apparently developed in
its substance. I was unable to trace this membrane in
the tentacles, but judging from the great thickness of the
second tentacular membrane, and the slight increase which
takes place in the transverse diameter of those organs when

*NovTe. Only three membranes are delineated in the ccenecial] endo-
cyst of figure 8. This is owing to my want of success in defining the
parts of the innermost layer, in the specimen figured, which is undoubt-
Ae made up of two layers, as in the ccencecium of Cristatella (Fig. 7,
”, ie)

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 227

drawn in, as they often are, to less than one third of their
full length, I have ventured to assume that it also exists
theren( Pit) fio dy El):

(4) The fourth or epithelial membrane, lines the interi-
or, investing all the muscles and the digestive system. It
is ciliated upon the perigastric region, and upon the in-
terior of the arms and lophophore, but not in the tenta-
cles or upon the alimentary canal. On the abdominal side,
a double layer, or fold, of this membrane, which I have
named the Brachial Collar, constitutes a partial diaphragm
reaching about half way round the cesophagus. On the
dorsal side it is disconnected from the lophophore, and
hangs into the perigastric space, partitioning off the inside
of the epistome, and a space below in which the ganglion
is suspended. ‘There are numerous fibres upon the inner
side of this diaphragm attached to the cesophagus and en-
docyst, between the bases of the arms, having sufficient
contractile power to deeply infold that part of the body
wall.

Prof. Allman mentions but two membranes in the en-
docyst, one, an outer large celled layer, equivalent to my
first and second membranes, and another, ar inner layer,
equivalent to my third and fourth membranes. Through-
out its whole extent, the fourth or epithelial layer is lined by
muscular fibres. ‘These cross the transverse fibres of the
third layer at right angles (fig. 4, H’’”’). and both were re-
garded by Prof. Allman as a single inner layer of reticula-
ted muscles. ‘The longitudinal fibres, however, are inva-
riably next to the fourth membrane, and remain attached
to it, whenever, as in the neural diaphragm, it parts from
the other layers. The transverse fibres, also, never seem
to be connected with the longitudinal, wherever a good
definition of either has been obtained. No transverse
fibres are visible on the neural diaphragm; and on the in-
vaginated fold (Fig. 8), and the cesophagus (PI. 11), no
longitudinal fibres are visible.“ In the two latter they are

*Nore. Since the printing of the plates, I have, in reviewing these
pages, changed my opinion and now estimate the longitudinal fibres, as
of equal importance with the transverse, and consider them a fourih
layer of muscular fibre, the epithelial becoming a fifth membranous lay-

228 HYATT, OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA.

undoubtedly present, being occasionally seen in a direct
view; but, when looked for in a lateral section, they are
too diaphanous and closely adherent to the fourth mem-
brane to be defined. ‘Their incorporation with this mem-
brane will also be justified by the description of its func-
tions in connection with the alimentary canal of Pectina-
tella.

er. The endocyst is consequently made up of three membranous and
two muscular layers: all the specialized constricting muscles of the
body being derived from the third layer, and all the longitudinal from
the fourth layer of muscular fibre. i

The inner and outer tentacular bands, as will be presently shown,
are inseparable from the latter layer. The retractors, also, notwith-
standing their disc like structure, can hardly be distinguished from the
numerous abnormal bands, that occur in some species, connecting the
endocyst and alimentary canal. These undoubtedly belong to the
fourth layer, and the retractors may, therefore, be looked upon as hav-
ing the same relation to the fourth layer that the sphincter has to the
third.

The peculiar arrangement of the third and fourth layers retains the
form of the parts, and gives stability to the entire endocyst. By the
contraction of the third and relaxation of the fourth the transverse
diameters of the parts may be decreased, and the longitudinal increas-
ed; or, by the opposite process, the longitudinal may be decreased, and
the transverse increased. During the invagination of the polypide, the
fibres of both are in a state of contraction in the evaginable endocyst
and in the region of the sphincter; in the coencecium, however, they
are relaxed. But as soon as evagination begins, they appear to reverse
this condition. The ccencecial fibres become contracted and those of
the same layers in the polypide are stretched to their full length. By
these reciprocal changes they materially assist the compressed fluids of
the body in furcing out and expanding the polypide. I have, also, had
reason to doubt the existence of a neural diaphragm. In examining a
specimen of Fredericella regina from the side and from above, under
very favorable circumstances, I was unable to detect the same appear-
ance of an enveloping membrane just below the nerve mass, taat led
me to the conclusion mentioned; nor have I had any opportunity of
verifying my first observations on Pectinatella, which, however, were
faithfully made with one of Tolle’s one half inch objectives. Until
therefore, Fredericella is shown to be exceptional in this respect by
further observations on other genera, it is, perhaps, best to regard
the existence of a neural diaphragm as doubtful.

[TO BE CONTINUED IN VOL. V.]

INDEX

To Communications, Vol. IV.

A.
Acanthogorgia coccinea, 152, 188
Accipiter Cooperii, 51, 92, 95, 98

fuscus, 51, 92, 95, 98
Actinacea, 148
Actinaria, 147
Actinide, 148
Actiturus Bartramius, 78
Actodromas Bonapartii, 77, 87, 95
maculata, 77, 95
minutilla, 77
pusillus, 95
7gialeus melodus, 86, 93, 96
semipalmatus, 77, 94
Zigialitis melodus, 86
semipalmatus, 77
vociferus, 77
Wilsonius, 86
Xgiothus linarius, 70, 93, 96
Ageleus phoeniceus, 74, 92, 96
Aglaope, 31, 33
americana, 33
coracina, 31
Aix sponsa, 79, 93, 96
Aleyonacea, 148, 190
Aleyonaria, 148, 181
Alcyonella, (note) 203
Alcyonide, 148, 190
Aleyonium ? 191
agaricum, 191
rubiforme, 190

sp., 191
Allen, J. A., Catalogue of Birds
found at Springfield,
Mass., 48
on the Duck Hawk, 153
Alypia, 23
Pupa, 24

Ammodromus caudacutus, 84,92, 96
maritimus, 84, 92, 96

ESSEX INST. PROCEED.

