(aaa rf" ye Nong meth yt Bait he nf tt ~ iY i‘ ert i ' y as Vt Wate ped ah ie od ‘7 j ath) ahd ae i | ee s — :. - — Ay hs » ‘ PROCEEDINGS OF THE SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON FOR THE YEAR PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, AND SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE. LONDON : MESSRS. LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMANS, AND ROBERTS, PATERNOSTER ROW. PARIS: LEIPZIG: M. J. ROTHSCHILD, M. J. ROTHSCHILD, 14, RUE DE BUCY. 2, QUERSTRASSE. bf PE Oa : ~ ae if ‘oie ter “4 ory —#a zy har gel Pb Oo eS LIST oY THE CONTRIBUTORS. With References to the several Articles contributed by each. Page Apams, Henry, F.L.S. Descriptions of a New Genus and some New Species of Shells from the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. .......... 143 Description of a New Genus of Shells from the Collection Gs FA Cumines Baqe' sc icis iio feats rece the dm eeesne 272 Descriptions of some New Genera and Species of Shells from the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. ....-.....+-+++- 383 Ancas, Georce Frencu, Corr. Mem. Z.S. Notes on the Broad-fronted Wombat of South Australia (Phascolomys latifrons, Owen) .... 0002+ cece ee ee ceee 268 Barro, Wituram, M.D., F.L.S. Note on the Occurrence of Filaria sanguinea in the body of the Galazias scriba, a Freshwater Fish from Australia .. 207 iv Page Note on the Lernea cyclopterina occurring in the Gills of the Cyclopterinus spinosus, a Fish from Greenland........ 239 Notice of the Occurrence of Sclerostoma equinum? in the Mesticle-of the Horse, > = ¢ ‘ a ae | ‘ PROCEEDINGS OF THE SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. January 8th, 1861. Dr. Gray, V.P., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. On Typrtcatu SELECTION, AS A MEANS OF REMOVING THE DIFFICULTIES ATTENDING THE DOCTRINE OF THE ORIGIN or Species py NaTurAu Sevection. By E. Vansitrart NEAtg, F.Z.S. The great interest excited in the scientific world by the theory of the origin of species proposed by Mr. Darwin, and the obscurity ne- cessarily attached to many of the data employed in the arguments adduced either in support of or in opposition to it, must be my apo- logy for bringing before this Society the following considerations, rest- ing upon admitted facts, but which appear to me both to elucidate the difficulties of that theory, and to suggest the means of overcoming them. The strong points of Mr. Darwin’s theory I apprehend to be, (1) the satisfactory explanation afforded by it of the analogies and dif- ferences observed in the various forms of living beings which have been, or actually are, the tenants of our globe ; (2) the fact, experimentally ascertainable, that the element of variation whence his explanations are derived exists in active operation at the present day. Mr. Darwin can say of the modifications of form manifested in living organisms, Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. I. 2 MR. E. VANSITTART NEALE [Jan. 8, as Sir I. Newton said of the attractive force of the earth, “ hypo- theses non fingo.”’ 1 appeal to a power which can be shown to be at work in the present world ; I ask only, is it capable of explaining the phenomena observable now, or ascertained by probable induction to have occurred formerly upon it ? These are great merits. But if these strong points of the theory are connected with the principle of diversity, whence the animal and vegetable creation derives the charm of its endless variety, it has, as I conceive, also its weak points connected with the opposite principle of unity: whence it attributes too large a share to death, and too small a share to life, in the formation of species. In nature we find éwo powers at work, a principle of change pro- ducing varieties, and a principle of permanence producing species. Man is able, by making use of the principle of change, “adding up,” as Mr. Darwin happily says, the successive minute differences of dif- ferent generations in different directions, to bring about wonderful transformations in the original form whence he started,—from the Rock Pigeon, for example, educing Carriers, Tumblers, Runts, Fantails, &c., forms differing from each other more than do many undoubted natural species—more, for instance, than Fieldfares differ from Thrushes, or Wood Wrens from Willow Wrens. But, although man can do wonders through this principle of change, the principle of permanence slips through his fingers. He can preserve his varie- ties in their distinctness, only so long as he intervenes to prevent their interbreeding. Leave Carriers and Tumblers, Fantails and Runts together, without pairing them, and a race will soon arise neither Carrier, nor Tumbler, nor Fantail, nor Runt, but apparently in the process of reverting towards the Rock Pigeon. But Fieldfares and Thrushes, Wood Wrens and Willow Wrens live on for generation after generation, side by side, and remain Fieldfares and 'Thrushes, Wood Wrens and Willow Wrens still. That this is the case, is unquestionable. It is equally clear why itis the case. Each distinct species in nature interbreeds by preference with those of its own kind; and if accidental unions do take place between nearly allied species, the offspring are either sterile or, at all events, much less fruitful than their parents. Here is the principle of permanence in nature, preventing the principle of change from producing confusion, as, again, the principle of change prevents the principle of permanence from producing monotony. Whence comes this principle of permanence? I look to Mr. Darwin for an answer, in vain. All that he says on this point amounts only to the position that the progeny of nearly allied species are not always sterile. That the preservatory tendency does not necessarily accompany a given amount of external difference is clear ; for man can produce in living organisms external differences greater than those associated in nature with this principle of permanence, without calling that principle into action. To attribute it to the greater length of time occupied in the formation of natural species than in that of a variety, is to make an assumption wholly destitute of proof, and indeed inconsistent with a very beau- tiful and essential part of Mr. Darwin’s hypothesis, namely, the doc- 1861.] ON TYPICAL SELECTION. 3 trine that the living principle never loses its energy, and that the power of life now at work on our globe has been transmitted, unchanged in its essence, though infinitely richer in its manifestations, from the first inhabitants of the earth to the generations inhabiting it at the present day. If then, Mr. Darwin may appeal to the principle of change dis- closed in living organisms, as a “‘ true cause,”’ capable of accounting for the mutual affinities of species by the supposition of descent froni a common origin, those who are opposed to his views are no less entitled to appeal to the principle of permanence, disclosed in these organisms, as a real force, not to be explained away, but requiring to be reconciled with the principle of change in any theory which shall satisfactorily account for the origin of species. It appears to me that this reconciliation may be effected through the intervention of a conception proposed by one of whose labours and reputation we are justly proud, as an explanation of the “ homo- logies”’ of structure, which he has profoundly illustrated. I mean the conception of the typical character pervading all organic life. But to make this apparent, I must premise some remarks on the characteristics of natural types. The types of nature must be care- fully distinguished from the types of art. The types of art are forms realized in their perfection in some particular individual. A Phidias may prodnce a Jupiter, a Minerva, or a Venus, as the perfect out- ward embodiment of the ideal of Majesty, or Wisdom, or Grace. A Danecker may toil for years, in labour with his conception of the head of Christ. But in each case, the type, when realized, is a fixed, individualized object, expressing some one predominant characteristic, to which all others, though not necessarily lost, are subordinate. The types of nature are, as I conceive, ideals not of external form, but of internal relations, each realized in countless modifications of forms differing from one another in infinitely varied particulars, but balanced around central points common to them all. But the pre- servation of this balance depends upon the aptness of each variety of the type for interbreeding with all the rest, and thus perpetually recombining its own peculiarities with theirs. If any of the varieties by the action and reaction of which a type is preserved become locally distinct from the others, subtypes will arise; as we find to be the case in mankind. The original type becomes the centre of a circle including many lesser circles, where we find the same tendency re- peated. Now this character of natural types offers a mode of passage from one type to another. Assume a subtypical variety to acquire a special aptness for interbreeding with itself, to the exclusion of other varieties, and it would become an independent type. But how is this special aptness to be acquired? That it does not accompany the formation of subtypes we see in numerous instances; and it would clearly be inconsistent with the idea of a natural type that it should do so, if, as has been suggested, it is the characteristic of such a type to preserve itself by the mutual actions of its varieties. That it should belong to some one variety and not to others, in virtue of the general principle of variation, is a supposition inconsistent with 4 MR. E. VANSITTART NEALE [Jan. 8, itself : a general principle must apply to every individual case. There remains only the hypothesis of a special selection, by which particular varieties are internally modified, so as to acquire this special aptitude. Now such a special selection appears to me to involve the transition, which must take place at some point in all physical research, from conditioned, to self-conditioning power, from will working by uphold- ing laws, to will working by constituting the laws to be upheld; in other words, we must resort to the hypothesis of an intelligent action as the only intelligible one. Accordingly it is to an intelligent choice, exercised upon the infinity of possible variations capable of arising in different organisms, through the laws belonging to their natures, that I would attribute the formation of species by what I venture to call Typical selection. When that Power, of whose ordering will I conceive nature to be the expression, purposes to produce a new race, I suppose It to select from some existing race those individuals which show a disposition to vary in the desired direction, so modifying their constitutions as to render their unions with each other more prolific than their unions with other individuals differently formed, and if they are conscious agents, so modifying their instincts as to give them a pre- ference for each other. How this internal modification is produced, I no more attempt to explain than Mr. Darwin attempts to explain how life was originally produced and is continued. The one act is not more difficult to conceive than the other. But there is no neces- sity for supposing the modification to be considerable in any one case. Divine providence need not be in a hurry. The amount of change at any step of the process of forming a new species, may be very small, and the completion of that process may require many generations. The modification of the sexual instinct and fertility of sexual unions may be gradually introduced, and at first be scarcely percep- tible. But if the alteration be brought about by an internal action tending always in the same direction, each generation will approxi- mate more closely to the character of a new type; and by the time that the external change has become considerable, a corresponding amount of internal change will have been produced. A new phase of the principle of permanence will have taken its place in creation, amongst the many phases of the principle of change; the variety will be transformed into a species. By this conception of the origin of species, we escape from another serious difficulty, which appears to me to lie in the way of the con- ception of their formation by such a process of external selection as Mr. Darwin assumes. When we are asked to suppose that differ- ences so considerable as we observe between different organisms, past or present, have been brought about by a process precisely analogous to that by which man can change the shape of a sheep or a pigeon, we naturally ask whether there are no limits to the amount of change producible by man? Could he, by any degree of watchfulness how- ever long continued, expand a race of sparrows to the size of condors, or condense a race of turkeys to the size of humming-birds, or 1861.] ON TYPICAL SELECTION. 5 lengthen out a pig’s snout, and thicken his legs and body into a trunk and frame similar in size to the elephant? Mr. Darwin must contend that this would be possible, if man continued to act uninterruptedly, for a sufficient length of time in the same direction. Perhaps future experiments may enable us to speak with certainty upon this point. At present I conceive the general feeling of the most experienced breeders would be against him. It may be true that they “ habitu- ally speak of an animal’s organization as something quite plastic, which they can mould almost as they please” by the principle of selection (Darwin, p. 31). Yet Mr. Darwin also tells us that ‘‘all the breeders of the various domestic animals, and cultivators of plants, with whom he has ever conversed, or whose treatises he has read, are firmly convinced that the several breeds to which they have attended are descended from so many aboriginally distinct species”’ (¢d. p. 28). Now they are no doubt mistaken in this notion ; and it is easy to see whence the mistake has arisen,—namely, from each one having attended only to one out of many possible kinds of variation, pro- ducible in the particular animal or plant forming the object of his care. But it is difficult to conceive whence the general notion could be derived, if each breeder found no limit, no stop, to the amount of variation which he can produce in the particular direction selected by him for experiment. But this difficulty disappears, like that first stated, if the process of selection be transferred from the external action of circumstance, to the internal action of the living Power gradually modifying the con- stitution of the individual. It is a supposition agreeable to common experience, that to each particular constitution, certain limits of change are assigned, within which the possible varieties of the creature possessing it fluctuate. But if the constitution changes, these limits must be presumed to change also. Each fresh species, then, may be regarded as a resting-place in the advance of life,—the development of the possible varieties inherent in it being left to the external action of circumstances; while among these the Power manifested in life selects the forms most suitable to be converted into other species, and thus carries on the differentiation of living beings a step further in its proposed course. Other grave difficulties disappear if we accept the idea of “ typical,” in place of ‘‘natural”’ selection. One very serious one, in my judg- ment, is the difficulty of seeing how natural varieties could perpetuate themselves at all, if they retained that mutual prolificness character- istic of all the varieties upon which we can experimentalize. Able and ingenious as is Mr. Darwin’s argument to show thet selection, by the ‘‘ struggle for existence”’ is possible, he seems to me, throughout the whole of it, to confuse two distinct conceptions, namely, the effect of peculiarities of structure in giving one plant or animal an advantage over another, and the preservation of those peculiarities. His reasoning would be conclusive if applied to a state of things where each different variety was distinguished by an exclusive disposition to produce its own kind, as we actually find to be the case with species; but he applies it to a state of things 6 MR. E. VANSITTART NEALE [Jan. 8, where, by his own hypothesis, he has swept away the ground of his argument. If one variety of wading birds possessed longer bills than another, this “‘advantage”’ might lead to the ultimate annihilation of the short-bills, through the more rapid multiplication of the long, if a long-billed parent always produced a long-billed offspring. But if the long-bills and the short live side by side, as they must do if they are to struggle for existence, and possess that aptness and disposition for interbreeding which all known varieties are experi- mentally found to possess, and the laws of interbreeding be supposed to be what they now are, long-bills and short would soon merge into one race of medium-billed birds, between whom the struggle for ex- istence would be reduced to one of individual strength. In con- nexion with this topic, the fact insisted upon by Mr. Darwin must be borne in mind, that intercrossing between varieties is conducive to fertility, as on the other hand breeding in and in is well known to cause unhealthiness, if not sterility. On the whole, then, I conclude that the permanent distinction of type which Mr. Darwin assumes to result as a consequence from the struggle for existence, is really a necessary condition, in order that this struggle may assume the form of a contest of races. Illustrations of this position might be endlessly multiplied. I will adduce one only, drawn from the instance of the humble bee and the honey bee, the origin of whose architectural powers is the subject of a most interesting and ingenious discussion in Mr. Darwin’s work. He adduces, as the “advantage”’ of the honey bee, and therefore the constitutive principle of its peculiarities, the economy of wax in the construction of its cells when compared with the round imper- fectly connected cells of the humble bee; for thus, in seasons when honey was scarce a saving in food might result. But the humble bee still raises her lowly dwellings along side of the palatial store- houses of her insect neighbour. Whatever the vicissitudes of the seasons may have been, since she first appeared on the earth, Death has not swept her away ; she survives now. What probable ground, then, is there for assuming that she was not present when Mr. Darwin’s incipient honey bee began its work, to destroy by intercrosses the peculiarities of her rival, and bring down its “‘advantages”’ to the common level ? It is unnecessary to dwell upon the complete removal of this diffi- culty, by the supposition of “typical selection.”” But more notice is requisite of the bearing of this supposition upon another subject, whereon Mr. Darwin’s hypothesis of selection by means of the struggle for existence has produced much controversy, namely, the evidence of the “stone-book.’’ That, if a new species can be formed at all by “natural selection,” it can be only as the ultimate result of a long balancing of rival tendencies, ending in the preponderance of one side, Mr. Darwin admits. It follows, as he also admits, that each new species, if thus formed, must have left behind it a long trail of intermediate forms between itself and the species whence it arises. Now, we do not find this “trail;” the links are wanting in many cases ; and Mr, Darwin’s explanation of their failure is, that they once 1861.] ON TYPICAL SELECTION. 7 existed, but that the evidence of their existence has either not yet turned up, or has been altogether swept away. Other eminent geologists have questioned the probability, if not the possibility of this total sweeping away of the links wanted to bind together, upon Mr. Darwin’s supposition, the forms known to have existed. Ido not propose to enter into this controversy, but only to remark that, whatever difficulty may arise from the absence of inter- mediate forms in tracing connected lines of descent of the different forms whose existence has been ascertained, it is most materially di- minished on the hypothesis of typical selection,—(1) because the advance in each case will be always in the same direction, and there- fore the interval between one marked form and another will be indi- cated by much fewer steps than are required on Mr. Darwin’s supposition, even if each step be very gradual ; (2) because it is con- sistent with our present experience, that a very considerable amount of change may take place in animal or vegetable organisms at once. I will refer only to General Tom Thumb, and the Giant whose skeleton is preserved in the College of Surgeons, in proof of the im- portant departures from the ordinary human scale of proportion which may be produced at one birth, under the ascertained laws of life. Now, suppose individuals, male and female, characterized by the possession of forms thus departing from the general human standard, to be selected to constitute a new human species, forming the centre of variations extending on all sides of the type thus manifested, and the process to be repeated three or four times, by transitions of equal magnitude on each occasion, in both directions; we should arrive at forms almost as distinct from each other as Swift’s men of Lilliput and Brobdingnag. And yet the intermediate variations might succeed each other at short intervals, and leave but scanty traces of their existence in any geological record. The Lilliputian and Brob- dingnagian students of geology might thus find it as difficult to connect their own history with that of the present race of mankind, by geological evidence, as we find it to trace the descent of Teleostean fishes, or Saurian amphibians, by the same records. The conception of “typical selection’? seems also to elucidate another subject, not altogether unencumbered with difficulty on Mr. Darwin’s hypothesis, namely, the disappearance of types. If one species is educed out of another by a modification of the sexual character of some particular variety of the first, whence it acquires a peculiar aptness and disposition for interbreeding, this variety would be withdrawn from the circle of varieties by whose mutual action the original type was preserved. Consequently the type would itself have a tendency to alter ; and if several varieties were thus withdrawn from any type, it would seem that this type must change into some modification of itself, and take its place amid the circle of variously related types evolved out of its original unity. The process would be analogous to what appears to have happened in some cases, where, through local circumstances or human interference, many distinct varieties of the same plant or animal have been formed, as im the case of wheat, of horses, of dogs, and of man himself; and the result 8 MR. E. VANSITTART NEALE [Jan. 8, seems to accord with many ascertained facts in the relations of plants and animals, living and extinct. If in the course of these observations I have been occupied in criticising rather than in defending Mr. Darwin’s views, the object of this criticism has been to separate what I regard as a most valuable scientific conception, from association with a theory which, though highly ingenious, is entirely hypothetical, and, in my judgment untenable. That there is a principle of variation at work around us in the living world, animal and vegetable, is certain. That by adding up successive changes effected by this principle, we can bring about a large sum of total change, is ascertained, The idea that the variety of living beings to be observed on the earth has arisen from the long- continued operation of this ascertained principle of variation during the countless ages when, as we learn from geology, a vast succession of creatures gradually tending to similarity with those existing now, have followed each other as its occupants—creation, to use the forcible language of Professor Owen, ever compensating for extinction —is an idea full of the promise of scientific results, because it seeks to explain the unknown by the known or knowable, and to sub- stitute thought interpreting experiment, in place of thought dealing only with itself. This true scientific character forms the distinction between Mr. Darwin’s fundamental hypothesis and the theories of those who like Lamarck, or the author of the ‘Vestiges of Creation,’ have previously attempted to embrace under one comprehensive thought the riches of the organic world. They presented only con- jectures incapable of being tested ; he has offered a conception re- specting the past, which may be tested by the study of the present. But this observation applies only to the conception that specific differences arise from selection. In referring the method of selection to the “struggle for existence,’ Mr. Darwin leaves the solid ground of experiment for the airy regions of ingenious hypothesis. The “struggle for existence” is perpetually going on around us; yet Mr. Darwin has not adduced a single case of even an approach to the formation of a new species as its ascertained result. All his instances of the effects produced by the addition of minute changes, in animal or vegetable organisms, are instances where the principle of variety is modified in its operation by the principle of intelligent choice. That the last principle has been concerned in producing the changes observed in nature, we cannot, indeed, show directly ; but when we learn experimentally that, by this means, something very like natural species can be produced, surely it is more accordant with the sobriety of science to assume that by this means also natural species have been produced, than to refer their production to another principle, which cannot be shown to be in operation at all, and of which, if it is in operation, we cannot show how it could bring about the effects attributed to it. Ihave said ‘‘ something very like natural species ; ’’ for, as has been observed above, man cannot confer upon his varieties the self-pre- serving power characteristic of true species. But this is only accordant 1861.] ON TYPICAL SELECTION. 9 with the universal analogy of the distinction between man’s work and the works of what we call Nature. Man always works from with- out, Nature from within. But otherwise their works are subject to similar conditions. The crystalline lens of the eye is formed of elementary particles, held together by molecular or chemical attrac- tion, as is the lens of the eyeglass. The formation of the optical image, the prevention of diffraction, is brought about in each case by an observance of the same principles of construction. But the eye- glass is shaped and put together by a power operating from without, upon masses of elementary particles, already drawn to each other by their natural attractions. The lens of the eye is formed by a power working from within, which draws these elementary particles together, by secret processes, into positions where their natural attractions keep them in the required arrangement. So is it, as I conceive, in the formation of species. Man and Nature both bring about changes of form in organized beings, by the same process, namely, by directing into particular channels the ten- dency to vary inherent in all organisms, “ adding up ”’ in different di- rections the sum total of many changes, tending the same way. - Both effect this addition by the same instrumentality, namely, by favouring sexual intercourse in the organisms which show a tendency to vary in the required direction, and impeding it in those which do not. But man, working in this case as in every other from without, can effect his “additions” only by bringing the suitable organisms to- gether for the purpose of that intercourse, and keeping the unsuitable apart. Nature, working, in this case as in every other, from within, effects her additions by so modifying the wish for this intercourse, that the animals whom she desires to bring together shall prefer each other’s society, and so modifying its consequences, that accidental unions of organisms, whether animal or vegetable, with other than the organisms suitable for her purposes, shall be incapable of seriously disturbing them. To seek an explanation of the natural process in an external action, seems me as contrary to the whole analogy of our knowledge, as it would be to seek an explanation of the human pro- cess in an internal action. And yet there is an external action in nature, bearing upon the constitution of species—an action admirably described by Mr. Darwin under the name of the struggle for existence, and having, as I appre- hend, an effect analogous to that of external action on living or- ganisms considered individually. The struggle with circumstances destroys the dead, but it developes and exercises the living indivi- dual; and so the struggle for existence developes the capacities of variation of each typical form, while it prevents those variations from injuring the type. For the order of the living creation depends upon the more or less perfect transmission of the distinctive peculiarities of each living being to its descendants ; and since these peculiarities are subject to constant variation, there would be a tendency to a perpetual degradation of each natural type, but for some counteracting influence. For the characters of a living being cannot be balanced like 10 MR. E. VANSITTART NEALE ON TYPICAL SELECTION. [Jan. 8, ciphers in arithmetic—so many good on the plus side, so many bad on the minus: they involve a mutual harmony, which cannot be departed from far in any direction, without fatal injury to the whole : one vice spoils many virtues ; and the union of great perfections with great defects can, at the best, be only grotesque. Now the risk of degradation consequent on these circumstances appears to be prevented principally by two causes: first, that, in the general course of nature, more than one individual must concur in every act of generation ; for since these individuals commonly differ in their accidental peculiarities, these peculiarities tend to efface each other, and thus to preserve in their offspring the typical character : secondly, that Death is, so to speak, ever on the watch to keep the individual up to the mark, sternly sweeping away the varieties afflicted with any serious imperfection, while he leaves the more perfect specimens to transmit their endowments to their posterity,— an operation probably aided by what Mr. Darwin has called “sexual selection.” In this conservative action, not in the creative operations ascribed to Death by Mr. Darwin, his true function appears to me to consist. Death throws away the worst of each /ind to preserve the best ; but he must have the kind given him to operate upon. So he sweeps away those types which change of circumstances have made unsuit- able to the surrounding creation, to make room for others ; but these are educed from the former, not by the unconscious action of death, but through an “ ordained becoming,”’ realized by the wise foresight of the ever-acting Power whose works we generalize into Nature. Our greatest living poet has poured forth the dirge of existence:— “Are God and Nature, then, at strife, That Nature lends such fearful dreams ? So careful of the type she seems,”’ So careless of the single life. So careful of the type! but no, From scarped cliff, and quarried stone, She cries, ‘A thousand types are gone, I care for nothing—all shall go.” But the history of organized being, considered as a succession of typical forms, assumes a more cheerful character; life appears everywhere triumphant over death. As, in the order of nature the individual transmits to its successors its own peculiarities, modified, indeed, but not lost in the great stream of being, so each type, if it passes away when it has done its work, is yet not lost, but transmits to suc- ceeding types the undying fire, tinted with its own characteristic hue. And this succession of typical forms, like the perpetuation of each particular type, is brought about by the action of the individual, fol- lowing the laws and impulses of its own nature, and unwittingly con- tributing, by the performance of its own litile part, to the gradual unfolding of the majestic drama of creation. But the arrangement of the scenes is due to foresight, not to chance, to the constructive power of thought adapting organization to circumstance, not to any 2 = é 4 PZ'9: 186 Plate Ta GH Ford BYasa varamais avat saver aera ae A ARE 1861.] MR. R. F. TOMES ON EPOMOPHORUS, 11 power in circumstance to create by destroying. In the words of the same great master whose language I have already quoted— Nature also, cold and warm, And moist and dry, devising long, Through many agents, making strong, Matures the individual form. 2. AppITIONS TO THE MonoGrarH OF THE GENUS EPOMOPHO- rus. By Roserr F. Tomes, Corr. Mens. Z.S. (Plate I.) 1, EpomorHorus LABIATUS, Temm., sp. Since the publication of my monograph of the genus Epomophorus in the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Society, the kindness of Prof. Schlegel has enabled me to examine the type specimens of the Pachysoma labiatum of M. Temminck in the Leyden Museum ; and I find that the male, as I had supposed, is quite distinct from 2. macrocephalus, although not differing from it so greatly as I formerly believed. It resembles the latter species in its general proportions and appearance, especially in the length of the head and face; but it has longer fur on all parts of the body, and that of the back is somewhat redder in colour. On the abdomen is an oval whitish patch rather more di- stinct than in Z. macrocephalus, but less so than in FE. franquett. The specimen is nearly, if not quite adult, and has the following di- mensions :-— in. lin Length of the head and body ............ 4 9 — GE Che eae var eos 7 Pr ajohses tee ae 1 10 ———.— Of thesearsine si. wide e See ats sae. ee OF _— of tite forerarat Se ae Oe she 2 6 of the longest finger.............. 4 6 ——W— of the fourth finger .. piatemetare: 8 — pf. the Gham ansctabstebnls coco 3 TS — Suited cetera eeas ees LD ofthe foot and claws ............ 0 9 ——-— from the nose to the ear .......... | Bees — from the nose to the eye .......... On 9 Expanse of wings, about - 22 22.026... 06 oe 17 0 The so-called female of Pachysoma labiatum contained in the same collection is quite a young example of some larger species with a less elongated muzzle, probably of L. gambianus. 2. E. cryprurus, Peters. In my account of EZ. gambianus I included the FL. erypturus of Dr. Peters as a synonym; but the assertion of the identity of the two species had scarcely appeared before I saw in the Leyden Mu- seum, a specimen which differed from HL. gambianus im several re- spects. Shortly afterwards a specimen of an Epomophorus from Natal came into my hands, which I had no difficulty in recognizing iz DR. A. GUNTHER ON BRAZILIAN REPTILES. — [Jan. 8, as identical with the species in the Leyden Museum; and a more careful examination and comparison of this species with the type specimen of HL. gambianus, and with the admirable figures and de- tailed description of Z. erypturus given by Dr. Peters, induced me to refer it to the latter species, which I now regard as distinct. It will be unnecessary to enter into a detailed description of the species, because that has been so well done by the original describer; but it may not be out of place to state the chief points of difference between it and FE. gambianus, which I have before described. The LZ. crypturus is altogether rather smaller than FL. gambianus, and has the fur on all parts much longer, and extending much more on to the membranes, especially along the fore-arm, above and below, on the legs and feet, and on the membrane of the coccyx. The ears are broader, but not longer; and the interfemoral membrane is of greater breadth, especially near the calcaneum. The supra orbital processes of the cranium are also longer than in LZ. gambianus ; but it is necessary to state that these parts in the figure of the skull of the latter species, which accompanies this communication (figs. 2 and 2 a), are represented as a little too short, their points having been broken off before passing into the hands of Mr. Ford. EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. The accompanying plate is given to illustrate the peculiarly formed crania of some of the species of Epomophorus, and to show, comparatively with that of the allied genera Pferopus and Pachysoma, the singular dentition of this genus. Figs.1 and 1a. Epomophorus macrocephalus, from the type specimen. Figs. 2, 2a, and 2d. £. gambianus, from types. Note.—The supra-orbital process in these figures is represented as rather too short. Figs. 3,3.a,and 34. E£. franqueti, from type specimens. Figs. 4 and 4a. £. schoensis, from a specimen from Gaboon. Fig. 5. Pteropus edulis. A. First or rudimentary premolar, often absent. B. Second premolar, corresponding with the carnassier of the Carnivora. C, D, E. True molars, the hinder one of rudimentary size and shape, and showing the first indication of that decrease in their development which attains its full extent in Epomophorus. Fig. 6. Pachysoma stramineum. The letters A, B, C, D, E indicate the same teeth as in fig. 5; those marked C, D, E are more rudimentary than in Péeropus, C, D, E of fig. 5. Fig. 7. aie macrocephalus. The first premolar and last true molar are absent, and the second molar (D of figs. 5 and 6) is here much reduced in size, and corresponds in its degree of development with E of figs. 5 and 6. 3. ACCOUNT OF THE REPTILES SENT BY Dr. WUCHERER FROM Baunisa. By Dr. A. GintTHErR. Of the living specimens of Reptiles sent by Dr. Otto Wucherer from Bahia, only a few have survived the transport. Most of them perished during the voyage; and several arrived in so exhausted a it et tl 1861. ] DR. A. GUNTHER ON BRAZILIAN REPTILES. 13 condition that they died very shortly afterwards. It became evident, from the emaciated state of the latter, that those animals had been killed, not by the change of the temperature, but by want of food and water. Those tropical animals naturally require a greater supply of the latter than our European species do; and perhaps it would be better to place them during the transport in a cool place on board the steamer, in order to subdue the natural functions and to lessen the desire for food. Once every week, on a bright day, they ought to be brought on deck and exposed to the sun; then some water might be poured into the cage or box in which they are kept. I have no doubt that the failures hitherto experienced in bringing over the beautiful Hyle of the Tropics, and other reptiles living in damp places, might be avoided by the adoption of the measures recom- mended. As it is, however, only three of Dr. Wucherer’s specimens sur- vive—a beautiful specimen of the South American Rat-Snake, Spi- lotes variabilis, about 6 feet long, one Polychrus marmoratus, and one Philodryas viridissimus. The two former are exhibited for the first time, and apparently are doing very well. The Rat-Snake feeds regularly on birds and small mammals; Dr. Wucherer has observed that this species has the power of setting its tail in a trembling motion, like the Rattle-Snake, if made angry. I have once seen the same in the specimen living in the Gardens, and several times in the North American Coluber quadrivittatus, whenever it was attacked by a dog: in the latter case, it was not fear which produced the trembling motion of the tail; for it was immediately followed by the snake striking at the dog*. The specimens of Polychrus marmoratus show the remarkable pe- culiarity, that their femoral pores are not visible; this has been ob- served also by Bibron, who says that they are often very indistinct in this species. It changes its colours, like the Chameleon, the name of which has been conferred on it by the inhabitants of Bahia. Its ground-colour is brown when it is cold or asleep, bright green when it feels comfortable, and yellowish-green when exposed to great heat. Also the great capacity of the lungs and the lively motion of the eyes (which, however, act in concert with each other) remind one of its representative of the Old World. Since it has been removed to a warmer place than the cages in the Reptile-house are, it has re- covered its full strength, feeds regularly on meal-worms, and is very fond of milk. Being a Tree-Lizard, its favourite place is on the branches of a large geranium, near the fire-place ; but even that place is sometimes too cold for it; and then it will approach nearer to the fire than it is possible to keep the hand for any length of time. Nevertheless it lies there basking for hours, extending the neck towards the fire, and stretching the hind limbs in a line with the tail. These animals will drink much; and the quantity of water swallowed on a single day by this specimen, the body of which does not exceed the length of 5 inches, cannot be less than half an ounce. * The young of Cenchris piscivorus, born alive in the Gardens about the middle of February, show this peculiar motion more frequently than any other of the species mentioned.—March 5. 14 DR. A. GUNTHER ON BRAZILIAN REPTILES. __[Jan. 8, The researches of Dr. Wucherer, continued for a considerable space of time and confined chiefly to Snakes, prove that the environs of Bahia are by no means so poor in species of this tribe as has been represented by Castelnau. On the contrary, the following list, containing chiefly the species common in the immediate vicinity of Bahia, will be considerably increased, if Dr. Wucherer carries out his intention of extending his researches beyond those limits; and it is to be hoped that, with the assistance of this gentleman and of his friends*, we shall produce one of those local faunas which are so valuable as contributing to our knowledge of geographical distribu- tion, and to the distinction of the local variation of species. The following list of Snakes has been made up from the notes of Dr. Wucherer, and from actual specimens sent in spirits to the Bri- tish Museum :— 1. Geophis, n. sp.t From Canavieras, a small town south of Bahia. 2. Elapomorphus wuchereri, Gthr. From Ihéos. 3. Liophis cobella, L. - —— merremii, Wied. Very frequent. regine, L. Very frequent. conirostris, Gthr. . AXenodon severus, L. rhabdocephalus, Wied. Very frequent. : colubrinus, Gthr. The validity of this species has been fully acknowledged by Dr. Wucherer. He has sent two specimens in spirits, one of which measures 3 feet 8 inches in length ; another, sent off alive, perished on the voyage. Dr. Wucherer has observed that the scales of all the species of Yenodon have a small colourless spot near the tip; it is especially distinct in X. colubrinus. The West Indian species of Dromicus have this spot yet more distinct. All the species of this genus are very savage and apt to bite; they frequent dry places; their food, however, consists in frogs. 10. Spilotes corais, Cuv. Frequent; called Pupapinta. Scales in fifteen or seventeen series. 11. Spilotes variabilis, Wied. Frequent; called Cainanu. Dr. Wucherer found the loreal always absent in old specimens. 12. Spilotes pecilostoma, Wied. 13. Coryphodon pantherinus, Merr. 'The form of the head and the colours of this species vary much according to age. 14. Herpetodryas fuscus, L. Frequent. 15. —— carinatus, L. Less frequent. 16. Philodryas viridissimus, L. Very frequent. 17.60 serra, Schleg. A single specimen from Ihéos. 18. Dryiophis acuminata, Wied. Very frequent; called Cipé. 19. argentea, Daud. Less frequent, 20. Thamnodynastes nattereri, Mikan. Frequent. * Dr. Wucherer has been assisted in collecting by Consul C. A. Giiltzow, Dr. Heller, Dr. Télsner, Herr y. Steiger, H. Féppel, and other gentlemen. Mr. Ben- nett has kindly taken charge of the reptiles during the transport. + Dr. Wucherer has reserved for himself the description of this species. 1861.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON BRAZILIAN REPTILES. 15 21. Thamnodynastes punctatissimus, Wagl. One specimen from Canavieras. 22. Leptodeira annulata, L. Very frequent. 23. Eudipsas leucocephalus, Mikan. Frequent. 24. Leptognathus catesbyi, Weig. Two specimens from Cana- vieras. 25. Scytale coronatum, Schneid. 26. Oxyrhopus clelia, Daud. 27. petolarius, L. 28. trigeminus, D. & B. Frequent. 29. Uranops angulatus, L. Frequent near rivers. 30. Elaps lemniscatus, L. Very frequent. 31. —— corallinus, L. 32. Epicrates cenchria, L. Rare; called Giboia. 33. Xiphosoma caninum, L. 34. Boa constrictor, L. Frequent; called Giboia. 35. EHunectes murinus, L. Very frequent; called Sucurwuba. 36. Craspedocephalus atrox, L. Called Caisaeca; frequent, espe- cially near Nazareth on the river Jaquaripa. 37. Craspedocephalus bilineatus, Wied. This isa venomous Tree- Snake; it is called Swructie% patyoba, from the palm on which it usually is found; it renders the cutting of the leaves of this palm very dangerous. Another similar snake lives on the Uricana palm, from which its name of Suructic% uricana is derived. 38. Lachesis mutus, L. Called Suructiev% ; it lives in holes to- gether with Caelogenys paca, and is very dangerous to the dogs used in shooting the latter. 39. Crotalus horridus, L. I add the description of the new species of Snakes, and of a new Lizard, sent by Dr. Wucherer to the British Museum. ELAPOMORPHUS WUCHERERI. Six upper labial shields, the second and third of which enter the orbit ; two posterior oculars. Scales in fifteen rows ; ventral shields 181-208. Reddish-olive (in spirits); head black, with a yellow band across the occipitals ; sometimes with three dark longitudinal lines. Very old specimens uniformly coloured, the head being dirty light brown. Hab. Bahia. Description.—This species has a very slender body, whilst the tail is comparatively short. The head is depressed and obtuse, like that of an Elaps. Rostral shield of moderate extent, not reaching to the upper surface of the head. Anterior frontals one-third only of the size of the posterior ones; vertical subhexagonal, somewhat longer than broad ; occipitals large. Nasal shield oblong, occupying the place of a loreal ; one anterior, two posterior oculars. Two tem- poral shields, one behind the other, the anterior in contact with the oculars. Six upper labial shields, the second produced upwards and backwards so as to enter the orbit, the third immediately below the eye. Lower labials seven or eight, the fourth and fifth being very 16 DR. A. GUNTHER ON BRAZILIAN REPTILES. [Jan. 8, large. Two pairs of chin-shields; two or three pairs of scale-like shields between the chin-shields and the ventral plates. Scales smooth, polished, rhombie, in fifteen rows. Ventral shields 206-208 ; anal bifid; subcaudals 33-47. Dr. Wucherer has found in a very large specimen 181 ventral and 32 subcaudal shields. Specimens of 19 inches length are reddish-olive in spirits, with a darker line along the vertebral series of scales. In a specimen in which this line is very distinct, another similar line is to be seen along each side of the body, between the fourth and fifth outer series of scales. Smaller specimens have those lines still more distinct. The head and the anterior portion of the nape are brownish-black, with a broad yellow band across the occipitals and temporals to the side of the mouth. The lower parts are yellowish. Very large spe- cimens are of a uniform bright gamboge-yellow, the head being dirty light brown, gradually becoming lighter posteriorly ; there are some greyish-ash irregular spots on the side of the head and under the chin, and some minute irregular grey spots on the sides of the belly and on the outermost rows of scales. The posterior maxillary tooth is grooved. Two specimens were taken at Ilhéos ; one is 18 and one 19 inches long. Another large specimen, of which a sketch has kindly been communicated to me by Dr. Wucherer, is from the same place; it was captured on an open piece of ground before the house of a Cacao- planter, situated some 60 feet above the level of the river and per- fectly dry ; its total length is 4 feet 5 inches, and the length of the tail 41 inches. Its habit is stouter than that of the younger specimen, and it appears to me to be a female. TRACHYCYCLUS SUPERCILIARIS. (IGUANIDZ.) ?? Proctotretus telsneri, Berthold, Gétt. Nachr. 1859, p. 179. Occipital plate of moderate size, as large as the eye. Above uni- form brownish-olive (in spirits), yellowish below, a brown band along the lower side of the thigh and before the vent. Hab. Bahia. Deseription.—The head is slightly depressed, of moderate width, 1861.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON BRAZILIAN REPTILES, 17 the snout is as broad as long. The whole of the upper surface is covered with small, irregular shields, that in the middle of the occi- put being the largest, about as large as the eye. The superciliary margin is sharply prominent, continued into the canthus rostralis, and formed by imbricate pointed scales, the point of which is directed backwards. The eyelids are entirely covered with small granular scales. The nostril is situated near the extremity of the snout, before the canthus rostralis, and separated from it by a shallow groove ; it is in a single convex shield. The upper and lower labial shields are narrow, and there are two or three other series of small shields, run- ning above, and parallel to, the upper labials, and covering the loreal region. The lower of those series extends to below the eye. The neck and the temporal region are covered with small keeled scales. The opening of the ear is large, subtriangular, and its anterior mar- gin is provided with six or seven tooth-like plates. The scales on the lower side of the head are small, smooth, and become smaller on the throat, where they form a very indistinct collar. There are two oblique, deep folds on the side of the neck, between tympanum and shoulder. The back is covered with keeled scales of moderate size, the keels terminating in small spines, and forming lines which converge from both sides towards the vertebral line. There are seventeen longitu- dinal lines of keels across the back between the shoulder-joints and fifteen between the hip-joints. The scales on the upper parts of the limbs are more sharply keeled and more spiny than those on the back. The tail is of moderate length, depressed on its base, and slightly compressed on its middle ; it is surrounded by rings of scales, which are much larger than those of the body, each terminating in a prominent spine. The scales on the belly are rather small and smooth, disposed in transverse series ; there are about twenty longitudinal series across the breast between the front limbs ; the scales on the lower parts of the limbs are smooth, except those on the soles of the feet and toes, which again are strongly keeled. There are no femoral or anal pores. Palatine teeth none. All the upper parts are brownish-olive ; the lower dull yellowish, with indistinct greyish reticulated lines ; the region before the vent is deep brown, and a band of the same colour runs along the lower side of the thigh. in. lin. Length of the snout (to the anterior angle of the erhit) act. c.3% abet ia idea Stat bie bite Bam. ace aisita boas 0 4 Length of the head (to the anterior margin of the Gyan ia) = sistas s.fs sored) o0..'s nar eeda tee es to Greatest width of the head............ = 4 of the tail ....... as Smsitiactin oo : Ghthe fpre dials) 5.153854) 40s. vid.8 ade cree of the hind limb....... ang: Aechae « Homa wee Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. II. 0 0 0 Length of the trunk (from tympanum to vent).. 2 H) 1 2 18 MR. A. NEWTON ON THE MAURITIAN WATER-HEN. [Jan. 8, in. lin, Length of the fourth finger (from the base of the fifths iG. swede dacoeeenndanke doneeds Osan of the fourth toe (from the base of the fifth ), x vs Ve 25S WPT Beedle ean eos 77 Beat Total length.........- eh ee ee e858 4, Description or A New Species or WatTer-Hen (GALLI- NULA) FROM THE Is~LaAnD or Mauritius. By ALFRED Newrovn, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. A small collection of birds recently sent from Mauritius by my brother, Mr. Edward Newton, Assistant Colonial Secretary in that island, and a Corresponding Member of this Society, contains a single specimen of a Water-hen which I am led to consider as distinct from the common Gallinula chloropus, with which it has hitherto been confounded. ‘To this conclusion I am chiefly induced by the weight I attach to my brother’s opinion, which is decidedly in favour of re- garding it as different from our own familiar bird; for, though it must be confessed that the differences observable in the dried skin are but slight, they are perhaps not more so than are to be found in other generally recognized species of the restricted genus Gallinula —as, for instance, Gallinula galeata of the New World and G. tene- brosa of Australia. The peculiarities, however, of the Mauritian bird seem to be constant ; and I may perhaps be excused for stating my belief that in cases where we find an animal from any certain locality always presenting an appearance easily to be recognized, we are justified in distinguishing it by a specific name. In addition to the characters of the Mauritian Water-hen, which I shall presently describe, I may add that my brother informs me that its ery is altogether different from that of our own bird, with which he is well acquainted ; and I must remark that this is also the case with respect to the American species (G. galeata). Mr. Gould has kindly enabled me to exhibit an example of this new species, which he received through Mr. Barclay from the Mauri- tius many years ago; and, as may be seen, it exactly resembles my brother’s specimen in the peculiarities I have to poimt out. At the same time I am indebted to Mr. J. H. Gurney for the opportunity of showing that these peculiarities are not shared by the Water-hen of South Africa, as the bird on the table, from the collection recently sent to that gentleman by Mr. C. J. Andersson from Damara Land, does not differ, that I can see, from our own G. chloropus. In an admirable series of articles on the ornithology of Madagascar, lately contributed by Dr. Hartlaub to the ‘ Journal fiir Ornithologie,’ mention is made of a Gallinula in the collection at Vienna, killed by Bojer on the east coast of that island, which is stated to have ‘‘ocherfarbenen Unterschwanzdecken.”’ Hence I should be dis- posed to presume that the Mauritian form is found in the neighbour- ing and larger island, and perhaps indeed is common and peculiar to 1861.] MR. A.D. BARTLETT ON THE PINK-FOOTED GOOSE. 19 the whole Mascarene group, as Dr. Hartlaub, quoting the authority of M. Victor Sganzin (whose paper, by the by, in the ‘Mémoires de la Société d’ Histoire Naturelle de Strasbourg,’ I have not been able to examine), states that it is common in Bourbon (Réunion) as well as in Mauritius. I now proceed to designate the new species in proper form :— - GALLINULA PYRRHORRHOA, Sp. NOV. Fulica chloropus, Julien Desjardins, P. Z. 8. 1831, p. 45. “ Galiinula chloropus,V. Sganzin, Mém. Soc. d’ Hist. Nat. Strasb. 1831-2, p. 45;” G. Hartlaub, Journ. fiir Orn. 1860, p. 173. Gallinule or Moor-hen, auct. anon. in ‘ Mauritius Register,’ 1859, p. Ixxxv. Gallinula (2), ‘Ibis,’ 1861, p. 116. Statura et aspectu Gallinule chloropodi admodum similis, sed membrana frontali majore, caude tectricibus inferioribus cer- vinis, pedibusque flavis. Hab. In insulis Mascarenis, Mauritiana, Borbonica (teste Sganzin) atque Madagascariensi (teste Bojer) ; differt voce a G. chloropode. Mus. Vindobon., Joh. Gould necnon A. et E. Newton. 5. Notice oF THE OccURRENCE OF THE PINK-FOOTED GOOSE, Ansrer pHa@NiIcopus. By A. D. Bartierr. On the 8th of January 1839 I had the pleasure of introducing to the notice of the Society’s Meeting this species for the first time as a new British bird; and although since that period many examples have been from time to time obtained, I am not aware that they have appeared in such large numbers as they now appear. Since the 3rd of this month upwards of a hundred specimens have been seen and examined by me, most of them having been killed in the Eastern Counties. The old males weigh about 6 lbs., the females 5 lbs., and young birds 43 lbs. The length of the males is about 2 feet 6 inches, the females 2 feet 3 inches, measuring from tip of bill to end of tail. The length of the bill varies from 2} inches to 13 in length. I mention this, as too much importance has been attached to this cha- racter (in the Geese), which has led Mr. A. Strickland to regard and describe the old male Bean-Goose as a new and distinct species*. Of this latter bird I here exhibit an old male whose bill is upwards of 23 inches long. I also exhibit a female Bean Goose, bill 23 inches long ; this latter is an adult female, having been kept in the Gardens of this Society nearly two years. * See Ann. and Mag. N. H. ser. 3, vol. iii. p. 121, where the old male Bean- Goose (Anser segetum) is described as a new species under the name of the Long-billed Goose (dnser paludosus). 20 DR. L, PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. [Jan. 8, 6. Descriptions or Forty-SEvEN New Species or LAND- SHELLS, FROM THE COLLECTION OF H. CuminG, Ese. By Dr. L. Pretrrer. (Plates II. & IIT.) 1. Hetrx trrocuiscus, Pfr. '. imperforata, conica, solidula, levigata, nitidissima, pellucida, cornea ; spira convexo-conica ; sutura submarginata; anfr. 54 convexiusculi, ultimus rotun- datus, non descendens ; apertura subverticalis, lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus remotis, columellari brevi, sub- stricto, calloso-subincrassato. Diam. maj. 5, min. 44, alt. 44 mill. Hab. Siam (M. Mouhot). 2. Heiix 1GNEscEnNs, Pfr. (Pl. II. fig. 1). 7. subperforata, glo- boso-depressa, vitrinoidea, tenuis, striatula et striis impressis spiralibus sub lente decussatula, pellucida, nitidissima, corneo- ignescens ; spira parum elevata ; anfr. 44 rapide accrescentes, convexiusculi, ultimus ventrosus, non descendens ; apertura fere diagonalis, rotundato-lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, margi- nibus vix conniventibus, dextro antrorsum subarcuato, columel- lari arcuato-declivi, filart, superne anguste refiexo. Diam. maj. 273, min. 23, alt. 15 mill. Hab. Isle of Batchian, Moluccas (Mr. Wallace). 3. Hexrx suscornea, Pfr. TJ. subclause perforata, depressa, tenuis, levigata, albido-cornea ; spira vix conoideo-elevata, ver- tice subtili; sutura filo marginata; anfr. 74 convexiusculi, ultimus vix latior, basi convexior ; apertura verticalis, auri- formi-lunaris; perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellari longe declivi, subincrassato. Diam. maj. 132, min. 124, alt. 6 mill. Hab. Siam (M. Mouhot). 4. Hexrx casta, (Nantna) Pfr. 7. perforata, depressa, tenuis, pellucida, corneo-grisea, superne striatula, parum nitens, sub lente lineis spiralibus sculpta, subtus radiato-striata, nitidior ; spira breviter conoidea, vertice subtili; sutura levis; anfr. 6 planiusculi, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus medio subcarina- tus, bast convexiusculus ; apertura obliqua, late lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus remotis, columellari declivi, ad in- sertionem via dilatato. Diam. maj. 17, min. 154, alt. 8 mill. Hab. Admiralty Islands. 5. Herrx FARApDENsIs, Pfr. TJ. anguste umbilicata, depresso- turbinata, solidula, superne arcuato-striata, lineisque spiralibus sub lente conspicuis sculpta, lutescenti-cornea ; spira conoidea, vertice minuto ; anfr.d convexiusculi, ultimus latus, rotundatus, subtus radiato-striatus, nitidior ; apertura obliqua, rotundato- GB. Sowerby, lith Vincent Brooks Imp 1. Helix ignescens. 2.Pythia wallacit. 3.Limicolaria turris. 4. Helix nodifera. 5.H.batchianensis. 6. Helix rhyncostoma. 7 Clausilia taylori. 8.Orthalicus mars G_B.Sowerhy, lith Vinceat Brooks, Imp l.Cyclotus batchianensis. 2.Simpulopsis cumingi. 3. Helix atro-tusca A ea 1 c ) 2 4. Bulimus hepatostomus.’ 5.Bulimus pan. 6.Achatina plant ? 7 Lep a ae | ee Run esladee oe 8 a Lopoma pulearium 8 Helix expansa “i Leptopoma dl y\Dulosum 10. L. decipiens 1861.] DR. L, PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. PA lunaris, intus submargaritacea ; perist. simplex, rectum, mar- ginibus vix convergentibus, columellari superne subdilatato. Diam. maj. 20, min. 17, alt. 12 mill. Hab. Parada, Mexico (M. Sallé). 6. Herrx cARMELIENSIS, Pfr. 7’. anguste umbilicata, depressa, tenuis, sublevigata, pellucida, cornea, rufo indistincte radiata ; spira convexa; anfr. 4} convexiusculi, lente accrescentes, ulti- mus rotundatus, non descendens ; apertura obliqua, lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus distantibus, columellari superne vix dilatato. Diam. maj. 31, min. 3, alt. vix 2 mill. Hab. Mount Carmel. 7. Hexix Gassiest, Pfr. TJ. umbilicata, discoidea, carinata, tenuis, arcuato-striata et lineis impressis obliquis sub lente de- cussatula, nitida, lutescens, flammis crebris castaneis fulgurata; spira immersa; anfr. 4 convexiusculi, rapide accrescentes, ulti- mus magnus, utringue convexior, medio subacute carinatus ; apertura obliqua, subtriangulari-lunaris ; perist. simplex, acu- tum, marginibus conniventibus. Diam. maj. 81, min. 74, alt. 3 mill. Hab. Erumanga, New Hebrides (Mr. Turner), 8. Hexrx parcutanensis, Pfr. (Pl. II. fig. 5). 7. angustissime umbilicata, conoidea, solida, oblique striata, fusca; spira con- vexo-conoidea, apice acutiuscula; sutura levis, carinato-mar- ginata ; anfr.7, supremi plani, sequentes convexiusculi, ultimus carinatus, non descendens, basi profunde excavatus ; apertura diagonalis, rotundato-lunaris ; perist. rectum, marginibus di- stantibus ; dextro subsimplici, basali incrassato, ad insertionem Jflexuose ascendente. Diam. maj. 20}, min. 184, alt. 114 mill. 8. Major, anfr. 8}, ultimo infra carinam precedentis recedente. Diam. 231, alt. 14 mill. Hab. Isle of Batchian (Mr. Wallace). 9, Hevix ruyncnostoma, Pfr. (Pl. II. fig. 6). 7. anguste umbtlicata, trochiformis, acute carinata, tenuiuscula, striatula et sub lente minutissime granulata, carnea, Sasciis 2 rufis, altera supera, altera latiore basali ornata ; spira conica, obtusiuscula ; sutura carinato-marginata ; anfr. 6 subplani, lente accrescentes, ultimus antice vix descendens, basi subplanus ; apertura per- obliqua, subtriangularis ; perist. tenue, marginibus distantibus, supero vir expanso, ad dextram in rostrum reflexo, basali bre- viter reflexo, columellari dilatato, umbilicum occultante. Diam. maj. 25, min. vix 22, alt. 17 mill. Hab. Isle of Batchian (Mr. Waliace). 10. Hexrx nopirera, Pfr. (Pl. II. fig. 4). 7. umbilicata, tro- chiformis, carinata, tenuiuscula, striatula, diaphana, pallide lu- 22 DR. L, PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. [Jan. 8, tescens ; spira conoidea, upice acutiuscula ; sutura levis; anfr. 5 conveaiusculi, ultimus non descendens, medio acute albo-cari- natus, utrinque convexior ; apertura diagonalis, subrhombea ; perist. late expansum, marginibus subparallelis, columellart supra umbilicum angustum fornicatim reflexo, intus nodulo cir- cumscripto munito. Diam. maj. 30, min. 24, alt. 18 mill. Hab. Isle of Batchian (Mr. Wallace). 11. Hexrx occunra, Pfr. TJ. anguste umbilicata, globoso-de- pressa, tenuis, sub lente undique tenuissime granulata, Suscula; spira vie elevata; anfr. 4 convexiusculi, ultimus latus, antice deflexus et subconstrictus, basi ventrosior ; apertura magna, obliqua, lunato-ovalis; perist. albo-callosum, marginibus ap- proximatis, deatro expanso, basali reflewo, supra umbilicum di- latato. Diam. maj. 12, min. 10, alt. 7 mill. Hab. Aru Islands (Mr. Wallace). 12. Hewix arrorusca, Pfr, (Pl. III. fig. 3). 7. umbilicata, depressa, tenuiuscula, conferte striata, atro-fusca, fascia unica suturali lutescente ornata ; spira conoideo-convera, vertice corneo ; anfr. 43 convexi, rapide accrescentes, ultimus depresso- rotundatus, antice leviter descendens, circa umbilicum mediocrem excavatus; apertura ampla, diagonalis, lunato-ovalis, intus margaritacea, coloribus perlucentibus ; perist. album, late ex- pansum et reflexiusculum, marginibus convergentibus, columellart superne dilatato, tune intus tuberculo rotundato munito. Diam. maj. 32, min. 25, alt. 15 mill. Hab. Isle of Batchian (Mr. Wallace). 13. Hexix expansa, Pfr. (Pl. III. fig. 8). 7. umbilicata, de- pressa, tenuis, striatula, superne via nitidula, carnea, antror- sum cinnamomea ; spira plana, subimmersa ; anfr. 4 convexius- culi, rapide accrescentes, ultimus magnus, depresso-rotundatus, antice vix descendens, subtus distinctius striatus, albidus, niti- dus, pone aperturam gibboso-inflatus et constrictus ; apertura ampla, perobliqua, lunato-circularis ; perist. tenue, marginibus convergentibus, dextro horizontaliter abeunte, late expanso, basali reflexo. Diam. maj. 22, min. 174, alt. 10 mill. Hab. Isle of Batchian (Mr. Wallace). 14. Hewrx tevcorropis, Pfr. 7. anguste umbilicata, depressa, solidula, conferte striatula, nitidula, carnea; spira breviter conoidea ; sutura albo-marginata ; anfr. 44 convexiusculi, ulti- mus carina compressa, acuta, alba munitus, antice vix descen- dens, basi convexior ; apertura obliqua, subrhombeo-lunaris ; perist. tenue, marginibus convergentibus, supero breviter ex- panso, basali reflexo, ad insertionem dilatato. Diam. maj. 18, min. 15, alt. 8 miil. Hab. Aru Islands (Mr, Wallace). 1861.] DR. L., PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. 23 15. Srrepraxis stNuosa, Pfr. 7. profunde arcuato-rimata, oblique oblonga, tenuiuscula, levigata, nitida, vitreo-albida ; spira subconoidea, vertice valde excentrico, minuto ; anfr. 54 convexiusculi, ad suturam striatuli, penultimus gibbosus, ulti- mus antrorsum aberrans, loco umbilici profunde excavatus ; apertura diagonalis, late lunaris, lamina parva lingueformi parietali coarctata ; perist. flecuosum, callosum, reflecum, mar- gine dextro superne tenui, sinuoso. Diam. maj. 83, min. 63, alt. 5 mill. Hab. Cochin China. 16. Srrepraxis EBURNEA, Pfr. 7. oblique perforata, subglo- bosa, superne minute striata, eburneo-albida ; spira convexo- conica ; anfr. 64 parum convexi, 13 ultimi antrorsum deviantes, ultimus inflatus, levigatus ; apertura perobliqua, subtriangu- lari-lunaris, dente lingueformi parietali coarctata ; perist. cal- losum, album, expansum et reflecum, margine supero intus dente 1 acuto munito. Diam. maj. 11, min. 9, alt. 7 mill. Hab. Cochin China. 17. Butimus pan, Pfr. (Pl. III. fig. 5). J. perforata, conico« ovata, solida, levigata, nitida, alba, fasciis nigro-castaneis ornata ; spira conica, sursum fulvicans, apice obtusa ; anfr. 53 planiusculi, ultimus spira brevior, medio carinatus (carina antice evanescente), basi rotundatus ; apertura subverticalis, truncato-ovalis ; perist. tenue, margine dextro superne sinuato, tum sublate patente, columellari stricte ascendente, fornicatim reflexo. Long. 30, diam. 16 mill. Hab. Philippine Islands. 18, Bunimus uepatostomus, Pfr. (Pl. III. fig. 4). 7. perfo- rata, subfusiformi-oblonga, solidula, sublevigata, alba, strigis sparsis fuscis signata ; spira conica, acutiuscula ; sutura sub- marginata; anfr. 6 modice convexi, ultimus spiram paulo supe- rans, basi subattenuatus ; columella verticalis, stricta; aper- tura via obliqua, oblonga, intus hepatica, nitida ; perist. album, margine dextro breviter expanso, columellari plano, late reflexo. Long. 32, diam. 13 mill. Hab. Mexico (M. Boucard). 19. Buxtimus 1opostyuus, Pfr. T. perforata, oblongo-conica, solidula, rugoso-striata et lineis impressis obliquis minute sub- granulata, alba subunicolor vel strigis rufis et castaneis irregu- lariter picta; spira conica, vertice acuto; anfr. 6 convexius- culi, ultimus spiram vixw superans, basi subattenuatus ; colu- mella substricta, lilacina; apertura parum obliqua, oblonga; perist. breviter expansum, margine columellari sursum dilatato, reflexo. Long. 30, diam. 12 mill. Hab. Mexico (M. Boucard). 24 DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. (Jan. 8, 20. Burrmus DEMERARENSIS, Pfr. TT. perforata, ovato-tur- rita, solidula, striatula, sub lente indistincte decussatula, opaca, albida, strigis fuscis irregulariter notata; spira elongato-conica, acutiuscula ; anfr. 6 parum convexi, ultimus 3 longitudinis superans, subangulatus (angulo antice evanescente) ; apertura obliqua, truncato-ovalis ; perist. breviter expansum, margine columellari arcuato, superne fornicatim reflezo. Long. 203, diam. 10 mill. Hab. Demerara. 21. Buxtimus nixoticus, Pfr. TT. subperforata, inflato-ovata, solida, fuscula, saturate castaneo irregulariter radiata ; spira brevis, conica, apice acutiuscula; anfr. 6 convexi, summi levi- gati, sequentes minute decussati, ultimus Jere % longitudinis formans, inflatus, subplicatus et lineis remotioribus spiralibus subclathratus; apertura viz obliqua, ovalis, intus margaritacea; perist. roseum, marginibus callo crasso junctis, dextro subin- erassato, striato, superne subrepando, columellari crasso, sub- stricto, basi angulum indistinetum cum basali formante. Long. 118, diam. 60 mill. Hab. Ad fontes Nili Albi (Mr. Petherick). 22. Butimus pyroiscus, Pfr. TT. subperforata, turrita, soli- dula, levissime striata, albida; spira elongata, apice acutius- cula; sutura profunda; anfr. 9 conveaxtusculi, ultimus 2 longi- tudinis equans, basi non attenuatus ; columella levissime ar- cuata ; apertura vix obliqua, angulato-ovalis ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellart breviter reflexo, subadnato. Long. 13, diam. 3 mill. Hab. Sandwich Islands. 23. Butimus pux, Pfr. T. subobtecte perforata, ovato-conica, solida, irregulariter striata, pallide carnea ; spira conica, acu- tiuscula; sutura marginata; anfr. 6 vie convexiusculi, infra suturam striis spiralibus nonnullis distinctis, pluribusque obso- letis sculpti, ultimus spiram paulo superans, subventrosus, basi rotundatus ; apertura subverticalis, angulato-ovalis, intus roseo- carnea, nitida; perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus callo roseo nitido junctis, columellari lilacino-roseo, fornicatim reflexo, sub- adnato. Long. 51, diam. 26 mill. Hab. King George’s Sound, Australia. 24. Sprraxis BoucARDI, Pfr. T. ovato-oblonga, tenuis, levigata, nitida, olivaceo-fusca vel rubello-cornea ; spira convexo-conica, obtusula ; sutura levis ; anfr. 6 planiusculi, ultimus antice de- scendens, + longitudinis formans, basi rotundatus ; lamina colu- mellaris funiculata, torta, non truncata ; apertura verticalis, anguste sinuato-semiovalis ; perist. simplex, margine dextro me- dio antrorsum subdilatato. Long. 17, diam. 7 mill. Hab. Juquila, Mexico (M. Boucard). 1861.] DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. 25 25. Limicotaria Turris, Pfr. (Pl. II. fig. 3). 7. anguste um- bilicata, ovato-turrita, tenuiuscula, conferte striata, striis spiralibus paulo distantioribus granulato-decussata, pallide straminea unicolor vel strigis et flammis rufis varieyata; spira turrita, apice obtusula; anfr. 10 modice convexi, ultimus a longitudinis subequans, ad suturam interdum impresso-margi- natus et crenatus, juxta umbilicum subcompressus ; columella leviter arcuata, cerulescens ; apertura subverticalis, oblonga, basi subeffusa, intus margaritacea; perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellari sursum dilatato, fornicatim reflexo. Long. 114, diam. 13 mill. Hab. Ad fontes Nili Albi (Mr. Petherick). 26. OrrHaticus mars, Pfr.’(Pl. II. fig. 8). 7. imperforata, oblongo-conica, solida, sublevigata, carnea, livido-nebulosa ; spira conica, vertice obtuso; sutura crenulata ; anfr. 7 modice convexi, medio griseo-violaceo marmorati, ultimus 2 longitudinis subequans, antice rugoso-striatus ; columella nigra, callosa, torta et plicata ; apertura obliqua, ovalis, fundo margaritaceo- alba; perist. rectum, obtusum, intus nigro-limbatum, margini- bus callo nigro intrante junctis. Long. 77, diam. 35 mill. Hab. In republica Mquatoris (Mr. Fraser). 27. ACHATINA SEMIGRANOSA, Pfr. 7. ovato-turrita, tenuius- cula, lutescens, flammis castaneis Julguratis ornata ; spira conica, obtusa; anfr. 7 modice convexi, superiores distincte seriatim granulati, ultimus spiram subequans, infra medium minutissime decussatus, seriebus granulorum destitutus; colu- mella alba, parum torta, late truncata ; apertura vix obliqua, angulato-subelliptica ; perist. simplex, acutum. Long. 77, diam. 34 mill. Hab. Cape Natal (Mr. Plant). 28. AcuaTINnA pLantr, Pfr. (Pl. III. fig. 6). 7. turrito-oblonga, solidula, carneo-albida, fuscula et castaneo wrregulariter ma- culata et flammata ; spira ovato-conica, apice rotundata; su- tura subcrenata ; anfr. 9 convexiusculi, summi minute granu- lato-decussati, 2 ultimi prope suturam granulati, tum subdi- stanter plicatuli, ultimus spira brevior, basi subattenuatus ; columella levissime recedens, basi oblique truncata; apertura obliqua, angulato-ovalis ; perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus callo saturate castaneo, introrsum diffuso, junctis. Long. 134, diam. 47 mill. Hab. Cape Natal (Mr. Plant). 29. ACHATINA roxcrorty, Pfr. 7. eylindrico-turrita, solidula, trregulariter striatula, sub epidermide cornea decidua albida ; spira superne turrita, apice obtusa, tum cylindracea; sutura subcrenulata ; anfr. 12} convexiusculi, ultimus + longitudinis viz equans, basi rotundatus ; columella antrorsum arcuata, di- 26 DR. L, PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. [Jan. 8, stincte et anguste truncata; apertura obliqua, ovalis ; perist. simplex, rectum. Long. 35, diam. 6} mill. Hab. Sierra Leone (Mr. Foxcroft). 30. OLEACINA MULTISPIRA, Pfr. 7, ovato-turrita, tenuis, stria- tula, nitida, cornea, strigis indistinctis pallidis irregulariter notata; spira convexiusculo-turrita, apice acuta ; sutura crenu- lato-marginata ; anfr. 10 planiusculi, infra suturam plicatuli, ultimus spira brevior, basi rotundatus ; columella brevis, ad basin aperture oblique truncata; apertura subverticalis, sinuato- semiovalis ; perist. simplex, margine dextro fere angulatim an- trorsum dilatato. Long. 25, diam. 9§ mill. Hab, Juquila, Mexico (M. Boucard). 31, OLtEactnA TuRGIDA, Pfr. 7. subfusiformi-ovata, solidius- cula, leviter et conferte striata, parum nitida, isabellina; spira conica, apice obtusa; sutura levissime crenulata ; anfr. 7 tur- gidi, summi levigati, ultimus spira paulo brevior, basi attenua- tus; columella stricta, abrupte truncata; apertura verticalis, sinuato-semiovalis, intus rubella; perist. simplex, acutum. Long. 30, diam. 12 mill. Hab, Juquila, Mexico (M. Boucard). 32. OLEACINA CONFERTA, Pfr. TT. oblongo-ovata, tenuiuscula, conferte plicato-striata, pellucida, nitida, cerea; spira conica, obtusula; sutura submarginata ; anfr. 8 convexiusculi, ultimus spiram vic superans; columella arcuata, basi late truncata ; apertura subverticalis, acuminato-semiovalis ; perist. simplex, margine dextro leviter antrorsum arcuato. Long. 25, diam. 10 mill. Hab. Juquila, Mexico (M. Boucard). 33. Oueactna saccaTa, Pfr. T. ovato-oblonga, solidiuscula, Susco-corned ; spira convexo-conica, apice acutiuscula; sutura filo marginata et conferte granulata; anfr. 63 convewiusculi, superiores plicato-striati et lineis minutissimis spiralibus de- cussati, ultimus spira brevior, infra suturam modo plicatulus et decussatus, tum levigatus, basi saccatus ; columella brevis, subtorta, late truncata ; apertura subverticalis, sinuato-ovalis, intus margaritacea ; perist, simplex, margine deatro antrorsum subdilatato. Long. 56, diam. 24 mill. Hab. In republica AMquatoriali (Mr. Fraser). 34. Outeacina peEcipvA, Pfr. 7. fusiformis, tenuis, striatula, lineis impressis spiralibus sub lente decussatula, nitida, albida, epidermide griseo-cornea, strigatim decidua variegata; spira conica, obtusa; sutura vix marginata; anfr. 6 convexiusculi, ultimus spiram subequans, basi attenuatus ; columella leviter a 1861.] DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS, 27 arcuata, oblique truncata; apertura parum obliqua, subsemi- ovalis ; perist. simplex, margine dextro regulariter arcuato. Long. 28, diam. 11 mill. Hab, Juquila, Mexico (M, Boucard). 35. CyLINDRELLA MicrosToMA, Pfr. 7. subperforata, cylin- dracea, levigata, cretacea; spira sursum dilatata, in conum brevem acutiusculum desinens ; sutura impressa ; anfr. 18 sub- plani, equales, summi plicatuli, ultimus striatus, antice solutus, dorso carinatus, basi angulatus, angulo antrorsum evanescente ; apertura parvula, verticalis, subtriangularis ; perist. undique breviter expansum. Long. 154, diam. 5 mill. Hab. 2 36. Cuausitia opesa, Pfr. J. areuato-rimata, ventroso-fusi- Sormis, solidula, conferte striata, sericina, corneo-albida ; spira ventrosa, apice acutiuscula; sutura simplex; anfr. 10 con- veriusculi, ultimus pone aperturam crista obtusa valida mu- nitus; apertura subverticalis, piriformi-rotundata; lamelle mediocres, convergentes ; lunella arcuata; plica palatalis 1 supera, subcolumellaris conspicua ; perist. continuum, superne breviter solutum, intus albo-callosum. Long. 14, diam. 42 mill. Hab. In Dalmatia. 37. Cuausitia (BALEA?) Tayiort, Pfr. (Pl. II. fig. 7). 7’. pro- Sunde rimata, turrita, solidula, conferte plicato-striata, corneo- albida ; spira regulariter attenuata, apice acutiuscula ; sutura simplex; anfr. 11 convexiusculi, ultimus basi vir attenuatus, infra medium obtuse carinatus, antice solutus,, descendens et dorso acute carinatus ; apertura magna, obliqua, intus semicir- cularis ; lamelle obsolete ; plice nulle ; perist. continuum, un- dique late expansum. _ Long. 47, diam. 84 mill. Localitas ignota. 38. SimpuLorsis cuminGy, Pfr. (PI. III. fig. 2). 7. subglobosa, tenuissima, leviter et irregulariter plicatula, pellucida, viz nitida, virenti-cornea ; spira minuta, in papillam minimam de- sinens; anfr. 3, ultimus perinflatus ; columella regulariter ar- cuata, simplex ; apertura obliqua, rotundato-ovalis, intus niti- dissima ; perist. simplex, expansiusculum. Diam. maj. 20}, min. 193, alt. 12 mill. Hab. Mexico. 39. SimpuLopsis ane, Pfr. 7’. conico-globosa, tenuis, confer- tissime striata, pellucida, eneo-micans, olivaceo-cornea; spira brevis, conica; anfr. 24, superus convexus, ultimus inflatus ; apertura diagonalis, ovalis, intus nitidior ; columella filaris ; 28 DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. [Jan. 8, perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus callo tenuissimo albido junetis. Diam. maj. 9, min. 8, alt. 54 mill. Hab. La Parada, Mexico (M. Sallé). 40. SucciNEA SCALARINA, Pfr. . ovato-conica, scalarina, so- lidiuscula, irregulariter rugoso-plicata, nitidula, rubella; spira elongata, acutiuscula ; anfr. 34 convexi, ultimus spiram paulo superans, bast subattenuatus ; columella substricte recedens, cum perist. angulum indistinctum formans ; apertura obliqua, ovalis, superne viz angulata; perist. simplex, margine columel- lari superne reflexiusculo. Long. 13, diam. 74, alt. 51 mill. Hab. King George’s Sound, Australia. 41. Pyru1a watuaci, Pfr. (Pl. II. fig. 2). 7. imperforata, compresse ovato-acuminata, solidiuscula, leviter striata, lutes- cens, punctis castaneis dense conspersa vel subunicolor casta- nea; spira conica, acuminata, lateribus angulata, varicibus pallidis ; sutura levis, indistincta ; anfr. 9-10 planiusculi, ulti- mus 2 longitudinis fere formans ; apertura vix obliqua, angus- tissima ; plice parietales 3, suprema verticaliter descendens, angulatim retrofleca, secunda magna, lingueformis, tertia mi- nuta, illi parallela; plica columellaris valida, torta, subad- scendens ; perist. callo dentifero munitum (dentibus 2 majori- bus, tertio minuto), superne simplex, tum expansum et tenuiter reflecum. Long. 23, diam. maj. 14, min. 10 mill. Hab. Isle of Batchian (Mr. Wallace). 42. CycLoTus SUBFLAMMULATUS, Pfr. TT. umbilicata, turbi- nato-depressa, tenuiuscula, striatula, nitida, lutescens ; spira breviter conoidea; anfr. 4 modice convexi, supremi pallide rufo-flammulati, ultimus depresso-rotundatus, non descendens ; umbilicus conicus, + diametri vix superans; apertura vix ob- liqua, subcircularis, intus margaritacea ; perist. duplex, inter- num vix porrectum, externum patens, superne productum, latere columellari angusto. Diam. maj. 17, alt. 85 mill. Hab. Isle of Batchian (Mr. Wallace). 43. Cyctotus BarcarANnensis, Pfr. (Pl. III. fig. 1). 7. late umbilicata, subdiscoidea, solida, oblique striatula et superne liris spiralibus obsoletis notata, saturate fusca ; spira vix pro- minula ; anfr. 4 converiusculi, supremi pallide flammulati, ulti- mus depresso-rotundatus, antice descendens ; apertura diago- nalis, subangulato-rotunda; perist. duplex, internum conti- nuum, subadnatum, latere dextro dilatatum, externum album, concentrice striatum, superne valde productum, juxcta anfr. con- tiguum subcompressum, latere dextro et basali expansis, colu- mellart angusto. Diam. 23, alt. 83 mill. Hab, Isle of Batchian (Mr. Wallace). 1861.] DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS 29 44, CycLopnorvus PApILio, Pfr. 7. sublate umbilicata, con- vexo-depressa, solida, striata, alba, maculis castaneis sagit- teformibus et fascia subcontinua infra peripheriam ornata ; spira convexa, obtusula ; sutura distincte filomarginata ; anfr. 5 convei, ultimus basi albus ; apertura fere diagonalis, subcir- cularis ; perist. duplex: internum continuum, breviter adnatum, externum superne dilatatum et subinflecum, latere dextro et sinistro patens. Diam. maj. 25, min. 20, alt. 13 mill. Localitas ignota. 45. LeeropoMA PULICARIUM, Pfr, (Pl, III. fig. 7). 7. perforata, globoso-turbinata, tenuiuscula, striis spiralibus confertissimis undulatis sculpta, carnea, punctis rufulis (interdum fulguratim confluentibus) dense conspersa; spira turbinata, apice acu- tiuscula, cornea; anfr. 5 convexi, ultimus inflatus ; apertura obliqua, ovali-subcircularis ; perist. album, tenue, breviter sub- interruptum, margine dextro equaliter patente, sinistro medio dilatato, reflexo. Diam. maj. 15, min. 12, alt. 12 mill. Hab. Isle of Batchian (Mr. Wallace). 46. Lerropoma GLosuLosum, Pfr. (Pl. III. fig. 9). 7. perfo- rata, conico-globosa, tenuiuscula, striis spiralibus confertis- simis sculpta, albida, seriebus nonnullis macularum fuscarum cincta; spira turbinata, acutiuscula ; anfr. 4} convexi, ultimus valde inflatus; apertura parum obliqua, multo altior quam lata; perist. album, vix interruptum, margine dextro equaliter pa- tente, sinistro medio subdilatato, reflexo. Diam. maj. 134, min. 11}, alt. 103 mill. 6. Albidum, maculis magnis castaneis irregulariter pictum, liris nonnullis filaribus superne sculptum. Hab. Isle of Batchian (Mr. Wallace). 47. Lertopoma DEcIPIENs, Pfr. (PI. III. fig. 10). 7. perforata, globoso-conica, subcarinata, tenuiuscula, sub epidermide olivaceo- Susca squamosa albida, nitida ; spira elevato-conica, apice acu- tiuscula, aurantiaca; anfr. 6 convexiusculi, oblique striati et liris filiformibus subremotis cincti ; apertura diagonalis, lunato- ovalis ; perist. album, interruptum, margine dextro descendente, patente, sinistro superne sinuato, tum vix dilatato. Diam. maj. 114, min. 10, alt. 10 mill. Had. Isle of Batchian (Mr. Wallace). 30 CAPT. J. M. DOW ON ANABLEPS. . [Jan. 22, January 22nd, 1861. Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair. Dr. P. L. Sclater called the attention of the meeting to an important addition lately made to the Society’s Menagerie, On the 18th instant Her Majesty the Queen had transferred to the Society’s care a female of the Alian’s Wart-Hog (Phacocherus eliani, Riipp. Atlas, i. pl. 25), which had been lately received from Bathurst in Western Africa by the steamer ‘ Armenian,’ as a present to Her Majesty from the King of Ashantee, through the Governor of the Gold-coast. This species was stated to be distinguishable from the Wart-Hog of Southern Africa (P. ethiopicus), of which the Society already pos- sessed a specimen, by the presence of two upper incisor teeth (which are wanting in P. ethiopieus when adult), as well as by other very noticeable external characters. Dr. Sclater also exhibited a specimen of the American Meadow- Starling (Sturnella ludoviciana), shot in Suffolk a short time since, and lent to him by the Rev. Henry Temple Frere, of Burston Rectory, for examination. This was the first instance of the occurrence of this bird in Europe. A letter was read, addressed to Dr. Sclater by Dr. G. Bennett, F.Z.S., relative to a singular Grallatorial bird living in an aviary in Sydney in November 1860, which had been brought from New Caledonia by M. Des Planches. A drawing of the bird was also exhibited, which was stated by Dr. Sclater to represent the same species as that lately described in France as Rhinochetus jubatus, and referred by its describers (MM. DesMurs and J. Verreaux) to the family Ardeide. The Secretary read the following extract from a letter addressed to him by Captain John M. Dow, Corr. Memb., dated “U.S. Mail- steamer ‘Guatemala,’ Panama Bay, December 7th, 1860 :”— ‘‘ Some time since,while in the Bay of La Union, State of San Salva- dor, I caught, or rather should say shot with my gun, having no other means at hand, a couple of what 1 supposed was Anadleps tetroph- thalmus ; but upon sending them to my friend Professor Baird of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, was somewhat surprised and gratified to hear they were of an entirely new species,—eratified because honoured with having my name given to this singular fish, which has been called 4. dowii. “Qn our voyage just ended, at the request of Professor Baird, who desires to distribute them to different Museums, I captured a half-dozen or so more of these fishes, one of which I left out for dis- section; fortunately this proved to be afemale. With the assistance of Dr. J. Taylor Crook, the Surgeon of the steamer, a sufficient satisfactory dissection was made to justify me in announcing a most remarkable peculiarity, which I have never before seen noticed in any work, in the reproduction of this species. It is well known that this 1861.] MR. R.F. TOMES ON BATS FROM S, W. AFRICA. 31 genus of fishes give birth to their young alive. An incision made in the abdomen of the one under consideration established the fact ; for three young ones were found within it, and all of them in different stages of development. The first we removed was fully developed in all its parts, but still had the placenta attached to its belly, but alto- gether detached from the parent, and evidently in condition to be discharged from the parent in a couple of days. The second was intermediate in its development to the one just described and the third. In the latter the abdominal suture was not yet closed, neither was the black transverse band which divides into two parts the cornea and iris of the eyes of this genus (which band was perfect in the first- mentioned young one, and not entirely perfect in the second) at all developed. I think this observation fully establishes the entirely viviparous (not ovo-viviparous as most writers have it) nature of the genus. Does not also the singular fact of the young being found in intermediate stages of development within the parent present a strange anomaly in the history of viviparous reproduction—an undeniable argument against the generally accepted opinion of the laws which are supposed to govern the reproduction of species in animal life? Of the above fact I desire no further evidence. Whether it is of that importance to the scientific world which my imperfect relation above - would imply, I leave for others, more deeply versed in such investi- gations, to decide.” The following papers were read :— 1. Notrs on A CotziecTion or Bats MADE BY Mr. ANDERSSON IN THE DAamarA CountRy, SOUTH-WESTERN AFRICA, WITH Norices OF SOME OTHER AFRICAN SpecIES. By RosertT F. Tomes, Corr. Mems. Zoot. Soc. Through the kindness of J. H. Gurney, Esq., M.P., I have been enabled to examine a very interesting, though not very extensive, collection of Bats, made by Mr. Andersson in South-western Africa during the year 1859. It contains three new species ; and I propose, when describing them, to add notices of some others previously col- lected by Mr. Andersson at Lake Ngama, and of one or two species which, although already well known, may, from their affinity with some of those in the present collection, be advantageously introduced here. To prevent any confusion regarding the species forming the collection recently received from Mr. Andersson, they may be men- tioned here, as follows:—Kerivoula argentata, n. s., Nycticejus planirostris, Peters, Scotophilus minutus, Temm., S. rusticus, n. s., and S. variegatus, n. s. The remaining species mentioned in this paper are—Scofophilus capensis, from the Cape of Good Hope, collected by M. Verreaux, Miniopteris schreibersii and Molossus limbatus, both collected by Mr. Andersson at Lake Ngama, and Scotophilus kuhlii, collected in Algeria by the Rey. H. B. Tristram. 32 MR. R. F. TOMES ON BATS FROM S.W. AFRICA. [Jan. 22, KERIVOULA ARGENTATA, 0. S. In the Proceedings of this Society for 1858 I described at some length the peculiarities of the present group of Bats, giving my rea- sons for regarding these peculiarities as generic. All that was stated respecting the several species then enumerated may with equal exact- ness be said of the present one; and I may add that I have since that time again examined the fine collection of Bats in the Leyden Museum, and that, with the exception of identifying my specimens of K. papillosa with the Vespertilio papillosus otf M. Temminck, and examining a specimen of my K. @rosa, labelled ‘‘Gorontalo,” I saw nothing which in any way either confirmed or modified my previous opinions of the genus. The present species is of larger size than either of the African species before described, fully equal in size to the K. papillosa, and in the colour of its fur it differs from all the other species. Compared with the African species which it most nearly re- sembles, it possesses some of the characters of both K. danosa and K. @rosa. ‘ The top of the head is elevated in about the same degree as in K. erosa; and it greatly resembles this species in the shape of the muzzle and the distribution of the hair on the face; but in the shape of the ears it approaches more nearly to K. lanosa, differing from it only in having the inner rounded margin toward the top of the ears more prominent even than in that species. The tragus is remarkably narrow, and tapers evenly to an exceedingly acute point; near the bottom of its outer edge is a narrow notch, or rather slit, and below it a small and pointed process, which is placed, in fact, immediately above what may be called the foot-stalk or narrow root of the tragus. Inside the ear, and vertically beneath the tragus, is a well-defined fleshy tubercle, of a flattened form, and about one line in length. In the quantity and_distribution of the fur on the membranes, this species is intermediate between K. /anosa and K. e@rosa, but it has fewer adpressed hairs on the wings than either. The fur of the back extends on to the membranes of the flanks a little, and on to the interfemoral membrane in a scattered manner, but more thickly on to the tibiee and feet, especially on to the latter, which are well clothed. Beneath, it extends a little on to the membranes near the sides of the body. The os calcis is well clothed with short adpressed hairs ; and between it and the tail-tip the membrane is fringed with closely-set hairs, which curve downwards and have a comb-like ap- pearance, as in K. lanosa. The fur is everywhere long and silky; that of all the upper parts is of four colours—at the root very dark grey for a fourth of its length, then yellowish, passing into a pale but bright rust-colour, and the tips of the hairs of a shining and silvery white. There is very little variation in the colouring of the different parts of the upper surface. Beneath, the fur is unicoloured and dirty-white, on the sides of the neck and on the cheeks tinged with rust-colour. The teeth, as far as may be gathered from inspection without re- 1861.] MR. R. F, TOMES ON BATS FROM S.W. AFRICA. 33 moving the skull from the specimen, are like those of K. lanosa, the upper incisors being, as in that species, nearly of the same length. The outer incisors in the lower jaw have the singular and prominent cusp, which I have mentioned as peculiar to the genus, quite as much developed as in any of the species. a“ ~ = Length of the head and body, about ...... 2 0 Ms SES TCL: OR Pe a 0 8 — of the ears .......... TPS OT | PO Breadth of the ears.......... era, wera 0 52 Deemeth of She. freee. oc i os wwe tiae ee on 0 4 Greatest breadth of the tragus, barely OT Length of the fore-arm .............5 wang aay of the thumb and its claw........ 0 4} Gigthe GtsG ARPT oe sn cis'a xe ao,> © | QUCNE SBCA coisas 5 0 a sme peices s 3. 6 ee CMD siesta + cn mix Fieipig te Sex. « 2 6 OEE THREE, 5 oc Ssede.ncs case ae 2 4 — AH ANTE eee = Ch araenlaun. cia aoe pvesocss ah osc = 0 9 0. 8t of the foot and claws ........ 0 42 0 44 of fie taal sds aw fie gasee - 2 0 1 10 of the os calcis .......+.045- 0 9 0-9 Expanse of wings, about ..........-: 13 6 12 9 Length of skull from front of intermaxil- lary bone to the occipital suture.... 0 6 0 6 Breadth behind the zygomatic arches.. 0 4 0A Length from the condyloid fossa to the front of the intermaxillary bone.... 0 4} 0 44 Length of the dental series of the upper ~ jaw, exclusive of the incisors ...... 0 25 g- zt Length of the bony palate .......... 0 2 0 21 Breadth between the points of the upper TG Gee nae Ne Big GOS UR OLE. 1 er 0 2 0 2 Breadth between the two posterior ORR en egies ote g's eC Cae 0 2 Depth from the occipital suture to the bottom of the auditory bulle...... 0 43 0 4 Greatest length of lower jaw ........ 0 5} 0 5 Breadth of lower jaw vertically from the CUTONGIG HIOCEHE- 050.445 na ns Ell RARE 0 12 Length of the dental series, exclusive of the incisors ....... EN APRS ee 0 2% 0 23 Hab. “ Otjoro, December Ist, 1859.” ~ Qbs. I have chosen to give an ample description of this species because it differs in some respects from any other species of the genus which I have seen, the differences appearing to me to be such as may (if found in any other species) be sufficient to point out another minor group, parallel with those which have been partially indicated by Blasius, and more fully by Kolenati. Broadly, these differences may be stated thus :—Cranial portion of the skull much raised, instead of being depressed ; muzzle not depressed ; cutaneous system thin and elaborately veined, instead of being thick and lea- thery ; fur long, soft, and unicoloured, and covering nearly the whole of the face. MINIOPTERIS SCHREIBERSII. Vespertilio schreibersii, Kuhl, Deutsch. Fleder. 41. V. dasythriz, Temm. Mon. ii. 268. . Miniopteris dasythria, Smith, Zool. S. Afr. pl. 52. Two examples of this European species were examined by me in 40 MR. A.D. BARTLETT ON THE BLACK-FOOTED RABBIT. [ Jan. 22, 1855, which had recently been received from Mr. Andersson, and collected at Lake Ngama. Mo.tossus LiMBATus, Peters. Dysopis limbatus, Peters, Reise n. Mossam. Saugeth. 56. t. 14. With the above-mentioned specimens of Miniopteris were two of a species of Molossus, differing only from the figure and description given by Prof. Peters of his D. /imbatus in the colour of the fur, which was without a trace of the large white abdominal mark so con- spicuous in his figure. However, as the dimensions appear to ac- cord pretty accurately, as well as the size and conformation of the cranium and the number and proportion of its teeth, I do not attach much importance to the variation in the colour of the fur, the dif- ference in which may perhaps be attributed to age, sex, or even to season. 2, ADDITIONAL NoTE ON THE BLACK-FOOTED RABBIT. By A. D. Bartuett. (Plate IV.) On the 23rd of June 1857, at the evening meeting of this Society, I called the attention of the meeting to some Rabbits, known as the Himalayan Rabbits, and proposed provisionally to call the species Lepus nigripes*. Soon after my paper was published, I received a letter from a gen- tleman at St. Ives, informing me that this kind of rabbit could be produced by crossing the dark wild silver-grey rabbit with a breed known as the Chinchilla or light silver-grey. ‘This at the time ap- peared to me strange and unlikely; nevertheless I determined to make the trial; and having during the last two or three years pro- duced by these means a large number and fully established the fact, I beg leave to bring them before your notice. I have here a light silver-grey male, a dark silver-grey female, and two young of a litter of five,—two of the number being of the Hima- layan variety, the other three silver-greys; I have many other ex- amples of the same thing. Now, if the white or Himalayan varieties are removed and kept together, the result will be all Himalayan, thus showing a tendency to increase this variety at the expense of the silver-greys, because, although you may remove and destroy all the white specimens, still the silver-greys from which they originated will continue to produce white young ones, while, on the other hand, the white variety never produces silver-greys. I mentioned in my former paper that large numbers of the skins of the white variety were imported to Europe annually, and these are probably bred in Asia. I now beg leave also to mention that for many years a large trade has been carried on by two or three mer- * P. Z.S. 1857, p. 159. dury que query pW BALM 1981'S z'a aNX ‘Guat ISON ES a S — ee eye y ‘SAIVNYO XANOTHL — ee ee “Prer HD ‘A%Td T98LS'Zd 1861.] DR.J.E.GRAY ON A NEW TORTOISE FROM CAMBOJA. 41 chants, who buy all the skins of the silver-grey rabbits, and export them to Russia and China; these skins realize a very high price, some of them 36s. per dozen, in this country. With reference to the origin of the light-coloured silver-grey or Chinchilla rabbit, I am only able to say they came from the Conti- nent to this country, being met with in the South of France and Belgium, but, as far as 1 am aware, always ima state of domestication. Observing that we receive large quantities of the skins of these white rabbits, and that the skins of the silver-grey rabbits are sold to the Russians and Chinese at a large price, I am led to think (from the experiments that I have tried) it highly probable that at some period the silver-grey rabbit existed in Russia or Asia (and hence the taste or fashion for their skins), and that this breed has been lost and re- placed by the white variety whose skins we now receive in such abun- dance—finding, as I have before remarked, that these have a strong tendency to out-number the greys. In conclusion, it is deserving of remark that, in all instances, the young of the silver-greys are quite black for the first five or six weeks, at about this age the grey hairs beginning to make their ap- pearance on the breast and sides ; while the young of the Himalayan or black-footed kind are always perfectly white until they are five or six weeks old, at which time the black hairs begin to appear on their noses, feet, ears, and tails, 3. DESCRIPTION oF A Sorr TorTOISE FROM CAMBOJA- By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. (Plate V.) I have only been able to observe this J7zonyx in its young state ; but I make no apology for describing it as a distinct kind, as I find from experience that the colouring of the young animal of this family of Tortoises affords one of the best characters for the distinction of the species ; and I believe it is from their not having been studied in that state that the species have been hitherto confounded together. The character thus afforded has the advantage of not being liable to variation from development, as is the case with the comparative length of the free part of the ribs and with the form of the sternal callosities, which have been hitherto chiefly depended on for specific characters. TRIONYX ORNATUS. (PI. V.) Back of the young animal, in spirits, brown, with large, unequal- sized, irregularly disposed black circular spots. Head olive, with symmetrical small black spots on the chin, forehead, and nose. Throat and sides of neck with large, unequal-sized, irregular-shaped and nearly symmetrically disposed yellow spots. Legs olive, yellow- spotted in front. Sternum and under side of margin yellow. Sternal callosities not developed. Hab, Camboja (M. Mouhot). 42... MR, A. WHITE ON NEW CRUSTACEA, [Jan, 22, This species is most like the young of 7. gangeticus; but the dorsal spots are solid, not annular; and the head is olive, dotted with black. It has some affinity to Trionyx tuberculatus of Dr. Cantor from Chusan, which appears, from a drawing by Dr. Cantor in the Indian Museum at Fifehouse, to be distinct from any of the other Asiatic species that have occurred to me. That species has eight large and four small white-edged black spots, placed in pairs, on the dorsal disk, the throat with a dark streak on the middle of each side, the chin yellow, black-dotted. The lateral sternal callosities are large, oblong, and the posterior one round. 4. Descriprions or Two Species or CrusTACEA BELONGING TO THE Famities CALLIANASSIDE AND SQUILLIDA. By AvpaAm Wuirtr, Assistant Zoou. Der. Brit. Museum. (Plates VI. and VII.) The Callianassa here described is from the Camaroons River, W. Africa, whence it was brought by the captain of an African trader to J. Aspinall Turner, Esq., M.P., the well-known possessor of a very fine collection of African insects. Mr. Turner liberally presented it to the Museum, with the information, that this long-bodied Crusta- cean appears periodically in the river in prodigious numbers, which disappear in the course of ten days or a fortnight. The natives are very fond of them, as they are delicious eating ; and as soon as they make their appearance in the river, the men leave their usual pursuits to catch them. Genus CALuLIANASSA, Leach. CALLIANASSA TURNERANA, nS. (Pl. VI.) . C. processu rostrali breviter trispinoso ; digito superiore obtuso, intus quadridentato ; abdominis segmentis tertio quarto quinto- que plagis duabus pellucidis, pilis densis brunneis postice obsitis, Long. unc. 63. Hab. Africa occ. (Camaroons). Moveable finger of the large claw blunt at the end, the back gra- dually curved, the base with three or four small tubercles arranged longitudinally, and with indications of another row; the inner edge has four teeth, the two largest near the base, united so as to form one large lobe with another tubercle inside. There is a considerable space left between the moyeable finger and the fixed one; the edge of the latter is toothless, but is hollowed on the inside and at the base, where it is covered with closely placed rounded tubercles; the im- moveable finger is not much arched, and is pointed. The outside and greater part of the inside of the claw are very smooth, the lower edge being fringed with long and rather coarse hairs, which are ar- ranged in tufts, as they are also, in a double row, on the upper edge of the moveable finger. There are, besides, four rows of distant tufts SUBLOUINY ESS euely| af duat 48a) 4) BOM M PrIOT AD i 7.5. 1861. Plate V1 GHFord. W-West imp Gonodactylus $uerinii. ‘ » g i a P é ie ¥ 1861.) | MR. A. WHITE ON NEW CRUSTACEA. 43 of hair on the outside of the greater claw, Wrist sharp-edged above and below, and crenulated on the lower margin, Rostral process with three short sharpish teeth. Third, fourth, and fifth abdominal segments with a large tuft of hairs covering the greater part of a pellucid space on each side, in the third and fourth behind the middle of the segment, in the fifth about the middle. Central caudal plate rather broader than long, at the end three- lobed, the central lobe the longest and the largest : this central plate has two longitudinal furrows, which diyide it into three parts, the central part bulging at the base, from the large rounded tubercle which nearly covers it. Outer plate as if formed of two anchylosed plates, with a rounded outer margin, which is closely and densely covered with brown hairs. On the upper side these hairs extend over nearly the apical half of one (the outer) of the two portions of which the outer plate seems to be formed. In the Illustrated Proceedings of the Society for 1850 there is the description and figure of a fine species of Gonodactylus, belonging to the second section of the genus as defined by Milne-Edwards, that in which the rostral plate is rounded and not pointed in front. The species is from China, and, from the peculiar armature of the caudal ring, received the name of G. cultrifer. The species now described is remarkable for the singularly armed caudal ring, which, with the sixth abdominal segment, is covered with outstanding spines. This species, which I have named Gonodactylus guerinii, belongs to the first section of the genus, that in which the rostral plate is armed on the median line with a long spiniform tooth. It was obtained on the voyage of H.M.S. ‘ Herald.’ Genus Gonopactyuuvs, Latr. GONODACTYLUS GUERINII, n.s. (PI. VII.) G. carapace subquadrato, processu rostrali spinis tribus longis armato; abdominis segmento quinto ad apicem breviter spino- sulo, segmentis quinto et caudali spinis plurimis longis erectis armatis. Long. une. 21. Hab. Matuka, Fiji Ins. _ Carapace as wide behind as long, in front almost a third narrower than behind, the central plate extending beyond the lateral plates over the base of the rostral process; the anterior lateral angle of outer plate subquadrate, the posterior lateral corner subrotundate ; lateral edges of carapace subcoriaceous. Rostral plate with its body wide but not deep, with three strong and sharp spines in front ; the central spine longest, not so long as ophthalmic pedicel; the other two come out obliquely, one on each side of the body of the rostral plate. First four abdominal rings smooth above ; fifth abdominal ring smooth at the base, at the tip with four or five transverse rows of short spines longest at the tip; sixth segment with many (about 44 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON COSMETORNIS VEXILLARIA. [Feb. 12, fifty) crustaceous spines, bluntish, and with a short coriaceous bristle at the end ; caudal ring on its dorsal surface with twenty-two long outstanding crustaceous spines tipped like the others, each of the lateral margins with two rows, like combs, of crustaceous spines, which meet behind and terminate at the end of the lateral spines—two of the four which arm the hinder margin of the caudal ring. This hinder margin has three notches, the middle one deepest, their pro- jecting sides ending in the spines, the sides of which are pectinated with smaller spines. Segment of raptorial leg before the claw rather slender, not bulged at the end beneath. The claw minutely serrulate on the inside near the tip. From the indications of marbling in the dried specimen, this curious Gonodactylus is most probably finely and variedly coloured when alive. February 12th, 1861. John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair, Dr. P. L. Sclater exhibited a specimen of a Caprimulgine bird closely allied to, if not identical with, Cosmetornis vevillaria (Gould), from the collection of Edmund Gabriel, Esq., H.B.M.’s Commissioner at Loanda in Angola. This bird had been presented to Mr. Gabriel by the captain of a vessel, who stated that it had flown on board his ship off the west coast of Africa. Of the only two previously examined specimens of this species, one (Mr. Gould’s type, now in the British Museum) was said to have come from Socotra; and the other, in Sir William Jardine’s collection, had likewise been taken on board a vessel in the Mozambique Channel. Dr. Sclater also exhibited, on behalf of Capt. Abbott, the hoof of a bull (Bos taurus, var. domesticus) from the Falkland Islands, in which the hoof was abnormally lengthened, one of the toes turning upwards and curving round backwards. Captain Abbott, the owner of the specimen, stated that such malformations were not uncommon among the wild cattle in the Falklands, and were considered attri- butable to their always living on the soft boggy ground there every- where prevalent. Mr. Bartlett exhibited living examples from the Society’s Mena- gerie of two singular hybrid Ducks—one pair being the produce of the Summer Duck (dix sponsa) and Pochard (Fuligula ferina), and the other of the Summer Duck and Castaneous Duck (F’, nyroca). The following papers were read :— 1861.] ON BIRDS FROM THE FALKLAND ISLANDS. 45 1, AppITIoNs AND CorRRECTIONS TO THE LisT OF THE BIRDS OF THE FALKLAND Istanps. By Parinie Lurtey Scuater, M.A., Ph.D., SecReTARY TO THE SOCIETY. Some specimens of birds brought home from the Falklands by Captain Abbott (whose name is so well known in connexion with the natural history of these islands) on his recent return to this country, and some information kindly communicated to me personally by the same gentleman, have enabled me to make several additions to, and corrections of, my “Catalogue of the Birds of the Falkland Islands,” as communicated to the Society in November last *. 1. Burgeo rryTHrRonotus (P. Z.S. 1860, p. 384). Capt. Abbott’s marked specimens of this bird and B. varius, together with his observations on them in a state of nature, seem to prove that there are two of thése singular species of Buzzards in the Falklands, in both of which the sexes are dissimilar. Capt. Abbott fully confirms D’Orbigny’s views of the red-backed bird (B. erythro- notus of King) being the female of the grey-backed, just as they are figured in the plates to the Birds of D’Orbigny’s ‘ Voyage’ (pl. 3. figs. 1 & 2) under the name Buteo tricolor. Meyen has also given a very recognizable figure of the male bird, when not quite adult, under the name Aquila braccata (Act. Acad. L.-C. Nat. Cur. xvi. Suppl. tab. 8, p. 65). The immature bird of this species is barred trans- versely below, each feather being crossed by two or three narrow deep- brown bands. In Buteo varius, according to Capt. Abbott’s obser- vations, the adult male is uniform blackish grey above and below, in which stage it is probably the Falco poliosoma of Quoy and Gaimard, and Buteo unicolor of D’Orbigny. The adult female has the red back of the female of the former species, and much resembles it in its upper surface ; but below, instead of being pure white, it is deep blackish grey or lead-colour, with the whole of the belly deep chest- nut-red like the back. Capt. Abbott has recently brought home two marked females so coloured, now in Mr. Gurney’s collection, and had previously sent to England a male example of this bird, which he found breeding, and of which he obtained the eggs, as described by Mr. Gould (P. Z. S. 1859, p. 94). The young of this bird, instead of being transversely barred as in the former species, is marked below with elongated sagittate spots, in which stage it is the true B. varius of Gould, and is well figured in Cassin’s work before alluded to (pl. 3. fig. 1), under the name given to it by Mr. Gould. Should Capt. Abbott’s views as to the distinctness of these two species and the variations of their respective plumages be correct, which I have every reason to believe is the case, the following will be the correct synonymy of the latter bird, which I have called B. varius. BuTEO POLIOSOMA. Falco poliosoma, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uranie, p. 92, pl. 14 (3 adult.). * See P. Z.S, 1860, p. 382. 46 DR. P.L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM THE FALKLANDS. [Feb. 12; Buteo unicolor, D'Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 109 (¢ adult.). Buteo varius, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 10; Cassin, U. 8. Expl. Exp. Atlas, pl. 3. fig. 1, juv. 2. CHRYSOMITRIS MAGELLANICA (Gm.). Capt. Abbott has presented me with a skin of this species, shot out of a flock of five or six in September 1860—the only occasion on which he has met with this bird. The species is said to be very common on Keppel Island, sixty miles N.W. of East Falkland. 3. Arracis MOLOUINA (Bodd).—Tetrao falklandicus, Gm. Captain Abbott has obtained one example of an Attagis in East Falkland, probably referable to this species. 4. HorLtorrervus cayaAnus (Lath:). Two examples of this Plover have been observed in East Falkland, and one of them was shot and sent to England. 5. PLATALEA AJAIA, Linn. Two examples of this Spoonbill have been obtained in the Falk- land Islands; but it can be regarded only as a rare stragegler. 6. Fuxrica ——? A species of Coot has been once obtained by Capt. Abbott in East Falkland, and the specimen was sent to England. 7. CHLOHPHAGA POLIOCEPHALA, G. R. Gray. This near ally of the “Brent-Goose”’ of the settlers in the Falkland Islands—the species which I have termed C. rubidiceps (P.Z.8. 1860, p. 387, pl. 173)—occurs occasionally in the Falkland Islands as a straggler from the coast. Capt. Abbott has brought home several specimens. 8. Microprerus PATACHONICUS, King, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 15. Capt. Abbott maintains stoutly the specific difference of this bird (which is called the “ Flying Loggerhead” in the Falklands) from the common M. cinereus. I have not yet been able to meet with specimens of the two species for exact comparison ; but M. cinereus is said to be quite unable to fly, while M. patachonicus can do so well and strongly. 9, Eupyprrs DIADEMATUS, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 419. Capt. Abbott obtained one single specimen only of this bird, from which Mr. Gould’s description was taken. It was found in a *“‘rookery of Rock-hoppers”’ (Hudyptes nigrivestis). 10. Evppryes niertvestis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 418. — Aptenodytes chrysocome, Abbott, Ibis, 1860, p. 337. According to Mr. Gould’s views, the common “ Rock-hopper Pen- 1861.) DR. W. PETERS ON AN ASIATIC SNAKE. 47 guin”’ of the Falkland Islands is of this species, and quite distinct from the true Z. chrysocome of Forster, which is an inhabitant more particularly of the Australian seas. As, however, Capt. Abbott has obtained a single specimen of the true Hudyptes chrysocome in the Falklands, the latter bird must also be retained in the list as a straggler. 11. EupypTEs ANTARCTICUS (Forster) : Voy. Erebus & Terror, Birds, pl. 26. Capt. Abbott obtained a single specimen of this Penguin in Berkeley Sound, East Falkland. It was by itself in the bay when procured. This example is now in Mr. Gould’s collection. The Penguins which occur in the Falkland Islands appear there- fore to be no less than eight in number, viz.— 1. Aptenodytes pennantii. Called the “ King Penguin,” . Spheniscus magellanicus. ‘‘ Jackass Penguin.” . Eudyptes chrysolophus. ‘ Macaroni Penguin.” diadematus (accidental visitor). chrysocome (accidental visitor). nigrivestis. ‘‘ Rock-hopper Penguin.” antarcticus (accidental visitor). . Pygosceles waglert. ‘‘ Gentoo Penguin.” Of the preceding eleven species, on which I have remarked as above, ten are not included in my former list. This addition would raise the number of the species belonging to the Avifauna of these islands to sixty-seven. On the other hand, I may remark, Capt. Abbott doubts much the occurrence of Cinclodes vulgaris and Scytalopus magellanicus in the Falkland Islands, and is also unacquainted with Phrygilus xanthogrammus, which is perhaps not really distinct from P. melanoderus. 2. On tHE AstATIC SNAKE CALLED TAPHROMETOPON LINEO- LATUM BY PRoressor Branot. By Dr. W. PETERs, oF Bern, For. Mem. Z.S. The late Professor Eversmann of Kasan discovered in the year 1822, on his journey from Orenburg to Buchara, a species of Snake, which was described by Lichtenstein* as ‘‘ Coluber trabatlis, Pallas.” The specimens are, as [ find from the manuscript notes which Evers- mann sent with his collection, from Buchara and the desert of “* Bur- zuk ” (Barusek), on the eastern shores of lake Aral, and bear in our museum the label * Nordasien, Eversmann.” There were originally five examples of this snake in our collection; and three are still there. One of them was sent in December 1823 to Temminck. Now, as the description of Chorisodon sibiricum (in the ‘Erpétologie Générale,’ vill. p. 901) may perfectly well be applied to the Coluber trabalis, * Hd. Eversmann, ‘ Reise von Orenburg nach Buchara,’ Berlin, 1823, p. 146. 