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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON

FOR THE YEAR

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
AND SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE.

LONDON :
MESSRS. LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMANS, AND ROBERTS,
PATERNOSTER ROW.
PARIS: LEIPZIG:

M. J. ROTHSCHILD, M. J. ROTHSCHILD,
14, RUE DE BUCY. 2, QUERSTRASSE.

LS

OF THE

CONTRIBUTORS.

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

Page
Assott, Colonel.

Extract from his letter addressed to George O. Wray, Esq. 107

Apams, ArtTuur, F.L.S., &c.

Descriptions of some New Species of Limopsis from the
mrminiemin COMeehOn ): rece ck py aie ls whys o0,000 > aps 229

On the Species of Odeliscine found in Japan.......... 231
On the Species of Muricine found in Japan .......... 370

Barrp, Wiiuiam, M.D., F.L.S.
Description of Two New Species of Cestoid Worms, belong-
MEO LOOM P ADS EPRER . 25.50 oiasiic seyatn sew sefs \s)> Mateos 20
Descriptions of some New Species of Entozoa.......... 113

Description of several New Species of Phyllopodous Crus-
taceans, belonging to the Genera Estheria and Limnetis .. 147

i

lv

Page
BartTuett, A. D.
Note on the Habits and Affinities of the Kagu (Rhinoche-
PRS PUOGEME)) ica oases oad als waskt aoe tee eee 218
Observations on the living Aye-aye in the Zoological Gar-
Cn ae Meer Oe ere pare re wire onet ek
Notes on the Beaver in the Zoological Gardens ........ 267
Description of a New Species of Lemur .............. 347
Bennett, Dr. Geores, F.Z.S.
Extract from a letter addressed by him to the Secretary.. 1
Extracts from a letter respecting the Kagus intended to be
sent by him to the Society, Ge. 2 s2.'...5-. 22. cwew clea pee
Extracts from a letter announcing the shipment of a living
Kann forthe Society;) Seni 3. aw 2a ees i 107
ixtractstrom letters trom wiz... 4 ss.es ee ce sien con oer 246, 249

BLANDFORD, HENRY.
Extract from a letter addressed by him to Dr. Gray .... 108

Briytu, Epwarp, Corr. Mem. Z.S.
Exhibition of a tracing of the Outline of a Skull of the adult
male Rhinoceros sumatranus, transmitted by ...........- l

Buckwanp, Frank T., 2nd Life Guards, F.Z.S.
Exhibition of several specimens of the Smooth Snake (Co-
gonellg austriaca ys 2 oo ANE SOPRA GSS IM he ees eee 222

Cosson, T. Spencer, M.D., F.L.S., Lecturer on Comparative
Anatomy, Zoology, and Botany at the Middlesex Hospital.

Exhibition of a preparation of the remarkable Peyerian
Gland from the intestine of the young Giraffe............ 2

Exhibition and Remarks upon a specimen of a curiously
malformenebrant sis 68. RISSE POL Es eee 84

v

Page
On the Cranial Bones of Lepidosiren annectens ........ 129
Remarks on all the Human Entozoa .......... See be as 288

Exhibition of a series of Microscopic Preparations of rare
DUP TR olga yc ies ooale em Rainn stots a one sim neg 6 a Rain ae ee 326

Crisr, Epwarps, M.D., F.Z.S.

On the Situation, Form, and Capacity of the Gall-Bladder
in the Vertebrata; on its Absence in certain Animals; and
on the Colour of the Bile.......... bea cs BAR oS 132

Exhibition of a Head of a Partridge (Perdizx cinerea) with
deformed upper mandible ; the Czecal Appendages of the Im-
peyan Pheasant, and the Tail-glands of the Black Swan and
or tae ed -thraaked: Divers 0.5 324, Jy seasce fonsie > fence el

On some points relating to the Anatomy of the Humming-
Bird (Trochilus colubris) .......... Saas Slats crx c'e Heras 208

On the Capacity of the Gisophagus and other Parts of the
Intestinal Canal of Python reticulatus...............4-. 210

On the Probable Cause of Death of a Wart-Hog (Phaco-
RAE RMR ois iss, d 1G Re sgh aa taee in 2) 0nd Goat's te

Exhibition of the enlarged Tail-glands of two domestic Hens 219

Dourn, Dr. H.
Descriptions of New Operculated Land Shells.......... 181
Descriptions of New Shells ................ aera i 202

Dunxer, Dr. WILHELM.
Species nonnulle Bursarum vel Ranellarum collectionis
CHARI BBN eo ecg ee ees 5 SRR Ree tae 238

Fiower, W. H., F.R.C.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Conservator of the
Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons.

Memoir on the Brain of the Javan Loris (Stenops javanicus) 103

Notes on the Anatomy of Pithecia monachus (Geoff.) .. 326

vl
Page

Fraser, Lovis, Corr. Memb. Z.S.
Exhibition, for Lord Powerscourt, of an enormous pair of
Antlers with forty-four points ........ .ssseccreess ence 142

Govu.p, Joun, F.R.S., V.P.Z.8., &e.
Exhibition of a specimen of a Lyre-bird (Menura) from
Port, PHM 2 nails Rie bene ment ais oes tee eee 23

Exhibition and Descriptions of two new species of Hum-
ming-Birds, from Ecuador, of a new Fregzlus from the Hima-
TSVHs, ANS PTI0M «, «.«:0in ie a,n 5 soerouaee oyelcls. cs le woe alsin in Aen

On a New Species of Chlamydera, or Bower-Bird .. .... 161

Descriptions of Sixteen New Species of Birds from the
Island of Formosa, collected by Robert Swinhoe, Esq., Her
Majesty’s Vice-Consul at Formosa ..............+.++-. 280

Gray, Joun Epwarp, Ph.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.
On the Skull of the Japanese Pig (Sus pliciceps) ...... 13

Note on the Gigantic Earth-worm (Megascolex ceruleus)
from Ceylon, in a letter from Sir James Emerson Tennent.. 25

Description of some New Species of Spoggodes, and of a
New Allied Genus (Morchellana) in the Collection of the

iritigh Wrasenii, <(. .....68 os 2 cate m eel eins Steet Dine FS ee ee
Notes on some Specimens of Claviform Pennatulide (Ve-
retillee) in the Collection of the British Museum ........ 31

Description of Two New Genera of Zoophytes (Solenocaulon
and Bellonella), discovered on the North Coast of Australia
by Winn ayiier te. oa eee see A eee Seago hws aur ee eee

Extracts from a letter of Henry Blandford, Esq. ...... 108

Notice of a New Species of Lasiurus sent from the Sand-
wieh -Isiands thy WEEGWe ee Pease hats ache aie oh ov vb lore 143
Notice of a New Species of Dolphin (Delphinus catalania)
discovered in North Australia by Mr. John Macgillivray .. 143
Notice of a Wingless Bird, or Moho, and a Raven found
“in the Island of Hawaii by Mr. W. H. Pease............ 145

vil

List of Mammalia from the Camaroon Mountains, col- A
lected by Capt. Burton, H.M. Consul, Fernando Po...... 180
Note on the Size of a Seal (Callocephalus feetidus) at the
RR IMENE Ligier aan xia? weeds oiwiava sists jx OSs alelatees ol came 202
Descriptions of some New Species of Mammalia........ 261
Notice of two New Species of Batagur in the Collection
OF tie irememels WT URCUI Js ak 2s 35,0 waif spe ie. ae og wee 264
Notice of a New Species of Dogania from Asia ........ 265
Guuuiver, GroreGe, F.R.S, F.Z.S., Professor of Comparative
Anatomy and Physiology to the Royal College of Surgeons.
On the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of Vertebrata, and on
the Zoological Import of the Nucleus, with Plans of their
Structure, Form, and Size (on a Uniform Scale) in many
OSH STEW TES) 5) WG Fy: re ee ee ae 91
Ginrner, Dr. ALBert, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.Z.S.
Remarks on the Incubation of the female Python in the
Memiety 5 Gadems (774th) dS hiteee cae icne ted Shae Shields 1
Acisst en snakes from Wahine. psec. te os Gems x30. ae

Contribution to the Knowledge of the British Charrs.... 37

Descriptions of New Species of Reptiles and Fishes in the
Collection of the British Museum................--0+-. 188

Note on Nannoperca australis ........ 001. cee ennes 208

Gurney, Joun Henry, M.P., F.ZS.

Some Remarks on Aquila desmursii, J. Verr.........+. 145

Hamitron, Epwarp, M.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.
On the Assumption of the Male Plumage by the Female of
the: Common Pheasant .-0. fac. S08 8 oS ee Soe 23
Exhibition of a female example of the Grey Hen (Tetrao
tetrix), which had partly assumed the male plumage...... 84

vill
Page
HANLEY, SYLVANUS.

Descriptions of New Solaria, chiefly in the Collection of
H. Cuming, Esq. .... 002... cece ce rerr eee ceetes eeee 204

Harriavs, Dr. G., For. Memb.
On a New Bird from the Isle of Madagascar ........ o. 152
On a New Bird from the Island of Madagascar ........ 224

Hewrrtson, W. C., F.Z.S.

Descriptions of Butterflies from the Collections of Messrs.
A. R. Wallace and W. C. Hewitson .............+++-- 87

Houpsworty, E. W. H., F.L.S., F.Z.S.

Descriptions of Two New Species of Corals belonging to the
genus Flabellum ...... 2. cere cere eee cece eeeees 198

On the Occurrence of Caryophyllia clavus on the Coasts
of Britain, with some Remarks on the circumstances affecting
the Distribution of Corals around the British Islands...... 199

Jounson, James Yate, Corr. Memb. Z. 8.

Remarks on a Specimen of Alepisaurus ferow recently ob-
tuned: at. Madeita::;.::20..2csee) sack cee ees fee ee

Descriptions of some New Genera and Species of Fishes
obtained at Madeira

Descriptions of some New Corals from Madeira........ 194

Descriptions of Two Corals from Madeira, belonging to the
Genera Primnoa and Mopsea ............ ane ok we eee 245

Krerrt, GerArp, Acting Curator Austr. Mus.

Noteion Purina stentilis. 522. sc.0c soe weeds ue we eae 149

Notes upon Australian Snakes, and their Geographical Dis-
PTO ULIGD: 5 wars a's bs. s neta oS FRE lame nee Smee nee ae «8 oO

ix en
LeapseaTer, B., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
Exhibition of a Hybrid Duck between the Pintail and the
Teal, and of a Hybrid between the Common and Silver Phea-
Rene ese ate eft rer stay ciareret nis cde cio e terme etale ee eisie oS) 84

Exhibition of a stuffed specimen of a Lesser Bird of Para-
dise from the collection of Lord Braybrooke, which had been
formerly alive in England...........+-. +020 se eeeeeees 153

Morcu, Orro A. L.

Review of the Vermetide (Part III.) . eS ees be
On the Genera of Mollusca established by I H. F. Link in
the Catalogue of the Rostock Museum................-- 226

Murray, AnpREw, Ass. Sec. Royal Horticultural Society.

Description of Sphyrocephalus labrosus, a New Bat from

Old Calabar River, Western Africa ....... .... 525-505. 8
Remarks on a New Crocodile from the Old Calabar River,
Tis AAIETIC Ss Minh ee OCB Oca ar cio Chieu IO emer 139

Description of Crocodilus frontatus, a New Crocodile from
Old-Calabar River, West Africa ............ccscceee0.. 213

Newton, ALFrepD, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.8.

Exhibition of a Nest containing seventeen hatched-out eggs

PPE ai re OOP ITRONIET eS a nicola a clau: main pininie ve nis yee ays 2
Remarks on the Fringilla incerta of Risso ............ 128
Exhibition of some Birds collected in Madagascar by Mr.

E. Newton and Dr. Roch, Corresponding Members ...... 142
On the Breeding of the Nutcracker (Nucifraga caryoca-

Re RAS AeA wae aia oy Sin oh os oevdye +..0ems 206

Onrpg, Capt. J. W. P., F.Z.S.
Exhibition, through the Secretary, of a specimen of a black
variety of the Water-Vole (Arvicola amphibius ?), and a Red-
Crested Duck (Branta rufina)..........2222 050.8 ones S163

€ Page
Owen, Ricwarp, Professor.

On the Anatomy of the Aye-aye. Part I. (Abstract) .. 11
—_——__—_———. Part II. (Abstract) .. 13

Parker, W. K.
Abstract of a Memoir on the Osteology of the genera Pte-
rocles, Syrrhaptes, Hemipodius, and Tinamus............ 253

Pease, W. Harper.

Descriptions of Two New Species of Helicter ( Achatinella,
Swains.), from the Sandwich Islands, with a History of the
SOMUN faya0- cio ee x te ee daae ee, iota awiecatire ley eiace 2 coe eee 3

Description of a New Genus of Marine Shells from the
a WACH » LSA, 4 scence iam oye, alayaimr 45,0 sie ain le says © onakales eee

Descriptions of New Species of Marine Shells from the
Paciatiey VARANS oos S0y cay < cise apo napa, ae ce apes * Se a re 240

Descriptions of New Species of Shells from the Pacific
MAGS i. Sextury «is. 3)ahy< ela ee ¢ syerw soa +) ocala: SMa eee Toh ce

Description of New Species of Marine Shells from the Pa-

Bie MLAS TE aioe asia! c wt ow ala OMe Saget ts ee

Preirrer, Dr. L.
Descriptions of Eight New Species of Cyclostomacea, from
the Collection of Hi. Cuming, Wisq. -.s.< 2: fos seas anes 115
Description of a New Species of Helix (Nanina)........ 117
Descriptions of Thirty-six New Land Shells, from the Col-
lection of t4. "Cuming; Esq. Cec. /Gc.. os cess se 3 so once eee

Powerscourt, Viscount, F.Z.S.
Exhibition, through Mr. Fraser, of an enormous pair of
Antlers: with farhy-toar-omts, (6.66 /s <5 vies om ans pawns 142

Prime, Tempuxe, of New York.

Descriptions of Three New Species of Shells belonging to
the Family of Cyclades... jacneegtiks Vee eg ewig sete 2

xi

Reeve, Lovett, F.L.S., F.Z.8.

On a New Form of Physa, of the Section Ameria, received
from George French Angas, Esq., of Angaston, South Au-
stralia, Corresponding Member of the Society............

Ropp, E. H.

Letter from, announcing the recent occurrence in Cornwall
of a female specimen of Scolopax sabini .......... er eee

ScHomeurk, Sir Rosert, H.M. Consul for Siam, Corr. Memb.
Z.8.

Letter from, respecting Diardigallus crawfurdi, with a

description of the female bird ...... eS IMO iter oer ae

SciaTerR, Puiuip Lutuey, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., &.,
Secretary to the Society.

Exhibition of a tracing of the Outline of a Skull of the adult

male Rhinoceros sumatranus, on behalf of Mr. E, Blyth,

PGR SS ee ne eA PPD See ec
Remarks on some specimens forwarded by Capt. Speke..

On some Birds recently collected by M. Boucard in
Bonthern Mexico. .ss....-0. ses HOR Kees

Additions to the Menagerie in November and December
Remarks on some Snakes received from Bahia

Extracts from Dr. G. Bennett’s Letter respecting the
Kagus intended to be sent by him to the Society, &c.

On a New Species of Malucoptila from Western Ecuador

Extracts from a letter from Dr. G. Bennett, F.Z.S., an-
nouncing the shipment of a living Kagu for the Society, &c.

Characters of Nine New Species of Birds received in col-

erinene from Bopota's'; 922.065. 2g ee a

Page

13

250

107

109

xii
Page
On Two New Species of Tyrant-birds from Ecuador .... 113

Announcement of the arrival of two living Paradise-birds
(Paradisea papuana) purchased for the Society by Mr. A.
aL, Wallace: icc Gores fe) Oa SE. ee eee

Additions to the Menagerie during the months of January,
Mebrunry, and. Marchiy .%.0<. <2@esele sets ee yr 139

_ Report of the arrival of a living Kagu, presented to the
Society by Dr. George Bennett, F.Z.S., of Sydney........ 141

Note on the Deer of Formosa <..2.c-006-. «002.0 walepinie 150

Exhibition on behalf of Capt. J. W. P. Orde, F.Z.S., of a
specimen of a black variety of the Water-Vole (Arvicola am-
phibius’?), and a Red-crested Duck (Branta rufina) ...... 163

Exhibition of Drawings representing the four known species
of WaldtAgues 2.00 2 tsb esdaa eat ste se eie be epee ee

Additions to the Menagerie during the months of April and
Myr ceeien sa > wi crcitnie > wale sd oe eee ste vince’ s meena 184

Remarks on some interesting additions to the Menagerie.. 186

Extracts from a letter from Dr. Lamprey, dated Shanghai,
$uly Ol, 1062.20) pict hsdeeetn ee ee 220

Notice of a living Aye-aye (Chiromys madagascariensis) in
the Society's; Menaserie: <).).)< 2 2 veee.coee steutein «(ots BU 222

Extracts from letters from Dr. G. Bennett, F.Z.S... 246, 249

Letter from Sir Robert Schomburgk, H.M. Consul for
Siam, respecting a Diardigallus crawfurdi ...... 46.2044 230

Note on‘the Japanese Bear 22.0 asispcerelmrs wae eee ee 261

Additions to the Menagerie during the months of June,
July, August, September, and October ................ 321

Notes on the Incubation of Python sebe, as observed in
the Society’s Gardens ........ OT er 365

On some Birds to be added to the Avi-fauna of Mexico.. 368
Additions to the Menagerie during the month of November 376

xiii
Page
Suortrt, Dr. J., F.Z.S.

Letter from, giving some notes on Daboia elegans (Vipera
SLL SS ae ee See wld 505 Su sheraigh a oat 251

Speke, Capt. J. H.

List of specimens forwarded by............+. sesess-- 12

STAVELEY, Miss E. F.

Notes on the Form of the Comb (Pecten) in different An-
drenide and Apide, and on the alar hooks of the species of
maerroges ane LIGUCLUs (eo. os os ERT Ss Gees hae oe 118

Swinuog, Rosert, F.Z.S., H.M. Consul at Formosa, F.R.S.,
Corr. Mem. Z.S.

On a Bird supposed to be the Female of ee au-
ritum, Pall., from Northern China ............... . 286

On some Tientsin Birds, collected by Mr. Fleming, R.A.,
in the possession of Mr. Whiteley ............4..2.0-- 315

On the Mammals of the Island of Formosa............ 347

TENNENT, Sir JAMES Emerson, K.C.B., V.P.Z.S., &e.

Note on the Gigantic Earth-Worm (Megascolex ceruleus)
BUREN RR ic las Ola Oe eh 52 Eee Se ‘25

Wauace, ALFRED Russet, F.Z.S.
Narrative of Search after Birds of Paradise............ 153
On some New and Rare Birds from New Guinea ...... 164

Descriptions of Three New Species of Pitta from the Mo-
NCURSES Se yee a ee tra es ern ae eS ees gee 187

List of Birds from the Sula Islands (east of Celebes), with
Descriptions of the New Species .................04... 333

XIV
Page
Witurams, Wittram (of Tregullow), F.Z.S.

On the Breeding of a West-Indian Tortoise in this Country 266

Woop, T. W., F.Z.S.
Remarks on the habits of the Pinnated Grouse (Tetrao

cupido) now living in the Society’s Gardens ............ 153

Wray, Grorce O.
Extract from a letter of Col. Abbott to .............. 107

Wucuerer, Df. Orno, Corr. Mem. Z.S.
A Taistvot Snakes! trom bahia) ys) o-e. 2-1 cer nee 25

XXVIII.
XXIX.

LIST OF PLATES.

Page
Sphyrocephalus FADO RUS so us tedin wars aishanltdress is wc aes 8
Tenia ammonitiformis and T. semiteres ....+++.+++5 20
Harporhynchus ocellatus 1... 0.0 c eee eee eee 18
Spoggodes florida and S. spinosa .... +1 +++ eee ee ees 27
Salmo willoughbii ...... cece cece cece eee e ee eees
CUUTLAPLEUS cae ale Disetne oeee tar (ore oe oe ca eiie) airs eirelrel/etle } 37
OTD «oc tieis sae soe et ole Mees oc sleinie a selec
Malacoptila poliopis ........00e sees reece eens 86
Mi pee CURE on soon doin oi ve oe aladm is on meen: \ 37
Terinos tethys and T. tawiles........+eeeeeveeeee
Urochroma stictopterd 1... cece eee ce ene en neta 109
New species of Cyclostomacea and of Heliz...... 115, 117
Lepidosiren annectenS ....+seeeeeerernerncnecees 129
Cacatua Mucorpstt .... cece ence reer cece ereeenes 14]
New Phyllopodous Crustaceans ......-.+.+seeeeee 147
Cervus tavanus 1.6.0.0 e cc cccr seen ercccceneees
aia } 150
TACT Rca 6 eid CInIEee UOIDO CG DD OO UID OOS On
Tylas edtuardi ...cccvesevecvcscecneccccccnensens 152
Halcyon migrocyaned .... 60s ceneen cece ce ereaee
Gracula pectoralis ......cccer cee ce cece eneees } 164
Ptilonopus humeralis .. 6... cece ee eee eee eens
Nesiarchus nasutus......00ceeeeecevncceeeevnes
Setarches giimtheri .....ceccvcccccccnrncececens } 167
Sciurus isabella 6... 00.2 c sen cnenecnececerececens 180
Chloroscartes fasciatus 6.1... cece ee cence eeeees
Catopra siamensis and C. tetracanthus ........+. 188
Amblyopus sagitta, Centropogon marmoratus, and
Pseudochromis perspicillatus......+.+++0s0eres
Flabellum campanulatum and F. nobile ....eeeeeees 198
Crocodilus frontatus ......+0++000% SHaWrouio cod CO Os 213

* The generic name on the plate is written erroneously Zygeno-cephalus.

Plate

XXX,
XXXI.
XXXII.
XXXIII.
XXXIV.
XXXV.
XXXVI.
XXXVII.
XXXVIII.
XXXIX.
XL.

XLI.
XLII.
XLII.
XLIV.
XLV.
XLVI.

xvi

Page
Rhimochetus juOGEUS . ..0 0 0s aos weiss s ne ov vce oo aie 218
Primnoa imbricata and Mopsea arbusculum........+. 245
UOMSUS YG APONICUS 010 4.0 ss eielela = nie (Fieis/ataboletey« eepsiiieyale
Leopardus japonensis.......+.++++4++ mean eoulT ke 261
Cepnalophus Orcolor. sine +c.e oet)s nie statis assis denials
COGN TOOT RO RAR Goll Seton dino gh Soc
New Land-shells described by Dr. “Peiffer Sogadeo ms 268
Pithecia MONGCHUS «ale ore) -cuataie pcoie/esveet loi eae eee 326
TTOTLCUIUSRSCLOLCRUM wreielel ete\pial -t-¥ottal sei ellie lens = os es
Trichoglossus flavo-viridis.......00+eeeereceeees | 333
OvtOWUS TOTALS sar atoloneletels (alesis cle aretay sierra
Demmrsleucomiy stag ay...) ww os <ie's «'s'0le ine oleieiniote -
MIG COCUSICY CLOPIS 1s) aieiavertis oielais!s vous rel \et-)=)istehelstelele
A CLOPIS Prot atetavrenie elt 01 Ves cen =) saehstoke tate |
Sieopardus/Orachyurus 26 we visc cen cc solve os ale oe r 347
IAG AIS UGTA GIIEUD Cero OniGe on GOntoo OO Gone
PHCRONIYS! GROMGUS ‘tp tore sists soit aieisye ted sole fole sTelemt ane

Vanco POC Y SUS s\o)e el e-lefuie) Norio) tare ec 1- anes 368

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 14, 1862.
Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V-P., in the Chair.

Dr. P. L. Sclater exhibited, on behalf of Mr. E. Blyth, Corr.
Memb., a tracing of the outline of a skull of the adult male Rhino-
ceros sumatranus, from a specimen in the possession of Lieut.-Col.
Fytch, Commander of the Martaban and Tenasserim provinces,
Maulmein. The animal had been killed in the province of Tavoy,
near the Siamese frontier. The outline of the skull was reduced in the
drawing to one-fourth of the original. Mr. Blyth stated that another
example, sent to England by Col. Fytch, had the anterior horn more
curved and about 3 inches longer, and that this was the horn he was
inclined to believe Rhinoceros crossii of Dr. Gray (P. Z. 8. 1854,
p- 250) had been founded upon.

Extracts were read from a letter addressed to the Secretary by
Dr. George Bennett, F.Z.S., dated Sydney, Nov. 20th, 1861, refer-
ring to the proposed establishment of a Society of Acclimatisation at
Sydney, and regretting the failure of his attempt to keep living in
captivity specimens of the Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) destined for
the Society. Dr. Bennett also stated that the Aviary in the Botanic
Gardens at Sydney then contained a pair of the Mooruk (Caswarius
bennettii), Albatrosses of two species (Diomedea exulans and D. me-
lanophrys), and a Regent-bird (Sericulus aureus) in full plumage.

Dr. A. Giinther called the attention of the Society to the fact that a
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. I.

2 MR. T. PRIME ON NEW CYCLADES. (Jan. 14,

female Python, in the Reptile-house in the Society’s Gardens (Py-
thon sebe), had on the previous day deposited a large number of
eggs, and had commenced to sit upon them, guarding them with
great care. A sketch by Mr. Wolf was exhibited, illustrative of the
Python as she appeared in this position.

Dr. Cobbold exhibited a preparation of the remarkable pouched
Peyerian gland from the intestine of the young Giraffe which had
recently died in the Society’s Gardens.

Mr. Alfred Newton exhibited a nest containing seventeen hatched-
out eggs of Ortyx virginianus, which had been sent to him from New
York by Mr. George N. Lawrence, C.M.Z.S., and read from a letter
of that gentleman’s the following extract :—

“Of course eggs of this species are abundant enough ; but this is
the only nest that ever came under my own observation. It was ob-
tained in the garden of a place occupied by me during the summer,
near the sea-shore at Rockaway, Long Island.

“The eggs, as you will notice, are chipped round at the largest
diameter, with almost mathematical exactness, leaving a part of the
shell adhering to one side. The fact of this being left to act as a
hinge strikes me as peculiar, but it may not be unusual in birds of
this family.”

Mr. Newton stated that the very curious and regular mode in
which the shells of these specimens had been almost entirely, yet not
quite, severed was a circumstance he had never before observed in
the eggs of any other species. In the European wild Galline, espe-
cially in Perdix cinerea, the fracture of the shell, caused by the
-escape of the young birds, generally takes place nearer the middle
of the axis major, and, so far as he knew, was always complete ;
that is, there was no “ hinge” left joining the two parts. Indeed,
in partridges’ eggs which have been hatched out, the two portions
of the shell were most frequently found lying the one encased in the
other. He forbore offering any suggestions as to the manner in
which the very curious appearance in the eggs exhibited had been
produced, but considered it quite worthy the attention of naturalists.

The following papers were read :—

1. Descriptions or THREE New SPECIES OF SHELLS BELONG-
ING TO THE Famity or Cyctapes. By Tempie Prime, oF
New York.

1. BaTISsSA SPHHRICULA, Prime.

Cyrena violacea, Lam., var. Javanica, Mousson, Moll. Java, 88,
pl. 15. f. 1, 1849.

B. testa subrotunda, equilaterali, depressiuscula, epidermide
atro-virescente vestita, antice sulcis transversis remotis ornata,
intus albo-violacea; latere antico dilatato, postico obtuso; lamina
cardinali angusta ; dentibus primariis inequalibus, subcanali-

1862.] MR. W. H. PEASE ON TWO NEW HELICTERES. 3

culatis ; lateralibus elongatis, angustis, equalibus ; umbonibus
inclinatis, erosis.
Long. 22, lat. 2, diam. 1+ poll.
Hab. In flumine Palembang prope Pardana, in insula Java (Coll.
Prime).

2. BaTISsSA SOLIDULA, Prime.

B. testa ovato-orbiculari, equilaterali, crassa, solida, latere an-
tico dilatato, postico latiore, epidermide polita atro-fusces-
cente vel olivacea vestita ; valvis intus albis, ad margines in-
Serne posticeque violaceis ; cardine incrassato ; dentibus cardi-
nalibus subequalibus ; lateralibus elongatis, angustis, serrula-
tis ; umbonibus prominentibus, integris, antice inclinatis.

Long. 24, lat. 23, diam. 14 poll.

Hab. ? (Coll. Cuming et Prime).

3. PistpIUM NOV ZELANDIA, Prime.

P. testa minuta, ovali, valde obliqua, tenui, fragili, postice sub-
truncata, umbonibus obtusiusculis, approximatis, epidermide
corneo-flavescente vestita.

Long. }, lat. +, diam. 545 poll. ,

Hab. In Nova Zelandia (Coll. Cuming et Prime).

2. Descriptions or Two New Sprecirs or Hetricrer (Acua-
TINELLA, SWAINS.), FROM THE SANDWICH ISLANDS, WITH A
History oF THE Genus. By W. Harper PEASE.

We venture to add two species to the above genus, and to adopt the
generic name given to this group by Férussac, as having priority
over that of Achatinella of Swainson. The history of the genus will,
we think, justify us in so doing. Not having met with any account
of it in a connected form, we offer the following to be filled out
hereafter by those abroad who have within their reach materials we
cannot command in this corner of the world.

It is not probable that any specimens of this genus were collected
by Capt. Cook, or those attached to the expedition under his com-
mand, as they anchored on their first visit at the most leeward island
of the group, Kauai, and, on their return from the north-west coast
of America, at the most windward, Hawaii, having but little or no
. communication with the intermediate islands. With the exception
of one species, rarely met with on the mountains in the interior of
Hawaii, none but small ground species inhabit either of the above
islands, the true Helicteres being confined to the central islands
of the group.

The earliest notice we find of any species of this genus is in the
narrative of the first commercial expedition that visited the islands
after their discovery by Capt. Cook. It consisted of two vessels, the
one under command of Capt. Portlock, the other under Capt. Dixon :

4 MR. W. H. PEASE ON TWO NEW HELICTERES. [Jan. 14,

each of these officers published a narrative of his voyage, in London,
1789, in a separate volume.

The latter purchased from the natives at Oahu a necklace made of
the H. lugubris. In an appendix to his narrative he gives de-
scriptions of several objects of natural history collected in the Pa-
cific, including the above species, under the name of “ Helix apez-
JSulva,” illustrated by a good figure. In the year 1795 Chemnitz
closed his great work with descriptions of a number of new species
of shells from the Pacific, many of which had been lately purchased
by Spengler (whose collection was considered the largest in Europe,
and afforded Chemnitz many rare species) from a dealer in London.
They included the shell described by Capt. Dixon; and, without much
doubt, the specimens were from the necklace brought home by him.
Chemnitz named it “ Turbo lugubris.” It is the oldest recognized
species of the genus. In 1801 Lamarck described the same species
in his ‘ Animaux sans Vertébres’ as ‘‘Monodonta seminigra,” having
also purchased specimens from a dealer in London. He was misin-
formed as to the locality (Tahiti), and adds that ‘“ La reine de cette
ile en fait des boucles doreille.”” The dealer might have supposed
that he would enhance their value by representing them as having
ornamented a queen ; he received two guineas for them. Delessert
figures the specimen from Lamarck’s collection on plate 37. fig. 2,
and, quoting the locality from Lamarck, adds “Il a été rapporté par
le capitaine Cook,” also an error. Up to this date but one species
was known. The several specimens described and figured can all
be traced without much doubt to Capt. Dixon’s necklace, which,
having been purchased for a nail at Oahu, was sold (at the rate of
those purchased by Spengler and the Paris Museum) for several
hundred dollars in Europe.

Twenty years passed by before any other specimens found their
way to Europe, although in the meantime the islands became the
winter resort of the fur-traders from the north-west coast of America,
and were visited by the French Expedition under La Pérouse, and
that of the English under Vancouver. In 1820 the expedition under
De Freycinet returned from the Pacific. Férussac having com-
menced that year the publication of his great work on land-shells,
all the species collected by Quoy and Gaimard during their voyage
were passed over into his hands for examination and description.
Eight species appeared in a ‘ Prodrome’ published by Férussac in
1821, their generic character being well and accurately defined, under
the name of Helicter, and were placed by him in his system under
a subdivision (Cochlogena) of the Helices, it having been reported to
him that the animal was similar to those of that family. The genus
must therefore date 1821, not 1819, as noted by Drs. Gray and
Herrmannsen. The copy of the ‘ Prodrome’ in our library has no
date on its title-page ; but we find at the commencement of the ‘Ta-
bieau Systématique’ the date 1821, June, which we adopt, and which
is probably correct, as the expedition from which his specimens were
obtained did not reach Europe until 1820. Three years later, 1824,
the ‘ Zoology of the Voyage of De Freycinet’ was published, in which

1862. ] MR. W. H. PEASE ON TWO NEW HELICTERES. 5

Férussac gives a monograph of the genus also under the name of
Helicter, correcting the synonomy of the original species by Chem-
nitz, and adding two more from the collection of Quoy and Gaimard.
In the year 1827 two of the above species were redescribed by Dr.
Green in the ‘ Collection of the Maclurian Lyceum,’ Phil. U.S.

In the ‘ Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature, and Art of the
Royal Institution of Great Britain’ for the year 1828, Mr. Swainson
published descriptions of seven species, one of which was a synonym
of the original species by Chemnitz, and one of a species by Férussac.
He also defines their generic character, and establishes the genus
Achatinella. No reference is made to previously described species,
excepting that by Dixon and the “ seminigra »? of Lamarck, which
he adopts as the type of his genus. His descriptions are introduced
by a few remarks on the difficulty of determining generic characters
from shells alone, and he reflects on continental authors for not adopt-
ing a more artificial system. He refers to the genus Helix as an
example. We quote his words:—‘“The truth of these remarks will ap-
pear very obvious on looking to the genus Heliz, as it was left by
Linnzus, and as it was considered only a few years back, when the
French writers still considered it only in the light of a genus, con-
taining many hundreds of species. * * * The peculiar views of
M. Férussac led him, in the first instance, to return to the old ar-
rangement, so far as to consider these shells merely as a genus
divided into subgenera, sections, &e. This view, however, he seems
at length to have gradually abandoned, and virtually to admit, what
indeed is quite obvious, that they constitute a family, and a very
extensive one, comprising numerous minor groups or genera, many of
which rest on striking dissimilarities in their animals, and all on
certain and obvious characters in the shell.” * * * * ‘To charac-
terize a new form, and to give it a name, is no longer looked upon
as a dangerous innovation.” Mr. Swainson appears to have carried
out this idea in his latest systematic work on shells (‘Treatise on
Malacology’ ), as he there arranges the Testaceous Gasteropods under
360 genera and subgenera, 161 of which are his own.

H. and A. Adams (who cannot be accused of restricting the num-
ber of genera) reduce about seventy-two of them to the rank of
synonyms.

In his latest work Mr. Swainson does not refer to the genus He-
licter, but merely remarks that “we adopt M. Férussac’s names
whenever they have a right to priority, and are classical.”

In the January number of the ‘ Bulletin des Sciences Naturelles,’
of the following year (1829), M. Férussac published a rejoinder to
the above article by Mr. Swainson, and claimed priority for his
genus Helicter. We quote his words:—‘‘ Nous croyons devoir
rappeler & M. Swainson que la gloire ne s’acquiert pas en donnant
des noms nouveaux que personne ne respecte quand ils sont donnés
sans motifs, mais en établissant des coupes fondées sur des caractéres
bien observés et réellement distinctifs, en saisissant les véritables rap-
ports naturels des étres, et en respectant ces rapports dans l’établis-
sement des coupes de tous les degrés; nous ajouterons que, pour

6 MR. W. H. PEASE ON TWO NEW HELICTERES, ([Jan. 14,

Vhonneur de la science et des savans anglais, nous sommes trés-
éloignés de penser que les naturalistes de cette nation aient abjuré les
principes qui prévaudront toujours chez tous les bons esprits—ceux
de ne reconnaitre commes coupes méthodiques du systéme que celles
qui sont fondées sur des caractéres organiques, bien tranchés et de
méme valeur dans chaque ordre ou chaque famille naturelle. M.
Swainson, s’il ne craint pas d’établir de mauvais genres, devrait au
moins craindre que l’on ne accuse, ou d’ignorer ce que les autres
ont fait, ou de passer leurs travaux sciemment sous silence, en éta-
blissant des divisions méthodiques et des espéces déja instituées avant
lui. Son genre Achatinella n’est que la copie, sous un autre nom,
de notre groupe des Helicteres, établi d’abord dans notre ‘ Prodrome’
et ensuite dans ‘Le Voyage de M. de Freycinet.’ Il eut été convenable
de nous citer et de proposer alors franchement I’établissement de
genre distincte de notre groupe des Helicteres, en discutant les rai-
sons qui nous ont porté a le laisser parmi les Helices, notamment
Videntité de leurs animaux.”

This genus, so clearly established and justly contended for by
Férussac, passed out of sight. The only authors, so far as we are
aware, who have adopted it are Drs. Gray, Beck, and Herrmannsen.
M. Deshayes has refused to acknowledge it, as well as Partula and
other genera now universally adopted; but that should not lessen
M. Férussac’s claim, more particularly as the reason he alleges (a
want of a knowledge of the animal) has been set aside by Eydoux
and Souleyet in the ‘ Voyage de Bonite.’ The name is classical and
appropriate (‘a drawn-out or extended coil’’), and does not of ne-
cessity connect the genus with the family of Helices.

The next monograph following that by Férussacis from Dr. Pfeiffer
in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,’ 1845, in
which the Doctor not only adopts the generic name of Swainson, but
also his specific names for those species which are synonymous with
the earlier species described by Férussac. In subsequent monographs,
however, by the same author, in his great work ‘ Monographia
Heliceorum Viventium,’ priority is assigned to the specific names
given by Férussac.

In 1850 Mr. Reeve published a monograph in his ‘ Conchologia
Tconica,’ under the name Achatinella. All future describers follow
Dr. Pfeiffer and Mr. Reeve’s example. A full monograph and his-
tory of the species would require several years’ laborious study and
research. The most perfect list of synonyms that has appeared, more
particularly of the earlier-described species, is that by Dr. Newcomb
in the ‘ Annals of the New York Lyceum,’ 1858.

The number described is about 325, of which (according to Dr.
Newcomb) more than three-eighths are synonyms. We follow the
rule laid down by Mr. Swainson, and adopt the name Helicter
for this genus, bemg convinced that it is classical and has priority,
and proceed to add two species as follows :—

HELICTER PROXIMUS.

H. testa sinistrorsa, imperforata, oblongo-ovata, ventricosa ;

1862.] MR. W. H. PEASE ON TWO NEW HELICTERES. 7

subtiliter transversim striata, striis subflexuosis, interruptis,
juxta suturas conspicuis; anfractibus sex, convexis, superne
marginatis, ultimo plano-convezo, oblique producto ; apertura
obliqua, oblongo-ovata, plica columellari valida: colore cas-
taneo, albido et fusco irregulariter strigato, columella et aper-
ture margine intus purpureo-rubentibus.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, oblongo-ovate, ventricose, rather solid,
finely striated transversely ; strize somewhat flexuous, granulose, and
interrupted, more regular and conspicuous beneath the sutures.
Whorls six, convex, marginated, the last being somewhat produced
obliquely and flattened on the middle, so as to give in some specimens
a subangulated appearance at the base. Aperture somewhat oblique,
of an oblong-ovate form ; columellar fold strong. Colour chestnut-
brown, striped and mottled irregularly with darker brown and white ;
columella and inner edge of aperture purplish red.

Hab. Island of Molokai.

The above species from the island of Molokai appears to represent
the H. marmoratus and its varieties of the island of Maui. It is, how-
ever, larger and heavier ; the last whorl has also a peculiar shape, in
common with that of several of the larger species found on Molokai.
All the specimens I have seen are sinistral, and the columella and
edge of the aperture of a deep red.

¢ HELICTER HUTCHINSONII.

HH. testa acuminato-turrita, sinistrorsa, imperforata ; anfracti-
bus septem, plano-convexis, longitudinaliter rugosis et irregu-
lariter striatis, non marginatis ; sutura bene impressa, subrudi;
apertura ovata; columella subplicata tortuosa; epidermide
fictili-brunnea induta, apice fusco ; apertura et columella per-
albidis.

Hab. Maui, Sandwich Islands.

Shell acuminately turreted, sinistral, imperforate. Whorls seven,
flatly convex, coarsely and irregularly striated longitudinally, not
marginated ; sutures somewhat rude, well impressed. Aperture
ovate, about two-fifths the length of the shell ; columellar fold slight,
oblique, and tortuous. Shell covered with an earthy-brown epi-
dermis ; apex of a darker colour; aperture and columella white,
shining.

This shell appears to be the analogue of H. obscurus (Newc.) from
the island of Lanai. The latter differs in many respects, more par-
ticularly in the colour of its aperture, which is of a purplish red, and
also in the shape of its columella, which has a character in common
with other species found on Lanai. The above species is sinistral ;
H., obscurus is dextral. We have attached to this species the name
of the Honourable F. W. Hutchinson, Judge of the Circuit Court,
to whom we are indebted for several rare shells.

8 MR. A. MURRAY ON A NEW BAT. [Jan. 14,

3. DescRIPTION OF SPHYROCEPHALUS LABROSUS*, A New Bat
From Oxtp CanLABarR River, WESTERN Arrica. By An-
prew Murray, Ass. Sec. R. Horricutrurau Society.

(Plate I.)
PTEROPINI,
SPHYROCEPHALUS, nov. gen.
Dental formulary :—

Molars.
+ on
Incisors. Canines. Premolars? True molars?
4 1 1 2
4 l 2 3)

Head very large and oblong; the lips largely developed and ex-
panded. Ears rather large, without tragus. Thumb and index-
finger of band unguiculate, the other fingers without claws. Tail
wanting.

SPHYROCEPHALUS LABROSUS, Sp. Noy.

Brown, with a few whitish hairs at the base of the ears. The
head very large, massive, half as long as the whole body, oblong,
and as broad at the muzzle as at the top of the head, with some re-
semblance to a hammer, whence the name hammer-headed (Sphyro-
cephalus), rather more than twice as long as deep ; ears rather large,
destitute of tragus; eyes rather large; eyelids provided with eye-
lashes ; nostrils large and tubular; lips extraordinarily developed ;
both upper and lower lips of a very smooth semi-muco-membranous
texture, corrugated and tuberculated at the margins ; the upper lip
with a tuberculated prominence in the line of the two outer incisors,
and a more elongated tuberculated ridge further up, in the line of
the two inner incisors; the external lateral margin expanded into a
sort of stiff semi-cupshaped flap with a tuberculated edge, rising to
meet the nostril and then descending, following its lower edge, and
terminating in a curved scroll-like coil in the nostril.

The same semi-muco-membranous lip is spread over the front
of the lower jaw, forming a sort of chin. The skin in the neigh-
bourhood of the lips, and extending upwards and backwards along
the nasal bones, is covered with the same sort of fine velvety down
which surrounds a horse’s nostrils ; the hair on the rest of the head
is flocky ; on the downy portion there are on the sides of the upper

* Since this paper was in print, the last number of the ‘ Proceedings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia’ has heen received in this country
(the first copies arrived on 19th February, 1862) ; and in it I find a description of
a new Bat, which probably belongs to this species, by Dr. Harrison Allen (Proc.
Acad. Nat. Se. Phil. July 1861, p. 156). Itis said to be taken from a specimen
collected by M. Du Chaillu, and is named by Dr. Allen Hypsignathus monstrosus.
If it is the same species, of course Dr. Allen’s name must take precedence. His
description does not quite correspond with mine, but, judging from the description
of the nose, may, perhaps, have been taken from a dried skin, whereas mine is
from a fine example in spirits. M. Du Chaillu has exhibited no specimen of this
Bat in England.

1862.] MR. A, MURRAY ON A NEW BAT. 9

lip three rows of papillee, each with a long whisker-hair springing from
it. In the specimen before us these papille are arranged four in
the two first rows and three in the last ; similar papillee and hairs
run up the downy space covering the long nasal bones, in three rows,
past the eyes and quite to the forehead, numbering each nine or
ten papillee, the middle row being shorter than the two others. The
gape of the mouth is large, extending back fully a third of the head ;
the lip does not encroach on the outside of the face along the gape ;
it is only directly in front that it is so much developed ; the upper
lip is connected with the gum by a broad thick ridge uniting them
together in the line of the symphysis of the intermaxillary bones.
The disposition of the teeth is as follows :—

- They are all well separated from each other, none touching each
other except, perhaps, the last molars ; the incisors of the upper jaw
are minute rounded points ; in the lower jaw they are equally minute,
but transversely oblong and bilobed. The canine teeth in both are
well developed and of the usual form; beyond the canine there is
a minute tooth (a mere point) in the lower jaw which is wanting in
the upper jaw; the next tooth beyond it is almost exactly of the form
of the canine, and is probably a pre-molar ; the remaining teeth, two
in the upper and three in the lower jaw (probably true molars), have
their crown divided longitudinally ; in the upper jaw each ridge slopes
backwards, in the under jaw the external ridge is bilobed. The
palate has strong, elevated, transverse ridges running across from
interspace to interspace between each tooth. The tongue is rather
large, and covered with a sort of tessellated pavement of large flat
papille ; it is free very far back. Under it and lying in the hollow of
the mouth, occupying the whole breadth for a short space in front
between the rami of the lower jaw, is a very curious membrane fringed
with slips or plaits—a sort of second tongue, calling to recollection
a somewhat similar organ or structure under the tongue of the Loris
and Lemur. In these it assumes the form of an aponeurotic lamina,
which is divided at its anterior thinner end into filaments or slips.
“This arrangement (a development of the frenum of the tongue),”
says Van der Hoeven, ‘‘ has been described incorrectly, in my judg-
ment, as though the tongue were double, or even as if a bird’s tongue
were under the mammalian tongue.” It may be a development
of the frenum, because two things connected together, although at
opposite ends, may always be said to be parts of the same thing
however distant they may be. But I would only observe that in the
present instance the frenum of the tongue is situated very far back,
and it seems to me that it may just as possibly be a development of
the floor of the mouth as of the frenum of the tongue. I do not
suppose that Dr. Van der Hoeven would think it necessary to look
elsewhere than to the walls of the cesophagus to find the structure
from which the elongated papille lining the cesophagus, in the
hawk-billed turtle for instance, had been developed. There is a
tendency to similar structure in other parts than the tongue in
many animals—on the palate and back of the mouth, for example ;
and I should not be disposed to seek further than the place from

10 MR. A. MURRAY ON A NEW BAT. [Jan. 14,

which it springs for the source of this development. It does not
extend much further back than the lower canine teeth ; but there is
a slight plait or perceptible line running on each side all the way to
the back of the mouth, giving the appearance of a second thin flat
tongue lying in the hollow of the mouth, tied down like the tongue
of a crocodile; but the separation here is a mere trace, and it is only
the fringed margin in front which is free.

The neck is distinct, and the skin has the appearance of having
some cellular space between it and the muscles.

The body is oblong and compact; the ribs descend far, and the
lower ribs are very large ; the stomach is moderate in size, furnished
internally with several large transverse folds; the small intestines
are not very long; there is no cecum.

The arms have the thumb and index unguiculate, the rest of the
fingers are without claws ; the thumb has two phalanges, the rest have
three phalanges. The thumb is united to the wing by a membrane
stretching on both sides over the whole of the proximal and half of
the distal phalanx ; the proximal phalanx of the thumb is shorter
than the distal. The winged membrane is not extended across the
back, but is very ample; the winged space between the third and
fourth fingers, and between the fourth and the body, has in its middle
numerous longitudinal bundles of muscular fibre interwoven without
attachments, and one or two similar transverse bundles ; these are
probably for the purpose of assisting in the folding of the wing.
Along these bundles of muscular fibre the membraneous wing is
closely wrinkled; and there is little doubt that they will also strengthen
the membrane where they occur.

The hind feet are uniform and all unguiculate ; they are united to
the body by an interfemoral membrane, which has a single large
bundle of muscular fibres stretching obliquely across from the foot
to the coccyx.

The testicles are situated under the skin on each side of the male
organ, and are round.

There is no tail.

The length of the whole body, in the specimen from which the
above description is taken, is nearly 7 inches; the length of the
head 31 inches, its depth about 1} inch. The stretch of wings
is 28 inches across.

The most remarkable features in this animal are its large hammer-
shaped head, and the great external development of its lips. Its
whole structure is essentially that of a Pteropine Bat, with some
modifications showing a tendency towards the Rhinolophi. No
species having any of the nasal appendages peculiar to that section
of the Bats has yet been found among the Pteropine Bats. They are
strictly frugivorous, and have the nose like that of a fox or dog.
The present species, although it has not any nasal appendages, has
labral expansions which may possibly be analogous to them, and the
animal may possibly have peculiar habits to which the structure of
these organs is especially adapted.

Unfortunately, in the only specimen yet received, the stomach and

1862.] PROF. OWEN ON THE AYE-AYE. 11

intestines were wholly empty; so that we cannot speak of its food
with positive certainty, The teeth are Pteropine in character, but not
so absolutely so as to preclude the possibility of this creature being
at least partially insectivorous, the molars showing a tendency to
mammillation on the external side of the longitudinal ridges into which
they are separated. The large folds in the interior of the stomach
seem to point to a vegetable diet.

The sublingual fringed membrane is also an interesting peculiarity,
not only on account of its rarity, but because one of the few
other instances where it has been noticed is in an animal having no
one thing in common with the present, except that of living in the
same country. We sometimes see this happen; an abnormal struc-
ture or peculiarity occurring in an animal restricted to one country
will be found repeated in some other animal of that country no way
connected with or allied to it.

This Bat was sent to me by my excellent friend, the Rev. Wm. C.
Thomson, one of the missionaries of the United Presbyterian Church
of Scotland, stationed at Old Calabar—a true Christian, an excellent
naturalist, and one whose devotion to the cause he has undertaken,
viz. the amelioration of the African negro, has been proved by the
greatest sacrifices from his youth upwards.

Prof. Owen communicated the first part of his paper on the Aye-
aye (Chiromys madagascariensis, Cuv.), including an introductory
historical sketch of its discovery and the various opinions respecting
its nature and affinities set forth by naturalists from Buffon to the
present time. ‘After commenting on the chief of these, the author
proceeded to narrate the circumstances under which the subject of
his descriptions, a nearly full-grown male, had been obtained from
Madagascar, and prepared for dissection, by the Hon. H. Sandwith,
M.D., C.B., whilst Colonial Secretary at the Mauritius. The habits
of the Aye-aye during the period in which it lived a captive at the
Mauritius with Dr. Sandwith, and also the habits of other individuals
that for a time were kept alive in the island of Reunion, by MM.
Lienard and Vinsor, in 1855, were next noticed. The specimen sub-
mitted to Prof. Owen, having been transmitted well preserved in
spirit, afforded the means of a minute external description. The
extremities were described as follows :—‘‘The fore leg turns freely
in the prone and supine position; it is pentadactyle: the inner-
most digit stands out at an acute angle with the index, and is op-
posable to the other digits, making a prehensile hand, but in a
less perfect degeee than in the old-world or ‘catarrhine’ quadru-
mana. The second, fourth, and fifth digits have the ordinary thick-
ness,—the fourth being almost twice the length of the second. The
third or middle finger is singularly attenuated, is rather shorter than
the fourth digit, and is terminated by a slender curved claw. It is
this seemingly atrophied digit which the Aye-aye inserts into the
burrows of the wood-boring caterpillars, after it has gnawed down to
and exposed them by its strong fore teeth, in order to extract the

12. DR. SCLATER ON SPECIMENS FROM CAPT. SPEKE. ([Jan. 28,

grub. The hind limb is longer than the fore limb, and is terminated
by a more perfect hand—the ‘hallux’ or thumb being stronger,
and set at a more open angle with the other toes, and these being
more similar to each other in length and thickness: the thumb has
a flat, broad nail.’’ Prof. Owen observed that, from the external cha-
racters of the Aye-aye, it might be inferred that it was of arboreal
habits, the limbs being constructed chiefly for grasping, especially the
hinder pair, as in all good climbers. The circular open eye, large
iris, and wide pupil, reducible to a minute point when contracted,
indicated a climber of nocturnal habits. The large and perfect ears
bespoke the acuteness of their sense. The tail, long and bushy, but
not prehensile, might add to the protective non-conducting covering
of the well-clothed body during sleep. Prof. Owen then proceeded
to describe the skeleton of the Aye-aye.

The reading of the conclusion of this paper was adjourned until
the next meeting, to take place on the 28th instant.

January 28, 1862.

Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

Dr. P. L. Sclater stated that he had received under his care a
second collection of specimens of natural history forwarded by Capt.
J. H. Speke, Commander of the East-African Expedition, from his
camp at Duthumi, October 22nd, 1860. The contents of the col-
lection were as follows :—

1. Heads of the following Antelopes:—The Pallah (Antilope me-
lampus); the Waterbuck (Antilope ellipsiprymna); the Brindled
Gnu (Catoblepas gorgon); and the Reed Antelope (Heleotragus
reduncus).

2. Head of a Wart-hog (Phacocherus eliani).

3. Portions of the skin of a Monkey (Cercopithecus, sp.) in a bad
state, not determinable.

4. Skins of birds :—

Ixos aurigaster, Vieill. Turtur delalandii.
Coracias caudata. Peristera chalcospilos.
Treron delalandit. Numida mitrata.

5. Two skins of fishes—a species of Clarias and a fish belonging
to the family Characini.
The following note was sent with them :—

“These were all shot in the countries of Uzaramo and Ukhutu,
near the junction of the Kurgen with the Mgeta rivers.

“* Note.-—Great numbers and varieties of animals are to be found
in these districts, as also to the northward and southward, where the

1862.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE JAPANESE PIG. 13

rivers escape from the hill-range facing the Sea of Zanzi. Birds and
reptiles, especially snakes, are interesting and numerous.
(Signed) pol fea) 8 AS ae

A letter was read from E. H. Rodd, Esq., dated Penzance,
January 7th, announcing the recent occurrence in Cornwall of a
female specimen of Scolopax sabini in very perfect plumage.

Professor Owen concluded the reading of his memoir on the Aye-
aye (Chiromys madagascariensis), which had been adjourned from
the last meeting of the Society. The portions of the structure of
this animal] successively examined were the dentition, the muscles,
the brain, the digestive organs, the organs of circulation and respira-
tion, and the renal and genital organs. The author then proceeded
to the comparison of its external characters, its osteology, and its in-
ternal structure with those of the Lemurs and Rodents, and showed
that in a variety of particulars its nearest approach was to members
of the lemurine group. In ordinary zoological or external characters
its nearest allies were certain Galagos of Africa (Otolicnus crassi-
caudatus and (). alleni). In conclusion, he entered into the evi-
dence afforded by the peculiarities of this animal on the question of
the origin of species, and, after showing the arguments in favour of
the derivative hypothesis and those against its mode of operation, as
propounded by Buffon, Lamarck, and Darwin, came to the conclu-
sion that, whilst the general evidence on this subject was in favour
of creation by law, he was compelled to acknowledge ignorance as
to the mode in which such secondary causes might have operated
in the origin of Chiromys. At the same time he fully admitted that
the attempts to dissipate the mystery which environed the origin of
species, whether successful or not, could not but be fraught with
great collateral advantages to zoological science*.

The following papers were read :—

1, On THE SKULL oF THE JAPANESE Pig (Sus PLICICEPs).
By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., &c.

I have lately had the opportunity of examining the skull of this
animal, and now lay before the Society the reasons which induce me
to believe that it is a distinct species—and a hitherto undescribed
species—of the genus Sus, which has as yet only been observed in
its domesticated state.

Some time ago, when Mr. Bartlett showed me the Japanese Pig
which he had purchased, I was convinced of its belonging to a di-
stinct species, and urged him to send an account of the animal,
illustrated with a portrait of its very curious and characteristic face,
to the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Society.

The skulls of the domestic varieties of the common Pig, which
are bred in Europe, differ but little from the skull of the European
Wild Boar.

* This Memoir will be published in full in the Society’s ‘ Transactions,’ accom-
panied by appropriate illustrations.

14 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE JAPANESE PIG. [Jan. 28,

The skulls of the common domestic Pig, which we have in the
British Museum, for example, chiefly differ from the skull of a Wild
Boar from Germany in the same collection in being smaller and
considerably shorter, and in the angle of the forehead being much
more acute and sudden, caused by the back of the two skulls being
nearly of the same height, while that of the domestic one is generally
much the shortest in length. The position and size of the holes for
the blood-vessels and nerves are nearly the same in all these skulls.
The underside of these two skulls and the forms of the palates are also

Skull of Sus pliciceps.

1862.] DR, J. E. GRAY ON THE JAPANESE PIG. 15

very similar. The lower jaws are equally similar. Cuvier, in his
‘Ossements Fossiles’ (vol. iii. Cochon, pl. 1. f. 1, 2, figure of the skull),
well represents the skull of our domestic Pig. Blainville, in his
‘Ostéographie des Mammiféres’ (Genus Sus, pl. 14), figures the
skulls of three male Wild Boars, and of a male and female domestic
Pig, and on pl. 5. two skulls of Sus indicus, one from Malabar and
the other from Siam, and one of the Sus vittatus from Java. These
skulls all have very much the same appearance, and bear no relation
to the skull of the Japanese Pig under consideration.

The skull of the Japanese Pig chiefly differs from the skull of the
Wild Pigs of Europe, India, and Java, above referred to, and from

Fig. 1. Skull of Sus scrofa ferus. Fig. 4. Palate of Sus pliciceps.
2. Palate of Sus scrofa ferus. 5. Lower jaw of Sus pliciceps.
3. Lower jaw of Sus scrofa ferus.

16 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE JAPANESE PIG. (Jan. 28,

that of the common domestic Pig, in being shorter, and much higher
in front, especially from the greater height of the front of the lower
jaw at the gonyx; in the forehead of the skull being rather concave
before the orbits, flattened, and furnished with a sharp-keeled edge
on each side, producing a deep concavity on each cheek in front of
the orbit ; in the palate being much broader for its length, and the
series of the teeth wider apart and rather arched.

In the height of the front of the skull, in the flatness of the
nose in front of the orbit, in the concavity of the cheek, and in the
broadness of the palate, the skull of the Japanese Pig bears some
relation to the skull of the Potamocherus penicillatus ; but the late-
ral ridges of the nose are not so dilated, while the skull is higher in
front, and the palate is wider in the Japanese Pig than in the same
parts of Potamocherus. ’

In the wild Pigs of Europe, India, and Java, and in the European
domestic varieties, the nose of the skull is always narrow and rounded
on the sides, and the palate is narrow.

Under these circumstances, I am induced to regard the Japanese
Pig as a distinct type, and propose to call it Sus pliciceps until we
receive further information respecting it.

We have in the Museum a very large and a moderate-sized skull
of the domestic Pig, slightly differmg from the others, and from
those figured by Cuvier and De Blainville, in the frontal bone being
rather depressed and concave in front of the eyes; but we do not
know the particular variety to which these skulls belong. Though
they agree with the Japanese Pig in these two circumstances, they
differ from it and resemble the skulls of the common Pigs and the
Wild Boars of Europe and Asia in all other particulars, and show no
other character in common with the Japanese Pig, which is also
characterized by its peculiarly wrinkled face, well represented in the
figures of these animals published in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoolo-
gical Society ’ 1861, p. 263, and the ‘Illustrated News’ January 11,
1862, p. 49.

The species at present is only known in its domesticated state.
It may perhaps be the descendant of a species found wild in the
valleys of the islands.

In both these skulls of the domestic Pigs the lower jaws are rather
higher than usual, particularly at the gonyx; and this is especially
the case with the largest skull, which is said to be that of an old
Boar. Can the size of the lower jaw be a peculiarity of the male sex?
We have not sufficient materials to determine this question, either in
the Museum or in the plates that have been published of the skull
of the genus Sus.

I may further observe, there is considerable difference in the occi-
put between the European and the Japanese Pig; the processes of
the back of the palate are much more erect in the Japanese Pig
than in the European and Asiatic Pigs, wild and domesticated.

Though I have only described this animal as a species, it evidently
forms a section in the genus by itself. The restricted genus Sus
may be divided thus :—

1862. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE JAPANESE PIG. MW

1. Face smooth, or nearly so; skull conical; the upper part of
the nose rounded; palate narrow. Svs.

Sus scrofa, Sus indicus, Sus vittatus.

2. Face deeply and symmetrically furrowed ; the skull flattened
on the forehead ; the upper part of the nose flattened, keeled on the
sides; palate broad. CrnrTuRiosus,

Sus pliciceps.

I regard the facts contained in this paper as very interesting—first,
as adding a new kind of domestic animal to our list (and I do not
think that any has been added since the introduction of the Turkey
from Mexico); and secondly, as showing, from a domestic animal, that
there must be a wild species which has not yet been brought into our
catalogues.

I may observe that, like many other very distinct species of cer-
tain genera of domesticated or semi-domesticated Mammalia, as the
Horse, Ass, and Zebra, the Ox, the Dog, &c., the fact of inter-
breeding is no proof that a kind is not a species; for no one would
argue that an Ass and a Horse are the same species, or a Zebra
and Quagga, or vice versa.

The Japanese Pig breeds with facility with the common domestic
Pig. We have not had time to observe whether the offspring is
prolific. The half-breed of the Japanese Boar with a common Sow
retains almost all the external characters of the male parent well de-
veloped. I have not yet had the opportunity of observing what
effect the crossing has on the osteological characters of the species.

I think that no one who will take the trouble to compare the
skulls of the different varieties of domestic Pigs which are usually
found in England, with the skull of the European Wild Boars and
the Wild Pigs of Asia and the Island, can doubt for a moment the
derivation of the domestic breeds from the wild type*. Indeed, the
change in form is so slight as to be scarcely perceptible, and the
gradation between the most abnormal form to the wild animal so gra-
dual as to be sufficient to show that even the most abnormal state is
due only to a gradual change of form.

Mr. Eyton, in a paper printed in the ‘ Proceedings,’ has shown that
a Chinese Pig which he examined had a different number of vertebrae
from another domestic Pig; but the skull of a Chinese Pig I have
examined shows no characters to separate it from the Common Pig.
Its head is a little shorter than usual, but not so short as that of a
Berkshire Pig.

* See Bartlett, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, pp. 263, 264; Ann. and Mag. N. H,
1861, 501; 1862, 162.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. II.

18 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON SOME BIRDS FROM MEXxIco. [Jan. 28,

2. On some Birps RECENTLY COLLECTED BY M. BoucarpD IN
SournerN Mexico. By Puinie Luriey Scuater, M.A.,
Pu.D., F.R.S., SecRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

(Plate III.)

I am again indebted to M. Auguste Sallé for his kindness in send-
ing me for examination a series of 110 skins of birds, belonging to
about 68 species, which he has selected, as likely to be of interest,
out of the extensive collections lately forwarded to him by his
correspondent, M. Adolphe Boucard, in Southern Mexico. The
ground having been already so ransacked by M. Sallé himself, M.
Boucard, Signor Botteri, and Sefior R. Montes de Oca (whose re-
spective labours in Mexican ornithology I have already had, on seve-
ral occasions, the pleasure of bringing before the notice of this
Society), it is not to be expected that many novelties remain unga-
thered. But there are, nevertheless, one striking new species and
a few others of great interest among the present results of M. Bou-
card’s recent explorations, concerning which I beg leave to offer the
following remarks.

1. HARPORHYNCHUS OCELLATUS, sp. nov. (PI. III.)

Brunnescenti-cinereus, alis et cauda nigricantioribus, hwus rectri-
cibus et illius tectricum apicibus albo terminatis: loris et regione
oculari sordide albis: subtus albus, abdomine nigro conspicue
ocellato, gutture puro immaculato, hypochondriis et capitis la-
teribus paulum rufescentibus: rostro nigro, pedibus fusco-nigris.

Long. tota 13:5, ale 4°1, caudee 5-6, rostri a rictu 1°5, tarsi 15
poll. Angl. et dee.

Hab. In Mex. merid., prov. Oaxaca.

This fine bird is one of the most distinctly marked of the group
to which it belongs. Whilst in colour it comes nearest to the
recently discovered H. cinereus* of Lower California, in the shape
of the bill it rather resembles H. curvirostris, and so serves to
link together the two sections of the genus, as they are arranged in
my ‘Synopsis of the Thrushes of the New World’+. The large
round black spots on the clear white under-surface render it easily
distinguishable from every known member of the group. The single
example sent me by M. Sallé, which I have retained for my own

collection, was procured at Oaxaca by M. Boucard in November 1860,
and is marked “ male.”

2. TROGLODYTES HYPAEDON, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 128.

M. Boucard has sent examples of this species, which I have lately
distinguished from the N. American 7. aédon, from Totontepec and
Capulalpam, as also of T. brunneicollis, mihi (P. Z. S. 1858, p. 297),

from La Parada.
3. PoLIopriLa MEXICANA (Bp.).

Males of this species have no appearance of the black frontlet, and

* Xantus in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1859, p. 298.
fi Pies: US59kp.. ao95

Be:

a

nese

1862 Plate Il.

del.et lith.

HARPORHYNCHUS

OCELLATUS.

M&N.Hanhart Imp

1862.] DR. P. L,SCLATER ON SOME BIRDS FROM MEXICO. 19

M. Sallé assures me that they are correctly marked. It is there-
fore still possible that this species may be distinct from P. cerulea.

4, DenpR@CA CHRYSOPARIA, Sclat. et Salv. P. Z.S.1860, p.298.

This beautiful Wood-warbler was originally discovered by Mr.
Salvin in Guatemala. See ‘Ibis,’ 1860, p. 273. M. Sallé now sends
me three examples from La Parada; and I have found a female already
in my own collection, which I had previously mistaken for the female
of D. townsendii. I have, however, no doubt of the species being
really distinct from both D. townsendii and D. maculata.

5. DenpRa@ca MACULOSA (Gm.).
A bird in winter plumage, obtained in February at Cosamaloapam.

6. OpororNIs FORMOSA (Wils.).
Playa Vicente.

7. HELMINTHOPHAGA CELATA (Say).
Example of both sexes from La Parada.

8. Vireo HuTTONI, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1851, p. 150, et
1852, pl. 1. fig. 1; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 339.

Example of both sexes of this Vireo, which I have not previously
seen in Mexican collections from Cosamaloapam.

9. VIREOLANIUS MELITOPHRYS, Bp. Consp. p. 330.

One specimen of this beautiful but apparently scarce Mexican bird
is in the collection obtained at Capulalpam.

10. PyranGa LuDovICcIANA (Wils.).
One example from La Parada.

11. Emprponax oxnscurus, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 200.

La Parada. M. Boucard has obtained specimens of a bird of this
perplexing group, which I refer to Empidonax obscurus, as distin-
guished by. Prof. Baird, as also of another nearly allied but appa-
rently distinct species, to which at present I am unable to find any
reference.

12. TYRANNUS CRASSIROSTRIS, Sw.

Oaxaca. I believe this Tyrant is exclusively a western species ; at
least I have never seen it in any collections from the eastern parts of
Mexico.

13. HeTEROPELMA VER#-PACIS, Sclat. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1860,
p- 300.

Playa Vicente. A Guatemalan species, new to the Fauna of
Mexico.

20 DR. BAIRD ON TWO NEW CESTOID WORMS. [Jan. 28,

14, Caica HaMATOTIS.—Pionus hematotis, Sclat. et Salv.P.Z.S.
1860, p. 300; Ibis, 1860, p. 401, pl. 13.

Playa Vicente. These are the only examples of this Parrot I
have seen, except those obtained by Mr. Salvin, who discovered the
species in Vera Paz in 1860.

15, SparuLa cLypPeata (Linn.).

Cosamaloapam. Noticed by Mr. Salvin as far south as Duemas.
(See ‘ Ibis,’ 1859, p. 231.)

16. FuLiGuLA RUFITORQUES, Bp.

Examples in undress plumage, from Oaxaca. I believe that the
birds in Senor R. Montes de Oca’s collection, which I referred
(P. Z. 8S. 1859, p. 369) to F. affinis, were really of this same species.

3. Description oF Two New Species or Crstoip Worms,
BELONGING TO THE GENUS Tanta. By W. Barrp, M.D.,
F.L.S.

(Plate II.)

1. Tania AMMONITIFoRMIS. (PI. II. figs. 1-7.)

Head small, somewhat quadrangular ; mouth circular, armed with
a single circlet of recurved hooklets ; neck nearly of the same size as
the head. Body increasing gradually in size as it descends from the
neck, with numerous indistinctly formed segments, and remaining of
nearly uniform size till it reaches the lower extremity, where it again
contracts in dimensions, the segments then becoming regularly tzenii-
form and flat.

At first sight this entozoon presents a singular and anomalous ap-
pearance. When first taken it was found rolled up in the form of a
double helix, with a peculiar hollow in the middle (fig. 1).. Each
of these helicoid portions, when examined by a low power, presented
the appearance of an ammonite (fig. 3). When partially unrolled,
it assumed the form of the shell of a species of Stliquarza (fig. 2).
The whole body of the animal is hard and rigid, and partially in-
curved at the edges, giving the under surface a hollow appearance.
The divisions or rings seen on the body are not distinctly formed
segments till near the lower extremity, when three or four regular
teeniiform segments show themselves, as in other species of the genus
Tenia. The structure of the centre portion of the body is exhibited
at fig. 4, but the segmented lower extremity has not been repre-
sented. No trace of genital organs was observed. The head (figs. 5
and 6) is somewhat tetragonal in shape, and beset on its edges with
sparsely scattered and small protuberances. The bothria or suck-
ers are of moderate size, and the mouth is terminal, and surrounded
with a single crown of amber-coloured recurved hooklets, presenting
the appearance of siliceous spicula (fig. 7).

At first sight it is difficult to imagine this anomalous-looking
entozoon to be a Tenia; but the four bothria or suckers, and the

P.Z.8.1864,Plate,I.

M.& N.Henbart Imp.
1 7. TENIA AMMONITIFORMIS |
8.12 ____. SEMITERES.

1862. ] DR. BAIRD ON TWO NEW CESTOID WORMS. 2]

circlet or corona of hooklets round the mouth, with the distinetly
formed segments of the lower extremity of the body (unfortunately
not represented in the plate), compel me to refer it, for the present
at least, to that genus. I am not aware of any Cestoid Worm having
been described which presents anything like the form of this curious
parasite : and I have been very much assisted by the intelligent aid
of the draughtsman, Mr. Jennens, who executed the accompanying
plate, in making out the anatomy of its head and mouth.

This parasitic Worm was taken from the rejectamenta either of
the stomach or intestines of a Puma which lately died in the Gardens
of the Society in Regent’s Park.

Hab. Stomach? or intestines? of the Puma (Felis concolor).

Mus. Brit.

2. Tania semiteres. (PI. II. figs. 8-12.)

Head rounded; neck and body continuous, the former differing
only slightly in circumference from the head. The whole body of
the Worm is very rigid, and the greater portion of it is cylindrical
in shape, only the last third of its length becoming flattened and
» slightly larger than the upper two-thirds. The first segments or
joints are very narrow, gradually becoming a little broader and losing
their rounded form. The last ten or eleven joints exhibit the genital
orifices irregularly alternate—at first two or three occurring on the
same side, then two or three on the opposite side, and the last three
or four regularly alternate. The lower edges of the upper articula-
tions are somewhat vandyked or scolloped (fig. 11). The neck is
not distinguishable from the body. The head (fig. 9) is rounded,
and the four bothria or suckers are circular in shape. The mouth is
also circular, and is beset with a crown or circlet of pretty strong
amber-coloured hooklets, curved inwardly (fig. 10).

This is ‘an anomalous-looking Ténia, the body being rigid and
hard, and for the greater portion of its length quite cylindrical.

Length about 42 inches, breadth of apper portion ia line, middle
of lower portion 1 line.

For this species we are indebted to Mr. Baker, of the British
Museum, who took it from a Persian Cat. It was alive when he
first found it.

Hab. Stomach of the Feiis catus, var. persica.

Mus. Brit.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Figs. 1-7. Tenia ammonitiformis. 1. Nat. size. 2. Ditto, partially unrolled.
3. Portion of body magnified. 4. Ditto, still more highly magnified.
5,6. Head. 7. Circlet of hooks round the mouth.

Figs. 8-12. Tenia semiteres. 8. Nat. size. 9. Head. 10. Mouth and circlet
of hooklets. 11,12. Portions of upper and lower part of body magnified.

22 ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [Jan. 28,

The following list of additions made to the Menagerie during the ©
months of November and December, 1861, were read to the Meet-
ing :—

NovEMBER.
eee ee ———————————————=Ee
| Presented by
dFlartebeesticc.<siss..cscueee Antilope CaamM@......+++.4:
1 Reh-bok ........seeesevees .«.| Antilope capreola ...+++...
1 Four-horned Sheep......... Ovis aries, Var. ..+++4+ .....| | His Excellency Sir |
PUR AGCL ie cascesvovnes aaketrenses Ratelus capensis .....+... George Grey, K.C.B.,
3 Ostriches........ S ROne veer Struthio camelus ......+0 F.Z.8.
3 Stanley Cranes ............|G@rus paradisea ...... soeece
2 Jackal Buzzards...... seveee|BUECO FOCAL see.sseersseees
2 Acouchys.....+... saeneswerene Dasyprocta acouchi ......|Aifred Akin, Esq.
1 American Grey Squirrel...|Sciurus cinereus ....+....|H.R.H. Prince of Wales.
1 Warning-Lizard ............ Monitor niloticus ......... G, H. Horsfall, Esq.
1 Rhesus Monkey ............|Macacus rhesus...........-Adm. Sir Geo. Sartorius.
2 Piping Crows ....... ..|Gymnorhina tibicen ......|Mrs. Hawker.
2 Rosehill Parakeets ......... Platycercus eximius.,....G. H. Parkinson, Esq. |
1 Common Macaque Monkey| Macacus cynomolgus.......— Marsh, Esq.
NPIRAUCL Wrevessassaecnceutoseare> Ratelus capensis ......-+- G. Wemyss, Esq.
1 Barbary Ape ......+ esceeess|LNUUS SYIVANUS ... 20000000 \J. B. W. Crewe, Esq.
6 Australian Waxbills ......|Estrelda temporalis ......| |
3 Booted Eagles .......+2...| Aquila pennata .......0+00.|
1 Yarra eee peeeaeens Pease Gulaaias SCTIDA seeresaee liptenc’ |
1 Little Wht.-fronted Goose|Anser erythropus, Linn.
DECEMBER.
Presented by
1 Common Macaque Monkey|Macacus cynomolgus......|Mrs. S. C. Hall.
5 Box. TOrxtOisSeS ...cecccncoeee Cistudo clausd s.ecceseaees G. N. Lawrence, Esq.,
Corr. Mem.
. Malcoclemmysconcentrica
6 Terrapins ............ rexes Emys gutta o reg eee i } G.c.Taylor,Esq.F.Z.S.
2 Rock Pigeons ............+«-|Columba livia...........+++- J.W. P. Orde, Esq., F.Z.S.
1 Musk Deer .....0.......<. ...|Moschus stanleyanus...... T. L. Mears, Esq.
1 Formosan Deer ...........- Cervus taévanus......... ...|R. Swinhoe, Esq., Corr.
Mem.
1 Kangaroo............6+ eeeeaer Halmaturus Ye ceetes
1 Vulpine Phalanger ......... Phalangista vulpina ...... } James Seigte
1 Vulpine Phalanger ......... Phalangista vulpina ......|Mrs. Cockburn.
1 Black Kite ...........000. coe | Miluus Ater ...cccs.seceaes Hon. Mrs. Stuart.
4 American Ruffed Grouse...|Tetrao umbellus......+++... Andrew Downs, Esq.
1 Tawny Eagle, from Suez...| Aquila nevioides ......... Thomas Newall, Esq.
1 Vervet Monkey ....... .+...|Cercopithecus lalandii ...\Mr. Douglas.
1 Hog Deer (male)............ Cervus POrCiNUS.......0000 B
1 Female Eland ............+.- OPeS CANNA .0+...e..e0eeee ae

1862.] DR. E. HAMILTON ON THE PLUMAGE OF THE PHEASANT. 23

February 11, 1862.
Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. Gould exhibited a specimen of a Lyre-bird (Menura) from
Port Philip, and pointed out the characters in which it differed from
the closely allied Menura superba of New South Wales. Mr. Gould
proposed the name Menura victorie for this new species.

The Secretary called the attention of the Society to the fine series
of Snakes recently received from their Corresponding Member, Dr.
Wucherer, of Bahia. It embraced specimens of the following spe-
cies, as determined by Dr. Giinther :—

Epicrates cenchris. Seytale coronatum.
Xenodon typhlus. Philodryas reinhardtii.

Xenodon rhabdocephalus.
The following papers were read :—

1. ON THE AssUMPTION oF THE Mate PLUMAGE BY THE FE-
MALE OF THE COMMON PHEASANT. By Epwarp Hamitron,
M.D., F.Z.S., F.L.S., erc.

The late Mr. Yarrell, in a communication read before the Royal
Society in 1827, ‘On the Assumption of the Male Plumage in Female
Pheasants,” drew attention to the fact that this anomaly was not ne-
cessarily the accompaniment of age—z.e., in old hen-birds which
had done laying; but states that it may occur sometimes from an
original internal defect, sometimes from subsequent disease, and
sometimes from old age. Dr. Butter, who had written previously
on this subject, had stated that this peculiarity only occurred in old
birds; and John Hunter, in “An Account of an Extraordinary
Pheasant,’’ had the same opinion. He considers that in such cases
the female puts on the secondary properties of the male, and observes
that some classes are more liable than others to this change. He
goes on to state “that in animals just born, or very young, there
are no peculiarities to distinguish one sex from the other, exclusive
of what relates to the organs of generation, which can only be in
those who have external parts; and that towards the age of maturity
the discriminating changes before mentioned begin to appear, the
male then losing that resemblance he had to the female in various
secondary properties: this particularly applies to birds. It is evi-
dently the male which at this time recedes from the female, every
female being at the age of maturity more like the young of the
same species than the male is observed to be; and if the male is de-
prived of the testes when growing, he retains more of the original
youthful form, and therefore more resembles the female. From
hence it might be supposed that the female character contains more
truly the specific properties of the animal than the male; but the

24 DR. HAMILTON ON THE PLUMAGE OF THE PHEASANT. [Feb. 11,

character of every animal is that which is marked by the properties
common to both sexes, which are found in a natural hermaphrodite,
as in the snail, or in animals of neither sex, as the castrated male or
spayed female. They are curious facts in the natural history of
animals, that by depriving either sex of the true parts of generation
they shall seem to approach each other in appearances.”

In some species of animals, that have the secondary properties we
have mentioned, there is a deviation from the general rules by the per-
fect female, with respect to the parts of generation, assuming more or
less the secondary character of the male. John Hunter, like Butter,
considers that this does not arise from any action produced at the
first formation of the animal, nor grows up with it, but seems one
of those changes which happen at particular periods. He goes on
to describe some hen-pheasants having the plumage in part of the
male, and says, “I found the parts of generation to be truly female,
they being as perfect as any hen-pheasant that is not in the least
prepared for laying eggs, and having both the ovary and oviduct.”
He says, “‘ From what has been related of these birds we may con-
clude that this change is one of the effects of age, and obtains to a
certain degree in every class of animals. We find something similar
taking place even in the human species; for that increase of hair
observable on the faces of many women advanced in life is an ap-
proach towards the beard, which is one of the most distinguishing
properties of man. Thus we see sexes, which at an early period had
little to distinguish them from each other, acquiring about the time
of puberty secondary properties which clearly characterize the male
and female,—the male at this time receding from the female, and
assuming the secondary properties of the sex. The female at a much
later time of life, when the powers of propagation cease, loses many
of her peculiar properties, and may be said, except from mere struc-
ture of parts, to be of no sex, even receding from the original cha-
racter of the animal, and approaching in appearance towards the
male.”

In the years 1858, 1859, and 1860 this peculiar alteration of
structure in the female organs of generation in the Pheasants was
particularly prevalent in some parts of England. I had the oppor-
tunity of examining many specimens, and was able completely to
confirm Mr. Yarrell’s views on this subject. Indeed, the majority
of the birds were young females, many of them being birds of the
year, some being in their first moult. I found also that the plumage
varied and approached that of the male, not in accordance with the
age of the bird, but with the amount of disease of the generative
organs. The greater the destruction of the ovarium and oviduct,
the nearer the plumage assimilated that of the male.