O

|Ammonactis, noy. gen., 150
rubricollum, 151
Ampelis cedrorum, 66, 92, 95
garrulus, 66, 93, 96
Anas boschas, 78, 95
obscura, 78, 93
Anatolmis, nov. gen., 45
Grotei, nov. sp., 47
Ancylocheilus subarquata, 87, 94
Anorthura hyemalis, 68
Anser erythropus, 88
Gambelii, 87, 94
hyberboreus, 87, 94

|

Ansetus, 139
Anthax morio, 127
ornata, 128

Anthelia lineata, 193
Antherophagus, Tee. 104, 108
at ee

Se ae 128
'Anthophorabia, notes on a new

species of, 133

Larva of, 137

megachilis, noy. sp., 134

Pupa of, 136
| Anthus ludovicianus, 58, 94
Antipathacea, 147
|Antipathes flabellum, 187
'Antipathide, 148
‘Antrostomus vociferus, 53, 92, 95
|Apathus, 104, 108, 118

Ashtoni, 118

citrinus, 119

contiguus, 119

elatus, 120
Aquila canadensis, 81, 93
Archibuteo lagopus, 51, 93

Sancti-Johannis, 51, 93
Ardea herodias, 76, 93, 96
Ardetta exilis, 76, 93, 96

Iv. pp. May 28, 1866.

|

230

Arquatella maritima, 87, 94
Arvicola riparia, nest of, used by
Humble Bees, 99

Astragalinus tristis, 69, 92, 93

<Astreacea, 146

Astreinz, 147

Astur atricapillus, 50, 93,

Aythya americana, 79, 88, 95
vallisneria, 49, 79, 95

Balanophyllia capensis, nov. sp., 149
Balch, D. M., on native grapes, 140
on the Sodalite ‘at Salem, 3
Bartramia laticauda, 78, 93, 96
Bees, Humble, notes on the habits
of, 98
of New England, 107
Bee, Leaf-cutting, notes on, 105
Bergide, 147
Bernicla brenta, 78, 95
eanadensis, 78, 95
Hutchinsii, 87, 95
leucopsis, 88, 96
Birds, accidental and irregular vis-
itors, 96
catalogue of, found at
Springfield, Mass., 48
list of, in Mass. not ob-
served at Springfield, 80
resident species, 93
spring and autumn visi-
tants, 94
supplemental notes to Mr.
Allen’s catalogue, 97
summary of Mass. spe-
cies, 97
summer visitants, 95
that regularly breed in the
State, (Mass.) 91
winter visitants, 93
Bombus affinis, 118
bimaculatus, 117
fervidus, 98, 99, 110
impatiens, 114
pennsylvanicus, 104, 111
perplexus, 117
separatus, 99, 101, 114
ternarius, 99, 116
terricola, 112
vagans, 98, 115
virginicus, 99, 101, 113
Bonasa umbellus, 76, 93
Botaurus lentiginosus, 76, 93, 96
Brachy otus Cassinii, 52, 92, 93

INDEX.

Briaride, 148
Bryozoa, 201
Bubo virginianus, 51, 92, 93

|Bucephala albeola, 49, 79, 94

americana, 79, 94
Buteo borealis, 51, 92, 93
lineatus, al, 92, 95, 98 [98
pennsylvanicus, 51, 92, 95,
Butorides virescens, 76, 93, 96
Byturus, (Antherophagus), parasite
in Nests of Humble
Bees, 104, 108
C

Calidris arenaria, 95
Camptolemus labradorius, 88, 94
Cardinalis virginianus, 85, 96

|Carpodacus purpureus, 48, 69, 92, 96

Caryophyllide, 147
\Castiniares, 21
\Castnia, 22
Cataractes lomvia, 91, 94
ringvia, 91, 94
troille, 91, 94
Cathartes atratus, 81, 96
aura, 81, 96
Centrophanes lapponicus, 70, 84,

Centurus carolinus, 48, 53, 96
Cerianthide, 148

'Cerianthus orientalis, nov sp 151
Certhia americana, 68, 92, 93
Ceryle alcyon, 54, 92, 93, 95
Cheetura pelasgia, 53, 92, 95

\Chalcis sp., 133

Charadrius virginicus, 77, 94
Chaulelasmus streperus, 79, 95
Chondestes grammaca, 84, 96
Chordeiles popetue, 54, 92, 95
Chreecocephalus atricilla, 90, 94
Philadelphia, 80, 94
Chrysomitris pinus, 70, 92, 93
tristis, 69
Circus hudsonius, 51, 92, 93
Cistothorus paiustris, 83, 92, 96
stellaris,68, 83, 92, 96
Cnidaria, 145
Coccygus americanus, 48, 52, 92,
95 97
erythrophthalmus, 52, 92,95 °
Colaptes auratus, 53, 92, 95
Collyrio borealis, 66, 93
Colymbus arcticus, 91
septentrionalis, 80, 94
torquatus, 80, 93

INDEX.