48 DR. W. PETERS ON AN ASIATIC SNAKE. [Feb. 12, Lichtenstein (not Pallas), in the Berlin Museum, and as Bibron ex- pressly remarks that his ‘‘ Monodiastema” is founded on a speci- men in the Leyden Museum labelled “‘ Coluber trabalis*,’’ the latter is doubtless the same which Temminck received from Lichtenstein in 1823. I think this explanation necessary to prove that the habitat of the Leyden specimen is not Siberia properly so called, but the more southern part of Central Asia. This snake is (what I should not have found out from Bibron’s description), in the form and concavity of the head, and in the lan- ceolate longitudinally-grooved scales, very much like Ccelopeltis la- certina. There is scarcely any difference in the plates of the head, excepting in the loreal, which is single and very long. But the general form of the body and tail is very different, much longer and more slender than in Celopeltis. In a specimen of 1°065 m. in length the head is in all dimensions only half as large as in a Celopeltis lacertina of 0°930 m. in length. All this agrees exactly with the description Brandt (Bulletin Scientifique de l’ Académie des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg, iii. p. 243) has given, in 1837, of a new species of snake, brought home by M. Karéline from the eastern shores of the Caspian Sea. His description, although rather short, is very accurate; but he has omitted to pay attention to the form of the teeth. “TAPHROMETOPON, 0. g. Scutum verticale valde elongatum, postice angustissimum. Corpus necnon cauda valde elongata et tenuia. Frons et vertex depressa. Frontis et verticis ra- tione ad genus Ccelopeltis accedit, sed preter corporis staturam, capite, presertim rostro longiore, tetragono et scuto loreo elon- gato, simplice, necnon superciliis minus acute prominentibus differt.” *‘CoLuBER (TAPHROMETOPON) LINEOLATUS. Caput sat an- gustum, oblongo-tetragonum. Collum penna anserina paulo crassius. Squame medium dorsum obtegentes omnes satis an- guste lanceolate. Abdomen subplanum, album. Collum et abdominis anterior pars punctis lateralibus minoribus et cen- tralibus paulo maoribus olivaceo-nigricantibus adspersa. Frons et verticis, necnon occipitis medium e griseo olivascentia. Dor- sum cinereum, exceptis lineis quatuor e nigricante olivaceis, quarum due in superciliis incipientes parallele, sed parum di- stincte in medio dorso pallidiores ad caudam usque decurrunt, et due alia pone nares initium capientes ab oculis interrupte in lateribus corporis subevanide et magis grisee conspiciuntur. Corporis longitudo 1' 11", caude 53, abdominis latitudo summa 4 to Brandt does not mention the grooved appearance of the scales ; * Duméril (7. c. p. 902) cites Coluber trabalis, ‘ Schlegel.’’ But this seems to be a mistake; for Schlegel’s Coluber trabdalis is, as Dr. Giinther (Catalogue of Snakes, p. 93) justly remarks, synonymous with Coluber (Elaphis) dione, Pallas, and the true Coluber trabalis of Pallas only a variety of Zamenis atrovirens, Shaw, sp. 1861. ] DR. W. PETERS ON AN ASIATIC SNAKE. 49 but his specimen seems to have been very young, according to the dimensions he has given. A few years later, in 1841, apparently the same snake was described and figured by Eichwald (Fauna Caspio-caucasica, p. 123, t. 29) under the name of Celopeltis vermiculata, from the western shores of the Caspian Sea. At least, the number of the longitudinal rows of scales, seventeen, agrees with Chorisodon, and not with Ceelopeltis lacertina, which has nineteen rows of scales. Yet I have some doubts of their identity, the general form of Eichwald’s species being more Jike that of the latter. The examination of the teeth of the three Berlin specimens shows no free space between the maxillary teeth, as described by Bibron ; but they form a continued row, excepting the hinder furrowed ones, which are separated, as usual, by a small interval from the rest. There are (fig. 5) first seven very small teeth, only loosely attached to the maxillary bone, then three very long and strong ones, followed again by four smaller ones. Bibron found a free space in front of the longer teeth, because the two small ones before them were de- tached. The nine palatine and fourteen pterygoidal teeth are still smaller, decreasing in size from the front palatal tooth. It is therefore very fortunate that Brandt’s name has the priority, as neither Bibron’s “ Monodiastema’’ nor Duméril’s “‘ Chorisodon”’ would be very suit- able appellations for this form. The lower jaw has on each side eighteen teeth ; they increase very rapidly from the first to the fourth, which is followed by fourteen smaller ones. Bibron counts twenty- five; I might have found the same number, or more, if I had rec- koned the changing teeth on the inner side. The form of the trans- versal and pterygoidal bone is the same as in Celopeltis, and not as in Psammophis (moniliger). I can hardly add anything to the external description given by Lichtenstein and Bibron. The front part of the frontal (vertical) plate is either straight, or it forms a very obtuse angle; the loreal is curved a little (see fig. 2); and all the specimens have nine upper and ten lower labials. One specimen has 192 abdominal scuta and 103 pairs of subcaudal scales ; the second 189 abdominal scuta and 90 pairs of subcardal scales; the third 189 and 99. All have the anal plate divided, and seventeen longitudinal rows of scales. All have four large dark olive-coloured bands and a smaller middle one on the head. In one, all four bands continue to the end of the tail; the second shows, as described by Bibron, no lateral bands, but three rows of small dark spots on the dorsal part; and the third has neither lateral nor dorsal strokes, the head-bands being lost on the neck. One of them has the lips and the under part of the head yellow, and without any spots; in the two others the labials and the chin are dotted with black. All have the middle of the abdominal scuta dotted with black, and a black longitudinal stroke on their external parts, which forms on each side an uninterrupted line to the end of the tail. The rest of the under side is yellowish, but appears to have been during life of a red colour. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. IV. 50 MR. W. C. HEWITSON ON NEW BUTTERFLIES. [Feb. 12, A. B. Cc. Total length......... sect e065 1115 1™:065 Length of tail vinciy ape oe 0 °28 0 °25 0327 fay gla a:10 I pee a 0 :022 0 :024 0 °025 Distance of eyes ........ 0 -006 0 -007 0 -007 Breadth of head behind .. 0 :010 0 :010 0 -010 Greatest breadth of body.. 0 012 0 015 0 014 The largest specimen contained in its stomach three species of lizards, viz. Phrynocephalus helioscopus, Pallas, Eremias velox, Pall., juv. (vittata, Eversmann), and Lremias variabilis, Pall. Conclusions.—1. Chorisodon sibiricum, Dum. & Bibr., does not come from Siberia properly so called, but from the sandy deserts of Central Asia, around Lake Aral and the Caspian Sea. 2. The row of unfurrowed maxillary teeth is not interrupted by a diastema. 3. Chorisodon is closely allied to Celopeltis ; it would therefore be most unnatural to separate them into two different families. 4. The name Chorisodon sibiricum (date 1854) must be rejected, as it applies to the same species which had been named in 1837, by Brandt, Taphrometopon lineolatum. EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. Figs. 1-3. Head, viewed from different sides. Nat. size.—Fig. 4. Anal region. Nat. size.—Fig. 5. Maxillary, palatinal, and pterygoidal bones, with the teeth, from the right side. Twice magnified. , 3. DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME BUTTERFLIES FROM THE COLLECTION or Mr. Wauuace. By W. C. Hewirson. (Plates VIII., TX.) DiapEMA Divona. (PI. VIII. fig. 1.) Alis omnibus nigris, duplice serie submarginali macularum flavi- darum, anticis ante medium fascia lata macularum oblonga-— rum serieque macularum flavidarum, posticis basi ad medium flavidis, venis nigris. Upperside, male: dark brown, rufous towards the anal angle of ‘he posterior wing. Anterior wing with numerous bands and spots Hatlamandel & Walton T)\ TX ; Bm@erits(r, del el :i+}:. Ikhl ‘ Priated by Hiillmandel & Waltoz 1 2. MELANITIS MIMALON o. 4 MELANITIS LEUCOCYMA 1861.) MR. Ww. C. HEWITSON ON NEW BUTTERFLIES. 51 of pale yellow. A line and two small spots within the cell; crossed before the middle by a broad macular band of irregular unconnected spots, the first two spots near the costal margin hastate (the se- cond of them preceded by a small spot), the rest oblong (the last extending to the base of the wing), followed by a band of five spots ; all yellow. Posterior wing with the basal half yellow, divided by broad black nervuresg Both wings crossed by two submarginal bands of yellow spots—the first distinct and round, the second (near the margin) minute and linear; the margin also spotted with white. Underside as above, except that the anterior wing has two white spots at the base of the costal margin, that the spots in the cell are larger (the linear spot occupying the whole base of the cell), and that the transverse band is broader and continuous ; that the posterior wing has four white spots at the base, and the costal margin rufous. Exp. 34 inches. Hab. Moluccas. In the collections of A. R. Wallace and W. W. Saunders. Diapema piomeA. (Pl. VIII. fig. 2.) Alis omnibus nigris fasciis latis transversalibus liliaceo-albis, anticis macula alba anal, posticis serie submarginali macu- larum albarum. Upperside, male: black. Both wings crossed transversely by a broad band of lilac-white, divided into six parts by the nervures, which are broad and black. Anterior wing with a distinct white spot near the anal angle, followed by three small indistinct spots. Pos- terior wing with four small white spots between the nervures, just beyond the central band, two of them near the apex, two near the anal angle ; a submarginal band of white spots, in pairs. The outer margin of both wings spotted with white. Underside as above, except that the anterior wing has the cen- tral band much broader, the costal margin near the base irrorated with white, and three small white spots within the cell; that the posterior wing has a white oval spot at the middle of the costal margin, the transverse band broader near the anal angle; and that both wings have two bands of white spots near the outer margin : the first band, of triangular spots, in pairs; the second, nearer the mar- gin, of lunular spots, scarcely seen at the apex of the anterior wing. The female differs only in its greater size, and in having the trans- verse bands white. Exp. 4,2; inches, Hab. Moluccas. In the collections of A. R. Wallace and W. W. Saunders. DrusiLua pomititya. (PI. VIII, figs. 3, 4.) Alis omnibus supra rufo-fuscis, posticis basi pallidiore, macula magna submarginali fulva, ocellis duobus nigris ceruleo-pu- pillatis ornata ; subtus obscurioribus, posticis brunnets in medio albis ocello minuto (in exemplis nonnullis) ceteris proximo al- teroque magno apicali. Upperside, male: pale rufous-brown. Posterior wing lighter near the base, the abdominal fold nearly white, the anal angle and outer 52 MR. W. C. HEWITSON ON NEW BUTTERFLIES. ([Feb. 12, margin darker brown, with, near the middle of the outer margin, a large oval orange spot marked with two black ocelli, each with a centre of blue. Underside as above, except that the bases of both wings, the ab- dominal fold, and the outer half of the posterior wing are dark brown; that the large orange spot is (in some» examples only) ex- tended towards the apex, so as to contain a minute ocellus ; that the two ocelli are so enlarged as to meet in the middle; and that there is a large ocellus at the apex bordered with orange. The female does not differ, except that it is much larger, with greater proportionate breadth of wing. Exp. ¢ 3,4, 2 45% inches. Hab. Batchian. In the collections of A. R. Wallace and W. C. Hewitson. This can scarcely be another variety of a most variable species. I fully believe that there is as yet but one other species of the genus Drusilla, and that all the butterflies hitherto described and figured, to which I have given references below, are only varieties of Drusilla urania. I believe that D. horsfieldii of Swainson is simply a male variety of D. urania; that D. catops and D. selene of Boisduyal’s MS., described by Westwood in the ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’ page 335=D. phorcas and D. mylecha of Westwood in the Trans- actions of the Entomological Society, n. s. vol. iv. p. 182, pl. 21 =D. myops and D. macrops of Dr. Felder in the ‘ Wiener Entom. Monatschrift,’ vol. iv. pp. 109, 248, and pl. 1=D. artemis, D. ana- bleps, and D. dioptica of Vollenhoven in the ‘ Nederlandsche Entom, Vereeniging,’ are all referable to one species. They differ from each other (just as the butterflies do which I have figured, in a formér Plate of these Proceedings, under the name of Melanitis melane) in the position and quantity of the white on the surface, in the size and perfection of the ocelli, and their distance from the outer margin. Each genus seems to mimic the other in its general appearance, and each runs into the same extravagant varieties. If the butterflies which are enumerated above are to be considered as good species, there are several more in the collection of Mr. Wallace waiting for the same distinction. One lately arrived from Ceram has the whole underside of a uniform dark brown. MELANITIs MIMALON. (PI. IX. figs. 1, 2.) Alis omnibus purpureis, marginibus griseis; subtus brunneis ubique griseo undulatis, posticis macula alba prope medium marginis costalis. Upperside, male: purple, with a submarginal band of grey ; the margins dentate and spotted with white. Underside dark brown, undulated throughout with grey. Posterior wing with two minute spots near the base, a round spot near the middle of the costal margin, and some minute spots parallel to the outer margin, all white. Exp. 3,5, inches. Hab. Manado, Celebes. In the collection of A. R. Wallace. PZ.S. 186. Platems eee Lr naas DUNN) Geo. West lith atomy of the Echinoderms a A t a, \\ Ceo. West hth. hig. 2. Anatomy of the Echinoderms \ P.Z.S. 1861. Plate Al Anatomy of the Echinoderms 1861.] MR. T. H. STEWART—ANATOMY OF ECHINODERMS. 53 Me aniris LeucocyMA. (Pl. IX. figs. 3, 4.) Biblis leucocyma, Godart, Encl. p. 326. Alis omnibus brunneis, marginibus griseis, anticis maculis duabus minutis prope apicem, posticis serie submarginali macularum liliaceo-albarum ; subtus brunneis, ubique griseo-undulatis, pos- ticis macula alba prope medium marginis costalis. Upperside, male: dark brown, with a submarginal band of grey, the outer margins dentate and spotted with white. Anterior wing with two or three small white spots near the apex. Posterior wing with a submarginal band of five, round, lilac-white spots. Underside rufous-brown, undulated throughout with gtey, with a band of large white spots parallel to the outer margin; anterior wing with three or four ; posterior wing with five. Posterior wing with an oval white spot near the middle of the costal margin. Exp. 33 inches. Hab. Celebes. In the collections of A.R. Wallace and W. C. Hewitson. Dyctis agondas of Boisduval and Morpho bioculatus (Dyctis bi- oculatus of Westwood in the ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’ pl. 54*, which is its female) belong to this genus, and do not differ in the least, in their generic character, from the other species of Me- lanitis. Deceived by its great variability and the wretched figure of D. agondas in the ‘ Voyage of the Astrolabe,’ I have figured, in a former Part of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society (Annulosa, Pl. LV.) a beautiful series of Butterflies from the collection of Mr. Wallace, under the name of Melanitis melane, which I now believe to be varieties of the said Dyctis agondas and D. bioculatus. 4. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ANATOMY OF THE ECHINODERMS. By Tuomas Howarp Stewart, M.R.C.S., F.Z.8., Assistant ConseRvVATOR, HuUNTERIAN Museum. (Plates X., X. A, XI.) There are certain points conneeted with the anatomy of the Echinoderms which I am anxious to lay before the Society ; and the more especially do I desire to do so, as I am not able to find any true and accurate description existing of the very wonderful appara- tus for the prehension and division of food, which some of the higher groups of this class possess. I mean higher groups with regard to the class itself. The animals forming this class, from their organization, are placed low in the scale of creation, being just above the Polypifera and below the Annelida ; yet we shall find, in the order Echinoidea of this class, animals possessing what may be called a splanchnic or oral skeleton, of so complicated and yet so efficient an arrange- ment, as cannot fail to make us wonder at the object of its sudden appearance in the anatomy of animals; nor can we help admiring the beauty, and wondering at the perfection of the work. Those who have not searched into the anatomy of these lower forms of life might be surprised to be told that a creature just above the common Sea-anemone, with an almost invisible nervous system, and other- 54 MR. T. H. SFEWART ON THE [Feb. 12, wise very low organization, possesses jaws (or, as I prefer to call the apparatus, a splanchnic skeleton) of a more complicated arrange- ment than any other animal in existence, from a simple sponge or Ameba up to man himself. This splanchnic skeleton, in Cidaris, Echinus, and allied genera, is formed of forty separate calcareous portions, arranged in a conical form, and, as we shall see by de- scription and inspection of the specimens on the table, beautifully and perfectly articulated together, and having forty separate muscles to move the teeth in various ways. If we take up an Echinus, or Sea Urchin as it is commonly called, and look at. the flattened under-side, we see in the centre a circular part which is membranous, and continued from the corona to the points of the five protruded teeth. This peristomal membrane is covered in most of the Echini (not in our beautiful LZ. flemingii, how- ever) with minute, oval, and somewhat irregularly scattered calca- reous plates, not (as in the rest of the corona) articulated together, but with intervals between each other, leaving the membrane partly bare. On these calcareous particles are placed organs called pedi- cellaria, and also, on some, minute spines, the tubercles for which may be seen with a lens ; these particles are of various sizes. Around the teeth, on the peristomal membrane, are situated, ambulacrally, five pairs of large oval plates, each with a pit excavated in the centre, and having a minute perforation, over which is placed. externally a modified form of cirrus. Internally an exceedingly small vessel comes from each perforation and joins the large longitudinal ambu- lacral vessel: these plates are also covered with numerous tubercles for minute pedicellaria. To this series of plates succeeds a soft circular lip, containing excessively fine particles of lime in a radiating linear arrangement, not bearing either pedicellaria or spines, and im- mediately surrounding the protruded points of the sharp, hard, white, Rodent-like teeth. Seeing these points of teeth in so humble an animal—and the first appearance of such, makes one, like a child with a new toy, long to see the interior. We set to work to open the shell, as erroneously called, of our Echinus. We there find, besides the intestines and other viscera, a complicated conical apparatus surrounding the first part of the alimentary canal, and enclosing the rest of the teeth (previ- ously unseen), and having attached to it all the numerous muscles which act on it. Now it is to this that I principally wish to draw your attention. ' In the first place, I will enumerate the parts which make up these curious jaws. There are ten triangular pieces, called alveoli (Pl. X. fig. 1), which when articulated together form five prismatic-shaped sockets for the five teeth, and all together constitute a conical mass, with the apex external, formed by the points of the teeth. The apices of the alveoli are firmly fixed to the peristomal membrane ; but the lip is loose over the teeth. The bases of the alveolar pairs are united by wedge-like pieces called falces (Pl. X. fig. 3), five in number, on each of which is placed an arched portion, divided into two; there are ten pieces arching over the external surface of the alveoli at the base, which may be called the epiphyses of the alveolii—making in 1861.) ANATOMY OF THE ECHINODERMS. 55 all forty separate parts. The alveoli, when separated, are seen to be triangular in shape: they have a broad external rounded surface, presenting a deep hollow excavation ; at the bottom of this is a groove in which is inserted a muscle. The surfaces opposed to the next pair of alveoli are finely striated; and these strize may be seen to be con- tinued as free points, forming a finely toothed margin on the cesopha- geal border; to each of these surfaces a muscle is attached, passing from one to that adjoining in the next pair. The remaining surface presents the half of the groove for the tooth, which is completed by the other alveolar piece, and also the symphysis that unites the two portions. The epiphyses arch over the upper or basal part of the alveoli on their outer borders, and serve as attachments for muscles. The radii are long, slender, arcuated portions, situated on the upper part of the oral skeleton between the pairs of epiphyses of the alveoli and above the falces: the cesophageal end of each is articulated with the centre of the inner end of the falces; this portion is rounded ; but just above the point at which they are divided transversely they are laterally compressed, and here a muscle is inserted ; they are then rounded again, and end by a flattened and bifurcated free ex- tremity, forming points for the attachment of the tendons of slender muscles. The falces are somewhat square portions, which fit accu- rately between the pairs of alveoli, at their base ; the cesophageal end has a deep notch, to the centre of which the radius is articulated, and on either side of this the cesophageal ligaments are attached. The teeth, five in number, are in shape somewhat like the incisor tooth of a Rodent ; they have a hard, triangular, pointed prehensile end, and towards the root they become gradually soft and friable, and, when dry, split up easily into fine silky fibres ; they are covered at their roots by a loose bag or pouch of the membrane of the peri- some, which also connects the intervals between the muscles and the various parts of the splanchnic skeleton. The alveoli and teeth are, when in natural position, inter-ambulacral, the radii and falces being ambulacral. With regard to the numerous muscles supplied to the apparatus, amounting to forty in number, there are first to be mentioned five pairs of what may be called protractores (Pl. X. A. fig. 1 a), arising from the interambulacral region of the oral edge of the corona, and inserted into the upper and lateral borders of the epiphyses of the alveoli, and into a groove on the external surface of the alveoli them- selves: their office is thus plainly seen, when acting together, to be to protrude the points of the teeth—or as protractors; and when acting singly, to draw the teeth to one side or another. There are five pairs of muscles arising from the inner surface of the auricular arches, and inserted into the oral ends or apices of the alveoli, on the inner side of these (Pl. X. A. fig. 1 6) ; they are obviously retractors (retractores), and antagonistic in their action to the preceding set. Another set of five pairs of slender muscles arises immediately in front of the protractor group, by a thin, narrow common origin, and terminates by two slender tendons which pass obliquely to be inserted into the bifureated free ends of the radii. These are the radial muscles or radiales (Pl. X. A. fig. lc): their action is to bring the points of 56 MR. T. H, STEWART ON THE [Feb/12; the teeth together, and in opposition to the next group of five (not pairs), which pass from one radius to another internally and parallel with the epiphyses of the alveoli, and assume, when connected with the five radii, a pentagonal form on the upper part of the conical oral skeleton : these are the interradiales (Pl. X. A. fig. 1d), and act so as to separate the points of the five teeth. But there are yet five more muscles, of great importance to the object of this paper: these pass from one alveolar pair to another, being attached to their serrated sur- faces as short, coarse individual fibres: they are the interalveolar muscles (Pl. X. A. fig. 2 a), and their action is to move the points of the teeth on each other in cutting the food. When a muscle is fixed into a bone or hard substance, there is generally, I believe always, a mark left of that attachment; and this is the cause of these alveoli being serrated as described. They are said by anatomists to be grind- ing-surfaces ; but this cannot be, when the food cannot get near them, and they are covered by muscles. When we examine this oral appa- ratus ina fresh state, we find that the cesophagus is most firmly fixed around the apices of the alveoli internally, where they are themselves attached to the peristomal membrane ; and when the teeth protrude, the cesophagus then takes its course through the centre of the conical oral apparatus, being borne up by the five pairs of ligaments, each of which passes as a broad band from the commencement of the ceso- phagus, and is attached to the bifurcated inner ends of the falces. Now, if the alveoli on their serrated surface or border were used to grind the food, how is the food to get to them? It must pass through the cesophagus, and thence to the rest of the alimentary canal; and for it to get near the alveoli, the alveoli must grind the cesophagus itself. We may as well call the muscular impression on the shell of an oyster or any other bivalve, or that caused by the impression of muscles on our own bones, grinding-surfaces, as say that the alveoli of the Echinus are grinding-organs. In the different genera that I have had the opportunity of exa- mining, I find that there are certain peculiarities which might almost form generic characters. Cidaris differs from Echinus in the form of the tooth: in trans- verse section the tooth of Cidaris is semicircular or boat-shaped ; whilst the tooth of Echinus is somewhat T-shaped, having a ridge running down the inner surface ; the alveoli in Cidaris are more obscurely serrated on their opposed surfaces and cesophageal border than in any other genus; and the epiphyses of the alveoli do not arch over and meet in Cidaris, as they do in Eehinus ; and in Cidaris the falces and radii are also shorter than in Eehinus. In Diadema the shape of the tooth is like that of Cidaris; the alveoli are serrated on the opposed surfaces as well as on the ceso- phageal border, and the serrations of the border are very long and fine ; at the basal end of the symphysis on each individual alveolus is a long hamular process, enlarged slightly into a flat free end, and the basal border of the alveolus is long, which also necessitates the epiphyses being lengthened. These epiphyses do not arch over, but are like those of Cidaris ; the falces and radii are more like those of Echinus. In the genus Acrocladia and Echinometra, at the end of 1861.] ANATOMY OF THE ECHINODERMS. 57 the symphyses of the alveoli, there is a sharp, and in some a very long and delicate styliform process, and one also corresponding from the epiphyses; these support the teeth in position: they do not exist at all in Oidaris, and are very rudimentary in Hehinus. The auricule of Cidaris do not form an arch, as they do in Echinus, Dia- dema, and other genera. The oral skeleton of Clypeaster is a modification of that of LEchinus, but more simple. The Ophiuride have also a decided oral apparatus, differentiated from the other calcareous portions of their skeleton ; it is a decidedly modified form of the splanchnic skeleton of Echinus. They have alveoli somewhat like those of Clypeaster ; a perforated oblong plate is situated perpendicularly at the symphyses of these alveoli; and here are situated a number of small, square, chisel-shaped teeth, translucent and sharp at their free end, and thick and opake at the attached end or root: there are five of these on each of the plates, and their points can meet so as to close the oral orifice. The Goniasters and the Asterine also, by means of their oral spines, can completely prevent the egress of food once taken into the stomachal cavity. The Solasters have beautiful fasciculated spines around the mouth, but they only partially or very slightly close the orifice, which in this Startish is very capacious. The Urasters have five bundles, not quite closing the mouth. There are some other points to be mentioned with regard to the antambulacral or anal ring of plates in the Echinide. This ring of plates is all in the Echinus that answers to the upper or ant- ambulacral integument in the Star-fish. The number of plates forming this part of the corona is ten,—five situated interambulacrally, 2. e. one at the anal end of each inter- ambulacrum ; and five ambulacrally, or one at the end of each am- bulacrum. The first are known as the genital plates ; they are some- what triangular in shape, with a semicircular border towards the peripygial membrane; these plates have a perforation for the exit of the generative products. Intermediately between these genital plates in the anal ring and at the anal end of the ambulacral series are much smaller triangular plates: these are called ‘ocular plates;”’ but as the Echinus has no eye, it is erroneous so to call them, and therefore I propose the name of “‘inter-genital”’ for them. At the point furthest from the anus they have a minute perforation ; now, to this perforation can be very readily traced the longitudinal ambu- lacral vessels that are placed on a raised edge in the centre of each ambulacrum, and terminate at this orifice in the inter-genital plates, which, no doubt, is the orifice of exit of the fluid used in the ambu- latory system after it has circulated in the body and done its service and is no longer of any use. The anus in Zchinus is excentric; in Cidaris it is centric. In connexion with the position of the Hchinoidea in the animal series, it is interesting to know that, as in the class of polyps below them, there are spicula scattered loosely through their tissues, as well as agglomerated ones forming their corona. I have found spicula in the fleshy tubes of the cirri, in the membranous madreporic canal, in the generative organs, in the fleshy part of the stem of the pedi- 58 MR. T. H. STEWART—ANATOMY OF ECHINODERMS. [Feb. 12, cellaria, and, very curiously, along the border of a spine that 1 have mounted in longitudinal section for microscopic observation. These spicula are much like those in some Sponges, except that in Hchinus they are formed of carbonate of lime, whilst those of the Sponges are of silica. In Diadema they take a somewhat triradiate form (Pl. X. A. fig. 5). In Comatula also there are detached spicula in the internal mem- brane of the perisome, which, when mounted in Canada balsam, form beautiful polarizing objects. The higher forms of Echinoderms, such as the Holothuriade, have their skeleton formed entirely of scattered spicula, except the oral ring ; in each species the spicula are of a peculiar form: and all microscopists know the wonderful anchor-shaped spicula and plates in Synapta and the curious wheels of Myriotrochus and Chirodota. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE X. Fig. 1. A separated segment of the splanchnic skeleton of Eehinus sphera. A. A single segment of an alveolus, showing the surface opposed to its fellow half. . The symphysis. %. The cesophageal, dentated border. c. The supe- rior border for the attachment of the epiphyses. d. The styloid process for the support of the tooth. e. The apex. B. The corresponding segment; the serrated surface opposed to the ad- joining pair of alveoli displayed. C. The external surface of an alveolar segment. D. The epiphyses of the alveoli. E. The falx ; upper and lower surfaces. F. The radius. G,G'. The tooth, front and side view. Fig. 2. A separated segment of the splanchnic skeleton of Diadema. A. An alveolar segment, the surface opposed to its fellow half. a. The symphysis, below the well-marked groove for the tooth. 4. The styloid process. c. The long slender hamular process. d. The ceso- phageal border, with long, slender, dentated processes. B. The epiphysis of the alveolus. D. The radius. C. The falx. E. The tooth. Fig. 3. A separate segment of the splanchnic skeleton of Aecrocladia trigonaria. A. An alveolar segment, the surface opposed to its alveolar half. a. The styloid process. 6. The cesophageal border. 6’. Dentation at the apex of this border. B. The epiphysis of the alveolus. a. Styloid process. C. The falx. D. The radius. Ei. The tooth. PLATE X.A. Fig. 1. A dissection of the splanchnic skeleton and muscles attached of Echinus sphera. a. The protractores. b. The retractores. c. The radiales. d. The in- terradiales. e. The auricular arch. Fig. 2. A segment of the splanchnic skeleton of Echinus sphera, showing the in- teralveolar muscle (a). Fig. 3. A transverse section of the tooth of Cidaris, in outline. Fig. 4. A similar section of the tooth of Echinus. Fig. 5. Spicula from the cirri of Diadema. Tig. 6. Spicula from the cirri of Eehinus. 1861.] ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE IN Dec. 1860. 59 PLATE XI. Fig. 1. A dissection, showing the course of the cesophagus through the splanchnic skeleton of Echinus sphera. a. The cesophagus (cut end). 4%. The ligaments of the esophagus. Fig. 2. The antambulacral, or anal ring of plates of H. sphera. a. The genital plates. a'. The madreporic genital plate. a”. The genital orifice. 4. The inter-genital plates. 5’. The ambulatory orifice. c. The plates of the peripygial membrane. d. The position of the anus. The following list of additions made to the Menagerie, by gift, purchase, and exchange, during the month of December, 1860, was read :— 1 Macaque Monkey ......... Macacus cynomolgus ...\|Kennet Harris, Esq. ] ae 2 Wedge-tailed Eagles...... Aquila fucOsa .....0.0000 Dr. Mueller. 2 DACAVETSiadarsctaeseees Taseses Castor canadensis ...... S TRAMP ACO S — cn aceniesseocssuees Alligator lucius ...... ae | tn, Charles Ellis. + € 2 Horned Lizards........ ....|Phrynosoma cornutum 2 1 Bonnet Monkey...... seeee-|Macacus radiatus ...... — Richmond, Esq. at 1 Capuchin Monkey .........|Cedus capucinus? ...... H. Alexander, Esq. J 1 Bahama Duck ............ Pecilonetta bahamensis | | 2 American Boas ...... see..-|Hunectes murinus ...... 1 Ariel Toucan .............6. Ramphastos ariel ...... POPATINY cscs: e/canewsee cass ...|Tapirus americanus ...| + Received in exchange. 1 Axis Deer, fem........ secee| COPUUS ALIS ccesesvacegesec | 2 Ruddy Shieldrakes ...... Casarca rutila.... cs... 1 Purple Kaleege ............ Gallophasis horsfieldii...| J 1 Suricate ...5.....-2..00s eevee SUPICALA ZENIC.....00000. > DU BNCAR se nemsacnctnscae tenis @ RACA AMETICANA ...00000+ 1 African Horned Owl...... Bubo lacteus ............ 2 WOUTACOSY ses. vests deeases Corythaix buffoni ...... 5 Plantain-eaters .......... --|Musophaga violacea ... \ Purchased. AGUISONY Cacevccaesenrevecsesss Grisonia vittata .....+... | |3 White-fronted Geese...... Anser albifrons ......++ | 4 Linnets ...... apie aainnelsnave Linota cannabina ...... 2 Twits ....0...e-ecees ach: Linota montium ......... J Of these, Bubo lacteus was stated to be exhibited for the first time. February 26th, 1861. John Gould, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. Dr. P. L. Sclater exhibited a living specimen of a Water Tortoise (Chelodina longicollis) from South Australia. In answer to inquiries as to the exact locality of this animal, Mr. Paul Joske, by whom it was presented to the Society’s Menagerie, had replied as follows :— *« The Tortoise you refer to was found at a village called Haw- thorne, on the River Yarra. The same animal is also to be met with in the Ovens district, in the immediate neighbourhood of the creeks. It feeds on the young and tender leaves of grasses and other succulent vegetation, and is popularly known as the Snake- Tortoise.” 60 ovr. A. GUNTHER ON THE ANATOMY OF'REGENIA. [Feb. 26, The following papers were read :— 1. On THE ANATOMY OF REGENIA OCELLATA. By Dr. A. Ginruer, For. Mem. Z.8. The specimen of Regenia ocellata which lived in the Society’s Menagerie for nearly half a year came from the West Coast of Africa and was 35 inches in length, and 20% in its greatest circumference. It was very sluggish in its habits, and made more lively movements only when taken out of the cage and handled for some minutes ; it then attempted to free itself by strokes of its powerful tail. The body always appeared broad, swollen, depressed; but its extent would be considerably increased, by inflation and expansion of the lungs, whenever it was touched. When first brought to the Gardens, it was offered frogs, fishes, and other living animals, but it never touched them, and, unlike other Monitores, it did not take to the water ; subsequently it was fed with eggs and small pieces of meat. The structure of the internal parts is very much like that of the other Saurians of the family Monitores, showing, however, some very remarkable peculiarities. The tongue is entirely the same as in the Snakes, except that it is flesh-coloured, and the anterior portion of the two points in which it terminates is cartilaginous, although soft and flexible; it is retracted into a thin and short sheath at its base, and stretched out as frequently and as far as that of a snake *. The pharynx and the upper part of the cesophagus are of a black co- lour. The latter passes without distinct separation into the stomach, which has an elongate rounded form, one side being so much more dilated than the other that it may be called a curvatura major ; its muscular membrane becomes more developed in the pyloric por- tion, and forms a true pylorus. The commencement of the intestine is very peculiar: the portion behind the pylorus is for the length of 9 lines without any villi, but provided with numerous small glands; it is a duodenum, which is separated from the small intestine by a broad circular valve, at least 21 lines deep: this valve, which is absent in Iguana, shuts the duo- denum in so effective a way, that it requires considerable pressure to drive fluid backwards from the small intestine into the stomach. The valvulz conniventes commence immediately behind that valve, aud are provided with numerous very delicate and branched villi ; they become more irregular towards the middle of the length of the intestines, and the folds of the mucosa assume a reticulated appear- ance, and are finally longitudinal in the middle part of the small intes- tine; the villi are here coarser and less numerous than in the upper portion, and not more fringed, having an average length of 2 lines. They cease altogether in the posterior part, in the cium, whilst col- lections or rounded ovate patches of glands (gylandule Peyeriane) make their appearance ; they are seen on the mesenterial side of the ilium as well as on the border opposite it. The opening of the ilium into the cecum is comparatively small; and the latter is sepa- rated from the rectum by a fold of the mucosa, which is at least * The lower parts of the cavity of the mouth had been taken away before the specimen caine into my hands. 1861.] pr. A. GUNTHER ON THE ANATOMY OF REGENIA. 61 8 lines broad. The length of the small intestine is 29 inches, that of the rectum, with the czecum and cloaca, 3 inches. The “iver is large, divided by a comparatively small notch into a right and left lobe, the former being somewhat the larger. The gall-bladder is imbedded in an excavation of the substance of the liver, which penetrates to its parietal surface. The heart is received into the upper end of the groove which separates the two lobes of the liver, the pericardium being fixed to the ligamentum suspenso- rium. The conus arteriosus is well developed, and emits the art. pulmonalis, whilst a truncus arteriosus arises from the ventricle. The ¢rachea has the cartilaginous rings not closed on the dorsal side, and is divided into the two bronchi at some distance from their entrance into the lungs: they penetrate so far into the substance of the lungs, that they nearly reach their posterior extremity ; and the length of each bronchus is equal to that of the undivided trachea : each bronchus opens by several lateral foramina, but emits only one short branch, which, again, is provided with incomplete cartilaginous rings. The dungs of both sides are nearly equally developed, and of moderate capacity ; their interior is amply provided with cells and meshes, even in their posterior extremity. The kidneys are of an elongate, pear-shaped form, entirely sepa- rated from each other, and of equal size. ach is formed by eight larger and some smaller lobes, which are united only at the base, the former making several convolutions. The ureters end in two small papillee at the extremity of a large separate sac on the dorsal side of the rectum. As the urine is not received in this sac, but in the hindmost portion of the intestinal tract, we cannot consider it as a urinary bladder, although Cuvier describes such an organ in Iguana and Tupinambis. The secretion is, as usual, of a firm, chalk- like appearance. The ovaria are equally developed on both sides ; both exhibit the same degree of disease in the present specimen. The oviducts are of moderate width, and convoluted like the intestines ; their ostium abdominale is wide, situated above the ovarinm, and not fringed. The orificium uterinum is exceedingly narrow, on the tip of a large papilla which projects into the upper part of the sac mentioned. This sac is situated on the dorsal side of the rectum, and appears to belong exclusively to the generative organs. Fatty masses are found in a great many reptiles, as, for instance, the corpora adiposa in the abdominal cavity of the Batrachians, or on each side of the abdomen of Iguana *. Owen considers them as reservoirs of nutritious matter which is resorbed during the time of the torpid state, into which at least the former of those animals fall. In none, however, are those corpora adiposa so developed as in Re- genia ocellata. They completely fill each side of the iliac region, and evidently give the broad, bulky appearance to the animal ; they are contained in a separate sac of the peritoneum, and provided with numerous blood-vessels. Their greatest length is 7 inches, their greatest width 6 in., and their thickness in the middle 14 in.; in weight they equal the fifth part of the weight of the entire animal. * Owen, Catal. Coll. of Surg. 62 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE RED RIVER-HOG. — [Feb. 26, Each of them is formed by larger and smaller separate lobes, which give it the appearance of the kidney of a Dolphin; only, the single lobes are larger, less numerous, and more irregular in size. When cut through, they cover the knife with a milky fat ; and their con- sistence is altogether that of a fatty-degenerated liver. Although » the animal appeared to be very muscular and very well fed, no fat was deposited at any other place. The cause of death was a disease which had nearly entirely de- stroyed both the ovaria, and certainly greatly altered their natural form. ‘The one which I have examined contained a great many ir- regular and lacerated cavities filled with extravasated blood. No trace of the folliculi could be distinguished. A rounded mass, of the size of a small walnut, enclosed in a tough membrane, surrounded by coagulated blood, and composed of a cheesy substance, is evi- dently an egg which had been developed during one of the previous breeding-seasons, but had been retained in the ovarium. A similar body can be felt in the other ovarium. The membranes coating the ovarium are covered with cysts of the average size of a lentil, some containing a gelatinous fluid, others matter. The neighbouring parts of the peritoneum were much inflamed ; and the kidneys contained an unusual quantity of fluid blood. The rectum was filled with a large mass of hard, chalk-like urine ; and it became evident from the excoriated state of the mucosa, that no discharge had taken place for along time. All the other organs were quite healthy ; and the animal had fed only two days previously to its death. The preparation is preserved in the Collection of the British Mu- seum. 2. Nore on THE RepropvuctTion oF THE Rep River-noe (Po- TAMOCHGRUS PENICILLATUS) IN THE Socrety’s MENa- Gertie. By Purine Luriry Scrater, M.A., Px.D., Sr- CRETARY TO THE SOCIETY. (Plate XII.) The accompanying drawing (Pl. XII.), executed by Mr. Wolf some time since, represents the immature form of the Red River-hog of Western Africa, which has of late years bred several times in the Society’s Menagerie, although but two individuals of the produce have, unfortunately, lived to attain maturity. As our only male of this species is now dead, and we have but a single female left in the collection, it appears desirable that a short statement of the facts connected with the reproduction of this rare animal in captivity should be placed on record before they are entirely forgotten. The first specimen of the Red River-hog obtained by the Society was purchased in Liverpool in September 1852, and was the example described by Dr. Gray in the Annals of Natural History as Chozro- potamus pictus *, and subsequently in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ under the rectified name Potamocherus penicillatus +. At the latter * Aun. N. H. ser. 2. vol. x. p. 280. + P.Z. 8.1852, p. 131. snl j9 M27 SQLVITIOINGd SNUMHIONVIOd dur] jaeqary'N W yaty 4 D JTON F . Yuty 19 [ep “JLOM iy 91d 19C1'S 2d ‘INUNGSO STYELOANOTIHO THX Id T98T'S “2d 1861.] MR. R.F. TOMES ON MAMMALS FROM JAMAICA. 63 reference a good figure is also given of the adult animal. About two years afterwards, a female of the same species was received from Paris, having been obtained, through the good offices of the au- thorities of the Jardin des Plantes, from the French settlements in Western Africa. Upon being placed in company with the male, she produced a litter of three or four young ones in the summer of 1856, and again in August 1857, but on both occasions destroyed them all within a short period after their birth. In the following season a litter of three young ones, produced on June 4th, 1858, was attended with more fortunate results. One only of the young pigs perished, shortly after its birth ; the other two, both females, are still living — one in the Society’s Gardens, and the other in the collection of the Zoological Society of Amsterdam, to whom it was parted with in ex- change for other avimals. In 1859 the female Red River-hog again produced a litter of four young ones (on October 24th); but our efforts to save them were quite unavailing, and they disappeared one by one, having been de- stroyed by their mother within a few weeks after their birth. Mr. Wolf’s figures give an accurate representation of the striped condition of these young Potamocheres as they have appeared in our Menagerie. Several of them in this state of coloration are now in the collection of the British Museum, together with the original male of the species, which died in Febrnary 1860, and the old fe- male, which died in the previous autumn. The same striped condition of the immature animal is found in the young of the Wild Hog of Europe (Sus scrofa) and that of India (Sus indicus) ; but I am not aware of any corresponding stage in the young of the domesticated animal of this country; nor is there any sign of it in the young of the very curious Japanese variety of the domestic Pig, which has lately reproduced in our Gardens. I may observe also that in the Peccaries (Dicotyles) (the Suide of the New World) the young resemble the adult in coloration, except in being lighter; and in the Wart-hog (Phacocherus), judging from the young individual in the British Museum, the case is the same. The nearest counterpart I know, of the immature dress of Sus, is to be found among the Tapirs, in two of which the young are some- what similarly striped. But I am of course well aware that the Tapirs and Pigs are now referred to two distinct orders of Mam- malia. . 3. Notes on A COLLECTION OF MAMMALS MADE BY THE LATE Mr. OsspurRN 1n Jamaica. By Rosert F. Tomes, Corr. Meo. ZS, (Plate XIII.) The collection, the species of which I am about to enumerate, is interesting from containing specimens of a Bat which has very re- cently been made the type of a new genus by Dr. Gundlach, and because it also contains specimens of the Monophyllus redmanii of 64 MR. R. F. TOMES ON MAMMALS FROM JAMAICA. [Feb. 26, Leach, a genus and species which have not until now, to the best of my knowledge, been brought under notice, excepting by the unsatis- factory description of the wretched type specimen of Dr. Leach. Of this I shall have more to say in a subsequent communication. 1. Mus RAtTTUS. 2. Mus TECTORUM. In so far as external appearances are concerned, these specimens differ in no way from European ones. They must be regarded as settlers in the island. 3. CAPROMYS BRACHYURUS, Hill, in Gosse’s Naturalist’s Sojourn in Jamaica, p. 471. A single specimen, which has not perhaps been sufficiently exa- mined to determine with absolute certainty its synonymy. 4. ARCTIBEUS PERSPICILLATUS, Linn. sp. Phyllostoma perspicillatum, Geoff. P. superciliatum et P. obscurum, Pr. Max. Arctibeus jamaicensis, Leach & Horsfield. Arctibeus carpolegus, Gosse, Nat, Soj. in Jam. p. 271. Phyllostoma planirostre, Spix ? After the examination of many specimens from the West Indian Islands and the continent of America, I am fully persuaded that they are all referable to one species, and that that species is the Vesper- tilio perspicillatus of Linneus. There is, I admit, considerable dif- ference in the size of the different individuals, the island specimens being smaller and darker-coloured than those from the mainland ; but as this is the case with the other Bats which inhabit alike the West Indian Islands and the continent of America, it cannot be ad- vanced as evidence of these two being distinct species, but rather the reverse. 5. ARCTIBEUS BRACHYOTUS, Pr. Max. sp. Phyllostoma brachyotum, Pr. Max. Arctibeus jamaicensis, Gosse, Nat. Soj. in Jam. p. 271. A. achradophilus, Gosse, Nat. Soj. in Jam. p. 271. A. sulphureus, Gosse, Nat. Soj. in Jam. p. 271. I have compared the specimens in the present collection with the types of A. jamaicensis, A. achradophilus, and A. sulphureus of Mr. Gosse in the British Museum, and again with the specimen of drcti- beus brachyotus formerly in the Museum of this Society, so named by Mr. Waterhouse; and find them to be identical. 6. MonorpHyYLLUS REDMANII, Leach. Glossophaga caudifer, Geoff. ? Five specimens, obtained by Mr. Osburn in Oxford Cave, Man- chester, in February 1859. I have compared some of these with the type in the British Museum. It is probable that this is the Glossophaga caudifer of M. Geoffroy St. Hilaire. 1861.] MR. R. F. TOMES ON MAMMALS FROM JAMAICA. 65 7. Macrortis waTzeRuousit, Gray. The present species would appear to be common in Jamaica, if we may judge from the number contained in the present collection as compared with the other species. Some of these specimens, from the unossified condition of the joints of their fingers, are obviously immature, and enable me to state that the older examples are of a more decidedly rufous tint than the younger ones. 8. PHyLionycTeris Poryi, Gundlach, Monatsb. der Konigl. Akad. der Wiss. zu Berlin, Dec. 1860, p. 817. This singular genus, lately characterized by Dr. Gundlach, has much the general appearauce of Brachyphylla, but is probably more nearly allied to Monophyllus, although generically quite distinct. Mr. Osburn’s four specimens were collected at Harmony Hall, Tre- lawny, in June 1859. 9. NATALUS STRAMINEUS, Gray. Nyctiellus lepidus, Gerv. Spectrellum macrourum, Gerv. ? These specimens from Jamaica, obtained in Oxford Cave, Man- chester, in February 1859, differ from those which I have previously described from the continent of America, in being smaller and rather darker in colour. The Nyctiellus lepidus of Gervais is clearly the present species ; _and I have but little doubt that his Spectrellum macrourum is iden- tical with the larger American specimens. 10. Mormooprs BLAINVILLII, Leach. Examples are labelled “ Freeman’s Hall” and ‘“ Sportsman’s Cave.” Specimens of this species which I have seen from South America are larger than those from Jamaica, and usually deeper in colour. Some of those in the present collection have the under parts of a pale rusty-red colour. 11. CHILONYCTERIS QUADRIDENS, Gundl. Lobostoma quadridens, Gundl. Wiegm. Archiv, 1840, p. 358. Chilonycteris grisea*, Gosse, Nat. So}. in Jamaica, p. 326, 1851. Five ex. from Oxford Cave. Mr. Gosse describes and figures his C. grisea as having “four points” in the prominent upper margin of the nose-disk ; and it was this peculiarity which induced Dr. Gundlach to bestow the above specific name of quadridens on a specimen from Cuba. The dimen- sions also of the species described by these two gentlemen being so nearly similar, leaves no reasonable doubt of their identity. * Chilonycteris macleayi and C. fuliginosa are closely allied to this species, if not identical with it. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. V. 66 MR. R. F. TOMES ON MAMMALS FROM JAMAICA. [Feb. 26, 12, CHILONYCTERIS OSBURNI, n.sp. (Pl. XIIT.) The present species, of which six examples are in the collection obtained at Sportsman’s Cave in Dec. 1858, appears to bear some resemblance to the Chilonycteris gymnonota of Natterer, at least so far as I can judge from the figure and description of that species in the fifth volume of Wagner’s Supplement to Schreber’s work on Mammalia. It is, however, manifestly larger than that species, and differs greatly in having the back well clothed with thick fur, and in having a differently-shaped tragus. Dr. Natterer’s description of C. gymnonota in Wiegmann’s Archiv for 1843 is as follows :—‘‘ Ch. Jusca, dorso nudo. Antibrachium 1" 8}!'".” This description, al- though very brief, is quite sufficient to distinguish it from the other known species, and therefore from the species which I am about to describe. The C. rubiginosa of Natterer agrees with C. osburni in having the back thickly hairy ; but it is larger, and differs besides in several particulars, as I shall endeavour to show. The top of the head is considerably more elevated than that of C. rubiginosa, about as much so as in C. guadridens. , The muzzle differs greatly from that of both these species. The end of the snout is remarkably broad and flattened, the end or disk having a horse- shoe shape, the middle of which may be said to represent the end of the nose, and contains the nostrils ; and the two descending ends form the upper lips. The nostrils are small, round, and have a slightly raised margin. In the centre of the upper part of the rim of this nose-disk is a notch, and from it, descending vertically between the nostrils, is a slight raised ridge; on the outside of the two nostrils there are two shallow notches in the rim of the nose-disk. On the top of the nose, and about a line and a half behind the nose-disk, is a prominence, which in this species is of an obtusely pyramidal form, rising more abruptly in front than behind, and which appears when seen in front like a second but narrower snout. In C. quadridens this projection is scarcely visible, and in C. rubiginosa it is simply a kind of nodular swelling. The lower lip is broadly reflected, its lower margin being free and pendent; the centre of its upper edge consists of a narrow horizontal projection, which is enclosed below by a crescentic groove: and beneath this ali the naked part forming the reflex part of the lip is covered with regular warty excrescences of a rounded form, which are much larger and better defined in the middle part than on either side, where they become small and indistinct. Below this part of the lower lip is a transverse fold or leaf, which is much more fully developed in this species than in C. rubiginosa (in which species its position is indicated by a mere line or seam), but much less so than im C. quadridens, in which it attains a leaf-like expansion of equal prominence with the lip itself. The ears are shaped much like those of C. rubiginosa; but they are relatively broader at their base than in that species, and their outer margin is less deeply emarginate. Their upper or narrower part is relatively broader than it is in the smaller species C. quadridens ; but the extreme tip is not so much rounded as in the latter species, 1861.] MR. R. F. TOMES ON MAMMALS FROM JAMAICA. 67 being, on the contrary, acute. The tragus is placed deep in the cavity of the ear, and is difficult to see; it is rather short, and of a peculiar form. Of medium breadth at the-base, it expands on each side for a distance of a little more than half its length, and from this its widest part it decreases rapidly to a blunt point, from which spring a few long, fine, frizzled hairs. Near the base of the outer margin is a blunt angular projection; and in its opposite edge are two nicks, the one below its point of greatest breadth, and the other above it, leaving a kind of rounded lobe between them. Of these nicks (they scarcely deserve the name of notches), the lower one is the deeper. But the most remarkable feature in the tragus is the manner in which it strides over or embraces the meatus auditorius. Usually this passage passes under the tragus, from behind, near to its outer edge; but in this species* the outer thin edge is split longitu- dinally at its base into two layers, one of which is in front of the meatus, and the other behind it, the latter being the smaller of the two. Thus the outer edge of the tragus may be said to stand astride of the meatus. The thumb is of moderate length, and its basal phalange is rather shorter than the penultimate one. The antibrachial membrane is rather ample near the body, but disappears before reaching the thumb. The feet are rather long, the toes being half their length ; and the claws are strong and much curved. The wing-membranes extend to the distal extremity of the tibia, over which they pass, and are attached to the root of the caleaneum, just as in Natalus and Mormoops. The tail extends barely to the middle of the interfemoral mem- brane ; and scarcely one-half of it is free above the membrane. The ears are very hairy inside near their base, 7. e. in front of the tragus, but not elsewhere, either inside or out. The fur of the fore- head extends uninterruptedly forward to the posterior facial promi- nence, which it leaves free; but on the sides of the face it comes a little more forward, and forms two very conspicuous tufts of hair, which are thick, long, and straight, and have a forward direction, their points bemg quite as far forward as the end of the nose. Ver- tically these tufts of hair extend from the edge of the upper lip almost on to the top of the nose. ‘The membranes are everywhere destitute of hair; they are finely reticulated and dotted near the sides of the body, the base of the interfemoral membrane, and the inter- brachial membrane ; under the distal extremity of the humerus they are broadly reticulated ; the remaining parts of the membrane, 7. e. those nearest the extremities, are nearly destitute of markings. The fur of ali the upper parts is short and shining, though not very fine; its general hue is dark grey-brown ; it is indistinctly tri- coloured—being dusky at the roots, then of a shining grey, and its tips dark greyish-brown ; beneath, it is of two colours—dusky at the roots, its terminal half whitish-brown, without gloss, and palest along the middle of the abdomen. The cutaneous system is dark brown. * JT have not examined the tragus of any other species of Chilonycteris. 68 MR. R, F. TOMES ON MAMMALS FROM JAMAICA. [Feb. 26, All the specimens maintain.a remarkable uniformity in colour and general appearance. Length of the head and ee HOO ces 5 of the head . Rae a 0 of the ears . 0 of the tragus 0 Breadth of the ears above their Suter ‘doth’ 0 Greatest breadth of the tragus .......... 0 eS ees 1 3 2 Bis Lenethyor forearms gio. ee ee SOP ESE ANRC! py ae ae oe ta gm date of second finger ...... a che ——— of third finger................ se of fourth! TMSer Soe ocd e os es of thumb and claws 0 of tibia. . Sena SP ies 0 of foot and claws................ 0 OF GF CRIS Site oe co as wes Se are 0 0 0 ] — WwKVvonr@awoanwmrc dr DO |= Bol tol tO Olstall ey eh. eas be or te tole — of the interfemoral membrane Expanse of wings, following the curve of the POWER: - eters “Rrieie Mae dials oils sence arn O The above dimensions have been taken from one of the largest specimens ; the fore-arm of the smallest.is 13!" shorter; and as the other dimensions conform pretty accurately to this reduced standard, it will be unnecessary to repeat them. 13. NocTILio AMERICANUS. One ex. from Long Hill, St. Elizabeth co. 14. Moxossus FrumaARIUvs, Spix. Molossus obscurus, Geoft. M. fuliginosus, Gray (not Cooper). I have seen in the museums of Paris and Leyden the specimens of M. obscurus of MM. Geoffroy and Temminck, and find them to be identical with the M. fuliginosus of the British Museum, and have no doubt that both are referable to the M. fumarius of Spix. All the West Indian specimens which I have seen are rather smaller than the South American ones, and for the most part brighter in colour, but at the same time darker. 15. NycTrnoMus NasuTus, Spix, sp. Nyctinomus brasiliensis, Geoff. N. murinus, Gray. Molossus fuliginosus, Cooper. Rhinopoma carolinensis, Le Conte (not Geoffroy). As in so many other species, the island specimens of this one aie somewhat smaller than those from the mainland. Its geographical 1861.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. 69 range appears to be very extensive. I have received specimens from many localities in South America, and have compared them with others from Central America, and with the types of N. brasiliensis in the Paris Museum, and, again, with specimens of Molossus fuligi- nosus from Charleston, South Carolina, whence they had been sent by Dr. Bachman; and I find them to be all of one species. This has been supposed by Major Le Conte and others to be the Rhinopoma carolinensis of M. Geoffroy ; but, having examined the type of this species in the Paris Museum, I am enabled to state that such is not the case. The Rhinopoma carolinensis is a small Mo- Jossus from West Africa and Bourbon (M. acetabulosus=M. nata- lensis, Smith) ; and the Vespertilio boréonicus, in the same col- lection, is a yellowish specimen of the Vespertilio (Lasiurus) nove: boracensis of the United States! An exchange of labels would ren- der these species intelligible. 4. List or A CoLLECTION oF BIRDS MADE BY THE LATE Mr. W. Ospurn In JAMAICA, witH Notes. By P.L. Scuatrer, M.A., Pu.D., SecRETARY TO THE SOCIETY. (Plate XIV.) On the departure of Mr. Osburn, the brother of the late Mr. W. Osburn, to America last year, I was entrusted with the care of the collections of Natural History formed by the latter gentleman in Jamaica, and leave was given me to examine their contents. Being now engaged in preparing a Report on the present state of our know- ledge of West Indian Vertebrates for the British Association for the Advancement of Science, I have not thought it right in the interests of science, and in vindication of the discoveries made by the late Mr. W. Osburn, to defer the examination of them any longer. I have accordingly prepared the following list of the species of birds obtained by Mr. Osburn during his sojourn in Jamaics ; and Mr. R. F. Tomes, at my request, has kindly undertaken the task of determining the Mammals, and has given the results of his inves- tigations in the paper just read to the meeting. Mr. W. Osburn, whose untimely death we must all deplore as that of an energetic scientific explorer and most intelligent writer on Na- tural History, commenced his residence in Jamaica in the beginning of 1858, and stayed there, I believe, until the period of his decease in the spring of 1860. A series of very interesting letters relating to the natural objects observed in that island will be found in ‘ The Zoologist? for 1859 and 1860, having been communicated to that periodical by Mr. P. H. Gosse, to whom they were addressed. The most interesting and the only species which appears to be en- tirely new in Mr. Osburn’s collection is a little bird belonging to the American group of Greenlets (Vireonide), clearly intermediate in characters between Vireo and Vireolanius, possessing the bill of the latter and the plumage and general structure of the former. This 70 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. — [Feb. 26, form, which Mr. Osburn has designated in his MS. “Olive Chat- terer,” I propose to dedicate to its discoverer by the name Laletes osburni. Besides this, Mr. Osburn’s series embraces examples of six other species not noticed by Mr. Gosse in his admirable work on the birds of theisland; and Mr. Osburn may therefore be fairly considered to have added the following eight species to the Jamaican avi-fauna :— 1. Henicocichla ludoviciana. . Dendreca palmarum. . Laletes osburnt. . Nesopsar nigerrimus. . Siphonorhis americanus. . Tringa bonapartii. . Herodias egretta. . Nycticorax violaceus. CONT Or ® OG bO 1. Turpus sAMarcensis, Gm.: Gosse, B. Jam. p. 142, et IIl. pl. 24. 2. TurDUS AURANTIUS, Gm.—Merula leucogenys, Gosse, B. Jam. p- 136, et Ill. no. 23. 3. Henicocicuta LupovictAna (Aud. ).—Seiurus ludovicianus, Baird. Two ex., from Freeman’s Hall, Trelawny (5th Sept. 1859). This species is not mentioned by Gosse ; but I have examples from Jamaica in my own collection from a different source. Mr, Osburn has marked it “ Setwrus noveboracensis.” 4, HrnIcocicHLA NOVEBORACENSIS, Gm.: Gosse, p. 151. One ex. from Savannah la Mar, Westmoreland, 28th Aug. 1858. Seiurus gossii, Bp. Consp. p. 306, is founded upon the Jamaican bird, but it does not appear to me different from the continental 1. noveboracensis. 5. HENICOCICHLA AURICAPILLA (Lin.).—Seiurus auricapillus, Gosse, p. 152. One ex., from Long Hall (March 11th). 6. ParuLA AMERICANA (Linn.): Gosse, p. 154. Two ex., from Mahogany Hall. 7, GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS (Linn.): Gosse, p. 148. Three ex., from different localities. 8. Mnroriita vARIA (Linn.) : Gosse, p. 134. One ex., Freeman’s Hall (January). 9. DENDR@CA CANADENSIS (Linn.) : Gosse, p. 160. Several examples in full male plumage. 1861.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. 71 10. DenpR@cA PANNOSA (Gosse).—Sylvicola pannosa, Gosse, p. 162. Mr. Osburn’s collection contains one example of this bird, marked “female.” TI have little doubt that it is, as has been suggested by Prof. Baird (B. Amer. p. 271) the female of D. canadensis, but I have not been able to compare it with females of D. canadensis from the continent. 11. DENDRa@cA PHARETRA (Gosse).—Sylvicola pharetra, Gosse, p- 163; Osburn in Zoologist, p. 6660. Eight examples of this bird are in Mr. Osburn’s collection, prin- cipally from Freeman’s Hall, collected in January, April, and August 1859. I think there can be no doubt about its being a good typical Dendreca; and I should place it next to D. striata, which it ap- proaches to in colouring more nearly than to any other known spe- cies. The sexes, as determined by Mr. Osburn, are nearly similar; only the female is less striated and more white on the lower surface, and has the vent and upper tail-coverts pale brown. In the male these parts are more of an ashy brown. 12. Denpreca verecuta (Linn.): Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1859, p. 376.—Sylvicola estiva, Gosse, p. 157. Three examples of this bird (which is rightly distinguished by Cassin from the continental D. estiva, and appears to be the true petechia) are marked by Mr. Osburn “ Sylvicola eoa, Gosse.” I do not know the latter bird ; but if Mr. Gosse’s description (p. 157) and figure (Ill. no. 34) are at all accurate, it must be quite a different species. Mr. Osburn’s three specimens of D. petechia were obtained in the months of April, May, and August. The crown of that killed in May is deep orange-red, of which there are less traces in that killed in April. The specimen obtained in August is in full plumage, but in bad feathering, and apparently in moult. 13. Denpra@ca TIGRINA (Gm.): Baird, B. Amer. p. 286. — Certhiola maritima, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 87, et Ill. pl. 17. Two examples—a male from Long Hill, St. Elizabeth, 12th March, 1832, coming into full plumage, and a female or young bird from Portland, Vere, 12th April, marked Sylvicola estiva. 14, DENDR@CA PALMARUM (Vieill.): Baird, B. Amer. p. 288. Three examples of this rather scarce Wood-warbler (which is not meutioned by Mr. Gosse) are in Mr. Osburn’s series, marked S. estiva. A male, killed April 6th, 1859, shows the red head coming on; and ina second of tlie same sex, killed in November, the red tinge may be distinguished. The third bird is a female, with the date not given. 15. DeNDRa@CA DISCOLOR (Vieill.): Gosse, p. 159. Three ex., obtained in January and August. 72 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. _[ Feb. 26, 16. SeropHAGA RUTICILLA (Linn.): Gosse, p. 164. Several ex. of both sexes. 17. PevTROCHELIDON FULVA ( Vieill.).—Hirundo peciloma, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 64. One ex. It is now well known that this insular bird (and not the N. American H. lunifrons of Say) is the true Hirundo fulva of Vieillot. 18. PeETROCHELIDON EUCHRYSEA (Gosse): Gosse, p. 68. Three ex., from Freeman’s Hall, Trelawny. 19. Vireo mopestus, Sciater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 462. — Vireo noveboracensis, Gosse, p. 192. (Pl. XIV. fig. 1.) Three examples of this bird, from Freeman’s Hall and Mahogany Hall, Trelawny, serve to confirm the validity of the species which I have recently separated from Vireo noveboracensis of the continent. The sexes appear to be coloured alike. Mr. Gosse states that it is found all the year in Jamaica, “though in diminished numbers in the summer.’ Mr. Osburn’s examples were procured in February, October, and November. 20. VIREOSYLVIA ALTILOQUA (Vieill.).— Muscicapa altiloqua, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 67; Vireosylvia olivacea, Gosse, p. 194. All the Vireosylvie which I have met with from Jamaica and S. Domingo belong to the present species, which I have no doubt is the bird taken by Gosse for Vireosylvia olivacea, as has already been suggested by Mr. Newton (Ibis, 1859, p. 145). Mr. Osburn’s spe- cimens were obtained in the months of June, July, and August. 21. LALETES OSBURNI, sp. etg. nov. (Pl. XIV. fig. 2.) Laletes genus novum Vireonidarum, inter Vireonem e¢ Vireolanium medium, rostro huic, illi vero coloribus magis affine : rostrum altius, fortius, compressius quam in Vireone et apice magis uncinato, sed brevius quam in Vireolanio: ale modice, dimi- dium caude attingentes : remige externo spurio presente ; quinto longissimo, sed quartum et sextum, inter se equales, vir superante, secundo breviore quam secundarii : pedes et cauda fere sicut in Vireone, sed pedes majores et robustiores, et tarsi paulo longiores. Typ. et sp. unica Laletes osburnt. L. olivaceus, pileo vix olivacescente, subtus dilutior, abdomine precipue in medio flavicante : rostro plumbeo, pedibus cory- linis. Long. tota 5°7, alae 2°9, caudze 2°2, rostri a rictu 0°65, tarsi 0°85 une. et dec. Hab. In ins. Jamaica. Mr. Osburn’s collection contains four examples of this bird, labelled «Olive Chatterer,’’ and obtained at Freeman’s Hall, Trelawny, in the months of January and April 1859. Comparing it with Vireo 1861.] DR. P. L, SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. 73 flavifrons, which it exceeds by rather more than half an inch in total length, we find the beak more compressed and Shrike-like, and nearly similar to that of Vireolanius pulchellus, only shorter. The wings are much shorter in proportion than in Vireo flavifrons, and the first spurious primary is well developed, measuring about three-quarters of an inch from its insertion. The tarsi and feet in Laletes are also rather more robust, and the tail slightly longer, than in this Vireo. The following notice of this species is extracted from one of Mr. Osburn’s letters in the Zoologist (1859, p. 6662). “A second bird rather abundant in this district, and not included in your list, is a sober-suited olive-coloured little fellow, that keeps pretty much to the higher branches of lofty trees, though I have not unfrequently met with it on less elevated positions. From its strong, compressed, deeply-toothed bill, I was at first inclined to suppose it might belong to Mr. Swainson’s extensive genus Thamnophilus ; but a better acquaintance with its habits and structure has convinced me that it should probably be classed among his Ampelide, and some- where near Pteruthius, perhaps, though I am unable to refer it satis- factorily to any of his genera. Not to fill up my letter with a de- tailed description, which I propose forwarding with the specimens, I may add that the head is a grey dubious olive, which becomes greener on the back. The quills and tail smoky-black, with olive edges, and the under parts dingy yellow. But its chief characteristics are the disproportionate size and thickness of the head, which seems only owing to the arrangement of the feathers, for it would not be suspected from the dried skin. I hope to forward an outline taken from a specimen when quite recent. The grey-blue of the beak is singularly in contrast with the prevailing tints of the plumage. The bird is tame and fearless, and, if perching low, may be easily ap- proached, and is another of the lovers of profound solitude in the forest. I shot two in the earlier part of the year, and in the spring two more. They were then more sociable, and not uncommon. They hunt insects, with considerable bustle. It will give an idea of their movements, if I add that on shooting them at great heights I mistook, before firing, one of them for a Vireosylvia, and the other for Sylvicola pharetra; but I never saw it distinctly catch an insect on the wing. The stomachs contained several large seeds, a plant-bug, elytra of beetles, &c.”’ 22. PrinoGonys aRMILLATA (Vieill.) : Gosse, p. 198. 23. CERTHIOLA FLAVEOLA (Linn.) : Gosse, p. 84. Several examples. 24. GLOSSIPTILA RUFICOLLIS, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 269.— Tanagrella ruficollis, Gosse, p. 236. Several ex. of both sexes. 25. Eupnonta samaica (Linn.): Gosse, p. 238. Several examples. 74 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. [Feb. 26, 26. SPINDALIS NIGRICEPHALA (Jameson): Sclater, P.Z.S. 1856, p- 230.—Tunagra zena, Gosse, p. 231. A pair of this Tanager. 27. Lox1e1Lua vioLacea (Linn.). — Pyrrhula violacea, Gosse, p. 254. Two ex. of the male sex, and one female “in male attire,’’ as marked by Mr. Osburn. 28. LoxiGILLta ANOXANTHA (Gosse).—Spermophila anoxantha, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 247. Several examples of this bird, which I have often seen in Jamaica collections. It seems to belong to the same little group as the pre- ceding species, having the same sort of bill, though, of course, smaller in size, and perhaps not quite so much incurved. The anus, properly so-called, is “‘ brick-red,” as correctly described by Gosse, whereas his specific term would seem to imply that it was yellow. 29. CoTuRNICULUS TIxIcRUS, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 242. Two examples—the first I have seen of this bird, which is cer- tainly a good species, and different from any of its continental repre- sentatives. One example was obtained at Freeman’s Hall, in July 1859, and the other in the Santa Cruz mountains, in the previous March. 30. SycaLIs BRASILIENSIS (Gm.). — Crithagra brasiliensis, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 245. One ex., a male, in full plumage. 31. IcreRUs LEUCOPTERYX (Wagl.): Gosse, p. 226.—Psaroco- lius leucopteryz, Wagl. Syst. Av. sp. 16; I. personatus, Tem- minck. One example. 32. DottcHonyx oryztvorvs (Linn.): Gosse, p. 229. One ex., a female, killed in October. 33. NESOPSAR NIGERRIMUS, Sclater, Ibis, 1859, p. 456.—Icterus nigerrimus, Black Banana Bird, Osburn in Zoologist, pp. 6661 et 6714, et MS. I shortly described this bird, and gave it a generic name (when noticing Mr. Osburn’s letter about it in ‘The Ibis’), from examples in my own collection. Mr. Osburn’s series contains six specimens of this bird, agreeing with my own. The form must, I think, be placed among the Quiscaline, not far from Scolecophagus, and next to Lampropsar of Cabanis. If I am right in my identification of Lampropsar guianensis, the two forms are perhaps barely separable generically. The beak (see woodcut) is nearly alike in both; the wings are proportionately rather shorter in Lampropsar, but their 1861.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. 79 general structure is the same; the tail is shorter in Nesopsar, and the tarsi are likewise considerably shorter. Mr. Osburn’s six examples of this bird were obtained at Freeman’s Hall, as is related in ‘The Zoologist’ (p. 6661), where the following notice is given of this species :— “Towards the end of last year, whilst riding through the lower mountains, a perfectly black bird alighted on a wild pine growing at some height, in a vertical position; and as I watched it I observed it climb about the stiff leaves with great agility, and eagerly search their sheathing bases. Your surmise as to the ‘ Black Banana Bird’ instantly occurred to me. I did not then procure it ; but the negroes assured me they were abundant higher up, and the investigation was one of the chief objects I proposed to myself on coming here. I did not find them very common, and procured only four specimens during the first six weeks of the year. They are to be met with especially in those deep damp hollows which the forest growth seems striving to conceal, and where orchideous parasites and wild pines luxuriate in abundance. It may there be seen climbing among them, as mentioned above, or flying from tree to tree in short flights ; or, if not visible, its very peculiar call is audible far over head. I would imitate it by < fep- chur-r-r-r, —the first a loud, clear note, followed bya rattle, reproduced with sufficient exactness by a long, rough ‘7.’ The whole bird is coloured black, and that of the plumage has the purplish gloss of our Quiscalus. The hind toe seems rather more developed than in Icterus leucopteryx ; and it has, I think, a corresponding increase of climb- ing power, oftener assuming the vertical attitude. One I shot hung head downwards for some time, exactly as the common Banana Bird will do. Another very marked distinction is, that the culmen, or upper ridge of the bill, is flattened and broad, dividing the frontal feathers, like a plate, but does not expand. The following are the dimensions of two specimens ; the second was a female, and the first I believe a male, though the part was much injured :— Length 8)". Exp. 13. Flex. 43. Tail 27. eer Le aay lis asthe so Og Rictus 1". Tarsus 1. Mid. toe 1. ae he oe tke “ 23 76 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. [Feb. 26, Hallux £, not, therefore, so long as the tarsus. Intestine 8. The stomachs of all four contained fragments of insects, Coleoptera chiefly ; I found no traces of seeds. On the 11th of February the ova of the female were still minute; and in skinning the birds I noticed a rank odour common to many Oorvide. A female was brought to me still alive, and apparently uninjured, except a fracture of the leg. It showed not the slightest pugnacity when handled, and lived several hours. It had not any notion of applying the uninjured foot to a flat surface, but kept it grasped. I put it ona perch. Whether from pain or weakness I do not know; but it immediately slipped round and hung suspended head downwards by its sound foot for some time, and then fell. Ido not regard this as a satisfactory proof that the bird habitually rests in this position; but it is not impossible, because, according to the ordinary theory of perching, that in which the weight of the body is brought to bear is, with most birds, the easiest position ; whereas this bird made no effort to keep upright, but immediately slid round, as if that were the most available posture for holding on. Of its nidification I have as yet learnt nothing. Should this species prove new to science as well as an addition to our Jamaica list, I would propose ‘ nigerrimus’ as the specific name, if it is not already appropriated.” 34. Exarnea corra, Gosse, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. iii. p. 257 (1849); Ill. B. Jam. pl. 45. Four examples, in one of which the yellow crown is barely dis- cernible. I have two examples of a second species of this genus from Jamaica, which is, I suppose, undescribed*. Before I had an opportunity of examining Mr. Osburn’s specimens I was inclined to believe the latter were Mr. Gosse’s FH. cotta ; but I now find that they are quite different,—Llainea fallax, as I propose to call it, be- longing to the section of the group with a concealed white crest as in H. pagana; whereas EF. cotta is more nearly allied to EL. placens of Guatemala, and others, in which the crest is less concealed, and of a bright yellow. 35. Prraneus caupirascratus (D’Orb.): La Sagra, Cuba, pl.12; Gosse, B. Jam. p. 177. One example of this bird, which, although abnormal in colouring, appears to be best placed with the Pitangi. 36. My1arcuus vatipus, Cab. Orn. Not. ii. p. 351.—Tyran- nula gossii, Bp. Consp. p. 189.—Tyrannus crinitus, Gosse, p. 186, nee Americanorum. Two ex. of this species. * ELAINEA FALLAX, Sp. Nov. Obscure olivaceo-viridis, alis caudaque fuscis, hac olivaceo extus limbata, illarum tectricibus et secundariis virescenti-albo extus late marginatis: pileo sub- cristato interne albo: subtus flavicans, gutture olivaceo induto: rostro ob- secure corneo, basi albicante: pedibus nigris. Long. tota 5:2”, ale 2°7, caudze 2°5, tarsi 75. Hab. In ins. Jamaica. 1861.] | DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. 77 37. Myrarcuus stotipus (Gosse).— Myiobius stolidus, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 168. Two ex. of this species, which seems to be best arranged among the smaller Myiarchi. 38. Buacicus paLuipus, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1855, p. 480.— Myjiobius pallidus, Gosse, p. 166. Several ex. of this little species, which is, according to Cabanis, nearly allied to B. caribeus of Cuba, the type of this section of Tyrannide. 39. Puatrypsaris NIGRA (Gm.).—Lanius niger, Gm.—Pachy- rhamphus niger, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 72.—Tityra leuconotus, Gray, et Gosse, p. 187.—Pach. nigrescens, Cab. Several examples, in different stages of plumage. 40. CeryLE ALcyon (Linn.): Gosse, p. 81. One ex. 41. Topus viripis, Linn.: Gosse, p. 72. One ex. 42. Nycrrsius JAMAIcENSIS (Linn.): Gosse, p. 41. Two ex. 43. CHorDEILES miNoR, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1856, p. 5.—C. gundlachii, Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y. vi. p. 165.—C. virginianus, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 33. One example of this Chordeiles, obtained in April, which, judging from its dimensions, I must refer to the same species or lecal va- riety as that which occurs in Cuba, and has been distinguished by Dr. Cabanis and Mr. Lawrence. Its measurements are, long. tota 7°75", alee 7°1, caudee 3°7. 44, SIPHONORHIS AMERICANUS (Linn.). Caprimulgus seu Noctua sylvatica jamaicensis minor, Ray, Syn. Ay. et Pisce. (1713). Small Wood-Owl, Sloane, Jam. ii. p. 296. Caprimulgus jamaicensis, Briss. Av. ti. p. 480. Caprimulgus americanus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 346; Gm. 8. N. ii. p-. 1032. Siphonorhis genus novum Caprimulgidarum, affine Nyctidromo, sed rostro valde dilatato, apice uncinato, naribus tubularibus et longe eminentibus diversum: ale modice: pedes gressorii, tarsis elongatis, nudis: digiti medii ungue pectinato, cauda rotundata. Typ. et sp. un. Siphonorhis americanus. $. Fulvo nigroque variegatus, colore capitis cinerascentiore : 78 DR. P. L, SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. [Feb. 26, maculis quibusdam, plumarum scapos occupantibus, in capite elongatis, in dorso magis quadratis, nigris: alis nigris, pallido fulvo extus regulariter ocellatis et intus transvittatis : cauda fulvo nigroque minute variegata, fasciis transversis indistinctis nigris ; margine lato apicali, in rectricibus mediis angustiore, albo: subtus dorso similis sed cervice albo torquata, et ventris medi plumis late albo terminatis. 2 torque cervicali et rectricum apicibus fulvescentibus. Long. tota 8°75", alee 5°3, caudee 4°8, tarsi ‘95, digiti med. ‘95. Hab. In ins. Jamaica. Mr. Osburn’s collection contains a pair of this very singular Goat- sucker, obtained at Freeman’s Hall, Trelawny, in September 1859. The tickets attached to the two birds appear to have been changed, as the white-collared bird, which is evidently the male, is marked “female,” and the other, “male.” The form, which is quite new to ay SAN INS Wai) Mj SMD N me, is easily distinguishable from other American Caprimulgide by its broadened bill, which is almost that of Nyctibius, the excessive elon- gation of the tubular nostrils, and the long naked tarsi (see woodcut). I should be inclined to place it next to Nyetidromus, with which it agrees in the latter point; and I have no doubt that its habits, of which unfortunately we have no record, are more or less terrestrial. That this bird (and not Nyctidromus derbianus, as Mr. Cassin* has attempted to show) is the Jamaican species of Sloane, upon which Linneeus established his Caprimulgus americanus, I think there can be little doubt. Mr. Cassin has elaborately discussed the whole sub- ject and comes to this conclusion—“ that a species of Nyctidromus does inhabit Jamaica, and which is not mentioned by Mr. Gosse, Sloane’s figure and description clearly demonstrate.” Now, no true Nyctidromus is known to inhabit Jamaica; but this aberrant form, which comes nearest to that genus, probably takes its place. It is also especially remarkable for its elevated tubular nostrils—the only character given by Linneeus for the diagnosis of his Caprimulgus americanus*, and, as I believe, of itself sufficient to distinguish this peculiar form from every other known Caprimulgine bird. * Proc. Acad. Philad. 1851, p. 180 e¢ seq. + “narium tubulis eminentibus.”—Linn. S. N. i. p. 346, 1861.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. 79 45. CH&TURA ZONARIS (Shaw) .— Acanthylis collaris, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 51. Several examples, not differing essentially from continental speci- mens. I have seen the same bird from S. Domingo. 46. Lamrornis porpHyruRA (Shaw). — Lampornis mango, p- 88. 47, Potyrmus cepHauater, Bp. Consp. p. 72.—T'rochilus po- lytmus, Gosse, p. 97. 48. Coccyzus senicutus (Linn.): Gosse, p. 281. One specimen from Savannah la Mar. 49. Praya pLuviatis (Gm.): Gosse, p. 277. 50. CrororHagca ANI, Linn.: Gosse, p- 282. Adults and nestlings. The sexes are alike, the sharp keel of the upper mandible being equally developed in both. 51, CenTURUS RADIOLATUS (Wagl.): Gosse, p. 271. One ex. 52. Conurus NaNus (Vig.). — Psittacara nana, Vig. Zool. Journ. v. p. 273.—C. flaviventer, Gosse, p. 263. Several ex. of both sexes, between which there is no external dif- ference. 53. CHRYSOTIS AGILIS (Linn.) : Gosse, p. 266. Two ex., of which the female, as marked, is rather smaller in di- mensions. 54. CHRYSOTIS COLLARIA (Linn.).—Ps. collarius, Linn. 8. N. p. 149.—P. leucocephalus, Gosse, p. 269.—Pionus vinaceicollis, Lafr. R. Z. 1846, p. 321. Two ex., of which that marked female has the white front very uarrow. ‘This species, as I have already pointed out, is represented in Cuba by C. leucocephala, in 8. Domingo by C. salle, and in Porto Rico by Chrysotis vittata (see P. Z.S. 1857, p. 225). When these islands formed one piece of land the region was, no doubt, occupied by a common progenitor, a certain Chrysotis prisca, from which these four birds have become modified during their descent. 55. Hyporriorcuis coLumBarius (Linn.): Gosse, p. 17. 56. Srrrx PRATINCOLA, Bp.: Gosse, p. 23. This seems to be more like the N. American Striv pratincola than to the Cuban Strix furcata, though I should mention that I have not had an opportunity of making an accurate comparison of speci- mens. 80 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. [Feb. 26, 57. Psruposcors Grammicus (Gosse).—Ephialtes grammicus, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 19.—Otus grammicus (subgen. Pseudoscops), Kaup, Trans. Zool. Soc. iv. p. 231. One example of this very distinct Owl, the affinities of which seem to be rather with Otus than with Scops. 58. ParaGi@nas CAR1BA (Linn.): Bp. Consp. ii. p. 54; Gosse, p- 291. 59. PATAGIGNAS LEUCOCEPHALA (Linn.) : Gosse, p. 299. 60. Cutora@Nas INoRNATA (Vig.): Bp. Consp. ii. p. 53.—C. rufina, Gosse, p. 296. 61. ZeNAIDA LEUCOPTERA (Linn.): Gosse, p. 304. 62. ZENAIDA AMABILIS, Bp.: Gosse, p. 307. 63. CHAMZPELIA PASSERINA (Linn.): Gosse, p. 311. 64. GrorryGon montana (Linn.): Gosse, p. 320. Mr. Gosse has forwarded examples of all these seven Columbide, concerning which I have only to remark that, if the continental form of Chamepelia (usually called passerina) is really distinct from the Antillean, it seems to be the latter that should bear the name pas- serina. The Jamaican bird, as Mr. A. Newton has remarked (Ibis, 1859, p. 254), is the same as the species which inhabit the Virgin Islands—the Chamepelia trochila of Bonaparte (Consp. il. p. 77), which name must in this case give place to the Linnean one. 65. NumMIpA MELEAGRIS (Linn.): Gosse, p. 325. Introduced from Africa. 66. OrtTyx vIRGINIANUS (Linn.): Gosse, p. 328. Introduced from the United States. 67. ASGIALITIS MELODUS (Ord): Gosse, p. 330. 68. GALLINAGO WILsoni (Temm.): Gosse, p. 353. 69. GAMBETTA MELANOLEUCA (Gm.): Gosse, p. 352. 70. RuyacopHiILus souirarivs (Wils.): Gusse, p. 350. 71. TRiInGorpEs MACULARIUS (Linn.): Gosse, p. 349. 72. Trinea witsont, Nutt.—Pelidna pusilla, Gosse, p. 348. 73. TRINGA BONAPARTHI, Schleg. 74. Heroptas eGretta (Gm.): Baird, p. 666. Two ex. in Mr, Osburn’s collection I refer to this species, which is 1861.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM JAMAICA. 8k not mentioned by Gosse. In the larger the tarsus measures 6:4 inches, in the smaller (marked female) 5-5 inches. The billis yellow, with a blackish tip to the upper mandible. Mr. Osburn has marked his specimens “ Lyretta leuce?,”’ and has given some interesting notes on its habits under this name in ‘ The Zoologist’ (p. 6932). 75. GARZETTA CANDIDISSIMA, Bp.: Baird, p. 665; Gosse, p- 336; Osburn in Zoologist, p. 6932. ‘One ex., obtained in Aguatta Vale, Metcalf, Oct. 1859. ‘Bill black, all but the base, which, like the skin of the front, is bright yellow; tarsi black in front, behind of the same colour as the toes— a greenish yellow.”’— Osburn, 1. c. 76. FLortps cH@RvuLea (Linn.): Baird, p. 671.—Zgretta cerulea et LE. nivea, Gosse, pp. 334 et 337; Osburn in Zoologist, pp. 6932, 6933. Two ex. in adult blue dress, and three in the white dress of im- maturity (Egretta nivea, Gosse). 77. ARDEA HERODIAS, Linn.: Gosse, p. 346. 78. ARDETTA EXILIS (Gm.): Gosse, p. 343. 79. Nycticorax viouaceus (Linn.). One ex. of this Night-heron. 80. ARAMUS GIGANTEUS (Bp.): Baird, B. N. Am. p. 657.—No- therodius holostictus, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1856, p. 426.—Aramus scolopaceus, Gosse, p. 355. One female example agreeing with the Northern form, and distinct from the Southern 4. scolopaceus. 81. Ratius crepirans (Gm.): Baird, p. 747.—Rallus longi- rostris, Gosse, p. 364. 82. PoRZANA CAROLINA (Linn.): Gosse, p. 371. One ex. 83. PoRZANA JAMAICENSIS (Gm.): Gosse, p. 375. Several ex. 84. Crex minuTA (Lath.): Gosse, p. 372. One ex., from “ Rosslin Castle.’’ 85. FULICA AMERICANA, Gm.: Gosse, p. 384. 86. GALLINULA GALEATA (Licht.) ; Gosse, p. 381. 87. PorpHyrio MARTINICUS (Linn.): Gosse, p. 377. Proc. Zoou,. Soc.—1861, No. VI. 82 DR. E, CRISP ON THE ANATOMY OF [Feb. 26, 88. QuERQUEDULA pDiscors (Linn.): Gosse, p. 401. _ Twoex. Ican scarcely believe that Gosse’s Cyanopterus tnorna- tus is really different from this species ; but his specimens should be examined. 89. SPATULA CLYPEATA (Linn.): Gosse, p. 408. One ex., a female obtained in November. 90. Popitymsus popiceps (Linn.): Baird, B. Am. p. 898; Gosse, p. 438. Three ex., to each of which is attached a paper containing a mass of feathers “ taken out of the pyloric cavity.” 91. Popicrers pominicus (Linn.): Gosse, p. 400. One ex. 92. StERNA REGIA, Gambel: Baird, B. N. Am. p. 858.—Tha- lasseus cayanus, Gosse, p. 431. One ex., obtained in March, with wing-feathers in moult. 5. ON some Points RELATING TO THE Hapits AND ANATOMY OF THE OCEANIC AND OF THE FRESHWATER Ducks, AND ALSO OF THE Hare (LEpuS TIMIDUS) AND OF THE RABBIT (L. cuNIcULUS), IN RELATION TO THE QueEsTION or Hy- BRiIDIsM. By Epwarps Crisp; M.D., F.Z.S8., erc. This communication was suggested by the exhibition at our last meeting, by Mr. Bartlett, of four hybrid ducks between the Summer Duck (4. sponsa) of North America, the Pochard (Fuligula ferina), and the Ferruginous Duck (Fuligula nyroea). Mr. Bartlett thought that the progeny of these hybrids would be prolific. In the discussion which followed concerning these birds, I expressed my belief that the hybrid between the hare and the rabbit was a much more re- markable occurrence, taking the habits and the anatomy of the ani- mals into account, than that of a cross between an oceanic and a freshwater duck. From this opinion several of the members dis- sented. It will now be my object to make a fair investigation of this matter; and as the question of hybridism is one becoming daily of greater importance, I think that our time will not be unprofitably occupied, more especially as the comparisons I am about to institute will, I think, furnish some matters of physiological interest. And first, of the Ducks ; and 1 speak chiefly of British ducks. In this family of birds there is, for the most part, a great general resem- blance, whether we look to their habits or to their anatomy. They have been divided into the Oceanic and Freshwater ducks; but it must be observed that they both frequent the sea, and also the freshwater rivers, although the first-named ducks are more limited to the ocean, 1861.] THE ANATID AND LEPUS. 83 to which their structural peculiarities render them better adapted. Their flesh, as regards flavour, has the same character, although modified somewhat by the nature of the food. In the sexual * dif- ferences of colour (excepting the genus Jadorna) there is a great general resemblance ; and the same may be said, as far as we know, of the period of incubation. The eggs, comparatively speaking, both as regards number and appearance, are very uniform. Their ni- dification, too, including the abstraction of down from the body of the female, is nearly of the same kind ; and the nature of their food, both animal and vegetable, is very similar. Of animal food the oceanic and diving ducks obtain a greater variety, including univalve and bivalve shells ; but some of the freshwater ducks (so called), as the Shoveller (Anas clypeata), obtain a large quantity of these, as I have verified in several instances by dissection. If we look to their internal organization, we have here likewise a great general resemblance. The lungs, heart, gullet, gizzard, intes- tines and their appendices—the pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and oil- glands—have nearly all the same character. I have placed on the table the sterna of twenty-two different spe- cies of ducks, and likewise the trachez of nearly all the species of our British ducks ; and it will be seen that, with the exception of the Common Scoter (Anas nigra) and the Surf Scoter (A. perspicillata), the lower part of the air-tube is furnished with a bony enlarge- ment, more or less complete in the different species of oceanic ducks, and affording in these a greater variation as to form: thus, in the King Duck (A. spectabilis) and in the Eider (A. mollissima) this protuberance is without membranous divisions, as in the freshwater ducks; and the same may be said of the Velvet Scoter (4. fusea) ; but the enlargement in the air-tube of this bird is seated some distance above the bronchi. In Yarrell’s ‘British Birds,’ vol. iii. pp. 148, 202, descriptions are given of the freshwater and oceanic ducks. The characteristics of the former are said to be length of neck and wings, round tarsi, unlobated and free hind toe. ‘In habits they may be stated gene- rally as frequenting fresh water, but passing much of their time on land, feeding in ditches and about the shallow margins of pools, on aquatic plants, insects, worms, and occasionally on small fish, taking their food at or near the surface, possessing great powers of flight, but seldom diving unless pursued. Of their internal parts, the stomach is in the greatest degree muscular, forming a true gizzard ; the intestines long ; the ceecal appendages from 6 to 9 inches in length in the larger birds, and decreasing only in proportion to the size of the species. Of the bones it may be observed that the ribs are short, the angle formed by the union of the first pair on each side extending but little beyond the line of the posterior edge of the sternum ; the keel of the breast-bone is deep, affording great extent of surface for the attachment of large and powerful pectoral muscles ; the enlargement at the bottom of the trachea in all of them is of * I do not speak of the changes of plumage in the oceanic ducks, because we have yet much to learn respecting this matter, 84 DR. EF, CRISP ON THE ANATOMY OF [Feb. 26, bone only. The males of this species are further remarkable for becoming for a time during summer more or less like the females,” Ke. At page 202, in speaking of the oceanic ducks, their food is said to be “fish, shelled mollusca, crustacea, and marine insects, but little or no vegetable production. Their powers of flight moderate, and their walk embarrassed, from the backward position of their legs. Of their soft parts, the cesophagus is capable of great dilation ; the stomach is a muscular gizzard, but the internal cavity is large, and the sides comparatively thin. The ribs are elongated, and the keel of the breast-bone decreases in depth in those species which in their habits most resemble the Merganser.” In the above account there are several inaccuracies. Thus, the giz- zard in many of the diving ducks, taking the weight of the bird into consideration, is quite as muscular as in the freshwater ducks ; in- deed the nature of their food requires this provision. I have not found either the above-mentioned difference in the cesophagus or in the length of the alimentary canal and appendices. The oceanic ducks, moreover, take a large amount of vegetable food ; and the pro- - portional size of the pectoral muscles in many of them is quite as great as in the freshwater ducks. The keel of the sternum, too, in some, is as deep ; indeed the sterna of two of the ducks in question (the Summer Duck and the Ferruginous) bear in every respect a great resemblance ; but to bring this matter to a more practical bearing, let me take eight ducks that I have recently dissected (four oceanic and four freshwater), by way of comparison of the length of the intestinal tubes. The appendices are included in the length of the canal. Length of | Length of Name Weight. |alimentary| appen- canal, dices. oz. ft. in in. Scaup (Anas Marila) viccrseserecsernenees 27 Te 13 Golden-eye (4. clangula) .....+..seeeevenes 31 5.68 10 Pochard)(4. ferind)) .c.desecacesccosevacers 37 5 0 4 Common Scoter (A. nigra) ....s0.sse0e ee 384 6 0 14 Shoveller (4. clypeata)........-sesssseeeeee 20 a vi 6 Pintail (4. Geta) ...000.....00sececcesrereee 36 5 3 12 Wild Duck (4. boschas) ......cceceesseeee 42 (bing 10 Garganey Teal (4. querquedula) .........| 13 5 8 4 In twenty skeletons of different species of ducks that I have lately examined, I find that all have fourteen cervical vertebree, seven cau- dal, and nine pairs of ribs, with the exception of the Summer Duck (Anas sponsa) and the Anas ceruleata: these have only eight ribs ; but I scarcely need say that more than one specimen must be exa- mined to ascertain whether this is the normal number. Time will not allow me to touch upon the minor differences, ex- _ternal and internal, which apply more or less to all families of birds Speaking generally, the short, thick-set, rounded form of the oceanic duck, its short wings and neck, shorter and flatter tarsi, lobated 1861.] THE ANATID AND LEPUS. 85 hind toe, more elastic breast-feathers, and the greater quantity * of grey down upon the skin, will serve at once to distinguish it. In- ternally the form of the lower part of the air-tube in the male, the wider and shorter sternum, in many instances with a less developed keel, and the form of the pelvis, are for the most part sufficiently characteristic ; but they are none of them, I think, as regards the question at issue, of special importance. One of my objects has been to point out some of the errors (as I believe) that generally prevail respecting portions of the anatomy of the oceanic ducks, and to show that several of the distinctions made aré not well-founded. In my concluding paper + “ On the Presence or Absence of Air in the Bones of Birds,’ I hope to exhibit other differences, not before recorded, respecting the absence of air in the humeri, and the muscular arrangement of the air-cells in some of the Sea-ducks (so called). But lastly, as to the inquiry whether these hybrid ducks between the Summer Duck, the Pochard, and the Ferruginous Duck are likely to breed together as suggested by Mr. Bartlett, I have no hesitation, looking to their anatomy, in which there is a great general resem- blance, to answer the question in the affirmative ; but whether the progeny of these hybrids will also be prolific, is a matter that time only can determine. I now come to the more interesting part of my subject, viz. that of the Leporines—hy brids, so called, between the hare and the rabbit. It has been stated that M. Rouy, of Angouléme, has bred for the market a thousand of these Leporides yearly—that they are fertile both with the hare and the rabbit, and with each other. I have written to M. Rouy, but up to the present time I have received no answer. It is reported that the cross is effected by keeping the animals together wher very young. In the Society’s Collection there are now several of these Leporines, and two of them have litters of young; but whether they are of the first cross it is difficult to deter- mine. The adult animals have a hare-like character ; they are large, weighing about 5 lbs., with long ears and long hind legs ; but this description will equally apply to some varieties of the rabbit. I have, however, carefully examined the fur (microscopically and otherwise); and about the hare-like character of this I think there cannot be a question. The hair is long, and has the same party-coloured ap- pearance (black and fawn) as in the hare—a peculiarity that I have not seen in any variety of the rabbit. ‘The disinclination of the male for copulation is another feature very unlike the character of the rabbit. Of the two females mentioned, one has five young ones, and the other two: of the former litter two are black ; of the latter both are grey: they are born blind, are wild, and, unlike the tame rabbit, shriek when handled. The female makes her nest of dewn, and covers her young. Mr. Bartlett has kindly given me one of his young Lepos * The Summer Duck (4. sponsa) has as complete a covering of grey down as any of the oceanic ducks that I have examined, and in this respect it differs from all the British freshwater ducks that have come under my notice, t See P, Z, Ss. 1857, Pp 9, 215, 86 DR. E. CRISP ON THE ANATOMY OF LEPUS. ([Feb. 26, rines, about three and a half months old, for examination. It was bred between the male Leporine from Paris and a common black rabbit. It weighed 3lbs. 11 oz. Its fur and most of its external characters partook chiefly of those of the rabbit; and the same may be said ofits visceral anatomy : the trachea, lungs, and heart are com- paratively small ; the length of the alimentary canal 17 feet 63 inches. The flesh was white, and in flavour like that of the rabbit. With the above I have examined two hares and two wild rabbits, male and female, and I have weighed ten adult specimens of each ; the average weight of the hares was 6 lbs. 11 oz., that of the rabbits 3lbs. 40z. By way of comparison I have taken a hare weighing 7 lbs. and a rabbit weighing 3 Ibs. 5 oz. I have measured and weighed every part of importance, but I need only mention some of the comparisons :—Brain of hare 210 grains, eye 75 grains, lungs 684 grains, heart (bloodless) 655 grains, trachea very large, length of alimentary canal 18 feet. Brain of rabbit 125 grains, eye 35 grains, lungs 193 grains, heart (bloodless) 119 grains, trachea very small, alimentary canal 15 feet 1 inch. I may remark here that I have sometimes found the intestinal tube in the hare (probably in young specimens) much shorter than that before mentioned. I have com- pared the spermatozoa, the blood-corpuscles, and the various viscera not mentioned above, and I find no important difference in them. As regards the skeleton, I have been unable to discover any ap- preciable difference, except in its size and in the length of the hind extremities ; but in the Museum of the College of Surgeons there is a skeleton of the Lop-eared Rabbit (Preparation 1949); and if the posterior limbs are compared with those of the hare (Prep. 1914), the resemblance will be found to be very great. In taking a retrospect of the anatomy of these animals we find a great similarity ; the interesting and important differences are in the heart, lungs, and trachea. 'These I pointed out in 1854, in a paper read before the London Physiological Society, ‘‘On the Weight, Form, Size of the Cavities, and Thickness of the Parietes of the Heart in the Vertebrate Animals*,’ On referring to the weights of the above-named organs, it will be seen that the proportions are very re- markable. Thus, the heart of the hare (and I speak from the exami- nation of many specimens) is nearly five times the weight of that of the rabbit ; the lungs are nearly four times as heayy ; and the calibre of the trachea three or four times as great; the rings of the air- tube are about the same number in both. But it must be remembered that these are differences in degree, and not in sind, and may be explained to some extent by the habits of the anjmal. The comparative swiftness and durability of speed of the hare require a larger and stronger circulating organ; and the same remark will apply to the respiratory apparatus. If, however, we have this similarity of structure, in many respects (as is well known) the habits of the animals are widely different. The period” of gestation in the hare is said to be a month, that of the wild rabbit three weeks; but I am not acquainted with any reliable evidence ; * Lancet, 1854. P.Z.S.1861 Plate XV. | : 5 i = 1861.] MR. R. F, TOMES ON THE GENUS MONOPHYLLUS, 87 upon this subject. The young of the rabbit are naked and blind; whilst those of the hare see, and have a hairy covering at birth; the number of young in the hare is from two to four, that of the rabbit from four to seven (early in the spring I have generally found four). The rabbit burrows, takes down from its body, covers its young and leaves them at night; whilst the hare (English) seldom, unless hard pressed, will go to earth. Without pointing out minor differences, I have said enough to lead some to suppose that my first impression was correct, viz. that the cross between the hare and the rabbit was a more extraordinary one than that between the ducks.in question. But acloser investigation leads me at once to acknowledge my error ; for, looking especially to the comparative anatomy, and believing, as I do, that time and circumstances may produce essential alterations in the habits and in the external form, colour, and size of animals, I think that there are more unstable and far-fetched theories in phy- siology than the belief that the hare and the rabbit may have been originally one and the same animal, March 12th, 1861. John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. Dr. P. L. Sclater exhibited a very fine and perfect example of Pentacrinus caput-meduse, which had been placed in his hands by Lieut.-Col. P. C. Cavan, F.Z.S. This specimen had been dredged up in 60 fathoms’ water on the coast of S. Lucia, West Indies, by a fisherman, whose lines had become entangled in it. Dr. Crisp exhibited drawings of two fishes from a salt-water lagoon near Cape Coast Castle, West Africa. ; The following papers were read :— 1. On THE Genus Monopuy.uvs or Leacu, By Rosert F, Tomes, Corr. Mens. (Plate XV.) Glossophaga, Geoff. Mém. du Mus. t. 4. p. 411, 1818. Monophyllus, Leach, Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 73, 1820. Nicon, Gray’, P. Z.S. 1847, p. 15. Having recently examined a collection of Bats from Jamaica, col- lected by the late Mr. Osburn, and containing several specimens of a Leaf-nosed Bat which, on comparison with the mutilated type of Leach’s genus Monophyllus, proves to be identical with it, I have thought that a more detailed description taken from these specimens 88 MR. R. F. TOMES ON THE GENUS MONOPHYLLUS. [Mar. 12, might be useful, as it is pretty evident that the one from which Leach drew up his description was imperfect. I may here observe that, when referring to the allied species of Bats, Glossophaga ampleat- cavdata and G. ecaudata, for the purpose of comparison, I allude to specimens in my own collection, which by actual comparison have been proved to be identical with the type-specimens in the Paris Museum. In general form the species which I am about to describe may be said to be intermediate between Glossophaga amplexicaudata and G. ecaudata, but rather more strongly built than either, the bones of the wings and legs being stouter, and the head relatively somewhat larger. The top of the head is considerably elevated above the facial line, it is of a rounded form, and is scarcely half of the entire length of the head ; the muzzle long, compressed, and pointed. The nose-leaf differs in no important respect from that of the allied species already alluded to ; it is short, and tapers evenly to a somewhat acute point. It is sparingly suffused with very short hairs, visible only with the assistance of a lens. At its base, in front, is a naked depression of an inverted triangular form, the turned-up base of which forms the bottom of the nose-leaf ; whilst from the turned-down summit of the triangle a vertical groove passes, which divides the upper lip in half. In this depression the nostrils are placed, in shape like a comma, and having a very oblique position, their larger ends being down- wards and inwards, thus ¢ 9*. The lower lip has a triangular naked space in front, down which passes a vertical notch, which is con- tinued down the middle of the chin for the distance of about a line. The ears are shaped very much like those of G, ecaudata, being a little emarginate exteriorly, but they are somewhat larger than in that species; the tragus is small, about one-fourth the length of the ear, its two sides are nearly straight (a little convex, however), and its end evenly rounded. On its outer edge is a pointed process, which is about one-third of the distance from its base. The wings are proportioned much as in G. ecaudata and G. am- plexicaudata; but the thumb is much longer and stronger than in either of those species, and the claw more hooked. Its basal pha- lange is short, being scarcely more than half the length of the penul- timate one; whilst the terminal one is short, but bears a claw which is long, strong, compressed, much curved, and pointed. As a con- sequence of the shortness of the basal phalange of the thumb, the antibrachial membrane is very narrow at, and near, the carpus. ‘The interfemoral membrane is narrow, intermediate between that of G. amplexicaudata and that of G. ecaudata; its hinder margin presents a semicircular form when the femora are drawn up into a horizonta J position; but when the legs are extended, it is deeply emarginate. The tail is short, and has its terminal half produced beyond the edge of the membrane, to the upper surface of which it * It is requisite that a dried specimen should be softened in order that the shape of the nostrils may be clearly seen, 1861.] MR. R. F, TOMES ON THE GENUS MON®@PHYLLUS. 89 is attached rather than included in it, as it is in Vespertilio. The os calcis is rudimentary. The feet are much stronger than those of G. amplexicaudata, and fully equal in actual size to those of G. ecaudata, which is a larger species; they are therefore re/atively larger than in that species. The claws are long, strong, and hooked. All the face is suffused with very short hairs, of the same quality as those of the head; on the lips and nose-leaf they are so short as to be almost invisible without the aid of a lens; but, with the ex- ception of the triangular space containing the nostrils, and the front part of the under lip, no part can properly be said to be quite naked, The ears, however, are naked, saving a small portion of their outer surface, which is quite at their root. The fur of the under parts extends a little on to the humerus and the membrane near it,’ and to a trifling extent on to the proximate end of the fore-arm; but everywhere else the membranes are naked. The cranium is of a very elongated form, which is due in great measure to the great length of its facial part. In general appear- ance it resembles that of G. amplexicaudata; and it will be necessary only to state in what respect it differs from that of the latter species, In G. amplexicaudata the skull is perfectly devoid of ridges or crests; but in Monophyllus two ridges from the supra-orbital processes pass inwards and backwards, much as in Phyllostoma hastatum, and, meeting in the centre of the space between the orbits, unite to form a sagittal crest, which is not, however, very prominent, and does not extend to the occipital suture. The hinder margin of the palate (which extends far back in these allied species) is much more deeply and narrowly emarginate in Monophyllus than in the other species compared with it. The inferior margin of the lower jaw of Monophy/- lus presents a difference from the same part in G. amplexicaudata, which is as follows:—In the latter species this margin curves off quite evenly to the posterior angle or process, which is acute, equally prominent with the condyle, and directed obliquely upward in pre- cisely the same degree. In Monophyllus the lower margin of the jaw is most convex just opposite to the anterior root of the coronoid process ; and behind this is a shallow indentation, which is increased by the posterior process taking a somewhat downward direction, the extreme point, however, being recurved. But the teeth of this species present a striking dissimilarity from those of the other Glossophagine Bats with which they have been compared. Although in number they correspond with those of G, amplexicaudata, in form and in position they have but little resem- blance to them. The upper incisors are four in number; they are of avery simple form, being somewhat flattened, with their sides parallel; the inner ones are the largest,—the outer ones being minute and more rounded than the others, appearing to be little more than two rounded tubercles. ‘They are separated from each other, and from the canines on either side, by intervals which are fully equal to the breadth of the teeth themselves. The canines are long, pointed, and angular, and are destitute of a cingulum, but have a well-marked 90 MR. R. F, TOMES ON THE GENUS MONOPHYLLUS. [Mar. 12, rounded process at the base in a line with the incisors, and another one in a line with the premolars. The first premolar has an interval on each side of it ; it is of considerable size, very much compressed, and has three well-marked cusps, of which the middle one is long and acute, the other two being equally pointed, but very short. The second premolar is placed in proximity to the molars; it has somewhat the form of the first, excepting that the hinder accessory cusp is less distinct. The true molars, when viewed directly upon their crowns, exhibit a considerable development of their inner poste- rior angle, which may be said to project into the palate. Otherwise these teeth are feebly developed, and have the W-shaped crowns which usually characterize the insectivorous species very imperfectly defined. The outer anterior cusp is somewhat produced, and has a forward direction, which is most distinctly visible externally. The lower incisors in some specimens examined were found to be wholly absent ; in others, part of them only had been lost ; whilst in a few instances all were retained, and were as follows :— In number they correspond to those of the upper jaw; they are of rudimentary form and size, being mere rounded tubercles, and the inner ones very minute; they are placed far apart, especially the two inner ones, between which is a space which appears wide enough to allow the tongue to pass between them. The canines are thin and long, with an internal cingulum. ‘The first premolar is very much compressed, and has a single cusp, which forms an obtuse angle when seen laterally, and presents a thin edge when seen longitudi- nally ; near to its hinder part is a slight indentation, or indication of a separation into a posterior lobe or cusp. This tooth is almost in contact with the canine, and with the second premolar, which is not shaped like the first in the lower jaw, but like the first one in the upper jaw; that is, it has three cusps. Succeeding to this tooth is an interval, which is followed by the third premolar, shaped like the second, and in contact with the true molars. These latter are compressed, and haye five pointed cusps, four of which form an irre- gular longitudinal row, and the fifth is placed outside of the posterior one of the four. The following will explain the number, and in some measure the position, of the teeth of this species :— Ine. oi Can. 33 Premol. Bos} Mol. oS = 34. Under the name of Phyllophora, Dr. Gray has separated such species of M. Geoffroy’s genus Glossophaga, as have the tail and interfemoral membrane developed as in G. amplexicaudata* ; whilst such as are without tail he has denominated Anoura, of which G. ecaudatais the type. A third genus has been adopted by Dr. Gray, which is typified by the species I have been describing, the name originally given by Dr. Leach being retained. Without adverting * I do not know at present how Nicon differs from Phyllophora. There ap- pears to be considerable obscurity about the genera of this group of Bats, which has been occasioned in great measure by the bad state of Leach’s specimen of Monophyllus. 