For example, in birds with the hen-plumage predominating, the
ovarium and oviduct exist as in the fecundating hen, the small ova
lying in considerable numbers in the ovarium, the ovarium and ovi-
duct showing dark lead-coloured masses of disease.

In birds with the plumage of the male in a measure exceeding that
of the female, the ovarium is considerably diminished in size, dark-

1862.] sik J. E. TENNENT ON MEGASCOLEX CHRULEUS. 25

coloured, and containing only a few blackened ova; the oviduct is
spotted with dark patches, and considerably coutracted.

And thirdly, in birds with the male plumage predominating over
that of the female, the ovarium is reduced to a small dark amorphous
mass, resembling coagulated blood, the presence of ova cannot be
detected, and the oviduct is almost entirely obliterated at its junction
with the ovarium. Thus it seems that there are three distinct phases
in this peculiar abnormal state of the generative functions.

I have also noticed that, in most cases where the male plumage is
in excess of the female, the tail-feathers are particularly long, some
being as much as 19 inches in length.

Although Mr. Yarrell states that this condition of the female
generative organs is not confined to the Phasianide, and that it has
occurred in the gold and silver pheasants, partridges, pea-fowl, com-
mon fowl, common pigeon, king-fisher, and common duck, and that
other classes of animals are liable to an influence similar in kind,
particularly among insects and Crustacea, yet this disorganization is
rarely observed except among the Phasianide, and particularly when
these birds are produced in a domestic state, 7. e. on the present
system of breeding pheasants in preserves. Very few dattues take
place in which some of these birds (generally designated mules) are
not killed and mixed indiscriminately with the heaps of the slain.

As to the cause of this disorganization, if it occurred only in the
old female, or if it were a common occurrence among birds either of
different genera or of the same genus, it could be easily accounted for ;
but when it is generally found existing among a class of birds which
are bred in vast numbers in a particularly artificial manner, it leads
one to suppose that the cause must be connected with this condition.
Whether the eggs laid by a number of females—to whom perhaps,
from circumstances, too few males have been admitted—have been
imperfectly fecundated, and therefore the chick improperly formed,
remains a subject for future consideration.

2. Nore on THE GIGANTIC EARTH-worM (MEGASCOLEX CERU-
LEUS) FROM CeyLon. By Str James Emerson TENNENT,
K.C.B., V.P.Z.8., ETC.

{In 1853 the British Museum received, through Mr. Hugh Cuming,
two specimens of a large Earth-worm from Ceylon, which is evi-
dently the Megascolexr ceruleus described by Dr. Templeton in the
‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society ’ for 1844, p. 89.

A few days ago Sir James Emerson Tennent kindly procured from
Ceylon, and sent to the British Museum, a specimen of the same
worm, and, in reply to my inquiries respecting the habits and verna-
cular name of the animal, sent to me the following letter, which,
with his permission, I lay before the Society—Joun Epwarp
Gray. British Museum, Feb. 11, 1862.]

26 SIR J. E. TENNENT ON MEGASCOLEX C&RULEUS. [Feb. 11,

“Board of Trade, Feb. 10th, 1862.

“ My pear Sir,—The large Annelid which I sent to the Mu-
seum a few days ago was recently forwarded to me by the Principal
Civil Officer in charge of the North-eastern Province of Ceylon ; it
was obtained by him from the vicinity of Trincomalie.

“‘My attention had frequently been attracted, during my rides
through the forests in the north of Ceylon, by the heaps of earth in
the shape of “ castings’ thrown up and piled on the surface, often
to the height of 12 or 18 inches. These occurred in low and moist
ground, and chiefly in the beds of dried-up tanks shortly after they
had been deserted by the subsidence of the waters. The natives
assured me they were the products of huge earth-worms, which I
was told often grew to the length of 2 or 3 feet, with a proportionate
thickness.

*T made some efforts to obtain specimens, but, owing to the apathy
of the Singhalese and their indifference to anything illustrative of
animated nature, I could not succeed. One reason why I was my-
self less likely to come on these creatures during my rides was that
the traces I saw were fresh only at the early dawn, showing that the
worm worked chiefly during the night.

“‘Some months ago I wrote to Mr. Morris, the gentleman I allude
to, at Trincomalie, and by him I have been supplied with the speci-
men which I have sent to the Museum. It is cut into two parts,
together about 22 inches long.

“The vernacular name for them I do not know, nor is it probable
that the Singhalese have given them any specific designation, other
than the general term equivalent to vermin, which they apply to the
whole tribe of minor reptiles and Annelids.

«The existence of these very large earth-worms appears to have
been known to some of the French naturalists; for in D’Orbigny’s
‘ Dictionnaire d’ Histoire Naturelle’ I find he has noticed the Ceylon
species in the following terms, under the designation of Mega-
scolex :—‘ On sait qu’il en existe d’assez grandes, et l’on en a rap- ©
porté des parties chaudes de l’Amérique qui n’ont pas mois d’un
métre de longueur*. Il en existe de semblables dans I’ Inde; et il a
été trouvé dans Vile de Ceylan une grande espéce de Ver de terre
dont on a proposé de faire un genre sous le nom de Megascolex.’—
D Orbigny, Dict. Univ. d Hist. Nat. vol. vii. p. 431.

** Faithfully yours,
“J. EMERSON TENNENT.

“ Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., Se.

“TI expect another and, I hope, a larger specimen from another
district of Ceylon, which I shall be happy to submit to you on its
arrival.”

* A metre is 39,33, inches.

P.Z.8.1862, Plates

E (W.H.H.del et hth
Figs . 1.4. SPOGGODES FLORIDA.
2 oe SPINOSA.

1862.] DR. J. E.GRAY ON NEW SPECIES OF SPOGGODES. 27

3. DescriIrpTION or somME New SPECIES OF SPOGGODES AND OF
A New Autump Genus (MorcHELLANA) IN THE COLLECTION
or THE British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.,
V.P.Z.S., F.L.S., ere.

(Plate IV.)

The genus Spoggodes was established by Lesson on a coral that
was described by Esper under the name of dleyonium floridum. it
is characterized by the whole of its substance being membranous,
very loosely cellular within, and covered externally with a layer of
fusiform spicula which are most abundant round the cells.

M. Milne-Edwards, in his ‘Coralliaires,’ only describes a single
species.

The species of the genus in the British Museum may be divided
into two groups or subgenera.

I. The polypes crowded together at the end of the branchlet, and
the groups more or less surrounded by larger spicula of the
branchlet. Spoggodes.

1. SpoccopEs FLoripA. (PI. IV. figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.)

The coral pale purplish-red (in spirits); stem thick, much
branched, strengthened with very slender elongate purple spicules ;
the branchlets short, clustered at the end of the branches, and form-
ing convex heads or cells; cells fringed with the very slender elon-
gated spicules, and furnished with white, only partially contracted,
polypes.

Aleyonium floridum, Esper, Pflanz. iii. 49, Adley. t. 16, dry.

Xinia purpurea, Lamk. Hist. A. s. V. ii. 401, from Esper.

Neptea florida, Blainv. Man. Act. 523, from Esper.

Spoggodes celosia, Lesson, Ill. Zool. t. 21; M.-Edwards, Coral-
liaires, 1. 129, t. Bl. f. 1.

Spoggodea celosia, Dana, Zoophytes, 626, t. 59. f. 4.

Hab. Australia; Sharks’ Bay (Mr. Rayner) ; Philippine Islands
(H. Cuming, Esq.).

2. SpoccopEs spinosa. (PI. IV. figs. 5, 6, 7.)

The coral whitish, forming roundish spinose masses; the stem
thick, slightly branched, with very numerous short branchlets ; the
spicules white, very unequal, some large and thick ; the terminal
branchlet furnished, on the inner upper edge, with curved (in spirits)
partly retracted purple polypes, which are surmounted and protected
by the large opake-white spicules of the branchlets.

Hab. New Guinea.

This species is easily distinguished by the large size and opake-
white colour of the spicula and the purple colour of the polypes.

28 DR. J. E. GRAY ON NEW SPECIES OF spoccopEs, [Feb. 11,

1362.] AND A NEW ALLIED GENUS (MORCHELLANA). 29

Il. The polypes isolated in the prominent isolated spiculose sub-
cylindrical cells, scattered on the sides, or forming tips of the
branchlets. Spoggodia.

3. SpoGGopEs uNICOLOR. (Woodcut, figs. 1, 2.)

The coral uniform, pale yellowish (in spirits) ; the spicules very
slender, whitish yellow; stem erect; branches scattered in all di-
rections, spreading, tapering, with few short tapering branchlets ;
cells distinct, distant, spreading, subcylindrical, sometimes very
slightly contracted at the base; mouth surrounded by five or six
unequal prominent spicules, the one on the outer side of the cell
being generally the longest ; polypes retractile.

Hab, Bellona Reefs, in 17 fathoms (Rayner).

4. Spoccopes pivaricaTa. (Woodcut, figs. 3, 4.)

Coral pale whitish (in spirits); stem thick, slightly branched, with
very numerous crowded ramuli forming roundish lobes ; the ramuli
divided at the top into three or five diverging cylindrical cells; the
cells of the several branchlets forming a sort of roundish-topped
eyme ; polypes contracted (in spirits), rose-coloured.

Hab. New Guinea (Capt. Sir Edward Belcher, R.N., C.B.).

5. SPoGGODES RAMULOSA. (Woodcut, figs. 5, 6.)

The coral dark brown-red (in spirits); stem thick, much branched,
strengthened by slender, elongated, fusiform, dark-brown-red spicules ;
the branchlets numerous, elongate, slender, much branched, with the
cells scattered on their sides; cells distant, subcylindrical, and
fringed on the edge with unequally prominent spicules, the outer
spicules being generally the longest and most prominent ; the polypes
pale yellowish, being generally nearly contracted into the cells, rarely
prominent.

Hab. Bellona Reefs, at 17 fathoms.

Some of the polypes on the lower part of the branchlets seem to
be somewhat crowded. This species is easily known from S. florida
and S. unicolor by the general colour of the coral and by the slender-
ness and length of the branchlets. It agrees with the former in the
coral and spicules being red, and the polypes being more or less pro-
minent and of a different colour from the coral, and with the latter
in form of the cell; but the cells are very differently disposed, and
of a slender, attenuated form.

We have in the British Museum a new form of the “ Aleyoniens
armés” of M. Milne-Edwards (Coralliaires, vol. i. p. 127), which, in
my idea, form a family that may be called Nepthyade.

This coral differs from the three genera of this family mentioned
by Milne-Edwards, in the lower part or stem being coriaceous and
destitute of any spicules, and in the upper part being spiculose, and
furnished with short clusters of polype-cells, giving it much the ap-
pearance of the Fungi called Morchella and Helvella.

30 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW GENUs oF PoLyPr. [Feb. 11,

MorcuHEeLLANA.

The coral subclavate, coriaceous, subealcareous, and loosely cellular
within; the stem subcylindrical, elongate, hard, coriaceous, and mi-
nutely granular on the surface.

The head formed of numerous, irregularly dispersed, short-lobed
prominences, which are covered at the end with diverging conical
prominent polype-cells,—the lobes and cells being strengthened with
superficial fusiform spicules, slightly covered with the skin of the
coral; the polypes entirely retractile.

1862.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CLAVIFORM SEA-PENS. 31

The whole substance of the coral is loosely cellular, and the lobes
of the head are brittle and easily broken off when in spirits. The
base of the stem is furnished with some large tubular fibres, which
seem to act as roots to attach it to rocks.

The spicules on the edge of the polype-cells are rugulose or spi-
nulose.

MorcHELLANA SPINULOSA. (Woodcut, p. 30.)
Hab, Indian Ocean.

4, NoTes ON SOME SPECIMENS OF CLAVIFORM PENNATULID
(VERETILLEX) IN THE COLLECTION OF THE BritisH
Museum. By Dr. Joun Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.,
F.L.S., &e.

Since my paper, entitled “‘ Revision of the Family Pennatulide,
with description of some New Species in the British Museum,”
was printed in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History ’
for January 1860, we have received several specimens of club-shaped
Sea-Pens (Veretillee) which further illustrate the species of this

roup. Bien
c Prateaior Milne-Edwards, in the first volume of his ‘ Coralliaires,’
published in 1857, divides the Claviform Pennatule into three genera,
thus—

1, Lirvarta, with a distinct, well-developed, quadrangular central
stony axis.

2, VERETILLUM, with a rudimentary hard central axis.

3. CAVERNULARIA, without any hard central axis, but with four
large longitudinal central cells.

Dr. Herklots, in his “‘ Monograph of the Pennatulide,” in the
‘Bijdragen tot die Dierkunde’ for 1858, divides them into four
genera, adding the genus Sarcobelemnon to the above list. The
species of Lituaria and Sarcobelemnon are found in the Indian and
Australian Oceans, and those of Veretillum and Cavernularia are con-
fined to the Mediterranean. eres

The Veretillee in the British Museum appear to belong to only
two genera, viz.—

1. VerRETILLUM. The club with a short thick base, with four
more or less large longitudinal cells in the centre.

2. Lirvaria. The club with an elongated base, and with a strong,
subquadrangular, central, more or less stony axis.

The former group seems to be synonymous with the genera Vere-
tillum and Cavernularia of Milne-Edwards and Sarcobelemnon of Her-
klots. I call the first genus by the name Veretillum, because I find
that the specimen of Pennatula cynomorium which we have in the
British Museum does not appear to have any rudiment of an axis,
and has the four large longitudinal cavities in the centre of the coral

32 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CLAVIFORM SEA-PENS. [Feb, 11,

which are described as characteristic of Cavernularia and Sarcobe-
lemnon. Can the septa between these cells have been considered as
the rudimentary axis?

VERETILLUM.

The pen club-shaped, with a short, thick, fleshy base ; the upper
part of the club short and thick, or more or less tapering, covered
with close longitudinal rows of polypes ; the interspaces between the
polypes marked with very close, opake; imbedded granules; the
opening of the polype-cells, when contracted, transverse ; the middle
of the coral furnished with four quadrangular tubes, and without any
hard central axis.

1, VERETILLUM CYNOMORIUM.
Veretillum cynomorium, Pallas, Spic. Zool. t. 13. f. 1-4.

We have a single specimen of this species in the British Museum,
which I believe is the specimen described by Ellis, on the Sea-Pens,
as Cynomorium (Phil. Trans. 1765, vol. lil. 434, t. 13. f. 3); for
it has the label on it, written by my late uncle who died in 1806,
like the label on the specimen of Siren which was presented by
Ellis. It certainly has no appearance of any hard central axis, un-
less the rather hard septa between the central cells may be considered
as an axis; if they are, then the same kind of axis is found in each
of the other species which I have referred to this genus,

2. VERETILLUM AUSTRALASIZ.

Sarcobelemnon australasia, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H. v. 1860,
24, t. 4. f. 1.

The polypes far apart.

Hab. Australia; Port Essington (J. B. Jukes, Esq.).

This specimen chiefly differs from the V’. cantori@ in the substance
of the coral being harder, and in the cells of the polypes being fur-
ther apart and more scattered, not appearing to be placed in such
regular and close longitudinal rows. The specimen seems to have
been placed in very strong spirits when first collected, as almost all
the polypes are retracted, and the base of the club is wrinkled, as
if strongly contracted, and the cavities in the axis are smaller; but
all this may have been produced by the sudden and great contraction
of the animal at the time it was preserved.

3. VERETILLUM CANTORIA.

Cells of polypes close together, in regular longitudinal series.
Hab, Penang (Dr. Cantor).

We have a large series of specimens of this species from Penang,
where, I am told, they are collected for food. They differ exceed-
ingly from each other; and if they are all of the same species, as I
suspect is the case, it shows how difficult it is to give a character
that shall define the species of the genus. Some are short, thick,
oblong, rounded at each end, varying from 2} to 3 inches long, with

1862.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CLAVIFORM SEA-PENS. 33

a short thick base to the club of about half an inch long. In most
of the specimens of this form, the polypes are retracted ; but in one,
some of them are expanded.

In the second group the club is much larger, varying from 3 to
7 or 8 inches long, and is attenuated upwards. The base of the
elub is short and thick, as in the former group of specimens. The
polypes are generally expanded; they are much more slender and
more elongate than the polypes of Lituaria australis.

Probably the Jength and tapering form of these specimens may be
dependent on their haying been placed originally in weaker spirits.
The size of the cavities or tubes in the specimens also differ ; they
are largest in the short broad specimens, but very distinct in all.
I am therefore inclined to believe that there are only two distinct
genera of the Claviform Sea-Pens.

LITUARIA.

The pen elongate, the upper part slender, tapering, with close
longitudinal rows of polypes; the interspace between the polypes
covered with close longitudinal rows of distinct circular pores; the
opening of the polype-cells, when contracted, longitudinal ; the lower
part elongate, subcylindrical, smooth ; the axis hard, stony, distinct,
well developed, quadrangular.

The lower part of the coral, which is destitute of polypes, is elon-
gate, often one-third and rarely nearly half as long as the upper
polype-bearing portion of the club; but the length of the stem, as
compared with the club, appears to differ, within certain limits, in
the different specimens of the same species from the same locality,
but they are always larger and more slender than the same part in
the genus Veretillum.

The specimens of this genus in the British Museum appear to
separate themselves into two very distinct groups, which may repre-
sent so many species, or may only depend on the manner in which
the specimens have been preserved, or even on the strength of the
spirit into which they were at first immersed.

In four specimens from Penang, collected by Dr. Cantor, which
are slender and white, all the polypes are entirely contracted, leaving
a compressed slit over the cell, except in one of the small specimens,
where a few of the polypes are partly exserted ; they are pale brown.
Tn one of the specimens the fleshy part of the base is thickened, and
has contracted so much that the hard axis is exserted nearly an
inch beyond the base. In this specimen the base of the club is much
shorter and thicker than in the others. From this specimen I am
led to believe that the length and slenderness of the club in the
genus, when in spirit, is preserved by the rigidity of the internal axis.
These specimens are probably the Lituaria phalloides of Milne-
Edwards (Coralliaires, vol. i. 217), founded on the Pennatula phal-
loides of Pallas (Mise. Zool. t. 13. f. 5, 6, 7, 8).

The second group of specimens were collected by Mr. Rayner in
Sharks’ Bay, Australia. They are three in number; they are softer

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. III.

34 DR. J. E. GRAY ON SOME NEW ZOOPHYTES. ([Feb. 11,

and less contracted than the preceding ; the pores on the surface are
more distinct, and are furnished with more or less dark polypes,
which are all expanded. The polypes in one specimen (which
is in the most perfect condition) are all entirely of a uniform black-
brown colour. In one of the other specimens (also in a good con-
dition) the polypes are pale brown, with a broad black lower ring
at the upper part of the tubular body, near the base of the arms.
In the other specimen (which is imperfect) the polypes are all pale
brown, like the coral.

In all the three specimens the polypes at the lower half of the
club are further apart than they are at the tip; this is especially the
case in the specimen which has the dark ring on the polypes,
where the polypes in the lower part of the club are very far apart
and few in number, and appear as if placed in longitudinal lines.
I should propose to call this species provisionally Litwaria australis.

5. Description or Two New Genera or Zoopuytes (SOuE-
NOCAULON AND BELLONELLA) DISCOVERED ON THE NORTH
Coast oF AusTratia BY Mr. Rayner. By Dr. JoHn
Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., F.L.S., erc.

Among the numerous interesting animals collected by Mr. Rayner
during the voyage of H. M.S. ‘ Herald’ is a new form of coral, nearly
allied to Gorgonia, and especially to the coral called Calogorgia by
M. Milne-Edwards, but very distinct from it. I therefore send a
description of it to the Society for publication in the ‘ Proceedings.’

SOLENOCAULON.

The coral coriaceous, tubular, circular, aud simple below, com-
pressed, subquadrangular, tortuous, and more or less branched above,
the branches being similar in size and form to the main
stem. The main stem and branches furnished with
more or less elongate, subsolid, slender branchlets,
which are placed on the edge of the large holes in the
main stem and branches which communicate with the
main tube. These branchlets (and sometimes the
branches at the base of them) are furnished with large
cells for the polypes, which are placed in one (more fre-
quently in two) series on each side of the branchlets,
and sometimes the series are continued on the main stem
or branches at the bottom of the branchlets. The polype-cells are
rather large, circular, nearly superficial, and furnished with a cup
divided into eight conical, connivent lobes, each lobe being formed of
some transverse spicules at the base and some obliquely-placed spi-
cules diverging from each lateral edge towards the top above.

1. SOLENOCAULON TORTUOSUM.
Hab. North Australia.

1862. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON SOME NEW ZOOPHYTES. 35

This genus seems to form a particular group of the Aleyonaires,
which may be called after this genus Solenocaulonide, characterized
by the tubular form of the axis, the tubes being formed of a thin
coriaceous substance. The smaller branches are subsolid and cel-
lular within, but they soon become hollow. It has been said that
the tubular form arises from the abortion of the epithelic tissue of
the centre of the axis. This may be true if we can regard the large
lax cells in the interior of the young branchlet as epithelic tissue ;
but the imner surface of the tube of the axis is quite smooth and
simple, and the branchlets never become large like the main stem.

This coral cannot be considered as a solid stem becoming hollow,
as the last-formed (younger) parts at the end of the branches are in
the form of a foliaceous expansion, which gradually folds up toge-
ther on itself, coalesces, and forms a tube nearly of the same dia-
meter as the main stem. The large apertures which occur in the
stem and base of the branches, and communicate with the central
cavity, are the parts of the expanded lamina which have not been
closed in when the other portions of the tube were formed.

The specimen described evidently grew in a nearly horizontal po-
sition ; for one side of the main stem and branches is entirely without
any cells, and the branchlets on the same side are fewer than on the
other, showing that this part was beneath, and not exposed to the
light. Ido not give this as the generic or specific character, as it
may be only incidental to the specimen—a fact that can only be
determined by the examination of a larger number of examples.
Mr. Holdsworth has suggested that it may be the same as or allied to
Gorgonia trichostemma of Dana (Zoophytes, 665, t. 59. f. 3); but
Dana does not describe the main stem as tubular. But the coral is,
like many others in his work, so badly figured and described that it
is impossible to determine with any certainty what it is intended to
represent.. Milne-Edwards seems to have been equally doubtful (see
Coralliaires, i. 154) as to its affinities.

The genus Celogorgia of Milne-Edwards (Coralliaires, vol. i.
p- 191) should be placed in the same family. It is described as
arborescent, very branching, and with slender cylindrical branches
with scattered, subcylindrical, elongate polype-cells. Only one spe-
cies is known, viz. G. palmosa, from Zanzibar.

Among the specimens preserved in spirits in the same collection
there is also a new form of dleyon, which seems to me to be a type
of a new genus allied to Xenia, but quite distinct from it both in the
form of the cells and in the polypes being completely retractile. It
has some characters in common with my genus Nidalia, described
in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ 1835, p. 6, and
figured, Radiata, Pl. III. fig. 2, but differs from it in the surface of
the coral being minutely granular, and not spiculose.

BELLONELLA.

Coral cylindrical, formed of a number of subcylindrical tubes ag-
glutinated together and forming at the top a hemispherical head of
subcylindrical prominent cells, which are angular at the tip. The

36 DR. J. E. GRAY ON SOME NEW zoopHyTes. [Feb. 11,

+

TTAHO NO TIM. ONTTVS

“

SNOTYdNVO OWIVS

chirt 188 AA

JLAYV Ge)

OAL LVS

~ 1862.) DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. 37

outer surface of the coral is minutely granular. The polypes are
completely retractile; the base of their tubes is strengthened with
very minute spicula, placed in a longitudinal series parallel to each
other.

ky.
1. BELLONELLA GRANULATA. (Woodcut, p. 36=) 2

Hab. Bellona Reefs, 17 fathoms (T. M. Rayner, Esq.).

6. ConTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE Britisu CHARRS.
By Dr. ALBERT GUNTHER.

(Plates V., VI., VII.)

The production of the following paper has been induced by two
specimens of the so-called Freshwater Herring of Lough Melvin in
Ireland, which were procured by Joshua Walker, Esq., and sub-
mitted to my examination. The differences from the allied Conti-
nental species were so striking, that from the first moment I could
scarcely doubt that I had a species before me which I had never seen
before. In the first place it appeared necessary to compare it with
specimens from other localities of Great Britain—with the true British
Charr ; but, although the period of the year (November and Decem-
ber) appeared to be the most favourable for the capture of those
fishes, as they approach the shores to spawn, afterwards returning
to the deepest parts of the lakes, I have been only partly successful
in obtaining more specimens, and I particularly regret not having
been able to examine specimens from Scotland, either ina fresh state
or preserved in spirits*. I have obtained, however, materials suffi-
cient for the determination of the Charrs of three localities, by the
kind assistance of the gentlemen who will be mentioned hereafter.
Our knowledge of the representatives of the Charr on the Continent
is chiefly due to Heckel, Nilsson, and Rapp, in whose descriptions
due attention has been paid to those characters by which the species
may be distinguished ; and for a comparison of the British Charrs

with those of the Continent I have had to rely chiefly on them.
"My materials were the following :—

a. Freshwater Herring of Lough Melvin.

Two fresh specimens, mature males ; by the kindness of J. Walker,
Esq.

One specimen (dried skin) in the British Museum.

b. Welsh Charr, or Torgoch.

Nearly twenty specimens from Llanberris, all mature males; re-
ceived by the kindness of S. P. W. Ellis, Esq., Chief Constable of
Carnarvonshire, and G. Ellis, Esq.

Four young specimens from the lake Coss-y-gedawl, transferred

* Dried and stuffed specimens of Charr are of little or no use.

38 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. ([Feb. 11,

with Mr. Yarrell’s collection to the British Museum (S. salvelinus,
Jenyns).

c. Charr of the Lake of Windermere.
Two mature males, procured by the kindness of Sir J. Richardson.

For further comparison I had the “ Rothel” of the Lake of Con-
stance, the “Ombre chevalier’ of the Lake of Geneva, four speci-
mens of a Charr from Iceland, and twelve without known locality.

Before we enter into a historical account of our knowledge of the
British Charrs, we must consider the question, what fishes have been
originally intended by the Linnean denominations of Salmo umbla,
Salmo salvelinus, and Salmo alpinus—names with which the British
Charrs have been designated by the various authors.

The original descriptions themselves are too short and too general
to give anything like specific distinctions; but fortunately we see
that question settled, once and for ever, by the very names of the
fishes and by the localities from which the typical specimens had
been procured. J. Heckel has made inquiries into this subject with
regard to the Salmo salvelinus of South Germany*, and the follow-
ing is the result :—

a. Salmo salvelinus, L. Linneus has founded this species on the
tenth species of Salmo in Artedi’s ‘Genera,’ or on the eleventh in his
‘Synonymy’ ; and Artedi had derived the whole of his knowledge of
this fish from Willoughby, who (p. 195) gives a description of the
“Salvelin’ from a specimen captured near the Austrian town of
Linz. Therefore there cannot be the slightest doubt that the Lin-
nean denomination is intended for the South-German fish, which, up
to the present day, is called Sa/bling at various localities.

The best account of the Silbling has been given by Heckel, who
says that they are found in several lakes of South Germany, Tyrol,
and Switzerland. First (/. c.) he distinguished three species accord-
ing to the different arrangement of the small teeth on the vomer ;
afterwards+, having convinced himself that this character is subject
to some variation, he reunited those three forms, stating at the same
time that those fishes from different localities of Central Europe
considerably differ in their forms. And it is not at all improbable
that there are really several species confounded by him, but differing
and distinguishable by other, more constant, characters than by that
of the arrangement of the vomerine teeth. Be this as it may, it suf-
fices for our purpose that Heckel distinguishes those fishes of Central
Europe by the considerable breadth of the interorbital space, which
is twice the diameter of the eye. Also the figuret (which is rather
indifferent) represents a remarkably small eye ; the pectoral fin oc-
cupies only one-half of the distance of its root from that of the ven-
trals; and when we compare the British specimens, we find that their
head is much narrower, their eye much larger, and their pectoral

* Reisebericht, p. 89, in Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1851, July.
tT Susswasserf, Oestr. p. 280. .
t Susswasserf. fig. 155.

1862.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. 39

fins much longer than in the fishes described by Heckel, and conse-
quently that none of them can be identical with the South-German
Salbling or with the Salmo salvelinus of Linnzeus.

b. Salmo umbla, L. Linneus has founded this species on the
ninth species of Sa/mo in Artedi’s ‘Genera,’ or on the seventh in his
‘Synonymy,’ the latter ichthyologist following Rondelet, who de-
scribed the “‘Salmo Lemani lacus, seu Umbla*,” or the “Ombre
(chevalier)”’ of the Lakes of Geneva and Neuchatel. Jurinet and
Agassiz{ have given figures of this fish. Far superior to them is that
published by Rapp§, who has identified the ‘‘ Rothel” of the Lake
of Constance with the Salmo umbla, L.

This species never assumes the red colours of the S. salvelinus, or
of the Charrs of Windermere and of Wales. It could be compared
in this respect only with the “‘Freshwater Herring” of Lough Melvin,
from which it is readily distinguished by its much larger teeth, by
its wide mouth, the maxillary extending to behind the orbit, by its
much more elongate body, and by the proportions of its fins. Salmo
umbla of Linné differs from the British Charrs (as far as we treat
of them in this paper) in nearly every one of the external characters,
and agrees with the Irish species only in its plainer coloration and
in the size of its scales.

ce. Salmo alpinus, L. Linneeus, on his tour through Lapland,
discovered in the mountain-lakes of that country a species of Charr,
which he described in the ‘ Fauna Suecica,’ p. 117, no. 310, and
which he named S. alpinus in the ‘Systema Nature.’ He adopts
the opinion of Artedi in referring the British Charr (which he knew
from Willoughby’s description) as a synonym to this S. alpinus.
Even the few details which are given in his and Nilsson’s descriptions
do not admit of an identification of those species. Linné says that
the length of the head of the typical specimen was 13 inch, and the
distance from (the front margin of) the dorsal to the adipous fin
3 inches: in the British Charrs the head is much longer. He found
the length of the head equal to that of the base of the dorsal fin: in
British Charrs the base of that fin is much shorter. Nilsson de-
scribes the S. alpinus, L., as a distinct variety of S. salvelinus, di-
stinguished by short fins; but S. salvelinus, Nilss., has shorter fins
than any of the British Charrs.

We are, therefore, not justified in admitting one of those Linnean
denominations for the British species which will be described in this
paper. This view being in contradiction with that of all former
writers, I think it necessary to- give a historical review of what has
been done on the subject. Not a love of starting novel views, much
less an ill feeling towards any of the previous inquirers, but the plain
necessity of supporting the truth of my opinion forces me to show
where observations have been imperfect, or where they de not agree
with nature. Conscious of the imperfectness of my own labour, I

* Rondel. ii. p. 160.

+ Poiss. du lac Léman, pl. 5.

t Poiss. d’eau douce, pls. 10 & 11 (but not pl. 9).
§ Bodensee-Fische, p. 32. taf. 5.

40 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. ([Feb. 11,

should not be wise to provoke just retribution by unfair severity
towards others.

1685. WitLoveusy is the first who with the practised eye of an
ichthyologist examined the Charrs of England and Wales, devoting
a separate article to their description*. He recognizes their affinity
to the Salbling (S. salvelinus), and lets the descriptions of the Ger-
man and British fishes follow one another; but the “‘ Torgoch”’ of
Wales and the “Red Charre of Winander-mere’’ appear to him to
be the same species, with which he unites even the “ Reutele”’ or
Rothel of South Germany—a fish which, however, appears to have
been known to him rather by name or by recollection than by actual
examination and by comparison with the British fish.

At a time when naturalists were only beginning to advance be-
yond the individual specimen to the conception of classification, and
to form the ideas of species and genera, it was creditable enough to
note the British Charrs on the whole as different from the Salbling,
and, at the same time, to indicate their affinity.

Willoughby mentions the Gilt Charr beside the Red Charr, also
from the lakes of Westmoreland, considering it identical with Sal-
viani’s Carpione from the Lago di Gardat. In the description of
the latter he says (p.197), “In palato quinque dentium areole,” whilst
he expressly and correctly mentions that the middle of the palate is
toothless in the Salbling as well as in the Red Charr. Therefore
the Gilt Charr, as it is understood by Willoughby, cannot be a true
Charr without teeth along the middle of the vomer (Salmo, sensu
stricto) ; but it isa species of Salar or Fario, with five series of teeth
along the roof of the mouth, viz. two along the maxillaries, two along
the palatines, and one along the vomer.

We shall see that Pennant and Yarrell mention the Gilt Charr (of
which I have not seen an example) as a variety of the common
Charr; but what Pennant says about its habits and propagation
tends to show that Willoughby was perfectly right in referring it to
(or near to) a very different species.

1738. The confusion commences with ArtEepr and Linnavus,
who, without knowing the British fish, refer Willoughby’s Red Charre
to the Salmo alpinus from Lapland.

1755. FARRINGTON, in a letter printed in the ‘Philosophical Trans-
actions’ of that year, gives some notes about the general appearance
and the habits of the Torgoch. He very truly remarks that the fish
is “slimy, nearly allied to the eel and the tench.” From the speci-
mens which I have examined I cannot confirm his observation that
“‘the male is not adorned with the beautiful red hue of the female ;”
“yet,” he continues, “ he is finely shaded and marbled upon the back
and sides with black streaks.’ ‘‘ The Turgoch makes its appearance
at the shores of the Llanberris lakes about the winter solstice; the
whole number annually taken in the two pools of Llanberris does not
amount to a hundred dozen.”

* Will. Hist. Pisc. p. 196.
+ See Heckel, Reisebericht, p. 98 (Salmo carpio, L.; Fario carpio, Heck.).

1862. } DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. 41

1776. Pennant knows that the Charr occurs not only in England
and Wales, but also in Scotland, whilst he had not received any evi-
dence of its existence in Ireland. He first mentions the fact, which is
repeated i in all other works, that the Charrs of the Lake of Llanber-
ris were entirely destroyed by noxious waters flowing from copper-
mines in the neighbourhood*. He has examined the Red or Case-
Charr and the Gilt Charr, but considers both as the same species,
although the former spawns about Michaelmas, ascending the River
Brathay, whilst the spawning-season of the latter extends from the
month of January to that of March, the fishes remaining in the
sandy parts of the lake. If this Gilt Charr (Pennant’s) is identical
with that of Willoughby, and if the observations of both these natu-
ralists really refer to the Gilt Charr of the present day, it is clear
that it is not a variety of the common Charr, but a species widely
different from it.

1802. The knowledge of those fishes is considerably advanced by
Donovan, who well perceives the differences between the Torgoch
and Charr, but is unable to fix the distinctive characters in specific
terms, resorting for the purpose of diagnosis to the differences in
colour, which in his figures are much exaggerated and untrue. In
his description, he is quite right in directing particular attention to
the slender form of the Torgoch, and he might have added another
important character which is indicated in the figures, namely, that
whilst in the Charr the root of the pectoral is quite free, and not
overlapped by a prolonged suboperculum, the latter is produced
backwards and downwards in the Torgoch. The physiognomy of
the fishes has lost much by representing the eye too small; whilst
the differences in the structure of the nostrils apparently have been
noticed by him. He employs for the Charr the Linnean name of S.
alpinus (pl. 61), and for the Torgoch that of S. salvelinus (pl. 112).

1807. Turton follows Donovan, and evidently has examined the
Torgoch, as he gives the correct number of the dorsal rays, viz.
thirteen. The statements of the different authors, especially of the
earlier, with regard to the fin-rays, can be used only with great cau-
tion,—first, because they had only partly recognized the value of that
character ; and secondly, because they counted them in different
ways, frequently omitting the small rays in front of the fins.

1812. The first definite notice of the occurrence of a Charr-like fish
in Ireland appears to be due to DuBourniEv, who, in his ‘ History

* This fact is doubted by Mr. 8. P. W. Ellis, who writes, in answer to my inquiry
on this subject, ‘‘ Llanberris Lake is three and a quarter or four miles long; the
width varies, the greatest width being about three-fourths of a mile; the greatest
depth is said to be 40 fathoms, The quantity of water coming from copper-works
is not more than one-tenth part of the whole volume, and this portion flows about
five miles before falling into the lake, and, besides, passes through a mountain
lake after having left the mine. Below this mountain-pool the water is not poi-
sonous to fish. The quantity of water from copper-mines has decreased in this
valley, owing to the stoppage of works. I cannot think there ever were mines
worked to any such extent as seriously to injure fishes. The chief works are
slate-quarries.” J. Petherick, Esq., who has a thorough knowledge of these
mines, a part of which are worked by himself, also is of the same opinion.

42 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. [Feb. 11,

of the County of Antrim’ (vol. i. p. 119), ina list of the fishes of
Lough Neagh, enumerates the Whiting, which by a friend of the
author, Mr. Templeton, is declared to be the 8. alpinus. A rough
drawing is added. As the description does not give any specific
characters, we are left in doubt about the correctness of the determi-
nation. It is probable that the Whiting of Lough Neagh is now
extinct.

Thompson* says that, when visiting Lough Neagh in 1834, he
was assured by the fishermen that they had not known of any of those
Whitings being taken in that lake for at least ten years previously.
This is confirmed by R. Patterson, Esq., of Belfast, in a letter ad-
dressed to me, in which he states that the Charr “has been believed
to be extinct in that lake for more than thirty years.” Therefore,
the question whether the Whiting of Lough Neagh was identical with
one of the other species, or whether it was a distinct species, will re-
main unsolved. Surely, if any group of fishes requires particular care
in collecting and preserving its representatives at different localities,
it is that of the Charrs, which, confined to very limited localities, and
extremely susceptible to the changes of their element, are exposed to
the danger of easy destruction: the Torgoch of Llanberris disappears
for a series of years, (as it is said) in consequence of the poisonous
fluids carried down from the copper-mines of the neighbourhood ;
the Charr of Lough Neagh becomes extinct, from reasons unknown.
We are afraid there are other similar instances, but unrecorded in
natural history.

1834. AGassiz, engaged in the examination of some of the conti-
nental Salmonide, and having compared them with those in Great
Britain, declared, at the meeting of the British Association of that
year, that the Charrs of England and Ireland, the Ombre chevalier
of the Lake of Geneva, and all the different Charr-like fishes of
Sweden, Switzerland, and all the southern parts of Germany were
one and the same species—or that S. umbda, L., S. salvelinus, L., S.
alpinus, L., and S. salmarinus, L., were merely synonymous.

Heckel already has shown, with regard to the Swiss representatives
of Agassiz’s S. umblat, that two very different species are comprised
in it, different in the size of the scales, in the shape of the body, in
the coloration, and, according to Rapp’s researches, in the number of
the vertebree—or that the S. wmdla, figured by Agassiz, ‘ Poiss. d’eau
douce,’ pls. 10 & 11, is the true S. wmbla of Linné, from the Lake of
Neuchatel, but that the S. wmbla, Agassiz, pl. 9, is identical with
S. salvelinus, L., from the Lake of Zurich.

Nor can I arrive at the same conclusion as M. Agassiz with
regard to the British Charrs known to me. It is much to be re-
gretted that in that paper neither the localities are mentioned whence
the specimens examined were obtained, nor that the opinion started
was supported by a comparative description ; and we cannot assume
that M. Agassiz’s opinion referred to Scotch specimens only (which

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1841, vi. p. 448.
+ Report of the Fourth Meeting of the British Association, at Edinburgh, p. 622.
t Reisebericht, p. 91.

1862. | DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. 43

I had no opportunity of examining), as he speaks of the Charr of
England and Ireland. M. Agassiz opposes those naturalists who,
for distinction of the species, have especially attached themselves to
the form of the head and to the arrangement of the colours, and says
that the characters ought to be found in the structure of the head,
in the opercular bones, in the surface of the cranium, and in its pro-
portions relative to the whole body, and that the shape of the body
also is important for the distinction of the species. When we add
the size of the teeth and of the scales, characters as constant and
excellent as any of those named, every one who peruses the descrip-
tions terminating this paper will satisfy himself that our three Bri-
tish species have been distinguished from one another and from those
of the Continent by those very characters which have been recom-
mended by M. Agassiz. Ichthyology has been so much advanced
within the last thirty years that it would be hardly fair to take the
same view of a paper written in 1834 as if it were of a recent date ;
and I make these lengthened remarks only because there may still
be some who, having adopted M. Agassiz’s former views, will be in-
clined to adhere to them.

When M. Agassiz denounces the form of the head and the arrange-
ment of the colours as too variable to supply precise characters, I
ean only partly agree with him. With regard to the former, it is
only the snout which varies in its form according to age, sex, and
season; but, according to my experience, this variation is subject to
certain laws: if a male of a certain age hasa hooked prominent lower
jaw at a certain time of the year, all the males of that species, of the
same age and at the same season, are provided with a hooked man-
dible ; and this character may be well used as a specific distinction
from another species without such a hook. Differences in the shade
of colours are of no value for distinction of species. Sharply defined
markings, as cross-bands, large spots, may be dependent on age, and
peculiar to the young state of all the species of a whole group (dark
cross-bands in the genus Salmo equivalent to the white streaks in
the genus Sus, to the white spots in the genus Cervus, to the dark
spots in the young Lion, to the light dots in Muscicapa, Rubecula,
&c.) ; yet two species may differ, and really differ, in the develop-
ment of those colours, and then they become a precise and valuable
character, which is nearly always joined with another. By the co-
lours alone, fresh specimens of S. salvelinus and S. umbla, of 8. grayt
and §. willoughbii, may be always distinguished.

Agassiz’s view was adopted by Sir W. Jarpine*, who, however,
prefers to adopt another Linnean name, S. alpinus. He ascertained
oe occurrence in most of the lochs of the north-west of Sutherland-
shire.

1835. Jenynst adopts only a part of the view advocated by Agassiz,
distinguishing a S. wnbla and aS. salvelinus. With regard to the
former it is not stated whence the specimens had been obtained which
served as types for the description. ‘The elongated form, the gill-

* Report of the Fourth Meeting of the British Association, at Edinburgh, p. 614.
+ Man. Hist. Vertebr. pp. 427, 428.

44 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. [Feb. 1],

cover produced behind into a rounded lobe, the axillary scale nearly
half as long as the ventrals, the fourteen dorsal rays,”’ are characters
which tend to show that a species was examined different from that
of the Lake of Windermere, and closely approaching the Llanberris
Torgoch, although I should not venture to identify it with the latter.

Mr. Jenyns describes his second species as the Torgoch, and calls
it S.salvelinus. If unfortunately the specimens from which this se-
cond description was taken had been lost, everybody, like Parnell,
would have been at a loss to reconcile it with any of the Charrs known.
“‘The dorsal fin is exactly in the middle of the entire length; the
body is not so much elongated in proportion to its depth ; posterior
portion of the dorsal very little less elevated than the anterior,” &c.
Such are the characters attributed to the Torgoch ; but they are not
in accordance with the typical specimens, which are still preserved
and now in the British Museum. They, indeed, are identical with
the Llanberris species, the proper characters of which may be found
in the detailed description subjoined to this paper.

1838. If PaRNELL’s description* has been taken from a Scotch
specimen, it is the only one which has been drawn up of the so-
called Northern Charr ; but much is detracted from its value when
we consider that the author preserved his specimens as flat skins ;
therefore his statement, that the height of the body of a specimen
15} inches long was equal to the length of the head, and one-sirth
of the total, does not express a peculiarity of the Northern Charr :
but this elongate form of the body was probably caused by the way
of preservation. Parnell’s other observations on the Charr are bor-
rowed from other authors, who had made their observations chiefly
on English and Welsh specimens.

1840. The view of Agassiz was essentially supported by the late
W.Tuompson of Belfast, who, having had opportunity of examining
the Charrs of Windermere, Loch Grannoch, Lough Melvin, and of
nive other lakes in Scotland and Ireland, came to the conclusion
that they are but one species—one, however, that is subject to extra-
ordinary variety}.

But Mr. Thompson has not brought forward any other proof for
this assertion, than the other assertion that the differences presented
by the Charr from various localities are very manifold. The following
appeared to him the most striking differences :—

1. In specimens from Loch Grannoch the male fish has the colours
of S. salvelinus, Donov.; the female those of S. alpinus, Donoy.
The male has a much larger head and larger fins than the female.
Number of ova, 500.

2. In specimens from Lough Melvin both sexes are coloured
alike ; nor can they be distinguished from each other by the size of
the fins. Number of ova, 959.

The differences observed in the Charrs from the other localities
are not pointed out. Certainly, if Mr. Thompson had really seen
those in the size of the scales and of the teeth, he would have men-

* Fishes of the Firth of Forth, p. 148 (S. umdila).
ft Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840, vi. p. 439.

1862. ] DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. 45

tioned them, and probably arrived at a different conclusion ; but
having found that some authors before him distinguished the species
by the coloration as the chief character, and having satisfied him-
self that there is a great difference in this respect between the two
sexes in the Loch-Grannoch fish, he did not make any further di-
stinction between the other differences he was aware of, between ac-
cidental differences of individuals, between those of the two sexes,
and, finally, between those of the fishes from various localities, but,
considering all of them as equivalent, he was lost in a maze, out of
which there was no other escape than to cut the Gordian knot by
declaring those fishes as varieties of one and the same species.

We will not enter into a fruitless investigation as to the possibility
of the differences which we observe in those fishes being induced
by those physical peculiarities of the localities indicated by Mr.
Thompson, We will take and examine them as they are, and as
they will be, as long as zoologists of the present species of man exist,
provided that human interference does not put a premature termi-
nation to the whole tribe. We find, then, that there are other con-
stant differences in the Charrs from various localities, besides those
of individuals, age, or sex—which, derived from different parts, form
an assemblage of characters affording easy specific distinctions*.
If the difference were confined to a single character, to a slight mo-
dification of one organ only, I should not consider it sufficient to
establish a separate species on it ; if the difference consisted merely
in the presence or absence of white margins of some of the fins, or
if the fishes of one locality had only one fin-ray more, or one of the
fins rather more elongate, than their representatives in another locality,
one might call this a local variety. But if such a character is found
always combined with a second, or with more, so that from the one
an inference may be drawn as to the presence of the other, we are
certainly obliged to make a specific distinction.

Thus, although we cannot agree with Mr. Thompson that the
Windermere, the Welsh, and the Lough-Melvin Charrs are identical,
we nevertheless consider his paper as highly important to our
knowledge of the geographical distribution of the Charrs in Great
Britain.

1. A Charr is found in Loch Grannoch, Kirkeudbrightshire,
which makes its appearance only during ten days, never before
about the 13th of October}. The sexes are distinct from each other

* Haller, in ‘ Correspondence of Linnezus;’ ed. by Sir J. E. Smith, ii. p. 267.

t Objections have been made to my occasionally calling the Charr “in season
during some of the winter months.” The different species of Charrs appear to
be “in season” at very different parts of the year—the freshwater Herring in
November, the Torgoch towards the end of the year, the Charr of Windermere
in May and August. Considering that those fishes are nearly secure from the per-
secutions of man during the rest of the year, they ought to be allowed to be taken
when, once a year, they approach the shores in large shoals to spawn, at least in
those localities where such a control might be kept over their capture that all
danger of their becoming scarce would be avoided. Carnivorous fishes inhabit-
ing a certain confined locality, like the Charrs, increase in number only to a cer-
' tain degree; when their food becomes scarcer, they feed on their own progeny.

46 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. [Feb. 11,

in colour, and in the size of the. head and of the fins (in the number
of the vertebrae, the male having 60, the female 62-63 ?) ; number of
ova, 482. Beside a detailed description of the colours, the account
does not contain anything from which we could determine the species.

2. Of other localities in Scotland, Loch Inch and Loch Corr are
mentioned. They appear to be inhabited by a species identical with,
or similar to, S. willoughbii; at all events by one very different
from the ‘“‘ Haddy”’ of Loch Killin in Invernesshire. The latter is
very interesting, inasmuch it appears to be closely allied to the
Freshwater Herring of Lough Melvin. They are only caught when
spawning, about the 26th of September.

3. The freshwater Herring of Lough Melvin appears to be con-
fined to that locality.

4. Lough Dan (county Wicklow, Ireland) is inhabited by a Charr
“ presenting some of the characters both of the northern and Welsh
Charr.” Specimens were caught in summer with the fly.

5. Other localities in Ireland are—L. Kindun, L. Gartan, L. Derg,
Lake of Luggela, Loughnabrak, and L. Corrib. The Charrs from
those localities have a deep-red belly, and appear to approach S.
willoughbii or S. cambricus.

6. The following localities in Ireland are named on the authority
of other writers:—L. Esk (co. Donegal); Cummeloughs, in the
mountains of Cummeragh; Lake of Inchigeelagh (co. Cork), and
one or two other small lakes in this neighbourhood; L. Neagh* ;
a lake near Dunfanaghy (co. Donegal); L. Eaghish (co. Monaghan).

1841. YaRReELL, in the first edition of his work, distinguished,
according to the view of Donovan, a S. umbla and a S. salvelinus,
adopting afterwards the opinion of Agassiz and Thompson. His
account is composed of the observations of the differeut writers men-
tioned. As new localities, are mentioned Keswick, Crummock
Water, Coniston Water, Loch of Moy, Loch Inch, &c. The Gilt
Charr is mentioned as a variety of the Red Charr.

I conclude this paper with the descriptions of three species, which
certainly are not the only ones by which Great Britain and Ireland
are inhabited. I look forward with great hopes for the assistance
kindly promised by various friends of natural history, trusting that
with their help I shall finally be enabled to make up a complete
series of specimens from all the localities which are inhabited by
this obscure and therefore so interesting group of Salmonide, and to
give a more satisfactory account of them after having compared them
with their congeners of the Continent.

SaALmMo wiLLovcusu. (Pl. V.)

(The Charr of Windermere.)

Body compressed, slightly elevated, its greatest depth being one-
fourth of the distance of the snout from the end of the middle caudal
rays; the length of the head is a little more than one-half of the
distance of the snout and of the vertical from the origin of the dorsal.

* See pp. 41, 42.

1862.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. 47

Head compressed ; interorbital space convex, its width being less than
twice the diameter of the eye. Jaws of the male of equal length
anteriorly ; teeth of moderate strength, four in each intermaxillary,
twenty in the maxillary. Length of the pectoral less than that of
the head, much more than one-half of the distance between its root
and that of the ventral. Dorsal rays twelve. 165 transverse series
of scales above the lateral line. Sides with red dots; belly red;
pectoral, ventral, and anal with white margins.

Description of a male specimen, length 11 inches 2 lines. —Head
and body compressed, slightly elevated; its greatest depth is below
the origin of the dorsal fin, where it is contained four times in the
total length (to the end of the middle caudal rays). The least depth
of the tail equals the length of the base of the dorsal fin. The
height of the head above the mandibulary joint equals the distance
between the posterior margin of the orbit and the end of the oper-
culum. The upper profile of the head is somewhat elevated above
the margin of the orbit, the diameter of which is nearly one-fifth of
the length of the head, shorter than the snout, and more than one-
half of the width of the interorbital space; the latter is very di-
stinctly convex, with a rather prominent ridge along the middle, and
with a pair of series of pores. Snout slightly compressed, subconical,
with the jaws equal anteriorly. The nostrils are situated imme-
diately before the eye ; the posterior is the wider, and the cutaneous
bridge between both is not developed in a flap. The mazillary ex-
tends scarcely beyond the vertical from the posterior margin of the
eye, and is armed with 20-21 teeth of moderate size; four teeth in
the intermaxillary, seventeen in each mandible, two pairs on the
vomer, fifteen on each palatine bone, and four pairs on the tongue.
The suboperculum forms the hindmost part of the gill-cover, and
does not cover the exposed portion of the humerus above the root of
the pectoral; its vertical width is rather less than one-half of that of
the operculum, therefore it is comparatively narrow. Nearly all the
branchiostegals are situated at the side of the head, and exposed in
a lateral view of the fish. The lower branch of the outer branchial
arch is provided with eleven lanceolate, slightly curved gill-rakers ;
the longest is less than two lines long in the specimen described.

D.12. A.12. P. 13-14. V. 9-10.

The origin of the dorsal fin is exactly in the middle between the
snout and the root of the caudal ; the length of its base is equal to the
length of the last ray, and contained once and three-fourths in that
of the fourth. The fourth and fifth rays form an acute point, and
the upper margin of the fin is straight. The first ray is rudimentary,
the second half as long as the third, the third three-fifths of the
fourth, the fourth simple, the fifth branched, fourth and fifth longest,
the last split to the base. The distance of the adipous fin from the
dorsal is equal to twice and a third the base of the latter.

The origin of the anal fin is exactly in the middle between the
root of the caudal and that of the outer ventral ray ; the length of
its base equals that of the dorsal, and is contained once and two-

48 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. [Feb. 11,

thirds in the length of the fifth ray. The five anterior rays are en-
veloped in a common membrane, so that their length can be ascer-
tained only by dissection ; the fourth and fifth rays are the longest,
and form an acute point; the lower margin of the fin is nearly
straight. The first ray is rudimentary, the second half as long as
the third, the third three-fourths of the fourth, the fourth simple,
the fifth branched; the last split to the base, its length being two-
fifths of that of the fourth.

Caudal fin forked, one of the middle rays being half as long as the
outer ones, the length of which is contained five times and a half in
the total. Lobes pointed.

The base of the pectoral is entirely free, and not overlapped by
the gill-cover apparatus. It does not extend to the vertical from the
origin of the dorsal, is rather shorter than the head, and at least
two-thirds of the distance between its root and that of the ventral.

The ventral is inserted below the two last dorsal rays; its length
being two-thirds of that of the pectoral, or of the distance between
the root of its outer ray and the vent.

The scales are very thin and small; one taken from between the
dorsal and the lateral line is ovate, two-thirds as high as long. In
order to ascertain the number of transverse series of scales, it is ne-
cessary to count those above the lateral line, and not the perforated
scales of the lateral line, which are larger than the others, and do
not correspond to the transverse series. The scales on the back are
minute, rudimentary, hidden in the skin.

The colour on the sides of the back is a dark sea-green, passing
into blackish on the back, on the greater part of the dorsal and
caudal. Sides with a slight silvery shade, passing into a beautiful
deep red on the belly. Pectoral greenish, passing into reddish pos-
teriorly, the upper margin being. white; ventral red, with white
outer margin, and with a blackish shade within the margin; anal
reddish, with a blackish shade over the whole of the middle, and
with white anterior margin; sides of the head silvery, lower parts
minutely dotted with black.

The typical specimens were caught in the middle of November,
during the time of spawning.

Through the kindness of F. T. Buckland, Esq., I have received
four specimens of a closely allied species from Iceland. They are
from 19 to 15 inches long, and were imported in large quantity by
Mr. Hogarth : having been prepared like smoked Salmon, they are not
in a state fit for an accurate examination, although im their external
characters (even in the colours) they are pretty well preserved.
The vertebral column, gills, and intestines had been removed from
the fishes before they were smoked. Now those fishes agree exter-
nally very well with the Charr of Windermere; and I should not
hesitate to consider them as one species, but for a statement made
by Valenciennes, according to which the vertebral column of that
northern species is composed of sixty-seven vertebree*. Having
laid bare the spine on one side of the Windermere specimen, which

* Cuy. et Val. xxi. p. 250.

1862.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. 49

I have described and figured, I have found only fifty-nine vertebrze
—a number stated also by Yarrell. A difference of eight vertebre
will not be found within the limits of one species of Salmo; but it
is a question whether the skeleton in the Paris Museum really is
that of an Iceland Charr*, Valenciennes having comprised under
the name of Salmo alpinus “‘ plusieurs Truites rapportées de Norvége
par Noél de la Moriniére, ou de Suéde et d’Islande par M. Gaimard,”
without adding whether the skeleton referred to belongs to a Scan-
dinavian or Iceland specimen.

Faber (‘ Fische Islands,’ p. 168) also mentions the Iceland Charr
under the name of Salmo alpinus, a name which cannot be applied
to the specimens brought by Mr. Hogarth, for the same reasons as
stated above. The description given by him is valueless with regard
to specific distinction; and as he unites a true (freshwater) Charr
with another fish regularly entering the sea, it is probable that he
has confounded two species.

Satmo campsricus (PI. VI.).
(The Torgoch of Llanberris.)

Body slightly compressed and elongate, its greatest depth being
one-fifth, or two-ninths, of the distance of the snout from the root
of the caudal fin; the length of the head is considerably more than
one-half of the distance of the snout and of the vertical from the
origin of the dorsal. Head rather depressed, interorbital space flat,
its width being less than twice the diameter of the eye. Male with
the lower jaw longest; teeth of moderate strength,—six in each in-
termaxillary, twenty in each maxillary. Length of the pectoral less
than that of the head, much more than one-half of the distance
between its root and that of the ventral. Dorsal rays thirteen
(fourteen). 170 transverse series of scales above the lateral line.
Sides with numerous red dots, belly red; pectoral, ventral, and
anal with white margins.

The numerous specimens examined of this species agree in every
respect with one another. We take for the following description a
male specimen 9 inches long, the usual size of the Torgoch, which
scarcely ever exceeds the length of 12 inches.

Body rather compressed and elongate ; its greatest depth is below
the origin of the dorsal fin, where it is contained five times or four
times and a third in the total length (without caudal). The least
depth of the tail is three-fifths or two-thirds of the length of the
base of the dorsal fin. The height of the head above the mandi-
bulary joint equals the distance between the posterior margin of the
orbit and the end of the operculum. The upper profile of the head
is not elevated above the margin of the orbit, and is slightly concave.
The diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the length of the head, two-
thirds of the extent of the snout, and more than one-half of the
width of the interorbital space; the latter is flat, with the median

* Salmo umbla (Lake of Constance) has sixty-five vertebrae (Rapp, Bodensee-
Fische, p. 33).
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. IV.

50 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. [Feb. 11,

ridge and the lateral series of pores scarcely visible. Snout rather
depressed, conical, with the lower jaw slightly curved upwards and
overreaching the upper. The zos¢rils are situated midway between
eyeball and end of the snout ; the anterior is round, open, surrounded
by a membrane, which posteriorly is developed into a small flap,
nearly entirely covering the smaller, oblong, posterior nostril. By
this character alone the Torgoch may be distinguished from the
Charr and Freshwater Herring. The maxillary extends to (or scarcely
beyond) the vertical from the posterior margin of the eye, and is
armed with 19-21 teeth of moderate size ; six or seven teeth in each
intermaxillary, seventeen in each mandible; seven teeth on the vomer
form two sides of a triangle, the point of which is directed back-
wards ; fifteen teeth on each palatine, five pairs on the tongue. The
suboperculum is produced backwards, covering the triangular por-
tion of the humerus above the root of the pectoral, and being in
immediate contact with the latter; the vertical width of the sub-
operculum is one-half, or rather less than one-half, of that of the
operculum. Only three Jranchiostegals are exposed in a lateral
view of the fish, the others being situated at the lower side of the
head. The lower branch of the outer branchial arch is provided
with thirteen lanceolate straight gill-rakers ; the longest is somewhat
less than two lines long in the specimen described.

D.13(14). A.12(11). P.12 (13). V.9.

The origin of the dorsal fin is somewhat nearer to the snout than
to the root of the caudal; the length of its base is not much less
than its height. The fifth and sixth rays form the rounded top of
the fin. The first ray is rudimentary, the second half as long as the
third, the third half as long as the fourth, the fourth simple, five-
sixths of the fifth, which is branched, the sixth the longest, the last
split to the base. The length of the base of the dorsal is contained
once and a third in its distance from the adipous fin.

The origin of the anal fin is exactly in the middle between the
root of the caudal and that of the outer ventral ray; the length of
its base is less than that of the dorsal, and not much less than its
height.. The four anterior rays are enveloped in a common mem-
brane ; the fourth and fifth rays form a rounded point ; and the lower
edge of the fin is slightly emarginate. The first ray is short, the
second half as long as the third, the third three-fourths of the fourth,
the fourth simple, a little shorter than the fifth, which is the longest
and branched ; the last split to the base, its length being nearly one-
half of that of the fifth. ;

Caudal fin emarginate, the length of a middle ray being a little
more than one-half of that of the outer ones, the length of which is
contained six times and a half in the total. Lobes slightly rounded.

The base of the pectoral is overlapped by the gill-cover apparatus.
It extends nearly to the vertical from the origin of the dorsal, is
considerably shorter than the head, and three-fourths of the distance
between its root and that of the ventral.

~The ventral is inserted in the vertical from the eighth to eleventh

1862,] ~ DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS, §1

dorsal rays, its length being two-thirds of that of the pectoral, or of
the distance between the root of its outer ray and the vent.

The scales are very thin and small, deeply imbedded in the skin;
one taken from between the dorsal and the lateral line is ovate, two-
thirds as high as long. The perforated scales of the lateral line do
not correspond to the transverse series. Scales on the back minute.

The back is dark sea-green, which colour becomes lighter on the
sides, assuming a yellowish shade and gradually passing into the
bright red of the lower parts; sides with numerous reddish orange-
coloured dots. Pectoral greenish, passing into reddish posteriorly,
the upper margin being white; ventral and anal red, with white
anterior margins; dorsal and caudal blackish, with broad lighter
margins. Cheeks and suboperculum with numerous black dots.

Vertebree : sixty-one.

Young specimens, from 5 to 6 inches long, scarcely differ from
the adult specimens described. They are from Mr. Yarrell’s col-
lection, who obtained them from a lake near Barmouth in Merioneth-
shire, called Coss-y-gedawl. In consequence of the young age the
eye is much larger, longer than the snout, two-sevenths of the length
of the head, the maxillary not extending to the posterior margifi of
the orbit. The pectorals are comparatively a little shorter, the ven-
trals a little longer, than in the adult. Dorsal fin with fourteen rays
—that is, two rays more than in the Charr. The dark colour of the
back emits eight cross-bars on the sides, and the red dots are larger
and less in number—differences such as are usually observed between
old and young Salmonide. The specific characters (the flat head,
elongate body, rounded fins, peculiar nostrils, increased number of
dorsal rays, &c.) are very conspicuous. Yarrell has given a figure
of one of the specimens, in which the head is incorrect in nearly
every respect.

The typical specimens were caught on the 26th and 29th of No-
vember; the time of spawning appeared to have been then begin-
ning.

Satmo Grav (PI. VIL.).
_ (The Freshwater Herring of Lough Melvin.)

Body compressed, slightly elevated, its greatest depth being one-
fourth of the distance of the snout from the end of the middle caudal
rays; the length of the head is scarcely more than one-half of the
distance of the snout and of the vertical from the origin of the dorsal.
Head compressed ; interorbital space convex, its width being less
than twice the diameter of the eye. Jaws of the male of equal
length anteriorly; teeth very small, four in each intermaxillary,
sixteen in the maxillary. Length of the pectoral equal to, or rather
more than, that of the head, terminating at no great distance from
the ventral. Dorsal rays thirteen or fourteen. 125 transverse series
of scales above the lateral line. Sides with scattered light orange-
coloured dots ; belly uniform silvery whitish, or with a light-reddish
shade; fins blackish.

52 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. [Feb. 11,

Description of a male specimen, length 103 inches.—Head and body
compressed, slightly elevated, its greatest depth being below the
origin of the dorsal fin, where it is contained four times in the total
length (to the end of the middle caudal rays). The least depth of
the tail is considerably less than the length of the base of the dorsal
fin. ‘The height of the head above the mandibulary joint is more
than the distance between the posterior margin of the orbit and the
end of the operculum. The upper profile of the head is elevated
above the margin of the orbit, the diameter of which is one-fifth of
the length of the head, shorter than the snout, and a little more than
one-half of the width of the interorbital space. The latter is convex,
with a prominent ridge along the middle, and with a pair of series
of pores. Snout slightly compressed, subconical, with the jaws equal
anteriorly. The nostrils are situated midway between the end of the
snout and the anterior margin of the eyeball; the posterior is the
wider and round, the anterior being a very narrow vertical slit ; both
are separated by a narrow cutaneous bridge. The mawillary extends
to the vertical from the posterior margin of the eye, and is armed
with sixteen very small teeth, the posterior ones being quite rudi-
mentary. All the other teeth small—four in the intermaxillary, twelve
in each mandible, two to four on the vomer, fifteen on each palatine,
and four pairs on the tongue. The suboperculum forms the hind-
most part of the gill-cover, and does not cover the exposed portion
of the humerus above the root of the pectoral; it is narrow, its ver-
tical width being one-third of that of the operculum. Only the two or
three outer branchiostegals are exposed in a lateral view of the fish,
the others being situated at the lower side of the head. The lower
branch of the outer branchial arch is provided with nine lanceolate
straight gill-rakers; the longest is two lines long in the specimen
described.

BS iS Rae Pa a

The origin of the dorsal fin is nearer to the end of the snout than
to the root of the caudal ; the length of its base is considerably more
than that of the last ray, and contained once and two-fifths in that
of the fourth ray. The fourth and fifth rays form an acute point,
and the upper margin of the fin is nearly straight. The first ray is
nearly half as long as the second, the second half as long as the
third, the third not much shorter than the fourth; the fourth and
fifth are longest, the former simple and the latter branched ; the last
is split to the base, and nearly half as long as the fifth. The dis-
tance of the adipous fin from the dorsal is less than twice the length
of the base of the latter.

The origin of the anal fin is in the middle between the root of the
caudal and that of the outer ventral ray; the length of its base is
less than that of the dorsal, and two-thirds of the length of the fifth
ray. The fourth, fifth, and sixth rays are the longest, and form an
acute point ; the lower margin of the fin is slightly emarginate. The
first ray is short, half as long as the second; the second half as long
as the third; the third two-thirds as long as the fourth, which s

1862.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS, 53

simple; the fifth branched; the last is split to the base, two-fifths
as long as the fourth.

Caudal fin forked, one of the middle rays not being quite half as
long as the outer ones, the length of which is one-fifth of the total.
Lobes pointed.

The base of the pectoral is entirely free, and not overlapped by the
gill-cover apparatus. It is as long as, or even longer than, the head,
and extends to, or slightly beyond, the vertical from the origin of
the dorsal, terminating at a short distance from the ventral.

The ventral is inserted below the ninth, tenth, and eleventh dorsal
rays, its length being three-quarters of that of the pectoral; it ter-
minates at no great distance from the vent. In smaller specimens than
the one described the two outer rays are somewhat less lengthened.

The scales are very conspicuous, comparatively much larger than
in the other British species. Those between the dorsal fin and lateral
line are nearly square, with the hind margin rounded. Those of the
lateral line are not larger than the others; and their number, there-
fore, nearly coincides with the number of the transverse series. The
scales on the back are the smallest, yet very distinct.

Sides and belly silvery ; the scales on the side of the back have a
silvery centre and a blackish margin; the back itself bluish black ;
belly with a reddish shade; sides with scattered light orange-coloured
dots; fins blackish; the dorsal lighter superiorly, and with a few
light dots at the base; ventral with a narrow whitish margin. Head
silvery,. black above.

This account of the “ Freshwater Herring”’ is very incomplete, and
can be considered only as the first step towards a satisfactory know-
ledge of this species. We are not yet acquainted with the immature
state, or with variations which may occur, and with the female fish
only by a short notice of Mr. W. Thompson. I have before me two
other male specimens of nearly the same size as the one described,
but without any indication of the locality, and preserved in spirits for
a long time ; and six other specimens given to Prof. W. Thomson, of
Belfast, as being perhaps from Lough Melvin, and kindly lent to me
for examination. Those eight specimens agree with the Freshwater
Herring in the small size of their teeth, by which character these
Irish fishes may be at once distinguished from the other allied Eu-
ropean species—in the shortness of their head, in the length of their
pectoral, and in the shape of the fins; but they differ from the
typical specimens in several not unimportant points, which I shall
point out when a further supply of specimens shall enable me to form
a definite opinion about the value of those differences. I may, how-
ever, mention ee the females of one of those Irish fishes have fully
developed eggs ofthe size of a pea, when only 5 inches long! With-
out full material, and with the uncertainty as to locality, it would be
as dangerous to establish new species on differences which may, after
all, turn out to be dependent on age, as unwise to refer them to the
“Freshwater Herring” of Lough Melvin, thereby destroying a defi-
nition of its specific characters.

The typical specimens were taken in the beginning of November,

54 M.0O.A.L, MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID2. [Feb. II,

evidently with a net; the state of their sexual organs shows that
the spawning commences at that time of the year. It must be very
difficult to catch the fishes after the middle of November, partly be-
cause they retire into the deeper parts of the lake, and partly because
the attempts to set nets are frustrated by the stormy weather of the
season. Repeated endeavours to obtain more specimens, made by the
Earl of Enniskillen, proved to be unsuccessful. In a letter from
Mr. J. Walker, this gentleman mentions that he saw one taken with
a fly in the month of August.

The Earl of Enniskillen mentions, in a letter directed to Mr.
Thompson, that the ‘‘ Freshwater Herring”’ is plentiful in the middle
of November. ‘The people are now taking them in cartloads.
The flesh of such as I send is white and soft, and different from
what that of Charr is in any other lough.” Mr. Thompson* saw
the female ; and, according to him, it is externally not different from
the male. The ovaria contained 959 ova in a specimen 11 inches in
length, each being two lines in diameter.

Number of vertebree sixty, as ascertained by Thompson in a male
and female fish, and by myself in two males,

7. REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. By Orto A. L. Morcu
(or CopENHAGEN). (Part III.)

[Concluded from Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 365.]

Bryonta, Gray, 1850.

The Bivine, Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus. 1842, p. 62.
Bivonia, Gray, ibid. p. 90; Gray, 1850, in Mrs. Gray’s Fig. iv.
p- 82.no, 3; Adams, Genera, i. p. 358.

T. affiza, plerumque spiralis, apertura contracta circulari, sepe liris
spiralibus interupto-nodulosis et lira mediana elevata ; columella
levissima, nitida.

Animal tentaculis cylindricis, filamentis pedalibus subulatis vel seta-
ceis. Operculum parvum, rudimentare (Phil.).

Dr. Gray gives (in the Brit. Mus. Cat. 1842, p. 62) the following
character :—‘ The Livine have an orbicular spiral operculum, with
an oblong lateral scar like the Trochi.” I suppose this description
was made from a broken specimen, giving the muscular impression the
appearance of being lateral. In the Brit. Mus. Cat. for 1840, quoted
in Proce. Zool. Soc. no. 258, by Dr. Gray, I cannot find anything
about this genus. The edition 1844, quoted in the same place, is,
according to the indication of the pages 62 & 90, no doubt a typo-
graphical error. In the Systematic Index of Mrs. Gray’s Fig. of
Mollusca, p. 82, the diagnosis is altered thus :—‘ Operculum rudi-
mentary, small (spiral?),” which is evidently taken from Philippi’s
description of Vermetus triqueter, Biv.,—‘ Operculum parvum, rudi-
mentare,” which must thus be regarded as the type. Of the other

P * Ann, and Mag. Nat, Hist, 1841, vi. p. 443.

1862.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. 55

species referred to this genus, V. glomeratus, Biv., having a large
convex operculum, is a Spiroglyphus; and V. subcancellatus, Biv., is a
true Vermetus. The V. semisurrectus, Biv., with an “ operculum fere
completum,”’ seems not, according to the figure of Philippi, to differ
in the size of the operculum from the typical species.

1. Brvontra TRIQUETRA, Bivona, 1832.

T. solitaria aut gregaria, extus apicem versus saltem triquetra et
depressiuscula, orbiculatim vel turbinatim contorta, rugis trans-
versim flexuosis ; antice sepe elongata, cylindrica.
T. ejusdem structure atque V. gigantis, sed multo minor ; diameter
_tubi enim nunquam 25 mill. excedit. Apex et interdum tota testa,
si solitaria, exquisite triquetra, basi adnata depressa; pars teste
libera autem semper cylindricam formam induit. Rarius preter
carinam dorsalem, coste 2-3 adsunt ; plice transverse valide,
rugose, irregulares, in parte cylindrica multo minus conspicue.
Color albidus aut fuscescens.
Animal operculo parvo, rudimentari, tentaculis superioribus cylin-
dricis, paululum retractilibus, inferioribus setaceis longissimis ;
nigrum, pallio flavescente ; aut albidum, luteo, violaceo vel badio
maculatum (Phil.).
Massa quedam formata ab aliis tubulis, &c., Bonanni, ii. 20 E.
Vermetus triqueter, Bivona, Nuov. Gen. 1832, p. 11 (Phil.); Phi-
lippi, Enum. i. p. 170. t. ix. f. 21, ii. p. 143; Siebold, Wirbellose
Thiere, p. 344. 2.

Bivonia triquetra, Gray, Fig. iv. p. 82, t. 58. f. 4.

Vermetus (Aletes?) triqueter, Morch, Journ. Conch. viii. 36.

Var. a. PINNICOLA (Mus. reg.).
T. irregulariter spiralis, lineis tribus longitudinalibus crenulatis
(Gravenhorst).

Vermicularia granulata, Gravenh. Tergestina, 1831, p. 65. no. 5
(non Fabr.).

On the large Pinna, Seba, Thes. iii. tab. 91. no. 1.

Vermetus granulatus, Forbes, Hgzean Report, p. 138, verisim.

? Serpula rupestris, Risso, Eur. Mér. p. 204. no. 25?

Var. 3. SPIRORBIS.

T. solitaria, alba, cretacea, spirorbiformis, apertura soluta; carina
- dorsali crenulata, varicibus arcuatis 1 vel 2 in anfr. penultimo ;
latere externo subperpendiculari, liris confertis obsoletissimis ;
stri@ incrementi irregulares, sigmoidee, sepe membranacee, peri-
pheriam versus incrassate, in locis occultis pulcherrime undulato-
_ squamulose ; anfr. primi carnei.
_ Diam. teste 19 m.; diam. aperture 32 m,
Hab. In littore Dalmatiz (coll. Dunkeri in lapide).

Var. y. ALETES.

T. lateraliter affixa, anfr. obliquis decumbentibus planis ; carina
dorsalis compressa, crenulata, umbilicum approximans ; strie in-.

56 M.O.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDZ. [Feb. 11],

crementi membranacee, obsolete undulate in regione umbilicali
(Philippi, t. 9. f. 21).
Hab. In littore Dalmatize cum precedente (coll. Dunkeri).

T. juvenilis leviuscula, fusco-rosea vel carnea, spirorbiformis, leviter
corrodens.

Diam. testee 2} m.; diam. aperturee } m.

On the old specimens in the group belonging to Prof. Dunker.

Var. 6. SERPULINA.

T. glomerata, lira dorsali funiculari prominula ; lire longitudinales
remote, interrupte ; ruge incrementi conferte, sepe submembra-
nacee, undulate; varice erecto juxta aperturam; anfr. primi
planorbiformes ; testa infantilis bullata, nitidula, castanea,

A detached crust in the coll, of Prof. Dunker.

Var. «. EXPANSA.

T’. solitaria, corrodens, spirorbiformis ; anfr. ultimus carina dorsali
compressa, punctis ferrugineis remotis ; latere externo basi dila-
tato crenulato ; liris longitudinalibus obsoletissimis ; ruge et strie
incrementi leviter sigmoidee ; aperiura circularis, soluta, con-
tracta.

Diam. aperture 4 m.; diam. anfr. ult. 6 m.; diam. teste circ.

22 m.
Hab. Ad ins. Madeira (Mus. Cuming). On Patella longula,
Meusch., whereon it has formed a bed nearly going through the shell.

Var. 2. AMPLIATA.

T. repens, spiraliter torta; anfr. primi obliqui, decumbentes ; varice
dorsali juata aperturam ampliatam subquadrangularem.
Diam. aperture fere 7 m.
Hab. In mare Mediterraneo (Mus. Cuming). A few specimens of
this variety are to be seen on the under edge of the large crust of
Spiroglyphus glomeratus, described above.

Var. 7. FASCICULARIS.

Testis aggregatis, basi spiratis, antice porrectis, teretibus, sub-

fastigiatis (Phil.).

Vermetus triqueter, var., Biv. Nuov. Gen. t. 2. f. 4 (Phil.).

Vermetus triqueter, var. 3, Phil. Enum. i. p. 170, t. 11. f. 22.

Bivonia triquetra, Gray, Figs. i. pl. 58. f. 4 (copy).

Hab. In Sicilia, frequens (Pizl.).

“Var. (3, quam libenter speciem peculiarem esse crederes, ad in-
star Madreporarum cespitosa rupes vestit, et ipsa massas non sper-
nendee molis constituit ; partem tantummodo attuli ultra 1’ longam,
6-7" latam.”—Philippi.

Philippi never observed varices in this species. The specimens I
have compared showed generally one or two varices in the last and
penultimate whorls. . The variety 1 is a good transition to the fol-
lowing species, from which perhaps it does not differ.

1862.] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&, 57

2. BIvonIA SEMISURRECTA, Bivona, 1832.

I’. solitaria, cylindrica, apice contorto, rugosa, adnata, antice
longe porrecta, varicosa, sepe striis longitudinalibus subgra-
nosis asperula.

T. minus vitrea, tenuior, facilius quam relique cum Serpule testa
confundi potest, presertim cium sculptura plerumque, obsoleta,
aut propter crustam calcaream non conspicua sit.

Diam. tubi variata 2-4!’

Plerumque apex tantum adnatus ; et pars antica, sepe usque ad
4" longa, libera est, sepe levissima. Varices maniceformes

hee species frequentius ostendit quam relique ; colorem semper
album vidi (Phil.).

Animal operculo fere completo, tentaculis omnibus retractilibus,
superioribus cylindricis, inferioribus longioribus subulatis ;
caput et pedem fulva punctis ceruleo-fuscis marmorata, collare
Sulvim ceruleo-fusco articulatum ostendit, semel ego anteriorem
animalis partem pulchre cinnabarinam punctis albis adspersam,
et punctis nigris circa operculum ornatam, collare autem cin-
nabarinum nigro articulatum vidi. Tentacula inferiora subver-
rucosa, intus longitudinaliter subsuleata (Philippi).

Vermetus semisurrectus, Bivona, Nuov. Gen. p. 10, t. 2. f. 3;
Philippi, Enum. p. 171, t. 9. f. 1911, p. 144; vix Lacaze Duth.

Bivonia semisurrecta, Gray, Figs. p. 28, t. 58. f. 1; Adams,
Genera, p. 358.

Vermetus ( Aletes?) semisurrectus, Mérch, Journ. Conch. viii. p. 39.

Hab. In mari Mediterraneo (Sicilia) frequens plerumque testaceis,
rarius scopulis adnata (Philippz).

Dr. Hornbeck has received a specimen of this species attached to
Murex branderis, L., from M. Bivona, jun., which agrees perfectly
with the above description ; but the median lira on the penultimate
whorl is a little more prominent than in the others. In the Museum
of Breslau is a specimen of nearly twice the diameter of Philippi’s,
represented pl. 9. f. 19, and which yet appears to be the same species.
I believe this species is only the adult state of the preceding. The
chief differences are afforded by the animal; in the present species
all the tentacula are stated to be retractile, whilst in the preceding
species only the superior are a little retractile ; but these observations
are probably not founded on very exact investigations. The brim
of the mantle is simple, not reflected as in B. triquetra; but this
character is very likely only momentary. The colours are very dif-
ferent, but seem not to be constant, and are subject to great variations.
In the first volume of ‘ Enumeratio,’ Philippi describes the lid thus
—‘‘Operculum fere completum;” but in the second volume—
*Operculum completum, tenue, planum.” Philippi’s representa-
tions of the two species seem to me to show the opercula of the same
size in proportion to the lumen of the tubes. The animal represented
by Lacaze Duthiers as V. semisurrectus seems not to have any lid;
I suppose, therefore, it is V. gigas, Biv.

58 M.O.A.L.MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID2. {Feb. 1],

3. BrvontIA SUBTRIQUETRA, Morch.

T. valida, lateraliter affixa, irregulariter torta ; anfr. primi litui-
formes vel planorbiformes ; carina mediana elevata, compres-
siuscula; latere externo planiusculo, subperpendiculari, basi ex-
panso, liris plerumque destituto; latere interno convexiuseulo
(in junioribus plano), liris 10-12 e@quidistantibus ; strie incre-
menti leviter sigmoidee ; dissepimenta interna tenuia, convexa,

Diam. aperturee circ. 12m.

Var. a. SQUAMIFERA.

_ 1. carina dorsali parum prominente, squamis paucis remotis com-
~ pressis acutis ; latere interno liris 4—5 validis angustis sub-
squamosis, interstitiis lirulis 1-2 inequalibus ; latere externo
superne lirulis 2-3.
Diam. aperture cire. 7 m.
? Favanne, La Conchyl. pl. 66. f. B 2, fem. juvenile?
Fossilis in form, tertiaria ad Asti (coll. T. O. Semper).
This species has the same relation to B. triquetra as Thylacodes
melitensis, Gm., to T. intiotiosa, Salis.