Conops, 108, 123
rufipes, 124
Contopus borealis, 54, 92, 95
virens, 54, 92, 95
Corallide, 148 [181
Corals, description of new species,
of the North Pacific Ex-
ploring Expedition, 181
Cornularia aurantiaca, 151, 194
Cornularide, 148, 193
Corvus americanus, 75, 92, 93
carnivorus, 48, 75, 96
ossifragus, 85, 96
Coturniculus Henslowii, 48, 71,92,96
passerinus, 71, 84, 92, 96
Cotyle riparia, 65, 92, 95
Cristatella, 208, 209
figure of coencecial wall, 225
ophidioidea, 210
Cristatellide, 203
Ctenucha, 33
americana, 33
Cressonana, 33, 35
Larva, 36
Latreillana, 33
Pupa, 38
semidianhana, 33
virginica, 33, 36
virgo, 33
Cupidonia cupido, 85, 93
Curvirostra americana, 70, 93
leucoptera, 70, 938, 96
Cyanospiza cyanea, 73, 92, 96
Cyanura cristata, 75, 93
Cyathaxonide, 146
Cyathophyliide, 146
Cyclolitide, 146
Cystiphyllide, 146
D

Dafila acuta, 79, 94

Dendreeica estiva, 63, 64, 92, 95
Blackburniz, 62, 64, 92, 95
canadensis, 62, 64, 92, 95
castanea, 62, 64, 94
coerulea, 64, 83
coronata, 62, 64, 94
discolor, 64, 92, 95, 97
maculosa, 63, 64, 94
palmarum, 63, 64, 94
pennsylvanica, 63, 64, 95
pinus, 65, 64, 92, 95
striata, 63, 64, 94
tigrina, 48, 63, 64, 94
virens, 61, 64, 92, 95

231

Dipterous larye in nest of Hum-
ble Bees, 104
Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 74, 92, 96
Duck Hawk, habits of, 153
eggs of, 153
Dytes cornutus, 80

Kctopistes migratoria, 75, 93, 96

Edwardsia brevicornis, 151
clavata, 150
collaris, 150

rubricollum, 151

Elelolite, analysis of, 5

Emerson, George H., on Magnetite
and an unknown mineral
at Nahant, 6

Empidonax acadicus, 54, 92, 95
flaviventris, 55, 94 &
minimus, 54, 92, 95

| Traillii, 54, 92, 95

|Eremophila cornuta, 69, 93

Ereunetes pusillus, 87, 95

\Krismatura rubida, 79, 94

|EKucyrtus varicornus, 133

‘Eudryas, 24

grata, 27

Larva, 27

Pupa, 29

unio, 27
Kupsamimia Stimpsonii, nov. sp., 150
EKupsammide, 147
Eusmillidee, 147
Euspiza americana, 84, 96
EKuthlypis canadensis, 65, 92, 94

F

|Falco anatum, 50, 92, 93, 153
candicans, 81, 96
| peregrinus, 153
Florida ccerulea, 86, 96
Fredericella, 203, 204

Regina, figure of stato-

blast, 214

figure of living cells with
i cilia, 224
Fredericellide, 203
Fulica americana, 78, 93
Fulix affinis, 88, 95

collaris, 88, 95

marila, 88, 95
Fungacea, 146
Fungide, 146

G.
Galeoscoptes carolinensis, 68, 92,96
Gallinago Wilsonii, 77, 93, 96

232

Gallinula galeata, 87, 96
martinica, 87, 96
Gambetta flavipes, 77, 95
melanoleuca, 77, 95
Garzetta candidissima, 85, 96
Gemmiporide, 147
Geothlypis Philadelphia, 59, 94
trichas, 59, 92, 95
Gerardide, 148
Gorgonacea, 148, 186
Gorgonellide, 148, 189
Gorgonia flammea, 186
palma, 186
venosa, 186
Gorgonide, 148, 186
Graculus carbo, 89. 94
dilophus, 89, 94
Grapes, native, 140
sf analysis of, 142
Guiraca coerulea, 84
ludoviciana, 73, 92, 96

Hematopus palliatus, 86, 96
Haliztus leucocephalus, 51, 92, 93 |
Halocampa brevicornis, 151
capensis, nov. sp., 151
Harelda glacialis, 49, 79, 95
Harporhynchus rufus, 68, 92, 96
Harrisina, noy. gen., 31
Sanborni, nov. sp., 32
Helminthophaga celata, 48, 60, 94
chrysoptera, 61, 82, 94
peregrina, 48, 61, 94
pinus, 61, 82, 94
ruficapilla, 59, 61, 92, 95
Helmitherus Swainsonii, 82, 94,
vermivorus, 61, 82, 92, 95
Helospiza Lincolnii, 72, 94, 96
palustris, 73, 92, 96
Herodias egretta, 76, 96
Heterocyathus alternata, n. s., 149
Heteropus ventricosus, 139 ¥
Himantopus nigricollis, 86
Hirundo bicolor, 48, 65, 92, 95
horreorum, 65, 92, 95
lunifrons, 65, 92, 95
Histrionicus torquatus, 88, 94
Humble Bees, habits of, 98
additional notes on, 104
of New England, 107
parasites of, 107

Hyatt, Alpheus, on Polyzoa, sub-

INDEX.

'Hydrochelidon plumbea, 91

Hylotomus pileatus, 82, 92,93 [98

|Hypotriorchis columbarius, 50, 94

| ; ‘

Ibis Ordii, 86, 96

Icteria viridis, 48, 59, 92, 95, 96, 98

jicterus Baltimore, 74, 92, 96
spurius, 75, 92, 96

eine 148

Isidz, 148, 190

Txoreus nevius, 82

Tuncella leeves, nov. sp., 189
Junco hyemalis, 71, 92, 94
K

Kophobelemnon clavatum, 152, 185

Lanivireo fiavifrons, 67
| solitarius, 67
Larus argentatus, 80
delawarensis, 90, 94
leucopterus, 90, 94
marinus, 90, 94
Smithsonianus, 80, 94
‘Leaf-cutting Bee, notes on, 105
Leioptilum, 182
undulatum, nov. sp., 182
Leptogorgia cuspidata, n. s., 186
Limosa fedoa, 87, 95
hudsonica, 87, 95
Lissogorgia, 187
fiabellum, 187
flexuosa, noy. sp., 187
Lithophyllide, 147
Lobularia rubiformis, 190
Lophodytes cucullatus, 80, 94
|Lophogorgia palma, 186
|Lophophanes bicolor, 83
'Lophopus, 203, 208
erystallinus, 208
|Lophoseride, 146
Lycomorpha, 43
Pholus, 45
M.
‘Meandrinide, 147 ~
Macrorhamphus griseus, 86, 94
Madreporacea, 147
Madreporaria, 145
perforata, 147
rugosa, 146
Madreporide, 147
Magnetite at Nahant, 6

order Phylactolemata, 197|Malthaca perlucidula, 32

Hydrochelidon fissipes, 91, 95

Mareca americana, 79, 95

INDEX.