1861.] MR. R. F. TOMES ON THE GENUS MONOPHYLLUS. 91 to the tailless group, which I have not sufficiently examined, I wish to take the present opportunity of stating that I have examined more than one species of the group Phyllophora, and find that in some details of structure of the cranium, and in the number, position, and form of the teeth, they are similar. Should any differences appear in the cranium and teeth of the tailless species, we shall have at least three well-marked groups (probably of subgeneric rank) amongst these allied forms, with perhaps the addition of a fourth in the genus Ichnoglossa of M. de Saussure. Assuming that Monophyllus possesses characters which are some- thing more than merely specific, the following description, of a purely specific kind, in addition to the details already stated, will render this communication more complete, and indeed include all our pre- sent knowledge of the group. MonopHYLLUS REDMANII. (Pl. XV.) ~ Monophyllus redmanii, Leach, Linn, Trans. xiii. 73, 1820. Glossophaga caudifer?, Geoff. Mém. du Mus. t. 4. p. 411, 1818. Nicon leachii’?, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 15. The fur on all parts of the body is of medium length, thick, soft, and a little glossy. All the upper parts are of a uniform greyish- brown, with the extreme tips of the hairs slightly hoary ; the top of the head is a little paler than the back. On all the under surface the fur is bicolor, dusky-grey at the root for more than half its length, and tipped with greyish white, which is a little silvery in ap- pearance. The whole of the cutaneous system is dark brown, in. lin. Length of the head and body, about .......... 2 2 atthe head :.9 00. et a. Us ote ie 0 103 OF tne enmaliet: <2 stk. Scie Cicaroee 04 FRPP ce 2 oral siche te sas yar CaN D4 0 12 PL Te MedeeAL ois Se at tess aes 0 12 Breadth of the nose-leaf at its base............ eis Length of the fore-arm. ..).0-0000ye:-2.c005. -} F” ef the first Magers . ee eessle cscs es hid githe- derpads. ssn). tees eis Sass ss 22 Bi Phe Hare bo es eS see Ok 6+ oa > os 24 Bh the SeUGih oe eee eves ac ooze yon SBS Sa of the thumb and claw .............. 0 52 pT ay oe RS Se ga RPP ee 0 43 ——— of the free part of the tail ............ 0 2 Bh PReTAbIg Jie Sars 3's Giles om d eden 0 74 of the: fopt and claws .......%...... 000 0 6 Expanse of wings, following the bones of the arm, He ON Eea BAUER eisies £).a 5's eg) aoe ae 12 0 Length of the skull from the front margin of the intermaxillary bones to the posterior root of the 92 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW SQUIRREL. [Mar. 12, Breadth across the zygomatic arches .......... 0 5 Length ‘ofthe nasal bones yo 0e. 6 Pe 8 0 3 of the palate, to its posterior notch .... 0 5} of the dental series, from the front of the upper canine to the posterior molar, inclusive 0 4 Breadth of the palate between the canines...... 0.14 — ofthe palate between the posterior molars 0 2 Length of the lower jaw, from the posterior pro- cess to the front of the symphysis menti...... 0.97 Depth vertically from the coronoid process .... 0 2 Length of the dental series, from the front of the lower canines to the hinder cusp of the last WOlar +50 Releenca a eta ies ag ip sveuwe Oem 2. DESCRIPTION OF A NEw SQUIRREL, IN THE British Mvu- SrUM, FRoM New Granaba. By Dr. Joun Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. (Plate XVI.) Mr. Edward Gerrard lately brought to me a Squirrel that he had not been able to identify with any other specimen in the Collection, or with any of the American species lately described, and which he was convinced was distinct from any of the American Squirrels of about the same size in the Museum by the peculiar form of its skull. I have therefore drawn up a short description of the species, and named it after my assistant, who has done so much to extend the osteological collection inthe Museum, and who is so ready to impart his extensive knowledge of Vertebrate animals and their osteological structure to any one who may desire to profit by it. Scrurus GERRARDI. (Pl. XVI.) Blackish: hairs brown, with black tips, with a broad subapical orange ring; cheeks yellowish-brown ; fore part of the back, sides of the neck and body, shoulders, and outer side of the fore legs, and front of the hinder legs bright-red bay; feet pale bay ; base of the tail blackish, with the hairs slightly varied with pale orange rings ; middle of the tail bright bay, end black ; throat from under the eyes, inside of the fore legs, chest, and belly pure white; ears blackish, with very short scattered hairs. Hab. New Granada. British Museum. - Size and form of the European Squirrel, but the tail longer and the ears not pencilled. The skull is very different from that of Sc. langsdorfi, being small and more lengthened. The newly born young specimen is coloured precisely like the adult ; but the tail is slender, rather depressed, but nearly cylindrical, co- vered with elongate close-pressed hair, 5 — i M. TAX 93% 1d _ LOOT oS dick ‘ . tint 1861.] DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON CYSTIC ENTOZOA. 93 3. On Cystic ENTozoA FROM THE Wart-Hoc AND Rep River- Hoc. By T. Spencer Cossotp, M.D., F.L.S. (Plate XVII.) Although it is now no longer doubted by those who have paid special attention to the genetic relations subsisting between the cystic and cestoid Entozoa, that the former are immature conditions of the latter, yet sufficient interest attaches itself to the structure of ob- scure and otherwise interesting larval forms, to induce me to lay before the Society the accompanying observations. From the abdomen of the female Wart Hog (Phacocherus ethio-~ picus) which died in the Society’s Menagerie on the 16th Dec. 1859, and was dissected by Dr. Crisp, Mr. Bartlett, myself, and others on the 19th of the same month, I obtained a solitary Cysticercus. This immature cestoid was enclosed in a thick fibrous cyst situated near the region of the cecum, its size, over all, being rather larger than a cricket ball. On removing the Cysticercus from its fibrous investment —the latter having been accidentally ruptured during the process of evisceration—it was found to consist of the following well-marked parts, which may be respectively recognized as the head, neck, body, and caudal vesicle (Pl. XVII. fig. 1). The head'(a) is quite visible to the naked eye, and when viewed from above, by the aid of reflected light under a low magnifying power, displays an oblong quadrangular outline, the corners being rounded off by the presence of four pro- minent sucking disks. At the centre there is a projecting rostellum marked by a circle of radiating lines, such as would indicate the existence of a double row of cephalic hooks. These holdfasts (if I may so term them) were not, however, actually present ; but had in all probability fallen off during the degeneration and calcification of the head, which was quite hard and brittle, and under pressure crumbled up into an amorphous granular mass. The head was easily detached from the neck, the calcified suckers retaining their glo- bular form as perfectly as is represented by fig. 2. That part which I have termed the neck (4) is cornucopial in form, and exhibits well- defined transverse strize, which become rather more distinct towards its base. The body (c) is clavate, elongated, comparatively thick at its anterior third, and narrow at the lowermost part, where it is in connexion with the large circular caudal vesicle. The body and the vesicle (d) are each 33 inches in length, the greatest breadth of the former being 1 inch, while that of the latter has a transversal measurement equal to its longitude ; they are both hollow, and when removed were partly filled with a pale-yellow transparent fluid ; they do not intercommunicate, yet both exhibit externally the before- mentioned transverse striz. From the female Red River Hog (Pofamochewrus penicillatus), which died at the Society’s Gardens on the 12th of November, 1860, I obtained on the 16th of the same month five examples of a Cysti- cercus. In the Society’s male Red River Hog, which died last February, no Entozoa of any kind were detected. One of the cystic worms just mentioned occupied a cyst in the liver, the other four 94 DR. T. 8. COBBOLD ON CYSTIC ENTOZOA. [Mar. 12, being attached to the mesenteric folds of the peritoneum. All five bear a close resemblance to one another, but they differ very mate- rially from the Cysticercus infesting the Athiopian Wart Hog. Those attached to the mesentery were also encysted; but in these instances the envelope appeared to be merely a production of the peritoneal membrane itself, and not an abnormal product, such as had clearly resulted from inflammatory action, both in the case of the liver-eyst and in the fibrous capsule of Cysticercus ex Phaco- chero ethiopico. The Cysticerci of the Red River Hog, when with- drawn from their enveloping membranes, exhibited a more or less oval or elliptic outline, as may be seen in the example selected for illustration (fig. 3). This drawing shows only the neek (4), body (c), and enormously developed caudal vesicle (d). The head, being inverted and enclosed within the upper part of the neck, could only be found after a prolonged dissection and unfolding of the parts: When this was done, and the head placed under an inch objective, it was found to display the usual four sucking disks, and a double coronet of hooks, as represented in the accompanying illustration (fig. 4). The margin of the neck is bordered by a double contour, the parenchymatous substance being everywhere studded with a mul- titude of caleareous corpuscles, which are not limited to the neck itself, but are also present in the head. To these bodies I shall again have oecasion to allude, whilst I revert in the mean time to the body and caudal vesicle of our Cysticereus. The former is about half an inch long, and somewhat distended by the presence of soft, irregular bundles of tissue in its interior. This tissue occurs in the form of shreds or rope-like coils (e, fig. 3), which become finely attenuated below, and depend loosely into the cavity of the caudal vesicle. Histologically, they merely consist of a fine granular matter, and therefore they are not referable to any specialized structure or set of organs. Neither the body nor the vesicle exhibits the transverse strize seen in the Cysti- eercus from the Wart Hog ; but, in addition to a few irregular surface= foldings, the lining membrane of the vesicle gives off here and there some extremely delicate thread-like filaments (7), having the same structural character as those bundles of granular parenchyma found within the body. A little circular spot marks their origin; and from this they hang floating in the fluid contents of the vesicle. I have investigated the so-called calcareous corpuscles of this Scolex or Cysticercus ex Potamochero penicillato with very great care ; but I did not detect any of them within the walls of the caudal vesicle. They are extraordinarily abundant within the head and neck, and by their highly refracting properties impart to the tissues, when viewed by transmitted light, a dark pigment-like hue, almost obli= terating the limiting membranes of the inverted head. They are more numerous than I have indicated in the accompanying drawing (fig. 4), but their relative disposition and size are accurately repre- sented. Their form is commonly that of spherical, or oval, flattened disks (fig. 5 fc, e) ; but not unfrequently they are elongated, oc- casionally thicker at one end than the other (a, d), and sometimes reniform (4). All are bordered by an opake margin ; and they often 1861.] DR. T. 8. COBBOLD ON CYSTIC ENTOZOA. 95 display evidences of concentric lamination, the rings resembling nuclei and nucleoli (e). In respect of size, they do not, for the most part at least, vary materially; they have an average length of ,755 to to/5ath, and a breadth of from 5,55 to zJpth of aninch. On the addition of diluted sulphuric acid, a rapid effervescence took place, accompanied with the total destruction of the corpuscles; whereas the alkaline reagent liquor potassze caused only a gradual disso- lution of the enveloping membrane, leaving behind a perfectly trans- parent and thin calcareous plate, unpossessed of any appreciable light-refracting properties. The last-mentioned change proceeded uniformly from without inwards; the corpuscle marked / (fig. 5) presenting at intervals appearances precisely like those indicated at 9, h, i, k, l, and m; the last is the isolated calcareous plate, whose circumferential border has lost that entire smooth outline which the unaltered corpuscle invariably exhibits. I have not detected any appearance of subdermal pouches, such as those discovered and described by me elsewhere as occurring in the immature Trieuspidaria nodulosa * ; but I have carefully noted the foregoing particulars because the definitive solution of several inter- esting questions depends upon a correct appreciation of the relative structure, chemical constitution, and disposition of the calcareous corpuscles as observed in the various groups of Entozoa in which they are known to abound. From recent investigations, and more especially from those of Claparéde, I think we may inferentially draw the following conclu: sions :— These bodies cannot be regarded in the light of pathological pro- ducts, as Moulinie and others suppose; and it is still more obvious that Tschudi, Gulliver, Goeze, and Zeder were wrong in describing them as eggs. Eschricht, and the late Prof. William Smith of Cork; clearly erred in attributing to them a special nutritive function when the former spoke of them as “elementary granules” having a func- tion analogous to that of the blood- and lymph-corpuscles, and the latter described them as “assimilating cellules.”” Prof. Van Beneden is probably also as incorrect in viewing them as cutaneous glands “secreting a mucus destined to lubricate the surface of the body.”” To offer a true explanation of their character and purpose is still, however, a matter of great difficulty ; for there seems to be no doubt that in some instances, especially in mature cestodes and in certain trematodes, the presence of carbonate of lime is contra-indicated. The circumstance also of Claparéde’s having discovered these bodies to be included within dilatations or ceecal pouches connected with the excretory system of Holostomata, considered in association with the fact that I have myself found them lodged in peculiar oviform sacs in Tr2cuspidaria (Trienophorus), would likewise seem to forbid our acceptance of Von Siebold’s notion, that the bodies in question are comparable with the ‘spicules and calcareous networks ” strengthening the integument of Echinoderms. Neither can IJ, in * Quart. Journ, of Microscopical Science, vol. vii. pp. 115, 202. 96 MR. J. A. STEWART ON ASTERONYX LOVENI. _ [Mar. 12, this view, subscribe to Prof. Huxley’s opinion, that they are homolo- gically identical with the thread-cells of the hydroid polyps *. - In the first of my serial papers on Entozoa, communicated to the Linnean Society (Dec. 3rd, 1857), I proposed the term “ sclerous par- ticle’ as preferable to that of ‘‘ calcareous corpuscle,”’ for reasons which are sufficiently obvious ; but I cannot even now pretend to offer a satisfactory solution of the problem concerning the true nature of these bodies. Whatever physiological or morphological signification they possess, I cannot but regard the oviform sacs in which they occur as specialized structures formed for their secretion and development. I also abstain from hazarding any opinion as to the species of Cestode to which the above-described Scolex-forms or Cysticerci are referable ; yet that the latter are merely larval conditions of Teenie, is an inductive truth which no entozoologist would now for a moment dispute. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII. Fig. 1. Head (a), neck (4), body (c),and part of the circular caudal vesicle (d) of Cysticercus ex Phacochero ethiopico. Natural size. Fig. 2. Enlarged view of the head of the same. Fig. 3. Section of Cysticercus ex Potamochero penicillato, showing the neck (2), body (e), caudal vesicle (d), coils of granular parenchyma (e), and filament (/) of the same character. Fig. 4. Upper part of the neck unfolded and magnified 60 times, to show the in- verted head in situ; it also exhibits the four suckers, the double crown of hooks, and the so-called calcareous corpuscles. Fig. 5. Isolated calcareous corpuscles, to show their forms and the changes un- dergone by the addition of an alkaline reagent, x 220 diameters. ad 4, DescripTION or ASTERONYX LOVENI, MULL. et TroscuH., A New Britis Starrisu. By Joun A. Stewart, New CoLLEGE, EDINBURGH. This fine Starfish belongs to the Zuryalee. It is the second spe- cies of this division of the Ophiuride which has been noticed in the British seas ; and it is the more interesting as it is a form interme- diate between the already known species (Astrophyton scutatum, Link) and the simple-rayed Ophiure, having the prehensile scaleless arms, and the radiating body-ribs of the other Luryalee, joined with the undivided arms of the Ophiure. As in Astrophyton, it wants the mouth-plates between the origin of the rays, but has instead a strong caleareous bar uniting the bases of the two neighbouring arms. The two genera have also the madreporiform tubercle on the under surface in one of the interbrachial angles nearest the mouth. The genus Trichaster is generally placed between Astrophyton and Aster- onyx, but it has the interbrachial mouth-plates, and wants the ma- dreporiform tubercle ; indeed it seems scarcely separable from Ophio- scolex, except in possessing prehensile divided arms, and would per- * See his elaborate Memoir on Echinococcus, in the Society’s Proceedings for Dec. 14th, 1852. 1861.] MR. J. A. STEWART ON ASTERONYX LOVENI. 97 haps.be more correctly placed by the side of this genus among the true Ophiure. The specimen now exhibited was found in Loch Torridon in Ross- shire, in the summer of 1859. I took it from the deep-sea lines which had been set in a part of the loch 9 fathoms deep, and having a rocky bottom. Koren records this species as occurring on the coasts of Norway at a depth of from 50 to 150 fathoms (Nyt Maga- zin fiir Naturvidenskaberne, vol. ix. p. 96). The specimen from which Miiller and Troschel’s description was taken is in the Museum at Stockholm. It was found at Bohuslan, near Hammerfest, Norway. Description of Asteronyx loveni, Miill. § Trosch. The body is pentangular. The skin, which covers the body and arms, is naked, without scales or granules. On the upper surface of the body, covered by the skin, are ten radiating ribs in subparallel pairs; they rise from the margin of the body, on either side of the arms, and, passing inwards, unite, leaving a small central portion of the disk free ; they are cartilaginous and flat, with a slight depressed central groove: very much reduced in size, they are continued on the under surface of the body, along the margin of the arms, to the genital openings. The mouth is five-radiate, and placed in the centre of the under- surface of the disc, in the midst of the origin of the arms; a strong osseous bar, taking the place of the interbrachial plate of the Ophiure, unites the bases of the arms, and forms a solid ring round the mouth ; the five bars give origin to as many calcareous cones, which passing inwards nearly meet in the centre ; the intervening spaces form the five-radiate mouth. Articulated to the cones are a number of spines, which increase in number and length towards the apex ; behind the base of the cone, in the angle of each interbrachial space, is placed two genital openings ; the madreporiform tubercle also occupies the angle of one of these spaces. The arms are convex above, and quite flat on the under surface ; they are composed of narrow calcareous joints, each of which is furnished with appendages on the inferior angles; on the second joint from the base of the arm a single short spine appears on either side; before the arm leaves the disk, the number increases to three or four, the one on the inner side being longer than the others; these spines are articulated to calcareous processes, with socket de- pressions for the insertion of the ball-joint of the spines ; the pro- cesses are scarcely visible at first, but increase in size, until, beyond the middle of the arm, their margin supplies space for the attach- ment of no fewer than twelve very short spines. The inner spine gra- dually increases in length from the base of the arm until it reaches its maximum about 2 inches from the disk ; soon thereafter it begins to decrease, and continues until it becomes of the same size as the others. This long slender spine is directed inwards on the flat under- side of the arm, and reaches at its greatest length fully two-thirds Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. VII. 98 MR. J. A. STEWART ON ASTERONYX LOVENI. [Mar. 12, across; it is covered on its summit with a number of recurved spikelets. The second spine is slightly compressed towards the sum- mit, where, on its inner margin, it is furnished with a few spikelets in a single series. When the animal is alive, a thin membrane covers the whole of the spines, as in other Echinodermata ; but in dried spe- cimens this is scarcely discernible. Two series of tentacle-pores run along the sides of the arms—one pore to each joint, placed near to and in aline with the spines. They can be easily traced for 2 inches or so along the length of the arm ; but whether they continue much further it is difficult to say from the dried specimen. Two of these pores occur at the origin of the arms within the calcareous ring surrounding the mouth, 1861.] MR. E. W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON A NEW ZOANTHUS. 99 The breadth of the body is 12 inch. The most perfect arm in the specimen is 12 inches long ; but as this has been twice, perhaps more frequently, broken and repaired, it is probable that its true length would be at least 2 inches more. The relation of the body to the arms is thus as 1 to 9. In the accompanying drawing (see woodcut, p. 98) the whole animal is represented at about half the natural size, and the upper surface of the disk at the size of life. Fig. 1 shows the under sur- face of a ray about 2 inches from the disk; fig. 2 the upper surface of the same ray ; fig. 3 the under surface, towards the extremity of the ray ; and fig. 4 one of the large inner spines magnified. 5. ON AN UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF BritisuH ZOANTHUS. By E. W. H. Hotpsworrs, F.L.S., etc. In August 1860 I received from Mr. T. H. Stewart, of the Royal College of Surgeons, a Zoanthus which had been taken by him a few days previously whilst dredging for Echinoderms in Plymouth Sound. After a careful examination of the specimen, I am induced to regard it as specifically distinct from Z. couchii, to which species, of the three found on our coasts, it is most nearly allied. As the polypes were unfortunately dead, and beginning to decay when they came into my possession, they were at once immersed in spirit ; and their characters were noted whilst in that condition. The specimen consists of an unattached group of ten polypes, of & various ages, ranging from a sim- ple bud to individuals an inch in length. They are all united at _ the base, which is rounded below, and encloses a small sandy nucleus, particles of the same material being also aggregated on the sur- face from which the polypes spring, and between their points of union. This radiating mode of deve- lopment is the same as in some of the free varieties of Z. couchii, and will doubtless bear a similar explanation. The largest polypes are nearly a quarter of an inch in diameter at the head, and taper slightly downwards. This form, however, is most apparent in half- grown examples. The dermal coating consists of fine siliceous sand, as in Z. couchii ; but the marginal serrations are not nearly so con- spicuous as in that species, and indeed require a careful scrutiny, under dissection, to distinguish them at all. The colour of the ten- tacles, as observed by Mr. Stewart at the time of capture, was a distinct red ; and after some days’ immersion in spirit, the tint was still perceptible through the integument surrounding the head, where the sand is less densely impacted than in other parts of the surface. The distinctions between these polypes and those of Z. couchii, so far as I am now able to judge, consist in the colour of the tentacles, the comparative absence of the serrated margin, and especially in 100 MR. GOULD ON A NEW FORM OF PARROTS. [Mar. 12, the great length of the body in the new species,—a character, I be- lieve, of considerable importance; for, although Z. couchii is ex- tremely liable to variation in the development of the basal membrane, and in the size of the polypes, the proportion of length to breadth is tolerably constant. Large specimens quite equal the present spe- cies in breadth ; but their length is barely half what we here find, even in the contracted state, and in this instance it would be increased under expansion by at least a quarter of an inch. The variation to which many of our marine polypes are subject should at all times make us cautious in admitting new species ; but I think the above characters will justify me in making the addition in the present case. This specimen was dredged in 20 fathoms, on a bottom of sand, pebbles, and broken shells, and did not afterwards sufficiently ex- pand to allow more than the decided colour of the tentacles to be made out. This unusual colour in a British species induces me to propose for it the specific title of rubricornis. 6. On a New Genus AND SPECIES OF PARRAKEET FROM WEST- ERN AUSTRALIA. By Joun Goutp, F.R.S. GEOPSITTACUS OCCIDENTALIS, Gould. All the upper surface grass-green, each feather crossed by irregular bands of black and greenish yellow ; feathers of the crown and nape with a streak of black down the centre ; throat and breast yellowish- green, passing into sulphur-yellow on the abdomen ; spurious wings brown; primaries and secondaries brown, narrowly fringed with a greenish hue on their external webs, with the exception of the first three ; the primaries and secondaries have also an oblique mark of yellow near their bases, which mark increases in breadth and in depth of colour as the feathers approach the body ; two centre tail-feathers dark brown, toothed on the edge of both webs with greenish-yellow ; the next on each side dark brown, toothed on the other web only with brighter and longer marks of yellow ; the remainder dark brown, crossed by bands of yellow, which in some cases are continuous across both webs, and in others alternate ; under tail-coverts sulphur-yellow, crossed on their outer webs with narrow oblique and irregular bands of blackish-brown ; bill horn; feet fleshy. Total length 10 inches, bill 3, wing 54, tail 5, tarsi 4. Hab. Western Australia. Remark.—At a first glance this bird has the appearance of a Pezo- porus formosus with an undeveloped tail; but on a careful compari- son it is found not only to differ from that species in some parts of its colouring, but also in form—sufficiently so, indeed, to warrant the opinion that it will be necessary to make it the type of a new genus. lts whole contour and colour reminds one of Strigops. The points in which it differs from Pezoporus are the possession of a thick bluffy head, larger and more swollen nostrils, the total absence of any red mark on the forehead, a much larger wing with more rounded primaries, a very short tail the two centre feathers of which 1861.] ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 101 are much shorter than the two next on each side, and, lastly, in having very differently formed feet, with short and feeble nails, whereas in Pezoporus they are prolonged and slender. For this new bird I propose the generic name of Geopsittacus, with that of occidentalis as its specific designation. The following additions were announced to have been made to the Menagerie, by gift and purchase, during the months of January and February :— JANUARY. Presented by 1 Wart Hog from Ashantee!Phacocherus eliani ...|Her Majesty the Queen. 1 Macaque Monkey ......... Macacus cynomolgus ...\|P. Thompson, Esq. 1 Broad-tailed Sheep ...... Ovis aries, Var. ...00...- ; ; 1 Cape Hyrax cae fecemec Hyrax capensis ......... } H-E. Sir George Grey.. | 2 Wedge-tailed Eagles...... Aquila fucosa .........++5 Dr. Miiller. 1 Australian Water-Tortoise| Chelodina longicollis ...|P. Joske, Esq. 2 Common Otters............ Lutra vulgaris.......00.5. The Marquis of Bath. T Gazelle i vccencascses Svein Gazella Mee eaatneaess R. Colyar, Esq. 1 Long-eared Owl............ Otus vulgaris ......006... J. G. Barclay, Esq. 1 Rhesus Monkey............ Macacus rhesus ......... — Shepherd, Esq. 2 Canadian Porcupines...... Erethizon dorsatum ...|Major Boyd. 1 American Peregrine ...... Falco anatum ..........+ Capt. Spencer. 1 Douroucouli Monkey ...|Nyetipithecus trivirga- oe Purchased 1 Female Llama ............ Auchenia glama@ ........- 2 1 South American Monkey |Cebus Bt danse eee FreBRUARY. | Presented by 1 Common Stork ............ Ciconia alba .,,.......-.|G. Hough, Esq. 1 OEelOt.........scesseserseren Felis pardalis (?)..........— Young, Esq. 1 Javan Deer ....... seeeeeee|Moschus kanchil ...... Bryan M‘Cartley, Esq. 1 pair of Yaks ..........2.65 Bos grunniens ......++ -...|C. M. Robison, Esq. 9 Australian Quails ......... Synecus australis ....../Dr. Miiller. 1 Australian Fish ......,....|@alawias scriba ........../Mr. W. A. Lloyd. 1 Vervet Monkey ............ Cercopithecus delalandii|— Tyler, Esq. 1 Long-eared Owl............|Otus vulgaris ......+0000 } 2 Brent Geese ..........0000. Bernicla brenta .....+... | : 4 Anas boschas? ....0.... 1 pair of Hybrid Ducks { Mareca penelope? ...... 2VBustards.:...cscsecscsecsaves Ottis tarda ......seeeeeres t 2 Australian Doves .........|Calenas Dae errr eoppcnmaed: 3 Indian Bats ..... Raiasences Pteropus edwardsi ...... | 1 Patas Monkey ............ Cercopithecus ruber ... 2 Black-tailed Parrots ...... Psittacus timneh......... | 1 Chinese Blue Jay ..... .+-.|Urocissa sinensis .......+. ) Of these, Phacocherus eliani, Chelodina longicollis, Synecus au- stralis, Galaxias scriba, and Urocissa sinensis were stated to have been received for the first time. 102 MR. R. F. TOMES ON THE GENUS VAMPyYRUS. [Mar. 26 March 26th, 1861. Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair. Mr. Tegetmeier brought before the Meeting living specimens illus- trating an undescribed abnormal variation of plumage in the Gallus domesticus. The alterations previously noticed were the assumption of the male plumage by the females. These changes, which are dependent on diseased or abortive ovaries, were described by Mr. Yarrell in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ for 1827. The specimen brought before the meeting illustrated the assump- tion of the female plumage by the adult male. A cock, of the va- riety known as the Brown-breasted Red Game, was hatched in the spring of 1859, and assumed the perfect male plumage in the autumn of that year; in the autumnal moult of 1860 it shed the male plu- mage and became perfectly hen-feathered, not only as to the colour of the plumage, but also in the form of the feathers. This remark- able variation was attended by a slight increase in size and muscular development ; the spurs were well-grown and remarkably sharp, the crow remained unchanged, and the bird retained its procreative power, with an increased amount of combativeness. The alteration was stated to be not unknown to those who breed game fowls for the purpose of cock-fighting, the birds beg termed “ hen-cocks,”’ and remarkable for their courage and endurance in the cock-pit. The engraved portrait of a celebrated victor was exhibited. Mr. Tegetmeier stated that he was not aware how far the disposi- tion to undergo this change was hereditary, but that he was putting it to the test of experiment. A young cock hatched in 1860 from the hen-feathered male before it had undergone the change, was shown in perfect masculine plumage. In the Sebright or Laced Bantams (a variety originating with Sir John Sebright, whose mode of producing it was never published) the males are hen-feathered, but the condition is congenital ; whereas in the bird exhibited the change took place in the second year, and the circumstances that determined the alteration were altogether unknown. The following papers were read :— 1. OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS VAMPYRUS, AND ITS ALLIES. By Rosert F. Tomes, Corr. Mens. (Plate XVIII.) Amongst the numerous species of Chiroptera which passed under notice when preparing the various papers which have appeared in the ‘Proceedings’ of this Society, was one which, from its considerable 1861.]} MR. R. F. TOMES ON THE GENUS VAMPYRUS. 103 size and remarkable appearance, very soon attracted my attention. Although I failed completely in finding any published description which would apply to it, yet I could not but think it extraordinary that such a fine species should have so long escaped observation ; and this idea was heightened by the fact that several specimens had come to hand which had not been received from private collectors, but, on the contrary, from dealers. Being at length fully aware that no sufficient description could have appeared, I drew up a full account of the species, and placed specimens in the hands of Mr. Ford, for the purpose of adding figures of the animal and of the teeth. A figure had scarcely been com- pleted, when a very elaborate description appeared from the pen of Dr. Peters, accompanied by a beautifully executed plate, of a species of Vampyrus, having the appropriate name of Vampyrus auritus, which, at first sight, was evidently the species I had so often ob- served. During the investigations gone into when working out the affinities of this species, several others, more or less closely allied, were exa- mined, and some careful notes were made ; and these, it appears to me, will not be out of place now. I will first give an outline of what may be termed the history of the nomenclature of these species, more or less closely allied to Vampyrus. The name of Vampyrus is mentioned by M. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire so long ago as 1810, in his paper on the Phyllostomide in the ‘Annals of the Museum,’ but is only there alluded to as having been applied by Linnzeus to the large frugivorous Bats in a vague manner, and as having been made use of by Buffon when speaking of the Bat M. Geoffroy was then describing, viz. Phyllostoma spectrum. But the name appears to have been merely intended at this time to designate such species as were supposed to be guilty of sanguivorous propensi- ties ; and in Dr. Leach’s paper in the Linnean ‘ Transactions,’ we have its first real application in a proper generic sense. In this paper, which bears date 1820, we find Vampyrus applied to the Phyllostoma spectrum of M. Geoffroy’s paper. In 1823 the large work of Dr. Spix, on the Brazilian Monkeys and Bats, appeared, in which the distinction between the genera Phy/- lostoma and Vampyrus was recognized, and three species placed in the latter genus, all of which were distinct from the V. spectrum. More than twenty years later (in 1847), M. D’Orbigny, in the part of his work, ‘ Voyage dans l’Amérique méridionale,’ devoted to Mammalia, described and figured a Leaf-nosed Bat under the generic name of Lophostoma ; and inthe same year Dr. Gray published, in the ‘ Pro- ceedings ” of the Zoological Society, the definitions of two new genera of Phyllostomide, which received respectively the names of Mimon and T’rachops, furnished by species called by Dr. Gray Phyllostoma bennettii and Trachops fuliginosus. Finally, M. Gervais, so recently as 1855, in his account of the Chiroptera collected in South America by M. de Castelnau, charac- terizes, as the representatives of three new genera, three species which had been previously described,—the first and second being the Vam- 104 MR. R. F. TOMES ON THE GENUS VAMPyRUS. [Mar. 26, pyrus soricinus* and V. bidens of Spix, representing respectively the genera Hemiderma and Tylostoma, and the third a small species which had been previously described by Dr. Gray under the name of Phyllostoma elongatum +, supplying the type for the genus Schizo- stoma. These proposed genera, seven in number, are represented by about eight species ; and as I have compared the greater part of them with each other (all save the Lophostoma sylvicolum), I am enabled to give the following analysis of the group. I may premise, however, that I do not assent to all these subdivisions, and bring them for- ward more to show what has been done, than with any view to their adoption. Genus Vampyrus, Geoffroy et Leach. A. (Vampyrus, Leach.) General form robust; cutaneous system ample. Wings short, broad and rounded ; hinder limbs somewhat elongated ; interfemoral membrane ample. Tail absent. Wing-membranes extending to the base of the toes. Ears large and ovoid; tragus small and pointed. Nose-leaf simple and pointed, its margin free all round, the anterior or horse-shoe part not divided from the posterior or elevated part. Lower lip with a reflex front, which is divided in half by a vertical cleft. Dentition.—Incisors “ ; premolars poet First upper premolar smaller than the second, not compressed. First and second lower premolars equal in size, not compressed, and smaller than the third. Ex. VAMPYRUS SPECTRUM. B. (Vampyrus, subgen. Lophostoma, Peters.) General form as in Vampyrus spectrum, but the hinder limbs much shorter. Wings very broad, short and rounded. Ears very large, and regularly oval. Wing-membranes extending to the roots of the toes ; interfemoral membrane ample. Tail as in Phyllostoma has- tatum. Dentition.—Incisors =; premolars =. First upper premolar much smaller than the second, not com- pressed. First lower one much larger than the second, which is very small, rounded, and placed inside the line of the other teeth, so as to be in- visible outwardly. Ex. VaAMpyRUS AuRITUS, Peters. (PI. XVIII.) Lophostoma sylvicolum of the Leyden Museum. * This species is supposed by Dr. Gray to be the same as the Phyllostoma bre- vicaudum of Pr. Max. Hemiderma, Gerv., is identical with Carollia, Gray. + This is quite distinct from the Phyllostoma elongatum of M. Geoffroy. 1861.] MR. R. F. TOMES ON THE GENUS VAMPYRUS. 105 C. (Schizostoma, Gervais.) General form, as well as nose-leaf and ears, as in Vampyrus au- ritus, but the wing-membranes merely extending to the extremity of the tibia. Dentition.—Incisors = ; premolars — First upper premolar smaller than the second, somewhat com- pressed. First lower one larger than the second, and rather compressed, second and third of nearly equal size. Ex. PayLLostoma ELONGATUM, Gray, Voy. Sulph. Mamm. pt.1. p- 19. pl. 8, 1843 (not P. elongatum of Geoffroy). Schizostoma minutum, Gerv. Voy. Casteln. Mam. p. 49. pl. 7 et 10, 1855. Phyllostoma scrobiculatum, Wagn. Supp. Schreb. v. 627, 1855. Obs. I have compared examples of this Bat collected during the travels of M. de Castelnau with the original of Dr. Gray’s Phyllo- stoma elongatum in the British Museum, and find them identical. M. Gervais says, “ M. Westphal-Castelnau nous en a remis un ex- emplaire de la province de Bahia. Celui-ci a ventre gris-brun, comme tout le reste du corps.” This describes the original specimen pretty accurately, and agrees very well with the plate given by Dr. Gray, which seems to have been overlooked by M. Gervais. A con- siderable number of similarly coloured specimens have been received from M. Sallé, collected in Oaxaca, Mexico. The removal of this species from the genus Phyllostoma renders needless the specific name of scrobiculatum given to it by M. Wagner, as, with the generic name of Vampyrus, it need not be confounded with the Phyllostoma elongatum of Geoffroy. Its generic qualifications appear to be those of Vampyrus spec- trum, with the addition of a tail, with much shorter hind limbs, and wing-membranes which do not extend beyond the distal extremity of the tibia. It differs, too (and the difference indicates a more typical form), in having the second premolar, in the lower jaw, much smaller than the first. D. (Lophostoma, D’ Orb.) No having seen a specimen of the Lophostoma sylvicolum of D’Orbigny};.I-can only refer to the figures and description of the original describer, and to those more recently given by M. Gervais in his account of the Chiroptera collected during the travels of M. | de Castelnau. General outline rather more like that of Phy/lostoma than in the preceding species, the wings being scarcely so broad, and the ears relatively somewhat smaller. Wing-membranes extending to the distal extremity of the tibia. Tail as in the last two species. wie . 4 2—2 Dentition.—Incisors re premolars = 106 MR. R. F. TOMES ON THE GENUS VAMPyRUS. [Mar. 26, First upper premolar much smaller than the second. First lower premolar much larger than the second, which is small but not compressed, and is in the same line with the other teeth. Ex. LopHosroma syLvicoLum, D’Orb.Voy. Amér. mérid. Mam. p- ll. pl. 6, 1847. Obs. As far as I can judge, without having examined a specimen, this species must be intimately allied to the so-called Schizostoma ; but it is clearly a more typical Vampyrus, as the presence in the lower jaw of only two incisors, and the smaller size of the second premolar, sufficiently indicate. - E. (Mimon, Gray.) General proportions of body and limbs more like those of Phyl- lostoma than in any of the foregoing species. Lars large, ovoid and rather pointed ; tragus elongate. Nose-leaf very long and pointed ; its front, or horse-shoe part, more closely applied to the nose and somewhat broader than in Vampyrus. Lower lip with a smooth triangular space in front. Interfemoral membrane rather ample. Tail as in Phyllostoma and Lophostoma. Wing-membrane not ex- tending beyond the extremity of the tibia, as in Lophostoma. “y: . 4 2—2 Dentition.—Incisors 5 ; premolars =—. First upper premolar much smaller than the second. First lower premolar somewhat smaller than the second, which corresponds with the third in the species we have been considering, the small or intermediate one being in this species absent. Ex. PHyLLosToMA ELONGATUM, Geoff. P. bennettii, Gray, Mag. Zool. Bot. 11. 1838. Mimon bennettii, Gray, P. Z.S. 1847, p. 14. Obs. A specimen in my own collection has been taken to the British Museum and found to be identical with the Phyllostoma ben- nettui of Dr. Gray; afterwards to the Leyden Museum, and found to resemble the P. elongatum of that collection ; and finally compared with the type of P. elongatum in the Paris Museum, and proved to to be identical with it. This species may be said to approximate in its dentition, and in some measure in the degree of development of some parts of its cutaneous system, the restricted Vampyrus, the general outline at the same time retaining considerable resemblance to Phyllostoma. M. Gervais erroneously gives four lower incisors to this species. F. (Tylostoma, Gerv.; Vampyrus, Spix.) General form and proportions much as in Phyllostoma, but the development of membrane slightly more ample. Lars rather larger, but of smaller size than those of the preceding species. Wing-mem- 1861. ] MR. R. F. TOMES ON THE GENUS VAMPYRUS. 107 branes extending to the extremity of the tibia. Nose-leaf of mode- rate size, adherent to the lip in front. e,e ° 4 2—2 Dentition.—Incisors 33 premolars a The dentition of this species resembles that of the Phyllostoma elongatum of Geoffroy. Ex. VAMPYRUS BIDENS, Spix. Tylostoma bidens, Gerv. Voy. Casteln. 1855. Phyllostoma childreni, Gray, Mag. Zool. Bot. ii. 1838. Phyllostoma bidens of the Paris Museum. Phyllostoma lituratum of the Leyden Museum. Obs. M. Gervais gives the Vampyrus bidens of Spix, and the Phyllostoma crenulatum of Geoffroy, as the types of his genus Tylo- stoma. The latter of these two species I have not examined, but have suspected that it might prove identical with the Vampyrus cir- rhosus of Spix. Dr. Gray’s Trachops fuliginosus is, however, iden- tical with V’. cirrhosus ; and having lately examined the species from which Dr. Gray took his description, I am able to state that it has four lower incisors, whereas the Phyllostoma crenulatum (according to M. Gervais) has two only. G. (Trachops, Gray ; Tylostoma, Gervais, in part? ; Vi ampyrus, Spix.) General form and proportions as in Mimon. Ears, tragus, and hinder extremities similar. Nose-leaf of two distinct parts—an an- terior horse-shoe, having its front margin scarcely raised from the lip, and a posterior hastate portion springing from the centre of the horse-shoe. All the margins of the nose-leaf crenulated ; and the lower lip and chin thickly covered with small but prominent warts. e,e . 4 2—2 Dentition.—Incisors 33 premolars =r The only respect in which Trachops can be said to differ materially from Tylostoma, is in being possessed of four lower incisors, and in having the nose-leaf and chin marked with crenulations and warts. Ex, Vampyrus crrruosvs, Spix. Trachops fuliginosus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1347. Phyllostoma crenulatum, Geoffroy ? Observations on the foregoing species.—The species, the charac- ters of which I have given above, constitute a group, of which the most obvious peculiarities are the great development of the mem- branes and ears, the rounded form of the wings, and the length and softness of the fur. These superficial characters are common to all of them. The simple and entire form of nose-leaf is a peculiarity which most of them possess ; and those which do not, have their membranes also less remarkably developed. In the shape of the cranium there is considerable discrepancy in the several species, the chief difference consisting in the greater or less degree of elevation of the cerebral region ; and as this appears to 108 MR. R. F. TOMES ON THE GENUS VAMPYRUS. [ Mar. 26, hold about the same relative proportion which is usually observable in the larger and smaller species of any natural group, it cannot be made any proper use of in determining the limits of genera. But the incisors and premolars in the lower jaw exhibit considerable di- versity, not only in regard to number, but in size and relative pro- portion also. These peculiarities in the dentition, in connexion with the super- ficial ones above stated, appear to me to supply the most certain means by which to classify the several species ; and I wil] now pro- ceed to state what I regard as their relationship with eacb other. The normal number of incisors in Phyllostoma is four in each jaw ; and the number of premolars is ¢wo on each side, above and below. In the Vampyrus spectrum this normal number of incisors obtains ; but among the premolars in the lower jaw is an additional one. In V. auritus, having an expansion of membrane not inferior to that of V. spectrum, this supernumerary premolar is of rudimentary form, and though irregular in position, 2s nevertheless present, and is ac- companied by an abnormal number of inferior incisors, which are reduced to two. ‘This species, then, I regard as possessing the col- lective characters of Vampyrus more fully than any other. Of Lo- phostoma sylvicolum I can say but little, not having examined a spe- cimen. It appears to make a somewhat near approach to Vampyrus auritus, excepting that the wings are narrower, and the ears less de- veloped, in which respects it may make some approach to the follow- ing species. Schizostoma appears in general conformation, and in dentition, to come nearest to V. spectrum, but differs in having a tail, and in having the membranes of the wings extend only to the distal extremity of the tibia. The two following so-called genera Mimon and Tylostoma are identical, and intermediate between Vampyrus and Phyllostoma. With the lower incisors of the former they have the lower premolars of the latter, and an intermediate general outline. The last genus, Tvachops, has the dentition of Phyllostoma, and re- sembles Vampyrus in its large oval ears and considerable breadth of alar membrane. We have in these species a complete gradation from Vampyrus to Phyllostoma ; and while I admit these-as distinct genera, I am scarcely willing to admit the intermediate and allied forms which are here brought together, as even of subgeneric pretensions. This will be better understood by looking at the exact amount of difference be- tween the species most typical of these genera (i. e. Vampyrus auritus and Phyllostoma hastatum) ; and it will be seen that it is merely one of degree, of which degree the remaining species constitute the middle portion. Perhaps it will seem that sufficient importance has not been attached to the presence or absence of a tail in these species. In nearly all the Phyllostomide the tail is of rudimentary proportions, seldom ex- ceeding half the length of the interfemoral membrane. I have usually observed that, when an organ is but feebly represented throughout a group of Mammals, it commonly presents varied de- grees of development in different species in that group, and even in 1861.] pr. A. GUNTHER ON THE ANATOMY OF MONITOR. 109 some may be wholly absent. When this is the case (and it is the case with the tail of the Phyllostomide), it will only lead to error if made use of as a means whereby to define minor groups. It is amongst those characteristics which by their prominent development mark out large groups of species, that we should look for the modifications required for the definition of the smaller groups. 2. ON THE ANAToMy or Monitor NILoTICUS FROM WESTERN AFRICA, AND OF REGENIA ALBOGULARIS. By Dr. ALBERT Gin tuer, For. Mens. Z.S. Several anatomists have examined specimens of the family of Mo- nitores, and found important anatomical characters which appear to be common to all the members of the family. Cuvier, Meckel, Stan- nius, and others describe the structure of the tongue, of the salivary glands, of the trachea, of the kidneys, &c. But few of them have been careful enough in the determination of the species examined ; and, although there is no doubt that, for instance, Cuvier had dis- sected specimens of Monitor niloticus, it is evident that, under the denomination of Tupinambis (as he calls the genus)*, he has con- founded very different species,—a urinary bladder, which he ascribes to that genus, not being found either in Regenia or in Monitor nilo- ticus. The specimen of the latter animal which I have examined is 5 feet long, and 15 inches in its greatest circumference. It was brought to the Gardens at nearly the same time as the Regenia ocellatat, and probably came from the same locality. The habits of both were very much alike, the Monitor more freely taking to the water. Its food consisted of eggs and pieces of meat. The long, vermiform tongue terminates in two slender points, the cartilaginous extremity of which is less prolonged than in Regenia ; it is received posteriorly into a long sheath of the mucosa, whilst its anterior portion moves in a longitudinal groove formed by the sali- vary organs. The latter are composed first of an elongate glandu- lary mass, situated below the tongue, and forming the bottom of that groove ; it represents a glandulu sublingualis, each single glandule opening by a separate orifice. On each side of this gland, there is situated another which is elongate like the former, but much thicker, especially posteriorly ; it forms the lateral portion of that groove in which the tongue moves, and can be considered either as a separate division of the glandula sublingualis of higher animals or as a glan- dula submazillaris ; the ducts of its portions are united into several short ducts, which empty the saliva through pores behind the front teeth. There are, besides, numerous solitary glands, arranged in longitudinal series. * Vorlesung. in vergl. Anat. iibers. v. Froriep & Meckel, ii. p. 664. t. 15. f. 3; iii. p. 201; iv. p. 641, ete. + See anted, p. 60. 110 pr. A. GUNTHER ON THE ANATOMY OF MONITOR. [Mar. 26, The pharynx and the upper parts of the cesophagus are not black, as in Regenta and other Varani. The esophagus is provided with numerous low longitudinal folds, and passes without distinct separa- tion into the long, pad-like stomach. Its mucous membrane is very thick, and forms irregular thick folds, anastomosing with one another, and chiefly running in a longitudinal direction. Its muscular mem- brane has a tendinous appearance, and becomes thicker in the pyloric region, the width of a vertical cut being two lines and a half; there is, besides, a longitudinal tendinous, pad-like protuberance on each side of the pyloric extremity. The whole structure distinctly shows that this is a true pylorus, and that the part behind it belongs to the intestinal tract*. This commencement of the intestine, which is nearly the same as in Regenia, and which we have called there a duodenum, is 20 lines long, not wider than, and separated from, the small intestine by a circular valve, which is 14 line deep. The en- trance of the ductus choledochus is 15 lines below that valve. The valvulz conniventes run in an oblique direction from the mesenterial line towards the side opposite, parallel to one another, and always a higher alternating with a lower one ; they are provided with numerous delicate villi. The valvulee become deeper, less oblique, and more transverse in the posterior portion of the jejunum ; and the villi here are coarser and morenumerous. The jejunum passes into the ilium or into the portion without valvule, quite suddenly. This portion is wider than the jejunum, and provided with Peyerian glands, which are less numerous than in Regenia, and less distinct ; so that perhaps they might have escaped my observation, if my attention had not been previously directed to them by their occurrence in R. ocellata. The passage into the wide rectum is narrow, and without a valve behind. The cloaca is separated from the rectum by a broad fold of the mucous membrane. The length of the stomach is 5 lines, of the jejunum 21, of the ilium 11, and of the rectum with the cloaca 5. The liver is large, divided by a comparatively small notch into a right and left lobe ; both are depressed, elongato-ovate, and the right one is nearly twice the size of the left one, having a small elongate lobule appended at its posterior part. The gall-bladder is round, of moderate size, and partially imbedded in the substance of the liver. The heart is situated as in Regenia. The separation of the two atria is complete, and the right one is rather larger than the left ; both are provided with trabeculz carneze. The right atrium receives the blood from two vene cavze superiores (externa et interna) and from a very large vena cava inferior ; the circumference of the former is 8 and 9 lines, of the latter 16; the vena cava superior interna, however, has a considerably narrower lumen where it enters the atrium than in the part next above. All the three venze enter the atrium at the same spot from behind, near the septum atriorum. The directions of the currents of blood are such that that from the * A similar division of the intestinal tract, found in the Crocodiles, is described as a part of the stomach (Stann. & Sieb. ii. p. 110), and, as we think, with better right, that division being much wider than the small intestine. 1861.] DR. aA. GUNTHER ON THE ANATOMY OF MONITOR. 111 vena cava superior externa is diagonally opposed to that from the v. cava inferior, and that the current from the v. cava superior interna coming from the left is at right angles with the concurrence of the -former. da | Y bss c a. Vena cava superior externa. 6. Vena cava superior interna. c. Vena cava inferior. It is evident that the free entrance of the blood would be consider- ably protracted, if the currents were permitted to meet one another in such opposite directions. In order to prevent this, the atrium is provided with two broad valvule, the inferior across the orifice of the v. cava inferior, the superior across that of the v. cava superior externa; their free margins run in the direction of the current of the inner v. cava superior. When we bring those two valvule into the most natural position possible, it becomes evident that they not only prevent a backward motion of the blood from the atrium during its systole, but also modify the directions of the currents from the venze during the diastole ; so that the current from the v. cava supe- rior externa is turned more outwards and more to the left, that from the v. cava inferior more inwards and more to the left, whilst the third current appears to preserve its direction (thus). The two venz pulmonales enter the left atrium by two distinct ori- fices, one at the side of the other. The left ventricle is very small, and does not emit a blood-vessel ; it communicates with the right ventricle by a large opening, which can be completely shut by either of the two large valvulze situated at each of the ostia venosa. The right ventricle has a conus arteriosus, which is as wide as the ven- tricle itself. The arteria pulmonalis is single, whilst the two aortz have separate lumina; each of those arteries has the usual pair of valvule at its origin. The ¢rachea has the cartilaginous rings not closed on the dorsal side, and is divided into the two bronchi at some distance from their 112 pr. A. GUNTHER ON THE ANATOMY OF MONITOR. [Mar. 26, entrance into the lungs. Each bronchus enters the lung a little above the middle of its length, and emits a short branch with carti- laginous rings for the upper portion of the lung: the principal stem does not penetrate far into the substance of the lung; its cartilaginous - rings soon disappear, and there remains ouly a membranaceous tube with numerous lateral openings. The lungs of both sides are nearly equally developed and of moderate capacity ; their interior is amply provided with cells and meshes, less so in their posterior extremity. The kidneys are elongato-cuneiform, entirely separated from each other, and of equal size. Each is formed by about twenty lobes, which are united only at the base. Each ureter is somewhat widened before its termination, and opens together with the vas deferens of its side in a small papilla, situated behind the valve which separates the rectum from the cloaca. There is no urinary bladder. The testicles are subglobular ; the right one is situated nearly on the middle of the abdominal cavity, the left one a little more down- wards. The vas deferens is convoluted in its whole length, running downwards along the inner side of the kidneys and of the ureters. The double penis is 34 inches long when everted from the sheath in which it lies concealed ; there is a groove running from the seminal papilla along its whole length. The glans has on each side eight cartilaginous transverse lamellze with ruffled margins, and termi- nates in two white cartilaginous bodies similar in form to the root of a human tooth, the one being simple, the other branching again into three short processes. It is very singular that not only the sheath in which the inverted penis lies, but also the penis itself, cast their skin like the other external parts. The musculus retractor penis, as in all the Saurians, moves in a sheath between the superficial caudal muscles and the muscles of the heemapophyses ; the latter differ from the other muscles by their white colour, by their softness, and by the loose connexion of the different layers: they have quite the appearance of the muscles of | fishes; and many of the layers have their outer margin free, not attached to the aponeurotic membrane of the sheath. The muscular fibres are transversely striped. ' Peritoneal ducts leading outwards, as they have been observed by Plumier, Geoffroy, and Owen in Crocodilians, do not exist in this species. Fatty masses, of the same appearance and situated at the same place as in Regenia, are found in this species. Although of enor- mous size, when compared with similar collections of fat in other reptiles, yet they are relatively smaller than in Regenia, equalling about the eighth part of the weight of the entire animal. The cause of death may be considered to have been an extensive ulcus of the stomach, situated on the curvatura major, nearer to the pylorus than to the stomach. The stomach itself was empty ; there was a small quantity of extravasated blood between the mucous and muscular membrane round the uleus. The rest of the intestines and the other parts of the cavity of the chest and of the abdomen had a ~ quite healthy appearance. Very small irregular patches of a chalk-like P.Z.S 1861 Plate XDC GH Ford © 1. GEOPHIS GUNTHERI. 9, NANNOPERCA AUSTRALIS. NN 1861.1 DR. 0, WUCHERER ON OPHIDIANS FROM BAHIA. 113 concretion were disseminated through the whole substance of all the lower and lateral muscles of the thorax and of the abdomen. After having finished my notes on the anatomy of Monitor nilo- ticus, I received from the Society’s Menagerie a specimen of a third species, Regenia albogularis, which had died there shortly after its arrival from Port Natal. It proved to be a female, and was 40 inches long, and 11 in. its greatest circumference. It was in a very emaciated state, and had died from an extensive disease of the intestinal tract, the upper portion of the jejunum and the entire ilium being covered with ulcerations, and with hardened purulent exudations. The fatty masses observed in the two other species were present, but shrunk to a thin layer of fat. The two genera Regenia and Monitor being closely allied, the present species does not differ from what I have previously noted in any of the principal points, more resembling R., ocellata in some minor respects, and in others M. niloticus. It has the black pharynx, the curved stomach, the nine-lobed kidneys, the uterine sac of the former; whilst the form of the sublingual and submaxillary glands, and that of the liver with the gall-bladder, are exactly the same as in M. niloticus. I have, however, been able to ascertain some other points, by giving which my notes on these highly organjzed Saurians will be rendered more complete. 1. There is a collection of glandules along the outer side of the mandibulary bone, forming a sublabial salivary gland; the fluid is emptied by a series of numerous small foramina between the lip and the jaw. “2. The ovarium is narrow, elongate, equally developed on both sides ; it contained eggs from the size of a pea to that of the head of a pin (in March). 3. The uterine sac on the dorsal side of the rectum, which I have described in R. ocellata, is equally developed in this species, and divided superiorly into two short horns, one for the ostium of each of the oviducts; the ostia were wide enough for a tubulus of 2 lines diameter. 4. The elitorides are double, similar to the penis, and each of them terminates in two small cartilaginous processes. 3. On THE OpurIpIANs OF THE PROVINCE OF Bauta, Brazit. By Dr. Orso Wucuerer, Corr. Memp. (Part I.) (Plate XIX.) In the present paper I propose to give a list of the Snakes in the province of Bahia, which I have been able to collect during the last two years, enumerating them in the order in which they occur in the Catalogues of the British Museum, and adding such remarks as I may be enabled to make. Proc. Zoox. Soc.—1861, No. VIII. 114 DR. 0. WUCHERER ON OPHIDIANS FROM BAHIA. [ Mar. 26, Of the family of Crotalide I have seen :— 1. Craspedocephalus atrox. 2. C. bilineatus. 3. Lachesis mutus. 4. Crotalus horridus. Of these the first seems to be the most common, particularly in some districts. To judge by what I have heard of the danger of its fre- quent bite, and what is commonly stated concerning the number of victims of the Fer de lance in the West Indies, C. atror is a much less dangerous animal than C.lanceolatus. The frequent occurrence of the bite of C. aéroz is easily accounted for, as it is commonly met coiled up in the middle of footpaths, and is not easily disturbed un- less trod upon. Neither C. lanceolatus nor C. brasiliensis have as yet been observed by me. Of the scarce C. bilineatus I have only seen two specimens; but I hear that six specimens have been found together in the colony Leopoldina, near Iheos. I shall refrain from making any further remarks on this genus until I shall have col- lected more specimens for comparison than I at present possess. All my specimens of C. atrox differ from those described by herpetolo- gists in having fewer longitudinal series of scales (23-25). Lachesis mutus is far from being scarce. The largest specimen I have seen measured 10 feet. ” Crotalus horridus is chiefly an inhabitant of the interior of the province, but is not very scarce on a row of hills which extends through the city of Bahia. In some parts of the province (for in- stance in Ilheos) it has, according to trustworthy testimony, never been seen. Of the family Viperide, the only species, according to Dr. Gray, which is found in the Western World is Peruvian. Of the numerous freshwater species of the family of Hydride few representatives seem to occur in the Brazils, Helicops angulatus being perhaps the most common species in this province. A second species, Helicops leprieurii, Dum. et Bibr., still appears to be scarce in the collections. Perhaps a description taken from fresh specimens may facilitate its identification. Diagnosis.—Head ovate, short; three frontals, anterior trigonal, between the nasals; labials entire; superciliaries large, almost of the length of vertical; vertical elongate; loreal distinct ; one or two an- terior and two posterior oculars ; occipitals elongate ; body fusiform ; scales in nineteen rows, truncated, polished, smooth, those of middle and of hinder part, of back and tail keeled; tail distinct, tapering. Description.—Head ovate, flat on the vertex, not very distinct ; cleft of mouth moderate ; eyes superior, moderate, pupil round ; three frontals, anterior small and almost triangular (irregularly qua- drangular, with an obtuse posterior angle) ; nostrils superior, between two nasals ; vertical moderate, elongate, with the lateral edges parallel or slightly divergent posteriorly, rectangular behind; occipitals large, elongate ; eight upper labials, entire, the seventh much larger than the rest, fourthand fifth reaching the eye, rostral broader than 1861.]. DR. 0. WUCHERER ON OPHIDIANS FROM BAHIA. 115 high, its upper angle very obtuse ; series of teeth of moderate length, posterior tooth longest, grooved, anterior all equal; body fusiform ; tail distinct, rather short, tapering; scales moderate, truncated be- hind, polished, in nineteen rows, those of anterior part and of sides of body smooth, of posterior part and of tail keeled; no scales of the middle line in any part larger; ventral shields narrow ; anal divided ; subcaudals in two rows. Above olive, with three darker longitudinal streaks, or rows of spots sometimes confluent, alternating in the different rows ; inferior half of upper labials and body beneath yellowish ; belly and tail beneath with transverse black streaks, some of which do not reach across (chequered as in Liophis). Length of cleft of mouth 2 inch, breadth of head 3 inch; length of tail 54 inches; total length 22 inches. : The specimen described is in the collection of the British Museum. This Snake is not very rare in the moist valleys in and about the city of Bahia. Of the family Boide some of the most formidable members occur here as in other parts of Brazil. 1. Epicrates cenchria, 2. Xiphosoma caninum, 3. Boa constrictor, and 4. Eunectes murinus have been noticed by me. The most common species in Bahia appears to be Hunectes murinus. It is the “Sueu- rujaba”? of the natives, and is very frequently seen in close proximity to the town of Bahia, but very large specimens are here but seldom found. On the borders of the 8. Francisco river they attain an enormous size. I should rather think that it must have been this snake, and not the Boa constrictor which Dr. Gardner in his ‘ Travels in Brazil’ mentions as having swallowed a horse. The Boa does not grow so large by far. Hunectes murinus seems to possess an extra- ordinary capability of fasting ; a friend of mine kept the largest spe- cimen | ever saw in close confinement for three years, and it was never known to swallow anything during this whole period. It died much emaciated. The first species of the family of Calamariide which I have met with is new, and I conclude this first part of the paper with a de- scription of it :— Gropuis GUNTHERI. (Pl. XIX. fig. 1.) Diagnosis.—Upper labials seven, the third and fourth coming into the orbit ; a single pair of chin-shields. Dirty-orange, with a lon- gitudinal jet-black band from the occiput to the end of the tail. Description.—Total length 123 inches ; length of tail 12 inch; head indistinct, depressed. Body almost cylindrical ; tail cylindrical, tapering. Cleft of mouth short; eyes moderate. Rostral shield broad, just reaching the surface of the head ; two pairs of frontals, the anterior pair in direct contact with the rostral ; the posterior frontals reaching the orbits; vertical almost regularly triangular; super- ciliaries moderate, occipitals rather large and elongate, slightly forked 116 pr. A. GUNTHER ON THE GENUS NANNOPERCA. {[Mar. 26, behind. Nasal pierced by the nostril. Loreal none. Anterior ocular elongate, not touching the supraorbital. Two posterior ocu- lars sometimes confluent into one. Seven upper labials, the third and fourth reaching the orbit, the sixth and seventh largest ; two temporals on the side of the occipital, the anterior one touching both posterior oculars. Series of maxillary teeth short, the hinder longest, not grooved. Ground-colour dirty orange; crown blackish. From the occiput to the tip of the tail a longitudinal jet-black streak with sharply defined edges, forked just behind the occiput into two diverging extremities, which cover the edge of the occipitals ; tips of light-coloured scales black. On the sides of the body some irregular black spots, which, on the posterior of the body, form an uninter- rupted narrow line. The specimen described was sent to me from Caunavieras, which is to the south of the city of Bahia. It is now in the British Mu- seum. According to information received from Dr. Albert Ginther, this is a new species, belonging to the genus Geophis of Wagler. I propose to name it after him, in acknowledgment of his unremitting kindness in aiding my endeavours to become acquainted with the Brazilian Ophidians. Bahia, February 11th, 1861. 4, On A New Genus or AusTrALIAN FresHwatTer FIsHEs. By Dr. Atsert Ginraer, For. Memes. Zoot, Soc, (Plate XIX.) Fam. Percip2. Group ApoGonrina. NANNOPERCA. Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size. Dorsal fins slightly continuous at the base, the first with seven spines. No recumbent spine before the dorsal fin. Three anal spines. Narrow bands of villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones. None of the bones of the head serrated. Branchio- stegals six; pseudobranchize present. Lateral line none. NANNOPERCA AUSTRALIS. (PI. XIX. fig. 2.) B.6, D.74. A. +. V.1/5. “L. lat. 30. L. transv. 12. This species resembles a young Perch in general appearance, but is more elongate; the greatest depth of the body is above the root of the ventral fin, and contained four times and five-sevenths in the total length ; the length of the head is contained three times and two-thirds in it. The snout is moderately produced, as long as the orbit, with the cleft of the mouth oblique and rather narrow, the maxillary extending to below the front margin of the orbit. The lower jaw projects beyond the upper. The teeth are villiform, those of the palatine bones minute and forming only a short series. The PY.S 1861. Plat 8. DF Cobol dal Matern ih 24 -- Entozoa —— sot _ New specie 1861.] DR. T. S. COBBOLD’S LIST OF ENTOZOA. 117 eye is of moderate size, one-fourth of the length of the head, and much wider than the interorbital space. The scales advance supe- riorly to between the hind margin of the orbits, and inferiorly to the preorbital. None of the bones of the head are serrated; the pree- operculum has two ridges along its margins, like Apogon, but the ridges are very close together. The spinous dorsal fin commences somewhat nearer to the snout than to the root of the caudal; the length of the first spine is not quite one-half of that of the second, which is the strongest and longest, its length being one-half of that of the head; the following spines rapidly decrease in length. The soft dorsal fin is slightly continuous with the spinous, both being nearly equal in height ; its anterior spine is short, although longer than the last of the spinous dorsal. Caudal fin rounded, its length is contained six times and a half in the total. Anal spines strong, the second and third are nearly equal in length. The root of the ventrals is situated behind that of the pectorals; they do not quite extend to the vent, and are as long as the pectorals. The colour appears to be greenish above, each scale having a darker margin. Two specimens of this fish, the larger of which is 33 lines long, were received from the Murray River, and, having been given me for determination by Mr. Holdsworth, are now deposited in the British Museum Collection. 5, List or ENTOzOA, INCLUDING PENTASTOMES, FROM ANIMALS DYING AT THE SOCIETY'S MENAGERIE, BETWEEN THE YEARS 1857-60 INCLUSIVE, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SEVERAL NEW Species. By T. Spencer Cossotp, M.D., F.L.S. (Plate XX.) During the interval above-mentioned I find that 122 different ani- mals have been specially examined by me with reference to the pre- sence or absence of Entozoa. This number of individuals represents upwards of 100 distinct species, 38 of which (or, in round numbers, about one-third) were found infested. Of these 38 there are 19 mammals, 14 birds, and 5 reptiles. The mammalia harboured 6 trematodes, 8 cestodes, 5 nematodes, and 1 species of pentastome,— larval and immature forms being included. The birds contained 2 trematodes, 6 cestodes, and 14 nematodes ; whilst the reptiles were in- fested by 2 flukes, 1 tape-worm, 6 round-worms, | acanthocephalous helminth, and 1 pentastome. Altogether I have found in 38 ver- tebrate species no less than 51 different forms of Entozoa, comprising 10 trematodes, 15 cestodes, 23 nematodes, | acanthocephalous ento- zoon, and 2 pentastomes. In very few instances can these parasites be said to have been the entire cause of death ; but in several cases they manifestly contributed to bring about that result, and in one instance their presence was the sole cause of death. This was evident in a Ring-tailed Lemur 118 DR. T. S. COBBOLD’S LIST OF ENTOZOA. _[Mar. 26, from Madagascar, where the thorax and liver were crammed with a very singular form of Cwnurus: the several bunches or colonies of them in the right side of the chest had caused a remarkable atrophy of the right lung, that of the left side being also much diminished in bulk. The liver was similarly affected. In all cases I have been careful to ascertain, as far as possible, whether or not the several species of Entozoa found by me were pre- viously known to science ; 1 mention this because I have no wish to imitate those who take little trouble on this score, and carefully de- scribe every parasite as new, which may haply or otherwise come within their possession. Excluding pentastomes, 31 of the following are adult forms, and yet only 11 of these proved new to science; a few of the latter being peculiar and of great interest. Order I. TREMATODA. 1. Distoma compactum, Cobbold. Five examples in the left lung of an Indian Ichneumon (Viverra mungos, L.), which had lived in the Society’s Gardens about twelve months. Examined Feb. 19, 1857. Cabinet Collection, T.S.C. no. 67. | Desc. Linn, Trans. xxii. p. 363. t. 63. f. 1-3. 2. BILHARZIA MAGNA, Cobbold. A solitary specimen in the portal blood of the Sooty Monkey (Cercopithecus fuliginosus). Ex. Dec. 4, 1857. Cab. Coll. T.8. C. no. 57. " Desc. Linn. Trans. l.c. p.364, t.63. £.8,9; Synopsis of Distomide, Proc. Linn. Soe. vy. p. 31. 3. Distoma consunctTuM, Cobbold. Numerous examples in the biliary ducts of an American Red Fox (Canis fulvus). Ex. Dec. 24, 1858. Cab, Coll. T.S. C. no, 88. Desc. In Synops. Distom., Proc, Linn, Soc. v. p. 8; figs. will be given in Linn. Trans. xxiii. pt. 2. 4. DistromMA MINuTUM, Cobbold. Multitudes, scarcely perceptible to the naked eye, in the duodenal mucus of an Oyster-catcher (Hematopus ostralegus, L.). Ex. Feb. 19, 1857. Dese. Linn. Trans. xxii. p. 364, t. 63. f. 4, 5. 5. Disroma «quate, Dujardin. Nine examples detected in the intestines of an American Barn Owl (Strix perlata). Ex. Jan. 8, 1858. Cab. Ooll. T. S.C. no. 60. . Note. Linn. Trans. J. c. p. 365; Synops. Dist., P. L. 8. v. p. 14. 1861.] DR. T. S. COBBOLD’S LIST OF ENTOZOA. 119 6. Disroma soscr1, Cobbold. Numerous specimens in the mouth, trachea, and lungs of an Ame- rican species of Coluber, which died from cancer of the stomach. Cab. Coll. T. 8. C. no. 70. Desc. Linn. Trans. /. c. p. 364. t. 63. f. 6, 7. Synops. Dist. in POG: 8) vape 19. _ 7. Disroma coronarium, Cobbold. Corpus lineare, depressum, retrorsum parum attenuatum ; collum continuum ; caput obconicum; os terminale globosum, limbo echinato, spinis ad numerum 24; acetabulum ore duplo minus, apertura circular. Long. 4, crassit. 3. unc. Numerous examples from the intestines of an Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Ex. Dec. 25, 1860. Cab. Coll. T. S.C. no. 91. Larval and immature Trematoda. 8. CERCARIA CERVI. Numerous degenerated examples in the liver of an Axis Deer (Cervus avis). Ex. Feb. 19, 1857. 9. CERCARIA MACACI. Several specimens in the liver of Macacus radiatus. Ex. Feb. 19, 1857, 10. CERCARIA CERCOPITHECI. One example in the liver of the Sooty Monkey (Cercopithecus Suliginosus). Ex. Dec. 4, 1857. Order II. CESTODA. 1, T&NIA PUSILLA, Goeze. A single specimen, upwards of 20 inches in length, in the intestine of a Rat (Mus rattus) destroyed in the Society’s Gardens. Ex, Jan. 7, 1859. 2. Tmnta paARApoxa, Rudolphi. Numerous examples in the duodenum of the Oyster-catcher (Hematopus ostralegus, L.). Ex, Feb. 19, 1857. Note. Linn. Trans. xxii. t. 63. f. 16-19. 3. THNIA MULTIFORMIS, Creplin. Ten or twelve specimens from the small intestines of the Night Heron (Ardea nycticorax). Ex. Jan. 2, 1858. Note. Linn, Trans. /.c. p, 365. t, 63. f, 23, 120 DR. T. S. COBBOLD’S LIST OF ENTOZOA. — [Mar. 26, 4, T2ENIA INFUNDIBULIFORMIS, Goeze. Numerous proglottides, but only one head, found in the intestines of the Horned Pheasant (Phasianus ?). Ex. Jan. 15, 1858. Cab. Coll. T.S. C. no. 63. Note. Linn. Trans. /. c. p. 365. t. 63. f. 25. 5. Tent LANCEOLATA, Bloch. Several specimens in the intestines of the Dusky Duck (Anas 06- scura). Ex. Jan. 30, 1858. Note. Linn. Trans. /. c, t. 63. f. 20. 6. Tania Levis, Bloch. Numerous proglottides and fragments, probably of this species, in the intestines of Anas obscura, associated with the above. Larval, immature, and imperfect Cestoda. 7. C@&NURUS LEMURIS. Several multilocular masses or colonies occupied the lungs and liver of the Ring-tailed Lemur of Madagascar (Lemur maco), and had caused the death of the animal, which had been only four months in the Society’s possession. Ex. Jan. 1, 1858. Desc. Linn. Trans. l. c. p. 365. t. 63. f. 12-15. 8. ACEPHALOCYSTIS MACACI? A single example, floating in some serous fluid within the left cavity of the thorax of a Macaque (?). Length } of an inch ; breadth yzinch. Ex. Jan. 8, 1858. 9. ACEPHALOCYSTIS OVIS TRAGELAPHI. A solitary specimen filled with a clear serous fluid. Probably an aborted Caenurus. Spherical; 1 inch in diameter. Ex. Jan. 8, 1858. 10. EcHINOCOCCUS ALTRICIPARIENS, Kiichenmeister. Several large cysts filled with the brood of this entozoon in the lungs of the Four-horned Antelope (Antilope quadricornis). Ex. Feb. 19, 1858. Cab, Coll. T.8.C. no. 79. Note. Linn. Trans. J. c. p. 266. 11. LiguLA COLUBRI BLUMENBACHII. Several specimens in the abdominal cellular tissue and lateral muscles. Ex. Jan. 1, 1858. Note. Linn. Trans. J. c. p. 366. t. 63. f. 31. 12. CESTOIDEUM AMADINZ. Numerous proglottides and fragments of a Tenia in the intestines of Amadina cucullata from Western Africa. 1861.] DR. T. S, COBBOLD’S LIST OF ENTOZOA. 121 13. CysTICERCUS TENUICOLLIS. Two specimens attached to the mesentery of a Spring-Bok (Ga- zella euchore). Ex. April 22, 1859. 14, CysTICERCUS PHACOCHERI ZTHIOPICI. One example in a cyst near the colon. Ex. Dec. 19, 1859. Desc. Proc. Zool. Soc. for March 12, 1861, with figs. 15. CysrICERCUS POTAMOCHGRI PENICILLATI. One example from the liver, and four from the mesentery. Ex. Nov. 16, 1860. Cab. Coll. T.S. C. no. 94. Desc. Proc. Z.S. 1. c. supra, with figs. Order III. NEMATODA. 1, ASCARIS RETUSA, Rudolphi. Several examples in the rectum of the Weasel-headed Armadillo (Dasypus sexcinctus). Ex. Jan. 15, 1858. Cab. Coll. T. S.C. no. 81. Note. Linn. Trans. J. c. p. 365. t. 63. f. 22. 2. SrRoNGYLUs PARADOXUS, Mehlis. Three specimens in the bronchial tubes of a Peccary (Dycoteles torquatus). Ex. Jan. 22, 1858. Note. Linn. Trans. J. c. p. 365. t. 63. f. 28. 3. TRICHOSOMA AEROPHILUM, Creplin. Two individuals in the bronchi of an American Red Fox (Canis Sulvus). Ex. Dec. 24, 1858. Note. An egg will be figured in Linn. Trans, xxiii. pt. 2. 4, TRICHOCEPHALUS AFFINIS, Rudolphi. Numerous examples in the cecum and colon of a young Giraffe (Camelopardalis giraffa). Ex. Dee. 3, 1859. Cab. Coll. T.S. C. no. 85 & 85a. Desc. Will be given in Linn. Trans. xxiii. pt. 2, with several figs. and woodcuts. See also Zool. Soc. Proceed. for Feb. 14, 1860. 5. Sprroprera optusa, Rudolphi. Numerous examples in the stomach of a Mouse (Mus musculus), accidentally trod upon in the Society’s Gardens. 'The abdomen was greatly distended from their presence. Ex. Dec. 14, 1860. 6. EusTronNGYLUS PAPILLOSUS, Diesing. Three examples within the mouth of the Sarus Crane (Grus an- tigone). Ex. Jan. 16, 1858. Cab. Coll. T.S.C. no. 78. Note. Linn. Trans. xxii. p. 365. t. 63, f. 24, 122 DR. T. S. COBBOLD’S LIST OF ENTOZOA. _[Mar, 26, 7. TRICHOSOMA LONGICOLLE, Rudolphi. Three specimens of a nematode from the intestines of the Horned Pheasant (Phasianus ’), probably referable to this species. Ex. Jan. 15, 1858. Cab. Coll. T. S.C. no. 82. 8. ASCARIS VESICULARIS, Froelich. The czeca of a Ring-necked Pheasant (Phasianus torquatus) were crowded with this species, the females being much more abundant than the males. Ex. Jan. 15, 1858. Cab. Coll. T. S.C. no. 34a. Note. Linn. Trans. J. c. p. 365. t. 63. f. 21. A few examples also in the ceeca of a Black-backed Kaleege (Huplo- comus melanotis) bred in the Society’s Gardens. Ex. Dec. 14, 1858. Multitudes also in the ceeca of a Cheer Pheasant (Phasianus wal- lichit). Ex. Dec. 31, 1858. 9. ASCARIS DISPAR, Schrank. Several examples in the caeca of the Sandwich Island Goose (Ber- nicla sandwichensis), associated with two other kinds of nematode. Ex. Jan. 30, 1858. Cab. Coll. T.S. C. no. 75. Note. Linn. Trans. l. c. t, 63, f, 26, 27, 10. TRICHOSOMA BREVICOLLE, Rudolphi. Several specimens in the intestines of Bernicla sandwichensis, associated with the foregoing. Cab. Coll. T. S.C. no. 76. _ 11, Sp1ropreRA CRASSICAUDA, Creplin. One individual in the intestines of Bernicla sandwichensis, along- with the above. 12. ASCARIS TRIBOTHRIOIDES, Cobbold. - Two specimens in the intestines of the Dusky Duck (Anas 0b- scura), associated with two kinds of Teenie. Ex. Jan. 30, 1858. Desc. Linn. Trans. /.c. p. 365. t. 63. f.10, 11. 13, Ascaris pepressa, Rudolphi. One specimen in the stomach of the Bearded Vulture (Gyps bar- batus). Ex. Jan. 31, 1859. 14. StrroncyLus TUBIFEX, Nitzsch. (Pl. XX. f. 1, 2.) Two specimens, one in the proventriculus and the other in the small intestine of an Ashy-headed Goose (Chloephaga poliocephala, Gray). Ex. Dec. 24, 1858. 15. SrroncyLus Nopuxaris, Rudolphi. (Pl. XX. f, 3, 4.) Numerous specimens in the proventriculus of Chloephaga polioce- phala, associated with the above. 1861.] DR. T. 8S. COBBOLD’S LIST OF ENTOZOA. 123 16. SrronGyLus acuTicAupAtus, Cobbold. (Pl. XX. f. 5, 6.) Caput angustatum obtusum, nudum ; corpus flecuosum, compres- siusculum ; bursa maris biloba, subterminali, magna, lobo sin- gulo quinqueradiato ; extremitate caudali maris acuta; cauda femine subulata recta, apice acuminata. Longit. mar. 3-3, fem. 3, crassit. 1; unc. Numerous examples in the ceeca of Chloephaga poliocephala, asso- ciated with the foregoing. 17. SrronGyLus spicuLatus, Cobbold. (Pl. XX.f. 7, 8.) - Ascaris strongylina, Rudolphi, Dujardin, Diesing. Caput conicum, nudum ; corpus e@quale, flecuosum ; bursa maris biloba, lobis flabellatim multiradiatis; extremitate caudali maris longe spiculata, parum infleca ; cauda femine subulata, recta, Longit. mar. et fem. 3 unc. Numerous specimens in the intestines of a species of Tinamou (Tinamus ?), Ex. Feb. 16,1859. Natterer found it at Brazil in T. tataupa and Perdix dentata. ‘ 18. Ascaris LINEATA, Cobbold. Caput nudum, conicum ; os labiis indistinctis ; corpus utringue e@qualiter attenuatum, rectum; extremitate caudali femine obsusata. Longit. 13, crassit. zt; unc. One female specimen only in the intestines of an Alligator (Alliga- tor mississippiensis), evidently not referable to A. tenuicollis, but probably distinct. Ex. Dec. 25, 1860. Cab. Coll. T.S, C.no. 93. Larval, immature, and doubtful forms of Nematodes. 19. FinarRIA COLUBRI AMERICANI. In a cyst within the walls of the small intestine. Ex. Feb. 20, 1857. 20. FrLARIA COLUBRI BLUMENBACHII. Enclosed in a cyst in the muscular substance of the heart. Ex. Jan. 1,-1858. Note. Linn. Trans. xxii. p. 366. t. 63. f. 30. 21. FILARIA ARDEX NYCTICORACIS (in ovo). I have thought it worth while to notice under this head some very peculiar encysted ova, whose chitinous shell or chorion consists of regularly disposed coils like those described by Claparéde in the eggs of Ascaris spirotheca, which infests the intestines of Triton teniatus*. Some genetic relation may subsist here. The cysts were nume- * Claparéde, ‘ De la formation et de la fécondation chez les vers nématodes.’ Genéve, 4to, 1859. ‘ 124 DR. T. S. COBBOLD’S LIST OF ENTOZOA. _—[Mar. 26, rous, and attached to the mesentery, and varied from 5th to 3th of an inch in length. Ex. Jan. 2,1858. Cab. Coll. T.S.C.no. 77. 22. FILARIA GRUIS ANTIGONES (in ovo). Numerous ova, with embryos in various stages of development, re- sembling the foregoing. Chorion consisting of a coiled chitinous band. Ex. Jan. 16, 1858. 23. FILARIA LACERTARUM. One example in the intestine of an East Indian Lizard (Calotes versicolor). Ex. Jan, 29, 1858. 24; NEMATOIDEUM COLUBRI AMERICANI. One specimen in the small intestine. Ex. Feb. 20, 1857. 25. NEMATOIDEUM COLUBRI BLUMENBACHII. One example in the stomach. Ex. Jan. 1, 1858. Note. Linn. Trans. J. c. t. 63. f. 29. Order IV. ACANTHOCEPHALA. 1, EcHINORHYNCHUS INFLEXUS, Cobbold. (Pl. XX. f. 9, 10.) Proboscis cylindrica, uncinorum seriebus sex; collum nullum ; corpus elongatum, inflecum, compressiusculum, antrorsum cras- sius, retrorsum parum attenuatum et transverse rugosum. Longit. $-1 unc. Numerous examples in, and attached to the mucous surface of, the intestines of a Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina). A few were also within the abdominal cavity. Ex. Feb. 21, 1860. PENTASTOMATA. 1, PENTASTOMA OXYCEPHALUM, Diesing. Many specimens in the lungs of an Alligator (Alligator mississip- piensis). Ex. Dec. 25, 1860. Cab. Coll. T. S.C. no. 92. 2. PENTASTOMA DENTICULATUM *, Rudolphi. Numerous examples from the surface of the lungs and intestines of a Bubale (Antilope bubalis). Some encysted beneath the pleura. Ex. Feb. 10, 1859. Cab. Coll. T. S.C. no. 84. Desc. Experiments in Quart. Journ. of Microsc. Sc. vii. p. 202; further notice will be given with figs., Linn. Trans. xxiii. part 2. * Leuckart’s researches leave us in no doubt as to this being the young of P. tenioides. See his recent work, ‘Bau und Entwickelungsgeschichte der Penta- stomen,’ Leipzig und Heidelberg, 1860; also my translation (of a Memoir by him) in Microsc. Journal, vol. vii. p. 182.—T. S. C. 1861.] DR. T. S. COBBOLD’S LIST OF ENTOZOA. 125 Several individuals were also obtained from the abdominal cavity of a Cape Guevi (Cephalopus pygmeus). Ex. Feb. 21, 1860. Systematic arrangement of the infested animals, with the Entozoa found in them :— 1. CERCOPITHECUS FULIGI- NOSUS. Bilharzia magna. Cercaria cercopithect. 2. MACACUS RADIATUS. Cercaria macaci. 3. Macacus is Acephalocystis macact. 4. LemuR MACO. Ceenurus lemuris. 5. CANIS FULVUS. Distoma conjunctum. Trichosoma aérophilum. 6. VIVERRA MUNGOS. Distoma compactum. 7. Mus RATTUS. Tenia pusilla. 8. Mus muscutuvs. Spiroptera obtusa. 9, DAsypuSs SEXCINCTUS. Ascaris retusa. 20. Gyps BARBATUS. Ascaris depressa, 21. SrRix PERLATA. Distoma equale. 22. AMADINA CUCULLATA, Cestoideum amadine, MAMMALIA. 10. Cervus AXxIs. Cercaria cervi. 11. CAMELOPARDALIS GIRAFFA. Trichocephalus affnis. 12. ANTILOPE QUADRICORNIS, Echinococcus altricipariens. 13. ANTILOPE BUBALIS. Pentastoma denticulatum. 14, GAZELLA EUCHORE. Cysticercus tenuicollis. 15. CEPHALOPUS PYGMZUS. Pentastoma denticulatum. 16. Ovis TRAGELAPHUS. Acephalocystis tragelap hi. 17. PHACOCHERUS ZTHIOPICUS. Cysticercus phacocheri. > 18. PoTAMOCH@RUS PENICIL- LATUS. Cysticercus potamocheri. 19. DicoTELES TORQUATUS. Strongylus paradoxus. AVEs. 23. TiINAMUS ? Strongylus spiculatus. 24. PHASIANUS TORQUATUS. Ascaris vesicularis. 25. PHAsIaANus ? Tenia infundibuliformis. Trichosoma longicolle, 126 DR. T. S. COBBOLD’S LIST OF ENTOZOA. [Mar. 26, 26. PHASIANUS WALLICHII. 31. ANAS OBSCURA. Ascaris vesicularis. Tenia lanceolata. Tenia levis. 27. EUPLOCOMUS MELANOTIS. Ascaris tribothrioides. Ascaris vesicularis. 32. BERNICLA SANDWICHEN- 28. ARDEA NYCTICORAX. ws hed ae ise Ascaris dispar. Ee ee Spiroptera crassicauda. 29, GRUS ANTIGONE. Trichosoma brevicolle: ustrongylus papillosus. 2 iis : IY : Pap 33. CHLOEPHAGA POLIOCE- Filaria gruis. ae 30. Hamatopus ostraLecus. ‘Strongylus tubifex. Distoma hinutuin. Strongylus nodularis. Tenia paradowa. Strongylus acuticaudatus. ReEptixia. 34. CoLUBER BLUMENBACHII: -36. CALOTES VERSICOLOR. Lingula colubri. ‘Filaria lacertarum. pists: seh Aiunpah echt, hii 37. CHELYDRA:SERPENTINA. eae pad Mee LALA SA oe Lichinorhynchus inflexus. 35. CoLUBER ? - 38. ALLIGATOR MISSISSIPIENSIS. Distoma boscii. Pentastoma oxycephalum. Filaria col. americani. _Distoma coronarium. Nematoideum col. americani. Ascaris lineata. — -Taste of the Mature Entozoa, excluding the Acarine genus Pentastoma. BILHARZIA* .......005. magna. aequale. boscii. conjunctum. compactum. minutum. ( coronarium. lanceolata, levis. CESTODA sccsisiscseriseeee MN Acs spit csdenisee ve seiess 4 Multiformis. _ paradoxa. pusilla. TREMATODA wseseereeeee YH ISTOMA ...c0esee00- epee * Prof. Leuckart of Giessen very justly observes, in regard to this generic name, “‘ Der Genusnamen Bilharzia kann nicht bleiben, da Diesing dafiir bereits die Bezeichnung Gynzecophorus,” ete.; yet I discovered my species (magna) Dec. 4, 1857, six months before Diesing read his “ Revision”’ to the Vienna Aca- demy. See“ Bericht der nied. Thiere,” in ‘ Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte,’ viertes Heft, S. 136, 1860. : 1861.] DR. P, L. SCLATER ON NEW AMERICAN BIRDS. 127 crassicauda. obtusa. depressa. dispar. lineata. retusa. tribothrioides. . vesicularis. NEMATODA ., .ccccessseres 4 EUSTRONGYLUS ssssesees papillosus. acuticaudatus. nodularis. STRONGYLUS seseesseaeee paradoxus. spiculatus. \ tubifex. TRICHOCEPHALUS....... aftinis. aérophilum. L Paictrosoma Cakes pan was | brevicolle. longicolle. ACANTHOCEPHALA...... ECHINORHYNCHUS...... inflexus. SPIROPTERA ...... ara { ASCARIS ...scscoesceeseese DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XX. Fig. 1. Strongylus tubifew, 2. Natural size. Fig. 2. Tail of the same. Enlarged. Fig. 3. Strongylus nodularis. Tale of male. Tig. 4. The same. Caudal extremity of female. Fig. 5. Strongylus acuticaudatus. Tail of female. Fig. 6. The same. Caudal end of male. Fig. 7. Strongylus spiculatus. Tail of female. Fig. 8. The same. Tail of male. Fig. 9. Echinorhynchus inflevus. Natural size. Fig. 10. Head of the same. The lemnisci were twisted in the specimen here drawn. Enlarged. Figures 3 to 8 inclusive are variously magnified, from 30 to 60 diameters linear. 6. CHARACTERS OF SOME NEw SreciEs oF AMERICAN PASSERES. By Puinie Lutiry Scuater, M.A., Ph.D., SecRETARY TO THE SOCIETY, 1. PoLIopriLA BUFFONI. Figuier @ téte noire de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 704.—Motaeilla cerulea, Gm.—Polioptila leucogastra, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 12 -(partim). Plumébea, subtus alba: pileo toto, alis et cauda nigris : tectricum alarum majorum marginibus externis, secundariorum pogonits externis, caude rectricibus duabus extimis et tertia ex majore parte albis : rostro et pedibus nigris, illius tomiis pallidioribus. Long. tota 4:0, ale 1'9, caude 1:8, rostri a rictu 0°6 poll. et dec. Hab. In Guiana et Nova Granada int. Mus. P.L.S. Obs. Similis P. leucogastre ex Brasilia, sed minor, et rostro lon- giore, rectrice extima omnino alba, et harum secunda et tertia fere usque ad basin albis dignoscenda. 128 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON NEW AMERICAN BirDs. [Mar. 26, 2. TROGLODYTES HYPAEDON. * Troglodytes aédon®,” Sclater, P. Z.S. 1859, pp. 363, 372; Sclater et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 9. Similis 7. aédoni ex America boreali, sed colore corporis subtus omnino brunnescenti-rufo ; lateribus corporis saturatioribus, rufis, neque transfasciatis : crisso nigro transvittato. Hab. In Mexico meridionali et Guatemala. Mus. P.L.S. This Wren, which I have heretofore not separated from 7. aédon, is certainly as distinct from that bird as 7. parkmanni and other recognized species. It is in fact more nearly alliedjto 7. furvus of South America than to the northern form ; but differs also from the T. furvus in the deeper colouring of the under surface, the throat and belly of the latter species being medially of a nearly pure white. 3. BASILEUTERUS UROPYGIALIS. Olivaceus, capite cinerascente : superciliis, oculorum ciliis et cor- pore subtus pallide cervinis, ventre albescente : uropygio et caude dimidio basali pallide fulvis, hujus apice cinerascente olivaceo: rostro nigro, pedibus pallide carneis. Long. tota 4-5, alee 2°7, caude 1°8. Hab. In Brasilia. Mus. P.L.S. I have one specimen of this bird in my collection, received from M. Verreaux and marked “Brazil.” It is most nearly allied to B. semicervinus, mihi (P. Z. 8S. 1860, p. 84), from Ecuador; but the uropygium and body beneath are much more lightly coloured ; and the back is olive and head cinereous, almost as in B. stragulatus, with which it also nearly agrees in the coloration of the lower surface. 4, HyLornHiLus INSULARIS. Supra olivaceus, pileo et dorso superiore ochraceo-brunnescentibus, dorso inferiore, alis extus et cauda viridescentibus : fronte, ocu- lorum ambitu et corpore subtus pallide ochraceis, tibiis et crisso virescentibus : tectricibus subalaribus pallide citrinis: rostro corneo, subtus pallidiore, pedibus carneis. Long. tota 4°7, alee 2°5, caudze 1:9, tarsi 0°7, rostri a rictu 0°6. Hab. In ins. Tobago. I have a single specimen of this Hylophilus, presented to me by Sir William Jardine, by whom it was received from Mr. Kirk, amongst. other birds collected in Tobago. It appears to belong to a well- marked though hitherto unnoticed species of this little group,—the bill nearly agreeing with that of H. thoracicus, though stronger and rather more arched, and the feet being likewise rather large and strong. The first primary is rather longer than in any other species of the genus that I am acquainted with, measuring 1°6 (in.) from the base of the wing to its extremity. In H. thoracicus, however, it is perhaps quite as long proportionately, the wing of H. insularis being generally larger than that of the former species. In its dull-olive 1861.] DR. P. L, SCLATER ON NEW AMERICAN BIRDS. 129 dress, brownish head, and pale buffy colour beneath, this bird is readily distinguishable from other members of the group. 5. CHLOROPHANES GUATEMALENSIS. Chlorophanes atricapilla, Sclat. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 14, et 1860, p- 32. Similis C. atricapillo ex America merid., sed differt colore corporis clariore viridi, capite nigro nucham totam occupante, et rostro magis crasso et elongato. Hab. In Guatemala. The differences between this and the southern bird appear to be so constant, although so small in amount, as to render a distinct name necessary ; and I have therefore chosen one which indicates the locality of the bird. 6. CHLOROPHONIA FLAVIROSTRIS. Psittaceo-viridis, remigibus alarum et rectricibus intus nigrican- tibus, illarum pogoniis externis cerulescenti-viridibus : subtus paulo dilutior, ventre medio et crisso flavis: rostro et pedibus flavis. Long. tota 4:0, alee 2°3, caude 1°2. Hab. In rep. Aquator. Mus. P.L.S. I have a single example of this Chlorophonia in my collection, received by Mr. Gould with other birds from Ecuador, from the eastern slope of the Andes, I believe. It appears to be the female of some undescribed species of this group. It may be readily distin- guished from other species by its yellow bill and pale-yellow feet, and from C. longipennis, C. frontalis, and C. viridis, which are pro- bably its nearest allies, by the absence of the blue round the eye. 7. KUPHONIA VITTATA. Nigro-ceruleo-nitens : vitta frontali angusta fulvo-flavida : ab- domine saturate fulvo-flavo, lateribus flavicantibus, tectricibus subalaribus albis, citrino tinctis: rectrice una utrinque extima in pogonto interno albo notata : rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tota 4°2, alee 2°4, caudze 1°4. Hab. In Brasilia. Obs. Affinis E. xanthogastre, sed fronte angusto aurescente, et cervice nigra in ventrem magis producta facile dignoscenda. I have only a single specimen of this very distinct species of Eu- phonia, which, from its make, is evidently a Brazilian skin. I re- ceived it from M. Verreaux of Paris. 8. TANAGRA SUBCINEREA. Flavicanti-olivacea, alis caudaque nigricantibus eodem colore lim- batis ; pileo ceruleo, margine postico ad nucham viridescente ; lateribus capitis et loris nigris: subtus pure cinerea, subalari- Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. IX. 130 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON NEW AMERICAN BIRDS. [Mar. 26, bus pallide flavis ; erisso fulvescenti-flavo: rostro nigro, man- dibulo inferiore plumbescente ; pedibus carneis. Long. tota 6°75, alee 3°2, caudze 2°9. Hab. In Venezuela et ins. 8. Trinitatis. This Tanager is a climatic form of Tanagra cyanocephala of Trans- andean Peru and Ecuador, and 7’. auricrissa of New Granada. It most closely resembles the former bird, but may be distinguished by the paler ashy colour of the lower surface, the duller yellowish-green of the crissum, and the less extent of the yellow on the under parts of the wings. The wings are also comparatively shorter, and there is less olivaceous colouring on the flanks of the Venezuelan bird. In the New Granadian 7’. auricrissa the under surface is tinged with blue, and the crissum is golden yellow. 9. RAMPHOCELUS EPHIPPIALIS. 3. Coccineus : alis et cauda cum tibiis et subalaribus nigris : interscapulii totius plumis nigris obscuriore coccineo terminatis : rostro et pedibus nigris, illius mandibula inferiore ad basin alba. Q. Similis R. brasilii e¢ R. dorsalis feeminis. Long. tota 7°5, alee 3:1, caudee 3°1. Hab. Inripis fl. Amazonum sup. This Ramphocelus, of which I have specimens of both sexes, re- ceived by M. Verreaux from the Upper Amazon, is only distinguished from R. brasilius by its back between the wings being black, with the margins of the feathers only scarlet. In this respect it is further removed from R. brasilius than R. dorsalis, which is exactly inter- mediate between the two. M. Jules Verreaux informs me that all the specimens received from this locality were similarly marked ; so that the variation, though small, seems to be constant. 10. SALTATOR ISTHMICUS. Olivaceus, uropygio grisescente ; alis fusco-nigris, extus olivaceo limbatis : cauda fusco-grisescente, rectricum apicibus albican- tibus : subtus sordide albus olivaceo flammulatus, gula imma- culata et cum ventro imo et crisso albicantibus : tectricibus sub- alaribus fulvescenti-albis, campterio flavido: rostro nigro, pedibus corylinis. Long. tota 7°0, alee 3°5, caudze 3°6. Hab. In Isthmo Panama. I have two specimens of this Sa/tator in my collection. I obtained them from Mr. John Bell, of New York, in 1856, who informed me that he shot them on his passage across the Isthmus of Panama on his return from California. The species is very closely allied to two others in my collection—one from Trinidad, which I take to be the Saltator maculipectus ; and the other from Bogota, which I consider to be probably S. striatipectus of Lafresnaye. The three species, however, are so closely allied, that it is possible that one of M. de Lafresnaye’s descriptions may be intended for the present bird. 1861.] MR. A. D. BARTLETT ON THE BALZNICEPS, 131 The Saltator isthmicus may be distinguished from the Trinidad bird by the less pure white on the throat and belly, the more regular flammulations of the lower surface, and its uniform black bill. The Bogotan (8. s¢riatipectus) is much darker on the breast and head, and has much less olivaceous in its coloration. The point of the bill is, likewise, pale in the latter bird. 7. On THE AFFINITIES OF BALZENICEPS. By A. D. Bartwett. On appearing before you this evening with new evidence of the affinities of this bird, and in endeavouring to aid in settling a subject so long disputed and frequently discussed, I beg to refer, first, to the elaborate and carefully written paper by Mr. Parker, in which this bird, after the most careful examination and comparison of its bones, is considered to be an Ardeine. I have, then, to observe, that from an entirely different course of examination, and by the consideration of its other structures, I have arrived at the same conclusion; and I hope, with the assistance of my friend Mr. Stewart, to prove to the satisfaction of our ornitho- logical friends, that there is no longer any doubt in the matter. The death of the survivor of the two birds brought home by Mr. Consul Petherick has afforded me the opportunity of making a more accurate examination of its structure, and this has led me to the discovery of two remarkable powder-down patches which, it will be remembered, I stated on a former occasion * I had failed to find in the living bird. Upon removing the skin from the body of this bird, I was so struck by its close resemblance to the Herons, that I immediately killed a Heron and removed its skin also, in order to form a fair opinion by a close comparison of all the parts of these two birds. The exact form of the body and limbs was most remarkable; the structure of the hind toes (upon which so much stress has been laid) was alike, these turning backwards, forwards, or sideways in both species. The head and neck, however, of Baleniceps, when compared with the same parts of the Common Heron, present some very considerable differ- ences, These differences consist, first, of the much larger head, and consequently stronger neck, in Baleniceps as compared with the Heron. Doubtless these modifications have reference to the food and the mode of obtaining that food. Many illustrations can be found of similar modifications ; I may refer to one in the group under con- sideration, which results from the comparison of Cancroma with Eurypyga, and which presents, perhaps, the most extreme modifica- tion in the form of the bill in two birds of the same family. As far as I was able to examine the viscera of the Baleniceps, I could discover nothing that would lead me to doubt its Ardeine affinities; the stomach, liver, intestines, &c., of the two birds ap- peared exactly to correspond in structure and arrangement, * See P..Z.S. 1860, p. 461. 132 MR. A. D. BARTLETT ON THE BALANICEPS. [Mar. 26, Directing my attention to the skin of Baleniceps, I was surprised at finding on the lower part of the back, reaching from the end of Fig. 1. the scapulars to the base of the tail, two large, well-defined powder- down patches. The drawing ( fig. 1) represents these two patches in situ on the body of the bird stripped of its feathers. These remarkable patches are dark-coloured on the inside of the skin, and on the outside the down is of extreme thickness, and the quantity of white or grey powder very great. This powder, when examined under the microscope, appears excessively oily, and will not mix with water. It is greasy to the touch, and is evidently produced by the growth of the down. It appears, in fact, to be the quill-shafts of the down broken up; or perhaps the down roots secrete this powder, which is distributed over the entire plumage, rendering the feathers impervious to water, in the same way that the oil-glands effect this in other birds. In this bird, however, the oil-glands are extremely small, not larger than the oil-glands of a Sparrow. With reference to these patches, it is my intention to point out in the birds that I consider allied to Baleniceps the existence of these patches of down; and I may remark, that the attempt to arrange animals by such means is not new; as, for instance, in the case of the Ruminants, some of the genera are distinguished by peculiar patches of hair, which are said to be glandular, upon the legs, &c.; and again the Viverride are distinguished by the existence or otherwise of anal and other glands and pouches. I therefore proceed to point out the species more or less allied to 1861.] MR. A. D. BARTLETT ON THE BALZNICEPS. 133 Baleniceps that exhibit these singular structures. In the New World form (Cancroma) this structure appears to be most fully developed, this bird having four pairs of these powder- down patches, Fig. 2. Fig. 3. as shown in fig. 2, which represents the upper, and fig. 3, which gives the lower surface of the body of this bird ; while in the Old World form (Baleniceps) one pair only exist, as we have seen in fig. 1. "rt is worthy of notice, that the true Herons, which inhabit both the Old and New World, and which have generally been regarded as the type of the group, have three pairs of these patches; the little and certainly aberrant form of Heron, Zurypyga, has only one pair of these down patches; while intermediate between this bird and the Herons come the Bitterns, in which two pairs of these patches exist *. By these remarks one is naturally led to observe the often-noticed correspondence of forms in the Old and New World ; as, for instance, the Ostrich of Africa represented by the Rhea of America, the Camel of the Old World by the Llama of America, the Lion by the Puma, and many other similar representations. In the work on ‘ Pterylographie,’ published by Ch. L. Nitzsch, the author, who evidently has paid great attention to the subject, says, that “these powder-down patches are found (but in a much * Having had many opportunities of studying the habits of the living examples of Eurypyga and Botaurus, I have observed a striking resemblance in these birds, particularly in the drooping and spreading out of the wings, in which position the beautiful markings upon every feather are finely displayed. I have so frequently seen this attitude assumed by both these birds, that I am satisfied it was not merely an accidental thing. 134 LETTER FROM MR. R. SWINHOE. [April 9, smaller degree) in the genus Tinamus*, one or two Parrots, and also in some of the Birds of Prey.”’ I have not, however, met with them in any group except the drdee and their allies. I can assert most positively that no traces of these patches exist in the Pelicans, Storks, or Cranes. I have also taken considerable trouble with Sco- pus. This bird is considered by Prof. Reinhardt to be closely allied to Baleniceps. I cannot find anything to justify such a belief; the skins and skulls of the two birds are so entirely different, that it is useless to enter into any further details respecting them. There is one thing, however, that I wish to remark, and I do so with considerable uneasiness lest I-should be accused of casting a doubt upon the veracity of the gentleman to whom we are in- debted for the first living specimens of this rare bird; and this con- sideration would have prevented my making the remark, had not my great desire been to call attention to the subject in the hope of ob- taining a truthful explanation of what appears to me inexplicable —I refer to the statement, made by Mr. Petherick, that Baleniceps runs about in search of food immediately after it is hatched. If this is true, it is one of the most extraordinary facts 1 have yet met with. April 9th, 1861. Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair, The following extracts from a letter addressed to the Secretary by Robert Swinhoe, Esq., Corresponding Member of the Society, dated British Consulate, Amoy, Jan. Ist, 1861, were read to the meet- ing :— me I returned a few weeks ago from the north of China, where I was attached to Sir Hope Grant as Interpreter. Through the kindness of Major Sarel of the 17th Lancers, attached as Aide-de-camp to Sir Hope Grant, I was enabled to procure three skins of a Deer found in herds in the Imperial Parks of the Summer Palace. The three deer are apparently first, a two-year-old buck ; the second, a one- year-old buck ; and the third a doe. I skinned them, and preserved their skulls. They are, I think, Cervus wallichii of Pallas, from Eastern Siberia; and I trust will form an acceptable acquisition to the collection of the Zoological Society. Major Sarel also procured the heads of three fine bucks, which he has sent to his brother-in- law, Edmund Bury, Esq., of Manchester, and which will shortly be * Since writing the foregoing I have examined Tinamus. The structure re- ferred to by Nitzsch appears to differ so widely from the down-patches of the Ardeine family, that I shall describe it in another paper upon this subject, which I hope to have ready shortly. 1861.] DR.J.&. GRAY ON MAMMALS, ETC. FROM CAMBOJA. 135 put into the hands of Mr. Leadbeater for preservation. If, there- fore, the Society are anxious to compare the skins I send with the heads of older and finer animals, they will find no difficulty in so doing by applying to Mr. Leadbeater. ‘*T send also in the same box the skin of a Mole (perhaps Talpa leucura, Blyth) from Pekin. «A Hedgehog, which I take to be new, is also from Pekin. But this species is also found in Shanghai, and has lately been captured at Swatow. ‘*TIn a bottle, preserved in spirits, you will find a small Mouse and a Bat, besides several Snakes, Lizards, and Frogs. ‘* All these specimens have been fastened in a tinned box, and shipped on board the ‘Harkaway’ bound for London. I enclose you the mate’s receipt.” Extracts were also read from a letter addressed to Mr. T. Rupert Jones by Mr. S. R. Pittard, containing remarks relative to the flight of Albatroses (Diomedea) and other oceanic birds, as observed during his voyage to Australia. The following papers were read :— 1. List or Mamma tA, ToRTOISES AND CROCODILES COLLECTED By M. Movsor 1n Camsosa. By Joun EpwarpG ray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., F.L.S. (Plate XXI.) M. Mouhot having sent to Mr. S. Stevens a number of Mammalia and other animals from Camboja, a series of them has been secured for the British Museum Collection. I hasten to lay before the Society a list of all the specimens, and the varieties that they present, with a description of the species or varieties which appear to be new to science. MAMMALIA. There are eight specimens of the Long-armed Ape (Hylobates). They differ considerably in colour, and yet offer some peculiarities which I have not observed in specimens from other parts of India or the Asiatic islands, so that I am induced to believe them to be a sepa- rate species or local variety. M. Mouhot is inclined to regard them as varieties or states of the same species; as he observed that they were all found in company on a small island near Camboja. 1. The oldest specimens, whether they are black with a more or less grey back and white hands, or a white with a more or less long black spot on the chest, generally have a large black spot on the crown of the head, circumscribed by a pale edge ; some of the white examples have white and others black whiskers. 2. The two younger specimens are yellowish white, without any black, not even the spot on the head; but this may be only on ac- count of their youth. 136 DR. J. E.GRAY ON MAMMALS, ETC. FROM CAMBOSA. [April 9, From this spot on the forehead I am inclined to distinguish this species or variety by the name of H. pileatus, though this is not quite a distinctive mark, as both H. Jeucurus and H. agilis have the crown more or less black. Hytosates prteatus. (Pl. XXI.) Male.—Black ; back of head, back of body, and front hind legs greyish ; forehead and circumference of the black spot on the crown paler grey ; hands and tuft of long hair round the organ of genera- tion white. * The three specimens in this state are all nearly of the same size, and appear to be adult. They only vary slightly in the size of the coronal spot, and in the extent of the white colour on the hands. Female.—White ; back brownish white, slightly waved; a large ovate spot on the crown, anda very large ovate blotch on the chest, black. These specimens are all of one size, and appear to be adult, and are probably female; three have the teats well-developed. They vary in the size of the black chest spot, and in the colour of the whiskers, thus :— a—b. White; spot on the chest moderate, reaching only half- way down the abdomen; whiskers on side of face white. c. Brownish ; spot on chest larger, reaching further down the abdomen ; sides of the face black ; a few black hairs on the throat. d. Brownish; side of the face, under the chin, and the whole of the throat, chest, and belly black ; teats well-developed. Young.—Uniform dirty white, without any black spot on chest or head. Prrerorus rpwarpsil, Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. xv. p. 92. Hab. Camboja. A single specimen. LEOPARDUS VIVERRINUS, Gray, List Mamm. B.M. p. 43, 1843, Hab. Camboja. Three specimens. PARADOXURUS PALLASII, Gray, P. Z.S. 1832, p. 67. Hab. Camboja. Two specimens, adult and young. VIVERRA MALACUENSIS, Gmel. Hab. Camboja. A single specimen. HERPESTES RUTILUS. Grisled chestnut-brown, variegated with black and white rings on the hairs ; the head and limbs darker chestnut, with scarcely any and very narrow white rings; lips and throat, and under part of the 1861.] pR.J, E. GRAY ON MAMMALS, ETC. FROM CAMBOSA. 