4. Brvonta suTitis, Morch.
T. affixa irregulariter lituiformis, fere libera; anfr. graciles, primi
irregulariter planorboidet, carnei, liris expressis longitudinali-
bus alternatim minoribus, submoniliferis, interstitiis granulis
validis, remotis, sepe cum lateralibus confluentibus, inde serobt-
culis elongato-quadratis reticulata ; sculptura aperturam versus
levior vel fere evanescens ; anfr. ultimus solutus, longus, albe-
scens, varicibus duabus majoribus et duabus minoribus.
Diam. aperture et anfr. ult. cire. 3 m.
Hab. In littore occidentali Americze centralis, in valva solitaria
Veneris subimbricate Sow. affixa (Mus. Cuming).
This species is exceedingly like to Bivonia semisurrecta, Biv., but
differs chiefly in the catenulated granulations of the furrows and
moniliferous appearance of the lirz.

Var. a, ? MAsOR, Liris 3-4 validioribus, ubique impresso-punctata,

Diam. aperturee 7 m. (coll, Dunkeri, 222).

This specimen, on a fragment of a Pinna, probably from Central
America, is very like a large variety of B. semisurrecta in the Mu-
seum of Breslau.

Var, 8. TRIQUETRA.

T. corrodens, irregulariter planorbiformis, triquetra, lira dorsali
distincta; ruge et strie incrementi utrinque siymoidee ; lire
longitudinales obsoletissim@ vel evanescentes.

Diam. aperture 5 m.

Hab. Mazatlan, on a valve of a Placunanomia (Semper’s collection

at Altona).

I cannot see any notable difference between var. § and Bivonia

1862.] M..0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID®. 59)

triquetra, var. typica ; but I believe it has the same relation to B.
sutilis as B, triquetra to B. semisurrecta.

5. Brvonta quoyt, H. & A. Adams.

T’. solitaria, laxe contorta, tenuiuscula, livido albo fuscoque varie-
gata, arena agglutinata presertim in anfr. primis; anfr. ulti-
mus longus, porrectus, flexus, liris longitudinalibus obsoletis,
interstitiis lirulis parvis obsoletissimis ; striae incrementi sub-
membranacee, expresse.

Apertura circularis diam. cire. 4 m.

Cladopoda quoyi, Adams, Genera, i. p. 359, t. 39. f. 3a.

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin. (Mus. Cuming).

The description is from the specimen represented by Messrs.
Adams. I do not know if the authors have placed this species in
the genus Cladopoda from a knowledge of the animal ; but the shell
seems to me so like that of Bivonia semisurrecta, that I have re-
ferred it to the present genus until the animal proves the contrary.

_ War. a, LILACINA.

T. vie agglutinans, crassiuscula,.aperturam versus lilacina, liris
longitudinalibus granulosis ; in anfr. primis rugis obliquis cor-
rugata.

Diam. aperture fere 43 m.

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin. (Mus. Cuming).

One specimen a little larger and thicker than the preceding; the

first whorls are lost.

Var. 8. PLANORBOIDES.

T. lilacino et albo variegata, arenulis sparsis agglutinatis, primum
wregulariter planorbiformis ; anfr. ultimus longiusculus, por-
rectus, reflecus ; anfr.graciles, teretes, subequales, lirulis remotis
longitudinalibus, granulis sepe pulcherrimis, sat approximatis ;
interstitiis lirula parva mediana granifera; anfr. penultimus

striga longitudinali ferruginea abrupta; varicibus tribus, ultimo
erecto valido.
Diam. anfr. ult. cire. 34m.

? Tubulus vermicularis, Buonanni, Rec. p. 92. f. 20 A (sed duplo
major); Mus. Kirch. pl. 6. f. 20 A (copy).

? Le cor de chasse, Favan. i. p. 669, t. 6. f. 3 (copy, but reversed
and enlarged).

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin. (Mus. Cuming).

I do not know any shell better resembling the figure of Buonanni.

Var. y. LAQUEARIS,

T. repens, sordide carnea; anfr. primi lividi, laqueatim torti; lire
validiuscule, sat approximate, granifere, hic illie squamulis
minutis ; ruge incrementi arcuate, irregulares ; apertura af-
fixa, latere affizo plano obscuro.

,

60 M..0.A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID#. [Feb. 1],

Diam. aperture 3 m.

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin., lapillo affixo (Mus. Cuming).

Very similar to the typical specimen in colour, but creeping and
shorter.

Var. 6. RUGOSO-SQUAMOSA.

T. alba, crassiuscula, laquearis, irregulariter spiralis; lire latius-
cule ; lamine incrementi conferte, undulata, intersectionibus
squamis latis brevibus; anfr. ultimus solutus, longus, leviusculus,
squamulis incrementi tenuibus parvis.

Diam. aperture 3 m.

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin. ? (Mus. Cuming).

One specimen, with a few agglutinated pebbles.

Var. ¢. STRIGATA.

T. crassiuscula, soluta, irregulariter torta, alba, postice lineis
longitudinalibus duabus ferrugineis ; latere affixo plano, fascia
longitudinali badia, utrinque ferrugineo terminata ; lire lon-
gitudinales valide, regulares, hic illic squamulose ; ruge incre-
menti subequales, equidistantes, inde interstitiis scrobiculatis ;
lapillis sparsis agglutinatis.

Diam. aperture cire. 33 m.

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin. (Mus. Cuming).

Description taken from a small detached specimen.

Var. 2. PAPILLOSA.

T. lateraliter affiva, carnea; anfr. primi 3-4 fere regulariter pla-
norbiformes; anfr. sequentes laqueati, obliqut, incumbentes ;
lire longitudinales remote, papillis conicis compressis acutis
sat remotis; interstitiis lirulis 1-2 minutis graniferis.

Apertura subsoluta, diam. 35 m.

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin. ; in valva solitaria Balant tintinnabuli?

affixa (Mus. Cuming).

This variety unites the preceding small and narrow forms with the

following larger and broader.

Forma 1. ADSPERSA.
T. anfractibus ampliatis, lateribus dilatatis.

Var. 7. CORALLIOPHILA.

T. tenuiuscula, irregulariter planorbiformis, in corallio fere semi-
immersa, albescens, fasciis longitudinalibus duabus ferruginets ;
latere afixo fascia badia; anfr. aperturam versus dilatati,
planiusculi, latere externo margine depresso dilatato, Tugis in-
crementi validis ; latere interno et dorsali liris longitudinalibus
confertis confuse granulosis ; anfr. ultimus contractus, tubo
aperturali porrecto, tenui, angusto, leviusculo malleato, rugis
annulatis obsoletis, liris evanescentibus ; intus alba, columella
nitida, sulco infra mediano obsoleto ; anfr. primi cineret.

Diam. aperturee 3 m.; diam. anfr. penult. 55 m.; longitudo tubi

10m.

1862.] M.0.A.L.MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 61

Serpula costalis, Chenu, Ill. t. 10. f. 7 (non absimilis).

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin. (coll. Cuming). (Specimen descriptum
extat in collectione Hornbeckiana. )

In Mr. Cuming’s collection is a specimen without apertural tube,
attached or slightly burrowing in the very same kind of coral as Dr.
Hornbeck’s specimen. A detached tube, bent like a fishing-hook,
about 60 m. long, and agreeing in sculpture and calibre with the
apertural tube above described, is also found in Mr. Cuming’s col-
lection.

Var. 0. TRIQUETRA.

T. affixa, scaphitotdea, albescens, tenuiuscula, latere affixo plano
candido ; anfr. ultimus triqueter, carinula plana mediana can-
dida, utrinque linea castanea marginata; marginibus, presertim
externo, dilatatis ; latere interno liris 2 vel 3 albis et lineis
Serrugineis 2 vel 3 confluentibus ; strie et ruge incrementi sepe
Serruginee, varie flece, in intersectionibus lirarum et carine
precipue incrassate ; anfr. ultimus rectus, pone aperturam in-
Jflexus, contractus, cylindricus ; apertura circularis, intus can-
dida; anfr. primi intus castanei.

Diam. aperture 54m. ; diam. anfr. ult. fere 10 m.

Hab. Ad ins. Philippi. Specimen in fragmento Tetraclite af-

fixum extat in Mus. Caming.

Var. «. GRANIFERA.

T. crassiuscula, alba vel flavescens ; anfr. incumbentes, obliqui, de-
pressiusculi, aperturam versus ampliati, marginibus dilatatis ;
anfr. primi angusti, inferne lividi; lire longitudinales conferte,
alternatim minores, sepe interrupte vel confuse ; ruge incre-
menti valide, sigmoidee, sepe undulata, versus marginem incras-
sate et sepe furcate, granulis validis ornate ; faucibus macula
badia oblonga, margine gastaneo ; columella candida, nitida ;
parietes interne flavescentes (ut videtur in specimine fracto).

Dian. aperture 6 m.; anfr. ult. inferne 12 m. latus.

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin.? (Mus. Cuming).

This shell looks very different from the preceding variety ; but the

first whorls are exactly of the same shape and bluish colour (with
agglutinated minute pebbles) as in the type, but chiefly in var. y.

Var. k. FULGURATA.

T.. spirorbiformis, latissime umbilicata ; anfr. ultimus ampliatus,
convexus, peripheria dilatata ; lire spirales confertissime, regu-
lares, subgranose ; lira quarta vel quinta queque expressior,
leviuscula ; rug@ incrementi sigmoidee, sat approximate, utrin-
que incrassate ; anfr. ultimus juxta aperturam contractus ;
apertura soluta, circularis ; anfr. primi varicibus parvis 2 vel 3

* fornicatis erectis ; color pallide flavescens, presertim periphe-
riam versus, fascia mediana obsoleta lactescente ; lineis trans-
versis fulguratis, aurantiacis vel fuscis, approximatis.

62 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. [Feb. 11,

Diam. aperture 94 m.; anfr. vel 12 m. in latere affixo; diam.
max. teste 45 m.

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin.; specimen cum fragmento Pinne in-
curve ? extat in Museo Cumingiano.
_ The whorls in the centre remind one of those of var. 8. It looks
at first glance entirely different ; but it is evidently the same form
as var. «, only larger and more regularly grown.

Var. X\. PUNCTATA.

T. lituiformis, crassa, inferne planissima, affixa, superne convexa,
latere externo precipitanter declivi; lire longitudinales re-
mote, expresse, nodulis obsoletis irregularibus, interstitus sepe
lirula intercalante ; ruge incrementi expresse, leviter arcuate ;
inde confuse reticulato-scrobiculata ; color albescens vel fusce-
scens, punctis ferrugineis et lapillis agglutinatis adspersa ;
apertura circularis, contracta, soluta.

Diam. teste 35-55 m.; diam. aperture 74 m.; anfr. ult. 11] m.

Serpula costalis, Chenu, Ill. pl. 10. f. 6, simillima.

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin. (Mus. Cuming).

The specimen shows on the underside the cast of the denudated
layers of a pearl-oyster. It differs chiefly from the figure quoted in
having all the whorls in one plane, and consequently | having a very
large umbilicus, which is open in the middle, the first few whorls
being lost. This variety approaches in many respects to var. 0. é77-
quetra.

Var. p. VARIEGATA.

T. crassa, spiraliter torta; anfr. obliqui, incumbentes ; latere
externo dilatato ; lire longitudinales obsolete, rugis incrementi
sepe incrassatis et continuis decussate ; inde fere ubique con-
Suse reticulato-scrobiculata vel malleata; anfr. ultimus solutus,
longus, tortus, erectus ; color albescens, presertim in lateribus,
fascia mediana lata castanea e lineis longitudinalibus confluen-
tibus composita, lacteo variegata, lineis ferrugineis aperturam
versus remotis.

Diam. aperture 6 m.

Rumph. Amboina, t. 41. f. H, non absimilis.

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin. (Mus. Cuming) ; specimen in lapide af.

fixum.

This variety approaches in colour the var. x. fulgurata.

_ Var. v. FLOS-LACTIS.

T. crassiuscula, irregulariter torta; anfr.contigui vel incumbentes ;
lire longitudinales obsolete vel nodulis acutiusculis ornate ;
ruge inerementi crassiuscule, irregulares, sepe confluentes ;
latere externo fascia lata fusca vel castanea variegata, latere
superiore fascia lata lactea vel pallide cyanea ; anfr. primi i fia-
vescentes, leviusculi.

Diam. aperture 7 m., speciminis minoris 3 m.

Hab. Adins. Philippin. (H. Cuming), in Cerithio noduloso affixa.

1862.] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. 63

This variety differs chiefly from the preceding in the colours being
stronger, the exterior side being of a deep chestnut-brown colour, and
the upper side of a bluish white, like the preceding forms, but much
more developed. A smaller specimen, attached to the same shell,
with agglutinated pebbles, differs chiefly from the type in being
thicker in the shell.

? Var. . (ALETEs).

T. solida, spiraliter torta, lateraliter affiva; anfr. contigui, pla-
niusculi, incumbentes, obliqui, suturis dilatatis ; anfr. ultimus
longus, solutus, fere semiteres, aperturam versus reflexus, liris
longitudinalibus confertis, sepe connatis et leviusculis, leviter
undulatis; ruge incrementi parve, approximate, suturam versus
incrassate, leviter sigmoidee et sepe furcate ; interstitia lira-
rum reticulato-scrobiculata, fasciis longitudinalibus angustis
approximatis 4-5 aurantiacis ; sutura alba; anfr. ultimus
sordide livescens ; columella candida, nitida, intus aperturam
versus fuscescens.

Diam. aperture circ. 6 m.; anfr. ult. 73 m.; anfr. penult. cire.

10m.

Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming).

This variety is not unlike Vermetus cercus, Carp., chiefly so in
shape; but the sculpture and colour remind one of var. 7. corallio-
phila. The affixed side is thinner, white, and shows marks of a pearl-
oyster.

6. Bivonia constrictor, Morch.

T. crassa, repens, laqueatim contorta, sordide lactea, primum
roseola; anfr. convewxiusculi; latere externo dilatato; lire late,
parum prominentes, subapproximate, versus marginem eaternum
omnino evanescentes ; ruge incrementi prominentes, irregulares,
leviter sigmoidee, in intersectionibus interdum obsoletissime
nodulose ; anfr. ultimus pone aperturam contractus, breviter
cylindricus, varicibus duabus equidistantibus crassis brevissimis
arcuatis ; intus fere ubique castanea ; apertura soluta, cireu-
laris, peripheria interna alba.

Diam. apert. 7 m.; diam. anfr. ult. circ. 10-12 m.

Serpula arenaria, Bowd. Elements, ii. f. 130, non absimilis.

Hab. Australia (Mus. Cuming).
’ One specimen, nearly half sunk in the surface of a calcareous con-
‘glomerate, with an imbedded spine of an Echinus: it seems to be some-
what corroding. The last whorl shows two varices, the first at the
same distance from the second as that is from the aperture. The
figure quoted is not unlike the principal specimen in the group, but
the apertural tube is rather long.

7. Bivonta GOREENSIS, Gm.

T. teres, cancellata, flava, intus cornea, 8-9 pollices longa, striis
elevatis, longitudinalibus confertis (Gm).

64 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID#. [Feb. 11,

La longueur de sa coquille est de 8 & 9 pouces, et sa largeur de
3.44 lignes. Elle est contournée plus irrégulitrement que le Vermet
et fait un peu moins de spires, qui vont aussi de droite 4 gauche. Sa
surface est relevée de 50 petits filets longitudinaux, fort serrés, et
traversés par d’autres filets semblables, qui forment un treillis extré-
mement fin. Son ouverture ne s’éléve pas d’un demi pouce au-dessus
des spires. Elle s’incline toujours un peu sur le cété. Elle est
jaune au dehors, et de couleur de corne au dedans.

Animal.—l.es cornes ont deux fois plus de longueur que de largeur.
Son pied parait comme plié en deux 4 son extrémité. C’est dans ce
pli quest placé Vopercule qui est si petit qu’on a de la peine 4 le
distinguer sans le secours du verre lenticulaire. Il n’a guére plus
d’un huitiéme de ligne de diamétre. Le manteau est bordé tout
autour de 12 petits tubercules jaunes. La téte, les cornes, le pied et
le manteau sont bruns pointillés de jaune et de rouge: le reste du
corps est blanc-de-corne dans sa moitié supérieure et blanc-de-lait
taché de brun dans l’autre moitié.

Le Dofan, Adans. Sénégal, p. 164, t. 11. f. 3.

Les Boyaux de mer @ Afrique, Fav. i. p. 651, t. 6. f. E 2.

Serpula, no. 27, Schroter, Einl. ii. p. 566.

Serpula goreensis, Gm. 3745.

Vermetus goreensis, Daudin, Rec. 1800, p. 35.

Serpula goreensis, Dill. ii. p. 1077. no. 20; Wood, Index, t. 38.
f. 19 (copy).

Vermetus goreensis, Bly. Dict. lvii. p. 325.

Vermetus (Dofania) goreensis, Mérch, Journ. Conch. viii. p. 26.

Hab. ‘Cette espéce s’attache par monceaux ronds d’environ un
pied de diamétre, sur les coquillages et sur les morceaux de bois que
le hazard a fixés au fond sablonneux et coquillier de la rade de Vile
de Gorée.”’—Adans.

If the description of the lid is correct, and not erroneous like the
observations of Bivona on Thylacodes polyphragma, it must be re-
ferred to this genus. In the Royal Museum is a large flat crust agree-
ing with the description of Adanson, but which looks more like a
true Vermetus.

Gen. Tuyxacopes, Guettard, 1774.

T. plerumque solitaria, repens, quandoque spirata, sepe liris 3-5
longitudinalibus nodulosis; apertura circularis, nunquam con-
tracta. Testa nuper nata bulimoidea, apertura antice subeffusa.

Animal tentaculis breviusculis, nodulo oculifero juxta basin ea-
terno ; filamenta pedalia subulata, longa [Phil.], contractilia,
suleo profundo longitudinal interno, mammilla basali intermedia
perforata; propodium planum, parvum, antice recte truncatum,
angulis utrinque productis; mesopodium spatulatum, medio
concavum, antice mammilla valida subcompressa ; metapodium
magnum, cylindricum, postice truncatum, rugis transversis subti-
lissimis (secundum el. Gray radiatim sulcatum), utrinque sub-
alatum, membrana brevi elongata recurrente utrinque cum capite
Srenis conjunctum; operculo nullo (Mérch).

1862.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’s REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 65

Serpula, pp., L. S. N. ed. x. pp.*

Tulaxodes, Guettard, Mém. 1774, vol. iii. pp. 143, 152.

Thylacodes, Agass. Nomencl. p- 370, et Herm. Index, ii.

Serpulus, Montf. 1810, Conch. Syst. pl. 22, sed non deser.

Serpule concamerate, Schmidt, 1818, Beste Einricht, p. 215.

? Lemintina, Risso, 1826, Hist. iv. p. 114.

Serpulorbis, Sassi, Journ. Ligust. di Se. Sept. 1827, v. p. 482 ;
Sassi, Fér. Bull. 5. xix. 1829, p.' 123:

Cellularia, Schmidt, MOll. Cat. Mus. Gotha, 1833, p. 70 (non
Pallas).

? Hatina, Gray, Synops. Brit. Mus. 1842, pp. 62, 90; 1844,

. 62.
= Serpuloides, Gray, Figures, 1850, iv. p. 83; Guide, 1857, p. 127.

Guettard established this genus chiefly on account of the internal
septa, the presence of which in his genus Campulotus (Vermetus,
Adans.) was unknown to him. The latter genus was distinguished
by regular spiral whorls, and included not only Vermiculus, but even
Scala scalaris, L. Guettard states (J. ¢., p. 152) that he chiefly
founded his genus on the genus Certium of Gualtieri, which con-
tains principally the large Mediterranean species.

Lemintina (Risso) is generally regarded as a badly observed spe-
cies of this genus, from which it differs in the want of the pedal
filaments. The curious feather-like bodies represented by Risso are
described thus :—“ La bouche est fendu en long, placé sur un trompe
ou mamelon conique au sommet de la téte, laquelle est surmontée
d’un petit panache blanc, qui sont les branchies.”” I believe this
supposed gill is the lingual membrane, which seems to me very pro-
bable upon comparing the description with the description of the
tongue of Vermetus by Lacaze Duthiers, in ‘ Annales des Sciences,”
1859, xi. p. 208.

The genus Hatina, Gray (olim), founded on Vermetus inopertus,
Riippel, has no pedal filaments ; but it is possible that the male organ
is in reality one of the filaments, the other either being overlooked or
forgotten by the artist. But it must be observed that the filament
represented is situated in the place which the male organ usually oc-
cupies in allied families. V. Siebold denies entirely the existence
of an exterior male organ; and no author has described it since.

The radiating lines on the tip of the metapodium, represented by
Philippi, but not described,-and regarded as a generic character by
Dr. Gray, are not to be seen on specimens in spirits ; they are pro-
bably nothing more than coloured lines. The lid is wanting, but
Bivona mentions that it has an “ operculum minimum punctiforme.”
A similar minute operculum, concealed in a fold of the foot of the
Dofan, is described by Adanson. The animal appears, like the other
Vermetidée, to be viviparous. The egg-cases and larvze are described
by Philippi (Wiegman’s Archiv f. Naturg. 1839, p. 128), and illu-
strated by a figure from Scacchi, but more extensively by Schmarda

* “ Szepe isthmis integris passim intercepta.” But the animal is described as
an Annelid.

Proc, Zoou, Soc.—1862, No. V.

66 M.0.A.L.MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. [Feb. 11,

(Wiener Denkschriften, 2. Abth. 4. Band. 1852, p. 135, pl. 10). The
latter author has mistaken the ear-capsules for the eyes (Troschel,
Jahresbericht, 1852). The spermatozoa (or perhaps the sperma-
thecze) are described by Siebold (Wirbellose Thiere, p. 344); in the
same work (pp. 341, 345) are given some observations on the renal
and mucous organs. Troschel has represented the teeth of 7. poly-
phragma (Sassi) and T. decussatus (Gm.), which chiefly differ from
the teeth of Siphonium nebulosum (Dill.) in having a little tooth more
on each side of the rachial plait. The structure of the maxilla is
represented by the same author (Gebiss, p. 155, pl. 13. f, 3).

1. THYLACODES POLYPHRAGMA, Sassi.

T. solitaria, irregulariter spiralis; anfr. sepe contigui teretiusculi,
sutura dilatata, liris parvis longitudinalibus confertis sepe al-
ternatim minoribus, confuse ruguloso-granosis, sepe liris validis
3-4, nodulis remotis et punctis ferrugineis interpositis ; anfr.
ultimus longus, leviter tortus, gracilis ; color sordidus e fulvo et
flavido albescens.

Diam. aperture 14 m.

Animal capite, pede et limbo pallit purpureis aut purpureo-atris,
puncetis albis maculisque sulphureis pictum; reliquum corpus pal-
lidum albescens ; tentacula superiora brevia, crassa, conica, non
retractilia, inferiora cylindrica, filiformia, acuminata, pallide
annulata (Phil.).

Serpula arcuaria, L. Knorr, Vergn. iv. p. 23, vol. i. t. 29. f. 5,
1769.

Serpula intestina, Salis-Marschlius, Reise, p. 358, 1793.

Serpula arenaria, Lam. v. p. :

Serpulorbis polyphragma, Sassi, 1. c., 1827; Fér. Bull. 1829;
Poli, t. 1. f. 17 (Philippi) ; Delle Chiaje, t. 57. f. 1-9.

Vermetus gigas, Gray, Figs. t. 58. f. 6 (copy).

Serpuloides arenaria, Gray, Figs. iv. p. 83.

Vermetus gigas, Phil. Chenu, Ill. pl. 4. f. 5.

Dentalium intestiniforme, Lin. 1859; Hanl. MS. of Mus. Ulr.
p- 49.

Serpulorbis gigas, Adams, Gen. t. 39. f. 2 (optime).

Var. a. ALETES.

T. lateraliter affixa, fere regulariter spiralis; anfr. obliqui, con-
tigui incumbentes ; anfr. ultimus interdum solutus, longus.

Pe iiibi- lineolata, Gravenh. Tergest. p. 57. no. 3 (ex spm.
orig.).

Vermetus gigas, Biv. Nuoy. Gen. p. 9, t. 2. f. 1, 2 (Phil.); Phil.
Enum. i. p. 170, t. ix. f. 18, and ii. p. 143.

Serpuloides arenaria, Gray, Figs. iv. p. 83, t. 57. f. 2 (copy).

Serpulorbis gigas, Biv. Ad. Gen. i. t. 39. f. 2 (copy) -

Hab. In mare Mediterraneo; Tarento (Salis); Sicilia (PAil.);
Genoa (Sass?).

1862.] M.0.A,L, MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID2. 67

Var. 3. AMPLA.

T. laxe contorta, tenuiuscula; anfr. viv contigui, teretes, ampli,
primum depressiusculi, angulo acuto aperturam versus evane-
scente ; anfr. ultimus solutus, erectus, breviusculus ; lire longi-
tudinales parve, approximate, rugis incrementi subcequalibus
decussate, inde interstitiis subtiliter punctato-scrobiculatis ;
anfr. ultimus superne liris duabus tribusve interruptus, nodulis
compressis elongatis. Color albus, presertim intus, superne
Jlavescens in anfr. primis pallidissime lilaeinus.

Diam. apert. 27 m.; long. tubi aperturalis 30 m.; diam. anfr.

penult. cire. 15 m.

? Vermetus sipho, Lam., Chenu, Ill. t. 7. f. 3, minor.

? Serpulorbis sipho, Chenu, Man. p. 320, f. 2306 (copy).

Hab. In ins. Melitens. (Coll, nostra). Specimen in lapide molli

flavo affixum.

2. THYLACODES MELITENSIS, Gm. 1791.

T. teretiuscula, contorta, umbilicata, decussatim striata, costis
longitudinalibus nodulosis, intus levi polythalamia (Gm.).
Die vielkammerige gewundene Seeschlange, Schroter, Finl. ii.
p- 576, t. 6. f. 19, 1789 ; Schréter, Neue Litteratur, 1785, ii. p. 216.
Hab. Fossilis in Melita inventa, gyris 2 primis recta sibi impositis
(Gm.). Formatio tertiaria.

Var. 8. REPENS,

1716. Evuvia serpentis in lapides conversa, Besler, Rariora, t. 36.
f. 102.

1817. Serpula grandis, Link, Verz. Rostock, p. 23 (Lang, Lapid.
t. 50. f. 3).

This species is chiefly distinguished from the preceding by its
great thickness ; the granules of the lirz are of a vesiculous nature.

Var. y. ITALICA.

Vipera petrificata, Worm, Mus. 1655, p. 90.

Wurmférmige Meerrhire, Knorr, Petrif. 2.Th. 2. Bd. p.288. t. 1.7;
(Tubus aperturalis), Knorr, ib. p. 298, t. 1a. f. 13.

Serpula polythalamia, Brocchi, Subapp. 268.

Serpula dentifera, var. c., Lam. v. p. 367. no. 24.

Serpula arenaria, Bronn, Hal. Tertiarg. 1831, p. 65.

Serpula decussata, Defr. Dict. t. xlviii. p.571 (Piémont, Bordeaux);

Vermetus arenarius, Hornes, Geol. Reichsanst. p- 200, t. 20.
f. 5,6; Griffith, A. Kingd.

Hab, Fossilis in form. tert. Italize borealis.

3. THYLACODES DENTIFERUS, Lam.

T. teres, contorta, costellis longitudinalibus duabus tribusve den-
tiferis.
“Cette espéce devient assez grand,” —Lam.

Var. ¢, testis majoribus subsolitariis (Mus, no.), Lam.

68 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID®. [Feb. 11,

Serpula dentifera, Lam. vy. p. 367. no. 24.

Magilus dentiferus, M.-Edw., Lam. v. p. 625.

Vermetus dentiferus, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. t. 4. f. 1 (med. et sup.).

Vermetus dentiferus, Bly. Dict. Se. t. lvii. p. 325.

Hab. Les mers de !’ Asie australe (Lam.).

“ Tube assez grand, & coupe circulaire, contournée irréguliérement,
a stries d’accroissement grossitres, rugueuses, et d’autres fois pourvu
de deux 4 trois petites cétes ou carénes longitudinales, dentiféres, ou
mieux tuberculeuses. Couleur d’un rouge brun, mais quelquefois
blanche. Cette espéce, qui offre une premiére variété, dont les tubes
sont subsolitaires, et une autre ov ils sont subanguleux et agglomérés,
vient des mers de l’Asie australe. Elle n’est peut-¢tre pas distincte
de la 8. arenaria, qui, comme elle, n’est qu’un Vermet. Un individu
de la collection de M. Lamarck m’a méme offert son opercule corné.””
—Blainv. Dict. Se. t. xlviii. 1827, p. 558.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection are several specimens from Australia
which seem to me to agree pretty well with the above description, but
which differ from the uppez figure of Chenu in having less prominent
nodules. The lid mentioned by Blainville is very likely found in the
var. 0. of Lamarck, which I suppose is Siphonium nebulosum, Dillw.

Var. a. REPENS.

T.. repens, affixa, tenuiuscula, flavescens; lire longitudinales parve,
expresse, subremote, liris incrementi minoribus subundulatis
approximatis decussate ; inde subtiliter reticulata; lire tres
prominentiores, inequales, nodulis linearibus remotis, maculis
linearibus fuscis interpositis ; ruge transverse valida, irregu-

_ lares; varices breves, irregulares, sepe 3-4.

Diam. aperturee cire. 9 m.

Hab, Australia; Swan River, creeping on a Cardium; Cape Up-
start (Mus. Cuming).

The Vermetus dentiferus (Q. & G.) approaches this variety in
shape, but looks very different in colour and in the form of the
aperture. The following species is very likely only a narrow form
of the type, depending on its being agglomerated.

4, THYLACODEs suLcatus, Lam.

I’. teres, inferne contorta, subglomerata, antice porrecta; cos-

tellis longitudinalibus numerosis, subdentatis (Lam.).

Serpula suleata, Lam. v. 1818, p. 367. no, 22, ed. 2. v. p. 625;
Blainv. Dict. t. xlviii. p. 558.

Vermetus nove hollandie, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. pl. 1. f. 4a, vix 5.

Hab, Les mers de la Nouvelle Hollande (Lam.); Kangaroo
Island (Mus. Cuming).

The description and locality of Lamarck seem to me to agree
perfectly with the shell represented by Chenu, which has also the
same calibre as the Dofan (Adanson), quoted, with a query, by La-
marck. ‘This shell differs only from the preceding species in its
smaller caljbre, very likely dependent on its being agglomerated

1862.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. 69

detached specimen shows a transition state. Fig. 5 of Chenu looks
entirely different, and more allied to V. annulatus, Rouss.

5, THYLACODES TURONIUS, Rouss.
Vermetus turonius, Rouss., Chenu, Il. pl. 4. f, 44.

Hab. 2
According to the specific name, it would be from Touraine; but,
from the colours in the aperture, it would seem to be a living shell,

6. THYLACODES ANNULUS, Rouss.
T. repens, laquearis, longitudinaliter subtiliter striata ; anfr., am-
pliati : postice carina brevi crenulata (ex icone).
Vermetus annulus, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. t. 1. f. 8.
Hab. 2
I do not know of any shell like the figure; but it seems to be a
good species.

7. THYLACODES RIISEI, Morch.

T. solitaria, repens, laqueatim torta, tenuiuscula, albescens, carneo
vel pallidissime lilacino variegata; anf. ampli, presertim aper-
turam versus, liris longitudinalibus parvis planis approximatis
alternatim minoribus, superne liris tribus remotis, tuberculis
compresstusculis elongatis, sepe acutis, interdum muticis, con-
Jluentibus, punctis ferrugineis interpositis ; strie incrementi mi-
nute in intersectionibus lirarum minutissime imbricate ; latere
affixo irregular, sepe fascia castanea lata longitudinali,

Diam. aperture circ. 15 m.

Desh. Traité de Conch. t. 79. f. 16, non absimilis.

Hab. Ins. 8. Thome, Antillarum, Riise, Hornbeck (Mus. reg. et

Univ.).

Var. a, LIMACELLA.

T. repens, solidula, candida, hic illie pallide earnea; anfr. sub-
equales, lirulis longitudinalibus latiusculis planis confertis, liris
latis 7-8 remotis undulatis vel obsoletissime nodulosis ; ruge
inerementi juxta margines valide, inde lateribus fluctuatis ;
strie incrementi obsoletissime ; apertura subovalis, affixa.

Diam. aperture 64 lat., 8 m. alt.

Hab. Ins. Antill., in Ostrea limacella, Lam., affixa (Mus. Cuming).

This variety corresponds very well with the first whorls of the type.

It differs chiefly by greater solidity and more regular liree, but other-
wise looks very different.

Var. @. MUHLENPFORDTII,

T. albescens, solidula, agglomerata, primum repens vel irregulariter
spiralis ; anfr. ultimus porrectus, teres, longus, leviter tortus,
leviusculus, rugis et strits incrementi inequalibus ; lire longi-
tudinales expresse, approximate ; superne seriebus tribus nodu-
lorum compressorum ; lire incrementi undulata, approximate ;
interstitiis lirarum irregulariter scrobiculatis,

Diam. aperture circ. 6 m.

70 M.0,A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. [Feb.11,

V. nove hollandia, Chenu, Ill. t. 1. f. 4, quoad staturam.

Hab. Mexico (Dr. Mihlenpfordt) (Coll. Dunkeri).

Described from a dead group composed of about six or seven spe-
cimens. The first whorls are so like those of the former variety,
that I do not think it can be specifically different. In shape it looks
not unlike Bivonia semisurrecta. In Mr. Cuming’s collection is a
specimen labelled “ Philippines,” which does not seem to differ from
it materially.

8. THyLACoDES ERUCIFORMIS, Morch.

T.. tenuiuscula, repens, laqueatim contorta, pallide violacea, albo et
flavescente variegata, maculis adspersis paucis castaneis, liris
longitudinalibus parvis obsoletissimis, superne liris tribus ex-
pressis remotis inequalibus nodulis asperis parvis ; strie incre-
menti obsolete ; anfr. ultimus varice brevi ; apertura reniformi-
ovali, latere interno affixa.
Diam. apert, 7-8 m.
Hab. California, on Crucibulum? umbrella, Desh., var. (Mus.
Cuming).

The small sharp nodules of the three dorsal rows are strongest in
the exterior row, reminding one of those of Cardium echinatum. This
species is the analogue to the preceding from the east coast.

Var. a. LUMBRICELLA.

T. repens, recta, primum laxe contorta, arenulis agglutinatis et-
nereo et violaceo variegata, fasciis abruptis longitudinalibus vel
strigis latis transversis castaneis ; lire longitudinales sat re-
mote, sepe alternatim minores, interstitiis sepe scrobiculato-
reticulatis ; liris medianis tribus interdum expressis vel crassis,
granulis regularibus equidistantibus; ruge incrementi expresse,
superne arcuate, lateraliter incrassate, valide, conferte,retuse.

Diam. apert. circ. 63 m.

Voy. de Venus, pl. 11. f. 2. fig. min. (Chenu, F. W. f. 2, copy)

quoad staturam.

Hab. California; 10-12 specimens crowded on a Margaritifera

(Mus, Cuming).

Var. 8. ERYTHOSCLERA,

T. ut precedentis sed crassa, alba; linee incrementi ferruginee,
conferte ; interstitus fenestratis.
Hab. California; on a young Margaritifera (Mus. Cuming).
This shell is very like to Bivonia quoyi, var. variegata, in respect
of colour and the agglutinated sand ; all the specimens are creeping,
with affixed apertures.

9. THYLACODES NATALENSIsS, Morch.

T. solitaria, crassa, irregulariter planorbiformis ; anfr. plerumque
contigui, teretiusculi, complanati, latiuseuli, lateribus rotunda-
tis, lapillis, presertim inferne, sparsis agglutinatis ; lire longi-
tudinales subremote, interstitiis obsoletissime decussatis, ruge

1862.] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. 71

incrementi sepe valida, irregulares ; color albus, pallidissime
violaceo et flavo variegatus ; anfr. primi intus fusci.
Alt. aperturee 64, lat. 8 m.
Hab. Natal; specimen detritum communicavit T. Collins. The
section of the whorls is transversely oval.

10. THyLAcopEs MASIER, Desh.

“Sa coquille est fort épaisse, longue d’un pied, large de 8 4 9 lignes,
marquée de 20 cannelures longitudinales extrémement fines et ter-
minée par elle-méme en trois spires assez irrégulitres, dont celles du
sommet se trouvent au-dessous des autres. Son ouverture ne s’¢léve
pas au-dessus des spires. Elle est grise, fauve, ou couleur de chair
au dehors, et couleur de corne au dedans.’”’—Adans.
~ Le Masier, Adans. Sén. 1757, p. 105. no. 5, tab. 11.

Vermetus arenarius, Daudin, 1800, p. 35.

Tuyauzx solitaire, Favanne, i. p. 600.

Serpula sipho, Lam. Pp., v. p. 25.

- Vermetus sipho, Blainy. Dict. Sc. 1828, t. xlvii. p. 325.

Vermetus masier, Desh. ix. p. 65, 1843.

Hab. Cap de Verd, extremely rare (Adanson).

I have never seen this species.

11. TayLAcoDES BRASILIENSIS, Rouss.

T. magna, solitaria, primum spiralis, liris remotis nodulosis ; anfr.
ultimus solutus, longus, erectus, leviter arcuatus.
Diam. aperturee 30 m. (ex icone).
Vermetus brasiliensis, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. pl. 5. f. 5.
Hab. Brazil, according to the specific name.
From the shape of the aperture, it will probably prove to be a
Siphonium.

12. THyLACODES COLUBRINUS, Bolten.

T. plerumque solitaria, crassa, picea, spiraliter torta ; anfr. ulti-
mus solutus, teres; anfr. primi teretiusculi, latere affixo acu-
tangulo, liris longitudinalibus parvis remotis, interstitiis lirulis
minoribus inequalibus ; apertura intus nigra.

Diam. aperture circ. 20 m.

Tubuli vermium perpulchri, Seba, iii. t. 93. £. 4, 5, 6, 7 (reversed).

Dinotus, Guettard, Mém. iii. p. 135. no. 10.

Le Cor de Chasse, Favanne, i. p. 600 (Seba, f. 6, 7).

Le minime, Fav. i. p. 600 (Seba, f. 4, 5).

Dicke schwartze Wurmkocher, Knorr, 1771, v. p. 33, t. 22. f. 1

(typus).
Le grand solitaire, Favanne, i. p. 600.
Serpula colubrina, Bolt. Verz. 1798, p. 50. no. 884.
_ Hab. India orientalis ?
In the Museum of the University of Copenhagen are several speci-
mens of this shell, one of which may be that figured by Seba, fig. 5.

72 M.O.A.L.MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. [Feb. 11,

Var. a. VIOLACEO-FUSCA.

“‘7', irregulariter contorta, lineis elevatis interruptis, obsole-
tiusculis, colore violaceo-fusco.”’—Sow.
More than an inch wide in some parts (Sow.), 1 inch (Wood).
Serpula fuscata, Geo. Humphr. Coll. (Sow.); Sow. Tank. Cat.
1825, no. 22. p. 93; Brit. Mus. Wood, Supp. t. 8. f. 3. 1828.

Var. B. ATRA.

T. solitaria, crassa, extus et intus picea, spirorbiformis ; anfr.
primi peripheria acuta, latere affixo plano; anfr. ultimus so-
lutus, teres, declivis ; lire longitudinales parve, remote, juxta
umbilicum lira compressa leviter undulata validiuscula ; inter-
stitia lirulis 5-6 inequalibus, lira mediana majore ; ruge in-
crementi irregulares, leviter flere, marginem versus incrassate.

Diam. aperturee 154m.

Solen, Rumph, Amb. t. 41. f. L.

Solen clibaniformis, Petiv. Gazophyl. i. t. 20. f. 13 (copy).

S. corallorum levis clibaniformis, Klein, Tub. Mar. t. vii. 1. (3. p. 5.

Tubulus vermicularis clibaniformis, Mart. i. pp. 24, 44. f. 10.

Vermetus ater, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. pl. 5. f. 3.

Siphonium ater, Chenu, Man. p. 320. f. 2294 (copy).

? Serpula ochrea, Gm. 8. N. 3744. no. 19.

Hab. Ins. Philippin.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection is a specimen growing on a large
Vermetus cereus, nearly of the size of that figured in Born’s ‘Museum,’
p- 435. All the figures are taken from specimens without apertural
tube.

Var. y. ALBINA.

T. precedenti simillima, sed differt anfr. ultimo prelongo torto,
albo-cinereo et nigricante variegato; anfr. primi badit, strigis
et fasciis transversis albis; apertura intus alba; faucibus
castaneis.

Diam. aperture 173m.

Hab. Ins. Philippin (Mus. Cuming).

Very like the preceding variety in sculpture and shape, but more
slender; the brown and blackish colour become mixed with white
towards the aperture, which outside and inside is surrounded by a
broad, pure white band.

Testa semiadulta?

? Siphonium giganteum, Adams, Gen. t. 38. f. 7 a.

? Stphonium carinatum, Q. & G., ibid. p. 371, lin. 17.

The figure quoted is perhaps from a young specimen of this spe-
cies. The var. a. of Siphonium margaritarum looks, also, very like
it, and will perhaps have to be removed to this genus.

Var. 0. AGGLOMERATA.

T. contorta, picea, agglomerata, aperturam versus tenuiuscula ;
apertura subsoluta.
Diam. specim. maximi 12 m.; diam. specim. minimi 8 m.

1862.] | M.0.A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. 73

Hab. Ins. Philippin (Mus. Cuming). A rolled group, composed
of about fifteen specimens, in some of which the aperture forms a
very short tube.

Var. €. LEVIUSCULA.

T. solitaria, crassa, spiraliter torta; anfr. duobus contiguis, latere
externo angulato ; anfr. ultimus angustus, longus, teres, leviter
flecus ; lamine incrementi appresse, irregulares, localiter valde
arcuatim reducte ; color badius vel castaneus, variegatus : lire
longitudinales desunt, si excipias vestigium obsoletum in anfr.
primo.

Diam. aperture cire. 10 m.

Tubuli vermium perpulchri, Pp. Seba, t. 93. f. 9 (optime).

Le Tuyau trompette, Favanne, i. p. 596.

Hab. In India orientali (Mus. Spengler).

This specimen has narrower whorls than any of the preceding
varieties. It has evidently grown in the cleft of some Astrea, show-
ing just the same impressions as represented by Seba, and which
Guettard (Mém. p. 153) has mentioned as “le réseau.” The strize
of growth are very strongly bent backwards in the places where the
shell has been pressed by the coral.

13. THytacopes? rmsricatus, Dkr.

T.. solidiuscula, antice subrecta et libera, vel toto ventris latere
incumbens, pallide fusca, striis costisque longitudinalibus sub-
imbricatis instincta (Dkr.).

Vermetus imbricatus, Dkr. Mal. Blatt. Jan. 1860, p- 240. no. 59;

Dkr. Moll. Japon. 1861, p. 17. no. 80, t. 11. f. 18,

Hab. Japonia, Dr. Nuhn (Mus. Heidelb.).

Duo specimina extant ad basaniten paullo porosum affixa. Testa
eorum solidiuscula, turbinata, altera antice suberecta et libera, altera
toto ventris latere incumbens et lapidi adnata. Utrumque specimen
maximam partem decoloratum est et erosum, sed alterum eorum
aperturam versus omnino illzsum, colore fusco costisque longitudi-
nalibus imbricatis instructum, qua nota a V. gigante, Biv., differre
videtur, quem nunquam imbricatum invenimus, quamvis mirum in
modum variare soleat ut omnes ejus generis species. Tubus plane
teres, intus leevigatus et czeruleo-lacteus. Pars testze in lapide insi-
dens irregularis et subtrigona est ut Vermetus gigas.

This species is perhaps a Siphonium.

14, THyLAcoDEs scaBER, Gravenh., 1831.

T. irregulariter spirali, tuberculis parvis in lineas longitudinales
dispositis, scabra (Gravenh.).

Diam. aperture 4 lin. (Gravenh.).

T. irregulariter planorbiformis ; anfr. primi repentes, laqueatin
contorti ; anfr. teretes, liris longitudinalibus expressis planius-
eulis nodulis elongatis postice contractis unde leviter undulatis;
interstitiis angustis lirula intercalante ; lire incrementi parvi,
ruge transverse sepe valida, irregulares; latere affixo inequali

74. M.O.A.L, MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID#, [Feb. 11,

noduloso liris destituto; apertura circularis, subsoluta ; color
albus, punctis ferrugineis paucis obsoletissimis ; faucibus juxta
aperturam macula castanea; hic illic lapillis agglutinatis.
(Descriptio ex specimine originali Musei Wratislaviensis. )

Vermicularia scabra, Gravenh. Tergest. p. 55. no. 2.

Hab. Ignot.; Lusitania?

The locality is very doubtful, as most of the species described in
the work quoted, according to the original specimens, for the loan
of which I am indebted to Professor Grube, are from the West Indies.
The brown spot in the aperture and the size of the shell remind one
of Siphonium nebulosum ; but the sculpture is quite different, and in
this respect it approaches to the next species. In the collection of
Charles VIII. is a specimen with a long apertural tube, probably
from Portugal, which is very like it. |

15. THyLAcovEs pEcussATus, Gm., 1791.

T. teres, decussatim striata, subrugosa, flecuosa, sanguinea, intus
levis alba.—Gm.

Vermiculus rufescens leviter striatus sive cancellatus, Lister,

t. 547. f. 4.
Vermiculus barbadensis tortilis fuscus, Mem. for the Curious,
1708, p. 126. no. 32; Petiver, Gazophyl. i. t. 153. f. 9 (copy).

Tubulus vermicularis testaceus, Mart. i. f. 17 (copy).

Le Bois de Charme, Favan. i. pp. 597, 652, t. 6. f. L (copy), ©

Serpula no. 8, Schrot. Einl. ii. p. 558.

Serpula decussata, Gm. S. N. p. 3745. no. 21; Dillw. p. 1082;

Wood, Index, t. 38. f. 30.

2? Tubulus marinus, Gualt. t. 10. f. 10.

Serpula, Humphr. Conch. t. 10. f. 15, 15 a.

Vermiculus, Da Costa, Elem. p. 284, t. 2. f. 7 (copy).

Vermicularia glomerata, var. 2a, d, Gravh.Tergest. pp. 60, 61, pp.

Vermetus (Dofania) decussatus, Mérch, J. de Conch. vii. p. 34.

Serpulorbis, sp., St. Jan., Troschel, Gebiss, p. 155, t. 13. f. 2, 3

(maxilla et lingua).

Hab, 1. Barbadoes (Lister); St. Thomas (Krebs, Riise, Hornbeck).

T. crassiuscula varie torta, solitaria; anfr. teretes, soluti vel in-
terdum contigui et tum inferne plani; lire longitudinales re-
gulares, expresse, latiuscule, alternatim minores, interstitis
sepe lirula parva; strie incrementi sepe submembranacee, in
intersectionibus arcuate vel squamulose, remote, inde interstitis
fenestratis ; ruge transverse validiuscule, irregulares, inde la-
teribus fluctuatis ; color valde variabilis, latere affizo plerumque
castaneo, latere superiore albo, maculis punctisve sepe trans-
versim confluentibus castaneis vel flavis, sepe unicolor casta-
neus, intus infumatus.

Diam. aperture circ. 6 m.

Animal filamentis pedalibus contractilibus breviusculis basi dila-
tatis ; mesopodium sulco profundo longitudinali divisum ; meta-
podium truncatum, subcirculare, transversim subtiliter rugosum,
centro impresso, utrinque freno cum capite conjunctum. Color

1862.] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 75

saturate rufus, presertim superne, margine pallii linea flava
notato (ex icone Oérstedii). -

Var. B. TENUIS.

T. tenuiuscula, albescens, liris longitudinalibus validioribus re-
motis, interstitiis liris tribus inequalibus; strie incrementi
flava, leviter undulate.

Diam. aperture circ. 6 m.

Vermicularia glomerata, Gravenh. Tergest. p. 60.

Jun.? Vermicularia scabra, Graveuh. Tergest. p. 56 (two frag-
ments).
. Hab, I. 8. Thomee (Coll. nostra).

Var. y. INTERMEDIA.

T. tenuis, alba, liris longitudinalibus obsoletissimis, striis incre-
menti pallide flavis ; fasciis pallidissimis longitudinalibus juxta
aperturam.

Diam. aperture 5 m,

Hab. Ins. Jamaica (Mus. Cuming).

This shell is a good transition between the type and

Var. 6. LAVIGATA.

T. solitaria, crassa, solida, levigata, liris destituta, candida, in-
terdum aperturam versus castanea vel badia; strie et ruge
incrementi obsoletissine ; anfr. ultimus plerumque porrectus,
intus flavescens vel castaneus.

Le Villebrequin, Favan. i. p. 598, t. 5. f. G.

Serpula proboscidea (ochracea et alba), Gravh. Tergest. p. 78.

*Vermetus porites, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. pl. 2. f. 3, d, e.

Hab. 1. S. Thomee, in coralliis (Heteroporis) sepe una cum
Stphonio nebuloso (Mus. Cuming et nostro).

This shell looks so different from the type, that I should not ven-
ture to put them together if I had not compared numerous specimens,
in some of which the difference of sculpture and colour were present
in one and the same individual. The tubes show frequently a deep
channel at the affixed side, being the cast of a branch of a coral.

Var. ¢. PHILIPPINENSIS.

T. crassiuscula, laqueatim contorta; anfr. inferne plani, lateri-
bus dilatatis, badii vel castanei, superne albescentes punctis
flavis transversaliter confluentibus ; lire longitudinales nodulis
minutissimis, aperturam versus evanescentes ; interstitia lirulis
1 vel 2 inequalibus ; strie@ incrementi regulares, leviter undu-
late, pulcherrime.

Diam. aperture 74 m.

Hab. Ins. Philippin. (Mus. Cuming).

This shell seems only to differ from the type in its larger calibre

and in the beauty of the striz of growth.

76 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. [Feb. 11,

Var. @. BADIA.

Differt a precedente T. angustiore crassiore et colore badio.
Diam. aperture 4 m.
Hab. I, Philippin. (Mus. Cuming, specimen detritum),

16. THyLACODES SQUAMIGERUS, Carp.

T. majore, flavido-albida, solute spirali, plerumque glomerata ;
superficie costis spiralibus, squamis instructis, costulis pluribus
intercalantibus ; squamulis minoribus; squamis et squamulis
imbricatis; interdum aperturam versus sculptura obsoleta
(Carp.).

Aletes squamigerus, Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 226; Carp.

Report, p. 324.

Hab. St. Barbara (sp. magn. glomer. in Mus. Nuttall); St. Diego
(Mus. Gould).

A fine group of this shell is in Mr. Nuttall’s collection. It agrees
in the main with the Mazatlan species, but differs in colour and
sculpture. Mr. Nuttall believes that he found another species with-
out scales. ( Carpenter.)

I refer this shell to the present genus, because I believe it is spe-
cifically identical with the following variety.

Var. a. PENNATA.

T. solitaria, tenuis, laqueatim torta, aperturam versus ampliata ;
anfr. inferne inequales, planiusculi ; lire longitudinales com-
pressiuscule, noduloso-serrate, alternatim minores, mterstitiis
interdum lirula parva intercalante ; lire incrementi sepe casta-
nei vel badit, conferte anguloso-undate, pulcherrime, presertim
si versus lucem teneas, in intersectionibus lirarum incrassate,
unguiculate, squamifere ; apertura orbicularis. Color inferne
albus, fascia violaceo-fuscu, superne flavescens ; linee hic illic
badie vel nigre strigisque transversis flexis; anfr. primi cas-
tanei ; faucibus albis, macula badia inferne juxta aperturam.

Diam. aperture 10 m.

Vermetus margaritarum, Voy. de la Vénus, pl. 11. f. 2 (fig. mi-
nor); Chenu, Ill. pl. 4. f. 2 (copy).

Hab. California (Mus. Cuming).

This shell differs chiefly from 7. decussatus, Gm., which is its
West Indian analogue, in the larger calibre of the whorls. The
strie of growth are bent in a beautiful manner, giving the lire a
pennate appearance, which is best seen when the shell is held against
the light. Although Carpenter does not mention the transverse
black lines, yet I suppose that this shell is the young of Aletes
squamigerus, because Carpenter (Cat. p. 303) states that the Aletes
centiquadrus, var. imbricatus, has some characters in common with
the young of the great Californian Vermetid Aletes squamigerus.
The figures quoted are exceedingly like the variety, but the whorls
are somewhat too narrow.

1862.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 77

17. THYLACODES MICHAUDII, Rousseau.

Vermetus michaudii, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. pl. 2. f. 5.

Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming).

Diam. cire. 6 m.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection is a specimen labelled ‘ Philippines,”
which seems to correspond pretty well with the figure quoted ; it has
the same annular ribs and longitudinal striz, but is nearly covered
over with a chestnut-brown colour, showing some darker longitu-
dinal bands. The specimen is singular from possessing a long varix
maniciformis, with about 12-13 false septa (analogous to those of
the water-clam), proving that the animal has changed the direction
of its tube at least as often as indicated by the septa.

18. TuyLAcopEs Porites, Rousseau.

T. tenuis, repens, teres, longitudinaliter subtilissime striata ; strie
incrementi obsoletissime, confertissime ; sulci incrementi regu-
lariter remoti, interstitiis convexiusculis; faucibus sepe fla-
vescentibus.

Diam. 34—4 m.

Vermetus porites, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. pl. 2. f. 3.

Hab. ? Ona Porites, according to the specific name; but

I believe the coral represented is a Palmipora, Blainv., as in my
specimen.

This species is exceedingly like 7. decussatus, var. intermedia, if
it really be different. It is chiefly distinguished by the annular,
equidistant, rather remote annular sulci, the interstices of which are
very slightly convex and decussate. This shell is the only one I
know which seems to approach to Gualtieri’s tab. 10. f. L, L.

19. TuHyLacoDEs PROTENSUS, Gm.

T.nitida, leviuscula, annulatim plicata, finem versus parum atte-
nuata, lactea, exalbida aut cerulescens, calami anserini crassitie
aut tenuiore, tota porrecta, aut partim flexuosa (Gm.).

; Tubulus cylindricus, subflecuosus, anguinus, Matt. i. pp. 24, 46,
712A.

Serpula protensa, Gm. S. N. p. 3744. no. 20.

Hab. In mari Indico et Americam alluente (Gm.).

Gmelin has taken his description from Martius, but the locality
from Rumphius and Davila. This shell is perhaps identical with
the preceding and following species. It is chiefly from the ex-
pressions “'T. nitida’”’ et “caerulescens,” that I refer this species
to the Vermetide.

20. THyLACODES RUMPHII, Blainy., 1828.

* Coq. tubulaire, irrégulitrement contournée, si ce n’est & sa base
qui s’avance presque 4 droite ligne, élégamment treillisce dans tout
son étendu sans caréne; de couleur roussdtre. Je distingue cette
espéce d’aprés un individu de ma collection, dont j’ignore la patrie,
et qui certainement ne peut étre réuniau S. protensa, Lam.” —Blainv.

78 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID#. (Feb. 11,

Een entgestrekte Hornschlange, Rumph, t. xli. p. 126. no. 3,

Tubulus vermium, Petiv. Gazophyl. Amb. t. 21. f. 18 (copy)=

Le tuyaux cordé, Favaune, i. p. 676, t. 5. f. F (copy).

Serpula protensa, Dill. ii. p. 1085. no. 38 (non Gm., nec Wood,
f/-37)>

Hab. 2

As the shell of Rumphius is marked with a number, it need not
be from Amboina. The description of Favanne has much in common
with Blainville’s, chiefly in respect of the colours and septa; it is
perhaps even from the same specimen. It is possible that this spe-
cies is identical with the two preceding.

The annular rings in Rumphius’ figure, and the reddish colour
mentioned by Favanne and Blainville, remind one of T. michaudit,
var. from the Philippines.

21. THyLacopes? oryzata, Moérch.

T. libera, agglutinans, repens, alba vel pallide isabellina, hie illic
lineis interruptis et punctis obsoletis rufis ; anfr. primi parvi,
angusti, candidi, oblique spiraliter torti, contigui, liris longitu-
dinalibus et transversis equidistantibus et subequalibus decus-
satis, inde interstitiis foveis quadratis ; anfr. ceteri continui,
sigmoidei, aperturam versus rapide crescentes, liris obsoletis
longitudinalibus leviter spiraliter tortis, tuberculis acutiusculis
subremotis ornatis ; interstitia lirulis planis confertis inequa-
libus 5-6; strie et ruge incrementi parve, flere, in intersec-
tionibus minutissime granuloso-squamosis ; apertura circularis,
faucibus regulariter scrobiculatis (ex tuberculis externis).

Diam. aperture 12 m.; long. testee 300m.

Hab. Litt. occid. Am. centralis verisimiliter; China (Mus. Cuming).

The first spiral whorls are attached to a valve of a Balanus; to-

wards the aperture is agglutinated a worn portion of a Venus, which
looks to be V. eubimbricatus (Sow.), and a little bit of a Cardium,
which perhaps is C. senticosum (Sow.), both species from Panama,
which probably is the true locality, as it is of the variety. The sculp-
ture of this remarkable shell is very like that of Argonauta oryzata,
Meusch. ; like the latter shell, the tubercles outside form excava-
tions inside. This sculpture is, too, very like that of the young of
Stephopoma. The longitudinal liree become feebler towards the
aperture, in proportion to the size of the shell. The nodules are
often united in pairs by small transverse ridges, but never form
rings, as in the

Var. a. ANNULATUS.

Tubus crassus, ponderosus, teres, equalis, liris longitudinalibus
parum expressis tuberculiferis, interstitus liris circiter tribus,
mediana lira validior ; strie incrementi minutissime undulate ;
tubercula annulatim digesta; annuli subvaricosi, utrinque ar-
cuati, sepe interrupti vel furcati.

Long. tubi circ. 170 m.; diam. aperture 13 m.; diam. teste

17 m.; diam. aperture fractee 10 m.; testee postice 13 m.

Hab. Ad Panamam (Mus. Cuming).

1862.] M.0. A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDZ. 79

_ This shell seems to be a very old specimen; it has just the same
sculpture, only differing in a few points; the longitudinal lire are
straight and not slightly spiral; the nodules are arranged in rings,
separated from each other by constrictions. Both ends are fractured,
so that it might have been possibly still larger. The walls have a
thickness of 2 or 3 m., whilst the type is very thin, nearly pellucid.
If this tube really is the same as the type, it must grow to a length
of about 60dm. I refer this species to the present genus, merely
on account of the sculpture of the first whorls.
It is, in respect of thickness, most allied to 7. melitensis, Gm.

Subg. Terranemia, Morch, 1859, Journ. f. Conch. viii. p. 353.

Filamenta pedalia longissima, subulata, non contractilia, mammilla
valida intermedia ; mesopodium parvum, elongatum, postice fila-
mentis brevissimis obtusis duobus basi remotis (ex icone).

22. TuyLacopeEs (TETRANEMIA) LONGIFILis, Morch.

T. repens, laqueatim contorta, fusco et flavo variegata, longitudi-
naliter lirulata, liris 3-4 validis remotis ; apertura transversim
subovalis, intus cyanea (ex icone).
Vermetus dentiferus, “Lam.” Q. & G. lAstr. p. 291, t. 67.
27, 28.
Vermetus dentiferus, Desh. ix. p. 65, non Lam.
Serpuloides dentifera, Gray, Fig. t. 56. f. 8, iv. p. 83; Gray,
Guide, p. 127.

Serpulorbis dentifera, Adams, Genera, i. p. 359.

Serpulorbis dentiferus, Chenu, Man. p. 320, f. 2307 ; Pictorial
Museum, f. 2821; Ill. Ntg. f. 3745.

Hab. Bai des Chiens Marins 4 la terre d’Endracht, sur une Av-

cula (Q. § G.).

Subg. Hatina, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 156.

Animal rostro conico, tentaculis crassis flexis postice in figuram
cordiformem desinentibus ; metapodium magnum, cylindricum,
truncatum ; filamenta pedalia desunt ; penis subulatus (ex
icone).

Hatina, Gray, Brit. Mus. Cat. 1842, p. 62, no operculum,

23. TuyLacopes (Hatina) tnorertus, Mus. Francof. 1828.
T. satis crassa, postice spiris nonnullis majoribus finiente; colore
e@ruginoso.
Mensura: usque ad 2"; animal 13! (Leuck.).
- Vermetus inopertus, Riippel & Leuckart, Neue wirbellose Thiere,
p. 38, t. 11. f. 3 (Gray, Fig. i. t. 57. f. 1, copy).
Serpulorbis operculatus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1847, p. 156. .

80 M.0.A.L.MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDS. [Feb. 11,

Serpuloides inoperculata, Gray, Fig. iv. p. 83; Gray, Guide,

wl
. Serpulorbis inoperculata, Adams, Genera, i. p. 359.

Hab. In mari Rubro, socialiter vivens prope vicum Tor lapidibus
affixus, reperitur (Riippel).

If this species can be generically distinguished, it would chiefly be
on account of the heart-shaped shield over the head, like that of
Siphonium maximum, represented by Quoy and Gaimard. It wants
the pedal filaments, in common with Cladopoda and Limintina ;
from the former it is distinguished by the circular tip of the
metapodium, and from the latter by wanting the radiation of the
foot.

Subg. Lemintina, Risso, 1826.

Lementina, Risso, Hist. iv. p. 433; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847,
p. 156, et Fig. iv. p. 83, 1850.

Dr. Gray (Guide, p. 127) regards this genus as “ probably only a
badly described and figured Serpuloides arenarius ;”’ but the shape
of the metapodium seems so remarkable to me that I cannot believe
that it is invented. The Vermetide have been so neglected that it
is not impossible that a similar form may exist.

24. TuyLacopes (LEMINTINA) CUVIERI, Risso.

T. cylindrica, subspiralis, unilocularis, ad extremitatem posterio-
rem clausa ; apertura rotunda (Risso).

Animal limaciforme, postice vermiforme ; tentaculis subulatis ;
oculi subsessiles, nigri; branchie albe super capite locate ;
pes cylindricus, truncatus, superficie levi rubra, flavescente
radiata, pallio fimbriato ruberrimo (Risso).
Lemintina cuvieri, Risso, Hist. iv. p. 114, t. 2. f. 16-18; Gray,
Fig. t. 57. f. 3, p. 83.

Hab. Sur les rochers peu profonds (Risso).

The figure of the shell does not show any longitudinal striz ; the
description seems more natural than the figure, which is chiefly re-
markable from the radiated metapodium dentated at the edge.

Subg. Craporopa, Gray, 1850.

Operculum none ; foot elongate, front end simple, hinder extre-
mity oblong, clavate or subtruncate (Gray).

Cladopoda, Gray, Fig. 1850, p. 83 ; Guide, p. 127,

This genus is chiefly founded on the elongated shape of the hinder
part of “the foot,” which, in the ‘ Voyage de l’Astrolabe,’ is repre-
sented as fiddle-shaped (pes panduriformis), like the foot of Lacuna ;
but, from analogy with the other Vermetide, it must be the tip of
the metapodium unusually enlarged. In specimens in spirits of 7.
polyphragma the metapodium is sometimes of an expanded shape ; I
suppose therefore that this character is not of generic value. The

1862.] M.O. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. 81

pedal filaments seem to be rudimentary, as I suppose they are de-
scribed by Quoy and Gaimard thus :—‘ En avant de la bouche, sont
deux petits tubercules assez courts.”” The eyesin thé typical species
are represented, differently from those of all other Vermetida, at the
middle of the tentacula. The annular figure is also peculiar,

25. TuyLacopgs (CLADOPODA) GRANDIS, Gray, 1842.

** Notre individu, de seize lignes de diamétre, bien discoide, ce qui
n’existe pas toujours, est aplati en dessous, arrondi en dessus, ru-
gueux, strié dans la longueur, avec deux ou trois cétes tuberculeuses.
Sa couleur est jaunatre sale. Son overture, parfaitement ronde, est
lisse et violacée en dedans.”’—Q. § G.

* T’animal a un écusson céphalique, long et ovalaire, les tentacules
courts, portant les yeux 4 une certaine distance de leur base. En
avant de la bouche, sont deux petits tubercules assez courts. Le
pied, qui manque d’opercule, présentait la particularité suivante: il
se relevait au devant de la téte en forme de crosse. Le pied a des
taches blanches en avant. Le manteau, qui est blanc, a son bord
brun. Plusieurs individus avaient la téte blanchatre, quelques uns
avaient le manteau jaune. Un seul avait la téte entitrement noire,
et un autre rougeatre.”—Q. § G.

V. (a grand tube) arenarius, Lam., Q. & G. l’ Astrolabe, 1833, ii.
p- 289, t. 67. f. 18-20.

Vermetus grandis, Gray, Fig. i. p. 29.

Cladopoda grandis, Gray, Fig. iv. p. 83, t. 56. f. 9.

Cladopoda arenaria, Q. & G., Adams, Genera, p. 359, t. 39. f. 3.

Cladopoda grandis, Q. & G., Adams, Genera, p. 359.

T. juv.? Cladopoda arenaria, Chenu, Man. p. 320, f. 2302 (shell).

Hab. Le port du Roi-Georges, par d’assez grandes profondeurs,
sur d’autres coquilles (Q. § G.).

The shell figured by Dr. Chenu is very different, chiefly in size,
from that represented in ‘]’Astrolabe ;’ but is very like to a shell
creeping on Cookia inequalis, Martyn, from New Zealand, in the
Royal Museum, probably obtained by Humphrey.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection is a rather larger specimen of a shell,
without locality, marked 1/6, probably from some old collection,
which I provisionally refer to this species on account of the colour
and its resemblance to V. arenarius, Q. & G. It reminds one too of
7. ane, but it is twice as large as any of the specimens repre-
sented,

Var. a. OXYGONA.

T. primum laqueatim deinde annulatim torta, dura; anfr. am-
pliati, rapide crescentes, superne flavo et cinereo variegati, liris
remotis circiter 6-8 umbilicum versus (2-3) fortioribus, nodulis
obsoletis subasperis remotis ; interstitia lirulis planis confertis-
simis 5-8 ; striae incrementi conferte, minute, in intersectioni-
bus arcuate, interstitiis scrobiculato-punctatis ; latere affixo.
tenui, levigato, cinereo striato, externo destituto planiusculo ;

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1862, No. VI.

82 M.0.A.L.MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. [Feb. 11,

peripheria acutissima, leviter expansa; apertura affiva, in anfr.
penultimo reniformi-ovalis, intus albescens, margine interno in-
crassato ; anfr. primi intus castanei, desepimentis tenuibus con-
vers.
Latitudo aperture 16-18 m.; altitudo aperturee circ. 14 m. ;
lat. anfr. lateris affixi circ. 20 m.
The specimen shows traces of a soft yellowish stone, on which it
has been affixed. On some places are traces of small reddish spots.
It is very like 7. colubrinus in size and sculpture.

26. TuyLacopes (CLADOPODA) ELEGANS, Q. & G. 1833.

Animal corpore cinereo; tentaculis, capite et pede rubro maculatis.
Testa ignota (Q. & G.).

L’animal a la téte courte, jaune, ponctuée de rouge vif ; deux lignes
de cette couleur, en chevron brisé, occupent V’intervalle des yeux.
La partie antérieure de la téte et le pied sont d’un joli gris clair; ce
dernitre est bordé et ponctué de rouge ; les tentacules ont une ligne
en long de cette couleur. Le bord du manteau et de la bouche sont
également rouges.

Vermetus elegans, Q. & G. l Ast. ii. p. 293, t. 67. f. 11, 12.

Cladopoda elegans, Gray, Fig. iv. p. 83, t. 56. f. 4; Adams,
Genera, i. p. 359. :

Hab. ? The locality is not indicated.

This species differs chiefly from the preceding in the regular posi-
tion of the eyes.

27. TuyitacopEs (CLADOPODA) ZELANDICUS, Q, & G.

Animal capite nigricante, rubro punctulato ; limbo pallit auran-

tiaco; pede rubro punctato.

‘La téte est jaunatre en arriére, brune et ponctuée de rouge en
avant. Le pied est seulement jaunatre, avec des taches rouges ; le
manteau est largement bordé d’un orange vif.

«Le tube, contourné sur lui-méme, ne nous a point offert de carac-
ttres appréciables sur le moment.’’—Q. § G.

Vermetus zelandicus, Q. & G. Y Astr. p. 293, t. 67. f. 16, 17.

Vermetus nove zelandie, Gray, Fig. i. p. 28, t. 56. f. 6.

Cladopoda nove zelandi@, Gray, Fig. iv. ; Guide, p. 127.

Cladopoda nove zelandia, Q. & G., Adams, Gen. i. p. 360.

Hab. Uajbaie des Iles, 4 la Nouvelle Zélande (Q. & G.). ~

It is only with doubt that the authors of this species have distin-
guished it from the preceding.

Additions and Corrections.
BurtTINELLA TURBINATA (SERPULA), Phil. (P. Z. S. 1861,

p. 148.)

According to specimens in Mr. Semper’s collection, this species is
entirely different from B. nystii, Galeotti, and nearly allied to Hy-

1862.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDBE. 83

droides norvegica, Giinth.,—the variety described by Montagu as
Serpula reversa, Mont.=S. contorta, Brown, Ill. t. 2. f. 4.= Hete-
rodisca reversa, Flem. It is a true Serpulidous shell.

3a. SterHoroma, n.sp. (See P. Z.S8. 1861, p. 148.)

In the collection of Charles VIII. is preserved a lid distinctly
spiral, of a brown colour, convex inside, and provided outside with
long bristles, very like those of Stephopoma senticosum, Morch (Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1861, pl. 25. f. 2), but having all the lateral spines simple,
without any accessorial spines. It is mounted on mica, and labelled
by the late Rev. Mr. Lyngby as the lid of a Serpula found on the
ege-case of Raia batis (in Danish “'Tzrbe”’). That it really was
found in the Kattegat, near Gilleleie, which was his parish, is probable
from the circumstance that he has added the Danish specific name
to a fish of which several congeneric species are described in his MS.
*Rariora Codana” with Danish specific names. Unfortunately I can-
not find his diary, in which it is more particularly described according
to the ticket. The study of the Worm-tubes is so neglected that I
do not regard it impossible that a Vermetid may be found in the
Northern Seas. Perhaps it may prove to be the Spirorbis striatulus,
Brown (Ill. pl. 1. f. 59), which is from Dunbar, in Gen. Bingham’s
collection.

3 6, SrEPHOPOMA ARCHIMEDIS, Konig. 1842-44,

T. subcompressa, spirata; anfractibus quinque, ultimo remoto ;
superficie plicato-rugosa ; orificio ovali.

Serpula archimedis, Konig, Carb. p. 57, t. 9. f. 6.

Serp. spinosa, Kon. Carb. p. 58, t. 9. f. 8 (T. juvenilis).

T. depressa, planorbiformi, anfractibus quatuor, contiguis, sensim

incrassatis, spinis in quincunces dispositis, obductis (De Konig).

Zab. Fossil in the Mountain Limestone, at Vise (Kinig).

The supposed young shell is from the clay of Tournay. The
form of the aperture and the flexure of the striee of growth are quite
that of Stephopoma. The sculpture of the supposed young shell can
only be compared with the embryonic shell of Stephopoma senti-
cosum, Morch (Proc. 1861, pl. 25. f. 14), which circumstance has
guided me in giving it the present place.

It is probable, from the appearance of a group of Vermeti ona
Chama (in the Museum Regium), that Siphonium textum, M., S.
scaphitella, M., and S. pictum, M., are different ages of S. subcre-
natum, Lam., corresponding to the different forms of Siph. nebu-
losum, Dillw.

Erratum, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 180, line 6 from bottom, for squamas
confertas fornicatas amplectentibus, read squamis confertis forni-
catis amplectentibus,

84 LETTER FROM DR. G. BENNETT. [Feb. 25,

February 25, 1862.
Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. Leadbeater exhibited a Hybrid Duck between the Pintail and
the Teal (Anas acuta and Querquedula crecca), and a hybrid between
the Common and Silver Pheasants.

Dr. Hamilton exhibited a female example of the Grey Hen (Tetrao
tetriv), which had partially assumed male plumage.

Dr. Cobbold exhibited and made some remarks upon a specimen
of a curiously malformed Trout.

The Secretary read the following extracts from a letter addressed
to him by Dr. George Bennett, F.Z.8., dated Sydney, December 20th,
1861 :—

“Two ‘Kagus’ (Rhinochetus jubatus) arrived from New Cale-
donia, December 11th, in H. I. M. schooner ‘ Gazelle.’ One of them
is for myself (from my friend D. N. Joubert, Esq.), the other has
been presented by the commander of the schooner, Capt. Hardy, to
the aviary in the Botanic Gardens. I intend sending my specimen
home by an early vessel, of which I will inform you by the next mail.
I intend requesting Mr. Moore, the director of the gardens, to send
you also the other specimen; but if he accedes to my request you
will have to send some bird in exchange, as, being Government pro-
perty, that is the only way in which he can dispose of it. Mine, of
course, I present to the Society. The birds differ a little in size,
which may probably be a sexual distinction. They appear to be young,
and run about in a very lively and active manner, elevating their
wings alternately, and at the same time raising their crests to their
utmost expansion. This more particularly occurs when making
an attack upon any of the birds mm the same compartment of the
aviary. A young Nankin Heron in speckled plumage, and the
““Weka,” or New Zealand Rail, are the more immediate objects of
attack. At the latter bird the Kagu rushes and pecks, driving it to
the further corner of the aviary. ‘The Dacelo, or Laughing Jackass,
and the Corcorax leucoptera also come under its enmity, but not so
frequently as the two former birds, as these can readily fly on to the
perches out of its reach, for I have not as yet seen the Kagu use
its wings for flight.

“The Kagu sleeps with its head under the wing, and also occa-
sionally reposes with the head sunk between the shoulders. It feeds
on meat cut small, intestines of fowls, snails, worms, &c. Mr. Jou-
bert fed his bird at New Caledonia on worms collected by the natives
for the purpose, and says that it ate nearly a quart in one day. It
seems to be an active bird, and although it is said to be very shy in
a wild state, becomes very tame soon after it is captured, and ap-
pears easily reconciled to captivity.

1862.] LETTER FROM DR. G. BENNETT. 85

“We get plenty of Koalas, or Native Monkeys (Phascolarctos
cinereus). These animals are very tame, and have been fed some
time on gum-leaves (their natural food), some on bread and milk,
&e., but still they do not survive longer than six weeks at the
furthest. They die plump and in excellent condition; so it cannot
be starvation that kills them. Not a week passes but I could pur-
chase them of all ages for from 10s. to 15s. each, as they are brought
by the coasting vessels from the Patterson and other parts of this
colony. I propose, as soon as we have a piece of ground allotted for
our Acclimatization Society, to enclose some trees with zine wire and
give them liberty within its range, and see if by such a method we
shall be enabled to domesticate them, and find some method of
feeding them, so as to send them to Europe.

“We have not yet procured any male Brush-Turkeys, but have
sent orders to various parts of the colony, more especially the Cla-
rence River district. We intend to domesticate them, so as to keep
up a supply for exchanges. These birds are everywhere becoming
scarcer, from the wholesale destruction of them and their eggs by
the aborigines, and we find the only sure means of procuring either
eggs or birds is by the aid of the blacks.

‘Two fine young and healthy specimens of a Hornbill (probably
Buceros ruficollis) were brought from the Island of Guadalcamar,
one of the Solomon group, in the schooner ‘ Coquette,’ as also an
elegant Pigeon from the same island, and a species of Gallinule from
Tanna (New Hebrides group), called ‘'Tarbach’ by the natives of
Sandwich Island (another of the same group), and ‘ Bush-fowl’ by
the missionaries at Tanna. They are all alive, and were brought by
two Belgian gentlemen (Captain Mechel and M. R. Alain), who have
placed them in my charge to be transmitted to you for the Duc de
Brabant. Ihave accepted the offer, as, if they arrive alive, you and
Mr. Gould will be able to inspect and, if new, describe them. I
intend sending them with the Kagus.

‘These birds have been fed principally on yams, potatoes, bread,
and bananas, and occasionally a very minute portion of meat. The
plumage of the head, neck, and breast is of a light auburn-brown
colour, and the rest of the plumage of a beautiful black, except the
tail, which is white. The naked portion round the eye is of a light
blue colour. The naked portion of the throat and cheeks is white,
with a delicate shade of light blue. The eyelids are of a reddish
tinge, and eyelashes long. Inides of a light grey colour. The man-
dibles are horny, of a dirty white colour, but near the base a tinge
of dark red colour prevails. The feet and legs are black.

**T intend sending Mr. Gould, by the ‘ La Hogue,’ an egg of a
species of Megapodius. It measures 3 inches in length and 1? inch
in breadth, and is of a light brownish or ‘ café-au-lait’ colour. The
eges are found over all the islands of tle New Hebrides group, and
are eaten by the natives, as the eggs of the Leipoa and Megapodius
by the aborigines of Australia. The egg in my possession was
given to me by Captain McLeod, of the ‘ Eliza K. Bateson,’ who
procured it at the Island of Nua Fou, where it is named ‘ Mallow’

86 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON A NEW MALACOPTILA. [Feb. 25,

by the natives. The eggs are deposited by the birds in the sand
about the borders of a large lake of brackish water situated in the
middle of the island (evidently an extinct crater, as the soil in which
the eggs are deposited consists of sulphureous sand), and are hatched
by the heat generated in the mound, as in all the Megapodide. In
Nua Fou Island the birds and eggs are, I am informed, under the .
protection of the king, and can only be procured by his permission.
T have seen the same kind of eggs from the New Hebrides group.
Captain McLeod has promised, on his return to the island in a few
weeks, to procure me some of the birds alive or eae when I shall
be able to send you more accurate accounts.”

The following papers were read :—

1. On a New Species or MaAtacorrinA FROM WESTERN
Ecuapor. By P. L. Scuater, M.A., Pui.D., F.RB.S.,
SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

(Plate VIII.)

A re-examination of my specimens of birds of the family Bucconide
mduces me to believe that I have confounded under the name Mala-
coptila panamensis (Lafr.), which I assigned to a series of examples
of this genus collected at Esmeraldas by Mr. Fraser, two species.
One of them may probably be the true M. panamensis of Lafresnaye,
though this must remain rather uncertain until the original of La-
fresnaye’s description shall have been accurately compared with it ;
the other I propose to call

MALAcoptTiLa POLiopPis, sp. nov. (Pl. VIII.)

Cinerascenti-fusca, dorso toto et alarum tectricibus maculis tri-
angularibus albidis distincte notatis; pileo et facie cinereis;
Sronte loris et plumis mystacalibus pure albis, his cinereo partim
mixtis; laterum cervicis plumarum scapis elongate albido lineo-
latis: subtus alba, pectore toto pallide fulvo; ventre summo et
lateribus cinerascenti-brunneo variegatis: rectricibus et remi-
gibus clare nigricanti-brunneis ; caude, ipsa immaculata, apice
pallidiore, fulvescente: rostro plumbeo, mand. inf. in uno spe-
cimine ad basin flavida: pedibus fusco-nigris: tectr. subalaribus
pallide fulvis.

Long. tota 7°0; alee 3°5 ; caudee 28; rostri a rictu 1°4 poll. Angl.

et dec.

Hab. in reg. litt. reipublicee Hquatorialis, Esmeraldas (Fraser).

Mr. Fraser procured two examples of this species when at Esme-

raldas ; and, as they are both marked females, I was induced to be-
lieve they might be referable to that sex of M. panamensis of which
(or of a species which I have referred to this name) he procured
several examples. I am now convinced that these two examples
cannot be referred to M. panamensis, that species being wholly of a
rich reddish brown above, and having a deep ferruginous chest and
a much larger amount of white on the frontal plumes. This bird is,

d

Fy

»

x

_ *

>
jlEdel et lith M & N.Hanhart, Imp’

MALACOPTILA POLIOPIS. \

a>

a

i

Too

nt

= Y)

a a

> va

1862.] MR. W. C. HEWITSON ON NEW BUTTERFLIES. 87

in fact, more like Mal. inornata of the Vera Paz, from which, how-
ever, it appears likewise distinguishable on comparison, the latter
having a rufescent tail, the breast of a less decided fulvous, and the
fulvous colour more equably distributed over the lower surface.