e
Mareca Penelope, 88, 96
Megachile, notes on, 105
centuncularis, 106
* Melanerpes erythrocephalus, 53, 92,
Melanetta velvetina, 49, 79, 94 [95
Meleagris gallopavo, 85
Meloe, 108
angusticollis, larva of, 129
Melospiza Lincolnii, 48, 72
melodia, 72, 92, 93, 96
palustris, 78
Mergellus albellus, 89
Mergulus alle, 91, 94
Mergus americanus, 79, 93
serrator, 80, 93
Merulinide, 146 |
Metridium fimbriatum, nov. sp., 150
Microgaster, 122
nephoptericis, nov. sp., 122
Micropalama himantopus, 95
Mimus carolinensis, 68
polyglottus, 48, 67, 92, 96
Mineral, unknown, at N ahant, 6
Minyiade, 148 [ 104, 139
Mites in nests of Humble Bees,
Mniotilta varia, 59, 92, 95
Mollusea, classification of, 162
Molothrus pecoris, 74, 92, 96
Monodontomerus, 133
Mormon arctica, 91, 94
Mopsella japonica, nov. sp., 190

Morse, E. S., on the classification] ’

of the Mollusca, 162
Muricea divaricata, 188
sinensis, nov. sp., 187
Myiarchus crinitus, 54, 92, 95
Myiodioctes canadensis, 65
minutus, 83
mitratus, 83
Myopa atra, 124
Myrmarides, new genus of, 133

N.

Nephopteryx, 120

Edmandsii, nov. sp., 120

Larva, 121

parasitic in nests of Bom-

bus, 104, 108

Pupa, 121
Nephthya aurantiaca, nov. sp.,

coccinea, 152, 188

thrysoidea, 151, 192
Nettion carolinensis, 79, 95

191

233

t

Numenius hudsonius, 87, 95
longirostris, 87, 95

'|Nyctale acadica, 52, 92, 93

Richardsonii, 48, 52, 93, 96
Nyctea nivea, 52, 93, 97
Nyctiardea Gardeni, 76, 93, 96
O

Ochthodromus Wilsonius, 86, 96

Oculinide, 147

Oidemia americana, 89, 94

Oporornis agilis, 59, 82, 94

Ortyx virginiana, 76, 93

Osmia, 107

Otus americanus, 51, 92, 93
Wilsonianus (note), 51

Oxyechus vociferus, 77, 93, 96

12

Packard, Jr., A. S., Humble Bees
of New England and
Parasites; with notices
of a new species of An-
thophorabia, and a new
genus of Proctotrupi-
dee, 107

on the Family Zygenide, 7

Pandion carolinensis, 51, 92, 94

Parasites in nests of Humble
Bees, 104

Parisis laxa, nov. sp., 152, 190

Parula americana, 59, 92, 95

Parus atricapillus, 69, 92, 93

hudsonicus, 83, 93, 96

Passerculus savanna, 70, 92, 96

Passerella iliaca, 73, 94 :

Pavonaride, 149, 184

Pectinatella, 203, 208

Carteri (note), 203
magnifica, 209

Pedetezthya Holbolli, 80

Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, 89

Pelidna americana, 77, 94

Pelionetta perspicillata, 89, 94

Pennatula tenua, 183

Pennatulacea, 149, 181

Pennatulide, 149, 181,

Peregrine Falcon, eggs of, 153

habits of, 153

Phalaropus fulicarius, 86, 94.

hyperboreus, 86, 94

Wilsonii, 86, 94
Phellia clavata, 150

collaris, 150

crecca, 88, 96
Numenius borealis, 87, 95

Philohela minor, 77, 93, 96
Philoros, 33

234
Phylactolemata, Bibliography and
Classification of, 200
Comp. of Endocyst, 222
Reproduction of, 211
species in America, 203
species in Australia, 203
species in Europe, 203
species in India, 203
Picoides arcticus, 48, 52, 98, 96
hirsutus, 82
Picus pubescens, 52, 92, 93
villosus, 52, 92, 93
Pinicola canadensis, 69, 93
Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 74, 92, 96
Planesticus migratorius, 58
Pleectrophanes lapponicus, 70
nivalis, 70, 94
Plexaura friabilis, 186
Plexauride, 148, 186
Plumatella, 203, 207
Arethusa, 207
diffusa, figure of invagin-
ated fold of, 226
vitrea, figure of groups of
cells of, 223
Plumatellide, 203
Podiceps cornutus, 80, 94
cristatus, 80, 94
griseigena, 80
Holbollii, 80, 94
Podilymbus podiceps, 80, 95
Polioptila coerulea, 69, 83
Polypi, 145
Polyps, classification of, 145 [181
description of new species,
new species of, 149
of the North Pacific Ex-
ploring Expedition, 181
Polyzoa, 197
Bibliography and classifi-
cation of, 200 ‘
Pocecetes gramineus 70, 92, 96
Poritide, 147
Porzana carolina, 78, 93, 96
noveeboracensis, 78, 87, 95
Primnoa compressa, nov. sp., 189
Primnoide, 148, 189
Procellaria glacialis, 89, 95
Procris, 31
americana, 31
Progne purpurea, 66, 92, 95
Pteratomus, nov. gen., 137
Putnamii, nov. sp., 138
Pteromorpha expansa, nov. sp., 181

|

INDEX.