137 body, uniform duller brown, not grisled ; ears brown, the nape with longer hairs, forming a broad short crest. Hab. Camboja. A single specimen. Browner than any other Indian Herpestes I have seen. PTrEROMYS MoMOGA? Hab. Camboja. One specimen. This species is very like Pteromys momoga, Temm. Faun. Japon. Mam. t. 14, There are five specimens of a Squirrel in the collection ; they ap- pear to be distinct from any we have before received ; but they offer four very distinct varieties, and it is not easy to decide if the animal may not itself be a local variety of some other Indian species. SCIURUS SPLENDENS. All the specimens are bright red bay. Var. 1. All over dark and very intense red bay, with a white spot on each side of the base of the tail. Two specimens, nearly iden- tical in colour and size. Var. 2. Top of the head and tail, like var. 1, dark and very intense red bay ; side of the back, under sides of the body, and tip of the tail paler red bay, without any white spot at the base of the tail. A single specimen. Var. 3. Uniform pale bay, like the side of var. 2; tail and middle of the back rather darker and brighter; tail without pale tip or white basal spot. A single specimen. Var. 4. Crown, middle of the back and tail dark intense red bay ; throat, chest, and under side paler red bay, like vars. 2, 3; cheeks, shoulders and thighs, and outsides of the fore and hind legs brown, grisled with yellow rings on the hairs ; side of the body rather grey- ish red. A single specimen. This last state would almost lead one to suppose that this Squirrel may be only a variety of some other species. Scrurvus JAVENsis, Schreb. Hab. Camboja. Three specimens, one male and two females, very nearly alike in size and colouring. ScrurRUS MACCLELLANDII, Horsf. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 152. One specimen. Scrurus stamensts, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 478. Hab. Siam. Two specimens, none now sent. Sciurvus MOUHOTII. Grisled grey-brown, with pale rings ; lips, chin, throat, and un- 138 DR. J.E.GRAY ON MAMMALS, ETC. FROM CAMBOJA. [April 9, der side of body and inside of limbs white; the upper part of the sides with a longitudinal black streak, edged above and below with a narrow white line; tail blackish whitish washed, hairs elongate, brown, with two broad black rings and a white tip; ears simple, rounded. Hab. Camboja. A single specimen. The species differ from most of the Squirrels of the size, in the three streaks being on the upper part of the back, and in the dark colour between the two colours of the upper and under surface. Rusa Peroni, Gray, Cat. B. M. p. 211. Cervus peronii, Cuvier. C. kuhlii, 8. Miller. Hab. Camboja. There is a pair of shed horns, evidently of an adult specimen, in the collection; they are small and slender, and similar to the horns of C. kuhlii in the Museum Collection, which were received from Holland. They may be the horns of an allied but distinct species ; for it is quite impossible to distinguish deer by the horns alone, they vary so much in specimens of the same species. Rusa 2 Hab. Camboja. There is a single horn of the right side of the head, which has been cut from the base, which is very distinct from any horn that I know. It is very thick and strong, curved, covered with very large grooves and warts, and with a short, conical, thick branch, bending rather inwards on the front of the inner side quite at the base. CERVULUS CAMBOJENSIS. Hab. Camboja. There are the forehead covered with hair and the horns of a Munt- jack in the collection. It is very much larger than any specimen of that genus in the Museum Collection, and is probably a distinct species. . Phe horns are thick, nearly straight, with a short, thick, re- curved branch on the outer part of the front side near the base, and one of them has a somewhat similar callosity on the hinder side on the same level. Hair of forehead very rigid, close pressed, dark brown, with narrow yellow rings. TRAGULUS AFFINIS, Gray, List of Mamm. Brit. Mus. p.173,1843. Not yet described. Similar to 7. javanicus in colour, but rather smaller and much paler, and the side of the neck similar in co- lour to the side of the body ; the belly is white, with a brown streak on each side of the central line; the head is smaller. It is larger than T. kanchil, very much paler, and the neck is not blacker and grisled. A specimen of the species has been in the Museum as above 1861.] DR. J.E.GRAY ON MAMMALS, ETC. FROM CAMBOJA. 139 named for many years: it is said to have come from Singapore ; but that probably was only the port of transit. It may be only a small pale local variety of 7. kanchil. Six specimens, adult, all exactly similar ; one young. Sus ? Hab. Camboja. There are two lower tusks of this genus in the collection, indicating the existence of a species of the genus ; one is very large and thick, the other is elongate and slender. They may be the tusks of the two sexes. MANIs PENTADACTYLA, Linn. Hab. Camboja. Two specimens, adult and half-grown. REPTILIA. TresTtupO ELONGATA, Gray. One specimen, half-grown. The shields are yellow, with an irregular black ring round the areola; the disk of the areola is sometimes varied with a few round- ish black spots; the sternal shields are yellow, with an irregular square subcentral blotch covering part of the areola. GEOCLEMYS MACROCEPHALA, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.1859, p. 478. t. xxi: Hab. Siam and Camboja. Two specimens, one adult, other young. The adult is nearly twice as large as the specimen first described ; the three keels are distinct, but very blunt, and the vertebral shields are oblong, transverse, but rounded at the angles ; the margin of the shell is yellow ; the under side yellow, with a more or less large black blotch on each shield. The young shell is brown, with a narrow, pale-yellow margin ; the keels are very distinct ; the central one is very broad, and wider on the hinder parts of each shield; the lateral keel ends with the third costal plate, and is at the end bent in towards the central line ; the under- side is dark brown, with a white streak down the centre, and a white streak on the margin; and on the keel, which separates the flat parts of the sternum from the shelving part of the sides, that . shelving part is high, much higher than in the adult shell. Grormypa spinosa, Gray, P. Z.S8. 1834. Hab. Camboja. Three specimens in different ages, from young to nearly adult. They are all marked with radiating brown lines on each of the sternal and the under side of the marginal shields, which are widest in the youngest and narrowest in the most adult specimens. The older specimen alone has these lines on the dorsal and upper side of the 140 MR. A. D. BARTLETT ON THE BREEDING [April 9, marginal shields ; the areole being plain brown, as in the younger specimen. Emys CRASSICOLLIs, Gray, Cat. Tort.Croc. Brit. Mus. p.16,1844. Hab, Camboja. Two specimens, adult and young. Asin Geoemyda macrocephala, the sternum of the young specimen is rather higher than the adult, and the centre is separated from the side by a distinct marginal keel, which is not so visible in the more adult specimen. CisTUDO AMBOINENSIS, Gray, Syn. Cat. Tort. Croc. Brit. Mus. p. 30, 1844. Hab. Camboja. One specimen, adult, of the high, oblong variety. The sternum is white, with an irregular black spot on each shield. CrocopiLus Pporosvs, Schneid. Crocodilus porosus, Gray, Cat. B. M. p. 58. C. biscutatus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 65. t. 2. f. 8. Hab. Camboja. There is a young specimen of this species, rather more than 4 feet long, in the collection. It has no appearance of the ridges on the centre of the hinder part of the skull, on which Crocodilus siamensis, Schl., and C. galeatus, Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. t. 1. f. 9), is founded ; indeed it is very doubtful if these were not accidental malformations in the skull figured. 2. REMARKS ON THE BREEDING OF THE LARGER FELIDZ IN Captivity. By A. D. BartT.etr. (Plate XXII.) The Lion (Felis leo) appears to breed more freely than any other species of Felis, and the number of young at a birth is greater, not unfrequently four and sometimes five being produced in a litter. It is remarkable that these animals breed more freely in travelling col- lections (wild-beast shows) than in zoological gardens ; probably the constant excitement and irritation produced by moving from place to place, or change of air, may have considerable influence in the matter. The Tiger (Felis tigris) has rarely bred in confinement ; but there are several well-authenticated instances of the female Tiger breeding with the Lion. The hybrids lived, and in due time arrived at ma- turity. ‘Antena of this mixed breed have been exhibited in a travelling menagerie kept by Mr. Atkins; the appearance of the animals at once bespoke their mixed origin. I have more than once met with instances of the male Jaguar (F. onca) breeding with a female Leopard (F’. /eopardus) : these hybrids also were reared recently in Wombwell’s well-known travelling col- 1861. ] OF THE LARGER FELID IN CAPTIVITY. 141 lection. I have seen some animals of this kind bred between a male black Jaguar and a female Indian Leopard; the young partook strongly of the male, being almost black. The Leopard is not unfrequently bred in captivity ; many have been bred and reared in the Society’s Gardens, and elsewhere. The Puma (F. concolor) has bred frequently in the Society’s Gardens. This species appears to produce generally two only at a birth, in some cases only one: they rear their young without diffi- culty. The Ocelot (F. pardalis) has also bred two or three times in the Society’s Gardens. As far as I am able to ascertain, the period of gestation in the foregoing species is sixteen weeks. The young of some of the spe- cies bear a great resemblance to each other ; thus, for instance, the young of the Lion is indistinctly spotted all over; the young of the Puma is also spotted with large and well-marked patches, which the accompanying figures (Plate XXII.), drawn by Mr. Wolf from young Pumas born in the Gardens, well exhibit. The Cheetah (Felis jubata) never to my knowledge has bred in England ; Dr. Giinther, however, informs me that this species has bred in the Gardens in Frankfort. From all that I have experienced with reference to this beautiful species, I consider it one of the most difficult of the family to keep, and consequently the chances of its breeding are rare. This animal is generally gentle, timid, and very excitable. I am inclined to think the want of sufficient space and exercise, toge- ther with over-feeding, are the cause of convulsions and fits, to which this species is liable ; I have witnessed the death of two or three that have died from excitement after a full meal. The young of the Tiger is striped like the adult, but of course less distinctly. The young Leopard also resembles the adult in its mark- ings. Not only in the large Cats, but in all the smaller species of the genus Felis, the spots, stripes, or markings are always present in the young of those species that are so marked in the adult state ; and, as far as my knowledge extends, the young of all (except the domestic cat) exhibit traces of spots or other markings, although they disappear in the adult animals. A very extraordinary malformation or defect has frequently oc- curred among the lions produced during the last twenty years in the Regent’s Park. This imperfection consists in the roof of the mouth being open—the palatal bones do not meet, the animal is therefore unable to suck, and consequently always dies. This abnormal con- dition has not been confined to the young of any one pair of lions, but many lions that have bred in the Gardens, and not in any way related to each other, have from time to time produced these mal- formed young, the cause of which appears to me quite unaccountable. Since writing the above, I have the pleasure of adding that the Society’s collection has been enriched by a litter of cubs from the female Mexican Jaguar (Felis hernandezi) and the male of the com- mon Jaguar (Felis onca). I may add at the same time, that the Tigress in the Society’s Gardens is now in young. 142 DR. A. GUNTHER ON A NEW SPECIES OF BOA. [April 9, 3. On a New SPEcIES oF THE FAmity Boip. By Dr. ALBERT GUNTHER. (Plate XXIII.) PELOPHILUS FORDII. Head rather narrow; neck slender ; body thick, compressed ; tail conical, tapering, prehensile. The anterior part of the head is covered with regular shields, symmetrically arranged, the posterior part from the orbits is scaly. There are four pairs of frontal shields, two small shields being intercalated between the posterior pair ; then follows a large square vertical shield, the largest of all the shields of the head, situated between the superciliaries. The nasal opening is small, between three shields—namely between the two nasals and the ante- rior frontal. Three or four loreals, two anterior and five posterior oculars. Thirteen upper labials, the sixth, seventh and eighth enter- ing the orbit; none of them grooved. Pupil vertical, elliptical. Scales smooth, in twenty-eight series on the posterior part of the neck, and in thirty-three on the middle of the body. Ventral shields rather narrow, 253; anal 1; subcaudals entire 70. The ground colour is a reddish olive, more yellowish inferiorly ; a reddish brown streak from the nasal shield through the orbit to the angle of the mouth. A series of about eighty transverse reniform spots from the head to the end of the tail; each spot light reddish brown, edged with dark brown. Another series of similar, but smaller and irregular spots along each side; belly nearly uniform. Length of the head 2 inch, of trunk 22 inches, of tail 4 inches. This species comes from Western Africa, but I am not aware from what particular part. I have named it after Mr. Ford, whose merits in herpetology are well known by his truly artistical drawings. 4, On a New Specizs oF Fisu or THE GENUS GERRES. By Dr. A. Ginruer, For. Memes. (Plate XXIV.) GeRRES LONGIROSTRIS, Rapp. (Pl. XXIV.) 3 D.2. A.=. The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without caudal). Przeorbital and preeoperculum not serrated. Dorsal fin not notched ; the spines are moderately strong ; the length of the second being four-sevenths of that of the head, or two-fifths of the depth of the body. The second and third anal spines are nearly of the same strength, and considerably shorter than those of the dorsal fin. Silvery, with darker stripes along the series of scales. Hab. Cape of Good Hope. This species is distinguished from all the others by the dorsal fin, which has the upper margin even, without any indication of a notch. It has been established by Professor W. von Rapp from specimens in oe G-H.Ford. PRGOPTILLUS. GORDIL \ NS - re, a “* } . a ve ff BG F t ‘diur 4seyy\ “MIXX Pld TSL'S 2 d SIELS OULD NOT Sa aaa S re — 34, oe 1861.] MR. H. ADAMS ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. 143 the Museum of Tiibingen, and to him I am indebted for the accom- panying fine drawing (Pl. XXIV.). 5. Descriptions or A New GENUS AND SOME NEw SPECIES OF SHELLS FROM THE COLLECTION or HucGu Cuming, Esa. By H. Apams, F.L.S. Genus Ocana, H. Adams. Operculum costa spirali convexa, granosa instructum ; valde per- foratum ; margine externo simplict. Testa turbinata, solida, levis, imperforata ; spira brevis, conica ; apertura subcircularis, latior quam longior ; labium planatum, excavatum, antice subproductum, callo tenui extenso. Operculum with a convex, granular spiral rib; axis deeply per- forated ; outer edge simple. Shell turbinate, solid, smooth; axis imperforate; spire short, conical ; aperture subcircular, wider than long ; inner lip flattened, excavated, scarcely produced anteriorly, with an extended thin callus. Ex. Ocana helicina, H. Adams. Turbo helicinus, Born. Turbo cidaris, Gmel. When this species was included by my brother and myself in Sar- maticus, to the shells of which genus it bears considerable resem- blance, the operculum was unknown to us. I have, however, recently had an opportunity of examining it, and find it to be entirely different from that of Sarmaticus. It approaches more nearly that of Callo- poma, but it is without submarginal ribs. The species is from the Cape Colony, which is also the locality of the two known species of the former genus. Genus Puysa, Drap. Subgenus Ameria, H. Adams. Testa anfractibus postice planatis, et angulatis vel carinatis ; spira brevi, depressa. Shell with the whorls flattened, and angulated or carinated at the posterior part ; spire short, depressed. 1. Puysa (AmerrA) carrtnatTa, H. Adams. P. testa subovata, tenui, pallida flavo-fusca; spira brevissima, apice planato ; anfractibus 3, postice planatis et valde cari- natis; apertura subovali, plica columellari mediocri. Shell subovate, thin, pale yellowish-brown ; spire very short, the apex flat ; whorls three, flattened and strongly carinated posteriorly ; aperture subovate, columellar plait moderate. Long. 53, diam. 3$ lin. Hab. Boyne River, Australia. 144 MR. H. ADAMS ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. [April 9, 2. Puysa (AmertA) TRUNCATA, H. Adams. P. testa truncato-ovali, pellucida, fragili, pallido-fusca ; spira truncata; anfractibus 3, valde carinatis ; apertura subovali, peritremate continuo ; plica columellari obsoleta. Shell truncate-ovate, translucent, fragile, pale. brown ; spire trun- cate ; whorls three, strongly keeled ; aperture subovate, peritreme continuous ; columellar plait obsolete. Long. 4, “diam. 22 lin. Hab. Calliope River, Australia. 3. Puysa (Amerta) opesa, H. Adams. _P. testa truncato-ovata, brevi, tenui, fusca ; spira brevissima ; anfractibus 3, postice carinatis et planatis ; apertura subovali, lata, peritremate continuo ; plica columellari obsoleta. Shell truncate-ovate, short, thin, brown ; spire very short ; whorls three, keeled and flattened posteriorly ; aperture suboval, wide, peri- treme continuous ; columella fold indistinct. Long. 33, diam. 23 lin. Hab. Fitzroy River, Australia. 4, Puysa (AmeriA) cuminatl, H. Adams. P. testa ovali, tenui, pallido-fusca; spira brevi, anfractibus 4, postice angulatis et planatis ; apertura subovata, peritremate continuo ; plica columellari mediocri. Shell ovate, thin, light brown ; spire short ; whorls four, angu- lated and flattened at the posterior part ; aperture subovate, peri- treme continuous ; columellar plait moderate. Long. 8, diam. 54 lin. Hab. Port Essington, Australia; New Zealand. 5. Paysa (Ameria) masta, H. Adams. P. testa oblique ovali, tenui, olivaceo-fusca ; spira mediocri; an- Sractibus 5, postice carinatis et planatis ; apertura ovali, plica columellari conspicua. Shell obliquely ovate, thin, olive-brown ; spire moderate ; whorls five, carinated and flattened posteriorly ; aperture oval, columellar plait distinct. Long. 7, diam. 53 lin. Hab. New Zealand. Genus Puysopsis, Krauss. Puysopsis jukesi1, H. Adams. P. testa subglobosa, tenui, albida; spira brevi, obtusa; anfrac- tibus 4, convexis; apertura subovali, perstremate continuo ; columella recte truncata. Shell subglobose, thin, white ; spire short, obtuse; whorls four, P.Z.$. 1861 Plate XXV. DMI Porn aa 2 es V oP ADB Vi 4 Vike VY Structure of the Vermetidee. 1861.] M.0. A, L. MORGH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 145 convex ; aperture subovate, peritreme continuous ; columella sharply truncated. Long. 3, diam. 2 lin. Hab. Port Essington, Australia. This species was discovered by Mr, Jukes at Port Essington. The only other species of the genus known is that described by Krauss from Port Natal. Genus PLANoRBIs, Guett. Subgenus Hexisoma, Swains,. PLANorgBIs (Hetisoma) LAutus, H. Adams. P. testa subovata, tenui, pari altitudine et latitudine, pallide alba, supra profunde et anguste umbilicata, infra planata ; anfractibus 3, celeriter crescentibus, convewiusculis, superne angulatis et angustis, subtus carinatis, subtilissime striis de- cussatis; apertura subobliqua, subovata, supra anfractum pe- nultimum surgente, peritremate continuo. Shell subovate, thin, the height equalling the width, yellowish- white, deeply and narrowly umbilicated above, flat below; whorls three, rapidly increasing, rounded, angulated and contracted above, carinated below, decussated by fine strize ; aperture slightly oblique, subovate, extending above the penultimate whorl, peritreme con- tinuous. Diam. 2 lin. Hab. New Orleans. Subgenus Apuxa, H. Adams. yeae Testa anfractibus convexis et numerosis, supra profunde umbili- cata, infra conveca; apertura campanulata. Shell with the whorls rounded and numerous, deeply umbilicated on the upper, and convex on the under side ; aperture campauulate. Ex. P. (Adula) multivolvis, Case. This species of Planorbis, which is one of the few having campa- nulate apertures, is so different from the rest in the whorls being numerous and slowly increasing, and in the spire being depressed considerably below the under side, that it appears desirable to sepa- rate it from them. 6. Review of THE VERMETID&. By Orro A. L. Mércu (oF CoprenHAGEN). (Parr I.) (Plate XXV.) The shells of the Vermetide are at once to be distinguished from those of the Serpule by the presence of a spiral nuclear shell and of concave smooth interior septa; but these parts are often lost or con- Proc, Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. X. 146 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID#. [April 9, cealed, and it is then exceedingly difficult to decide with certainty whether the shell is the production of an Annelid cr of a Molluscous animal. If the shell is formed of a solid matter strongly sculptured with lon- gitudinal grooves or scales, or of a brownish colour, it is certainly formed by a Vermetus; but if the shell is of a soft earthy matter, feebly longitudinally grooved, it is doubtful to which subkingdom it belongs. The shells of the Serpulide have an anal opening (except the genus Cymospira), and appear only to be composed of two layers, the Vermetide having three. There is a striking analogy between the Vermetide and Ostreide in respect of colours, sculpture, and growth. As in the latter family, the sculpture of the Vermetide is much influenced by the bodies to which they attach themselves, the surface often showing the cast of the sculpture of a coral * or another shell. Ihave convinced myself by the comparison of numerous specimens, chiefly of Siphonium nebulosum and Vermetus decussatus, Gm., that one and the same species may vary, from being strongly grooved and scaly to being quite smooth and polished. The form and growth are not less variable ; the same species being found nearly regularly spiral, top-shaped, planorbiform, or as a nearly straight tube. The same species is sometimes affixed and solitary, sometimes free and agglomerated, imbedded in mud (Spiroglyphus glomeratus, Biv.). Some species (Siphonium nebulosum, Dill.) are affixed during the greater part of their lives, and seem then, like Caecum, to “ decollate”’ the shell and live afterwards free in the mud ; perhaps this may have relation to the sexual functions f. The thickness of the shell may vary from being thin and nearly pellucid to being very thick and incrustated ; if the shell be laterally affixed, the dilated angular sides are filled out with a solid calca- reous mass (Chenu, Illustr. pl. 2. f. 2). In the interior of several species (Petaloconchus) are found some very long lamellz, generally regarded of generic value. I have reason to think that these lamellze are dissolved with age, like the teeth of some species of Pupa t ; or perhaps they are of a sexual na- ture, like the interior cup of Beguina (Thecalia) concamerata, Chem., from the Cape of Good Hope, which is said to contain the fry. Daudin and Marcell de Serres thought they had discovered a generic character in the habit possessed by some Wormtubes of bur- rowing in other shells. Although this character is more developed and constant in some species than in others, it is scarcely of specific value, and is common to nearly all young Vermeti. Vertically grow- ing species often show the same dissolving power in removing parts * Seba, ‘ Thesaurus,’ vol. iii. t. 93. f. 9, and Ostrea cumingii, Dkr. in Philippi Abbildungen, t, 1. + Siebold (Lehrbuch der vergleich. Anatomie, p. 355) denies the presence of an exterior penis ; but Rippell (Atlas, t.11.f. 3) has figured a species with an exsert male organ. It appears that the large fusiform cells containing unde- veloped spermatozoids (Siebold, /. c.) are Spermatophores. t V. Martens, Ueber Pupa Wienlandi Kur. Mal. Blatter. 1859, p. 209. 1861.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 147 of neighbouring tubes which stop their development. Saxicava and other genera of burrowing Bivalves afford sufficient examples of the generic and specific value of this character. The colours are exceedingly variable in one and the same species, and often offer a good guide to determine the genus in the absence of the operculum. The young shells are generally of a brownish colour ; the adults vary sometimes from brown or black to pure white. It sometimes appears that the Vermeti, Balani, Ostree and Anomie not only borrow the sculpture, but even the colours from other shells. It is frequently the case that animals and plants (chiefly sea-weeds) of the most different families and classes living under the same circumstances, are coloured in the same manner. Brewster has shown that the mother-of-pearl colour is received by a cast of melted wax, and consequently is not chemical but purely me- chanical, like the different colours of the clouds. A further inquiry will perhaps prove that this fact does not stand quite alone. The presence or absence of an operculum is of great generic value; but the tube alone does not seem to afford any character by which the operculated species can be distinguished from the non-opercu- lated. The different manner of interception will perhaps prove of use in this question, but further observations must first be made. The shape of the operculum varies in thickness and convexity ac- cording to age, but this seems not to be of great specific value, although it is indispensable for the generic determination. The long bristles of the lid * of the genus Stephopoma afford ex- cellent specific characters. The surface of the lid of Siphonium and some other genera shows nothing particular, even under the lens ; but if softened in water and scratched with a knife, some small spiny bodies are obtained, which under the microscope look very like some cylindrical nodulous forms of the Cactus family (see Plate XXV. fig. 16). All the Vermeti seem to be viviparous. The unborn shells, easily found in the dried animals, have the same fixed form and sculpture as shells in general, and are of more consequence for the establishment of species in this family than in any other. Burtinewwa, Morch. Moerchia, Mayer, Journ. de Conch. viii. August, 1860, p. 309, non A. Adams, Ann. and Mag. N. H. April 1860. Vermicularia, Mantell. Solarium, Galeotti. Vermetus, Nyst. Serpula, Phil. This genus, which has no interior septa, is perhaps most allied to Siliquarius, which it resembles in the peculiar exterior sculpture, but it differs from it in wanting the branchial slit, like the upper whorls of * The only shell before known to have a ciliated operculum is Turritedla ungu- lina, first mentioned by Loven and Forbes and Hanley; but it has been overlooked that the cilia have five small equidistant spines on one side. 148 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDA. [April 9, that genus. All the species are fossil, unless the shell figured by Humphrey (Conchology, t. x. f. 8 *) is a living species of the genus. 1. BurtiIneLia contTrRARia (TJvochus), Schroter. 1777. Krausel, Martini, Neue Manigfalt. iv. p. 404, t. 1. f. 2. 1783. Schréter, Einleitung. i. p. 784. 1786. Fragmentum Trochi contrarii petrificati, Chem. ix. p. 134. f. 977. 1788. Trochus contrarius, Schréter, Register, p. 107. 1791. Trochus ferrugineus, Gm. Syst. Nat. no. 70. Fossil from Rhanden or Rhendenberge near Schafhausen. The last whorl is strongly angulated. The original specimen is still preserved in the Spenglerian Collection. 2, BurtTINELLA nystir (Solarium), Galeotti. 1784. Burtin, Orychtogr. de Bruxelles, pl. 8. f. 9 (Mayer). 1837. Solarium nystii, Galeotti, Mem. Geol. de Brab. 1843. Vermetus nystii, Nyst, Polyp. Foss. de Belg. ii. p. 373. pl. 36. f. 8. 1860. Moerchia nystii, Mayer, Journ. de Conch. viii. p. 310. Inferior Tertiary formation (Parisienne et Bartonienne). 3. BurTINELLA TURBINATA (Serpula), Philippi. 1846. Serpula turbinata, Phil. Verz. Magdeburg. Verstein. in Pa- leeontographica, 1846, August 1, p. 80. t. x. f. 14. Inferior Tertiary sand (lingurian) near Magdeburg (Phil., Mayer). 4. BuRTINELLA SOWERBII, Mantell (sp.). 1822. Vermicularia sowerbii, Mant. Sussex, p.111.t.18. f. 14, 15. Hornsey marl pits (grey chalk marl), Mantell. 5, BurTINELLA PHILLIPSII, Morch. 1835. Vermicularia sowerbii (Mantell): Phillips’s Yorksh. i. p.95. pl. 2. f. 29. Speeton Clay (Phillips). This species, according to the author, is also found dextral. 6. BurtTine.Lua nopvs, Phillips, 1835. Vermicularia nodus, Phill. Yorksh. i. p. 125. pl. 124. f. 34. Oolite of Cloughton, Bransby (PAillips). SrrpHoroma, Morch, Journ. de Conch. 1860, Jan., p. 42. Vermetus, Quoy & Gaim. Siliquarius, part, Gray. Tenagoda, part, Adams. T. adulta affiva, contorta, solitaria vel agglomerata; apertura * That the figured shell is in reality sinistral, like the species of this genus in general, is proved by the other deviral shells being sinistral in the accidentally reversed plate. 1861,] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE, 149 superne leviter inflewa, inferne obsoletissime effusa ; striae in- erementi bis arcuatim retroflexe. Operculum arctispirale, inferne converum, superne concavum, setis longis multifidis munitum. Animal viviparum, descriptum sequente modo in opere dicto ‘Voyage de lAstrolabe,’ “En avant du mufle est un appendice median vertical, évasé en entonnoir, susceptible de s’allonger ; un peu plus en avant en est un autre qui se recourbe vers l’opercule, et qui n’est peut-étre que le pied lui méme renflé. Ce sont les ana- logues de ceux que nous avons vus pairs dans les esptces précédentes, et dont nous ignorons l’usage. Le pied a de plus, sur le cété droit seulement, un petit tubercule pointu, tel qu’ Adanson* Vindique dans son espéce. La cavité respiratrice est ample, et une branchie, 4 lamelles jaunes, cylindriques et rigides, se rebrousse par-dessus le manteau et fait saillie 4 l’extérieur.”’ Testa natalis nautiliformis sed asymmetrica, arcuatim regulariter granulosa ; operculum nudum membranaceum planum. Cuvier, in 1830+, was the first to mention Vermeti with a spiny operculum, a fact probably communicated to him by the naturalists of ‘L’ Astrolabe,’ just returned the preceding year from their second circumnavigation. The form of the aperture varies in the same species from being exactly circular to ovate or reniform. A peculiar obliquity in the aperture of some specimens in each group led me to recognize the species of this genus before the lids were found; this obliquity is very likely occasioned by the long opercular bristles often forcing the animal to withdraw the operculum obliquely, and, by their frequently touching the border of the aperture, stopping the growth of the tube at that side. The bristles, giving the lid quite the appearance of a broom, are much worn, and have the ‘interstices always filled up with fine clay. The use of these bristles in the economy of the animal it is difficult to guess, but it may very likely be the same as that of the spiny horns on the lid of Cymospira gigantea, Pall., and the pallets of Xylotrya (Leach), which in shape are not very unlike the bristles of Stephopoma roseum, Quoy & Gaim. (see Plate XXV. fig. 11). The bristles seem under the microscope longitudinally canaliculated outside ; but I believe this canal in reality is the hollow interior, as I have distinctly seen under the compressor the air-bubbles move in the interior and even ovt into the lateral spines. The sculpture of the unborn shells has a striking resemblance to that of Argonauta oryzata, Meusch., and is continued in a part of the first whorl of the affixed shell. In Stephopoma tricuspe, Morch, the granules look under the microscope like holes with a dark border. The small holes described by Quoy and Gaimard as covering the shell of Ste- phopoma roseum, and supposed to be formed by some parasitical animal, will ‘perhaps prove to be an optical deception occasioned by the sculpture. * Adanson has mentioned a little opéning in the border of the mantle, but not in the foot. + Cuvier, Rég. Animal. 1830, iii. p. 109. 150 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDA. [April 95 1. SrEPHOPOMA ROSEUM, Quoy & Gaim. (Pl. XXV. f. 11). «© T. minima, spirali porrecta, cylindrica, rugosa et rosea. ** Long. 6-8 lin. **Opercule rond, brun, multispiré, recouvert d’une grande quan- tité de soies cornées, divergentes et multifides.”’ 1833. Vermetus roseus, L’ Astrolabe, ii. p. 300. t. 17. f. 20-24. Siliquaria rosea, Gray, Figures, iv. p. 83. t. 56. f. 3; Guide, p. 128. Stephopoma roseum, Mérch, J. de Conch. viii. p. 42. “La rivitre Tamise (qui est saline) 4 la Nouvelle Zelande, par d’assez grandes profondeurs.”—Quoy et Gaimard. 2. SrerpHoroma TricusPE, Mérch (Pl. XXV. f. 1). T. agglomerata tenuiuscula, ferruginea hie illic albescens, laxe spirata, longitudinaliter obsoletissime subtiliter-lirulata ; strie et ruge incrementi irregulares leviter arcuate et reflexe ; anfr. primi 2-3 conjuncti helici- vel planorbiformes, sub lente minu- tissime arcuatim granulosi; apertura circularis vel reniformi- ovalis, faucibus sepe badiis. Diam. aperture 4 m. (cire.). Operculum arcte spiratum, superne setis tricuspidibus breviusculis confertissimis instructum ; inferne planum, badium, concentrice sulcatum et striatum; disculo centrali subimmerso, fossula de- clivi circumdato ; verruca centrali punctiformi ; limbus flaves- cens, latus, nitidus, margine tenut, reflexo. Sete triramose, stipite brevi crassiusculo supra basin contracto, cingulis 5-6 spiniferis ; ramus medianus erectus, gracilis, longis- simus, nudus, stipite quadruplo longior; ramus sinister dimidium longitudinis vie attingens, extrorsum quadrispinosus, spine in- jime gemine ; ramus dexter oppositus brevissimus, vertice tri- spinoso (fig. 2). Testa natalis nautiliformis (sed asymmetrica) nitida, pallide iri- descens, alba vel pallide cyanea, arcuatim punctato-granulosa ; granule sub microscopio inspecte, ocellate (centro pellucido annulo obscuro circumdato). Spira subulata, obliqua, vix prominens, ferruginea ; sutura impressa, canaliculata ; wmbt- lico plano, apertura obliqua subhexagonalis ; peristoma superne leviter inflecum; anfr. ultimus carina lata convexiuscula. Strie incrementi profunde, unde peripheria crenulata. Invent circiter x. pullos in specimine desiccato. Diam. maj. 1 m. Australia ; massa agglomerata (coll. Cuming). I cannot see any trace of the specimens having been affixed to foreign objects. It is not unlike Pyxipoma lacteum; but all the specimens are agglutinated to each other. 3. SrePHOPOMA SENTICOsUM, Morch (Pl. XXV. fig. 2 & 14). T. alba, crassa, aperturam versus tenuis, contorta vel interdum 1861.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID®. 151 laxe spirata, umbilico angusto ; anfr. primi 1-2 modo teste natalis oblique arcuatim granosi, anfr. sequentes longitudina- liter lirulati, lire interdum aspere, sed plerumque omnino eva- nescentes ; interstitia lirula intercalante, anfr. ultimus obsole- tissime biangulatus, teretiusculus ; apertura circularis interdum subovalis, superne obsolete inflexa ; faucibus interdum pallide castaneis ; strie et ruge incrementi irregulares, superne et in- Serne arcuatim retroflere. oS Diam. aperture circ. 4 mm. Operculum superne concavum setigerum, centro nudo, inferne conico-convexum, badium, limbo nitido castaneo; centro liris con- centricis 3-4. Sete lonyiuscule, porrecte utrinque spinis cire. 12 plerumque suboppositis, spine majores inferne spinis 1-2 horizontalibus ; scapo nudo basi calearato; lamina expansa subbasalis, margine setoso, setis quatuor longissimis gracilibus approximatis, basi ramulo conjunctis ; seta interna recta lon- gior, tertia arcuata. Testa natalis (fig. 14). Argonauts oryzate non absimilis, sed asymmetrica, arcuatim dense regulariter tuberculata ; periphe- ria mammillis validis circiter 25 ornata ; spira immersa bullata, umbilico plano ; apertura obliqua orbicularis superne inflexa, inferne obsoletissime effusa. Color castaneus vel albescens. Diam. maj. 14 m. Operculum membranaceum, planum, circulare, inerme, liris duabus concentricis. Mus. reg. Teste solitaria vel gemine in Tridacna scapha (Meusch.) afize. 4. StEPHOPoMA PENNATUM, Morch (Pl. XXV. fig. 3-8). Stephopoma pennatum, Morch, Journ. Conch. 1860, p. 42. Stephopoma bispinosum, Morch, Malacol. Blatter, 1860, p. 78. n. 72. T. solitaria spiraliter angulatim contorta, umbilico aperto ; anfr. primi, modo teste natalis, oblique confertissime verriculosi, anfr. sequentes longitudinaliter conferte lirulati, quadrangulares vel obsolete pentagoni ; strie incrementi sigmoidee, antiquate, ir- regulares, squamoidee ; apertura circularis vel subquadrangu- laris, superne interdum inflexa; anfr. primi crassi, aperturam versus tenues. Diam. ap. 4 m. Color albus, badius vel miztus. Operculum inferne plano-convexum, badium, liris duabus concen- tricis ; disculo centrali ruguloso subprominulo, limbo angusto pallido nitido; superne concavum radiatum setosum, centro nudo leviusculo ; sete conferte erecta, utrinque spinis inequa- libus alternantibus subinflexis hic illic ternatis ; scapus nudus inferne calcaratus, versus basin lamina expansa cornu Cervi elaphi non absimilis, margine aculeato, spinis quatuor longis erectis inequalibus. 152 M.O. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID#. [April 9, Testa natalis (et juvenilis) lateraliter afixa planorbiformis, anfr. primi pulcherrime arcuatim granulosi; granule in quadrata disposite. Var. pispinosa (Pl. XXV. figs. 9 & 10.), an sp. distincta? Operculum inferne conico-convexum ; sete spinis utrinque cire, 14 sepe ternatis, calcar basale validissimum erectum (lamina basalis deest ?). Although this operculum is smaller than that of the preceding, the basal spur of the bristles is much larger ; if this is not in con- sequence of its being unworn, it may be a different species, especially as it is nearly conic below. Hab. Realejo, on Callopoma saxosum, Wood, and Crucibulum scutellatum, Gray. On the latter shell the specimens affixed to the light-coloured parts are white, and those affixed to the brown parts brown; having, however, seen this on one specimen only, I cannot decide whether it is accidental. Srpxontum, Mrs. Gray, Figures of Moll. Anim. iv. p. 82. Siphonium, “ Browne,” Morch, Journ. de Conch. vii. no. 4. p. 353. Stoa, M. de Serres, Annales des Sciences Nat. iv. 1855, p. 238. Operculum magnum, concavum vel infundibuliforme, obsolete spi- rale, inferne plerumque mammilla centrali. Patrick Browne comprehended under the generic name Siphonium nearly all those different forms of ‘ worm-tubes,”’ which Linnzeus afterwards included in his genus Serpula. The first species is thus characterized in the ‘ Civil and Natural History of Jamaica,’ “ Sué- aquale angulatum et flecuosum.” The second word very likely sig- nifies triangular (¢riqueter), and by “ flexuosus,”’ is probably meant creeping horizontally in bends, in opposition to “ contorta,’ which applies better to the Vermeti. It seems to me therefore likely that the first and typical species is a Serpula. The fifth species is with- out doubt Vermetus Knorrii, Desh., a form for which Lister pre- viously had instituted the name Vermiculus. The only figured spe- cies is a Teredo. I have adopted the name after Dr. Gray, as it does not appear to have been used before. Stphonium, Link., is very badly described in the ‘ Catalogue of the Rostok Collection,’ iii. p. 9, 1807, thus: ‘Shell straight, with septa forming rings outside. Here belong the straight Nautili. Siph. fasciatum is exactly like Nau- tilus fascia, Gm., but larger.” The species of Gmelin belongs to the Foraminifera. M. de Serres has established a genus of “ Annelides sedentaires tubicolés,” under the name Stoa, chiefly on account of their habit of burrowing a bed in the surface of other shells, exactly corresponding to the genus Spiroglyphus of Daudin. Both authors have mixed together species of two very different genera, the one with a con- cave, the other with a thick convex operculum; but as Daudin has selected for illustration of his genus a species with an operculum of the latter kind, I regard the represented species as the type, although 1861.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 153 it is the second in order. The genus Stoa is characterized thus: “Tube testacé contourné en spirale orbiculaire et irréguliére d’un forme discoide, renfié et convexe ; dernier tour détaché du premier, et se prolongeant parfois en un tube droit, ouverture ovalaire, ter- miné par un opercule solide, calcaire, conique et surchargé, formé par de trés petites bandes circulaires presque subspirales.”’ A conical operculum, which is solid and calcareous, seems so unnatural and without analogy among the Mollusca and Annelida that I suppose a covering of Nullipora or some other calcareous matter, which I fre- quently have observed, has given rise to the above statement. In the figure of M. de Serres the last whorl of the operculum terminates abruptly at the edge, just like the lid of Siliquarius, represented at p- 321 in Chenu’s ‘ Manuel,’ which I have never seen so strongly ex- pressed, neither have I seen an operculum of the high conical shape figured. The concavity of the operculum is very different, accord- ing to the species. In the centre of the under side there is often a conical wart, sometimes very prominent; but I do not believe it is of generic value, as in a series of species it decreases more and more, and finishes by disappearing entirely. In all the smaller species the operculum is yellow with a red central spot, which, as well as the central wart below, is wanting in the larger species. The whorls are generally few and indistinct ; S. megamastus, Mérch, has two or three concentric erect laminze, which give the operculum the appear- ance of being threefold. The surface is covered with some exceedingly small bodies—scarcely to be seen with the naked eye—of a cylindri- cal nodulous form, invested with numerous spicula of a glass-like appearance (Pl. XXV. fig. 13). These bodies would be of great im- portance for the distinction of species if their form were not altered by exsiccation, and if they were not, on account of their minuteness, exceedingly difficult to be shown in the same position for comparison. They are at once to be distinguished from the bristles of Stephopoma by their microscopic size and, as it seems, the silicious nature of the spicula, which are always broken abruptly like a steel needle ; whilst the spines of Stephopoma are rarely broken. The axis seems to be of the same substance in both genera. The animal is described by Quoy and Gaimard, and Dr. Gray in the ‘Spicilegia.””. The pro- podium is semilunar with projecting corners, with two rather small approximating pedal tentacula, which appear to be rudimentary or wanting in S. tonganum and S. reticulatum, Q. & G., whilst they are rather large in S. nebulosum, Dillw., and considerably exceeding the tentacula in size in 8. platypus, Moérch; a dried specimen of the latter species showed a flat leaf-like propodium, bringing to mind the under lip of the pupa of the Dragon-fly. _ Sect. a. Denproroma, Mérch. Operculum planiusculum, in- Serne mammilla centrali validissima, superne laminis 2-3 con- centricis suberectis ; asperitates vertice trifide, spiculis subu- latis leviter arcuatis. 5. Srpponium (DENDROPoMA) MEGAMASTUM, Moérch(PI. XXV. f.12 & 13). 154 M.0.A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID2. [April 9, P T’. teres repens varie torta, lactea in fundo ferruginea, liris longi- tudinalibus subremotis, lira mediana sepe valida, strie et ruge inerementi arcuate, intersectionibus squamiferis ; interstitia lirarum obsolete foveolata ; apertura circularis obliqua ; diam. 4-5m. T. juventute leviuscula liris obsoletis, nitida, tenuis, castanea, plerumque planorbiformis. Operculum tenuiusculum flavum, superne sat concavum, laminis 2-3 concentricis suberectis, punctis asperis munitum, area centralt aurantia, centro impresso plerumque flavo ; inferne planiusculum, limbo nitido pallido convexo ; impressio muscu- laris opaca, cerea, concentrice ruguloso-striata, lirula circulari terminata ; mammilla centrali validissima obtuse conica. Diam. 33 m. Asperitates oculo armatissimo inspecte arborescentes ; stirps ro- bustus brevis, ramis tribus porrectis inequalibus, lateraliter biaculeatis, vertice aculeis 4-6; aculei longi subulati leviter arcuati sed plerumque fracti (fig. 13). California? : numerous specimens burrowing, but not very deeply, in the surface of a Haliotis nodosus, Reeve. The small vaulted com- pressed scales of the grooves seem to be caused by numerous small holes of pérforating animals, chiefly those of Cliona, which have made the surface of the Haliotis very rough ; but it must be ob- served that the Vermeti themselves are also attacked. Var. CENTIQUADRA. Aletes centiquadrus, var. imbricatus, Carp. Cat. p. 302. T. brunnea fundo albescens, planorbiformis, semi-immersa, anfr. planati utrinque obtuse angulati, longitudinaliter lirati ; lire subequales approximate, strie et ruge incrementi arcuate, intersectionibus nodulis obsoletis subremotis, vel in locis obtectis, squamulis asperis remotis munitis. Diam. testz 20 m. ; diam. aperture 3-4 m. Operculum ignotum, California: a single specimen deeply burrowing in an Haliotis splendens, Mawe. The sculpture and colour of this shell, which I only regard as a variety, bring to mind the Aletes centiquadrus, Val, 6. SrpHonrum (DENDROPOMA) LITUELLA, Morch. Stoa ammonitiformis, M. de Serres, Ann. des Sc. 1. c. p. 242, note. Spiroglyphus, sp., Carpenter, Report, p. 324 (verisimiliter). T. varie torta plerumque lituiformis, profundissime immersa ; anfr. graciles plani, utrinque obtuse angulati, sepe fossula lone gitudinali mediana, unde carina vel lira obtusa lateris externi ; stri@ et lire incrementi arcuate, approximate, regulares ; aper= tura circularis interdum obliqua, nonnunquam soluta ; color al- bescens vel cinereus, interdum fascia obsoleta fusca, anfr. primi badii. T. infantilis nitida, apice bullata. Diam. ap. 2 m. (circiter). 1861.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 155 Operculum nudum (?) membranaceum, pallide flavum, superne leviter concavum, area centrali vivide coccinea, lirula circulari mediana circumdata ; inferne convewiusculum; area muscularis flava opaca, mammilla centrali conica prominente, limbus pallide flavus nitidus. Diam. 1,1,-2 m. California: about ten specimens deeply imbedded in the surface of a young Haliotis splendens (coll. Cuming). This species is to be distinguished from the preceding by its nar- rower whorls, smaller size, prominent and regular strize of growth, and the absence of longitudinal lire. It is difficult without the operculum to distinguish this species from Spiroglyphus spiruliformis, Serves. The Stoa ammonitiformis, stated by M. de Serres to be found on Haliotis californiensis, is very likely the young of this species; but the figured typical form from the East Indies differs in the whorls being broader and cylindrical. If the Spiroglyphus from Upper Cali- fornia, mentioned by Carpenter (Report, p. 324), is from the Cu- mingian collection, it must be this species labelled California. The operculum closely resembles that of the young of the preceding, but wants the microscopical tufts, which are perhaps dependent on age. 7. StpHonium (DeNpDROPOMA) Levcozontas, Mérch. T. planorbiformis, superficialiter corrodens, tenuis, castanea, fascia pallida vel alba laterali ; anfr. teretiusculi, utrinque obtuse an- gulati, superne (nec lateraliter) liris circiter vi. obsoletissime nodulosis ; anfr.ultimus aperturam versus antiquatus; striae et ruge incrementi arcuate, unde irregulariter reticulate ; aper- tura circularis, plerumque subsoluta, rarissime immersa ; anfr. ultimus interdum rectus. Diam. teste cir. 8 m., aperture 21 m. Operculum rufescens, superne profunde concavum, opacum, con- centrice liratum, peripheria margine angusto obscuro ; inferne convexum ; area muscularis opaca, concentrice bilirata, centro mammilla valida concentrice subtilissime ruguloso-striata ; lim- bus latus nitidus, lineis duabus concentricis saturate rufis, peri- pheria margine angusto albo. Diam. 2 m. West Africa ; on aspecimen of Purpura neritoidea, L., var. colu- mella unimaculata ; about thirty-six specimens with a Vermetus adansonit, Daudin? ‘The periphery below the angle is white and without liree. Most of the specimens do not burrow very deep, except where they meet the nodules or ribs of the Purpura. Var. datur Lituiformis. 8. SrpHonrum (DenpRovoma ?) TEREDULA, Morch. T. albescens, in fundo interdum sordide carnea, repens corrodens, varie torta vel glomerata, anfr. teretes antiquati, liris longitu- dinalibus alternatim minoribus; strie vel ruge incrementi acute, subremote, sigmoidee ; apertura circularis. Diam. cire. 2+ m. 156 M.O.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDEH. [April 9, On Haliotis tuberculata, probably from Morocco. Operculum unknown. Deeply burrowing, about half of the shell being concealed. Vermetus annulatus*, Rousseau, Chenu’s Illustr. pl. 2. f. 2 (the smaller figure) looks very like this shell ; but it is a gregarious, not burrowing species. S. ¢eredula is perhaps most allied to S. mega- mastus, Morch. 9, SrpHonrum (DenDROPOMA 2) aFRuUM, Gm. Le Datin, Adanson, Senegal, p. 165. pl. 11. f. 4. Serpula afra, Gm. 8S. N. p. 3745, no. 23. T. solidissima, albida, corrodens, lituiformis, versus aperturam tenuiuscula, anfr. antiquati, utrinque obtuse angulati, superne planiusculi, liris longitudinalibus alternatim minoribus obso- letis ; sulci incrementi profundi irregulares, strie incrementi conferte arcuate, inferne lateraliter reducte ; apertura cir- cularis vel subquadrangularis. Diam. aperture cire. 31m. Operculum ignotum. Hab. Gaboon, Western Africa, on Chama senegalensis, R.; two spe- cimens. Closely allied to the preceding, but differs in being very thick ; the whorls are nearly regularly quadrangular ; the striz of growth are very prominent, except in the last whorl. According to Adanson, the lid is only one-sixth of a line in diameter ; it is therefore doubtful if it belongs to this genus. 10. SreHonrum (Sto) potitum (Daudin). Spiroglyphus politus, Daudin, Recueil, 1801, p. 49. « §. irregulariter spiralis, politus, apertura rotunda.” «Diam. de 3 lignes au plus. Tube blanc, poli, roulé en deux tours de spirale irrégulitre, et plus gros 4 son ouverture, qui est cylindrique. Il se creuse un lit et s’attache sur diverses coquillages bivalves de I’Inde, du genre des jambonneaux et des peignes.”” The expression, “plus gros a son ouverture,” and the above measurement, lead me to consider this species as identical with Stoa perforans of De Serres. a. Stoa perforans, M. de Serres, Ann. d. Se. N. 1855, v. p. 241. t. 8. f. 3-6. “ Cette espéce, A tube court, a spirale raccourcie, dont la dernier tour est sur le méme plan que le second, presente dans son ensemble une forme 4 peu pres discoide. L’ouverture de la bouche ample, ar- rondie est analogue & celle des Cyclostomes. Les dimensions depas- sent peu 0™:010 0-012.” Represented on a young specimen of Tridacna gigas, L. ; but, p- 239, it is indicated to be found on Tridacna, Hippopus, and Ser- pula ; p. 238, the species of the latter genus is named Serpula pana- mensis, Chenu, which is V. eburneus, Reeve. * It is without doubt Serpula annulata, Lam., 1818, v. p. 364, no. 11. 1861.]| M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDZ. 157 11. StpHonrum (Sroa) piarypus, Morch. T. solidissima, corrodens, spira planorbiformis anfractibus an- gustis, anfr. ultimus ovalis, aperturam versus planus, utrinque obtuse angulatus, strie et strate incrementi arcuate remote irregulares in latere externo acute; apertura circularis obli- qua, peritremate superne crasso; color albus, faucibus fusces- centibus. Diam. aperture 7 m. Operculum tenue pellucidum pallide flavum, superne concavum laminis concentricis circiter 4 obsoletis appressis ; inferne con- vexum, limbo nitido latiusculo ; impressio muscularis opaca, centro convexo lato aurantiaco, tuberculo minimo elongato sub- centrali (an morbo ?). Diam. 6} m. Animal rostro brevissimo; capite depressiusculo, utrinque acute carinato, inferne fornicato excavato et transversim pulcherrime lirato ; tentacula brevia obtusiuscula oculos ad basin externam gerentia ; os minutum infundibuliforme ; propodium foliaceum antice bilobatum, utrinque cornu tentacula duplo vel triplo su- perante. Mesopodium ? postice uti bituberculatum. Capite superne et tentaculis utringue maculis nigris irregularibus or- natis. Ex specimine desiccato, Hab. Sandwich Islands, on a Chama. The specimen has bur- rowed in its own spire. This shell resembles very much the larger figure of Stoa perforans, M. de Serres, but is considerably larger, and has the whorls flattened. The operculum is more flat than conical, 12. SrpHontum (Sto) pa-costx, Mérch. Serpula, Humphrey, Conchology, t..% f. 15. Spiroglyphus da-coste, Morch, Journ. de Conch. 1860, p. 46. n. 8. Since the above name was published I find in my note-book that I have seen this shell, perhaps the very specimen of Humphrey, in the cases of the British Museum, under a more correct name. Although I have not at present any specimen for comparison, I suppose this species is sufficiently distinguished by its crest and want of longitu- dinal grooves. It appears to be one of the largest burrowing Worm- tubes. 13. SrpHontum (Stoa) suscRENATUM (Lam.), “TT. repente flexuosa, albida; carina dorsali carinisque latera- libus dentato-crenatis, operculo brevissime conico. **Qcean indien, sur le Spondyle mutique. Elle se creuse un lit sur la coquille”’ (coll. Lam.). Vermilia subcrenata, Lam. 1818, v. p. 370; ed. Desh. v. p. 634 : Bly. Dict. Se. t. 57. p. 329. Stoa? subcrenata, M. de Serres, Ann. Sc. 1855, y. p. 240. The shell represented in Chenu’s Illustrations, pl. 9. f. 3, et pl. 10. 158 M.O.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID£. [April 9, f. 16, has not a single character in common with the description of Lamarck. A Spondyle mutique is not mentioned in Lamarck’s later publications; but I suppose it is the Spondylus microlepos, Lam. (no. 16), according to the expression “ cet Spondyle semble mutique,’’ a species not even mentioned in Chenu’s Monograph. A query is added to the locality “‘ Ocean indien.” I refer to this spe- cies the following varieties :— Var. a. SQUAMULOSA. T. albescens, planorbiformis vel repens, sepe profunde corrodens, longitudinaliter lirata ; lire approximate, huc illue alternatim minores, nodulis transversim compressis sat remotis, et in locis oceultis sqguamis parvis acutis ornatis ; lire 1—3 laterales inter- dum validiores ; strie incrementi oblique, obsolete, squamifere ; apertura subcircularis. Operculum membranaceum, diaphanum, pallide flavum, superne sat concavum, vir striatum, inferne convexum, limbo latissimo planu- lato, flavo, nitido, liris concentricis tribus ; mammilla centrali prominente obtusa, obscure purpurea, fascia basali aurantia circumdata. Diam. 14 m. On Tridacna scapha, Meusch. (Mus. reg.) Var. 8. BIFUNICULARIS. T. crassa, profunde erodens, transversim oblique ruguloso-squamosa, longitudinaliter subtilissime lirulata, liris duabus latis subti- lissime longitudinaliter liratis. Diam. 4 m.; diam. operculi 3 m. ; lire circiter 3 m. late. On Turbo margaritaceus, var.? The two broad longitudinal grooves look like a cast of the furrows of the Turbo. Var. y. CRISTATA. T. triquetra, crassiuscula, carina mediana squamis validis re- motis ; utrinque angulis acutis, squamis latis angulatis ornatis ; lire incrementi pulcherrime, regulares, arcuate, leviter flere in interstitiis ; apertura superne rectangularis. Diam. 25 m. On the same shell as the preceding, burrowing in the suture. Not unlike Vermetus carinatus, Rouss. (Chenu, Ill. t. 2. f. 4). Var. 6. SUBDECUSSATA. T. repens, profunde immersa, obtuse quadrangularis, antiquata, lirule longitudinales subtilissime, interrupta, strie@ et lirule incrementi subtilissime conferte undulate, unde obsolete gra- nulosa. Diam. 2m. Operculum differt a preecedentis macula coccinea ceutrali latiore. This variety, as well as the preceding, is very like S. lituella, no. 6. On the operculum was found a bristle with minute distant spines ; but I am not sure that it is not quite a foreign body. 1861.] M.0.A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 159 Var. e. spinosa (Pl. XXV. fig. 16). T.. gracilis, candida, irregulariter spinoso-squamosa, vit lirulata, intus lactea politissima. Diam. 3 m. Operculum pallide aurantiacum, superne infundibuliforme, centro impresso, spiraliter conferte lirulato, nodulis microscopicis subcylindricis vertice medio inflexo spiculis obsitis ; inferne breve conicum, area muscularis parva, margine concentrico ele- vato terminata, centro acuto submammillato rufo ; limbo latis- simo nitido, pallide aurantiaco, margine angusto pertpherico pallidissimo terminato. Diam. 2 m. Hab. Ins. Philippin. (H. Cuming, Mus. Reg.) ; imbedded in the lower valve of a Spondylus nicobaricus. Some parts of the tube are quite free, but near the aperture it is closely imbedded : it seems consequently not to be burrowing except perhaps in the very first whorls. The spines resemble those of the Spondylus; it may prove to be a distinct species. 14. SrpHontum (Stoa ?) rextum, Morch. T. corallicola, albida planorbiformis, omnino immersa; anfr. utrinque rectangulati acuti, aperturam versus ampliati, superficie planissima vel leviter concava ; lamine incrementi arcuate, margine conferte undulate, regulares erecte obtuse, interstitus profundis angustis ; lirule longitudinales 5-6 spurie obsolete, aperturam versus lirulis obliquis tenuissimis ; apertura circu- laris, obliqua. Diam. teste 15 m., diam. aperturae 53 m. Operculum pallide flavum, pellucidum, superne profunde concavum, laminis concentricis confertis appressis obsoletis ; inferne con- veaum, area muscularis spiraliter obsolete lirulata, centro coc- cineo prominulo obtuso ; limbus latus nitidus. Diam. 5} m. Hab. Ins. Philippin. in Porite emortuo, profundissime corrodens. H. Cuming. legit; extat in collectione Dr. Hornbeckii. Var. a. SCAPHITOIDES. T’. scaphitiformis, spira occulta ; apertura circularis resupinata @qua, margine postico extus undulato, punctis duabus auran- tus. Diam. aperture fere 7 m. Hab. Ins. Philippin., in Porite emortuo profundissime corrodens (coll. Cuming.). Testa juvenilis planorbiformis, umbilico lato planiusculo ; anfr. primi fusci, ruge incrementi arcuate gemine, antice insculpte, cineree ; intus fascia columellari latissima castanea, margi- nibus pallidis. Diam. 4 m. (Coll. Dr. Hornbeck.) The sculpture looks very like the knitting of a stocking, and would 160 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. [April 9, be taken for a cast of the coral, if several other specimens of Ver- meti on the same kind of Porites did not show a different sculpture. This species is the deepest burrowing of all the Vermeti, the surface being exactly in the same plane as the surface of the dead coral in which it burrows. The young shell closely resembles Spiroglyphus spiruliformis, M. de Serres, but the whorls are broader and flatter. The operculum is covered with microscopical bodies similar to those shown in fig. 16 of the plate. Var. 8. UNGUICULATA. T. corallicola erodens semi-immersa, spira planorbiformis badia, anfr. utrinque obtuse rectangulati, superne plani, liris obsoletis subremotis, versus aperturam sepe linea castanea (interdum un- dulata) marginatis; lamine incrementi tenuissine appresse margine irregulari, in locis occultis, presertim in antico latere varicum, crassiores, conferte undulate ; apertura circularis li- bera, faucibus albis, columella badia, colore in latere sinistro perspicuo ; pone aperturam varicibus duabus erectis, validis, acutis, antice excavatis. Diam. apert. 53-6 m. I have no hesitation in referring this shell to S. tewtum, and the presence of the characteristic undulated laminz of growth in a few concealed places, and the two small ferruginous spots in var. a cor- responding to the brown lines in the present variety, seem to be sufficient reasons for this opinion. In the two varices, the form of the whorls, and the manner of burrowing, it approaches Siphonium maximum, Sow. The brown lines sometimes bordering the longitu- dinal lire point to some affinity with S. pictum. 15. Srpsonium (Sroa) scapHiTELLA, Morch. T'. scaphitiformis affica vix corrodens ; spira planorbiformis late umbilicata ; anfr. afixi unde planissimt ; superne convewi versus aperturam ampliati, longitudinaliter lirulati ; lire plerumque alternatim minores, lira mediana et lire lateris interni tres validiores syuamifere; squame compresse, acute, remote ; latus externum oblique varicoso-rugosum ; lamine incrementi brevis- sime, tenuissime, regulares, presertim in regione umbilicali prominentes, aperturam versus obsolete ; apertura circulars, obliqua, libera. Color albus; stratum internum lateris affixi denudatum, badium. Diam. 53 m. Operculum flavescens pellucidum, superne concavum centro w- presso; inferne convexum ; impressio muscularis spiraliter con- Jerte tenuissime lirulata; centro aurantio, disculo obtuso coc- cineo; limbus latus nitidus. Diam. 5 m. The lid is much thinner and somewhat flatter than that of the pre- ceding, the centre is also more blunt and fiattish. Had. Ins. Philippin. ; a single detached specimen in Mr. Cuming’s collection. 1861.) M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. 161 The affixed side wants the thick exterior layer, so that the thin interior brown one is exposed, which seems to indicate that the ani- mal has been slightly burrowing, although it is quite flat, without any trace of convexity. The size and form are those of S. textum, M.; but the sculpture and semicylindrical vaulted shape of the whorls are quite different. 16. SrpHonium Pictum, Morch. T. tenuiuscula, repens, superficialiter corrodens ; anfr. subcylin- drici, superne planiuscult, liris noduliferis compressis 4—5, utrin- que linea ferruginea terminatis, lira externa interrupta ; noduli obsoleti, elongati, remoti (subsquamosi), antice interdum fissi ; interstitia lirulis duabus inequalibus; lamine incrementi tenuis- sime, appresse, margine leviter rimose, in interstitiis arcuatis ; apertura ampla, circularis ; intus ubique badia vel castanea. Diam. aperturee 10 m. T. juvenilis planorbiformis. Operculum ignotum. Hab. India orientalis ; in specimen pedale Tridacne gigantis le- viter corrodens (Mus. Regium). Humphrey, Conchology, pl. 10. f. 12, 12 (verisimiliter). This shell is rather thin in proportion to its size. The lamine of growth are arcuate between the grooves, and are not unlike those of S. textum, var. G, which it also resembles in the lire being most strongly coloured at the sides. Var. a. TURBOIDES. T. crassa, candida, turbinata; anfr. ultimus superne planiusculus, antiquatus, fulvus, liris 4-6 ferrugineis, nodulis elongatis, sub- squamosis, compressis, badiis ; interstitia lirulis 1-2 parvis ; latus externum inequale, noduloso-rugosum, internum planum ; lamine et strie incrementi arcuate, unde interstitia leviter im- bricata ; apertura subovalis, intus candida, inferne fascia tosta intrante pellucente. Apert. 8 m. lata, 10 alta; diam. anfr. ult. 12-13 m. (coll. Cuming. sine loco). Hab. India orientalis. A detachedspecimen with the impression of the ribs of a Pecten, small remains of a yellow coral, and an agglutinated dark-green spine of Stella spengleriana, Chemnitz, to which it was very likely attached. This variety differs chiefly from the type in its great thickness and in having only a dark basal band inside, while the whole interior of the type is brown. The sides are pure white without longitudinal grooves. The under side shows, close to the mouth, a part of the in- terior dark band. On the upper side are four or five not very pro- minent arched varices, gaping a little in the front. From the var. y of S. nebulosum it differs in its proportionately larger calibre, but chiefly in its yellow band and brown-coloured grooves, of which I have never seen any trace in the numerous specimens of its West Indian analogue. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. XI. 162 M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. [April 9, 17. StpHoNn1uM NEBULOSuM, Dillwyn, 1817. Tuyauc de mer, Davila, Cat. 1767, i. p. 100. t. 4. f. H (typus) ; Favanne, i. p. 652. t. 6. f. 3 (copy). Serpula nebulosa, Dillw. ii. p. 1076. no.19 ; Wood, Index, Serpula, fig. 18 (copy). T. juvenilis planorbiformis, corrodens, castanea, aurantiaca vel alba, leviter spiraliter lirulata. T. etate media affixa, spiraliter varie contorta, alba pallide au- rantiaca variegata, longitudinaliter lirata, superne carinis tribus squamiferis ; strie et ruge incrementi sigmoidee, in- @quales ; apertura circularis, libera, interne fascia basali in- trante tosta vel anthracina, ferrugineo terminata. T. grandeva libera, tubulata, leviter torta, teres, equalis, anti- quata, liris longitudinalibus obsoletis et subobliquis, annulatim rugosa et sulcata,inferne septo convexo obliquo terminata. Color candidus, intus juxta aperturam macula interrupta castanea. Long. 80 m., diam. 10 m., diam. apert. 9 m. Operculum pellucidum, flavescens, superne concavum, laminis ap- proximatis concentricis, inferne converum ; impressio muscularis magna, rufa, concentrice ruguloso-striata, linea coccinea peri- pherica terminata, vertice obtuso lato prominulo ; limbus ele- vatus, nitidus. Diam. 7 m. The concentric Jamine seem to form a distinct upper layer, which can be separated with a knife. The spiniferous bodies are clavate, and of the same kind as shown in fig. 16, but more elongate, and dilated at the base. The surface is sometimes entirely occupied by a young specimen or a Serpula. Var. a. SERRATA. T. liris destituta, carina laterali squamis 6-7 subremotis, com- pressis, acutis, inequilaterali-triangularibus ; latere externo plano; fascia interna nigra ferrugineo terminata. Diam. 6-7 m. Hab. Honduras ; on a branch of dead coral (coll. Cuming.). Var. 8. ACULEATA. T. carina submediana, squamis 7-8 compressis, angustis, longis, liris duabus aculeato-squamosis in regione umbilicali, unde aper- tura superne trispinosa, latere externo liris obsoletis nodulosis, inferne transversim rugosa, latere affixo glauco et castaneo va- riegato ; intus fascia nigra tosta. Diam. ap. 5 m. Hab. Honduras (coll. Cuming.). Var. y. TURBOIDES. T. liris 6 subequalibus, leviter nodulosis. Serpula bicarinata, Sow. Man. f. 4; Humphrey, Conchology, pl. 10. f.9 & 10. 1861.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDZ. 163 Vermicularia arenaria, var. a, 6, c, Gravenh. Tergestina, p. 51 (ex specim. orig. ?). Var. 6. IMBRICATA. Serpula? dentifera, Sow. Gen. f. 6. Vermetus dentiferus, Gray, Philos. Trans. 1833, p. 816. Var. e. PLANORBOIDES. T. affixa, carina submediana acuta, syuamis remotis munita ; re- gione umbilical bilirata, latere externo lirulis 6-7, interstitiis lirula intercalante. Diam. 20 m., diam. ap. 53 m. Hab. St. Thomas, on Avicula columbus, Bolt. Var. Z. RUGOSA. T. antiquata et annulatim rugoso-striata ; anfr. primi liris gra- nulosis, aperturam versus evanescentibus. Diam. 7 m. Humphrey, Conchology, t. 10. f. 8. Var. 7. ANAULAX. T. liris carens, lamina variciformi. pone aperturam ampliatam, intus fascia basali castanea. Diam. apert. 9 m. Hab. Honduras (coll. Cuming.). Var. 0. FISSURATA. Anfr. ultimus conferte et regulariter annulatim rugosus. This variety looks very like a Siliquarius. Serpula dentifera, Lam., no. 24, var. 6, testis majoribus subsoli- tariis (Mus.), and var. d, testis subrugulatis, glomeratis, belong very likely to this species; it would at least be very remarkable if this exceedingly common shell were not known to Lamarck. 18. S1pHONIUM G2ZDEROPI, Morch. Serpula (an Vermetus’?) turboides, Chiereghini, Venez. 1847 ?; Chenu, Monogr. du Spondylus, pl. 12. f. 3 ?. T. solitaria, contorta, spira affixa; anfr. ultimus solutus, cos- tulis spiralibus 1-3 squamis compressis remotis munitis, inter- stitio dorsali bilirato ; strie incrementi subtilissime, arcuatim flexe, hue illue antiquate vel rufe. Color albus vel sordide carneus. Operculum superne profunde concavum, rufum, laminis spiralibus confertis brevissimis appressis flavis, unde annulis angustis al- ternantibus flavis et rufis, centro profunde immerso fundo lato ; inferne convexum; impressio muscularis obscura, concentrice rugoso-striata, sulco lato plano pallido terminata, centro obtuso lato prominente pallido, limbo latissimo nitido, lineis 4 flavis concentricis. Diam, 23 m. 164. M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDH. [April 9, Var. a, costulis equalibus, circiter 12-14, approwimatis, asperis, oblique tortis, presertim in regione umbilicali, ubi squamifere ; apertura circularis leviter constricta. Var. 6, carina mediana prominente. Diam. apert. 5 m. T. juvenilis candida erystallina, pallide fusco tincta, verrucis cylindricis munita (Algir. Guyon, Mus. Reg.). On Spondylus gederopus: probably from Spain. The young shell is of a white, chaleedony-like appearance. 19. SrpHoNtIUM LURIDUM, Morch. T. contorta, tenuiuseula, subdiaphana, pallide lurida; anfr. teretes, rapide crescentes, soluti, angulatim contorti, longitudinaliter striati et lirati; lire prominule, circiter 20, squamis fornicatis compressiusculis, presertim aperturam versus, validis, interdum transversim confluentibus ; striae incrementi in interstitus cos- tarum leviter arcuate; anfr. primi graciles, laqueati, albi, sculp- tura evanescente ; apertura circularis, soluta, faucibus strato tenuissimo sericeo obtectis. Diam. apert. 18 m. Hab. Society Islands (coll. Cuming.). The colour and sculpture remind one of certain varieties of Pinna pernula, Ch. The longitudinal flat and feeble lire are almost obsolete on the scales ; there are about three to six between the keels. The inner thin layer scarcely conceals the outer brown colour. Some of the keels show small indistinct white spots. The sculpture on the infero-marginal side is entirely rubbed out, and shows the cast of some foreign body : on one of the first whorls are distinctly to be seen the cast and rests of the cells of a Bryozoon. The lid is un- known, and the genus of course a little doubtful. 20. SIPHONIUM MARGARITARUM, Val. Vermetus margaritarum, Val. Voy. Venus, pl. 11. f. 2 (the larger). Vermetus margaritaceus, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. t. 4. f. 2 (the same). Aletes margaritarum, Carp. Cat. Reigen, p. 303. Siphonium margaritarum, Morch, Journ. Conch. 1859, p. 359. Hab. Panama (Val.); Mazatlan (Reigen). I refer this species to the genus Stphonium, on account of the cir- cular mouth, and some likeness to the much smaller S. nebulosum, Dw. The lid is unknown. In Mr. Cuming’s collection there is a shell, without locality, very like the quoted figure; but the aperture is much higher than broad, of an oblong trapezoid shape, and the outer basal angle of the aperture is very sharp, while the upper is obtusely rectangular (alt. max. obliq. 22 m., lat. 14 m.). In the in- terior is a broad blackish basal band spreading on the sides like that of S. nebulosum, but broader. This shell will very likely prove to be generically distinct, as all the specimens of Siphonium | have seen have a circular mouth, depending on the large operculum. 1861.] M. 0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDZ. 165 21. SteHONIUM SUBGRANOSUM, Morch. Siphonium costale, “ Lam.,”’ Mérch, Journ. Conch. 1859, p. 358. T. crassiuscula, spiraliter contorta, spira affixa, alba vel flavescens ; anfr. teretes vel latere inferno dilatati, longitudinaliter eonferte lirulati; lire subequales, sepe 5-6, prominentiores, lira mediana plerumque valida prominens ; interstitia lirula intercalante ; strie et lamelle brevissime, incrementi sigmoidee, regulares, unde lire subtiliter granulose et in locis occultis minutissime undulato-squamose ; apertura circularis, libera nec soluta, intus candida. Diam. circ. 5 m. Operculum superne concavum, laminis confertis concentricis lateris, rufum, zona submediana flava, centro nudo excavato; inferne convexum, impressione musculari parva, cruentata, concentrice ruguloso-striata, linea coccinea terminata, centro conico valido prominente, apice obtuso leviusculo pallide flavescente ; limbus convexiusculus, nitidus, bicolor, dimidio interno flavo, externo coccineo. Diam. fere 7 m. Hab. India orientalis (Tranquebar?), on Malleus vulgaris (L.), Delphinula distorta (L.), Voluta lapponica (L.), and Margariti- Sera inflata (Schum.). Var. a. CARINATA. T. affiva, spiraliter torta, umbilico lato, subtilissime conferte liru- lata; lire equales, subtilissime granulose, carina valida com- pressa mediana, squamis remotis obsoletis, lira prominula in regione umbilical. Color flavescens. Diam. ap. 8-9 m. (Mus. Reg.). Var. 2, varice erecta intus incrassata. Var. y, triquetra. 1’. tenuiuscula, decliviter contorta, umbilico clauso lira prominula circumdato, unde anfr. subtriquetris, longitudinaliter pulcher- rime lirulatis et granulosis, interstitias lirula intercurrente ; anfr. primi teretes, planorbiformes ; apertura circularis, con- tracta. Diam. ap. 34, diam. anfr. ult. 5-6 m. Operculum pallidum unicolor (desiceatione verisimiliter), superne laminis solutis concentricis, unde uti duplicatum, limbo obscuro, centro infundibuliformi fundo excavato ; inferne mammilla va- lida, conica, prominente acutiuscula. Diam. 34 m. Several specimens on an Avicula resembling 4. egyptiaca, Chemn. xi. f. 2019, but posteriorly deeply inflected. This species is not very unlike V. costalis, Chenu, t. 10. f. 6; but I have never seen any specimen of that size with such broad grooves, nor with a protracted last whorl. 22. SIPHONIUM CARINIFERUM, Gray, 1843. Vermetus cariniferus, Gray, Dieffenbach, New Zealand, p-. 242. 166 M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. [April * Shell thick, irregularly twisted, opake white, with a high com- pressed wavy keel along the upper edge; mouth orbicular, with a tooth above it, formed by the keel. Operculum orbicular, horny.” New Zealand, Parengarenga, North Cape, North Island (Dr. Dief- Senbach). According to the description of the operculum, Dr. Gray is no doubt correct in referring this shell to the Vermetide. From the dorsal keel I suppose it must be a Siphonium, which is the only genus among the Vermetide which has this character, most common among the Serpulide. 23. SIPHONIUM MAXIMUM, Sow., 1825. Serpula maxima, Sow. Tank. Cat. App. p. 93. n. 23. “T. irregulariter contorta, leviuscula, carina dorsali antice in spinam nonnunquam desinente; apertura expansa, testarum juniorum subtrigona, operculo corneo.” Several specimens exist in collections ; they are attached to, and some of them deeply imbedded in coral. It is a very large species, the tubes being almost an inch wide. The aperture in the older shell is round (Sow.). Vermetus maximus, Gray, Spicileg. 1829, 1. p. 3, cum fig. anim. “ T. junior adherens, irregulariter contorta, subtriangularis, dorso carinato, superius erecto, rotundato; apertura orbicu- laris ; peristomate tenui”’ (Gray). Pacific Ocean, with coral, Stutchbury (Mus. Brit.). Vermetus gigas, Gray, Fig..of Moll. iv. p. 28. t. 128. f. 1. Siphonium maximum, ib. p. 82. Serpula maxima, Brit. Mus. Wood, Index Supp. t. 8. f. 2(8 inches). I have never seen a triangular young shell with a prominent keel running out into a spine; such a shell is, however, represented by Wood, creeping on the old individual ; perhaps it isa Serpula. The figure of Wood, from a specimen in the British Museum, is probably not only the very specimen of Gray’s, but also of Sowerby’s descrip- tion. Var. a. 7. grandeva, repens, aperturam versus ampliata, superne undulato-varicosa, varice precipitante juxta aperturam ; strie incrementi membranacee, confertissime. Diam. aperture 33 m.; diam. cavitatis postice 14 m., long. cavi- tatis circiter 230 m.,; diam. max. tube antice 40 m., postice 20 m. (coll. Chr. viii.). Vermetus gigas, A. & G., Chenu, Ill. t. 5. f. 6 a (but smaller). Var. B, teres ; leviuscula. Karang surumbung*, Javanorum, Junghuhn, Java, 1854, iii. p. 68. (tabula ultima). * Karang signifies a tube or quiver, and swrumbung a coral reef or rock; the former is probably the same as the Malayan cappang, according to Rumphius, used for Cuphus and Tenagodus. 1861.] M. 0. A.L. MORCH’s REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDH. 167 T’. adulta elongata, tubulosa, recta aut subflecuosa, e partibus lateralibus septorum conereta, inde concentrice lamellosa et stratificata, crassa, extus transversim striata et subannulatim rugosa et aspera, sepius subtuberculosa et inequalis, intus levissima, nitida (testa junior ad basin infimam attenuata et spiraliter torta) ; septa transversa, remota, imperforata, tenuis- sima, tubuloso-hemispherica (cupuliformia) se invicem amplec- tentia (superiora inferioribus incumbentia) ; partes laterales in testam concrete ; basis septorum libere prominula, clausa, hemispherica, papyraceo-tenuissima, fragilis, rarius hemisphe- rico-conica et subobliqua ; habitus orthoceratitoides, sed sipho nullus (Junghuhn). Diam. teste 8-14 lin. , cras. testee 3-2 lin. ; septee interne diam. 6-7 lin. According to the inhabitants this shell is only found in Java, at Karangitam, which forms a part of the broad reefs at the mouth of the small river Kalapatjondong, in the district Djampong, on the south coast of Java. The tubes, which at flood-tide are covered with 8 feet of water, stand upright in slightly bent positions, like organ-pipes, so closely together on the rock which they form, that it is only by touching the many small holes of the apertures that their presence is recognized. To this variety belongs very likely the shell brought from Sumatra by Capt. Griffiths, and described by Home, Phil. Transact. 1806, pp. 276 & 287 (Woodward, in Proceed. 1857, p- 245). Vermetus gigas, Owen, Mag. of Nat. Hist: 1838, Aug., p. 408, f. 20. Vermetus gigas, A. & G., Chenu, Ill. pl. 5. f. 6. Stphonium gigas, Chenu, Man. p. 320. f. 2304 (copy). Serpula gigantea*, or great Oriental Worm-shell with its oper- culum : a young specimen (Seba, t. 94), Port. Cat. 1786, p. 6, no. 97. The figures of Owen and Chenu seem to unite Junghuhn’s shell with the following form, which is the typical :— Var. y. SCANDENS. T. contorta, inter ramos Heteroporee scandens ; anfr. teretiuscult superne et inferne subplanati, rugis transversis latis obsoletis arcuatis, varicibus crassis precipitibus 1-2 ; strie incrementi membranacee, conferte, sepe ferruginee ; upertura circularis, intus candida, peritrema intus carneum. Diam. 21 m. Operculum pellucidum castaneum ; superne profunde concavum, area centrali opaca, peripheria elevata ; limbo levissimo, mar- gine angusto flavo, uti cote attenuato; inferne elevato-convexum; impressio muscularis rotundata, prominula, concentrice inter- rupte rugulosa ; limbus planissimus, latus, nitidus, margine interno canali plano angusto terminato. Diam, 183 m., lat. limbi 5 m., alt. operce. circiter 7 m. * The middle figure on pl. 97 of Seba is very likely meant, which perhaps is a Cuphus. The specimen was obtained by Sykes for 9s. at the auction. 168 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE veRMETIDS. [April 9. Hab. Lord Hood’s Island (coll. Cuming.) ; a specimen twisted among the branches of a dead Heteropora, agreeing very well with Wood's figure, which distinctly shows close to the mouth one of the characteristic abrupt feebly excavated varices. The operculum of Vermetus giganteus from Guam, represented by Quoy and Gaimard, pl. 67. f. 14, differs in having an impressed line close to the peri- phery, and in having the muscular impression concentrically furrowed with lines of alternately different sizes. The operculum in Chenu’s ‘Tllustrations’ has a central red spot, which I have not observed in any of the present specimens. This shell shows a tendency to grow vertically, and unites thus the form described by Junghuhn with the other varieties, which are all creeping. Var. 6. OPERCULO MEGACENTRO. Operculum inferne convexum (nec elevato-converum), limbo con- vexiusculo prominulo angusto ; impressio muscularis magna, sub- tiliter concentrice striata. Diam. 174 m., lat. limbi 4 m., alt. opere. 5 m. Hab. Lord Hood’s Island (without shell). This lid is flatter than that of the preceding, and, although the diameter is only a little smaller, the central area is notably larger, and the brim consequently narrower ; the exterior yellow peripherical band is marked by an elevated margin as if scratched thin. The concentric lines of the muscular impression are more feeble, sharper, and more regular towards the periphery; they are more distinct, and form small elongate areas. Var e. BIANGULARIS. Karang surumbung, var., Janghuhn, Java, f. 3 (optime). T. repens, corrodens, semtimmersa, aperturam versus lente crescens, utrinque obtuse angulata, lateribus planatis, superne planiuscula vel leviter concava varicibus arcuatis precipitibus; strie@ incre- menti membranacee, plerumque ferruginee ; apertura circularis (vel in specimine incompleto utrinque dilatata ex angulis). Color anfr. primi ferrugineus. Spec. majoris long. cavitatis int. 120 m.; diam. ap. 15 m., alt. 14 m. Spec. minoris long. cavitatis int. 90 m.; diam. ap. 15-16 m., alt. 13 m. Operculum tenue, converum, pallide castaneum, superne plano- concavum, laminis appressis concentricis obsoletissimis, uti fari- nosum ; area centrali magna, obscura peripheria elevata; limbo obsoletissime radiato, peripheria pallide flava ; inferne plano- converum ; impressio muscularis opaca, concentrice ruguloso- striata, leviuscula ; limbus nitidus, castaneus, linea obscura in- terna terminatus, peripherie margine angustissimo pallido. Diam. 15 m., limbi lat. 3-31 m., alt. cire. 25 m. The upper side is covered with a farinazeous layer, which, seen under the microscope, seems to show some bodies of the same 1861.] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. 169 character as those seen in fig. 16. In the brim of the under side are here and there some of the kind, shown by small sharp points, which look like imbedded sand-corns. Hab. Lord Hood’s Island; two associated specimens half sunk in the surface of a dead coral (coll. Cuming.). The smaller specimen has the aperture incomplete, and shows on both sides an auriculated production formed by the lateral angles ; the upper side of the aperture is inflected like the strize of growth, whilst that of the adult specimen is straight. The first part of the whorls is entirely concealed by the coral which, perhaps, has over- grown it. This, however, is not clear, because a saw has been used to diminish the size of the coral. Var. . PRELONGA. T. repens, corrodens, gracilis, fere per totam longitudinem equalis, utringque obtuse rectangulata, inferne elevato-convexa, tenuis, superne crassa, plana, levis, sebacea, sordide alba, varicibus hue illuc parvis acutis oblique arcuatis; strie et ruge increment obsolete, arcuate, granulis oblongis obsoletissimis ; anfr. primi laqueati conjuncti, lateribus inferne dilatatis ; septa frequen- tissima, cylindraceo-convexa, tenuia; apertura parva, superne arcuata reducta, lateribus rectis. Long. 64-82 dm., long. cavitatis 12dm., diam. transv. aperture 10-11 m., crassitie superne 6 m. Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, a detached specimen; the exterior layer of the shell is wanting on the under side, which proves it has been burrowing. This enormously long and very narrow shell differs chiefly from the preceding by its smooth tallow-like, slightly shining surface ; the strie of growth are only alittle foliaceous in unexposed places; it has nearly the same diameter throughout its length from the mouth, whilst var. « increases somewhat more rapidly. The transition between the above-described varieties seems so evident to me, that I do not dare to distinguish any of them specifically, not even the last. An allied species from the island of Tubal, in the Red Sea, collected by Riippell, is indicated by Leuckart, ‘ Neue Wir- bellose Thiere,’ 1827, p. 39. Vermicuuvs, Lister, Hist. Conch. 1688, t. 548. Tubulus, Schwammerdam, Bibl. 1738, p. 50. t. 7. f. 5, 6. Siphonium, no. 3, Browne, Jamaica. Vermicularia, Lam. Prod. 1799; System, 1801; Bowd. Elem. 1827. Vermetus, Gray, Gould, Adams, Stimpson, Carp., non Adanson. Testa varie torta, juventute turritelloidea. Operculum magnum, superne concaviusculum, laminis concentricis suprapositis margine laciniato, limbo reflexili; inferne con- vexiusculum, impressione musculart confertissime concentrice lirulata. Stimpson has described the animal thus :—*‘ Mantle fringed at its 170 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. [April 9, margin with short filaments. The foot is very short and broad, di- lated into rounded auricles anteriorly. The muzzle is broad, not cleft ; the tentacula are short, conical, having their eyes at their ex- terior base. An elevated ridge runs along the back, becomes flattened into a membrane at the head, and passes round under the right ten- tacle, forming a kind of canal, near which is the anus. Its colour is a light brown, with spots and patches of black ; viviparous. The young shell is helicoid and reversed. The operculum is corneous, black and hard on the inner, and Jamellated on the outer surface. It is surrounded by a thin, membranous, flexible portion, about one- fourth its diameter ; thus it is enabled to close its shell perfectly at the aperture, and yet to retreat far into the narrower whorls.” This latter assertion is not quite correct ; an operculum of V’. lumbricalis B, has a diameter of 63 m., whilst the aperture of the shell has a dia- meter of 7 m. Sowerby, in his ‘ Genera,’ was the first to give a representation of the lid, but this is not very satisfactory. A drawing of V. eburneus from life by Prof. Oersted shows considerable differences, as will be described below. 24. VeRMICULUS ToRTUOSUS, Soldr. 1784. T.. laxe contorta ; anfr. latere externo plano vel etiam concavius- culo, levissimo, superne et inferne rectangulato, costa mar- ginato, spira conica abbreviata (ex icone). 1784. Le Quadrilatére, Fav. Cat. de Latour d’ Auvergne, no. & f. 1412; Humphrey, Conchology, t. 11. f. 4 (typus). Serpula tortuosa, Sol., Port. Cat. p. 184. no. 3939. Vermetus costalis, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. t. 3. f. 1 & 16; Man. f. 2295. Vermiculus tortuosus, Morch. Journ. Conch. vii. p. 30. Var. a. UNICOSTALIS (ex icone). Vermetus costalis, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. t. 3. f. 1 a &e. T. latere externo convexiusculo, liris duabus equalibus, inferne costa prominula marginato, superne nudo convexo ; aperturam versus strigis aurantiis transversis. Var. 3. NIDIFICANS. T. tenuiuscula, fusco-lurida, strigis ferrugineis obsoletis trans- versis, spiraliter torta; anfr. uno latere contigui, obtuse qua- drangulares, longitudinaliter lirati et confertissime striati ; la- tere externo declivi, inferne acutangulo, carina pallida albes- cente maculis ferrugineis notata ; superne liris tribus, lirula in- tercalante, angulo obtuso mutico ; latere interno angulo juxta umbilicum lira gemina munito, liris duabus tribusve, lirula in- tercalante ; regio umbilicalis conferte plano-lirata; apertura ampla, orbicularis, obtuse quadrangularis ; spira gracilis, ferru- ginea ; anfr. ultimus carinis obtusis tribus interstitiis striatis, anfr. ceteri levigati, nitidi, medio carinis duabus subequalibus, interne lirula suturali obsoleta. Diam. ap. 11, alt. 12 m.; long. spiree cire. 9 m. 1861.] M.0.A.L, MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDZ. 171 V. costalis, Chenu, pl. 3.f. 1 a, quoad sculpturam ; Humph. t. 10. f. 5, quoad formam. Hab. Ins. Philippin. (Cuming). Three specimens affixed to the branches of a furcate coral, not unlike Trymohelia eburnea in shape, but very likely allied to Lepta- sired. This species is not quite without doubt distinct from V. lumbricalis. The V. indicus (Rous. t. 3. f. 26) seems to be a transition. The spire of var. (3 is entirely different from that of fig. 1 in Chenu, but agrees with that of V. lumbricalis, var. 25, VERMICULUS SOLARINUS, Morch. T. solidissima, alba, strigis transversis pallide aurantiis in inter- sectionibus costarum saturatioribus ; anfr. laxi, subquadrangu- lares, latere externo rectangulato, carinis tribus equidistantibus crenulatis ; interstitia fundo levi nitido, longitudinaliter liru- lata, liris duabus validis obsolete nodulosis ; latere interno semi- tereti, conferte grosse-lirato, interstitiis profundis hic illic lirula intercalante ; lire incrementi regulariter subremote, in- tersectionibus lirarum incrassate, unde superficie rudi ; aper- tura latere externo rectangulato, interno arcuato. Long. fere 27 dm. ; diam. ap. 9-10 m. Spira turritelloidea, nitida, alba, bast plana, concaviuscula, carina prominente marginata, superne carina acuta approximata ; anfr. angulo inframediano carina acuta munito, inferne lirula suturali subocculta. Long. fere 6 m. Hab. Ins. Philippin. (Cuming). One specimen. The first whorls are planorbiform. The spire is very like that of Turritella carinifera, Lam., and agrees in this respect with the vars. 3 and 6 6, of the following species. 26. VERMICULUS LUMBRICALIS, L. “* T’. quasi cornea, teres seu versus apicem obsolete angulata, sensim angustior.”’ L. Mus. L. Ulr. 689. no. 431. Serpula lumbricalis, Linn. 8. N.x. p. 787, no. 698; xii. p. 1206, no. 801. Professor Liljeborg of Upsal has favoured me with a drawing of the original specimen in the Museum of the Queen. I do not know any figure corresponding exactly with it, except perhaps V’. indicus, Chenu, Ill. t. 3. f. 2a. It agrees very well with the var. a@ in size and form ; but the keels are not continued to the mouth, and the lon- gitudinal grooves, rather strong between the keels, are not represented in the drawing. Var. a. DIAPHANA. T. tenuis, diaphana, dilute castanea ; anfr. laxe contorti, inferne carinis duabus leviter crenatis, maculis vel punctis obsoletis albis et castaneis, interstitio plano vel leviter excavato, liris 172 M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. [April 9, 3-4 approximatis; latere externo plano, leviusculo, obsoletissime lirulato, superne obtuse angulato, liris tribus approximatis, latere interno convexo subtilissime lirulato: spira elongato- conica, turritelloidea (figura in Gen. Sowerbyi non absimili sed minore), ferruginea, basi lata plana vel concaviuscula, carina prominente marginata, superne carina compressa approximata, versus suturam lira sursum evanescente ; anfr. primi inferne carinis duabus subequalibus. Diam. ap. fere 7 m. Buonanni, f. 20? (aggregata?). Operculum superne concaviusculum, flavescens, laminis concentricis suprapositis margine laciniatis; inferne convexiusculum, badium ; impressio muscularis conferte concentrice sulcata, centro pro- minulo convexo ; limbus bipartitus, parte externa flava flexilt, interna nitida badia, juxta aream canali circulart plana. Diam. cire. 64 m. Coll. Cumingii, sine loco. Var. 3. corNEA, Knorr, Vergn. t. 2. t. 13. f. 1 quoad colorem. T. solidissima, badio et castaneo variegata, laxe contorta, longitu- dinaliter subtilissime lirulata; anfr. graciles (presertim su- perne) latere inferno plano, utrinque carina irregulariter sub- nodulosa, interstitio lira gemina mediana; latere externo in- Serne lira acutiuscula carinam approximante, superne angulo obtuso, liris 3-4 approximatis subequalibus ; latere interno pallido convexo, lirulis inequalibus ; striis et rugis incrementi sigmoideis, aperturam versus antiquatis ; spira deficiente sed verisimiliter ultra solitum parva ; apertura circularis inferne incrassata. Diam. 7 m.; diam. septi (fracture) circ. 3 m.; long. testee 223 m. Coll. Cumingii, sine loco. Differs from the preceding by its great solidity, and chiefly in the outer side being of a very dark, nearly black-brown colour. Var. y. “ Apertura biangulata.” Vermetus bicarinatus, Desh. Anim. s. Vert. 1843, ix. p. 67. Var. 6. AMPLIATA. Vermetus bicarinatus, Desh., Chenu, Lecons Elém. p. 182. f. 602. V. indicus, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. t. 3. f. 2 6 (idem). T. tenuiuscula, dilute castanea, laxe contorta ; anfr. approximati, subtilissime lirulati, superne graciles versus aperturam ampliati, oblique quadrangulares subgibbosi, latere interno declivi plani- usculo, lirts geminis in medio, superne carina acuta pallida, inferne carina obtusa subnodulosa terminato; latere externo superne obtusissime angulato; apertura transversa, ovata, latere interno angustato; spira turritelloidea et ei V. solarini simil- 186].] M. 0, A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDZ. 173 lima; anfr. infimus inferne bicarinatus, anfr. 6 primi angulati, carina acuta, lira suturali subocculta. Diam. ap. cire. 9} m.; alt 9 m. A specimen very like the quoted figure is in Mr. Cuming’s coll. (sine loco). Var. 66. RUGULOSA. T. parva, alba, versus spiram pallidissime castanea, laxe contorta, subtilissime lirulata, latere inferno planiusculo lirato, presertim aperturam versus, angulo externo carina acutiuscula, punctis JSerrugineis fere equidistantibus notata, angulo interno obtuso ; ruge et strie incrementi valida, sigmoidee, approximate ; spira uti precedentis. Diam. ap. cire. 5 m. Hab. Ins. Philippin. (Cuming). A specimen not unlike Gualt. t. 10. f. Q, attached by the aperture to another specimen chiefly differing in its uniform pale-brown colour, more slender whorls (diam. 4 m.), and very feeble sculpture. The spire is of the form of Turritella carinifera, Linn., like the preceding. This var. and the preceding approach to /. tortuosus. Buonanni, f. 43 (spira parva) verisimiliter. Var. ¢. TERES. T. laxe contorta, latere interno albescente, externo badio, subtilis- _ sime longitudinaliter striata ; anfr. 4 primi inferne plani, carina acutiuscula externa longitudinaliter lirata et conferte striata, latere externo longitudinaliter lirati et striati, superne obtuse angulati ; anfr. cetert teretiusculi, inferne obtusissime bian- gulati, rugis incrementi sigmoideis ; apertura triangulari-ovata. Alt. 10 m., diam. 9 m. Spira turritelloidea gracilis; anfr. convexi, trilirati; lire due mediane in anfractibus primis equales, lira superior minor in anfr. ceteris, evanescens in ultimo anfractu, lira tertia sutu- ralis. Long. 10 m. Hab. Ins. Philippin. (Cuming), from the specimen represented in Reeve’s Conch. Syst. Vermiculus longus eleganti clavicula tortili desinens, List. p. 548. hs Tubulus anguinus, Mart. i. t. 2. f. 12 B (copy). Serpula lumbricalis, Wood, Index, t. 38. f. i, Amboina (copy). Vermetus lumbricalis, Reeve, Conch. Syst. t. 152. f. 1. Serpula, Humphrey, Conchology, t. 10. f. 9. Vermetus lumbricalis, Desh., Cuv. Regn. An. t. 62. f. 3. Vermetus indicus, Rouss., Chenu, Il. t. 5. f. 2a. Hornschlange, Rumph. t. 41. f. 1. Serpula lumbricalis, Burrow, Elem. t. 22. f. 2. Vermiculus, D’ Argeny. t. 29. f. 1. Hab. Ins. Philippin. (H. Cuming). Notwithstanding the very different turritelloid portion, I doubt 174 M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID#. [April 9, whether this is specifically distinct, the var. a showing a transition. A part of the keel shows some small, equidistant brown spots like those of the preceding variety. Serpula vermetus of Sowerby’s ‘ Genera,’ seems to be most nearly allied to var. a, chiefly by the spire. The operculum represented in the mouth of the shell, and the much smaller free specimens, are very likely rather inaccurate. 27. VERMICULUS SPIRATUS, Phil. 1836. Var. a. MELANOSCLERA. T. solida, badia, strigis transversis atris ; anfr. obtuse quadran- gulares ; latere externo medio angulato, carina pallida, longi- tudinaliter lirulata; latere interno fortiter lirato, apertura subquadrangularis. Diam. 8-9 m. Hab. Vera Cruz (Rathsak). Var. 8B. QUADRANGULARIS. Rufescens. Vermetus quadrangulus, Phil. Mal. Zeitschr. 1848, p. 17. no. 77. Hab. Yucatan (Philippi). Var. y. BICARINATA. Hornschlange, Hihnerdarm, Knorr, iv. t. 17. f. 2. V. spiratus, Phil. Wiegm. Archiv. 1836, p. 244. t. 7. f.5 a-e. V.. knorrii, Desh. Anim. s. vert. 1843, ix. p. 68. V. lumbricalis, @ Orb. Hist. Nat. Cuba, p. 234. V. lumbricalis, Bowd. Elem. p. 23. t. 9. f. 17. (1822). V.@ adanson, Blainv. Man. 1825, t. 34. f. 1 (copy). V.. lumbricalis, Sow. Man. f. 345. V.. indicus, Chenu, Ill. t. 3. f. 2 (verisimiliter). Hab. Havanna (C0. B. Philippi, d’ Orb.). Var. 6. CINEREA. Vermetus lumbricalis, Gould, Invert. Massach. p. 287. Vermetus radicula, Stimps. Shells of New Engl. p. 38. Vermetus radicula, Gray, Guide, p. 126. Hab. New Bedford Harbour (Gould); Buzzard’s Bay southward (Stimps.). Var. e. UNGULINA. Spira magna, turritelloidea, spiraliter striata et trilirata; lire due infime subequales, maores ; umbilicus pervius ; color cas- taneus. Long. 7 m., lat. bas. 8 m. ; diam ap. cire. 4 m. © Vermetus lumbricalis, Woodward, Man. t. 9. f. 7, simillima. Hab. Ins. St. Thomas (4. H. Riise). The spire of this shell is still larger, as in the quoted figure. I have never seen a depressed aperture, as in Woodward’s plate; but a somewhat similar one is to be seen in Schwammerdam (t. 7. f. 5, 6). 1861.] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. 175 It is very like in sculpture the last variety of V. lumbricalis. I have seen a specimen in which the three first whorls are angular and smooth, and the rest of the spire flat and trilirate. Var. Z. SCALARIS. T. castanea, tenuiuscula, laxe spiralis ; anfr. teretiusculi superne et inferne subplanulati unde obtusissime biangulati, longitu- dinaliter lirulati et striati; ruge incrementi regulariter ap- proximate, conferte undulate ; striae incvementi interdum mem- hranacee ; spira parva, turritelloidea, pallida; anfr. primi obliqui, infra medium acutanguli, anfr. ult. carinis duabus equalibus, basi concaviuscula. Diam. apert. 6 m. Serpula, Humphrey, Conchology, t. 10. f. 5 & 7. Hab. Ins. St. Thomas. All the specimens show remains of sponges ; they are all twisted in the same manner as the spongicole Tenagodi. The transverse un- dulated rugee remind one very much of the varices of Cirsostrema. To this variety belongs, according to the original specimen, Vermicu- laria glomerata, var. 2 ¢ (Gravenh. Tergestina, p. 61 ¢). Var. ». TERES. Vermetus lumbricalis, Pictorial Museum, f. 2820. Lumbricoid Vermetus, Knight, Encyclop. 1856, iv. p. 1134. fig. (copy). Vermetus lumbricalis, Ilustrirte Naturg. f. 3743. p. 193 (copy). A group affixed on a Chama (probably C. macrophylla) is very likely a variety of this species. 28. VERMICULUS ANGUIS, Forbes. Vermetus? anguis, Forbes on Fossil Invert. from Southern India ; Geol. Trans. vii. 3. p. 124. t. 13. f. 1 (1845-56). Uncoiled spiral of two loose turns of angulated rugose whorls, spirally striated and semiplicated. Hab. Pondicherry, cretaceous (Grant). The sculpture of this shell is very like that of V. spiratus, var. Z. 29. VERMICULUS COCHLEIFORMIS, Jos. Miiller. Vermetus cochleiformis, Mill. Mon. Aachener Kreide, 2. p. 6. t. 3. f. 5: Hab. Greensand of Konigsthorn on Lusberg and near Vaels (Miller). Not unlike in shape some forms of V. spiratus, var. . This and the preceding have very likely lived in sponges. 30. VermiIcuLUS? CIRCUMCARINATUS, Stoppani. Serpularia circumcarinata, Stop. Pal. Lombard. t. 6. f. 4-6. Fossil in triassic formation. This shell is perhaps more allied to Eccyliomphalus, Portlock. 176 M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. [April 9, 31. VERMICULUS TURRITELLA, Rousseau. Vermetus turritella, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. t. 4. f. 3. Vermetus turritella, Rouss., Chenu, Man. p. 319. f. 2298 (copy). This shell is perhaps most allied to V. lumbricalis, var. (3; it is very likely not full-grown. 32. VerMIcuLUsS RovyANUS, D’Orb., 1842. Vermetus rouyanus, D’Orb. Ter. Cretac. 2. pl. 233. f. 5-7. V. rouyanus, D’Orb., Chenu, Man. p. 319. f. 2296. Hab. Couches aptiennes ou terrain néocomien sup. des bassins mé- diterranéen et parisien (D’ Ord.). 33. VeRMICULUS ALBENSIS, D’Orb., 1842. Vermetus albensis, D’Orb. Ter. Cret. 2. p. 386. pl. 233. f. 8-9. Hab. Couches aptiennes des environs d’ Evry (Aube) (Dupin). The descriptions of the last two species do not seem to correspond with the quoted figures ; but whether the names on the plate or the diagnoses are displaced I cannot decide. It is doubtful if these two species are not Turritelle, as neither of them is known in a distorted state. 34. VERMICULUS CARINATUS, Hérnes. Vermetus carinatus, Hornes, Geol. Reichsanst. 3. p. 486.t.46.f. 17. Vermiculus triqueter, Dujard. Mém. Géol. ii. p. 283. Vermetus adansonii, Defr. Dict. Sc. Nat. lvii. p. 326 (nec Daud.). Serpula vermeti aff., Sow. Gen. 1824, f. 4. T. trochiformi-acuminata, irregulari, anfractibus levibus medio acute carinatis, supremis trochleiformibus, ultimo ad aperturam coarctato, basi linea elevata instructa, apertura rotundata. Long. 27 m., ap. 7 m. (Hérnes). Hab. Tertiary formation of Steinbrunn and Lapagg (Hér.) ; Tou- raine (Sow. et Duj.) ; Thorigné near d’Angres (De/r.). Sect. B. Animal tentaculis longis subulatis ; pallio simplict. Operculum magnum planum. Testa anfractibus ampliatis. Professor Oersted’s drawing of V. eburneus differs from the de- scription of Stimpson in the long subulate tentacula, and in not show- ing any filaments at the brim of the mantle. 35. VERMICULUS DIMoRPHUS, Mérch. Serpula, Humphrey, Conchology, t. 10. f. 6. T. solida, spiraliter contorta, cinnamomeo cinereoque variegata ; anfr. laxi, lateraliter connati et affixi, ampliati, teretiusculi, longitudina- liter confertissime striolati, latere externo convexiusculo, liris tri- bus inequaliter remotis, latere inferno convexo lirato, liris re- gionis umbilicalis approximatis, interstitiis lirula parva interca- lante, latere superiore plano albo liris destituto; ruge et strie incrementi rectiuscule, unde indistincte cancellata ; apertura orbi- cularis vel subtriangularis. Diam. 11 m. 1861.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. 177 Spira turritelloidea, candida, anfr. planis confusis, triliratis, lira mediana valida compressa acuta. Hab. Ins. Philippin. (7. Cuming). A specimen affixed to the tube of a Rocellaria(?). The sutures of the spire are very difficult to distinguish ; it looks as if the two equal lirse between the two carine were situated on one and the same whorl. ? Var. a. LITUINA. T. irregulariter planorbiformis, anfr. latere affiro plano per totam longitudinem ; latere libero tereti, liris inequalibus planis, lira peripherica lata ; latere interno liris confertis, interstitiis lirula intercalante ; ruge incrementi irregulares, approximate ; anfr. ultimus flavus, strigis confertis confluentibus lividis ; apertura or- bicularis, subangulata. Diam. 12-14 m. Hab. Ins. Philippin. (H. Cuming). A detached specimen, showing the cast of the denudated layers of a pearl-oyster, and exhibiting a feeble pearly lustre. Spire typi- cal. I have found two specimens with about three detached whorls in a mass of Petaloconchus flavescens, Carp., said torbe from Sicily ; they only differ in the colour being of a dull white, and not glossy white as in the two forms described. 36. VERMICULUS PELLUCIDUS, Brod. & Sow., 1829. (PI. XXV. figs. 17-20.) T. pellucida, longitudinaliter striata, apicem versus carinata. The striz, which become carinated towards the apex, are best seen in the young shell. The species in texture has somewhat the ap- pearance of Magilus, Sow. & Brodr. Vermetus pellucidus, Brodr. & Sow. Zool. Journ. iv. p. 369. Var. a..PLANORBOIDES. Serpula regularis, Chenu, Ill. t. 10. f. 14. T. tenuiuscula, irregulariter planorbiformis, lateraliter affiva ; anfr. longitudinaliter pulcherrime dense striati et plano-lirati, lire in anfr. primis fortiores, latere interno plano; apertura obliqua orbicularis, latere interno affixo. Diam. 9 m. Spira turritelloidea, anfr. vix convexiusculi, carina valida com- pressa acuta submediana, superne juxta suturam lira prominula et inferne lirula suturali in anfr. primis minutissima. A specimen without locality in Mr, Cuming’s collection, a little smaller than the quoted representation ; the affixed side shows some agglutinated shell-rudiments, and two or three flat marks, very likely, from the lustre, those of a Margaritifera. Var. aa. LAQUEARIS. T. ut in precedente, sed anfractus connati teretiusculi ; anfr. ullimus Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. XII. 178 M.0.A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDZ. [April 9, ampliatus, tenuis, resupinatus ; apertura orbicularis latere interno connato ; rug@ incrementi irregulares, conferte. Diam. ap. 15 m. Hab. West Columbia (Cuming). This shell differs from the preceding chiefly in having a whorl more, which is bent back and attached by the aperture to the pe- nultimate whorl, giving it the appearance of the figure 8 or letter S. Var. 3. CINNAMOMINA. T. irregulariter planorbiformis ; anfr. hic illie soluti, latere affixo plani, longitudinaliter subtilissime lirulati, et regulariter lirati, lira peripherica latiuscula ; rug@ incrementi irregulares, unde ob- solete nodulose in intersectionibus ; anfr. ultimus aperturam ver- sus pallide cinamominus, strigis transversis obscuris : spira ut precedentis. Diam. ap. 14 m. Hab. West Columbia (Cuming). On the affixed side are agglutinated rudiments of shells and parts of an ochraceous stone, &c. This variety is very like the var. a of V. dimorphus, M.; it differs chiefly from the latter in its greater ca- libre and thinner shell. It is not impossible that the var. lituina belongs to this species, and that the locality Philippines is a mistake, particularly as the two small liree on the spire are not quite equal, as in the three typical specimens of V. dimorphus. Var. y. voLUBILIS (Pl. XXV. figs. 18 and 19). T. eburnea, subobesa, lave volutata, longitudinaliter costata, costis distantibus, subobsoletis. Long. ;3;, diam. ;4 poll. (Reeve). ‘ Mus. Cuming.” Vermetus eburneus, Reeve, Proc. Zool. 8. 1842, p. 197; Conch. Syst. 2. p.46. pl. 152. f.2. - Lumbricoid Vermetus, Pictorial Museum, f. 2820. Vermetus lumbricalis, Knight, Encycl. p. 1134 ; Ilustrirte Naturg. f- 3741. The three latter representations from the aperture are from the same specimen shown from the dorsal side in Reeve’s Conch. Syst. Var. 6. VOLUBILIS (ADULTA) PICTA. Vermetus eburneus, Carp. Cat. p. 304. T. candida, in parte anfr. ultimi flavescens, strigis lividis (6-7) transversis confertis ; anfr. ultimus aperturam versus ampliatus. Long 35 diam., diam. testee 18-20 m. Hab. West Columbia (Cuming). Two aggregated specimens. Puntarenas (Oersted : Morch, Journ. de Conch, viii. p. 30). Var. €. CRASSA. Serpula panamensis, Chenu, Ill. t. 10. f. 5. Vermiculus eburneus, Mérch, J. de Conch. viii. p. 30. Lire prominentes: animal viride, albo maculatum, unde reticulatum, 1861.] M. 0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. 179 tentacula longa subulata, interrupte-lineata ; proboscis brevis ro- tundata. Hab. Puntarenas (Oersted). The diameter of the aperture is 10 to 105 m.; the thickness of the shell 2m. Fossil at Newburn, N. Carolina (Carp.). Var. 2. TIGRINA. T. solida, sordide flavescens, strigis transversis badiis confluentibus ; anfr. obtuse quadrangulares, longitudinaliter expresse lirati, latere externo liris latioribus, latere superiore albo, liris destituto ; lira peripherica lata; ruge incrementi prominentes, conferte, unde interstitiis hic illic foveolatis ; apertura circularis, faucibus fuscis : spira sic ut precedentis. Diam. ap. cire. 16 m. Hab. West Columbia (H. Cuming). Four agglomerated specimens of different size, showing on the flattened attached side remains of a grey sandstone. The colour, very like that of Turritella tigrina, Kien., gives this variety a very strange aspect ; but the nearly white var. 6 shows on a part of the whorl the same colour, but feebler. Var. 7. CASTANEA. Versus aperturum strigis albis. Diam. ap. 7 m. A planorbiform specimen on a spine of Murex melanoleucus, Morch. The numerous minute striz which cover the lirze as well as the interstices, is nearly the only constant character. The operculum is well described by Carpenter (Cat. p. 304) from specimens in Mr. Cuming’s collection ; but I have only found one specimen, labelled West Columbia, without shell ; perhaps another may be found in the specimen figured by Reeve. I have not been able, even under the microscope, to discover the punctated lines men- tioned by Carpenter. Operculum concaviusculum, laminis 3-4, latis, confertis, laceris, ra- diatim striatis, area centrali parva arcte spirali leviuscula; inferne planum, badium ; impressio muscularis lira elevata peripherica terminata, confertissime concentrice lirulata ; limbus nitidus tri- partitus : zona interna lineis tribus concentricis, zona mediana latior conveviuscula, externa pallida tenuis flewilis. Diam. 9 m.; diam. impress. muse. 23 m. Hab. West Columbia (H. Cuming). Var. 1. from var. 6. Hab. Puntarenas (Oersted). Diam. apert. 15-16 m. Operculum superne planum, laminis confertis (detritis ?) brevissimis ; impressio muscularis liris concentricis confertis subirregularibus, lira elevata terminata, centro immerso ; limbus nitidus, tripartitus ; zona interna angustior excavata, externa pallida angusta subreflexa. Diam. 12 m., impress. muse. 44 m. Vermetus hindsii, Gray, Adams, Gen. t. 38. f. 8 a, 6? 180 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. [April 9, Var. 2. DISCIFER, from var. 6. Hab. Puntarenas (Oersted): a smaller specimen. Operculum superne laminis brevibus detritis, centro disco pallido prominulo plano, concentrice confertissime striolato ; inferne pla- num, badium ; area centralis irregulariter concentrice lirata. Diam. 11 m., diam. impress. muse. fere 5 m. Var. 3, from var. e, of which the animal is described, fig. 17. Diam. 10 m., diam. impress. muse. 35 m. The muscular impression is proportionately much larger than that of the first described, which is much thinner. Var. 4. suBGRANOSA, from var. 7. Operculum superne concaviusculum, lamina concentrica juxta peri- pheriam, laminis medianis obliteratis, inferne badium ; impressio muscularis conferte granuloso-rugosa (an morbo !), canali irregu- lari circumdata ; zona interna rugis obliquis approximatis. Diam. 6 m., impress. musc. 25 m. On the surface are some cylindrical detached bodies like blunt spines, which look as if they were broken off at the base, but I be- lieve they scarcely belong to the operculum. Operculum testa juvenilis. Diam. aperturz 3 m. Hab. Puntarenas (Oersted). Op. inferne spiraliter liratum ; impressio muscularis indistincte ter- minata, annulo centrali. Diam. 2} m. The operculum is very variable, it varies from black to pale brown ; the channel surrounding the muscular impression becomes deeper with age, whilst it is very indistinct in the young state. The radiating strize of the Jamine form small denticles in the border if looked at under the microscope. The operculuin of Serpula pana- mensis, represented by M. de Serres, Ann. Sc. Nat. 1855, v. p. 243. t. 8. f. 7, is perhaps of this species ; but fig. 8 is very likely erroneous. Sect. C. Spira minuta helicoidea. The two following species are referred to this genus on account of the operculum, notwithstanding the very different form of the shell. 37. VERMICULUS RASTRUM, Morch. T. lateraliter affiva, laqueatim contorta, alba pallide flavescens ; anfr. semiteretes, inequales, marginibus dilatatis, superne liris 10-12 compressis, squamas confertas fornicatas amplectentibus, intersti- tiis lira plana interdum duplicata, squamis confertissimis arcuatis brevibus, anfr. ultimo juxta aperturam libero, cylindrico, coarc- tato ; apertura circularis. Operculum superne concaviusculum, laminis laciniatis confertissimis, centro conferte lirulato leviusculo ; inferne planiusculum, badium ; 1861.] M. 0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 181 impressio muscularis conferte lirata, opaca, peripheria leviter im- pressa ; limbo nitido tripartito ; zona interna sulcis 2-3 spiralibus, mediana parva vie sulcata, externa tenuis flavescens reflexa. Diam. 93 m., impress. muse. fere 3 m., apert. testee 9 m. Aletes not unlike A. squamigerus, Carp. Cat. p. 304, lin. 28 (coll. Cuming.), sine loco. The operculum is very like that of V. eburneus ; but the muscular impression is not limited by an elevated line and flat channel. The affixed side shows four or five diverging channels, very likely the im- pression of the branches of a Gorgonia: on a part where the outer shell is broken is to be seen a very long oblique septum, perhaps pathological. The first whorls are lost; but a specimen from Pun- tarenas (Oersted) seems to correspond with it very well, only the scales are much feebler; its nuclear shell is helicoid and glossy. Another specimen from the same locality, perhaps even the latter whorls of the same specimen, has six to eight marked lire, with three close-set small liree in the interspaces. The scales are very numerous, small, and close-set ; the colour is ferruginous, variegated with a foreign green hue. Diam. of aperture 6-7 m. The striz of growth of V. eburneus are sometimes raised ; but I have not seen them forming scales. 38. VERMICULUS EFFUSUS, Valenc. Vermetus effusus, Val., Chenu, Ill. pl. 5. f.4 a-c; Mérch, J. de Conch. viii. p. 38. Siphonium effusum, Chenu, Man. p. 320, f. 2301. Fig. 4 of Chenu is taken from the very same specimen represented as V. centiquadrus in ‘ Voy. de Vénus’ ; the specific name seems best to suit fig. 4a. The lid, if represented of the natural size, seems too large for the shell. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV. Fig. 1. Stephopoma tricuspe. Spine of operculum. 2. Stephopoma senticosum. Spine of operculum. 3, 4, 5. Stephopoma pennatum. Shell. 6, 7. Stephopoma pennatum. Operculum. 8. Stephopoma pennatum. Spine of operculum. 9. Stephopoma pennatum, var. bispinosa. Operculum. 10. Stephopoma pennatum, var. bispinosa. Spine of operculum. 11. Stephopoma roseum. Spine of operculum. 12. Siphonium (Dendropoma) megamastum. Operculum. 13. Stphonium ie i, megamastum. Spine of operculum. 14, Stephopoma senticosum. Young shell. 15. Siphonium (Stoa) subcrenatum, var. spinosa. Operculum. 16. Siphonium (Stoa) subcrenatum, var. spinosa. Spine of operculum. 17. Vermiculus pellucidus, var. volubilis. 18, 19. Vermiculus pellucidus, var. volubilis. Shell. 20. Vermiculus pellucidus, var. volubilis. Operculum. 182 MR. GOULD ON A NEW CAPRIMULGINE BIRD. [April 23, April 23rd, 1861. John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. Mr. Gould made some remarks on a species of Woodpecker from Siam, which he believed to be referable to the Meiglyptes jugularis of Blyth. The following papers were read :— 1. Description or A New Species or THE FamMILy CApRIMUL- cip&. By Joun Goutp, Esa., F.R.S., etc. CHORDEILES? PUSILLUS. Crown of the head, back, and lesser wing-coverts dark brown, mottled with grey and rufous, produced by each feather being crossed by interrupted bars of grey on the basal three-fourths, and with ru- fous near the tip; the greater wing-coverts, tertiaries, and scapu- laries are similarly marked, but the bands are larger and more freckled, and are mingled grey and rufous, these feathers are also largely tipped with rufous; primaries very dark brown, the three outermost crossed at about two-thirds from their base with a broad band of white, which on the fourth feather assumes the form of a large oval spot; the remaining primaries are marked near their bases with buffy white ; upper tail-coverts brown crossed by irregular bands of buffy grey, and encircled with rufous at the tip; two central tail- feathers the same, the lateral ones brown, crossed by bands for three parts of their length from their base, and the two on each side next the central ones with a large spot of white at the tip ; on the throat a large arrow-head-shaped mark of white ; feathers of the chest brown, tipped with buff, forming a band across this part of the body ; under surface crossed by numerous narrow, blackish-brown and greyish-white bars, which latter become larger and whiter as they proceed towards the vent ; under tail-coverts white ; tarsi naked and, with the feet, mealy-brown. Total length 53 inches ; wing 5; tail 23; tarsi 3. Hab. Supposed to be Bahia. Remark.