2. Descriprions or BuTTERFLIES FROM THE COLLECTIONS OF
A. R.Watuace ano W.C. Hewitson. By W.C. Hewitson.

(Plates IX., X.)

NYMPHALID.
Mynes tevcis, Boisduval. (Pl. IX.)

This species was first described by Dr. Boisduval, in the ‘ Voyage
of the Astrolabe,’ under the name it bears above. It was also de-
scribed by Guérin Méneville, in the ‘ Voyage of the Coquille,’ under
the same name, but is figured in the plates which accompany the
work as Nymphalis australis. The figure there given is a very good
one ; but as it only represents the upper side, I have thought that a
figure of its remarkable under side, together with some of the strange
varieties into which it runs, from the rich collection of Mr. Wallace,

' may be of interest to those who make the Lepidoptera their study.

Greatly as the varieties of this insect differ above, they bear a
much closer resemblance to each other on the under side, and do not
wander very far from the accompanying figure.

The examples figured in the plate are all females. A male in my
own collection, from Mysol, is entirely black, with the exception of
the central spot of the posterior wing. I have described below all
the varieties which I have with me, for the whole of which we are
indebted to Mr. Wallace. They were all collected in the New
Guinea group of islands. I have indicated each variety by a sepa-
rate letter, following the good example of Dr. Boisduval in his
‘Spécies Général,’ not being myself able to see that any good what-
ever can arise from the modern custom of giving names to varieties
and thus elevating them to the same importance as the typical species,
from which they are sometimes scarcely to be known. On the con-
trary, I believe that it will produce great and endless confusion.

Var. A. ¢. Anterior wing black, spotless. Posterior wing black,
with a large central bifid white spot, and two smaller spots between
it and the inner margin bordered with grey.

Hab. Mysol.

Var. B. 2 (Pl. IX. fig. 1). Anterior wing black, with a spot
near the middle of the costal margin, two spots beyond the middle
of the wing, and a submarginal band of eight spots all white. Poste-
rior wing with the central spot quinquefid.

Hab. Dorey.

Var. C (Voyage Coquille, pl. 14 is). Anterior wing black, with a
small spot near the middle of the costal margin, followed by two

88 MR. W. C. HEWITSON ON NEW BUTTERFLIES. [Feb, 25,

bands of rather large spots, all pale yellow; the first band irregular,
of six spots; the second band submarginal, of eight spots.
Hab, Offack.

Var. D. 2. Anterior wing black, with the white spot near the
middle of the costal margin, a large bifid spot at the centre of the
wing, a small spot below it and the submarginal band of white spots,
two of which (the sixth and seventh) are obliterated. Posterior
wing with the central white spot distinctly quinquepartite.

Hab. Batchian.

Var. E. 2 (PI. IX. figs. 2, 3). Anterior wing black, irrorated
with grey, with the costal spot larger, the large central white spot
tripartite ; a band of four white spots between it and the costal mar-
gin, and the submarginal band of eight spots. Posterior wing with
the central spot as in the last; the base and inner margin of the
wing grey.

Hab. Batchian.

There is a further variety of this with all the spots the same, but
yellow.

Var. F. 2. Anterior wing dark brown; the base grey, with two
white spots on the costal margin, the large central spot quinque-
partite, extending nearly to the outer margin, and absorbing two of
the white spots of the submarginal band.

Hab, Aru.

Var. G. 2 (Pl. IX. fig. 4). Anterior wing black, with a broad, trans-
verse, irregular, emarginate band of white extending from the costal
margin nearly to the inner margin, connected on its outer side before
the middle with one of two small white spots, and again near its anal
angle with one of two white spots, the only spots of the submarginal
band which are distinct, the other six being scarcely visible.

Hab. Dorey.

TERINOS TETHYS, 0.8. (Pl. X. figs. 1, 2.)

Upper side: male, brown. Anterior wing dark brown, rufous at the
base ; the apex white, with its outer margin brown. Posterior wing
rufous brown, paler towards the inner margin; the outer margin,
from its middle to the anal angle, rufous white, traversed by two
bands of lunular brown spots.

Under side rufous brown; both wings crossed by numerous undu-
lating pale lines. Anterior wing with a line of brown within the cell,
and one on each side of the discocellular nervules ; the apex rufous
white. Posterior wing with, below the middle, a transverse irregular
band of oblong dark-brown spots, followed (between the middle of
the wing and the inner margin) by three lunular orange-yellow spots;
the outer margin beyond these rufous white, traversed by a pale-
rufous band.

Exp. 3,5 inches.

Hab. Mysol.

In the collections of A. R. Wallace and W. C. Hewitson.

1862.] MR. Ww. C. HEWITSON ON NEW BUTTERFLIES. 89

TERINOS TAXILES, n.8. (PI. X. figs. 3, 4.)

Upper side: male, dark rufous brown. Anterior wing with a ru-
fous spot near the apex. Posterior wing with the outer margin, from
its middle to the anal angle, broadly rufous, marked by three dark-
brown conical spots and an undulating dark-brown band.

Under side rufous brown ; both wings crossed by several pale un-
dulating lines. Anterior wing with three lines across the cell—one
on each side of the disco-cellular nervules, followed by a band of
spots, all rufous brown. Posterior wing with some indistinct spots
near the base, followed by two broken bands of rufous brown ; crossed
beyond the middle by a band of five dark-brown spots, followed by
a deeply indented band of rufous orange.

Female, dark rufous brown ; the outer margin of the anterior wing
more emarginate than in the male. Anterior wing crossed beyond
the middle by two undulating rufous bands, and a submarginal band
of spots of the same colour ; the first of these bands commences near
the costal margin with two sagittate spots. Posterior wing with the
outer margin broadly rufous, clouded near the apex, traversed by six
lunular spots and an undulating band of dark brown. On the under
side it does not differ from the male, except in having a small white
spot on the costal margin near the apex, and the outer margin of
both wings much paler.

Exp. 34 inches.

Hab. Celebes,

In the collections of A. R. Wallace and W. C. Hewitson.

TERINOS TEUTHRAS, Nn. 8.

Alis fuscis : harum anticis versus marginem costalem purpureo
micantibus ; posticis purpureis, macula magna rosea quadri-
partita prope medium marginis costalis lunulis nigris notata.

Upper side: male, brown ; the portion composed of the plush-like
scales dark brown; the remainder of the anterior wing tinted with
purple. Posterior wing tailed, purple, with a spot of rufous white
near the middle of the outer margin divided into four by the median
nervules, and marked by two or three brown lunules.

Under side light rufous brown, paler towards the margins. Both
wings crossed beyond the middle by a continuous undulating band of
white. Anterior wing with three rufous zigzag transverse lines across
the cell, and a fourth oblique line marking the disco-cellular nervures
and forming a triangle with one of the three bands just mentioned ;
beyond the cell there is another rufous band, and below it two indi-
stinct rufous spots ; a white spot, black in the middle, near the apex,
and below it a submarginal band of white having its outer border
tufous. Posterior wing crossed by two zigzag rufous bands before
the middle, and, beyond the middle and the continuous band, by five
rufous spots (the middle spot scarcely seen), followed by a zigzag
band of orange, bordered on both sides with white.

Exp. 353, inches.

Hab. Kast India.

In the collection of W, C. Hewitson.

90 MR. W. C, HEWITSON ON NEW BUTTERFLIES. [Feb. 25,

This species differs from 7. clarissa, in the anterior wing, by
having a larger portion of it covered with the plush-like scales. In
T. clarissa they extend upwards very little beyond the lower discoidal
nervure. In 7’. teuthras they go beyond the upper discoidal nervure.
The two species are, however, so closely allied that I should have
hesitated to describe this as a distinct species if I had not discovered
that the third disco-cellular nervure meets the median nervure dif-
ferently. In T. clarissa the lower disco-cellular meets the median at
some distance before the base of its second branch ; in 7’. feuthras
exactly at the base of the said branch.

TERINOS TERPANDER, 0. 8S.

Alis fuscis: harum anticis versus marginem costalem purpureo
micantibus ; posticis magna parte dimidii posterioris fulva,
fascia anali nigra.

Upper side: male, brown. Anterior wing slightly tinted with purple
near the costal margin. Posterior wing, without a tail, with most of
its outer half pale orange, traversed near the margin and the anal
angle by a curved brown band.

Under side rufous brown. Both wings crossed at the middle by a
broad rufous band bordered on both sides with lilac-white. Ante-
rior wing with some indistinct rufous bands near the base, bordered
with lilac white, followed towards the anal angle by two other indi-
stinct bands; a white spot near the apex. Posterior wing with two
spots, a broad band, and a narrow zigzag band, all rufous and bordered
on both sides with lilac white ; crossed beyond the middle by a band
of five brown spots, followed by a narrow zigzag rufous band bor-
dered on both sides with brown, by a zigzag broad band of white, and
by a narrow submarginal line of lilac-white.

Exp. 2,3; inches.

Hab. Borneo.

In the collection of W. C. Hewitson.

This species, which is much smaller than the others, is closely
allied to 7. clarissa. The plush-like scales extend above the higher
discoidal nervure, as in 7’, teuthras ; the lower disco-cellular nervure
meets the median, nearly as in 7. clarissa.

In this genus the nervures, which are generally closely examined
as affording materials for generic distinction, give most valuable aid
in determining closely allied species. I have in this paper described
four new species of a genus which before contained but one, and find
that they all differ in the position of the disco-cellular nervules. It
would almost seem as if the variations of these nervures were only
specific, as I have before found them a valuable aid in separating
two very closely allied species of Callithea.

In Terinos clarissa, the lower disco-cellular nervure meets the me-
dian nervure considerably before the base of its second branch.

In Terinos terpander, the lower disco-cellular nervure meets the
median nearly at the same point as in 7’. clarissa, but somewhat nearer
the base of its second branch.

1862.] PROF. GULLIVER ON THE RED CORPUSCLES, ETC. 91

In Terinos taxiles, the lower disco-cellular nervure meets the me-
dian nervure a little before the base of its second branch.

In Terinos teuthras, the lower disco-cellular nervure meets the
median nervure at the dase of its second branch.

In Terinos tethys, the lower disco-cellular nervure meets the me-
dian nervure @ little beyond the base of its second branch.

3. On THE Rep CorpuscLes oF THE BLoop or VERTEBRATA,
AND ON THE ZooxoGicaL Import oF THE NUCLEUS, WITH
PLANS OF THEIR STRUCTURE, ForM, AND S1zE (on A UNtI-
FORM SCALE), IN MANY OF THE DIFFERENT ORDERS. By
GrorGe GuLutver, F.R.S., Proressor or COMPARATIVE
ANATOMY AND PuysioLoGy TO THE RoyaAt COLLEGE OF
SURGEONS.

The object of this communication is to give a summary of the
value and import of the red corpuscles of the blood as regards sy-
stematic zoology, deduced from my observations published, piecemeal,
during the last twenty-three years, in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this
Society and elsewhere. Such notices will be given of the labours of
others in this interesting field, up to the year 1845, as the present
confused state of physiological history may seem most to require.

The drawings now exhibited to the Society are selected from a
much larger number in my possession, and are all on the same scale,
exhibiting plainly to the eye the relative form and size of the cor-
puscles in 171 species of the different classes and orders of the Ver-
tebrate subkingdom, and the difference of structure in the corpuscles
of the two great divisions of this subkingdom—i. e., 1, Vertebrata
apyrenemata, or Mammalia; 2, Vertebrata pyrenemata, or Ovi-
parous Vertebrata.

Structure of the Corpuscles of Apyrenematous Vertebrates.

In Man and other Mammalia there are two sets of red corpuscles.
The first or temporary set disappears at an early period of intra-
uterine life, and is replaced by the second or permanent set.

The corpuscle of the temporary set is composed of a vesicle in-
cluding a nucleus, is larger than the corpuscle of the second set, and
is, in short, a cell containing a nucleus. This cell is, both in struc-
ture and size, the true analogue of the red corpuscle of oviparous
Vertebrata. (See Phil. Mag. for Aug., 1842, p. 107; and my
Note to Wagner’s Physiology, Lond., 1844, p. 242, fig. 148.)

The corpuscles of the second set are those which replace the first
set, and, subject to waste and supply, are the red corpuscles of the
blood from birth, and during the greater part of the period of utero-
gestation, until death; and to these corpuscles the following ob-
servations will always be applied, unless otherwise expressed.

This corpuscle is not homogeneous, but is composed of a colour-
less membranous part, with a semifluid or viscid matter in which

92 PROF. GULLIVER ON THE RED CorPUSCLES [Feb. 25,

the colour resides; and this matter, which forms the chief bulk of
the corpuscle, is very soluble in water, while the membranous part
is insoluble in water. ‘The corpuscle is slippery, soft, elastic, and
viscid ; it will assume a variety of forms, and quickly return to its
regular shape; and the corpuscles will stick together, not only in
the well-known piles, but also by their edges. Dr. Hodgkin and
Mr. Lister noticed the viscidity of the part of the corpuscles which
had been ruptured by pressure; but Dr. Davy first clearly described
the general viscidity of the entire corpuscles, which has been con-
firmed by the recent observations of Dr. Charles Robin, who appears
to have been unacquainted with the observations just mentioned, so
long before made in this country. I have observed that this viscidity
of the corpuscles is much increased in buffy blood.

The regular corpuscle has no nucleus—nothing at all like that so
plain in the corpuscle of oviparous Vertebrata. Even the oval cor-
puscle of Camelidee has the true Mammalian type, both in size and
structure, being of the small size usual to Ruminantia, and alike de-
stitute of a nucleus; so that it is in shape only that these corpuscles
resemble those of the inferior classes, as proved by me long since in the
papers cited below. And as the history of what, in 1845, Mr. Whar-
ton Jones appropriately called ‘this vexed question of a nucleus”? is
interesting and important in physiological literature, and seems never
to have been clearly known, we may dwell a little on the subject.

The mistake of describing a nucleus in the red corpuscle of Mam-
malia arose from its central spot, and from the observers having seen
the nucleus so plainly in the larger corpuscles of fishes and reptiles.
Thus Hewson, using the corpuscles of the Skate to ascertain their
structure, never entertained a doubt that the nucleus he saw so plainly
—‘ ‘like a pea in a bladder”—in the red corpuscle of that fish was
a true representative of a nucleus in the human blood-corpuscle, and,
indeed, that what was true of the structure of the one was equally so
of the other.

And this error, in one shape or other, prevailed up to our time,
and was quite general about the year 1839, when I was always en-
deavouring to correct it (see Med. Ch. Trans. vol. xxiii.; Lancet,
1840-41, p. 101; and my App. to Gerber’s Anatomy, p. 13); while
Miiller, Krause, Gerber, and others, following Prevost and Dumas and
Prof. Milne-Edwards on the Continent, had satisfied themselves of
the existence of a nucleus in the human blood-corpuscle ; and the late
Dr. Martin Barry was publishing engravings in the ‘ Philosophical
Transactions,’ in London, of what he regarded as positive proofs of
this so-called nucleus. But it must be recollected that in 1827
Dr. Hodgkin and Mr. Lister made the following statement :—‘ Our
observations are at variance with the opinion long since formed by
Hewson, that these particles consisted of a central globule inclosed in
a vesicle composed of the coloured part; and which, though refuted by
Dr. Young, has since in a modified form been revived by Sir Everard
Home and Bauer in this country, and by Prevost and Dumas on the
Continent.”? This conclusion of Dr. Hodgkin and Mr. Lister refers
to their examination of the human blood-corpuscles; and most in-

1862.] OF THE BLOOD OF VERTEBRATES. 93

teresting it is, among the first anatomical fruits of Mr. Lister’s very
important labours in the improvement of the microscope, and withal
so accurate that it ought at once and for ever to have dispelled any
further belief in this imaginary nucleus of the blood-dise of Man.
Yet, after all, it does not appear that their observations were pushed
far enough to verify the remarkable exactness of Hewson’s descrip-
tion regarding the oviparous Vertebrata, but ouly to show its inac-
curacy when applied to Mammalia. And so here we were left to the
distraction of half-truths, that fruitful source of error, very pre-
cise and conscientious in themselves, but still so confounding two
things fundamentally different as to obscure the whole truth. ‘This,
indeed, as in so many other cases, lay between both parties; for the
descriptions of Hewson and of Hodgkin and Lister are quite accurate
and real, when confined, as they ought always to be, to the class of
animal on the blood of which those excellent observers were severally
engaged.

Lastly, in 1842 and 1845 Mr. Wharton Jones in England, and
M. Donné on the Continent, fully coincided with me as to the dif-
ference in question between the Mammalia and the lower Vertebrata ;
and this essential fact as to the “‘ vexed question of a nucleus”? was
then established evermore, though in 1841 Dr. Rees and Mr. Lane
were still maintaining that there really is a nucleus in the blood-dise
of Man. But their supposed nucleus seems to be identical with
what I have always depicted and described as the membranous base
or frame of the corpuscle, and similar to the part figured by Home
and Bauer, but a very different thing from a nucleus.

Now, if we wash the red corpuscles of Mammalia in water, using
a tall narrow jar or even a test-tube, allowing them to subside, de-
canting the supernatant liquid, and adding fresh portions of it until
all the colouring-matter and viscid part be removed, there will be a
whitish precipitate, consisting mostly of pale, thin, nearly trans-
parent, flattened circular discs. These are the membranous bases
or frames of the corpuscles-—corresponding to the globuline of some
authors—quite insoluble in water, and so faint as not to be easily
seen until their opacity has been increased by some such reagent as
corrosive sublimate, which makes them very distinct. In short, this
washed corpuscle is its colourless tegumentary frame, which, thus
treated, is finer and smaller than (that is to say, about two-thirds
the diameter of) the fresh unwashed corpuscle, thinner and of larger
comparative diameter than the nucleus of the blood-dise of oviparous
Vertebrata, and approaching in size to, but wanting the globular form
of, the objects represented in the beautiful drawings by Bauer :—

Fig. 1. Outlines of the human corpuscle, the first and second as
seen flat and on edge ; and the third showing the thin, delicate, faint
and colourless membranous frame or base of the same, and entirely
devoid of a nucleus, after three days washing in water. At fig. 12
is seen, first, a sketch of a regular corpuscle of a bird, and next, the
same corpuscle made round, and clearly showing its nucleus after
similar washing in water. This washed corpuscle is represented
rather larger than it should be.

94 PROF. GULLIVER ON THE RED CoRPUSCLES [Feb. 25,

Shape of the Red Corpuscles of Apyrenematous Vertebrates.

The red corpuscle is a circular, flattened, biconcave disc, rounded
at the margin. The flatness of the corpuscle was first clearly proved
by Hewson,—though the old error of its spherical or spheroidal figure
prevailed for years afterwards, and was particularly supported by
Mr. Hunter. The biconcave form was inferred by Dr. Young, and
proved by Dr. Hodgkin and Mr. Lister. This concavity causes the
central spot so long mistaken for a nucleus.

There are certain exceptions, regular and irregular, to the circular
and biconcave shape. The Camelide, as will be more particularly
explained in the proper place, have oval corpuscles. And when we
consider how pliant and elastic the Mammalian corpuscle is, and
what a delicate endosmometer it may be, how it will be taking in
and giving out fluid according to the relative density of the liquor
sanguinis and contents of the corpuscle, we might expect rapid
variations in its shape within certain limits; and such is the fact.

Accordingly, the corpuscles may be either swollen, puckered, or
shrunk into a variety of figures, flat, tumid, like a shallow circular or
oval cup, stellate, notched, granulated, mulberry-shaped, crescentic,
angular, lanceolate, fusiform, comma-shaped, and other figures, defy-
ing definition. In certain Cervide, to be noticed presently, the
angular, crescentic, and lanceolate corpuscles are in unusual abun-
dance. Dr. Richardson has well depicted a number of forms pre-
sented by the corpuscles in connexion with disease.

Relative Sizes of the Red Corpuscles of Apyrenematous Vertebrates.

The knowledge of this subject was very vague before my observa-
tions. It was the prevailing statement, after Hewson, that the size
of the corpuscle is not at all connected with that of the animal, since
he found them alike in the ox, cat, ass, mouse, and bat. But,
while confirming the accuracy of his statement as to animals of such
different orders, I soon found that, in a really natural family, other
things equal, the largest corpuscles will be generally found among the
large species, and the smallest corpuscles among the small species, of
that family. See, for examples, the drawings of the corpuscles of
Rodentia and Edentata, orders characterized by large corpuscles ; and
those of Ruminantia, an order, on the other hand, characterized by
small corpuscles. There are many exceptions to an exact relation
between the sizes of the species and corpuscles ; but these will pro-
bably fall into order as our knowledge extends. In the Ass, for
instance, the corpuscles are slightly larger than in the Horse, as
might be expected from the comparative muscular and respiratory
activity of these two animals; in the Mouse and the gigantic Rat
the corpuscles scarcely differ in size; in the Noctule they are just
appreciably smaller than in some of the more diminutive Bats. To
enumerate the exceptions, which are commonly but slight, would be
tedious and unnecessary, as some of them may be seen in the wood-
cuts, and numerous others, as well as those just mentioned, in my
‘Tables of Measurements,’ published in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this

1862.] OF THE BLOOD OF VERTEBRATES. 95

Society, October 14, 1845, and in subsequent numbers; in the Ap-
pendix to the English version of Gerber’s ‘Anatomy ;’ and in my
‘Notes to the Edition of Hewson’s Works,’ printed for the Sydenham
Society. The exceptions among the Fere were long since especially
noticed by me; and exceptions among aberrant species of any family
may be generally expected. But no example has hitherto been dis-
covered (ceteris paribus) of any one natural family, subject to the
exceptions implied, in which the largest corpuscles do not prevail
among the large species, and the smallest corpuscles among the small
species of that family. And this is the way in which I have put or
intended the rule as to the relation between the size of the corpuscles
and that of the species in the higher Vertebrata. But I never ex-
tended it to the two lowest classes, as may be seen from my measure-
ments of their corpuscles, and in the papers just cited. On the
contrary, some of the great Ophidia, as Python, are there shown to
have smaller corpuscles than such little species as Coluber and Anguis.
And this seems to be sufficient notice of the so-called exceptions of
certain reptiles and fishes erroneously adduced, in a former Part of
the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society, against my observations.

As to the comparative smallness and abundance of the corpuscles
of the Tunny, if, as there is reason to suppose, this be a warm-blooded
fish, the fact would be interesting as a probable indication of a special
adaptation. Dr. Davy, the highest authority on this question, has
long since proved experimentally that its ally (the Bonito) has warm
blood, and that the blood of the Tunny is so very rich in red cor-
puscles as to afford a remarkable contrast in this respect to some of
the cold fishes with which he made the comparisons. I long since per-
ceived that there must be some sort of connexion between the size of
the red corpuscles and the respiratory function ; and Dr. Davy in 1844
held, as the result of precise observations, that these corpuscles are
important in relation to animal heat. They have long been consi-
dered as carriers of oxygen. More recently, Professor Milne-Edwards,
in his excellent ‘Legons sur la Physiologie,’ has made this subject
his own as far as concerns the tendency of the red corpuscles to be
of smaller size in proportion to the general activity and respiratory
demands of the animal, and vice versd. His observations are numerous
and interesting on this point ; and the many exceptions as to regular
gradation of size, such as may be seen in the present woodcut, and,
further, in the ‘Tables of Measurements’ already referred to, are
fairly recognized by him. But our knowledge is not at present suf-
ficiently advanced to admit of a calculation of the disturbing cir-
cumstances, of which hybernation and peculiarities of structure and
habits, and differences in the relative proportion of the red corpuscles
to the other proximate constituents of the blood, may be among the
number.

Tn Mammalia and Birds I have long since observed some tendency
to a relation of size between the red corpuscles and pulmonary air-
cells and capillary vessels. And when the beautiful observations of
the late Professor Quekett showed the value and import of the bone-
cells, it was immediately seen that there is a like disposition to a re-

96 PROF, GULLIVER ON THE RED CorPUSCLES [Feb. 25,

lation between these and the red corpuscles. In short, ceteris pari-
bus, the higher the organization of the animal, the greater is the
quantity and surface of the red corpuscles, and vice versd. The
sum of this surface of a given quantity will be increased in proportion
to their minuteness, and diminished in proportion to their largeness,
just as the surface of a pound of lead would be much greater in small
than in large shot.

Man.—But few Mammalia have larger corpuscles than Man ;
among these may be noted the elephant, the whale, the great ant-
eater.

Quadrumana.—The corpuscles differ but little from those of Man,
being only just appreciably, or sometimes not at all, smaller, both in
the monkeys of the old and new continents. In the lemurs the cor-
puscles are slightly smaller generally.

Cheiroptera and Insectivorous Fere.—The corpuscles are slightly
smaller than in the monkeys.

Fere.—There is considerable diversity in the size of the corpuscles,
but such a marked disposition to uniformity in those of certain sub-
divisions of the order, that some of them might be distinguished from
others by a comparison simply of the corpuscles. Some of the small
Felide have rather larger corpuscles than the lion or tiger. If set
down in the order of the size of the corpuscles, from large to small,
the families would stand thus:—seals, dogs, bears, weasels, cats,
viverras. A Viverra may be instantly known, by the smallness of the
red corpuscles, from a dog. In the seals, otters, and dogs the cor-
puscles are about as large as in Man, and those of the viverras as
small as in some little species of Ruminantia. Bassaris has been
alternately associated with the bears and viverras; as far as re-
gards its corpuscles it agrees best with the bears. The Kinkajou in
the same respect approaches more to the viverras than to the bears
and weasels with which it has at different times been arranged.

Pachydermata.—As discovered by Mandl, the elephant has cor-
puscles larger than those of Man; in the rhinoceros they are rather
smaller than in Man, and still smaller in the tapirs, pigs, and horse.
In Hyraz the corpuscles are enlarged again; so that in this respect
this animal is more like a rodent than a pachyderm. Indeed, it may
be expected that, whenever a marked difference exists in the cor-
puscles of any species as compared with the corpuscles of its nearest
allies, that species will prove to be an aberrant one—Cercoleptes,
Bassaris, Hyrax, for example.

Cetacea.—In Balena the corpuscles are slightly larger than in
Man, and rather smaller in the porpoise, with an intermediate size
in the ca’ing whale.

Ruminantia.—An order characterized by the smallness of the cor-
puscles. In the Napu musk deer, meminna, and Stanley musk
deer I discovered* that the red corpuscles are the smallest known
in the animal kingdom, and that those of the brocket deer and the
Ibex are next in minuteness. Then follows a further enlargement

* See Med. Chir. Trans. vol. xxiii. ; Dublin Medical Press, Nov. 27, 1839; and
the Lancet, vol. ii. p. 101, 1840-41. j

1862. | OF THE BLOOD OF VERTEBRATES. 97

in the corpuscles of the common goat, which had always been pre-
viously described as the smallest known. In the sheep they are
somewhat larger still; while in the large species of the order, as the
Buffalo and Aurochs, the Sambur, Wapiti and Moose-deer, the cor-
puscles are as large as in many Carnivora, and larger than in most of
the Viverride.

In certain Cervide, as the Mexican, Reeve’s, and the Hog Deer,
the crescentic, lanceolate, and fusiform shapes may occur in great
abundance, as shown in the woodcut.

The Camelide have oval blood-corpuscles. But, as I proved in
1839 (see foot-note, page 97) and often since, it is in shape only
that these red corpuscles resemble those of oviparous Vertebrata.
The corpuscles generally of the Camelide have no nucleus, and so
agree in structure, as they do also in size, with those of their mam-
malian allies. The oval shape of the corpuscles was discovered by
Mandl in the Dromedary and Paco, quickly afterwards confirmed
and found by me to exist also in the Bactrian Camel, the Llama,
and the Vicugna.

Rodentia.—These have large corpuscles, like those of the Qua-
drumana. Even in that tiny creature the Harvest-mouse they are
quite as large as in the Horse and Peccary, while in the Capybara
they are as large as or larger than in Man. In some of the small
active Sciuride, besides the large corpuscles, there was an unusual
proportion of smaller ones, which might be curiously considered in
connexion with the habits of this family.

Edentata.—The corpuscles are large; in the Armadillo hardly
smaller than in Man, while they are larger in the Two-toed Sloth and
in the Great Ant-eater. The corpuscles of these two last-named ani-
mals are the largest known among Mammalia, excepting the Elephant;
and it may be supposed, according to the rule already explained, that
the red corpuscles of the gigantic Glyptodon and Megatherium were
larger than any yet seen in the class.

Marsupiata.—The corpuscles agree in structure with those of the
corresponding placental series of animals, and generally approach in
size to those of the Rodentia.

Monotremata.—The corpuscles of the Ornithorynchus are very
like those of Man in all respects, according to the observations of
Drs. Davy, Hobson, and Bedford ; and my examination of the blood
of the Echidna was to the same effect.

Red Corpuscles of Pyrenematous Vertebrates.

Hewson’s description, when confined exclusively to these, is so
remarkably accurate as to require little addition as regards structure.
The regular red corpuscle of oviparous Vertebrata is a cell or vesicle
containing a nucleus, while the regular red corpuscle of Mammalia
has no nucleus. This is the leading or central difference, as result-
ing entirely from my own observations, between these two great sub-
divisions of the Vertebrata ; and thus we long since disposed of “ this
vexed question of a nucleus.” Compare figs. 1 and 12, and the
description of them at page 102.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. VII.

98 PROF. GULLIVER ON THE RED CORPUSCLES [Feb. 25,

Birds.—The vesicle, when treated with water, so far from retaining
its shape or becoming narrower, as erroneously represented by Pro-
fessor KGlliker, becomes generally more or less round in this and the
lower classes ; and so do the oval corpuscles of the camels.

No hird has yet been found with the majority of the corpuscles
otherwise than oval. In any drop of blood a few of them may be
more or less circular; but their most common figure is with the
short diameter as 1 to the long diameter between 14 and 2. Still
they vary in different species, so as to present the form of a broader
or narrower ellipse. The broad short shape is frequent in some
little granivorous and insectivorous birds, as the Rice-bird; and
the narrow long shape in several birds of different orders, as the
Snowy Owl, Passenger Pigeon, and Butcher-bird. The thickness
of the corpuscle is between a third and a fourth of its short dia-
meter.

As might be expected from their comparative uniformity of organi-
zation, in birds the size of the corpuscle is much less variable than
in Mammalia, and has throughout the class so far more relation to
the size of the species, whether of one or different orders, that Hew-
son would scarcely have said of this class that the corpuscles are not
disposed to be larger in the large than in the small species. In
short, no instance is yet known, ceteris paribus, of a prevalence of
the largest corpuscles in the small and the smallest corpuscles in the
large birds, taking a great number of the different-sized species to
compensate for aberrations ; so that the whole class resembles in this
respect a single order of Mammalia, and is alike without an exact or
regular gradation in the size of the corpuscles, the rule applying
only with many exceptions, as before noticed or implied. The Horn-
bill, for example, has larger corpuscles than some much larger birds,
as the Pelican.

A very remarkable relation exists between the short diameter of
the oval corpuscles of birds and the diameter of the circular cor-
puscles of Mammalia. Indeed, so constant is this coincidence that
it may be accepted as arule. I have not met with an example in
which the breadth of a bird’s corpuscle does not closely correspond
to the diameter of the corpuscle of some of the Mammalia.

Reptiles.—In structure and shape the corpuscles of reptiles are
the same as in birds; but in size the reptilian corpuscles vary so
greatly as to afford a remarkable contrast in this respect with birds.
The largest occur in the naked amphibia, especially in the perenni-
branchiate subdivision, as discovered by Professor Wagner; and
the smallest in the lizards, tortoises, and serpents. Such is their
magnitude in the Proteus, that they may be seen with a common
hand-lens; and the observation of Dr. Crisp, which accords with
my subsequent examinations of them in the fresh blood, shows that
they are nearly as large in the great Japanese Salamander. In that
paradoxical creature Lepidosiren, I found that the corpuscles have the
true reptilian character, being larger than those yet known of any
fish, and having also a stronger and more durable vesicle than that
of the blood-corpuscle generally of fishes; and Dr. Gray (a very

1862.] OF THE BLOOD OF VERTEBRATES, 99

high authority on a question of zoological affinity) has recently
arranged this animal among the reptiles.

Fishes.—The structure of the corpuscle is the same as in the two
preceding classes. The vesicle in fishes is usually more tender and
evanescent. There are great variations in the size and shape of the
corpuscles, as discovered by Professor Wagner, especially in the car-
tilaginous group. They are largest and oval in the Sharks and
Skates, and circular in certain Cyclostomes, as Ammoceetes and Pe-
tromyzon, in which the corpuscles are among the smallest—the dis-
covery also of Wagner. Their large size in the Common Skate was
discovered by Hewson. In the Pike I found them generally more or
less pointed at the ends, though in many other osseous fishes the
corpuscles are more or less regularly oval, and similar in size to those
of birds, yet with the disc commonly broader in comparison with its
length. It may be nearly or quite circular ; and often at least half of
the corpuscles are thus round, especially a few hours after death, so
that the short ellipse is almost displaced by the circular form, as
may be seen in the blood of the Tench.

The most aberrant corpuscles in the class, as might be expected,
occur in Mr. Yarrell’s Lancelot (Amphioxus lanceolatus), in which,
according to the observations of Retzius, Quatrefages, and Miiller,
they are colourless, like lymph-globules and the blood-corpuscles of
numerous Invertebrata. But it must be recollected that this creature
is ranked as the lowest fish by Yarrell, and was in fact described by
Pallas as a Limax. Professor Kdélliker assures us that there are no
blood-corpuscles whatever in this fish! It has been found on our
shores ; and whoever may take up a systematic investigation of the
blood-corpuscles of the Invertebrata must either begin or end with
Amphioxus, as their connecting link with the Vertebrata. In the
Glutinous Hag, Miiller found the corpuscles oval, and even fusiform.

Zoological Import of the Nucleus.

In Mammalia we have shown that, during an early period of intra-
uterine life, the temporary red blood-cell with its nucleus is the ana-
logue of the permanent or common red corpuscle of oviparous Verte-
brata, while the permanent or common red corpuscle of Mammalia
is devoid of any such nucleus.

To the cursory observer it might seem of little consequence
whether the red corpuscles of the blood of Man and Mammalia have,
or have not, a nucleus; and accordingly, up to this moment, the
question seems to have been commonly regarded as a mere microsco-
pical curiosity. But when, in 1839 and again two or three years
afterwards, I fully saw the essential difference in question between
these corpuscles and those of oviparous Vertebrata (having proved
the fact by careful examinations of the blood of numberless animals,
and that in opposition to the then prevailing erroneous statements
and doctrines), it at once appeared to me as a very essential truth ;
and subsequent experience has only confirmed this view. In short,
the fact of this structure of the corpuscles of the two great divisions

100 PROF. GULLIVER ON THE RED CoRPUSCLES ([Feb. 25,

of Vertebrata, comprehending such a wide extent of subordinate facts
as to rise to all the dignity of a central one, small as it may appear,
is really a great addition to zoological science. Thus is plainly un-
folded the most universal and essential difference ever before dis-
covered between the Mammalia and oviparous Vertebrata ; for this
one minute point is in truth so large and extensive as to clearly cha-
racterize the divisions in question in any sex or at any age, which
not one of the old diagnoses can effect. Yet not even a glimpse of
this important truth, so readily reconciling the discrepancies of former
observers, was ever caught, during the contentions as to the presence
or absence of the nucleus, in this zoological point of view.

And the present conclusion is alike extended and supported by the
discoveries of development for which we are indebted to Mr. Wharton
Jones, who has clearly shown that there is a similar difference in
this respect. But although his important researches ought to have
been well known in this country since 1845, they have been strangely
neglected, while the far less accurate and comprehensive observations
of Professor K6lliker have been imported and translated, and much
too generally adopted in England. In connexion with Mr. Wharton
Jones’s conclusion, I may mention that one, two, three, or four mam-
malian red corpuscles may certainly form a nucleus of a cell, as
depicted by me in the ‘ Philosophical Magazine,’ Sept. 1842, p. 170.
This observation has often since been imported from abroad, but
never with the least perception of its significance.

And so “this vexed question of.a nucleus” is at length not only
settled, but also placed at the service of systematic zoology. Ac-
cordingly, the two great divisions of the Vertebrate subkingdom are
here characterized as Vertebrata pyrenemata and Vertebrata apy-
renemata—the former corresponding to the oviparous, and the latter
to the Mammalian section.

DESCRIPTION OF THE WOOD ENGRAVING (p. 101).

All the corpuscles are drawn to a scale of ;;4>5th of an English inch, and are
magnified about 920 times linear admeasurement. The scale is marked at the
bottom of the engraving. :

Corpuscles only of average size are.given ; and but one corpuscle from each
species of animal, with the few exceptions presently to be noticed.

The corpuscles of Apyrenzematous Vertebrates occupy the upper part of the
engraving, above the double line ; and the different orders of these are separated
by the short upright lines. The corpuscles of Pyrenzematous Vertebrates occupy
all the larger part of the engraving below the double line. At 12 is a row of
birds’ corpuscles; 13-17, corpuscles of reptiles ; and 18, a row of the corpuscles
of fishes. The figures at 1 and 12, referring to structure, are fully explained at
page 93. Of the Pyrenzmatous Vertebrates, the nuclei are shown much more
plainly than they appear in the pure corpuscles; but the action of acetic acid ex-
poses the nuclei as distinctly as they are here represented.

The names of the animals are set down in the following table, according to the
order in which the sketches of the corpuscles stand in the engraving. The fol-
lowing measurements of the corpuscles are all in vulgar fractions of an English
inch; but as the numerator is invariably 1, it is omitted throughout, and the de-
nominators only are printed. T. denotes the thickness, L. D. the long diameter,
and §S. D. the short diameter of the corpuscles.

1862.] OF THE BLOOD OF VERTEBRATES. 101

OPO |,OOO0 |:000 |

pe OOO EKO O00]

POO MOO COO:
20000 OOQCOUQVQo)ionz|

PROF. GULLIVER ON THE RED CorPUSCLES. [Feb. 25,

VERTEBRATA APYRENAEMATA.

102
Figs. 1. Homo.
Corpuscle flat .........- sebencaes en 3,200
The same on edge, T.........-+++ 12,400
The same, long macerated in
WALED ss0s<ss cae dea haus sao ,800
Figs. 2. Quadrumana.
Simia troglodytes ............0.- 3,412
fA AER) C1) Rae ear adnede edbecnodan 3,602
Lemur anjuanensis...........-... 4,003
Figs. 3. Cheiroptera.
Vespertilio murinus .........-.- 4,175
MOCTHIAeeeraeceesess Saseebee 4,404
—— pipistrellus.............0.0es 4,324
Figs. 4. Fere.
Sorex tetragonurus .......... 4,571
Ursus labiatus.......cccsesssesseoe 3,728
Bassaris astuta ...scccssereeeeeee 4,033
Cercoleptes caudivolvulus ...... 4,573
Phoca vitulina ...........+6 Sedeer sO Leo
Canis dingo............cesssses cues 3,099
Mustela zorilla ........-.seeeeeee 4,270
Felis tigvis ........:.+sseeseees eee 4,206
Paradoxurus pallasii ...........+ 5,485
bondar ....... seivaeseaies ss 5,693
Figs. 5. Cetacea.
Balzena boops ....... Se, deisastesos 3,099
Delphinus globiceps ............ 3,200
—— phoceena............ weseesese 3029
Figs. 6. Pachydermata.
Elephas indicus .............0.... 2,745
Rhinoceros indicus............ eee 8,765
Tapirus indicus ...............006 4,000
Equus caballus ................ -- 4,600
: Ge lpasosd choses 13,422
Dicotyles torquatus ..... share 4,490
Hyrax capensis ............6. eee 3,008

Figs. 7. Ruminantia.

Moschus javanicus ......+++..e.6. 12,325
mMeminna .......6- seecdeden Baee
stanleyanus ..... Weights .... 10,825

Cervus nemorivagus ...... seseee 7,060

Capra caucasica ....sec00..-s2e00 7,045
hircus......... veers 6,366

BOS SULUS Seacsi ccs cden teveveacees once yO:

Camelopardalis giraffa ......... 4,571

Auchenia vicugna {§ Disses

as S.D. 6,444

L.D. 3,361

—— PCO vereeersereeees { SD. 6,294
L.D. 3,361

—— glama.............+- { S.D. 6294
L.D. 3,254

Camelus dromedarius...< 8.D. 5,921
T. 15,337

L.D. 3,123

—— bacirianus ......... | S.D. 5,876
T. 15,210

Cervus mexicanus: the seven last cor-
puscles—round, crescentic, sigmoid,
lanceolate, comma-shaped, notched,
and quadrangular forms.

Figs. 8. Rodentia.

VERTEBRATA PYRENZMATA.

Figs. 12. Aves.

L.D. S.D.

Struthio camelus ...... 1,649 3,000
Ts osha 9,166

Nucleus ...... 3,200 9,166

(With a corpuscle after maceration

in water.)

Vanga destructor ...... 2,019 3,892

Lanius excubitor ...... 1,989 5,325

Bubo virginianus ...... 1,837 4,000

Surnia nyctea......... «. 1,555 4,042

Nucleus ...... 3,200 10,666

Hydrochcerus capybara ......... 3,190
Castor fiber..c..tescce ncseeees one 3,325
Sciurus CinereuS ........-..s..00+ . 4,000
Mus messorius ............. secee 45268
Figs. 9. Edentata.
Myrmecophaga jubata ........- 2,769
Bradypus didactylus ............ 2,865
Dasypus villosus........ see hwodens 3,315
Figs. 10. Marsupiata. |
Phascolomys wombat.........+«. 3,456
Hypsiprymnus setosus ......... 4,000
Fig. 11. Monotremata.

Echidna hystrix ..............++ « 3,300
L.D. S.D.

Columba rufina ......... 2,314 3,429
—— migratoria......... 1,909 4,626
Dolychonyx oryzivorus 2,400 4,167
Buceros rhinoceros ... 1,690 | 3,230
Psittacus augustus...... 2,085 3,600
Phasianus superbus ... 2,128 3,587
Nucleus ...... 4,500 8,000
Pelecanus onocrotalus.. 1,777 3,369
Nucleus ...... 3,200 9,600
Trochilus ceseeeeee 2,666 4,000

(Species unknown.)

1862.] MR. W. H. FLOWER ON THE JAVAN LORIS. 103

Figs. 13-17. Reptilia. LD. §.D.
L.D. S.D. | Fig. 16. Proteus anguinus 400 727
Gymnopodus egyptia- Fig. 17. Lepidosiren an-
Lihat Soa pe a ae 1,143 2,000 TICCLCNING ..ccccccecccoos 570 941
Crocodilus acutus ...... 1,231 2,286 Nucleus ...... 1,455 2,900
Dive.see 8,000
Lacerta viridis ......... 1,555 2,743 Fi F
Anguis fragilis ......... 1,178 2,666 igs. 18. Pisces.
Coluber berus ......... 1,274 1,800 | Perca cernua ............ 2,461 3,000
Nucleus ...... 3,227 4,986 | The same on edge, T. 8830
Python tigris............ 1,440 2,400 Nucleus ...... 6,000 8,000
Nucleus ...... 3,555 7,468 | Cyprinus tinca ......... 2,286 2,722
Bufo vulgaris............ 1,043 2,000 Dees’ ee 8,830
Spee ae 5,625 Nucleus ...... 8,500 9,600
Nucleus ...... 2,802 5,261 | Esoxlucius ............ 2,000 3,555
Lissotriton punctatus.. 814 1,246 Nucleus ...... 5,333 8,000
Nucleus ...... 1,778 2,667 | Thymallns vulgaris ... 1,684 2,900
Fig. 14. Sieboldia maxima 450 800 | Gymnotus electricus... 1,745 2,599
Fig. 15. Siren lacertina. 420 760 | Squalus acanthias ...... 1,143 1,684
Nucleus ...... 1,142 2,007 | Ammoccetes branchialis 2,460

March 11, 1862.
Dr. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. W. H. Flower, F.R.C.S., F.L.S., Conservator of the Museum
of the Royal College of Surgeons, read a memoir on the Brain of
the Javan Loris (Stenops javanicus).

The subject of this communication was an adult female, which died
in the Zoological Society’s Gardens in January, 1862. In the exa-
mination of the brain every care had been taken to preserve the natural
configuration of the different portions of the organ; the drawing of
the upper surface had been made before its removal from the cranial
cavity, and the other drawings, descriptions, and measurements were
checked by comparison with a cast of the interior of the skull. The
value of the descriptions and figures of the brain of Stenops already
published had been much diminished by inattention to such precau-
tions ; and they had also had the disadvantage of being made before
the researches of Gratiolet had thrown light upon the arrangement
of the convolutions on the cerebral hemispheres of the higher Qua-
drumana. A new description, which may serve as a standard of
comparison in studying the cerebral anatomy of allied forms, seemed
therefore to be called for.

The following is an abstract of Mr. Flower’s remarks :—

“‘ When seen iz situ, the two hemispheres present together an oval
figure, 1°3 inch in length, and 1°05 inch across the broadest part,
which is situated at the junction of the middle and posterior third of
the long axis. From this point the oval gradually narrows to rather
a sharp apex in front. There is no appearance of that want of
symmetry, both of size and form in the two hemispheres, described
and figured by Vrolik. Projecting anteriorly to the extent of } inch
beyond the cerebral hemispheres are the olfactory lobes, of consider-

104 MR. W. H. FLOWER ON THE JAVAN Loris. [Mar. 1],

able vertical depth, but compressed laterally, and pointed in front.

Projecting posteriorly is a very narrow edge of the cerebellum, most
visible in the middle line, both on account of its own greater promi-
nence at this part, and because the widening out of the termination
of the great longitudinal fissure of the cerebrum allows more of its
upper surface to be seen. When seen from one side, the upper con-
tour of the brain forms a low, flattened arch, the greatest point of
elevation being a little way behind the centre. The anterior or
frontal lobe is much depressed, and excavated below to make room
for the orbital plates of the frontal bone. The temporal lobes, dis-
tinctly marked off from the last by the Sylvian fissure, are full and
make a considerable projection downwards and forwards. The occi-
pital lobes are short and of little vertical depth, being hollowed
below for the cerebellum, the greater part of which body they cover.
The sulci of the cerebral hemispheres, though few, are well marked
and tolerably symmetrical. A particular description of their arrange-
ment is given in the paper. The principal sulci correspond with
those which in the higher Quadrumana have been named Sylvian,
antero-temporal, calloso-marginal, calcarine, and dentate.

‘On the inferior surface of the brain, the olfactory lobes in their
anterior half are seen to be compressed, and of equal width almost
to their termination ; posteriorly they become flat, and widen out to
their attachment to the under surface of the anterior lobe. The
fissure of Sylvius divides them from the temporal lobe. The orbital
surface of the hemisphere, as seen on each side of the olfactory lobes,
is hollowed out, and presents a simple longitudinal sulcus. The
optic nerves are small for the size of the brain; behind them is a
prominent, round, whitish mass filling up the greater part of the
interpeduncular space, in which the corpora albicantia are not clearly
distinguished from the tuber cinereum. The crura cerebri are of
moderate size. The pons Varoliiis not much elevated ; it is distinctly
marked off in front, but very indefinitely separated from the medulla
behind. ‘The last-named body is broad and flat anteriorly, the
median groove distinct, its other divisions but faintly indicated.
The nerves appear all to rise in the situations usual in this group of
animals.

*« The corpus callosum is 0°65 inch long, and covers half of the
anterior pair of the corpora quadrigemina. Of these bodies the an-
terior are the largest, they are flat and rounded in outline; the pos-
terior are small, but very prominent. The posterior part of the
fornix is very broad, covering the optic thalami, and forming a wide
lamina (corpus fimbriatum) descending into the middle corner of the
ventricle. The hippocampus major is of moderate size. With all
the care taken, it was not possible to ascertain satisfactorily the extent
to which the ventricular cavity passed into the posterior lobe; but
this is a circumstance of very little importance, and varies greatly
even in the same species of Quadrumana. On the other hand, it is
of considerable anatomical and physiological consequence that the
portion of grey matter homologous to that forming the so-termed
‘hippocampus minor’ of the human subject, only of proportions

1862. ] MR. LOVELL REEVE ON A NEW PHYSA. 105

corresponding to the greater relative depth of the calcarine sulcus,
exists in this brain, as in that of Lemur and Galago and all the true
Apes.

Me The brain of Stenops conforms closely with that of Lemur, both
in its general form and the disposition of its surface-markings. The
principal differences that were observed between them are described
in the paper; and then follows a comparison of the brains of these
two animals with those of the higher Quadrumana. As has been so
well shown by M. Gratiolet, in his beautifully illustrated memoir
upon this subject, a certain type both of general configuration and
of surface-markings pervades the brain of all the Primates, from
Man to the Marmoset. From this type M. Gratiolet excludes the
Strepsirrhine Quadrumana, placing them, with the Insectivora, in a

-group of Mammalia whose cerebral organization he considers to be
quite distinct from that of the two first families of Quadrumana.
The author of the present paper finds reason to dissent from this
proposition, and upon cerebral characters alone would retain the
Lemurs in the position assigned to them by the majority of systematic
zoologists—admitting, however, that, while possessing certain very
important points of structure peculiar to the Primates, they are in
many respects, especially in the shortness of the posterior lobes, an
aberrant group, forming a transition towards the Cheiroptera, Car-
nivora, and other inferior Mammalia.”

This paper will be published at full length in the Socicty’s
‘ Transactions,’ and appropriately illustrated.

The following paper was read :—

ON A NEW FORM OF PuHYSA, OF THE SECTION AMERIA, RE-
CEIVED FROM GrorGE FrencH ANnaGas, Esa., or ANGASTON,
Sours AvustTrALis, CoRRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE So-
ciety. By Loveuu Reeve, F.LS.

The genus Physa occurs abundantly in the ponds and ditches of
Europe and North America, and throughout the intertropical main-
land and islands of the Eastern hemisphere. But in all the nume-
rous species belonging to this wide range of geographical distribution
the shell is regularly convex and smooth. In Australia and New
Zealand a new type appears, in which the shoulder of the whorl is
broadly angled. Eight species, in the collection of Mr. Cuming,
characterized by this angular growth, some of them with the spire
flatly immersed—two from New Zealand, the rest from North
Australia, Port Essington, and the Boyne, Calliope, and Fitzroy
Rivers—have been lately described by Mr. Henry Adams under the
new generic title of Ameria, all being uniformly smooth. They differ
from the rest of the Physe in being formed on the angular type;
they resemble them in being still destitute of sculpture. The form
of Physa now introduced from South Australia is of the angular
type, but it differs from all others in being sculptured transversely
with thread-like ridges. The shells of the allied genus Limnea are

106 MR. LOVELL REEVE ON A NEW PHYSA. [Mar. 11,

convex and typically smooth ; but there are two (L. ovata and emar-
ginata, Say) which incline to develop obscure, irregularly formed
ridges. The ridges of these Limnee are not, however, analogous to
the ridges of our new form of Physa. They are not of the same
symmetrical, persistent growth, and have more the appearance of
arising from a casual malleation of the surface of the shell.

Puysa (Ameria) ALic1£. Ph. testa anguste obtecte umbili-
cata, suboblongo-ovata, tenui, inflata, flavescenti-cornea, spira
parviuscula plus minus acute exserta; anfractibus tribus ad
quatuor, superne subabrupte declivi-angulatis, deinde conveais,
transversim undique filoso-liratis, liris inequalibus inequidi-
stantibus, interstitiis strits fibrosis incrementi, super liras et ad
suturas plicato-scabrosis, ereberrime longitudinaliter decussa-
tis; apertura suboblongo-ovata, labro tenuissime membranaceo
reflexo.

Long. 3, lat. 3 poll.

Hab. Lower Murray River, below Moorandi, and River Gawler,
South Australia: in small ponds under stones, and attached to aquatic
plants brought up by the dredge (dagas).

‘This interesting form of Physa,” writes Mr. Angas, “I should
like to be dedicated to my eldest daughter Alicia, who found the
first specimen, and called my attention to it; and I have great
pleasure in complying with a request so highly deserving of a lasting
and honourable acknowledgment. ‘The shell is of a slightly mflated
oblong structure, with a rather small spire, sharply exserted, but
more so in the specimens from the Gawler than in those from the
Lower Murray River. Round the upper shoulder, so to speak, the
whorls are rather narrowly sharply angled, forming a subconcave
slope from the suture, below which the shell is encircled with thread-
like ridges. The ridges are parallel throughout, but unequal in
substance and in distance from each other, being especially finer and
more crowded towards the base. The outer surface of the shell is
composed of a yellowish, horny, membranaceous cuticle, of which
the strize of growth cross the interstices between the ridges in very
close and strongly marked succession, and in the sutures and on

1862. | LETTER FROM DR. G. BENNETT. 107

crossing the ridges they rise in minute scabrous plications. The
aperture is enamelled with a tinge of ruddy colour.

The upper figure represents the shell of the natural size. In the
lower figures it is enlarged to show the scabrous plications.

March 25, 1862.

Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

The Secretary announced that Dr. G. Bennett, F.Z.S., had shipped
a living Kagu (Rhinochetus jubatus) for the Society from Sydney
on the 16th of January previous, and read the following extracts from
a letter just received from that gentleman relating to the habits of
this remarkable bird :—

‘Of the two Kagus brought from New Caledonia alive, one died
on the 4th of January, 1862, and on dissection proved to be a female.
It was larger than the one now sent to England alive ; and when that
one dies (as the plumage and crest are similar, and both appeared
to be fully grown, the only distinction being size) it would be inter-
esting to ascertain the sex. The Kagu is a very interesting bird,
readily domesticated. It is amusing to see them politely bowing
their heads one to the other, elevating their crests at the same time,
and then finish by coquetting about. They climb up the wires in
front of their place of confinement just as the Red-billed Porphyrios.
They often leap, aided by the wings, upon the stumps or low branches
of trees; but they invariably roost on the ground, in an erect posi-
tion, with the head buried between the shoulders or under the wing,
and in confinement never seek any elevated position for roosting.
In New Caledonia they are usually seen about the sea-coast, by the
side of rivers; and although in some parts of the island they are
very numerous, yet about the settlement of Port du France they are
seldom seen more than from two to four together at the same time.
When disturbed they only fly to the height of a few feet, and escape
into the thick brushwood. They are eaten by the natives. A lady
just returned from New Caledonia informs me that a pair have been
kept tame at Port du France for nearly three years, and are well-
known roamers of the streets of that settlement. When a dog ap-
proaches them, they elevate their crests and flap their wings to drive
it away. They are usually to be seen about those places where the men
are digging, approaching them fearlessly for the sake of procuring
worms or grubs that are turned up from the ground by the hoe or
spade. The same lady describes a noise they make in their wild
state, when concealed among the reeds or bushes, as resembling that
of a young puppy crying for its mother.”

The following extract was read from a letter addressed by Colonel
Abbott to George O. Wray, Esq., and communicated by the latter
gentleman to the Secretary :—

108 EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS. [Mar. 25,

“In March, 1858, as-near as I can recollect, near the village of
Pur-Buddah, distant 14 mile from the town of Akyab in Arracan,
two Sepoys of the Arracan Local Battalion captured under a rock a
large female Boa, some 12 feet in length, and abstracted with her a
nest of eggs forty-eight in number. Both Snake and eggs were pre-
sented to me by a friend, who knew that I was interested in such
things. My object now was to secure this prize, and see what would
result from the detention. Unfortunately I was taken seriously ill, and
neglected to keep notes on the subject, and all I now state is from
recollection. The Python was in my possession for upwards of two
months and a half, and was constantly coiled around her eggs, re-
fusing food in various forms, living and dead, viz., fowls, rats, and
frogs. I then quitted Arracan on sick-leave and came to Calcutta,
bringing the Snake and eggs with me, and made them over to Dr.
Pearson (since dead) and Dr. Evans. The Snake was in my posses-
sion, as I said before, about ten weeks in the province and ten days
(more or less) in Calcutta, and nearly a week on the voyage up to
Calcutta, as we went to Chittagong: this will bring the eggs and
Snake to be known to me three months ; and the eggs were still not
hatched.

“ On visiting the Museum and finding the eggs in the condition
I sent them in, curiosity led us to detach an egg from the mass ; and
looking at it carefully it was supposed to be bad, as it exhibited
marks of green mildew and soil, and there was no motion in it. We
then determined to open it with a knife, and to our surprise we ex-
tracted a fully formed live young one, active and strong, which would,
I have no doubt, have lived had it been allowed. I left Caleutta
shortly after this, and do not know what became of the Boa and re-
maining eggs; but, should further information be required, I would
suggest that application be made to Mr. Blyth, if still in Calcutta,
or to the Curator of the Asiatic Museum of Calcutta.”

The following extracts were read from a letter addressed to Dr.
Gray by Mr. Henry Blandford, respecting some Mollusks observed
in Ceylon :—

“T have nothing particular to communicate respecting the Aulo-
poma, beyond what you have yourself noticed—viz., that the oper-
culum is frequently drawn well into the whorl, the aperture of which
is perfectly closed by the flexible edges of the former.

“There is but one species of Aulopoma in Ceylon, varying con-
siderably in the size and in the height of the spire, and also, to some
extent, in colouring. But these are mere variations, and there are
not even any sharply defined varieties. I enclose you a sketch of
the animal.

“The Aulopomata are found under damp leaves at the roots of
trees, especially some of the Figs, such as Ficus elastica. In this
selection of damp shady places they resemble most of the Cyclopho-
roid genera.

“The Paludomus chilinoides, of which you have two specimens,
is very common in the plains of Ceylon and up to about 2000 feet.

is

em

N. Hanhart of

f &

hth

W.Wolf.del.et

1862.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON NEW BIRDS FROM BOGOTA. 109

It affects sluggish streams, tanks, aud paddy-fields ; in this respect it
differs from the Tanuli and Philopotami, which greatly prefer swiftly
running water. P. spiralis (from the north province of Ceylon)
and P. acutus (from Madras, Trichinopoly, &c.) have similar habits
to P. chilinoides, and are probably merely well-marked varieties of
the latter.

* Helix (Nanina) ceylanica is a local variety of H. bistrialis.
The former inhabits the hiils up to about 3000 feet; the latter the
plains of the north provinces of Ceylon, and a great part of Southern

India. I send youa sketch of the animal of H. (Nanina) bistrialis.”’

The following papers were read :—

i. Cuaracters or Nine New Species or Birps RECEIVED IN
COLLECTIONS FROM Bogota. By P. lL. Scuater, M.A.,
Pu.D., F.R.S., SEcRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

(Plate XI.)

I have lately had an opportunity of examining several large col-
lections of bird-skins from Bogota, containing altogether some three
or four thousand individuals. The greater number of the species to
which these belong are now well known in Europe, from their re-
peated importation in Bogotan collections ; but I have found a few,
principally among the more little-known groups, which appear to
have been altogether overlooked or hitherto not collected. I beg
leave to submit to the Society the following descriptions of these
species.

Fam. TurDIDz&.

1. TuRDUS EPHIPPIALIS.

Supra cinereus, alis eatus, nisi in primariorum parte terminali, et
interscapulio rufescente indutis: subtus pallide cinereus: gut-
ture albo, maculis triangularibus fuscis striato: ventre imo et
crisso albis: tectricibus subalaribus et remigum parte interna
pallide eastaneis : rostro plumbeo: tomiis pallescentibus : pedi-
bus fuscis.

Long. tota 8°5, alee 4:7, caude 4°2 poll. Angl. et dec.

Hab. In Nov. Granada int.

Mus. P. L. S.

Obs. Affinis Turdo albiventri ex Cayenva, et ptilosi fere simili,
sed interscapulio et alis extus rufescentibus, et subalaribus castaneis
facile dignoscendus.

I may remark that I have now received from the Berlin Museum
a Thrush marked Turdus amaurochalinus,—a species with which I
was not acquainted when I prepared my Synopsis of the American
Thrushes, already printed in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings.’* This
bird is certainly undistinguishable from what I consider to be Turdus
albiventris of Spix, of which I have examples from Cayenne, Brazil,
Bolivia, and Ecuador. My Turdus ignobilis of the highlands of New

* See P. Z. S. 1859, p. 321.

110 DR. P, L. SCLATER ON NEW BIRDS FROM BOGOTA. [Mar. 25,

Granada is barely separable from the same species. On the other
hand, there can be no question about the distinctness of the present
Bogotan species, looking to its rufous interscapulium and wing-
edgings, and dark, almost chestnut-brown under wing-coverts.

Fam. VIREONIDZ.
2, HyLOPHILUS FERRUGINEIFRONS.

Olivaceus: alis nigricanti-fuscis, extus olivaceis: cauda oliva-
cescenti-fusca : pileo brunnescente tincto, fronte ferruginolento :
subtus dilutior, gutture et ventre medio albicantioribus : rostro
plumbeo, tomiis pallescentibus, pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 4:0, alee 2:1, caude 1°5.

Hab. In Nov. Granada int.

Mus. P. L. S.

Obs. Affinis Hylophilo ochraceicipiti, mihi, ex Mexico, sed colore
supero olivaceo rostroque robustiore differt. Remex primus, prout
semper in hoc genere, spurius, dimidio brevior quam secundus:
quartus, quintus et sextus fere eequales et longissimi.

I have tried in vain to reconcile this bird with Lafresnaye’s H.
flavipes (Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 342). It is certainly not his Hylo-
philus semibrunneus (J. c. p. 341), as I have seen specimens of the
latter in the British Museum.

Fam. TANAGRID&.
3. CHLOROSPINGUS OLEAGINEUS.

Olivaceus fere unicolor, fronte et regione oculari et corpore subtus
flavicanti-olivaceis : alis nigricanti-fuscis, extus brunnescentt-
olivaceo limbatis : cauda brunnea unicolore: rostro nigricanti-
brunneo : pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 5°5, alee 3°25, caudee 3°5.

Hab. In Novy. Granada int.

Mus. P. L. 8S.

Obs. Aftinis C. superciliari et C. rubrirostri et eadem forma sed

colore fere unicolore notabilis.

Fam. DENDROCOLAPTID.
4. PHILYDOR PANERYTHRUS.

Murino-rufescens : alis extus et cauda tota rufis, illarum pogoniis
interne nigricantibus: subtus lete fulvo-rufus: rostro albi-
cante, hujus basi cum pedibus plumbeo.

Long. tota 7°5, alee 3°9, caudze 3°6.

Hab. In Nov. Granada int.

Mus. P. L. 8.

This bird is allied in form to Philydor rufus (Vieill.) of Brazil
(P. ruficollis, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 74, pl. 75), though the rectrices
are not quite so sharply pointed. It may be distinguished by its
more uniformly rufous coloration, and the complete absence of the
cinereous head. I have a single Bogotan specimen, the only indivi-
dual I have met with of this species.

1862.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON NEW BIRDS FROM BOGOTA, 111

Fam. TyRANNID.

5. LePpTrOPOGON ERYTHROBPS.

Olivaceus, pileo cinereo, loris, oculorum ambitu et corpore subtus

ad medium pectus fulvide rufis : ventre flavicante: alis nigri-

‘ canti-fuscis, tectricum apicibus fulvo terminatis ; remigibus om-

nibus extus olivacescenti-fulvo marginatis: campterio alari,

subalaribus et remigum marginibus inferis clare ochracescenti-

rufis: cauda ochracescenti-cinerea, marginibus angustis externe
olivacescentibus : rostro obscure fusco ; pedibus corylinis.

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°7, caudze 2°4,

Hab. In Nov. Granada int.

Mus. P. L. S.

This is a well-marked species, easily recognizable by its bright-
rufous face and breast. In structure it agrees well with Leptopogon
superciliaris, the type of the section, the bill being rather shorter,
but precisely of the same form. The fourth quill is longest, slightly
exceeding the third and fifth, which are equal. The first is rather
shorter than the eighth, ninth, and tenth.

6. LEPTOPOGON P@CILOTIS.

Supra olivaceus, pileo plumbescente, loris albescentibus ; plumis
auricularibus ad basin flavicantibus, inde distincte nigris :
subtus flavo-virens ; alis nigricanti-fuscis, tectricibus omnibus
macula terminali ochracea preditis, remigibus olivaceo margi-
natis: cauda fuscescente, extus olivaceo anguste marginata :
rostro superiore nigro, inferiore omnino flavo : pedibus pallide
corylinis.

Long. tota 4°5, alze 2°3, caudee 2°0.

Hab. In Nov. Granada int.

Mus. P. 1. S.

This species is closely allied to Leptopogon superciliaris (or at
least to the Ecuadorian species which I identify with Tschudi’s
wretched figure), but is smaller in size, of a brighter and uniform
greenish-yellow below, and has the lower mandible wholly yellow,
and feet pale. In L. superciliaris the lower mandible is black like
the upper. I have two similar specimens of Bogotan origin, and a
third (imperfect) from Venezuela, which may also belong to the same
species, though it wants the conspicuous ochraceous tippings of the
wing-coverts.

7. My1osius BELLUS.

Obscure olivaceus, pilei subcristati plumis interne rubro-igneis,
alis nigris late ochraceo bifasciatis, harum remigibus eodem
colore limbatis : cauda fuscescenti-cinerea : subtus flavus ; pec-
tore fulvo tincto : rostro superiore nigro, inferiore flavo : pedt-
bus plumbeis.

Long. tota 4°2, ale 2°3, candze 2:0.

Hab. In Nov. Granada int.

Mus. P. L. S.

112 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON NEW BIRDS FROM BOGOTA. [Mar. 25,

This species of Myiobius is closely allied to the M. puleher of
Ecuador (P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 464), and must be placed next to that
species in the order in which I have arranged the genus (/. c.). It
is, however, easily distinguishable by its larger size and larger wings,
though nearly alike in coloration.

8. EMPIDOCHANES P@CILURUS.

Fuscescenti-griseus, pileo obscurivre ; loris fuscescentibus ; alis et
cauda nigricanti-fuscis, illarum tectricum apicibus et secunda-
riorum marginibus externis albescentibus : subtus pallide ochra-
ceus, lateraliter cinerascens ; subalaribus, remigum et rectricum
(nisi duarum mediarum) marginibus internis latis et crisso rufis,
fere rubiginosis : rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 5:5, alee 2°5, caudee 2°3.

Hab. In Nov. Granada int.

Mus. P. L. S.

This Tyrant-bird, of which I have a single specimen, is readily
distinguishable by its parti-coloured tail. The imner webs of all,
except the medial pair, are broadly margined with clear rufous. This
colour increases towards the base, and gradually occupies the whole
of the vane. The outer tail-feather is also narrowly margined with
the same colour. The under wing-coverts and inner margins of the
quills are likewise similarly coloured. ‘The fourth primary is rather
longer than the third, which slightly exceeds the fifth, and longest ;
the second is slightly shorter than the third, the first being of about
the same length as the eighth and ninth.

This bird has much the general appearance of an Lmpidonaz,
thengh abnormal in colouring. I place it for the present as a second
species of the allied southern genus Zmpidochanes, of which the type
is Muscicapa oliva, Bodd. (Pl. Enl. 574. fig. 2). This generic term
I propose to use in the place of Myiophobus of Cabanis and Heine,
as the latter name was previously given by Reichenbach to Myzobius
nevius*, for which and its allies I venture to employ it.

Fam. PsiTTacip.

9. UrocHRomMa stTicTorTEeRA. (Pl. XI.)

Psittaceo-viridis: alis extus nigris, macula in mediis tectricibus
roseo-rubra ; remigum marginibus externis et secundariis dorso
proximis viridibus: caude rectricibus intus paululum aure-
scentibus : rostro pallido : pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 6:0, alee 5:0, caudze 2°5.

Hab. In Nov. Granada int.

Obs. This parrot appears to belong to the group called Urochroma
by Prince Bonaparte, but is quite different from any known member
of that section. The tail is nearly square at its termination, the
two medial rectrices being slightly acuminated, the others rounded,
but presenting the appearance of bemg rather worn.

* See P. Z. S. 1860, p. 466.

1862. | DR. W. BAIRD ON NEW ENTOZOA. 113

2. On Two New Species or TyRANT-BIRDS FROM ECUADOR.
By P. L. Sciarer, M.A., Pu.D., F.R.S., Secretary to
THE SOCIETY.

I am indebted to Mr. Gould’s kindness for two specimens of 'Ty-
raut-birds from a collection recently received by him from the high-
lands of Ecuador. They are of nearly allied species, but stand best
in the two neighbouring sections of Ochthoéca and Mecocerculus.
By the latter name I propose to replace Myiarchus (Bp., nee Cab.),
using it as a generic title for F/wvicola leucophrys, Lafr. et D’Orb.,
and its allies.

1. OcHTHOECA CITRINIFRONS.

Obscure cinerea, dorso postico rufescente: fronte distincte citrino-
flava: superciliis elongatis, albescentibus ; alis caudaque nigri-
cantibus, wllarum marginibus externis rufescentibus : subtus om-
nino pallide cinereus: rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 4°75, alee 2°5, caudee 2°25 poll. Angl. et dec.

Hab. In rep. Mquator,

Mus. P. L.S.

Obs. Affinis Ochthoéce albidiemati, Lafr., sed fronte citrina facile

dignoscenda.

2. MrecocERCULUS GRATIOSUS.

Rufescenti-olivaceus, pileo fusco: fronte distincta et superciliis
“ elongatis aureis; alis fusco-nigris, tectricum utrinque et se-
cundariorum marginibus externis rufescentibus : cauda fusco-
nigra: subtus olivaceus, ventre medio flavo: rostro et pedibus
nigris.
Long. tota 4°5, alee 2-5, caudze 2°2.
Hab. In rep. Aiquator.
Mus. P.L.S.
Obs. Attinis Mecocerculo diadematzi, sed rostro breviore, alis paulo
brevioribus, et harum tectricibus rufescente bifasciatis distinctus.

3. DrescrIPTION OF SOME New Species oF ENnrozoa.
By W. Barrp, M.D., F.L.S., etc.

1. ASCARIS UNDULOSO-STRIATA, Baird.

Head naked, with well-marked, roundish labial lobes. Body of a
white colour, with a well-defined line running longitudinally through
its whole length ; smooth, but finely wavedly striated longitudinally,
instead of transversely. The greatest diameter is at the anterior extre-
mity, the body tapermg gradually towards the tail, and terminating
in a finely subulate point. In the female this point is long, and
gradually becomes very fine; in the male the body, posteriorly to
the opening from which issue the male organs or spicula, suddenly
contracts and tapers quickly to a very sharp subulate point, The

Proc. Zoou. Soc-—1862, No, VIII.

114 DR. W. BAIRD ON NEW ENTOZOA. [ Mar. 25,

body shows no transverse striae, the only visible ones being longitu-
dinal and finely waved.

Length of female 5} lines, male 45 lines.

Hab. Intestines of the King-Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa). (Mus.
Brit.)

2. ScLEROSTOMA MUCRONATUM, Baird.

Body semicylindrical, of a brownish colour ; thickest in the mid-
dle, attenuating towards each extremity, but more so at the anterior
extremity. Integument strongly striated, or almost plicated. Head
continuous with body. Male ——? Female with the vulva situated
about one-third from the posterior extremity, and marked with a
strong tubercle. The tail is armed at its extremity with a strong,
sharp spine, which is slightly incurved.

Length of female 4 lines; greatest breadth about 3 line.

Males of this species have not been observed.

Hab. Intestines of the Palluma (Phrymaturus palluma) from
Chili. (Mus. Brit.)

3. PENTASTOMA TERETIUSCULUM, Baird. ;

Head rounded and truncated. Body cylindrical, of a red colour,
considerably more attenuated posteriorly. Tail shortly bilobed.
Greatest width of body about 4 or 5 lines below the head; it then
gradually attenuates till it reaches the posterior extremity. Integu-
ment annulosely ringed; rings about one-third of a line in width.

Length 2 inches 5 lines ; breadth 3 lines.

The only specimen taken is a female.

Hab. Taken from the mouth of an Australian Snake (Hoploce-
phalus superbus) which died lately in the Zoological Society’s Gar-
dens, Regent’s Park. (Mus. Brit.) _

For the three above-described species I am indebted to Mr. Edward
Gerrard, of the British Museum.

4, TETRARHYNCHUS MINUTO-STRIATUS, Baird.

Head of a white colour, solid and smooth. Neck much narrower
than head, nearly of the same dimensions throughout its whole
length, and minutely and finely striated. Bothria ear-shaped, rather
broader at upper than lower part ; open above, adnate below, with
callous, raised edges. Proboscides short and club-shaped. Body a
minute papilla.

Length of head 2 lines; breadth 1} line. Length of neck from
1 inch to 13 lines; breadth 1 line.

Hab. Taken from a species of Brama, off Madeira. (Mus. Brit.)

5. TrrTRARHYNCHUS BREVIS, Baird.

The animal is of a white colour, and is very short and thick.
The head is large and broad, and the bothria are ear-shaped, rounded,
and very much thickened on the edges. The neck is very short.
The proboscides cylindrical and of considerable length. :

Length of whole animal 3 lines; head nearly 2 lines; neck 1 line.

Hab. Taken from a species of marine Eel at Madeira. (Mus. Brit.)

1862. | DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW CYCLOSTOMACEA. 115

6. TETRARHYNCHUS QUADRIPAPILLOSUS, Baird.

Head of considerable size ; bothria large, rotundate-oval. Neck
long, slender, terminating in an enlarged body enclosed in a sheath,
which gives off at its lower part four papille disposed in such a
manner as to interlock with each other and form a terminating coni-
cal point.

Length of whole animal about 34 lines,

Hab. Taken from the liver of Alepocephalus, sp., at Madeira.
(Mus. Brit.)

For these three species of Tetrarhynchus I am indebted to J. Yate
Johnson, Esq., C. M. Z. 8.

7. BoTHRIOCEPHALUS (TETRABOTHRIUM) JUNCEUS, Baird.

Bothria four, attached to the head by their face, large and some-
what auriculiform. Head elliptical. Neck slender ; first segments
very fine, gradually becoming broader, but in no part exceeding half
a line in breadth. Apertures of genital organs unilateral.

Length upwards of 44 inches; breadth of neck {th of a line;
broadest segments about + a line.

Hab. Intestines of the King-Vulture (Sarcorhamphus papa).
(Mus. Brit.).

For this species I am indebted to Mr. E. Gerrard.

4. Descriptions or Eriant New Species oF CYCLOSTOMACEA,
FROM THE COLLECTION OF H. Cumine, Ese. By Dr. L.
PFEIFFER.

(Plate XII.)

1. Rutostoma HAINEsI, Pfr. (Pl. XII. fig. 8). 7". late umbili-
cata, depressa, solida, distincte et conferte striata, sub epider-
mide obscura fuscula, fammulis angustis castaneis variegata ;
spira parum elevata, vertice minuto, corneo; anfr. 5, depresso-
rotundati, ultimus infra peripheriam castaneo unifasciatus, an-
tice lunge solutus et deflexus, a sutura ad tubulum longe recur-
vatum carinatus, ante tubulum introrsum apertus, extus leviter
incisus ; apertura obliqua, circularis ; perist. subduplicatum,
album, margine sinistro incrassato, dextro expanso, plano, pa-
tente. Operce. cyathiforme, extus planum, anguste spiratum,
marginibus anfractuum elevatis, membranosis.

Diam. maj. 35, min. 25, alt. 12-14 mill. Ap. diam. 11-12 mill.

Hab. Camboja (M. Mouhot).

2. RutostoMa simPLiciLaBRE, Pfr. (Pl. XII. fig. 7). T. late
umbilicata, depressa, solidula, leviter et confertissime striatula,
sub epidermide nitida lutescens, elegantissime et subtiliter cas-
taneo flammulata ; spira breviter conoidea, vertice minuto, ob-
tusiusculo ; anfr. 5, depresso-rotundati, ultimus infra periphe-
riam castaneo unifasciatus, antice longe solutus et deflerus, a
sutura usque ad tubulum recurvatum carinatus ; apertura
diagonalis, subcircularis, intus cerulescenti-margaritacea ;

, 7 t

116 DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW CYCLOSTOMACEA. [ Mar. 25,

perist. simplex, tenue, ante tubulum leviter incisum, undique vie

expansiusculum. Operc. precedentis, angustius spiratum.
Diam. maj. 274, min. 193, alt. 10 mill. Ap. diam. 82 mill.
Hab. Camboja (M. Mouhot).

«3. CycLorus TRAILLI, Pfr. (Pl. XII. fig. 4). 7. sublate umbi-

licata, depresso-turbinata, solidula, Nerie confertis, subtus mi-
noribus sculpta, carneo-albida, fusculo variegata et fascia | rufa
infraperipherica notata ; spira breviter turbinata, acutiuscula ;
anfr. 42, convexi, celeriter accrescentes, juxta suturam levigati,
ultimus teres, antice vix descendens; apertura obliqua, sub-
angulato-circularis ; perist. tenue, vix exnpansiusculum, ad anfr.
contiguum subinterruptum. Operc. Cycloti subdiscoidei.

Diam. maj. 14, min. 12, alt. 104 mill.
Hab. Russel-Canda, Madras (Dr. Trail).

4, CycLopHorus saTuRNvws, Pfr. (Pl. XII. fig. 6). 7. late um-

bilicata, depresso-turbinata, solida, oblique striata et sub lente
minutissime granulata, albida, fasciis et tenis variis rufo-fuscis
ornata; spira breviter turbinata, vertice minuto, acutiusculo ;
anfr. 54, rapide accrescentes, convexi, ultimus rotundatus, juxta
umbilicum albus ; apertura obliqua, subcircularis, intus flaves-
centi-albida; perist. albidum, latissimum, breviter adnatum,
latere dextro fortiter revoluto, sinistro leviter retrorsum for-
nicato, patente. Operc. sub-6-spiratum, saturate rufum.

Diam. maj. 63, min. 51, alt. 32 mill. Apert. alt. 26, cum. perist.
38 mill.
Hab, Camboja (M. Mouhot).

5. Lerropoma portet, Pfr. (Pl. XII. fig. 5). T. perforata,

globoso-conica, tenuis, spiraliter conferte striata et liris sub
6 distantibus subacutis cincta, albida, haud nitens, strigis
Sulguratis fuscis picta; spira turbinata, acuta; anfr. 6, conveai,
ultimus inflatus, infra medium fascia alba et altera fuscula
signatus, circa umbilicum albus ; apertura parum obliqua, sub-
eircularis, intus albida fusco marmorata; perist. duplex, ad
anfractum contiguum haud interruptum, internum expansius-
culum vix prominens, externum latere dextro late expansum et
patens, sinistro angustissimum.

Diam. maj. 184, min. 15, alt. 14 mill.
Hab. Polillo Islands (Mr. Porte).

6. CaATAULUS RECURVATUS, Pfr. (Pl. XII. fig. 2). 7. breviter et

profunde rimata, ovato-turrita, solida, distincte subarcuato-
striata, virenti-fulva; spira regulariter attenuata; sutura
profunda, simplex; anfr. 7, summi rubescentes, 3 ultimi con-
veri, ultimus antice subascendens, basi carina compressa antice
dilatata munitus ; periomphalum angustum, costulato-striatum ;
apertura subcircularis, ad basin interrupta et canali perlato

y

GB. Sowerby hith ; W West imp

Calha wallacei 4. Cyclouis trail. 7. Rhiostoma simplicilabre.
Catanins recurvatus. 5. Leptopama porte! Do. Ahammesr

Helix. utanica 6.Gyclophorus saturnus. 9. D° house!

1862.) DR. L. PFEIFFER ON A NEW HELIX. 117

aucta; perist. duplex, internum porrectum, basi fissum, ea-
ternum patens et reflecum, parte canalem formante recurvata.
Long. 23, diam. 10 mill.

Hab. In sylva “Annamallay,” ad radicem montium Nilgiricorum.

7. Cauu1a wauuacet, Pfr. (Pl. XII. fig. 1). 7. irregulariter
pupeformis, solidula, levigatissima, callo nitido obducta, fulvo-
earnea vel albida ; spira irréegularis, apice brevissime conoidea ;
sutura indistincta ; anfr. sub 43, summi vix conspicui, 2 ultimi
antrorsum deviantes; apertura subcircularis, integra; perist.
rectum, leviter incrassatum, ad parietem aperturalem adnatum,
parte columellari subinflata.

Long. 5, lat. 3 mill. Ap. diam. } mill.