Ptilosarcus, 183
Gurneyi, 182
Puffinus anglorum, 89, 94
fuliginosus, 89, 94
major, 89, 94
Putnam, F. W., Notes on the habits
of humble bees, 98 [105
Notes on Leaf-cutting Bee
Pyranga eestiva, 83, 96
rubra, 65, 92, 95
Pyromorpha dimidiata, 32
Querquedula discors, 79, 95 °
Quiscalus major, 85, 96
versicolor, 75, 92, 96
We
Pallus crepitans, 87, 96
virginianus, 78, 93, 96
Recurvirostra americana, 86
Regulus calendula 58, 94
satrapa, 58, 93
Renillidze, 149
Rhyacophilus solitarius, 77, 95
Rissa tridactyla, 90, 94
Ss

Saccata, a new name for the Mol-
lusca, 168, 178
Sarcodictyon, 195
Sarcophyton agaricum, ‘191
Sarcoptilus Gurneyi, 183
Sayornis fuscus, 54, 92, 95
Scepsis, 33, 40
fulvicollis, 33, 43
Scolecophagus ferrugineus, 75, 94
Scops asio, 51, 92, 93
Setophaga ruticilla, 65, 92, 95
Sialia sialis, 58, 92, 95
Sitta canadensis, 69, 93
carolinensis, 69, 92, 93
Seiurus aurocapillus, 61, 92, 95
ludovicana, 61
noveeboracensis, 61, 92, 95
Sodalite at Salem, 3
analysis of, 4
Somateria mollissima, 89, 94
spectabilis, 89, 94
Spatula clypeata, 88, 95
Sphyropicus varius, 53, 92, 95
Spizella monticola, 72, 92, 94
pusilla, 72, 92, 96
socialis, 72, 92, 96
Spongodes capitata, 193
gigantea, 192
gracilis, nov. sp., 193

INDEX.

Squatarola helvetica, 93, 96
Stauracea, 146
Stauride, 146
Stercorarius cepphus, 90, 94
parasiticus, 90, 94
tercorarius pomarinus, 90, 94
Sterna aranea, 90, 96
caspia, 91
frenata, 90, 95
fuliginosa, 90, 96
hirundo, 90, 93, 96
macroura, 90, 93, 94
paradisea, 90, 96
Trudeauii, 91
Stephanoseris lamellosa, n. s., 149
Strepsilas interpres, 86, 94
Strix americana, (note) 51
Sturnella magna, 74, 92, 96
Stylinide, 147
Stylophoride, 147
Stylops, 108, 139
Childreni, 130
Sula bassana, 89, 94
Surnia ulula, 81

235

‘

Tubipora rubeola, 195
Tubiporida, 148, 195
Turdus Alicie, 48, 56, 57, 58, 94
fuscescens, 56, 57,92, 95
migratorius, 58, 92, 93, 95
mustelinus, 55, 56, 92, 95
Pallasii, 56, 58, 92, 94, 97
Swainsonii, 49, 56, 58, 94
Tyrannus carolinensis, 54, 92, 95
U.
Unknown mineral at Nahant, 6
Uria arra, 91
grylle, 91, 94
Utamania torda, 91, 94
V

Veretillide, 149, 184
Veretillum bacalatum, n. s., 152, 185
clavatum, 152, 185
Stimpsonii, n. s., 152, 184
Verrill, A. E., Classification of Pol-
yps, 145
Polyps and Corals of the
North Pacific Exploring
Expedition, 181

Symphemia semipalmata, 77, 93, 96] Vireo flavifrons, 67, 92, 95.

Syrnium cinereum, 52, 81, 93, 96
nebulosum, 52, 92, 93
Sh,

Tachina, 128
Telesto aurantiaca, 151
nodosa, nov. sp., 194
ramiculosa, 151, 194
Telmatodytes palustris, 68, 83
Tetrao canadensis, 85, 94, 96
Thalassianthide, 148
Thalassidroma Leachii, 80, 93
pelagica, 89
Wilsonii, 89
Tinnunculus sparverius, 50, 92, 93
Trichodactylus, 189
Tringa alpina var. americana, 77
Bonapartii, 87
canutus, 86, 94
maculata, 77
maritima 87
Wilsonii, 77
Tringoides macularius, 77, 93, 96
Tryngites rufescens, 78, 95
Trochilus colubris, 53, 92, 95
Troglodytes edon, 68, 92, 96
americanus, 68
hyemalis, 68, 93

gilvus, 67, 92, 95 [95
noveboracensis, 67, 83, 92,
olivaceus, 66, 67, 92, 95
_philadelphicus, 67
solitarius, 67, 94
Vireosylvia olivacea, 66
Virgularia pusilla, nov. sp., 184
Volucella, unknown larva allied to,
126
W.
Wilsonia minuta, 83, 95
mitrata, 64, 83 ~
pusilla, 64, 94
x

Xema Sabinii, 90 _
Xenide, 148

Zenedura carolinensis, 75, 93, 96

Zoanthacea, 147

Zoanthide, 147

Zonotrichia albicollis, 71, 94
leucophrys, 71, 94

Zygena exulans, 20 [7
Zygeenide, notes on the family of,
Larva, 19
Pupa, 20

Zygenine, 29

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Proceedings Essex Institute. Vol. IV.

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PLATE 7.

FREDERICELLA REGINA Leidy, Mss.
‘ Fig. 1.* One colony, life size, with all the branches attached. (Gor-
ham, Me.)
Fig. 2. Two branches of one colony: one attached and one free.
' (Cambridge, Mass.)