—This is by far the smallest Goatsucker I have ever seen, the size of its body not exceeding that of a common Sparrow (Passer domesticus). Its gape is entirely destitute of bristles. I believe I have placed it in the right genus; at the same time I may observe that the wings are more curved, and the primaries less resistant, than in the other members of the genus Chordeiles. It is doubtless a fully adult male. 1861.] DR, BENNETT ON THE EGGS OF GYMNORHINA. 183 2. Nore on THE Eco or THE Pip1nc Crow or MaGPiE OF New Sours Wates (GyMNoRHINA TIBICEN). By GrorGe Bennett, M.D., F.Z.S. It is not uncommon for eggs of the same species of bird to vary so much both in form and colour, as to cause doubts to arise in the minds of ornithologists as to the possibility of their being produced by the same species. This has been well exemplified in the case of the Red-tailed Tropic Bird (Phaéton phenicurus) more particularly, as well as in others. On examining a number of eggs of the Piping Crow (Gymnorhina tibicen), at Sydney, N.S. Wales, I was surprised to observe in how many instances they differed, both with respect to their form as well as in the markings of colour, so as to appear to belong to distinct species, although those differing so much both in form and colour were procured from the nest of the same bird. The eggs I had so recently an opportunity of carefully examining were collected by two zealous young naturalists, Mr. Edward Ramsey and Mr. Henry Norton. The former gentleman has sent me his notes on the eggs of the Australian Magpie, from which I have col- lected the following information. He states that “the Piping Crow (G. tibicen) lays eggs differing from one another in the same nest, both in form and colour; some being long and others round, and the coloured spots varying very much. On August 25th, 1860,” he says, “the first Magpie’s eggs were taken this season. I have six varieties of the eggs of this bird; and so much do they differ from each other, that, had I not taken them from the nest, I could not have believed they were the eggs of the same bird. All the young birds I have taken from the nest have had the breast of a dull-brown colour ; and a young bird brought home from the nest in 1859 is now (1860) changing the plumage of the breast from the dull-brown colour to black.” 3. Nore on rHE GeNus BasILoRNIs. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S., etc. The genus Basi/ornis was established some years back by the late Prof. Temminck on a bird from Celebes. Since then Mr. Wallace has met with another species in his wanderings in Ceram. As there exists some confusion with regard to these two species, I have thought it right to address to the Society a few remarks on them, with a view of pointing out their distinctive characters. They are easily distinguished from one another by the form of their crests. That of Celebes possesses a short, compressed, keel-like crest, which extends from the culmen to behind the head, and is composed entirely of scale-like and convex feathers; whilst that of Ceram has an occipital, erect and elongated crest, which, when viewed sideways, assumes somewhat of a subtriangular form, and is composed of truncated, rather broad and lax plumes. It also differs in having the nostrils exposed and a naked space round each eye. In the species of Celebes 184 MR. G. R. GRAY ON THE SPECIES OF BASILORNIS. [April 23, the nostrils are covered by the frontal plumes, and there is scarcely any naked space round the eyes. Wagler in 1827 described a bird from Java(?) under the name of Pastor corythaiz, the characters of which agree with the Ceram and not the Celebes species, with which it has been confounded by Pr. Bonaparte and other writers. The specific characters of the two species are subjoined—viz. Fig. 1. BASILORNIS CORYTHAIX (fig. 1). Top of the head rich glossy purplish black ; crest bronzy black ; nape, back, and beneath the body glossy chalybeous ; wings fuscous, paler at the base of the inner web ; tail bronzy black, with the outer feathers black with green edges ; spot below each eye, a patch on each side of breast, and some scattered hairs on the throat, white. Pastor corythaix, Wag). Syst. Av. Basilornis corythaiz, Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 420. Heterornis corythaiz, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. ii. p. 335. Hab. Ceram (Wallace). BaSILORNIS CELEBENSIS (fig. 2). Head rich glossy steel black ; crest rich glossy purplish black ; back, breast, and abdomen chalybeous ; quills fuscous black ; tail bronzy black, with the outer feathers greenish black ; a spot beneath 1861. | DR. P. L. SCLATER ON A NEW COPSYCHUS. 185 each eye, and a patch on each side of breast, white, partly tipped with buff; throat with some scattered white plumes, hair-like at base and dilated at the tip of each ; nape and upper part of back furnished with a few scattered buff plumes. Basilornis celebensis, Temm. MS. Basilornis corythaiz, p., Pr. B. Consp. Av. p. 420 (deserip.). Hab. Celebes (Menado, Makassar) (Wallace). Fig. 2. 4. On a New Species oF THE GENUS CopsycHuS FROM Bor- neo. By P. lL. Scuatrer, M.A., Pu.D., SECRETARY TO THE Society. CopsyCHUS SUAVIS. Nigro-sericea, alis extus fuscescentioribus ; abdomine saturate castaneo ; dorso imo et caude rectricibus lateralibus candidis, harum quatuor mediis et proxime utrinque pogonio interiore nigris: rostro nigro, pedibus pallide fuscis. Long. tota 9:0, alee 4-0, caudze 4°5. Hab. In Borneo meridionali. Obs. Atfinis Copsycho macruro, sed statura majore, cauda breviore et rectricum pictura diversus. I have selected two examples of this pretty species of Copsychus out of a small collection of bird skins from Banjermassing in South- ern Borneo, now in the hands of Mr. S. Stevens. Its nearest ally is that well-known beautiful songster the Copsychus macrurus of India, from which, however, it is readily distinguished by its larger size, shorter tail, and the three lateral rectrices, as well as the outer web of the next pair, being wholly of a pure white. There are, how- ever, blackish edgings at the base of the inner web of the second and third pair in one of the specimens, which I take to be a male. In the other, which is probably the female, these are absent, and the three 186 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON A NEW Copsycuus. [April 23, external pairs of rectrices are wholly white, the belly is paler chest- nut, the plumage above more dusky, and the size smaller. I think this species having the tail of Copsychus and the colours of the so-called genus Aitéacincla, justifies us in uniting these two groups, which, as far as I can see, only differ in the elongation of the tail in the latter. The following appear to be the described species of the group. a. CopsycHus. 1. CorpsycHuUSs SAULARIS (Gracula saularis, Linn. -— Copsychus saularis, Wagl.; Moore, Cat. B. E. 1. C. i. p. 275.—Gryllivora intermedia, Sw.), from conti- nental India (where it is one of the best-known birds), Nepal, Arakan, and Tenasserim. 2. CopsyCHUS CEYLONENSIS (Gryllivora brevirostris, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 139, et Cat. p- 166, nec Swainson), from Ceylon, is stated by Mr. Blyth to be in- variably distinguishable from peninsular specimens, and as such would require a separate name, Swainson’s term ‘ drevirostra’ being refer- able to the Javan species. 3. CopsyCHUS MINDANENSIS (Turdus mindanensis, Gm.—Copsychus mindanensis, Blyth, /. e. —Lanius musicus, Raffles.—Gryllivora intermedia et G. rosea, Sw.) replaces C. saularis in Malacca, and extends apparently into Siam, the Philippines (if Z’urdus mindanensis is really referable here), and China. At Amoy itis said by Mr. Swinhoe (see ‘ Ibis,’ 1860, p. 54) to be a “ common resident.” 4. CopsycHUS AM@NUS (Turdus amenus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soe. xii. p. 147.—Copsy- chus amenus, Moore, Cat. p. 279.—Gryll. brevirostra, Sw.) is the Javan representative species of the true saularis group. 5. CopsycHUS PLUTO (Temm. in Mus Lugd.; Bp. Consp. p. 267; Hartl. Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1853, p. 34) inhabits Borneo and Labuan. Specimens from the latter locality, collected by Mr. Motley, are in Mr. Dillwyn’s collection. — 6. CorpsyCHUS LUZONIENSIS. (Bp. Consp. p. 267.—Turdus luzoniensis, Kittlitz, Mém. prés. Acad. Se. Pet. ii. p. 5. pl. 7. 1835) is a beautiful species from the Philippines (Island of Luzon), of which there are examples in the British Museum and Mr. Gould’s collection. 1861. ] DR. A. GUNTHER ON SIAMESE REPTILES. 187 B. Krrracincua. 7. Copsycuus suavis, described above, from Southern Borneo. 8. CopsycHUS MACRURUS (Turdus macrurus, Gm.—Copsychus macrurus, Wagler.—Kitta- eincla macrura, Gould.—Gryllivora longicauda, Sw.) is the well- known Shama of Bengal, and renowned for its song. It is found in India, Ceylon, the Malay countries, Sumatra, Java, and as far east as Siam, whence M. Mouhot has lately transmitted the specimen which I now exhibit. 9. CopsYCHUS STRICKLANDI (Motley and Dillwyn, Nat. Hist. Labuan, p. 20 cum fig.), from Labuan, is easily distinguished from the preceding by its white head. 10. CorsycHUS ALBIVENTRIS (Kittacinela albiventris, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxvii. p. 269), lately described by Mr. Blyth, from the Andaman Islands. The preceding are the only Asiatic species that I have any know- ledge of. Copsychus pica (vy. Pelz. Sitz. Akad. Wien, xxxi. p. 323 ; Hart]. Orn. Beitr. Madagascar. p. 38), from Madagascar, must be accurately examined and compared before being allowed a place in the same genus. 5. Seconp List or Siamese Reptices. By Dr. ALBERT GintTuHer, For. Mem. Zoot. Soc. Having examined the Saurians, Ophidians, and Batrachians of M. Mouhot’s collection, lately transmitted from Chartaboum, on the coast of Siam, to this country, I shall first describe the new species, and then add a complete list of the whole series. Typical specimens of them have been retained for the British Museum. 1. DRACO TENIOPTERUS. Tympanum not scaly ; nostrils above the face-ridge, directed up- wards ; a low longitudinal fold on the neck. Scales on the back of equal size, obscurely keeled. Gular sac covered with large smooth scales, uniformly coloured. Wings dark-greenish olive, with five arched black bands, not extending to the margin of the wing, some being forked at the base. 2. ACANTHOSAURA CORONATA. The upper orbital edge serrated, without elongate spine poste- riorly ; a short spine on each side of the neck ; a yellowish-olive band, edged with black across the crown, from one orbital edge to the other ; an oblique, short, yellowish band, broadly edged with brown, from below the orbit to the angle of the mouth. 188 DR. A. GUNTHER ON SIAMESE REPTILES. [April 23, This and the following species belong to the genus Acanthosaura, as defined by Dr. Gray (Catal. Liz. p. 240). The tympanum is di- stinct ; a short spine between it and the dorsal crest, which is rather low. No femoral or preeanal pores. A short spine behind the orbital edge, and separated from it by a deep notch. Back and sides co- vered with small, smooth scales, slightly turned towards the dorsal line, and intermixed with scattered larger ones, which are keeled ; belly and legs with larger, keeled scales. Tail slightly compressed at the base, the rest being round and without crest ; all its scales are keeled, those on the lower side being oblong and provided with more prominent keels. Throat without cross-fold and without dis- tinct longitudinal pouch ; a slight oblique fold beforé the shoulder. 3. ACANTHOSAURA CAPRA. The upper orbital edge not serrated, terminating posteriorly in a long moveable horn ; no spine above the tympanum or on the side of the neck. Nuchal crest high, not continuous with the dorsal crest, which is rather elevated anteriorly. Crown and cheek without mark- ings. ‘The tympanum is distinct ; no femoral. or preeanal pores. Back and sides covered with small, smooth scales, which become gradually larger and more distinctly keeled towards the belly ; no large scales intermixed with the small ones, only a few appear to be a little larger than the rest. Tail slightly compressed at the base, surrounded by rings of oblong, keeled scales. Throat expansible; a very slight fold before the shoulder. 4. DiLopHyYRUS MENTAGER. Dorsal crest not interrupted above the shoulder, interrupted above the hip; caudal crest as high as that on the back; no large scales on the side of the neck ; sides of the throat with large convex or tubercular scales. This species belongs to the genus Dilophyrus, Gray (Catal. Liz. p. 238). A high crest, composed of sabre-shaped shields, extends from the nape of the neck to the second fifth of the length of the tail, being interrupted above the hip. Scales on the back and the sides of equal size, very small, with an ohscure keel obliquely directed upwards ; those on the belly smooth, on the lower side of the tail rather elongate, strongly keeled. Tympanum distinct. Throat with a cross-fold. Orbital edges and sides of the neck without spines. Tail transversely banded with black. One stuffed specimen is 30 inches long, the tail taking 21. 5. TROPIDOPHORUS MICROLEPIS. Snout rather narrow and produced. Scales on the back strongly keeled, the keels not terminating in elevated spines. Back of the tail with two series of moderately elevated spines, the series not being continuous with those on the back of the trunk. Scales of the throat smooth, or very indistinctly keeled. Tail with a series of plates below, which are much larger and broader than the scales of the 1861.] DR. A. GUTHER ON SIAMESE REPTILES. 189 belly. Three large preeanal scales. A single anterior frontal shield (internasal) *, 6. SIMOTES TENIATUS. Scales in nineteen rows. Brownish-olive, with a brown longitu- dinal dorsal band enclosing an olive-coloured line running along the vertebral series of scales ; another brownish band along the side of the body ; belly whitish, chequered with black. One loreal shield ; one anterior and two posterior oculars ; eight upper labials, the third, fourth and fifth of which enter the orbit ; 155 ventral plates ; anal entire ; 44 pairs of subcaudals. Head with the markings characteristic of the genus; each half of the dorsal band occupies one series of scales and two halves; the lateral band runs along the fourth outer series, touching the third and fifth. We were previously (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 113) enabled to enumerate 25 species of Siamese Reptiles, which number is raised to 42 by the following list. Those which have been mentioned in the account of the first collec- tion are marked with an asterisk. 1. Dracunculus maculatus, 12. Hemidactylus frenatus, Gray. Schleg. 2. Draco teniopterus, Gthr. *13. Gecko verus, Merr. 3. Bronchocela cristatella, 14. Cylindrophis rufa, Laur. Kuhl. 15. Python reticulatus, Schneid. 4. Acanthosaura armata, 16. Simotes teniatus, Gthr. Gray. 17. Homalopsis buccata, L. 5. coronata, Gthr. *18. Tropidonotus quincunciatus, 6. capra, Gthr. Schleg. *7. Calotes versicolor, Daud. 19. Dendrophis picta, Gm. 8. Dilophyrus mentager,Gthr. 20. Rana tigrina, Daud. 9. Leiolepis bellii, Gray. *21. Oxyglossus lima, Tschudi. 10. Tropidophorus microlepis, *22. Bufo melanostictus, Schn. Gthr. *23. Polypedates maculatus, 11. Platyurus schneiderianus, Gray. Shaw. * This is the third species of 7ropidophorus. The two others are :— 1. TROPIDOPHORUS COCHINCHINENSIS (Cuv.): Dum. Bibr. v. p. 556. pl. 57. f. 1.—Tropidosaurus montanus, Gray in Griffith, Anim. Kingd. ix. App. p. 35. Snout rather obtuse. Scales on the back strongly keeled, the keels terminating in slightly elevated spines. Two series of moderately elevated spines along the middle of the back of the tail, the series being continuous with those on the back of the trunk. Tail with a band of large hexagonal plates below; two large preanal scales. Two pairs of anterior frontal shields. Cochinchina. 2. TROPIDOPHORUS GRAYI, n. sp. (T. cochinchinensis, Gray, not Cuy.). Snout rather narrow and produced. Scales on the back as well as those on the tail with an exceedingly strong, lamelliform keel, elevated and spinous pos- teriorly. Two series of spinous keels on the back of the tail, continuous with those on the back of the trunk. Tail with rhombic scales below, which are not much larger than those of the belly. Scales of the throat strongly keeled. Three large preanal scales. Two pairs of anterior frontal shields. Philippine Islands. Three specimens in the British Museum. 190 DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. [April 23, 6. Descriptions oF New LAND-SHELLS, IN THE COLLECTION or H. Cumine, Ese. By Dr. Louis PFEIFFER. 1. Hertx uranus, Pfr. (§ 28, n. 3942). TT. subelause perfo- rata, depressa, solida, conferte leviter striata, et striis inequa- libus concentricis subtiliter decussata, castanea ; spira parum elevata, obtusa ; sutura levissima; anfr. 4}, vie convexiuscult, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus non descendens, carinatus, basi antice subinflatus; apertura perobliqua, rhombea, intus cerulescenti-albida; perist, rectum, marginibus callo subflecuoso junetis, subparallelis, basali arcuato, subincrassato, ad perfo- rationem dilatato, adnato. Diam. maj. 68, min. 57, alt. 28 mill. Hab. Polillo Islands (Mr. Porte). 2. Hexirx Neptunus, Pfr. (§ 33, n.594 a). TT. mediocriter um- bilicata, depressa, solidula, striis incrementi et lineis spiralibus subtilissime foveolata, fulva, nitidula ; spira breviter conoidea, obtusula ; anfr. 53, convexiusculi, ultimus non descendens, in- fiatus, peripheria obsolete subangulatus, subtus interdum fasciis nonnullis angustis rufescentibus pictus ; apertura obliqua, late lunaris, intus nitide margaritacea ; perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus subconniventibus, basali non dilatato, columellari leviter fornicato-reflexo. Diam. maj. 74, min. 63, alt. 4] mill. Hab. Siam (M. Mouhot). This shell is evidently allied to the still unknown H. pernobdilis, Fér. (pl. 74. f. 4=Limax lampas, Martyn), and appears to differ from that figure only by its greater size, the obsolete keel, and the lower part of the peristome not being broadly reflected. 3. Hexrx vactiriua, Pfr. (12764). 7. imperforata, globoso- trochiformis, tenuis, leviter striata, alabastrina, strigis filifor- mibus lacteis fere obducta; spira turbinata, vertice obtuso ; anfr. 4, convexi, ultimus non descendens, infra medium subcari- natus et fascia opaca cretacea cinctus ; apertura fere diago- nalis, rhombeo-lunaris ; perist. album, undique expansum, et refleciusculum, margine supero antrorsum flecuoso, columellari valde dilatato, adnato, intus angulatim descendente. Diam. maj. 244, min. 20, alt. 17 mill. Hab. New Georgia (Mr. Macgillivray). 4. Hetrx powituensis, Pfr. (n. 1306 a). TT. imperforata, ovato-conoidea, solida, striata, castanea; spira convexo- conoidea, obtusula; anfr. 5, modice convext, summi pallidi, in- terdum castaneo-unifasciati, penultimus albo-strigatus, ultimus epidermide crassiuscula subhydrophana fusculo-albida fere om- nino obductus ; columella subdeclivis, parum arcuata, compressa, lata ; apertura obliqua, lunato-ovalis, intus cerulescenti-alba ; perist. album vel rubellum, breviter incrassato-expansum, mar- ginibus convergentibus, dextro subflexuoso. Diam. maj. 47, min, 38, alt. 38 mill. 1861.] DR. L. PFEIFTER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. 191 B. Minor, castanea, superne pallidior et fasciata, anfractibus 2, ultimis epidermide albida vel fuscula fasciatis et strigatis. Diam. maj. 42, min. 35, alt. 35 mill. Hab. Polilio Islands (Mr. Porte). 5. Hexrx portit, Pfr. (n. 1308 a). TT. imperforata, globoso- conoidea, tenuiuscula, striatula, pallide lutescens, ad suturam fascia nigro-castanea ornata; spira convexo-elata, obtusa ; anfr. 5, convexiusculi, summi nudi, albidi, ultimi strigis copiosis epidermidis hydrophane albide picti, ultimus ventrosus, non descendens ; columella alba, vix arcuata, compressa, excavata, area nigricante cincta; apertura obliqua, rotundata lunaris, intus margaritaceo-alba; perist. breviter reflecum, margine dextro antrorsum subflexuoso. Diam. maj. 44-45, min. 37, alt. 36 mill. Hab. Polillo Islands (Mr. Porte). 6. Heurx asax, Pfr. (n. 1342a). TT. imperforata, conoideo- globosa, solidula, striatula, nigro-castanea, fasciis et strigis epidermidis hydrophane albide dense reticulata; spira con- vexo-conoidea, apice pallida, obtusula ; anfr. 44, convexiusculi, regulariter accrescentes ; columella alba, lata, compressa, obli- qua ; apertura parum obliqua, rotundato-lunaris, intus marga- ritaceo-micans ; perist. album vel rubellum, undique breviter expansum, marginibus convergentibus, basali cum columella an- gulum obsoletum formante. Diam. maj. 42, min. 35, alt. 30-31 mill. Hab. Polillo Islands (Mr. Porte). 7. Heirx wecror, Pfr. (n. 13494). TT. imperforata, subglo- bosa, tenuis, striatula, straminea, castaneo-plurifasciata, epi- dermide hydrophana lactea strigatim fere obducta ; spira brevis, convexa, obtusula ; anfr. 4, convexiusculi, summi nudi, carneo-fulvi, ultimus subdepresso-rotundatus, antiee vix descen- dens ; columella tenuissima, fere verticalis, subtruncata ; aper- tura obliqua, rotundato-lunaris, intus lutescens, castaneo late _ trifasciata ; perist. simplex, tenue, undique breviter expansum. Diam. maj. 38, min. 31, alt. 27 mill. Hab. Polillo Islands (Mr. Porte). 8. Hexiix ANDROMACHE, Pfr. (n. 13496). T. imperforata, sub- globosa, tenuiuscula, striatula, castanea, parum nitens ; spira convera, vertice minuto; anfr. 4-44, modice convexi, summi al- bidi, penultimus fulvicans, ultimus globosus, non descendens, interdum liris spiralibus leviter cinctus ; columella alba, sub- verticalis, compressa ; apertura obliqua, lunato-rotundata, intus margaritacea ; perist. simplex, albidum, undique breviter ex- pansum, marginibus convergentibus, dextro subflexuoso. Diam. maj. 37, min. 30, alt, 28 mill. Hab. Polillo Islands (Mr. Porte). 192 DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. [April 23, 9, Hezix tevucorHo#, Pfr. (n. 1631 a). T. anguste umbilicata, trochiformis, tenuiuscula, striatula, superne striis antrorsum descendentibus, subtus striis subconcentricis sublente decussa- tula, albida; spira turbinata, apice obtusula; anfr. 43, con- vexi, ultimus antice vix descendens, peripheria acute carinatus, subtus prope carinam castaneo-unifasciatus, minus convexus ; apertura diagonalis, rhombeo-lunaris ; perist. expansum, mar- gine supero tenui, basali medio incrassato, columellari dilatato, purpurascente. Diam. maj. 203, min. 17, alt. 123 mill. Hab. New Georgia (Mr. Macgillivray). 10. Hevix xanTHocuita, Pfr. (n. 1641 a). T. oblique perfo- rata, trochiformis, tenuiuscula, sublevigata, alabastrina, nitida, diaphana; spira conica, vertice minuto, fusculo; anfr. 63, superiores planiusculi, penultimus convexiusculus, ultimus sub- inflatus, non descendens ; columella tumida, viz declivis ; aper- tura diagonalis, lunato-ovalis ; perist. luteum, undique late ex- pansum et reflexiusculum, margine columellari subflecuoso. Diam. maj. 33, min. 26, alt. 36 mill. Hab. Salomon Islands. ; 11. Hetrx crossuarta, Pfr. (n. 1689 a). TT. angustissime umbilicata, turbinato-depressa, tenuiuscula, striis incrementi confertissimis antrorsum descendentibus decussata, pallide isa- bellina, maculis carneis subfasciatim dispositis variegata ; spira conoidea, vertice subtili; anfr. 44, modice convexi, ultimus subinflatus, antice breviter descendens ; apertura obliqua, si- nuato-lunaris ; perist. album, marginibus convergentibus, dextro anguste expanso, antrorsum flecuoso, basali reflexo, columellari superne fornicatim dilatato. Diam. maj. 18, min. 16, alt. 12 mill. Hab. New Georgia (Mr. Macgillivray). 12. Herfx ceramensis, Pfr. (n. 1879 a). T. umbilicata, de- pressa, tenuiuscula, leviter striata, unicolor castanea; spira plana, medio vix immersa ; sutura mediocris ; anfr. 5h, primi convert, sequentes convexiusculi, ultimus subdepresse rotunda- tus, antice descendens, subtus in umbilicum sensim attenuatus ; apertura obliqua, dilatata, rotundato-lunaris, intus lilaceo- margaritacea ; perist. tenue, expansum, marginibus conniventi- bus, supero prope insertionem impresso, columellari parum dila- tato, patente. Diam. maj. 37, min. 29, alt. 14-15 mill. Hab. Island of Ceram (Mr. Wallace). 13. Heix ERINACEvS, Pfr. (0.18804). TT. mediocriter umbi- licata, depressa, tenuis, foveolato-striata pilisque brevibus ri- gidis obsita, rufescens ; spira plana ; anfr. 44, conveat, ultimus leviter descendens, inflatus, circa umbilicum infundibuliformem compressus ; apertura obliqua, rotundato-lunaris, intus marga- 1861.] DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. 193 ritacea ; perist. tenue, liliaceo-fuscum, nitidum, expansum, mar- ginibus convergentibus, callo tenui junctis, columellari dilatato. Diam. maj. 254, min. 21, alt. 15 mill. Hab. New Georgia (Mr. Maegillivray). 14. Herrx MArTENsI, Pfr. (n. 1886 a). T. umbilicata, depressa, tenuiuscula, striatula, diaphana, unicolor castanea ; spira plana, medio subimmersa ; anfr. 44 convexi, ultimus tumidus, juxta suturam et ad peripheriam obsoletissime subangulatus, antice descendens, subtus sensim in umbilicum mediocrem atte- nuatus ; apertura fere diagonalis, irregulariter rotundato- lunaris ; perist. rubello-albidum, anguste reflecum, marginibus convergentibus, columellari vix dilatato, patente. Diam. maj. 184, min. 16, alt. 73 mill. Hab. Island of Ceram (Mr. Wallace). 15. Hexix rvrerrs, Pfr. (n. 1062). T. subclause perforata, depressa, solida, conferte radiato-striata striisque spiralibus exilissimis undique subgranulata, sericea, albido-carnea ; spira breviter conoidea, obtusula ; anfr. 6 vix convexiusculi, regula- riter accrescentes, ultimus rotundatus, supra medium obtuse an- gulatus ; apertura fere verticalis, oblique lunaris, intus marga- ritacea; perist.intus albo-callosum, margine supero brevi, recto, basali reflexiusculo, ad perforationem lente ascendente, vix di- latato. Diam. maj. 28, min. 25, alt. 16 mill. Hab. Siam (M. Mouhot). 16. Butimus portiu, Pfr. (n. la). TT. imperforata, ovato- conica, solidula, levigata ; spira convewiusculo-conica, apice obtusula ; anfr. 5-54, summi nudi, rubescentes, 2 ultimi preter fascias varias diaphanas olivaceas epidermide hydrophana pal- lide fuscula saturatius strigata obducti, ultimus spiram sub- e@quans ; columella callosa, violaceo-nigricans, superne albo- plicata ; apertura obliqua, truncato-auriformis, intus cerule- scens ; perist. violaceo-nigricans, equaliter sublate expansum, margine basali cum columella evtus angulum prominentem for- mante. Long. 79, diam. 46 mill. Hab. Polillo Islands (Mr. Porte). 17. Butrmus comes, Pfr. (n. 1294). VT. dextrorsa vel sini- strorsa, subimperforata, ovato-conica, solida, striatula, nitida ; spira subregulariter conica, acutiuscula; anfr. 7 vix convexius- cult, 5 primi carnet, supremi ad suturam nigro-marginati, 2 ul- timi lutei, livido-virescente rarius fasciati, strigati vel nebulosi, ultimus spira paulo brevior, basi rotundatus ;° columella cras- siuscula, subverticalis, alba; apertura parum obliqua, irregu- lariter semiovalis, basi subangulata, intus alba ; perist. patens Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. XIII. 194 DR. L, PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. [April 23, et reflexiusculum, marginibus callo candido intrante junctis, ex- terno arcuato. Long. 47, diam. 24 mill. Hab. Camboja. 18. Butimus mounortt, Pfr. (n. 218 a). T. sinistrorsa, subper- forata, oblongo-conica, tenuis, subtilissime striatula, parum ni- tens, lutea, strigis viridibus filaribus confertis picta; spira elongato-conica, vertice acutiusculo, rubello ; anfr. 7 vix con- vexiusculi, superi interdum fusco-tessellati, ultimus 2 longitu- dinis subequans, medio subangulatus, basi attenuatus, subcom- pressus ; columella parum incrassata, torta, pallide lilacea ; apertura obliqua, semiovalis, basi subeffusa ; perist. tenue, ex- pansum, lilaceo-roseum. Long. 34, diam. 14 mill. Hab. Siam (M. Mouhot). 19. Bunimus FLAvus, Pfr. (n. 222). T. sinistrorsa, viv per- forata, ovato-conica, tenuis, sublevigata, nitidula, unicolor sul- phurea; spira conica, vertice albido, acutiusculo ; anfr. 65 convexiusculi, ultimus 2 longitudinis fere equans, basi tumidus ; columella vix inflata, subverticalis ; apertura fere diagonalis, obauriformis ; perist. tenue, expansum et reflexiusculum. Long. 25, diam. 12 mill. Hab. Siam (M. Mouhot). 20. BuLimus ZEBRINUS, Pfr. (n. 2226). T. sinistrorsa, subper- forata, oblongo-conica, solidula, leviter striata, alba, strigis latiusculis subrectis vel undulatis nigro-fuscis dense picta ; spira gracilis, conica, vertice acutiusculo nigro ; sutura levis, alba ; anfr. 64, supremi convewi, reliqui convexiusculi, ultimus 2 lon- gitudinis subequans, basi via attenuatus ; columella subinflata, substricte recedens ; apertura obliqua, semiovalis ; perist. sim- plex, latiuscule expansum, margine columellart fornicatim re- Jlexo. Long. 25, diam. 103 mill. Hab. Siam (M. Mouhot). 21. Butimus AREOLATUS, Pfr. (n. 222c). TT. sinistrorsa, sub- perforata, ovato-conica, tenuis, striatula, nitidula, lutescenti- albida, flammis fuscis, sursum plerumque divisis picta ; spira conica, vertice minuto, fusco ; sutura submarginata; anfr. 64 modice convexi, ultimus spira paulo brevior, basi rotundatus, ad columellam area rosea, tum fascia fusca et fascia lutea cinctus ; columella subtumida, leviter torta; apertura obliqua, obauri- formis; perist. tenue, sublate exapansum, margine columellari breviter reflexo. Long. 13, diam. 6 mill. Hab. Siam (M. Mouhot). 22. BuLimus rHomBosTOoMUs, Pfr. (n. 222d). T’. sinistrorsa, 1861.] DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. 195 anguste umbilicata, ovato-conica, tenuis, subtiliter striata, dia- phana, carneo-albida, fuscia unica rufula peripherica, ad sutu- ram ascendente ornata ; spira conica, vertice obtusulo; anfr. 6 convexiusculi, ultimus + longitudinis subequans ; columella brevis, subverticalis ; apertura diagonalis, subrhombea ; perist. tenue, marginibus conniventibus, externo superne arcuato, ex- panso, columellari late patente. Long. 154, diam. 11 mill. Hab. Camboja (M. Mouhot). 23. CiausitiA cAMBOJENSIS, Pfr. (§ 12. n. 130 a). T. viv rimata, cylindraces-turrita, solidula, capillaceo-striata, sericea, cornea ; spira turrita, apice obtusula ; sutura profunda ; anjr. 11-12 convexi, ultimus basi rotundatus, obsolete gibbosus ; apertura semiovalis ; lamelle fortes, supera marginalis, infera stricte ascendens, sursum furcata; lunella imperfecta, inter- rupta ; plica palatalis | supera, 2 infere breves supra lunelle rudimenta ; plica subcolumellaris juxta lamellam inferiorem emersa ; perist. carneum, expansum et reflexiusculum, margine dextro substricto, sinistro arcuato. Long. 30, diam. 6 mill. Hab. Camboja (M. Mouhot). 24. Hexix curnaris, Pfr. (n. 1860a). TT. sublate umbilicata, depressula, tenuiuscula, striata et undique granulata, diaphana, rufo-cornea ; sptra parum elata, vertice obtuso; anfr. 5, juxta suturam turgiduli, ultimus medio obsolete angulatus, antice constrictus et deflexus; apertura perobliqua, fere circularis ; perist. simplex, marginibus approximatis, supero expanso, basalt rejlexo. Diam. maj. 14, min. 12, alt. 7 mill. Hab. Camboja (M. Movuhot). 25. Hevix rEPANDA, Pfr. (n. 1135 a). T. late umbilicata, sub- trochiformis, carinata, solidula, oblique distincte striata, sub- diaphana, cornea ; spira convexo-conica, vertice minuto ; sutura carina subexserta marginata; anfr. 6 convexiusculi, ultimus non descendens, acute striato-carinatus, basi convexior ; aper- tura obliqua, irregulariter rotundato-lunaris, ad dextram angu- lata; perist. simplex, marginibus subconvergentibus, supero recto, basali repando, reflexo, columellari subverticali, patente. Diam. maj. 123, min. 114, alt. 8} mill. Hab. Camboja (M. Mouhot). 26. Leprorpoma movunotl, Pfr. (n. 19a). T. perforata, glo- boso-turbinata, tenuis, spiraliter conferte striata et liris 6 acu- tiusculis, quarum infima peripherica, cariniformi, cincta, pal- lide fulvida, maculis rufulis picta, vel albida, infra carinam Susco-fasciata ; spira elata, acutiuscula; anfr. 5} convexi, ulti- mus spiram subequans; apertura obliqua, subcircularis; perist. obsolete duplicatum ; internum album, adnatum, externum 196 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. | May 14, tenue, patens, acutum, marginibus callo tenui junctis. Opere. tenuissimum, normale. Diam. maj, 9}, min. 8, alt. 83 mill. Hab. Camboja (M. Mouhot). 27. Purina mounott, Pfr. (n.8 a). 7. ovato-subacuminata, tenuis, levigata, pellucida, fusco-cornea ; anfr. 54 convexius- culi, ultimus spiram subequans, antice vix ascendens ; sutura levissime marginata ; apertura verticalis, subcircularis ; paries aperturalis lamella obliqua, marginem dextrum fere tangente munitus ; columella oblique dissecta, processum linguiformem subtriangularem exhibens; perist.reflexiusculum, margine dextro sinuato. Opere. tenue, concolor. Long. 9, diam. 5 mill. Hab. Camboja (M. Mouhot). May 14th, 1861. Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. The Secretary called the attention of the meeting to several im- portant additions recently made to the Menagerie. The Hon. James F. Stuart Wortley had presented to the Society, on his recent return from China, thirty-four living specimens of the Three-toed Sand-Grouse of Pallas (Syrrhaptes paradoxus), and had given the following answer to a request for particulars concerning his acquaintance with this scarce bird :— “J fear that I can tell you but little about the Sand-Grouse. The specimens I sent you I bought in the market at Tientsin, where numbers of them were exposed for sale, alive and dead ; but whether they were supplied chiefly with a view to the demand caused by the presence of the troops, or whether they naturally form a large article of consumption among the Chinese, I could not say. I rather fancy, however, that the former idea is the correct one. I saw none as far up the country as Pekin; they hardly seemed to range further than Tientsin, but abounded between that place and the mouth of the Peiho. They were always to be seen in large packs, such as you see Grouse in when they get wild in September; and seemed to like being by the side of the river on the mud banks when left dry by the tide. “On our voyage up to Tientsin in the end of August not a bird was to be seen; and as far as I could learn, they had only just begun to appear at Tientsin when we arrived there, on our return, in the beginning of November. Where they arrived from, or at what time they disappeared again in the spring, I regret to say I never thought of inquirmg. Their food must consist of the grain (millet) that covers the whole of that part of China; and I should mention that 1861.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 197 I fed them on millet the whole way home. They appeared to like tidal waters, as they seemed to hang about the Peiho banks ; but, of course, as our line of march never took us any distance from the river-bank, I could not say that they may not be found more inland. The temperature at the time the birds first began to be seen was about 20° Fahr., and later on considerably lower; and on the da we finally steamed down through the ice, which covered the Peiho for fifty miles of its course, the temperature was as low as 10° F ahr., and the Grouse were in large flocks on each side. “‘T lost a good many at first in confinement; and later on, in the hot climate of Java, I lost more, particularly during the wet weather we experienced there. After that I had but few casualties ; and I consider myself very fortunate in having been able to hand over as many as thirty-four out of seventy-three which I started with from Tientsin. I regret that my want of scientific knowledge does not enable me to give you a better account of this interesting bird; but I feel sure Mr. Swinhoe will give you any detailed account you may ask him for. I may mention that Major Sarel, one of your Fellows, considered the bird identical with one that he has shot on the lakes in Thibet *.”” A few days subsequent to the arrival of these birds, the Society had received two more pairs of the same species from Capt. Hand of H. M.S. ‘Sampson,’ with the following note :— “Capt. Hand begs leave to send the Zoological Society two brace of birds brought from Tientsin, described by Huc as being called there “ Dragons’ Feet.” They were known to us as being called Sand-Grouse. The flesh resembles that of black game; and they feed upon millet and other small seeds—at least have been so fed for the last five months.” The passage referred to by Capt. Hand, in Huc’s ‘ Tartary, Thibet and China,’ appeared to be the following (Mrs. Sinnett’s transla- tion, London, 1857, p. 93) :— “Tartary is peopled with migratory birds...... Amongst these was one which I believe to be unknown to our naturalists. It is about the size of a quail, of an ash colour, with black spots, its eyes of a brilliant black, and surrounded with a bright sky-blue rim. _ Its legs have no feathers, but are covered with long rough hair ; and its feet are not like those of any other bird, but resemble those of the green lizard, and are covered with a shell so hard as to resist the sharpest knife. This singular creature, which seems to partake at once of the character of the bird, the quadruped, and the reptile, is called by the Chinese Lowng-Kio, that is, Dragon’s Foot. They generally arrive in great flocks from the north, especially when much snow has fallen, flying with astonishing rapidity, so that the movement of their wings is like a shower of hail. When caught they are extremely fierce : the hair on their legs bristles up if you approach them ; and if you venture to caress them, you are sure to receive some violent blows from their beak,” * This was no doubt Mr. Gould’s new species of the genus—Syrrhaptes tibe- tanus, figured in Part 2 of his ‘ Birds of Asia.’—P. L. S. i98 MR. GOULD ON TWO NEW HUMMING-BIRDS. [May 14, Another example of the same bird has since been received from Capt. Commerell, R.N., V.C., of H. M.S. ‘ Magicienne.’ A ship recently arrived from Sydney had brought examples of several very beautiful specimens of Australian Fringillide, which had been secured for the Menagerie. They belonged to the follow- ing species, and were said to have been captured in the vicinity of Port Curtis in the new colony of Queensland. . Estrelda bichenovii, Gould, Birds of Australia, vol. iii. pl. 80. . Estrelda phaéton, ibid. pl. 83. . Estrelda ruficauda, ibid. pl. 84. . Poéphila cincta, ibid. pl. 93. . Donacola castaneothoraz, ibid. pl. 94. Of these, Estrelda ruficauda and Donacola castaneothorax had been received in the previous year ; but the other three species were new to the Society’s collection. Op de Mr. Leadbeater exhibited examples of both sexes of the Perdix hodgsonie which had been shot by Major J. C. Hay, of Hopes, Haddington, N. B.,—one near the Budhist Monastery at Hanlee in Thibet, and the other near the foot of the Lanak Pass on the Hanlee side, 1856. In two former tours in the same district Major Hay had not met with this bird, and on the occasion alluded to had only seen five. Dr. Gray made some observations on the species of Mammals of which specimens had been obtained by M. Du Chaillu in Western Equatorial Africa. The Secretary called the attention of the meeting to a stuffed example of a young male Gorilla (Troglodytes gorilla) on the table. This animal had been shipped alive for the Society by John Bu- chanan, Esq., from the Gaboon in June 1859, but had ‘died on the passage, and reached England in a cask of spirits. The following papers were read :— 1. Descriptions oF Two New Species or Humminc-Birp, BELONGING TO THE GENUS HypuropTiLa. By Joun GouLp, Esa., F.R.S., ETC. HyruRopriLa UROCHRYSA. Head and upper surface dark green, becoming of a bronzy hue on the wing- and tail-coverts ; wings purplish brown ; tail rich golden- bronze both above and beneath ; throat and breast grass-green ; thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts pure white; upper mandible black ; under mandible fieshy-red, with a black tip ; tarsi yellow or flesh-colour. Total length 42 inches; bill 11; wing 2$; tail 1£; tarsus 7. Hab. Panama. Remark.—This species closely resembles the H. buffoni in size 1861.] MR. E. BLYTH ON BIRDS FROM SIKKIM. 199 and in the colouring of its body ; but the rich golden bronzy hue of its tail at once distinguishes it from that and every other species. HyPuROPTILA ISAUR. Head, all the upper surface, wing-coverts, flanks, and abdomen coppery-bronze, inclining to purple on the lower part of the back and upper tail-coverts; wings purplish brown ; tail very dark bronze, inclining to purple; throat and breast grass-green; under tail- coverts white; upper mandible black ; under mandible fleshy, with a black tip ; tarsi yellow or flesh-colour. Total length 43 inches; bill 145; wing 23; tail 1}; tarsi 2. Hab. Bocca del Toro, in Costa Rica. Remark.—The specimen from which the above description was taken is somewhat immature ; it is, however, sufficiently advanced to show that it would have, when adult, a fine green breast; but whether the green colour would extend over the abdomen I am un- able to say. It is nearly equal in size to the H. urochrysa, H. buf- foni, and H. ceruleigastra ; but it has a shorter wing and a more rounded tail than either of those species, and the under tail-coverts, although white, are less plume-like in form than in the typical Hy- puroptile. It is just possible that it may be necessary to separate this bird into a new genus when we see it in its fully adult state ; but it appears at present to be most nearly allied to the members of the group in which I have provisionally placed it. I received this bird from M. Edouard Verreaux, of Paris, many years ago, since which I do not remember to have seen another. The specific name isawre was suggested to me by my late highly valued friend the Prince Charles Lucien Bonaparte, who wished thus to convey a compliment to Madame la Baronne de la Fresnaye, the niece of Montbeillard, the able coadjutor of the celebrated Buffon. 2. NorEs oN some Brrps COLLECTED By Dr. JERDON IN SIKKIM. By Epwarp Briytn, Corr. Memes. TickexuiA, Jerdon & Blyth, n. g. Allied to Culicipeta and Abrornis, but with the bill depressed throughout, and not compressed towards the tip; the rictal vibrissee well developed. Rest as in Adrornis, Hodgson. TICKELLIA HODGSONI. Abrornis? hodgsoni, Moore, Horsfield’s Catal. i. p. 412. ABRORNIS ALBIVENTRIS, Jerd. & Blyth, n.s. Allied to 4. castaneiventris, Hodgson, but distinguished by having the abdominal region white; no white on the tail-feathers, nor yellow band on wing, but the lower tail-coverts yellow; the ear- coverts, in addition to the crown, pale chestnut ; throat white, and 200 MR. E. BLYTH ON BIRDS FROM SIKKIM. [May 14, breast moderately bright yellow ; rest of upper parts yellowish-green, more yellowish on the borders of the tail-feathers; bill shorter and broader than in A. ecastaneiceps, which latter species is rather a Reguioides. Length about 32 in., of wing 142 in., and tail 14 in. ; bill to gape 3 in., and tarsi 3 in. ; short first primary 3 in., the next {% in. long, and the third + in. shorter than the fourth. Hab. Sikkim. ABRORNIS ALBIGULARIS Jerd. & Blyth, n. s. Yellowish green above, with a rufescent tinge on the tail-feathers ; head greyish ; throat and fore neck white, and rest of lower parts bright yellow; legs pale; no trace of band on wing. Length about 4 in. or nearly, top of wing 14 in., and tail 14 in. ; bill to gape 5% in., and tarsi 3 in.; first short primary 2 in., the next 2 in. longer, and the third less than + in. shorter than the fourth. Hab. Sikkim. ABRORNIS MELANOPS, Jerd. & Blyth, n.s. Yellowish olive-green above, yellow on the rump and on the throat and breast, white on the belly and inside of wing; the outer webs of all but the medial pair of tail-feathers white; a very broad bright-yellow supercilium ; the ear-coverts grey, and lores and ocular region black ; bill rather short ; feet apparently plumbeous. Length about 4 in., of wing 14 in., and tail 13 in.; bill to gape j= in., and tarsi 3 in.; first short primary 1 in., the next 3 in. longer, and the third } in. shorter than the fourth. Hab. Sikkim. REGULOIDES VIRIDIPENNIS, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv, p. 275. This species, hitherto known only from Borneo, was obtained by Dr. Jerdon at Darjeeling. Abrornis superciliaris, Tickell (Blyth, J.A.S. xxviii. p. 414) as yetis known only from Burmah. OrtHotomus coronatus, Jerd. & Blyth, n.s. Green above, with a golden-fulvous crown and ashy nape ; throat and breast white: the rest of the lower parts and also the fore part of the wings underneath bright yellow ; a slight whitish supercilium ; the lores and ear-coverts ashy ; inner webs of the outermost and penultimate tail-feathers white ; rest of tail dusky ; bill duskyish, and legs pale fleshy yellow; tail less graduated than usual in this enus. ; Length 43 in. ; expanse 52in. ; of wing 14 in., and of tail 1d in. ; bill to gape 2 in; tarsi 2 in. Hab. Sikkim. Allied to O. cueullatus, Temminck, of Sumatra. Common in Sikkim. 1861.] MR. E. BLYTH ON BIRDS FROM SIKKIM. 201 Bracuypteryx, Horsfield. Four species of this genus were obtained at Darjeeling by Dr. Jerdon. (1.) Bracnypreryx CRURALIS, Blyth. Allied to B. montana, Horsfield, but smaller. (2.) BRACHYPTERYX NIPALENSIS, Hodgson. Brachypteryx nipalensis, Moore, Horsfield’s Cat. i. p- 367." (3.) Bracuypreryx HYPERYTHRA, Jerd. & Blyth, n.s. Female? Dusky olive-brown above, ferruginous below, save the middle of the belly, which is white ; lores tinged with ferruginous ; bill corneous, and legs pale. Length about 5 in., of wing 22 in., and of tail 1} in. ; bill to gape 3 in., and tarsi 1; in. (4.) Bracuypreryx ruFirrons, Jerd. & Blyth, n. s. Female? Dull greenish olive-brown above, paler brown with a rufescent tinge on the throat and front; middle of the belly albes- cent ; forehead brightish ferruginous ; bill dusky, and legs dusky red. Length 53 in., of wing 23 in., and tail 12 in. ; bill to gape 2 in., and tarsi 1+ in. Srppra ERiTHACUS, Jerd. & Blyth, n. s. Form typical. Colour dusky-slate above and on the side of the throat and neck ; middle of throat, breast and flanks bright ferru- ginous ; vent, lower tail-coverts, and base of all but the middle pair of tail-feathers white; rest of tail and wings dusky ; the great alars slightly bordered with brown ; bill blackish, and feet brown. Length about 5 in., of wing 23 in., and tail 2 in.; bill to gape din. Hab. Sikkim ; Himalaya. Genus Niriputa, Jerd. & Blyth. Resembles Muscicapula, Blyth, but has a slender undepressed bill, like that of Phylloscopus. NitIDULA CAMPBELLI, Jerd. & Blyth. Colour bright dark-indigo-blue above, passing to ultramarine on the crown; slight frontal band, lores, ear-coverts, and sides of neck black ; wings and tail the same, a little margined with the hue of the back; throat, breast, and belly clear bright ferruginous ; the axillaries, tibial plumes, vent, and lower tail-coverts white; bill blackish, and legs pale plumbeous. Length about 4 in., of wing 14 in., and tail 11 in. ; bill to gape } in., and tarsi $ in. Hab, Sikkim; Himalaya. 202 MR. 0. SALVIN ON NEW BIRDS FROM GUATEMALA. [May 14, Minta CInEREA, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xvi. p. 449.—Leiothriz cine- rea, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 142. In new plumage, this species has a greenish wash on the back, and the lores, supercilia, and under parts are strongly tinged with yellow. Ixuvus striatus, Blyth, J. A. 8. xxviii. p. 413. This species was described from the mountains of Burmah. A second specimen from Sikkim has a strong rufous-chestnut tinge on the supercilia and ear-coverts, but not on the crown, or it might be considered absolutely identical with I. castaneiceps (Moore, P. Z.S. 1854, p.141). The latter, it may be remarked, is, of course, not from Afghanistan, as stated by Mr. Moore, but doubtless from the Khash’ya hills. (Vide note to J. A.S. B. xxviii. p. 413.) 3. DescripTions or THREE New SPECIES OF BIRDS FROM GuaTEMALA. By Ospert Satyin, M.A., F.Z.S. The three birds I propose to describe in this paper form part of a collection lately brought to this country by Mr. Robert Owen, Corresponding Member of this Society, from Vera Paz, Guatemala. The greater part of this collection was formed by one of the col- lectors I employed during a visit to Coban in the early part of last year: the low-lying lands of Central Vera Paz in the neighbourhood of a village called Chisec, situated on one of the confluents of the Rio de la Passion, is the locality from which they were derived. The rest of the collection was formed by Mr. Owen himself at Coban, or in the adjacent mountains. Amongst the known forms are many of considerable rarity, besides several additions to our knowledge of the Avi-fauna of the country from which they come. 1. CyPHORHINUS PHILOMELA. Supra brunneus, plumis anguste nigro marginatis, pileo et uropygio obscurioribus : subtus fuliginosus, plumis medialiter nigris, et nigro terminatis, gula pallidiore, lateribus brunneis nigro trans- fasciatis: alis caudaque nigris, plumis tectricum remigum ma- cula parva subapicali ochracescenti-alba : rostro nigro, pedibus Suscis. Long. tot. 4, alee 2°3, caude 1 poll. angl. et dec. Hab. Mn Prov. Vere Pacis sylvis montium. Obs. Affinis Cyphorhino bamble ex Cayenna, sed tectricibus alaruam maculatis et non albo vittatis facile notabilis. This Wren belongs to the division of this genus which Dr, Sclater has classed under the name of Microcerculus. It is known to the natives as the ‘ Ruisefior,’ or Nightingale—a name it has acquired from its great vocal powers. 2. EMBERNAGRA CHLORONOTA. Supra olivacea, pileo cinereo: subtus cinerea, gula et ventre medio albis, crisso flavidiore, lateribus olivaceis : vitta utrinque 1861.] MR. A. NEWTON ON PALLAS’S SAND-GROUSE. 203 pilet vittaque angusta per oculos transeunte nigra: alis fuscis, extus dorso concoloribus : tectricibus subalaribus et campterio lete flavis: rostro superiore nigro, inferiore corneo, pedibus carneis. Long. tot. 5°75, alee 2°6, caudee 2°5. Hab. In Prov. Verze Pacis regione calida. Obs. Affinis Embernagre conirostri ex Nova Granada, sed statura minore, dorso olivaceo pectoreque cinereo dignoscenda. Several specimens of this Hmbernagra are in the collection, all closely agreeing in the above characters. 3. APHANTOCHORA ROBERTI. Aureo-viridescens, supra unicolor : subtus gula cum mento lateri- busque obscurioribus, ventre medio vix viridi lavato, plumis late pallido ochraceo terminatis, ventre imo albo : crisso viridescenti- Susco, plumis albo clare marginatis : alis purpurascenti-nigris, tectricibus subalaribus viridescentibus : cauda aureo-virides- cente ; rectricum duarum externarum media parte nigra, parte apicali alba: rectricibus reliquis nigro terminatis : rostro omnino nigro, pedibus nigerrimis. Long. tot. 4°75, alee 2°75, caudee 1°9, rostri a rictu 1. Hab. In Prov. Vere Pacis regione calida. Obs. Affinis Campyloptero cuviert Gouldi, ex Costa Rica, sed rostro omnino nigro, et caudz fascia nigra latiore distinguenda. A single specimen, marked male, is in the collection; I have dedi- cated it to Mr. Robert Owen. 4, Remarks on Pattas’s Sanp-Grovuse (SYRRHAPTES PARA- poxus). By Atrrep Newron, M.A., F.Z.S. Our Secretary having entrusted to my charge an example of Syr- rhaptes paradoxus which died at the Gardens a few days ago, I am desirous of recording the results of my examination of it. I must apologize to the meeting for the imperfection of the ob- servations I am about to offer. I have not been able to compare the skeleton of this bird with that of other Sand-Grouse, except from memory; and I prefer to confine my remarks to the structure of the sternal apparatus. This, as is the case in other species of the pecu- liar group to which Syrrhaptes belongs, offers at first sight an un- questionable resemblance to that of many of the Columbide, parti- cularly of those members of the family which possess terrestrial habits. The similarity seems principally to arise from the form of the lateral processes of the sternum, which in Syrrhaptes are widened and partially united to the main portion as in Chamepelia and Geopelia, instead of being singularly prolonged and acuminated as in the more typical Galline. The resemblance is also increased by the exceedingly deep keel, which is of similar conformation to that of the Columbide generally. But here the likeness ends. The 204 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW WATER-TORTOISE. [May 14, coracoid bones, which I am inclined to regard as the most character- istic in, as they are the most peculiar to, the ornithic skeleton, are plainly framed on the true Gallinaceous model. The furculum is very different from that of any other group of birds which I happen to remember, and bears no resemblance to the same bone in the Pha- sianide or Tetraonide. Still less, however, does it indicate any approximation to the same part in the Galle, or I may say of the Columbide, with both of which groups the Sand-Grouse have been supposed to have affinity. From the peculiarities, therefore, of the sternal apparatus I am fully of opinion that Bonaparte, and those authors who have followed him, are quite right in elevating the Sand- Grouse to the dignity of a family (Pteroclide), though I imagine they were chiefly led to that conclusion by an examination of the external characters only. I should have felt it incumbent upon me to have made some re- marks on the information possessed by naturalists respecting this rare and curious bird; but almost all that can be said on the sub- ject has recently been admirably recapitulated in a paper by my friend Mr. T. J. Moore in ‘The Ibis’ for last year*. I would, however, observe that though the illustrious Pallas has the credit of first giving a description of this bird, he does not appear to have seen more than a single example of it, which was obtained in the Kirghis steppes by Nicolas Rytschkof, and mentioned by him in his Journal +. And of this example, judging from the figure given of it, not only, as Pallas himself says ‘‘ Cauda in specimine deerat,”’ but it also appears to have lost the elongated portion of the shafts of the outer remiges, which form so singular a feature in the species, and which, as we see by the state of the birds in our Gardens, are no doubt easily broken off. I must be allowed to add that I think this circumstance greatly favours the supposition that the specimens which were obtained in Western Europe in July and August 1859, were not indebted to any human interference for their transport ; for I have had the good fortune to examine all four of them, and each possessed these extraordinary appendages in nearly perfect pre- servation. 5. On a New Species or Water-Torrorse (GEOCLEMMYS ME- LANOSTERNA) FROM Darien. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., ViP-ZS3 Ere. The British Museum has just received a very distinct species of the more terrestrial kind of Terrapins, or Freshwater Tortoises, from Cherunha in the Gulf of Darien. It is easily known from the other described species by the black colour of the upper and lower surface, and pale-yellowish sides, and * The Ibis, 1860, p. 105. + ‘Kirgis-kaisazkoi Stepie, &c. St. Petersburg, 1772, p. 40.’ I have not been able to see this work, and only quote the reference at second hand.—A. N. 1861.] DR. H. DOHRN ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. 205 the distinct bright-yellow superciliary streak on each side of the head, extending from the nostril to the occiput. GrEOCLEMMyYS MELANOSTERNA. Shell black, one-keeled ; the first vertebral plate longer than broad, truncated behind; second and third six-sided, about as broad as long, the fourth broader than long ; the keel low, rather interrupted ; the areola of the dorsal and marginal shield posterior; the margin rather acute, slightly bent up in front and on the sides ; the nuchal shield more distinct ; the sternum flat, black, with rather paler edges to the shields ; the sterno-costal slope rather convex, pale yellowish ; the under surface of the marginal plates pale; the axillary plate moderate, the inguinal plate small, both pale-coloured. The head moderate, rather acute in front, black, with a distinct bright-yellow streak diverging over the eyes and extending from the nostril to the back of the head. The legs and tail brown with black spots, forming more or less distinct streaks; toes 5*4, short, strong, subequal, covered with distinct band-like scales ; the claws strong, conical, black. Haé. The Gulf of Darien: Cherunha. 6. Descriptions or New SHetis rrom THE CoLLECTION OF H. Cumine, Ese. By Dr. H. Douren. (Plate XXVI.) 1. Eprpromvus cuminer. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 5.) T. ovato-turrita, costis spiralibus et longitudinalibus fenestrata, alba, passim flavo-maculata ; varicibus arcuatis, longitudinaliter striatis, transverse costatis ; sutura valde impressa ; anfr. 8-9, valde con- vexi, lente accrescentes, ultimus antice ascendens ; apertura ovata; margine columellari callo lato granulato tecto, labro dentato. Long. 31, lat. 12; ap. long. 12 mill. Hab. In Insulis Philippinis. Differt ab HE. clathrato, Sow., costis eorumque nodis validioribus, varicibus arcuatis, anfractibus convexioribus. 2. Mirra aurora. (PI. XXVI. fig. 3.) T. ovato-fusiformis, nitida, spiraliter punctato-striata, aurantiaca, ad suturam fascia alba irregulari cincta, maculis et punctis albis adspersa ; sutura crenata, marginata ; spira acuminata ; anfr. 8, plani, ultimus basi attenuatus et sulcatus ; apertura Jere verticalis, intus cerulescenti-albida ; labrum crenatum; columella callo 5- plicato tecta. Long. 35, lat. 13; ap. long. 18, lat. 63 mill. Hab. In insulis Sandwich. Accedit ad varietates quasdam MM. coronate, Lam. _ 3. MiTRA ADAMSI. T. solida, ovata, longitudinaliter costellata, costis albidis, interstitiis 206 DR. H. DOHRN ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. [May 14, fuscis, spiraliter strigillatis ; anfr. 7, planiusculi, uliimus ventro- sior, medio fascia alba cinctus, basi spiraliter sulcatus ; apertura intus livida, columella 4-plicata. Long. 16, lat. 8; ap. long. 83, lat. 3 mill. Hab. In Insulis Sandwich. ? Affinis M. dermestine, Lam., sed differt costis planioribus, striis spissis intercostalibus. ¢wi- 4. Mirra arasica. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 4.) T'. fusiformis, nitida, leviuscula, fulva, sub epidermide decidua cornea, supra medium fascia lata alba, basi lineis fuscis albipunctatis cincta ; spira acuminata ; anfr. 6-7, planiusculi, ultimus basi at- tenuatus, medio cylindraceus ; apertura intus cerulea; labrum crenatum, columella oblique 4-plicata. Long. 21, lat. 8; ap. long. 12, lat. 3 mill. Hab. In Mari Rubro. Color M. maculose, Reeve, a qua spira elevata, acuta valde dis- crepat. «5, Mirra GAMBIANA. T. fusiformis, spiraliter sulcata, ad suturam carinata, sub epider- mide olivaceo-cornea albicans vel flavescens ; spira elongata, acuta; anfr. 7-8 angulati, ultimus basi attenuatus ; apertura intus alba, labrum simplex ; columella 4-plicata. Long. 20, lat. 6; ap. long. 103, lat. 23 mill. Hab. In Senegambia. Differt a M. carinata, Swains., sculptura; ceterum proxime ei affinis. 6. NERITINA PRITCHARDI. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 2.) T. semiglobosa, sordide fusco-olivacea, striis et squamis triangulari- bus rugosa, supra medium angulata, angulo irregulariter spinis brevibus recurvis armato; spira exserta; apertura et area colu- mellaris flave ; labium album,: parte media arcuata, obsolete multi- dentata, ceterum rectum, edentulum. Operculum semiovale, cras- sum, calcareum, flavo-rubens, margine corneo purpureo, latere ex- terno concaviusculo obsolete striato, interno linea mediana angu- lato, dentibus duobus validis marginalibus armato, quorum superior arcuatus, lamelliformis, inferior brevis, aduncus. Hab. In Insulis Fidji (Dr. Seemann). YT Accedit ad N. squamosam, Récl., differt labio, operculo. 7. Neritina wattacit. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 1.) T. ovato-globosa, striis incrementi vix rugulosa, lete olivacea, lineis et fasciis nigris eleganter cingulata; spira exseria; apertura semicircularis, alba ; area columellaris crasse albicallosa ; labium parte basali edentulum, ceterum crenatum, supra medium fortius unidentatum. Operculum ? Hab. In Insulis Aru (Wallace). Ca 1861.] DR. W. BAIRD ON FILARIA SANGUINEA. 207 Forma et colore hee species pulchra accedit ad varietates quasdam N. dubia, Chemn., a qua differt testa non lzevi, labio crenato. 8. BuLimus GLAucoLaRyYNX. (PI. XXVI. fig. 7.) T. rimata, ovato-turrita, tenuiuscula, levigata, sub epidermide cornea lutea, cerulescenti- vel purpureo-fusco late strigata et fasciata ; spira conica, obtusiuscula, purpurea, raro livida; sutura submar- ginata, late albocincta ; anfr. 6-7 convexiusculi, ultimus 3 longi- tudinis equans, basi subangulatus et fascia lata straminea cinctus ; apertura obliqua, semiovalis, basi effusa, intus violacea ; peristo- mium expansum, violaceum, marginibus callo tenui junctis. Extant in Museo Cumingiano varietates major et minor, dextrorsa et sinistrorsa; item varias anfractu ultimo medio albizonato. a. Long. 45, lat. 17; ap. intus long. 173, lat. 93 mill. B. Long. 31, lat. 14; ap. intus long. 13, lat. 8 mill. Hab. In regno Siam. Accedit forma ad B. contrarium, Mill. et B. adamsi, Reeve. 9. Butimus seEeMANNI. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 6.) T. subobtecte perforata, oblongo-fusiformis, solidiuscula, longitudi- naliter ruguloso-striata, carneo-rufescens vel flavescens ; sutura marginata ; spira elongato-conica; anfr. 5 vix convewi, ultimus 2 longitudinis superans, medio compressus, antice valde descen- dens ; columella torta et valide plicata; apertura parum obliqua, auriformis, basi effusa; peristomium album late et crasse labia- tum, ad columellam reflecum, marginibus callo crasso junctis. Long. 70, lat. 21; ap. c. perist. long. 40, lat. 18 mill. Hab. In Insulis Fidji (Dr. Seemann). Species pulcherrima proxime accedit ad B. cleryi, Petit; differt sculptura, numero anfractuum, labro albo, calloso, expanso. Specimi- nibus allatis epidermis deesse videtur decidua, sicut illi; exstant item juniora, quorum labrum imperfectum, callus minus crassus. 7. NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF FILARIA SANGUINEA IN THE BODY OF THE GALAXIAS SCRIBA, A FRESHWATER FisH FROM AustRauia. By W. Bairp, M.D., F.L.S. In the beginning of this year, some time in February, several freshwater fishes belonging to the genus Galazias were brought over to this country, alive, from the Murray River, Australia. Though several survived the passage across the Atlantic, only one reached the hands of the importer, Mr. Lloyd, alive. This little fish was then placed in the freshwater Vivarium in the Zoological Gardens, Regent’s Park, but it only lived about a week there, dying in the beginning of March. Upon an inspection of the body after death, an intestinal Worm was discovered making its ap- pearance through the skin near the left pectoral fin. A more minute examination discovered the existence of an abscess in that part of 208 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [May 28, the body, upon opening which I took out five specimens of a small Worm which occupied the cavity of the abscess, and were apparently making their way through the integuments of the fish. The abscess communicated with the peritoneal cavity of the Galaxias, and had evidently caused its death. Upon examining the Worms, they appear to be identical with the species first described by Rudolphi as being found by him lodged under the integuments of the caudal fin of the Cyprinus gibelio, or Crucian Carp, and named by him Flaria san- guinea. This species has since been found by Creplin in the cavity of the abdomen of the Leuciscus rutilus, or common Roach, and by Siebold in the L. erythrophthalmus, the Red-eye or Rudd. The spe- cimens taken from the Galaxias are from 1} to 3 inches in length, and, as Rudolphi has described them, they are thickish in form, obtuse at both extremities ; and the larger ones were of a blood-red colour, which, however, has disappeared since they were placed in spirits. It was interesting to discover whether this was a new species or not, and whether it had existed in the body of the fish before it left Australia. A comparison with the specimen of Filaria san- guinea in the collection of Entozoa in the British Museum, trans- mitted to us by Mr. Siebold, leaves no doubt on my mind of its identity with that species; and therefore in all probability these Worms have been developed in the cavity of the abdomen of this little Galawias since it was placed in the tank at the Zoological Gardens, or during its passage from Australia to this country. May 28th, 1861. Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair. The Secretary called the attention of the meeting to a fine collec- tion of animals presented to the Society by H.E. Sir George Grey, K.C.B., Governor of the Cape Colony, which had arrived in the Gardens on the previous Saturday, May 25th, under the care of the Society’s agent Mr. James Benstead. The losses during the voyage had been very few, and the state of the animals on their arrival re- flected great credit on the care and skill of Mr. Benstead. The species received were the following :— MamMALs. 1. A female Koodoo Antelope (Strepsiceros kudu). This animal, which was believed to be the first example of this beautiful Antelope received alive in Europe, unfortunately died suddenly in the Gardens a short time after its arrival. 2. A female Bless-bok Autelope (Damalis albifrons). A single example of this Antelope had been previously received by Lord Derby, and was sold at the sale of the Knowsley Menagerie. 1861.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON A NEW LIPAUGUS. 209 3. A female Reh-bok (Heleotragus capreolus). Of this Antelope the Society already possessed a female example. 4. A female Stein-bok (Calotragus tragulus) ; received in Europe for the first time. 5. A female Grys-bok (Calotragus melanotis) ; previously received living by Lord Derby, but new to the Society’s collection. 6. A male Blau-bok (Cephalophus pygmaeus). Sir George Grey had on a former occasion sent to the Society specimens of this Ante- lope. 7. A female Zebra (Hquus burchelli) ; differing from the ordinary specimens of this animal in having the stripes further extended down the legs, and rather different markings on the back. 8. A Maugé’s Dasyure (Dasyurus maugei) ; imported from Australia (purchased at the Cape). 9. A Pig-tailed Monkey (Macacus nemestrinus) ; purchased at the Cape ; probably from Java. 10. Six examples of the Cape Hyrax (Hyrax capensis), or “ Rock- rabbit ”’ of the Colonists. Birps. 11. A young pair of the Stanley Crane (Tetrapteryx paradisea). 12. A very fine example of the Wattled Crane (Grus earunculata) ; not previously exhibited in the Society’s collection for several years. 13. A specimen of a new species of Waterhen from the Island of Tristran d’Acunha (Gallinula nesiotis, sp. nov.), with the wings im- perfectly developed, and said to be unable to fly. REPTILEs. Eight Snakes and two Chameleons belonging to the following species :-— Coronella cana. Lamprophis aurora. Leptodeira rufescens. Bucephalus capensis. Psammophis sibilans. Naia haje. Boodon lineatus. Chameleo dilepis. Mr. Gould made some observations on some examples of Epthia- nura tricolor, collected by Mr. G. F. Angas (Corr. Memb.) at the head of Spencer’s Gulf, in Australia, and presented by that gentleman to the British Museum. : The following papers were read :— 1. On a New Species or Brrp or tHe Genus Lipaueus or Bort. By P. L. Scuarer, M.A., Pu.D., F.R.S., Secretary TO THE SOCIETY. Mr. G. R. Gray having kindly called my attention to a skin in the Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. XIV. 210 DR, P. L, SCLATER ON A NEW LipauGus. [May 28, collection of the British Museum, which seems to belong to a very distinct new species of the genus Lipaugus* of Boié, I take the op- portunity of giving a list of the members of this peculiar American genus now known to me, together with the characters of the new bird, which I propose to call LipAUGUS SUBALARIS. Viridescenti-olivaceus, dorso imo, ventre et cauda cinerascentio- ribus, cauda fere tota cinerea; crisso albicante; pilei semi- eristati plumis interne nigris: gutturis et pectoris plumarum scapis conspicue flavicanti-albis : plumis avillaribus et sub- alaribus lete citrino-flavis : alis fusco-nigricantibus, extus dorso concoloribus : rostro et pedibus nigris. Hab. In rep. Equatoriana, ad ripas fl. Napo. This Lipaugus will be easily recognized by the beautiful bright yellow colour of the axillaries and under wing-coverts and the slightly crested head, the feathers of which are black underneath. In struc- ture it appears to be a member of the group Aulia: the outer and middle toes being completely united to the end of the second pha- lange, and the form otherwise resembling that of Lipaugus hypo- pyrrhus. The single example in the collection of the British Mu- seum, acquired in 1857, is labelled ‘* Rio Napo.” I have examined specimens of nine species of this genus, which may be arranged as follows in three sections. a. LATHRIA. Majores: rostro dilato: pedibus fortioribus : digitis duabus ea- ternis ad basin conjunctis. 1. LiepauGuS FUSCOCINEREUS. Querula fuscocinerea, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 291.—L. fusco- cinereus, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 3; Bp. Consp. p. 179.—Lathria Suscocinerea, Cab. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 101. Hab. In Nova Granada. Mus. P.L.8. 2. LipauGUS CINERACEUS. Le Cotinga cendré, Levaill. Ois. Amér. et Ind. p. 98, pl. 44.— Ampelis cineracea, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. viii. p. 162, et Enc. Méth. p- 761.—Lathria cinerea, Sw. Flycatchers, p. 78, pl. 2.—Lipaugus cineraceus, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p. 240, et in Schomb. Guian. iii, p. 693. — Lathria eineracea, Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 101+ Hab. In Cayenna, Guian., et Valle Amazonum. Mus. P.L.S8. 3. LipauGUS PLUMBEUS. Muscicapa plumbea, Licht. Doubl. p. 53 ; Max. Beitr. iii. p. 806. * Sometimes erroneously written Lipangus, the derivation being eizety deficere, and avy?) splendor. 1861.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON A NEW LIPAUGUS. , @ii —M. vociferans, Max. Reise, i. p. 242, et ii. p. 118.—L. cineraceus, Cab. et Hein. /. ec. (partim). Hab. In Brasilia *, Mus. P.L.S. 4. LIPAUGUS UNIRUFUS. Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 385; Sclat. et Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 36. Hab. In Mex. merid. et Guatemala. Mus. P.L.S. b. Lrpaveus. Minores : pedibus debilibus : digitis duabus externis ad basin minus conjunctis. 5. LipauGus SIMPLEX. Muscicapa simplex, Licht. Doubl. p. 53.— Lipaugus simplex, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1846, p.3; Bp. Consp. p. 179. fTab. In Brasilia. Mus. P.L.8. 6. LipAUGUS HOLERYTHRUS. Sclat. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 300, et Ibis, 1860, p- 400. Hab. In Guatemala. Mus. P. L.S8. c. AULIA. Minores : rostro compressiore: digitis duabus externis per duas phalanges conjunctis. 7. LIPAUGUS HYPOPYRRHUS. Ampelis hypopyrrha, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. viii. p. 164, et Enc. Méth. p- 762.—Muse. sibilatrix, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 810.—Lipaugus hypo- pyrrhus, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 3; Bp. Consp. p. 179; Gray & Mitch. Gen. B. pl. 60.—Aulia hypopyrrha, Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 101. Hab. In Brasil., fl. Amazon. sup. et Nov. Granada. Mus. P. L. S. 8. Lipaucus su BALARIS. Hab. In rep. Equat. cisandeana. Mus. Brit. 9. LiPAUGUS RUFESCENS, Lipaugus rufescens, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 296, et Ibis, 1859, p. 124.—Lathriosoma typicum, Bp. Hab. In Guatemala. Mus. Brit. * The Brazilian bird is readily distinguishable from the northern form by its larger size, longer wings, and the brownish colour of the back and wings, and . particularly of the tail. 212 DR.J.E.GRAY ON THE HABITS OF THE GORILLA. [May 28, Mr. Cassin’s Lipaugus unirufus, from the Isthmus of Darien (Proc. Acad. Philad. 1860, p. 143), is perhaps distinct from the Guatemalan and Mexican bird. 2. On THE Hasits OF THE GORILLA AND OTHER TAILLESS Lonc-ARMED Apes. By Dr. J. EK. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., ETC. Recently the habits of the Gorilla have excited considerable in- terest ; and it has been described by some authors as a fierce and untameable animal, which, by its strength, has driven all other wild animals from its haunts. It is to be observed that the Ourang Outan was formerly charged with all manner of iniquities, such as carrying off women and children, defending itself with clubs, clawing people up by its hind feet as they passed through the woods; but as the habits of the animal became known, these tales, found untrue, were transferred to the Gorilla or the adult Chimpanzee*, and I believe with as little truth. Dr. Abel’s account of the Ourang of Java, copied into Griffith’s ‘ Animal Kingdom,’ vol. i. p. 239, and more recently Mr. Wallace’s paper on the Habits of the Orang Utan of Borneo, published in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for 1856 (vol. xviii.), p- 26, have entirely dispelled all these delusions as regards the Ourang; though it is said that “there is no animal in the jungle so strong as he,” p. 29. It is thus shown that strength is no proof of ferocity, and all the stories of the Gorilla seem based on the fact that being strong it must be very ferocious. Never was a greater fallacy. The Chimpanzee (according to M. Du Chaillu) “is a great tree- climber, passing much of its time among the branches of the great trees of Tropical Africa. It is thoroughly untameable (’?) when grown, still not fierce and malign like the Gorilla (?). It has never been known to attack man, and its young are tractable and easily tamed. Like its great congener, it is not gregarious.” Raffles’ description of the habits of the Siamang, copied into Grif- fith’s ‘Animal Kingdom,’ vol. i. p. 255, shows it to be a mild and inoffensive animal, capable of being “easily tamed or, rather, recon- ciled to bondage,”’ but ‘ unconquerably timid.” Duvaucel describes the Wou-Wou (Hylobates agilis) as living in pairs. It springs from tree to tree with wonderful agility, and can therefore be seldom taken alive; and this is the character given by all authors I have met with who have observed the various species or varieties of Gibbons alive in their native haunts. From these accounts, and from all that I can learn of the habits of these animals from authentic sources, where there is no attempt * This animal exhibits an instance of how names are changed. Battle called it after the native name Engeco, Buffon Engoko, and shortened it to Jocko; hence Jacko, or Jackey—a name often applied to monkeys of all kinds. 1861.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON MR. HODGSON’S COLLECTIONS. 213 to enhance the danger of their chase, I am induced to believe that all the tailless long-armed Apes, not excepting the Gorilla, are tree- living, fruit-eating animals, living where beasts of prey are not to be found, or out of their reach, if they are found together in the same locality ; so that there is no reason for them to be fierce or vicious, especially as the succulent nature of their food does not render it necessary that they should come to the earth—on which they always walk with difficulty—to obtain fluid. At the same time I have no doubt they sometimes fight among themselves for their mates, and would defend themselves, or perhaps attack any animal—the larger kinds even man—if brought to bay, and that they would use all their force and cunning to escape from confinement, and thus try to recover their liberty ; but every animal, even the most docile and herbivorous, as the deer, antelope, &c., will do this, and might therefore as well be called vicious and untame- able. They are most, if not all, of them provided with very loud voices ; and the Stamang is provided with large guttural sacs, which have been supposed to facilitate the production of these sounds ; but as M. Du- vaucel did not find them in the ‘ Wou-Wou,’ which also emits a fearfully loud voice, he infers that the bags do not affect the sound. Some of the American Monkeys are called Howlers on account of the sounds they emit, which in these animals are said to be produced by a peculiarity in the form of the larynx. The Ourang and Siamang are seldom found far from the sea, and I have been informed by the Gaboon traders that all the Gorillas they have seen have been taken near the coast. A friend has informed me that these observations as to the habits of the Gorilla are confirmed by his examination of the skins and skeletons now being exhibited in Whitehall Place; he says they seem to have been wounded when retreating, and not attacking. It is true that they are represented in M. Du Chaillu’s book as ad- vancing, and are said to always fall on their faces, but in the plates they are represented as lying on their backs. 3. List or THE CoLD-BLOODED VERTEBRATA COLLECTED By B. H. Honeson, Esa., 1n Nerau. By Dr. ALBERT GUNTHER. At the request of Mr. Hodgson I have examined the whole of the collections of specimens and drawings of Reptiles and Fishes which he has at various times presented to the British Museum. The new species of Reptiles contained therein have been already de- scribed by myself, so that it is unnecessary to repeat a description of them. Hamilton and M‘Clelland are the only authors who have made original inquiries into the freshwater fishes of Nepal ; and it is evident, from a comparison of Mr. Hodgson’s collections with the information drawn from the works of these authors, that the streams and rivers of Nepal must be inhabited by a wonderful variety of generic and specific forms: M°Clelland enumerating many which 214 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE COLD-BLOODED [May 28, have not been marked by Hamilton as Nepalese, and Mr. Hodgson’s collection, again, being composed of species which, although known to Hamilton and M°‘Clelland as occurring in other parts of East India, are new to the fauna of Nepal. But the most interesting fact disclosed by these collections is, that several fishes which have been considered as strictly marine forms, and the congeners of which cer- tainly are exclusively inhabitants of the sea, ascend the rivers as far as Nepal. It is much to be regretted that Mr. Hodgson’s collection of specimens of Fishes is not as extensive as those which he has made in other branches of zoology. Several of the drawings have been evidently taken from species unknown ; yet beautifully as they are executed with regard to their natural coloration and their general form, it would be very hazardous to attempt to introduce them into the system with technical denominations, as the specific distinctions of Fish are chiefly based upon characters (fin-rays, teeth, number of scales, &c.) to which due attention is never paid in drawings exe- cuted by a person ignorant of ichthyology. 1. TEsTuDO HORSFIELDII. Testudo horsfieldii, Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. p. 7, t. 1. One coloured drawing. 2. BATAGUR LINEATA. Emys lineata, Gray, Catal. Tort. p. 17. Testudo kachuga, Gray, Ind. Zool. pl. 74. Batagur lineata, Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. p. 35, t. 17. Shell of one adult specimen, in which the keels of the vertebral plates have entirely disappeared. 3. BATAGUR DHONGOKA. Emys dhongoka, Gray, Ind. Zool. ii. t. . Batagur dhongoka, Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. p. 36, t. 18. The upper parts of the shells of two adult specimens, and a skull figured by Dr. Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. t. 36. f. 1. 4. TRIONYX GANGETICUS. Trionyx gangeticus, Cuv. Régne Anim.; Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. 66 Trionys hurum, Gray, Ind. Zool.t. . Testudo ocellatus, Gray, Ind. Zool. t. Skeleton of the upper shell of two specimens. 5. TRIONYX JAVANICUS. ? Testudo javanica, Osbeck, Voy. China, p. 149. Trionyx javanicus, Schweigg. Prod. p. 287; Geoffr. Ann. Mus. xiv. p. 15, pl.3; Gray, Ind. Zool. t. This species is not in Mr. Hodgson’s collection, but is supposed to occur in Nepal, having been found in different parts of the East \ 1861.] VERTEBRATES OF NEPAL. 215 Indian continent, in China, in the Malayan peninsula, in the Ganges, in the Dukhun, Xe. 6. CHITRA INDICA. Chitra indica, Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. p. 70. The authority for the occurrence of this species in Nepal is Dr. H. Falconer, who has deposited a very large skull of it in the British Museum. 7. GAVIALIS GANGETICUS. Lacerta gangetica, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 1057. Crocodilus longirostris et tenuirostris, Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. t. 1, 2. The Narrow-beaked Crocodile, Kaw. Phil. Trans. xlix. p. 639. t.19. Gavialis gangeticus, Dum. et Bibr. Erpet. génér, ii. p. 134, pl. 26. £42: One stuffed specimen, 33 inches long. 8. EMPAGUSIA FLAVESCENS. Monitor flavescens, Gray, Zool. Journ, ii. p.228, andInd. Zool. t. . Varanus piquotii, Dum. & Bibr. 1. ce. p. 483, pl. 34. f. 5. Empagusia flavescens, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 9. Two large stuffed specimens and one coloured drawing. Lower hills. 9. VARANUS HERALDICUS. Varanus heraldicus, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 9. One large stuffed specimen and a coloured drawing. 10. TrL1q@UA RUFESCENS. Lacerta rufescens, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 285. Tiliqua rufescens, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 109. Two specimens. 11. CALOTES VERSICOLOR. Agama versicolor, Daud. Rept. ili. p. 393, pl. 44 (young). Calotes versicolor, Dum. & Bibr. J. e. iv. p. 805. Three specimens. 12. PyrHON MOLURUS. Coluber molurus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 225. Python tigris, Daud. Rept. v. p. 241, pl. 64. f. 1. Bora §& Pedda Poda, Russ. Ind. Serp. t. 39. 22-24. Python bivittatus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 403, pl. 15. f. 1-4, & Abbildg. p. 55, t. 17. f. 11. Python molurus, Gray, Zool. Mise. p. 44. One coloured drawing. 13. TRACHISCHIUM FUSCUM. Calamaria fusca, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1855, p. 288. 216 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE COLD- BLOODED [May 28, Trachischium rugosum, Gthr. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 30. Trachischium fuscum, Gthr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 161. Four specimens from Mr. Hodgson’s Nepalese collection, and se- veral others from different parts of the Himalayas. 14. SIMOTES OCTOLINEATUS. Elaps octolineatus, Schneid. Hist. Amphib. p. 299 ; Russell, Ind. Serp. ii. t. 38. Simotes octolineatus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 634. Two coloured drawings. This Snake has not been previously known to occur as far north- wards as the central hilly region of Nepal. It must be a beautiful little harmless creature when alive, the back being chestnut-brown between the two median black stripes, and the sides blue ; a bright purple band, entirely lost in preserved specimens, runs along the middle of the abdomen between two lateral series of black spots. 15. SIMOTES RUSSELLII. Coluber russellii, Daud. Rept. vi. t. 76. f. 2. Stmotes russellii, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 628. The Karait. Two specimens and two coloured drawings. Central hilly region. 16. SIMOTES PURPURASCENS. Xenodon purpurascens, Schleg. Ess, pl. 3. f. 13, 14; Dum. & Bibr. vil. p. 753 ; Cant. Catal. p. 67. Coronella albocincta, Cant. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 50. Simotes albocincta, Dum. & Bibr. p. 633. Coronella puncticulata, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Calamaria brachyorrhos, Motley & Dillw. Nat. Hist. of Labuan, p- 49 (nec auct.), with a beautiful plate. Stmotes purpurascens, Gthr. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 25. One specimen. The Himalayan specimens are a fine variety of this widely-spread species. The ground-colour is purple, marbled with brown ; two or three rows of quadrangular lighter spots along the back, edged with black, the spots sometimes confluent into cross bands ; belly whitish, with numerous large, square black spots. 17. ABLABES COLLARIS. Psammophis collaris, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1853, p. 390. Ablabes collaris, Gthr. Catal. Col. Sn. p. 28. One specimen. 18. ABLABES RAPPII. Ablubes rappii, Gthr. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1860, p. 154, pl. 26. f. B. One specimen and a coloured drawing. 1861.] VERTEBRATES OF NEPAL. 217 The specimen figured by Mr. Hodgson is uniform brown above and whitish below. In the specimen which is figured in the ‘ Pro- ceedings of the Zoological Society,’ some obscure blackish cross bands made their appearance on the anterior part of the side of the trunk when the skin commenced to dry. These bands being very distinct, I considered it possible for some time that 4. oweniz is the young of 4. rappii. Mr. Hodgson, however, figures a speci- men with a very distinct black collar (as in A. owenii), which is 21 inches long, and evidently adult ; so that both species appear to be really distinct. Both are called ‘‘ Sirdaghia”’ in Nepal ; and I see from a note of Mr. Hodgson, that having received a small specimen of the uniform species (4. rappii) and a large one of the collared (4. owenii), he considered the former as the young state of the latter. 19. ABLABES OWENII. Ablabes owenii, Gthr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 155, pl. 26. f. A. Mr. Hodgson figures a variety of this species: the body is uniform brown, without any cross bands ; abdomen whitish ; neck with a black collar edged with white posteriorly ; crown of the head with two angular blackish cross bands, the convexity of the bands pointing forwards. 20. TROPIDONOTUS QUINCUNCIATUS. Tropidonotus quincunciatus, Schleg. Ess. pl. 12. f. 4, 5. Var. Coluber umbratus, Daud. Rept. p. 144. pl. 7. Russ. Ind. Serp. ii. t. 5. Tropidonotus umbratus, Schleg. Ess. ii. p. 309. Eight specimens of nearly the same uniform dark coloration. 21. TROPIDONOTUS STOLATUS. Coluber stolatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 379. Russ. Ind. Serp. i. t. 10, ii. t. 19. Tropidonotus stolatus, Boié, Isis, 1827, p. 535. The Auhoria. One specimen and two coloured drawings. 22. 'TROPIDONOTUS PLATYCEPS. Tropidonotus platyceps, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxiii,p. 297; Gthr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 162. The Matia. This species appears to be a truly Himalayan form, all the spe- cimens known coming from those mountainous regions. The British Museum possesses three from Sikkim, two from Khasia, and one from Nepal, through Mr. Hodgson. A coloured drawing. 23. TROPIDONOTUS CHRYSARGUS. Tropidonotus chrysargus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 534 ; Schleg. Ess. pl. 12.f. 6, 7. One specimen. 218 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE COLD-BLOODED — [May 28, 24. TROPIDONOTUS CERASOGASTER. Tropidonotus cerasogaster, Cant. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1847, p- 92; Gthr. Cat. Colubr. Sn. p. 79. One coloured drawing of a young specimen. Central hilly region. 25. CoLuBER, sp.? A drawing, 12 inches long, represents a Snake of which we have not seen a specimen, but which, if we may judge from the colours, ap- pears to be allied to Coluber callicephalus, Gray. A series of broad, rhombic, confluent brown bands edged with black occupies the back ; the sides are white dotted with brown ; belly whitish. The specimen being very smali, the shields of the head and the scales are not re- presented with sufficient distinctness to admit of a description of their form, number, &c. Central hilly region. 26. SprLorEs HODGSONII. Spilotes hodgsonii, Gthr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 156, pl. 27. The Pila Matia. Two specimens ; one drawing unfinished. 27. SPILOTES RETICULARIS. Coluber reticularis, Cant. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 51. Spilotes reticularis, Gthr. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 98. The Dorah. All the eight specimens in the British Museum collection are from the Himalayas, and two of them from Mr. Hodgson’s Nepalese col- lection. Two coloured drawings. 28. SPILOTES MELANURUS. Coluber melanurus, Schleg. Abbildg. t. 5. Spilotes melanurus, Gthr. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 97 (nec Dum. & Bibr.). Two half-grown specimens from Mr. Hodgson’s collection have two very conspicuous black longitudinal bands along the back ; several of the shields of the head are united, so as to form only six upper and four lower labial shields. The loreal shield, too, has dis- appeared. 29, CoRYPHODON FASCIOLATUS. Coluber fasciolatus, Shaw, Zool. p. 528. Coryphodon fasciolatus, Gthr. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 109. One coloured drawing. Central hilly region. 30. CorYPHODON BLUMENBACHII. Coluber blumenbachii, Merr. Tent. p. 119; Schleg. Ess. pl. 5, favhoiSs 1861. ] VERTEBRATES OF NEPAL. 219 Coryphodon blumenbachii, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 184. The Dhamin. Five specimens and a coloured drawing. This species, the most common of all the East Indian Snakes, ap- pears to have been lately described as Leptophis trifrenatus, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1860, p. 503. 31. CorYPHODON CARINATUS. Coluber dhumnades, Cant. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 483. Coluber nigro-marginatus, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1855, p. 291. Coryphodon carinatus, Gthr. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 112. Two specimens and two coloured drawings. 32. LycoDON AULICUS. Coluber aulicus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 381. Lycodon aulicus, Boié, Isis, 1826, p. 981. Iycodon hebe, Schleg. Ess. ii. pl. 4. f, 1-3. Two specimens. 33. CaLLOPHIS MACCLELLANDII. Elaps macclellandi, Reh. Cale. Journ: Nat. Hist. 1844, p. 532, et Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Forem. Kjébenh. 1860, p. 247. Elaps univirgatus, Gthr. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 232. Callophis univirgatus, Gthr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, pl. 17. Two specimens ; one coloured drawing. Professor Reinhardt was the first to describe this species from a specimen from Assam, which has a coloration somewhat different from the Nepalese specimens, but which he clearly proves to be of the same species. In the individual from Assam, the black rings are complete across the back, and the black longitudinal streak is ab- sent. Another specimen from Darjeeling, examined by Prof. Rein- hardt, rather resembles the larger one in the British Museum. Prof. Reinhardt has proved by dissection that these variations are not dependent on sex, and that they appear to be accidental in the individuals. This is another fact in favour of my assertion that most of the different forms of coloration of the South American Elaps are mere varieties, and not species. The coloration of Mr. Hodgson’s drawing does not greatly differ from that of the specimens in spirit. 34. NAJA TRIPUDIANS. Coluber naja, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 382. Naja tripudians, Merr. Tent. p. 147. Having received specimens of the Cobra from different parts of the Himalayas, I cannot doubt that it occurs also in Nepal, although Mr. Hodgson has not sent specimens ; he says that it must be very scarce in the central hilly region, at all events much less frequent 220 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE COLD-BLOODED [May 28, than in the low countries; the coloration becomes uniform dark in specimens from the mountainous districts, as is the case in many other reptiles. 35. TRIMESURUS VIRIDIS. Trimesurus viridis, Gray, Viper. Sn. p. 7. The Sugava Samp. One coloured drawing. Central hilly region. 36. PARIAS MACULATA. Parias maculata, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. One specimen in spirit and another stuffed ; two coloured draw- ings. Central hilly region. 37. RANA TIGRINA. Rana tigrina, Daud. Rain. p. 46, pl. 20. The common Frog of the valleys. Specimens in spirit and one coloured figure. 38. RANA LIEBIGII. Rana liebigii, Gthr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 157, pl. 28. f. A. One specimen and a coloured drawing. 39. Buro MELANOSTICTUS. Bufo melanostictus, Schneid. Hist. Amphib. p. 216. Bufo carinatus, Gray, Ind. Zool. pl. . Two specimens and a coloured drawing. The common Toad of the valleys. 40. PoLyPpEDATES MACULATUS. Hyla maculata, Gray, Ind. Zool. Hyla leucomystax, Graven. Delic. p. 26. Polypedates maculatus, Gthr. Cat. Batr. p. 78. One coloured drawing. The specimen was grass-green during life, back irregularly spotted with greyish-silvery, legs with cross streaks of the same colour. 41. RHACOPHORUS MAXIMUS. Rhacophorus maximus, Gthr. Cat. Batr. p. 83. Three specimens, types of the species. FISHES. 1. SERRANUS SEX-FASCIATUS. ? Serranus sex-fasciatus, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Poiss. ii. p. 360. 1861.] VERTEBRATES OF NEPAL. 221 The specimen is a dried skin, 6 inches long ; and it is difficult to say whether our determination is correct. The occurrence of a species of Serranus in fresh water is a very curious and quite new fact. 2. THERAPON SERVUS. Holocentrus servus, Bl. t. 238. f. 1. Therapon servus, Cuv. & Val. iii. p. 125. Pterapon trivittatus, Gray, Ind. Zool. t. . f. 1. One specimen. The occurrence of this fish in Nepal is another striking example in favour of the opinion that the species of this genus are freshwater fishes, some occasionally entering the sea. They appear to be one of the genera representing the freshwater Perches of the northern regions in the East Indies. 3. DIAGRAMMA CINCTUM. Diagramma cinctum, Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 61, pl. 26. f. 1 (not good). One dried specimen. 4. D1AGRAMMA, sp. There is another specimen of Diagramma in Mr. Hodgson’s col- lectin, which we cannot refer to any species known. It is a dried skin 5 inches long. We should have referred it to the genus Thera- pon, its head having quite the form of that of the fishes of that genus, but for the numbers of the fins, which are, D. 12/19, A. 3/9. It would be hazardous to name this apparently new species ; several portions of the skin being distorted and the colours having gone, we could give only an incomplete description of it. 5. SCATOPHAGUS ARGUS. Chetodon argus, Gm. 8. N. p. 1248; Bl. t. 204. f. 1. Chetodon pairatalis, Buch. Ham. Fishes of the Ganges, p. 122, pl. 16. f. 41. Chetodon atro-maculatus, Benn. Fishes of Ceylon, pl. 18. Scatophagus argus, Cuv. & Val. vii. p. 136. Skin of an adult specimen. 6. SrILLAGO SIHAMA. Atherina sihama, Forsk. p. 70. Russell, t. 113. Sillago sthama, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 9, t. 3. f. 1. Skin of an adult specimen. This species has not been known hitherto as entering fresh water. There may be some doubt with regard to the specific determination of the species in consequence of the bad condition of the example ; yet, even if it be a species different from S. sihama, the fact would not be the less curious, as none of the other species are known to occur at so great a distance from the sea. 222 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE COLD-BLOODED _ [May 28, 7. Oroiirnus ARGENTEUS. Otolithus argenteus, (Kuhl & v. Hass.) Cuv. & Val. v. p. 62. Skin of an adult specimen. This is another marine species, penetrating to Nepal. 8. TRACHYNOTUS OVATUS. Gasterosteus ovatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 490. Mookalee-parah, Russ. ii. p. 39, pl. 154. Trachynotus ovatus, Gthr. Acanthopt. Fish. ii. p. 481. Skin of a half-grown specimen. A species found from between the tropics in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans to the coasts of Australia. I do not know of another instance where the species has been found in a river. 8a. GoBIUS GIURIS. “ Gobius giuris, Buch. Ham.,” Gthr. Acanthopt. Fishes, iii. p. 21. One specimen. 9. OpHIOCEPHALUS PUNCTATUS. Ophiocephalus punctatus, Bl. t. 358. Ophiocephalus latus, Buch. Ham. Fishes of the Ganges, pp. 63, 637, pl. 34. f. 18. The Bhoti. _An adult specimen and a coloured drawing. 10. OpH10CEPHALUS BARCA. Ophiocephalus barca, Buch. Ham. Fishes of the Ganges, p. 67, pl. 35. f. 20; Gthr. Acanthopt. Fishes, ili. p. The Patliah Band. Two coloured drawings. I am not quite certain about the correctness of my determination, as the drawing represents a very light-coloured, uniform fish, whilst the true Jarca is dark and dotted with black. The forms, however, are the same in both. 11. MuGin NEPALENSIS. Mugil nepalensis, Gthr. Acanthopt. Fishes, iii. p. One specimen. Type of the species. 12. MAsTACEMBELUS ARMATUS. Macrognathus armatus, Lacép. ii. p. 286 ; Buch. Ham. Fishes of the Ganges, pp. 28, 364, pl. 37. f. 6. Mastacembelus a) matus, Gthr. Acanthopt. Fishes, ui. p. One young specimen. 13. PimeLopus CENIA. A sketch of a Siluroid, executed with pencil, has been probably taken from Pimelodus cenia, Buch. Ham. p. 174, pl. 31. f. 57. 1861. ] VERTEBRATES OF NEPAL, 223 14. PrImELODUS BAGARIUS. Pimelodus bagarius, Buch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 186, pl. 7. f. 62; Cuv. & Val. xv. p. 146, pl. 433. The Goonch. A coloured drawing in Mr. Hodgson’s collection appears to have been taken from a specimen of this species. It agrees with the latter in the form of the barbel and of the fins, but is of a more uniform coloration. A very young specimen in spirit has the fin-rays not prolonged into filaments. 15. CHACA LOPHIOIDES. Platystacus chaca, Buch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 140, pl. 28. f, 43. Chaca lophioides, Cuv. & Val. xv. p. 445, pl. 451. One stuffed specimen. 16. S1ILUNDIA GANGETICA. Pimelodus silundia, Buch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 160, pl. 7. f. 50. Silundia gangetica, Cuv. & Val. xv. p. 49. The Choojh. One coloured drawing and skin in spirit. 17. SACCOBRANCHUS FOSSILIS. Silurus fossilis, Bl. t. 370. f. 2. Stlurus singio, Buch. Ham. p. 147, pl. 37. f. 46. Saccobranchus fossilis, Cuv. & Val. xv. p. 401, pl. 448. The Singhi. One coloured drawing. 18. BARBUS MOSAL. Cyprinus mosal, Buch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 388. Barbus megalepis, Gray, Ind. Zool. pl. 93. f. 1; MacClell. Cyprin. p. 271. Barbus mosal, Cuv. & Val. xvi. p. 200. The Mahasér, Two finished and coloured drawings, and a pencil sketch of the head. 19. BARBUS BRACHIATUS. Leuciscus brachiatus, MacClell. Cypr. p. 409, pl. 42. f. 5. Barbus brachiatus, Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch. xxy., Beng. & Hind. p. 19. One coloured drawing and several specimens in spirits. The barbels are very small, and have been overlooked in Mr, Hodgson’s drawings ; yet the form of the humerus and the black dots at the base of the scales are two characters so peculiar that the species is not easily mistaken. Mr. Hodgson adds, that the species is found in streams of hills, 224 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE COLD-BLOODED [May 28, 20. LABEOBARBUS HEXASTICHUS. Barbus hexastichus, MacClell. Ind. Cypr. p. 269, pl. 39. f. 2. Labeobarbus hexastichus, Bleek. Cyprin. p. 385. Several specimens in spirit; one coloured drawing and two pencil sketches of the head. 21. OREINUS MACULATUS. ? Cyprinus richardsonii, Gray, Ind. Zool. pl. 94. f. 2. Oreinus maculatus, MacClell. Cyprin. p. 345, pl. 57. f. 6. The Asla. Several coloured drawings of adult and young fishes. Two stuffed specimens. 22. OREINUS HODGSONII. The Long-nosed Asla. = Three coloured drawings and one stuffed specimen 21 inches long. D. 2/7, A. 7. Snout much produced, longer than the part of the head behind the orbit. The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length (the caudal fin not included), the length of the head one-fourth. Scales very small. The dorsal fin is short and elevated, rather higher than the body below; the second spine is very strong, serrated posteriorly*. The origin of the dorsal fin is exactly on the middle between the extremity of the snout and the base of the caudal fin; base of the ventral below the middle of the dorsal. Coloration as in the common Asla (Oreinus maculatus). 23. OREINUS, sp. Two coloured drawings and pencil sketches of the mouth. We are not able to refer this fish to a known species; it appears to be allied to Barbus diplocheilus of Heckel (Fische vy. Kaschmir, t. 10. f. 1), having a similarly serrated upper lip ; but the Nepalese species is more elongate, has somewhat smaller scales, and the snout considerably more produced. The greatest depth of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-fifth of the total (the caudal fin not included). The dorsal fin is somewhat higher than long and than the body below, and occupies nearly the middle of the back ; the ventral is inserted below the hinder third of the dorsal fin. The figure shows nine dorsal and five anal rays. Brown above, each scale with a dark dot, the dots being very well marked on the back of the tail. The lower parts silvery. 24. OREINUS, sp. One coloured drawing and sketches of the mouth. This is a third species which we believe to be new, but we abstain from naming it as long as we have no actual specimens for exami- nation ; the scales are of moderate size, larger than in any of the * This spine is injured in the specimen, but its size may be clearly seen in the drawings. 1861.] VERTEBRATES OF NEPAL, 225 preceding species; the snout is obtusely conical; the cleft of the mouth transverse, crescent-shaped, with the lower lip apparently forming a rounded protuberance. Barbels minute. The greatest depth of the body is one-fourth of the total length (the caudal fin not included), the length of the head two-ninths. The dorsal fin is higher than long, and lower than the body below ; the ventral fin is inserted vertically somewhat behind the middle of the dorsal. Above brownish-olive, whitish below ; each scale with a silvery spot. Length of the drawing 5 inches. 25. RowITA MICROLEPIDOTA. One stuffed specimen, 10 inches long. D. 16, A. 8, V. 10, L. lat. 75, L. transv. 15/12. The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (the caudal fin not in- cluded), the length of the head nearly one-fifth. The distance of the dorsal fin from the occiput equals that from the caudal fin; the base of the ventral is immediately behind the vertical from the middle of the dorsal fin; the anal occupies the middle of the interspace between the dorsal and caudal fins ; pectoral as long as the head. Uniform silvery, back greenish. The specimen being dried, I was unable to ascertain the position and size of the barbels, which, if present, appear to be small. There is, however, little doubt that this fish really belongs to the genus indicated. 26. CopiTis SCATURIGINA. Cobitis scaturigina, Buch. Ham. MS. Schistura scaturigina, MacClell. Ind. Cypr. p. 443, pl. 53. f. 6. One coloured drawing. “Fish of valleys, in mud of fields and small creeks.’’—Hodgs. 27. CiRRHINA REBA. Cyprinus reba, Buch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 280. Cirrhina reba, Cuv. & Val. xvi. p. 292. One coloured drawing with sketches of the head. This drawing represents a fish with darker transverse bands, whilst they are generally longitudinal in other specimens. Buchanan Ha- milton says that the colours are subject to much variation in this species. 28. LoBocHEILUS RICNORHYNCHUS. Gobio ricnorhynchus, MacClell. Cyprin. pp. 279, 363, pl. 55. f. 1. Lobocheilus rienorhynchus, Bleek. Verhand. Batay. Genootsch, xxy. Beng. & Hind. p. 66. The Lhooi. Two coloured drawings and a pencil sketch of the mouth. 29. LOBOCHEILUS GOBIOIDES. ? Cyprinus mosario, Buch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 346. Gonorhynchus gobioides, MacClell. Cypr. p. 369, pl. 43. f. 1. Proc. Zoou. Soc,—1861, No. XV. 226 DR. A. GUNTHER ON MR. HODGSON’S COLLECTIONS. [May 28, A coloured drawing and a pencil sketch of the head. This species, or at least the fish represented by Mr. Hodgson, is closely allied to Z. rienorhynchus, but may be readily distinguished by its smaller scales and its lighter coloration. It is light brownish- olive on the back, and silvery below; each scale on the side with a short vertical red line. 30. CATLA BUCHANANI. Cyprinus catia, Buch. Ham. p. 287, pl. 13. f. 81. Catla buchanani, Cuv. & Val. xvii. p. 411, pl. 515. The Cutler. Two coloured drawings. The vernacular name, assigned by Mr. Hodgson to this well-rnown species, is evidently the same as that which is written ‘“* Catla” by Buchanan. 31. CHATOESSUS MANMINA. Clupanodon manmina, Buch. Ham. Fishes of the Ganges, p. 247. Chatoéssus manmina, Cuv. & Val. xxi. p. 114. One specimen. I find a species of Chatoéssus mentioned in the list of specimens presented by Mr. Hodgson to the British Museum. This specimen is, at present, mislaid, and I have not had an opportunity of examin- ing it; it is very probable that it belongs to this species, which is found in most of the freshwater branches of the Ganges. 32. LEeIURANUS, sp. One coloured drawing. This species appears to be very closely allied to Murena colubrina, Bodd., or M. annulata, Thunb., but is spotted with blackish-brown, instead of having dark bands across the back. 33. ANGUILLA BENGALENSIS. Murena maculata, Buch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 23 (nec syn.). Murena bengalensis, Gray, Ind. Zool. Anguilla variegata, MacClell. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. p. 179, pl. 5. f. 2. Anguilla elphinstonei, Sykes in Trans. Zool. Soe. ii. p. 377, pl. 67. £3. One coloured drawing. 34, ANGUILLA, sp. One coloured drawing. We are much inclined to consider the fish represented as a mere variety of 4. bengalensis, with which it entirely agrees in its form, except that it appears to have a wider cleft of the mouth, extending far behind the orbit. From the purplish colour, variegated with white and black specks, Mr. Hodgson calls it the “ Purple Eel,” “ 4. porphyrea.’ The drawing is 14 inches long, and stated to be 1861.] MR. 0. SALVIN ON GUATEMALAN REPTILES. 227 one-third of the natural size. The specimen was caught in the month of April in the Rosi Khola, a clear hill-stream of the central region of Nepal. 4. On a CoLuection or REPTILES FROM GUATEMALA. By Osspert Satvin, M.A., F.Z.S. The collection, of which the present paper is a list, was formed during the past twelve months by Mr. Robert Owen, Corresponding Member of this Society, at San Gerdnimo and the neighbouring mountains in the province of Vera Paz. In a former paper, Dec. 1860, I gave a short account of the collections I made in Guatemala. The present series adds five species of Snakes to that list, making a total of twenty-four species, a number which doubtless falls consider- ably short of the whole number of species inhabiting Guatemala. In determining the species I have availed myself of Dr. A. Ginther’s assistance and of the specimens in the British Museum. 1. StREPTOPHORUS SEBA, Dum. & Bibr. Several specimens. 2. HoMALOCRANION ATROCINCTUM, Dum. & Bibr. In a single specimen in the collection there are sixty-two black rings on the body and nine on the tail. These rings are twice the width of the yellow intervals, and are confluent on the belly. Along the dorsal series is a line of red interrupted by the black rings. 3. CORONELLA DOLIATA, Linn. Adult and young. The red colouring in the young is not shown, though very clear in the adult. 4. PLEIOCERCUS, ZQUALIS, N. sp. Seales in 17 rows; 8 upper labials; tail two-fifths of the whole length ; body and tail banded throughout with equidistant black bands. Body long and slender, slightly compressed anteriorly ; tail very long and tapering; head depressed, broader posteriorly, snout ob- tuse, crown flat, eye moderate ; rostral shield small, slightly convex, just reaching to the upper surface ; anterior frontal shields small, pentagonal, obtuse ; posterior frontals large, three times the size of the anterior frontals, quadrangular, bent on the sides ; vertical short, rather longer than broad, outer edges slightly converging, posterior angle nearly a right angle; occipitals large, rounded behind ; ante- rior ocular reaches the upper surface of the head, but not to the vertical ; loreal pentagonal, on one side united with the frontal; nostril in the middle of two shields; eight upper labials, the fourth and fifth reaching to the orbit ; scales in 17 rows, in rather oblique series, those of the back narrower than those of the sides ; anal bifid ; ventral plates 131, caudal 92, 228 MR. O. SALVIN ON GUATEMALAN REPTILES. [May 28, Coloration.—Ground-colour red, yellow beneath ; upper portion of the head black as far as the anterior portion of the occipital shields. Twenty-seven black bands on the body, occupying a space equal to each red interval. The intervals between each black ring irregularly marked with black markings, which become more defined and stronger on the posterior portion of the body. ‘Tail banded with 16 black rings. The intervals betweeu each black ring have a black mark on the upper surface, so large as nearly to obliterate the red ground- colour. Maxillary teeth gradually increasing in length ; last pair larger than the rest, and separated by an interspace. The type of the genus Pleiocercus is P. elapoides of Cope, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1860, p. 253. The description is taken from Mexican specimens collected by Sefior R. M. de Oca near Jalapa. Elapochrus deppei, Peters, appears to be quite identical with Pleio- cercus elapoides ; but as the latter name has the priority of two days over Dr. Peters’ description, Mr. Cope’s genus and species mnst stand. The present species is closely allied to P. elapoides ; the ar- rangement of the coloration in equidistant bands instead of triads with yellow intervals, and the existence of an interspace between the last pair and the rest of the maxillary teeth, however, entitle it to specific separation. There was but one specimen in the collection, adult and in very perfect preservation. 5. STENORHINA VENTRALIS, Dum. & Bibr. One adult specimen. §. TROPIDONOTUS ORDINATUS, Linn. Not nearly so numerous at San Gerdnimo as at Duefias. 7. IsCcHNOGNATHUS DEKAYI, Dum. & Bibr. 8. Sprtores corars, Cuv. Two large specimens, measuring nearly 7 feet each. 9. DipsAaDOMORPHUS BISCUTATUS, Dum. & Bibr. One specimen in the collection. This has the scales in 27 rows. _ Of the examples in the British Museum one has the scales in 26 rows, another in 24, and one in my own collection from Lanquin in Vera Paz in 24 rows. 10. Boa constrictor, Linn. Three specimens, the largest measuring 5 ft. 6 in. 1]. ELAPsS CORALLINUS. There are five specimens of E/aps in the collection, all belonging to the southern form £. corallinus. In all of these the snout is black as far as the anterior portion of the vertical shield, and the first black ring commences across the posterior portion of the occi- pital shields. r re = i ae ia) it > = nN GB. Sowerby, dal et tith W West.nmp 1. Neritina wallacei. (Dom) 2.N-pritchardi. (pom) 3. Mitra aurora. /Dokrn) 41, M.arabica. orm) 5.Epidromus cumingi. (Dern) 6. Bulimus seemanni. (Dorn) 7.B. glaucolarynx. (Dohrn 8.B.semipellucidus. (trstram) 9.10. Helicna salvini. Fisewm:) 11. Macroceramus polystreptus (usin é 1861.] REV. H. B.TRISTRAM ON GUATEMALAN MOLLUSKS. 229 No. 1 has 15 black rings on the body and 5 on the tail ; each ring has an ill-defined yellow margin. The rings on the trunk occupy a series of 8 scales (reckoned obliquely), and the intervals a series of 18. The rings on the tail occupy a series of 17 scales, and the inter- vals 6. Ventral plates 211, caudal 53. No. 2 has 20 black rings on the trunk and 7 on the tail. Each ring is edged with yellow, and occupies a series of 6 scales, the inter- vals occupying 11. On the tail the black rings occupy a series of 10 scales, and the intervals 4. Ventral plates 215, caudal 60. No. 3 has 13 black rings on the trunk and 5 on the tail. Each ring is narrowly edged with yellow on the trunk ; each ring occupies a series of 10 scales, and the intervals a series of 22. The rings on the tail occupy a series of 20 and the intervals of 4 scales. In the intervals each scale is tipped with a black spot, the spots being larger on some scales than on others. Ventral plates 2U6, caudal 52. No. 4 has 17 black rings on the trunk and 6 on the tail, without yellow margins. Each ring occupies a series of 7 and the intervals of 18 scales. On the tail the rings occupy 12 and the intervals 5 scales. Ventral plates 208, caudal 52. No. 5 has 20 black rings on the trunk and 8 on the tail. Each ring occupies a series of 7 scales, and each interval, including the yellow margins, which are clearly defined and occupy 2 scales, 15 scales. Each scale in the intervals clearly tipped with black, and the ventral plates marked with irregular black spots. On the tail each ring occupies 7} scales, and the intervals 5 scales. Ventral plates 211, caudal 54. 12. CroraLus HoRRIDUs, Linn. One specimen nearly 4 ft. long, with three joints in the rattle. 13. Hyzta Hoxtocutora, Salvin, P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 460, pl. 32. fe 14. Emys venusta, Gray, Cat. Shield Rep. p. 24, pl. 12a. A young example, in which the costal plates have a regular ring of orange edged with a black margin, and a black spot in the centre. On the dorsal plates this ring is interrupted, an orange stripe on each side running in the direction of the back. These colours are much more clearly defined and regular than in Emys ornata. 5. CATALOGUE OF A COLLECTION OF TERRESTRIAL AND Fiv- VIATILE Mouuusks, MADE By O. Satnvin, Esa., M.A., F.Z.S., IN GuaTEMALA. By THE Rev. H. B. Tristram, Corr. Mem. Z.S. (Plate XXVI.) This collection consists of forty-nine species, of which sixteen appear to be hitherto undescribed. The species collected by Mr. Salvin seem to have a comparatively limited range ; for though a few are found 230 REV. H. B, TRISTRAM ON GUATEMALAN MOLLUSKS. [May 28, in Mexican collections, the greater portion of those hitherto described have been observed only in Guatemala by M. Moricand and others. With the exception of one or two, as Achatina octona, of universal occurrence in the warmer regions of the New World, none are iden- tical with West Indian species, and the new species show close generic affinities with the shells of the northern regions of South America. 1. HeLrx GHIESBREGHTI, Nyst. The largest and most magnificent species of Helix in the New World, and rivalling in size the Helix ituderii of Madagascar. 2. Hewtx eximia, Pfr. 3. HELrIx LALLIANA, Pfr., var. 4. Hevrx EURYOMPHALA, Pfr. Closely allied to Helix lawata of South America. 5. Weurx coactiuiata, Fer. 6. Buxtimvus pazianus, D’Orb. 7, BULIMUS MORICANDI, Pfr. 8. BuLimus HONDURATIANUS, Pfr. 9. Buximus pysonlI, Pfr. 10. BuLimus SEMIPELLUCIDUS, nov. spec. (PI. XXVI. fig. 8.) Allied to B. discrepans, Sowerby. T. imperforata, oblongo-conica, fragilis, nitida, semipellucida, alba, strigis opacis sparse signata; spira conica, acuta; sutura pro- funda ; anfract. 6, convexi, ultimus spiram paulo superans, infla- tus, basi rotundatus ; columella verticalis, stricta ; apertura vix obliqua, angulato-ovalis ; peristoma tenue, margine dextro minime expanso, margine columellari breviter reflexo. Long. 18, diam. 8 mill. 11. Succrnea putris (?), Linn. 12. GLANDINA GHIESBREGHTI, Pfr. 13. GLANDINA CARMINENSIS, Morelet. Described by Morelet from Costa Rica. 14. ACHATINA (species doubtful). 15. ACHATINA ocTona, Lam. 16. SprrAXIS LATTREI, Pfr. 17. SprRAXIS SHUTTLEWORTHII, Pfr. 1861.] REV. H. B. TRISTRAM ON GUATEMALAN MOLLUSKS. 231 18. SprRAXIS COBANENSIS, nov. spec. T. elongato-oblonga, tenuis, nitida, vitrea, pellucida; spira brevis, conica, obtusa; sutura levis; anfract. 5, planiusculi, ultimus antice descendens 5, longitudinis formans, basi rotundatus ; lamina colu- mellaris funiculata, ixtorta; apertura verticalis, inverse pyri- Sormis ; peristoma simptex, margine deatro medio valde dilatato et compresso. Long. 18, diam. 5 mill. (spec. dub.). 19. Sprraxis 20. LepriINARIA EMMELIN&, nov. spec. T. elongata, tenuiuscula, opaca, nitida, vix striatula ; spira conica, acuminatiuscula ; anfract. 7-8, convezi, ultimus spire vie equalis, sublevigatus ; columella intorta, intus lucide albida; peristoma vir expansum, margine dexiro compresso ; apertura dente acuto superne muniia. Long. 15, diam. 5 mill. 21. LEPTINARIA ELIS, nov. spec. T. conico-ovata, tenuiuscula, semipellucida, nitida, delicatissime siriata; spira obtusa, conica ; sutura profunda ; anfr. 5-6, con- vexi, ultimus spiram dimidio superans, sublevigatus ; columella intorta, intus margaritaceo-albida; perisioma eaxpansum, margine dextro suleato compresso ; apertura in margine interno acute uni- dentata. Long. 10°5, diam. 6 mill. 22. CyLINDRELLA GHIESBREGHTI, Pfr. 23. CYLINDRELLA SALPINX, Nov. spec. T. rimata, cylindraceo-turrita, sordide albida ; spira medio ventro- sior, apice subtruncata, profunde oblique striata ; sutura profunda; anfract. superst. 