Hab. In insula Ceram (Mr. Wa allace).

8. Hyprocena (OMPHALOTROPIS) CERAMENSIS, Pfr. 7’. sub-
perforata, ovato-conica, tenuiuscula, levigata, nitida, unicolor
Sulvida vel cingulo albido ornata ; spira conica, acuta ; sutura
marginata ; anfr. 7, vix eonvexiusculi, ultimus peripheria leviter
filocarinatus, crista basali forti munitus ; apertura parum ob-
liqua, angulato-ovalis ; perist. simplex, expansiusculum, mar-
ginibus distantibus, interdum callo tenuissimo junctis, sinistro
flexuoso, medio subdilatato.

Long. 8, diam. 4 mill.

Hab. In insula Ceram (Mr. Wallace).

5. Description oF A New Species or Hetrx (NANINA).
By Dr. L. Preirrer.

(Plate XII.)

Hetrx titanica, Pfr, (Pl. XII. fig. 3). 7. angustissime umbi-
licata, conotdeo-depressa, solidula, lineis impressis spiralibus
et irregularibus obliquis sculpta, sub epidermide pallide viridi-
lutescente albida ; spira conoideo-convexa, vertice minuto, ob-
tuso ; anfr. 54, viv convexiusculi, priores subcarnei, ultimus non
descendens, ad suturam crenulatus, medio obtuse carinatus et
Jascia latiuscula spadicea deorsum diluta notatus, subtus in-
Jlatus ; apertura obliqua, ovali-lunaris ; perist. rectum, mar-
ginibus distantibus, columellari vix incrassato, ad insertionem
in laminam brevem triangularem revoluto.

Diam. maj. 68, min. 57, alt. 38 mill.

Hab. Anamallay Forest, at the foot of the Neilgherries (Mus.

Cuming).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.

Fig. 1. Callia wallacei, p. 117. Fig. 7. Rhiostoma simplicilabre, p. 115.
2. Cataulus recurvatus, p. 116. 8. Rhiostoma hainesi, p. 115.
3. Helix titanica, p. 117. 9. Rhiostoma houset, Haines, Ann.
4. Cyclotus trailli, p. 116. Lye. N. Y. vi. p. 157 (for
5. Leptopoma porte, p. 116. comparison with R. hainesi).
6. Cyclophorus saturnus, p. 116.

118 MISS STAVELEY ON THE FORM OF THE [Mar. 25,

6. Nores on THE Form oF THE Coms (PECTEN) IN DIFFERENT
ANDRENID& AND APID&, AND ON THE ALAR HOOKS OF THE
Sprecies or SpHecopEes AND Hatnicrus. By Miss E. F.
STAVELEY *.

T have made a few notes in the hope of saving your time and eyes;
but I fear they are of very little value; and, as you are aware, I know
so little of what has been already written on the subject, that my
notes, even if correct, may not be new. JBesides this, my examina-
tion of the parts of the mouth has as yet been confined to about
twenty-six Bees of various species and the three sexes.

There are some peculiarities in the maxillee of the Bees which I
think might serve as generic or specific characters, and which I
believe have not yet been used for that purpose.

One is the presence of a row of strong, flat hairs or teeth, forming
a sort of comb, varying much in form and situation.

In all the Andrenide where I have found it, it forms a wavy line,
commencing near the base of the upper joint of the maxilla about
midway between the two margins, as in Andrena cingulata, 2
(figs:.1,.2).

* Communicated by Dr. J. E. Gray with the following letter :—

“I beg of you to lay the following observations, which Miss Staveley has
sent to me, before the Society. They indicate some characters which appear to
have hitherto been overlooked.

“ Dr, Sclater, F.R.S., &e.” “J. E. Gray.”

1862. ] PECTEN IN CERTAIN SPECIES OF BEES. 119

In some, as Andrena nitida, Q (figs. 3, 4), the direction of the
teeth is reversed in the course of the row. The row of hairs is

3

figured by Kirby in his work on ‘ British Bees,’ at t. 1. f. 4 e, and
called by him, in the explanation of the plates at page 226, “ sete
rigidiuscule ;”’ but I do not find any mention of them in any other
part of the work.

In the Apide it is invariably at the upper part of the lower joint

120 MISS STAVELEY ON THE FORM OF THE (Mar. 25,

of the maxilla (fig. 5), and, with one exception, is marginal. In
Panurgus (fig. 6, P. banksianus, 2), the first genus of the Apide

/
\

(and of which Mr. Smith remarks that in habit it is precisely similar
to Andrena), the comb resembles that of the Andrenide in not
being marginal, while it agrees with that of the other Apide in
being near the top of the second jomt. This series of spines is also
figured in Kirby, at t. 10. f. le, t. 11. f. 2, t. 12. f. 6 ¢, and t. 13.
f. 3a; and in the chapter headed ‘Termini,’ at p. 94, is called the
“pecten ;”’ but, though several forms of it are figured as above, I do
not find it mentioned in the description of the species.
I subjoin a list of the insects in which I have looked for it :—

1862.] PECTEN IN CERTAIN SPECIES OF BEES. 121

ANDRENID.

Colletes daviesana, g (teeth much the longest at the lower end).

Andrena cingulata, dp figs. 1, 2. = Comb not

nitida, 9, figs. 3, 4 (comb reversed near the top).

—— clarkella, 2 (comb reversed near the base). >

, 6 (comb reversed).

Cilissa leporina, 2? (comb of four teeth).

—— —-, ¢ (comb of three teeth).

Sphecodes subquadratus, 2.”

Halictus leucozonius, 3. |
morio, 2.

Dasypoda hirtipes.

marginal,
commencing
near the base
of upper joint

of maxilla.

Comb not present.

ApID2.
Panurgus banksianus, 9 , fig. 6. Comb not marginal.
Eucera longicornis, ? (fig. 5). \

|

Sin
Bombus terrestris, 2.
lucorum, @.

a 8 é-

|

|

| Comb on upper part of
> Comb marginal. second joint of maxilla.

— latreilliellus, $.

Apathus campestris, ? .

Apis mellifica, ¢.

Euglossa cordata. )
Nomada furva, 2 x.

Epeolus variegatus, ¢ +. |

Ccelioxys vectis, 2 x. {Comb not present.
Osmia rufa, 9.

Chelostoma florisomne, 3.

There is also an appendage to most of the maxille (and when ab-
sent it may possibly have been torn off in dissection), which seems
too delicate to assist in the mechanical work for which the combs are
probably used. It isa small membranous lobe, covered more or less
thickly with long hairs, and situated on the lower joint of the maxilla,
on the opposite side to that of the palpus (see figs. 1, 3, 6).

In many of the maxille there are several projections or small
tubes (as 1 shall for convenience call them, having little doubt of
their tubular construction) generally tipped by a hair, and in ap-
pearance strongly resembling the small tubes which exude the mate-
rial of the web from the spinneret of a spider. They are in various
Situations: sometimes at the apex of the maxilla; forming some-
times an irregular line nearly the whole length of the upper joint ;
Sometimes in a cluster close above or below the maxillary palpus;
sometimes in two clusters, one above and one below the palpus. I
would call your attention particularly to the straight tubes near the
apex of the maxilla of Epeolus variegatus 3 (fig. 7), and the flask-
shaped tubes near the palpus in Osmia rufa 9 (fig. 8).

* Parasites. I have as yet found no parasitic Bee with the comb.

+ After writing the above paragraph, it occurred to me that Dr. J. Braxton
Hicks, in a paper read before the Linnean Society (and printed in their Trans.
vol. xxiii. part 1, p. 139), had preceded me in the observation of these organs,
and I hesitated to send the notes for printing ; but, on examination of his paper,
I am inclined to think that the tubes which | have described in the maxillz of the
Bees are not necessarily of the same nature as the organs observed by him in

122 FORM OF THE PECTEN IN CERTAIN BEES. [Mar. 25,

Is it possible that these tubes, which, as I have observed, are re-
markably similar in appearance to those in the spider’s spinneret,

may be of the nature of salivary glands? It is easy to imagine the
use of such a provision in the management of the materials of the
nests and the storing of food, even if not also in the assistance of
digestion; while it appears to me that there is analogy in favour of
such a supposition, the House-fly exuding from its mouth a drop of
moisture while feeding on sugar or other hard substance, while the
Gnat, with still another form of mouth, is supposed to inject a
poison into the wound inflicted by its proboscis.

I believe that somewhat similar tubes exist in the mandibles of
some of the Bees and Wasps.

The mandibles of some of the Apide have a transverse ridge of
strong hooked hairs (besides other hairs in various parts). In the
mandible of Apis mellifica 3, they are very visible.

With the above objects I send specimens of the hind wings of
various Hymenopterous Insects, the observation of which has con-
firmed me in my former opinion as to their usefulness as distinctions ;
but as I have arrived at no new results, not having had the means
as yet of representing more than a very limited number of genera, I
will only remark on one variation from the usual arrangement of the
distal hooks, which occurs in the genera Sphecodes and Halictus.

The distal hooks of the Bees are usually at regular or at regularly
diminishing intervals; but in these two genera, one or two of those

various parts of insects, with the exception of those which he figures Tab. 18. R. a,
and which I have mentioned above as tubes “ in a cluster close above the maxil-
lary palpus.”’

1862. | ACQUISITION OF A PAIR OF PARADISE BIRDS. 123

in the middle of the row are separated from the rest by a space
double the size of that which is between the other hooks (figs. 9,

SSeS od
er Seeiahis 4

10, 11) ; and if this is found to be in all the species, it is a distinction
easy to observe.

April 8, 1862.
Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

The Secretary announced the acquisition by the Society for their
Menagerie of a pair of living Paradise-birds (Paradisea papuana).
Mr. A. R. Wallace (the well-known traveller and naturalist, who
had been engaged these last eight years in exploring the more little-
known islands of the Indian Archipelago) had for some time held a
commission to obtain living Birds of Paradise for the Society.
But though Mr. Wallace had visited in person the islands inhabited
by several species of this magnificent group of birds, he had failed
in his efforts to preserve the birds alive when captured, and had
given up all hopes of being successful in his object. A short
time before Christmas 1861, when in the interior of Sumatra, Mr.
Wallace had received information of two specimens of the Lesser
Birds of Paradise (Paradisea papuana) being alive in captivity at
Singapore. Mr. Wallace immediately proceeded to that place, pur-
chased the birds, which were then in the hands of a European mer-
chant, and left by the following mail for England, arriving in safety
in London with his valuable burden on the Ist of the month.

The two Paradise-birds had been lodged in the upper part of the
Zoological Society’s old museum, a room having been fitted up for
their reception with a large cage of galvanized wire, 20 feet long by
llin width. As they were both males, it had been found necessary
to keep them apart, the sight of one another, or even of a Paradise-
bird’s plume waved near them in the air, producing in them great
excitement. The cage had been, therefore, divided by a screen
which excluded the light, and the two birds placed in the separate
compartments. The remarkable side-plumes which ornament the
males of the true Paradisee when in full dress were as yet but par-
tially developed in these specimens, but in a few weeks, if the birds
continue to thrive, would probably attain their full dimensions.

124 MR. GOULD ON SOME NEW BIRDS. [April 8,

Mr. Gould exhibited to the Meeting and described two new spe-
cies of Humming-Birds, which he had recently received from Ecuador ;
a new Fregilus from the Himalayas, which had hitherto been re-
garded as identical with the European bird of that form ; and a spe-
cies of Prion, which appears to constitute an additional member of
that peculiar genus of oceanic birds.

The Humming-Birds were named, respectively, Heliothrix longi-
rostris and Aphantochroa hyposticta ; the Fregilus, F. himalayanus ;
and the Prion, P. magnirostris ; and were thus described :—

HELIOTHRIX LONGIROSTRIS, Gould.

Male: upper surface and wing-coverts brilliant green; wings
dark purplish brown ; four middle tail-feathers bluish black, the re-
mainder pure white ; lores, line under the eye, and ear-coverts velvety
black, terminating in a small tuft of violet-blue feathers ; below the
black line a stripe or moustache of glittering green; chin, throat,
and under surface snow-white; bill black; legs and feet fleshy
brown. ;

Total length 5} inches; bill 1,4,; wing 22; tail 2}.

Hab. Ecuador.

Remark.—I have been for years receiving from Ecuador examples
of what I believed to be females of a new species of Heliothrix ; but
now in 1862 I have received an adult male, which convinces me that
my opinion was correct, and I have therefore described it under the
above appellation. In comparison with the other species of the genus,
I find it to be most nearly allied to H. auritus, being similarly co-
loured to that bird; it is, however, of larger size, has a considerably
longer bill, and in my specimen, which is doubtless adult, the crown
is devoid of the glittering hue seen in H. auritus; at the same time,
it is somewhat brighter than the back.

APHANTOCHROA HYPOSTICTA, Gould.

All the upper surface, wing-, and tail-coverts deep green; wings
purplish brown ; tail dull purplish green, deepening into blackish
brown at the tip, the two outer feathers on each side very slightly
fringed with white at the tip; feathers of the throat, breast, and
centre of the abdomen dull white at the base, with a spot of dull
green near the tip, giving those parts a spotted appearance; re-
mainder of the under surface dull green ; under tail-coverts dull green
at the base, deepening into black near the end, and fringed with
grey; tarsi and thighs rather thickly clothed with white feathers ;
bill black, except at the base of the under mandible, which appears
to have been flesh-colour.

Total length 43 inches ; bill 1,3,; wing 23; tail 12.

Hab. Ecuador.

Kemark.—I have several specimens of this bird all similarly co-
loured ; and I believe the specimen from which the above description
was taken to be fully adult. It differs from A. cirrhochloris in its
spotted breast, in its shorter tail, and its rather more lengthened and

1862.] MR. GOULD ON SOME NEW BIRDS. 125

curved bill. I received the examples I possess from Quito, but I
believe they were collected near the waters of the Upper Napo.

FREGILUS HIMALAYANUsS, Gould.

Plumage of the head and the whole of the body, both above and
beneath, deep glossy black ; wings and tail black, glossed with purple
and green; bill and feet coral-red ; nails black.

Hab. The Himalayas.

Remark.—This fine Chough differs so greatly in point of size from
the species killed in this country that I have no hesitation in de-
scribing it as distinct; and that ornithologists may more clearly
perceive the great difference alluded to, I annex an accurate admea-
* surement of male examples from India and Europe.

Fregilus himalayanus. | Fregilus graculus.
Inches. Inches.
Total length ...... 153 Total length ...... 14
OT Saas subse Sinks rata We Ee nsenriaee tb ne >, Dede
Wing 123 MET RE ret 102
ESS Re Snes 62 Tail 53
Tarsi 21 dict ar oe een: Piped 13

I may add that specimens from Italy and from Wales are precisely
alike in all their admeasurements.

PRION MAGNIROSTRIS, Gould.

Head, all the upper surface and sides of the chest blue-grey ;
lesser wing-coverts and the edge of the shoulder brown ; the remainder
of the wing blue-grey, deepening into slate-grey at the tips of the
inner primaries ; the outer primaries slaty black, fading into white
on the inner edge; scapularies deepening into slate-grey near the
end, and tipped with pale grey ; tail very light grey, the centre fea-
thers tipped with blackish-brown ; chin, throat, centre of the breast,
abdomen, and under surface of the wing creamy white; a faint wash
of blue on the lower part of the flanks and the under tail-coverts ;
bill blue, deepening into black on the sides of the nostrils, at the tip
and along the side of the lower mandible; irides brown, legs beau-
tiful light blue.

Total length 11 inches; bill, base to tip 2, breadth at base 44;
wing 8; tail 43; tarsi 14.

Hab, Unknown.

Remark.—As the name I have assigned to it implies, this species
differs from every other member of the genus in the extraordinary
size of its bill. In form and colouring it is precisely similar to the
other Priones, all of which are remarkably alike in these respects—
not so, however, in their bills, which consequently present the best
specific characters.

The following papers were read :—
gp

126 MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON ON ALEPISAURUS FEROX. [April 8,

1. REMARKS ON A SPECIMEN OF ALEPISAURUS FEROX RECENTLY
OBTAINED AT Maperra. By JAmes YATE JOHNSON, Corr.
Mem. Z.S.

Having lately procured a specimen of this rare and interesting fish
(which I have had the pleasure of presenting to the British Museum),
I beg leave to lay before the Society the result of my observations
upon it when in a fresh state. The remarks I shal] make will be
for the most part supplementary to Mr. E. T. Bennett’s long de-
scription of another specimen from this locality, printed in the first
volume of the ‘ Transactions of the Zoological Society *;’ but I hope
they will be found to have some bearing upon the question of the
ichthyological position of the genus, which has been placed in no
fewer than four families by different naturalists. Mr. Lowe, who
founded the genus on the present species, placed it in Cuvier’s family
of Tenioides. M. Valenciennes referred the genus to the Salmonide.
Sir John Richardson, in his article on Ichthyology in the ‘ Encyclo-
peedia Britannica,’ assigned it, on page 213, to the Sphyrenide, and
on page 248 to the Scopelide. Lastly, that able ichthyclogist, Dr.
Giinther, asserts that its natural affinity is decidedly Siluroid (Cat.
Acanth. Fishes in Brit. Mus. ii. p. 353). A consideration of Mr. Ben-
nett’s description and of the additional points about to be mentioned,
some of which appear to have been hitherto overlooked, will lead, I
think, to the conclusion that the position assigned to this fish by
Dr. Giinther is the true one.

The specimen lately obtained is 53} inches long, the head mea-
suring 73 inches. The height of the body in front of the pectoral
fin is 4¢ inches. The branchiostegal membrane is supported by
seven rays, which number may probably be taken as the normal one,
as it agrees with one of Mr. Lowe’s specimens, the other of which
had six rays in that membrane. The fish has no barbels, in which
negative character it resembles the genus Batrachocephalus, a mem-
ber of the Siluride. The large eye (1} inch in diameter) is sur-
rounded by an adipose skin, which, on the posterior side, intrudes as
a transparent veil upon the eye, covering it to the extent of one-
third.

The subopercle of which Mr. Bennett spoke appears to be the
interopercle, which has been extraordinarily developed at the ex-
pense of the subopercle, the latter being wanting. Both this and
the operele (which measures 2 inches across) are remarkable for their
paper-like tenuity and the high radiating striatures on their surfaces.
The hinder portion of the preopercle forms a strong bony ridge, also
striated. The coracoid is very broad at its middle, where it is seulp-
tured with radiating strie like the clavicle. The suprascapular and
the narrow scapular are longitudinally striated. The strize on all the
bones are strong.

The remarkably high first dorsal fin has forty-one rays, and the
deeply-forked caudal fin nineteen rays, whilst the second dorsal is
adipose—in these respects agreeing with Mr. Bennett’s description ;

* See Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. i. p. 395.

1862. | MR. J. Y. JOHNSON ON ALEPISAURUS FEROX. 127

but the pectoral fin has fourteen in place of fifteen rays, the ventral
fin ten in place of nine rays, and the anal fin sixteen in place of
seventeen rays. The first ray of the pectoral fin in the fish examined
by Mr. Bennett was the longest. In this specimen the fifth and
sixth rays are the longest (being 74 inches long), and they are rather
more than twice the length of the strongly-serrated first ray, which
is superior in length only to the three last. The first dorsal fin
(the base of which is 32 inches long) arises out of a groove, each
margin of which consists of a loose fold of adipose skin. The first
ray is jointed above, and is strongly serrate along its free edge, like
the first rays of the pectorals and ventrals. The first fifteen or six-
teen rays appear to be simple, the others sparingly branched ; but
the only perfect ray in my specimen is the fourth, and that is
12 inches long. The first ray of the ventral fin, though simple and
strong below, is jointed above and ends in a weak point. The first
two rays of the anal fin are short, the succeeding four long, and the
remaining rays short. The anterior part of this fin is fleshy, and at
the base of this part there is a groove on each side. The length of
the base of the whole fin, compared with the total length of the fish,
is as 1 to 114, instead of as 1 to 10 in Mr. Bennett’s example. The
caudal fin measures 7} inches in length, and the tips of the lobes
are 9 inches asunder.

Along the middle of each side on the posterior half of the body
there is a low adipose keel of a black colour; and this marks the
course, at this part, of the lateral line, which is unarmed throughout.
The fish is covered with a thin smooth skin, and is entirely destitute
of scales.

As to the dentition, there are at each side of the mandible, be-
ginning at the posterior end, ten teeth of moderate size, directed
backwards, and flattened, triangular, and pointed. Then come three
long-pointed teeth, which decrease in length forwards; then five
subulate teeth, having before them two long teeth on one side of the
mandible, on the other only one; lastly, at the tip, one acicular tooth.
The weak slender premaxillary is set with a single row of small sharp
triangular teeth, about eighty-five on each side. The palatine bones
are set posteriorly with a row of larger teeth, which, being flat, sharp,
and triangular, resemble the teeth of asaw. They are directed back-
wards, and correspond in size and shape with the opposite teeth of
the mandible. At the anterior part of each palatine bone is a row
of seven or eight long formidable teeth, the hinder ones being larger;
they are flattened, dagger-like, and are directed backwards. Behind
these on one side are two long teeth, but only one such tooth on the
other. The vomer is toothless.

With reference to the figure accompanying Mr. Beunett’s descrip-
tion, it may be remarked that the nostrils are wrongly indicated,
being much posterior to the place at which they are represented to
be. They are really situated a little nearer the eyes than the snout.
The two orifices of each pair, being small and close together, may have
been overlooked; and a couple of slight depressions with a bony
tubercle, in advance of their true position, have been apparently mis-

128 MR. A. NEWTON ON FRINGILLA INCERTA. [April 8,

taken for them. Neither does the colouring of the figure well agree
with my specimen, which, when fresh from the water, had a dark- ~
bluish-grey back, with sides and belly of a silvery grey, reflecting a
brassy lustre in certain directions of the light. The dorsal, pectoral,
and caudal fins were a deep black ; the ventral and anal fins a silvery
grey. The indigo-blue spots in pairs near the lateral line in the
figure seem to occupy the places of colourless mucous pores, which
were observed in my specimen at irregular intervals near that line.

From this fish were obtained two species of Entozoa, viz. some
large specimens of a Distoma, and several examples of a Tzenioid
worm, measuring altogether some feet in length.

2. REMARKS ON THE FRINGILLA INCERTA OF Risso.
By Aurrep Newron, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.

Mr. George Dawson Rowley has entrusted to me, for exhibition to
the Society, a little bird which was brought to him alive at Brighton
on the 13th of March last, having been caught in a net in that
neighbourhood. It was ascertained by dissection to be a female;
and, after examining it, I cannot but suspect that it may have been
from specimens similar to it that the descriptions of the female of
the so-called Fringilla incerta of Risso and other Continental writers
have been drawn up. I have never before seen a specimen which
agrees with these accounts, nor have I had access to the original
authorities; but the compilation from them published by Dr. Degland
(Ornith. Europ. i. p. 202) so accurately describes the present ex-
ample that I do not hesitate to quote it.

“‘ Femelle: Dessus de la téte, derriére du cou, scapulaires, dos et
sus-caudales d’un brun olivatre, plus clair a la téte, nuancé de gris
sur les cétés du cou et sur le haut du dos; poitrine et flancs d’un
gris olivatre, avec des taches longitudinales plus foncées ; abdomen
et sous-caudales d’un blane sale; rectrices et rémiges, d’un noir oli-
vAtre, avec le bord externe liséré de vert grisAtre, les premiéres ter-
minées de gris sale, ce qui forme deux bandes sur les ailes ; rectrices
de la couleur des rémiges; pieds d’un brun fauve.”

At the time of his writing the above passage, Dr. Degland states
that the Chlorospiza incerta was unknown to him; but he subse-
quently says (op. cit. ii. p. 540) that he had obtained a male,
taken in a net near Lille, in September, 1849, and adds that he was
previously wrong in calling the species a Chlorospiza, for it was
evidently a true Pyrrhula. This last assertion awakened the ire or
the ridicule of Prince Bonaparte, who persists (Revue Critique,
pp. 31, 32) in his former assignment of the bird to Chlorospiza*
(Comp. List of Birds, 1838, p. 30), as he also does later (Consp.

* There is apparently a misprint of 1852 for 1832, as the date of the establish-
ment of this genus, in Mr. G. R. Gray’s most useful ‘Catalogue of the Genera
and Subgenera of Birds,’ p. 77. In the ‘List of the Specimens of British Ani-
mals,’ &c., part iii, Birds, p. 100, the latter date is given, with the reference
‘Pr. Bonap. Sagg. Distr. Met. Anim. Vert.’ ; but I have been unable to consult the
original work.

J dennens, hit

ey F
13ty

Fig. 1.

DIT

tii

JOSTREN ANNECTENS .

M & N. Hanbart, &

1862.] CRANIAL BONES OF LEPIDOSIREN ANNECTENS. 129

Avium, 1850, i. p. 513), though subsequently (Cat. des Ois. d’Eur.
1856, p. 4) he refers to it as the young of Carpodacus erythrinus.

Mr. Rowley’s specimen, which I now offer for your inspection,
seems to me without doubt to be a female of the common Green-
finch (Chlorospiza chloris), but is distinguished from the ordinary
type by an entire absence of yellow colouring, which is replaced by
nearly pure white, and the whole bird is generally of a paler hue.
One or two friends to whom I have shown it are inclined to suppose
it a hybrid between the Greenfinch and the Common Linnet (Linota
cannabina) ; but of such an origin I perceive no indication either in
the plumage or structure.

Now Dr. Jaubert, who is without doubt a naturalist peculiarly
fitted to form an opinion on the subject, has stated—I may almost
say, proved—that at least the male of the so-called Fringilla incerta
is a curious variety, probably caused by confinement, of Carpodacus
erythrinus (Rev. Zool. 1853, p. 109; 1856, p- 66); and his view
of the case has been endorsed by Dr. Gloger (Journ. f. Orn. 1856,
p. 313). It is certainly not for me, who know very little about the
matter, to question his solution; but Prince Bonaparte is also no
mean authority, and his so long referring the Fringilla incerta to
the group Chlorospiza, rather than to Carpodacus, must not be for-
gotten. It appears, then, to me that the only way of reconciling
these conflicting opinions is by the supposition that this Fringilla
incerta, which has caused so much perplexity to ornithologists, has
been made up of the abnormal plumages of two species,—the male
being founded, as Dr. Jaubert says, on flavescent (if I may coin a
word wanted to express a variation not uncommon in many classes
of animals) examples of Carpodacus erythrinus, and the female, as
I have here suggested, on under-coloured specimens of Chlorospiza
chloris.

P.S. 5th May, 1862.—If uncertainty of opinion be ever allowed
to a naturalist, perhaps it is pardonable in the case of Fringilla in-
eerta. Since I communicated the foregoing conjecture to the So-
ciety, I have had an opportunity of examining Prince Bonaparte’s
great work the ‘Fauna Italica.’’ I must honestly confess that the
bills of 40th the birds represented in plate 38 have the convex
character peculiar to the genus Carpodacus. Under these circum-
stances, I can only say that my supposition must go for what it is
worth, which I fear may be very little; and I trust to the ornitho-
logists of the south of Europe to clear up the matter more fully, by
examining any specimens that may be contained in Prince Bonaparte’s
collection.

3. On THE Crantat Bones or LeptpostREN ANNECTENS,
By T. SpENcEeR Cossotp, M.D., F.L.S., erc.

(Plate XIII.)

_ The conformation of the skull of Lepidosiren is exceedingly pecu-
liar, not only as regards its general outline and construction, but also

Proc. Zoox. Soc.—1862, No, IX.

130 DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON THE CRANIAL BONES [April 8,

in respect of the individual elements of which it is composed. Three,
or at most four, bones enclose the cranial cavity ; whilst four others
form the face, two being concerned in the formation of the jaws.
Besides these there are several osseous appendages, including the
hyoid apparatus.

Conynencing from behind forwards we find two lateral occipital
bones (A, fig. 1), forming the posterior part of the cranial vault.
From the side they exhibit a triangular outline ; but their bases con-
verge internally so as to form part of the floor of the cerebral cavity.
At the middle line below, they unite, leaving, however, a small central
interspace, through which may be seen the posterior part of the
sphenoid bone; on this latter the occipitals rest. Intimately con-
nected with the posterior border of these occipitals are two vertebral
laminze (B) supporting a single neural spine (C) ; and immediately
behind these there are two other laminz (D), surmounted by a double
neural spine (EH, E). All these elements rest upon the posterior
part of the sphenoid bone, which may be looked upon as an ossified
prolongation of the chorda dorsalis. '

Opposite the point of union between the lateral occipitals and the
sphenoid we find two remarkable appendages (F, F). These rib-
like elements project obliquely backwards on either side, and form
cylindrical rods, having a tolerably uniform thickness throughout.
Notwithstanding the objections which may be raised, I am inclined
to regard these bones as cranial ribs. They are placed above and
behind the clavicular arch ; and, as Bischoff remarks in Lepidosiren
paradowa, it is clear from their articular connexions that they cannot
be regarded as styloid processes.

The sphenoid bone (G), seen from below (fig. 3), is spathulate.
With the exception above mentioned, it forms the entire floor of the
cranial cavity. It is concave at the anterior half, both above and
beneath, and, consequently, also channeled out on either side. The
posterior narrow end is convex inferiorly, where it likewise displays
a T-shaped groove for the partial lodgement of the aorta. The
sphenoid is relatively longer, and terminates more abruptly in front,
than the corresponding bone in Lepidosiren paradoxa.

The vault of the cranium is also for the most part covered in by a
single bone (H). This I believe to consist simply of the two con-
joined parietals; but Bischoff thinks the frontals are likewise in-
cluded in the mass. The appearance of the bone very strongly mi-
litates against this latter view, inasmuch as two ossific centres are
clearly discernible at the anterior third on either side, and from these
two points the osseous spiculze radiate in all directions. Deserip-
tively it may be regarded as consisting of three laminze united in the
central line, the two lower forming the cranial roof, and the upper
and somewhat thicker plate constituting a longitudinal vertical ridge,
analogous to the parieto-occipital crest in Carnivora. “

If the above view be correct, I think it will be admitted that the
singular pair of bones overlapping the parietals can be none other than
the frontals (I, I, figs. 1, 2); but Bischoff conjecturally assumes
them to be the cheek-bones. That the malar bones should be found

1862.] ’ OF LEPIDOSIREN ANNECTENS. 131

extending as far back as the occiput is certainly not much more
astonishing than that the frontals should do so, Anyhow, this sin-
gular disposition of parts is altogether unique; but in determining
these elements to be frontals I am again guided by the centres of
ossification, and especially also by the relative position of the bases
of the bones. In this situation it will be noticed that they are con-
joined in the middle line, whilst their lateral margins in front are
directed at first outwards so as to form the upper part of the incom-
plete orbital ring. Viewed as a whole, these bones have been justly
compared to a pair of horns ; and their presence, more than any other
of the osseous elements, imparts to the skull its unique character.
It should be mentioned that the under surface of each bone presents
near the inner border a well-defined longitudinal ridge, evidently for
the firm attachment of the masseto-temporal muscles.

Immediately in front of the foregoing, there occurs a solitary bone
having the form of an isosceles triangle, whose base is connected by
ligaments with the anterior margin of the combined frontals. This
bone (K, figs. 1, 3) is regarded by Natterer and Bischoff as the repre-
sentative of the intermaxillary—their opinion being grounded on the
circumstance of its supporting a pair of incisive teeth (L) at its ante-
rior inferior surface. It is impossible, perhaps, to speak confidently
on this point ; but I may observe that the teeth in question are not
actually implanted in this bone, but are moveably connected with it
by ligamentous substance. I regard this fibrous matrix as homolo-
gous with the absent incisive elements (or intermaxillaries); whilst
the triangular bone from which the teeth depend is the conjoined
nasals. I find no trace of the transverse suture described by Bischoff
as occurring in Lepidosiren paradora ; but the tip of the bone in
front and above is marked by a well-defined oval surface, roughened
for the attachment of the thick cranial fascia.

Below the above we find a remarkable bone, which, at first sight,
appears to be the upper jaw (M). Functionally, indeed, as acting
in antagonism with the lower jaw, it may be so regarded ; but mor-
phologically and homologically it is clearly referable to the associated
palatine bones, which are here of enormous size, intimately blended
in front, and widely separated behind. Either division is extended
in front so as to form three tooth-like projections, each of which is
protected by a thick coating of enamel, the whole constituting a
dental apparatus of the most formidable character. In the closed
condition of the mouth these teeth become dove-tailed with the
interspaces resulting from the similarly formed dentition of the jaw
properly so called, the anterior palatine tooth-processes being then
placed anterior to the corresponding dentations of the lower jaw.
This arrangement is very peculiar ; and its singularity is not lessened
by the circumstance that the incisive teeth, above alluded to, have
no antagonists. The true maxillary bones have no existence—a defect
which, as Miiller and Bischoff observe, also obtains in Proteus. The
lip-cartilages, described by the latter author as occurring in L. para-
dowa, I have not found to be present in this species.

The jaw proper (N) consists of several elements, as in reptiles

132 DR. E. CRISP ON THE GALL-BLADDER [April 8,

generally, three at least of these portions being recognizable, namely,
the dental, angular, and articular. The anterior and posterior
mental spines are conspicuously developed, the line of suture of the
two halves of the jaw being entirely obliterated. As in the similar
palatine dentition, the enamelled coverings of the teeth are not struc-
turally connected in the middle line.

The zygomatic or jugal bone (QO), to which the lower jaw appears
to be exclusively articulated, is here very fully developed. This is
the os quadratum of birds. The anterior inferior end is hollowed
out for the reception of the articular process of the jaw, the upper
portion being flat and directed inwards so as partly to overlap the
border of the sphenoid.

Immediately below the above are two small osseous appendages,
which Bischoff regards as opercular bones. The superior one (P) is
styliform, and, from its position, seems to me to represent the sym-
plectic bone, hitherto supposed to be peculiar to fishes. The infe-
rior bone (Q) is comparatively broad, and by its position appears to
correspond with the pre-opercular bone of the same class. Behind,
below, and in ligamentous union with these bones, the hyoid appa-
ratus (R) is connected. It here consists simply of two large, con-
verging, curved cylinders, slightly flattened at either end, and which,
stretching forwards and downwards, unite tegether anteriorly in the
middle line. Bischoff calls them, taken together, the tongue-bone ;
but it appears to me that the two divisions are homologous with the
apohyals, or anterior cornua of the hyoid.

4, On tue Situation, Form, anp CAPACITY OF THE GALL-
BLADDER IN THE VERTEBRATA; ON ITS ABSENCE IN CERTAIN
ANIMALS; AND ON THE COLOUR OF THE Bite. By Ep-
warps Crisp, M.D., F.Z.S., ere.

In 1853 I read a paper at the London Physiological Society upon
the Bile and Gall-bladder, but at that period my experience was
comparatively limited. A very short abstract only of this commu-
nication was published in the ‘ Lancet’ and ‘ Medical Times,’ 1853.

As mentioned in the charter of this Society, one of the objects of
its founders was the cultivation of anatomy and physiology—de-
partments of zoology of much greater importance, as I believe, to
the good of mankind than the external characters of animals, or of
their too often fanciful division into genera and species. I therefore
make no apology for the introduction of the present communication,
which is partly physiological.

Every circumstance connected with the secretion, quality, and
quantity of the bile—a fluid of such vast importance in the animal
economy—must interest the zoologist; and, as I have stated in my
papers ‘‘ On the Causes of Death of the Animals dying in the Society’s
Collection”’ (‘ Proceedings,’ 1860, pp. 175, 190) that diseases of the
liver, and consequently derangements of the biliary secretion, are very
frequent, the investigation, 1 think, must be profitable to the Fellows

1862.] AND BILE OF THE VERTEBRATA. 133

of the Society—especially as the subject is one that may be divested
of all scientific technicality, and may readily be understood by those
unacquainted with anatomy.

The first part of my communication (on the Situation, Form,
and Capacity of the Gall-bladder in the Vertebrata; on its Absence
in certain Animals ; and on the Colour of the Bile) I make this even-
ing; the second part (on the Structure of the Gall-bladder; the
place of Entrance of the Biliary Ducts into the Alimentary Tube;
the Composition of the Bile, and its Morbid Conditions) I reserve
for a future occasion.

As some of my hearers are to a great extent ignorant of anatomy,
I may premise that the bile, secreted by the largest gland of the
body, the liver, is poured into the alimentary tube, with that of the
pancreatic juice, a short distance from the pyloric end of the stomach ;
that it is conveyed from the liver by small tubes or ducts, which
vary in number in different animals; that the gall-bladder, a mem-
branous bag, is a reservoir for the bile, so that a due supply of this
important fluid is insured when perhaps the secretory action of the
liver, from causes with which we are unacquainted, is impaired,
Why certain animals should be supplied with this reservoir, and
why others whose structure is nearly similar, and whose food is of
the same kind, should be deprived of it, are questions to be consi-
dered hereafter.

In this communication I purpose giving the result chiefly of my
own dissections, and I shall not allude much to the works of others ;
for it is only the combination of the deductions of labourers in the
same field of investigation that will enable us hereafter to draw po-
sitive inferences. This method is especially necessary in investigating
the anatomy and physiology of the gall-bladder, as there is probably
no organ in which so many deviations occur.

For the purpose of showing the form and size of the gall-bladder,
I place before the Society a diagram, in which I have sketched this
viscus in 306 species (so-called) of animals, including 132 mammals,
99 birds, 43 reptiles, and 32 fishes; and I also place on the table
the dried and distended gall-bladders of 49 different animals. I may
likewise state that I have generally taken a sketch of the gall-bladder
of all the animals I have dissected, and emptied the bile upon white
paper or into a bottle ; so that by this means I am enabled to exhibit
the bile of nearly 600 species of animals. Some of this bile has
been preserved for more than twelve years. I trust that I may be
pardoned for these allusions, which to some may appear to be too
egotistical ; but I introduce them for the purpose of showing that I
have paid much attention to the subject *.

Situation of the Gall-bladder.—In the vast majority of the Ver-
tebrata, as in the human species, this organ is placed upon the right
side of the liver, and, in Mammals, more or less imbedded in its sub-

* In the present International Exhibition (Class 2, No. 503) is a frame con-
taining the bile of nearly 600 animals, which I have cut with a gun-punch from
the papers which I now exhibit, for the purpose of showing the varieties of colour
of this fluid, and its utility as a pigment when properly prepared,

134 DR. E, CRISP ON THE GALL-BLADDER [April 8,

stance, so that often on removing the gall-bladder a portion of the
liver adheres to it. In birds there is seldom a depression in the liver
for its reception ; but in the Chelonian reptiles it is for the most part
deeply imbedded in the hepatic substance; and the same remark
will apply to many of the Saurians, although I have not found it so
deeply placed as in the Chelonians. In the Ophidians it is mostly far
removed from the liver, and in contact with the spleen and pancreas.
Thus, in a Python (P. molurus), 10 feet long, I found it 18 inches
from the liver; and this will be about the proportionate distance,
taking the length of the reptile into account, in most of the true
serpents. In the family of Orvets (Anguwis), only three species of
which I have examined, the gall-bladder was close to the liver; and
the same description will apply to the Batrachians, many foreign
species of which, besides the British, I have inspected. In the
British bony fishes which I have dissected, the gall-bladder has been
in contact with the liver; but my list includes only about forty spe-
cies. In the Tunny (Zhynnus vulgaris) 1 found the body of this
viscus united to the liver by a long, narrow, spiral neck; it was
14 inches in length, and about 3 of an inch in diameter.

The Form and Capacity of the Gall-bladder.—In Man it is of a
pyramidal form, and holds from one ounce to two ounces of bile. In
many of the Quadrumana its form has not so great a resemblance to
that of the human species as in some of the lower Mammals; thus,
in six Anthropoid Apes that I have examined (three Ourangs and
three Chimpanzees) the gall-bladder was of a twisted irregular shape,
—a fact of importance now that some zoologists are giving these
brutes, as I believe, an undue. elevation in the vertebrate scale.
Among the Monkeys even of the same species I have found much
deviation of form in the gall-bladder: thus, in a Capuchin it was
triangular, with three mamillary projections at the base, and in
others nearly cylindrical. The capacity of this organ in the Qua-
drumana varies from one to six drachms, according to the size of
the animal; probably in the old Anthropoid Apes it would be propor-
tionately more capacious than in Man, as is the case with the smaller
Monkeys, all of which consume relatively a larger quantity of food.

In the Lemurs (Lemuride), five species of which I have inspected,
the gall-bladder was of a pyramidal shape, and its capacity rather
_ large. a!

In the Bats (Cheiroptera), my notes afford no information upon
the subject worthy of record. =~

The Insectivora, as far as I have examined them, have a large
gall-bladder. j

In the Bears (six species of which I have inspected) it is generally
large and pear-shaped. -In‘the Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) I found
it more irregular in form. “In the Racoon (U. lotor), Coatimondi (U.
nasua), Kinkajou (U.caudivolvulus), Wolverine (U. gulo), Badger(U.
meles\, Ratel (U. mellivorus), and Tayra (Mustela barbara), it is
large and pyramidal ; and the same remark will apply to the Weasels,
Otters, Dogs, Hyenas, and Civets. In the Cats it is often of a
somewhat irregular spiral form; this is the case in the Lion and in

1862.] AND BILE OF THE VERTEBRATA. 135

some of the smaller Felidee. In a new species of Lynx (F.. macro-
celis) the gall-bladder was of a triangular shape, with a long narrow
twisted neck ; and I have seen nearly the same form in a young Lion at
birth. In the Ocelot (F. pardalis) the neck is coiled once round ; and
I have found a like shape in some of the smaller Cats. In the Otter

F. lutra) it makes a half turn. I may remark that the form of the
gall-bladder can only be properly seen when it is distended with air.

In the Seals (Phocide) (three species examined) it is of a pyri-
form shape, and very capacious. In the Walrus (Trichechus) 1 also
found it large.

I will mention the capacity of this organ in a few of the Carnivora,
in which I measured the bladder by filling it with water. The gall-
bladder of the Lioness which recently died at the Society’s Gardens
contained five fluid ounces of bile; that of a Polar Bear (Ursus mari-
timus), four ounces ; Cape Hunting Dog (Lycaon pictus), one ounce ;
Clouded Tiger (F'. macrocelides), seven drachms; Ocelot (/’. parda-
lis), seven drachms. In other animals of this order its capacity, in
relation to the size of the body, is about the same

In the Marsupiata the gall-bladder is generally of a more rounded
form than in the last-named division, and of moderate capacity. In
the Tasmanian Wolf (Thylacinus), it held about seven drachms; in
the Great Kangaroo (Macropus major), ive drachms; in the Red
Kangaroo (M. ruber), about the same ; in the Tree Kangaroo (Den-
drolagus inustus), about three drachms ; in the Halmaturus wantho-
pus, five drachms. In the Opossums, Dasyures, and Phalangers,
such as I have examined, the form and capacity, in relation to the
bulk of the quadruped, is nearly the same as in the above.

In such of the Rodents as possess a gall-bladder I have generally
found it of a rounded or oval form, as in the Marmot (Aretomys al-
pinus), Hare (Lepus timidus), Rabbit (L. euniculus), Beaver (Castor
fiber), Agouti (Dasyprocta), Common Mouse (Mus musculus), Com-
mon Squirrel (Seiurus vulgaris), Grey Squirrel (S. carolinensis), West
Indian Squirrel ( 2), Flying Squirrel (8. volucella). The capacity
is moderate and tolerably uniform in the above. In the Beaver, chiefly
a ligneous feeder, the capacity is about two and one-half drachms.

It was absent in the Capybara (Hydrocherus capybara), in the
Sciurus maximus, Jerboa (Dipus), and Musquash (Castor zibethicus).
In other species of Rodents my attention was not directed to this
subject. Cuvier states that in the genus Mus the gall-bladder is ab-
sent: but I think many exceptions will be found to this.

Edentata. In the Great Anteater (Myrmecophaga jubata) 1
found the gall-bladder capacious and of a somewhat pyramidal
shape; in two species of Armadillo (six-banded and nine-banded) it
was more cylindrical ; in one of the Monotremata, the Ornitho-
rhyncus, it was very large, and its form pyramidal.

The Absence of the Gall-bladder.—As far as I have gone, with the
exception of the Cheiroptera, about which I am unable to speak from
my own observations, as I omitted to look for this viscus in the Bri-
tish Bats and in many foreign species that I have dissected, all the
animals I have spoken of, excepting the Rodents already mentioned

136 DR. E. CRISP ON THE GALL-BLADDER [ April 8,

are furnished with a gall-bladder ; but we now come to a division
(the Pachydermata) in which this organ is generally absent. I have
found it in the Wart Hog (Phacocherus ethiopicus), in Ailian’s Wart-
Hog (P. @liani), in the Red River-Hog (Potamocherus africanus),
in the Javan Wild Hog (Sus vittatus) ; but in the Wild Boar of Europe
(S. scrofa), and in the Indian Hog (S. indicus) I omitted to note its
presence. In the above-named animals it is long and rather capacious,
containing from one and a half to two and a half ounces of bile.

It was absent in two Tapirs (Tapirus americanus), in the White-
lipped Peccary (Dicotyles labiatus), and in the Collared Peccary
(D. torquatus), in two Asiatic Elephants (Hlephas indicus), in the
Hyrax (Hyrax capensis) (two specimens), in the Horse (Equus ca-
ballus), in the Ass (Z. asinus), and in the Zebra (2. zebra). I have
not examined the Hippopotamus or the Rhinoceros ; but it is said to
be absent in both; so that, with the exception of the Pigs (Suwide),
none of the Pachyderms have a gall-bladder.

Ruminantia. This is one of the most interesting divisions as re-
gards the physiology of the gall-bladder. It has been always stated
that the solid-horned Ruminants have no gall-bladder, and that in the
hollow-horned it is present—an assertion that, like too many others
in zoology, has been made without sufficient evidence.

In one of the most recent articles on the Ruminantia that I am
acquainted with, by Dr. Cobbold (Todd’s ‘ Cyclopedia of Anatomy
and Physiology,’ 1859), this author, in reference to the gall-bladder
says, “This family (the Camelide), in common with the Cervide
proper, is further distinguished by the absence of a gall-bladder,
whereas the hollow-horned Ruminants invariably possess this struc-
ture.” In speaking of the double gall-bladder of the Giraffe, described
by Professor Owen, Dr. Cobbold thinks it a circumstance serving to
illustrate a feeble alliance with the Antilopide on the one hand, and
a nearer approach to the Cervide and Camelide on the other.

In my dissections of the Ruminants I have sometimes omitted to
sketch the gall-bladder, or to name it in my notes; but the sub-
joined list of animals, I think, is sufficiently extensive to show that this
supposed law is not always to be depended upon.

I found that it was absent in the Alpaca (Lama pacos), Lamas 2
(L. glama), Guanacos 2 (L. huanaca), Virginian Deer 2 (Cervus vir-
ginianus), Reindeer 4 (C. tarandus), Sambur Deer 2 (C. hippela-
phus), Malacca Deer (C. malaccensis), Rocky-Mountain Deer (C.
?), Hog Deer 3 (C. porcinus), Brocket (C. auritus), Indian
Deer 3 (C. indicus), Mexican Deer (C. meaicanus), and Elk (C. alces).

In the Wapiti Deer (C. canadensis), Persian Deer (C. wallichit),
Barbary Deer (C. barbarus), and Barasinga Deer (C. duvaucellit), I
did not look for it.

I found it in the Musk Deer (M. moschiferus), Axis Deer 3 (C.
avis), Brocket (C. superciliaris) (but absent in one specimen), Leu-
coryx 3 (Antilope leucoryx), Eland (A. oreas), Harte Beeste (4.
caama), Isabelline Antelope (A. isabellina), Striped Antelope (4.
scripta), Dorcas Gazelle (A. dorcas), Indian Gazelle (A. bezoarctica),
Bennett's Gazelle (A. bennettii), Gazella vera, Spring Boc (Antilope

1862. ] AND BILE OF THE VERTEBRATA. 137

euchore), Nylgau (Portaz pictus) 2, also in the Mufflon (Ovis musi-
mon) and Cape Sheep (O. capensis).

It was absent in three Giraffes (Camelopardalis giraffa) that I
have examined, as well as in the following :—Duiker Boc (Antilope
mergens), Bonte-boe (4. pygarga), Addax (A. addax), Bubaline
Antelope (A. bubalis), Philantomba Antelope (4. maxwellii), Grys-
boc (A. melanotis), Reh-boc (4. capreola), and Angora Goat (Capra
angorensis); but, speaking from memory, I believe I have seen it in
other specimens of the Goat.

[The figures after the names indicate the number dissected. ]

The form of the gall-bladder of the Ruminants is generally some-
what pear-shaped ; but the circumference of the neck is nearly equal
to that of the fundus. It is generally of large proportionate size :
that (of the Ox) on the table holds eleven ounces. In an old Leucoryx
Antelope I found it nearly as capacious ; but in two younger speci-
mens the gall-bladders were much less. The capacity in the smaller
Ruminants varies from six drachms to three ounces. The Ox, I be-
lieve, has the largest gall-bladder of any terrestrial animal—a fact of
considerable interest when it is remembered that a vast number of
Ruminants the food and digestive apparatus of which are of a very
similar description are unprovided with this reservoir.

Birds. In the great majority of birds that I have dissected, the
form is very similar: it is mostly ovoid; in some oblong; and ina
few, as in the Cassowary (Caswarius galeatus), Cormorant (Pelecanus
carbo), and Guan (Penelope pileata), nearly cylindrical. In the
Double-wattled Cassowary (Casuarius bicarunculatus) it resembles
more the gall-bladder of a mammal than that of any bird I have seen.
The capacity is very uniform, and generally bears a near relation to
that of the bird. As with quadrupeds, there appears to be no import-
ant difference between the animal and vegetable feeders, or in those
that take a mixed diet. Its capacity is from three to four drachms
in the Cranes and Storks, in the Cassowary about six drachms, in the
Vultures and Eagles from two to three drachms, in the Great Bustard
( Otis tarda) four drachms, in the Brush Turkey (Talegalla lathami)
three drachus.

As is well known, the Pigeons, Parrots, Mackaws, Parrakeets, Lories,
Toucans, Toracos, and some other birds are said to be without a gall-
bladder. I have dissected many of the above-named ; but, as I took
it for granted that this organ did not exist, I was not so careful in
the inspections as I should have been. Cuvier says it does not exist
in the Cuckoos (Cuculide); but I have found it both in the Spotted
Cuckoo of Europe (Cuculus glandarius) and in the Java Cuckoo
(C. orientalis). In the Ostrich (Struthio camelus) and in the Rhea
(Rhea americana) I examined, it was absent, but present (as I have
stated) in both species of Cassowary. The Emu I have not dissected,

Reptiles. In the Chelonian Reptiles the gall-bladder is very large,
In some of the large Turtles it will contain from two to three ounces
of fluid. In the Saurians it is likewise capacious. Ina large Alli-
gator, weighing about two hundredweight, its capacity was about
four ounces; but in many Alligators and Crocodiles that I have in-

138 DR. E. CRISP ON THE GALL-BLADDER, ETC. [April 8,

spected it was proportionately smaller. In the Ophidians it is of
moderate size. Ina Python (Python molurus), weighing thirty-three
pounds, its capacity was about two ounces. In the Batrachians its
form is more globular, and its size (relatively) larger. I have not
found the gall-bladder absent in any Reptile.

Fishes. In the British Fishes (forty-two species of which I have
only examined for this purpose) I found a gall-bladder, the shape
globular in all, with the exception of that of the Tunny before named:
it is rather capacious in this division. In a Pike (Hsoxv lucius)
weighing twenty-eight pounds, the capacity was about one ounce. In
a Wolf-fish (Anarrhichas) weighing twelve pounds, about the same.
In the Lophius piscatorius, a very ravenous fish, it was much smaller.
In the Shark (Lamna cornubica), Dog Fishes (Scyllia), and Rays
(Raiade) its proportionate capacity is about the same as in the os-
seous fishes.

Before I finish this part of my subject, I will add a few remarks
about the supposed absence of a gallbladder in many fishes.
Cuvier did not depend always upon his own observations. I believe
that this organ has escaped notice in many instances, especially in
the Fishes. The Giraffe was supposed not to possess a gall-bladder ;
but in two examined by Professor Owen, one was without a gall-
bladder, the other had a double gall-bladder, as may be seen in the
preparation in the Hunterian Museum.

As I have stated before, in three Giraffes that I have inspected,
this viscus was wanting in all. I have met with one specimen of a
double gall-bladder in the Sheep ; and in the Hunterian Museum
there is the liver of a small animal (unknown) with three distinct
gall-bladders; so that I think it will be well for future observers
not to assume that this reservoir is absent, but to look for it in all
the Vertebrata. It is well to remember, too, that the gall-bladder
in some reptiles and fishes is not always close to the liver—a circum-
stance, as stated by Cuvier, that may have led to its having been
often undiscovered. Sir E. Home, as mentioned in the ‘ Museum
Catalogue of the College of Surgeons,’ described, in the ‘ Philoso-
phical Transactions’ for 1809, the Basking Shark (Selache mavima)
as being without a gall-bladder. M. de Blainville (in the ‘ Annales
du Muséum,’ 1811) found a gall-bladder in this fish, 4 or 5 inches
in diameter ; but it was seated 6 feet from the liver. As I am speak-
ing of the Hunterian Museum, I may add, for the purpose of showing
how little this subject has been attended to, that only ten gall-
bladders are to be seen in this collection—one of a Fish, three of
Reptiles, three of Birds, and three of Quadrupeds.

I have only time for a passing remark on the quantity of bile
secreted by various animals. The estimate must to a great extent be
conjectural ; but in the human subject, where fistulous communica-
tions have been accidentally established, and in Dogs and other
animals where the ducts have been exposed, some indications of the
average daily quantity of this secretion may be formed. Thus, in
Man it is probably from six to ten ounces daily. In the domesti-
cated Ox—a quadruped (as before stated) that has, I believe, a larger.

1862.] ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, 139°

gall-bladder than any land animal—from thirty to sixty ounces ; by
some physiologists a much larger quantity is given. The daily
amount of bile secreted depends probably upon the quantity and
quality of the food. Thus, animals that eat frequently have most
likely a larger secretion ; whilst those that fast for a long period (as
some of the reptiles), although they possess large gall-bladders, have
comparatively a small secretion of bile. There appears to be no im-
portant difference between the animal and vegetable feeders ; nor does
the absence of a gall-bladder, as far as we can ascertain, influence
the quantity of the secretion.

The Colour of the Bile.—The specimens before the Society, from
all divisions of the Vertebrata, show the great variety of colours
exhibited by this fluid: all shades of brown, green, and yellow are
present, and many of them very vivid and intense. It must be ob-
served that animals in confinement often have the bile in an abnormal
condition ; and probably the colour is influenced to a great extent by
the diseased or healthy condition of the liver—a matter to be spoken
of hereafter.

In fishes the colour is generally of a light yellow, in some ineli-
ning to brown. Inu reptiles some of the most vivid browns, yellows,
and greens are seen: the last-named colour is not unfrequent in the
web-footed birds and in some of the Rapaces; but the prevailing
colours in the birds are browns and yellows. In mammals the intense
greens are rarely seen; but the colours vary from light green to
shades of yellow or brown of every hue. The applicability of this
fluid as a pigment cannot be properly touched upon here.

In this paper I have spoken entirely from my own observations, and
I have handled the matter in a different manner to that of any pre-
vious inquirer ; so that zoologists who may hereafter investigate this
interesting subject may, by combining my labours with those of others
in the same field of research, profit, I hope, by this investigation.

Mr. A. Murray pointed out the characters of a new Crocodile from
the Old Calabar River, West Africa, for which he proposed the name
Crocodilus frontatus, as indicative of the large size of the forehead
in this species.

The following lists of the additions to the Menagerie during the
months of January, February, and March were laid before the meet-
ing :—

JANUARY.

Presented by

1 Common Tench............ Tinca vulgaris ......++ ae oa ane cates Willaume,
sq.

1 Red and Yellow Maccaw.| Ara araraund ......s0006 ‘Mr. Atcheler.
1 Bonnet Monkey............ |\Macacus radiatus .....+... R. Ridgley, Esq.
1 Chamelion .............+00.. Chameleo vulgaris ...... Dr. Babington.
1 Pig-tailed Monkey.........| Macacus nemestrinus ...\E. Walden, Esq.
1 Maltese Pig .......... voeee| SUS. SCTOLD, VAN. ..+4.0000e+ J. Cunningham, Esq.
1 Crested Curassow .........,Crax alector ....0+..0 .+..»|Dr. Kelaart of Trinidad.
2 Common Rayens sesssesel COPUUS COPA sseseteeveeeee EV. W. Willimott.

140 ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, [April 8,

JANUARY (continued). ,

1 Rosy-crested Cockatoo ...|Caca/ua roseicapilla ......|L. Blaize, Esq.
2 Albino Rats ...ccceececeees Mus raltus sesssseeeseseee/Rev. J. G. Hills.
1 Polecat .......... sesecsevees/LUtOrius felidus ...s000.- |
1 Spotted Cary ........... veve|COLOGENYS PACA seeecsreroes
1 Podargus ....e.seseeveeeee|/POMATGUS CUVIETE wesesees.
1 Blue-streaked Lory ......|Hos riciniata......s00...06.
2 Buff-breasted Partridges .|Pitilopachys fuscus ...... |
2 Lesser Razor-billed Cu-/Pauxi tomentosa ......... > Purchased.
Tassows.
1 Coquetoon ..........++s000+| Cephalophus rufilatus .
SOLDUAS we tencanswavencaed voe|Dipus @GYptius .....s.0-0e.!
1 Douroucouli Monkey...,..|Nyctipithecus trivirgatus?|
1 Sooty Monkey ............|Cercocebus fuliginosus ...| J

FEBRUARY.
Presented by
1 Capuchin Monkey......... Cebus capucinus ,........|Dr. Battershell Gill, F.Z,S.
1 Purple Heron...............| drdea purpurea .....+... Capt. Richardson.
1 Jerboa .........+ seseseveees| Dipus @gyptius...... +++se-/B. Cochrane Willis, Esq.
1 young Sea Eagle .........| Haliaétus leucocephalus.. Dr. E. J. Longton.
1 Marmozet ......ssseeeseeeee |Hapale iacchus ....++. wo C. H. Smith, Esq., F.Z.S.

3 Chinese Sand-Grouse ... Syrrhaptes paradoxus ...|A. O’Brien, Esq.
13 Undulated Parrakeets...| Melopsittacus undulatus.

1 Flying FOX ....sccosseessseee|/ PLErOPUS MEMiUS ,.. 00000
1 Zenaida Dove ....+....000| ZENATA QUTILA ...s0ceeree | p Purchased.
1 Lun Fish......... e++--...| Cyclopterus lumpus .....-

1 African Buzzard .........| Buteo tachardus ....0+05

Marcu.

Presented by

1 Vulpine Opossum .,..,.....|Phalangista vulpina .......The Earl of Kilmorey,
| F.Z.S.

1 Rosy-crested Cockatoo ...!Cacatua roseicapilla ....... Mrs. Clegg.

1 Cockateal ...... sesseeeeees-| Calopsitta nove hollandie T.W. Nunn, Esq.

1 Rhesus Monkey.......... . Macacus rhesus, var....... G. Estridge, Esq.

3 Laughing Kingfishers ,..|Dacelo gigas .........«++...|Dr. Miiller.

1 Crested Curassow ......... Crax alector ........,+++.../H. E. Crum-Ewing, Jun.,

Esq.

2 Rough-legged Buzzards...|drchibuteo lagopus ......,Sir T. F. Buxton, Bart.,
F.Z.S.

1 Golden Eye ,..+0+,..0++04./Clangula glaucion .........| )

1 Scaup Duck ,...........40. |Fuligula marila....evssss

ZIPAONS \saseenensavscescaccesens| LEMS (CO occseascovdstascere

1 Red Kangaroo ............, Macropus rufus.......se0es

2 Pademeleon Wallabies ...!Halmaturus thetidis ......

1 Small Wallaby ,.........../Halmaturus Besioba-

| Purchased.

1 Palzornis ,.,..,000........., Paleornis malaccensis ...
4 Flamingos 4....s+0s00s000... PAEnicoplerus antiguo-
rum.

6 Wheatears .......se0eee000.. Saxicola cnanthe .......+.
4 Oyster-Catchers.............Haematopus ostralegus ...
2 Birds of Paradise ,........|Paradisea papuana ......

Of these, Hos riciniata, Ptilopachys fuscus, and Paradisea pa-
puana were stated to have been exhibited for the first time,

~~

—a — -—_— =

/N Hanhart,

1862.) THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, 141

May 13, 1862.
John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The Secretary reported that the ‘La Hogue,’ which had sailed
from Sydney on the 16th of January, with the living Kagu (Rhino-
chetus jubatus) on board, shipped for the Society by Dr. Bennett,
had arrived on the 22nd of April last, with this curious bird in per-
fect health. The Kagu had been transferred without delay to the
New Aviary in the Society’s Gardens. Dr. Bennett had also for-
warded by the same vessel two Hornbills and a Pigeon from the
Salomon Islands, and a Porphyrio from the island of Tanna, of the
New Hebrides group, to be deposited in the Society’s Gardens, and
taken care of for H.R.H. the Duc de Brabant.

One of the Hornbills had died shortly before the arrival of the
vessel, but, having been placed in spirits, had made a good skeleton.
This and the skin had enabled the species to be determined. It ap-
peared to be Buceros ruficollis, agreeing with Temminck’s figure
(Pl. Col. 557) of that bird. The male, still living, had the head
and neck rufous white, darker posteriorly ; in the female, which had
died, these parts were black. Dr. Sclater had remarked a similar di-
stinction of the sexes in the specimens of this bird in the Museum
at Leyden.

The Pigeon appeared referable to Carpophaga rubricera, G. R.
Gray, MS. (Globicera rubricera, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 31). The Por-
phyrio was much like Porphyrio melanotus (Gould’s B. Austr. vi.
pl. 69), already in the Menagerie, but smaller in dimensions, and
apparently distinct.

The same vessel had also brought a large consignment of Parrots
for sale, out of which the Secretary had secured for the Society’s
ere examples of the following rare species, all new to the col-
ection :— ;

1. Calyptorhynchus banksii, Vig. & Horsf., from New South
Wales.

2. Cacatua ducorpsii, Hombron & Jacquinot, from the Salomon
Islands—a very distinct species, allied to C. moluccensis and C. ecri-
stata, but readily distinguishable by the blue skin round the eye and
the yellow-tinged crest, as shown in Mr. Wolf’s drawing (Pl. XIV.).

3. Pyrrhulopsis personata (G. R. Gray), from the Fiji Islands,
agreeing with the bird figured, P. Z. 8S. 1848, Aves, Pl. III. p. 20.

Dr. Crisp exhibited the following specimens : —

1. The head of a Partridge (Perdix cinerea), shot in September
last ; the upper mandible much thickened and curved upwards, so that
its point was three-fourths of an inch from the tip of the lower man-
dible. The bird was in tolerable condition, and had probably lived
chiefly on green food, as turnip-tops were found in the crop and
gizzard, Three birds were shot in the same locality with a similar

142 - MR. A, NEWTON ON BIRDS FROM MADAGASCAR. [May 13,

malformation, and it is believed that they belonged to the same
covey. : 3

2. The ceecal appendages of the Impeyan Pheasant (Phasianus
impeyanus), for the purpose of showing their large size. The two
when distended measured 18 inches in length, and held seven ounces
of water. Dr. Crisp said that, with the exception of the larger size
of these czeca and a larger number of tracheal rings, the visceral
anatomy of this bird differed in no important points from that of
our common Pheasant (P. colchicus).

3. The tail-glands of the Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) and of
the Red-throated Diver (Colymbus septentrionalis). In both these
birds the elevatores coccygis were seen to be firmly inserted into the
posterior part of the glands, so as to aid materially in the expulsion
of their contents.

Mr. Fraser exhibited for Lord Powerscourt an enormous pair of
antlers with forty-four points, supposed to be those of the Red Deer,
from the Carpathian Mountains. Their weight was stated to be
seventy-four pounds ; the length of each antler 5 feet 8 mches, fol-
lowing the curve, the distance direct from the base to the tip of
each antler being 4 feet 33 inches, the greatest width of the antlers
5 feet 5 inches. The following was Lord Powerscourt’s memoran-
dum respecting this remarkable specimen :—

“This pair of horns was bought for me by the Hon. Julian Fane,
at Vienna, about six weeks ago. The history he got with them was
that they had belonged to a person who lived near Kronstadt in Tran-
sylvania; that they were sold out of his Schloss, on his death lately,
and bought by a travelling merchant, who again sold them to a burgher
of Vienna, from whom Julian Fane bought them for me for £50.”

Mr. Alfred Newton exhibited some birds, collected in Madagascar
by his brother Mr. Edward Newton and Dr. Roch (both Corre-
sponding Members of the Society), who had formed part of the
Mission lately sent to that island by the Government of Mauritius.
He remarked that last autumn, when news of the despatch of the
envoys reached England, regrets had been expressed in some of the
public prints that no professional naturalist had been attached to the
Mission, and that the Society’s Secretary had then pointed out, in a
letter to The Times, that the fears so manifested were groundless. |
The Secretary’s opinion had been fully verified, as regarded Orni-
thology, by the collections transmitted home by those gentlemen.
Though small, they consisted chiefly of specimens of great interest
and rarity, few of the species being contained in any museum in this
country. Dr. Hartlaub’s description of one bird, entirely new to
science, the Society would shortly hear read; and there could be
little doubt that the notes and observations which Dr. Roch and Mr,
Edward Newton were about to publish in ‘ The Ibis’ would well de-
serve the notice of naturalists interested in the Fauna of Madagascar.
Mr. Newton added that he understood that a collection of Reptiles

1862.] DR.J,E.GRAY ON A BAT FROM THE SANDWICH ISLANDS, 143

and Fishes had also been made by those gentlemen, but that it was
unfortunately spoiled, after its arrival at Mauritius, by the disho-
nesty of a native servant, who had abstracted the spirit in which
the specimens had been preserved.

The following papers were read :—

1. Noricr or A Species or LASIURUS SENT FROM THE SAND-
wicH Istanps By Mr. W. H. Pease. By Dr. J. E. Gray,
F.R.S.

I have just received from Mr. W. H. Pease a specimen of Lasiurus
or Hairy-tailed Bat, with the following observation, dated Honolulu,
Nov, 20, 1861 :—‘‘I have the pleasure of sending you a specimen
of the Bat found on our islands, also a skull separate. It is the only
mammal indigenous to our group (of islands). It is quite a curio-
sity to our natives, very few of them having ever seen one.”

I have carefully compared the specimen sent by Mr. Pease with
the Lasiuri in the British Museum, which have been named by Mr.
Robert Tomes in conformity with his paper on the species of the
genus, printed in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for
1857.
~ I cannot find any distinction between it and the specimen named
Lasiurus grayii, described in his paper. (See P. Z. 8S. 1857, p. 40.)

The Museum specimen was received from Mr. Bridges, who ob-
tained it in Chili.

There is a second specimen in the Museum Collection named by
Mr. R. Tomes L. grayi, which was collected by Mr. John E. Goodsir
at Nasqually, Juan de Fuca. I may observe that the Sandwich
Islands specimen is of the same size as the specimen from Chili, and
considerably smaller than the one from Juan de Fuca, which has the
arm-bone nearly a line and a half longer than the Chilian and Sand-
wich Islands specimens.

This Bat being found in the Sandwich Islands is curious, as show-
ing the similarity of the fauna in some particulars with that of the
Western Coast of America,

2. Norice or a New Species or Dotpuin (DeLpHINus caTa-
LANIA), DISCOVERED IN Nortru Avustrauia By Mr, JoHNn
Macerituivray. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., ere.

Mr. John Macgillivray has sent to Mr. Cuming, who has trans-
ferred them to the British Museum Collection, two skulls of a species
of Dolphin or Bottlenose, which he regards as probably new.

These skulls were accompanied by the following notes :—

“ DELPHINUS, 0.8.

“ The larger of the two skulls belonged to an individual killed off
Cape Melville (within the Great Barrier Reefs), north-east coast of
Australia, Sept. 5, 1860. It was a female, 7} feet in length; and

144 DR. J, E. GRAY ON A NEW DOLPHIN. [May 13,

from it were taken two foetuses, each 10 inches in length. The adult
was of a very light lead-colour above and on the sides, gradually
passing into the dirty leaden white of the lower parts, which were
covered (as also the flippers) with longitudinally elongated blotches
of dark lead-colour.

“ The smaller of the two skulls represents another Porpoise of the
same species, harpooned off Cape Flattery, on the north-east coast
of Australia, Oct. 9, 1860. It was considerably smaller than the
first one, being only 6? feet in length. It was a female. The colour
was exactly lead-colour, fading into whitish on the lower parts be-
tween the anus and the snout. The sides were marked with small
oblong spots of the same colour as the back. Measurements when
recent :—

“Total length, snout to centre of tail, 6 feet 9 inches. ;

* Snout to base of dorsal, 3 feet ; length of anterior border of dorsal
13 inches; height of dorsal 8 inches; width of dorsal 12 inches ;
from posterior border of dorsal to tip of tail, 2 feet 8 inches.

«*Swimming-paws (midway between snout and dorsal) 13 inches
long, and 53 inches broad ; from their base to end of snout, 13 inches.

“Tail 22 inches across from tip to tip.

‘* Anus 2 feet 2 inches in front of tail (centre of tip).

** Kye 3ths of an inch in diameter, situated 1} inch behind angle of
mouth, and 12 inches from tip of upper jaw.

** Lower jaw projecting 1 inch beyond the upper.

** This Porpoise was occasionally seen, in small droves of from three
to six, along the north-east coast of Australia, within the reefs. Two
other species also were seen, but we could not fasten.”

The two skulls slightly differ in shape and size.

No. 1 is 17 inches long ; the beak to the notch is 10 inches, and
the upper teeth-bone 83 inches long; the front lower teeth are worn
away and truncated, like the teeth of the common Delphinus tursio,
which was described as D. drunatus by Montague. ‘There are
twenty-seven teeth on each side in the upper, and twenty-five teeth
on each side in the lower jaw.

No. 2 is 17 inches long ; the beak 93, and the upper tooth-bone
8 inches long. The teeth, twenty-four above (perhaps one on each
side is deficient, as the end of the jaw is very tender), twenty-three
or twenty-four below. The front lower teeth are slightly truncated ;
but this skull chiefly differs from No. 1 in being rather more convex
and rather narrower, especially in the hinder part, from the middle
of its length.

I have compared these skulls with those of the different species of
Bottlenoses (Z'usio) in the British Museum ; and they are perfectly
distinct from any of them. The species may be called Delphinus
catalania. It is smaller in size, and has a much smaller brain-
cavity than D. eymodice (Gray, Zool. Erebus & Terror, t. 19) and D.
metis (Gray, Zool. Erebus & Terror, t. 18); and the beak is not so
tapering as in these species, and the teeth are rather more numerous.

It is equally distinct from Delphinus eurynome (Gray, Zool. Erebus
& Terror, t, 17), believed to be from the North Sea.

1862.] MR. J. H. GURNEY ON AQUILA DESMURSII. 145

It is not easy to point out the distinction of these species in words;
but there cannot be a doubt about them when they are compared
together.

{ may here observe that Delphinus eutropia (Gray, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1849, 1; Zool. Erebus & Terror, t. 34 ined.), which, in the
‘ Catalogue of Cetacea’ in the British Museum, I have placed in the
first section of Tursia, with D. tursio and the species above named,
should be formed into a section of itself, characterized by having a
very broad muzzle shelving on the sides, and the skull shelving down
over the orbits, and thirty-four or thirty-five slender teeth on each
side of each jaw. This section may be called Evrropia.

3. Notice or A WinGuEss Brirp, or Mono, anv A Raven FOUND
IN THE IsLtAnD oF Hawai By Mr. W. H. Pease. By Dr.
J. KE, Gray, F.R.S., erc.

In a note lately received from Mr. W. H. Pease, dated Honolulu,
Noy. 20, 1861, he observes, ‘I noticed in a late number of the
‘Annals of Natural History’ a description of a species of bird living
im our islands (which was figured many years since in Dixon’s
‘ Voyage’), by Mr. Gould; he refers it to the genus ‘ Moho.’

** Please inform him that there is a wingless bird of small size
living in the island of Hawaii, which the natives call ‘Moho,’ which
is now nearly extinct, having been killed off by the wild cats and
dogs within late years; I have seen but a single specimen. ‘There
is also living there a species of Raven,”

4, Some Remarks on Aquita DesmursiI (J. VERREAUX).
By J. H. Gurney, M.P., F.Z.S.*

M. Jules Verreaux, who first recognized this Eagle as a distinct
species, communicated his description of it to Dr. Hartlaub, by whom
the species was made known to ornithologists in his admirable work
on the Ornithology of West Africa.

My present object is to put on record some information as to this
interesting bird, with which M. Jules Verreaux has been so good as
to supply me, and also to give some indications of the changes of
plumage to which this species appears liable, and which I have had
the opportunity of examining in several examples which now form
part of the collection of the Norwich Museum.

It may, however, be well to premise a few general remarks with
reference to the geographical distribution of this Eagle, and to some
of the peculiarities by which it is distinguished.

Aquila desmursii has hitherto only been found in Tropieal Africa,
north of the Equator,—specimens having been obtained at Bissao

* This paper will also be published in the Socicty’s ‘Transactions,’ accompa-
nied by a plate. :
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. X.

146 MR. J. H. GURNEY ON AQUILA DESMURSII. [May 13,

on the western coast, and also in Nubia and Abyssinia, and on the
banks of the White Nile.

It is a small species, intermediate in size between Aquila pennata
and Aguila nevia. From the former it is readily distinguishable by
the greater length of all its measurements ; from the latter (as also
from Aquila nevioides) it may, on the contrary, be distinguished by
its less size and, as Dr. Hartlaub well remarks, “‘by the more deli-
cately shaped bill, and by the greater length of the tail” as com-
pared with that of the wings.

Another well-marked distinction to which Dr. Hartlaub does not
allude is to be found in the presence in Aquila desmursii of a well-
defined, though small, occipital crest, consisting of from eight te
nine pointed feathers, the longest of which are fully an inch and a
half in length.

The colouring of this Eagle, described in Dr. Hartlaub’s work, is
that which characterizes what I believe to be the adult bird after it
has newly moulted and has acquired its fresh plumage. In this dress
the general colouring of Aquila desmursii closely resembles that of
the adult of Aguila nevioides under similar conditions, being of a
rufous brown, varying in intensity in different portions of the same
feather.

Other specimens of Aquila desmursii exhibit a plumage of an ex-
tremely dark and almost uniform chocolate-colour. These indivi-
duals I believe to be immature birds, in which the feathers have
been also newly acquired. In this stage they bear a considerable
general resemblance in point of colouring to the immature specimens
of Aquila pennata, though I have never met with an immature
Aquila pennata quite so dark as some specimens I have seen of
Aquila desmursii. In Aquila desmursii, as also in Aquila nevioides,
both adult and immature ‘birds appear liable to have their plumage
exceedingly bleached by the action of the tropical sun; but it is
remarkable that the feathers composing the occipital crest in Aquila
desmursit appear to retain their original tint, notwithstanding the
partial loss of colour from the above cause in the portions of the
plumage immediately adjacent. It should also be remarked that, in
some immature specimens, nearly the whole under surface is of a
very pale whitish brown—a variation from the ordinary darker co-
louring which cannot be accounted for by the effect of sun and
weather only.

In conclusion, I will add the remarks on this species communi-
cated to me by M. Jules Verreaux, which are as follows :—* Ac-
cording to the notes of the collectors, the irides of the adult birds
are of a chestnut-brown tinged with yellow; whilst in the young
birds the yellow tint is absent, and the brown is deeper, with but
little tinge of chestnut. The natives (at Bissao) give the name of
‘Socolas’ to this species only, it being well known to them as a very
courageous bird, attacking even the small Gazelles (Cephalophorus
maxwelli) which inhabit the same localities, and also preying on
various birds, and especially the Francolinus bicalcaratus,”

P.2Z.5.1862. Plate XV.

4

psd 2984

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New Phyllopodous Crustaceans

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY),
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New Phyllopodous Crustaceans.

1862.] DR. BAIRD ON NEW PHYLLOPODOUS CRUSTACEANS. 147

5. DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL NEw SPECIES OF PHYLLOPODOUS
CRUSTACEANS, BELONGING TO THE GENERA ESTHERIA AND
Limnetis. By W. Barrp, M.D., F.L.S.

(Plate XV.)

1. Ester sonest, Baird. (Pl. XV. figs. 1, 1a, 18, 1e, 1d.)

Carapace of a comparatively hard, horny structure, and of a dark-
brown colour. Valves ventricose, rounded, ovate. Umbones pro-
minent, nearly central, but a little nearer anterior extremity ; invo-
lute and representing exactly those of a bivalve shell. Dorsal margin
short; ventral rounded. Anterior extremity swollen, rounded,
shorter than posterior extremity, which is somewhat compressed and
rounded. Ribs numerous and narrow. ‘Those of the upper half of
carapace, from the umbo downwards, strongly developed, the edges
being raised and strongly beaded; the interstices hollow, and more
sparsely dotted with rather small irregular-sized punctations. Ribs
of lower half of carapace, as far as the ventral margin, much smaller
than those of upper half, narrower, and much more numerous ; they
are punctate also; but the interstices are so very narrow that no
sculpture can be seen. Internally the surface is quite smooth, and
of a dark-purple colour.

Length of carapace, 6 lines; breadth at umbo, nearly 5 lines.

Hab. Brackish water, Island of Cuba (Dr. Dunker), Commu-
nicated by T. R. Jones, Esq. (Mus. Brit.)

2. EsTHERIA DUNKERI, Baird. (PI. XV. figs. 6, 6a, 66.)

Carapace-valves broadly ovate and somewhat elongate. Umbones
prominent, and placed at some distance (rather more than a third)
from anterior extremity. Dorsal margin short, rather sloping.
Ventral margin nearly straight, or only slightly rounded. Anterior
extremity swollen, very convex, and rounded. Posterior extremity
elongate, more compressed, and not so rounded. The carapace is of
a uniform yellow horn-colour, thin, and translucent. Ribs numerous,
elevated, rather narrow, about twenty-seven in number, with the in-
terstices marked with shallow pits and extremely fine punctations.

This species approaches somewhat to LZ. brasiliensis, but differs
in the position of the umbones, those of H#. dunkeri being further
from the anterior extremity. The relative size of anterior and poste-
rior extremities differs also, the former in ZL. brasiliensis being much
broader than in the present species. It is a larger species also than
E. brasiliensis.

Length of carapace, 7 lines; breadth at umbo, 4 lines.

Hab. Zimapan, Mexico; in fresh water (Dr. Dunker). Com.
municated by T. R. Jones, Esq. (Mus. Brit.)

3. EstHerta torTt, Baird. (Pl. XV. figs. 2, 2a, 2.)

Carapace of a very light amber-colour, oval, rather swollen. Um-
bones very prominent, elongate, placed near the anterior extremity.
Dorsal margin slightly sloping. Ventral margin rounded. Anterior

148 DR. BAIRD GN NEW PHYLLOPODOUS CRUSTACEANS, [May 13,

extvemity swollen, rounded, and broader than the posterior, which
is rather narrow, and somewhat compressed. Ribs of carapace few,
broad ; interstices marked with coarse-looking, raised, flexuous lines.

This species resembles in form the L. tetracera as represented by
Krynicki, and found by him near Moscow and at Charkow, Russia.

Length of carapace, rather more than 4 lines; breadth at umbo,
3 lines. 3

Hab. Stagnant water on the banks of the Tigris, near Bagdad.
Collected, along with Z. dahalacensis, by the late W. R. Loftus,
Esq., in May, 1855. (Mus. Brit.)

4, EsTHEertA RuBIDGE!, Baird. (Pl. XV. figs. 3, 3a, 30.)

Carapace-valves ovate. Dorsal margin long, straight. Umbones
small, placed near the anterior extremity. Ventral margin slightly
rounded. Anterior extremity rounded. Posterior extremity emar-
ginate at upper part, giving it somewhat the appearance of the shell
of an Avicula. Anterior extremity rather the larger. Ribs of cara-
pace not numerous, and wide apart, the surface in the interspaces
marked with coarse and flexuously disposed raised lines.

This species partakes of the characters of straight-dorsal-margined
species, 2, dahalacensis and 7. maegillivrayi. From the last spe-
cies it differs in size, form of posterior extremity, and markings of
interspaces between the ribs, as well as their comparative size and
number, those of the present species being fewer and wider apart.