Fig. 3. Attached branch of ene colony. (Gorham, Me.)

Fig. 4. Magnified view of one adult zooid. (Norway, Me.) D, ecto-
eyst; E, endocyst; V, funiculus; M, gastric retractors; M’, lophophoric
xetractors ; M!!, brachial retractors; N, anterior retentors; N’, posterior
retentors ; F', Lrachial collar; G, calyx ; H, tentacles.

Fig. 5.{ Section of a yeung specimen, shewing the internal structure
and the limited extent of the invaginated fold. (Cambridge, Mass.) D, ecto-
cyst; H, endocyst; B, invaginated fold; Y, bud; N, anterior retentors ; K,
wsophagus; H!’, cilia; K!!!, esephagal valve; K/, stomach; K!'!’, posi-
tion of intestinal valve; K/!, intestine; K, anus; I, lophophore; I’, epis-
tome; I/!, mouth; H, tentacles; F, brachial collar ; S, nerve mass.

Fig. 6.{ Lateral view of an invaginated specimen, showing the shape of
the cceneecial orifice. A//!!, erifice; I, region ef the sphincter; D, ecto-
cyst; E, endocyst.

Fig. 7. View of the same from above.

Fig. 8 Front view of a zoeid, showing the incipient arms and the rela-
tive positions of the muscles. M/, lophophoric retractors ; M!!, brachial re-
tractors; I/, epistome.

*This figure was drawn and presented to me by Mr. Merse.

{ This figure is part of astudy drawing made by Prof. H. J. Clark, and oblig-
ingly placed at my disposal by him.

All figures with no locality mentioned must be reed to the habitat
dast named; thus in Pl. 7, Figs. 6, 7 and 8 are all from the same locality as Fig. 5.

PLATE 8.
PLUMATELLA ARETHUSA Hyatt.

Fig. 1. General view of one colony, life size, with most of the poly-
pides retracted. (Norway, Me.) Three apertures in the ectocyst of the
main trunk indicate the former positions of as many living polypides, and
show this colony to have been a branch of a much larger colony, from
which it has been separated by the death and disappearance of the original
stock.

Fig. 2. One polypide evaginated, with a younger polypide from the
same cell invaginated. D, ectocyst, HE, endocyst; Y, bud; M, gastric re-
tractors ; M/, lophophoric retractors ; M/’, brachial retractors ; M, trunks of
the retractors. F, brachial collar; V, funiculus; W, statoblasts; wi,
gelatinous envelope; N, anterior retentors; N/’, posterior retentors ; AM,
ceenececial orifice; L, region of the sphincter.

Fig. 4. View of the coenecial orifice of fig. 2, from above, showing
the four broad plications of the invaginated fold. The crenulations on the
border are produced by the contraction of the sphincter, and do not indi-
cate cellular structure.

Fig. 5. Special view, showing the arrangement of the retentor mus-
cles around the invaginated fold of the evaginated zodid in fig. 2.- The five
anterior rows of the posterior retentors are contracted, and have drawn the
external wall into five slightly crenulated folds. N, anterior retentors; N He
posterior retentors ; L, region of the sphincter.

the preceding polypides, formed by an infolding and thickening of the endo-
cyst. D, ectocyst; E, endocyst.

Figs. 7, 8, 9. Upper and lower sides and profile view of the statoblast.
W/, horny sheath; W//, annular sheath; W//!’, celatinous envelope.

Fig. 6. View of the partial division between the cell of fig. 2 and

Fig. 10. View of a dead and half decayed specimen, showing the pe-
culiar constrictions of the cell occasioned by annular muscular bands. D,
ectocyst; H, endocyst ; H, tentacles; I/’, mouth} L, region of the sphine-
ter; K/, stomach; M, trunk of the retractors.

PLUMATELLA DIFFUSA Leidy.

Fig. 11. An old colony of life size, with but few living polypides.
(Cambridge, Mass.)

Fig. 12. Enlarged lateral view of a branch from a younger colony,
showing different degrees of invagination. First cell on the left has even
the upper pliable part of the ectocyst drawn in; second cell is vacant, the
polypide and softer parts having entirely decayed; third, fourth and
sixth cells show different degrees of invagination. ;

Fig. 138. Enlarged view of another variety of this species with all the
polypides retracted.

Fig. 14. Enlarged ventral view of the expanded crest of a polypide
from fig. 13. M/, lophophoric retractor; M//, brachial retractors.

Proceedings Essex Institute.

A. Hyatt, from Nat. E. S. Morse. on Wood. J. F. Richardson, Portland Eng. A. Ilolland, Boston, Printer.

Proceedings Essex Institute.

Vol ry.

MS

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PLATE 9.
PLUMATELLA VITREA Hyatt.

Fig. 1. Enlarged view of five groups on one branch, corresponding to
the first five on the left of the branch below, fig. 2. (Cambridge, Mass.)

Fig. 2. View of one branch, natural size.

Fig. 3. Shows the great extent to which the polypide is often evagi-
nated. D, ectocyst; E, endocyst; B, invaginated fold; K’, stomach.

PECTINATELLA MAGNIFICA Leidy.

Fig. 4. Outline of amass gathered on the stump of a dead branch.
(Norway, Me.) The outline of the branch where it is covered by the mass,
is indicated by a dotted line. This figure shows the general aspect of the
mass, the great thickness of the ectocyst, and the general arrangement of
the colonies. A, outlines of cceneecia; D, ectocyst.

Fig. 5. The outline of a colony, natural size, from a large mass, show-
ing the radiating and tripartite character of the lobes. A’, ccencecial trunk ;
A!!, ccenecial lobes, divided into three minor lobes.