15, convexi, penuliimus semiplicatus, ultimus antice ascendens, basi distincte carinatus, et longe protractus ; apertura verticalis, oblique ovalis; perist. continuum, undique large expansum. Long. 11, diam. 2 mill. 24. Puysa SOwERBYANA, D’Orb. 25, PHysA PURPUROSTOMA, Nov. spec. T. elliptico-ovata, fusco-cornea, nitidissima, diaphana ; spira conica, brevis, apice acuta; anfract. 4-5, vix conveui, ultimus + longi- tudinis formans ; sutura minime depressa ; apertura conico-ovalis, margine externo expanso; columella in adult. purpurascens, in Juv. rosea, albo-marginata. Long. 22, diam. 11 mill. Hab. Lake of Duenas. 26. PLANORBIS CORPULENTUS, Say. 232 REV. H. B. TRISTRAM ON GUATEMALAN MOLLUSKS. [May 28, 27. PLANorBIs TUMIDUs, Pfr. 28. PLANORBIS WYLDI, lov. spec. T. discoidea, tenuis, turgida, fusco-cornea, haud nitens, aspere striata, supra profunde umbilicata, subtus plano-concava ; anfract. 5, ro- tundati, modice crescentes ; apertura obliqua, sublunaris, subtus valde depressa, supra dilatata. Diam. maj. 15, min. 11 mill., alt. 8 mill. Hab. Lake of Dueiias. 29. PLANORBIS DUENASIANUS, Nov. spec. T. discoidea, tenuis, albido-cornea, tenerrime striata, pellucida, haud nitens, supra concava, depressa, subtus plana; anfract. 6, lente accrescentes, ultimus acute sed minutissime carinatus ; apertura obliqua, rhomboideo-compressa. Diam. maj. 74, min. 63 mill., alt. 1 mill. Hab. Lake of Duenas. 30. PLANORBIS. Undescribed in coll. Cuming. 31. SEGMENTINA DONBILLI, nov. spec. T. compressa, albido-cornea, tenuiter striata, superne et infra simi- liter umbilicata, convexiuscula ; anfract. 5, lente accrescentes, rotundati ; apertura obliqua, rotundata ; perist. intus albo-labia- tum, dentes 6 intus ostendens, quatuor in pariete externa, duo in par. interna. Diam. maj. 9, min. 7 mill., alt. 23 mill. Hab. Lake of Duenas. $2. Mruampus FAsciaTus, Chemn. Hab. Salt marshes on the coast. 33.ADAMSIELLA OSBERTI, nov. spec. T. rimato-perforata, turrita, integra, pallide fulva, longitudinaliter conferte striata, fasciis 5 vel 6 interruptis rubris ornata; spira regulariter turrita, apice plerumque abrupta ; anfr.6, ultimus so- lutus ; apertura verticalis, rotunda ; perist. duplex, internum cas- taneum, breviter porrectum, eaternum dilatatum, horizontaliter patens, rufescens, superne angulate productum, ad anfr. penul- timum subexcisum. Long. 12, diam. 5—6 mill. 34. CIsTULA TROCHLEARIS, Pfr. 35. CHONDROPOMA RUBICUNDUM, Morelet. 36. MEGALOMASTOMA SIMULACRUM, Morelet. Described by Morelet from Costa Rica. 37. CycLoPHORUS PONDEROSUS, Pfr. 38. CycLOPHORUS TRANSLUCIDUS, Sow. 1861.) REV. H. B. TRISTRAM ON GUATEMALAN MOLLUSKS. 233 39. MACROCERAMUS POLYSTREPTUS, nov. spec. (PI. XXVI. fig. 11.) T. conico-elongata, integra, albida, semipellucida, vix umbilicata, striis obliquis conferte ornata, et fasciis opacis irregulariter picta; spira regulariter turrita, apice acutissima castanea; anfract. 12-14, convexi, ultimus non solutus ; sutura crenulata multis strigis contractis; apertura verticalis, rotundata; perist. albidum, subdilatatum. Long. 16, diam. 4 mill. 40. Hexicina SALVINI, noy. spec. (Pl. XXVI. figs. 9, 10.) T. globoso-turbinata, solidula, polita, vix striata, pallide citrina, Jasciis duabus castaneis, inferiore contractiore, superiore latiore, cincta ; spira turbinata, acuta; anfract. 6, viv convexiusculi, ultimus rotundatus, spiram dimidio superans ; columella brevis, basi subsimplex, callum emittens tenuem ; apertura obliqua, semi- lunaris ; perist. aureum, late expansum, et reflexiusculum, ad ca- rinam rostratum et in cornu elongatum extensum. Diam. maj. 143, min. 12 mill., alt. 9 mill. Nearly allied to H. turbinata, Wiegm., from Mexico. 41. Hevicina Amana, Pfr. 42. Henicina OWENIANA, Pfr. 43. HreLicINA MERDIGERA, Sallé. Described by Sallé from Nicaragua. 44, HeLicina LINDENI, Pfr. 45. HELICINA CHRYSEIS, nov. spec. T. acuto-conica, solidula, striatula et subgranulata, aurantiaca, parum nitida ; spira acuto-conoidea ; sutura profunda ; anfr. 6, planiusculi, ultimus spira brevior, peripherio subcarinato, basi circa callum flavo-aurantiacum straminea ; apertura angulato-ro- tundata ; columella arcuata; perist. expansum, reflexiusculum, albo-limbatum. Diam. 3, alt. 4 mill. Hab. Mountain forests of Vera Paz. 46, 47, 48. Three species of Parupinewa, apparently unde- scribed. 49. PacHYCHEILUS Corvinus, Morelet. This magnificent Melania appears to attain a greater size in the streams of Guatemala than in any of its previously noted habitats. My grateful thanks are due to Mr. Cuming for his kind and ready assistance in determining the species. The following list of the additions made to the Menagerie during the months of March and April was read to the Meeting :— 234 ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [May 28, Marcu. Presented by MA GUGaG) rasntnennceceunanen cc Ovis tragelaphus.....+.00..- 3 T AGABX,,..snccsseetessscorecone Addax nasomaculata ...... oan 4 ‘ = ard Le Mar- 3 Dorcas Gazelles ............ Gazella doreds........0.0.00. nied 22 American Quails .........;Ortyx virginiana............ Andrew Downs, Esq. 2 Muscovy Ducks............ Catrina moschata, var. ...|W.F. Bartlett, isq., R.N. 1 Red-winged Parrakeet ...|4prosmielus erythropterus|R. Marshall, Esq. 1 Lizard from Natal ......... Regenia albogularis......... ) 1 Dorcas Gazelle ............ Gazella dorcas......... sane 1 Two-spotted Paradoxure 2 Red-rumped Parrakeets... 2 Many-coloured Parrakeets Nandinia binotata ......... Psephotus hematorrhous .. Psephotus multicolor ...... 1 Yarrell’s Curassow......... Crax carunculata .......5. 1 Japanese Green Dove ...|Calenas uh Bescoasees + Purchased. I Wialabyacc.-sccce = seehasccs Halmaturus BoE BROAY 1 Sooty Phalanger .........|Phalangista vulpina, var. 2 Pink-footed Geese ......... Anser plenicopus ......00 1 Green Monkey ......... -.| Cercopithecus sabeus ...... 2 Common Pheasants ...... Phasianus colchicus ...... | 2 Red-legged Partridges ...|Caccabis rufa .......... sewn) Of these, Regenia albogularis was stated to have been exhibited for the first time. APRIL. So Cape Hyrax 5.-:..scsesccce Hyrax capensis .........+.. His Ex. Sir G. Grey, F.Z.S. 1 Vervet Monkey ............ | Cercopithecus delalandii |Lieut Gilmour. QUPinnINOUs)sastivesseret ens. « |\Tinamus variegatus ...... John Blount, Esq. 34 Chinese Sand-Grouse ... Syrrhaptes paradoaus ... Hon. J. F. Stuart Wortley.| - PECAN RTOO se tec woetese store Macropus gigas (9) ...... |Alexander Huth, Esq. 3 Shanghai Sheep............ Ovis aries, var. ......++. : 2 Chinese Geese aE |Anser sinensis ......... } eae Craiksbank. 1 Indian Rock Snake ...... Python molurus....... -.--. James Clark, Esq. 1 Rhesus Monkey ............ Macacus rhesus .........+++ |D. Wilson, Esq. 4 Chinese Sand-Grouse...... Syrrhaptes paradoxus ...\Capt. Hand. 1 Honduras Turkey ......... |Meleagris ocellata ......... 1 Globose Curassow ......... |\Crax globicera ....... wed Robert O E 1 Guanyus inti ke etal Penelope purpurascens ... ceus Me ae P*Tidamone ese see Tinamus robustus ......0+. sega ees eh 2 Tree-Colins..........- seseees Dendrortyx leucophrys... 1 Crested Eagle..............- Spizaétus occipitalis ...... 1 African Hawk............... Astur monogrammicus ... 2 Saddle-billed Storks ...... Mycteria senegalensis ... Ring Parrot) i540 /2es52 Aprosmictus scapulatus... 2 Pennantian Parrakeets ...|Platycercus pennantii ... 2 Chameleons .......... .....|Chameleo africanus ...... 1 Chacma Baboon............ Cynocephalus porcarius... 6 Golden-eye Ducks......... Clangula glaucion ......+4. 1 pair Scaup Ducks ......... Fuligula marila .........5.. Purchased. 1 Manilla Cockatoo ......... Cacatua philippinarum ... 3 Cereopsis Geese ..........5- Cereopsis nov@ hollandie 1 Stone-chat ..................|Pratincola rubicola ...... 1 Green Pigeon........... ....|Calenas Biche. caches 2 Bichenow’s Finches ......|Zstrelda bichenovii ...... 2 Phaéton Finches....... aacee Phaethon .......00... 2 Red-tailed Finches......... TUPiCAUAA .,.00rcee00- 2 Banded Finches ............ Poéphila cinctd seve... | Presented by 1861.] LETTER FROM MR. R. SWINHOE. 235 June 11th, 1861. Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair. The Secretary read the following extracts from a letter addressed to him by Robert Swinhoe, Esq. (Corr. Memb.), dated “ British Consulate, Amoy, China, April 5th, 1861.” “T see, in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for February 1861, page 143, on the Japanese Deer, that a mistake has occurred, owing to incorrect information. Mr. Blyth describes a. Deer under the name Cervus taiouanus, from the skull of an adult I sent him. This was procured from the Formosan Deer, supposed to be C. pseudaxis. Subsequently I sent him four living Deer, which I distinctly informed him were received from Japan; but whether through inability to read my letter, or for some reasons to me un- known, he set down in his belief that the old buck was from Formosa and the other three from Japan. All four of the Deer sent him were from Japan, and the skull alone from Formosa. There can be no possible doubt that the former belong to the Japanese species C. sika, Temm. et Schleg., of the ‘ Fauna Japonica.’ That the For- mosan Deer is distinct from the Japanese I have no shadow of doubt, from the various opportunities I have had of comparing the animals from the two different places. The old Formosan bucks stand at least one foot higher than the Japanese bucks, and their horns are somewhat flattened at the end. One of the former has been sent by the Dutch consul here to Leyden. Iam doing my utmost to pro- cure a pair of these handsome animals for the Zoological Gardens. I am told that a Stag is also found near Ningpo, but have never seen examples. The large species from the north found in the Summer Palace Gardens, of which I have sent three skins to the Society, you will be able to determine as soon as the ‘ Harkaway,’ in which vessel they were shipped, arrives in England. If the Zoolo- gical Society will remunerate the masters of the vessels for the con- veyance of live Deer to England, I dare say I can manage to defray all expenses here in procuring the animals.” Dr. Gray made some observations on an immature specimen of an Antelope in Capt. Speke’s collection from Zanzibar, which he was inclined to refer to a new species of Calotragus. Dr. A. Giinther exhibited, on the part of Mr. J. Y. Johnson, an example of the singular Fish described under the name of Saccolarynz flagellum by Dr. Mitchell, and Ophiognathus ampullaceus by Dr. Harwood. This had been obtained at Madeira by Mr. Johnson, and, when captured, contained in its stomach a large specimen of a Gadoid Fish. Mr. Leadbeater exhibited some very fine examples of the heads and horns of the Ovis ammon of the Himalayas, belonging to Major Edwardes. 236 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A CHINESE STAG. [June 11, The following papers were read :— 1. Notice or A SraG rrom NortTHerN CHINA SENT BY Mr. SwinuHor To THE ZooxLoGicaAL Society. By Dr. Joun Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., ec. (Plate XX VIL.) Mr. Swinhoe has most kindly sent to us three examples of a Deer which were shot in the Gardens of the Summer Palace at Pekin in the winter of 1860. There is a skin of an adult male with horns, of an adult female, and of a younger animal. The male agrees in most particulars with the account of the Cervus pseudaxis of Eydoux, figured by Gervais in the ‘ Voyage of the Bonite,’ and its horns with those of the same animal figured by Dr. Pucheran in the ‘Archives du Muséum’ (vol. iv. t. 24. f. 2-8). The specimens having been procured in the winter, agree with the figures of the animal in that state on M. Gervais’s plate. Mr. Swinhoe thought it might be the Cervus wallichii of Cuvier, but it has no affinity to that species. It is very like a series of animals (for now we have two pairs, and they are breeding) which were received a short time ago by the Zoo- logical Society from Japan, and which I described, under the name of Rusa japonica, in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for February 1861, p. 143; and in the form of the horns and in the general appearance of the animal it agrees with the Cervus sika, Tem- minck, very shortly described and figured in the ‘ Fauna Japonica.’ Dr. Sclater, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ has stated his opinion that my Rusa japonica is probably the same as Cervus sika and also as Cervus pseudaxis. But Cervus pseudaxis and Rusa japonica differ from Cervus sika in having a large white anal disk surrounded by a black edge, which is not represented in the figure of Cervus sika, nor mentioned in the short and, I own, very imperfect description of that species. I may state that Cervus pseudaxis appears to be a species of the genus Rusa rather than das, with which I had placed it in the ‘ Catalogue of the Ungulated Animals in the British Museum,’ p. 215; and it seems closely allied to the small species which inhabit the islands of the Indian Ocean, that form the second section of the genus Rusa in the catalogue above quoted ; but, as in the other species of that section, we want much more materials in order to know what are and what are not species of that group. The animal which has been figured under the name of Cervus pseudaxis was obtained by MM. Eydoux and Souleyet in Java, but they did not believe that it was a native of that country. It lived several years in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, and hence a series of its horns was procured and figured; and while there it bred with the Common Axis, and the male produce was fertile (see ‘Archives du Muséum,’ iv. p. 421). Some naturalists have given (¢) SIXVUNESd SNAMH sduy qreymep iT cea {reyMeH NT 1861.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON A CHINESE STAG. 237 the Sooloo Islands, near the Philippines, as the habitat of this speci- men, but I do not know on what authority. The Chinese animal seems also to be much more spotted in the winter season than its Japanese ally (Rusa japonica), which nearly lost its spots in the Zoological Gardens during the wiuter of last year. The old male is furnished with a kind of mane—that is to say, the hair of the neck is longer and more rigid than that of the rest of the body, except just over the tail, where it is also elongated and rigid. The fur of all the three specimens is long and very close, much more so than in its Japanese ally. The male is rather paler in colour and less spotted than either of the hornless specimens ; it has only an indistinct, rather darker line of rather longer hair between the withers, and it has a large blackish space of rigid, rather longer hair over the base of the tail. On the other hand, both the hornless skins have a distinct, well-marked black dorsal streak, which is wider, more distinct, and formed of longer hair on the back of the neck ; and they have only a broad, well-marked black edge on the upper surface and side of the white anal disk. The tail in all the specimens is white, with a black streak along the middle of the upper side of the base. In this respect it also agrees with R. japonica. I believe that Dr. Sclater is now satisfied that the identity of my Rusa japonica with Cervus sika is very doubtful. Indeed, I cannot conceive how this can be otherwise, unless the Cervus sika is very badly figured and incorrectly described. We may therefore regard Cervus sika as a distinct species, at least until we can procure some further observations on it. It was figured and described from a single male specimen sent to Leyden. The specimens from Northern China sent by Mr. Swinhoe (which I am inclined to think may be Cervus pseudaxis of Eydoux) chiefly differ from Rusa japonica in being of a considerably larger size, the Chinese species being as large as the Fallow Deer, and the J apanese Rusa considerably less—between that animal and the Roebuck. I may state that the distinctions of the species of Stags are very difficult to describe by words ; yet the allied Deer from different coun- tries are generally to be best distinguished by their size and habitat ; and that may be the case with this and the other small Ruse which are described as coming from Timor, the Philippines, and For- mosa. The two skulls which accompanied the skins present a considerable difference in the form and depth of the preorbital pit: and this ob- servation is of some importance, as the size, form, and depth of this pit has been considered by some zoologists as presenting a good spe- cific distinction; but I have observed a similar difference in skulls of apparently the same species of the genus Cariacus. The skulls are not of the same age; but I do not think that this can have an effect on the form or depth of the pit. The skull of the male is of a young animal, the hinder grinder being in the course of develop- ment ; and the horns are simple, without any snags, like the horn figured in ‘Arch. du Mus.’ vi. t. 24. f. 2, but even wanting the basal snag, and they are covered with hair. In this skull the preorbital 238 DR.J.E.GRAY ON THE HABITS OF THE PIPE-FISH. [June 11, pit is large, subtrigonal, and not quite so deep as it is wide, rounded at the base. The skull of the female is rather larger, and belongs to an adult animal, with all the grinders well developed. In this skull the pit is oblong, not so broad as long, and very much deeper (I should say, nearly twice as deep), and has a large aperture at the hinder part of its base, evidently for the transmission of some vessel, which is not to be seen in the skull of the male. The male skull has short canines, not produced beyond the sur- face of the bone; the female has the holes of smaller canines which have fallen out. P.S.—Dr. Schlegel, the Director of the Leyden Museum, has, in reply to an application from me, sent me this day (July 11, 1861) the following note on the specimen of C. sika in the Leyden col- lection :—‘‘ If you mean by the anal disk the whitish or yellowish disk which extends in the Common or Canada Stag above the tail, the Japanese Stag decidedly shows nothing of this kind. In this species the white colour is restrained to the abdomen, the inside of the thighs, the anal region, and the greater end part of the tail; the root of the tail is, on the contrary, of the same brown colour as the whole back and the rest of the animal.” It is probable, therefore, that the Japanese Deer described by me as Rusa japonica may be the same as the Cervus sika, though it dif- fers so much from the figure and short description of that animal in the ‘Fauna Japonica.’ 2. On THE Hasits oF THE PIPE-FISH AND OTHER FISHES. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., erc. In examining the tanks in the Zoological Gardens, I was struck with the habits of the Pipe-fish, and induced to take a few notes. There are three species now exhibited there. They swim with facility, but not very rapidly, and they seem to move chiefly by the action of the dorsal and pectoral fins. The former is fully expanded when they move and in very rapid motion, the action being a kind of wave, commencing at the front end and continued through its whole length, continually repeated, so as to form a kind of screw propeller. The tail seems to be used rather as a foot than as an organ of propulsion ; and the specimen that is furnished with a rayed tail expands the rays when it uses this part, giving the end of the tail the appearance of a webbed foot. They remain in a quiescent state in different positions, sometimes horizontal, at others pendent, but generally more or less ascending from the place on which the tail rests ; sometimes even nearly in a perpendicular position, merely resting on the tip of the tail: at these times the fins are generally at rest. I saw one specimen of the Serpent Pipe-fish with a simple acute tail, which was resting in an erect perpendicular position with the tail 1861.] DR. W. BAIRD ON LERNAIA CYCLOPTERINA. 239 loosely curled round some shells of a Purpura that were attached to the surface of the glass of the tank. This is an approach to the prehensile tail of the Hippocampi, but still very different from the habit of that genus. Mr. Bartlett informs me that, whatever may be the colour of some of the fishes, such as Flounders, Plaice, Soles, and Thornbacks, when placed in the tank, they soon modify their colours so as to be very like that of the shell or sand which forms the ground of the tank; and as shells and shell-sand are now generally used to make the ground of the tank, the fish become of a pale-brown, more or less mottled colour. The flat fish, as Flounders, Plaice, and Soles, lie tranquilly at the bottom of the tank, on the sand, with their eyes prominent, and their mouth usually rather exserted and partly open; but they swim with facility, bending the side (or, rather, what in otherifishes we should call the dorsal and ventral edges) down, so as to raise the central line of the body, and propel themselves with their tails. The pectoral fins seem to be but little used, and they are often very rudimentary ; the ventral fins, which are also small when present, are usually ex- panded when the fish lies on the sand. It is much to be regretted that persons who have the leisure and opportunity of observing these and other fishes in tanks, do not give us more particulars of their manners, and especially of the means by which they propel themselves through the water, which is evidently very different in the various families and genera. The elong gate, eylin- drical or subcompressed, or many-angled Syngnathus is generally straight and stiff while moving from place to place; while the elon- gated, rather compressed Blennies, as Guénellus and Zoarces, pro- pel themselves forward with a horizontal, serpentine motion, appa- rently keeping their bodies erect by the dorsal fin and the expanded pectorals. There is one circumstance connected with the fishes m these tanks which I have never been able to understand ; that is their apparent blindness to any external object that is presented to them from the outside of the tank, when it is offered to them on a level with their eyes or apparent range of vision. I have attempted to disturb them with my hand, with a red handkerchief, and with many other bodies; but I have never observed them show the slightest idea of there being any danger, or even take the slightest notice of the approach- ing body ; yet they are easily disturbed if the object is so presented to them as to appear to descend towards them. 38. Note on THE LERN#XA CYCLOPTERINA OCCURRING IN THE GILLS OF THE CYCLOPTERINUS SPINOSUS, A FISH FROM GREENLAND. By W. Bairp, M.D., F.L.S., ere. In the ‘Fauna Groenlandica,’ O. Fabricius shortly describes a species of Lernea as occurring in the Cyclopterinus spinosus, Kroyer in his ‘ Tidskrift’ figures the same parasite ; but his figure varies so 240 MR.J.¥. JOHNSON ON A NEW CRAB FROM MADEIRA. [June lI, much from a specimen lately added to the collection of the British Museum, that I think it advisable to give a short account of it. Kréyer mentions that the specimens from which he has figured the species are young individuals ; and to this, in all probability, is owing the discrepancy between his figure and the specimen in the possession of the Museum, which evidently is an adult. The neck agrees pretty well with his figure, but the head in our specimen is strongly tuber- cled. The body is somewhat thin and elongated in Kréyer’s figure. In the Museum specimen it is shorter and much thicker, and at the bend of the body from which the ovaries are sent off, there are on each side two strong tubercles. Kréyer does not figure the ovaries ; it is evident, therefore, that the specimens in his possession, and from which his figures were made, are immature. The ovarian tubes, as seen in the Museum specimen, are beautifully coiled in a spiral, are strong, and marked with small bands of a brown colour. M. Milne- Edwards, in mentioning this species, says that Kroyer does not figure the cephalic horns which distinguish the genus Lernea ; and he suspects that this is only owing to a mutilation of the individual observed by that naturalist. It is curious that I have not been able to discover the cephalic horns in our specimen either; but upon a close examination there is to be seen arupture of the parts to which, if they existed, these horns would have been attached. In all proba- bility they have been torn away when the specimen was dissected from the fish. 4. DescrIPTION oF A New Species oF CANCER OBTAINED AT Maperra. By James YATE JOHNSON. (Plate XXVIII.) CANCER BELLIANUS, Sp. n. Carapace of a pale brown, suffused and spotted with red; its surface rough, with small tubercles, and strongly marked with the regional divisions ; transversely oblong, with the middle portion moderately elevated. Latero-anterior margin divided into ten qua- drate lobes, alternately broad and narrow; the outer edge of each lobe armed with three teeth, of which the middle one is larger. On the broader lobes the lateral teeth are frequently bifid. The hind- most lobe on each side has only one principal tooth, but there are three or four small ones. This lobe passes into the posterior marginal line of the carapace, and this line is beaded with a series of tubercles. The front of the carapace has two dotted lobes or flattened teeth, with a narrow triangular tooth projecting between and beyond them. The superior margins of the ocular orbits are denticulated, and have a strong triangular tooth over the inner canthus, which does not project quite so far as the two principal lobes of the interocular front. The margin between the two superior fissures is denticulated, but has no predominating tooth. Inferior margin of the ocular orbit armed with three teeth, of which the innermost is large and stout. The external “Goat 891A ‘SMNVITTEE CHONVO PIL ISOM 00H ‘TLAXY 23¥1ld. 198LSZ4 1861.] MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON ON A NEW CRAB FROM MADEIRA. 241 antennee have their basal joints much elongated, and terminating forwards in an obtuse tooth. ‘The second joint is club-shaped, and the third cylindrical. The anterior half of the internal antennz is folded directly backwards when at rest. The sternum is minutely punctated, and its entire surface in the male is set with longish stiff hairs ; in the female the hairs are chiefly confined to the posterior portion. Feet.—First pair subequal, stout, and longer in the male than in the female. Fingers black, marked with longitudinal furrows, and having two or three large tubercles near the extremity of their prehensile edges. Upper surface of hand marked with seven low longitudinal crests or rows of tubercles, some of which bear minute spines ; and in the female with a good deal of stiffish hair ; under surface minutely punctated. The wrist has the superior surface studded with three or four rows of short sharp spines with broad bases. The immer in- ferior edge has two stout black spines, the strongest of which is near the anterior extremity of the joint. The arm bears two sharp spines on its upper edge near the anterior extremity, and these are sepa- rated by a deep transverse furrow which crosses each of the adjacent surfaces. Remaining feet slightly compressed, irregularly angular, marked with longitudinal spinous crests, and clothed with long stiff hairs. The last joint is remarkably long, spineless, but marked with deep longitudinal grooves, in some of which is a dense line of hair. The terminating spine is reddish. The order of length of the feet in the male is 1, 3, (2, 4), 5. Abdomen.—The third segment is the broadest in the male, the sixth in the female. In both, the sides of the seventh segment are somewhat sinuated. In the female the margins of the abdomen are thickly fringed with hair, and the surface also bears a good deal of shorter stiff hair. The measurements of two specimens, a male and female, are sub- joined, the figures signifying inches. Male. Female. Garapnee + Lengths ses seah vices ve 1 49 fs Breadthig 73x23. aie esas “i 653 Feet::: First pair—Length .5 oes. es 7 5 Width of hand...... 2 0 GE AIT Es 5 Seo ee GS as 5s neon BE 5 Abdomen: Total length ............ 3 32 Width of third segment.... 1°; Width of sixth segment.... 1Z This species will take its place in the neighbourhood of Cancer ple- beius, Poeppig, a Chilian species, from which, however, it is distin- guished by the stoutness of the first pair of feet, the less prominence of the tubercular ‘spines on the hand, the greater prominence of the middle tooth of the lobes at the margin of the carapace, the greater abundance of hair, the absence of the scroll of white spots which paint each side of the upper surface of the carapace in Cancer plebeius, and the much greater unevenness of the carapace, arising from the deeper cutting of the divisions between the regions, Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. XVI. 242 MR. S. HANLEY ON A NEW LEDA. [June 11, Only two specimens of this Crab have fallen in my way. One is in the British Museum, and the other is in my own collection at Madeira. To both were attached numbers of the rare cirripede Pecilasma crassum, Darwin. I have named it in honour of that learned carcinologist, the President of the Linnzean Society, and the author of a memoir on the genus Cancer, printed amongst the Trans- actions of that body. 5. Description or A New Leva. By Sytvanus Han ey. Leva poueni. Testa oblongo-acuta, vix inequilateralis, con- vexd, cute pallide straminea induta, antice sublevigata, postice et in medio costata; costis planulatis ; interstitiis angustis, levibus. Extremitas antica anguste rotundata : latus posticum gradatim acutangulare. Plice umbonalis situs ordinarius an- gulatim et repente depressus. Margo dorsalis utrinque modice declivis, antice convexus, postice subrectus ; ventralis subar- cuatus, utrinque (sed antice presertim) acclivis. Area dorsalis antica vix impressa, subconcentrice sulcata ; postica satis magna, impressa, subconcentrice costellata. Nates acuta, vix elevate. Umbones levigati. Hab. Mare Pacificum. Mus. Dohrn. The anterior side, which, if either, is the shorter, is smooth, or, at most, obsoletely grooved, and is marked with a radiating shallow in- dentation, that is chiefly perceptible near the ventraledge. The sur- face is rather glossy : the ribs become subimbricated near the hinder dorsal area. The posterior dorsal slope is straightish, or subretuse (except in the middle): the hinge-margin is broad; and the teeth numerous on both sides of the small cartilage-pit. 6. Descriptions or New Species oF MoLnuvuscA FROM THE Paciric Istanps. By W. Harrer PEAse. PINNA TRIGONALIS. Shell light, of an elongate triangular shape, slightly curved, basal margin squarely truncate ; valves elevated at their centre, forming a ridge extending nearly the whole length of the shell, and slightly contracted at the centre of the basal margin. Beaks ribbed and stri- ated transversely, strice raised, fine and rather distant, ribs extending down on the posterior margins the whole length of the shell. Horn- colour, darkest at the beak, shading off into white towards the basal margin. Hab. Kingsmill Islands. HEwLIx ACETABULUM. Shell small, planorboid, slightly convex above, or plane; umbilicus wide, cup- shaped, finely radiately striated above and below, carinately 1861.] MR. W. HARPER PEASE ON NEW MOLLUSCA. 243 ribbed at the periphery and on the margin of the umbilicus, beneath more or less obsoletely ribbed; whorls six, carinately rounded, and ornamented with radiating lines of short hairs, sutures well impressed ; aperture subrhomboidal, a single lamella on the penultimate whorl. Tessellated with dark chestnut and fulvous brown. Diam. 5 mill., length of axis 2 mill. Hab. Tahiti. In size, colour, and general shape this species agrees with H.obolus, Gould. It may prove to bea variety. It is never, however, concave above, and is more or less ribbed beneath. The epidermic lines, sup- porting short hairs, are common to most of the species of this type, so far as I have observed, on our islands and from the south. They are easily rubbed off, and seldom appear, except on living specimens. HELIX PARVIDENS. Shell small, discoidal, slightly convex above, rounded beneath, ornamented with fine, regular, crowded, raised strize ; whorls five, rounded, sutures well impressed ; aperture lunate, and usually fur- nished with six lamellee, two on ultimate whorl, one on pillar, and three on penultimate whorl; umbilicus deep, about one-fourth of the width of the shell. Tessellated with reddish brown and light fulvous. Hab. Tahiti. He.LIx CONULA. Shell light, thin, imperforate, conoidal, convex beneath ; whorls five, convexly rounded, the last carinate at its periphery, sutures well impressed, the upper whorls ornamented with rather distant, revolving, rib striee, which become obsolete on last whorl, base finely radiately striated ; aperture triangularly lunate ; columella thickened, tortuous, and slightly reflected at its base, forming a tooth-like pro- cess. Colour light yellowish. Diam. 7 mill., height 5 mill. Hab. Tahiti. CyCLOSTOMA TAHITENSIS. Shell pyramidal, imperforate, vitreous, of a reddish horn-colour ; ribbed longitudinally, ribs irregular, in number over twenty, promi- nent, interstices concave, very finely striated lengthwise ; whorls six, rounded, and separated by a profound suture; aperture angularly oval ; lip white, continuous, separate or connected for a short di- stance with the penultimate whorl. Length 7 mill., breadth 3} mill. Animal pale; tentacles slightly dusky, stout, tapering (not cla- vate), eyes on their outer posterior bases; muzzle prominent ; foot small, oblong-oval, not grooved longitudinally, consequently locomo- tion is effected in the same manner as in the Helices. Hab. On the ground in dry woods, Huaheine. CyCLOSTOMA VIRIDESCENS. Shell small, conic, cylindrical, of a light greenish colour ; whorls 244 MR. W. HARPER PEASE ON NEW MOLLUsCA. [June 11, six, convexly rounded, sutures well impressed; aperture lunately oval ; lip entire, white, attached for a short distance to the penulti- mate whorl. Hab. Huaheine. This species is apparently covered with an epidermic layer, of a greenish colour. But one specimen found in company with the pre- ceding. The only species I am aware of allied to it is CO. ventricosa, Hom. & Jac., Voy. au Péle Sud, from which it differs in shape and colour. FIsSURELLA GRANIFERA. Shell conical, slightly ovate, inclined anteriorly, radiately granosely ribbed ; interstices cancellated ; orifice oblong, slightly excavated in the middle. Colour white, rayed with light green. Hab, Sandwich Islands. PLANAXIS PLUMBEA. Shell solid, oblong-ovate, minutely striated transversely ; bluish lead-colour, surrounded with black and whitish bands, usually on the lower half of the whorls, upper part with one or two obscure black bands, the margins of the whorls tinged with reddish brown ; whorls six, convex, the last more than two-thirds the length of the shell; aperture ovate, expanded; columella curved ; epidermis brown, velvety. Hab. Sandwich Islands. CoLUMBELLA SANDWICHENSIS. Shell short, thick, smooth, white, mottled with orange colour, and ornamented with rather distant transverse orange-brown lines ; spire short, granulose at apex; last whorl faintly striated at base ; colu- mella slightly curved, with two prominent teeth on the inner, and six smaller on its outer edge. Hab. Sandwich Islands. This species seems to approach varieties of C. ¢urturina. Metampus (TRALIA) STRIATUS. Shell elongately ovate, dark brown; spire short; apex granulose ; last whorl ornamented with revolving strize, which, on mature speci- mens, are distant or disappear altogether on the middle portion of the whorl ; columella furnished with three plaits and one at the base ; outer lip with one or two lamellz. Hab. Tahiti. DoRIOPSIS VIRIDIS. Animal small, somewhat rigid; form oblong-oval, widest at the middle, rounded at both ends; mantle convex, covering the foot, thin at the margins, minutely granulose ; cervical tentacles small, ovate, mucronate, laminated, and retractile into large simple cavities ; labial tentacles wanting ; foot small, similar to mantle in shape ; - 1861.] MR. W. HARPER PEASE ON NEW MOLLUSCA. 245 branchial plumes small, not reaching the edge of the mantle, and retractile into a semicircular cavity ; plumules ten, pinnate, middle ones largest. Colour dark green, foot pale or yellowish, cervical tentacles and branchial plumes slate-colour, dorsal papillee sometimes tipped with white. Hab. Under loose coral on reef, Tahiti. The above species agrees in its generic characters with the first described by me, from the Sandwich Islands, and confirms the genus as then established. PLEUROBRANCHUS DELICATUS. Animal small, delicate, subpellucid, uniform orange-yellow through- out, the viscera imparting a dark shade to the dorsal region ; mantle smooth, oblong-oval, truncate in front, rounded behind, convex along the dorsal region ; foot elongate-oval, rounded at both ends, entirely concealed by the mantle. Shell small, elongate-oval ; nucleus subspiral, exhibiting distinct lines of growth; pale horn-colour, tinged with violet, subpellucid. ? PLEUROBRANCHUS Animal cream-colour ; mantle reticulated with opake white, and irregularly maculated with reddish brown ; the larger spots more or less dotted with white; under edge of the mantle and margin of foot dotted with reddish brown, and a larger spot of the same colour on the upper posterior end of the foot. Form oval; anterior portion of mantle concave, smooth, subpel- lucid, with the exception of the white reticulations, which appear slightly elevated ; foot thin, oblong, projecting behind the mantle when the animal is in motion. CryYPTOPHTHALMUS CYLINDRICUS. Animal elongate, smooth, subcylindrical, sides nearly parallel ; cephalic disk about one-fourth of the entire length of the animal, depressed, subcaudate, convexly truncate in front, and furnished posteriorly with two small, appressed, triangular lobes ; eyes beneath the cephalic disk inconspicuous from above, but can be seen distinctly by turning up the edges of the disk ; the lateral lobes closely en- velop the body, extending from the head to the excretory tube, the left one overlapping the right; excretory tube at the posterior end of the body, short, convolute. Colour dusky olive, the margins of the cephalic disk paler than centrally, and the locomotive disk paler than above. Hab. Tahiti, on sea-weed. DoLABRIFERA TAHITENSIS. Animal subpyriform, elongate, widest posteriorly, rounded behind, margins thin; dorsal region furnished with scattered, minute, sub- retractile simple and branchial filaments ; head rounded above, con- vex in front ; eyes immersed, a little in advance of the dorsal ten- tacles, the pupil bluish black, and iris bluish slate ; dorsal tentacles 246 MR. W. HARPER PEASE ON NEW MOLLUscA. [June 11, strongly dilated outwards, ear-shaped, obliquely truncate and grooved ; anterior of about the same size, rather more dilated ; the whole upper surface is beautifully variegated with different shades of white, green, olive brown, and sometimes blotched with rusty brown ; locomotive disk pale greenish grey, closely and finely dotted with opake white and pale olive. Hab. Tahiti. Quite common under stones in littoral zone. Their motion is vivacious. They glide along by the middle and two lateral portions of the foot alternately. This species approaches D. olivacea of the Sandwich Islands. LoBIGER 2 Animal elongate ; the tail, margins of the foot, tentacles and centre of natatory appendages beneath papillose ; anterior portion of the body covered with a large Bulla-shaped shell, which is perforated at the apex for the passage of water or excrement, and covered with a thin greenish membrane ; tail long, arched, gradually tapering ; ten- tacles four, auriform, subconvolute, somewhat dilated and truncated; eyes immersed behind the dorsal pair; natatory appendages thin, oblong, elongate, anterior pair somewhat less than the whole length of the animal, posterior a little shorter than the anterior, widest at their outer halves, and their sides deeply incised, giving them a leaf- like appearance ; locomotive disk like Aplysia. Colour pale pea-green, tips of the tentacles tinged with yellow, a dusky marginal band along the edge of the body ; the upper surface of the natatory lobes are greenish centrally, fading into yellowish pink towards the margins, which are white ; the lower surface is of the same colour, but brighter, and the margins dusky. Station, among sea-weed on sandy bottom, in sheltered places. When disturbed, they cast off all their lobes, which retain their vi- tality for several hours. The above species I place provisionally under this genus until more fully examined. It differs, however, in the shape of its shell, and the number and shape of its tentacles. LoPpHOCERCUS VIRIDIS. Body oval or ovate; dorsal region elevated ; tentacles well deve- loped, grooved and truncated ; eyes immersed immediately behind the tentacles ; lateral lobes regular in shape, outline of the edges convex, not meeting ; foot linear, adapted for clasping sea-weed ; the whole upper surface garnished with more or less numerous, cirri- gerous appendages. Colour grass-green, mottled with darker ; some are minutely dotted with brown, others with a few blue dots, mar- gined with black rings along the edge of the lateral lobes and on the neck. Shell thin, fragile, white, ovate, striated obliquely, convolute ; outer lip separate from the apex, overlaps the inner posteriorly, and pro- duced in a tubular form. Station, on sandy bottom, among sea-weed, in shallow water. When handled, it discharges a white viscid fluid. et es Ps oe Ck ne G. West. Brain of Ateles paniscus. 1861.] PROF. HUXLEY ON THE BRAIN OF ATELES PANISCUS. 247 Doris PULCHRA. Animal soft, oblong-elongate, obtusely rounded in front, and acutely behind ; dorsal region convexly rounded ; margins thin and depressed, slightly undulated, behind the tentacles slightly contracted ; branchize small, suberect, eight or nine in number, smaller posteriorly ; plu- mule linear, tapering to a point, subquadrangular, compressed, the compressed sides finely and closely lamellated, united at base, and retractile into a common simple cavity ; vent-tube suberect and pro- minent ; dorsal tentacles rather large, oblong ovate, finely and closely obliquely lamellated, and retractile into simple cavities ; labial ap- pendages small, cylindrically tapering ; foot long, narrow, projecting considerably beyond the mantle, acutely rounded behind, and obtusely in front. Colour white, reticulated with orange-yellow and violet- brown lines ; mantle edged with violet, upper half of tentacles violet, branchial plumes edged with violet ; colour beneath the mantle same as above ; upper surface of the foot has a submarginal irregular orange band. The colour of the reticulations on the mantle varies. 7. On THE Brain or ATELES PANISCUS. By Tuomas H. Hux ey, F.R.S.,V.P.Z.S., Proressor or Natura History IN THE GOVERNMENT SCHOOL OF MINES. (Plate XXIX.) The brain of a Spider Monkey (4¢eles belzebuth) has already been partially described and figured by M. Gratiolet in his remark- able memoir ‘Sur les Plis Cérébraux des Primates’ (1854) ; but this careful observer had only old spirit specimens at his disposal, and it did not enter into his plan to give any account, either of the internal structure of the cerebrum, or of its relations to the cerebellum, or of the cerebellum itself. Hence a new description, which should touch upon these points, could hardly be superfluous, under any circum- stances ; while, at the present moment, the controversy which has arisen respecting the nature and the extent of the differences in cere- bral structure between Man and the Apes gives an especial value to all new facts. It has been affirmed—and a proposed new classification of the Mammalia has been largely based upon the assertion—that the brain of Man is distinguished from that of all Apes by possessing a posterior lobe, a posterior cornu to the lateral ventricle, and a hippocampus minor—these structures being absent in all Apes, even the highest *. I have elsewhere+ exposed the fallacy of these distinctions as ap- plied to the Apes in general; Dr. A. T. Thomsont and Dr. Rol- leston$ have proved the existence of the three structures referred to in the Chimpanzee and the Orang, by investigations upon the brains * Prof. Owen “On the Classification, &c. of the Class Mammalia,” Proc. of Linnean Society, 1857 ; Reade’s Lecture, 1859; Athenzeum, March 23, 1861. + Natural History Review, No. 1, January 1861; Atheneum, April 13th, 186. t Nat. Hist. Review, No. 1, January 1861. § Nat. Hist. Review, No. 2, 1861. 248 PROF. HUXLEY ON THE {June 11, of these animals, undertaken with especial reference to the questions under discussion ; and I propose to continue the process of recti- fication thus commenced, by inquiring into another special case— that of Ateles paniscus—and proving, by direct demonstration of the facts, that the three structures, said to be absent even in the highest Apes, are, on the contrary, largely developed* in this comparatively low American monkey, possessed of but a rudimental thumb upon its hand, and provided with four more teeth than the Old World Apes and Man. In fact, so far from its being true that the differences between Man and the Apes lie mainly in the cerebral characters, so often referred to, all the evidence now accumulated tends towards the belief that the only three, very striking, cerebral characters, absent in other Mam- malia, which can be truly affirmed to be common to Man and the Old and New World Simie, are exactly these three,—the whole of the true Apes, so far as our present knowledge goes, possessing a posterior lobe, a posterior cornu to the lateral ventricle, and a hip- pocampus minor in that posterior cornu; while these structures, so far from being in a rudimentary condition, are often more largely developed, in proportion to other parts of the brain, in the Apes than in Man. The figures 1 and 2 of Plate XXIX. represent the brains of a male and of a female Ateles of about the same size, as seen from above: both figures were drawn under my own eye by a very competent artist, and are in all essential respects perfectly faithful. It is never- theless obvious that they differ greatly—so much, in fact, that they might readily be supposed to have belonged to different species. The whole difference, however, is due to the circumstance that, while fig. 1 was drawn from an almost fresh brain, fig. 2 represents a brain which had been for several months in spiritt. The roundness of outline of the latter as compared with the former, and the more transverse direction of the fissure of Rolando, are very remarkable ; for the skulls of the two specimens show no particular difference of form. In the unaltered brain, figs. 1, 3, 4, the narrowness of the frontal lobes anteriorly, the excavation of their orbital faces, and the flatness of the superior contour are especially worthy of notice. Viewed from above, no part whatsoever of the cerebellum is visible, either at the sides or behind; while a profile view shows that the cerebral hemispheres projected, for at least =th of an inch, behind the posterior edge of the cerebellum. Whether this represents the total amount of cerebral overlap or not, I cannot say, in the absence * Since this paper was read, Mr. Marshall, F.R.S., has published, in the third number of the ‘ Natural History Review’ (July 1861) a valuable essay on the Chimpanzee’s brain, illustrated by photographs of the parts said to be absent ; and Mr. Flower, in a paper read before the Royal Society (June 20th, 1861), has de- monstrated over again the presence of the same parts in the Orang’s brain, has shown their large development in Cebus, and has even proved the presence of a large posterior cornu and of a hippocampus minor in the Lemurine Ofolicnus ! + The brain of Ateles belzebuth, figured by M. Gratiolet, pl. 10. figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, has undergone the same alteration as that represented in my fig. 2, as might be expected from the fact of its having been long preserved in spirit. 1861} BRAIN OF ATELES PANISCUS. 249 of a vertical section of an Ateles’ skull ; but it is amply sufficient to prove that, even accepting as the definition of the posterior lobe the novel formula “ All that part of the hemisphere which covers the posterior third of the cerebellum and passes behind it,” Ateles is provided with a well-developed posterior lobe. In this respect, as I have already said, it resembles all the Old and New World Simie which have yet been examined,—the only genus, within my knowledge, which even comes near to presenting an exception being Mycetes. I have not, indeed, had the opportunity of dissecting the brain of this monkey (nor has M. Gratiolet been en- abled to give any account of it) ; but the Curator of the Hunterian Museum having kindly permitted me to have a vertical longitu- dinal section of the skull of a Mycetes made, I found not only that the plane of the tentorium (and consequently the inferior margin of the posterior lobes of the cerebrum) had a much greater inclination than in any other Simian (making an angle of as much as 45° with the base of the skull), but that the cerebral overlap, measured in the manner described by me in the ‘Athenzeum’ for April 13th, 1861, does not exceed 3th of an inch, though the maximum length of the cranial cavity is 2-4 inches. Notwithstanding this reduction of the posterior lobe, however, the contrast between Mycetes, as a true Simian, and a Lemur is very striking, especially if both be simul- taneously compared with some lower Mammal, such as the Dog. The occipital foramen in Mycetes is situated altogether upon the poste- rior face of the skull, and the condyles look completely backwards, as in the Dog; while the occipital crest is placed as near the postero- superior margin of the skull as in that animal. In both, the poste- rior face of the skull looks backwards, and not appreciably down- wards. But in the Monkey the inclination of the tentorium, large as it is, is far less than in the Dog. The inner face of the occipital bone beneath the tentorium is not excavated, and the cerebral lobes projected beyond the cerebellum when the palate was horizontal. In the Dog, on the contrary, the internal surface of the occipital bone below the tentorium is much excavated ; and, when the palate was horizontal, the posterior edge of the cerebellum must have projected far beyond the cerebral lobes. In Lemur catta the inclination of the tentorial plane is hardly greater than in Mycetes; but if the palatal line be made horizontal, it will be found that the posterior boundary of the cerebellar chamber projects for 3th of an inch beyond that for the cerebrum, although the greatest length of the cranial cavity is only 1-9 inch. In fact, the cerebral hemispheres of the Lemur havea less backward develop- ment than those of the Dog. I believe that all the Lemurs are in the same case, and that the Prosimie are sharply defined from the Simie by the fact of always having more or less of their cerebellum un- covered ; so that, by this character alone, the Lemurine brain is far more widely separated from that of any Simian, than the latter is from the human brain, While one American Monkey (Mycetes) is, if the development of its posterior lobes only be taken into account, at the bottom of the 250 ON THE BRAIN OF ATELES PANISCUS. [June 11, series of Simia, if the same character alone be considered, another Simian, inhabiting the same geographical area, is at the top; I refer to Chrysothrix sciureus, whose posterior lobes, as I. G. St.-Hilaire long ago proved *, are better developed than those of any other Mam- mal, overlapping the cerebellum by one-fifth of their length. In fact, if the Primates were arranged according to the development of their posterior cerebral lobes, we should have some such descending series as the following :—Chrysothrix, Cebus, Troglodytes, Man, . . . . Mycetes—a series which sufficiently illustrates the classifica- tory value of these structures. So much for the posterior lobe. I turn now to the next point, the demonstration of the existence of the posterior cornu in A¢eles. When the lateral ventricle was exposed in the ordinary way (Pl. XXIX. fig. 5), a straight line passing from the extremity of the anterior to that of the posterior cornu measured 2°1 inches. A di- stance of 1-3 inch separated the anterior end of the anterior cornu from the commencement of the descending cornu; while a straight line ex- tending from the commencement of the descending to the end of the posterior cornu measured 0°75. Each lateral ventricle, measured from the centre of the corpus callosum to the onter boundary, at its widest point, or opposite the commencement of the descending cornu, was about half an inch wide. The posterior cornu has a general di- rection backwards, outwards, and then inwards; and, besides its general curvature, it has a secondary inflexion, so as to be a little smuous. It is wide at its commencement, but rapidly narrows, until, where it bends inwards, its walls are so close together as to give it the appear- ance of a mere fissure, whose sides are apt to adhere together in such a manner as seriously to interfere with the satisfactory definition of the posterior limits of the cornu. In preparing the specimen, of which fig. 5 is a representation, for the artist, I therefore took care not to extend these limits artificially, rather preferring to leave a portion of the cornu unopened, than to exaggerate its length. In the other brain I found the posterior cornu, on the right side (dissected in the ordinary manner), to be traceable, without the least difficulty, to within a very short distance of the posterior limit of the hemisphere ; while in the left hemisphere, which I examined by making successive vertical sections from behind forwards, the posterior cornu ended at fully a quarter of an inch distance from the posterior extremity of the hemisphere. Such sections are of particular value ; for they show the extent of the cornu without any disturbance of its natural dimensions; and a comparison of the woodcuts (fig. 1) A, B, C, &c., and A’, B!, C!, &c., which represent two series of sections of corresponding regions of the Human and the 4¢e/es’ brain, will at once show that the relative dimensions of the posterior cornu are greater in the Monkey than in Man. I may remark that, of the left hemispheres of three human brains which I have dissected for comparison with Ateles, that whose sections are represented in the figures had its posterior cornu far better developed than the other * See the ‘Zoologie du Voyage de la Vénus’ for an excellent figure of this brain. 251 Fig. 1.—Transverse sections of corresponding (left) cerebral hemispheres of Man (A, B, C, D, E) and of Ateles (A’, B’, C’, D’, E’), taken perpendicularly to the plane of the corpus callosum, along the lines marked with corresponding letters in Fig. 2. 7. calearine sulcus ; x. collateral sulcus ; 7. calloso-marginal, k. occipito-parietal sulcus; ¢c. p. posterior cornu; 2. hippocampus minor ; xx. hippocampus major. A-D, A’—D’ viewed from behind; E and E’ from in front. 252 PROF. HUXLEY ON THE [June 11, two, in one of which the cornu was a mere fissure, while in the other it was excessively short, not extending for more than half an inch behind the corpus callosum. Thus, not only does the posterior cornu of the lateral ventricle exist in Ateles; not only has it that backward, outward, and then inward curvature which has been wrongfully asserted to be peculiar to the homologous cavity in the human brain; but it is, in propor- tion, wider than in the human brain, and it is longer than in many human brains. The third point in my argument is the demonstration of the exist- ence of the hippocampus minor. But such strange confusion has been lately introduced into anatomical science, partly by a misappli- cation of well-understood terminology, and partly, to all appearance, by a want of proper acquaintance with the structure and nomen- clature of the human brain, that I must begin aé initio, by a de- scription of the latter, so far as regards the hippocampi and their related structures. The term ‘‘ Hippocampus minor ”’ was first used by Vieq d’Azyr in the following passage of his famous ‘ Traité d’ Anatomie et de Phy- siologie’ (tome i. 1786), where, in the Explication des Planches du Cerveau, pl. 6. p. 9, I find :—*‘ 26. 46. 45. Saillie ou relief qui se continue en 26 avec l’origine de la corne d’ Ammon, et qui en 45 se recourbe en dedans: c’est la partie que Morand a appellée l ergot *.”” The term “ hippocampus minor”’ has been used in the sense here defined by Vicq d’Azyr by all succeeding anatomists, as the following extract from the celebrated work on Human Anatomy, ‘“ Soemmer- ing, vom Baue des menschlichen Korpers,”’ Bd. IV. (Hirn- und Ner- venlehre, umgearbeitet von G. Valentin) pp. 195, 196, will show :— “Der Sporn, oder die Klaue, oder der Vogelsporn, oder die Vogel- klaue, oder der kleine Fuss des Seepferdes, oder der Nagel, oder der Stiefel, oder die Falte, oder der Hahnensporn, oder die hintere, oder kleinere, Wulst, oder die fingerfoérmige Erhabenheit (calcar s. unguis, s. calear avis, s. hippocampus minor, s. pes hippocampi minor, s. eminentia minor, s. digitata, 8. unciformis, s. ocrea, s. colliculus), bildet eine nach ausseu und vorn convex gebogene Erhabenheit der inneren Wand des hinteren Hornes des Seitenventrikels.” “The hippocampus minor forms an elevation, convex outwards and forwards, of the inner wall of the posterior cornu of the lateral ventricle.” There can, therefore, be uo doubt as to what is meant by the term ‘hippocampus minor.’ Another elevation of the wall of the ventricle is known to human ’ * “Ce relief est, comme la corne d’Ammon, ou hypocampe, formé d’une lame blanche a sa surface, et, plus profondément, de substance grise : il occupe l’angle interne du prolongement postérieur des ventricles latéraux, comme I’hypocampe celui du prolongement inférieur des mémes cavités; et il ne différe de cette pro- duction qu’en ce qu’il se termine par une pointe mousse, tandisque l’autre s’élargit en s’éloignant de son origine. On peut donc le regarder comme un petit hypo- campe, et le désigner sous le nom de hypocampus minor par opposition avec l’hy- pocampus major, qui est la corne d’Ammon. Cette nomenclature m’a paru plus conyenable que celle d’unguis, de colliculus, &c.” 1861.] BRALN OF ATELES PANISCUS. 253 anatomists as the ‘ Eminentia collateralis,’ for an authoritative defi- nition of which I will again quote Soemmering’s Anatomy, “ Die seitliche Erhabenheit oder die langliche Seitenerhabenheit oder die Nebenerhabenheit (eminentia lateralis, s. collateralis, s. Meckelii), bildet eine wulstige Hervorragung welche vor dem Eingange in das hintere und neben dem in das untere Horn des Seitenventrikels liegt, und nach aussen von dem Ammonshorne sich befindet. Uebrigens wird diese Benennung offenbar auf verschiedene, variabele, grossere oder unbedeutendere, Erhabenheiten, die neben dem Ammonshorne, in dem Bereiche des unteren Hornes des Seitenventrikels vorkommen, angewendet.”’ “The eminentia lateralis, or collateralis, or Meckelii, is formed by a rounded elevation which lies in front of the entrance into the poste- rior, and beside that into the inferior cornu of the lateral ventricle, and is situated external to the cornu Ammonis.” It will be observed that Valentin, who has taken great care to col- lect together the multitudinous synonyms of the parts of the brain, does not enumerate ‘‘ pes hippocampi minoris”’ among those of the eminentia collateralis; nor has the term ‘pes hippocampi minoris’ been ever used in this sense by any anthropotomist of authority. And if it be an error in terminology to apply the name of pes ‘ hip- pocampi minor?s’ to the eminentia collateralis, it is a still greater error, in point of anatomical fact, to assert that ‘‘ the eminence continued backwards from the pes into the posterior cornu is the hippocampus minor*.”’ If any eminence is continued backwards from the emi- nentia collateralis into the posterior cornu (as sometimes happens) it lies in the floor of the cornu, alongside the hippocampus minor, but perfectly distinct from it. But it will perhaps be better to demon- strate this elementary fact over again, though I feel that the doing so necessitates an apology to those who are conversant with the ana- tomy of the human braint. The lower figure of the woodcut (fig. 2) represents the inner sur- face of one of the hemispheres of the human brain. The contour is taken from one of Foville’s Plates, but only the principal sulci are indicated,—those marked /, m, and x being put in from a speci- men which I dissected, so as to ascertain their true nature. Of these sulci, that marked 77 is the sulcus called by Gratiolet ‘ fronto-parie- tal,’ a name which involves an ambiguity, and for which I therefore propose to substitute ‘ calloso-marginal,’ as this sulcus lies between the corpus callosum and the margin of the hemisphere; & is the oc- cipito-parietal sulcus (scissure perpendiculaire interne, Gratiolet); 1 is the posterior part of the ‘‘ scissure des hippocampes”’ of Gratiolet. This sulcus is a very remarkable one. Commencing just in front of * Prof. Owen, Athenzum, March 23rd, 1861. + Compare, for example, the well-known standard English ‘ Elements of Ana- tomy,’ by Quain and Sharpey, where the relations of the eminentia collateralis and hippocampus minor to distinct convolutions are clearly pointed out (p. 710). Malacarne (Encefalotomia Nuova, 1780, part ii. p.67) describes the continuation of the eminentia collateralis forwards into the descending cornu under the fanci- ful name of “‘ Gamberuolo,” or greave. It appears to be more constantly of large size than the continuation backward into the posterior cornu. 254 PROF. HUXLEY ON THE [June 11, the posterior thickening of the corpus callosum, opposite x, it rapidly deepens as it is traced backwards, and forms a great fissure, extending, in some parts, for as much as 3 of an inch upwards and outwards, and passing backwards until it nearly reaches the posterior margin of the hemisphere, where it terminates by dividing into two short, but deep, branches, a superior and an inferior. Traced from before back- Fig. 2. ph ke s 1 i Fig. 2.—View of the inner surface of the left cerebral hemisphere of 4éeles, of the natural size, and beneath it a corresponding view of the human left cerebral hemisphere reduced to the same size. In the latter only the principal sulci are indicated. i. calloso-marginal sulcus ; &. occipito-parietal sulcus ; /. cal- carine sulcus; m. dentate sulcus; x. collateral sulcus ; 2. continuation of the callosal gyrus (18) into the uncinate gyrus (19). A, B, C, &c., A’, B’, C’, &e., the lines along which the transverse sections in Fig. 1 are taken. 1861.} BRAIN OF ATELES PANISCUS. 255 wards, or from within outwards, the line of this sulcus presents a strongly marked, but irregular, upward convexity. On making successive transverse sections of this cerebrum from be- fore backwards (woodcut, fig.1. A, B, C, D), the fissure was seen, in its most posterior part (A), to pass almost horizontally outwards for a short distance, and then to divide into an upward and a downward branch. In front of A it forms a curve strongly convex upwards, without any terminal bifurcation ; in B it is much longer and less convex ; in C it is but slightly sinuous, and in D it is a little concave upwards and inwards. Combining these views with those given in fig. 2, it is easy to form an estimate of the figure of the surfaces of the upper and under lips of the sulcus ; but what is most important about it is, that, so far as the posterior cornu extends, the closed end of this sulcus corresponds with the hippocampus minor («), which last is, in truth, nothing but the arch of cerebral substance which, at once, forms the outer boundary of the sulcus and the inner boundary of the cornu. From its special relation to the hippocampus minor, or “ calcar avis,” I shall call this the “calearine”’ sulcus; but it extends be- yond the calcar and the posterior cornu, both anteriorly and poste- riorly, particularly in the latter direction. Nevertheless it does, in a definite sense, correspond with the inner wall of the posterior cornu. The calcarine sulcus dies away anteriorly, at the point indicated, and is in no way continuous with that sulcus which has a relation to the hippocampus major similar to that of the calcarine sulcus to the hippocampus minor, and which, for distinction’s sake, I will call the ‘dentate’ sulcus, on account of its relation to the fascia dentata or corps godronné. This narrow and well-known sulcus lies between the letters m and m, the lower m being placed opposite its termination in the fold formed by the recurved part (crochet de l’hippocampe, Gratiolet) of the so-called ‘uncinate’ convolution (19). Thus the den- tate sulcus, which corresponds with the hippocampus major, is sepa- rated from the calcarine sulcus, which similarly answers to the hippo- campus minor, by the rounded process of cerebral matter, x, this last being, in fact, the inferior and posterior continuation of the callosal gyrus (circonvolution de l’ourlet of Foville, pli du corps calleux of Gratiolet). This continuation of the callosal gyrus into the uncinate gyrus is regarded as an anomalous peculiarity of the human brain by M. Gratiolet (/. c. p. 64) ; but, so far as I have examined into the matter, it is similarly continued into the uncinate gyrus in Apes. Ending at a point considerably anterior to the calcarine sulcus, sometimes in a bifurcated extremity, there is another deep sulcus, n, x, which runs, at first, roughly parallel with /, 7, but is much longer, being continued along the inner and under surface of the temporal lobe nearly to its extremity. Although not so deep as the calcarine sulcus, it is continued upwards and outwards, for a considerable di- stance ; and throughout its whole course, the bottom, or roof, of the sulcus underlies the floors of the descending and posterior cornua. Ifa vertical section be taken through the eminentia collateralis (E, p. 251), it will be found that the arch of cerebral substance, ec, whose con- vex side receives that name, by its concave side bounds the sulcus in 256 PROF, HUXLEY ON THE [June 11, question: in other words, the eminentia collateralis stands in the same relation to x as the hippocampus minor to //, or the hippo- campus major to mm. From the region especially named by ana- tomists “ eminentia collateralis,” the sulcus n, 2, which may be con- veniently termed the ‘collateral’ sulcus, is continued forwards and backwards, and preserves, as might be expected, a similar relation to the parts which are the continuation of the eminentia collateralis, viz. the floors of the descending and posterior cornua respectively, as it had to that eminence. It is difficult to imagine a much more definite proof, if any were wanted, that the hippocampus minor is in no sense a continuation of the eminentia collateralis. In the brain whence the sections A to E were taken, the floors of both the descending and the posterior cornua were particularly broad (C, D); but even here the posterior cornu became a mere crescentic slit posteriorly (B). However, the continuation of the collateral sulcus was always directed upwards and outwards towards the bottom of the slit*. A comparison of the views here given, of the inner face and of sections, of Man’s brain, with, as nearly as possible, corresponding views of the brain of Ateles (woodcuts, figs. 1 and 2) is exceedingly instructive. The principal sulci alone exist in Ateles ; so that its brain furnishes a sort of sketch map of Man’s. The calloso-marginal sulcus, i, 2, is easily recognizable; so is the occipito-parietal sulcus, k, k; though the latter, instead of being straight and forming an obtuse angle with the plane of the corpus callosum, as in Man, is strongly convex forwards}, and, on the whole, makes an acute angle with the same plane. As a consequence, the occipital lobe (occ) is much larger, proportionally, than in Man, while the quadrate lobule is part passu smaller. The calearine sulcus, /, /, has the same general direction and the same bifureated termination, asin Man. Anteriorly, it ends just in front of the level of the posterior edge of the corpus callosum (the prominent uncinate gyrus must be pushed aside to see its termination) ; and it is, as in Man, separated from the dentate sulcus by the narrow prolongation of the callosal gyrus downwards into the temporal lobe, «. Lastly, the collateral sulcus, 2 n 2, is traceable—though interrupted at intervals—through the same extent, as in Man; and of the three parts into which it is broken, the pos- terior is continued back even further than in him, and passes a little on to the outer and posterior face of the hemisphere. The greater * T have recently had the opportunity of dissecting ten human brains, and, in all, I have found the calcarine and collateral sulci to present the relations described above, with perfect constancy. On the other hand, nothing could be more vari- able than the length and form of the posterior cornu of the lateral ventricle, and the relative and absolute size of the hippocampus minor. In one of these brains—that of a negro—the posterior cornua were almost absent, not exceeding one-third of an inch in length, on either side. In another the cornua were both 14 inch Jong and very wide, with a large hippocampus. Another had a posterior cornu 4 an inch long on the left side, 1 inch on the right. In yet another it was much longer on the right than on the left side, &c. t I found this in both brains. M. Gratiolet represents the corresponding sulcus in 4, belzebuth as nearly straight. 1861. } BRAIN OF ATELES PANISCUS. 257 proportional width of the uncinate gyrus, contained between the cal- carine and dentate sulci above, and the collateral sulcus below, is marked in dteles. The transverse sections (fig. 1. A’, B', &e.) are no less strictly comparable to those yielded by the human brain, the chief differences being that, throughout the greater part of its length, the calcarine sulcus possesses the bifurcated outer extremity which its posterior part only presents in Man; and that the collateral suleus is smaller and further out in proportion, and hence the uncinate gyrus is larger. As to the hippocampus minor, the transverse sections (fig. 1) clearly show how much larger it is, proportionally, in 4¢eles than in Man; while the horizontal section (Pl. XXIX. fig. 5) exhibits its exact correspondence with the definition quoted above—viz. “an elevation of the inner wall of the posterior cornu of the lateral ven- tricle, which is convex outwards and forwards ;’’ and, as might be expected from the transverse section, it shows the larger proportional size and greater outward convexity of the Monkey’s hippocampus minor. The eminentia collateralis, on the other hand, is far less developed in A¢eles than in the particular human brain whence the sections are taken; but it is quite distinctly visible at the junction of the posterior and descending cornua. The floors of both these cornua, however, are so narrow, that the eminentia can hardly be said to be continued into them, as it sometimes is into the posterior cornu, and almost always is into the descending cornu, in the human brain. Thus, in exact contradiction of what has been affirmed, it is the hip- pocampus minor which 7s developed, and the continuation of the eminentia collateralis backwards which is not developed in the Monkey. The sulci and gyri of the outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres present in Ateles paniscus the same essential arrangement as in the Ateles belzebuth, described and figured by M. Gratiolet. Dividing the hemisphere into five lobes (frontal, parietal, median, temporal and occipital) the median (insula—Island of Reil) hidden between the lips of the Sylvian fissure, is a mere smooth convex projection, wider above than below, or having somewhat the shape of a triangle, with its apex downwards and forwards, and wholly devoid of sulci. The small frontal lobe is divided by the horizontal sulci into the three infero-frontal, medio-frontal, and supero-frontal gyri. The antero- parietal sulcus is placed very far forward, at the commencement of the Sylvian fissure, joins the supero-frontal sulcus, and then sends a branch backwards. The postero-parietal sulcus (scissure de Ro- lando) is situated so far back that the antero-parietal gyrus (1° pli ascendant, Gratiolet) is exceedingly thick, and it passes backwards, as well as upwards, towards the inner and upper margin of the hemi- sphere, close to which it terminates. The postero-parieatl gyrus (2° pli ascendant) widens superiorly, in consequence of the backward inclination of the upper part of the Sylvian fissure, to form the postero-parietal lobule (lobule du deuxiéine pli ascendant), which Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1861, No. XVII. 258 PROF, HUXLEY ON THE [June 1], presents one or two minor sulci upon its surface, and has its inner edge notched by the upper end of the calloso-marginal sulcus. The temporal lobe, again, is plainly divided into the usual antero-tem- poral, medio-temporal, and postero-temporal gyri, and the occipital lobe has a horizontal suleus which marks off an infer-occipital gyrus from an upper region representing the super- and medi-occipital gyri. In both brains I find a distinct occipito-temporal sulcus (scis- sure perpendiculaire externe), though M. Gratiolet states that this very Simian fissure is obliterated in Aéeles (/. c. p. 76). However, he figures what I cannot but consider to be this sulcus in his pl. 10. f. 2. Another point on which I am much inclined to differ from M. Gratiolet is that which he himself regards as a difficulty—viz. the extent of the fissure of Sylvius. I cannot find the “ pli intermé- diaire, trés petit il est vrai,’’ which he supposes (J. c. p. 75) to bound the upper extremity of the Sylvian fissure. On the contrary, it ap- pears to me to be one continuous sulcus ; and admitting this to be the case, it will not be longer than the Sylvian fissure of the Douroucouli (Gratiolet, pl. 11. figs. 10,11). Butif this be the fact, then 6, fig. 4, will be the angular gyrus (pli courbe) and 14, fig. 4, will be the second annectent gyrus (deuxiéme pli de passage). This interpretation, again, would diverge from that given by M. Gratiolet ; but I must confess that, to me, the least satisfactory part of this able observer’s treatise is that which relates to the identifica- tion of the angular gyrus and the annectent gyri, throughout the series of the Primates. The transverse diameter of the cerebellum (Pl. XXIX. figs. 4, 6, 7) is much larger, in proportion to its antero-posterior measurement, than in Man, and the sides of the upper surface slope more away from the vermis superior. The anterior and posterior notches are almost obliterated, the posterior extremity of the vermis extending very nearly as far back as the level of the posterior edges of the cerebellar hemispheres. The transverse diameter of the vermis is much greater, in proportion to the whole diameter of the cerebellum, than in Man, and the vermis inferior presents no such sharp distine- tion into pyramid, uvula, &c., as in the human subject. The great horizontal fissure is distinct and tolerably deep ; but I could discover no definite minor fissures, and consequently no demarcation of the upper, or under, surfaces of the hemispheres into lobuli. There are not even any distinct lobules, as amygdala, beside the uvula. On the other hand, the flocculi are enormous, and end in prominent rounded processes, which fit into deep fossee upon the inner surfaces of the petrosal bones. A distinct posterior medullary velum was visible on each side, connecting the nodule with the flocculus ; and the valve of Vieussens, as usual, united the processus e cerebello ad testes. The arbor vite was well-marked and complex in its branchings, in a vertical median section of the cerebellum. Of the corpora quadrigemina the nates are smaller than the testes ; but the brachia superiora are larger than the brachia inferiora, on 1861.] BRAIN OF ATELES PANISCUS. 259 which latter the corpus geniculatum internum looks almost like a ganglion. The pons is large and convex, but nevertheless leaves tolerably well-defined corpora trapezoidea upon the surface of the sides of the medulla oblongata, which last exhibits distinct oval olivary bodies. The pituitary body, very large and spheroidal, is connected with a prominent infundibulum, which is separated by a slight transverse notch from the single corpus mammillare. The commissures, third ventriele, pineal gland, &c., presented nothing remarkable. The neryes are large in proportion to the brain, particularly the olfactory nerves (which are very broad and flat), the optic nerves, and the oculo-motor nerves ; but beyond their large size, they differ in no striking respect from the correspond- ing parts in Man. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX. (All the figures are of the natural size.) Fig. 1. Brain of A¢eles paniscus (female), almost fresh, viewed from above. Fig. 2. Brain of a male A¢eles, preserved in spirit and altered in form. Fig. 3. Under view of the female brain. The cerebellum has fallen back by its own weight beyond the posterior edges of the cerebral hemispheres. 7. flocculus. Fig. 4. Side view of fig. 1. Fig. 5. The same brain dissected, to show the lateral ventricles and their cornua. ca, anterior; c d, descending; cp, posterior cornu; * hippocampus minor. On the right side, the distance between the extremities of the diverging lines indicates the whole length of the cornu on one side, in the female brain. Fig. 6. The cerebellum viewed from above ; vs, vermis superior. Fig. 7. The cerebellum viewed from below ; v7, vermis inferior. NOMENCLATURE AND LETTERING OF ALL THE FicuREs. Cerebrum : Lobes: frontal lobe, Fr; parietal, Pa; median, M; temporal, Te; occ:- pital, Occ. Gyri (of the outer face) : 1. Infero-frontal (étage surcilier). 2. Medio-frontal (étage frontal moyen). 3. Supero-frontal (étage frontal supérieur). 1’. Supra-orbital (plis orbitaires). 4. Antero-parietal (premier pli ascendant). 5. Postero-parietal (deuxiéme pli ascendant). 5'. Postero-parietal lobule (lobule du deuxiéme pli ascendant). 6. Angular (pli courbe). 7. Antero-temporal (pli temporal supérieur). 8. Medio-temporal (pli temporal moyen). 9. Postero-temporal (pli temporal inférieur). 10. Super-occipital (pli occipital supérieur). 11. Medio-occipital (pli occipital moyen). 12. Infero-occipital (pli occipital inférieur). 13. First external annectent 14. Second external annectent 15. Third external annectent 16. Fourth external annectent / f (plis de passage externes). 260 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON.A NEW GALLINULA. [June 11, Gyri (of the inner face) : : 17. Marginal (pli de la zone externe). 18. Callosal (circonvolution de l’ourlet, Foville) (pli du corps calleux). 18’. Quadrate lobule (lobule quadrilatére, Foville). 19. Uncinate (circonvolution a crochet, V. d’Azyr) (lobule de l’hip- pocampe). 20. Dentate (corps godronné). 21—24. Internal annectent (plis de passage internes). 25. Internal occipital lobule (lobule occipital). Sulci (of the outer face) : i a. Infero-frontal. 4. Supero-frontal. c. Antero-parietal. d, Postero-parietal (scissure de Rolando, Leuret). e. Sylvian. Jf. Antero-temporal (scissure paralléle). g. Postero-temporal. h. Temporo-occipital (scissure perpendiculaire externe). Sulci (of the inner face) : i. Calloso-marginal (grand sillon du lobe fronto-parietal). k. Occipito-parietal (scissure perpendiculaire interne). 1. Calcarine (posterior part of the scissure des hippocampes). m. Dentate. n. Collateral. ca, cd, cp, anterior, descending, and posterior cornua of the lateral ven- - tricles. * hippocampus minor ; ** hippocampus major. ec, eminentia collateralis, or its continuation. [The synonyms given above are taken from the work of M. Gra- tiolet when no other anatomist’s name is attached to them. ] 8. On THE ISLAND-HEN OF TRISTAN D’AcUNHA. By Par.ip Lutiey Scuater, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., SecreETARY TO THE Society. (Plate XXX.) The fact of the existence of a bird of the family Rallide, with im- perfectly developed wings, in the Island of Tristan d’Acunha has already been recorded by more than one writer*. One of the objects most interesting to naturalists in the fine collection of living animals lately received by the Society from His Excellency Sir George Grey, to which I especially called the attention of the Society at their last meeting +, was a single example of this bird—the first of its kind that has reached Europe alive or dead. It appears to belong to a new species of the genus Gallinula, closely allied in general aspect to our Common Water-hen (G. chloropus), though readily distinguishable on accurate comparison. Five living examples of this bird were brought from the Island of Tristan d’Acunha to Cape Town by a person formerly in the service of Sir George Grey. Two of them were accidentally killed at Cape Town, but their skins, except the heads, were preserved by Mr. Benstead, * See Mr. J. H. Gurney in Zoologist, p. 4017 (1853), and Capt. Carmichael in Linnean Trans. xii. p. 496. t See antea, pp. 208, 209. 1861.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON A NEW GALLINULA. 261 and are now before the Meeting. Of the three that were shipped for England for the Society, two died on board, but their bodies were placed in spirits and brought to England. Fortunately the remain- ing individual reached our Gardens in safety, and may now be seen in excellent health and condition in the large Aviary. The name “ Island-hen” given to this bird by the inhabitants of Tristan d’Acunha has suggested to me the specific term nesiotis (vnowris, insularis), under which I propose to characterize this spe- cies as GaLLiInuLa NEsroTis. (PI, XXX.) Capite et collo undique cum corpore subtus saturate nigris: dorso toto, alis extus, tectricibus caude superioribus et hypochondriis brunnescenti-olivaceis : crisso nigro, tectricibus subcaudalibus pure albis circumdato : striis lateralibus, sicut in G. chloropode, albis ; campterio alari et remigis primi margine externo albidis : rostro et clypeo frontali coccineis, illius apice flavo : pedibus flavicantibus. Long. tota 9°0, alee 5°5, caudee 3°3; rostri a rictu 1°25, tarsi 1°9, digiti med. cum ungue 2°7. Hab. In Ins. Tristan d’ Acunha. Obs. Sp., quoad colores, G. chloropodi haud dissimilis, sed capite et ventre valde obscurioribus et forma crassiore, alis minoribus et pedibus robustioribus facile nota. The coloration of this bird is much the same as that of the Com- mon Moor-hen, but generally darker, and the head and body beneath are of a dull black, not ash-coloured. The form of the present species is, however, much shorter and thicker, and the legs generally more stout, though the toes are not longer than in G. chloropus. The characteristic red garter, which surrounds the base of the thigh in the Moor-hen, is also partially seen in the new species. On com- paring the wings together, we find that of G. nesio¢is nearly an inch shorter, and the feathers remarkably soft and inferior in size to those of G. chloropus. The primaries appear to be all present, but their barbs much less developed, and the stems are likewise much less in size. As far as can be judged from the specimen in our Gardens, the bird can flutter a little, but obviously uses its legs and not its wings as a mode of escape from its enemies. On dissection of one of the examples in spirits, the general ap- pearances of the soft parts coincided with those of the G. chloropus. The length of the whole intestine was about 29 inches: two large czeca, of about 3 inches in length, were situated 24 inches from the anus; the intestine was of nearly uniform size throughout; the gizzard was large and muscular; the thighs were remarkably large and fleshy. On comparing the skeleton of G. nesiotis with that of G. chlo- ropus we find a development of the femora and pelvis corresponding with the outward appearances and change of habits. The total length of the femur in G. nesiotis is nearly four lines greater, and its whole size is larger than that of G. chloropus. The difference in 262 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON A NEW GALLINULA. [June 11, the size of the pelvis is shown by the accompanying outlines (see woodcut), fig. a representing the pelvis of G. nesiotis, and fig. 6 that Fig. a. Fig. 8. of G. chloropus. There are also conspicuous differences noticeable on comparing the sterna of the two species, as will be visible on Fig. c. Fig. d. examination of figs. e and d, which give the outlines of this part of the skeleton of G. nesiotis and G. chloropus. The sternum of 1861. ] MR. A. D. BARTLETT ON THE JAPANESE PIG. 263 G. nesiotis is much shorter, broader, and the keel is not nearly so deep. The following are some of the most important corresponding dimensions of this part of the two birds in inches and decimal parts :-— G. nesiotis. G. chloropus. Length of sternum and coracoids........ 2°45 2°90 Distance between outer ends of coracoids.. 1°35 hd Doevitht wikeel: 3 cchatels aici cans AS hae oie aes 0°35 0°55 Length of keel along the base .......... 1°50 1°85 Length of keel along the crest.......... 1°35 1:95 I may remark, that the only other known land-birds of Tristan d’Acunha are the singular Thrush described by Mr. Gould (P. Z. S. 1855, p 65) as Nesocichla eremita and a Bunting referred by Capt. Carmichael to Emberiza (Sycalis?) brasiliensis. The latter’s Turdus guianensis is doubtless intended for Nesocichla eremita. 9. REMARKS ON THE JAPANESE MASKED Pia. By A. D. Bartuett. This remarkable animal differs so much from all the varieties of domestic pigs, that I am inclined to believe its origin must have been from some species distinct from our common stock. Tn —= ~ ITY The singular form of the head and face (see woodcut), together 264 ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [June 11, with the enormous development of skin, and the regular arrange- ment of the wrinkles, the large and pendulous ears, the drooping muzzle, together with its intelligent eye, give this animal a dog-like appearance ; in fact, the frequency of the remark made by persons seeing these animals for the first time confirms this opinion. Apart, however, from this, the whole structure of this animal is well worthy of consideration: the sides of the rump, and also from the top of the shoulders downwards, are thick folds of skin, which are much harder on those parts than elsewhere, and hang about in the same position and manner as the plates on the same parts of the Indian Rhinoceros. Having placed with the male of this animal two or three young sows of the Berkshire breed, I have succeeded in obtaining a mixed race. These half-bred pigs very closely resemble the male, bemg black with white feet, and exhibit the wrinkles on the face, but in a less degree. In what way our domestic breed of pigs has been produced it is difficult to imagine. It is, however, very remarkable that in the Wild Boar of Europe, Africa, and Asia the young are always striped at birth, and in no instance is this marked character found in any of our domestic breeds; but the colour and markings that appear at birth continue during life unaltered. Not so with the wild species, whose young, although striped at first, gradually lose these markings as they grow to maturity. The skeleton of this animal has not, at present, been examined. I can say, however, that the form of the skull is strikingly different from that of any of the species of Sus that I have seen. The following list of additions made to the Menagerie during the month of May was read to the Meeting :— Presented by 1 Secretary Bird ............ Serpentarius reptilivorus |E. L. Layard, Esq., F.Z.S. VW Ocelotipe. cesanscsusconcilonces Felis pardalis ,...0+...+s. W. Duncan Stewart, Esq. 1 Axis Deer .sesse.ssscessseee Corpus A228 acveccuceas. 00 Eari Fitzwilliam. 1 Cross-bred Cashmere Goat Capra hircus, var........+. Ear] Fitzwilliam. 1 Ichneumon ............0000.: Herpestes griseus .........|H. K, Dixon, Esq. 1 Pinche Monkey ............ Hapale edipus ....+...000+ M. F. de Paula Mafero. 1 Chinese Sand Grouse...... Syrrhaptes paradoxus ...|Cpt.Commerell, R.N.,V.C. T Nightinpaleyccessesressesecs Luscinia philomela ...... Mr. Mason. 2 Canadian Geese ............ Bernicla canadensis ......|T. N. Hunt, Esq., F.Z.S. 7 Young Kingfishers ......... Alcedo ispida....1....0+++ ..|J. C. Cumming, Esq. 1 Common Buzzard ......... Buteo vulgaris .........06 W. Broderick, Esq. L Zebra) cacecoseiiesasesescraes Equus burchellii ....0+... 1 Ko0d00 ...c.seerererereerees Strepsiceros Kudu .....0++- ] Blesbok,| 2ooscsescespsesesssiep Damalis albifrons ......... | Grysbok cccntsecsreeessccock: Calotragus melanotis ...| | His Excellency Sir q Rehbok 2.0.03 ..seesesesress Heleotragus capreolus ... George Grey, F.Z.S. ppsteinbok: ..cseuennsseresaees Calotragus tragulus ...... rd 3) EAN U5Y0) Sa saeeeeeeee secre Cephalophus pygmeus ...| | A Cape HyTaxcrcsc...ccsercsse. lyr ax CApPensis..,...200++- I 1861.] LETTER FROM DR. SHORTT. 265 Presented by MGDYARVORE! ne. sesccscacssas chase Dasyurus Maug@i......00. 1 Pigtailed Monkey ......... Macacus nemestrinus ... 1 Wattled Crane .......00.4. Grus carunculata ......... 2 Stanley Cranes ............ Tetrapteryx paradisea ... 1 Island Hen ......se000+ sees Gallinula nesiotis ......... Coronella cand ....0+..+40 His Excellency Sir Leptodeira rufescens...... George Grey, F.Z.S. Psammophis sibilans...... 8 South African Snakes... 4 |Boodon lineatus..........+. Lamprophis aurora ....+. Bucephalus capensis ...... L | Nata haje ......ccoccsseoeee 2 Chameleons.........sseeee.ee Chameleo dilepis ......... Capt. G. C. Bird. 1 Chinese Kite ............006 Milvus govinda ......+2+... Capt. G. C. Bird. 13 Chinese Golden Fish ...| Cyprinus auratus, var....|Capt. Pope. 1 Collared Peccary............ Dicotyles torquatus ...... W. Duncan Stewart, Esq. 1 Slow-paced Lemur......... Stenops Javanicus ..+...... 3 Wheatears ........s.seceeees Saxicola enanthe ......... | purchase 1 Indian Civet Cat............ Viverricula indica......... Of these, Strepsiceros kudu, Damalis albifrons, Calotragus tra- gulus, C. melanotis, Gallinula nesiotis, Coronella cana, Leptodeira rufescens, Psammophis sibilans, Boodon lineatus, Lamprophis aurora, Bucephalus capensis, and Chameleo dilepis, were stated to be exhi- bited in the Society’s collection for the first time. June 25th, 1861. Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair. The Secretary read an extract from a letter from Dr. Shortt, F.Z.S., dated Chingleput, May 10th, 1861 :— *« By the present mail I send you the head and skin of a Snake common to this place; the natives call it ‘Cathree Pamboo’ (Scis- sors Snake). This name it gets on account of the double fangs, as you will see from the specimen I send. The snakes are large; one I killed the other day measured 4 feet 6 inches in length, and was 7} inches in circumference at its thickest part; it is prettily marked, and is considered extremely poisonous and deadly. These snakes are common in prickly pear (Cactus opuntia) hedges, sometimes are found about gardens and rocks ; they live on rats, mice, birds, frogs, &c.; the natives are in great dread of them. I find that they are very delicate, from being so easily killed; the slightest blow kills them. To suspend them with a noose attached to some part of the body for a couple of minutes kills them. I have been trying to get a live specimen, but in consequence of their deadly poisonous nature and the terror with which a native looks on them, and from their delicacy in being so readily killed, I have not succeeded. Three have been brought me, but they were either dead or dying ere they reached me. 266 LETTER FROM DR. G. BENNETT. [June 25, **T am inclined to believe that this is ‘ Vipera russellii’ of E. W. Gray ; but, if so, it is not known by the same native name here as he gives to it. Russell, I think, calls it ‘ Runniadi vyrien’ (opening- glass) ; but not seeing the double fang noticed in any work I have consulted, and finding the same to exist in three snakes that were brought to me, I take the liberty of sending this specimen, and should be glad to have your opinion upon the matter.”’ The Secretary stated that the skin of the snake in question was referred by Dr. Giinther to Daboia elegans—a well-known Indian and Ceylonese species. The double fangs were produced by the new pair coming forward before the old pair were completely shed, and were, therefore, only exceptionally present. The following extract was read from a letter, dated Sydney, April 19th, addressed by Dr. G. Bennett, F.Z.S., to the Secretary :— * You will recollect I mentioned in my ‘ Gatherings’ a specimen of the Semipalmated Goose (Anseranas melanoleuca). That bird I found on my return to Sydney alive and well, and it has been pre- sented to me by its owner Mr. Clarke. In the young bird the legs and mandibles were fiesh-colour ; in the adult they are of a light reddish-orange colour, except the horny tip of the mandibles, which were of a light-blue colour. The black and white plumage—the former colour predominating—imparts to the bird a very handsome appearance as it walks with a stately tread (not with the waddlin gait of the goose) about the yard of my house like one of the Waders. I have, however, from ignorance of its natural habits been the pro- bable cause of the death of this bird, and I send you the following remarks, considering they may be of some service to those desirous of domesticating them. This bird was reared from the egg hatched under a common hen, and has survived nearly four years and a half domesticated in daily amicable intercourse with ducks, geese, and all kinds of poultry, and always appearing playful and happy in their society. But it unfortunately happened that, when sent to me, I was not aware of its aversion to a solitary life. When alone in the yard I noticed that it did not eat. Fearing that it had not his usual food, I made inquiry, but found that it had its accustomed food. Still, however, it moped, and more frequently than usual made its peculiar clanging noise ; and although he would walk about the yard, yet he more frequently mounted the high flight of stone steps and squatted upon the lofty wall, remaining there for the most part of the day. Although it did not feed well, yet it would often wash itself in a tub of water placed for its use, and drank a good deal of water. At last it became ragged in plumage, the wings drooped, and it died after having been in my possession only from the 28th of February to the 25th of March. On mentioning the circumstance to a relation of the donor, I was then informed, but too late, that if kept by itself it would droop and refuse food; but when placed among other fowls became lively, playful, and fed well. I fear that many birds and other animals perish in our menageries by inattention to these ap- parently trivial circumstances, which are, however, most essential to 1861. ] LETTER FROM CAPT. J. H. SPEKE. 267 their successful rearing and preservation. I have been informed-by those who have eaten of these birds in the southern parts of Australia that they are usually thin, and the flesh coarse and not well-fla- voured.”’ The following letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Capt. J. H. Speke :— ““H. B. M. Consulate, Zanzibar, 22nd September, 1860. *“‘Srr,—I have the honour to inform you that I have this day packed and left at this house two cases of specimens of natural hi- story, which will be forwarded to the Royal Geographical Society, London, through Her Majesty’s Secretary of State, as soon as an op- portunity offers itself to Her Majesty’s Consul. They will probably be forwarded by the next Hamburgh vessel that leaves this port. **], The specimens are preserved in spirits. All those found in case No. 1 were collected in this island, save one Teal, one Sand- piper, and one Lily-stalker, which were procured at Delagoa Bay ; also one Owl from Europa Island, and one Vampire Bat from the Island of Johanna, all of which may be easily recognized by a bit of twine tied round one of each of their legs. «2, All the specimens in case No. 2 are from Johanna Island. The two larger Crabs are land ones ; whilst the two smaller ones and the shells were taken from a sweet stream. ** Note.—The little Antelope in case No. 1 is a young male three- parts grown. There are many of them in this island, but whether they have been imported or not appears doubtful. Some people imagine they were first brought over and imported here from Arabia by the late Imaum of Muscat; but I would not recommend this be- lief to be accepted until further inquiry has been made ; for there are pigs on this island as well as these antelopes, and it is not likely that Mussulmans would have brought them here. “3. In furnishing these specimens, I am sorry that I cannot give you more particulars about them, since the necessities incidental to the organization of the expedition have occupied my time too much for me to make the collection with my own hands. I have, there- fore, employed my Hottentot guards both in shooting and in skinning them ; but I think you will find them preserved in such a manner as to be easily recognizable at first sight. ‘In concluding, I would beg you to be good enough to have these as well as all other specimens that I may send you from Africa— after they have been duly compared and reported on—placed aside in one compartment of the Society’s house until my return home to England, when I shall be able to particularize them with you. ‘© T have the honour to be, Sir, ‘Your most obedient servant, «J. H. Speke, “To P. L. Sclater, Esq., * Com. E. African Expedition.” Sec, Zoological Society, London.” 268 MR. G. F.ANGAS ON PHASCOLOMYS LATIFRONS. [June 25, The Secretary reported as follows in reference to this collection :— ‘““The case No. 1 has arrived in good order, but the glass in No. 2 has been broken, and the spirit has evaporated, leaving the prepara- tions dry and mostly spoiled. “The Mammals are three in number, (1) the Antelope from Zan- zibar, which Dr. Gray was at first inclined to consider a new Calo- tragus, but now believes to be Nesotragus moschatus, von Duben, juv. Dr. Peters informs me that he likewise met with this species in the island of Zanzibar. (2) Pteropus edwardsi, Geoffr. (Peters, Zool. Reis. i. p. 23), nearly allied to, but according to the high au- thority of Dr. Peters distinct from, Pt. medius, Temm., of India— the species which we have now alive in our Gardens, and which is commonly called Pt. edwardsi. This Bat is from Johanna, Co- moro Islands. (3) Cricetomys gambianus, Waterh., from Zanzibar. “The birds, being in spirits, cannot be satisfactorily determined until they have been taken out and dried. This I am not willing to do until Capt. Speke’s return, and I therefore content myself for the present by stating that the three species from Delagoa Bay are of the genera Erismatura, Parra, and Hiaticula; that the Owl from Europa Island is a S¢riz ; and that there are fifty specimens of Birds from Zanzibar referable to thirty species, mostly well known. “The Reptilia are two, from Zanzibar, which, as determined by Dr. Giinther, are Chameleo dilepis and a Monitor, probably M. niloticus. “The birds from Johanna Island (in case No. 2) are a Dicrurus and a Muscipeta; the Crabs are of the genera Sessama and Cyclo- graphus, and the Mollusk is a species of Navicella.” The following papers were read :— 1. NoTES ON THE BROAD-FRONTED WOMBAT OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA (PHAscoLomys LATIFRONS, Owen). By GrorGe FRENCH Ancas, CorRRESPONDING MreMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society or Lonpon, CoRRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF VIENNA, MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF VIENNA, ETC. The existence of a second species of Phascolomys on the Australian continent was established some years ago by Professor Owen, from a skull sent to England from South Australia, and named by him Phascolomys latifrons (see ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society ’ for 1845). Mr. G. R. Waterhouse, in his excellent work on the Marsupiata, says, “Of the Broad-fronted Wombat, all that is known is a skull sent from South Australia to Professor Owen. This skull presents so many marked differences when compared with that of the Phasco- lomys wombat, that no doubt can be entertained of the existence of two distinct species of Wombats.” I have lately had the opportunity of examining a full-grown male example of the Broad-fronted Wombat, now living in the Botanical 1861.] MR. G. F. ANGAS ON PHASCOLOMYS LATIFRONS. 269 Gardens in Adelaide, and of comparing it with two adult specimens (male and female) of the Tasmanian Wombat, which, fortunately enough, were being exhibited at the time in Adelaide. The differ- ences between the two species were so evident, that I was induced to make a careful drawing of P. latifrons, which, together with my ob- servations and measurements of both animals, I have much pleasure in laying before the Society. When I first saw the Wombat in the Adelaide Gardens I was at once impressed with the idea that it was an animal altogether distinct from that figured by Mr. Gould in his ‘ Mammals of Australia ;’ but as I was unable to refer to a copy of that magnificent work in this colony, I hailed with pleasure the arrival of the living Tasmanian Wombats, an inspection of which set aside all my doubts as to the distinctness of the two species. Phascolomys latifrons, Owen. Adult male. Total length 38 inches. Fur fine and silky, rather long, particularly on the hind-quarters ; colour light silvery mouse, tinged with buff and purplish brown, browner on the face; the chest is white; the remainder of the under surface is of a reddish mouse-colour ; the feet are of the same colour as the body; the claws are smaller than those of P. wombat ; the toes are covered with hair to the nails ; under lip blackish ; there is a light-coloured spot above the eye, and a corresponding one below it; with a dark triangular patch extending underneath the eyes in front towards the nostrils; eyes small, irides dark hazel; eyelids black ; nose flesh-coloured ; the bristles of the eyebrows are black and rather long, as are also those in the centre of the cheek and round the nostrils; tail naked and very small; the hind quarters present somewhat of that peculiarly flattened or truncated appearance observable in the ordinary Wombat ; the ears are well-clothed with hair internally. The following are the dimensions of P. latifrons:— in. lin. Length from tip of nose to root of tail...... 37 0 OF EBT aa Seis 0yas Sa arab Se wh at 4, 0 OG BEBE siete ips a oet 3 ati, aa care 2 10 0 LNCS SE, EE elas ee er 3 8 Breadth between tips of ears.............. 8 0 DEEMECH TOOLOL CARS fonts wea sc:e0( ) OO BELWOCIN EVER aor tct id eyeaies anc asretpl oo Me Girth of skull in thickest part ............ 18 0 OR ERIE BOOY oon Dante 61) eos! hr 2B pS Length of hind foot, including claws ...... 4 4 SR TRIE ee a8 stb. alata oe aha 3..3 Flese rt Re SOMMER aah oia2.. «, bisste woe: 2d ohn 12 0 Bit MN cn FS, eee ns aa Sjeys Store ge 14 0 Length of hind claw 4 an inch; fore claw .. 1 0 Phascolomys wombat, Péron et Lesueur. Adult male. Total length 33 inches. Fur very rough and coarse, of a dark grizzly- grey ; ears quite small, blackish brown outside, whitish internally ; nose nearly black, and more pointed than that of P. latifrons, giving 270 MR.G. F. ANGAS ON PHASCOLOMYS LATIFRONS. [June 25, to the face an expression slightly resembling the ‘‘ Koala”’ (Phascol- arctos cinereus) ; whereas the P. latifrons presents a bold, bull-dog- like aspect from the greater expansion of his face and width of nostrils ; the tail is naked and rudimentary ; the feet are black, as are the hairs of the fur covering them above; the claws are black, and are longer and more powerful than those of P. latifrons. The general aspect of P. wombat is more bear-like than that of P. lati- frons. In standing it arches its back considerably, and does not hold its head so erect as the latter animal ; the expression of the eye, too, is decidedly fierce, and lacks the good-natured twinkle of the South Australian species. Next to the form of the skull, one of the most striking specific differences manifests itself in the colour, character, and texture of the fur; in sleeping it rolls itself almost into a ball, burying its nose between its fore-paws. 'The measurements I made of the adult male of the P. wombat are as follows :-— in. lin. Eire NEOP CA ares 5 o's a3 (5 te = sae oars 33 0 | beer Sa d 10) ge 1%) eee Pea eine eet Bae |) Breadth between tips of ears.......... 6 9 Breadth between eyes ......... sede ae mgt oe CCIE ON CRIS ccd ik aca wie iene dein sia bee Girth round centre of body .......... 29 6 Height, middle of back.............. 19 0 The specimen of P. Jatifrons in the Adelaide Botanical Gardens is the only one I have yet seen. It was caught some twelve months since near the Gawler River, about thirty miles north of Adelaide. It is kept in an enclosure, where it is secured with a strong chain and collar to prevent its escape by burrowing ; it is perfectly docile, and never attempts to bite, like the Common Wombat ; it is fed artifi- cially on bran and weeds, and drinks freely of water. The only sound it emits is a short quick grunt when annoyed; it sleeps a good deal during the day, and appears impatient of heat and rain, as in its wild state it is entirely a burrowing animal, living in large holes in the limestone districts, and only leaving its habitation towards dusk for the purpose of obtaining food. The specimen in the Gar- dens is fond of lying on its back like a bear, the feet are thoroughly plantigrade, and on the inner hind toe the claw is quite rudimentary. He will burrow 3 or 4 feet into the soft ground of his enclosure, and scratches alternately with his fore paws. When worried he will turn his hind quarters to the enemy, and, suddenly turning round, make a charge at his legs, evidently for the purpose of throwing him down ; otherwise he is perfectly harmless. He runs fast for a short distance in a sort of gallop, but soon tires, and is easily caught. Although in some parts of the colony, especially on Yorke’s Penin- sula and about Port Lincoln, the holes of these Wombats are very numerous, yet the animals are but rarely seen. Many of the oldest colonists have informed me that they never saw a Wombat alive. The blacks on the Murray describe two kinds of Wombats, one (evi- 1861.] DR. W. BAIRD ON A SPECIES OF SCLEROSTOMA. 271 dently P. latifrons) they speak of as “big yellow fellow,” the other as being smaller and dark ; they also say that the impressions of their feet in the sand-tracks leading to their burrows bear a striking resemblance to those of the foot-prints of a young child. The flesh they describe as being like pork, and excellent eating ; they are ex- tremely difficult to obtain on account of their great timidity. The usual plan is to make a screen of boughs in the vicinity of their haunts, behind which the natives conceal themselves; and then, if not killed on the spot, they will scramble to their holes, from whence it is utterly impossible to dislodge them. Collingrove, South Australia, April 1861, 2. NoricE oF THE OCCURRENCE OF SCLEROSTOMA EQUINUM 2? IN THE TESTICLE OF THE Horse. By W. Barro, M.D., F.L.S. The entozoon known by the name of Sclerostoma equinum or ar- matum has long been known as infesting the Horse. According to Rudolphi, Dujardin, and Diesing, it is very common at all seasons of the year in the large intestines of that animal, as well as in the Ass and Mule. It occurs also, though more rarely, in the duodenum and pancreas, and a smaller variety is not uncommon in the aneu- rismal sacs of the mesenteriac and cceliac arteries of these animals, which appear to be liable to that disease. As far as I am aware, however, this parasitic worm has only been once observed, and that by Gurlt, as occurring in the testicle of any of these animals. This author has recorded his having found it in the tunica vaginalis of the Horse. Lately a specimen of what appears to be another variety of this species was received by Professor Owen from a gentleman who had taken it from the substance of the testicle of a young colt which had just been gelded. Only one individual’was sent—a female ; and though it differs somewhat from the ordinary specimens of the Sele- rostoma equinum in the horse, as characterized by the authors men- tioned above, I am unwilling to describe it from a single individual as a distinct species. The specimen is about an inch in length, and is strongly marked with transverse rings, which encircle the body, but appears destitute of the longitudinal striz which Rudolphi and Du- jardin describe as distinguishing. the equinum. The circular rings on the centre of the body are about the fourth, but nearer the head only a third, of a millimetre apart from each other; whilst in the ordinary specimens of eguimum they are described as being very fine, and according to Dujardin only 0°0043 mill. The tail, too, is much more obtuse than in the ordinary specimens of the equinum, and the whole animal is more robust, though not longer. The specimen appears to be an immature individual ; and as I have not been able to refer to Gurlt’s notice of the specimens he found in the tunica vaginalis of the testicle of the horse, I must satisfy myself at present with merely recording the fact of its being found in this country 272 MR. S. HANLEY ON A NEW PANDORA. [June 25, also, trusting to have an opportunity at some future time of exami- ning additional specimens. 3. DescrIPTION OF A New Species or PANDORA. By Sytvanus HANntey. Panpora cumineil. Testa magna, semilunaris, maxime inequt- lateralis, concentrice obsolete undata. Latus anticum per- breve, haud (ut in P. ceylanica) latus posticum valde productum et sensim rostratum in latitudine superans. Rostrum acclive, ad apicem satis (vix tamen in adultis) angustum, obtuse sub- biangulatum. Margo dorsalis anticus subito declivis ; posticus notabiliter incurvatus ; ventralis perarcuatus et utrinque equa- liter acclivis. Area dorsalis lata, complanata. Nates acute, conspicue elevate. Cardinis dentes haud longi. Long. 13 poll., Jat. 2 poll. Hab. Samar et Negros, Insulas Philippinas (Cuming.), in luto arenoso. This falchion-shaped Pandora exhibits the general aspect of P. ceylanica (Sowerby), but the sides are much more unequal, and the front one is no broader than the hinder. The groove which runs below the incurved dorsal margin is less narrow than is usual in this genus. 4. Descriprion or A New Genus or SHELLS FROM THE COL- LECTION OF Huecu Cumine, Ese. By Henry Apams, F.L.S. Genus Arora, H. Adams. Testa ovato-fusiformis, vir umbilicata, tenuis ; spira elevata ; anfractibus convewis;liris elevatis spiralibus et lamellis tenuibus cancellatis ; apertura ovali, antice producta ; labio levi, ro- tundato, antice subreflexo ; labro margine simplici, acuto. Shell ovate-fusiform, slightly umbilicated, thin ; spire elevated ; whorls convex, cancellated with elevated spiral ribs and thin lamelle ; aperture oval, produced in front ; inner lip smooth, rounded, slightly reflexed at the fore part ; outer lip simple, acute. Ex. Alora gouldii, H. Adams. Trichotropis gouldii, A. Adams. This shell, described by my brother as a species of Trichotropis, has been supposed by some to belong to the family Melanide, and to have been washed down the River Chiriqui, in the Province of Veragua, near the mouth of which the first specimens were found. The Rev. P. P. Carpenter, however, informs me that specimens have since been procured from Panama by Judge Cooper and Col. Jewett, of New York, and that it is truly marine. The genus differs from Trichotropis in the produced, Melania-like aperture, and in the absence of a canal. 1861.) DR. GRAY ON MR. DU CHAILLU’S MAMMALS. 273 5. Opservations on Mr. Du Cnariyv’s Papers on “Tar New Species oF MAMMALS” DISCOVERED BY HIM IN WESTERN EavaroriaL Arrica. By Dr. Joun Epwarp Gray. Mr. Du Chaillu, in a maiden zoological paper in the ‘ Journal of the Natural History Society of Boston,’ for 1860 (pp. 296 and 353), describes fifteen’ species of Mammals, and gives a short notice of a sixteenth, which he collected in Equatorial Africa, and which he be- lieves to be undescribed. Having lately had the opportunity of examining these animals, I am induced, in response to Mr. Du Chaillu’s challenge, to lay before the Society the following observations on them. I may observe that the determinations are founded on the com- parison of the specimens named by Mr. Du Chaillu with typical spe- cimens in the collection of the British Museum. TROGLODYTES CALVUS, sp. nov., Du Chaillu, Boston Journ. N. Hist. 1860, p. 296; Travels, t. 32. p. 232, t. 48. p- 357, t. 63, p- 422. TROGLODYTES KOOLOO KAMBA, Du Chaillu, Bost. J. p. 358, Travels, t. 39. p. 270, t. 49. p. 360, t. 50. p. 361. Ihave examined the skins of these presumed new species, and | am not able to discover any character by which they can be distinguished from the common 7. niger. Dr. Sclater and my assistant Mr. Ger- rard have each examined the skulls and skeletons, and they inform me that they have come to the same conclusion ; and I observe that the writer of chapters 20 and 21 of Mr. Du Chaillu’s ‘ Explorations,’ and Professor Owen, both speak of them as interesting varieties of that species. The baldness appears to be only an individual pecu- liarity of the specimen ; the hair seems to have been worn off: the skin, like most of the others, is in a very bad state, The common Chimpanzee has been described long ago as forming a shelter of boughs and leaves; so that it could not be a peculiarity in the 7. calvus ; and it is very doubtful if this does not arise from their having been observed sittmg under the shelter of some parasitic plant, perhaps a Loranthus. Dr. Franquet, in the ‘ Archives du Mus.,’ is inclined to believe that there are three species or varieties of the Chimpanzee. Mr. Du Chaillu, in the paper above referred to, doubts the distinctness of these, and believes Dr. Franquet has described as distinct the old and young of the common Chimpanzee. (See observations on Mr. Du Chaillu’s figures of the animal in ‘Ann. and Mag. N. Hist.’ 1861, June, p. 463 et seq.) I may observe that one skull of an old animal in the collection differs from the other Chimpanzee’s skull in the lower edge of the lower jaw being straighter and more at a right angle with the ramus of the jaw, and in having the hinder angle rather more produced. This makes the skull stand erect on its base, whilst the others are inclined to fall backward on the condyles; but this must be only an Proc. Zoou, Soc.—1861, No. XVIII. 274 DR. J. E. GRAY ON MR. DU CHAILLU’S [June 25, individual peculiarity. ‘The same difference of form is said to occur in the skulls of the Gorilla. CERCOPITHECUS NIGRIPES, Du Chaillu, Bost. Journ. p. 360. This species is evidently different only in age from Cercopithecus ervlebenti, Dahlb. & Pucheran in Rev. Zool. 1856; Dahlb. Studia Zool. i. 102, t. 5. f. 12. Mr. Du Chaillu’s specimen and the one in the British Museum have the sides blacker than in the figure above cited ; the latter is said to be from a young specimen. It has been compared with C. pogonias. Oroxicnus ApPicaLis, Du Chaillu, Z. c. p. 361. The specimen of this species is formed on evidently an Ofolicnus or Galago; but it is in a very bad state, and the ears are quite de- stroyed, apparently by mice or cockroaches. The white at the end of the tail I should say was an accidental or individual peculiarity, not a specific mark. It is very like Galago crassicaudatus, judging from the description. There is a young animal in the collection, that appears to belong to the same species, which has not the white tip to the tail. GENETTA FIELDIANA, Du Chaillu, 7. c. p. 302. This species is only the Genetta pardina of I. Geoffroy. It is erroneously stated by Mr. Du Chaillu to be allied to G. poensis. CyNoGALE veLox, Du Chaillu, 7. ¢. p. 361. The specimen is in a bad state: only a skin (skinned by the mouth), with only three feet, the end of the tail broken, and without any skull. The feet are rather small and weak; the toes compressed, not webbed; the five toes of the forefeet all free ; the five of the hind feet very unequal, the two outer being the strongest and longest, the two middle rather shorter, more slender, united together to the nail ; the inner much shorter, slender, and free ; claws all compressed, curved. The tail is very strong, thick (compressed in the skin), and covered with short close-pressed hairs ; the upper part of the base and the nar- row central ridge along the upper surface covered with longer hairs, like the back. The fur, like that of the Otter, with longer, fiat, stri- ated hairs. Whiskers very long, rigid. Ears thin (part eaten), small. This may be a Glirine animal; it certainly has no affinity to my genus Cynogale. It is more like the genus Fiber, which has a similar tail. Mr. Du Chaillu observes : ‘‘ Only a single species of Cynogale being described, and that a native of Asia, I thought the different shape and proportions of the tail, with its African habitat, were sufficient to make this the representative of a different genus, for which I pro- pose the name of Potamogale. Preferring, however, to wait until I 1861.] _ “NEW SPECIES OF MAMMALS.” 