Length of carapace, about 34 lines; breadth at umbo, 2 lines.

Hab. A dried-up “vley” near Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony.
Collected by Dr. Rubidge, and communicated to Henry Woodward,
Esq., by W. S. M. D’Urban, Esq. (Mus. Brit.)

5. EsTHERIA MACGILLIVRAYI, Baird. (Pl. XV. figs. 5, 5a, 56.)

Carapace-valves ovate. Dorsal margin long, straight. Umbones
small, placed about 1 line from the anterior extremity. Ventral
margin rounded. Anterior extremity rounded, as well as posterior,
both being of nearly equal size. Ribs of carapace numerous, narrow,
and finely punctate in the interstices.

In general outline this species resembles very much /. dahala-
censis ; but the ribs are narrower, more numerous, and the surface of
the interstices is much more finely punctate.

Length of carapace, about 5 lines; breadth at umbo, 3 lines.

Hab. Brackish lake, Green Point, Cape of Good Hope (J.
Macgillivray). (Mus. Brit.)

6. EsTHERIA CALDWELLI, Baird. (PI. XV. figs. 4, 4a, 45.)

~ Carapace-valves swollen, ovate, of a pale horn-colour. Umbones
large, prominent, and ferruginous-coloured, placed at about one-third
distance from the anterior extremity. Dorsal margin short, and nearly
straight. Anterior extremity rounded, short, a little broader than
posterior extremity, which is long and rounded. Ventral margin
rounded. Ribs of carapace numerous, rather narrow. Interstices
roughly and strongly punctate.

Ma .-

1862.] MR. G. KREFFT ON FURINA TEXTILIS, 149

Length of carapace, nearly 4 lines; breadth at umbo, rather more
than 2 lines.
» Hab, Lake Winnipeg, N. America (IW. Caldwell, Esq.). (Mus.
Brit.)

7. LiMNETIS GouLDII, Baird. (Plate XV. figs. 7, 7 a, 7 6, 7 ¢.)

Carapace nearly quite globular, ventricose, and of a light horn-
colour. Surface of valves smooth, not ribbed, ard covered entirely
with numerous very small hollow punctations exactly resembling
those on the top of a thimble. The point to which the adductor
muscles are attached is yery marked, being slightly prominent, and
very smooth and shining; and the branchial canals on the surface
of the valves are strongly exhibited.

This species resembles very much L. wahlbergii of Lovén, from
Port Natal. In addition, however, to the total difference of habitat,
this species differs from the one described by Lovén in size, being
double the dimensions of it. The animal, too, differs in some par-
ticulars; but as all the specimens I have examined are males, and
the one figured by Loven is a female, I do not know how far these
differences may be merely sexual.

Diameter of carapace, about 14 line.

Hab. Fresh water at St. Ann’s, twenty miles from Montreal,
Canada. Collected by Charles Gould, Esq., June, 1857. (Mus,
Brit.)

6. Nore on Furina textinis. By Gerarp Krerrr, ACTING
Curator Austr. Mus.

During my rambles in the neighbourhood of Sydney I have found
a number of small Snakes, varying in length from 8 to 12", and an-
swering to the description given by Duméril and Bibron of Furina
textilis. None of the specimens obtained have exceeded 16! in length ;
and I have been naturally anxious to procure the young of this spe-
cies. During two years I was unsuccessful, and I began to think
at last that this Snake was only the immature form of some other
species, which supposition became a belief when some months ago
I found an egg containing as large a specimen of Furina tevtilis
as I had ever met with before. On further investigation I found
that the distinct bands and black spots of this Snake faded with the
growth of the individual, and apparently vanished altogether in old
specimens. As the egg and young in my possession are of a size
generally produced by Snakes from 3 to 4 feet in length, and as I
have a series of specimens in which the disappearance of the bands
and markings may be clearly traced, I do not hesitate to assert that
Pseudonaia textilis is only a young Snake. Inviting the serutiny of
more able naturalists than myself to this fact, I beg to refer at the
same time to my collection forwarded to the International Exhi-
bition, specimens Nos. 66 and 40, which I believe to be identical.

I have since forwarded a full-grown adult Snake of this species to

150 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE DEER OF FoRMOSA. [May 13,

Dr. Giinther, which I have stuffed, as in the dry specimens the re-

mains of the rings on the body may be better observed than when

preserved in spirits. Ihave been unable to find any description ins
Duméril and Bibron of the large Furina of which I suppose the F.

textilis to be the young; and, not being in possession of the British

Museum Catalogue, I do not know whether this Snake has been de-

scribed at all.

7, Note on THE Deer oF Formosa. By P. L. Scuater, M.A.,
Pu.D., F.R.S., SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

(Plates XVI., XVII.)

In some remarks on the Japanese Deer received by the Society in
1860, which I made before the meeting of this Society in the month
of November of that year*, I gave some reasons for considering Cer-
vus sika of the ‘Fauna Japonica,’ Cervus pseudaxis of the French
naturalists, and Dr. Gray’s Rusa japonica as probably synonyms of
the same species. In a communication made to the Society in the
following year, Dr. Gray ultimately admits that his Rusa japonica is
probably the same as Cervus sika, “ though it differs so much from the
figure and description of that animal in the ‘ Fauna Japonica’+;” and
I believe there is now little doubt upon this point. Mr. Westerman,
the Director of the Gardens of the Zoological Society of Amsterdam,
to whom we parted with a pair of these Japanese Deer in 1861, has
informed me that he was previously well acquainted with the species,
and that it is certainly identical with the type of Cervus sika in the
Leyden Museum. Since the arrival of the first example of this Deer
(the pair presented to the Society by Mr. Wilks, July 21, 1860), we
have. received several others. In September, 1861, a female arrived
from our Corresponding Member, Mr. Blyth of Calcutta, being one
of the examples he has commented upon in the ‘Journal of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal’ (xxx. p. 90); and in June of the same
year we purchased a pair of these animals, the male of which was
subsequently parted with to Mr. Westerman. On the 31st of August,
1861, the female presented by Mr. Wilks produced a male calf; and
there seems every probability of this Deer doing well in this country.

With regard, however, to the Formosan Deer (Cervus taévanus or
taiouanus), 1 was certainly wrong in supposing it to be the same as
the Japanese Cervus sika. Knowing nothing about it, except from
Mr. Blyth’s description, I supposed that he who created the species
was to be trusted when he destroyed it. I therefore put faith in
what Mr. Blyth wrote in a letter to me (dated July 4th, 1860), that
he was then “ satisfied’”’ that the Formosan and Japanese Deer were
of “one and the same species.” It appears, however, from what Mr.
Swinhoe says (see P. Z. S. 1860, p. 235), that all the living Deer

#* See P. Z. S. 1860, p. 375.
+ P.Z.S. 1861, p. 238.

+

“ei

OA
JTOM

—

et

1862.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE DEER OF FORMOSA. 151

sent to Mr. Blyth were of the Japanese species, and that Mr. Blyth
never had the Formosan species alive*. Mr. Blyth’s comparison,
therefore, was made between animals of the same species.

All doubt, however, as to the perfect distinctness of the Formosan
Deer from the Japanese Cervus sika is removed since we have re-
ceived the fine male of the Cervus taévanus, presented to us by our
Corresponding Member, Mr. Swinhoe, in December last. It will be
evident to any one who inspects this animal and compares it with
the adjoining specimen of Cervus sika, that, though probably nearly
allied to the latter and belonging to the same group of Deer, it is
quite distinct specifically. Its larger size and the deep-red colouring
of the posterior part of the neck are quite sufficient to distinguish
it. With the true form of the horns in Cervus taévanus we are not
yet acquainted, owing to our specimen having broken and worn down
his horns while in confinement.

But we have to thank Mr. Swinhoe (who is now Vice-Consul in
Formosa) for another and most valuable addition to our series of
Deer. On April 28th, a specimen of what I suppose Mr. Swinhoe
to mean by the “ Roe-Deer”’ + of Formosa arrived, and is now doing
well in our Menagerie. It turns out to be a species of the Rusine
group of Deer, quite distinct from any of the four species of this
sectiont we at present possess, and in all probability of a species
hitherto unknown, and for which I propose the temporary designa-
tion Cervus swinhoii. It would appear, therefore, that there are
four distinct species of Deer inhabiting the coasts of China and Japan,
concerning which we require much more information :—

1. Cervus sika, Temm. & Sieb, (Rusa japonica, Gray), from
Japan.

2. Cervus pseudacis, Eyd. & Soul. (Gray, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 236,
pl. xxvii.), from Northern China.

* Mr. Blyth says, “ Mr. Sclater is wrong in identifying the Japanese and For-
mosan species” (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1861, p. 192, note); but he neglects to
add that my mistake arose from the incorrect information with which he himself
had furnished me.

+ Mr. Swinhoe writes to me, “Four if not five Deer are on their way to you.
The buck (C. taévanus) left me in high condition; and a lovely animal he was.
The doe of the same species sent was with young; and I have some apprehensions
about her. The two buck Roe-Deer will, I think, delight the Society, as they
must surely be new species. 1 did not know of their existence till my visit to
Taiwanfoo. They are known to the Chinese here as Cheeangs, and are procured
by them from the aborigines of the inner hills. The C. taévanus, which is pro-
cured from the same savages, is distinguished as the Lok or Stag; and the Cer-
ulus as the Kiung. I have seen nothing as yet of the Bear or the Mountain
Sheep, said to be found in Formosa ; but since my arrival here I have sent a fine
pair of Monkeys to my friend in Hong Kong for transmission to the Gardens.
They may turn out novelties, and I have no doubt you would like more; so I will
try and procure a few more. The Tortoises from Southern Formosa I take to be
peculiar, and I have accordingly forwarded you a few ; I have also preserved some
in spirits.” [Those Tortoises have arrived, and turn out to be Emys bennettii,
Gray.—P. L. S.] wah

t Cervus duvaucelii et -C. aristotelis, ex Ind. cont.; C. rusa, ex Malacca; C.
moluccensis, ex ins. Moluce.

152 _ DR. G, HARTLAUB ON TYLAS EDUARDI. [May 13,

3. Cervus taévanus, Blyth (Journ. A. S. B. xxix. p. 90), from
Formosa (Pl. XVI.).

4. Cervus swinhoii, sp. nov., from Formosa (Pl. XVII.).

Our single male specimen of Swinhoe’s Deer stands about
2 feet 8 inches in height, and presents the general appearance of a
small Deer of the Sambur group (Rusa). The head, neck, and fore
legs are greyish black, growing more rufescent on the back, and
passing on the rump and hind-quarters into a deep chestnut. The
tail is rather long and very bushy, and composed of grizzly blackish
hairs. ‘The inside of the thighs and belly beneath are fawn-colour,
passing on the inside of the legs into pale ochraceous. The animal
appears to be in about its second year. The present horns have
been injured whilst growing, and are much broken.

8. On aA New Brrp FROM THE IsLE OF MADAGASCAR.
By Dr. G. Hartiavus, For. Memes.

(Plate XVIII.)

Tyxas*, n. g. (Pycnonotine).

Char. Gen.—Rostrum satis robustum et elongatum, rectiusculum,
emarginatum, dimidio apicali compressum, basin versus dilata-
tum; culmine carinato, subarcuato ; naribus apertis, ovalibus ;
vibrissis rictalibus nonnullis conspicuis, mollibus. Ale longi-
uscule, caude dimidium superantes ; remige prima subspuria,
quarta et quinta longissimis, subequalibus, tertia breviore, se-
cunda multo breviore. Cauda longa, equalis. Tarsi brevius-
euli ; pedibus parvis ; digitis gracilibus, debilibus, interno vie
breviore ; unguibus debilibus.

TYLAS EDUARDI, sp. noy. Supra subolivascenti-plumbea ; capite
toto nigro, nitore chalybeo; cauda dorso concolore ; scapis rec-
tricum supra nitide niyris, subtus albis; corpore subtus cum
subalaribus et subcaudalibus ochraceo ; capitis nigredine cir-
cumscripte albido circumdata ; rostro nigro ; pedibus fuscis.

Long. tot. circa 8’; rostr. a fr. 9!, a rict. 113'"; al. 4" 5"; caud.

a bas. 3" 4"; tars. 93'"; dig. med. c. ung. 9!”

We have named this interesting new form after its discoverer,
Mr. Edward Newton, a gentleman who has recently visited Mada-
gascar, and whose zealous efforts have very materially forwarded our
knowledge of the ornithology of the East-African Archipelago.

The genus Ty/as is nearly allied to Hypsipetes, but differs in the
beak being decidedly stronger, broader, and more inflated; in the

-longer wings, which in Hypsipetes do not reach to the middle of the
tail; in the tail being proportionally shorter; and in the rictal
bristles being much more developed. The under tail-coverts are very
long. The iris is yellow—a colour not found hitherto in the genus

* rudads, “avis quedam ignota turdina.”

Wolf, del et lith. M & N.Hanhart, Imp*

TT

m77T AQ TWTNTA7 >)
a OREN EU NNER LT

1862.]} MR. A. R. WALLACE ON BIRDS OF PARADISE. 153

Hypsipetes. The whole system of coloration is different from that
of the latter genus.

Mr. Leadbeater exhibited a stuffed specimen of a Lesser Bird of
Paradise from the collection of Lord Braybrooke, and stated that this
individual had been formerly alive in England, at Windsor Castle,
in the possession of the late Princess Augusta.

May 27, 1862.
Professor Huxley, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. T. W. Wood made some remarks on the peculiarities of the
habits of the Pinnated Grouse (Tetrao cupido), as displayed by the
individuals of this species now living in the Society’s Gardens, and
exhibited some drawings of the male bird in the attitude assumed
whilst setting his feathers.

The following papers were read :—

1. NARRATIVE OF SEARCH AFTER Birps oF PARADISE.
By Aurrep R. Wauuace, F.Z.S.

Having visited most of the islands inhabited by the Paradisee,
in the hope of obtaining good specimens of those extraordinary
birds, and some knowledge of their habits and distribution, I have
thought that an outline of my several voyages, with the causes that
have led to their only partial success, might not prove uninteresting.

At the close of the year 1856, being then at Macassar in the island
of Celebes, I was introduced to the master of a prau trading to the
Aru Islands, who assured me that two sorts of Birds of Paradise were
abundant there, the large yellow and the small red kinds—the Para-
disee apoda and regia of naturalists.

He seemed to think there was no doubt but I could obtain them
either by purchase from the natives or by shooting them myself.
Thus encouraged, I agreed with him for a passage there and back
(his stay being six months), and made all my preparations to start
by the middle of December.

Our vessel was a Malay prau of about 100 tons burthen, but dif-
fering widely from anything to be seen in European waters. The
deck sloped downwards towards the bows, the two rudders were hung
by rattans and ropes on the quarters, the masts were triangles stand-
ing on the decks, and the huge mat sail, considerably longer than the
vessel, with its yard of bamboos, rose upwards at a great angle, so as
to make up for the lowness of the mast. In this strange vessel,
which, under very favourable circumstances, plunged along at nearly

154 MR. A. R. WALLACE’S NARRATIVE [May 27,

five miles an hour, and with a Buginese crew, all of whom seemed
to have a voice in cases of difficulty or danger, we made the voyage
of about a thousand miles in perfect safety and very agreeably ; in
fact, of all the sea voyages I have made, this was one of the plea-
santest.

On reaching the Bugis trading settlement of Dobbo, I found that
the small island on which it is situated does not contain any Para-
dise-Birds. Just as I was trying to arrange a trip to the larger
island, a fleet of Magindano pirates made their appearance, commit-
ting great devastations, and putting the whole place in an uproar ;
and it was only after they had been some time gone that confidence
began to be restored, and the natives could be persuaded to take the
smallest voyage. This delayed me two months in Dobbo without
seeing a Paradise-Bird.

When, however, I at length reached the main island and ascended
a small stream to a native village, [soon obtained a specimen of the
lovely P. regia, which, when first brought me, excited greater ad-
miration and delight than I have experienced on any similar occasion.
The larger species was still not to be seen; and the natives assured
me that it would be some months before their plumage arrived at
perfection, when they were accustomed to congregate together and
could be more easily obtained. This proved to be correct ; for it was
about four months after my arrival at Dobbo that I obtained my first
full-plumaged specimen of P. apoda. This was near the centre of
the large island of Aru; and I there, with the assistance of the
natives, procured the fine series which first arrived in England.

While at Dobbo I had frequent conversations with the Bugis tra-
ders and with the Rajah of Goram, who all assured me that in the
northern parts of New Guinea I could travel with safety, and that at
Mysol, Waigiou, Salwatty, and Dorey I could get all the different
sorts of Paradisee. ‘Their accounts excited me so much that I
could think of nothing else; and after another excursion in Celebes
I made my way to Ternate, as the best head-quarters for the Mo-
luccas and New Guinea. Finding a schooner about to sail on its
annual trading voyage to the north coast of New Guinea, I agreed for
a passage to Dorey, and to be called for on the return of the vessel
after an interval of three or four months. We arrived there, after a
tedious voyage, in April 1858, and I began my second search after
the Birds of Paradise.

I went to Dorey in full confidence of success, and thought myself
extremely fortunate in being able to visit that particular locality ; for
it was there that Lesson, in the French discovery-ship ‘ Coquille,’
purchased from the natives skins of at least eight species, viz. Para-
disee papuana, regia, magnifica, superba, sexsetacea, Astrapia
nigra, Epimachus magnus, and Sericulus aureus. Here was a pro-
spect for me! The very anticipation of it made me thrill with ex-
pectation.

My disappointment therefore may be imagined when, shortly after
my arrival, I found all these bright hopes fade away. In vain I in-
quired for the native bird-hunters ; none were to be found there ; and

.1862.] OF HIS SEARCH AFTER BIRDS OF PARADISE, 155

the inhabitants assured me that not a single Bird of Paradise of any
kind was ever prepared by the Dorey people, and that only the com-
mon yellow one (P. papuana) was found in the district. This turned
out to be the case; for I could get nothing but P. papuana sparingly, a
few females of P. regia, and one young male of Seleucides alba, a spe-
cies Lesson does not mention. Nevertheless Lesson did undoubtedly
obtain all the birds he mentions at Dorey ; but the natives are great
traders in a petty way, and are constantly making voyages along the
coast and to the neighbouring islands, where they purchase Birds of
Paradise and sell them again to the Bugis praus, Molucca traders,
and whale-ships which annually visit Dorey harbour. Lesson must
have been there at a good time, when there happened to be an accu-
mulation of birds ; I at a bad one, for I could not buy a single rare
bird all the time I was there. I also suffered much by the visit of
a Dutch surveying-steamer, which, for want of coals, lay in Dorey
harbour a month; and during that time I got nothing from the
natives, every specimen being taken on board the steamer, where the
commonest birds and insects were bought at high prices. During
this time two skins of Astrapia nigra were brought by a Bugis
trader and sold to an amateur ornithologist on board; and I never
had another chance of getting a skin of this rare and beautiful bird.

The Dorey people all agreed that Amberbaki, about 100 miles
west, was the place for Birds of Paradise, and that almost all the
different sorts were to be found there. Determined to make an effort
to secure them, I sent my two best men with ten natives and a large
stock of goods to stay there a fortnight, with instructions to shoot
and buy all they could. They returned, however, with absolutely
nothing. They could not buy any skins but those of the common
P. papuana, and could not find any birds but a single specimen of
P. regia. They were assured that the birds all came from two or
three days’ journey in the interior, over several ridges of mountains,
and were never seen near the coast. The coast people never go there
themselves, nor do the mountaineers who kill and preserve them ever
come to the coast, but sell them to the inhabitants of intermediate
villages, where the coast people go to buy them. These sell them to
the Dorey people or any other native traders; so that the specimens
Lesson purchased had already passed through three or four hands.

These disappointments, with a scarcity of food sometimes ap-
proaching starvation, and almost constant sickness both of myself
and men, one of whom died of dysentery, made me heartily glad when
the schooner returned and took me away from Dorey. I had gone
there with the most brilliant hopes, which I think were fully justi-
fied by the facts known before my visit ; and yet, as far as my special
object (the Birds of Paradise) was concerned, I had accomplished
next to nothing.

My ardour for New Guinea voyages being now somewhat abated,
for the next year and a half I occupied myself in the Moluccas; but
in January 1860, being joined (when at Amboyna) by my assistant
Mr. Allen, I arranged a plan for the further exploration of the
country of the Paradisee, by sending Mr. Allen to Mysol, while I

156 : MR. A. R. WALLACE’S NARRATIVE [May 27,

myself, after making the circuit of the island of Ceram, was to visit
him with stores and provisions and proceed to Waigiou, both return-
ing independently to meet at Ternate in the autumn.

I had been assured by the Goram and Bugis traders that Mysol
was the very best country for the Birds of Paradise, and that they
were finer and more abundant there than anywhere else. For Wai-
giou I had, besides the authority of the native traders, that of Les-
son also, who visited the north coast for a few days, and mentions
seven species of Paradise Birds purchased there by him.

These two promising expeditions turned out unfortunately in every
respect. On reaching Goram, after much difficulty and delay, I
found it impossible to make the voyage I had projected without a
vessel of my own. I therefore purchased a small native prau of about
8 tons, and after spending a month in strengthening and fitting it
up, and having with great difficulty secured a native crew, paid them
half their wages in advance, and overcome all the difficulties and ob-
jections which every one of them made to starting when all was ready,
we at length got away, and I congratulated myself on my favourable
prospects. Touching at Ceramlaut, the rendezvous of the New
Guinea traders, I invested all my spare cash in goods for barter with
the natives, and then proceeded towards Mysol.

The very next day, however, being obliged to anchor on the east
coast of Ceram on account of bad weather, my crew all ran away
during the night, leaving myself and my two Amboyna hunters to
get on as we could. With great difficulty 1 procured other men to
take us as far as Wahai, on the north coast of Ceram, opposite to
Mysol, and there by a great chance succeeded in picking up a make-
shift crew of four men willing to go with me to Mysol, Waigiou, and
Ternate. I here found a letter from Mr. Allen, telling me he was
much in want of rice and other necessaries, and was waiting my
arrival to go to the north coast of Mysol, where alone the Paradi-
see could be obtained.

On attempting to cross the strait, seventy miles wide, between
Ceram and Mysol, a strong east wind blew us out of our course ; so
that we passed to the westward of that island without any possibility
of getting back to it. Mr. Allen, finding it impossible to live with-
out rice, had to return to Wahai, much against his will, and there
was kept two months waiting a supply from Amboyna. When at
length he was able to return to Mysol, he had only a fortnight at
the best place on the north coast, when the last boat of the season
left, and he was obliged to take his only chance of getting back to
Ternate.

Through this unfortunate series of accidents he was only able to
get a single specimen of P. papuana, which is there finer than in most
other places, a few of the Cicinnurus regius, and of P. magnifica only
a native skin, though this beautiful little species is not rare in the
island, and during a longer stay might easily have been obtained.

My own voyage was beset with misfortunes. After passing Mysol,
I lost two of my scanty crew on a little desert island, our anchor
breaking while they were on shore, and a powerful current carrying

1862.] OF HIS SEARCH AFTER BIRDS OF PARADISE. 157

us rapidly away. One of them was our pilot ; and, without a chart or
any knowledge of the coasts, we had to blunder our way short-handed
among the rocks and reefs and innumerable islands which surround
the rocky coasts of Waigiou. Our little vessel was five times on the
rocks in the space of twenty-four hours, and a little more wind or
sea would in several cases have caused our destruction. Onat length
reaching our resting-place on the south coast of Waigiou, I imme-
diately sent a native boat after my lost sailors, which, however, re-
turned in a week without them, owing to bad weather, Again they
were induced to make the attempt, and this time returned with them
in a very weak and emaciated condition, as they had lived a month
on a mere sand-bank, about a mile in diameter, subsisting on shell-
fish and the succulent shoots of a wild Bromelia.

I now devoted myself to an investigation of the natural history of
Waigiou, having great expectations raised by Lesson’s account, who
says that he purchased the three true Paradisee, as well as P. magni-
fica and P. sewsetacea, with Lpimachus magnus and Sericulus aureus,
in the island, and also mentions several rare Psittaci as probably
found there. I soon ascertained, however, from the universal testi-
mony of the inhabitants, afterwards confirmed by my own observa-
tion, that none of these species exist on the island, except P. rubra,
which is the sole representative of the Paradiseide and Epimachide,
and is strictly limited to this one spot.

With more than the usual amount of difficulties, privations, and
hunger, I succeeded in obtaining a good series of this beautiful and
extraordinary bird ; and three months’ assiduous collecting produced
no other species at all worthy of attention. The parrots and pigeons
were all of known species ; and there was really nothing in the island
to render it worth visiting by a naturalist, except the P. rubra, which
can be obtained nowhere else.

Our two expeditions to two almost unknown Papuan islands have
thus added but one species to the Paradisee I had before obtained
from Aru and Dorey. ‘These voyages occupied us nearly a year ; for
we parted company i: Amboyna in February, and met again at Ter-
nate in November, and it was not till the following January that we
were either of us able to start again on a fresh voyage.

At Waigiou I learned that the Birds of Paradise all came from three
places on the north coast, between Salwatty and Dorey—Sorong,
Maas, and Amberbaki. The latter I had tried unsuccessfully from
Dorey ; at Maas, the natives who procured the birds were said to
live three days’ journey in the interior, and to be cannibals ; but at
Sorong, which was near Salwatty, they were only about a day from
the coast, and were less dangerous to visit. At Mysol, Mr. Allen
had received somewhat similar information ; and we therefore resolved
he should make another attempt at Sorong, where we were assured
all the sorts could be obtained. The whole of that country being
under the jurisdiction of the Sultan of Tidore, I obtained, through
the Dutch resident at Ternate, a Tidore lieutenant and two soldiers
to accompany Mr. Allen as a protection, and to facilitate his opera-
tions in getting men_and visiting the interior,

158 MR. A. R, WALLACE’S NARRATIVE [May 27,

Notwithstanding these precautions, Mr. Allen met with difficulties
in this voyage which we had not encountered before. To understand
these, it is necessary to consider that the Birds of Paradise are an
article of commerce, and are the monopoly of the chiefs of the coast
villages, who obtain them at a low rate from the mountaineers, and
sell them to the Bugis traders. A portion is also paid every year as
tribute to the Sultan of Tidore. The natives are therefore very jea-
lous of a stranger, especially a European, interfering in their trade,
and above all of going into the interior to deal with the mountaineers
themselves. They of course think he will raise the prices in the in-
terior, and lessen the demand on the coast, greatly to their disadvan-
tage; they also think their tribute will be raised if a European takes
back a quantity of the rare sorts; and they have besides a vague and
very natural dread of some ulterior object in a white man’s coming
at so much trouble and expense to their country only to get Birds of
Paradise, of which they know he can buy plenty at Ternate, Macas-
sar, or Singapore. ;

It thus happened that when Mr. Allen arrived at Sorong and ex-
plained his intentions of going to seek Birds of Paradise in the
interior, innumerable objections were raised. He was told it was
three or four days’ journey over swamps and mountains; that the
mountaineers were savages and cannibals, who would certainly kill
him ; and, lastly, that not a man in the village could be found who
dare go with him. After some days spent in these discussions, as
he still persisted in making the attempt, and showed them his au-
thority from the Sultan of Tidore to go where he pleased and receive
every assistance, they at length provided him with a boat to go the
first part of the journey up a river; at the same time, however, they
sent private orders to the interior villages to refuse to sell any pro-
visions, so as to compel him to return. On arriving at the village
where they were to leave the river and strike inland, the coast people
returned, leaving Mr. Allen to get on as he could. Here he called
on the Tidore lieutenant to assist him and procure men as guides
and to carry his baggage to the villages of the mountaineers. This,
however, was not so easily done; a quarrel took place, and the na-
tives, refusing to obey the somewhat harsh orders of the lieutenant,
got out their knives and spears to attack him and his soldiers, and
Mr. Allen himself was obliged to interfere to protect those who had
come to guard him. The respect due to a white man and the timely
distribution of a few presents prevailed; and on showing the knives,
hatchets, and beads he was willing to give to those who accompanied
him, peace was restored, and the next day, travelling over a fright-
fully rugged country, they reached the villages of the mountaineers,
Here Mr. Allen remained a month, without any interpreter through
whom he could understand a word or communicate a want. How-
ever, by signs and presents and a pretty liberal barter he got on
very well, some of them accompanying him every day in the forest
to shoot, and receiving a small present when he was successful.

In the grand matter of the Paradise-Birds, however, little was
done. Only one additional species was found, the Selewcides alba,

1862.] OF HIS SEARCH AFTER BIRDS OF PARADISE. 159

of which he had already obtained a specimen on the island of Sal-
watty on his way to Sorong; so that at this much-vaunted place in
the mountains, and among the bird-catching natives, nothing fresh
was obtained. The P. magnifica, they said, was found there, but was
rare; the Sericulus aureus also rare; Epimachus magnus, Astrapia
nigra, Parotia sexsetacea, and Lophorina superba not found there,
but only much further in the interior, as well as the lovely little
Lory, Charmosyna papuana. Moreover, neither at Sorong nor at
Salwatty could he obtain a single native skin of the rarer species.

Thus ended my search after these beautiful birds. Five voyages
to different parts of the district they inhabit, each occupying in its
preparation and execution the larger part of a year, have produced
me only five species out of the thirteen known to exist in New Guinea.
The kinds obtained are those that inhabit the districts near the coasts
of New Guinea and its islands, the remainder seeming to be strictly
confined to the central mountain-ranges of the northern peninsula ;
and our researches at Dorey and Amberbaki, near one end of this
peninsula, and at Salwatty and Sorong, near the other, enable me
to decide with some certainty on the native country of these rare
and lovely birds, good specimens of which have never yet been seen
in Europe. It must be considered as somewhat extraordinary that
during five years’ residence and travel in Celebes, the Moluccas, and
New Guinea I should never have been able to purchase skins of half
the species which Lesson, forty years ago, obtained during a few
weeks in the same countries. I believe that all, except the common
species of commerce, are now much more difficult to obtain than
they were even twenty years ago; and I impute it principally to
their having been sought after by the Dutch officials through the
Sultan of Tidore. The chiefs of the annual expeditions to collect
tribute, have had orders to get all the rare sorts of Paradise-
Birds; and as they pay little or nothing for them (it being suffi-
ecient to say they are for the Sultan), the head men of the coast
villages would for the future refuse to purchase them from the
mountaineers, and confine themselves instead to the commoner spe-
cies, which are less sought after by amateurs, but are to them a
profitable merchandise. The same causes frequently lead the inha-
bitants of uncivilized countries to conceal any minerals or other na-
tural products with which they may become acquainted, from the
fear of being obliged to pay increased tribute, or of bringing upon
themselves a new and oppressive labour.

I have given this short sketch of my search after the Birds of
Paradise, barely touching on the many difficulties and dangers I
experienced, because I fear that the somewhat scanty results of my
exertions may have led to the opinion that they failed for want of
judgment or perseverance. I trust, however, that the mere enume-
ration of my voyages will show that patience and perseverance were
not altogether wanting; but I must plead guilty to having been
misled, first by Lesson and then by all the native traders, it never
having occurred to me (and I think it could not have occurred to an
one), that in scarcely a single instance would the birds be found to

160 MR. A. R, WALLACE’S NARRATIVE [May 27,

inhabit the districts in which they are most frequently to be pur-
chased. Yet such is the case ; for neither at Dorey, nor at Salwatty,
nor Waigiou, nor Mysol are any of the rarer species to be found
alive. Not only this, but even at Sorong, where the Waigiou chiefs
go every year and purchase all kinds of Birds of Paradise, it has
turned out that most of the specimens are brought from the central
mountain-ranges by the natives of those places, and reach the shore
in places where it is not safe for trading praus to go, owing to the
want of anchorage on an exposed rocky coast.

Nature seems to have taken every precaution that these, her
choicest treasures, may not lose value by being too easily obtained.
First we find an open, harbourless, inhospitable coast, exposed to the
full swell of the Pacific Ocean; next, a rugged and mountainous
country, covered with dense forests, offering im its swamps and pre-
cipices and serrated ridges an almost impassable barrier to the cen-
tral regions; and lastly, a race of the most savage and ruthless
character, in the very lowest stage of civilization. In such a country
and among such a people are found these wonderful productions of
nature. In those trackless wilds do they display that exquisite
beauty and that marvellous development of plumage, calculated to
excite admiration and astonishment among the most civilized and
most intellectual races of man. A feather is itself a wonderful and
a beautiful thing. A bird clothed with feathers is almost necessarily
a beautiful creature. How much, then, must we wonder at and
admire the modification of simple feathers into the rigid, polished,
wavy ribbons which adorn P. rubra, the mass of airy plumes on
P. apoda, the tufts and wires of Seleucides alba, or the golden buds
borne upon airy stems that spring from the tail of Cicinnurus regius ;
while gems and polished metals can alone compare with the tints
that adorn the breast of Parotia sexsetacea and Astrapia nigra, and
the immensely developed shoulder-plumes of Epimachus magnus.

I will now point out the distribution of the species of Birds of
Paradise, as far as I have been able to ascertain it. The Aru Islands
contain P. apoda and P. regia; and we have no positive knowledge
of P. apoda being found anywhere else. Mysol has P. papuana, P.
regia, and P. magnifica; Waigiou P. rubra only. Salwatty, though
so close to New Guinea, has no restricted Paradisee, but possesses
P. regia, P. magnifica, Ep. albus, and Sericulus aureus. The island
of Jobie, and the Mysory Islands beyond it, certainly contain true
Paradisee ; but what species beyond P. papuana, is unknown. The
coast districts of the northern part of New Guinea contain P. papuana
and P. regia pretty generally distributed, while P. magnifica, P. alba,
and Sericulus aureus are scarce and local. Lastly, the central moun-
tains of the northern peninsula are alone inhabited by Lophorina
superba, Parotia sexsetacea, Astrapia nigra, Epimachus magnus,
and Craspedophora magnifica; and here also probably exist the
unique Diphyllodes wilsoni and Paradigalla carunculata.

The most widely distributed of the Paradisee is therefore the
little P. regia, which is found in every island except Waigiou. Next,
and probably most abundant in individuals, comes the P. papuana,

1862.] MR. GOULD ON A NEW CHLAMYDERA. 161

wanting only in Aru, Salwatty, and Waigiou. The next most widely
spread species is P. magnifica, occurring in two islands (Salwatty and
Mysol) as well as on the mainland. The other species are all found
on the mainland only—with the exception of P. apoda (probably re-
stricted to Aru), and P. rubra, which, being certainly confined to the
small island of Waigiou, offers the most restricted range of the whole
family.

It is interesting to remark that all the islands on which true Pa-
radisee are found are connected by banks of soundings to the main-
land of New Guinea. The hundred-fathom line includes the islands
of Aru, Mysol, Waigiou, and Jobie, which have probably been, at no
distant geological period, connected with New Guinea; while Ké,
Ceram, &c., are separated from it by deep sea, and on them no Pa-
radisee exist.

The island of Gilolo, on which the genus Semioptera occurs, ex-
tends towards Waigiou, and has the island of Guebe exactly between
the two, suggesting the probability of a connexion there; but the
depth of the intervening sea is unknown.

It may be considered as certain that every species of Paradise Bird
yet obtained from the natives has come from the north peninsula of
New Guinea, that being the part most frequented by the Malay
traders. The vast extent of country east of long. 136° is quite un-
known; but there can be little doubt that it contains other and
perhaps yet more wonderful forms of this beautiful group of birds.
If we look round the whole circumference of the globe, we shall be
unable to find a region at once so promising to the naturalist and so
absolutely a ‘ terra incognita”’ as this great tropical land ; and it is to
be hoped that our explorers and naturalists may soon be induced to
direct their attention to this hitherto neglected country.

2. On a New Species or CHLAMYDERA, OR BoweER-Birp.
By Joun Goutp, Esa., F.R.S., etc.

I am indebted to the researches of F. T. Gregory, Esq., the West
Australian explorer, for a knowledge of a new species of this group
of birds, which are rendered remarkable by their habit of construct-
ing bowers or playing-places. It was collected by Mr. Gregory in
North-western Australia, and is doubtless the species which con-
structs the bowers described by Captain (now Sir George) Grey in the
first volume of his ‘ Travels,’ pp. 196 and 245, where he states that
on gaining the summit of one of the sandstone ranges forming the
watershed of the streams flowing into the Glenelg and Prince Re-
gent’s Rivers, “we fell in with a very remarkable nest, or what
appeared to me to be such. We had previously seen several of them,
and they had always afforded us food for conjecture as to the agent
and purpose of such singular structures.”’ This “ very curious sort
of nest, which was frequently found by myself and other individuals
of the party, not only along the sea-shore, but in some instances at
a distance of six or seven miles from it, I once conceived must have

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. XI.

162 MR. GOULD ON A NEW CHLAMYDERA. {May 27,

belonged to a Kangaroo-rat, until Mr. Gould informed me that it is
the run or playing-ground of the bird he has named Chlamydera
nuchalis. These nests were formed of dead grass and parts of bushes,
sunk a slight depth into two parallel furrows in sandy soil, and then
nicely arched above. But the most remarkable fact connected with
them was, that they were always full of broken shells, large heaps
of which protruded from each extremity of the nest; these were in-
variably sea-shells. In one instance, in the nest the most remote
from the sea that we discovered, one of the men of the party found,
and brought to me, the stone of some fruit which had evidently been
rolled in the sea. These stones he found lying in a heap in the nest ;
and they are now in my possession.”

The specimen sent to me by Mr. Gregory bears a very general
resemblance to the Chlamydera maculata, being spotted all over like
that species; but it differs in the guttations of the upper surface
being of a larger size and much more distinct, in the abdomen being
buff, and in the shafts of the primaries being straw-yellow. In all
probability, the specimen is a female, since there is no trace of the
beautiful lilaceous nuchal mark seen in the males only of Chlamy-
dera maculata and C. nuchalis. Of this well-defined group there
are now known three very distinct species, viz., the C. maculata,
of the east coast; the C. nuchalis, which frequents the northern parts ;
and the C. guttata, of the north-western provinces of Australia.

CHLAMYDERA GUTTATA, Gould.

General tint of the upper surface and wings deep-brownish black,
with a spot of rich buff at the tip of each feather, those of the head
and nape being very small, while those on the body and wings are of
large size, accordant, in fact, with the increased size of the feathers ;
the spots on the tips of the greater wing-coverts are not so round as
those on the back; the primaries are very pale brown, fading into
white on the basal portion of their inner webs, which is yellow on the
under surface; their shafts straw-yellow; tail-feathers pale brown,
with buff shafts and white tips; throat-feathers brown at the base,
with an arrow-head-shaped mark of pale buff at the tip of each, the
buff tips becoming much larger on the chest ; centre of the abdomen
pale buff; flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts buff, barred with
light brown ; bill black ; gape rich yellow ; feet apparently very dark
olive.

Total length 114 inches; bill 13; wing 6; tail 47; tarsi 13.

Hab. North-western Australia.

Remark.—The primaries of the specimen described are much worn ;
they are doubtless tipped with white in fresh-moulted specimens.

1862.] DR. SCLATER ON WILD ASSES. 163

June 10, 1862.

Professor Busk, F.R.S., in the Chair.

Dr. Sclater exhibited, on behalf of Capt. J. W. P. Orde, F.Z.S., a
specimen of a black variety of the Water-Vole (drvicola amphibius’),
also remarkable for its posteriorly elongated hairs and rather long
tail, obtained in Argyllshire; and a Red-crested Duck (Branta ru-
fina), shot January 1862 on a freshwater lake in the same county,
where it was observed in company with Golden-eye (Clangula
glaucion).

Dr. Sclater also exhibited some drawings representing the four
generally recognized species of Wild Asses, and made some remarks
on the geographical distribution and distinctive peculiarities of these
animals, and on the specimens of them exhibited in the Society’s
Menagerie. The species, as commented upon, were as follows :—

1, AsInus HEMIONUS, ex Asia boreali.

The Kiang or Tibetan Wild Ass, of which the Society had a fine
female specimen in the Menagerie, presented by Major Hay in 1859*,
seemed to be without doubt the true Eguus hemionus of Pallas, and
as such entitled to bear that name, as proposed to be restored to it
by Dr. Gray in his ‘ List of Ungulata,’ published in 1852.

2. ASINUS INDICUS, ex deserto Indico.

The Wild Ass of Cutch, of which the Society had in their Mena-
gerie a single example, presented by Sir T. Erskine Perry in 1849,
had been commonly called Hguus hemionus. It was, however, ob-
viously distinct from the Tibetan animal, but apparently hardly sepa-
rable from the next species.

3. AsINUS HEMIPPUS, ex Persia et Syria,

Of this Ass, lately named Asinus hemippus by M. I. G. St.-Hilairet,
but which was probably the H. onager of Pallas, and seemed hardly
different from the Indian animal, the Society possessed two speci-
mens, both females. One of these was from Persia, having been
presented by the Hon. Charles Murray in 1859{, and represented

* See Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 353.

+ Compt. Rend. xli. p. 1214.

{ Mr. Murray has kindly furnished me with the following note concerning this
animal :—‘‘ The Ghour or Kherdecht of the Persians is doubtless the Onager of
the ancients. Your specimen was caught, when a foal, on the range of mountains
which stretch from Kermanshah on the west in a S.E. direction to Shiraz. These
are inhabited by several wild and half-independent tribes, the most powerful of
which are the Buchtzari. The Ghour is a remarkably fleet animal, and moreover
so shy and enduring that he can rarely be overtaken by the best-mounted horse-
men in Persia. For this reason they chase them now, as they did in the time of
Xenophon, by placing relays of horsemen at intervals of eight or ten miles. These
relays take up the chase successively, and tire down the Ghour. The flesh of the
Ghour is esteemed a great delicacy, not being held unclean by the Moslem, as it
was in the Mosaic code. I do not know whether this species is ever known to

164 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON BIRDS FROM NEW GUINEA. [June 10,

the “‘Ghour” or “ Khur” of travellers in that country. The second
was from Syria, having been presented by the late W. Burkhardt
Barker, Esq., in 1854, and was of much interest as being, doubtless,
of the same race as the ‘‘ Wild Ass” of the Holy Scriptures.

4, Asinus TxNropus, ex Abyssinia.

The only Wild Ass not represented in the Society’s collection was
that of Eastern Africa. It was curious that the only species of this
section of the Asini which occurred in the African continent was
that which approached most nearly to the Zebras in possessing a di-
stinct dorsal cross, and in having the strongest indications of Zebra-
stripes. Dr. Sclater had examined the animal in the Jardin des
Plantes, which is mentioned in the ‘Comptes Rendus’* by M. I. G.
St.-Hilaire as the Onagre d’ Abyssinie, and had obtained, by the per- —
mission of the authorities of that institution, an accurate drawing of
it. The example in question had been transmitted to the Jardin des
Plantes by M. Delaporte, French Consul at Cairo, and M. Degoutin,
French consular agent at Massouah. The fact of Wild Asses being
found in Eastern Abyssinia had long been well known. To the au-
thorities mentioned by Mr. Blyth in his article on Wild Asses, in
the twenty-eighth volume of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal (p. 229), might be added Leipsius+, as quoted by Dr.
Wagner, and Mr. John Petherick, H. B. M. Consul at Khartoum,
who noticed these animals in herds of from five to eight on the elevated
sandy plains of Taka. But the animal now in the Jardin des Plantes
was believed to be the first of this species brought to Europe.

This Wild Ass had also been obtained by Dr. Th. vy. Heuglin during
his last expedition to Eastern Africa, and had been described and
figured in the twenty-eighth volume of the ‘Acta Acad. Leopoldino-
Caroline,’ under the name Asinus teniopus. There seemed every
reason to believe that our domestic Asses were descended from this
Abyssinian species. :

The following papers were read :-—

1. On somE New AND Rare Birps FrRoM New GuINEA.
By ALFRED RussEL WALLACE.

(Plates XIX., XX., XXI.)

The birds now brought before the Society were collected by my
assistant, Mr. Allen, on his last voyage. They comprise several in-

bray like the ordinary domestic Ass. Your animal, while under my care, used to
emit short squeaks and sometimes snorts, not unlike those of a Deer; but she
was so young at that time that her voice may not have acquired its mature into-
nation. Ido not remember to have heard or read of this species braying, though
the animal is frequently spoken of by Taverner, Porter, and all our travellers in
Persia.” —P. L. 8.

* Comptes Rendus, xli. p. 1221.

+ Briefen aus Aegypten, p. 154.

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1862.] MR. A. R. WALLACE ON BIRDS FROM NEW GUINEA. 165

teresting species, hitherto only known by specimens in the French
or Dutch collections, and now, I believe, for the first time exhibited
in England, viz. :—

Nasiterna pygmea, Q. & G. Remarkable as being the smallest
of the Psitéaci, and for its curious, rigid, spined tail.

Tanysiptera nympha, G. R. Gray. This specimen decides the
locality of this interesting and beautiful bird to be the N. W. penin-
sula of New Guinea, in the interior.

Peltops blainvillii, Garn. This rare bird also inhabits the island
of Mysol, where a single specimen was obtained by Herr Rosenberg.
Mine came from the N.W. of New Guinea.

Eupetes cerulescens, Temm. This bird and the last seem quite
out of place in New Guinea, as we must pass over all the Moluccas
and Celebes to find their nearest allies in Borneo, Java, and Su-
matra.

Ptilorhynchus buccoides, Mill.

Hierococcyx leucolophus, Mill.

Campephaga melas, Mill.

Besides these, adult specimens of the fine Talegalla cuvieri were
also obtained, and Mr. Allen’s collection also comprises five new
species of great interest—a Pigeon, a Kingfisher, a Parrot, and two
Passeres, of which the descriptions follow.

1. CorIPHILUS RUBRONOTATUS.

Above dark green; beneath yellow green; a large spot on the
forehead, sides of the breast, and under wing-coverts bright red; a
spot on the upper tail-coverts dull red ; ear-coverts deep blue ; wings
and tail as in C. placentis. Bill and cere carmine-red ; feet pale red.

Total length 94 in.; wings 3,3; in.

Allied to C. placentis, but smaller, and wants the red face and
blue rump which distinguish that species, as well as the yellow-
tinged crown, which is replaced by a red spot.

Hab. Salwatty, and the N.W. extremity of New Guinea.

2. HaLcyon niGrocyAngEA. (Pl. XIX.)

Back, and sides of the head and neck, deep black ; throat, lower
part of the breast, and belly white; forehead and crown deep blue,
margined from the eyes round the nape with lighter blue; a band
across the breast, the shoulders, and wing-coverts deep blue; quills .
dusky black, margined with blue to near the tips; middle of the
back narrowly white, shading into blue, which becomes dark on the
tail-coverts; tail deep blue, inner margins of the feathers and be-
neath black ; under tail-coverts black, tipped with blue; sides of the
breast and flanks black ; under wing-coverts black, with a white
central band. Bill Le pale in the centre beneath ; feet black.

Total length 9 in.; wing 32 in.

The young bird has slightly tufous lores, and the pectoral band
rufous mingled with black and blue.

Hab. N.W. peninsula of New Guinea.

166 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON BIRDS FROM NEW GUINEA. [June 10,

3. Topopsis GRAYI.

Beneath bluish white, almost white on the throat; head light-
greenish blue, the centre of the crown dusky ; a black spot on the
ear-coverts extending towards the nape; back dusky, the feathers
margined with greenish blue; wings dusky, the quills margined
with rufous olive, shoulder-coverts margined with greenish blue ; tail
dusky olive, with a minute whitish spot at the tips of the feathers ;
thighs rufous-tipped. Bill black; feet dusky.

Total length 53 in.; wing 23 in.; bill from gape ;§, in.

The bill in this species is nearly as broad as in Macherirhynchus.
I have named this interesting bird after Mr. George Robert Gray,
who has described the other species of this genus sent home by me.

Hab. N.W. peninsula of New Guinea: Mountains of Sorong.

4. GRACULA PECTORALIS. (Pl. XX.)

Black, the feathers broadly margined with metallic green and
purple; plumes of the neck and breast decomposed, and of a rich
orange-buff colour, as are also the vent, rump, and upper tail-coverts ;
on the nape a collar of whitish buff reaching round to the orange of
the throat ; under tail-coverts cream-white, tinged with orange at
the base; a white band across the wings towards the tips. Iris
yellow ; bill and feet Bale, yellow.

Total length 10 in. ; wing 53 in.

The young bird has the breast and belly black, eee mar-
gined with light orange.

This species differs from the rest of the genus in having neither
wattles nor naked skin on the face, but in general structure and co-
loration closely resembles the other species.

Hab. N.W. peninsula of New Guinea: Sorong.

5. PrrLonopus HUMERALIS. (Pl. XXI.)

Very near P. iozonus, G. R. Gray, but a little larger, and at once
distinguished by the violet-grey patch on the shoulder haying its
lower half deep purple; the tail also wants the grey apical band of
that species, which is replaced by a subapical narrow one, only visi-
ble on the lateral feathers and beneath. The wing-coverts are all of
a rich violet grey, margined with green. Chin ashy; the rest as in
P.iozonus. Bill greenish, tipped with bright yellow, base above red
and swollen; feet purple red.

Total length 8? in.; wing 47 in.

Hab. Salwatty, and the adjacent coast of New Guinea.

TIXY Wd COSTS Zd

a Pa ee ye

sayore1ed

“paces

THKXX 21d ‘C98L'S Z'd

1862.] MR. J. Y. JOHNSON ON NEW FISHES. 167

; .

2. Descriptions or somMeE New GENERA AND SPECIES OF

FisHEes OBTAINED AT Maperra. By James YATE JOHN-
son, Corr. Mem. Z. S.

(Plates XXII., XXIII.)
Order MALACOPTERYGII APODES, Cuy.

Sect. PHANEROMYCTERES, Kaup.
Fam. MurR2NID&.
PsEUDOMURENA, gen. nov.

Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins united; no pectoral fins; gill-open-
ings lateral; no teeth on the mesial line of the palate ; in the jaws
uniserial serrate teeth, having a tubercle at the posterior base.

This genus differs from Murena in having no teeth on the mesial
line, and in the forr.: of the jaw-teeth.

PsEUDOMURENA MADERENSIS, Sp. nl.

Body anguilliform, attenuating backwards from the nape, which is
deep and thick. Skin soft, thick, scaleless. Colour a yellowish
brown, darker on the head; the anterior fourth of the body marked
with undulating lines, or narrow bands, of deeper brown, which are
arranged longitudinally before the gill-openings, and transversely
behind them, the change of direction being gradual.

The head is gibbous behind the small eyes, which are oval, covered
with skin, and placed over the middle of the upper jaw. The snout
is obtuse and rounded; the throat swollen. The posterior nostrils
are small, with slightly raised borders, and are placed a little in front
of the vertical through the middle of the eye. The anterior nostrils
issue in free tubes, which do not quite reach to the tip of the snout.
The jaws are of moderate length and subequal; the lips moderately
thick ; the inside of the mouth fuscous. The teeth are uniserial,
rather stout, pointed, conico-compressed, with serrate edges, and a

tubercle at the posterior base. They are slightly curved backwards,
and are longer in front than behind. In the upper jaw there are
about 16; in the lower jaw from 24 to 34. No teeth on the mesial
line or on the vomer. Rictus moderate. No barbel. Gill-openings
small, round, placed at the sides of the body about the middle of
the height. No pectorals or visible lateral line. The dorsal fin
commences at the nape, in front of the gill-openings, and is conti-
nuous with the caudal and the anal fins; it is higher behind than in

168 MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON ON NEW GENERA AND SPECIES [June 10,

“front. The vent is in the hinder half of the body, and about zath
of the total length behind the middle. The anal fin commences
within a short distance of the vent ; it is very low in front, where it
is cloaked by thick skin, and where there is a furrow at each side of
and parallel with its base; further behind there are two parallel
furrows. The tail is compressed, the fin narrow and rounded. All
the fins are covered with a thick skin.

Although several specimens of this Eel have been obtained (some
of which have been sent to the British Museum), it must still be con-
sidered as a rare fish. In colouring it resembles Thyrsoidea unicolor,
Kaup, from which it differs generically in the uniserial dentition.

The following measurements were taken from a specimen having
a total length of 40} inches, with a depth, near the gill-openings, of
34 inches :—

Inches
Rietas: ear cite hahaa altos eee 254
Gill-openings, distance from snout..........
Vent, distance from snout ................ 222
Dorsal fin, distance from snout ............ 4

In another specimen, 363 inches long, the longer axis of the eye
measured 5%, inch, and the longest teeth were less than +th of an
inch in length. The rictus was 15%; inch in depth.

THYRSOIDEA ATLANTICA, Sp. n.

Anguilliform, compressed; attenuate both ways from middle of
body. Skin smooth, scaleless, white, with one dusky oval blotch on
one side of body, and two or three such blotches on the other side,
unsymmetrically placed. The longer axis of these blotches is from
one-third to one-half an inch across. On the fins near the posterior
extremity of the body are several similar blotches.

A single specimen of this Eel has occurred, the dimensions of
which are embodied in this description.

Total length 23 inches; depth 1,4, inch, taken about an inch in
advance of the vent.

Head compressed, rising behind the eyes; depth through head
and swollen throat, 1,4, inch. Eyes covered with skin, placed a little
in advance of the middle of the upper jaw, rather less than one-fifth
of an inch in diameter. Hinder nostril-tubes shorter than anterior,
placed a little in front of the vertical from the anterior orbit of eye.
Front nostril-tubes reaching a little beyond lip. Mouth cleft rather
more than an inch deep. Jaws rather slender, somewhat curved,
and not capable of shutting closely on account of the length of the
front teeth and the curvature of the jaws. Lower jaw a little longer
than the upper, without a barbel. Teeth in both jaws slender,
pointed, somewhat compressed, curving backwards. In the upper
jaw there are two rows at each side, those of the inner row being
longer. A row of seven teeth along the middle of the palate. The
longest teeth in the jaw are rather more than one-fifth of an inch in
length. In the lower jaw there is a single row at each side ; in front

1862.] OF FISHES FROM MADEIRA. 169

there appear to be two rows. Gill-clefts 4; inch long, narrow,
placed about the middle of the sides, a little posterior to commence-
ment of dorsal fin, and 23 inches from snout. The dorsal fin com-
mences at the nape, 2,4; inches from snout, is lower in front than
behind, and unites with the caudal fin, like the anal fin, without a
break. Vent about 9 inches from tip of mandible, in anterior half
of body. Anal fin commences near vent, and is very low at first.
All the fins are covered with skin like that of the body.

The specimen was taken in the sea near Madeira, in the month of
June 1859, and has been deposited in the British Museum.

Fam. SyNAPHOBRANCHID&.

SyNAPHOBRANCHUS, gen. nov.

Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins united. Pectoral fins present. Gill-
openings in close proximity on the under side of the body, having a
single external aperture, with an internal dividing membrane.
Branchiz four. A row of acute teeth in each jaw, with an external
band of minute teeth. Teeth on the vomer and on the mesial line
of the palate. Scales on the skin.

This genus forms the type of a new family of Malacopterygian
Apodals, which differs from all previously established families, except
the Symbranchide, in having the gill-openings close together on the
ventral aspect ; and from the Symbranchide it is distinguished by
the presence of fins. Moreover, from the Murenide it is separated
by the possession of pectoral fins, and from the Congride by the
possession of scales and by the vent being before the commencement
of the dorsal fin.

SyNAPHOBRANCHUS KAUPII, sp. 0.

Anguilliform, compressed, attenuate in both directions from the
neighbourhood of the vent ; of a dull-brown colour, darker on the
belly. The skin contains small oval scales, set obliquely and at right
angles to each other.

The head is subcompressed, depressed, and flat above ; it exhibits
no gibbosity, nor is the throat swollen. The eye is covered with skin;
it is of moderate size, and placed at the side of the head, over the
middle of the oral cleft, three diameters distant from the tip of the
snout. The posterior nostril is in front of the eye and has a raised
border. The anterior nostril has a short tube, which does not quite
reach to the lip, and is attached in front to the snout, the orifice being
directed forwards. Rictus deep. The jaws are narrow, pointed, sub-
equal, and without barbels. The lips are cartilaginous, especially the
upper lip, which forms a conical snout, projecting much beyond the
jaw. There are teeth in both jaws, consisting of an inner row of short,
slender, conical, pointed, closely-set teeth, with an exterior band of
scobinate teeth, which become reduced to a single row in front. On
the vomer is a group of from nine to fifteen conical teeth, the first two
or three of which are short, the others rather longer than those in
the jaw. On the mesial line of the palate there is a row of minute,

170 MR. J. Y. JOHNSON ON NEW GENERA AND SPECIES [June 10,

sharp teeth curving backwards ; and the pharyngeals are armed with
scobinate bands of teeth. The inside of the mouth is black, as well

as the tongue, which is small, toothless, and free at the tip. The
gill-openings are side by side on the ventral aspect of the body, in
advance of the pectoral fins; they are separated by a membrane
placed inside a single external aperture. The dorsal fin commences
behind the vent, a little posterior to the commencement of the second
third of the total length, and joins the caudal, like the anal fin,
without a break. It is higher behind, but is throughout much lower
than the anal; the greater part of it is covered with a scaly skin, as
is also the greater part of the anal fin. The pectoral fins are well
developed, pointed, and situate a little behind the gill-openings,
below the middle of the height. The ventral fins are wanting. The
vent is in the first third of the total length. The anal fin commences
just behind the vent ; it is considerably higher about the middle and
behind than in front. The caudal is rounded. The lateral line is
distinctly marked; it falls gently from the shoulder, but for the
greater part of its length is straight along the middle of the body.
The air-bladder is long, being more than one-third of the length of
the body. The food found in the stomachs of dissected specimens
consisted of the remains of fishes and crustaceans. The peritoneal
lining is of a dark-blue colour.

Dedicated to Dr. Kaup of Darmstadt, who has well studied this
order of fishes. Specimens have been sent to the British Museum.

The following figures give the dimensions in inches of one of the
larger examples :—

Totallencth, ofa sats cap. Aemoneint: dateniae silat 2 Same 32
Depth in the neighbourhood of the vent ................ 3
BEICIHENSE 208 obs Bt Soe = Edchte Susiertalotiraeges haat atine 13;
Distance from)snont to, pectoral: «2:0! n«ads. «batgrniaw ok 4h
from snout to vertical of vent ............50...-- 93
— from snout to vertical of commencement of dorsal.. 11+}
Kye, ‘diametensnearly... 3. 45.fs ion? 7:2 hasta der sited «igh days ah
Rictus, Me pen scence ine, ebiskorsi is yenels eased vanes euskel 21
5: WIC, Mi HACK. Treinen aati be a ctoctemet seep eee 3
Length, of, bonecef upper Jaw ).0 i ijescin’> aeinlirs: vine sie nae eS
Of CULL OPENMIBES .:iichin acs wmed.ceost es ahd aah Ria nin
of pecteralls. 4)<5.,c796 5 asi wars wren Gaines. eens ls
Width of:base of pectoral, nearly. 5.5.5 :<cs6 <feiid steaeisetoms =
Length of rays at middle of anal ofa fo hatte Aue aia ARE
OF Faye Of Caudal. ox. aside Sei jh seein sini ME ae clays i

1862. ] OF FISHES FROM MADEIRA. 171

Order ANACANTHINI, Miill.
Fam. GAapIp&.

’ Lzmonema, Ginther, MS.

The genus Lemonema, established by Dr. A. Giinther on a Me-
diterranean fish hitherto assigned to Phycis, is distinguished from
the latter genus by the shortness of the base of the first dorsal fin,
and by the rounded outline of the patch of vomerine teeth. A full
diagnosis of the genus will appear in the forthcoming fourth volume
of the ‘Catalogue of Fishes in the British Museum.’ A second
species of the genus having occurred, I proceed to describe it.

LZMONEMA ROBUSTUM, §p. n.

fetes 5.) 2nd: D. 50, SL. ALAS oS Violins BL 285 Ce 6;
M. B. 7. Scales of lateral line about 126.

Body Phycis-like, thick before, much compressed behind, of a
dull-brown colour; the rays of the dorsal, anal, and pectoral fins
being of a dull-purplish red. The scales are very small; between
the base of the first dorsal fin and the lateral line fifteen rows of
scales may be counted. The length of the head is equal to the height
of the body under the first dorsal fin, and, compared with the total
length of the fish, is as 1 to4. It is depressed, unarmed, flat between
the eyes, with a longitudinal depression at the nape; the snout short
and rounded ; the cheeks convex and scaly. The round eye is placed
high up, so as to take part in the profile; it is contained four times
on the head, and is distant one and one-third of its diameter from
the tip of the snout; the space between the eyes is equal to one
diameter. The nostrils are rather small; at the posterior edge of
the anterior one there is a strap-shaped skinny appendage. The
mouth is wide, and when open the jaws form a broad oval ; its ante- ©
rior, as well as the tongue, is of a pale-grey colour. The upper
border of the mouth is formed by the premaxillary ; the maxillary
is broad below, and reaches back to the vertical from the middle of
the eye; the skin covering it is colourless, for when the mouth is
closed it slides underneath the skin covering the posterivr bones.
The under jaw closes inside the upper one. There are scobinate
bands of conical teeth in both jaws, those of the outer rows being
rather larger. The band of the upper jaw is broader in front than
the band of the lower jaw, but it narrows behind. There is a small
round patch of similar teeth on the vomer, and also patches on the
pharyngeals ; but the palatines and the tongue are unarmed. The
tongue is thick, broad, and pointed.

The gill-openings are large. The edges of the opercle and pre-
opercle are rounded ; and the edge of the latter is distinctly visible,
not concealed by the skin. The chin carries a barbel. The first dorsal
fin is short, having only five rays, of which the first is elongate, its
upper part being setaceous; the length of this ray to the total
length of the body is as 1 to 53. The interval between the two
dorsal fins is short. The second dorsal fin has its base about 16 times
longer than the base of the first, and its highest portion is less than

172 MR. J. Y. JOHNSON ON NEW GENERA AND SPECIES [June 10,

half the length of the first ray of the first dorsal; it falls about the
middle, and then rises again, its termination being prolonged and
pointed. The specimen has been wounded in the back during its
life, and, though the wound has healed, a few (but probably not
more than two or three) of the rays have been carried away. The
remaining rays are forty-eight in number. None of the dorsal or
anal fins are fleshy, neither are there any scales upon them. The
pectoral fins are inserted a little in front of the first dorsal, and
rather above the middle of the height ; their apices are pointed, and
they are of moderate length, reaching back beyond the commence-
ment of the anal fin. The jugular ventral fins are forked, the longer
division becoming filiform and reaching back considerably beyond
the commencement of the anal fin, and a little beyond the tips of
the pectoral fins. These fins are longer than the head, and, compared
with the total length of the fish, they are as 1 to 35. The difference
between the lengths of the two divisions of the ray is to the length
of the longer as 1 to 43. The vent is surrounded by a black ring,
and is placed under the fourth ray of the second dorsal fin. The
anal fin commences under the seventh or eighth ray of the second
dorsal fin. It is highest in front; at the middle it falls in, and then
ends a short distance in front of the second dorsal with an acute
prolongation. The caudal fin is truncate, and rather more than a
ninth of the total length. The tail is much compressed and atte-
nuate. The lateral line is a groove that forks above the opercle.
After the junction of the divisions it rises a little, and then falls gra-
dually ; but under the anterior portion of the second dorsal fin there
is a rapid descent, after which it is straight along the tail.

The single example on which this species has been founded was
taken near Madeira, in the month of March, and is now in the
British Museum. Its dimensions, expressed in inches, are given in

the following table :—

Total lenptht Saco i esse ce derece eens « .ee 142
Height under first dorsal...............--..0-5 33
Thickness near base of pectorals.......... 02.00 2
Head .... oe 2 : 3h
Bye, diameter .. 2... -. 0. eee eee e eee teens Yo
Mouth, width from side to side ................ 12
Barbel, tenets. fn eel eens te ve gee cmos dh
First dorsal fin, distance from snout ............ 34%)
= == McHrein Of Lilet Tay). . free see rene 25
pea, length of second fay"... egos fore 135
DOT ea Se Tenet htor last ray", ee eee eine = pn wo
Be ASE ORS” one eee. Cle ater ee
Second dorsal, distance from first dorsal ........ 5
Be , length of base ...... Sop SSoriainee + 8+
- ~, height in front ...... ode . 14
Pectorals, distance from snout ..............., 4
EMO teeta ts gia te eS 8 ere ee 2y5
| VALINE DASEN a dates 2 sans See ese iy
Ventrals, distance from tip of mandible, mouth open 2,5;
MAC P eet = Se ee ON wee mice at nase

1862. | OF FISHES FROM MADEIRA. 173

Anal, distance from tip of mandible, mouth open.. 63
» height in front ......... 1i

Caudal lengthy). 2S PRE PM es oN ly

Tail, height behind second dorsal .............. wh

Order ACANTHOPTERYGII, Cuv.
Fam. TRICHIURIDS.

NESIARCHUS, gen. nov.

Body elougate, covered with small scales. Cleft of mouth deep.
Several strong teeth in the jaws; none on the palatine bones or the
vomer. First dorsal not extending to the second. No finlets behind
either the dorsal or anal fin. Perfect thoracic ventral fins present.
Caudal fin well developed. A dagger-shaped spine behind the vent.
No keel on the tail. One lateral line. Seven branchiostegal rays.
An air-bladder. Pyloric czeca in moderate number.

This genus may be entered in the Synopsis of Trichiuroid genera,
given in the Cat. of the Brit. Mus. Collection, thus :—

“Ventrals present : a dagger-shaped spine behind the vent.”

NESIARCHUS NASUTUS, sp. n, (PI. XXII.)

i, O20, 2nd D2. 21, A, 22; P.13, Vo1.A. C: vit. 8+7.
vu, M..B: 7.

This fish has much of the external aspect of Thyrsites prometheus.
The body is very elongate, compressed, covered with small, deciduous,
cycloid scales, which are elegantly marked with concentric striz ;
the height of the hody, compared with the total length, is as 1 to
13. The head is scaly in every part, but unarmed ; it is compressed,
and the cheeks are flat. There is a broad groove between the eyes
and on the snout, as in Aphanopus. The length of the head, com-
pared with the total length, is as 1 to 43. The round eye is placed
at the side of the head, and does not quite reach to the outline; it
is contained 94 times in the head, is rather more than a diameter
distant from the other eye, and each is distant about 43 diameters
from the tip of the snout. The members of each pair of nostrils are
distant from each other, and the hinder one is a small oblique slit.
The bones of the scaly opercle and subopercle are thin and radiato-
striate; the border of the former has an angular projection. The
gill-openings are wide. The snout is long, and is terminated by a
large conical cartilaginous process, which projects much beyond the
jaw. The mandible has a similar but longer cartilaginous process.
These processes (some rudiments of which may be seen in Aphano-
pus) bestow on the head somewhat of the appearance of Sphyrena
vulgaris. The rictus is large. The upper border of the mouth is
formed entirely of the premaxillary, which is broad above and narrow
below. The scaly maxillary, which lies exposed behind, and is broad
below and narrow above, does not quite reach back to the vertical
from the middle of the eye. The mandibular bones project a little
beyond those of the upper jaw.

174 MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON ON NEW GENERA AND SPECIES [June 10,

The dentition bears much resemblance to that of Aphanopus. In
each jaw there is a single series of moderately strong teeth, which
are pointed, compressed, and subtriangular ; those of the lower jaw
are about thirteen in number on each side, and are rather larger than
those of the upper jaw, where there are also thirteen on each side,
in addition to three pairs of considerably larger teeth, which stand a
little within the line of the others, near the fore end of the jaw.
These teeth increase in size backwards, the last pair being about
four-tenths of an inch long.

All these are pointed and compressed, and have a slight double
curvature. The three pairs stand opposite the second, third, and
fourth pairs of teeth on the lower jaw. There are no teeth on the
palatine bones or on the vomer. The tongue is smooth, narrow,
and black like the pharynx and the inside of the gill-covers.

The first dorsal fin commences at the nape in front of the root of
the pectoral fins. It rises from a groove, is moderately high, and
its spines are weak, distant, and grooved, but not tuberculated. It
is rather higher behind than in front, and there is an interval equal
to about one-fifth of the length of the head between it and the second
dorsal, which is high in front, where it is subtriangular. The fourth
and fifth rays are the longest. The last four or five rays are short
and much branched, the last ray being elongated*. The anal fin is
preceded by a stout broad two-edged spine, similar to that possessed
by Aphanopus. This fin is opposite and similar in shape to the
second dorsal. The first ray is weak, but appears to be a simple
spine ; and the last ray is somewhat prolonged. The pectoral fins
are pointed, and inserted below the middle of the height. The ven-
tral fins are thoracic, being placed close together a little behind the
pectoral fins ; they are small, being only equal to one-eleventh of the
head, but consist of a spime, which is stout below and slender above,
and four soft rays connected by membrane. The ray next to the
spine is the longest. The caudal fin is well developed and deeply
cleft ; its rays are very broad below.

The unarmed lateral line falls gently from the shoulder to the
middle of the body, whence it is horizontal to the caudal fin. The
tail has no keel, and is not depressed behind the second dorsal.
There is no barbel nor any prominent papilla near the vent.

The body of the fish is uniformly lead-coloured, with black fins ;
its skin, when the scales have been removed, is black.

The peritoneum is black ; the stomach long and simple ; the in-
testinal tube straight. There are about eight pyloric ceca, and a
long narrow air-bladder with thin walls.

Only a single specimen has occurred, and this was taken in the
month of April last. It had a length of 363 inches, a height at the
ventral fins of 258; inches, and a thickness at the same place of
1,3,inch. Decidedly Trichiuroid as it is, it differs from all the genera

* The membrane connecting the last four or five rays of the second dorsal and
the last five or six rays of the anal fin is much torn in the specimen. In an older
fish they might possibly form detached finlets, the structure of the rays bearing
much resemblance to those of the finlets possessed by some Trichiuroid genera.

1862. ] OF FISHES FROM MADEIRA. 175

of that family hitherto known, and a new genus must be established
for its reception. From Aphanopus, with which it agrees in having
a dagger-shaped spine behind the vent, it differs in being possessed
of scales and ventral fins; from Lepidopus it is distinguished by
having two dorsals and scales, and by the absence of teeth from the
palatine bones; from Trichiurus by having two dorsal fins, a well-
developed caudal fin, and many-rayed ventral fins ; from Hpinnula
by having a single lateral line, and by the separation of the dorsal
fins ; from Thyrsites by having no teeth on the palatine bones, and
by the separation of the dorsal fins ; from Dicrotus in having scales
and many-rayed yentrals; and from Gempylus by the presence of
scales and the absence of finlets. Moreover in the two known species
of the last-named genus each ventral fin is represented by a spine.
From the Sphyrenide, it may be mentioned in passing, it differs by
the ventral fins being thoracic, and by the proximity of the dorsal
fins.

The following are the dimensions in inches of the principal parts
of the specimen, which has been added to the collection of fishes at
the British Museum :—

Mower GF Mead 0) PLS Ce Seen clare os 7x5

Ge HURIMMCLEE: clasts ac ots oie alee ete ace 2 aia to
ig STE OS gl Ry en eine) eae iy
, distance from tip of snout......... 41

Upper jaw bones, length.................. 37%

First dorsal, distance from tip of snout...... 63

—— plemeth Of base Fla... aed a. os 163

———— =, highest spines ......-.eseseess 13

, interval between first and second
REN en Sec ates te eitete wait aa a asste late 1d 14
Second dorsal, length of base .......... at hn
, length of fourth and fifth rays .. 23
EI ROTI in ina ns ang o 0 sila sip aie, nue sig 3
Be WaACth OL UASEss | crea sees tele sete 4
, distance from snout .............. 1%
Nentrtewlenet ht) on. one saree ce weet
Vent, distance of its vertical from tip of man-

LEU nets BS ee ati Rl i dee IPR PO SA aa it a 24
=~ distance trom allals.... b.casc cee see ss 1
Spine before anal, length.................. 7
Caudal, length of external rays ...,........ 54

Fam. ScoMBRIDZ,
SCHEDOPHILUS ELONGATUS, sp. n.

D.39. A.2. P.2l. V.z. C. iii. 947. iv. M.B. 7.

5
Uniformly purplish black, somewhat paler on the belly. The
body is elliptico-oblong and much compressed, the height, compared
~ with the total length, being as 1 to 43, and the length of the head
to the total length as 1 to 5.

176 MR. J. Y. JOHNSON ON NEW GENERA AND SPECIES [June 10,

The head is scaleless above, gelatinous, punctate, and arched.
The snout is abbreviate and abrupt, but does not form a quadrant
with the head, as is the case in S. berthelotii. ‘The opercle and sub-
opercle are scaly and striate, the strize ending at the margin in mi-
nute teeth. The preopercle is scaleless, the border being striate,
and the striz projecting as blunt teeth*. The eye is round, its
centre is placed about the middle of the height, and it is surrounded
by radiating grooves; it is contained five times in the lead; the
space between it and the tip of the snout is equal to a diameter and
ahalf. The mouth is of moderate size, and the jaws are equal ;
each is set with a single series of small sharp teeth. There are no
teeth on the palatines or the vomer. The tongue is broad, smooth,
and white. ’

The long scaly dorsal fin commences behind the root of the pec-
toral fin ; it is lowin front, highest at the middle, and has an angular
termination. The spinous rays are not to be distinguished from the
others. The pectoral fins are pointed, and have broad roots ; they
are inserted below the middle of the height, and their fourth and
fifth rays are the longest; they scarcely reach more than halfway
to the vent. The pointed ventral fins are inserted near together,
just under the posterior angle of the root of the pectoral fins. The
second soft ray is the longest ; this fin does not reach halfway to
the vent. The scaly anal fin is high in front and pointed behind ;
it terminates opposite, or perhaps a little behind, the termination of
the dorsal; its base is about half as long as that of the dorsal fin.
The caudal fin is deeply emarginate ; its membrane has scales upon
it between the rays.

The lateral line rises slightly on the shoulder, then descends
gently to the middle of the height, and from a little behind the
middle of the total length it is horizontal. The scales are very small,
cycloid, and concentrically striate ; those of the lateral line are about
160 in number.

The single individual from which these characters have been drawn
up, though bearing considerable resemblance to S. berthelotii (which
occasionally occurs at Madeira), is sufficiently distinct from that and
other known members of the genus to warrant the definition of a
new species. From S. derthelotii it is easily distinguished by the
smaller scales, the longer body (height to length as 1 to 43, instead
of 1 to 3), the shorter head (head to length as 1 to 5, instead of 1 to 4),
the longer snout (equal to 13 diam. of the eye, whereas in S. berthe-
lotii it is less than one diameter of the eye), by the shorter pectoral
and ventral fins only reaching about halfway to the vent (whereas in
S. berthelotii they extend backwards as far as the vent), and by the
commencement of the dorsal fin being placed behind the root of the
pectorals, whereas in S. dertheloti that fin commences considerably
in front of that point. A thick purple fluid exuded from the vent of
the dead fish ; and the same thing has occurred in the case of all the

* In describing S. berthelotii (Ichth. Canarienne, p. 45), M. Valenciennes says
that the opercle, subopercle, and interopercle are not scaly, whereas all the oper-
cular pieces are most certainly scaly.

1862.] OF FISHES FROM MADERIA. 177

specimens of 8, berthelotii that have occurred. The fishermen give
to both these species the name of “ Praga.”

The total length of the specimen (which was taken in the month
of April last) is 147"5 inches ; the height between the ventrals and
the vent is 3,5 inches, and its thickness thereabouts is 411 inch.
The dimensions of the principal parts are expressed in inches in the
following table :—

inches.

ently of hidnd 2.04 aatale Var RE ABI ee
Diameter of eye, rather more than .......... §
Dorsal, length of base ..............-6- oe OR
height -atmiddle. 2:3 2ANaS Ae. ee SZ
» distance from snout............e000+- 32
Pectorals, length .......... e Ae Ciena gan ee

, breadth of base ......... fA ES

, distance from snout. . AN oe 375
Ventrals, Neneh) sia) reacts See ee eae 1
Vent, distance of its vertical from snout eed Pe Gz
, distance from anal .......... DEE Spee: 4

Anal, Benet OF DASE) els oe was ca oe SRO 3335

, height i in front. . Fe, Le eS fy
Caudal, length of longest rays BAD ee eee ae 25

Fam. TrigLip2.
SETARCHES, gen. noy. (Pl. XXIII.)

Head and body compressed ; no transverse groove at the occiput ;
vertex without spines; preoperculum armed; body covered with
cycloid scales; without skinny appendages. One dorsal fin divided
by a notch into a spinous and a soft portion. No pectoral appen-
dages. Villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer, and on the pala-
tine bones. Lateral line a broad scaleless groove. Six or seven
branchiostegal rays. Pyloric appendages in small number. No air-
bladder.

It will be observed that this new genus is closely related to Sebastes
and Scorpena, but more nearly to the former than to the latter.
From both it is distinguished by the cycloid scales, the scaleless
lateral line, and the absence of spines from the vertex. The single
individual on which it has been founded was taken in the month of
December 1861, and is now in the British Museum. It was at first
assigned to the genus Sebastes, but was at once discriminated from
all the species of that genus previously taken at Madeira. With
these species I shall compare it throughout my description, with the
view of aiding other observers in identitying specimens, if they should
occur.

SETARCHES GUNTHERI, Sp. n.

ee Sh Plog Vee Oliv 7. Z.ay.
The height, compared with the total length, is as 1 to4. The
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. XII,

178 MR.J.¥. JOHNSON ON NEW GENERA AND SPECIES [June 10,

head is large, being contained in the length only 23 times. It is
scaleless, and without prominent spines on the vertex; the bones are
cavernous ; the space between the eyes is flat and marked by several
low ridges. At the back of the head are two broad flat spines point-
ing backwards. °

The eye is contained 51 times in the head, and is distant from the
tip of the scaleless snout about a diameter and a half. The space be-
tween the eyes is considerably more than equal to the diameter, and is
to the length of the head as 1 to43. There are no spines above the
postero-superior part of the orbit. The snout is rounded and trun-
cate; its length is equal to one-third of the length of the head.
There is a skinny appendage at the posterior margin of the anterior
nostril. The opercle is scaly, and is crossed by two strong crests
terminating in long spines, which reach up to its edge; the higher
of these spines is to the length of the head as tol to 73. At the
border of the scaly preopercle there are five spines, pointing back-
wards, of which the three highest are long, narrow, and parallel, the
middle one of the three being equal in length to the larger of the
opercular spines: these five spines occupy the position of those of
Sebastes dactylopterus.

The mouth is moderately large. The maxillary is broad below, is
vertically truncate, and reaches back to the posterior margin of the
eye. The under jaw isa trifle longer than the upper, which is notched
in front. Both jaws, the palatines, and the vomer are set with bands
of villiform teeth. The tongue is free near the apex, is very thick,
and has a thin spatuliform projection in front similar to that seen in
front of the tongue of S. Auhlit, which, however, does not reach so
far forward as in the case of the present species. The tongue and
pharynx are black. The branchiostegal membrane, when the mouth
is closed, is almost concealed by the opercular pieces and the very
broad mandibular bones.

The dorsal fin is long, commencing before the root of the pectoral ;
its spines are stout, and the soft portion rounded. The anal fin is
short, and terminates opposite the termination of the dorsal fin; its
third spine is the longest, and is to the length of the head as 1 to 33,
but it is shorter than the first three soft rays. The pectoral fin is
broad and long, reaching back to the commencement of the anal fin,
its length being to the total length as 1 to 33. The first two and
the last five rays are simple, the others branched. The tenth,
eleventh, and twelfth rays are the longest, and the last rays are the
shortest. None of them project beyond the membrane. The ventral
fins are placed together under the roots of the pectoral fins ; they are
pointed, and extend over rather more than half the distance between
their roots and the commencement of the anal fin. The spine is stout ;
the two first soft rays longer than the others. The caudal fin is
truncate, and is scaly only at the base. The vent is far back, being
under the base of the twelfth dorsal spine.

The scales are very small, and cycloid, offering no roughness to the
finger when drawn from tail to head. The broad and scaleless lateral
line descends gently from the shoulder to the tail, where it is straight ;

1862. } OF FISHES FROM MADEIRA. 179

its membrane has thirty divisions, but the rows of scales that abut
upon it are about eighty-six in number.