Fig. 6. Ideal transverse section of the same, with the polypides ex-
panded. W, statoblasts; A’, coencecial trunk ; C, polypide.

Fig. 7. The colony represented in the outline of fig. 5, after being
treated with alcohol. C/, dead and retracted polypides; A/, ccenecial
trunk ; A/!, ecenecial lobes; W, statoblasts.

Fig. 8. Younger colony, showing the central polypide.

Fig. 9. Young colony, showing the genesis of five polypides, the pro-
genitors of an equal number of branches; from the central polypide.

Fig. 10. A young colony enlarged, showing the arrangement of the
polypides. (Cambridge, Mass.)

Fig. 11. A very old colony ; the ceeneecial trunk occupied by numer-
ous stateblasts, and the half absorbed remains of dead polypides. W,
statoblasts ; C’, dead polypides.

Fig. 12. Ventral view of a closely retracted polypide, showing the
positions and relations of the three pairs of retractors. (Norway, Me.) K’/,
bottom of the stomach; K, part of the cesophagus; M, gastric retractors ;
M/, lophophoric retractors ; M/’, brachial retractors ; N, anterior retentors.

Fig. 13. Lateral view of a retracted polypide, showing the aspect of
the fourth membrane and of the retractors during the process of invagina-
tion. J///), fourth membrane of the alimentary canal; M, gastric retrac-
tors; M’, brachial retractors; V, funiculus ; K, esophagus ; K/, stomach;
K//, intestine ; I, lophophore; H, tentacles.

CRISTATELLA OPHIDIOIDEA Hyatt.
Fig. 14. View from above of the lophophore of an immature polypide.
The arms are still joined near the extremities, and the tentacles .and calyx
along the line of the juncture remain undeveloped. (Norway, Me.)

PLATE 10.
PECTINATELLA MAGNIFICA Leidy.

Fig. 1. Enlarged view of one polypide situated at the end of a lobe.
(Norway, Me.) The full adult growth of the terminal tentacles is not yet
attained. They become about one-third longer in the adult. A/!, cavity
of the ceeneecial lobe ; D, common ectocyst; E, endocyst of the coenccium
and polypide; J, hepatic folds; M’, lophophoric retractors; M/!, brachial
retractors ; N, anterior retentors; N/ posterior retentors.

Figs. 2,3, 4. The upper and lower side, and profile of the statoblast.
W'’, horny sheath; W//, annular sheath; W//’, spines.

Proceedings Essex Institute. Vol. IV.

A. Hyatt, from Nat. E. S. Morse, on Wood. J. F. Richardson, Portland Eng. A. Holland, Boston, Printer.

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Proceedings Essex Institute.
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A. Hyatt, from Nat.

PLATE 11.
PECTINATELLA MAGNIFICA Leidy.

Fig. 1.* Enlarged longitudinal section exhibiting a portion of the left
arm and the left side of the kody, of ayolypide. The ganglion, however, is
from the right side of the body, towards the observer, and is supposed to be
pressed inwards, and away from the observer, in order to show its relation to
the neural partition and the polypidal nerve. (Norway, Me.) H, tentacles ;
H/, tubular interior of the tentacles ; G, calyx; H/’, cilia; O, bases of the out-
er tentacular bands; O/, fibres of the inner tentacular bands, seen from the
outside; I’, epistome; P, one-half of the median muscle of the epistome;
P/, left lateral muscle of the epistome; R, parietal fibres, probably abnor-
mal, enveloped by the fourth membrane; I, lophophore; I/’, mouth; E/
the first, E/’, the second, E/!’, the third, and E/’!’, the fourth membrane
of the endocyst; F, brachial collar; F/ neural partition; K, esophagus ;
K/, stomach; K/’, intestine; K///, cesophagal valve; K/’/!, intestinal
valve ; K, anus; J/, the first, J//, the second, J/!, the third, and J!!!/, the
fourth membrane of the alimentary canal;, S’, right ganglion; T, right
lophophoric nerve trunk severed near the base; T’/, right epistomical nerve
trunk; T//, right brachial nerve trunk severed near the base; T!!’, right
polypidal nerve trunk.

Fig. 2. Enlarged ganglion of another specimen from the same colony
as fig. 1, showing the extreme varigbility of the ganglia and nerve trunks.
T, right lophophoric nerve trunk; T’/, right epistomical nerve trunk;
T!!, right brachial nerve trunk; T!!’, right polypidal nerve trunk.

Fig. 3. Shows the same ganglion contracted, the nerve trunks indica-
ted by the same letters.

* This figure is composed from numer ous drawings of different individuals. The
number of the membranes in the tentacles, as has been explained in the text, was
inferred but not observed.

PLATE 12.
PECTINATELLA MAGNIFICA Leidy.

Fig. 1.* Front view of a polypide much enlarged, with the arms re-
moved, showing the under side of the lophophore. (Norway, Me.) E, en-
docyst; B, invaginated fold; H’, tubular base of the tentacles; Z, clear
spaces in the endocyst; L’, brachial contractors ; M, position of the lopho-
phoric flexor; I’, outline of the epistome; S, nerve mass; T, lophophoric
nerve trunks ; ‘T’!’, brachial nerve trunks; T/!, polypidal nerve trunks; K,
esophagus; K!/!/), esophagal valve; K’, stomach; K///', intestinal valve;
K"/, intestine ; K, anus; M/, lophophoric retractor; M/!, brachial retrac
tors; F, brachial collar; N, anterior retentors; N’, posterior retentors.

Fig. 2. Lateral view of a portion of the inside of one of the arms,
showing the fibres of the inner and outer tentacular bands. ~ H, bases of the
tentacles; Z, clear spaces in the endocyst; I, lophophore; E/, the first,
E/!, the second, E/!’, the third, and E/!!!, the fourth membrane of the en-
docyst; O, bases of the outer tentacular bands; O/, fibres of the inner ten-
tacular bands. The third membrane, E’”, is lifted from the second, E!’, by
the action of the lower fibres of the brachial contractor, which also form the
knee-like ridge at L’.