275 can procure the skull and skeleton, I have placed it in the genus Cynogale, to which it certainly bears a close resemblance ;’? and, again, ‘the teeth resemble those of the above genus of Gray, as well as the general appearance ; but the size of the animal, the length and character of the tail, and the habitat, indicate a distinct species.” IT may state that the animal has no relation to the genus Cynogale; and, from the form of the feet, I suspect it is a Glirine and not a Ferine animal—perhaps more allied to Fiber than Cynogale. I can- not conceive that Mr. Du Chaillu’s proposed name of Potamogale has any claim to be adopted, as he gives no character to‘it, and the description of the feet which he gives is very incorrect, and does not at all fit the specimen ; so much so that, if the character of his genus were drawn from his description, no one could recognize the animal, especially as he does not know the toes from the claws ! His description is as follows:—‘“‘ Extremities small, the first joint enclosed within the skin of the body; feet five-toed, plantigrade be- hind ; soles bare; claws curved and sharp; fore claws (!) very slightly, if at all, webbed; hind claws (!) partially webbed, and the external border of the tarsus fringed with a membrane ; tail stout, compressed laterally, the terminal three-fourths sharp above, and at the eud below, terminating in a point.” I therefore propose that it should be called Mythomys, which may be thus characterized :—Skull and teeth unknown. Whiskers elon- gate, rigid. Toes 5°5, compressed, elongate, free, except the two middle toes of the hind feet, which are united together to the claws. Tail thick, compressed, covered with short adpressed hair, except at the base and along the upper margin, where it is covered with elon- gated, close, soft fur. © Fur soft, with flattened, elongated hair, pro- duced beyond the fur as in Fiber and Castor, or Hydromys ; its tail is very like F%ber, only much thicker and stronger. Mythomys velox=Cynogale velox, Du Chaillu. ANOMALURUS BELDENI, Du Chaillu, J. c. p. 303; Travels, p- 455 (not fig.). This is dnomalurus derbianus, Gray (A. fraseri). The figure given as the species in the ‘Travels,’ p. 455. t. 70, is copied from Ford’s figure of A. beecroftii, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852 (Mammalia, Pl. XXXII.). ' AnomALuRus ——? New species not yet described (Travels, Appendix). There are two specimens so marked in the collection; they are Anomalurus beecroftii, Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, t. 32. The tails of the two specimens are short in the skins: but one is imperfect, and the other has had the bones partly pulled out; so that the tail is apparently shorter than it really would be in the perfect animal, These animals, which appear to be more allied to Myoxus than Sciu- rus, are nocturnal, and rest quiet during the day in dead trees, eS oes es ee ee See => 276 DR. J. E. GRAY ON MR. DU CHAILLU’S {June 25, Scrurus norpuorri, Du Chaillu, 7. c. p. 363. This is a dark state of Sciurus stangeri, Waterhouse. It has the characteristic short black streak behind the ears of that species well marked. Scrurvus Eportvorvs, Du Chaillu, U. c. p. 363; Travels, p. 282, t. 41. Mboco, or Ivory-eater. This is likewise a state of fur of S. staagert with red feet; it also has the streak at the back of the ear well marked. I may observe that the Common Rat eats elephant’s tusks, and is said to choose the best. Scrurus witsonu, Du Chaillu, /. c. p. 364. This is also probably a state of fur of Sciurus stangeri, ; but it may be distinct, as the black streak behind the ears is not to be seen. If it is distinct, it is very nearly allied to that species; but I think it probable that, when more specimens are obtained, they may all three prove to be only a single species, It agrees with Sciurus mutabilis, Peters. ScrurRvs SUBALBIDUS, Du Chaillu, lee. p- 365. This is the Sciurus rufobrachium of Mr. Waterhouse. Scrurus rusripes, Du Chaillu, /. ce. p. 366. This is Sciurus pyrrhopus of F. Cuvier. The two specimens in the collection differ from the Museum specimen in being larger, and in having the crown of the head and legs deep bay ; but this is just the character of a more adult animal. It is to be observed that the Seiuri are exceedingly variable in their colour, even specimens taken in the same locality and at the same time; and M. Temminck has shown that they present two states of fur and colour according to the seasons. Scrurus minutus, Du Chaillu, J. c. p. 366; Travels, p. 453, t. . Keudo Squirrels, not characteristic. I have not seen this species before. The figure, which I think I recognize as copied, gives little cr no idea of the character of the species. The tail is varied; that is, it has a pale-edged darker border. I believe it is Sciwrus palliatus, Peters, Monatsb. 1852, p. 273; Reise nach Mossambique, p. 184, t. 31. f. 1, t. 32. f. 3, skull. TRAGELAPHUS ALBOVITTATUS, Du Chaillu, 7. c. p.299; Travels, t. 44, p. 306. This is evidently only a specimen of Antilope euryceros of Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 120; Tragelaphus euryceros, Gray, Cat. Ung. B. M. 137. Mr. Du Chaillu observes, ‘In coloration it somewhat resembles -the ZT. euryceros, Gray.’ Yet in the ‘Atheneum Joarnal,’ 25th May, 1861, he states “ that he now for the first time brings a skin.” 1861.] ‘NEW SPECIES OF MAMMALS.” 277 Our specimen came from the Bight of Biafra. Mr. Du Chaillu says it is found in forests in the interior, and not in maritime plains or flat country (p. 301). The specimen is without hoofs, ears, or tail ! PoTAMOCHGRUS ALBIFRONS, Du Chaillu, 7. c. p. 301; Travels, t. 62 at p. 422, is P. penicillatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 129. This animal differs in the colour of the face from black to white. Specimens of both varieties are in the collection. It is called the Camaroon River Pig ; but Mr. Du Chaillu says it inhabits high table- lands, both on the coast and at the head-waters of Fernando Vah. Manatvus oweEnt, Du Chaillu, J. c. p. 367. I may observe that I cannot find. any distinction between this and the other African Manatees, which have been called M. senegalensis, M. latirostris and M, vogelii (P.Z.S8. 1857, p. 29). The African species are distinguished from the American one by the larger size of the malar bone, and in the base line of the lower jaw being more curved. In the American skull the lower edge of the malar bone is nearly straight, with a moderate-sized rugose tubercle in the middle. In the African skull the lower edge of this bone is more or less produced, according to the age of the animal, forming a rounded lobe, which is largest in the adult skull, and giving a nearly semicircular form to the lower edge of the bone. The skulls of Mr. Du Chaillu’s specimens exactly agree with the figure of the skull of M. senegalensis in Blainville’s ‘ Ostéographie.’ The skull figured in the same work, named M. latirostris, is like our younger one from the W. African coast. There are three skulls and imperfect skeletons in Mr. Du Chaillu’s collection ; the skulls appear to become broader, the central space on the top of the head wider, and the tubercle on the under side of the malar boue larger as the animal increases in age. The adult form is shown in Dr. Baikie’s figure, P. Z. S. 1857, p- 29, t. 51. TROGLODYTES GORILLA. The first indication of the Gorilla which I recollect to have seen was an imperfect skull (which had been used as a fetish) that was brought from the Gaboon by Mr. Bowdich on his return from the Ashantee Mission in 1817. This skull, it was then thought, might be that of an adult Chimpanzee; though Bowdich in his work (pages 440, 441) mentions both the Inchego (Troglodytes niger) and the Ingéna (7. gorilla) as distinct kinds. Mr. Thomas Savage, the American Missionary at the Gaboon, having obtained several skulls, in 1847 pointed out the distinction between the skull of the Gorilla and the Chimpanzee ; and Professor Owen followed up the subject, and figured two skulls in the ‘ Pro- ceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1848, observing that ‘some scepticism might be expected as to the alleged specific distinction of the large and small Chimpanzee by naturalists who had not been 278 MR. R. F. TOMES ON A COLLECTION [June 25, able to realize the differences by actual comparison of specimens.””— P. Z.S. 1848, p. 34. But to show how little these describers knew of the perfect animal, I may state that an adult male black Chim- paunzee was offered by Mr. Henry Stutchbury to the British Museum as ‘fan adult female Gorilla; ” and this specimen was afterwards purchased by a foreign Museum, and has been exhibited since as a “ Gorilla.”.—See Commission on the British Museum, 1849, App. No. 19, p. 12. For not believing that this black animal was a “Gorilla,” I have been represented as doubting the distinctness of the species. On the other hand I may state that a specimen of a young Gorilla was exhibited for some months in Wombwell’s Menagerie in the North of England as a Chimpanzee, and was as tame and tractable as the young of that animal usually are. This specimen is now preserved at Walton Hall, Wakefield. 6. Rerort oF A Coxttection oF MAMMALS MADE By OsBERT Saxvin, Esa., F.Z.S., ar DueNas, GuATEMALA; witH Notes ON SOME OF THE Spectres, BY Mr. Fraser. By Roserr F. Tomes, Corr. Mem. Z.S. (Plate XXXI.) 1. Desmonpvus rurvus, Pr. Max. A great many specimens have been brought home by Mr. Salvin, and a smaller number by Mr. Fraser. The latter gentleman says, “Native name Murcilago, very common. I find nothing but blood in the intestines and stomach. My mule is bitten every night; can- not say by what.” 2. GLOSSOPHAGA LEACHI, Gray, sp. Monophyllus leachii, Gray, Zool. Voy. Sulph. Mamm. p. 18, 1843. Of this species I find but one specimen in the collection. This I think somewhat remarkable, as it is abundant in Central America, and has a considerable geographical range. Great numbers have been collected in Mexico, and forwarded to Europe by M. Sallé. 3. STURNIRA (Sa each The head of a small species with white facial stripes, somewhat like those of Arctibeus lineatus. It is smaller in size than Sturnira lilium, and has a rather more obtuse muzzle. ?4. ScoTOPHILUS URSINUS. Vespertilio ursinus, Temminck & Le Conte. Vespertilio carolinensis, Geoffroy. The types of V. carolinensis contained in the Paris Museum pre- sent two distinct varieties, which however appear to vary in no other respects than that of size. The larger one has been subsequently called Vespertilio ursinus by M. Temminck ; and in this separation | Wolf, del et lith. M & N.Hanhart, Imp’ MYOXOMYS SALVINI. 1861.] OF GUATEMALAN MAMMALS. 279 into two species he has been followed by Major le Conte. That the V. ursinus of these authors is identical with the larger specimen of V. carolinensis in the Paris Museum, I am able to state from actual inspection of the types. It remains for further observation to de- termine whether they are really distinct. Only one specimen appears in the present collection, although a great number have been col- lected by M. Sallé in Mexico. 5. SOREX MICRURUS, 0. Sp. The present species, which I believe to be new, is in size somewhat inferior to the European Sorex vulgaris. In general form it is not unlike that species, excepting that it has a very short and slender tail. In its dentition it approximates pretty closely to the species com- posing the group of American Shrews, which has been defined by Prof. Baird in the following terms :—‘“‘ Third premolar larger than the fourth, smaller than or equal to the second.” The species thus characterized are Sorex pachyurus, S. forsteri, S. richardsonii, and S. platyrhinus. From these, as well as from other Shrews from Coban, which have been named by Dr. Gray, it differs remarkably in the small size of the tail. The fur is rather long for the size of the animal, very thick, soft, and a little glossy. The general hue of all the upper parts is darkish grey-brown, with a slightly grisly appearance. It is darkest on the top of the nose and top of the head, and thence along the middle of the back to. the root of the tail. On the sides of the back it is a little paler, and from this it becomes insensibly paler on the sides of the body, until the whole under surface may be called a lightish grey-brown, tinged on the chin and along the middle of the abdo- men with yellowish rufous. On all parts of the body the fur is lead-coloured at the root, paler above than beneath. ‘The feet and tail are clothed with thinly scattered short hairs, of a lightish grey colour. “ “ “ “a Length of the head and body ...... Ge (REAR oceans Satoels'< 6s 0 10 0 SRL TSO 2s ee een 0 from end of nose to eye.... —— 0 41 0 0 from end of nose to ear .... —— of the fore foot and claws .. 0 4 of the hind foot andclaws.. 0 53 O 52 The above description has been drawn up from three specimens, two of which, being preserved in spirits, have furnished the above dimensions, and from the third, which is preserved in skin, the qua- lity and the colouring of the fur have been noted. 6. Lurra cu1Lensis, Benn. P. Z. 8. 1832, p. 1; Waterh. Zool. Voy. Beagle, Mamm. p. 22. The specimen collected in Guatemala by Mr. Salvin agrees with 2380 MR. R, F. TOMES ON A COLLECTION [June 25 the description and figure given by Mr. Waterhouse of L. chilensis. Especially the inner lobe of the carnassier tooth may be noted as having the same angular form as in that species. In L. platensis the inner lobe of the carnassier approaches more or less to a semi- circular form. I regret that I have examined neither specimen nor figure of L. californica; but the figure of the cranium of L. cana- densis, given by Prof. Baird, exhibits the same form of carnassier tooth as in L. platensis. 7. Fewis mitts, F. Cuy. 8. CERCOLEPTES CAUDIVOLVULUS, Illiger. 9. Nasua Fusca, Desmarest. 10. Meruitis MesoLevca, Licht. ? M. de Saussure, in the ‘ Revue de Zoologie’ for 1860, p. 6, has described a species of Mephitis from Mexico, which he says is in- termediate between M. leuconofa and M. mesoleuca, but has the size of the latter; ¢.e. about that of a cat. It has a single white dorsal line which terminates angularly on the top of the head, and is con- tinued along the middle of the back, becoming narrower as it ap- proaches the tail—the terminal two-thirds of which are wholly white. The length of the head and body is stated to be 15 or 16 inches (French), and the tail 9 or 10 inches. The provisional name of M. intermedia is proposed for the species. The specimen from Guatemala, while it agrees in some degree in size with the Mexican one, has a much longer tail and a much smaller proportion of white on the back and tail. I describe it as follows. Wholly black, with a small elongate white spot on the forehead, anda broad white stripe which commences abruptly on the top of the head between the ears, and passing backward along the neck becomes narrower as it reaches the shoulders, and about the middle of the dorsal region divides into two narrow and ill-defined lines, which ex- tend to the hips, and are then lost. On the rump the hair is wholly black, and outwardly the tail appears of the same colour. However the hairs for fully two-thirds from its end are white at their root for a fourth of their length. Length of the head and body, about ........ af the tail) abouts sce s.ccieaueiejeee = 1 5 Obs. The concealed white of the terminal part of the tail leads me to suspect that, at a more advanced age, that part might becom e wholly white; and the resemblance to M. mesoleuca would then be much greater. Should it, however, prove that the animal of which I am now speaking is in adult livery, it must be regarded as distinct ; and I would then propose for it the name of M. longicaudata. No specimen resembling this is contained in our National Collection. 11. VULPES CINEREO-ARGENTATUS. A flat skin, and a very young specimen in skin. 1861.] OF GUATEMALAN MAMMALS. 281 12, Dasyprocra aGutT1, Linn. 13. Lrerus PALUSTRIS. Lepus palustris, Bachm. J. A. N, Sci. Philad. vii. 1837, pp. 194 & 336; Waterh. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 119. Lepus douglasii, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, p. 586. 14, Sciurus LUDOVICIANUS. Sciurus ludovicianus, Custis, Barton’s Med. et Phys. Journ.ii. 1806, Sciurus magnicaudatus, Harlan, Faun. Amer. 1825, p. 178. S. rufiventer, Desm. Mamm., p. 132, 1822. S. macroura, Say, Long, Exped.i. p. 115, 1823. S. subauratus, Bachm. P. Z.S. 1838, p. 274. 15. SciuRUS CAROLINENSIS, The specimens contained in Mr. Salvin’s collection differ from the ordinary specimens of S. carolinensis in being smaller and much more strongly tinged with brown or rufous. There are not sufficient grounds, however, for regarding them as distinct from that species, the differences being such as we might expect to meet with. 16. Scrurus ——? 17. Sciurus 2 I am at present wholly unable to determine these two species with certainty, and prefer therefore rather to leave them unnamed than to run the risk of adding to the confusion of nomenclature which is already so great amongst the American Sciuride., 18. PTEROMYS VOLUCELLA. Only one specimen appears, from which unfortunately the skull has been removed. It holds precisely the same relation in colour to North American specimens as that which I have noticed in the case of the Guatemalan examples of Sciurus carolinensis. It is everywhere much more strongly tinged with rufous, and has the fur a little coarser. In size it resembles examples from the United States. 19, SIGMODON BERLANDIERY, Baird. The present species differs merely from the well-known S. hispidum in being a little larger, and rather paler in colour. It is very doubt- fully distinct from the latter species. From the number of speci- mens collected by Mr. Salvin and Mr. Fraser in Guatemala, and by M. Sallé in Mexico, it would appear that the Sigmodon is very abundant in Central America. 20. Mus muscu.vs. Two specimens only of this species have come to hand; and these would scarcely deserve comment, excepting that, although obviously adult, they are of smaller size than European specimens. Others collected by Mr. Fraser at Pallatanga resemble in this respect those from Guatemala, ; 282 MR. R. F. TOMES ON A COLLECTION {June 25, 21. NEOTOMA FERRUGINEA, N. Sp. The present species of Neotoma is so well-marked a species, that it will be scarcely necessary to lengthen the description by comparing it with other species of the genus. It is typically a Neotoma, and in size about equals the Mus rattus of Europe. General form rat-like ; the head rather elongate, and the muzzle somewhat pointed. Mufile small, being little more than a flat space between the nostrils, and with scarcely any part quite free from short, fine, scattered hairs. Upper lip cleft from the muffle downwards, and well covered with short hairs ; nostrils rather small and rounded. Ears simple, roundish, of medium size, and not con- cealed by the fur. Whiskers quite as long as the head. Fore feet short; the two middle toes of equal length, the outer one about 14 line shorter, and the inner one not more more than 1 line shorter ; claws very short, thumb rudimentary, its nailrounded. Palms with five well-defined and rather large tubercles, of which the anterior one occupies a position at the root of the middle toe, two others are placed one at the root of each of the outer toes, and the remaining two have a transverse position behind those just mentioned, nearly as far back as the carpus, the outer one being a little the further back of the two. The hind feet are remarkable for their breadth, and for having, like the fore feet, toes which are nearly of a length. The tibia is rather long in relation to the foot, although perhaps not in relation to the size of the animal. On the sole of the hind foot are six tubercles, the three anterior ones arranged like those of the fore feet, and a fourth appears at the root of the inner toe. Imme- diately behind the tubercle of the outer toe, and near to the middle of the sole, is placed the fifth, which is much smaller than the others ; and behind that of the inner toe is the sixth, much the furthest back, and near the inner boundary of the sole. The arrangement of these tubercles is much the same as in N. floridana ; but in con- sequence of the shortness of the foot, they are of a less elongated form, though fully as prominent. The claws, like those of the fore feet, are short. The tail is as long as the head and body, and tapers evenly to a somewhat obtuse point ; it is finely annulated, and pretty evenly suffused with short black hairs, which, even towards the end of the tail, where they are most abundant, do not conceal the scales. The under surface is much less distinctly hairy than the upper. The distribution of hair on the under surfaces of the fore and hind feet is as follows :—Short and thick fur, of nearly the same quality as that of the body, extends on the fore legs quite to the carpus ; it is white inside the leg, and of the same colour as the upper parts of the body outside of it. On the upper surface of the toes the hairs are silvery white, adpressed, short, and projecting forward around the claws so as to hide them. ‘The hind legs have the tibize densely hairy behind, quite to the os calcis, and from thence there is an ex- tension of adpressed greyish hairs along the inner side of the sole to the posterior tubercle ; but there is a very narrow line left near the outer boundary of the sole, which is quite free from hairs. On the upper surface of the foot the hair of the legs extends somewhat 1861.] OF GUATEMALAN MAMMALS. 283 further, and from this the foot is covered with short, adpressed, sil- very hairs, grey on the foot and white on the toes. The general colouring is remarkable, and unlike that of any other species of Neotoma. All the upper parts are of a bright rufous colour, and all the under parts pure white, the line of separation being very clear and distinct. The fur of the back is mixed with black hairs, giving that part a much darker colour than the sides of the body, where these hairs are less abundant. Fur of the outer surface of the fore and hind legs strongly tinged with dusky, inner surface of the fore legs whitish, of the hinder ones dusky grey. On nearly all parts of the body the fur is bicoloured, dusky at its roots for two-thirds of its length; on the upper parts the dusky colour becomes almost black, and on the under much paler. From the chin to the space between the fore legs is an elongated patch of fur which is pure white from root to tip, just as in Hesperomys atro- gularis. The tail is deep dusky above, paler below; claws white. In the outline of the grinding-surfaces of the molar teeth, this species differs from all others at present described. Without en- tering into a minute description of these teeth, of which it is difficult to give a clear idea without figures, it may be stated that they have somewhat the same arrangement of cusps as those of NV. cinerea of Baird, saving that in the present species the anterior cusp or prism of the first tooth in the lower jaw is in a position decidedly outside the line of the cusps of the other teeth. The exposed ends of what I have termed the prisms of these teeth constitute their grinding- surface, which, instead of having an angular outline as in WV. eznerea, present, as in those of N. floriduna, {a series of transverse ovoid or loop-like figures; but these loops in the present species are much narrower in an antero-posterior direction than in any other species, owing to the folds of enamel entering more deeply and broadly into the sides of the tooth. Length of the head and body ......-....- Pi ea Tt, ARIS Se Ret TANG ee hee tee Ce eee : Gb t he tore-a0 Nl 2s bid aie 212% 8 ees ose of the fore foot and claws...... atavsis Ty Peal tea al rit ge eee ee SR Pe ee Ries of the tarsus and toes ........-.20. = SCOR RK OF OF OY Brendtaiot the,eats a caejedas piaiteci» Scie hele of the hind feet at the root of the FOUET LOGS EAE diem sos Binjiee i eitaoiebcl Length of the skull from the front of the nasal bone to the occipital crest.........+-- Breadth across the zygomatic arch ........ Length of the nasal bones ......++.-++0++- from the point of the upper incisor to the crown of the first molar .......... of the molar series........ Rides dora oo — or) oot ah ?,2) ies) DowurawDnwocns oo 284 MR. R. F. TOMES ON A COLLECTION [June 25, ~ > ~ = Length of the incisive foramina .......... of the palate. onc xsd wei eers é pistaretaiensie Breadth of palate between two front molars. . of palate between two posterior molars Length of lower jaw from point of incisors to condyle ...... sale elev aye ainke Rei bee Depth from coronoid process to the angle.... b|- ooocy: — ao noe AD orm 99, HesprEROMYS t¢ Closely resembles H. Jeucopus ; but the cranium is a little narrower, and the general colour of the fur much more rufous. 23. HespERomMys ——? 24, REITHRODON LONGICAUDA, Baird. 25. REITHRODON MEXICANA, De Saussure, Rev. Zool.1860,p.109. 25. Hresprromys (Myoxomys) SALVINI. Since the publication of my last notes on Mammals collected by Mr. Fraser, I have had occasion to examine anew the species of Hesperomys mentioned therein, and have compared them with a more extended series of species. The result is a considerable modi- fication of the classification which I then adopted. It is not my intention to enter now into the distinction of the several groups of Hesperomys ; but it is necessary that I should define one of them, for the purpose of afterwards describing a remarkable species con- tained in the present collection. Subgen. Myoxomys. General form much resembling that of Myorus; muzzle short, but not swollen; eyes large ; ears variable in size, roundish, end not concealed by the fur; feet very short and broad, toes differing from each other in length only; palms and under surfaces of toes thick and fleshy, with their tubercles well developed ; nails very short ; tail fully as long as the body, sometimes much longer, of nearly uni- form size, and suffused with hairs, which are most abundant towards and at the extremity ; fur short, fine, and without gioss; the colours of the upper and under parts of the body divided by a well-marked line. Skull broad, its nasal region short; zygomatic arches much ex- panded ; space between the orbits broad, and bounded by a well- developed supra-orbital crest ; ante-orbital foramen large, the bony plate which encloses it very narrow, so that it opens forward and not at all upwards ; palate extending posteriorly only to the boundary of the molar series ; condyloid process of the lower jaw considerably longer than either the coronoid or descending processes. Ex. Myoxomys salvini, n. sp. (most typical species). M. latimanus, Tomes. M. bicolor, Tomes (least typical species). 1861.] OF GUATEMALAN MAMMALS, 285 Obs. It is probable that this subgenus will have to be elevated to the rank of a genus, as it possesses more strongly marked characters than any group yet indicated, if we except Orymicterus, which must be regarded as a genus. 26. Hesprromys (Myoxomys) satvinu,n.sp. (Pl. XXXI.) In general form this species bears great resemblance to the Myovus nitela of Europe, and it is of nearly the same size. The head is short and rather broad; but the face, although broad also, has the muzzle somewhat pointed. The muffle is of small size, quite naked, and cleft vertically ; beneath the nostrils, which are crescent-shaped, are two descending points. The cleft in the muffle is continued through the upper lip to the teeth. The whiskers are long, almost twice the length of the head, and black. The ears are rather large for the size of the animal, broadly oval, and sparingly clothed with short inconspicuous hairs inside and out. The fore feet are rather broad, short, and have the middle toes not exceeding the others in length by more than a line; the thumb is rudimentary, and its nail short and truncated. The tubercles of the palms are large, roundish, and prominent ; they are five in number— one at the root of each of the middle toes, one at the root of each of the outer toes, another constituting the inner surface of the rudi- mentary thumb, and the remaining one near the outside of the palm directly opposite to the thumb. he toes themselves have their inner surfaces very thick and fleshy, especially at their ends ; and they have transverse depressions, which are less distinctly marked and further apart than in most species of Hesperomys. The hind feet are remark- ably short and broad, and have the toes so nearly of a length that the middle ones are scarcely half a line longer than those on either side of them ; the inner toe is scarcely half the length of the one next to it. When seen from beneath, the ends of all the toes are thick and fleshy, like so many fingers ; and, indeed, the foot, when seen from this position and the toes partially closed, has more the ap- pearance of the foot of a cat than of one of the Muride. This arises not merely from the form of the fingers themselves, but also from the size and form of the tubercles on the sole of the foot. These are six in number, rounded and prominent. The three anterior ones are arranged like those of the fore feet, the fourth is at the root of the inner or small toe, the fifth behind the tubercle of the outer toe, and near the outside of the sole, and the sixth behind that of the inner toe, and consequently posteriorly to all the others. The claws of all the feet are short and white. The sole of the hind foot has its posterior third well clothed with hairs, but the tubercular part (as well as the under surface of the toes) is perfectly naked. The tail is about the length of the head and body, and tapers only in a trifling degree; it is annulated with small scales, which are nearly concealed by longish black hairs, which become thicker towards and at the end, where they form a kind of pencil. The general colour is like that of Neotoma ferruginea, viz. brightish rufous on all the upper parts, with a mixture of blackish hairs along 286 MR. R. F, TOMES ON & COLLECTION [June 25, the back, where the rufous colour is less pure than on the sides of the body. On the outside of all the limbs this colour is considerably tinged with dusky. A narrow black line runs from the roots of the whiskers to the eye, and narrowly fringes the latter. The upper surface of the fore feet is brownish white, of the hinder ones white, with a dusky patch extending along their middle as far as to the roots of the toes, the latter being wholly white. All the under parts are pure white, as are the insides of the fore legs and the thighs. The line of separation of the colours of the upper and under parts is very distinct ; it extends along the cheek to the whiskers, leaving only a narrow band of rufous under the eye. The white fur of the under parts is uniformly white from root to tip; but that of the pcan parts is darkish ash-coloured at the root for two-thirds of its length. The skull of this species is of a very peculiar form. It is short and broad, with the nasal part short and compressed, and the zygomatic arches much expanded. At first sight it has much the appearance of the skull of Reithrodon cuniculoides ; but the zygoma is more expanded anteriorly, the nasal region more compressed, and the space between the orbits much wider. That part which is in front of the zygoma is not more than one-fourth of the entire length of the skull; and of the remaining three-fourths the zygoma takes up two-thirds ; its anterior root springs out at once laterally in such a manner as to be at right angles with the nasal bones. ‘The bony plate which descends from this part of the zygoma to enclose the ante-orbital foramen is very narrow, so narrow as to be wholly out of sight when the skull is seen from above, and to give this foramen a forward direction instead of opening obliquely upwards as well as forwards, as in all other species of Hesperomys which I have seen, with the exception of H. latimanus and H. bicolor, which resemble the present one in this respect. The upper surface of the skull pre- sents two strongly marked ridges or crests, diverging from a short distance behind the extremity of the nasal bones to the outer angles of the occipital bone. The upper incisors are somewhat compressed, their anterior sur- face rounded, but there is a faintly indicated though quite perceptible ridge along the middle of each, and another similar but more strongly marked one at their inner angle. The molars are parallel with each other, and they decrease much less in size from front to back than isusual. The folds of enamel are more numerous than in most, if not all, other species of Hesperomys *, The lower jaw has the coronoid process very small, but very acute, the condyloid one very long, and rendered strong by an external longitudinal ridge. The descending or angular process is a well-de- * The number of primitive cusps in this species is what we usually observe but they are penetrated by small folds of enamel near to their summits, and these are wholly lost sight of in worn teeth. Between these cusps are some small accessory ones, the enamel enclosing which forms no part of the exposed section of the molar until it is much worn. Hence a considerable number of these teeth laying had a different amount of wear are necessary for a proper description. 1861.] OF GUATEMALAN MAMMALS. 287 fined projection from what may be termed the axis of the jaw, and having a more downward direction than usual; indeed, it appears as a distinct lobe or process from the lower edge of the jaw. Length of the bead and bay) catneths iascee OP GR CHCMIERED wiqaieie oad a's sa meatal Ba ORD EIONES sn Geaisieoact,o 6 = ela weeeces 0 9 ofthe fore-ePMi (in. 2 cs. f ais cine eras oye's a OF LO of the fore foot and ‘claws. a6 Cenc Swtates yi Ge, Ga obthe trhiaies 5.15 PUR PSReRe 2 Ba 22s HYD of the tarsus and toes ........ sie of the tail... s. Sa0S 5 6 Breadth of hind feet at the base of the toes. . 0 3% Length of skull from front of nasal bones to “the CHEM CKERG. 22. fis aks ott ec estos be Lid Breadth across the zygomatic arches........ 0 82 Length of the nasal bones’.......... 0 43 from point of upper incisor to the front angle of first molar ............ 0 4 of the molar series .............. 0 24 ofthe palates cists wis vise 225 ta citere = 0 232 Breadth of palate .........000--0+eeeeee 0 12 Length of lower jaw from the points of incisors forthe! PONTE % ast scan «xhlis ate aida 0 94 Depth from the coronoid process totheangle © 0 4} 27. Dasypus minutus, Desm. 28. DipeLpHys cALIFoRNICA, Bennett, P. Z.S. 1833, p. 40; Waterh. Nat. Hist. Mamm. i. p. 476. 29. DipELPHYS QUICA (Natterer), Temm. Mon, i. p. 36, 1827 ; Waterh. Hist. Nat. Mamm. i. p. 480, Since the preceding report has been written, I have received from Mr. Salvin the following list of additional species, which are con- tained in a collection subsequently made at Duejas. 30. FeLis yAGouaronnI, Desm. Mamm. p. 230; Waterh. Zool. Voy. Beagle, p. 16, pl. 8. 31. Musrexa rrenata, Licht. Saug. t. 42. 32. DicoryLes rorquatus, Cuv. Mamm. 33. TAMANDUA TETRADACTYLA, Linn. sp. 34, Dasyprocta azar&, Licht. Verz. Dubl. p.3,1823 ; Waterh. Hist. Mamm. ii. p. 387. D. punctata, Gray, Aun, Nat, Hist. x. p. 264, 1842; Cat, Mamm, Brit. Mus, p. 124, PF re eee 8 > 288 MR. G. R. GRAY ON THE MEGAPODES. {June 25, 35. CERCOLABES NOV#-HISPANIA, Briss., sp. Hystrix nove-hispania, Briss. Reg. An. p. 127, 1756. 36. Ca:LoGenys paca, Linn. sp. Var. C. fulvus of F, Cuv. An. du Mus. x. p. 207. 7, List or Species COMPOSING THE Famity Mecapopiip2, wits Descriptions or New SPECIES, AND SOME ACCOUNT or THE Hasits or THE Species. By Groree Roserr Gray, F.L.S., ere. (Plates XXXII-XXXIV.) 1. TALEGALLUS CUVIERI, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 716. Talegalla cuvieri, Pr. B. Compt. Rend. 1855, t. 38. p. 876. New Guinea (Havre Dorey) ; Aru Islands. 2. TALEGALLUS LATHAMI. New Holland Vulture, Lath. Hist. of B. i. p. 32. Alectura , Lath. Hist. of B. x. p. 455. Alectura lathami, Gray, Zool. Mise. 1. p. 3. Meleagris lindsayi, James, Mem. Wern. Soe. vii. p. 473. Catheturus australis, Swains. Classif. of B. ii. p. 206. Catheturus cuvieri (Less.), Bl. Talegalla lathami, Gould, B. of Austr. v. pl. 77. Catheturus nove hollandie (Lath.), Pr. B. Compt. Rend. 1856, . 376. ‘ Brush Turkey. ‘Wee-lah’ of the natives. Australia. 3. MrGACEPHALON RUBRIPES, G. R. Gray & Mitch. Gen. of B. iii. pl. 123 (adult). Megacephalon malao, Temm.; Wallace, Ibis, 1860, p. 142. Megapodius rubripes, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Astrol. t. 25 (young). Celebes (Menado). 4, Lerpoa oceLLaTA, Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1840, p. 126; B. of Austr. v. pl. 78. ‘Marrakko,’ ‘ Marra-ko,’ of the natives of S. Australia, ‘ Ngow-o,’ ‘ Ngow,’ of the natives of W. Australia. 5. MeGaropius FREYCINETI, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uranie, t. 32. Juy. Alecthelia urvilii, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 703, t. 37; Pr, B. Compt. Rend. 1856, p. 876. Island of Waigiou; Gucbé, Boni; Batchian? and Kaisa Islands? P.Z.5.1861,Plate XXXII. Wolf del et lith. M & N.Hanhart, imp’ ) MEGAPODIUS QUOYII, (Jur ) Hanhart, Imp! MANoLe del et litt M & N.Hanhart, Imp: TIT TAAT MEGAPODIUS TUMULU 1861.] MR. G. R. GRAY ON THE MEGAPODES. 289 6. Mecapopius quovi. (Pl. XXXII.) Megapodius freycineti, p., G. R. Gray, Proc. Z. 8. 1860, p. 362. Like the Batchian examples of the former species ; but it is of a more slaty fuscous-black, especially on the head, neck, and breast ; quills fuscous black ; tarsi apparently of a pale horn-colour, The young (Plate XXXII.) differs from that of the former species in being also more of a slaty black on the head, neck, and breast, and the plumes of the wings sooty black, rather narrowly margined and banded with ochre. These marks are decidedly more prominent in this species than in the young of the last ; cheeks and throat ochra- ceous white ; the buff spot on the abdomen appears to be, when first hatched, buffy white. Gilolo (South). 7. MeGaropivus rorstent, Temm.; G. R. Gray & Mitch. Gen. of B. iii. pl. 124. Megapodius freycineti, p., Temm. Top of the head, wings, and back olivaceous-brown, tinged with obscure rufous; front, sides of the head, neck, breast, and nape slaty fuscous; abdomen fuscous, slightly tinged with slate-colour. Bill pale horn-colour ; feet plumbeous black. Length 13", wings 8!" 3!, tarsi 2!" 7!". Amboina; Ceram; Banda? 8. MEGAPODIUS MACGILLIVRAYI. Top and sides of the head, back, wings, tail, sides of the abdomen, and under tail-coverts deep olivaceous fuscous, tinged with obscure rufous ; neck, nape, some of the lesser wing-coverts, and beneath the body slaty black. Bill dark horn-colour; feet pale (red); claws black. Length 13" 6!", wings 9", tarsi 2! 2!" Louisiade Archipelago (Duchateau Isles and Pig Island). 9. MEGAPODIUS LA PEROUSI, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uranie, t. 33. ‘ Passegniat’ of the natives. Ladrone or Marian Islands (Tinian, Guam, and Rotta). 10. MEGAPODIUS GILBERTII. Megapodius rubripes, p., Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 737? ** Megapodius of small size,’ Wall. Ibis, 1860, p. 142. Top of the head, nape, neck, and wings olivaceous brown, tinged in part with obscure rufous ; front, sides of the head, collar round the neck, and beneath the body slate-colour. Bill fuscous horn- colour ; feet plumbeous black. Length 12" 3'", wings 8", tarsi 2! 2'". Celebes. Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1861, No. XIX. we 290 MR. G. R. GRAY ON THE MEGAPODES. [June 25, 11. Mecaroprus cumrneu, Dillw. Proc. Z. S. 1851, p. 118, pl. 39. Philippine Islands (Manilla) ; Labuan ; Borneo (North-western) ? 12. MEGAPopDIUS GOULDII. Top of the head greyish-olivaceous brown ; back, wings, sides of the abdomen, and beneath the tail rufous-olivaceous brown; sides of the head, neck, nape, and beneath the body slate-colour. Bill pale horn-colour ; tarsi pale red ; toes blackish, claws black. Length 11" 6, wings 8" 3!", tarsi 1! 11!". Lombock. 13. MEGAPODIUS NICOBARIENSIS, Bl. Journ. A. S. Be xv. pp. 92, 372. Nicobar Islands. 14. MeGaropIus REINWARDTII, Wagl. Syst. Av. Megap. Addit. sp. 4. (Plate XXXIII. young.) Megapodius duperreyii, Less. Bull. Univ. des Sci. no. 5. p. 113; Voy. Cog. t. 36. Megapodius rubripes, Temm. Pl. Col. 411; Wagl. Isis, 1829, p- 737; Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 479. ‘ Mangoipe’ of the Papuans. New Guinea (Havre Dorey, River Oetanata) ; Amboina?; Aru and Ké Islands. 15. MrecGaropius tumutus, Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1842, p. 20; B. of Austr. v. pl. 79. (Plate XXXIV. young.) ‘Oooregoorga’ of the natives. Australia (North); Islands in Endeavour and Torres’ Straits. 16. Mecapopius wauuacer, G. R. Gray, Proc. Z. S. 1860, p. 362, pl. 171. East Gilolo. 17. MEGAPODIUS STAIRI. ? G.R. Gray, List of B. of the Trop. Isl. B.M. Megapodius 46. Egg dusky white. Length 3! 1'", width 1" 1". Samoan or Navigator’s Islands (Rev. J. B. Stair, 1847). 18. MrGApropiIus BURNABYI. ?G. R. Gray, List of B. of the Trop. Isl. B. M. Megapodius 46. Egg pinkish stone-colour. Length 3! 1", width 1" 9!". Hapace Islands (Lieut. Burnaby, R.N.). These two latter species are only known by a specimen of the eggs from each locality having been presented to the British Museum. I have here provisionally placed a specific name for each, having little 1861.) MR. G. R. GRAY ON THE MEGAPODES. 291 doubt that they will prove distinct species from each other, and even from all the other known species. 19. ? MeGaroptius ? ANDERSONI. Tetrao australis, Anders. MSS. * Fusea nigraque ; pedibus nudis.” New Caledonia. The name given above (with the very short specific characters) was found among others in the manuscripts of Anderson, who was as- sistant-surgeon during the third voyage of the famous circumnavi- gator Cook. Though the description is so short and concise, I am, however, induced to suppose that it can only be referred to a species of Megapodius; certainly it cannot be reconciled with any of the present known birds from New Caledonia. I refer to it in the hope that this slight indication may lead to its being searched for by col- lectors and others who may be located in that island, thus proving whether I am right in my supposition with regard to its being one of this remarkable genus. The family of Megapodiide is composed of a series of birds which are very remarkable for the extraordinary and anomalous contri- vances resorted to by the different species for obtaining the artificial heat that is necessary for bringing their eggs to maturity ; and for other singularities in their general habits, &. The account which follows is principally collected together into one view from different published sources. These birds are all, with one solitary exception, as far as is at pre- sent known, inhabitants of certain localities within the tropics, viz. :— Nicobar Islands, Lombock, Borneo (N.W.), Labuan, and Lucon. Celebes, Gilolo, Batchian, Ceram, Amboina, Banda Islands, Guébé, Boni, and Waigiou Islands. New Guinea, Louisiade Archipelago, Aru and Ké Islands. Australia (North, West, and South), Islands in Endeavour and Torres’ Straits. Ladrone or Marian Islands. They are also known to exist in Ha- pace or Habai Islands, Samoan or Navigator’s Islands; and pro- bably in New Caledonia. They generally inhabit the dense forests, brushes, and mangrove swamps, or jungles of luxuriant vegetation, especially those that border the sea-beach, or rivers and creeks ; but others (Leipoa ocel- lata) prefer the sandy districts of the scrub. Their appearance when walking in open places is stately and some- what sedate, which may be occasioned by their habit of lifting their feet very high, and of setting their backs up, somewhat like the guinea-fowls. Their extreme shyness and timidity causes them to reside in, or to remain in close approximation to, the thickets, &c., that they may escape, if disturbed, by running (which they do with great quickness) among the vegetation ; but should they fail thus to conceal themselves, they then fly on to the lower branches of the trees, where they remain quite motionless, with the neck sometimes 292 MR. G. R. GRAY ON THE MEGAPODES,. [June 25, stretched out in a line with the body, or they ascend to the top of the tree by leaping from branch to branch ; and should they still be alarmed they will fly off, with a heavy flight, for a short distance, to some other more secure position, where they can only be approached by carefully proceeding under cover of the large trees. It has, however, been remarked that some species have never been seen to erch. r They are often heard uttering at intervals a loud clucking or screeching noise, while they lie concealed beneath the shady branches of the trees during the midday heat. Some have been observed to dust themselves on the sandy ground after the manner of gallina- ceous birds ; and they have been noticed to be apparently very pug- nacious at times, swiftly chasing each other along the ground, and calling to one another more loudly than usual, suddenly stopping, and then again running off in pursuit. Their food is entirely sought for on the ground ; it is obtained by scratching among and turning up the fallen débris beneath the trees and shrubs in the forests, &c., and consists of seeds, fallen fruits, insects, and small snails: but one species is thought to feed chiefly on fallen fruits resembling the cotyledons of leguminous seeds; and rice is also said to form a portion of its food. The species that form mounds for the purpose of incubation, usually select during the tropical spring a retired and shady place in the dense thickets or brush, occasionally surrounding the trunk of a tree by a portion of the materials employed in its formation, should it come within the prescribed limit of the mound. The mound is composed more or less of vegetable matter, which becomes decayed and rotten during the period that the birds are engaged in laying their eggs, which is thought to be an occupation of two or three months’ duration. The size of the mounds varies with the species ; some have been found reaching to 14 feet in height (24 feet from the base of the slope to the summit) and 150 feet in circumference, and some are even larger. The materials required in their construction are collected by the birds by means of their large feet, either by carrying a small quantity at a time in one foot, or by scratching it together with their lengthened claws, and thus leaving: the earth bare for some distance round the mound. The mound of some species (Z'alegallus) is entirely composed of vegetable matter; others (Letpoa ocellata, Megapodius macgillivrayi, Mega- podius tumulus), however, mix with the vegetable matter earth, sand, gravel, stones, and even, in some cases, fragments of corals; in fact, the birds employ whatever falls in their way at the locality they have selected. The same pair frequent the mound year after year, destroying that of the former year on the renewal of the sea- son for laying; thus the vegetable portion of the centre becomes mixed with the sand and earth that formed the outer part of the former mound. The pair, on renewing the mound, first collect a new mass of vegetable débris for the centre, on which is scratched some of the former material to a certain height, leaving the centre somewhat hollow. It is in the middle, at various depths, from 18 inches to 1861.] MR. G. R. GRAY ON THE MEGAPODES. 293 several feet, according to the habits of the different species, that the females of some species deposit their eggs, in the form of a circle _ (Talegallus, Leipoa), while others place them in an irregular manner in separate excavations in different parts of the mound. The eggs are deposited at about sunrise, one by one, at an interval of days be- tween each, reopening the centre on each egg being placed therein, and then covering it again, and returning each time to their usual haunts in the thickets, &c., until all the eggs intended to be laid are deposited. The centre is then completely covered in, and the mound becomes elevated to the height of several feet with the remaining earth or vegetable matter, assuming a conical or dome-shaped form ; but the large mound has the top flattened for about 3 feet in dia- meter. The heat that is engendered by the fermentation of the vegetable matter is thus retained within the mass, and causes the eggs to arrive at the period of maturity. It is thought that the bird allows the centre to be but slightly covered during the period of laying—for two reasons: first, that it may have the less to seratch away on each visit, and thus be enabled more easily to deposit the egg; secondly, that the eggs already laid may be kept ina cool and certain temperature until all are deposited, while, at the same time, the rain may more readily penetrate through to the vegetable mass, which would hasten the rotting, and thereby raise the necessary heat for the hatching against it is really required. The mode adopted by the Megapode of Banda (Megapodius am- boinensis’) differs materially from that of the species above referred to. It is stated that the eggs of this bird “occur isolated and dis- persed here and there; but each egg was carefully covered by a mass of fragments of dry plants or leaves.” Another remarkable difference is exhibited in the habits of the small Celebean Megapode (Megapodius gilbertii). This species is observed “to scratch out a hole in the rotten stump or root of a fallen tree, and there bury its eggs ;”’ but nothing is said about co- vering them with vegetable débris or other matters, which we may, however, suppose them to do, as is exemplified by the other species of this singular family. There are other species whose habits are still more extraordinary in the selection of places for the incubation of their eggs. One species (Megacephalon), which resides many miles away in the inland forests, and others (Megapodius freycineti, M. cumingit, M. nicobariensis), that live in the jungles not far removed from the beach, seek daily in pairs (often thus congregating in flocks of hundreds at the period of laying their eggs) the sea-beaches, where, in a retired position in the masses of sand thrown up above high- water mark, as well as near the neighbouring jungles, may be ob- served a number of holes of various diameter scratched in the sand : so rapidly do the birds throw up the sand, that it looks completely like a fountain during the operation. The holes are usually of the depth of 18 inches to 2 feet ; in them it is thought that ‘a number of hens”’ deposit in succession their eggs, upright in the sand, on the side of the same hole at a distance of a few inches between each. 294 MR. G. R. GRAY ON THE MEGAPODES. [June 25, The number of eggs has been found to vary in the different holes, which may, insome measure, depend on the number of females that visit each. Each egg of the same female must, however, be, as in the former case, laid at an interval of some days; but whether they re- turn to, and lay their eggs in, a hole already formed by a single pair or by several pairs in company on the same day, is not quite deter- mined. Each separate female must, after the hole is made, when about to lay, scratch a place for the egg on the side within the hole, and when deposited must cover it with some portion of the sand which is around it, and thus by degrees the interior of the hole be- comes mostly filled in, after which the place of concealment is often betrayed by the birds scratching over it a large heap of such shells and rubbish as they may meet with on the beach. The eggs are then left to be hatched by the heat engendered in the sand through the rays of the tropical sun playing on its surface; probably a longer period for batching the eggs is required than from the heat caused by the fermentation of decaying vegetable matter, the heat of which is known to be considerable. Thus, if the preceding statement is correct, the eggs in one hole have been laid and the hatching of them has commenced about the same time ; and therefore it may be concluded that, after the neces- sary time has elapsed, all the young birds are likely to make their appearance about the same period. It has been previously stated in reference to some of the mound- raising species (Talegallus, Leipoa), that the eggs are placed by the bird in a circle. The mode thus adopted by the bird is interestingly accounted for by His Excellency Sir George Grey, in the following manner :—After the bird, he says, has deposited the first egg in the sand, leaving from 4 to 6 inches between the lower end of the egg and the layer of dead leaves, it then lays the second egg, which is ‘‘ deposited in precisely the same plane as the first, but at the op- posite side of the hole before alluded to. When the third egg is laid, it is placed in the same plane as the others, but, as it were, at the third corner of a square. When the fourth egg is laid, it is still placed in the same plane, but in the fourth corner of the square, or rather of the lozenge, the figure being im this form -f=. The next four eggs in succession are each placed in the interstices, but always in the same plane ; so that at last there is a circle of eight eggs all standing upright in the sand with several inches of sand intervening between each.” Other species do not regard such mathematical principles in the laying of their eggs, but place them irregularly anywhere within the mound, or in whatever position the several species may instinctively adopt, as previously explained. That they may obtain the heat re- quired to bring them to maturity appears to be the principal object. It seems marvellous that these birds, after they have taken all these precautions for the preservation and development of their eggs, should exhibit no further care for them, but leave the young entirely to find for themselves their way out of whatever position the females may have placed the eggs in, The young bird, on breaking the 1861.] MR, G. R. GRAY ON THE MEGAPODES. 295 shell, scratches its way out of the heap without any assistance, and when free, just shakes off the material of which the heap had been . composed, and then runs off to the thickets, &c., and commences seeking its food without any hesitation, by scratching and turning up the earth or débris that lie on it, like an old bird. Each bird is fully fledged on its first appearance. This latter circumstance has caused some collectors and ornithologists to suppose these young birds to be the adult state of a species; and the idea has occasioned the establishment of the generic appellation of ALecTHELIA, with the specific name of wrvillii, Less. This name has been attached to all the specimens of young birds sent from various localities, though in colour and markings they differ from each other, but re- tain somewhat of the colour of the parents. Thus, I. freycineti and M. quoyi are of a sooty-black colour, with the cheeks and throat of a pale ochraceous colour ; but the markings differ in each species : the former has the wing-coverts margined, and all the quills banded, with pale ochre-colour ; in the latter, however, it is only irregularly banded on the tertials and lower part of the back. On the other hand, the young of M. reinwardti and M. tumulus are of a rufous colour; the former has the back of the neck and nape greyish brown, throat ochraceous white, breast and beneath the body greyish ochraceous with a buff spot on the abdomen, quills fus- cous, wing-coverts and tertials margined with deep rufous, feet pale. The latter species is very similar, but appears to be more de- cidedly margined on the wing-coverts and tertials with pale rufous, conveying the appearance of bands; throat rufous ochre; and be- neath the body of a somewhat darker colour than in the previous example. These differences between the young and adult birds are so strongly marked, that even Mr. Wallace states, with regard to one sent home by him, that “‘he is convinced it is an adult bird,” “as it is considered to be by the natives of Aru.” The egg is remarkably large when on the point of being laid (mea- suring from 33 to 44 inches in length, and 2 to 2} inches in width, weighing & or 9 ounces) ; it consequently fills up, says Mr. Wallace, the lower cavity of the body, squeezing the intestines so that it seemed impossible for anything to pass through them; while the ovary contained from eight to ten eggs about the size of small peas, which must evidently require somewhere about the time named (thirteen days the natives assert) for their successive development. A considerable interval, says Mr. Wallace, “‘ must elapse before the succeeding one can be matured. The number of eggs which a bird produces each season seems to be about eight ;”’ so that, if this sup- position is correct, ‘‘ an interval of three months must pass between the laying of the first and last egg.”’ The eggs vary from white to cream- or pale salmon-colour. Some eggs are often covered with an epidermis of a dirty-brown colour, which easily chips off, exposing the proper colour of the egg. The birds place the egg upright in their mounds or other places, so that the egg may obtain the heat equally on all sides—as other birds, which sit on their eggs, continually turn them, so that each 296 MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON ON A SECOND [June 25, side may obtain the same amount of heat from their bodies, which is essentially requisite, or the egg would not be brought to perfect maturity. The eggs, it is said, ‘‘ when quite fresh are delicious eating, as de- licate as a fowl’s egg, but much richer.” The natives of the Hapace Islands, either from their rarity or from their great delicacy, look upon the eggs found in their islands as worthy to be reserved for the chief’s eating ; and for that reason they are denominated “‘ Chief’s Eggs.” The flesh of the adult bird of some species has been pro- nounced to be good eating. 8. DescripTion oF A Seconp Species or ACANTHOGORGIA (J. E. Gray) rrom Mapetra. By James YATE JOHNSON. In the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1857, p. 128, was printed a description of a new genus of Gorgoniade by Dr. J. E. Gray, founded on a specimen in the British Museum, the habitat of which was unknown. The genus was named by its describer Acanthogorgia, and the specimen was figured, by an inadvertence, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1851 (Radiata, PI. III. fig. 2), under the name of Nidalia occidentalis, instead of Acan- thogorgia hirsuta, Gray. I am now in a position to state that the native place of this curious Black Coral (of which no notice has been taken by M. Milne-Edwards in his work on Coralliaria) is Madeira ; for I possess one specimen, and have seen others, obtained from deep water near that island. Last winter a specimen of Black Coral fell into my hands (also obtained from the same coast), which, though evidently belonging to the genus Acanthogorgia, appeared on exami- nation to be specifically distinct from the species previously described. I now proceed to lay before the Society a description of this second species, which I have named, in honour of the founder of the genus to which it belongs, ACANTHOGORGIA GRAYI. Colour dark brown. Branching irregularly, with a tendency to grow in one plane. Branches free, slender, flexible, having an average diameter of one-seventh of an inch; the thickest part of the stem near the base has a diameter of three-tenths of an inch; the ends of the branches are rounded, and thicker by one-half than the neigh- bouring portion of the branch. Axis pale brown, very slender, that of the smaller branches, when dry, being not more than the twentieth of an inch in diameter. When the coral has been a few days out of the water, the axis shrinks from the bark, and remains distinct in the middle. It is composed of fibrous matter without spicula. Caustic alkali has little or no effect upon it, even on the application of heat. Bark composed almost entirely of spicula, studded with sessile cylin- drical cells, irregularly distributed on all sides. These cells have a height of from the thirtieth to the twentieth of an inch, and their diameter is about half the height. The upper halves of eight (some- 1861.] SPECIES OF ACANTHOGORGIA. 297 times nine) large erect spicula project round the orifice of each cell at eight angles, corresponding with the same number of slightly ele- ~ vated ribs or crests on the outside of the cell formed by other spi- cula ; the exposed portion of these projecting oral spicula is smooth. .In A. hirsuta the exposed portions of the corresponding spicula are Acanthogorgia gray. rough. ‘The orifice itself in a dry specimen is covered in by another series of large spicula, sixteen in number, arranged in eight pairs, the apices of which meet in the middle. At the outside of the cells the spicula are placed parallel, not crossed as in A. hirsuta. The spicula are composed of calcareous matter, and are at once dissolved with effervescence on the application of a strong acid, leaving behind a formless mass of brown animal matter. The spicula which lie in the bark between the cells are fusiform, slightly bent, and for the most part very stout, some elongated, others contracted to an ovoid form ; those which project round the orifices of the cells have their basal portion geniculate, flattened, and very rough, with protuberances ; and not unfrequently the bases are branched. The spicula of both species are pretty objects under an object-glass of low power. Acanthogorgia grayi differs from A. hirsuta (of which a figure is Acanthogorgia hirsuta. here given for comparison) in the much smaller size and in the form of the cells, which are cylindrical, not bell-shaped nor contracted at the 298 MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON’S NOTES [June 25, bottom. In the only specimen of the former which I have seen, the cells are not nearly so numerous as in the specimens of the latter which have come under my notice. Moreover, the orifices of the cells in A. hirsuta are not roofed in with spicula in the same complete and regular way as is the case with the cell-orifices of this species. Lastly, I have not noticed any branching at the bases of the large spicula of 4. hirsuta. The only specimen of this very curious Black Coral which has fallen in my way, and which I have had the honour of presenting to the British Museum, was brought to me when residing at Funchal in the month of February last. It was said to have become entangled in a fishing line, and to have been brought up from a considerable depth near Ponta do Pargo, the south-west extremity of the island. It was attached to a stone on which a small specimen of Dendro- phyllea ramea, a not uncommon Madeiran coral, was seated. It has - a height of 6 or 7 inches, and it measures about 10 inches across. 9. NorEes ON THE SEA-ANEMONES OF MADEIRA, WiTH DESCRIP- TIONS OF New Species. By JAmes YATE JOHNSON. In the following notes I have given an account of such Sea-Ane- mones as have occurred to me after much diligent search in the neighbourhood of Funchal, the capital of Madeira. The dredge would doubtless bring other species to light, and possibly something additional would be discovered by an examination of the shore in other parts of the island. As to the nomenclature of the genera, I have considered it right to follow Mr. Gosse, to whom all students of this tribe of Zoophytes must feel much indebted for his pains- taking book on the British species. A Cornulariais included ; for although not, strictly speaking, a Sea- Anemone, it closely resembles one in external appearance. Order ALCYONARIA, M.-Edw. CoRNULARIA ATLANTICA, Sp. nN. Basal band narrow, inconspicuous, creeping irregularly, and bear- ing the polypes at uncertaim distances. Column of a pale flesh- colour, subeylindrical, rather wider at the middle than above and below; destitute of spicula, but invested by a thin epidermis con- taining particles of saud; when retracted, forming a fleshy hemisphe- rical button, one-fifteenth of an inch high ; when expanded, the co- lumn has a length of about three-tenths of an inch, with a diameter of one-twelfth of an inch. Eight pinnate tentacles, in one series, at the margin of the shallow cup forming the disk, the pinnee of about twelve pairs, ringed, as if showing a tendency to further division. Tentacle-stem subulate, about one-fourth of an inch in length, the bases of the tentacles broadening and coming in contact one with another on each side. When the animal is fully displayed, the ten- 1861.] ON THE SEA-ANEMONES OF MADEIRA. 299 _tacles and the upper part of the column are nearly colourless, and have the appearance of a transparent film. Abundant on stones near low-tide mark ; sometimes attached to sea-weed. Order ZOANTHARIA, M.-Edw. Suborder ActinirartA, M.-Edw. Fam. Actinirp, M.-Edw. SAGARTIA PARASITICA, R. Q. Couch, sp. This species is invariably seated upon shells inhabited by Hermit Crabs, Cassis sulcosa, Dolium perdix, Triton nodiferus, §:c. SAGARTIA AFFINIS, sp. 0. This species is closely allied to the last, and like it is always found upon shells of which Hermit Crabs have taken possession, some- times in company with it, sometimes alone. Its base is capable of great extension ; and its column rises pillar-like, of a diameter very much less than that of the base. When contracted it will often lie so flat as to be scarcely thicker than a sixpence. The ground-colour of the column is yellow; and there are five broad, more or less fus- cous longitudinal bands, which, when the body is contracted, lie star-like upon it. Sometimes there is an irregular whitish transverse band placed nearer the disk than the base ; and in some specimens a number of white longitudinal streaks have been observed near the base. The inside of the mouth is orange. The disk itself is yel- lowish, the tentacles grey, numerous, in four or five rows. The average size of this species is less than that of S. parasitica, the largest specimens of which I have never seen equalled by any of S. afinis. Near neighbours in habit and mode of life as these two may be, I have never observed any passage from one form to the other, although a good many specimens have been met with. It is an eager and voracious feeder, and bears captivity very well. It will some- times transfer itself from the shell to the bottom of the tank, and after a while, lo! it is seated on the shell once more, the shell being all the time the abode of a restless Pagurus. PHELLIA VESTITA, sp. 0. Base adherent to rocks, less than column. Column cylindrical when expanded, clothed with a dense, brown, closely-adherent skin, rough like wash-leather, which when forcibly stripped off discloses the true skin beneath, which is smooth and of a pinky red. The animal is able to protrude the lower part and the upper part of its column from beneath the epidermal covering, which seems to consist chiefly of mucus and fine mud blended together. In a contracted state it is wrinkled transversely, but not warted. Disk smooth, red- dish, with radiating marks of brown and white. Tentacles numerous, in three rows, crowded near margin of disk, of moderate length, the innermost row the longest ; retractile, conical, rather broad at the 300 MR. J. Y. JOHNSON’S NOTES [June 25, base, pale red, more or less ringed and spotted with opake white : sometimes the dilated bases have a dark neutral-tint band, and below this a white band round them. Mouth not raised on a cone, but sometimes puffed out. Acontia emitted sparingly. This Sea-anemone is able to take considerable variety of shape ; sometimes it is contracted, sometimes swollen out at the middle, and when irritated into a state of complete contraction, it has a very ru- gose appearance. When detached from any support, I have seen it contract its base so much that a small hole only was visible. It has the power of expanding or distending both the lower and upper parts of its body, the expanded portions becoming semitransparent, and assuming the appearance of bladders, whilst the rest of the column retains its rough opake coating. This coat adheres so strongly, that I have in vain endeavoured to remove it with my finger-nail from a healthy animal. From a specimen, however, which had been severely wounded in removing it from its native rock, I succeeded in peeling off the coat in patches. The animal is not timid, it will keep its tentacles expanded until it is touched ; but in the day-time it seldom pushes them out to their full stretch ; they are usually held curved over the margin of the disk. It is rather fond of as- cending the side of the tank until it nearly reaches the surface of the water ; then, attaching itself by part of its lower disk, it will bend its body loosely downwards at an angle of 45°. It is hardy in the aqua- rium, rather sluggish in its habits, and adheres firmly to its support. It is not uncommon under stones in pools amongst the rocks covered at high tide. The size is not great; the largest 1 have seen measured about half an inch in height when contracted, and expanded to a- length of about an inch and a half. Arptasia coucuit, W. P. Cocks, sp. Not very common : usually found under loose stones near the level of low tide. It preserves at Madeira all the chief characters and habits possessed by its British sisters—restlessness of disposition, flexuosity of tentacles, power of lengthening and contracting the column, love of attaching itself to the side of the tank near the sur- face of the water, the column hanging downwards with the disk and tentacles widely expanded ; lastly, eagerness in seizing and swallow- ing its food. Sometimes it will abandon all support and suspend itself freely in the water, base uppermost, remaining thus for several hours without moving, save in being continually employed in distend- ing the column laterally. The distention began to show itself at the disk, and travelled slowly along until it reached the base ; when this had been effected, the animal stretched itself out and then recom- menced the operation. One of my specimens, now living ina glass of sea-water, presented itself one day as a globular vesicle three-quarters of an inch in diameter. The disk and tentacles had been retracted, and the tips of some of the latter were just visible at the bottom of a depression resembling that seen at the top of an apple. 1861.] ON THE SEA-ANEMONES OF MADEIRA. 301 ~ ANTHEA CEREUS, Johnston. This species is by far the most abundant of the Madeiran Acti- naria, being found in almost every pool on the rocks between tide- marks. It is undoubtedly the animal described in Dana’s great work under the name of Actinia flagellifera (Comactis flagellifera, M.-Edw.). ACTINIA MESEMBRYANTHEMuM, Ellis & Sol. This species stands next in regard to abundance. The commonest variety is coloured a red-purple, with numerous black dots on the column. Sometimes the spots are greenish grey, sometimes the marginal spherules are red-purple instead of being azure. The animal is frequently of an umber-brown ; and a few specimens have occurred which had a brown body and disk, with red-purple base and tenta- cles. Two specimens have been met with which had a dull-green body and tentacles, with a white base, blue marginal spherules, and a blue line at the junction of the column with the base. At the time I possessed these two Actinie a third specimen was obtained, slightly different from them ; and this was placed in the same glass. On looking at them after the lapse of a few hours, I found that the new comer was in contact with one of the others, and that six of the mar- ginal spherules of the latter on the side of contact had expanded into large, colourless, ovate vesicles, retaining only their original blue colour at the tips. The upper part of the body of the animal was separated at this time from the tentacle-bearing disk by a deep fosse. Subsequently more of the blue tubercles expanded, until ten in this state were counted ; after a while the disk expanded laterally, the vesicles contracted, and the fosse disappeared. Whilst the vesicles existed, the tentacles in their neighbourhood became much reduced in diameter, so as to be filiform. Iam not aware whether a similar phenomenon has been observed by others. ACTINIA VIRGATA, Sp. N. Base of a deep flesh-cclour, adherent to stones, not much exceed- ing the column when the tentacles are expanded ; when these are withdrawn and the column is depressed, it frequently spreads out into an enlarged irregular oval. Column delicately smooth, imperforate, non-adhesive; substance fleshy, marked by numerous (45 to 50) pairs of straight, purplish-blue lines, which extend from the margin of the disk to the angle of the column and base, where there is a circum- ferent line of the same colour. Each of these lines is about half as wide as the space between any two; sometimes a line is broken up into dots. When the animal is in a contracted state, the lines are brought so close together, and their colour so deepened, that it appears nearly black. The disk has the margin closely set with azure tubercles, about thirty in number; it is smooth, of a pinkish flesh- colour, often puffed out into a cone, at the top of which is the mouth. Tentacles about eighty in number, crowded in three or four rows, placed near the margin of the disk, moderately long, with little differ- 302 MR. J. Y. JOHNSON’S NOTES [June 25, ence between dimensions of those in the several series, conical, of a pale-brown colour, with a slight purple tinge. When contracted, of a dark sepia-brown. Mouth with an azure-blue spot at the oppo- site angles. Acontia, none observed. Size from half to three-quarters of an inch in height, and from one-third to one-half an inch in height. Found on the underside of stones in pools near low water-mark. This pretty species is not very common : it is of very quiet habits, and dislikes the light. Whenin the aquarium it hardly ever expands its tentacles in the day-time, and at night, if brought within the in- fluence of light, the animal immediately takes alarm. A specimen is now living in one of my tanks. A few days ago, on looking at it after an interval of four or five hours, I found, to my surprise, that it had in the meantime surrounded itself with a progeny of fourteen young ones, the average size of which was one-tenth of an inch in height and diameter, though some were smaller and some nearly twice as large. They were of a dull flesh-colour ; but on the larger ones the purplish-blue marks began, im the course of a few hours, to show themselves as rows of dots, with irregularly arranged dots filling up the spaces between the rows of each pair. Some of them dis- played their tiny tentacles in a ludicrously old-fashioned manner. As to the mother, she had contracted her tentacles until they were little more than papillee ; the disk was puffed out much beyond their tips ; and the mouth was gaping widely, displaying a red throat ; the base was quite free, and was altogether concealed by the contraction of the body. BuNODES LISTER], sp. n. Base adherent to rocks ; its diameter about equal to the height of the column. Column, when expanded, usually from half to three- quarters of an inch in height; but one specimen extended itself to the length of an inch and a third, with a diameter of four-tenths of an inch. Surface red, beset with longitudinal rows, about twenty- four in number, of small white tubercles, which have a spot or streak of red at their apices. There are from ten to sixteen tubercles (taking different specimens) in a row; these tubercles can be employed as suckers, and by them I have seen the animal adhere to the bottom or side of a glass in which it was living ; the alternate rows some- times cease with the third or fourth from the disk. Disk frequently cup-like, without marginal spherules, very transparent, with a row of small white spots at the inner base of the innermost series of ten- tacles: sometimes there are white spots between the tentacles. Mar- gin of disk uneven, by reason of the highest tubercles of the column forming part of the outline. Mouth with a pale ring around it. Tentacles numerous, in about three rows near the margin of the disk, those of the innermost row longer, and these are as long as the dia- meter of the column, decreasing in size outwards, pale flesh or brown, but sometimes bearing white opake spots, very pellucid, coni- cal, simple, readily retractile, and usually brown, curled at the tips. This pretty species is very distinct from all the other Madeiran 1861.] ON THE SEA-ANEMONES OF MADEIRA. 303 species that have occurred, but it seems to be closely allied to the British Bunodes ballii. The pale-red, diaphanous tentacles become in some cases, when contracted, of a red-purple colour, in others of a brown hue. In one specimen, which was brought to me much wounded, the red tubercles of the column were ringed with greenish yellow. The animal is rather impatient of light, and is only seen fully expanded at night. It adheres very firmly to the object it is seated upon, and will submit to be torn rather than loosen its hold. I have named this species in honour of Dr. N. Lister, of Funchal, to whom I am indebted for much sympathy and assistance in my investigations. ALICIA, gen, n. Base adherent at pleasure; greatly exceeding column. Tentacles simple. Margin of disk simple, without spherules. Column beset with stalked appendages. ALICIA MIRABILIS, Base pale brown, adherent apparently by means of minute round suckers scattered over it, capable of great dilatation, and sometimes having a diameter of between 4 and 5 inches; very transparent, so that the appendages on the column could be seen through it. The outline undulate; the surface marked with about a hundred radi- ating furrows, meeting in the middle, and causing the margin to be erenate. Column apparently imperforate, pillar-like, when fully expanded measuring 23 inches in height and diameter ; surface deli- cately soft, pellucid, pale brown, marked with longitudinal furrows corresponding with those on the base; beset with stalked appendages. At the base these appendages are small, nearly sessile, and bear at their summits a single wart of hemispherical outline and of a dull- purple hue ; they become larger in proportion to their height above the base, until those next the oral disk have stalks half an inch high and 53, of aninch in diameter, which divide and redivide, each ulti- mate division always crowned with a wart. As many as sixty warts might be counted on one of these appendages, the appearance of which when half-contracted, had some resemblance to a head of cauliflower. In most cases the common stalk was of an opake white colour, but in other cases it was orange ; and there were two of this colour stand- ing higher up the column than the rest, and placed over against each other. When the animal was in its greatest state of contrac- tion, no part of the column was visible, on account of the warted tops of the appendages forming an unbroken coat ; when fully ex- panded, the soft delicate body was seen between the separated ap- pendages, and the upper part near the disk was extended quite clear of them for a considerable space. Under the microscope the purple warts were seen to consist of an exterior, transparent, colourless coat enveloping a body which was purplish at the tip and pale brown below. Disk destitute of marginal spherules, not lobed nor extending beyond the column, pale brown, transparent, slightly cupped. Ten- tacles pale brown, simple, subulate, elongated, rather slender, often 304 MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON’S NOTES [June 25, curled, numerous, compactly set in three rows near the margin of the disk, beset with minute papille. Mouth half an inch across ; lips usually somewhat puffed out, and divided by deep furrows into six longitudinal ribs on each side; destitute of warts and tentacles. Throat of a pretty full brown. No acontia observed. But one specimen of this very curious animal has occurred ; it was brought to me alive in the month of April last, and was said to have been found in one of the cane-work baskets which are sunk to the depth of a few fathoms in the Bay of Funchal, chiefly for the purpose 1861.) ON THE SEA-ANEMONES OF MADEIRA. 305 of taking Red mullet (Mullus surmuletus, L., and M. barbatus, L.). When I first saw it, only just covered with a little water, it was in a contracted state, and my first impression was that a compound Asci- dian was before me. After keeping it for three weeks in a small tank, I attempted to bring it with me to England in order to show it to those interested in this tribe of animals; but being unfortu- nately unable to attend to it in the earlier part of my voyage, it perished, to my great regret. As to its habits during the time it lived in my tank, I may say that it bore confinement very well, and took its food (the flesh of Patella) with considerable readiness. It frequently shifted its position in the tank, and on one occasion it was seen floating base uppermost ; when attached, its upper part was seldom destitute of motion, but that motion was exceedingly slow. The tentacles were usually more or less displayed ; but it has been observed with them so completely withdrawn that it was not easy to discover the precise situation of the disk and mouth. The tentacles possessed the power of stinging ; but, though the skin was made red, the pain was not great. Fam. CertanTHip#, M.-Edw. SACCANTHUS MADERENSIS, Sp. n. Column lengthened, worm-like, with a conical imperforate base ; skin smooth, apparently without suckers or loopholes; of a pale chestnut-brown colour ; enveloped in a loose non-adherent tube secreted by the animal, open at both ends. Disk without marginal spherules, cup-shaped, capable of being expanded so as to have a diameter twice that of the column. ‘Tentacles of two kinds: lst, marginal, twenty-four in number, in one series, but often arranged, when fully displayed (and then bending inwards and outwards alter- nately), so as to have the appearance of being placed in two rows; these tentacles are slender, tapering, uniform, longer than the dia- meter of the column, and are coloured brown with pale rings: 2nd, short filiform tentacles, about twenty-five in number, arranged in two or three irregular circles round the mouth, coloured a uniform brown; these labial tentacles hardly equal in length the radius of the disk. Only one specimen of this interesting animal has fallen in my way. When first brought to me, its appearance was that of a mass of dirt which had a certain convoluted shape, and out of which protruded at one place a reddish semitransparent body (the base), and at another some tentacles, which partly folded up on being touched. At first sight I took the animal for an Annelid; but during the night it shuffled off its muddy coating and displayed itself in its true character. It was then seen to have a length of about 23 inches, with a diameter of about a quarter of aninch. The column was quite smooth, cylindrical, and of a brown colour approaching to auburn or chestnut. When examined with a lens, some fine longitudinal lines were perceived, dividing the body at regular intervals, and about 4, of an inch apart. Faint angular transverse lines were also visible, pretty closely set. It seemed shy, and never expanded its tentacles completely, Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1861, No. XX. 306 LETTER FROM MR. E. BLYTH. [Nov. 12, except in the dark, when it contracted them if the light of a candle fell upon it. The power of fully withdrawing them seemed to be wanting. They were more than an inch in length when entirely dis- played. The next day I perceived it lying in the angle at the bottom of the glass containing sea-water, enveloped in a glaucous semitrans- parent film of mucus looking like a stout spider’s web, in which it moved as a worm moves in its case. It had expanded to a length of 4} inches, but on being touched immediately contracted so as to measure only 12 inch. It possessed the power of swelling out portions of the column ; sometimes the swelling appeared near the middle of the body, sometimes near the base. On some occasions it lay with the lower part of the body bent into a hook ; at others it quitted the protection of its tube and floated at the surface of the water. The animal was never observed to wriggle or glide through the water like a worm; all its motions were extremely slow. It was captured at the bottom of a pool in the rocks near Funchal. DEscRIPTION OF THE Wooncvt, p. 304. Fig. 1. Alicta mirabilis, as seen with the base detached and uppermost, the ten- tacles lying on the bottom of the tank. Figs. 2 and 3. Two of the appendages of the column, of the natural size. Fig. 4. One of the warts of an appendage, enlarged. The outer coat is colourless and transparent ; the top of the interior body is dull purplish, the lower part yellowish brown, and the interspace colourless. November 12, 1861. Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair. Dr. P. L. Sclater exhibited a cast of the skull of the Aye-Aye ( Chiromys madagascariensis ), taken from a specimen in the possession of M. E. Verreaux, of Paris, the fourth example of this rare Mammal received in Europe. Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a portion of the collection of birds re- cently forwarded by Mr. Wallace from Mysol and Waigiou, amongst which were many rare and interesting species. The following extract from a letter addressed to the Secretary by Edward Blyth, Esq. (Corr. Memb.), dated Maulmein, May 10th, 1861, was read to the meeting :— * ‘“‘ T have made this day a grand discovery, which neither you nor others will believe in at the first announcement, but it is true never- theless,—viz. that the extraordinary Rhinoceros-horn figured * as * See P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 250. 1861.) LETTER FROM MR. E. BLYTH. 307 that of Rhinoceros crossii by Gray, in your ‘ Proceedings,’ is the well- developed anterior horn of an old male R. sumatranus—the common species of these provinces. My host at this place is a great sports- man, and some noble trophies of the chase hang in his verandah ; but what fixed my attention was the head of R. sumatranus, with a development of horns which I had never imagined to occur in this species ; and the resemblance of the much-curved anterior horn to that of Gray’s supposed species, R. crossiz, struck me at once. Conversing with my host on the subject, he remarked that he took a similar head to England (where it now adorns his family hall), with the front horn at least 3 inches longer, and still more curved. A little reflection, and I felt satisfied that R. crossii must sink into a synonym of R. sumatranus.” In a subsequent communication Mr. Blyth remarked :— “ All doubts now removed about the identity of R. sumatranus and R. crossii. Mason states that the skin of the Tenasserim spe- cies ‘is quite smooth, like a buffalo’s’—meaning devoid of folds ; but Col. Fytche assures me that the one he shot had the slight folds described and figured of R. sumatranus. The mature female horns are small, and the nasal bones comparatively narrow; I am not aware that a corresponding sexual difference occurs in any other Rhino- ceros. In the Indian one-horned species the sexes are alike in size and development of horn.” The Secretary reported the return from the Cape, on the Ist instant, of the Society’s collector, Mr. James Benstead, with a second collec- tion of animals presented to the Society by His Excellency Sir George Grey, K.C.B., the Governor of the Colony. The collection consisted of the following :— MamMat.s. 1, A young male Hartebeest (Antilope caama). . A female Reh-bok (Antilope capreola). 3. A four-horned Sheep (Ovis aries, var.). A 4. A male Ratel (Mellivora ratel). i] Birps. 5. One male and two female Ostriches (Struthio camelus). 6. Three Stanley Cranes (Grus paradisea). 7. Two Jackal Buzzards (Buteo jacal). The Hartebeest was of great interest, as having been only exhi- bited once before in the Society’s collection. The Ostriches, being from the Cape, afforded an opportunity of comparing together the northern and southern birds, which had long been desired, and which would probably lead to their being distinguished as different local varieties, if not as species. 308 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS HELOGALE. [Noy. 12, The following papers were read :— 1. Notice or HELoGALE, A New Genus oF VIVERRID#. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.RB.S., V.P.Z.S., F.L.S., ere. In making out a list of the skulls of the animals in the Museum, Mr. Edward Gerrard called my attention toa peculiarity in the skull of some of the smaller African Mangoustes. They are externally like the true Herpestes, but they want the smaller false premolar teeth in the upper jaw, which are always to be found in the true species of that genus. I propose to designate the group Helogale, which may be thus characterized :— HELOGALE. Cutting teeth a5 Can. =; Premol, =F Mol. — eats Body slender; head oval; ears distant; toes 5—5; claws com- Skull of Helogale parvula (upper surface.) pressed, acute ; soles of hind feet half bald and callous ; tail hairy, tapering. 1. HELOGALE PARVULA (Herpestes parvulus, Sundeval). Skull broad. Hab. Natal. 2. HeLoGaLe Tznionota (Herpestes tenionotus, A. Smith). Skull elongate. Hab. South Africa. The skull differs considerably in shape from that of the species of true Herpestes. 1861.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW PILOT-WHALE. 309 2. Notice or a New Srvecries or Pitrot-WuHare (Guosio- CEPHALUS), FROM THE Coast OF DorsETSHIRE. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., ere. In 1853 the British Museum received the skull of a Cetacean which was dredged up at Bridport, on the coast of Dorsetshire, from the Rev. John Beecham, of the Wesleyan Mission Board. It is evi- dently a species of Globiocephalus; but on comparing it with the skull of G. svineval, the Common Pilot-Whale, and other species of Globiocephalus which have come under my observation, it appears to be quite distinct from them, and, as I believe, of a species that has not before been noticed. It is evidently the skull of a large animal, being nearly as large as that of the Common Pilot-Whale ; but it is at once distinguished from all the other species of that genus by the convexity of the palate and the oblong form of the nose of the skull, which is nearly of the same width for the greater part of the length, and is regularly rounded in front; while in G. svineval it gradually converges from the notch to the apex, and the palate is quite flat, especially in front; and this is the case with all the other species of the genus. GLOBIOCEPHALUs INCRASSATUS. Thick-palated Pilot-Whale. Teeth = or 1°", the nose of the skull attenuated, the side nearly parallel, and regularly rounded in front; the palate very convex, especially in the front ; the upper surface of the intermaxil- lars rugose in front. Hab. British Seas, Bridport (Rev. J. Beecham, 1853). inches. Length of the skull........ 28 Of PREmGsE. 3. «cae ee of the\teeth ...... 8? imperfect, worn at the end. Width of nose at the bridge 10 —- of nose atthe under. 93 of skull at orbits.... 17 The back of the skull is higher and much narrower than in the skull of G. svineval. (See woodcuts, pp. 310, 311.) This species does not appear to have been observed before as British, and I do not find any indication of its having been de- scribed as an exotic species. But it is so distinct both in the form of the nose of the skull, in the width of the intermaxillary bones, and more especially in the thickness and convexity of the palate of the front part of the skull, from the species that has hitherto been described, and the differences are so visible, that Mr. Edward Gerrard selected it as a distinct species as soon as he saw it. It has been suggested that this may perhaps be the other sex of the common Pilot-Whale (Globiocephalus svineval); but I can searcely think this probable, as I have seen many skulls of the latter, and they have been all nearly similar and very unlike the one under consideration; and I can scarcely believe that all I have seen could have 310 DR. J. Eh. GRAY ON A NEW PILOT-WHALE. [Nov. 12, been of the same sex, for it is a Whale that comes on the coast in great shoals, and hence one of its names is the ‘* Social Whale,’ and Upper surface of the skull of Glodiocephalus svineval. specimens of both sexes have been recorded as caught on the British coast. Atthe present moment there is an inclination to regard some — 1861. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW PILOT-WHALE. 311 of the Whales which have been considered species as mere sexes of the same species, simply because the specimen described in one case Upper surface of the skull of Globiocephalus incrassatus. happens to be a male and in the other a female. Thus Delphinus micropterus is said to be the female of Ziphius sowerbiensis, for the above reason ; but I have not heard that any new specimen has been 312 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW PILOT-WHALE. _[Nov. 12, discovered, or any fact eliminated, to prove the truth of this sug- gestion, and it may be only an instance of accidental coincidence— ros) = & Fig. 1. Fig. 1. Side view of skull of Globiocephalus incrassatus. Fig. 2. Diagram of the cross-section of the palate of G. inerassatus. such a case as may be disproved by the next discovery of either animal. 1861.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON A SPECIES OF TEREDO. 313 In the same manner Professor Eschricht, of Copenhagen (and no one has studied the Whales of the North Sea with greater earnest- ness and success), regards Hyperoodon latifrons as the male of the old well-known Hyperoodon rostratum, because his specimen of the former belongs to a male, and that of the latter to a female specimen ; and he exhibits them side by side as sexes of the same animal in his Museum (see Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1852, ix. p. 281). Now this is an evident mistake, arising from mistaking an accidental coin- cidence for an established fact. The specimen from which the skeleton of Hyperoodon latifrons was derived, that is in the Museum of the College of Surgeons in Edinburgh, was a female, which was taken on the 24th of October, 1839, accompanied by a young male, in the Frith of Forth. Therefore there are female as well as male specimens known of Hyperoodon latifrons, which is regarded by Professor Eschricht as the male of the more common H. rostratum, of which I have also seen males as well as females, as recorded in my paper on this subject in the ‘ Pro- ceedings’ of the Society for November 1860. 3. On a LarGe Species oF TEREDO, SUPPOSED TO BE THE ANIMAL OF THE GENUS FuRCELLA, Lamk. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., F.L.S., ere. In a former communication to the Society on the genus Furcella, I came to the conclusion that the animal of that genus was destitute of any shelly valves, because on examining the tube of a young spe- cimen in a very perfect state, that contained in its cavity the two palettes of the animal, it had no appearance of valves, which I sup- posed would be of too large a size to have escaped out of the tube, more especially as the palettes were in it, which were of a much smaller size and more slender character than the valves were likely to be, and the tube had all the appearance of the animal which formed it having been eaten out by the larve of Muscidae, as the skins of the larvae and pupa-cases were found in the tube with the palettes. But this shows the danger of coming to any conclusion without one has the actual specimen before one ; for we have lately received from Mr. Jamrach, along with a number of Fishes, Reptiles, and other animals in spirits, chiefly from the Dutch Colonies of the Indian Ocean, two specimens of a large species of true typical Te- redines in spirit, without their shelly tube, but with their palettes attached, which seem to be very probably the animal of the genus Furcella. : The reason why I believe them to be the animal of that genus is, first, their large size, which is quite sufficient to form a tube as large as the younger specimen of the genus Furcel/a, and, secondly, the form and size of the palette, which agree in general character with those which were found in the tube of Furcella, and which are figured in the ‘Proceedings’ of the Society for 1857, p. 243, Mol- 3 14 DR, J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS CUSCUS. [Nov. 12, lusea, pl. xxx1x. f.3. Yet there is just that amount of difference between the palette of these animals and those found in the young specimen of Furcella which prevents one from saying that the animal is absolutely the animal of the Furcella. The palettes of Furcella were slender, cylindrical, with a dilated tip like a double-headed hammer, like the young palette of Teredo malleolum of Turton, but of a much larger size; and they had a small, slightly-raised tubercle on the middle of the inner side of the dilated end. The palette in the two specimens of Teredo which we have lately received is of precisely the same form, and nearly of the same size ; but instead of having this small tubercle, the middle of the dilated end is produced into an elongated process about half an inch long, which is more slender and oblong at the base, thicker, flattened, and dilated above, and truncated at the top. The valves of the shell are exactly like those of the Teredo navalis, T. norvegicus, and other normal species of the genus, but larger. I am inclined to name this species Teredo furcelloides; for I do not think it would be safe to decide, without further evidence, that it is the animal of Furcella, Lamk.; but at the same time I consider it right to bring the occurrence of this animal at once before the Society, as it has led me to doubt if my conclusion was correct that Furcellais a genus of Conchiferous Mollusks without any valves, as I was inclined to believe before the animal occurred, and which the evidence then before me led me to believe was a correct conclusion. The palettes are situated at the hinder end, just within the edge of the mantle, the siphons being quite distinct from or within their base. The siphons are slender, of nearly equal diameter, and united nearly to their tips; in their contracted state they just reach to the dilated part of the palette at the base of the terminal elongated pro- cess. These are some fragments of a thin lamina of shell attached to the hinder end of the mantle near the base of the palettes. It this should prove to be the animal of Furcella, or even of a Furcella-like Teredo, it shows most conclusively that the cup at the end of the tubes cannot be regarded as the analogue of the true valves of the genus, as I have also proved in a former paper (see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 258). If these animals prove to belong to the genus Furcella, as I sus- pect they may, then that genus or group of species will only be separated from the other Teredines by the habit of living in sand, by the club-shaped form of the tube closed at the end with two arched plates, the division and separate prolongation of the tubes of the siphonal aperture, and the hammer-like form of the palettes. 4. ApDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE Genus Cuscus. By Dr. Joun Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S8., ere. In the ‘ Proceedings’ for 1858, p, 100, I gave some observations on the genus Cuseus, with the description of a new species; and 1861. } DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS CUSCUS. 315 in the volume for 1860, p. 1, I described another species of the genus. Since that time we have received several other specimens from Mr. Wallace, and I have also been able to examine several other examples sent home by the same excellent collector ; and the exa- mination of these specimens has induced me rather to modify my views as regards the species, and has enabled me to observe other characters for the species which were before unknown to me. I therefore lay before the Society these additional observations, in - the hope of doing something towards settling the species of this very difficult group of animals, which are curious as being the only Marsupials that have as yet been submitted to a kind of domesti- cation; though I have never been able to see why Kangaroos might not have been domesticated by the Australian emigrant, except from the difficulty of making them adopt new ways even in a new country. I may observe that I believe the British Museum contains the largest and finest collection of the specimens of this genus that has been ever brought together. A few years ago we considered our- selves fortunate in having two specimens ; now we have thirty-three from very different localities, and I have besides these examined about half as many more. The zoologists of the modern school are very desirous that the name of the original namer of the species should always be inserted after the specific name, to show to whom belongs the honour of having first named the species,—often a very doubtful source of con- gratulation or proof of scientific attamment, as for example in this enus. : Should the various varieties of colour really be proved to be good species in this genus, we shall have to adopt the names of Lesson, an author who seems only to have seen a very few specimens, and to have given a name to each of those that he saw, without giving him- self the trouble to discover what were the characters that separated them from the other examples of the genus; and it is often the case, not only with species but with genera, that the man who first gives the name to either one or the other often knows less about them, and takes less trouble to study the subject, than men who have never given a new name to either genus or species. This was specially the case with Swainson, who has given the names to many genera of shells and birds even on the slightest characters, and with- out the least analysis. In the former paper I divided the Cusci into two sections, ac- cording to the hairyness and prominence of the ears; I will now divide them into four sections, according to the form of the skull and the number and disposition of the anterior false grinders, and thus place at the disposal of the student two means of determining the species. Sect. I. The nose of the skull short, broad, and rounded. The an- terior conical false grinders one on each side, large, and nearly filling up the short diastema. The grinders large, in an arched series, con- 316 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS CUSCUS. [Nov. 12, verging behind. The forehead of the skull rather swollen over the front, and depressed between the hinder part of the orbits. Ears hidden under the fur. Fur of one colour. Evcuscus. 1. Cuscus (E.) ursinus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 103. Temm. Monog. t. 1. f. 1, 2, 3 (adult), t. f. 1-5 (half-grown) (skull), t. 4 (skeleton). Blackish ; tail and rump dark, like back. Hab. Celebes (Temm.). The three skulls, of different ages, all show only a narrow linear space between the upper edges of the masseter muscles. The fore- head of the youngest specimen is not so concave as that of the two older ones. We have an adult and half-grown female from Celebes, obtained for the Leyden Museum in 1843; and a nearly adult specimen without any distinct indication of its sex—probably a female—with the pouch sewed up, from the Zoological Society, 1855. If this should be the case, we have only female specimens of this genus; but I believe they have a male at Leyden. 2. Cuscus (E.) Brevicaupatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 102. Pale brown ; the tail and rump of the same colour as the back. Hab. Cape York (Mr. Macgillivray). The skull, which is that of a very young animal, is more like that of C. ursinus than that of any other species in our Collection. The canines are close to the cutting-teeth, and with a very small space between it and the first grinder. The skull is rather convex, and swollen in front over the orbits. We have only the young specimen and its skull, on which Mr. Gould established the species. It seems very distinct from C. ursinus. Sect. Il. The nose of the skull rather produced, rounded. The ante- rior conical false grinders one on each side above, moderate-sized, near the middle of the broad diastema. The grinders in a slightly arched series. The forehead very convex, and rounded over the middle of the orbit, and flat behind. The ears hairy outside, hidden in the fur. The fur more or less variegated. Tail pale or yellowish. Dorsal streak none. SprLocuscus. The skulls which we have of the animals of this section show that there are probably two distinct species. One species has grinders of a rather larger size than those of C. ursinus, but differing from them in being in only a slightly curved line, the three first grinders forming a series of from 10 to 103 lines, or twelfths of an inch. In this respect the skull agrees with those figured by Temminck (Mon. Mam. t. 3. f. 1-6) as of Phalangista maculata. But one skin agrees with the description of the skin of P. chrysorrhos of that author, and its teeth with the figure of the teeth of P. maculata. Yet it is to be recollected that this author only had a very small number of specimens to examine, and he does not mention in his 1861.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS CUSCUS, 317 description of either species the difference in the size of the grinders, though he shows the difference in his figures. The second species has smaller grinders, placed in the same man- ner as the former,—the three front grinders forming a series of from 84 to 9 lines in length, as they are figured by Temminck (Monog. t. 1. f. 4-6) as Phalangista chrysorrhos. We have two skulls with their skins belonging to this kind; and both have the spotted skins which Temminck calls Phalangista ma- culata. Under these circumstances it is difficult to adopt Tem- minck’s name. Are we to take those of the skin or those of the skulls? Perhaps what he describes as C. chrysorrhos may be the proper and wild state of each species, and the spotted varieties de- scribed as C. maculata may be albino varieties or half-domesticated varieties of them, for the natives of some islands are said to breed them. As I have not the power of examining the skulls of all the speci- mens, I have arranged those in the Museum provisionally under these two names, taking them as they designate the general colour of the fur. 3. Cuscus (S.) CHRYSORRHOS. Cuscus maculata, var. 1, 2, Gray, P. Z. 8S. 1858, p. 102. Phalangista maculata, Temm. Mam. t. 2. f. 1-5 (adult), 6 (young skull). The grinders * large, three front of from 10 to 103 lines in length. Fur dark grey-brown ; sides and middle of the back blacker or black ; face reddish ; rump and tail yellowish ; belly white. Var. albina? White ; feet and large spots on back red-brown. Hab. Ceram ; south coast of New Guinea ; ‘‘ Moluccas” (Temm.). 1. An adult female of a large size from the Leyden Museum as C. chrysorrhos, Temm. 1859. 2, 3. An adult and a three-fourths grown female, with the sides very deep black. From Ceram; Mr. Wallace, 1859. 4. A young female specimen from the south coast of New Guinea ; J. B. Jukes, 1846. The skull of this animal shows that it belongs to the large-toothed species. Var.? albina. White, reddish varied. C. maculata, nos. 3-5, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 102. 5. White, with a long irregular patch on the back, and the four feet red. A female from Dufour Island, south-east coast of New * T give the measurement of the three first of the true grinders only, because in the young skull the hindermost grinders are not developed. I may state that the difference in the size of the grinders does not depend on the sex of the species, as there are both males and females with teeth of each size. 318 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS CUSCUS. [Nov. 12, Guinea; John Macgillivray, 1851 ; and its skull, which agrees with Temminck’s figure of the skull of C. maculatus. 6. ? An adult male, with numerous confluent reddish spots. New Guinea; John Macgillivray, 1855. 7. A half-grown male, with numerous small, reddish and dark- brown spots, often confluent. Darnley Island, south coast of New Guinea ; John Macgillivray, 1855. I have not been able to examine the skull and teeth of these spe- cimens ; so they may belong to the next. 4, Cuscus (S.) MACULATUS. Cuscus maculatus, Lesson, Voy. Coq. t. 5. Cuscus maculatus, var., nos. 3-7, Gray, P. Z.8. 1858, p. 102. Phalangista chrysorrhos, Temm. Mon. t. 1. f. 4, 5, 6 (skull, not skin). ene moderate, three front forming a series of from 81 to 9 lines in length. Skull very convex on the front of the orbit, flat or slightly concave behind the convexity, the temporal ridges close toge- ther, united (in the adult skull) and forming a sharp ridge. White, spotted with fulvous grey-brown or black ; forehead reddish. Hab. New Guinea. Waygeroo and Aru Islands. There are both sexes in the Museum Collection. 1. Adult male. Spots on the head and shoulders, confluent on the back and sides, small, scattered ; tail white. Waygeroo. Purchased of M. Verreaux, 1856, as Cuscus maculatus. 2, Adult male. White, with numerous, scattered, small spots ; tail white, slightly varied with pale reddish. Aru Island; Mr. Wal- lace, 1857. This belongs to the smaller-toothed kind, 3. Adult male and female. Very similar ; yellowish white spots, nu- merous, smooth, intense black; head reddish-brown; tail white, marbled with pale reddish. Waygeroo (Mr. Wallace, 1860). Mr. Wallace observes that these animals are diurnal: the female he marks as having a pale hazel iris. The skull of the male shows that it also belongs to the smaller-toothed kind. The three skulls in the Museum agree with the above description, but vary among themselves ; one of the skulls from Aru (1195 6) is much narrower in all its parts, and is less swollen and narrower be- tween the orbits, than the others from the same locality, and is pro- bably the skull of a female, as 1195a@ is from the male specimen sent from Aru by Mr. Wallace. The skull of the male specimen sent by Mr. Wallace from Way- geroo is similar to the male from Aru (1195 @), but is rather more swollen, especially between the front of the orbits. Sect. III. The nose of the skull rather produced, rounded. The alterior conical false grinders one on each side above, moderate-sized, near the middle of the broad diastema. The forehead deeply concave, with a raised edge on each side between the orbits. Kars naked 1861. | DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS CUSCUS. 319 within, extended beyond the fur of the head. Fur of body and tail uniformly coloured, with a dorsal streak. SrriGgocuscus. 5. Cuscus (S.) ceLeBEns!s, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 105, t. 62. Hab. St. Cristoval, Solomon’s Group of Islands. We have both sexes in the British Museum Collection, and the skulls of two others nearly adult, collected by Mr. Rayner and Mr. Skull of Cuseus celebensis (upper surface). J. Macgillivray during the voyage of the ‘ Herald.’ There is very little difference between the two skulls, though they are from a male and female animal. Skull of Cuseus celebensis (side view). In the description of the species in the paper above referred to, the animal is erroneously said, by a slip of the pen, to have no dorsal streak. We have in the British Museum a young specimen of a Cuseus from Macassar, which is very like C. celebensis, but it has no visible dorsal streak: it is not in a very good condition. It may be a va- riety of this species, or the young of one of the other, or perhaps an undeveloped state of a new one. 320 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS Cuscus. __[Nov. 12, Sect. IV. The nose of the skull rather produced, rounded. The an- terior conical false grinders two on each side above, the anterior rather larger, the hinder very small, cylindrical ; both near the other grinder, and widely separated from the canines. The forehead with a deep concavity between the orbits. Ears naked within, extended beyond the fur of the head. Fur on body and tail uniformly coloured, with a dorsal streak. Cuscus. 6. Cuscus oRIENTALIS, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 104, t. 61. Cuscus quoyii, Lesson in Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uranie, Zool. t. 56. 6. The male and female grey brown, with a distinct dorsal streak. Var. albina? Cuscus orientalis, Temm. & Gray. j AKA 7 =F Males pure white, without any dorsal streak. . {47% Hab. Islands of Waigiou and Ceram. Ls. Mr. Wallace attached to the male species this observation, ‘“ the claws, soles, and end of the tail nearly white; eats leaves and cocoa-nuts (young).”’ Hecalls the male C. orientalis. We have specimens of both sexes in the Museum ; a very young and adult female from Waigiou, obtained from M. Verreaux in 1856 ; and male and female, with two young from the pouch, from Waigiou, and a male from Ceram, from Mr. Wallace, in 1859 and 1860. In the skull of the female the temporal ridges are separated from one another by a wide flat band. Temminck, and other authors since his work, have described the male of this animal as white, and the female as silver-grey with a black dorsal streak ; but we have both sexes of the latter colour. Can the white males be an albino variety, and confined to the male sex? We have two full-grown males of that colour, one obtained from Leyden Museum, said to come from Amboyna, and another from M. Ver- reaux, said to come from New Zealand ; they both have the small hinder false grinders. 7. Cuscus ornatus, Gray, P. Z. 8S, 1860, p. 1, pl. uxxiv. (male). Both sexes grey-brown, grisled, and marked with small white spots and a distinct dorsal streak ; the ground-colour of the male is yellowish-red, of the female dark grey-brown. Hab. Ternate and Batchian (Wallace). We have a male and three females in the British Museum, all from Mr. Wallace—a male from Batchian in 1859, two adult and a young female from Ternate, obtained in 1858 and 1859. In the British Museum there are two young specimens of the genus which I am not able to determine with certainty. They are both of a fulvous-brown colour, and without any streak on the back. 1861.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE GENUS CUSCUS. 321 1. Said to come from “ Amboyna,” and is supposed to be a young C. orientalis ; the sex is doubtful, but probably a male. Skull of Cuseus ornatus (upper surface). 2. The other was sent by Mr. Wallace from Macassar in 1857, and is a young male. I formerly considered it as a variety of C. eelehensis (P. Z.S. 1858, p. 43) ; and it is like that species in se- Skull of Cuseus ornatus (side view). veral particulars ; but the want of the dorsal streak is a great pecu- liarity, which was not so distinctly seen before it was stuffed. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1861, No. XXI. 322 DR.O. WUCHERER ON THE OPHIDIANS OF BAHIA. [Noyv. 12, 5. On THE OpHipDIANS OF THE PROVINCE oF Banta, BRAZIL. By Dr. Orso Wucuerer, Corr. Memes. (Part II.