The czecal stomach was found to be of moderate length, and there
were only two pyloric ceca. The intestine was long, having one
convolution. No air-bladder was observed. Its colour was a uniform
pinky red, minutely dotted with black.

In consequence of the anterior part of the dorsal fin having been
injured, the comparative length of the spines could not be ascertained.
The number of the branchiostegal rays on one side is six, on the
other seven.

From Sebastes dactylopterus, S. kuhlii, and S. maderensis, the
only three Madeiran species of that genus hitherto known, it is well»
distinguished by the flatness of the head between the eyes, by the
absence of prominent spines from the vertex, by the third (not the
second) anal spine being the longest, by the broad membranous lateral
line, and by the cycloid scales. From the first-named species it is
further distinguished by the soft rays of the dorsal fin being nine in
number, in place of twelve ; and from the two latter species by the
black pharynx. With Sebastes filifer, Val. (Ich. Can. p. 21, pl. 2.
fig. 2), this fish agrees in having scales with simple borders; but it
differs (in addition to the characters by which the genus Setarches
is separated from the genus Sebastes) in the number of the rays of
the pectoral fin (22 in place of 16), in having, not all, but only the
two first and the last five rays of that fin simple, in possessing five
in place of four preopercular spines, and in the smaller scales (86
in place of 62 along the lateral line).

Dedicated to my friend Dr. A. Giinther, the well-known ichthyo-
logist, to whom I am indebted for much valuable instruction.

The following are the dimensions in inches of the principal parts
of the specimen, which is now in the British Museum :—

Pat GDB ocho. aie asane'e-citgenie'oes Abrpaaemieg” 9
CP et ee a ks Gat, tie dese + os 23
MEME OH OP READ 5. otc o's 2s taps wa sins: oss) THO
of second preopercular spine.......... io
Diameter Of Cyewcresi< any <> scans dae ie pate se it
dstrip thy: Of MAA MUUBEY, © cic ie es ctigiaie® wa sins ve, ol Toy
of base of dorsal fin ............-.-- 3
of pectoral fin ...... A at {eater 24
of base of pectoral fin ...... ph eas 4
of ventral fin.........- iain ner ed
— of base of anal fin. .......eee.-eee: a
Gh tind: RNME APMC, . css aelec ee sas +=: 20

otcaudalifini cna cteeemns cece s Le
Distance of vertical of vent from gsnout........ 5

Fam. Percip2.
PRIACANTHUS INSULARUM, Sp. 0.
D. 10.15. A.3.15. Scales of lateral line, about 76.
This species has a close resemblance to P. macrophthalmus, from

180 DR. J. E. GRAY ON CAMAROON MAMMALS. [June 10,

which, however, the following differences distinguish it:—1. The
height of the body to the total length is as 1 to 3%, not as 1 to 25.
2. The diameter of the eye is to the length of the head as 1 to 35,
not as 1 to 23. 3. The number of soft rays in the dorsal fin is 15,
not 13 or 14. 4. The length of the second dorsal spine is to the
last as 1 to 2, not as 1 to 13. 5. The edge of the opercle has one
flat spine, and above this there is a rounded plate ; whereas the edge
of the opercle of P. macrophthalmus has two flat spines. 6. In P.
macrophthalmus the two borders of the preopercle form a right angle,
and the margins are strongly denticulated. In the present species
the angle formed by the free borders of the preopercle is obtuse, and
the margins are very finely serrate. 7. The caudal is slightly emar-
ginate. 8. The fins have not black edges, as is the case with P.
macrophthalmus.
This species is established on a single specimen, taken last May,
which had a length of 143 inches, and a height of 33, the head bemg
34 inches long. The eye had a diameter of 1+ inch. The example
was coloured a uniform red, and it is now in the British Museum.

3. List or MAMMALIA FROM THE CAMAROON MOUNTAINS, COL-
LECTED By Capt. Burton, H.M. Consut, Fernanpo Po.
By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.

(Plate XXIV.)

CROCIDURA MORIO, Sp. nov.

Uniform rather brownish black, rather paler and browner beneath.
Teeth white. Feet very slender, weak. Tail nearly as long as the
body and head, very slender, annulated, covered with very short
closely adpressed hair.

Length of body and head, dry, 22 inches ; tail, dry, 2 inches.

** Mole from Camaroon Mountains, 7000 feet above the level of
the sea, January 1862.”

SCIURUS ISABELLA, Sp. nov, (Pl. XXIV.)

Yellowish brown, minutely grizzled, with four broad dorsal streaks
-—the two central from the crown of the head to the base of the tail,
the side ones from the shoulder only ; the underside whitish grey.
Tail slightly annulated.

Length of body and head 7 inches ; tail 5 inches.

‘Squirrel from the Camaroon Mountains, 7000 feet above the
level of the sea, January 1862.”

I have great pleasure in naming this beautiful new species after
Mrs. Isabel Burton,—her husband, the discoverer of it, having re-
clases that any novelty that might be in the list should be so
named.

ANOMALURUS BEECROFTH, Fraser.
«A Flying Squirrel, shot in the Camaroon Mountains, 7000 feet

YoIF. del.et th

=
Sen 5
orl:

bs
4

ae

1862.]} DR. DOHRN ON NEW LAND SHELLS. ~ 181

above the level of the sea. Colour of the eyes dark grey. January
18, 1862.”

*
Mus MAURA, §p. nov.

Fur very soft and silky ; above black, slightly marked with brown
from the minute brown tips of the hairs ; beneath whitish—the hair of
the underside black, white-tipped. Teeth very narrow, orange.
Ears rounded, moderate. Sides of the nose and edge of the orbits
black. Eyes covered with very short close-pressed hairs. Tail very
long, slender, closely annulated with very slender, very short ad-
pressed hair.

Length of body and head 4} inches; tail 5 inches; hind fcot
very nearly 1 inch.

* Camaroon Mountains, 7000 feet above the level of the sea.”

Evuryoris IRRORATA, Sp. Nov.

“Rat from the Camaroon Mountains, 7000 feet above the level
of the sea. January 1862.”

I am not certain about this species until I can compare the skull
with those of the other species of the genus from Africa, as they are
all very similar externally.

With these animals was sent the skin of a Chimpanzee without
its skull, but with the bones of the hand and feet enclosed in the
skin. This skin differs from all the other specimens of this species
which I have seen, in being covered with much more abundant and
softer fur, and in the fur of the back being of a brown colour from
the large brown tips to the blackish hair. It would seem to indicate
a distinct variety or species, which may be designated, until we re-
ceive better specimens and more particulars, Troglodytes vellerosus.

4, DescrIPTIONS OF New OrERCcULATED LAND SHELLS.
By Dr. H. Dourn.

1. LEPTOPOMA PAPUANUM.

Testa anguste umbilicata, globoso-conica, tenuis, concentrice sub-
tilissime et confertissime striata, hyalina, varie fusco maculata,
fasciis albis hydrophanis cingulata ; spira turbinata, acuta ;
anfr. 5, modice convexi, ultimus subcompressus ; apertura vie
obliqua, circularis, alba; peristomium album, late expansum,
marginibus disjunctis, columellari angulatim refleco. Operc.
normale.

Diam. maj. 15, min. 11, alt. 11 mill.; ap. 11 mill. longa.

Hab. In Nova Guinea (Wallace in Mus. Cuming.).

Exstant varietates 1, unicolor hyalina albicincta; 2, medio et ad

suturam fusco cingulata ; 3, varie fusco maculata et fulgurata.

Differt a L. pellucido anfr. planioribus, apertura minus obliqua,

umbilico minus obtecto, &c.

2 “ DR, DOHRN ON NEW LAND SHELLS. [June 10

2, LePpTOPOMA MATHILD&.

Testa anguste umbilicata, globoso-conica, tenuis, sericata, spira-
liter confertim tenuistriata, lineis subelevatis 6—7 distantibus
cincta, albido-hyalina vel cornea, intus interdum late fusco
fasciata, pone aperturam late transverse fusco zonata, pellu-
cida ; spira conica, apice nigro vel corneo ; anfr. 5, convexi,
ultimus magnus, infra medium plerumque albido fasciatus, ob-
soletius sculptus; apertura obliqua, circularis ; peristomium
undique equaliter angulatim reflecum et expansum, marginibus
callo angusto crassiusculo junctis.

Diam. maj. 14, min. 11, alt. 94; ap. diam. 6 mill.

Hab. In Zamboanga insulze Mindanao, unde misit Dr. C. Semper.

3. LEPTOPOMA PFEIFFERI.

Testa perforata, turbinato-conica, tenuiuscula, subtiliter et con-
Sertim spiraliter striata, alba, strigis irregularibus cerulescenti-
corneis ornata ; spira conica, acutiuscula ; anfr. 6, convewius-
culi, ultimus inflatior, medio obtuse angulatus ; apertura ovalis
rotundata ; peristomium undique expansum, marginibus callo
tenut junctis, columellari arcuato, basin versus angulum for-
mante. Operc. normale.

Diam. maj. 18, min. 14, alt. 134; ap. long. 10, lat. 7} mill.

Hab. In insula Camiguin (Coll. Semper.).

4. LerpTOPOMA TROCHUS.

Testa angustissime perforata, trochiformis, tenuis, pellucida, spi-
raliter confertissime tenuistriata, obsolete 5-sulcata, hyalina,
pallide virente maculata, fasctis albidis cincta ; spira turbinata,
apice acuto; anfr. 54, subplani, ultimus medio acutissime et
compresse carinatus, bast vie convexior ; apertura obliqua, sub-
rhombea ; peristomium duplex, externum breviter reflecum, in-
crassatum, umbilici 2 tegens, marginibus callo tenui junctis,
internum continuum, rectum; faux late piceo transverse fasciata.
Opere. ?

Diam. maj. 15, min. 13, alt. 14; ap. intus long. 6, lat. 7 mill.

Hab. In Maligi insule Mindanao (Coll. Semper.).

5, LEPTOPOMA CAROLI.

Testa perforata, turrito-conica, tenuiuscula, oblique striatula,
spiraliter confertim capillaceo striata, nitida, albida; spira
elongata, apice obtusiusculo ; anfr. 6-61, vix convexiusculi, ulti-
mus infra medium angulatus, subtus paullo convexior, apertura
perobliqua, bast protracta, subeffusa, oblonga; peristomium
expansum, marginibus callo tenui junctis, columellari superne
dilatato, reflexo, perforationem fere tegente, basi subangulato.
Opere. normale.

Diam. maj. 13, min. 11, alt. 17; ap. long. 8 mill.

Hab. In provincia Nueva Ecija insule Luzon, ubi legit Dr. Caro-

lus Semper.

1862. | DR. DOHRN ON NEW LAND SHELLS. 183

6. CALLIA SPLENDENS.

Testa ovato-conica, tenuis, nitida, pellucida, pallide rufo-cornea,
sutura impressa, marginata, callo obducta ; anfr. 5, convevius-
cult, ultimus dimidium longitudinis equans, convexus, axin non
excedens ; apertura verticalis, subcircularis ; peristomium ex-
pansiusculum, incrassatum, circa columellam callum formans.
Operc. normale.

Long. 7, diam. 4; ap. diam. 2} mill.

Hab. In “Lizard Islands” Australie (Macgillivray in Mus.

Cuming.).

7. PUPINA OTTONIS.

T. ovato-conica, tenuis, glaberrima, pellucida, aurantiaca ; spira
obtusiuscula ; sutura impressa, submarginata, vix callosa;
anfr. 6, convextusculi, ultimus antice breviter ascendens, spiram
subequans ; apertura circularis, subverticalis ; lamella parie-
talis arcuata, cum latere dextro peristomatis canalem latum
Sormans ; columella oblique dissecta; peristomium subreflecum,
margine dextro arcuato, columellari incrassato, flavidum,
Operc. normale.

Long. 11, diam. 6 mill.

Hab. In Mariveles insule Luzon, unde misit Dr. C. Semper.

8. PupINA VENTROSA.

Testa ovata, tenuis, pellucida, nitida, rufo-cornea ; spira sursum
attenuata; sutura vix impressa; anfr. 5, supremi convexi,
penultimus planulatus, ultimus 4 longitudinis subequans ; aper-
tura subverticalis, circularis ; lamella parietalis valida, trian-
gularis ; peristomium inerassatum, subexpansum, margine colu-
mellarit plano, dilatato. Onperc. normale.

Long. 74, diam. 4 mill.

Hab. In Cape York Australize (Macgillivray in Mus. Cuming.).

Nonne potius varietatibus P. d¢linguis, Pfr., adnumeranda, que

species quoad staturam pervariabilis esse videtur ?

9. PUPINA PFEIFFERI.

Testa pupeformis, tenuis, nitidissima, pellucida, cornea; spira
ovato-conoidea ; sutura callosa, submarginata ; anfr. 5}, con-
vexiusculi, ultimus 4 longitudinis subequans, basin versus at-
tenuatus, basi axin vis excedens ; apertura basi valde protracta,
obliqua, circularis ; lamella parietalis acuta, intrans, cum peri-
stomio canalem angustum formans ; columelia transverse dis-
secta ; peristomium incrassatum, expansiusculum. Operc.
normale.

Long. 53, diam. 25 mill.

Hab. Ad Cape Flattery Australize (Macgillivray in Mus. Cuming.).

Differt a P. strangei, Pfr., cui proxime affinis, lamella parietali,

apertura obliqua, sutura callosa, etc.

184

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE.

10. ARINIA SCALATELLA.

Testa subobtecte perforata, ovato-oblonga, tenuis, costis distanti-
bus transversis regulariter sculpta, pellucida, flavido-cornea ;
spira ovata, apice acuto ; sutura valde impressa ; anfr. 53, tur-
gidi, ultimus attenuatus ; apertura parum obliqua, circularis ;
peristomium late expansum, marginibus ad anfractum ultimum

viv disjunctis.
spirum, corneum.

Long. 43, diam. 27 mill.
Unicum specimen in monte Arayat insule Luzon repertum in col-
lectione Semperiana exstat.
Genus verisimiliter cum Pupinaceis collocandum ; statura proxime
affine Streptaulo Bens., a quo deficiente tuba differt; operculum
valde a Diplommatine operculo discrepat.

[June 10,

Operculum extus concavum, lamelloso-arcti-

The following lists of the additions made to the Menagerie during
the months of April and May were read :—

APRIL.

3 American Crows
1 American Raven .........
4 Australian Shieldrakes ...

eeeeseees

1 Rosy Cockatoo ..cssecaees.

1 Stump-tail Lizard .........

1 Vervet Monkey...
1 Barbary Dove

A collection of Tritons... {

2 Necklaced Doves .........

4 Badgers .:....coccssennsnves
1 Bonnet Monkey............
1 Tigress

Pee eee e eet et eeseeeees
SAPO eet e er eereerereees

1 Swinhoe’s Deer.........+-
2 Bennett’s Water Tortoises

1 Bonnet Monkey..........

2 Birds of Paradise .........
7 Indian Grey Francolins...
1 Mona Monkey ............
1 Capuchin Monkey.........

1 Indian Civet .......csscese

eee eeteeeeey

Corvus americanus vise
——_ CATNIWVOTUS ..reeeeee
Casarca tadornoides......

Cacatua roseicapilla......

Trachydosaurus rugosus .
.| Cercopithecus lalandii ...

Turtur risorius.....ccseee-
Triton cristatus .........
PUNCLATUS wreessveeees
Columba speciosa ....0+00.
Meles taxus ......scseevee-
Macacus radiatus .....+0..
Felis Cigris......cerceacess Ar
Penelope superciliaris ...
Rhinochetus jubatus

-|Capra hircus, var.......++-
«s.|Ratelus indicus .....0000e as

Hystrix leucura essere.

Cervus SWInhOti....eessaee.
Emys bennettii .......0060-

Macacus radiatus.........
Paradisea papuand .w.....

francolinus ponticerianus| |

Cercopithecus mona ......
Cebus capucinus .seeceeee
Viverricula indica

eeeeer

.|Madame van Dervin.

Presented by
Andrew Downs, Esq.,
Corr. Mem. Z.S.
Hon.J.C. Hawker, Speaker
of the House of Assem-
bly of S. Australia.
T. Scrutton, Esq.
Rev. W. H. Hawker, F.Z.S.
B. B. Sapwell, Esq.
Mrs. Bruce.

\ T. C. Eyton, Esq.,F.Z.S.

Capt. Taylor.

Duke of Richmond.
— Mayhew, Esq.

M. H. Scott, Esq.
Duke of Richmond.
Dr. G. Bennett, F.Z.S.
Colonel Tapp, C.B.

A. Grote, Esq.

R. Swinhoe, Esgq., Corr.
Mem. Z.S., H. B.M.
Vice-Consul in For-
mosa.

Dr. Travers Twiss, F.Z.S.

\

| Purchased.

1862.]

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE.

APRIL (continued).

1 Blossom-headed Parakeet
1 Indian Mynah ......+.+...
1 Indian Rock-Snake ......
1 Lapland Bunting ......+0.

Paleornis bengalensis ...
Acridotheres ginginianus
Python molurus ....s000

2 Yellow Conures............|Conurus luteus .....eeever

1 Prehensile-tailed Porcu-|Cercolabes prehensilis ...
pine.

2 Blue-eyed Cockatoos......| Cacatua ducorpSii ....0+4.,

4 Modest Finches ..........-.|dmadina modesta .........

1 Black Cockatoo............ Calyptorhynchus banksii

4 Blue Bonnet Parakeets...
4 Many-coloured Parakeets
1 Masked Parrot
2 Mealy Rosella Parakeets
1 American Crocodile ......
2 Little Green Pigeons......
1 Male Emeu ceecsecccceeese
2 Cockateels ......
1 Aoudad we.
PEED eesecoccececcncaseada cos
1 Sambur Deer, fem. ......
1 Magellanic Goose «......+.

see eeeeeseee

Psephotus hematogaster
multicolor

we eeeeeee

Platycercus pallidus ......
Crocodilus americanus «+.
Chalcophaps 2

Plectrophanes lapponicus

Pyrrhulopsis personata ..

Dromeus nove-hollandie
Calopsittanove-hollandie
»| Ovis CYCIOCETOS seeseseesees

185

CPurchased.

J
} In exchange.

Bos indicus? ......+++.0+..-| p Born.
Cervus hippelaphus ......
Chloéphaga magellanica ..| Hatched.

Of these, Corvus americanus, Corvus carnivorus, Casarca tador-
noides, Rhinochetus jubatus, Ratelus indicus, Cervus swinhott, Emys
bennettit, Paradisea papuana, Cacatua ducorpsii, dmadina modesta,
and Pyrrhulopsis personata were stated to have been exhibited for
the first time.

1 Golden Agouti.........0..
1 Common Partridge ......
2 Green Lizards .......+6...
1 Macaque Monkey ......
2 Horned Owls ....+-..008.
1 pair of Brahmin Cattle..
1 Aoudad, fem. .......00+6.
2 Marmosets from Bahia..

May.

Presented by

Dasyprocta aguti ...,...+.|G. Palmer, Esq.

Perdix cinerea ..seoreseeee
Lacerta viridis ....ecsere0s
Macacus cynomolgus......
Bubo virginianus ......00+
Bos indicus, var. .sssssvee
Ovis tragelaphus ......++-
Hapale iacchus ...6+0...0++

Mr. Neil.

Rey. E. C. Taylor, F.Z.S.

Mrs. Boteler.

Martin Ware, Esq., F.Z.S.
} Her Majesty the Queen.

G. Eveniss, Esq.

1 Diamond Snake .........| Morelia variegata.........
2 Ocellated Skink .........| Tropidolepisma majus ...| | G. Mac Leay, Esq., Corr.
3 Australian Tree-Frogs...|Pelodryas cerulea ...... Mem. Z.S.

2 Sugar-Squirrels .........
2 Black-and-white Geese.
1 Bennett’s Kangaroo ...
8 young common Trout...

1 pair of Wild Boars ......

1 Prehensile-tailed Porcu-
pine.

3 White-masked Whistling
Ducks.

1 Black-fronted Lemur .,.

SGUGR ss acccnectncessasseucas

B Godwits cseccscecersvvcees

Belideus sciureus ......00-
Anseranas melanoleuca...
Halmaturus benneltii ...
Salmo Farin ceosssssseveese

SUS SCTOFA versscerseverseese

Dr. Mueller, C.M.Z.S.

Mrs. Dualey F. Cater.

S. Gurney, Esq., M.P.,
F.Z.S.

A. Shoolbred, Esq.

Cercolabes prehensilis .,.|R. Cockerton, Esq.

Dendrocygna viduata .,.|W. D. Christie, Esq.,F.Z.S.

Lemur nigrifrons vs...
Machetes pugnax .....0++.
Limosa melanura vrevveve

Purchased.

186 DR. SCLATER ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [June 24,

May (continued).

1 Diana Monkey........+++- Cercopithecus diana ......
1 Yellow Wagtail ......... Motacilla rayi
12 Tree-Frogs ......seeserees Ayla viridis ...cccccescecee
1 Capromys........sscecesees Capromys brachyurus ...
ZL Turkey <...00..-c00s.seccees Meleagris gallopavo ......
1 Indian Rock-Snake ...... Python regius ..rcccceeees
1 Spectacle Cobra ......... Naia tripudians ......046
2 Guillemots ...-+e..ceeeeee ria. trotlle vi csvessisacs ee
2 Razor-bills ...cccceseceees Alca torda........... Seee ase
2 Pufiins ..... aacanenss ..|Fratercula arctica ...... sins =
4 Kingfishers ...... was cress Alcedo ispida,.......s00e++
1 Blood-rumped Parrakeet,| Psephotus hematonotus ..
male.
4 African Waxbills.......,. Estrelda cinerea ...s.0+0s
2 Black-headed Finches...|4madina cucullata ......
1 Echidna’ .....0....secosese Echidna hystrix ...e.000-
5 Indian Pastors........+++- Pastor malabaricus ......
2 Punjaub Wild Sheep ...|Ovis cycloceros ..........+-
3 Silver Foxes...........000- Canis argentatus ......... Born.
SD WOLVES s<-cccs--vecssvespens Tupi: eee thek. tees.

6 Pintail Ducks ............ Dafila acuta .........:0000 Ae |
13 Sonnerat’s Jungle-Fowls| Gallus sonneratit .....00+
(hybrids). Hatched.
3 Ashy-headed Geese...... Chloéphaga poliocephala .

Of these, Tropidolepisma majus and Pastor malabaricus were stated
to have been exhibited for the first time.

June 24, 1862.
E. W. H. Holdsworth, Esq., F.L.S., in the Chair.

Dr. Sclater called the attention of the Meeting to some interesting
additions lately made to the Society’s Menagerie. These were—

1. Two Spider Monkeys, purchased of Mr. Edward Greey, of the
Royal Mail Company’s Service. These Monkeys had been obtained
by Mr. Greey on the Rana River, Gorgon Bay, near San Juan del
Norte, in Nicaragua. They appeared referable to two different spe-
cies: —Ateles frontatus, Gray | Brachyteles (Hriodes) frontatus, Gray,
Zool. Voy. Sulphur], smaller and parti-coloured; and Ateles hy-
bridus, I. G. St.-Hil., larger and of the same form, greyish brown.
The former species had been already noticed as occurring in Central
America*; the latter was generally considered to be a New-Grana-

dian species.
2. Two young Bears brought from Japan and deposited in the
Gardens by Captain Ward. The only Bear hitherto recorded as

* See the article “On the Northern Limit of the Quadrumana in the New
World,” in Nat. Hist. Review, 1861, p. 507.

1862.] MR. A, R. WALLACE ON NEW SPECIES OF PITTA. 187

being found in Japan was the Indian Ursus torquatus (sive tibeta-
nus)*. These young Bears appeared to be distinct from the Indian
species, resembling in some respects rather the American Ursus
americanus. There were slight indications of a white mark on the
throat, but this seemed likely to be wholly obliterated as the animal
increased. Dr. Sclater considered these animals, in all probability,
referable to a distinct species, for which he suggested the name Ursus
japonicus,

The following papers were read :—

l. Descriptions or THrer New Species or PITTA FROM THE
Mouvccas. By Atrrep Russet WALLACE.

These birds are brought before the Society, detached from the
collections of which they form a part, because a Monograph of the
Pittide, by Mr. Elliot, is now in course of publication, and it is de-
sirable that they should be described in England before appearing
in a foreign work.

They are interesting as showing the permanent modifications in
form of these semiterrestrial birds, in islands within sight of each
other. I may mention as a curious fact, that the great island of
Ceram appears to contain no Pitta, although one or two species -
occur in almost all the other islands of the Moluccan group. I have
myself collected for several months in various parts of Ceram and
Amboyna, without seeing or hearing of the genus; and the natives
were positive no such bird was to be found in their country. The
naturalists collecting for the Leyden Museum were not more suc-
cessful; and recently a German ornithologist, Mr. Rosenberg, has
resided some years in the island, and up to the time of my departure
had seen no Pitta. This is the more remarkable, as in the little
island of Banda, within sight of Ceram, a species exists which, with
two others, I now proceed to describe.

PITTA RUBRINUCHA.

Head reddish brown, darker behind, where there is a subquadran-
gular spot of bright red, and above it an obscure blue vertical stripe ;
back dull olive-green, shading into slaty blue on the wings and tail ;
quills blackish, with a white spot on the third and fourth; a small
white spot on the shoulder; underside with the slaty-blue breast
and crimson belly, exactly as in P. celebensis, but the black line
separating the two colours is narrower. Bill blackish horn-colour ;
feet light dull blue; iris pale olive-brown.

Total length 7 inches ; wing 3$ inches ; bill, from the gape, 1 inch.

Hab. Island of Bouru (Moluccas).

Remark.—This species is at once distinguished from its near
ally, P. celebensis, by the red nuchal spot, and by having much less
blue on the wing- and tail-coverts. It is also considerably smaller.

* See Temminck and Siebold’s ‘ Fauna Japonica,’

188 DR. A. GUNTHER ON NEW REPTILES AND FISHES. [June 24,

PITTA VIGORSI.
Pitta vigorsi, Gould, Birds of Australia, vol. iv. pl. 2.

I had proposed a name for this species, supposing it to be new, and
misled by Bonaparte’s ‘Conspectus,’ which gives “gula nigra” asa
character of vigorsi. Having since, at Mr. Gould’s suggestion, com-
pared my bird with the type in the Museum of the Linnean Society,
I find it to be the same. My specimen is a fine adult male, and
differs from Gould’s figure and description in having the bill en-
tirely black, and in the red of the under parts being much mixed
with black on the breast.

Total length 7 inches; wing 42 inches; bill, from gape, 1 inch.

Hab. Banda Island (Moluccas).

Remark.—The habitat “Australia” is probably a mistake, as the
birds of this genus are very local, and no well-authenticated speci-
men has ever been received from that country.

PITTA CRASSIROSTRIS.

Similar in colour to P. vigorsi; but the superciliary stripes are
altogether pale rufous, the colour beneath is lighter (agreeing with
P. concinna), and the chin is black, which colour extends in a tri-
angle on to the throat, without being produced into a stripe, as in
P. concinna. Bill black, with the hase of the lower mandible horny ;
feet very pale flesh-colour ; iris black.

Total length 71 inches ; wing 42 inches; bill, from gape, 1} inch.

Hab. Sula Island (Xulla of the English maps), E. of Celebes.

Remark.—This species differs from its nearest allies by its very
strong bill, as well as by the peculiarities of colouring above de-
scribed. It is very like Temminck’s figure of P. irena from Timor ;
but that species appears to have much more blue on the back, and
the bill entirely black, and not so strong. It is also highly impro-
bable that the same bird should be found in such distant localities,
when so many of the neighbouring islands have each their peculiar
species.

2. Descriptions oF New Specizs or Reprites AND FisHxEs
IN THE COLLECTION OF THE British Museum. By
ALBERT GintHerR, M.A., M.D., Pa.D., F.Z.8.

(Plates XXV., XXVI., XXVII.)

CHLOROSCARTES.
(Fam. AGAMID&.)

Head short, body and base of tail compressed, tail exceedingly
long. Head covered with numerous smooth, small shields; all the
scales keeled, small, those of the belly and tail being the larger;
scales on the throat conical. Femoral pores very prominent, in a
longish series ; preeanal pores none. A low crest of triangular scales
on the neck ; a series of enlarged, sharp scales along the median line

W-West, imp

latus.

fas¢

Chloroscartes

P.Z.5.1862. Plate XXVI.

Sea

GA. bord. W.West imp

A. Catopra siamensis. # Catopra tetracaniius.

wey eres". bee eee

in
A '
~ P.
‘
4
oo
cM
. =\
pees
«
’ Li £
L y
- ee 2 -
“en
tae - >
=f *
es! - 7
—
“ ; .
’ y
'
- : by
f 4 :
y ‘
-
N ;
™~
.
=

‘suqeyoidsted stwompopnesg -4
‘snyesouseut uosodonue) g ~entges sndoxtiq Uy

TIAXX 827g ‘Z9RT

_1862.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON NEW REPTILES AND FISHES. 189

of the back and tail. Fingers five, and toes five, all elongate, and
armed with sharp claws; the middle toe fringed along the basal
joints. Throat with a small pouch and cross fold. No prominent
scales at the ear.

Cutoroscartes Fascratus. (Pl. XXV.)

Grass-green, with three very broad dark-green cross-bands.

Feejee Islands.

Description.—Head rather elevated and obtuse ; pouch below the
throat and transverse fold in front of the shoulder well developed ;
body and basal portion of the tail compressed, the latter rounded in
the middle and posteriorly, tapering, three or four times as long as
the body. The fore limbs extend backwards to the loin; the third
and fourth fingers are equal in length. The hind limbs are as long
as the trunk; the third toe has a series of enlarged triangular scales
along its inner margin, forming a serrated edge.

Shields on the upper and lateral parts of the head very numerous
and smooth. Nostril in a single somewhat elevated shield, situated
above the second and third upper labials. Rostral shield much
broader than high, subtriangular; nine upper labials, the posterior
being considerably lower than the anterior ; there are three or four
series of small shields between the labials and the eyelid; eyelids
entirely scaly. Seven lower labials; scales on the throat conically
elevated. Scales of the upper parts of the body very small, of equal
size, each with a short keel or conical protuberance. A low crest,
formed by compressed triangular scales, runs from the occiput to-
wards the middle of the tail, where it is gradually lost. Scales,on
the belly in transverse, slightly oblique series, small, but much larger
than those on the sides, strongly keeled. Limbs with keeled scales
of moderate size. The scales of the middle and posterior parts of
the tail are much larger than those on its basal portion; all are
keeled, the keels forming continuous longitudinal ridges. Each
femur with a series of twelve to fourteen large pores filled with a
greasy substance; prceanal pores none.

Tytnpanum larger than the eye.

Each jaw with eighteen to twenty teeth on each side; teeth tri-
cuspid, the lateral points being small; palatines with small teeth
posteriorly.

Bright grass-green ; head and nape of the neck, three broad cross
bands on the trunk, and about fourteen broad rings round the tail
dark green. Nasal shield white.

inches. lines.

Petal leith; 5, Uae cin tte once ooh oo Pele aan bree
Length of head (to tympanum) .......... bs tee
‘5 trunk (from tympanum to vent). 4 5
a RAUL dh, de aay Baek dunn ae ehtis Sixty 6,
a fore limh 5... «5. av:. ea tapsasterounmtem 2.11
4 CHAN OEE SSR Care gucusle a 'e(eiagh Mestee
5 hind limb ..... ahetel<suctohavaha sare 4 0
% Uy dr A ee ey eee! a ie 1G 40
fe PORT LOR? Neos va aoa sled Gee o 1 aes

190 DR. A, GUNTHER ON NEW REPTILES AND FISHES. [June 24,

PHRYNOBATRACHUS.
(Fam. RANIDz.)

Skin with large flat warts. Fingers quite free ; toes half-webbed ;
head pointed; tongue elongate, deeply notched behind; vomerine
teeth none; eustachian tubes small, tympanum entirely hidden.

Port Natal.

PHRYNOBATRACHUS NATALENSIS.

A fold of the skin between the fore limbs; greyish olive, marbled
with darker. Metatarsus with two tubercles, tarsus with a third on
the middle of its inner edge.

Description.—Forehead flattish, without canthus rostralis ; sides
of the head subvertical ; snout somewhat pointed and rather longer
than the eye ; eyes of moderate size, with round pupil, rather distant ;
a fold in front and behind the orbit. Inner nostrils and eustachian
openings small; lower jaw without prominences; tongue longish,
deeply nicked behind. Body and limbs rather stout ; back and sides
with numerous large, smooth glands; belly smooth; an indistinct
cross fold between the fore legs. The fore leg, if laid backwards,
does not extend to the vent; fingers and toes tapering ; the first and
third fingers are equal in length, and longer than the second and
fourth. Hind legs much longer than the body ; toes two-thirds
webbed, the third a little longer than the fifth. Dark-greyish olive,
marbled with darker ; an indistinct light streak between the eyes.
Lower parts dirty whitish ; throat with some obscure dark spots.

lines.

Length of the body ...... Mey Scar aia Coie PIA Biot i
PA RESTS, ISU T wnaee) o astcta cen: riots. bm sain an eS

i iG, 160 cos oes amie ace hee bees ae

a tarsus with fourth toe.......... 74

A single specimen was in a collection sent by Mr. T. Ayres from
Port Natal.

CENTROPOGON MARMORATUS. (PI. XXVII. fig. B.)

DY. Az. V.1/5. LL, lat. 68.

The third to sixth dorsal spines are the longest, half as long as
the head ; the second anal spine longer and stronger than the third.
Yellowish, marbled with brown.

Moreton Bay.

Description.—This species is similar to Centropogon australis,
from which it will be readily distinguished by the shorter third dorsal
spine, which in C. australis is two-thirds as long as the head. The
height of the body is contained thrice and a half in the total length ;
the length of the head thrice and a quarter. Head slightly com-
pressed, with deep grooves along the interorbital space, which is
concave and much narrower than the orbit; there is a slight groove
behind the orbits, across the occiput. Snout shorter than the eye,

1862.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON NEW REPTILES AND FISHES. 191

the diameter of which is scarcely more than one-third of the length
of the head. Cleft of the mouth slightly oblique, of moderate width,
the maxillary extending beyond the front margin of the orbit ; jaws
equal in length anteriorly. Each turbinal bone with an obtuse spine
superiorly; preeorbital spine strong ; preeoperculum with five spines,
the upper of which is the longest; operculum with two ridges;
spines on the occiput small and obtuse. Head naked, without cu-
taneous appendages ; vomerine teeth in a narrow angular band.

The dorsal fin commences immediately behind the occiput, its
spines are of moderate length and strength; the third to the sixth
are the longest, half as long as the head; the following decrease in
length, the last, again, being a little longer than the penultimate ; the
soft dorsal rather more elevated than the spinous, short, the length
of its base being contained thrice and a fifth in that of the spinous
dorsal. Caudal fin scaleless, rounded, contained four times and two-
thirds in the total length. The anal commences opposite the four-
teenth dorsal spine; its second spine is the longest, contained twice
and two-thirds in the length of the head. The pectoral has the rays
branched, and extends nearly as far backwards as the ventral, which
is composed of a strong spine and five soft rays; the region round
the base of the pectoral and ventral fins is naked, covered with soft
skin.

The gill-membranes are scarcely united below the throat. There
is a distinct cleft behind the fourth gill*.

Length of the specimen, 3 inches.

CaTOPRA SIAMENSIS. (Pl. XXVI. fig. A.)
13 3 53

D. Te" A. 9° L. lat. 27. LL. transv. 73°

The height of the body is contained twice and a third in the total
length. Cheek with six series of scales, the lower of which covers
the preopercular limb. Body with eight dark cross bands; scales
on the nape with some minute whitish dots; the outer edge of the
ventral white.

Siam.

Description—tThe height of the body is contained twice and a
third in the total length, the length of the head thrice and a third ;
head as high as long. Snout rather shorter than the eye, the dia-
meter of which is one-fourth of the length of the head, and equal to
the width of the interorbital space. The lower jaw is scarcely longer
than the upper, and the maxillary extends slightly beyond the ante-
rior margin of the orbit. Two nostrils remote from each other, both
very small. Przeorbital and angle of the praeoperculum slightly ser-
rated ; opercles, throat, and isthmus entirely scaly. The dorsal fin
commences above the end of the operculum, and terminates close by
the caudal; its spines are very strong, and can be received in a

* I have been induced by that circumstance to re-examine C. australis, and
have found a very small opening behind the fourth gill; so that the presence of
such a narrow cleft is to be introduced into the diagnosis of the genus Centro-
pogon (Catal. Fish. ii. p, 128).

192 DK. A. GUNTHER ON NEW REPTILES AND FISHES. [June 24,

groove ; the fifth, sixth, and seventh are the longest, not quite half
as long as the head; the last spine is shorter than the penultimate ;
the soft dorsal is elevated and scaly at the base. The second anal
spine is exceedingly strong, rather stronger and longer than the third,
and not quite half as long as the head ; the soft anal is similar to the
soft dorsal. Caudal fin rounded, slightly produced, one-fourth of
the total length ; its basal half is scaly. Pectoral rather narrow, as
long as the head without snout. The ventral is inserted immediately
behind the base of the pectoral; it has a strong spine, and extends
to the vent.

Scales minutely ciliated ; the upper part of the lateral line termi-
nates below the last dorsal rays, the lower commences above the
third anal spine.

Gill-membranes united below the throat, not attached to the
isthmus, scaly. Four gills, a slit behind the fourth ; pseudobranchiz
none.

The jaws, vomer, palatines, and upper and lower pharyngeals are
armed with bands of small villiform teeth. Very remarkable are two
large, ovate, dentigerous plates, one at the roof, the other at the bot-
tom of the mouth, in front of the pharyngeals; these plates are
slightly concave in the middle, pavimentated with molar-like teeth,
and have evidently the same function as the pharyngeal .dentigerous
plates of the true Pharyngognathi.

Total length 52 lines.

When I composed the generic characters of the genus Catopra from
Bleeker’s accounts, I had not seen a specimen of these fishes, and I
described their peculiar dentition in very indistinct terms. The
teeth ought to be described thus :—Villiform teeth in the jaws and
on the vomer and palatine bones; a large patch of molar-like teeth
on the presphenoid and on the basi-hyal.

CATOPRA TETRACANTHUS. (Pl. XXVI. fig. B.)
D. mee A.=. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 3/9.

8
_The height of the body is nearly one-third of the total length.
Cheek with four series of scales, the lower preeopercular limb being
naked. Coloration uniform ? :

East Indies. ,

Description.—The height of the body is nearly one-third of the
total length, the length of the head two-sevenths ; head a little longer
than high. The length of the snout equals the diameter of the eye,
which is contained thrice and two-thirds in the length of the head.
The width of the interorbital space is considerably less than that of
the orbit. The lower jaw is scarcely longer than the upper, and the
maxillary extends slightly beyond the anterior margin of the orbit.
Two nostrils remote from each other, the anterior minute. Pre-
orbital and angle of the preeoperculum slightly serrated; opercles,
throat, and isthmus entirely scaly. The dorsal fin commences above
the root of the pectoral, and terminates at a short distance from the
caudal ; its spines are of moderate strength, those in the middle being

1862.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON NEW REPTILES AND FISHES. 193

the longest, a little more than one-third of the length of. the head ;
the last spine is a little longer than the penultimate ; the soft dorsal
is somewhat elevated and not scaly. The three posterior anal spines
are nearly of equal length and strength, two-fifths of the length of
the head. Caudal rounded, scaly at the base, one-fourth of the total
length.

Scales minutely ciliated.

The jaws, vomer, palatines, and upper and lower pharyngeals are
armed with bands of small, villiform teeth, the jaws having a pair
of small canine-like teeth anteriorly. The roof and the bottom of
the cavity of the mouth have an elongate band of granular teeth,
the lower not being confluent into one plate.

The coloration appears to have been uniform.

Two specimens, 54 lines long, were transferred from the collection
of the East India Company to the British Museum.

PsEUDOCHROMIS PERSPICILLATUS. (Pl. XXVII. fig. C.)

D. =. A. =. L. lat. 45.

Reddish-olive (in spirits), with a chestnut-brown band running
from the extremity of the upper jaw through the middle of the eye
to the middle of the base of the dorsal fin; the band is very dark
and slender anteriorly, gradually becoming lighter and broader poste-
riorly.

China.

Deseription.—The height of the body equals the length of the
head, and is contained thrice and a third in the total (without caudal).
Head longer than high; cleft of the mouth oblique, with the jaws
subequal anteriorly, and with the maxillary extending to behind the
vertical from the front margin of the orbit. Snout a little longer
than the orbit, the diameter of which is one-fourth of the length of
the head. The width of the interorbital space, which is scaly, is less
than that of the orbit. The lower jaw with two, the upper with
three pairs of canine teeth. Scales on the cheek in six series.
Caudal fin subtruncated, with an upper and lower ray produced into
a filament.

Several specimens are in the collection of the British Museum ;
one of the largest is 42 lines long.

AMBLYOPUS saGiITTA. (Pl. XXVII. fig. A.)
6 1

D. 21° A. 20°

The height of the body is one-twelfth of the total length ; vertical
fins united ; caudal very long, arrow-shaped ; teeth small, in a single
series ; eyes rudimentary.

California.

Description.—Body elongate, compressed, covered with small, im-
bricate, cycloid scales, which become larger posteriorly. Head elon-
gate, subquadrangular, one-seventh of the total length (with the
caudal), and two-thirds of the distance between vent and base of the

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. XIII.

194. MR.J.¥. JOHNSON ON NEW MADEIRAN CORALS. [June 24,

ventral fin. Teeth very small, subhorizontal, in a single series.
Cleft of the mouth oblique, rather wide, the maxillary extending to
behind the eye; lower jaw prominent; eye very small. Ventral
fins confluent ; caudal arrow-shaped, nearly one-fifth of the total.
Pectoral as long as the ventral, and half as long as the head. Upper
parts grey, lateral and lower silvery ; an ovate grey spot before each
dorsal ray ; caudal grey.

Four specimens of this fish have been procured for the British
Museum. The largest of them is 93 inches long.

This is the most aberrant form of the genus Amblyopus ; although
closely allied to 4. broussonetii, it differs in its more feeble dentition
and in its larger scales. 4. broussonetii has 11/16 vertebree, A. sa-
gitta 11/20. If the genus Gobioides of Lacépéde be adopted, another
must be created for A. sagitta, and the sections may be arranged as
follows :—

Amstyopus, Gthr.

A. Teeth in a band, with an outer series of stronger ones.

* More than twenty-five soft dorsal rays: Amb/yopus, C. & V.
Fast Indies.

* Less than twenty soft dorsal rays: Gobioides, Lacép. Peru
and Guayaquil.

B. Teeth in a single series: Tyntlastes. California.

3. Descriptions oF somME New Corats rrom MApEIRa.
By James Yate Jouwnson, Cor. Mem. Z.8,

Fam. ACANTHOGORGIADA, J. E. Gray.
ACANTHOGORGIA ATLANTICA, Sp. Nn.

Since the occurrence of a specimen of Acanthogorgia grayi, of
which I laid a description before the Society last year (Proc. Z. 8.
1861, p. 296), another form of the genus has been discovered. This
was brought up from deep water at Madeira, having become entangled
in a fisherman’s line. As there are obvious distinctions from the
two other species of this genus, I shall venture to describe it as new.

It is of a dark-brown colour, and is very sparingly branched in
one plane. The base spreads out in thin branching sheets amongst
small shells and fragments of stone which adhere to it. The stem
and branches, with their closely packed cells, are cylindrical, the
former not much thicker than the latter. The branches are rounded
at their extremities. The cells are short, cylindrical, sessile, and so
crowded on all sides of the stem that they conceal it from view ;
whilst in the two other species of this genus the cells are widel
separated, and the bark is seen between them. When the polypi-
dom is dry, a brown, slender, horny axis, without spinulz, stands
distinct from the bark, as in the other species. This axis, when soft-
ened and submitted under pressure to the microscope, is seen to

1862.] MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON ON NEW MADEIRAN CORALS. 195

196 MR.J.¥Y. JOHNSON ON NEW MADEIRAN CoRALs. [June 24,

consist of fibres bearing a general similarity to those composing the
axis of Antipathes. Round the orifice of each cell project large
spicula, and smaller spicula strengthen the sides of the cells and the
bark. The spicula are intermediate in character between those of
A. hirsuta and A. grayi, being less slender than those of the first
species, and less stout than those of the second. The great spicula
round the mouth of the cell have their exposed portions spinulose or
tuberculated (not smooth as in A. hirsuta) ; their bases are branched
(as in A. grayi), and they are much less marked with the tubercules
which roughen the bases of the last-named species so remarkably.

This species is distinguishable from the other two by the greater
crowding of the cells, by the cells themselves being sessile and being
therefore less prominent, by the paucity of the ramifications, and by
the differences in the spicula already pointed out. In habit it is
very distinct.

The specimen (which is now in the British Museum) has a height
of 13 inches, and its branches have a spread of about 11 inches.
The stem, with its cells, has a diameter of 3,5; of an inch, and the
branches with their cells are only reduced to two-thirds of that dia-
meter. Near the base are the stumps of two branches which have
been broken off. Above, on one side, are two simple branches, and
on the other a single forking branch. These three branches are
placed not far apart near the middle of the main stem.

It ought to have been mentioned, with reference to the woodcuts
of A. grayi and A. hirsuta (Proc. Z. S. 1861, p. 297), that the
figures are considerably larger than the natural size.

Fam. STYLASTERIDZ.

ALLOPORA MADERENSIS, Sp. 0.

Opake white. Much and closely branching nearly in one plane,
the branches becoming gradually of less diameter, and sometimes
anastomosing. They zigzag from cell to cell; and the surface is
finely reticulato-striate, but is without any tubercles. The cells are
oblong, sessile, and always placed transversely to the branch, upon
one face of the plane. The terminating cells, with their pedicels, are
trumpet-shaped, but with oblong mouths, which are much wider than
the stalk below. The margin of each cell is elegantly notched with
from twelve to sixteen notches, with laminz between.

The dimensions of the single specimen that has occurred (now in
the British Museum) were 3} inches high and 21 inches across.
The base had been broken away, and the thickest part of the remain-
ing stem was 1th of an inch in diameter. The longer axis of the
terminal cells measured the twentieth of an inch.

The specimen was brought up by a long fishing-line on the coast
of Madeira. Two examples of that curious patelliform shell the
Pedicularia sicula were found seated on the branches. With re-
spect to this circumstance, I may mention that Mr. S. P. Woodward
has shown me a coral from the coast of Sicily, belonging to a totally
distinct genus, with Pedicularie upon it; and in the Coral Room

1862.] MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON ON NEW MADEIRAN CORALS. 197

at the British Museum there is another coral with the same shell
still adhering to it.

The present form, though at the first glance it seems to have a
general resemblance to 4. flabelliformis, is quite distinct from that
species, having the cells much larger and transversely oblong, not
round. Moreover, the zigzag character of the branches is much
more marked. It may, however, be worth inquiry whether it may
not be the 4. infundibulifera of Lamarck.

A. maderensis appears to show that the genera Stylaster and d/.

lopora ought to be united ; for though there are no “ petites pointes ”
or “tubercules vésiculaires” upon this coral (M. Milne-Edwards
giving this as one of the characters of Stylaster), yet the gemma-
tion is alternate. and distichal—the same writer saying of d/lopora
that its gemmation is “ tout-d-fait irrégulitre.”

DESCRIPTION OF THE WOODCUTS, pp. 195 and 197.

Acanthogorgia atlantica.

Fig. 1. Outline of the entire specimen, on a reduced scale.
Fig. 2. Portion of a branch, enlarged.

Fig. 3. A cell more highly enlarged.

Fig. 4. A spiculum from the edge of a cell.

Fig. 5. A spiculum from the side of a cell.

Acanthogorgia gray?.
Fig. 6. Outline of a portion of the coral, on a reduced scale.
Fig. 7. A branch, enlarged, for comparison with fig. 2.
Figs. 8, 9. Spicula from the edge and side of a cell.
Acanthogorgia hirsuta.
Figs. 10,11. Spicula from the edge and side of a cell.

Allopora maderensis.

Fig. 1. A branch, with its ramuli, of the natural size.
Fig. 2. A ramulus magnified.
Fig. 3. A cell more highly magnified.

198 MR. HOLDSWORTH ON NEW SPECIES OF FLABELLUM. [June 24,

4, DescripTion or Two New Species or CoRALS BELONGING
To THE GENUS FLABELLUM. By E. W. H. Hoxipsworta,
.F.L.S., etc.

(Plate XXVIII.)

1. FuaseLLuUM CAMPANULATUM. (Pl. XXVIII. figs. 1-3.)

Compressed, campanulate; borders straight or slightly convex ;
without spines. Base usually terminating in a small pedicel, some-
times irregularly compressed. Superior margin slightly arched.
Cell deep and narrow. Border of lamelle entire, sloping inwards
from the apex for about one-third of their length, thence continuing
straight to the bottom of the cell. Columella indistinct. Five prin-
cipal lamellee in half an inch. Height 14 lines; breadth 16 lines ;
proportion of axes 7 : 16.

Specimens in the British Museum are rather longer in proportion
than those in my possession ; but the variation is not very great.

Hab. Philippines.

This coral is very neat and symmetrical, and can hardly be con-
founded with any other species.

2. FLABELLUM NOBILE. (PI. XXVIII. figs. 4, 5.)

Much compressed throughout, elongated. Borders rather con-
cave, with four or five root-like appendages more or less distant from
the base, but closely united throughout their length to the lower
half of the coral. These appendages spring from and are continuous
with the transverse epithecal ridges which mark the successive |
periods of increase in the coral, and, although now intimately united
to the main stem, are evidently of extraneous growth, corresponding
in origin and nature with the ordinary form of spines, but taking a
downward direction to increase the basal area. Upper margin of
the coral slightly arched. Cell very deep and narrow. Margin of
lamelle entire, and gradually curving from apex to base, at which
point opposite series of the larger plates almost unite. No colu-
mella perceptible. Four principal lamellz in half an inch.

The two specimens which have furnished the above description
are of different ages. The smaller and more perfect example is at-
tached to the upper margin of the flat side of the larger one, and has
grown in nearly the same vertical direction. It measures 2 inches
6 lines in height, and 1 inch 10 lines in greatest breadth. The older
example is 2 inches 6 lines in the long diameter, and 1 inch 3 lines
in the short. The base of this specimen is imperfect ; so that the
original length of the coral cannot be certainly ascertained.

This species is intermediate between the genera Flabellum and
Rhizotrochus, having the usual compressed shape of the former, with
a partial development of the radiciform appendages of the latter re-
markable genus. The peculiar situation of the smaller specimen is
perhaps worthy of notice, as being one in which the supplemental
props are especially useful in aiding the attenuated base to support
the long and heavy coral. A similar tendency to parasitic growth,

<) sell TTT

ae

ae My .
Renner FEE
~

1862.] MR. HOLDSWORTH ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF CORALS. 199

or rather adhesion to another individual of its own species, may be
observed in Milne-Edwards’s figure of the type-specimen of Rhizo-
trochus*, The species now under consideration should, I think, be
placed in the genus Flabellum, although differing in some of its cha-
racters from most of the typical forms ; and as it is the largest mem-
ber of the genus, I propose to call it nodile.

The precise habitat of this coral is unknown. It was brought to
this country by the late Sir Everard Home ; and as that gentleman’s
collections were principally made in the neighbourhood of Australia
and New Zealand, these corals were probably obtained from the same
part of the world.

The specimens are now in the Museum of the Royal College of
Surgeons of England.

5. On THE OccURRENCE oF CARYOPHYLLIA CLAVUS ON THE
Coasts or BRITAIN, WITH SOME REMARKS ON THE C1RCUM-
STANCES AFFECTING THE DisTRIBUTION OF CORALS AROUND
THE Britisy Istanps. By E. W. H. Hotpsworrs, F.L.S.,
F.Z.S., ETC.

By the kindness of the Rev. Thomas Hincks of Leeds, I have re-
cently been enabled to examine some specimens of coral which had
been forwarded to him from Shetland, and from Loch Fyne on the east
coast of Scotland. They prove to be new to Britain, and are iden-
tical with the Caryophyllia clavus of the Mediterranean, first described
as a fossil by Scacchi in 1833, and figured and described from recent
specimens under the name of Cyathina turbinata by Philippi in his
‘Catalogue of Sicilian Mollusca,’ published in 1836. Several ex-
amples of this coral have been obtained from deep water in the above-
mentioned localities ; and an examination of characteristic specimens
of different ages has enabled me also to identify with this species two
small and much-worn corals which, in June 1857, were dredged
from a depth of 60 fathoms, about forty miles west of Scilly, by
Mr. 8. P. Woodward of the British Museum, and kindly placed in
my hands a short time ago by that gentleman.

This species of Caryophyllia may be readily distinguished from its
near ally, our common C. smithii, by its conical form and finely
pointed base, as well as by the thinness of its walls and lamelle.
The general character of the polype, as described by Philippit, agrees
with that of C. smithii; the integuments, however, are said to be
excessively delicate and transparent, so that the borders of the
lamelle can be seen through them. The body is of an orange-colour,
and the capitate tentacles whitish with metallic-green reflections.
The coral is frequently attached to a tube of Ditrupa, or the shell of
some deep-water univalve, or, in some cases, is entirely free. In

* Milne-Edwards et J. {laime, Ann. des Sc. Nat. 3° sér. t. ix. p. 282, pl. 8. f. 16,
1848.
+ Philippi, Arch. fur Naturgesch. t. i. p. 42, 1842.

200 MR. HOLDSWORTH ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF CORALS.| June 24,

the British Museum are several specimens of this coral which were
brought from Sicily. These are all attached to a species of Turri-
tella. The occurrence of this second species of Caryophyllia in
three distinct localities on our coasts entitles it to a place among our
British corals; and further investigation will probably show it to be
generally distributed in the deep water along our western shores.

It may not be uninteresting to inquire here into the distribution
of corals around the British Islands, and to trace, as far as possible,
the cause of their frequenting only particular lines of coast.

The existence of the coral-polype in our seas is mainly dependent
on the warmth and purity of the water. A tolerably high tempera-
ture is undoubtedly one of the most necessary conditions for the well-
being of the delicate polypes whose calcareous lamellated skeletons
constitute the true stony corals. Only within the tropics do we meet
with those vast reefs and extensive accumulations of coral-growth
which form so characteristic a feature of the seas in those warm lati-
tudes. The surface-water there becomes heated by the direct influ-
ence of the sun, and, in those regions, few coral-polypes carry on
their ceaseless work at a greater depth than 30 fathoms, thence
building upward to the lowest tide-mark. As we come towards more
temperate regions, the species diminish both in size and number ;
simple forms become proportionately more numerous, and their ba-
thymetrical range is greatly increased.

The waters of north-western Europe might be expected generally
to be too much within the influence of Polar temperature to be fitted
for coral-life, even in its simplest form ; yet in our own seas, and
extending far into the Arctic Ocean, are found some few species
vying with the productions of the Tropics in brilliancy of colouring
and delicacy of structure. Here, however, we have a peculiar and
extraneous source of warmth in the Gulf Stream, whose waters, now
becoming widely diffused, but still retaining some portion of their
original excessive temperature and motion, exercise a sensible influ-
ence on the coast-productions of the western side of the British
islands. The course of the current in the neighbourhood of our
shores is marked sparingly, but distinctly, by the presence of eight or
ten species of living coral.

The long list of habitats recorded by Mr. Gosse in his valuable
‘ Actinologia Britannica’ has been of great use to me in tracing the
range of our native species; and although many parts of the coast
have been but little worked, enough has been done to furnish a
tolerably clear outline of the distribution of the coralligenous polypes.
From the writings of Maury and others, it appears that the Gulf
Stream is divided by the British Islands; one portion going south-
ward to the Bay of Biscay, the other and main body of the current
sweeping away to the north by the Orkneys and Shetland. The
entrance of the English Channel and the Irish Sea would thus be
under the most direct influence of the warm current ; and it is in these
waters we find corals most abundant. Devonshire and Cornwall are
extremely rich in these productions ; and, including Weymouth Bay
(the only recognized locality for Hoplangia durotrix), the south-

1862.] MR. HOLDSWORTH ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF CORALS. 201

western promontory of England can boast of five out of the eight
undoubted British species. They consist of two Caryophyllia, one
Sphenotrochus, Balanophyllia, and Hoplangia. Of these species,
Guernsey produces two. Caryophyllia smithii, the commonest species
in the West of England, where it is found close to low-tide mark,
ranges along the eastern and northern coasts of Ireland and the
West of Scotland as far as Shetland, gradually increasing its depth
of water as it proceeds north. It has also been met with on the
western coast of Ireland; but very little has been done as yet in
exploring the Atlantic sea-board of that island. Among the Hebrides
and Orkneys, the fine branching coral Oculina prolifera has on rare
occasions been met with, but only in deep water. Two species of Ca-
ryophyllia and the large scarlet Ulocyathus arcticus have been ob-
tained in 80 or 90 fathoms near Shetland ; the last-mentioned coral
has also been taken by Sars at a depth of nearly 200 fathoms near the
North Cape. Three other little corals have been dredged in the
Moray Frith, and placed by Mr. Gosse in the genus Paracyathus of
Milne-Edwards. The specimens, however, are so young and imper-
fect that it is difficult to determine their specific characters.

If we now turn to the eastern side of Great Britain, and inquire
whence come the waters of the German Ocean, we find them to be
mainly of Polar origin, brought from the far north by the great
surface-current which washes all the Norwegian and our own eastern
coasts. To this must be added the comparatively fresh water which
pours through the Sound, loaded with all the drainage of the Baltic.
How does this cold and impure water affect the production of corals?
Its influence is not less marked than that of the warmer western
current. Through the entire length of the North Sea, from the
north-eastern point of Scotland to near the Isle of Wight, I have
been unable to ascertain that a single specimen of coral has ever
been taken. That line of coast is also very deficient in Actinie ;
and of the few that are found there, most are of the commonest spe-
cies. This cold water from the north, however, also skirts the western
coast of Scotland and Ireland ; but it is only as a narrow superficial
current ; and when corals are found in its neighbourhood, they are
only in the deep water of the great Atlantic stream, which, still re-
taining some of its excess of saline matter, sinks deeper and deeper
as it meets the fresher and lighter, although colder, water from the
north. Thus, as has been observed, all the northern corals are found
in deep water, even the same species which on the Devonshire coast
is abundant at low-water mark. The late Edward Forbes, in his
‘ Natural History of the European Seas,’ remarks that the charac-
teristic fauna of the “ Arctic province” is only to be observed in the
littoral regions, and the animals from deep water are all of them
southern forms.

What has been pointed out as to the causes of the particular dis-
tribution of the British corals, namely, the effect of warm and cold
currents, equally applies to the formation of coral-reefs within the
Tropics. A comparison of Maury’s Chart of the “ Sea-drift”’ with
Darwin’s Map of the Distribution of Coral-reefs would lead one

202 DR. H. DOHRN ON NEW SHELLS. [June 24,

to suppose they had been prepared by the same hand. I will men-
tion two remarkable cases as illustrations. A well-known barrier-
reef extends some hundreds of miles along the north-east coast of
Australia; its southern limit is near Moreton Bay ; and a reference to
Maury’s Chart shows this to be the precise point at which a cold cur-
rent from the South Pole meets the warm equatorial current from the
east. Again, it appears somewhat remarkable that along the whole
western coast of North and South America no vestige of coral has
been found. Mr. H. Cuming informs me that he has dredged iu
vain for specimens of these characteristic tropical productions in the
Bay of Panama and at the Galapagos; but the chart shows that
cold currents from the north and south sweep the whole western
coasts of America, meeting at the Equator, and then turning away
into the Pacific, where, under a vertical sun, the water soon becomes
warm enough for the growth of the various coral-reefs scattered
about in that ocean. Fresh water and sediment of any kind being
present act as fatal barriers to the growth of coral; and to these
causes may generally be traced gaps in reefs, and waste places of
limited extent in those seas which especially abound in corals. Dana
has recognized the effect of warm and cold currents in the general
distribution of corals throughout the warmer seas; and the fact of
the same influences being at work, and easily recognized, in the
waters surrounding the British Islands appears sufficiently interest-
ing to justify me in bringing the subject before this Society.

6. Norr ON THE SIZE OF A SEAL AT THE TIME OF BIRTH.
By Dr. J. E. Gray.

We have received from the Zoological Gardens the body of a
Ringed Seal (Callocephalus fetidus), that had died soon after its
birth. It was entirely covered with closely set, well-developed fur
of a silver-grey colour, being rather browner on the upper surface.
It is 2 feet 8 inches long, from the tip of the nose to the end of tail ;
the fore paws are 6, and the hinder 8 inches long, and the latter are
7 inches wide when expanded. The webs of the feet are covered
with hair, and the claws are well developed and black. The whiskers
are white, well developed, and slightly waved.

7. Descriptions oF New SuHetts. By Dr. H. Dourn.

1. CATAULUS BLANFORDI.

Testa subperforata, ovato-fusiformis, solida, confertim striata,
parum nitens, rufa; spira convexo-turrita, apice obtusiusculo ;
anfr. 9, convexiusculi, ultimus atéenuatus, antice subascendens ;
carina umbilicalis compressa, valida, antice viv dilatata; pe-
riomphalum angustum, costulato-striatum ; apertura subcireu-
laris ; peristomium aurantiaco-fuscum, incrassatum, valde ex-
pansum, reflecum, ad anfractum penullimum angustatum, mar-

1862. ] DR. H. DOHRN ON NEW SHELLS. 203

gine dextro protracto, basali recedente, canali angusto perfo-
rato. Operculum tenue, corneum.
Long. 20-214, diam. 6-7; ap. intus diam. 32, cum perist. long.
63-7 mill.
Hab. Ad Bollegalle in vicinitate Kandy, insulze Ceylon, ubi collegit
A. H. F. Blanford.
I have much pleasure in dedicating this species to my excellent
friend Mr. Henry Blanford, who is so well known for his remarkable
contributions to our knowledge of Indian conchology.

2. MITRA CITHAROIDEA.

Testa ovato-oblonga, solidula, confertim spiraliter costulata,
costulis incrementi strits interdum interruptis, alba; spira co-
nica, apice acutiusculo ; sutura subcanaliculata; anfr. 6, con-
vexiusculi, lente accrescentes, ultimus 3 longitudinis equans,
basi attenuatus; apertura angusta, labro simplici ; columella
4-plicata, non recurva.

Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming.).

Nulla mihi nota est species descripta, que forma huic accedat.

Adsunt in anfr. ultimo 35—40, in ceteris 8-10 coste satis regulariter
distantes.

3. Mirra LOWEI.

Testa ovato-turrita, solidula, levis, nitida, aurantiaco-fulva, in-
terdum maculis albis conspersa; spira conica, apice acuto ;
sutura simplex; anfr. 6-7, modice convex, lente accrescentes,
ultimus 3 longitudinis equans, paullo ventrosior, basi attenua-
tus; apertura rhombeo-ovata, labro simplici; columella 3-
plicata, vix recurva.

Long. 83, diam. 3 ; ap. long. 4, lat. 23 mill.

Had. Ad insulas Canarias (Mus. Hanley.).

Differt a Mitra savignyi anfractibus levibus, convexis, lentius

accrescentibus, statura graciliore, colore etc.

4. MuREX MACGILLIVRAYI.

Testa clavata, solida, trifariam varicosa, confertim spiraliter
lirata, alba, liris flavescentibus ; spira globoso-turbinata, apice
acuto, luteo ; sutura impressa ; anfr. 7-8, inflati, supra medium
angulati, inter varices biplicati vel tuberculati; varices validi,
compressi, in anfractibus superis spina unica curvata ascendente
ornati, in anfractu ultimo 4-spinosi, spina supera ascendente,
valida, mediis mediocribus, infima columellari recta transversa;
apertura subcircularis, peristomii margine superiore breviter
adnato, late calloso, columellari late patente, mutico, dextro
lobato, inter spinas 2%" 3°"que protracto ; cauda longa, recta.

Long. 60, medio lat. 20, ap. diam. 11-12, cauda 30 mill. longa.

Hab. Ad Lizard Islands Australize(Macgillivray in Mus. Cuming.).

Proxime accedit ad M. occam; differt spira depressa, anfractibus

convexioribus, varicum forma, spinarum situ et numero ete.

204 MR. S. HANLEY ON NEW SOLARIA. [June 24,

8. DescripTion or New SOLARIA, CHIEFLY IN THE COLLECTION
or H. Cumine, Ese. By Syitvanus Hanuey.

S. cumineu, Hanl. Testa subdepresso-conica, albida seu pallide
Sulva, infra suleum spiralem zona lata submaculosa picta : di-
midium inferius anfractuum majorum seriebus 3 macularum
linearium brunnearum ornatum. Anfractus sulcis (nisi labrum
versus) subconfertis radiati, et sulco unico spirali infra cingulum
album (margine superiore brunneo submaculoso (?) passim orna-
tum) superne instructi; pars inferior aree medie costellis
tenuibus obsolete cincta: cingulum marginale (seu inferius)
nullum. Carina parva, angusta, brunneoque maculata. Basis
albe area media tantum umbilicum versus modicum et crenis
rufis permultis munitum punctis picta : cingulum infraperiphe-
rale procul a carina, angustum, tantum obscure maculatum.

Lat. 14 poll. :

Hab. 2

Mus. Cuming.

The suture is rather fine, yet deep. *

S. puNKERI, Hanl. Testa conica, haud multum depressa, sepe
Trochiformis.: Discus superior sicut in 8S. perdice, sed magis
fulvus, et nonnunquam maculis linearibus parvis distantibus
subbrunneis, in seriebus spiralibus paucis, subobsolete ornatus ;
cingula etiam, latiora multoque confertius crenata, maculis
brunneis interruptis interdum cincta ; sulci radiantes conspicur.
Crene umbilici magne, plerumque brunnee.

Lat. 14 poll.

Hab. Insulas Indie orientalis.

Mus. Cuming, Hanley.

The keel is peculiarly broad below. The exterior spiral sulci of

the lower disk are almost cancellated in immature examples.

S. reEveE!, Hanl. Testa fulvo-carnea vel livido-carnea, in utro-
- que anfractu maculis parvis saturate fulvis in seriebus 5—6 or-
dinatis cincta, striis, denique obsoletis, contiguis tenuibus trans-
versim obliquis radiata ; sutura haud canaliculata. Anfractus
haud celeriter expansi, cingulo supra suturali (interdum duo-
bus), quod sepius est albidum et fulvo brunneo remote articula-
tum, infra suleum spiralem latum minime profundum ornati,
alibi inconspicue (sulco infra zonam primam excepto) spiraliter
sculpti. Basis et peripheria fere ut in 8. levigato, sed cingu-
lum procumbilicale (cum crenis parvis permultisque umbilici
coarctati) confertim maculosum.
Lat. ——-.
Hab. 2
Mus. Reeve.
The upper disk of this shell, whose apex is of a dark liver-colour,
reminds one a little of Trochus ziziphinus : upon the lower disk there
is an obsolete spiral sulcus beyond that which bounds the proxum-

1862. | MR. S. HANLEY ON NEW SOLARIA. 205

bilical belt. The only specimen known to me is an elevated abnormal
form; and I think both the conoidal shape and the lower supra-
sutural belt result from the coiling of the seven whorls upon the
carinal belt instead of, as usual, upon the groove above it. The
central rows of spots are somewhat linear. S. levigatum and S.
purpuratum are its nearest congeners.

S. recium, Hanl. Testa depresso-conica: sutura subcanalicu-
lata. Anfractus in cingula 4 planulata subequalia, in spira
in rhombos satis latos sulcis radiantibus diffracta, sulcis 3 spi-
ralibus divisi. Cingulum superius albidum, maculis (nisi apicem
versus brunneis) magnis ad cingulum secundum defluis subcon-
Sertim pictum ; peripheria maculis similibus ad zonam provi-
mam ascendentibus ornata; ita ut in anfractu ultimo pars
tantum aree medie macularum est expers. Filum tenue infra
quartum cingulum inter peripheria cingula 2 subequalia per-
magnum fit. Carinam albidam remote maculatam filum et
deinde cingulum validum et simile sequitur. Basis area media
vel mere pallida, vel marginem versus interiorem punctis linea-
ribus remotis aspersa. Cingula 2 alba, utrumque sulco lato
circumseriptum, umbilicum (cujus crene sunt late) satis am-
plum circumdant.

Lat. 14 poll.

Hab. .

Mus. Cuming.

Allied to S. maximum and S. quadriceps; but in the former the
third zone is much wider than the second, and in the latter the
threads, teeth, &c. differ greatly. The earlier turns are whitish
near the suture, elsewhere livid rufous. The unique example is
scarcely mature, but exhibits nearly seven volutions.

S. raytori. Testa depresso-conica, solida, fulva: sutura late
canaliculata. Anfractus in cingula 4 fusco-rufescente articu-
latim picta (tertio, quod 2 precedentia fere equat, excepto) et
suleis radiantibus (nisi in anfractu ultimo rudibus subremotis)
in rhombos multo latiores quam altos diffracta, sulcis latius-
ceulis (tertio presertim) eximie divisi. Peripherie cingula ge-
mina subequalia similiterque picta ; intervallum haud inseulp-
tum, eque latum, sulci precedentis latitudinem vix superans.
Aree basalis pars media maculis brunneis perparvis tantum
marginem juxta interiorem ornata, alibi magis minusve laevis.
Sulcus carine obtuse proximus, latiusculus, haud filosus. Cin-
gulum inter sulcos latos umbilico vicinos conspicue angustum.
Crene umbilict subangusti satis magne, carneo-rufescentes.

Lat. 1,3; poll.
ab ?

Mus. Hanley.

In the only example known to me, the articulation is not developed
upon the earlier turns ; the first belt, however, is paler than the rest.
It is allied to S. maximum and S. quadriceps, from both of which the

206 MR. A. NEWTON ON THE BREEDING [June 24,

articulation of the second zone, and its coarser sculpture, sufficiently
distinguish it.

I have named this species after T. Lombe Taylor, Esq., whose
fortunate purchase of the types of the Solaria described by the late
Mr. Hinds, from Sir E. Belcher’s collection, has materially assisted
me in my monograph of this genus.

S. soverBit, Hanl. Testa subdiscoidea, fulva et albido-fulvo un-
datim nebulosa seu variegata: sutura anguste canaliculata.
Anfractus (pauci ?) filis elevatis obliquis transversim clathrati,
in cingula 4 crenogranosa, quorum 3 superiora, cum sulcis suis,
equalia sunt, et ultimum, cum sulco precedente, aliquantum
est latius, divisi: infra secundum oritur denique cingulum
alium. Peripheria declivis, haud biangulata, sed cingulis non-
nullis similibus, minus autem vicinis, sulcisque clathratis in-
structa, ita ut cingula circiter 13-14 ultimum anfractum ornant.
Basis plane vel retuse cingula 4 intima (seu ultima) multo re-
motius clathrata, sulcis latioribus sejuncta ; crene permulte
cinguli ultimi (omnium latissimi) ultra parietem humilem um-
bilict modict conspicue eminentes.

Hab. Littora Tunetana.

Mus. Brit.

The sculpture is peculiar. Four whorls alone are developed in

the described examples.

9. On THE BreeDING or THE NuTcRACKER (NUCIFRAGA CARY-
ocaTacTes). By Atrrep Newron, M.A., F.LS., F.Z.S.

About six months ago (P. Z. S. 1861, pp. 396-7), I expressed a
hope of being able before long to give the Society some more certain
information with respect to the breeding of the Nutcracker (Nuc7-
fraga caryocatactes). In that I hope I have not been altogether
disappointed.

The nest and young bird now exhibited (the latter still showing
traces of its original downy clothing) have been received by me
within the last few days from my excellent friend Herr Pastor P. W.
Theobald of Copenhagen, to whom I think the Society will join with
me in hearty congratulations on his success in obtaining these deci-
sive facts in regard to the nidification of this mysterious bird, and
whose zeal in the quest of zoological discovery fully deserves, in my
opinion, all the praise that can be accorded to it.

Believing, however, that the Pastor will himself publish fuller
details of this interesting capture, I will only briefly recount the in-
formation with which he has supplied me.

It appears that previously to the summer of 1860, a forester in
the island of Bornholm had satisfied himself that the Nutcracker
was in the habit of breeding there annually. He had seen it every
month in the year, from May to November inclusive ; and this intel-
ligence being communicated to Herr Theobald, that gentleman made

1862. | OF THE NUTCRACKER. 207

an expedition to the island, but without finding the special object of
his search—a nest of the bird. This present spring, however, the
Pastor, accompanied by two of his friends, HH. Erichsen and Fischer,
both keen oologists, visited Bornholm a second time; and one of
their achievements 1 have now the pleasure of making known to
you. Writing from that island, on the 30th of May last, Herr
Theobald says :—

** Returning to the result of our ornithological expedition, I can
tell you that, after many days’ inquiries, we succeeded in finding two
nests of Caryocatactes, the young birds flying near them. As we
presumed, we came too late for getting the eggs; but I think we
have advanced a good deal, and after this discovery we dare be almost
sure of receiving them next year. Our gentle and clever host, the
forester Rosen, who now knows the time and manner of nidification
of this bird, may be considered a guarantee for our hopes.

“We have thought it might be of interest to you to possess an
undoubtedly genuine nest of Caryocatactes, and also a young bird
in the first plumage; we therefore send you one nest and one skin.
Both the nests are of the same size and construction. They were in
fir-trees (Pinus rubra), not very private, but rather easy to find.
It is likely that the young birds had left the nest perhaps eight days.
None of them moved, except with difficulty, among the branches ; and
one of them fell on the ground. The old birds cried, but only some-
times, with an anxious voice that was not unlike a Magpie’s, and
then all was silent again. In the neighbourhood of the nest, where
the birds had been previously observed, we found on the rocky
ground a good number of freshly cracked hazel-nuts ; and as no nut-
trees grow there, the birds must fetch them from a distance of an
English mile at least. We are inclined to think that they collect
them in autumn and secure them in a private spot ; and perhaps it is
on this account also that the bird, whose economy is very hidden, is
seldom to be seen in the breeding-time.

** As I have already mentioned, the nest is not of the most diffi-
cult class to find. It is not built on the top [of the tree], but close
to the stem, about 25 or 30 feet high. The bird is an early breeder,
but can scarcely have eggs before the beginning of April.

«Now you have the nest wherein the young birds were lately
hatched, and a young bird in its first plumage. Next year we hope
to send you very well authenticated eggs.”

I have only to conclude by mentioning that the nest, as will be
seen on examination, is of large size, some five or six inches in thick-
ness, with an outside diameter of about a foot, and a shallow depres-
sion of six inches across; but the cup was probably a good deal
deeper before its brim was subjected to the weight of the young birds.
It is composed outwardly of sticks and twigs, among which I recog-
nize those of the larch, spruce, and birch. These latter show the
period at which it must have been built, as the buds, though enlarged,
had not burst. It has a thick lining of grass, which appears to have
been plucked while growing. The very small bits of moss and lichen
do not seem to have been intentionally added, but to have adhered

208 DR. £E. CRISP ON THE ANATOMY OF TROCHILUS. [June 24,

to the other materials. The down with which the nestling has been
covered, and of which traces may be observed on a few of the back-
feathers, is of a dark-brownish grey, as is usual among the Corvide.
The first plumage much resembles that of the adult, being, however,
duller in colour and with the white tear-like spots less conspicuous ;
but the quill-feathers of the wings and tail are not so entirely desti-
tute of metallic reflexions as some authors lead one to imagine.

Whether the Nutcracker builds the whole structure for itself, or
only furnishes the forsaken nest of some other animal, I do not know.
This and other particulars we shall probably soon learn from Pastor
Theobald himself; and I need scarcely say I look forward with the
greatest interest to the clearing up of our doubts as to what its eggs
are really like.

10. Nore on NANNOPERCA AUSTRALIS. By Dr. A. GUNTHER.

This fish has been described in the preceding volume of the ‘ Pro-
ceedings’ of this Society, p. 116, where the absence of the lateral
line has been mentioned as one of the generic characters. By some
misunderstanding, the artist has added a strongly marked lateral
line (1861, Pl. XIX. fig. 2), an error which has been discovered too
late for correction. Therefore I take an early opportunity of con-
firming the statement made in the text.

11. ON SOME POINTS RELATING TO THE ANATOMY OF THE
Humm™ine-sirp (TrRocHILus coLtusrRis). By Epwarps
Crisp, M.D., F.Z.S., erc.

The recent dissection of the above-named bird has induced me to
place an account of some parts of its anatomy before the Society,
believing that the communication will not be devoid of interest.

I am indebted to Mr. Gould for the Humming-bird, which he
captured in America, and brought alive to this country ; but it lived
only a few days after its arrival.

It had been preserved in spirits for some time before I examined
it, and therefore the weight may not have been exactly the same
when first captured, but I believe that the difference would be very
slight. I have, in the accompanying drawing, depicted the bird with
and without its skin. I have also represented the skeleton and all
the viscera by measurement.

The bird (a female) weighed 61 grains; its length from beak to
tail 4 inches, the bill being three-fourths of an inch, the tail | inch;
from the extremity of each wing, when extended, 4} inches. Tail-
feathers ten; wing-feathers in all sixteen, the first the longest.

On removing the skin, the bird, as represented in the drawing,
had a very plump, solid appearance, the pectoral muscles being of
very large size: they weighed 12 grains, being nearly one-fifth the
weight of the bird. The extremities of the os hyoides, as in the

1862.] DR. E. CRISP ON THE ANATOMY OF TROCHILUS. 209

Woodpeckers, reached the anterior part of the head. The thoracic
and abdominal viscera, when viewed in situ, presented nothing ab-
normal either in form or position. I failed to discover a gall-bladder.
The brain weighed 3 grains, forming a large proportional amount to
the body (,1;); the alimentary canal measured 3} inches.

The crop membranous and capacious; the gizzard moderately
thick, with a soft cuticular lining. A small elevated spot was ob-
served (under the microscope) on the surface of the rectum, which
probably was the rudimentary appendix.

The trachea consisted of about sixty rings, and the left bronchus
of forty—the latter being nearly the length of the trachea. The
ovary very small. The os hyoides long and very muscular, extend-
ing, as before stated, to the space between the orbits. The tongue
from the base of the os hyoides fourteen lines in length, the bifid
portion being eight lines. This latter part appeared to be composed
of two elastic cylinders having a membranous web on their inner
sides; these webs towards their extremities, as seen in the drawing,
present a shreddy, torn appearance, the torn portions being of a
triangular shape, their bases towards the cylinders. These cylinders
were not hollow, but composed of a solid cartilaginous material.
The eyes measured two lines in diameter, and weighed about one
grain.

Skeleton.—The enormous depth of the sternum in this little bird
at once excites attention. The sternum is of a triangular shape, its
anterior and deepest portion measuring four lines, its length 63 lines:
the cervical vertebree twelve, the coccygeal five, ribs seven ; flat, broad,
and thin. The depth of the sternum and the great proportional size
of the pectoral muscles probably exceed those of any other bird,
judging from the sterna of several hundred species of birds that I
have inspected. The humerus very short, one line; carpus two lines ;
metacarpus two lines ; phalanges 3 lines ; femur two lines ; tibia four
lines ; tarsus 13 line; longest toe three lines; the claws curved and
sharp. The bones of this bird did not contain air.

Remarks.—I have been somewhat minute in the description of
the measurements of the skeleton, because it is only by comparison
with the skeletons of other birds that any practical and useful results
can be arrived at. The shortness of the humerus is one remarkable
feature ; and in this respect there is a great resemblance to the same
bone in the Swifts(Cypseline). It is curious that this bone in our com-
mon Swift (Cypselus apus), although of very small size, contains air.
By some it will be thought singular that the very swift-flying bird
the Humming-bird should have no air in its bones; but when we
consider, as 1 have stated in my papers upon this subject in our
‘ Proceedings’ (1857, pp. 9 and 215), that the bones of two of our
swiftest-flying birds—the Swallow and Martin—contain no air, the
absence of it in the bones of this bird will appear less remarkable.
In the first paper alluded to (p. 12), I have stated that Professor
Owen, in his ‘ Lectures on Comparative Anatomy,’ vol. ii. p. 34,
temarks that the Swifts and Humming-birds are said “ ¢o have air
in every bone of the skeleton, down to the phalanges of the claws.”

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. XIV.

210 DR. E. CRISP ON THE ANATOMY [June 24,

I repeat this because several physiologists and lecturers on com-
parative anatomy still adhere to the old doctrine of the preseuce of
air in the bones of all birds; and on asking a celebrated physiolo-
gist whether he believed that the bones of birds contained air; his
reply was, ‘ Has a bird a brain?”