* This figure is composed from numerous drawings of different individuals.

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Proceedin

PLATE 13.
CRISTATELLA OPHIDIOIDEA Hyatt.

Fig. 1. <A colony of natural size in its natural position. The polypides
are figured at the ends only, the outline of the colony between them being
indicated by dotted lines. (Norway, Me.)

Fig. 2. Enlarged view of the underside of one-half of a young colony
with the ectocyst and endocyst removed from a portion of the base, disclos-
ing the stomachs of the polypides and the bases of the muscular walls. On
the border are the buds attached to the upper side of the endocyst, and in
the centre is the inverted cone formed by the interior edges of the muscular
walls. On the left, the uncovered portion, the white lines show the -posi-
tions of the muscular walls, but on the right, the covered portion, they
show only the temporary external folds of the endocyst caused by the con-
traction of the ceenecium. The relations and positions of all these parts
are best explained by reference to the ideal section of this colony, as depicted
in fig. 3, the lettering being the same in both; with the exception of K/,
stomachs of adult polypides partially retracted, and{, stomach of an evagi-
nated polypide in fig. 2; and D, ectocyst in fig. 3.

Fig. 3.* E, endocyst; C, stomach of polypides wholly retracted; Q,
muscular walls; Y, buds; Y/’, immature polypides, capable of evagina-
tion ;} X, fixed statoblasts; A/, coencecial trunk.

Fig. 4. View from above of a portion of the border of the same col-
ony when expanded to about twice the vertical height of fig. 3. Lettering
same as in preceding figures, with the exception of A’, ccencecial tubes, and
A_!!T, coencecial orifices. Some of the latter are closed, and some, indicated
by dotted lines, are open; the polypides, however, are omitted from the lat-
fer, in order to give a better view of the coencecium.

Fig. 5. Hnlarged coenecial cell of the first row, the orifice closed
over the invaginated polypide. A/!’, ccencecial orifice; Q, attachments of
the muscular walls of the cell; N, anterior retentors.

Fig. 6. ‘Transverse section of the same, viewed from the ventral side.
A/il!, coencecial orifice; Q, muscular walls; N, anterior retentors; H, tenta-
cles. b

Fig. 7. View of a fully invaginated polypide of the first row, from
below, with the endocyst removed from that side. The gastric and part of
the lophophoric retractors, have been entirely omitted. A//!’, coenccial ori-
fice ; Q, muscular walls; M, trunk of retractor muscles ; K/, stomach.

* When this figure was drawn, I had, as I supposed, observed three rows of full
grown polypides on the ccenecium as in fig. 2. This, however, is probably errone
ous, and I doubt whether at any iime of the life of the colony, there are more than
two living rows of fully grown polypides and one row of immature polypides. In
this section, therefore, the innermost rows should have been represented in a re-
tracted condition, the polypides dead and partly absorbed.

¢ For a magnified view of crest from above, see FI. 9, fig. 14.

Fig. 8. A tube isolated and viewed from the lower side. Y, bud at-
tached to the upper endocyst; X, young, fixed statoblast attached to the
lower endocyst; Q, coenecial walls; Q, base of membranous ridge; E, en-
docyst.

Fig. 9. Two figures of the same statoblast, showing the variations in
the form and position of the vacant spot in the statoblast of fig. 8.

Fig. 10. View of the same from the upper side, showing the membra-
nous ridge crossing the statoblast and apparently connecting with the endo-
cyst on the upper side.

Fig. 11. An older specimen, in which the ridge has formed a tube.

Fig. 12. Astill older specimen, from the interior of the ccencecium,
showing the elliptical depression in the horny sheath.

Fig. 13. View of the lophophore from above, with the tentacles and
calyx removed, showing the distribution of the nerves. H, bases of the ten-
tacles; G, calyx; M, lophophoric flexor; U, lophophoric nerve branches;
U/, tentacular nerve branches; I’, epistome; I//, mouth.

Fig. 14. Epistome isolated and viewed from above, showing the mus-
cles. P, median muscle; P’, lateral muscles.

Fig. 15. Lateral view of a portion of the interior of one arm with the
lophophore removed, showing the outer and inner tentacular bands, and the
membranes of the endocyst in an alcoholic specimen. O, outer tentacular
bands; O/, inner tentacular bands.

Fig. 16. Direct and profile views of a group of cells from the first mem-
brane of the ccencecial endocyst of fig. 2.

PLATE 14.
CRISTATELLA OPHIDIOIDEA Hyatt.

Fig. 1. Magnified view of an adult polypide in its cell. E, endocyst;
Q, muscular walls of the cell; M, gastric retractors; M/, lophophoric re-
tractors; M/’, brachial retractors; N, anterior retentors; Z, clear spaces
in the endocyst between the bases of the outer tentacular bands; O, bases
of outer tenta¢ular bands.

Figs. 2, 3, 4. Upper and lower side, and profile view of statoblast.
W'!, horny sheath; W’’, annular sheath; W/!!, spines. Of the last, there
are in nature twenty-two short, and thirty-two long ones.

Fig. 5. View of the anus, showing its oblate form, and also the great
breadth of the intestine, when compared with the oesophagus and the upper
part of the stomach in the back ground; K, esophagus; K/, stomach;
K//, intestine; K, anus.

Fig. 6. Section of stomach, showing the hepatic folds. J, hepatic
folds.

Fig. 7. Oblique view of the tip of a tentacle, showing the fan-shaped
attachments of the tentacular bands.

Proceedings Essex Institute. Vol. IV.

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———ed

Se hot eR eee oe a :