*) Of the family of Coronellide several species of Liophis are very common in this province—Liophis cobella, L. merremii, L. regine, and L. conirostris. The last appears to me to occur only in the vicinity of the city of Bahia. In several collections of Ophidians sent to me from different parts of the province, I never found a single specimen, whilst it is rather common in the vicinity of the city of Bahia. It never attains to the same size as the other species. Some specimens of L. merremii show so constantly certain differences from others, that I feel tempted to consider them as belonging to a distinct species, particularly as those differences are by no means referable to the different age of the individuals ; however I shall withhold my sug- gestions until I shall have collected more materials to substantiate them. Erythrolamprus venustissimus, of the same family, is not unfrequent. It shares with different other snakes the Portuguese name of Cobra Coral. The species of the genus Yenodon, which have been referred to the family of Natricide, are allied to Liophis in many respects. Their dentition is very similar ; they may all be considered as fresh- water snakes (some species of Liophis are called by the Brazilians Cobras d’agua), although they are frequently found in dry places and at a distance from the water. They all live on Batrachians, and have this peculiarity in common with the other snakes of the family of Natricide, that they do not squeeze their prey to death before swallowing it, nor ever coil themselves around it. I have noticed only two species of Xenodon—X. rhabdocephalus and X. colubrinus. In a preliminary list of snakes observed by me, given by Dr. Albert Giinther, X. severus is mentioned ; however, on a repeated examination of the specimens in my possession, I must refer them all to XY. rhabdo- cephalus+. This isa very common species in Bahia. Several young examples may be frequently found together. It is very lively and courageous, and, on account of its broad head and rather vicious appearance, much dreaded by the Brazilians, who give it the name of Surucueté. In order to distinguish Lachesis mutus from it, they call the latter Surucuct bico de jacca, from the resemblance of its strongly keeled scales to the prominences on the Jackfruit—the fruit of the Artocarpus integrifolia. This Xenodon is very voracious. Re- cently I had a young living specimen of it in the same cage with one of Liophis conirostris, and gave them two young Cystignathi fusci for their food. The Xenodon immediately seized one of the frogs by the snout ; but the Liophis did not succeed so well with the other frog, and found it easier to seize the Xenodon’s prey by the hind legs. A struggle commenced, in which the Xenodon had better hold of the frog than the Liophis, and the latter, being obstinate and not in- * See above, p. 113. + One specimen of X. severus in the Collection of the British Museum is men- tioned in the Catalogue as derived from Bahia. 1861.] DR. O. WUCHERER ON THE OPHIDIANS OF BAHIA. 323 clined to relinquish its hold, began to encompass its head with its wide jaws. It became evident that the Liophis would have to share the fate of its intended victim. As it was the first living specimen of its species I had been able to obtain, I was very anxious to save its life; so I cut the Yenodon in two with a knife, and the Liophis quickly passed through the anterior segment of the Xenodon’s body with the frog. The Liophis was returned to its cage, when it directly seized hold of the other frog, and swallowed it undisturbed. It had along its head, neck, and anterior part of the body minute wounds from the Xenodon’s teeth, which bled freely while it was engaged in swallowing the frog; but it has done quite well since, and I hope it may arrive safely at the Gardens of the Society. It is surprising how broad and flat a Xenodon rhabdocephalus makes itself at times, chiefly whilst basking in the sun. This is owing, I suppose, to a peculiar conformation and attachment of its ribs, which I have not yet examined. The species of Liophis never make themselves so broad. A Xenodon can pass a crevice which is exceedingly small in proportion to the width of its head, —one smaller than that which a Liophis with a much thinner body can pass. Of the interesting species Yenodon colubrinus, so well established and happily named by Dr. Albert Giinther, I received several live specimens from Ihéos. Whenirritated, it rapidly strikes the ground with its tail—a habit I have also noticed in Spilotes variabilis, S. pecilostoma, S. corais, and in Coryphodon pantherinus. In its habits it resembles also Y. rhabdocephalus; but in the form of its head it shows great similarity to the members of the next family—that of Colubride. In this species I first noticed a bright white spot or groove on the tip of each scale. Recently I have become indebted to Dr. A.Giinther’s kindness for a perusal of Prof. Reinhardt’s interesting paper on these curious spots or depressions. Reinhardt discovered them during his stay in Brazil, about thirteen years ago, in a living specimen of Philodryas olfersii—a snake which has not yet been noticed by me. After his return to Europe he found them in pre- served specimens of many other Ophidians, and has tried to vindicate for them the importance of a classifying character, which they un- doubtedly possess. Reinhardt mentions that these depressions had been noticed before by Wagler in species of Xenodon, by Holbrook in Coluber alleghaniensis, and by Giinther in West Indian species of Dromicus, but that they had been overlooked by other herpetologists. In Xenodon colubrinus they are remarkably distinct, clearly perceptible with the naked eye; they are circular, and placed very near the tip of the scales. The family Colubride is represented by two genera in this province —WSpilotes and Coryphodon. Coryphodon pantherinus is exceedingly common. The grooves on its scales are double, as in all the other species of this family, with the exception of Zamenis dahlii, Fitz., which, according to Reinhardt, has scales with a single groove. Reinhardt, however, observes that this Ophidian had been classed by Schlegel with the Psammophide, which have scales provided with a single groove. 324 DR. 0. WUCHERER ON THE OPHIDIANS OF BAHIA. [Nov. 12, Of the genus Spilotes I have noticed S. corais, S. pecilostoma, and S. variabilis. They are very similar in their habits, very bold; and the most un- daunted is perhaps S. corais. It is called by the Brazilians ‘‘ Papa- pinto,’’ from its averred predilection for chickens, of which circum- stance I have never been able to satisfy myself. It frequents the neighbourhood of rivers, where it often strikes terror into the black washerwomen occupied at their calling, by approaching and running after them. I have been told strange stories about its creep- ing on to the beds of sleeping women who nurse, and sucking at their breasts. It may be that, like many other reptiles, it is very fond of milk; and this may account in part for such tales, which have been current in other countries also. SS. corais has generally seven- teen rows of scales; but I have seen several specimens with only fifteen rows. One very large specimen from Caravellas in my possession, which measures 8’, has nineteen rows of scales. The other two species of Spilotes are both called ‘ Cainana;” the grooves on their scales differ from those of S. corais in being larger and oblong or elliptical. Iwas on the point of referring a specimen of S. corais, with fifteen rows of scales, to Herpetodryas dendrophis, on account of the slender form of its head ; but the pre- sence of the two depressions on each of its scales assisted me in its correct determination. With regard to S. variabilis, I must state that the specimens examined by me, which were all adults, had no loreal shield. The Dryadide 1 have met with belong to two genera, Herpeto- dryas and Philodryas. Herpetodryas carinatus is one of the most common snakes in this province. The Brazilians call it, as well as all the other slender species of snakes, ‘‘ Cipo,” which signifies the stem or a stick of acreeping-plant. Before I had read Schlegel’s ‘ Essay,’ I referred all the specimens of Herpetodryas in which I did not detect any keeled scales to H. fuscus, this being the only distine- tive character given in Giinther’s catalogue. When I found that Schlegel had not admitted H. fuscus as a separate species, I sub- mitted all my specimens (several dozens) to a closer examination, and found that there was not a single one in which at least very slight traces of keels were not to be found in some scales ; so that I feel in- clined to follow Schlegel, and to consider my specimens as belonging to one species. According to Reinhardt, the scales of Herpetodryas carinatus are without any groove,—an observation with which I cannot agree, having found grooved scales in all my specimens. In some specimens they were found, indeed, only on a few scales of the neck near the head ; others had them on the two middle rows of keeled scales. The occurrence of these grooves in Herpetodryas* is very interesting, particularly because they are single, and not double as is generally the case in keeled scales. They are placed near to the inner edge, and at the point of junction of the distal with the * T have examined several specimens of this species : I was unable to find these grooves in H. carinatus; one specimen of H. fuscus showed a single groove on a few scales on the neck.—A. G. 1861.] DR. 0. WUCHERER ON A NEW ELAPOMORPHUS. 325 middle third of the scale. They are proportionately smaller in larger specimens. The largest specimen noticed by me is 5 feet 7 inches long. Philodryas viridissimus is not quite so common as the last species. The largest specimen I have seen measured 4 feet. Reinhardt found two grooves in the scales of this snake. After a careful search, I .cannot find more than one groove at the tip of the scales. Some scales on the tail have certainly two grooves, evidently in consequence of the confluence of two scales. Philodryas schottii.—I obtained a single specimen in a bad state. Of the family of Dendrophide I have seen a single specimen of Ahetulla liocerca*: it must be a very beautiful snake. It is said to be exceedingly lively ; and this, with its proportionately long teeth, may he the cause of its being considered dangerous by the Brazilians. The family of Dryophide has two representatives in Bahia, be- longing to the genus Dryophis—D. argentea and D. acuminata. The former is very scarce (I have seen only one specimen in Mr. C. M. Foppel’s collection), the latter very common. 6. DescrirTIon or A New Species or ELAPOMORPHUS FROM Brazit. By Dr. OrHo WucHeEReER, Corr. Memes. ELAPOMORPHUS SCALARIS. Eight upper labials, the fourth and fifth touching the eye, the seventh largest. Scales in seventeen rows; 128-130 ventral shields ; dirty brick-red above ; head brownish, with a black narrow dorsal streak traversed by short black bands; narrow black spots on the sides. Hab. Cafavieras, Matta de S. Joao, Bahia. Description.—The body of moderate length, almost cylindrical ; belly flat ; the tail short. Head moderate, distinct, with flat crown ; the cleft of mouth moderate; rostral shield triangular, almost reaching the surface of the head, recurved, concave, the inferior edge slightly protruding ; three frontals, two anterior and one posterior, the former small, almost triangular, very narrow in the antero-posterior direc- tion, the posterior one very large ; one nasal pierced by the nostril ; nostril large, lateral; superciliary shield small; one anterior, two posterior oculars, the anterior large, high, forming a short suture with the vertical ; loreal elongate ; vertical moderate, almost trian- gular; occipitals large, forked behind; one temporal, sometimes two, one behind the other, touching the inferior posterior ocular ; upper labial shields eight, the fourth and fifth touching the eye, the seventh largest; eye moderate, sublateral, pupil round ; scales rhombic, not truncated, smooth, equal, without any groove, a few in the middle row of the tail larger, in seventeen rows; posterior tooth longest, grooved ; two pair of chin-shields. Snout and part of crown brown and bluish iridescent, irregularly speckled with black ; lips * I received it from Mr. Christopher Gayleard, whose unceasing kindness in assisting me to collect specimens I am happy to acknowledge. 326 M. 0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDSH. [Nov. 12, white ; the back is of a dirty brick-colour: a black streak, of the breadth of the middle dorsal row of scales, runs along the body almost to the tip of the tail; this is crossed by short, transverse, black bands, some of which do not correspond exactly in their lateral halves ; on the sides a line of narrow, almost linear, black spots ; underneath uniform yellowish white. Dimensions of two specimens : — Hength of head 2202) 720.2 010 0-013 Length of tail.............. 0040 0-055 Potal length eye. 2. os egies 0°320 0°250 Ventral shields ............ 128 34 Subcaudal shields .......... 130 34 The smaller specimen is in the British Museum. The larger spe- cimen was sent to me from Cafiavieras. It was injured in the head, and a few characters are not recognizable; the smaller corresponds with it in every particular. I received it from M. C. Gayleard, from _ the Matta de 8. Joao, a few leagues south from the city of Bahia. This species differs from others in the shape of its head, which is dis- tinct, in having a shorter body, broader ventral shields, and seventeen rows of scales ; but the dentition and coloration are very similar. 7. Review or THE VeRMETID&. By Orro A. L. Morcu (oF CopENHAGEN). (Part II.*) Genus SprrociypuHus, Daudin, Recueil, 1800, p. 39. Spiroglyphus, Gray, Guide, 1857, p.127; Mérch, Journ. Conch. 1859, viii. p. 360. Bwonia, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 156 (nee Gray, nec Cat. Brit. Mus. 1842, pp. 62 & 90); Gray, Figs. of Moll. 1850, iv. p. 82 (not description) ; Adams, Genera, p. 358 (not the descrip- tion). Stoa, De Serres, Ann. des Sc. 1855, pl. 259. pp. T. plerumque planorbiformis corrodens ; strie incrementi expresse ; lire spirales rarissime inveniuntur. Operculum magnum crassum superne convexum, laminis concen- tricis crassis ; inferne planum concentrice liratum, centro mam- milla cylindrica valida, peripheria margine angusto elevato sepe compresso ; color sanguineus vel atro-purpureus. The shell of this genus is so similar to that of Stoa that it can only be distinguished by the operculum, which is convex outside, flat inside, with a central cylindrical wart, not mentioned either by Dr. Gray (Guide), by Bivona, or Philippi. It has some relations to the lid of Vermiculus, and in some respects it approaches that of Pyai- poma; I know at least no true Vermetus which, according to the lid, is more allied to it. The colour varies in all the species from bright purple to nearly black, and the surface from nearly flat to very convex. I refer to this genus V’. glomeratus, Biv., which only * See P. Z. S. 1861, p. 145. 1861.) M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&, 327 differs in having the central mammilla conical and not cylindrical. The colour of the shell is generally brown, often white with brown transverse bands. Chemnitz and Carpenter regard the genus as being sinistral ; but I cannot see any difference between it and the other Vermeti. 1. SerROGLYPHUS SPIRULIFORMIS, De Serres, 1855. “Cette espéce est caractérisé par le dernier tour détaché des pre- miers, qui se prolongent dans lage adulte en un tube légérement re- courbé bien au-dela de la spire orbiculaire formée par l’ensemble de ces mémes tours. Diam. 0™-026 4 0°028.”—M. de Serres. Stoa spiruleformis, De Serres, Annales des Sciences, v. p. 241, t. 8e. f, 1. “La Stoa spiruleformis a été rencontrée sur la Pinna nigrina, coquille décrite par Lam. comme de la mer des Indes, tandis que nous l’avons recue de l’ile de Zanzibar. Quant A la St. spirule- formis, elle parait habiter sur les valves de quelques Modioles de Pocéan Atlantique boréal, ainsi que des cétes de l’ Amérique septen- trionale.”’ The specimen represented is most probably from Zanzibar, the American locality being very likely wrong, which is not improbable from the curious form of the sentence commencing with “ Quant.” I have not seen any shell corresponding to the representation quoted. ‘The first whorls appear to be smooth, in which respect it differs from all the following varieties. It is stated that the speci- men is represented of the natural size, and double as large as S. perforans ; but fig. 6, the natural size of the latter species, is, on the contrary, represented somewhat larger. Var. a. SCAPHITOIDES. T. forma Scaphitis twanii parum immersa ; anfr. obtuse quadran- gulares; anfr. juveniles bullati leves castanei; anfr. sequentes planorbiformes, superne planati, liris incrementi arcuatis ap- proximatis regularibus ; anfr. ultimus rectus, versus aperturam solutus incurvus, latere externo plano, laminis incrementi de- planatis arcuatis convexis, superne planatus, laminis incrementi erassis arcuatis reductis, antice profunde excavatis, plerumque duplicatis. Color badius, aperturam versus cinereus ; fascia lateralis castanea. Apertura ovalis leviter contracta. Diam. spire circ. 4 m., long. 8 m., diam. ap. 1 m., diam. anfr. ult. 14 m. Hab. Ins. Philippin., on a young specimen of Margaritifera muricata, Reeve ; of the same shape as the preceding, but much smaller (coll. Cuming). Var. 3. VORTEX. T. planorboides ; anfr. angulati cinerei, superne plani, linea lata badia submediana, laminis incrementi irregularibus subremotis, arcuatis, antice hiantibus. Diam. ap. 5-6 m., dm. apertura 11 m. 328 M.O. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. [Nov. 12, Operculum ecrassiusculum superne planum, lira aretispirali, peri- pheria membranacea, centro puncto impresso annulo obsoleto circumdato ; inferne margine peripherico angusto bipartito, parte interna sanguinea, parte externa flavescente, centro mam- milla latiuscula parum prominente. Diam. 14 millim. (coll. Cuming). — Hab. Ins. Philippin., on Haliotis ovina, Chemn., slightly corroding. Var. y. LEMNISCATA. T. tenuiuscula, anfr. primi planorbiformes, anfr. ultimi lemnisca- tim contort. On the same shell as the preceding. Var. 6. SPIRALIS. T. tenuis castanea fascia spirali lata alba, leviuscula, anfr. alio super alium decliviter et spiraliter incumbentibus, strits incre- menti obsoletis, lira spirali obsoletissima. On the same shell as the two preceding varieties. Five or six specimens agreeing with the above description differ entirely in the manner of contortion from that known in the other species; but the transition to the planorboid varieties seems to me so striking, that I do not dare to include it in another genus or spe- cies. The striz of growth are bent in the same way as in the pre- ceding, but are very rarely slightly foliaceous. It is deeply cor- roding. V are. SOLIDISSIMA. T. crassa parum immersa planorboides vel lemniscatim contorta, alba, in anfr. ultimo angulo laterali linea badia notata ; lamine incrementi obsolete antice excavate, interstitiis sepe foveatis. Diam. aperture fere 2 m. ‘ Operculum solidum crassum atro-purpureum ; superne convexum fere hemisphericum, lirula arctispirali obsoleta ; inferne mar- gine peripherico elevato angusto incrassato sanguineo ; im- pressio muscularis concaviuscula, centro mammilla valida eylin- drica prominente, vertice plano dilatato. Op. superne fascia peripherica lata flava. Diam. fere 14m. : About ten specimens on Chama radiata, Lam. (Mas. Reg.). Var. £, operculo dilute sanguineo. Operculum dilute sanguineum planum, mammilla centrali parva, peripheria lamina tenui flava. On Turbo marmoratus, several specimens showing considerable variations in colour and shape. The shells are so overgrown with Nullipore that they cannot be described. The colour is brown inside, white outside. Var. 7. IMMERSA. T. profundissime immersa; anfr. plan; lire incrementi arcuate conferte minutissime. 1861.] M. 0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. 329 Serpula spirorbis contraria, Chemn. ix. p. 140. S. spirorbis, orbiculata sinistra, Chemn. ix. p. 151, f. 999. S. spirorbis 3, Gm. 8. N. 3740. S. spirorbis, var., Dillw. p. 1073. Spiroglyphus contrarius, Morch, Journ. Conch. 1859, vii. p. 45. Hab. On Polydonta granularis, Bolten: from Tranquebar. I have seen several specimens on the shell represented by Chemnitz ; but they do not seem to differ from the preceding, except by burrowing very deeply, in such manner that the sides are entirely concealed, and the surface is sunk to the same level as the surface of the Trochus ; but this appears only to depend on the nature of the outer layer of the Trochus. Var. 06. ERYTHRZENSIS. T. albescens, intus castanea, laminis incrementi tenuissimis con- fertis brevibus sigmoideis ; anfr. aperturam versus solutus cy- lindricus. Operculum superne convexum, inferne concaviusculum, margine peripherica angusta elevato bipartito, parte interna purpurea, externa flava ; mammilla centrali lete aurantiaca. Hab. On Arca foliacea, Forsk., from the Red Sea (Mus. Reg.). Var. t. DISCULUS. Operculum superne convexiusculum ; inferne planiusculum, area immersa bipartita, disco centrali lato atro concentrice lirato, zona externa angusta nuda; mammilla centrali aurantiaca ; limbo latiusculo leviter elevato nitido bipartito, parte interna saturate purpurea, externa sanguinea. From the same shell as the preceding. 2. SPIROGLYPHUS AMMONITIFORMIS, De Serres, 1855. Cog. ‘discoide, 4 tours continus et arrondis, différe de la S. spi- ruleformis, en ce que les derniers tours ne se détachent jamais des premiers, et qu’ils sont fortement striés. “Grand diam. 0™:020 a 0-021 ; petit diam. 0™:016 a 0°017.” Stoa ammonitiformis, De Serres, Aun. des Sc. v. p. 240, t. 8. f. 2. “Sur les valves de la Perna isognomon, coquille bivalve des mers des Indes.” I do not know this shell; perhaps it is more allied to Stoa per- forans, which is like it in respect of the aperture. 3. SprroGLyPHuUS PLANOBIS, Dkr. 1860. T. solidula, alba, planorbiformis, carinata, transversim sub- lamellosa. Lat. vix 4 m. Vermetus planorbis, Dkr. Mal. Blatter, vi. Jan. 1860, p. 240. Hab. Decima Harbour, Japan (Dr. Nuhn, Mus. Heidelb.). On Vermetus imbricatus, Dkr. ; slightly immersed in the surface. 330 M. 0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. [Nov. 12, The embryonal whorls are smooth, projecting in the centre of the shell, and not unlike a very small Amnicola. It differs from V. cor- rodens, D’Orb., in having more regular whorls, and in wanting the tooth-like process of the carina in the aperture. I do not know this species, which seems very nearly allied to the two preceding species. 4, SPIROGLYPHUS SPIRORBIS, Sow. Serpula spirorbis, Sow. Gen. f. 3. Spiroglyphus spirorbis, var., Dillw., Sow. Man. p. 101. f. 8. S. spirorbis, Adams, Genera, p. 360, pl. 39. f. 4 (copy). S. spirorbis, Chenu, Man. p. 320, f. 2305 (copy). Represented on a Patella, probably from the Cape of Good Hope. I have seen one very similar on P. argenvillei, Kraus, but it is per- haps a Stoa. 5. SPIROGLYPHUS SCHROTERI, Morch. Helmintholithus muricis alati, ala mulctatus, serpularum lumbri- calium undequaque sparsus, Fortis. Della valle vuleanica marina di Ronca nel territorio Veronese, 1780 (ea Haquet). _ Lituiten mit gezihnelten Rindern, Haquet, Nachricht von Ver- steinerungen, 1780, 8vo, p. 25, t. 1. f. 29,f. Item, Schroter, Journal, vi. 1780, p. 267. Serpulites muricinus, Schloth. Petref. 168 (cf. Verz. 68). Spiroglyphus Schréteri, Mérch, Journ. Conch. viii. p. 45 (1860). Hab. Fossil, Valle Canella in situ vulcanico di Ronca ( Haquet). Burrowing on a Strombus. 6. SPIROGLYPHUS STRAMONIT#, Morch. T.planorbiformis, profunde immersa, castanea nitida; anfr.ultimus extus obtuse angulatus, liris obsoletissimis 1 vel 2, malleatus, aperturam versus albus, strigis transversis castaneis antiquatus ; strie incrementi obsoletissime ; anfr. primi plani ; teste infan- tilis apice bullato, flavescente. Diam. testee 24 m.; diam. aperture 3 m. Operculum tenuiusculum superne planum, area centrali lata rugu- losa, annulo vivide coccineo circumdato, peripheria aurantiaca ; inferne margine elevato angusto peripherico, inde concaviuscu- lum, tuberculo centrali circulo immerso atro-purpureo circum- dato (Mus. Reg.). Hab. Guinea? on Purpura (Stramonita) hemastoma, L., var. Not unlike the Spiroglyphus on Patella tarentina, in Deless. t. 23. 7s 7. SPIROGLYPHUS ANNULATUS, Daudin. “Sp. in spira irregulariter contortus, annulisque contextus.”’ “ Longueur de six lignes. Tube d’égale grosseur partout, tortillé en un tour de spire irréguliére, et composé d’une multitude de trés- 1861.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDS. 331 petits anneaux couleur de corne, qui ont la forme d’une maille de tricot.”’—Daudin. Spiroglyphus annulatus, Daudin, Recueil de Mém. 1800, p. 50. S. annulatus, Bosc, Hist. Vers, 1802, i. p. 187, t. 7. f. 5 (copy). S. annulatus, Blainy. Dict. Sc. 1. p. 296. S. annulatus, Mérch, Journal de Conch. viii. p. 44. Hab. Sur les Patelles et les Fissurelles de l’océan indien. The represented species is probably Fissurella barbadensis, Gm. Var. a. DENTIFERA. T. irregulariter contorta, transversim lamellata, longitudinaliter carinata : aperture dente prominulo e carina formato. Diam. 10 m. (D’Oré.). Vermetus corrodens, D’Orb. Cuba, p. 235, t. 18. f. 1-3. Spiroglyphus corrodens, Gray, Brit. Mus. Cat. Moll. Cuba, p. 14. no. 147. p. 47. S. corrodens, Schutleworth, Ann. des Se. 1855, p. 319. S. corrodens, Mérch, Journ. Conch. viii. p. 44. Hab, Cuba. Martinique, always on Turbo tuber, D’Orb. St. Thomas. Porto Rico. Jamaica, on Chiton piceus, Vermetus, sp., Turbo tuber, Trochus pica (Meleagris), Schutlw. Var. B, linea badia spirali. Humphr. Conch. t. xi. f. 13 (semi- adulta). T.. cinerascens, carina acuta castanea laterali, latere externo per- pendiculart transversim rugoso leviusculo, latere interno lato declivi, laminis arcuatis crassis approximatis. Diam. ap. fere 24 lin. Hab. 1. Barbados, on Fissurella barbadensis, Gm. (coll. Cuming). Var. y. GLOMERATA. T. albescens vel castanea, presertim intus, laminis tenuissimis trans- versis. Operculum planum vel hemisphericum, atrum vel cocci- neum. Vermetus irregularis, D’Orb. Cuba, t. 17. f. 16-18, sed vix de- script. p. 235. “T. fusco-nigra, irregulariter contorta, transversim rugosa plicata (vel longitudinaliter sulcata, glomerata).’’—D’ Orb. Serpula glomerata, Brooke’s Introd. f. 133 (verisimiliter). Hab. St. Thomas, on Rhipidogorgia flabellum, L., forming large, compact, globular masses, sometimes nearly 8 dm. in diameter. D’Orbigny’s representation appears correct ; but the last sentence of the diagnosis is perhaps taken from another associated species, very likely V. varians, D’Orb., which is always “contourné oblique- ment en spirale,” as stated in the description of V. irregularis. I have seen both species together in one group, but the former species very sparingly. According to D’Orbigny, it is found at Cuba and Martinique, ‘sur les rochers, dans les plaques d’eau, ot elle a été re- cueillée par M. Candé.”’ 332 M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. [Nov. 12, Var. 0. TROCHICOLA. T.. gracilis varie torta, planorbiformis vel scaphitoides, profundis- sime immersa, badia ; anfr. plani, lirulis incrementi arcuatis re- gularibus viv prominentibus. Diam. ap. 11 m. Hab. St. Thomas, on Livona pica, L., very deeply corroding, some- times even under the surface, but not concealed. On Tectura me- lanosticta, Gm., in the same manner. This variety is perhaps more nearly allied to Spirogl. stramonita, M. Operculum (varietatis B) solidum crassum coriaceum, superne convexum vel fere hemisphericum, lira arctispirali nigra ; area centrali plana vel interdum immersa atropurpurea, annulo coc- cineo circumdata, fascia latiuscula peripherica flavescente ; in- ferne planum, liris concentricis 3-4 pulcherrimis, lira externa valida ; mammilla centrali cylindrica, vertice plano ruguloso ; peripheria margine elevato angusto levi pallide coccineo. Var. e. Operculum superne area centrali elevata convexa, atro-purpurea fascia coccinea circumdata, peripheria albescens ; inferne area centrali (farinosa casu?) liris 2-3 concentricis acutis, fascia coccinea circumdata ; peripheria angusta, parum elevata, bipar- tita pallide flava margine albescente ; mammilla centrali di- stincta. . From a specimen attached to Fissurella barbadensis. 8. SPIROGLYPHUS ALBIDUS, Carp. ? Operculum g, et forsan f?, Carp. Cat. p. 311. Bivonia albida, Carp. Cat. Mazatl. p. 307? “T. parva, albida ; anfr. duobus primis levibus, turbinoideis, sub- elevatis, postea amplectatis ; anfr. normalibus subregulariter spiraliter contortis, marginibus subparallelis, ad sese plerumque, ad concham alienam parum, adherentibus ; rugis concentricis plus minusve expressis, spiralibus nullis.” Long. 22 m.; lat. -1; diam. ap. °03. Hab. Mazatlan: extremely rare, off Spondylus (Liverpool coll.). The operculum g is without doubt that of a Spiroglyphus, and not that of Bivonia contorta, var. indentata, as regarded not im- probable by Carpenter. The operculum / differs from all the oper- cula of this genus I have seen, in being thin and concave; but as it is stated to be closely resembling the operculum of Bivonia glomerata, Phil., I do not doubt it is truly congeneric, and perhaps conspecific, as the opercula of this genus are excedingly variable in shape. That it cannot belong to Bivonia contorta, as regarded probable by Car- penter, seems evident to me, from the original specimen of Carpenter showing distinct elevated lines on the columella, which proves it to be that of a Vermetus. I have never seen any elevated columellar line in a Spiroglyphus. 1861.] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 333 Sect. A. Operculum inferne mammilla centrali abbreviato-conica, vertice obtuso. Bivonia, Adams, Genera; Gray, Guide, not Cat. 1842. 9. SPIROGLYPHUS GLOMERATUS, Bivona, 1832. V. testis cylindricis aut subangulatis, contortis, in massam con- glomeratis, transversim undulato-rugosis. Operculum completum, convexum semiglobosum, rufum superne cinereum, rugosum, secundum Bivonam spiratum, anfractibus laminosis tenuibus numerosissimis confertis ; subtus medio con- cavum, margine nitidissimo levissimo libero (Phil.). Animal viridi-fuscum, cinereo et nigro punctatum et maculatum, interdum strigis atro-purpureis duabus in dorso; area inter tentacula anteriora et pedem alba (Phil.). Diam. ap. vix. 2!". Vermetus glomeratus, Bivona, Nuovi Genere e Nuovi Sp. p. 12, to. 4. 5 (Phal.); V. glomeratus, Phil. Enum. i. p. 171, t. 9. f. 23; i. p. 144. Bivonia glomerata, Gray, Fig. of Moll. i. t. 188. f. 5; iv. p. 49. B. glomerata, Adams, Genera, 1. p. 358, t. 39. f. 1 (copy), f. a—e (original). B. glomerata, Morch, Journ. Conch. vii. p. 361. Hab. Presertim prope Panormum frequenter occurrit (Phil.). The description of the operculum is very incomplete, the central mammilla being overlooked. I have not seen any operculum nearly hemispherical, as represented ; but I do not doubt, from analogy with the other species, that it is occasionally found. Var. a. CRUSTANS. ? Le Gateau des Vermisseauz, Fav. t. 8. f. Q, from Provence. Das graue und braune Wurmgewtchs, Kundm. Rariora, 1737, p- 164, t. 10. f. 3. Bivoma glomerata, Adams, Gen. t. 39. f. 1 a, 6, ¢. T. agglomerata crassa, laxe spiraliter torta; anfr. primi teretes levigati, candidi fundo cinereo, sulcis concentricis subremotis articulatim adstricti ; anfr. ultimus fuscescens, carina laterali acuta, latere externo subperpendiculari rudi, latere interno de- clivi, laminis incrementi leviter arcuatis irregularibus approxi- matis ; apertura circularis obliqua, diam. 5 m.; dissepimenta convexra v. cupuliformia, cretacea. Testajuvenilis corrodens pla- norbiformis badia, anfractibus angustis angulo laterali obtuso. Operculum atro-purpureum crassum coriaceum planiusculum, su- perne laminis brevibus concentricis irregularibus, area centrali lata convexa; inferne area musculart excavata opaca atra, concentrice lirata, nodo centrali conico-convexo rufo; limbus nitidus bipartitus ; zona interna convexa atra, externa coccinea tenuis oblique conferte striata, margine subreflexo. Diam. fere 4 m. 334 M. 0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID2. [Nov. 12, Operculum juvenile planum tenue, inferne vivide coccineum. Diam. 15 m. Variat laminis confertissimis et convexitate. Hab. In Mari Mediterraneo. In Mr. Cuming’s collection is a large flat crust, nearly the size of the hand, showing on the under side white, smooth, cylindrical whorls, with annular contractions, which seems to have been im- bedded in chalk, but does not appear corroding. The representation of Philippi is very like it; the last whorl on the upper side differs entirely in shape, sculpture, and colour. A specimen from Bivona himself, in Dr. Hornbeck’s collection, is very like Mr. Cuming’s group. According to Philippi, it is chiefly common near Palermo. According to the locality, Golfo di Tarento, it is probable that the Spiroglyphus represented on Patella tarentina, in Delessert’s ‘ Re- cueil,’ pl. 23. f. 7, is the young of this species. A small group of agglutinated straight tubes from the Adriatic Sea, by Trieste, in the collection of Mr. Alfr. Benson, furnishes the following form, probably referable to this species :— Var. 6. TUBULOSA. Serpula annulata, Lam. Hist. 1818, v. p. 364. no. 10; ed. 2. v. . 620. 5 S. annulata, Blainv. Dict. des Se. xlviii. p. 556. Vermetus annulatus, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. t. 2. f. 1, la. « Testis teretibus, gracilibus, annulatim plicatis porrecto-flexuosis, glomeratis.”’ « Ele est blanche, et sa masse ressemble 4 un paquet de petits in- testins allongés”’ (Lam.). This group has the tubes of only 14 m. diameter; in another group from M. A. W. Malm, at Gotheborg, without locality, the tubes are somewhat larger. The inside of the first whorls, which are all broken, is pale brown. To this genus the following species might perhaps be referred :— Vermetus infundibulum, Chenu, Ill. t. 10. f. 12 (with a young one). V. costalis, Lam., Chenu, Ill. t. 10. f. 11. Spiroglyphus marginatus, M‘Coy, 1844. S. marginatus, Morris, Brit. Foss. p. 69 (Carboniferous Lime- stone). Vermetvus, Adanson, 1757. Campulotus, Guettard, 1774, Mém. iii. p. 94. Bivonia, Gray, P. Z.S. 1847, p.156 ; Adams, Gen.; Carp. Cat. Petaloconchus, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1843, p. 229 ; Woodw. Man. p. 462; Carp. Cat. p. 308, et P. Z.S. 1856, p. 313. Aletes, Carp. Cat. p. 301. T. affixa irregulariter spiraliter torta, nunquam turritelloidea, plerumque decussata ; columella lira mediana elevata; sepe laminis duabus spiralibus varie dispositis. Operculum tenue flavum concavum parum spirale. Animal viviparum dorso utrinque carinato, tentaculis breviusculis, filamentis pedalibus longis contractilibus. 1861.] M. 0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDZ. 335 A small group from Gaboon, corresponding to the description and figure of Adanson’s ‘‘ Vermetus,’’ shows internally spiral lamelle, proving its identity with Petaloconchus, Lea. I have convinced myself, by comparison of numerous specimens, that the presence or absence of laminz are not even of specific value, although their forms, when present, afford characters of some value. The individuals seem to undergo changes with age, analogous to those of the genus Cyprea. The laminz seem to be dependent on a thin, white, soft layer, sometimes covering the whole interior ; they are mounted on a small elevated line in the mass of the shell; and one, sometimes compressed and sharp, is always found on the median part of the columella, These lamellee must be regarded as a kind of septa, or perhaps as a muscular attachment analogous to the cup of the Calyptreide, as first advanced by Carpenter ; but I have not observed any attachment in specimens in spirit. The animal occupies only the space near the columella, leaving the outer, often much larger space empty ; the last whorls are quite filled out by the animal. The lamine are most frequently present in the median whorls, wanting in the first and last whorls ; sometimes they are continuous to the aperture, but never when the last whorl is raised in an erect tube. The size and thickness are very variable in one and the same individual, sometimes very broad, nearly touching each other, whilst in the following and preceding whorls they are very short, leaving a large gap between them. Septa are rarely met with. Carpenter mentions in Petaloconchus cochlidium, a septum traversed by the laminz. Sowerby first re- presented a Vermetus glomeratus closing the aperture with a sep- tum, turning the convexity upward, and provided with a narrow cen- tral opening. Dr. Gray* supposed it to be the production of some parasitical animal}, induced by the fig. 18. pl. 57 of Delle Chiaje ; but the discovery of Rhizochilus led him to regard it as a pecu- liarity of the species. I have only once seen a similar instance, in a detached specimen of Vermetus varians, D’Orb., from St. Thomas (coll. A. H. Riise). The septum, constricted a little below the free margin of the aperture, has a short narrow slit, not provided with teeth like Dr. Gray’s specimen, and is of the same colour as the shell, but paler; which makes Dr. Gray’s opinion very probable. This suggestion is still more strengthened by some small solitary spiral Vermeti, attached on Isognomon obliquum, Gm., and Tridachna sguamosa, having the last whorl erect and free, with the borders of the aperture inflected so as to form a reniform or heart- shaped opening, but transverse and much larger than the slit in the preceding. The principal difference is that the walls of the aper- ture are bent inward. These small shells have a single series of im- pressed linear varices, like those of Pythia and Eulima; to the left of each varix the whorls are a little inflated. I have seen the West * Gray, Annals of Nat. Hist. viii. 1851, p. 479, pl. 17 B. f. 4-6; Froriep, Jahres- bericht, 1851-52 (translation). + It is indeed very like the constriction formed by Sipunculus strombi, Mont., in the shell of Dentalium. 336 M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. [Nov. 12, Indian form Vermetus varians, D’Orb., passing over to the form with plaits; this form of aperture must consequently be dissolved with age. Varices maniciformes, of Philippi, are not unfrequently met with, the insides of which show several raised transverse lamine, probably arising from the dissolved old whorls. Several species are corroding, but I have never met with a planorbiform corroding shell. I divide this genus into the following four subgenera, of which the last two very likely only depend on differences of age, corresponding to Bulla, Marginella, and the adult state of Cyprea; but I have not seen a sufficient number of opercula to decide the question with certainty, although I have compared numerous specimens of shells. In the following list of species I use the names Aletes and Thyla- codus, to distinguish the varieties which I regard as analogous. Subgenus 1. Vermervs, Adans. T. anfractibus gracilibus, laminis e parietibus procedentibus. Typ. V. Adansonii, Daudin ; V. renisectus, Carp. Subgenus 2. PeraLtoconcuus, Lea. T. ut precedentis, sed laminis ab axi procedentibus. Typ. VY. macrophragma, Carp.; cochlidium, Carp.; flavescens, Carp. The position of the laminz is not quite constant. In a large dis- sected specimen, where the lamine can be followed throughout the length, they often deviate considerably from the columella. Forma 1. Thylacodus, Morch. T. ut precedentium, sed anf. plerumque longissimi, laminis internis nullis ; columella liris spiralibus 4—5, lateralibus obsoletissimis. Typ. V. subcancellatus, Biv.; V. contortus, Carp., V. conicus, Dill. I have seen a specimen of the last species which is in the fore part an dletes, and in the first whorls a plaited Vermetus. Forma 2. Aletes, Carp. T. ut precedentium, sed anfr. ampli, sepe sutura dilatata ; colu- mella lira obsoletissima mediana. Typ. A. centiquadrus, Val. Vermetus, Adanson. Subgen. 1. Vermetus. 1. VERMETUS ADANSONII, Daudin, 1800. *‘Chaque coquille représente une espéce de cylindre de 5 a 6 pouces au plus de longueur, dont le diamétre, qui a une ligne et demi a deux lignes de largeur en haut, diminue insensiblement jusqu’au sommet, ou elle se termine en une pointe trés-fine ; le nombre des spires varie depuis 5 4 12, peut-¢tre davantage. L/’ouverture s’¢léve 1861.] M. 0. A. L. MORCH’s REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDZ. 337 dun pouce au-dessus des spires. Son épaisseur n’est pas bien con- sidérable, mais sa dureté surpasse celle de la plupart des coquilles. Elle est cannelée dans toute sa longueur, ou relevée de 6 A 12 petits filets ridés pour l’ordinaire ou chagrinés. La couleur, pendant que animal vit, est au-dehors d’un brun foncé, qui aprés sa mort devient cendré ; au-dedans elle est violette. “Opercule extrémement mince, et marqué sur sa surface de deux petits sillons circulaires concentriques. I] est une fois plus petit que le diamétre de la coquille. ** Animal cendré tirant sur le noir, depuis la téte, qui est mou- chetée de petits points jaunes Jusqu’au manteau ; depuis le manteau jusqu’au milieu du corps il est blane-sale, et noirdtre 4 Dextrémité inférieure.”’— Adanson. Le Vermet, Adanson, Senegal, p. 160, pl. 11. Tubuli instrumentum pro extrahendo subere vel globulis selo- petariis representantes. Martini, i. f. 24 B (copy). Campulote a cannelures ridées, §-c., Guettard, iii. p- 108, t. 69. f. 6. Vermiculaire le Vermet, Favanne, i. p-. 662, t. 6. f. H.; Fav. Zoomorphose, t. 18. GH (copy). Vermetus Adansonii, Daudin, Recueil, 1800, p- 35; Gray, Phil. Trans. 1833, p- 816; Hanley, Ipsa Linn. Conch. Vermicularia vermet, Bose, Vers, p. 326, t. 49. f. 3 (copy). Vermetus lumbricalis, Royssy, Hist. Moll. v. p- 399, t. 56. f. 1 (non Linn.). V. lumbricalis, Rang, Man. p. 187. Hab. Ins. Gorea et Magdalena. It is especially found in the basins where the water is quiet, and particularly in those excavated naturally in the rock (4Adanson). I possess a small crust from Gaboon, showing in the sections plaits of the stamp of Petaloconchus renisectus, Carp. Proc. Z. S. 1856, p- 315, fig. 5. The colour is concealed by a brownish, probably foreign matter. . Var. u. LAMARCKII. T. apice spire affizo, anterius in tubum ascendentem porrecta, zenut, pellucida, luteo-rufescente (Lam.). Vermetus lumbricalis, Lam. Hist. An. s. Vert. vi. 2. p. 225; ed. 2. ix. p. 66 (non L.); Blainville, Dict. des Sc. t. lvil. p. 328; Chenu *, Illustr. t. 5. f. 1 a-d. Hab. Senegal (Lam.). The last part of Lamarck’s diagnosis has very likely only reference to the erect part of the last whorl; else it must be specifically distinct. Var. 6. CARPENTERI. T. laminis per anfr. plerosque continuis, duabus e@qualibus tenui- oribus, a parietibus, parte axin versus, procedentibus, ar- cuatim medium versus continuis, interstitio haud pervio, extus * Carp. (Cat. p. 306. lin. 18) makes some observations respecting Chenu’s plates which are erroneous, as it is overlooked that Chenu has two plates marked « Vers Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1861, No. XXII. 338 M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. [Nov. 12, labrum versus carinatis ; camera externa majore, reniformi ; plica una centrali, columellari. Diam. spire ‘4, aperture *1 poll. (Carp.). Petaloconchus renisectus, Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 315, f. 5. Hab. In Oceano Indico (coll. Cumingii). Described from a large group of very regular growth, which from its accretions, Car- penter supposes to be East Indian. A large flat crust, which I suppose is the one described, does not show any other accretions ex- cept an imbedded Isognomon, very like the I. perna, L., represented by Dunker in Moll. Guineensia, t. 8. f. 10—a form I do not know as Hast Indian. 2. VERMETUS VARIANS, D’Orb. T. irregulariter convoluta, longitudinaliter rugoso-costata, vel le- vigata, violaceo-fusca. ** Coq. ornée de 6-7 sillons irréguliers. T?animal. La couleur en est violet foncé; la masse céphalique poussce latéralement, au contraire, trés-foneé ; Popercule et le pied sont d’un violet trés-pale. Le manteau & sa partie antérieure est bordé de Touge de carmin ; le reste du corps, en dedans, est simple- ment rosé en passant au jaune; on remarque néanmoins, ala partie supérieure, une large bande violette, médiane, accompagnée de chaque cété d’une autre moins foncée, qui se perd en approchant de l’ex- trémité du corps.’”’—D’ Orb. Operculum orbicular, thin, nucleus central (Gray); apparently paucispiral, like that of Serpulorbis * made nearly flat ( Carp.). Vermetus varians, D’Orb., Voy.’ Am. Mér. p. 456, t. 44. f. 7-10. Serpuloides varians, Gray, fig. 4. p. 83, t. 128. f. 1. Serpulorbis varians, D’Orb., Adams, Gen. i. p. 357. Petaloconchus varians, Morch, Journ. Conch. viii. p. 41. Vermetus varians, Gray, Brit. Mus. Cat. (Moll. Am.), p. 47. no. 405 (operculum); Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc.1856, p. 315 (operculum). Hab. Rio Janeiro; “ tapissant le fond des plaques d’eau salée, sur les rochers des environs de Rio, au niveau des plus hautes marées de syzygies. Comme les lieux ne regoivent de l’eau que tous les quinze jours, celle qui y reste est tellement concentrée, que sou- vent elle se cristallise sur les bords.’”-—D’ Ord. I have compared two rolled crusts from Montevideo (in the col- lection of Mr. Alfred Benson), which do not differ materially in ex- terior shape from var. 6 of the preceding species. The lamin, agreeing very well with figure 4 of Carpenter, are angulated on the edge; in one instance the larger lamina is rectangularly bent in the middle, both sides being equal. The lamina looks generally rather thick, particularly at the base. It is doubtful if this species is in reality different from V’. adan- sonii, Daud., notwithstanding the differences in the description of the animal. Dr. Gray’s and Carpenter’s description of the lid is after D’Orbigny’s original specimen. * Very likely a misprint, this genus having no operculum. 186].] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDS. 339 Var. a. CARPENTERI. T. nigro-fusca, intus anfr. plurimis plicis solum instructis, pagina interna maxime nitente, Diam. spire *3, ap. *08 poll. V. varians, D’Orb.? B. M. Cat.; D’Orb. Moll. p. 47. n. 405 (Carp.). Petaloconchus varians? D’Orb. Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 315. no. 4, fig. 4. Hab, St.Vincent’s (W. B.Carp.); Honduras (Dyson, teste Carp.). Var. 8. occLusa (THyLAcopws). T. solitaria, spiraliter torta, lateraliter affixa, anfr. contiguis ; anfr.ultimus partim porrectus ; apertura clausadissepimento con- vexo castaneo, foramine centrali lineari-ovali, peritremate acuto. V. glomeratus, Sow. Gen. fig. 5 (quoad formam). Hab. St. Thomas. A single detached specimen in the collection of Mr. Riise. I have only found a rudiment of a thin lamina inside ; but it looks so closely like the typical form, that I do not doubt it is the same species. The slit in the septum is like that of Fissurella nodosa, Born. Var. y. MONILE (THYLACODUS). T. solitaria, spiraliter torta, lateraliter affixa, fusco-purpurea vel violacea ; anfr. obliqui, irregulariter contigui, juxta suturam dilatati, liris 6-7 pallidis, lateralibus, approximatis, granulis pulcherrimis confertis; sutura pallida, transversim rugosa ; strie incrementi obsolete, conferte, undulate ; anfr. ultimus juxta aperturam solutus, cylindricus, leviusculus, annulatim conferte rugulosus. Diam. ap. 3 m. Hab. Honduras (Dyson, coll. Cuming.), in a valve of Balanus tintinnabulum? The first whorls are lost ; in the inside of the present first whorl is to be seen a longitudinal strong keel ; but I cannot decide whether it corresponds to the central lira, or is produced by some mal- formation. The inside of the last whorl is pale brown, glossy, without any trace of plaits. Var. 6. IRREGULARIS. T. fusco-nigra, irregulariter contorta, transversim rugoso-plicata vel longitudinaliter suleata, glomerata. (D’Orb.) * Coq. des plus irréguliéres, formant une masse compacte, souvent trés-étendue, composée d’individus contournés obliquement en spirale, toujours fixés dans toutes leurs parties, et appliqués, comme collés, les uns sur les autres d’une maniére si confuse, qu’a l'exception des der- niéres circonvolutions, on ne peut pas les suivre séparément. Chacun est irréguligrement pliss¢é en travers, ou marqué des sillons longitu- dinaux pas réguliers et des plis. Couleur noir brun uniforme, quel- quefois rougeatre. 340 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. [Nov. 12, “ Vermetus irregularis, D’Orb., Cuba, p. 235, no. 146 (vix t. 17. f. 16, 18); Brit. Mus. Cat. p. 14. no. 146. “ Hab. Cuba; Martinique, sur les rochers, dans les plaques d’eau, ou elle a été recueillée par M. Condé.’”’—D’ O76. I am nearly sure that the group figured is a Spiroglyphus, per- haps mixed with a Vermetus. Forma 1. ELECTRINA. T. parva plerumque solitaria, lateraliter affiva, spiraliter wrre- gulariter torta, solida, subpellucida; anfr. angusti graciles, liris paucts validis nodulosis ; apertura soluta. Although this form has quite the appearance of a distinct species, I find the transitions to the preceding so striking that I at present do not dare to separate it. It is chiefly distinet by the amber-like pellucidity of the substance, narrower whorls, and stronger lire. I have never seen more than three or four specimens together. . It is very likely analogous to Bivonia contorta, var. indentata, Carp. Var. e. ELECTRINA (VERMETUS). T. solitaria, repens, lateraliter affiva, spiraliter torta, aurantiaca; anfr. graciles plerumque contigui, liris validis 4-6 ; lire inere-. menti aequidistantes in intersectionibus nodiferis, interstitis foveatis ; apertura soluta, resupinata, subcontracta ; intus la- minis duabus brevibus remotis juxta columellam instruetis, lirula columellari mediana distincta. Diam. ap. 1 m. Hab. Tus. St. Thomas (4. H. Riise). T have only seen a few specimens with interior laminze, from Mr. H. Krebs. Var. Z. ELECTRINA (THYLACODUS). Differt a precedente anfr. reticulatis, liris obsolete nodosis, la- minis internis nullis. Hab. St. Thomas, on Lima scabra, and on Spondylus fimbri- atus, var. aurantiaca, just corresponding in colour to the Vermetus (Oersted). Var. n. BADIA (VERMETUS). T’. repens, laxe contorta, tenuiuscula ; anfr. primi pallidi, liris parvis numerosioribus. Hab. St. Thomas, several detached specimens; an individual is affixed between two of the former variety (4. H. Riise). Var. 0. CANDIDISSIMA (VERMETUS). T. candidissima nodulosa; anfr. primi isabellini ; intus lamina brevissima in anfr. medianis; anfr. superne varicibus erectis 3-4. Hab. Ins. St. Thomas (H. Krebs ; Riise). 1861.) M.o.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDS. 341 Var. §. PERLATA (THYLACODUS). 7’. spiraliter torta, lateraliter affixa ; anfr. ultimus depressius- culus, liris tribus lateralibus validioribus, nodulis validis sat approximatis in seriebus transversis digestis, Hab. St. Thomas (verisimiliter), Var. x. costaTa (THYLACODUS). T. ut in precedente sed albescens ; anfr. versus suturam dilatati ; nodulis confluentibus, inde transversim validissime crenato-costatis. Diam. ap. 1? m.; diam. anfr. penult. cire. 4 m. Hab. Jamaica, on Chama macrophylla, Ch. (Oersted). This is the thickest and largest variety of this form. 3. VeRMeETus conicus, Dillwyn & Wood. Shell subcylindrical, flexuose, and spiral at the base. Tube rather thick, brownish white, and coiled into a conical spire of about 8 whorls at the base ; the summit rises about 9 inches from the rock to which the shell adheres ; but the length is probably thrice as great, owing to the coils of the base; and the diameter of the tube is about 2} lines (Dillw.). La Trompe @ Eléphant, Favanne, p. 644 (t. 5. f. C), 1780. Serpula, no. 6, Schroter, Einl. ii. p. 557. Serpula lumbricalis, var. 3, Gm. p. 3742. Tubulus testaceus solitarius anguinus, Mart. i. f. 15. Hab. The coast of America, adhering to rocks (Favanne); Am- boyna (Rumph.). The latter locality is added because it is on the plates of the Amd. Rariteithammer ; but as it is marked with a number, and not a letter, it was added by Schynvoel, and may be erroneous. Dillwyn evidently did not know this species, but has translated and extracted, somewhat erroneously, the description of Favanne. This is clear from comparing the measures given above with the following sentence of Favanne :—“ Son élévation est de plus de trois pouces, mais sa longueur croit & plus de triple.” The figure of Favanne is copied from Rumph. t. 42, n10.4*; but the draughtsman has taken the shell (Turbo?) on which it is affixed for the first whorls of the Vermetus. This perhaps has induced Favanne to indicate eight whorls, as re- produced by Dillwyn, although it is also possible that this indication may have been taken from a specimen, as well as the indicated colour and locality, It is the latter circumstances, in connexion with the figure of Martini, which bring me to adopt Dillwyn’s name for the following forms, described in the order of their age. Var. a. PERSONATA Juv. (THYLACODUS). 1’. lateraliter affica, spiraliter regulariter torta, nitida, badia ; anfr. 6-7 contigui obliqui convexiusculi, liris longitudinalibus obsoletissimis, striis incrementi prominentioribus, varicibus linearibus impressis in serie subobliqua dorsali digestis ; anfr. * Rumph. t. 41 no. 4, is very likely a Bivonia, 342 M.O. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID£. [Nov. 12, pone varices inflati ; anfr. ultimus solutus suberectus, peritre- mate inflexo, postice rotundato-lobato, inde apertura coarctata reniformi. Long. axis cire. 8 m. ; diam. anfr. ult. 13 m. Hab. Ins. St. Croix, on Isognomon alatum, Gm., from the roots of the Rhizophora mangle, L. (Oersted); about 5 specimens. I have seen this form principally on the impressed linear varices and smooth surface of the first whorls of a specimen of the following form ; the constricted aperture must then, of consequence, become dissolved with age. Var. 3. (THyLacopvs). T. pallide ferruginea vel albescens, lateraliter affixa, spiraliter torta; anfr. contigui tenuiusculi, liris longitudinalibus et rugis transversis reticulati; columella lira mediana et interdum utringue lirula obsoleta remota ; anfr. ultimus solutus, longus, tortus, pallidus, leviusculus ; anfr. primi ut precedentes ; spe- cimen vidi cujus anfr. primi planorbiformes. Hab. St. Croix, cum precedente (Oersted). Var. y. (VERMETUS). T. cylindrica lateraliter affiva spiralis, anfractibus contiguis, sutura dilatata applanata pallida; columella lira mediana distinctissima, utrinque lirula obsoleta, in anfr. medianis (la- teris affixi) laminis duabus latis, oppositis, hyalinis, lacteis, con- vexiusculis, margines fere attingentibus. Axis long. 27 m., diam. aperturze 3 m. Hab. cum preecedentibus. The ten or twelve first whorls do not show any laminz inside. In the thirteenth whorl is a pair of rudimental lamine (perhaps broken off) ; in the two following whorls the laminz are very broad, leaving a narrow slit between them, and dividing the interior into two unequal parts, of which the interior is about a third part. In the sixteenth whorl the laminz are very short, leaving a large gap between them, and decreasing to a feeble line in the seventeenth and two following. Var. 6. GORDIALIS (VERMETUS). T. differt a precedente anfractibus longissimis, irregulariter spiraliter tortis, glomeratis, foveolato-reticulatis ; columella liris tribus equidistantibus subequalibus, lirulis obsoletis in- tercalantibus ; lamine interne ut precedentis. Diam. apert. 4 m. Tubulus marinus vermicularis, concameratus, striatus, notis nigris punctatus, lucidus, ex fusco rufescens, Gualt.t. 10. f. Z. Serpula decussata, Lam.v.p. 363.no. 7; ed. 2. v. p. 620 (nonGm.). Vermetus decussatus, Blv. Dict. Sc. 1827,t.xlviii. p.555 (Serpula). Vermetus decussatus, Desh., Lam. ix. p. 65. no. 2. Vermicularia glomerata, Gravenh. Tergest. p. 59. var. 24 (ex specim. orig. ?). 1861.] M.O.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID£. 343 Bivonia decussata, Chenu, Man. p. 320, f. 2303 (verisimiliter). Hab. Ins. St. Thomas. The whorls of this form are exceedingly long and narrow; it is generally solitary, but frequently from two to four specimens are agglomerated. Gualtieri’s figure is very good; but I do not under- stand the small black spots mentioned in the text and marked on the figure ; perhaps they are produced by a foreign matter in the grooves. It has often twice as many whorls. Var. e. PROBOSCIS (THYLACODUS). T. solitaria affixa, anfr. depressis, suturis expansis, anfr. ultimo longo porrecto albescente. Tubulus testaceus solitarius anguinus (Mart. i. f. 15). Serpula conica, Wood. Index, t. 38. f. 22, p. 186 (copy). Hab. West Indies, on Cytherea maculata (Martini). St. Thomas (Riise). Var. £, RETIFERA (ALETES). T. agglomerata, vertice affixa, spiraliter torta, castanea vel ferru- ginea, lineis transversis saturatioribus ; anfr. fere ubique conti- gui, ampli (nec graciles), lirulis longitudinalibus latiusculis no- dulosis, interstitiis subequalibus punctato-foveatis ; ruge in- crementi regulares, in intersectionibus subnodose ; anfr. ultimus longus, porrectus, cylindricus, pallidus ; columella sepe badia, lira elevata mediana. Diam. apert. cire. 5m.; anfr. penult. cire. 8 m. Operculum tenue, flavum, superne concaviusculum, vix spirale ; inferne area musculari plana subimmersa, peripheriam versus sulco divisa, opaca, concentrice conferte et subtilissime striata ; limbo lato nitido convexo oblique striolato, sulcis obsoletis con- centricis 1 vel 2. Diam. 3m. T. feetalis (nondum nata) Bulimoidea, subcylindrica, apice bullato; anfr. 24, convewis, sutura profunda; apertura obliqua rhom- boidea, inferne subeffusa; columella recta, inferne producta ; labro superne leviter retuso. Long. cire. 1 m. Humphrey, Conchology, t. 10. f. 14, sed anfr. ultimo incompleto. Vermetus conicus, Dillw., Morch, Journ. Conch. vii. pp. 346 & 347, vill. p. 38. Hab. St. Thomas, a group on Strombus accipitrinus, Mart. (Riise). Coll, Cuming. This form is closely allied in sculpture to Aletes centiquadrus, and in shape perhaps differs from the var. V. peronii, Val., as repre- sented in Chenu, Ill. pl. 4. f. 6, only in the rather smaller calibre of the tubes. On a group closely resembling Chenu’s representation are several young ones, as described under var. a, affixed chiefly on the erect apertural tubes (Coll. Riise). I have seen this Aletes pass so 344 M.O. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID2. [Nov. 12, distinctly over into the preceding forms, that I do not doubt they are identical. Although I have no specimens to prove that a similar transition takes place between the forms called Aletes and Vermetus from the west coast of America, I do not doubt that this will be found to be the case on comparing larger suites of specimens. On the upper side of the operculum are some cylindrical bodies lying on the side ; but I suppose they are foreign bodies. The lobated edge mentioned in ‘Journ. de Conch.,’ from a single specimen, is only the effect of desiccation. Var. 7. T. ut precedentis, sed substantia crassa. Hab. Ins. St. Thomas (4. H. Riise). 4. Vermetus (TayLacopus) contortus, Carp. 1857. Bivonia contorta, Carp. Cat. p. 305. no. 353. ? Vermetus glomeratus, Mke. Zeitschr. 1857, p. 178. no. 4, and 1850, p. 165. no. 14; Adams, Panama, p. 216. no. 323? T. solitaria, lateraliter affiza (quondam), badia, tenuiuscula, irre- gulariter contorta ; anfr. graciles, teretes, fere ubique equales, irregulariter aliussuper aliumdecliviter et spiraliter incumbentes ; anfr. primi plerumque contigui, ultimi disjuncti, lirulis longitu- dinalibus approximatis, rvgis vel plicis incrementi decussatis, inde reticulati, intersectionibus obsoletissime nodulosis ; anfr. ultimus porrectus leviusculus, pallidus, latere affixo ferrugineo rudi, irregulari ; varice maniceformi in anfr. penultimo ; colu- mella in anfr. medianis liris 3-5 distinetis, harum tribus su- perioribus approximatis. Diam. aperture 33 m. (ex specim. orig. Carpenteri). Hab. Gulf of California (Mus. Cuming). I have not seen any laminz inside, but, from the great resemblance of the 3-5 spiral liree on the columella* with those of the preceding species, I believe they will be found in other specimens. This species resembles most in shape var. é of V. conieus, Dill., but is a Thylacodus. The opercula, supposed by Mr. Carpenter to belong to this species, are more likely those of Spiroglyphus albidus, Carp. Var. a. REPENS (THYLACODUS). T. lateraliter affixa, irregulariter spiralis, solida; anfr. plerum- que contigui ampliores quam in sp. preced.; anfr. ultimus longus, rectus, repens nec solutus ; intus callo lineari lacteo. Diam. aperture 4 m. Hab. Gulf of California, on Margaritifera (Mus. Cuming). In the broken end the columellar lines are not to be seen distinctly, but only a white linear keel which seems situated on the walls of the whorl. This species is perhaps a state of 7. (Petalocunchus) macro- phragma. * Not mentioned by Carpenter, because the shell was not opened by him. 1861.] M.0.A.L.MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID®. 345 Var. 3. ravosa (THyLacopus). T. lateraliter affixa, irregulariter spiralis, cerea ; anfr. graciles in- terdum soluti, teretes, sepe contigui vel tecti, hic illic varicibus brevissimis arcuatis erectis, superficie longitudinaliter seriatim pulcherrime favosa ; fovee plerumque hexagone e liris longitu- dinalibus conferte regulariter undulatis et rugis equalibus transversis equidistantibus formatis :-anfr. primi graciliores, leviusculi, castanei. Diam. aperturee 23 m. ; Hab. California, on Crucibulum (Mus. Cuming). The surface of this shell is quite like that of a honeycomb. The two pair of sides of the hexagonal holes are formed by the undula- tion of the longitudinal lire ; the third pair is formed by transverse tugze, exactly of the same size and form as the longitudinal lire. Longitudinally the rows are quite regular, transversely the rows are oblique, or rather irregular. It is perhaps somewhat corroding. The sculpture and colour look so different from the type that it perhaps will prove to be a distinct species; but some parts show the same dark-brown colour as in the type, and the first whorls are very like those of the following variety, which I believe really belongs to the true V. contortus, Carp. Var. y. CONTORTULA (THYLACODUS). T. parva, cerea, irregulariter spiralis; anfr. graciles circiter 6-10 superne liris duabus remotissimis, lira externa obsoleta, rugis transversis cancellati ; latere inferno irregulart, lapillis agglu- tinatis. Diam. aperture 2 m. Hab. Gulf of California, affixed to the typical specimen. Approaches, according to the description, Bivonia (?) contorta, var. indentata, Carp. Forma 1. TuyLacopus (?) conrortus, var. INDENTATA, Carp. “ T. Biv. contorte simili, sed minore, colore haud rosea, sculptura indentata ; costis paucioribus ; interstitiis profundis, cancel- latis.” Bivonia ? contorta, var. indentata, Carp. Cat. p. 307. no. 355. Hab. Mazatlan; very rare on Spondyli, &c. (Liverpool coll.), Carp. This form corresponds, according to the description, to forma 1. electrina, of Vermetus varians, D’Orb. Var. 6. InDENTATA (VERMETUS). T. parva, pallide aurantiaca, lateraliter affixa, irregulariter spira- lis; anfr.obliqui, graciles, contigui, ad suturam dilatati, appressi, liris validis 4-5, liris transversis equidistantibus lateraliter fortioribus ; in anfr. medianis lamina plana tenui lata versus columellam instructa, in parte inferiore columelle lamina brevi opposita. Diam. aperture 4 m.; long. axis cire. 7-9 m. 346 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID£. [Nov. 12, Vermetus (Thylacodus) contortus, var. indentata, Carp., Morch, Mal. Blatter, 1860, p. 77. no. 69. Hab. Sonsonate ; two specimens on a rolled valve of a young Spon- dylus limbatus, Reeve (vix Sow.) (Oersted). This variety corresponds exactly to VY. varians, forma 1, var.e. It differs chiefly in the position of the laminze, which does not look to be quite constant. V. macrophragma differs in having both laminz distinctly situated on the columella itself, while their position im the present species is not very evident. The median columellar lira is not so strongly marked as in V. macrophragma. Var. e. CORRODENS (VERMETUS). T. parva profunde corrodens ; columella lira acutiuscula ; laminis duabus acutis latiusculis in parietibus juxta columellam in- structa. Hab. Ins. Sibo* (Spglr.), on Purpura lineata, Lam. The outside of the specimens is entirely destroyed. I refer this shell to the present species on account of the locality and the situa- tion of the internal lamin. 5. VERMETUS RENISECTUS (Carp.), Morch. Petaloconchus renisectus, var. Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 315. T. badia, lateraliter affiza, spiraliter torta; anfr. obliquis sub- equalibus, fere ubique contiguis, longitudinaliter leviter liratis, interstitiis leviusculis, presertim versus aperturam, et in latere umbilicali lirula intercalante ; rug@e incrementi regulares, recte, equidistantes, sepe in intersectionibus granifere ; intus laminis duabus planis juxta columellam instructa ; lira columellari me- diana distincta ; apertura circularis soluta. Diam. aperturee 2 m. Vermetus glomeratus, Rouss. Chenu, Ill. pl. 2. f. 2 d (quoad for- mam). Var. a. (VERMETUS). Lire obsolete ; ruge incrementi acutiuscule, prominentes. Hab. Ins. Philippin., both varieties on a valve of Radula vulgaris, Link (coll. Cuming). The shell shows on some places an amber-like pellucidity, like V. varians, forma 1. Var. 8. GoRDIALIS (THYLACODUS). T. flavescens, fusco-cinerea, agglomerata, lateraliter affixa, spirali- ter torta, anfr. obliquis plerumque contiguis, liris parvis regu- laribus, interstitiis obsolete punctato-scrobiculatis, rugis incre- menti regularibus, approximatis ; sutura pallida appressa ; columella lira mediana acuta, utrinque liris duabus obsoletis remotis ; apertura circularis soluta. Diam. 3 m. * Very likely intended to be Quibo. 1861.] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDZ. 347 Vermetus glomeratus, Rouss. Chenu, Ill. t. 2. f. 2 (sed anfr. ult. producto). Hab. Ins. Philippin. This group is composed of four specimens, corresponding to var. of V. conicus, Dill. If provided with plaits, they would correspond to var. 6, gordialis, of the same species. Var. y. (TuyLacopus?) anfr. ultimo longo porrecto. “ Testis subsolitariis, basibus in spiram attenuatam desinentibus, antice elongato-porrectis (coll. Lam.).’’—Lam. Serpula glomerata, var. 3, Lam. 1818, v. p. 363; ed. 2. v. p. 619. Vermetus glomeratus, Rouss. Chenu, Ill. pl. 2. f. 2.4, d (f. 2¢ is probably enlarged). ¥, , Desh. Traité Conch. pl. 79. f. 12? Hab. ? Lamarck does not mention the locality of the variety which he supposes to be distinct from this typical form from l’Isle de France. In the ‘ Voyage de l’Astrolabe’ (p. 298), Vermetus carinatus is compared with a specimen of V. glomeratus in the collection of the Museum at Paris. Var. 6. ASPERULA (THyLACopvs?). T. solitaria, lateraliter affiva, irregulariter spiralis, rufescens ; anfr. contigui, liris approximatis lacteis, subtiliter nodoso-squa- mosis, interstitus lirula parva intercalante, liris et rugis incre- menti albescentibus, irregularibus, approximatis ; anfr. ultimus partim erectus, albus, leviusculus, varice magna maniciformi, intus laminis inerementi tribus remotis ; apertura suborbicu- laris lateralis, superne fornicata ; columella lira mediana acuta. Diam. aperture 2 m. ; long. axis cire. 27 m. Hab. Ins. Philippin. ; a single specimen on a valve of Chama rubra, Reeve (dente coccinea). The aperture, which looks to be filled, is lateral, and covered above with a Aalf-vaulted septum, corresponding to those described by Gray, and represented by Sowerby. The fine nodulous or scale-like sculpture seems to be dependent on the short spines of the Chama. The last whorl is nearly uniform bluish white. Var. «. ASPERELLA (VERMETUS °). T. lateraliter affixa, spiralis, opaca, saturate badia ; anfr. con- tigui, lirulis approximatis interruptis, rugis transversis geminis juata suturam sepe furcatis ; columella lira mediana gemina vel bipartita, utringue in parietibus callis duobus linearibus lacteis ; apertura soluta erecta albescens. Diam. 2} m. Hab. Ins. Philippin.? two agglomerated specimens, with traces of a green stone on the attached side. This is evidently of the same stamp as the preceding variety, but is of a dull-brown colour. The surface seems corroded, being riddled with numerous small narrow holes, as if marked by the point of a knife (Mus. Cuming). 348 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID, [Noy. 12, Var. Z. JUVENILIS, apertura personata. T. lateraliter affiva spiralis ; anfr. circiter 10, contigui, castanei, leviusculi, malleati vie lirati, varicibus impressis in linea obliqua dorsali digestis ; anfr. ultimus partim solutus suberec- tus; peritrema inflecum, lobo dorsali triangulari, dentiformi, obliquo, inde apertura cordiformi coarctatum. Hab. India, on Tridachna squamosa, Lam. (Mus. Reg.). This shell differs only from the young of V. conicus, Dillw., var. a, in the posterior inflected lobe of the aperture, which is sharp and not rounded. Forma 1. woopwarot, Carp. This form is analogous to forma electrina of V. varians, and to forma indentata of V. contortus. Petaloconchus renisectus, var. woodwardi, Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 316. no. 5 e. T. dense agglomerata, nigro-castanea, cinerascens, substantia dura; anfr. graciles, luxe contorti, in locis immersis annulatim rugosi, superne in locis apertis liris distinctis compressis, rugis incre- menti plerumque parum prominentibus; apertura soluta, por- recta, circularis; anfr. intus nitide nigro-castanei, laminis duabus validis, marginibus reflexis juxta columellam instructis, lira mediana columellari plerumque valida. Diam. aperturee 4-14 m. Operculum palhde flavum, superne concaviusculum, area centrali parva concava, lamina suberecta cireumdata; inferne planum, area centralt parva immersa, centro, ut mihi videtur, nodulo trregulart. Diam. # m, A specimen was found loose on the upper side of the group. Hab. ¢ A group with numerous specimens, about 9 dm. long and 6 broad, without locality, in Mr. Cuming’s collection. Among the tubes were found a Bittium, closely allied to B. gib- berulum, C. B. Adams, but brown, thicker, and: much shorter ; two specimens of Caecum (Anellum), sp., and a Brochina (Volsella), about 54 m. long and 3 in height, very like Myt. charpentieri, Dkr. Moll. Guineens. t. ix. f. 12, and Modiola subsulcata, Reeve, f. 47, but without bristles, and with a thick epidermis reflected inside; also a variety of the same with obliterated radiating liree on the dorsal side. This shell is very like to Vermetus varians, D’Orb., but the tubes are of a smaller calibre, and the liree are sharper. Var. 7. WOODWARDI (THyYLACODUS). Differt a precedente anfractibus amplioribus, nitidulis, liris levi- oribus ; color brunneus castaneus vel nigrescens. ])iam. aperturee circiter 2 m. Hab. ? A group about 11 dm. long and 6 broad, with a small Ostrea (sp. cardine utrinque denticulato), an example of Polytrema 1861.] M.0. A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 349 miniaceum, Pall.? and of a species of Volsella evidently the same as the smooth variety mentioned above, but partly white (long. 53 m., alt. 31 m.). I have not noticed any internal lamin, but there is a very feeble median columellar lira. The colour verges towards a dull ochreous in many specimens, and the grey tinge of the preceding is very feeble. It differs not more in size from the latter than the indivi- duals of this group do mutually. Var. 0. EBENEA (THYLACODUS). T. solitaria, substantia dura, ebenea, nitidula, spiraliter torta ; anfr. contigui, iris parvis remotis, rugis incrementi obsoletis- simis, remotis, punctis asperis irregularibus in intersectionibus ; anfr. ultimus prelongus glaber, zonis pallidis ; columella lira mediana acuta. Diam. aperture 3 m. Tuyaux de mer nommé ville-brequin, Davila, Cat. i. p. 562. art. 59. pl. iv. f. G (sed specim. paululum majora quam nostra). Hab. Ins. Philippin. ; two agglomerated specimens, one of which has a very long apertural tube. This shell is perhaps more allied to var. y; but I put it here on account of the solid substance of the shell and the dark colour; the first whorls approach strikingly to one of the specimens of the last group. Var. «. PICEA (THYLACODUS). T. solitaria, spiraliter torta,lateraliter affixa; anfr. graciles, parvi, hiris validis circiter 4—5, striis incrementi acutis, inde liris sub- tiliter crenulatis ; anfr. ultimus porrectus repens (corrodens’) pentagonus (?) substantia crassa. Diam. aperture vix 1 m. Vermilia subcrenata, Chenu, Hl. tab. ix. f. F (simillima). Hab. ? Four or five specimens on a young Ostrea cumingii, Dkr., which is found at the Philippines. I cannot decide whether it is partly overgrown by the oyster, or corroding, which is less probable (Mus. Cuming). Var. x. INDENTATA (THYLACODUS). T.. succinea, huc illue badia ; anfr. graciles, contigui, irregulariter spiraliter torti, liris validis 4-5, interstitiis plerumque levius- culis ; liris transversis equidistantibus (in locis occultis forti- oribus), inde quadratim reticulata ; apertura circularis. Diam. fere 2 m. Hab. lus. Philippin. (Mus. Cuming), specimen solitarium. This form corresponds to forma 1 of V. varians, D’ Orb. Var. \. MONILIFERA (THYLACODUS). T. lateraliter affiva, irregulariter spiraliter torta, pallide auran- tiaca; anfr. graciles, contigut, liris 3-4 pulcherrime moniliferis, jueta suturam dilatati, liris transversis confertis ; interstitiis 350 M.O. A. L,MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. | Noy. 12, latis, obsoletissime cancellatis ; in interstitio juxta umbilicum lirula minuta moniliformi ; anfr. ultimus partim solutus, por- rectus, cylindricus, leviusculus, albescens ; apertura circularis. Diam. 14 m Hab. Ins. Philippin., specimen solitarium (coll. Cuming). Notwithstanding that the sculpture is very different, I place it for the present in this species. In respect to the sculpture, it corresponds to var. y of V. varians, D’Orb., and to var. « of forma electrina, as regards size. 6. VERMETUS NERINZOIDES, Carp. T. V. renisecto simili, sed rubro-fusca, rugulis spiralibus pluri- bus, intus solida ; lamine ut in V. renisecto site, sed valide, labrum versus sepe biangulate ; camera externa minore. Diam. spire *3 ; aperturee ‘1 poll. (Carp.). Petaloconchus nerineoides, Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 316. no. 6, f.6; Adams, Gen. Supp. p. 626, t. 137. f. 10. ? Vermicularia glomerata, var. 1c, Gravenh. Tergest. p. 58 (ex spec. orig.). T. dense agglomerata,irregulariter spiraliter torta, aurantiaca, fere ubique superficialiter cinerascens ; anfr. disjuncti sed approxi- mati, lire compressiuscule, obsoletissime contracto-nodose, in- terstitiis latiusculis, interdum latissimis ; strie et ruge@ incre- menti compress, conferte ; anfr. ultimus plerumque prelongus, lirulis parvis confertis ; lamine interne valide, in anfr. primis crassissime, margines angulatos sepe fere attingentes, aper- turam versus tenues, late. Hab. Australia (coll. Cuming, Carpenter). In Mr. Cuming’s group, which appears to be bleached, were found a Rissoa, and a 5 m. long. Crypta aculeata, Chemn., or one of the species generally confounded withit. As the latter shell is not known to me as Australian, I suppose the locality assigned to the species is erroneous. Among the worm-tubes which, through the kindness of Professor Grube, I have on loan, is a group very like that of Mr. Cuming ; but I could not discover any sections corresponding to Mr. Carpenter’s drawing, although they approached very much to Mrs. Adams’s figure, which seems to be taken from the Cumingian group. It is evident to me that the size of the chambers is not constant in one and the same specimen, as a comparison of Carpenter’s and Adams’s draw- ings, both very exact, sufficiently proves. 7. VERMETUS OCTOSECTUS, Carp. Petaloconchus octosectus, Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 317, f. 8. T. solitaria (gemina) lateraliter affixa, albescens, irregulariter spi- raliter torta ; anfr. obliqui subcontigui, lirulis longitudinalibus valde remotis ; lire et ruge incrementi regulares, approximate, valide, inde superficie reticulata, lineolis transversis aurantiacis remotis ; lamine interne late inequales, camera externa parva 1861.] M,0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 351 in anfr. primis, magna in anfr. ultimis ; lira columellaris acuta, utringue lirula minuta remotissima,. Diam. anfr. ult. circ. 4 m. Hab? 8. Africa, Mus. Cuming (Carp.). Var. a, DILATATA (VERMETUs et ALETES). Differt a precedente anfr. planiusculis, sutura dilatata depressa, rugis transversis validis approximatis. Hab. Mare Rubrum (Mus. reg.) on Area foliacea, Forsk., with Nullipores, like the preceding, which I suppose, with more proba- bility, is from this locality. I have seen specimens with and without internal laminz attached on the same shell. One specimen shows on the outer wall a sharp keel pointing to the slit between the laminz, which I have never elsewhere seen so well developed. According to Carpenter, it differs from the following species in the absence of the “‘ remarkable” structure at the base, and in the comparatively small size of the outer chamber: the former character is probably quite accidental, and the latter is not constant in one and the same species. The variety is still more like the V. cereus, which perhaps will itself prove to be merely a variety when more specimens have been compared. 8. VERMETUS CEREUS, Carpenter. Petaloconchus cereus, Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, pe one; te 7; no. 7. T. solitaria, spiraliter torta, quondam lateraliter afiva ; anfr. de- pressi, obliqui, planiusculi, contigui, aurantiaci, suturis depressis albis; anfr. ultimus solutus, cylindricus, porrectus, albescens, striis et rugis incrementi irregularibus ; lateris affixi verrucis planis confertis in seriebus obliquis digestis (an impressione Corallii ?) ; lamine parietales sat tenues, breviuscule ; camera externa et interna subequales ; lira columellaris acuta. Aletes quoad magnitudinem. Diam. aperturee 4? m., diam. anfr. penult. 6-7 m. Hab. Ins. Philippin. (Cuming) ; Serpula, Born, p. 435, tab. min., quoad formam. The surface of Carpenter’s above-described specimen looks as if it had been attacked by acid, and shows consequently no sculpture— not even striz of growth. The small regular nodules on the white at- tached side, regarded by Carpenter as a distinguishing character be- tween this species and V. octosectus, are no doubt the cast of an Astea. Var. a. GYMNOGASTRA (VERMETUS). T. solitaria, lateraliter affixa, irregulariter spiralis, flava ; anfr. contigui lati, suturis expansis depressis, liris parvis confertis equalibus ; ruge incrementi leviter flee, suturam versus incras- sate ; umbilicus apertus angulatus ; lamine interne brevis- sime ; lira columellaris valida acuta. Diam. aperture 4 m., anfr. ult. 5 m., anfr. penult. fere 7-8 m. Aletes quoad magnitudinem. 352 M.O. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERME1ID2. [Noyv. 12, Hab. Ins. Philippin. (Mus. Cuming). The affixed side does not show any trace of the nodules of the type. Var. 3. TENUIS (ALETES). T. lete aurantiaca, tenuiuscula, lateraliter affixa, irregulariter spiralis ; anfr. contigui convexi, suturis dilatatis albescentibus crenulati, liris parvis remotis; striae et ruge incrementi valida, suturam versus incrassate, dilatate, plane ; anfr.ultimus longus, solutus, rugis incrementi expressis, liris longitudinalibus obso- letissimis ; apertura deflexa ; lira columellaris compressa acuta. Diam. anfr, ult. 4-43 m., anfr. penult. 5-6 m. Hab. Ins. Philippin. (Mus. Cuming), on a Heteropora. This variety is much thinner in the shell than the two preceding. 9. Vermetus (THyLacopvus?) carrnatus, Q. & G. 1833. T. glomerata, ovata, triquetra, carinata, transversim striata, cinerascens ; apertura intus rotunda. * L’animal (dans l’esprit de vin) a une teinte brune, et d’assez longs tentacules pour sa grandeur, portant une ligne noire sur leur longueur. “L’opercule est ‘long’ et peu profond.”—-Q. § G. (fig. 26 en- larged). Vermetus carinatus, Q. & G. Voy. l Astr. ii. p. 298, t. 67. f. 24-26. Vermetus carinatus, Mrs. Gray, Figs. i. t. 56. f. 1, la. Siphonium carinatum, Gray, fig. 4. p. 82 ; Adams, Gen. i. p. 357, lin. 12 (non lin. 6). Hab. Island of Guam (Q. § G.). I have seen forms, which I regard as intermediate between V. octo- sectus, Carp., and V. cereus, Carp., approaching to this. 10. VeERMETUS LILACINUS, Morch. T. aggregata, subcylindrica, spiraliter torta, pulcherrime lilacina ; anfr. teretes contigui, ultimi sepe soluti ; sutura dilatata alba ; lire longitudinales obsolete remote parve ; ruge incrementi remote vel interdum approximate, suturam versus incrassate et furcate; anfr. ultimus solutus breviusculus ; lamine pa- rietales brevissime (fractione’), ad columellam approximate ; lira columellaris mediana acutiuscula. Diam. aperture fere 3 m. Hab. Zanzibar (Coll. Dunkeri). A group of about sixteen spe- cimens, attached to a Bivonia. Var. a. (THYLAcopDUws). Serpula, Humphrey, Conch. t. xi. f. 17. Hab. Zanzibar (Mus. Cuming); one small group of nine speci- mens, aud a larger group composed of about thirty-five specimens, with some agglutinated green pebbles. The columellar lira is well marked, but I cannot discover any lamine as in Professor Dunker’s specimens. The young shells show a strong tint of brownish, and the adult have sometimes a few spots of the same colour. Verm. 1861.) M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. 353 glomerata, Sow. Gen., belongs perhaps to this species, according to the colour ; but the lire are too strong. Subgenus 2. Peratoconcuus, Lea. Laminis ab axi procedentibus. The typical species and the following are unknown to me; but I suppose, from their external similarity to V. cortortus, that the position of the lamine is similar, as it would seem to be from the section represented by Lea. 11. Vermetus (PETALOCONCHUS) scULPTURATUS, Lea. T. vel contorta vel turrita, crassa, costulis longitudinalibus no- duliferis, laminis internis politis, levibus, ad aperturam ob- soletis ; apertura rotunda. Diam. *20 inch. P. sculpturatus, Lea, Philad. Trans. 1843, ix. p. 230, t. 3. f. 54; Woodward, Man. p. 462. Hab. Miocene of Petersburg, U.S. (Lea). 12. VeRMETUS (PETALOCONCHUS) DOMINGENSIS, Sow. T. contorta, crassa, tubulo plerumque spirali, anfractibus ad marginem inferiorem angulatis, ungulo costulisque longitudi- nalibus graniferis, costulis nonnullis etiam infra angulum an- Sractuum graniferis. P. domingensis, Sow., Quart. Geol. Journ. 1850, vi. p. 51, t. 10. ‘al ? Steinkern thnlich Nerinea, Merian, Bericht Naturforsch. Basel, 1844, vi. p. 64. Hab. Tertiary beds of St. Domingo (7. S. Henniker) ; ? Jamaica or Antigua (Merian). Seems to be near P. sculpturatus (Lea), only his species doves not appear from his figure to have any granular longitudinal ridges below the angle of the convolutions (Sow.). 13. VeRMETuS (PETALOCONCHUS) INTORTUS, Lam. “ T. tereti-angulata, subcontorta, in spiram deformem contorta, subglomerata, plicis transversis crebris.’—Lam. Serpula intorta, Lam., 1818, v. p. 365. no. 16. Vermetus * intortus, Desh. v. p. 623. no. 16. Serpula intorta, Chenu, Ill. pl. 1. f. 6 et forte 6a. Petaloconchus intortus, Sow., Moore, Lond. Quart. Geol. Journ. 1850, vi. p. 39: Bronn, Jahrb. 1852, p. 509. Hab. Fossile des environs de Plaisance, et se trouve en France, prés de Dax (Lam.). Var. a. SUBAPENNINICA. T. subsolitaria, irregulariter spiraliter torta; anfr. contigui sub- quadrangulares, latere externo rectangulato, liris tribus equi- distantibus obsoletis, rugis transversis decussatis, inde obso- letissime foveolati ; columella laminis duabus validis usque in Proc. Zoot. Soc.—]861, No. XXIII. 354 M. 0. A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. [Nov. 12, aperturam decurrentibus ; lamine superioris margine deflexo ; varices maniciformes brevissime. Wurmfirmige Wurmrihre, Knorr, Samml. v. Merkw. d. Natur, 1769, ii. 2. Abth. p. 288, t. 1a. f. 9 (verisimiliter), from Piedmont. Serpula lumbricalis, Brocchi, Conch. Subapenn. Vermetus intortus, Bronn, Letheea, iv. p. 283, t. 36. f.18; Phil. Enum. ii. p. 144. Serpula lumbricalis, Bronn, 269, Mus. Min. Hafan. Vermetus subglomeratus, D’Orb. Prod. iii. p. 169 (ex Bronn). Hab. Subapennine beds of Italy (Piedmont). Var. 3. CANCELLATA *, T. irregulariter spiraliter torta ; anfr. contigut, suturis depressis, planiusculi, latere externo superne lirulis duabus obsoletis in- terruptis, inferne liris duabus validis inequalibus, lira superiore sepe interrupta, latere umbilicali liris 3-4 equalibus ; lamine interne tenues inequales, in anfr. primis a columella remote, in anfr. sequentibus in columella instructe ; ruge incrementi _ prominentes approximate, inde interstitiis foveolatis. Vermetus intortus, Hornes, Geol. Reichanstalt Wien, t. . p. 16. V. rugosus, Grateloup, Act. Bordeaux, ii. p. 161 (ex Bronn). Hab. Tertiary beds of Baden, Lower Austria. Var. y. WOODIT. T. plerumque gregaria, teres, subquadrata, arcte spirata, fere tota affiva, repens, striis transversis undulato-rugosis, lineis tribus longitudinaliter instructis, extremitate antica aliquando libera, porrecta. Diam. ap. 3 lin. (S. Wood). Dale, Hist. and Antiq. of Harwich, 1730, t. xii. f. 1. Vermetus intortus, S. Wood, Cat. Annals, 1842; Wood, Crag, 1848, p. 113. t. 12. f. 8a. vix f. 86. Hab. Coralline Crag (S. Wood). The centre line is the most prominent, and forms the base or keel of the volutions; so that only two are visible where the shell is regularly spiral, and one upon the base below. The shell, when perfect, is covered with rugz in a transverse direction ; but the ter- minal portion is smooth and free. In large masses the volutions are irregular and inconspicuous, though the young shell may frequently be traced by its regularly spiral form (Wood). The fig. 8 a seems to show moniliform lire; fig. 84, from a group of the Red Crag, looks to be entirely different, and is probably a Serpula. 14, Vermetus (PETALOcoNCHUS) PACHYLASMA, Morch. T. solitaria, subcylindrica, irregulariter spiraliter torta, perforata, albescens ; anfr. contigui planiusculi, inferne angulati, latere externo liris tribus pallide fuscis equidistantibus, lira suturalt parva, lira angulari validiore, interstitio superiore lirula parva * Vermetus intortus, Karsten, Verz. Verst. d. Sternb. Gestein., 1849, p. 19, is perhaps to be referred to this variety. 1861.] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 3955 interrupta, latere basali plerumque occulta, interdum lirula parva; ruge incrementi prominentes approximate continue ; anfr. ultimus candidus levigatus, strato interno (casu?) denu- datus ; columella superne lamina spirali validissima, margine deflexo acuto parietem interdum approximante ; inferne carina rectangulata acuta in anfr. ultimis evanescente ; lira mediana obsoletissima; apertura irregulariter pentagona, columella su- perne carina valida acuta (i.e. lamine superioris terminatione) inferne liris duabus remotis. Diam. aperture cire. 4 m. Hab. Guinea? In the Royal Museum there is a dissected specimen, with the first whorls broken, very like Hornes’s figure, but somewhat larger, about 29 m. long., and 11 broad, with about sixteen whorls. It looks like a fossil; but the keels are feebly coloured, and the inside is glossy ; on the third whorl from the aperture is a varix. The sculpture and form are quite those of the preceding; the chief difference is the enormous development of the superior lamina, which, in the first whorls (the seventh and sixth from the aperture), are rather thin, very thick in the middle whorls, and thinner again in the last whorls. 15. Vermetus (THyLAcoDuUs) SUBCANCELLATUS, Brvon. T. solitaria, rarius gregaria, teres, arcte spirata, fere tota affixa, repens, fusca, striis transversis longitudinalibus subcancellata, extremitate antica aliquando libera, porrecta. T. subspiralis, gyris frequentibus, fere tota adnata, repens, aut saltem antice breviter tantum porrecta, lineis elevatis trans- versis et longitudinalibus cancellata, fusca, rufa, aut lutescens. Diam. 1’”. Animal atropurpureum, tentaculis cylindricis, retractilibus, su- perioribus longiusculis, inferiora fere equantibus. Operculum completum, tenue, planum. Tubulus, Buonanni, Recr. p. 93. ii. t. 2. f. 20 9. Le Gdteau des Vermisseaux, Fay. i. p. 654 (non t. 10. f. 3). Tubuli vermiculares, Petiver, Gazoph. i. t. 151. f. 11 (copy). Serpula glomerata, Lim. 8. N. xii. p. 1266. no. 80 (non edit. 10, nec Faun. Suec. nec Mus. Ludov. Ulr.). Vermetus glomeratus, Hanl. Ips. Linn. Conch. Vermetus subcancellatus, Bivona, l. c. p. 12 (ex Phil.); Phil. Enum. i. p. 172. no. 5, t. 10. f. 20; ii. p. 144; Poli & Delle Chiaje, te07s fe 18. Vermetus subcancellatus, Mrs. Gray, Figs. i. t. 58. f. 3. Bivonia subcancellata, Adams, Gen. i. p. 358; Gray, Guide, 21273 Hab. Frequentissima in toto littore Siciliz (Philippi). Mediter- anean (coll. Cuming, Dunker, et Mus. Min. Hafn. sp. orig. Phi- lippil). ct Lass examined five or six groups without finding any internal laminee, as Sowerby and Moore appear to have done. In a com- 356 M.O.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID®. [Nov. 12, paratively few specimens I have found a distinct medial lira on the columella. Var. a. OCCLUSA. Apertura clausa, septo convexo ; foramen centrale parvum quadri- dentatum, prout ex figura videtur (Poli & Delle Chiaje, t. 97. f.19; Mrs. Gray, Figs. t. 58. f. 3). Vermetus subcancellatus?, Gray, Annals, 1851, viii. p.479, pl. 17 B. figs.4—6 ; Froriep, Jahresb. 1852 (translation and copy). Hab. African coast of the Mediterranean (Gray). I have never met with this form among the numerous specimens I have seen. Sowerby’s figure, of a bright-violet colour, showing very strong grooves, is very likely that of another species. Var. 8. SUTURALIS (PETALOCONCHUS). T. solitaria, lateraliter affixa, irregulariter spiraliter torta ; anfr. plerumque contigui, obliqui, leviter depressi, flavi, versus suturam et umbilicum purpurascentes, longitudinaliter regulariter li- rati; lire versus umbilicum fortiores, rugis transversis ap- proximatis expressis decussate, inde granulate in intersec- tionibus ; lamine interne inequales ; lamina superior plana vel leviter deflexa, juxta columellam instructa, lamina inferior sub- erecta, leviter arcuata, ad basin columelle instructa; lami- narum acie acuta, interdum leviter reflexa; lira mediana colu- melle valida, acuta, alba, utrinque lirulis duabus obsoletissimis inequalibus. Diam. aperture 23; diam. anfr. ult. 33 m. Hab. On an old Spondylus gederopus, L., probably from Morocco (Mus. Reg.). This form is very like V. nerineoides, Carp., in size and sculpture ; but the grooves are more distinctly granulated, and the sutures with a dark-purplish band. The preceding form is very rarely of the size of this variety, which perhaps will prove to form a distinct species with the following. Var. y. SCOLOPENDRINA (VERMETUS Vel PETALOCONCHUS). T. solitaria, lateraliter affixa, subregulariter spiralis ; anfr. gra- ciles, numerosi (circiter 36), obliqui, teretes, subequales ; anfr. primi triginta plani, liris tribus castaneis equidistantibus, harum duabus suturalibus; anfr. ultimi sex convexi, liris 6-7 parvis inequalibus; lire incrementi approximate, prominentes, regulares, intersectionibus nodiferis ; interstitiis pallidis, sutura linea castanea ; columella lira elevata mediana, superne lamina concava fere parietali, inferne lamina inflexa columellart. Goldfuss, t. 70. f. 18 6, quoad formam et magnitudinem. Hab. On the same old Spondylus gederopus as the preceding. It differs chiefly from var. 3. in its more slender whorls. Ver- metus renisectus is very like it. In one specimen the first whorls are white and densely annulate, without longitudinal lire. 1861.] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 357 16. Vermetus (PeraLoconcuus?) parvuuus, Miinster. T. exigua, in spiram conico-elongatam deformem convoluta, an- Sractibus irregularibus contiguis creberrimis. Serpula parvula, Minst., Goldf. Petr. i. p. 239, t. 70. f 18, no. 66; Chenu, Ilustr. Serp. t. 7. f. 7 a-c; M.-Edw., Lam. ed. 2. v. p. 631, t. 59. Hab. In collibus Westphalicis. From the Greensand at Essen an der Ruhr, attached to the spines of Hehini. Very small and brittle (Goldf.). I refer this shell to the present place on account of its great exterior resemblance to the last. 17. Vermetus (PeTALOcONCHUS?) VERMICELLA, Lam, “Testis filiformibus, teretibus, transversim rugosis, flecuosis, in massam crassam congestis.’—Lam. * La coquille du Lispe, sur une longueur égale 4 Ja Vermet, a tout au plus une ligne de diamétre, et souvent beaucoup moins. Elle n’est tournée en spirale que dans sa partie inférieure, qui fait deux ou trois tours au plus. Sa surface n’est point cannelée, mais légérement ridée en travers ; et son ouverture ne déborde que de quelques lignes au dessus des corps qui luiservent d’appui. Sa couleur est jaunatre.” —Adanson. Le Lispe, Adanson, Senegal, p. 164. no. 2, pl. 11. f. 2. Vermichelle de mer, Fav. 1780, i. p. 649, t. 6. f. B. (copy). Vermetus glomeratus vy. Lispe, Daudin, Rec. p. 35. Serpula vermicella, Lam. 1818, v. p. 365. no. i3; ed. 2. p. 622. Vermetus (Serpula) vermicella, Blv. Dict. Sc. 1827, t.xlviii. p. 556. Vermetus Lispe, Desh., Lam. ed. 2. ix. p. 65. Hab. Ile de Gorée (Lam.). ** Elle est aussi commune que le Vermet autour de ile de Gorée ; mais on ne la trouve qu’entre les rochers sur lesquels la mer bat avec violence. Les masses qu’elle forme sont fort compactes, d’environ un @ deux pieds de diamétre, et de 5 4 6 pouces d’épaisseur.’’— Adanson. I have not seen any specimens from the quoted locality ; but the great resemblance of Adanson’s figure (chiefly the specimens at the top) with the next, induce me to refer it to this genus. The variety 6 of Lamarck, “ Testis brevioribus, laxtoribus, varie contortis’’—very likely the very shell represented in Chenu’s IIlustr. pl. 2. f. 8—is probably a Serpula. (Cfr. Bly. Dict. Sc. Nat. t. xlviii. p. 597.) Var. a. FILARIS (PETALOCONCHUS). T. parva sordide alba, interdum partim lilacina, presertim intus, pulcherrime tincta, agglomerata vel solitaria, cylindrice vel laqueatim torta ; anfr. teretes, gracillimi, plerumque contigui, substantia erassa leviuscula opaca; anfr. ultimus partim so- lutus, porrectus, interdum repens ; ruge incrementi obsoletis- sime vel omnino evanescertes, interdum prominule, annulate ; intus lamina plana distinctissima jueta medium columelle in- structa, 358 M.O.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. [Nov. 12, Diam. ap. circ. } m.; axis long. 6-9 m.; diam. anfr. ult. cire. 3 m. fr Hab. On the same old Spondylus gederopus as V. subcancel- latus, B & y. This shell has quite the aspect of a Serpula; but it differs in the manner of its contortion and the internal lamina on the columella, which I have only seen in the middle whorls of three or four speci- mens. It answers quite in form, and nearly in position, to that in V. subcancellatus ; but 1 am not able to find the opposite one. The walls of the shell are exceedingly thick in proportion to the aperture, nearly corresponding to the radius of the aperture; in a few speci- mens they are rather thin. Some specimens are coloured inside with a beautiful lilac, which is to be seen outside, but is there more feeble ; but I am not quite sure if this is not caused by the dying animal, as may sometimes be seen in shells, chiefly of Purpura. The reason why I do not distinguish this shell specifically is, partly because it differs only from “le Lispe ” in its colour and locality, and partly because it may possibly be only the young stage of V. subcan- cellatus, var. scolopendrina, the first whorls of which show the same dull-white colour, but which is much more strongly annular. I have seen from ten to fifteen specimens. (Mus. Reg.) 18. Vermetus (PeTatoconcuvus?) scauatus, Eichwald. Tubulo cochleate scale instar contorto, sepe angulato, erecto, basi affivo, anfractibus invicem concretis transversimque costatis, costis singulis, ternis quaternisve striis tenuissimis decussatis extremo apice in tubulum exiguum rectumque excurrente. Long. 2-3, raroj6’”, et lat. 2’. Serpula scalata, Eichw. Naturh. Skizze, p. 199 ; Lethzea Rossica, 1852, i. p. 49, pl. 3. f. 8. Vermetus intortus, Bronn, Index, ii. p. 1362; ? Guettard, Mém. Acad. Roy..1760, pl. 2. f. 11. Hab. Tertiary beds near Zukowie, and in other parts of Vol- hynia. «Les tubes sont toujours petits et contournés en spirale verticale : les tours sont également ¢largis, et tellement rapprochés qu’ils se réunissent les uns aux autres; ils sont cylindriques, quelquefois un peu anguleux 4 cause de 2 ou 3 petites cotes longitudinales qui occupent toute la longueur des tubes; les interstices entre les cotes sont striés transversalement, les stries sont trés-fines, souvent 4 peine visibles ; on compte 8 tours sur la longueur du tube de 5 lignes ; quelquefois les tours sont encore plus étroits, et de 10-12 sur la méme longueur. Selon Bronn /. intortus, Lam., quoique elle ne soit jamais fixée par le coté, comme celui-ci, mais par la base, de laquelle elle s’éléve verticalement, n’est jamais comprimée comme celui-ci, mais cylindrique, également grosse dans toute sa longueur, et par con- séquent pas plus grosse 4 l’extrémité supérieure. Outre cela, celui-ci n’atteint jamais au-dela de 6 lignes, le V. intortus, au contraire, est trés-long. L’extrémité supérieure offre un bout tout droit, mais de la méme dimension que les tours précédents ; il est lisse ou trés- 1861.] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDZ. 3959 finement strié, comme ceux-ci; je n’ai jamais trouvé le bout comme dans les Serpula tubulus (Eichw.), avec lequel M. Bronn l’a réuni.” —Lichw. Note.—I place here the three following forms, only known to me from single specimens. They have some resemblance to the genus Anellum of the family Cecide, which seems to have the same rela- tion to Vermetus as Spirorbis to Serpula. Notwithstanding the peculiar annular sculpture and hyaline texture, I suppose they will prove to be forms of Vermeti, modified from growing in sheltered places. I bave sometimes seen a somewhat similar sculpture and colour on the first whorls of Vermeti conicus, varians, and renisectus, but not so distinctly that I could with perfect security refer them to any fixed species. 19. Vermetus (THYLACODUS) BALANI-TINTINNABULI. T. solitaria, lateraliter affixa, alba, nitescens ; anfr. teretes, con- tigui, suturis profundis, costis acutis parvis subremotis aqui- distantibus ; anfr. ultimus partim solutus, suberectus, levius- culus ; umbilicus pervius. Diam. ap. cire. 17 m. Hab. Ona valve of Balanus tintinnabulum (Mus. Reg.). Var. a, CRYSTALLINA. T. anfr. obliquis costis acutissimis, regularibus. Hab. Ins. Philippin. 20. VerMETuS (STREBLOCERAS ??) ANELLUM, Morch. T. sinistralis, candida, spira affixa, spirorbiformis, umbilico aperto ; anfr. pauci, ultimus solum adspectabilis, rapide crescens, peri- pheria dilatata, costis transversis acutis validis, leviter flexis ; apertura soluta, subovalis, latere interno dilutato, recto, superne et inferne angulo recto. Diam. teste circ. 2 m. ; diam. ap. 2? m. Var. a. Costis acutis parvis confertis. Diam. teste fere 3¢ m.; aperture: 1 m. Hab. California, on Haliotis tuberculatus (Reeve), with Sipho- nium megamastus (Moreh). This shell, which perhaps will prove to be the type of a new genus, is very like a large Spirordis in shape; but it looks to me in the texture quite a Vermetid. The shape of the inside of the aperture is exceedingly like that of a Separatista. I refer this species pro- visionally to the genus Strebloceras, which I only know from Car- penter’s description in these ‘ Proceedings,’ 1858, p. 440. Subgenus 3. Macropuracma, Carp. Cat. p. 308 (olim). Lamine interne versus medium columelle instructe ; lumina su- perior acie angulata deflexa, extus bicarinata. Operculum (specierum duarum) parvum, tenuissimum, corneum, leve, subplanatum, vix spirale. (Carp. Cat. p. 308.) 360 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. [Nov. 12, 21. Vermetus (MacrorpHRAGMA) MACROPHRAGMA, Carp. 1857. T. parva badia lateraliter affiva, sepe erodens, spiraliter torta ; anfr. primi planiusculi contigui, ultimi teretes laxe contorti, liris longitudinalibus satis expressis et approximatis, rug@ incrementi express@ approximate ; anfr. mediani laminati, lamina superior latissima, primum simplex, dein angulo recto deflexo, extus ca- rinis 1-3, harum 2 acutissimis ; lamina inferior simplex, lirula mediana acuta, ad laminam inferiorem approximans. Diam. aperture ‘07 ; spire ‘23 poll. (Carp.). Petaloconchus macrophragma, Carp. Cat. p. 309. no. 359 ; Proe. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 313. fig. 1; 1856, p. 226; Mérch, Mal. Blatter, 1860, p. 670. Hab. Mazatlan, not uncommon on Uvanilla, Cuma, Murex prin- ceps, &c. Panama, on Margaritifera, Mus. Cuming (Carp.); on Vermiculus eburneus, Reeve (Coll. Cuming). Realejo, on stones, Oersted (Mus. Reg.). S. Diego, Euraphie hembelii adherens, Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 226 (Mus. Nuttal.). The V. contortus, Carp., is perhaps the adult stage of this species, which again possibly may be a form of Aletes centiquadrus, according to the analogy with the forms of Vermetus conicus, Dill., described above. Sect. a, lamina columellaris infima intus laminam minorem gerens. 22. Vermetus (MacROPHRAGMA) COCHLIDIUM, Carp. T.conferteagglomerata, subcylindrica, irregulariterspiraliter torta, badia; anfr. plerumque contigui convexiusculi, liris longitudi- nalibus validis regularibus, rugis incrementi angustis regularibus, intersectionibus sepe nodiferis, interstitiis lirarum plerumque quadratim foveatis ; anfr. ultimus partim solutus, porrectus, tortus, intus laminis duabus ab axi procedentibus, tenuissimis, superiore majore, huc illuc latissima, acie acuto, vel in angulum obtusum curvata, carinis duabus validis labrum versus instructa ; inferiore minore plana, intus lamina parva obliqua instructa. Diam. spiree ‘2 ; aperturee ‘08 poll. (Carp.). Hab. Australia (Mus. Cuming). It appears that Mr. Carpenter regards the “third” smaller lamina “ crowing out of the lower flat lamina as homologous with the co- lumellar median lira,’’ which I do not believe is correct. I have not been able with certainty to ascertain the presence of the latter. Var.a. (THYLACODUS). T. spiraliter torta, anfr. ultimo recto, longissimo, partim adnato, plerumque pallido, albescente, intus nudo ; anfr. mediani colu- melle lira submediana acuta, compressa, valida, perobliqua, su- perne et inferne lirula obsoletissima, callo obsoletissimo lineart (lacteo ?) utrinque in parietibus versus columellam instructo. Petaloconchus, sp., Carpenter, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 317. n. 9. Hab. Tahiti (Mus. Cuming). A small group, mostly composed of long, transversely wrinkled 1861.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID®. 361 tubes, broken at both ends, loosely agglomerated, of a pale colour, and without longitudinal liree, shows a few spiral specimens, which in the exterior form quite agree with the preceding in sculpture and colour. It seems to me that the columellar and subparietal lirze correspond very well to the position of the laminz in the P. cochli- dium from Australia. As Tahiti by all Continental authors is re- garded as an Australian island, both groups are possibly from the same locality. 23. VermMetus (MACROPHRAGMA) FLAVESCENS, Carp. T. dense agglomerata, parva, cylindrica vel laxe contorta pallide aurantiaca ; anfr. plerumque contigui, liris validis equidistan- tibus 3 vel interdum 4 in latere umbilicali; anfr. ultimi liris 4 vel 5 expressis ; lire incrementi regulares, expresse, regulariter approximate, inde liris crenulatis et interstitiis cuncellatis et pulcherrime foveolatis ; apertura subquadrangularis, soluta (in speciminibus incompletis), lamina valida, columellari ; lamine interne fere ut precedentis speciet. Diam. spire 4, aperturze ‘06 poll. (Carp.). Petaloconchus flavescens, Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p.314.no.3. fig. 3. Hab. Sicilia (Mus. Cuming), loc. verisimiliter erroneo. This differs from the preceding chiefly in its smaller size, and in the colour appearing bleached as in younger specimens of /. cochlidium. The indicated locality is very likely erroneous. In the inside were found two young specimens of Vermiculus dimorphus (Morch), a Rocellaria* near R. cuneifermis (Spgl.), and a Diplo- donta, closely allied to D. semiaspera (Phil.), but thicker in the shell, with thicker and more approached concentric ribs, but with feebler and indistinct granules. None of these genera appears to be known from the Mediterranean, except the second. Subgenus 4. Auetes, Carp. Cat. p. 300. T. differt a precedentibus anfr. amplioribus, columella lira me- diana obsoletissima; color plerumque rufescens, anfr. primi badit. Operculum superne concavum, lamina spirali, anfr. 5-6, ultimo abrupto; inferne convecum nitidum, liris spiralibus irregula- ribus ; area muscularis opaca, sepe irregularis (morbo °%). Animal ut Vermeti. The lid seems to me only different from that of Vermetus in size, in consequence of the larger calibre of the shell. The variety y of Vermetus conicus, Dill. (p. 342), would be refer- able to this subgenus, if I had not seen one and the same specimen successively in the different whorls change from Vermetus (Petalo- conchus) to Thylacodus, and ultimately to Aletes. Vermetus cereus, has the size of an Aletes, but shows well-developed internal lamine. * In the calcareous tube, at some distance from the aperture, there is a ring of small-branched tubercles, not unlike those in the fleshy tubes of some Solenes. 362 M.O. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. [Nov. 12, 24. Vermetus (ALETES) CENTIQUADRUS, Val. T. lateraliter affixa, spiraliter torta; anfr. primi sat angusti, anfr. ultimus ampliatus, marginibus utrinque compressis, inde apertura utrinque auriculatim effusa ; color pallide rufescens, fasciis an- gustis obscuris, interstitia lirarum impresso-punctata. Vermetus céntiquadrus, Val. Voy. Venus, pl. 11. f. 1, la, la bis. Vermetus effusus, Val. pp. ; ; Chenu, Il. pl. 5. f. 4 (the same specimen !). Aletes centiquadrus, Val. Carp. Cat. p. 301. no. 352. Vermetus (Aletes) centiquadrus, Morch, Mal. Blatter, 1860, no.70. Hab. Puntarenas (Oersted). . The first whorls are of a dark-brown colour, and strongly sculp- tured with longitudinal liree and transverse rugee exceedingly like V. contortus, Carp., which I suppose to be only a form of this shell, judging from analogy with V7. conicus, Dillwyn. The columella shows one exceedingly feeble median lira, scarcely to be seen except in a very favourable light, and two very conspicuous lateral lire which seem to answer to the lamine in V. macrophragma, but they must perhaps be more properly regarded as the margins of a thin layer covering all the interior of the whorls, except the larger medial part of the columella, which shows a slight difference in colour. Animal violaceum, capite obscuro antice rotundato, tentaculis bre- viusculis roseis ; dorso convexo, utrinque acute carinato, a meso- podio canali profundo lato separato ; propodium planum, folia- ceum, parvum; tentacula pedalia remota (contracta) breviuscula, curvata, latere interno profunde longitudinaliter fisso, mammilla intermedia parva perforata ; mesopodium minutum, cordiforme, bipartitum ; pallium simplex, acutum, linea coccinea marginatum. The colour is deepest on the back, and more feebly bluish towards the margins of the foot. Var. a. MAXIMA. Vermetus panamensis, Rousseau, Chenu, Ill. pl. 5. f. 1, la, 16; Adams, Panama Shells, p. 216. no. 324; Menke, Zeitschrif. f. Mal. 1850, p. 165. no. 13; Adams, Gen. p. 358. Hab. Panama (Adams) ; Mazatlan (Melchers). This seems only to differ from the preceding in its smooth surface and deep transverse furrows. In Mr. Cuming’s collection is a specimen labelled ‘‘ Philippines,’ which I cannot distinguish from the fig. 16 of Chenu. The /. angulatus, Rousseau, Chenu, Ill. pl. 5. f. 2 (copied Chenu, Manuel, p. 320. f. 2300), is possibly a white variety of this form. In Dr. Chenu’s plates are two marked “ pl. 5,” which I sup- pose have given rise to the observations of Carpenter (Cat. p. 306), who very likely has not seen the plate with the name V’. panamensis as rightly quoted by Menke and C. B. Adams. Var. B. Punctis impressis destituta, Vemetus peronii, Val. Voy. Venus, pl. 11. f. 2 (on Stroméus galea?). Aletes centiquadrus, Val. Carp. Cat. p. 302. 1861.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE&. 363 This shell scarcely differs from the type, except in the absence of the punctures; but as both states are frequently found on the same specimen, this cannot warrant specific separation. I have a slight doubt respecting this species, arising from the locality being only known from the shel] on which it is represented, which perhaps is as likely to be a Melo as Strombus galea. It seems to me curious that a shell named after Péron should be from a place that he never visited. Var. y. SIPHONATA. T. rufa subcylindrica, spiraliter torta, verticaliter affixa; anfr. contigui, sutura dilatata, liris confertis obsoletissime nodulosis, interstitus angustissimis sepe impresso-punctatis ; anf. ultimus porrectus, solutus, leviter flewus, concentrice rugosus. Diam. aperture 53m. Vermetus peronii, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. t. 4. f. 6. Hab. Puntarenas (Oersted). This variety is closely allied to V. conicus, Dill., var. y, from which it only differs in its deeper colour and more irregular sculpture. Var. 6. TULIPA. T. lateraliter affixa, irregulariter spiraliter torta; anfr. obliqui, plerumque contigui; anfr. primi liris sat expressis, subremotis rugisque transversis equidistantibus decussati, inde interstitiis regulariter scrobiculatis ; anfr. mediani lati, leviusculi, sculp- tura evanescente, albo et violaceo variegati ; anfractus ultimus castaneus, lirulis confertis obsoletis, rugis incrementi sigmoideis, irregulariter corrugatus, aperturam versus pallidus, lineis et teniis pulcherrimis badiisvel ferrugineis, huc illuc lactescentibus. Diam. aperture circ. 12 m.; axis longitud. cire. 65 m. Vermetus tulipa, Rousseau, Chenu, Ill. pl. 1. f. 2 (an 1 & 32); Adams, Genera, p. 358. Hab. Gulf of California, on a piece of a black Pinna (Mus. Cuming). The figure 2 of Chenu is a pretty good representation of the colour of the last part of the last whorl ; fig. 3 looks very different, but approaches in appearance that of the middle whorls of the described specimen. Var. €. BRIDGESII. T. agglomerata, verticaliter affixa, irregulariter spiraliter torta ; anfr. latiusculi plerumque contigui, liris et teniis sepe evane- scentibus, ruge incrementi versus marginem prominentes crasse@ ; anfr. primi 10-12 angusti, obliqui, depressiusculi, leviusculi, badii, liris obsoletissimis vel omnino evanescentibus, suturis pallidis. Diam. ap. 5-9 m. Hab. Panama, on Margaritifera (Mus. Cuming) ; very likely the 364 M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID#. [Nov. 12, group of Mr, Bridges mentioned by Carpenter, Cat. p. 306, in the note. This variety is very like the last ; but the colour is much obliterated, and the last whorl is partly free and erect. It is chiefly notable for the resemblance of the first whorls to Vermetus contortus and V. macrophragma, some specimens of which are found on the same shell. 25. VerMeTuS (ALETES) sIPHO, Lam. “7. tereti, longa, undato-curva, basin versus obsolete cancellata ; spira baseos congesta, subtus planulata.’’— Lam. Serpula sipho, Lam. Hist. v. p. 367. no. 25; ed. 2. v. p. 626; Blainv. Dict. Se. t. 48. p. 588. Vermetus sipho, Rousseau, Chenu, Ill. pl. 4. f. 3 superior (nee 3 sinistr ). Hab. L? Océan des Indes, 4 Timor (Mus. nostr.). Elle varie beau- coup, et néanmoins je la crois distincte de la S. arenaria, Lam. Of the figures quoted by Lamarck, none agree with the descrip- tion. Gualt. tab.x. f. L, is V7. arenarius, L.; and le Massier of Adan- son, regarded by Deshayes (Lam. ix. p. 65) as the type, is not from Timor. Siphonium nebulosum, Dillw., cannot be called longa, undato- curva. The upper figure 3 of Chenu’s plate seems to me to correspond ex- actly with Lamarck’s description ; the figure 3 (left) is very likely Ze Massier of Adanson, and does not agree with the description, although it is possible Lamarck regarded it as a variety, as it really approaches to V. arenarius, to which Lamarck likens it. 26. VerRmeETuS (ALETES ?) GRANIFER, Say. Covered with longitudinal, contiguous, slightly elevated, granulated strie. Shell subcylindric, contorted; inferior side flat; the whole surface is composed of very numerous, small, contiguous strie, each consisting of a single row of granules; these series are alternately smaller. The continuity of the tube within is interrupted by oblique diaphragms: it sometimes approaches the spiral form ; and one spe- cimen has three complete volutions of much regularity. Diam. of the largest specimen 2 inch. Serpula granifera, Say, Philad. Journ. iv. i. p. 154, t.8. f. 4. Vermetus? granifera, M.-Edw., Lam. ed. 2. v. p. 632. Serpula granifera, Bronn, Index, pl. 2. p. 1137. Hab. Tertiary-beds of Maryland (Say). According to the figure, this species must be closely allied to 7. centiquadrus, var. peronit. 27. Vermetus (AueTES?’) ToRTRIXx, Goldfuss. T. levis, elongata, irregulariter in spiram convoluta vel glomerata, antice ampliata, tumida, striis transversis subrugosis. Vermicularia lumbricalis, Minster, Petrefact. Deutschl. 1828, vi. p: 98. Serpula tortrix, Goldf. i. p. 242, t. 71. f. 15; Bronn, Ind. il. p: 1140. 1861.] ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, 365 Vermetus, sp., M.-Edw., Lam. ed. 2. v. p. 632. Serpula tortriz, Chenu, Ill. t. 6. f. 7a, 6. Hab. In tertiary sandstone near Traunstein, Bavaria (Minster) ; Nummulitique (Bronn). The figure seems to be reversed. I refer this species to Aletes on account of its resemblance to the last species. The following lists of the additions made to the Menagerie during the months of June, July, August, September, and October were read to the meeting :— JUNE. Presented by 1 Black-backed Gull ...... Larus marinus s+... W. H. Leach, Esq. 1 Rhesus Monkey .........|Macacus rhesus ......... — Dyer, Esq. ’ Estrelda bichenovit 11 Australian Finches ...... phaeton ...... +|A. Denison, Esq., F.Z.S. Poéphila cineta ... 1 Water Tortoise ......... Emys De swasiesbeca Sot A. Russell, Esq.,M.P., F.Z.S. 1 Capuchin Monkey ...... Cebus capucinus ? ah J. H. Gurney, Esq., M.P., 1 Hen Harrier............... Circus CYaNeUS ++... F.Z.S. 3 Water Ouzels ............ Cinclus aquaticus ..... John ITlancock, Esq. 1 Laughing Kingfisher ...|Dacelo gigas ..+...+++4..| Alexander Huth, Esq. 1 Macaque Monkey ...... Mucacus cynomolgus ....Charles Simpson, Esq. 1 Great Black Cocatoo... Microglossa alecto ...... \Capt. Denham, R.N. 1 White-crested Cockatoo Cacalua cristata......... T. J. Arnold, Esq., F.Z.S. | 1 Green Fruit-eating Pigeon! Treron bicincta? ...... 1 Green- winged Pigeon ...|Chalcophaps indica...... : 2 1 Necklace Toes scnocObe rig suratensis ...... me genie Dales 4 Rain Quails ...... seeseeees(Coturnix coromandelica. primers 1 Indian Paradoxure ......|Paradoxurus typus? ... 1 American Grey Squirrel |Sciwrus cinereus .......+. H.R.H the Prince of Wales. 2 Crested Curassows ...... Crax alector ......+0+05. W.D St t.E 2 Red-billed Tree-Ducks ..| Dendrocygnaautumnalis| } atarce alae hg ] Spotted Salamander ...|Salamandra maculata...|Mrs. Hopper. APROUCUS.ss2.sscecs-seee sere Proteus anguinus ...... Dr. Hugh Falconer, F.Z.S. 1 Brown Bear.,.......++0... Ursus arct0s ...000..000- Madame Didiée. 2 Haw Finches ............ Coccothraustes vulgaris | 2 Japanese Deer..........--| Rusa JAPONICA «2+ ..0e.000e 4 Spotted Woodpeckers...| Picus major.....-...0++-+- 1 Red-winged Parrakeet .. dprosmictus erythro- plterus. | 1 Brazilian Maccaw ...... |AT SCVETA er.cccrerseese > Purchased. IRMOEY -wepeccsci esate eos -...|Hos E Bgotdegomesber 1 One-streaked Falcon ... Astur monogrammicus .. 1 Snow-Bunting ............ Plectrophanes nivalis ... 2 Butcher Birds ............ Lanius excubitor...... =: PPELOGPOGS. cmarwecancss denen Upupad Cpops ssesserevee 2 White-fronted Geese ... Anser albifrons ..+...... | 2 Brent Geese...............|Bernicla brenta ......+ Received in exchange. 1 Young Caiman............ Eee vabsmna slang J pene Of these, Estrelda bichenovii, Estrelda phaeton, Poéphila cineta, Microglossa alecto, Rusa japonica, and Astur monogrammicus were stated to be exhibited for the first time. 366 ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [Nov. 12, JULY. Presented by 1 Indian Snake...............|Chrysopelea ornata......}|A.W. W. Baudernaike, Esq. 2 Chinese Sheep ...000...... Ovis aries, Var. sse.sees- The Secretary at War. I Scotch Hare viz. ...0c.0c0e- Lepus variabilis ......... R. Drummond, Esq., F.Z.S. 1 Laughing Kingfisher...... Dacelo gigas ....|Capt. Watson. WMD. Gaverereseseetororecnesessan- Boa i Ureueseessene-e H. Justins, Esq. Ablabes punctatus ...... 8 Snakes ....+.seeseeeeeese 1 |Chlorosoma vernale...... Tropidonotus fasciatus..| >A. Downes, Esq. D BUll-frOgs’ weccecs seco cancvee Rand MUGiENS «60.04.0000 ig TOP Sp carsosen scence wssevadns Rana sylvaticd.......0... DANES Secavedsterenenise