Professor Owen, in the Lectures on Birds that he is now deliver-
ing at the Government School of Mines, as reported in ‘ The Medical
Times and Gazette,’ May 24, 1862, p. 537, says,—‘* In the swift
Humming-birds and in other birds of flight, the air permeates the
interior of every bone of the skeleton.”’

Brisson and Lesson, as quoted by Sir W. Jardine, state that ‘“ the
tongue of the Humming-bird is composed of two muscular tubes,
joined together for the greater part of their length, towards the tip
broadened or swelling, and, according to Lesson, terminated in a
spoon-like point on the upper surface. They assist in retaining the
different substances, which are immediately conveyed to the opening
of the cesophagus by the contractility of the tubes.’ Sir W. Jardine
says ‘‘ that he has confirmed this statement, as far as the examina-
tion of the moistened parts would allow.” He adds, ‘‘ Our own exa-
mination of the tongue of the Tvrochilus moschatus, relaxed with
warm water, gave the appearance of a fimbriated opening at the tip,
having the exterior margin of each fork set with recurved, sharp-
pointed, pliable spines, as if to assist its viscidity in securing any
substance seized by them.”

It is possible that in the different species of Trochilide the
tongue, like the beak and tail-feathers, may differ somewhat; but I
believe it will be found that the cylinders are not hollow, and that
the recurved spines spoken of by Sir W. Jardine are shreds of the
membranous part of the tongue detached by maceration. The some-
what feather-like tongue of these birds is probably used chiefly for
dipping into the nectar, and for detaching the small insects upon the
flowers, the rapid motion of the organ enabling the bird to obtain a
large supply of nourishment in a short time.

The examination of recent specimens will be necessary to decide
the question as to the tubular character of the tongue; but there is
one thing tolerably certain, viz. that the food of these birds is chiefly
insects, and does not consist of the nectar of flowers only, as was
formerly supposed.

12. On THe Capacity or THE (ESOPHAGUS AND OTHER ParTS
OF THE INTESTINAL CANAL OF PYTHON RETICULATUS. By
Epwarps Crisp, M.D., F.Z.S., ere.

The recent death of a specimen of Python reticulatus in the So-
ciety’s Gardens enables me to speak of some parts of its structure,
especially in relation to the question as to the habit of the Viper
(Vipera berus) of swallowing its young.

This, as is well known, is denied by many: the late Professor
Henslow believed that it was ‘‘ physically impossible ;’’ and a recent

1862. ] OF PYTHON RETICULATUS. 211

writer on the subject, Dr. Bree of Colchester, the author of the
‘Birds of Europe,’ thinks “ that the young Vipers would be killed
by the gastric juice of the stomach.”

In 1855 I read a communication to this Society (P. Z. 8. 1855,
p- 191) on the large size of the cesophagus of the Viper, as compared
with that of the stomach ; and I showed the alimentary tube of this
reptile distended with air, and stated at that time that I had positive
evidence that the Viper did swallow its young. The information
I have received since that period enables me now to speak even with
greater certainty upon this matter.

The physical obstacle spoken of I have been unable to discover ;
and the death and dissolution of the young by the gastric juice is an
impossibility, because they do not enter the stomach. This will be
shown by an account of the length and capacity of the alimentary
tube of the Ophidian in question, the Python reticulatus,—the in-
testinal canal of the Viper, I may remark, being of about the same
proportionate size.

This reptile, the exact cause of the death of which I was un-
able to determine, measured 15 feet in length; and I may add that
I had an opportunity of examining, about the same time, a Python
(P. molurus) that died on board a ship in the docks. The lat-
ter was nearly as long as the Python reticulatus. I could discover
no important difference in their visceral anatomy: they were both
females.

I will only allude briefly to a few points in the anatomy of the
Python reticulatus. The ovaries were 6 feet 2 inches in length, and
they each contained twenty-five ova, varying from the size of a pea
to that of a nut. The trachea measured 2 feet 10 inches in length :
the rings amounted to 437; they were nearly approximated at the
upper part, but widely separated in the centre and lower portion.

The gall-bladder contained 24 ounces of bile; two cystic ducts
proceeded from it, and these were united by cross ducts so as to form
a network of ducts between the gall-bladder and the intestine. I
know not whether this has been before described.

The cesophagus measured 6 feet in length, and contained 473 ounces
of water; the stomach was 18 inches long, and held 74 ounces of
water. The small intestines were 9 feet 6 inches in length, and con-
tained 204 ounces of water. The large intestines measured 2 feet
11 inches, and contained 142 ounces. Total length 20 feet 4 inches ;
capacity of the whole alimentary tube 744 ounces.

I have measured the capacity of the alimentary tube of many of
the serpents, and the length and size of the cesophagus are great in
all; so that in the poisonous Ophidians which swallow their young
there would be no possibility of the latter coming in contact with
the gastric juice, as they could readily be received into the upper part
of the cesophagus,

212 DR. E. CRISP ON THE WART-HOG. [June 24,

13. On tHe ProsasLie Cause oF DratH or A Wart-HoG
(Puacocua@rus zTHIoPICcus). By Epwarps Crisp, M.D.,
F.Z.S., ETC.

A male Wart-Hog, which had been twelve years in the Gardens,
appeared to be in tolerable health on Sunday, June 22nd, 1862,
but it was found dead on the following morning ; its death therefore
must have been sudden. It was in excellent condition, and weighed-
about two hundredweight. The stomach was greatly distended with
food, so that it had eaten a hearty meal a short time before its death.
The blood was fluid, and all the thoracic and abdominal viscera were ©
tolerably healthy. Upon the fundus of the bladder was a tumor the
size of a large orange, the remains of an Hehinococcus in a state of
chalky degeneration. The parietes of the cyst were covered with
chalky layers, and a white thick creamy cretaceous fluid occupied
the interior of the cyst.

It is curious that in the sow of this species which I examined, in
lian’s Wart-Hog (P. eliani), and in the Red River-Hog (Potamo-
cherus penicillatus), these Echinococci (so called) were alike pre-
sent; and I may add that in these and other Pigs in which I have
found these parasites (and the same may be said of the Deer and
Antelopes) I have never discovered tape-worms or any kind of en-
tozoa in the intestines.

On examining the teeth of this animal, I found a large cavity in
the place of the molar tooth of the lower jaw on the right side, into
which the upper molar (much elongated from want of pressure)
passed; this cavity was lined with false membrane, except in two
places, where the bone was denuded and of a dark colour. The en-
larged tooth pressed upon this part ; and it is not unlikely that this
irritation, combined with a very full stomach, produced cerebral
congestion or extravasation, of which the animal probably died ; but
as the skeleton was required, I was not permitted to examine the
brain ; so that the exact cause of death must remain doubtful,

As the animal died suddenly and in good condition, I had a small
cutlet for my dinner. As might have been supposed from the age
and sex of the animal, it was rather coarse and tough ; it had a porky
flavour ; but I believe that the flesh of a young animal would be ex-
ceedingly good. Mr. Bartlett informs me that Sir G. Grey has eaten
this hog in Africa, and has stated that “its flesh was of excellent
flavour.”? One of the peculiarities of this hog is the enormous thick-
ness of the muscles over the ribs. I found the same in the sow;
and I think that if a cross between this animal and our English Pig
could be effected, it might be of great value; but of this matter I
hope to speak in another communication, when comparing the ana-
tomy of the Wart Hog with that of the other Hogs.

I may mention one interesting fact respecting the renal veins of
this animal: they are supplied with two pairs of valves, so as to
prevent the blood from regurgitating from the renal capsules into
the kidneys. This fact I first poimted out before the Physiological
Society, in 1853, in the renal veins of other animals.

1862. | MR. A. MURRAY ON A NEW CROCODILE. 213

14. Description or CrocopiLus FRONTATUS, a New Croco-
pDILE FRoM Oxtp Catasar River, West Arrica. By
AnpREw Murray, Assist. Secretary, Royat Horrticut-
TURAL SOCIETY.

(Plate XXIX.)

CROCODILUS FRONTATUS, NOV. sp.

Head broad and deep, much broader than in C. vulgaris, very flat
on the vertex, and with the margins of the flat portion slightly
raised ; the lateral margins very slightly curved ; the suture inside of
the lateral margin placed at rather more than a fourth of the breadth
of the vertex from its side. This suture is not throughout parallel
to the lateral margin; it is nearly so for about two-thirds of its
posterior length ; towards the front it bends a little outwards. Fig. 1
shows the form of the sutures in this species, while fig. 2 shows
their form in C. vulgaris, and fig. 3 in C. leptorhynchus. The ver-

Fig. 1.

tex in the two last, although flattened, is not so depressed, but is
slightly rounded, so as to be somewhat higher at the middle than at

214 MR. A. MURRAY ON A NEW SPECIES {June 24,

the margin. The colour in C. frontatus is yellowish with blackish
spots, instead of brown with blackish spots, as in C. vulgaris and C.
leptorhynchus. The muzzle is shorter than in either of the others,
deeper, and the front rises higher above it; the nostrils are more
prominent and turned up. Both the head and the lower jaw are
Fig, 4.

eo 7
Me

deeper than in C. vulgaris and C. leptorhynchus. (See fig. 4, which
represents the head of C, frontatus seen in profile, and figs. 5 and 6,

1862.] OF CROCODILE FROM WEST AFRICA. 215

which respectively represent the profiles of the head of C. vulgaris
and C. leptorhynchus.) The disposition of the scuta or plates along

the nose or muzzle is different in each species. Fig. 7 shows them
in C. frontatus ; fig. 8, in C. vulgaris; and fig. 9, in C, leptorhyn-

216 MR. A. MURRAY ON A NEW SPECIES [June 24,

chus. It will be seen that the arrangement in C. frontatus is much
nearer that in C. vulgaris than that in C. leptorhynchus, which is upon
a totally different plan, the middle space in it being free from scuta,
soft, and smooth, with transverse wrinkles or lines, while in the other
two the space is covered with scuta, those in the middle being trans-
verse. The commencement of these transverse scuta between the
eyes is also different.

The scuta on the nape of the neck are differently proportioned and
placed in all three; and here the arrangement in C. frontatus bears
most affinity to that of C. leptorhynchus, instead of to that of C.
vulgaris. Fig. 10 shows this arrangement in C. frontatus ; fig. 11,

Fig. 10.

in C. vulgaris; and fig. 12, in C. leptorhynchus. In C. frontatus
and C. leptorhynchus the four large scuta are of a subquadrate form ;
in C. vulgaris they are irregularly subhexagonal. In the latter, not
only these but also the scuta generally are flat, with a longitudinal

1862.] OF CROCODILE FROM WEST AFRICA. 217

raised line or carina. In C. leptorhynchus, those in the neighbour-
hood of the four larger scuta bear a projecting oblong umbo; and
C. frontatus has this developed in a manner still more marked.
The same character prevails in the rest of the scuta. In all three
species there are six rows of large scuta down the back, varying in
width, diminishing to four rows in the lumbar region. In C. vulgaris
these scuta are flat, with only a slightly raised longitudinal line or
earina. In C. leptorhynchus this carina is much more raised, so as to
form regular crests. In C. frontatus some of them have an oblong
umbo, others a crest, and others only a raised line: the affinity in
this respect is greater with C. leptorhynchus than C. vulgaris. It is
the same with regard to the crest down the tail. In all three the
rows of dorsal scuta down the back become only four in number
after passing the hind legs, forming four raised lines, two on each
side of the spine; the inner crests or lines on each side then gra-
dually approximate (in C. vulgaris forming a narrow channel) and
thin off and become obliterated. The outer crest on eachside, at
about the seventh or eighth joint behind the hind legs, becomes
broader and spreads out into a flat plate or leaf turned out horizon-
tally on each side. There are about seven joints in which this flat
table-shaped position of the scuta occurs, and about the same number
prevails in all three. As this disposition, however, does not com-
mence suddenly at any particular joint, but proceeds by gradations
out of the crest on the back, the number may be modified according
to the degree at which the observer reckons the horizontal leaf to
commence. The size of these scuta is proportionally larger in C.
frontatus and C. leptorhynchus than in C. vulgaris. These hori-
zontal thin scuta extend one on each side for a certain distance ; and
then all at once the double row ceases, and is replaced by a series of
single erect scuta running down the top of the tail. In my specimens
the number of joints before this single crest commences, reckoning
from immediately behind the hind legs, is as follows :—

(OTT SOG SRE GORGE a Smid tortan ds 18

C. leptorhynchus ........-. Sane Swine eae we

PARAS ats g 50212 244. wubsieh shal elatale sts < 13
And the number of erect terminal joints is—

CTOULG ESE co late oes je = mise aden

C. leptorhynchus .........- ets Vem satetey ote 19

CPPONTAEUS oe «ate ws Oe «tre tebe. «x LD

The colouring of C. frontatus is much nearer that of C. lepto-
rhynchus than C. vulgaris. The latter is coloured pale ashy brown,
blotched irregularly with dark brown. The other two have the dark
blotches distributed in transverse bands,—C. frontatus having every
alternate two rows of transverse scuta pale and dark—a disposition
followed in C. leptorhynchus, but not so regularly.

Total length of my specimen, 21 inches; total length of head,
from tip of snout to back of under jaw, 33 inches ; breadth of head,
12 inch; length of muzzle to front of eye, 14 inch; length of eye,

218 MR. A. D. BARTLETT ON THE KAGU. [June 24,

nearly 1 inch; height of head, 2 inches ; length of body, from occi-
put to back of hind legs, 8 inches ; total length of tail, 12 inches ;
length of tail to commencement of single crest, 53 inches; length of
the part of it with single crest, 73 inches.

On the whole, this new species seems to combine many of the
characters both of C. vulgaris and C. leptorhynchus. In its head it
is nearest to C. vulgaris; in its colouring, scuta, and tail to C. lep-
torhynchus.

I owe this specimen to the kindness of the Rev. W. C. Thomson,
the accomplished missionary at Old Calabar. He wrote me word
long before I received it that there was another species of Crocodile
in the Old Calabar besides the two generally known, that it was ex-
tremely scarce, but that he would endeavour to procure a specimen
for me. He did so, and sent me the individual from which this de-
scription is taken, alive. It reached Liverpool in good health, but,
most unfortunately, was drowned on the railway on its passage to
Edinburgh. The gentleman who was kind enough to charge himself
with it thought it would not live unless brought in water, and he
put it in a foot-pail half full of water. The water was too deep to
allow the poor animal to rest on the bottom of the pail and stretch
up its head for breath; and when the jolting of the railway com-
menced, it was kept in a constant state of submersion. The con-
sequence which might have been anticipated ensued, and my Croco-
dile arrived dead. There is no doubt that it is a good species, half-
way between C. vulgaris and C. leptorhynchus.

15. Nore on THE Hasits AND AFFINITIES OF THE KaGu
(RurnocuHetus supatus). By A. D. Bartverr.

(Plate XXX.)

At the first sight of this bird, one is struck with its resemblance
to several different genera, and at once calls to mind Eurypyga, Gidi-
enemus, Cariama, Psophia, Nycticorax, and Scopus: one and all
appear more or less represented in its singular combination of cha-
racters.

The actions and movements of the Kagu are generally quick and
lively, so opposite to the slow and chameleon-like movements of the
true Herons that one can hardly suspect it to be an Ardeine bird.
This, however, it doubtless will prove to be, but so modified and
adapted to a different kind of diet and mode of life, that its real affi-
nities are difficult to recognize.

With its crest erect, and wings spread out, the Kagu runs or skips
about, sometimes pursuing and driving before him all the birds that
are confined with him in the same aviary [among these are several
Blue Waterhens (Porphyrio)], evidently enjoying the fun of seeing
them frightened ; at other times he will seize the end of his wing or
tail and run round, holding it in his bill: from a piece of paper or
dry leaf he derives amusement by tossing it about and running after

del et lith

RHINOCH

ean
Hyde

J6

JUBATUS.

M.& N. Hanhart.

i

1862.] MR. A. D. BARTLETT ON THE KAGU. 219

it. During his frolic he will thrust his bill into the ground and
spread out his wings, kick his legs in the air, and then tumble about
as if ina fit. At other times he appears intent upon catching worms:
he steps slowly, his neck close to his body, his crest flat on his back,
all his feathers smooth and close ; he raises one foot, and with two or
three gentle strokes he paws the ground, swiftly he darts his bill into
the earth and draws forth a worm, a sudden shake and it is swallowed;
again he runs ; stopping suddenly, he makes another dart ; and thus
he continues to capture this kind of food. With respect to feeding,
this bird differs much from the Heron family, seeking out, in every
hole and corner, worms, snails, and other living things, whenever
they are not in motion: as soon as a snail is found, he breaks its
shell by repeated knocks upon the ground, and after shaking the
fragments of the broken shell off, the animal is swallowed. In no
instance, however, that I have observed, does this bird eat bread,
seed, or any kind of vegetable, but he strictly confines himself to in-
sects and other animal substances.

The skeleton and internal anatomy of the Kagu being entirely un-
known to me, I can only form an opinion of the affinities of this
bird by its external characters, habits, &c.; and I find that the re-
markable powder-down tufts, which are well developed in all the Ar-
deines, are carried to a greater extent in this bird; for above and
around the wings, on the breast beneath the wings, and on the back
and belly, this structure exists, and the enormous quantity of the white
powder given off is surprising. I have seen the bird enter the small
pond and attempt to wash; and upon dipping partly under water,
the whole surface of the water was covered with a white film, like
French chalk. The strong resemblance between this bird and Eury-
pyg4, even in the markings upon the wing- and tail-feathers, the mode
of spreading out the wings, and other resemblances, convince me
that I am right in considering the Kagu to be more closely allied to
Eurypyga than to any other bird that has come within my notice.

Dr. E. Crisp exhibited the enlarged tail-glands of two domestic
hens that had been kept in a confined situation in London. The en-
largement appeared to arise from closure and obstruction of the ducts
and the increase of the oily secretion. These glands in each of the
hens weighed about 350 grains, their normal weight being about 10
or 12 grains.

220 LETTER FROM DR. LAMPREY. [Nov. 11,

November 11, 1862.
Professor Huxley, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The Secretary read the following extracts from a letter addressed
to him by Dr. Lamprey, dated Shanghai, July 31st, 1862 :—

“T have forwarded by H.M. Steam Transport ‘ Urgent,’ which
sailed from Shanghai on the 14th inst., three couples of the Pha-
sianus superbus ; at least, I suppose this to be the proper desig-
nation of these birds from their fulfilling the description of that bird
in the ‘ Naturalist’s Library.’ I procured six males last winter at
Tien Tsin, where they were sold in the market for the table, like
other game-birds. The beauty of the birds, then in good plumage,
and the remarkable length of their tail-feathers were very striking ;
and I hope their safe arrival in England will afford an opportunity
of seeing them recover their plumage and tails, which have been
sadly damaged by confinement. Subsequently I procured five females
of the same species by sending a man to the interior, north of Pekin,
where they are to be found—though I| have strong suspicions that all
my specimens came from the Tung Ling, or eastern burial-place of
the Emperors, situated some distance north-east of Pekin, in a
mountainous district. It is the custom to place all kinds of game
in the extensively enclosed grounds of the Imperial burial-places,
where they are carefully preserved; but no doubt the mandarins in
charge make a good perquisite by disposing of the superfluous stock
every winter.

“These birds are, however, to be found in the mountainous country
north of Pekin, in Shantung, also in Shansi : in the latter province,
I am informed, there is also a Pheasant of a beautiful scarlet colour,
though of very small size. I have seen a drawing of this bird in a
mandarin’s house in Tien Tsin, and would have supposed it to be a
sketch from fancy, were it not that I was previously informed of the
existence of a bird of which this might have been a good representa-
tion. With regard to the drawings of birds on Chinese fans, screens,
&c., I was hitherto, like others, under the impression that they were
altogether imaginary ; the brilliant colouring, attitudes, almost gro-
tesque, and strange outlines lead one to this conclusion; but from
seeing a great variety of birds in the country, and having had the
opportunity of comparing them with Chinese drawings, I find that
they are all more or less good representations of birds which exist in
reality. Unfortunately that which constitutes the chief merit of a
Chinese artist is his skill in sketching from memory ; otherwise, were
they to pay more attention to minute detail, their drawings would
give us a good idea of the ornithology of the country.

“Tt might be said that the foregoing remarks do not hold good
with regard to the Fung or Pheenix of the Chinese, which is evi-
dently one of the Pheasant tribe: it does not require any close ex-
amination of the Chinese drawing to see this, which corroborates in
a great measure the notions of the early western philosophers, who
held that the Phoenix was derived from a Pheasant, and not from an

-1862.] LETTER FROM DR. LAMPREY. 221

Eagle, which is the form generally given to the representation of it
in heraldry, &c., and current among westerns of the present day. It
may yet be discovered, by some explorer of the extensive mountain-
ranges adjacent on all sides to the north of China, that there is a
bird in plumage and general character resembling the Fung ; perhaps
it may be a hybrid between two of the Pheasant tribe.

**T have seen, in all, four distinct kinds of Pheasants in the markets
of Tien Tsin: the uninterrupted cold of winter allows of their being
brought in large quantities from remote places, and preserves them
fit for use till the spring. Of one of these Pheasants I sent a specimen
last year to Mr. Swinhoe, Consul of Formosa, and one of your corre-
sponding members, which he describes as being ‘a kind of Crosso-
ptilon, perhaps the female of the C. ¢ibetanum.’ The bird had all the
appearance of a male, in having spurs, though it was impossible to
ascertain its sex, as it had been previously gutted. No doubt this
bird will be brought to your notice by this zealous naturalist on his
arrival in England. During the last winter, I procured another fine
specimen of this bird; but after preparing the skin, a young dog un-
fortunately got at it and tore it up. Its plumage was the same as
that of the previous specimen. The meat of this kind of Pheasant
is exceedingly delicate, and the body is nearly as bulky as that of a
small-sized Turkey.

** Another kind of Pheasant found in the Tien Tsin market bears
out the description of the Euplocamus pucrasia of the ‘ Naturalist’s
Library,’ so common on the hills in India. Although the preserved
skins of this bird are in too bad a condition for mounting, they
may serve to identify the species. They remained too long in a
frozen state to admit of their being preserved properly.

“In the event of the P. superbus not reaching home alive, I have
by me good skins of the male and female, though the tail-feathers do
not show their full length. The fact is that the longest feathers are
removed before exposing the bird for sale, and appropriated for de-
corating the dress of warrior-chiefs in theatrical representations.

**The common Ring-necked Pheasant (P. torquatus) constitutes
the fourth and most abundant kind found in the markets. The num-
bers of these birds that are sold every winter is wonderful. It was
noticed that in birds apparently of the same age there was frequently
a great disparity of size, almost giving one the idea of two species,
though it is not improbable that this difference may be attributed to
the different circumstances of food and locality.

**'The Partridges found in the market at Tien Tsin are not unlike
the English (Perdix cinerea), except that the marking on the breast
of the Chinese bird is darker. They were abundant last winter. I
am also assured that the Red-legged Partridge was shot in the hills
north of Pekin, though this bird did not make its appearance in the
market at Tien Tsin.

** Quails are very common ; they are sold mostly alive, and trained
for fighting, as in India. There is a second kind, which might be
designated the Bush Quail,—a solitary bird smaller than the other,
and speckled.”

222 MR. A. D. BARTLETT ON THE LIVING AYE-AYE. [Nov. 1],

Mr. F. Buckland exhibited several specimens of the Smooth Snake
(Coronella austriaca), and gave particulars of the various instances
of its occurrence in several parts of England.

The Secretary called the attention of the Meeting to the living
Aye-aye (Chiromys madagascariensis) which had been added to the
Society’s Menagerie in the preceding August. This valuable animal
had been liberally presented to the Society by Edward Mellish, Esq.,
of the Mauritius (one of the members of the mission sent to Mada-
gascar on the accession of Radama II. in 1861), and had reached
England in safety by the overland mail on the 12th August.

The following papers were read :—

1. OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIVING AYE-AYE IN THE ZOOLOGICAL
Garpens. By A. D. Barruetr.

The subject of the following remarks is a fine adult female of the
Aye-aye (Chiromys madagascariensis), which arrived in this country
on the 12th of August last. On the voyage, this animal produced
a young one, which lived about ten days. On arriving here she was
in poor condition and very feeble; she soon, however, began to feed
freely, and has now considerable strength, as is shown by the timber
destroyed in the cage in which she is kept.

This animal is much blacker, and appears larger, than the male of
this species now in the British Museum ; the long hairs on the back of
the neck, extending to the lower part of the body, have white points ;
these white points are thickest above, and become less numerous
towards the limbs and tail, which appear quite black ; the hairs of
the tail, however, are white or grey at the roots (this can only be
observed by separating them); the chin and throat are dirty white,
which colour extends over the chest; the short hairs on the face are
a mixture of dirty grey and white; the long hairs are black; the
eyes light brown, surrounded by dark-coloured hairs; the nose and
muzzle are of a dirty flesh-colour; the lips pink ; the ears, shining
black, and naked, but thickly studded with small protuberances ; the
feet and toes are sooty black, with the under surface and claws
lighter, inclining to flesh-colour. The situation of the mammee is
remarkable: they are two in number, and placed at the lowest part
of the abdomen (the animal differing in this respect entirely from the
Lemurs and Bats, the teats of which are on the breast).

The Aye-aye sleeps during the day; and the body is then gene-
rally curved round and lying on its side, the tail is spread out and
flattened over it, so that the head and body of the animal are almost
entirely covered by the tail.

It is only at night that the Aye-aye exhibits any activity. I hear
her crawling about and gnawing the timber when, to me, all is per-
fectly dark ; and I have been surprised to find that upon the intro-
duction of a light, directed to the face of the animal, she does not
exhibit any signs of uneasiness, but stretches out her arm and tries
to touch the lamp with her long fingers. She frequently hangs by

1862.) MR. A. D. BARTLETT ON THE LIVING AYE-AYE, 223

her hind legs, and in this position cleans and combs out her large
tail, using the slender hook-like third finger with great rapidity, re-
minding one strongly of the movements of the large Bats ( Pteropus).
This skeleton-like finger is used with great address in cleaning her
face and picking the corners of the eyes, nose, mouth, ears, and other
parts of her body; during these operations the other fingers are fre-
quently partially closed.

In feeding, the left hand only is used, although she has the full
use of her right one. The mode of taking her food requires careful
attention, in consequence of the very rapid movement of the hand
during the process. The fourth finger (which is the longest and
largest) is thrust forward into the food, the slender third. finger is
raised upwards and backwards above the rest, while the first finger
or thumb is lowered so as to be seen below and behind the chin; in
this position the hand is drawn backwards and forwards rapidly, the
inner side of the fourth finger passing between the lips, the head of
the animal being held sideways, thus depositing the food in the
mouth at each movement ; the tongue, jaws, and lips are kept in full
motion all the time. Sometimes the animal will advance towards
and lap from the dish like a cat, but this is unusual. I have never
heard her utter any cry, or produce any vocal sound, during the many
hours at night in which I have watched her habits, nor has she ap-
peared shy or angry at my presence.

With reference to food, this creature exhibits no inclination to take
any kind of insects, but feeds freely on a mixture of milk, honey, eggs,
and any thick, sweet, glutinous fluid, rejecting meal-worms, grass-
hoppers, the larvee of wasps, and all similar objects. Consequently
I am inclined to think that this animal is not insectivorous. Its large
and powerful teeth lead me to infer that it may possibly wound trees,
and cause them to discharge their juices into the cavity made by its
teeth ; and that upon this fluid it probably feeds.. This appears to
me the more likely, as I observe that our specimen returns frequently
to the same spot on the tree which she had previously injured. Iam
also strengthened in my opinion by noticing the little attention paid
by the animal to its food. It does not watch or look after it; for I
have on several occasions removed the vessel containing its food du-
ring the time the animal was feeding, and the creature continued to
thrust its hand forward, as before, upon the same spot—though
after a while, finding no more food, she discontinued, and moved off
to search for more elsewhere. This apparently stupid act is so unlike
the habits of an animal intended to capture or feed on living crea-
tures that I am inclined to believe that the Aye-aye feeds upon in-
animate substances. I have frequently seen it eat a portion of the
bark and wood after taking a quantity of the fluid food.

The excrement of this animal much resembles the dung of small
rabbits, being in separate nearly round balls.

224 MR. G. KREFFT ON AUSTRALIAN SNAKES. _ [Nov. 11,

2. On a New Birp FrRoM THE ISLAND or MADAGASCAR.
By Dr. G. Hartriavs, For. Memes.

CucuLus RocuHU, sp. nov. Supra ardesiacus ; gutture pallidius
cinereo ; pectore et abdomine in fundo albo-flavicantibus, fasciis
rarioribus angustis nigricantibus ; subalaribus flavescenti-albi-
dis, tenuissime ardesiaco fasciolatis ; subcaudalibus ochraceis,
maculis nonnullis nigris ; rectricibus nigris, maculis rarioribus
minutis albis prope scapam notatis, omnium apicibus albis ; ala
extus unicolore, nigricante, remigum pogoniis internis albo
fasciatis vel postice transversim maculatis ; maxilla nigricante ;
mandibula flava, apice obscura; pedibus flavis.
Long. 10-11"; rostr. a fr. 8!; al. 5! 11!; caud. 5! 7-8!".
Syn. ‘ Cuculus canorus, L., common at Madagascar,”’ Desjardins,
P. Z. 8. 1832, p.111. C. tenuirostris, Jules Verreaux, MS. (olim).

Nearly allied to certain Indian species, but in all probability di-
stinct. In an old MS. of my friend Jules Verreaux I find an accu-
rate description of this species, under the often misused name of
Cuculus tenuirostris.

Named after Dr. S. Roch, who accompanied the mission sent last

year by the Government of Mauritius to that of Madagascar.

3. Norrs upon AUSTRALIAN SNAKES, AND THEIR GEOGRA-
PHICAL DisrripuTion. By Grerarp Krerrt.

Acanthophis antarctica.—This species, very common in the neigh-
bourhood of Sydney, ranges over the whole continent, the southern
part of Victoria excepted. I have captured specimens on the banks
of the Murray, on the Darling, and in South Australia; and there
are specimens in the Museum collection from all parts of this colony,
also from Queensland. Dr. J. E. Gray mentions, in the ‘ British
Museum Catalogue,’ that only the anterior dorsal scales are keeled ;
but a great number of specimens which I have examined had eight
rows of the dorsal scales distinctly keeled to the root of the tail.
The different specimens vary much in colour and markings.

Of Hydride the Australian Museum is in possession of a good
many different species, but without notes of the localities where they
were captured. Lapemis curtus and Pelamis bicolor are frequently
found on this part of the Australian coast. Of the last-mentioned
species I captured a specimen some months ago in Botany Bay,
containing five young ones.

Of Boide we have only one species in this neighbourhood—Mo-
relia spilotes, which is one of the most common Snakes found here.
I think it is not generally known that the range of this species is
very limited, and that it is only found within a radius of 200 or 300
miles from Sydney. On the Murray and Darling, in South and
West Australia, and in the northern part of the continent, Morelia
variegata represents the genus. I have never seen specimens of
Morelia spilotes from the Clarence River, or from the country to

1862.] MR. G. KREFFT ON AUSTRALIAN SNAKES, 225

the north of it; and though inhabiting the Illawarra district, the
range of this Snake does not extend beyond the Snowy Mountains.

Lialis childrenti.—The two specimens in the Museum collection
were taken at Port Denison, Queensland. I do not know anything
about the geographical distribution of this species.

Bolyeria multicarinata, of which mention is made in the ‘ British
Museum Catalogue’ as having been found at Port Jackson, does not
exist in this neighbourhood.

Coronella australis is also rare in this part of the continent. The
only specimen which ever came under my notice was found at King
George’s Sound.

Tropidonotus picturatus is not found in New South Wales. The
only specimen in the Australian Museum collection was captured at
Port Denison, Queensland.

Dendrophis punctulata.—Very common near Sydney ; distributed
over the whole continent, I believe.

Dipsas fusca has also a very extensive range, but is not so com-
mon as Dendrophis punctulata. No doubt it is on account of its
nocturnal habits that it is not met with so often.

Glyphodon ornatus.—A very rave Snake in this neighbourhood ;
its geographical distribution is not known to me.

Diemansia psammophis.--An inhabitant of the north-east coast,
where it represents

Diemansia reticulata, which is the most common Snake here.
D. reticulata is also found in the northern part of Victoria, and on
the banks of the Murray and Darling.

Diemansia miilleri I consider to be a young individual of the
above-mentioned species. I possess several specimens with rose-
coloured streaks along the sides of neck and body, and I shall take
an early opportunity of forwarding one to Dr. Giinther.

Diemansia cucullata, Gthr.—An extremely rare species, of which
I have never found more than three specimens in the immediate
neighbourhood of Syduey.

Pseudo-elaps kubingti, Jan (Rev. Zool. 1859, p.127), is merely a
young individual of Pseudonaia nuchalis, from three to four years old.

Diemansia annulata is also an immature form of P. nuchalis, from
one to two years old. I have captured four specimens this season.

Hoplocephalus variegatus.—A very common form in this neigh-
bourhood, of the geographical distribution of which I do not know
anything.

fHoplocephalus pallidiceps is no inhabitant of this neighbourhood.
It is common on the Hunter and Clarence Rivers, and nocturnal in
its habits.

Hoplocephalus coronatus.—The most common form of this genus
in Western Australia; not found in New South Wales, nor on the
Murray and Darling.

Hoplocephalus coronoides.—Frequently found near Sydney. I
possess also specimens from Port Macquarie and the Clarence River.

Hoplocephalus curtus.—This species is very common, and inhabits
the whole southern half of this continent. Specimens from Western

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. XV.

226 MR. O. A. L. MORCH ON THE GENERA [Nov. 1],

Australia are generally darker in colour, and have the bands more di-
stinctly marked, than those found in Victoria and New South Wales.

Hoplocephalus superbus is not found in New South Wales.
It is perhaps only a variety of H. curtus.

Hoplocephalus nigrescens.—A rare Snake. The few specimens I
found of this species were all captured at Middle Harbour, an inlet
of Port Jackson. I have never seen it from other parts of Australia.

Hoplocephalus temporalis I captured, more than two years ago, at
Port Lincoln, South Australia. I have also seen specimens from
Albany, King George’s Sound. No doubt a great many more species
of this extensive genus will be discovered ; in fact, I know of three
new ones already, which will be described shortly.

Pseudechis porphyriacus.—Inhabits the greater part of the conti-
nent in the north. The brown variety, with bright yellow or orange
belly, is the most common, On the Lower Murray both varieties
occur.

Pseudonaia nuchalis—Common near Sydney, on the Hunter and
Clarence Rivers.

Brachysoma diadema is also an inhabitant of this neighbourhood,
and is frequently captured in the northern part of New South Wales
and in Queensland.

Vermicella annulata.—Rarely obtained in this neighbourhood—
I suspect, on account of its nocturnal habits. Found on the east
coast, from Twofold Bay to Brisbane, and no doubt ranges still fur-
ther north,

4, On tHE GenERA oF MOLLUSCA ESTABLISHED BY H. F. Link
IN THE CATALOGUE OF THE Rostock Museum. By O. A.
L. Moreau.

In the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for the year 1851
there is an abstract of the Catalogue of the Rostock Museum, by
the late Dr. Herrmannsen, the continuation of which was prevented
by his early death. Of the work, which appeared as a University
program, only a few copies comparatively were distributed, the greater
number haying been preseryed in the stores of the University.
Oken appears to be the only naturalist who had any aequaintance
with the work until it was mentioned in the ‘Index Malacozoorum.,’

The second part, containing the Mollusca, appeared on the 29th
March 1807.

Lituina, Link, p. 84, is established upon Nautilus spirula, L. ; Mar-

tini, i. t. 20. figs. 184, 185.

Ammonia, Breyn, has the priority.

The Gasreropopa are divided into three sections—
1. Diphonobranchii, with a notch in the fore part of the aper-
ture, corresponding to Lamarck’s Zoophaga.
2. Adelobranchii, corresponding to Lamarck’s Phytophaga,
3. Dermobranchii, containing the non-spiral shells, as Calyp-
trea, Patella, Fissurella, Chiton,

1862.] OF MOLLUSCA ESTABLISHED BY LINK. 227

Pyramea, Link, p. 107, is founded upon the young of Strombus
gigas=Pyramis, Bolt.

Lambidium, Link, p. 112, L. oniseus, Linn.= Morum, Bolt.

Phalium, Link, p.113. The genus Cassis, in the Lamarckian sense,
is divided into two genera :—1. Cassidea, Link, containing C. rufa,
L.; C. tuberosa, L.; C. cornuta, L.; C. testiculus, L.; C. flam-
mea, L.; C. pennata, Gm.—2. Phalium, Link, which is divided
into two sections —

1. Inner lip reflexed, plicate.

2. Inner lip pustulate.
To the first section belong Ph. gluucum, L.; Ph. flammeolun,
Chemn. ii. figs. 367, 368, Chemn. x. figs. 1957, 1958; Ph. areola.

Galeodea, Link, p. 113, G. echinophora, L.=Morio, Montf.
Galeodes, Bolt., must be retained as a subgeneric section of
Cassidula, Humph.

Cadium, Link, p. 113=Dolium, Hill; Lam.

Dolium pomum is the first species; and in the generic de-
scription, from the expression “ Die aussere Lippe gesiiumt,” it
seems that Link acknowledged this species to belong to a dif-
ferent genus from the other species of Dolium; it is therefore
a matter of doubt whether the name Cadium has not priority
over Malea, Valenciennes.

ITarpalis, Link, p. 115=Harpa, Lam,

Herrmannsen quotes Rumphius as the author of arpa ; but
by that author the name Harpa is used as a specific name of
Voluta.

Cithara, Klein, is the oldest name. The name Harpalis,
Link, must be retained as a subgeneric name for the larger spe-
cies, H. antiquata, eonoidalis, &e.; and Harpa, Lam., as a
subgenus for Harpa costata, L. (imperialis, Lam.).

Mancinella, Link, p. 115, M. aculeata, Link (Murex mancinella,
L.), Mart. iii. figs. 967, 968.
M., hystrix, L., Mart. iii. figs. 974, 975.
M. castanea, Link, Mart. iii. f. 956, 958.
M. armigera, Chemn. x. f. 1798, 1799.
M. mutabilis, Link, Mart. iii. f. 951, 953.

Nassaria, Link, p. 123. This genus corresponds to Nassa and Bue-
cinum, Lam. The first species is NV, lyrata, Gm. p. 3794, Mart.
iv, figs. 1122, 1123. If the quotation of Gmelin is right, the type
is a Mangelia; but if Martini’s figures (1122, 1123) are correct,
the type is Buccinum niveum, Gmel. The latter, however, is not
probable ; and therefore the name Nassaria must not be used for
Hindsia, H. & A. Adams.

Canrena, Link, p. 126=Drupa, Bolt.

Murex neritoideus, Mart. f. 972, 973, 976, 979.
Areularia, Link, is adopted from Martini.

A. coronata, Link, Mart. ii, f, 409, 412, is the type,

228 MR. 0.A.L. MORCH ON GENERA OF MoLLUscA. [Nov. 11,

Vertagus, Link (not Klein), is Terebra, Brug.

Aluco, Link,-is Tympanotonos and Cerithium.
A. fuseus, Link, Chemn. iv. f. 1475.
A. auritus, L.
A. aculeatus, L.
A. nodula, L.

Tivela, Link, p. 152; T. vulgaris, Link (Venus corbicula, Born.
Gm.), and 7’. ¢ripla, lL. This name, therefore, has priority over
Trigona, Megerle.

Musculium, Link, p. 152. “ Sumpferschale. Die Schalen gleich,
rund, schliessen tiberall. Das Schloss mit zwei kleinen Zaihnen,
ohne Seitenziihne; Vorder- und Hinterspalte ziemlich gleich ; das
Band auswendig.”’

M. lacustre (Tellina), Gm. p. 3242; Ch. vi. f. 13. f. 135.
Herrmannsen erroneously refers this genus to Pesidium, Pfr. From
the figure of Chemnitz quoted, there cannot be any doubt that
Cyclas calyculata is the type. The expression, “nearly equila-
teral,” excludes the genus Pisidium. ‘No lateral teeth’’ does not
agree with any European freshwater shell, and is very likely a
misprint.

Musculium must be retained as a subgenus of Spherium, Scopoli.

Nuculana, Link, p. 155. ‘ Meernuss. Die Schalen gleich, schlies-
sen itberall. Eine Reihe von kleinen spitzigen Zahnen an der
Vorderseite der Schalen neben den Spitzen. Nucula, Lam.”

Nuculana rostrata, Gm. p. 3308; Ch. vii. f. 550, 551. The
author only seems to have noticed the teeth on one side of the
umbones. Notwithstanding this, the genus must be regarded as
established, and take priority over Leda, Schum.

Unionium, Link, p. 155, is Avicula, as Deshayes has restored it.

Anodonta, Link, p. 156, is Loripes, Poli, founded on Venus edentula,
Gm. p. 3286; Ch. vii. f. 410, 411=. alba, Link.

Pectinium, Link, p. 156, corresponds to Pecten of authors.

Limaria, Link, p. 157, is Radula, Klein.
L. vulgaris, Link= Ostrea lima, Chemn, vii. f. 651.

Sellana, Link, p. 158, is the bent form of Placuna, and is synony-
mous with Ephippium, Bolt.

Atractilites, Link, p. 9. “Eine spindelformige inwendigstrahlig
krystallinische Schale, ohne Alveole.”’
A. belemniticus appears to be Belemnites listeri.

Siphonium, Link. ‘Eine gerade Schale mit Scheidewanden welche
ausserhalb Ringe bilden. Hierher gehoren die geraden Nautili.”
S. fascia, Very similar to Nautilus fascia, but larger.

1862.] MR. A. ADAMS ON NEW SPECIES OF LIMOPSIS. 229

5. Descrirtions oF somr New Species or Limorsis FROM
THE CUMINGIAN CoLLecTION. By ArtHurR Apams, F.L.S.

There have been six recent species of Limopsis already described,
nemely, L. multistriata, Forsk.; L. belcherit, Adams & Reeve; L.
cancellata, Reeve; L. borealis, Woodward; L. pygmea, Phil.; and
L. oblonga, A. Adams. To these I now add five more recent species
from the seas of Japan, one from the Cape, and two from Lizard
Island in Torres Straits. Those from Japan and the Cape were
obtained by myself; and for the Australian examples we are indebted
to Mr. Macgillivray. Nearly all the known species are in the mag-
nificent collection of Mr. Cuming.

1. Limopsis saponica, A. Adams.

L. testa orbiculari vie equilaterali, albida aut rufescente, costel-
lis radiantibus striisque elevatis concentricis concinne cancel-
lata, epidermide fusca dense pilosa, pilis in fimbriis concentricis
dispositis, obtecta, intus rufo-fusca, radiatim strigosa, albo
marginata ; margine ventrali explanato, intus integro,

Hab. Kuro-Sima, 57 fathoms; Kiusu, 26 fathoms.

This species in form and sculpture most nearly resembles Pectun-
culus cancellatus of Reeve, which is a true Limopsis. It is, how-
ever, much larger, the radiating ribs are equal, and the hinge-margin
is not straight, and is extended in the form of auricles.

2. Limopsis osptiqaua, A. Adams.

L. testa valde obliqua, oblonga, inequilaterali, tumidula, albida,
longiore quam lata, latere antico brevi, postico longiore, ra-
diatim striata, liris crenulatis concentricis decussata, epidermide
dense pilosa fusca obtecta ; linea cardints arcuata, fessa magna
triangulari; intus alba vadiatim strigosa, margine ventrali intus
levi.

Hab, Uraga, 21 fathoms.

This species is even more oblique than ZL. oblonga, A. Ad. (Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1860), from which it differs in being oval, and
not trigonal, in the broad triangular cartilage-pit, and in the ventral
margin not being internally crenate.

3. Limopsis cuminel, A. Adams,

L. testa ovata, valde obliqua, inequilaterali, latiore quam longa,
compressa, albida, concentrice lirata, interstitiis longitudinaliter
radiatim striatis, latere antico brevi, postico multo longiore
dilatato, epidermide pilosa pailide fusca, pilis in fimbriis con-
centricis dispositis, oblecta, intus alba, margine ventrali intus
levi.

Hab. Gotto, 48 fathoms; Santanomosaki, 55 fathoms.

This species somewhat resembles Z. belcheri in form, but the
posterior side is regularly arcuate, and the hinge-margin is bent in
the middle; the teeth, moreover, are much less numerous, and the
ventral margin of the valves is not crenate within.

230 MR, A, ADAMS ON NEW SPECIES OF Limopsis. [Nov. 11,

4, Limopsis crenata, A, Adams.

L. testa oblique ovata, longiore quam lata, convexa, oblonga,
latere antico rotundato, postico declivi, longitudinaliter radia-
tim substriata, concentrice sulcata, liris concentricis subdistan-
tibus crenatis, epidermide dense pilosa, pilis in fimbriis concen-
tricis dispositis, obtecta, intus alba strigosa, margine ventrali
intus crenulato.

Hab. Uraga, 21 fathoms; Satanomosaki, 55 fathoms.

Most like Z. odliqua in form, but less proloiigéed fromi the beaks

to the ventral mafgii; it is also more gibbous, and the surface of
the valves is furnished with prominent concentric crenate lire.

/ 5. Limopsts rorsxauir, A. Adams.

L. testa subtrigonali, solida, orbiculata, subequilaterali, tumida,
latere postico declivi, rufescente, costellis radiantibus striisque
concentricis elevatis eancellata, costellis minoribus et majori-
bus alternantibus, intus pallide rufa, linea cardinis castaneo
tincta, margine ventrali intus levi.

Hab. O-Sima; Takano-Sima; on the sands, dead.

This is a strong, subtrigonal, cancellated species, most nearly re-

sembling LZ. japonica; but it is more triangular in outline, the
sculpture is much coarser, and the hinge-margin is narrower and
more arcuated.

6. Limopsis puitipri1, A. Adams.

L. testa viz orbiculari, subobliqua, gibba, subequilaterali, pallide
Jusca, costellis radiantibus equalibus confertis lirisque crenu-
latis concentricis reticulata, latere postico rotundato, epidermide
Susco-pilosa partim obtecta.

Hab. @

This is a gibbous, somewhat oblique species, neatly reticulated
with radiating riblets and elevated concentric lines. It is more gib-
bous than any of the other species, and the surface of the valves is
partly covered with a pale brown epidermis.

7. Limorsis apysstcoua, A. Adams.

L. testa valde obliqua, inequilaterali, gibba, lineis elevatis radi-
antibus et lirulis concentricis crenulatis decussata, latere antico
brevi, rotundato, postico longiore declivi non dilatato, epider-
mide fusca pilosa, pilis in fimbriis dispositis, obtecta.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope, 136 fathoms.

This is the species actually dredged from 136 fathoms, off the
Cape, during the voyage of H. M.S.‘Samarang.’ The shell figured
as Pectunculus belcheri (Moll. Voy. Sam. pl. 22. f. 5), a much
larger and more compressed species, was, I believe, obtained from the
Korean Islands, and most nearly resembles L. cumingi, which, how-
ever, has not the ventral margin internally crenate.

&. Limopsis MACGILLIVRAY1, A. Adams.
L. testa oblique ovata, inequilaterali, gibbosula, albida, costellis

1862.] MR, A. ADAMS ON JAPANESE OBELISCINZ. 231

tenuibus nodulosis radiantibus et striis via elevatis concentricis
crenulatis concinne decussata, latere postico longiore et dila-
tato, umbonibus subacutis, epidermide fusco-pilosa partim ob-
tecta.
Hab. Lizard Island, Torres Straits.
An oblique species, most nearly resembling L. multistriata, with
the surface of the valves very neatly sculptured with numerous fine
radiating ribs, crossed by slightly elevated concentric lines.

/ ° 9. Limopsts woopwarpt, A. Adams.

L. testa orbiculari, subequilaterali, convexa, marginibus crenulatis,
candida, costellis acutis tenuibus radiantibus et lirulis concen-
tricis crenulatis decussata, costellis breviculis circa marginem
ventralem interpositis ad medium valvarum evanidis, linea car-
dinis regulariter arcuata, dentibus acutis lamellatis prominen-
tibus, fossa trigonali conspicua, margine ventrali intus levi.

Had. Lizard Island, Torres Straits.

This is a puré-white species, with the surface of the valves very
delicately sculptured ; the ‘hinge-teeth are sharp and prominent, and
the concentric liree cause the radiating ribs to assume a nodulous
character.

6. On THE SPECIES OF OBELISCINZ FOUND IN JAPAN,
By Artuur ApAms, F.L.S., prc.

In this subfamily of Pyramidellide, the members of which are
nearly all of small size, and which appear to be tolerably numerous
in the seas of Japan, the form of the shell is subulate, the texture
vitreous, and the surface usually polished. Nearly all the species of
Obeliscus and Syrnola are prettily adorned with a spiral red-brown
zone, which usually marks a line at the sutures, and crosses the last
whorl at the periphery. The Syrnole are usually of small dimen-
sions, and the inner lip is always furnished with a single parietal
plait: the Styloptygme have the peritreme entire, as in Chrysal-
lida, but the whorls are not plicate. In most of the specimens
of Syrnola found, the apex of the spire is seen to be decollated.
This is owing to the extreme fragility of the nucleolar whorls, which
in some species form a cylindrical transparent mucro, terminating in
a little globose, decumbent, sinistral whorl. In S. cinctella, the
mucro of which is very elongated, the number of similar pellucid
nucleolar whorls is about eight.

I have not hitherto been able to trace any connexion between the
form or character of the shell and the internal transverse grooves
seen in the whorls of so many species. Similar grooves are met with
in several other genera of Pyramidellide, and also of Helicide and
Ellobiide. That they serve some good purpose in the economy of
the animal is no doubt true, although at present it has not been
detected by our observation.

The species of Syrnola usually inhabit deep water, and live on a

232 MR. A. ADAMS ON JAPANESE OBELISCINZ. [Nov. 1],

floor of sand or sandy mud; they are very difficult to obtain alive,
the shells forming the subject of this paper having been obtained,
for the most part, from an examination of shell-sand. The animal
of Syrnola cinctella crawls rapidly. It is of a semipellucid white,
with the upper surface of the mentum flecked with opake white; the
tentacles are broad and triangular, with the eyes between them very
close together; the mentum is greatly elongate, and bilobed at the
end; and the foot is narrow. This species lives in two fathoms’
sandy mud at Takano-Sima, a small island on the east coast of Japan.

Genus Osexiscus, Montf,

1. Opretiscus putcHeLtus, A. Ad., Sow. Thes. Mon. Obel.
pl. 171. fig. 20.
Hab. O-Sima; Yobuko; Mososeki.

2. Opexiscus TeREs, A. Ad., Sow. Thes. Mon. Obel. pl. 171.
figs. 31, 32.

Hab. Mino-Sima.

3, Oxsrtiscus BALTEATUS, A. Ad., Sow. Thes. Mon. Obel.
pl. 71s fig 25,

Hab. Yobuko; Uraga.

4. Oze.iscus pusituus, A. Ad., Sow. Thes. Mon. Obel. pl. 171.
fig. 7.
Hab. O-Sima; Takano-Sima.

5. OBreiscus nitrpuuus, A. Ad.

Syrnola nitidula, A. Ad., Ann. Nat. Hist. 1860, vi. 335.
Hab. Mino-Sima, 63 fathoms; O-Sima, 25 fathoms.

6. OBeLiscus vitrevs, A. Ad.

Syrnola vitrea, A. Ad., Annals, 1860, vi. 335.
Hab. Uraga; Tsu-Sima.

7. OsEexiscus TRIFAscraTus, A. Ad.

O. testa acuminato-conoidea, cornea, tenur, semipellucida, vitrea ;
anfractibus normalibus 7, planiusculis, fasctis tribus rufis trans-
versts ornatis, suluris exaratis, apertura ovata; plica suprema
valida transversa, plica inferiore parva inconspicua ; labro in-
tus lirato.

Hab. Uraga; Mososeki.

This species resembles O. xitiduluvs in form; but the whorls, in

all my specimens, are adorned with three transverse bands.

8. OsrLiscus EBURNEUS, A. Ad.

O. testa subulato-aciculata, elurnea, solida, opaca, levi; anfrac-
tibus normalibus circa 10, planulatis, sulcis longitudinalibus hic

1862.] MR. A, ADAMS ON JAPANESE OBELISCINE. 233

et illuc instructis, suturis valde exaratis; anfractu ultimo ad
peripheriam obtusim angulato; apertura subquadrata; labio
biplicato ; plica superiore valida, transversa, tortuosa; labro
margine rectiusculo, intus lirato.

Hab. O-Sima.

This is a slender, white, solid species, with the whorls here and
there longitudinally sulcate.

Genus Syrnoxa, A. Adams,

Testa subulata, recta, vitrea, polita; anfractibus planis, simpli-
cibus, suturis impressis. Apertura oblonga; labio in medio
plica obliqua instructo ; labro interdum intus suleato, margine
acuto.

1. Syrnoua GRaAcituma, A. Ad., Annals, 1860, v. 405.

Hab. Mino-Sima; Uraga.

2. SyRNOLA CINCTELLA, A. Ad., Annals, 1860, vi. 333.
Hab, O-Sima; Seto-Uchi.

3. Syrnoia mera, A. Ad., Annals, 1860, vi. 334.
Hab. Mino-Sima; O-Sima.

4, SYRNOLA TERETIUSCULA, A. Ad., Annals, 1860, vi. 334.
Hab. Tsu-Sima, 15 fathoms.

5. Syrnoua pupina, A. Ad., Annals, 1860, vi. 334.
Hab. Mososeki; Mino-Sima.

6. SyRNOLA pyRAMIDALIS, A. Ad., Annals, 1860, vi. 334,
Hab. Tsu-Sima.

7. SYRNOLA BIZONALIs, A. Ad., Annals, 1860, vi. 334,
Hab. Mino-Sima.
8. Syrnoua ELEGANS, A. Ad.

Obeliscus elegans, A. Ad., Sow. Thes. Mon. Obel. pl. 171. fig. 19.
Hab. O-Sima; Seto-Uchi.

9. SyYRNOLA BRUNNEA, A. Ad.

Obeliscus brunnea, A. Ad., Sow. Thes. Mon. Obel. pl. 171. fig. 35,
Hab. O-Sima.

10. SyRNOLA acicuLata, A. Ad.

Obeliscus aciculata, A. Ad., Sow. Thes. Mon. Obel. pl. 171. fig. 21.
Hab. Tanabe.

11. Syrnowa striatuLa, A. Ad,

Obeliscus striatula, A. Ad., Sow. Thes. Mon. Obel. pl. 171. fig. 29,
Hab, Seto-Uchi.

234 MR. A, ADAMS ON JAPANESE OBELISCINE. [Noy. 1],

12. SyRNOLA BUXEA, Gould.

Obeliscus buxeus, Gld. Otia Conch. p. 147.
Hab. Takano-Sima.

13. SyRnoxuA LacTEA, A. Ad.

S. testa pyramidato-subulata, lactea, solida, nitida, levi ; anfrac-
tibus normalibus 8, planis, suturis exaratis, anfractu ultimo ad
peripheriam subangulato ; apertura subquadrata ; labio brevi ;
plica parietali valida, transversa ; labro margine in medio ob-
tuse angulato.

Hab. O-Sima.

A solid; milk-white, shining species, with the sutures exarate, and

the last whorl angulate at the periphery.

14, Syrnoua sprotina, A. Ad.

S. testa subulata, vertice subattenuato; serotina, levi; nitida ; an-
Sractibus normalibus 7, planis, linea rufa ad suturas ornatis,
ultime in medio linea rufa transversa circumcineto ; apertura
ovata; labio tenui, rectiusculo, albido, plica pariétali postica
obliqua; labro margine albido.

Hab. Takano-Sima.

A small, light orange-coloured species, with the columella and the

margin of the outer lip whitish.

15. SyRNoLA suBuLINA, A. Ad.

S. testa aciculato-subulina, alba, linea rufo-fusca transversa ad
suturas ornata ; anfractibus normalibus 9, planatis, ultimo ad
peripheriam angulato et linea rufo-fusca succineto ; apertura
subquadrata, antice subeffusa ; plica parietali spirali, postica ;
labro margine in medio obtuse angulato.

Hab. Takano-Sima.

Somewhat resembling S. cinctella, but more subulate and slender,

and angulate at the base.

16. SyrNoxa prsTiLiuMm, A. Ad.

NS. testa subulata, solida, opaca, lactea, nitida, vertice obtusiusculo ;
anfractibus normalibus 9, planatis, sublente transversim teniis-
sime striatis; apertura elongato-ovata; labio arcuato, plica
parietali obliqua.

Hab. Yobuko.

A small, pestle-shaped, solid, milk-white species, with the whorls

very finely transversely striated.

17. SYRNOLA CYLINDRELLA, A. Ad.

S. testa cylindracea, in medio tumidula, cerina, linea angusta
transversa rufa ad suturas ornata; anfractibus normalibus 9,
convexis, ultimo in medio linea rufa circumeincto; apertura
subquadrata ; labio brevi, plica parietali spirali valida; labro
margine rectiusculo,

Hab, Takano-Siam.

1862.] MR. A. ADAMS ON JAPANESE OBELISCIN#. 235

A nearly cylindrical species, with the whorls but very slightly en-
larged in the middle.

18. SyRNOLA COLUMNELLA, A. Ad.

S. testa subcylindraceo-subulata, cerina, linea rufa spirali ad
suturas ornata; anfractibus normalibus 11, convevxis, ultimo
linea rufa transversa succincto ; apertura subquadrata, antice
via effusa ; plica parietali valida, postica.

Hab. Seto-Uchi; Mososeki.

This is an elongated subcylindrical columellar species, with nume-

rous convex whorls, and is of much larger dimensions than S. eylin-
drella.

19. SyRNOLA DzDALA, A. Ad.

S. testa subulata, in medio tumidula, lactea, nitida, linea pallida
JSulva transversa ornata ; anfractibus normalibus 7, planis, longi-
tudinaliter substriatis, intus liratis, anfractu ultimo elongato
ad basin rotundato ; apertura obionga ; plica parietali postica,

_ obliqua; labro margine arcuato.

Hab. Uraga.

A somewhat pupiform milk-white species, obscurely banded with

pale fulvous,

Genus StyLorryema, A. Ad.

Testa utrinque constricta, pupiformis, elongata, anfractibus varie

sculptis, plerumque levibus.

In this division I have grouped together all the Japanese species
of Syrnola which assume a pupoid form or Clausilia-like aspect. I
originally founded the group on Monoptygma stylinum, A. Ad. (Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 224); but a more extensive knowledge has en-
abled me to modify somewhat the original diagnosis so as to include
a wider range of species.

1. StyLopryGMA PurirormgE, A. Ad.

Rissoa (Goniostoma) pupiformis, A. Ad., Annals, 1860, v. 411.
Hab. Mino-Sima.

2. SryLOPTYGMA TENIATUM, A. Ad.

8. testa elongata, clausiliiformi, in medio tumida, tenui aut epider-
mide subfusca fugacea obtecta, zonulis rufis transversis ornata ;
anfractibus normalibus 7, planatis, longitudinaliter strigulatis,
suturis profundis; apertura ovata, antice dilatata; labio incras-
sato, antice subplanato, plica parietali obliqua ; labro intus
simplici.

Hab. Takano-Sima.

A very delicate and prettily banded species, of Clausilia shape, and

with the whorls longitudinally strigose or strigulate,

236 MR. A. ADAMS ON JAPANESE OBELISCINZ. |Nov. 1],

3. SrytopryGMaA LENDIX, A. Ad.

S. testa elongata, pupiforni, in medio tumida, tenui, semiopaca,
lactea, polita, nitida; anfractibus normalibus 7, planis, intus
transversim liratis, obsolete longitudinaliter striatis ; apertura
ovata, antice dilatata et eversa; plica parietali obliqua, valida,

Hab. Yobuko.

A polished white larviform species, with the transverse internal

grooves Visible through the semiopaque substance of the whorls.

4, SryLopTyGMA Gippum, A. Ad.

S. testa elongato-ovata, brevicula, pupiformi, utrinque constricta,
solidiuscula, vitrea, levi, semipellucida, alba; anfractibus nor-
malibus 5, subconvexis, penultimo gibboso; apertura obliqua,
semiovata ; plica parietali parva, obliqua,

Hab. O-Sima; Tanabe.

This is a very peculiar smooth vitreous species, with the penulti-

mate whorl gibbous: it is pellucid only when in a fresh condition ;
dead or worn specimens are opaque and dull.

5. SryLorryGMA cerruM, A. Ad.

S. testa elongata, pupiformi, in medio tumida, solidiuscula, cerea ;
anfractibus normalibus 6, planatis, suturis obliquis impressis ;
apertura elongato-ovali, antice dilatata ; labio calloso, incras-
sato; plica parietali obliqua, inconspicua.

Hab. Takano-Sima.

A wax-like pupoid species, with the inner lip thickened and cal-

lous, and the parietal plica obsolete.

6. STyYLOPTYGMA LARVULA, A. Ad.

S. testa gracili, teretiuscula, in medio tumidula, solida, opaca, lac-
tea, polita; anfractibus normalibus 8, planis, suturis impressis ;
apertura parva, ovata ; plica parietali valida, transversa ; labro
intus lirato.

Hab. O-Sima.

A solid, milk-white, polished species, with transverse internal lire

showing through the substance of the whorls. Its specific name is
derived from ifs somewhat resembling a meal-worm.

7. STYLOPTYGMA SUBULIFORME, A. Ad.

S. testa aciculato-subulata, alba, tenui, longitudinaliter substriata;
anfractibus normalibus 11, planis, ad suturas concinne crenu-
latis; suturis obliquis, valde impressis ; apertura subquadrata ;
labio plica parva, obliqua; labro dilatato, margine flexuoso.

Hab. Tsu-Sima, 30 fathoms.

A subulate slender species, more-nearly approaching the type-

species than any other; the whorls are crenulated at the sutures,
and the outer lip is dilated and flexuous at the margin,

1862.] MR. A. ADAMS ON JAPANESE OBELISCIN&E. 237

Genus Exvusa, A. Ad.

Testa subulata, turrita; anfractibus longitudinaliter plicatis.
Apertura ovata, labio plica unica instructo, labro sepe intus
lirato.

1. Exusa Teres, A. Ad. Annals, 1861, vii. 297.
~ Hab, Hulu-Shan Bay ; Gulf of Lian-Tung.

2. Exusa eractuis, A. Ad.

Pyramidella gracilis, A. Ad., Sow. Thes. Mon, Pyram. pl. 172,
f. 14,15.

Hab. Yobuko.

3. Exusa suspuLata, A. Ad.

Pyramidella subulata, A. Ad., Sow. Thes. Mon. Pyram. pl. 172.
f. 13.
Hab. O-Sima, 26 fathoms.

4. Exvusa casranna, A. Ad.

E. testa tenui, subulato-turrita, castanea, nitida; anfractibus
normalibus 10, planatis, intus transversim liratis, supremis lon-
gitudinaliter plicatis, inferioribus levibus ; apertura subqua-
drata; labio rectiusculo, plica parietali postica subcelata ;
labro intus lirato, margine tenut.

Hab. O-Sima.

This is a deep-chestnut-eoloured, semiplicate species, with the in-

ternal grooves showing through the substance of the shell.

5. Exvusa sania, A. Ad.

E. testa subulata, solida, rufo-fusca aut badia, nitida ; anfractibus
normalibus 12, planis, intus transversin sulcatis, anfractibus
supremis longitudinaliter plicatis, inferioribus levibus ; aper-
tura subquadrata ; labio plica parietali tortuosa, mediana ;
labro intus su/cato.

Hab. Takano-Sima.

A solid, subulate, brown or reddish-brown species, with a strong

transverse spiral plica.

6. Evusa striguuata, A. Ad.

LE. testa subulata, solida, sordide alba, zonula rufa transversa ad
suturas ornata; anfractibus normalibus 9, planatis, longitudi-
naliter strigulatis, anfractu ultimo linea rufa in medio cincto,
apertura quadrato-ovata; labio brevi, plica parietali valida
transversa; labro intus sulcato.

Hab. Yobuko.

This species is well marked by its peculiar strigulate whorls, and

the rufous zone which encircles them,

7. ELusA CINNAMOMEA, A. Ad.
E, testa subulata, cinnamomea ; anfractibus normalibus 8, plana-

238 DR. DUNKER ON NEW SPECIES OF BURSA. [Nov. 11,

tis, longitudinaliter obsolete strigosis ; apertura elongato-ovata,
antice dilatata; labio subincrassato, plica parietali vix obso-
leta; labro margine rectiusculo.
Tab. O-Sima.
A subulate, cinnamon-coloured species, with the whorls somewhat
indistinctly strigose or strigulate, and with the columellar fold nearly
obsolete.

7, SPECIES NONNULLZ BuRSARUM VEL RANELLARUM €OLLEC-
TIONIS CUMINGIANZ%. Descripra A GULIELMO DUNKER.

1. Bursa ASPERRIMA, Dkr.

Testa ovata, crassa, viz depressa, alba, maculis punctisque fuscis
conspersa, anfractibus septenis convexis, angulatis, granosis et
nodiferis instructa ; anfractus ultimus spira vix duplo major,
costis transversis majoribus nodiferis et rugoso-granosis necnon
pluribus minoribus quasi margaritiferis cinctus ; varices recti
crassi, distantes ; columella fortiter rugoso-plicata, valde si-
nuata ; canalis curvus, paullo adscendens ; labrum dentatum et
plicatum, expansum ; apertura parva subrotunda, superne canalt
brevi profundo terminata.

Altit. 40, latit. 30 mm.

Hab. China. *

Heee species magnitudine ad Bursam cruentatam Sow. prope
accedens, superficie sua rugosissima excellit. Anfractus ultimus costis
duabus crassis nodosis ac rugiferis, inferiore paullo angustiore, in-
structus est ; costee quae sequuntur minores, ex parte moniliformes.

G

2. Bursa GrayANA, Dkr.

Testa ovata, solida, alba vel gilva, maculis fuscis irregularibus
parvis variegata, anfractibus senis, convexis, angulatis, prope
suturam corrugatis, undique granosis, rugiferis transversimque
costatis instructa; anfractus ultimus interdum gibbosus, 2 to-
tius longitudinis adequans, costis majoribus tribus nodiferis
subcompressis et nonnullis minoribus cinctus ; varices crassi, vir
obliqui ; columella valde sinuata, rugoso-plicata ; canalis brevis,
curvus; labrum incrassatum, dentatum; apertura ovata, superne
canali profundo, quasi fistulato, terminata.

Altit. 29, latit. 22 mm.

Hab. Mare Erythreum.

Hee cochleola undique rugosa, granosa, et tuberosa, plerumque
costis tribus crassioribus cincta, ad eas Bursarum species pertinet,
qu in superiore peristomatis parte canali fistulato gaudent, qui et
in anfractibus superioribus observatur.

3. Bursa CUMINGIANA, Dkr.

Testa ovata, subdepressa, solidiuscula, pallide fusca, albida livido-
que variegata, apicem versus rubida, anfractibus septenis con-

1862.] DR. DUNKER ON NEW SPECIES OF BURSA, 239

vexis instructa ; anfractus ultimus spira duplo fere longior,
nodorum grandium seriebus duabus necnon granorum minorum
seriebus senis cinctus ; nodi majores verrucosi, minores irregu-
lares ; varices crassi, undique graniferi; columella rugoso-
plicata, alba; apertura ovata, superne sinuata et canaliculata;
labrum album, incrassatum, dentatum ; canalis brevis, profun-
dus, subobliquus.
Altit. 47, latit. 32 mm.
Hab. Nova Caledonia.
Species nostra Burse afini Brod. similis, nodorum grandium
yerrucosorum seriebus duabus cingulisque senis granorum minorum
insignis est. Varices crassi ut solent laterales.

4, Bursa Tumipa, Dkr.

Testa ovata, subconica, tumida, vie depressa; anfractus 7, valde
conveai, ultimus costulis lineisque elevatis densissimis acutis,
sub vitro undulatis, undique cinctus, fasciis angustis castaneis
equidistantibus lineisque flavidis elegantissime pictus ; fascie
anfractuum superiorum undulato-nodifer@ ; varices superiores
appressi, haud regulares, penultimus paullo distans ; apertura
ovata ; columella media levigata, superne tuberculo crasso pli-
cato, inferne rugis nonnullis signata ; labrum paullo incrassa-
tum, intus plicato-dentatum ; fauces levissime, lactee.

Altit. 93, latit. 56 mm.

Hab. Nova Seelandia.

Heec species insignis Burse zelebori Dkr. (ex Novara exp.) respectu
habito sculpture tam affinis est, quae pro varietate tantum haberi
possit. Cum vero specimen quod exstat unicum collectionis Cumin-
gianze testa tenuiore, leviore, valde inflata necnon spira multo bre-
viore mirum in modum differat, adhuc secernendum esse putavimus,
donec formee intermediz inveniantur,

5. Bursa Frusco-costata, Dkr.

Testa parva, ovata, subdepressa, flavida, transversim denseque
striata, costis longitudinalibus tuberosis fuscis ornata; an-
Sractus ultimus spira pene duplo major ; canalis angustus, fere
rectus ; columella plicata ; labrum incrassatum, intus suleatum;
Sauces albe.

Altit. 22, latit. 14 mm.

Hab. California.

Species elegans Burse bituberculari Lam. hand dissimilis, habitu

minore, costis tuberosis longitudinalibus fuscis, varicibus vix obliquis
aliisque notis bene differt.

6. Bursa CoNncINNA, Dkr.

Testa ovato-conica, colore pallide fusco vel livido subroseo tincta;
anfractus 8-9, modice convexi, sutura distincta sejuncti, seria-
tim granosi et striati, ultimus seriebus granorum 7 cinetus,
quarta serie alba; varices subobliqui, albi, luteo maculati ;

240 MR. W. H. PEASE ON NEW MARINE SHELLS. [Noy. 11,

canalis brevis, recurvus ; apertura parva ; labrum album, incras-
satum, denticulis septenis munitum ; columella subrugosa.

Altit. 22, latit. 14 mm.

Hab. Mare Erythreum.

Heee species parva concinna Ranellam roseam ex Philippinis in-
sulis in mentem vocat, quee vero colore coccineo in ruborem roseum
transeunte, anfractibus superne angulatis necnon sculptura crassiore
satis superque differt.

7. Bursa LAMELLOSA, Dkr.

Testa parvula, angusta, sublanceolata, alba, nitida, anfractibus
septenis modice accrescentibus, transversim granoso-striatis,
sutura profunda divisis lamellisque erectis instructa ; columella
levigata; canalis brevis, recurvus; apertura parva, ovalis.

Altit. 15, latit. vix 6 mm.

Hab. Japonia.

Heee species parvula et singularis varicibus quinis erectis lamelli-

formibus in suturis conjunctis insignis est. Spira ultimo anfractu
duplo longior est.

8. DescrtpTion or A New Genus or MARINE SHELLS FROM
THE SANDWICH Istanps. By W. Harper Pease,

Fam. PepICULARIID.

Genus DentriorA, Pease.

T. ovata, labro subinflexo, plano, lirato, posteriore, vix expanso ;
columella plana vel excavata, intus compressa, dentata.

DeENTIORA RUBIDA, Pease.

7. ovata, subpyriformis, omnino rubida, transversim elevatim
striata, longitudinaliter irregulariter striata ; labro lirato, liris
parvis, paucis ; columella vix excavata, externe lirata, intus
compressa, dentibus acutis armata ; spira viz exserta.

Shell ovate or subpyriform, transversely elevately striated ; strize
obsoletely granulose by irregular fine longitudinal striz ; ridges on
outer lip few and small; columella slightly excavated, ridged above,
compressed below, and sharply dentate. Colour wholly light red.

Length 33, breadth 2 mill.

9, Description or New Srecirs or Marine SHELLS FROM
THE Pactric INLANDs. By W. Harper PEASE.

LATIRUS SQUAMOSUS.

T. fusiformis, turrita, longitudinaliter eostata ; costis 7-8, trans-
versim lirata, liris subdistantibus, costis supra nodosis, inter-
stitiis transversim, et longitudinaliter subtilissime striattis,

1862.] MR. W. H. PEASE ON NEW MARINE SHELLS, 24]

minute et irregulariter squamatis: anfr. convexis, ad suturas
squamis prominentibus erectis ordinatim ornatis: anfractu
ultimo parte inferiore basin versus contracto: rufescenti-fusca,
liris transversis super costas luteseenti-fuscis, squamis albis :
apertura alba.

Shell fusiform, turreted ; body-whorl somewhat ventricose, longi-
tudinally ribbed; ribs seven or eight, transversely ridged; ridges
somewhat distant, becoming nodulous on the longitudinal ribs ; inter-
stices finely ribbed, transversely and very finely striated longitudi-
nally, squamate, more particularly at the base of the body-whorl.
Whorls ornamented at the sutures with a row of prominent, erect,
squamate scales or spines ; lower part of last whorl contracted towards
the base. Colour reddish brown; nodulous portion of the transverse
ridges yellowish white; scales and spines white; aperture white.

Length 45, breadth 20 mill.

PISANIA STRIGATA.

T'. elongata, transversim costata; costis planiusculis, superne sub-
angulatis, transversim interdum striatis; striis wrregularibus,
elevatis: anfr. 7-8, convexis, anfractu ultimo prope labrum in-
crassuto : labro crenato, canali brevi: apertura longitudinis
dimidium teste haud equans : castaneo-fusco et albo maculata
et fasciata, apertura alba.

Shell elongate, transversely ribbed ; ribs depressed, regular, plane
and somewhat angulated at their upper edge, and sometimes marked
transversely with a few elevated strice or fine ribs. Whorls seven or
-eight, convex ; the last with a prominent varix near the edge of the
outer lip; edge of lip crenate ; canal short, slightly twisted ; aper-
ture less than one-half the length of the shell. Mottled and banded
with dark chestnut-brown and white ; grooves between the ribs dark
brown ; aperture white.

Length 37, breadth 15 mill.

AMPHIPERAS SEMISTRIATA,

T. ovata, subgibbosa, extus intusque candida, nitida, transversim
striata; stris undulatis, ad dorso evanidis ; labro lirato, liris
parvis ; columella rotundato-convexa : apertura flecuosa, canali
brevi.

Shell ovate, somewhat gibbous, white, shining, transversely striated ;
striee undulated and obsolete on the back, somewhat roughened lon-
gitudinally by fine irregular strice ; ridges on outer lip small; inner
lip roundly convex on base ; right margin slightly thickened ; aper-
ture flexuous, canal very short.

Length 123, breadth 74 mill.

EMARGINULA CLATHRATA,

T.. ovata, alba, costis concentricis et radiantibus clathrata, in-
terstitiis profundis ; apice antico ; labro crenato.

Proc, Zoou, Soc.—1862, No, XVI.

242 MR. W. H. PEASE ON NEW MARINE SHELLS, [Noy. 11,

Shell ovate, white, depressedly convex, clathrated by concentric and
radiating ribs ; interstices deeply pitted ; apex anterior, lip crenated
and lirate within on its edge.

Length 83, breadth 6 mill.

CyYTHARA STRIGATA.

T. oblongo-ovata, alba, nitida, longitudinaliter costata ; costis 8,
subdistantibus, transversim elevatim striatis, interstitiis trans-
versim subtilissime striatis: apertura longitudinis teste di-
midium haud equans.

Shell oblong-ovate, white, shining, longitudinally ribbed; ribs
bout eight, rather remote, transversely elevately striated or ridged ;
interstices very finely striated transversely ; aperture rather less than
half the length of the shell.
Length 7, breadth 2} mill.

CLATHURELLA MACULOSA.

T. oblongo-ovata, alba, nitida, castaneo-fusco sparsim maculata,
longitudinaliter costata, transversim elevatim striata; anfr.
convexis : apertura longitudinis teste dimidium haud @quans.

Shell oblong-ovate, white, shining, sparsely blotched with dark
chestnut-brown, longitudinally ribbed, transversely elevately striated.
Whorls convex ; aperture less than one-half the length of the shell.

Length 63, breadth 23 mill.

LAIMODONTA CONICA.

T. ovato-conica, spira acuta, transversim striata, obsolete granu-
losa, plicis prominentibus ; anfr. 5, plano-convewis : castaneo-
fusca, fasctis pallidis cingulata.

Shell ovato-conical, spire acute, striated transversely, obsoletely
granulose by irregular longitudinal lines; plaits on inner hp and
columella-fold at base prominent; whorls five, plano-convex. Co-
lour dark chestnut-brown, encircled with one or two bands of a
lighter colour.

Length 45, breadth 23 mill.

RissoiNA SEMIPLICATA.

T. subulata, polita, nitida, subpellucida, alba; anfr. 6, plano-
converis; spira obsolete longitudinaliter plicata: apertura
ovata, antice obsolete canaliculata.

Shell subulate, white, shining, subpellucid, polished ; whorls six,

plano-convex; spire longitudinally and somewhat obsoletely plicated ;

aperture ovate, basal canal very slight.
Length 34, breadth 1} mill.

EULIMA EXILIS.

T. exiliter subulata, elongata, alba, polita, recta; anfr. nume-
rosis, planis, sutura vie impressa; apertura parva, acuto-ovata,
columella subcallosa.

1862.] MR, W. H. PEASE ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS, 243

Shell slenderly subulate, elongate, white, polished, straight ;
whorls numerous, plane, suture very faintly impressed; aperture
small, acutely ovate; columella slightly callous.

Length 11, width 23 mill.

ENGINA TUBERCULOSA.

T. fusiformis, utrinque attenuata; spira subacuminata, acuta, lon-
gitudinaliter tuberculato-costata ; transversim lirata, livis su-
perne nodosis, interstitiis subtilissime striatis, nigra; anfractu
ultimo albo fasciato; apice albido; columella postice corrugata,
denticulis parvis: apertura alba, longitudinis teste dimidium
haud equans.

Shell fusiform, attenuated at both ends, spire somewhat acumi-
nate, acute ; longitudinally tuberculately ribbed, transversely ridged,
ridges forming tubercles or nodules on the longitudinal ribs. Inter-
stices very finely striated ; aperture less than one-half the length of
the shell ; columella-lip corrugate or plicate posteriorly ; teeth small.
Colour black, last whorl encircled with a white band; aperture and
apex white.

Length 9, width 4 mill.

The smallest species of the genus with which we are acquainted.
We give the size of a large specimen. We have received it from
several localities, and find it constant in shape and sculpture. The
painting varies, the lower part of the last whorl and the spire being
more or less spotted with white in some specimens,

EuCHELUS MACULOSUS,

T’. parva, conico-globosa, umbilicata, nitida, tenui, concentrice
irregulariter costata, longitudinaliter subtilissime striata: alba,
costellis maculis rubris subdistantibus maculatis.

Shell small, umbilicate, somewhat conically globose, rather thin,
shining, concentrically irregularly ribbed, longitudinally very finely
striated. Colour white; transverse ribs spotted somewhat remotely
with red.

Breadth 2, height 12 mill.

10. Descriptions or New Species OF SHELLS FROM THE
Paciric Istanps. By W. Harrer PEase.

CLATHURELLA BICARINATA.

Shell turreted, white, decussated throughout with longitudinal
and transverse raised strize. Whorls six, the last ornamented by two
very prominent keels; the interstices plane ; angulated at the suture ;
Upper whorls carinate at their centre and angulated at the suture,
furnished with a single prominent keel; sutures deep, sinus in the
form of a narrow slit, terminating in a round aperture. Aperture
less than one-half the length of the shell; canal short, broad,
slightly recurved.

Hab, Kingsmill Islands.

244 MR, W. H. PEASE ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. [Noy. I],

The only species with which this can be compared is the P. éri-
earinata, Val. They agree in the peculiar form of the sinus, and
differ in that respect from all other species of the family. Our spe-
cies is, however, more slender, and bears a less number of keels.

MARGINELLA CYLINDRICA.

Shell cylindrical, smooth, polished, white ; last whorl ornamented
on the back with broad yellowish bands, a spot of darker colour at
the base. Aperture linear; outer lip simple, slightly expanded at
the base, and spreading a short distance over the spire, at its junc-
tion posteriorly, by a callosity ; inner lip four-plaited at the base.

Hab. Kingsmill Islands.

CoOLUMBELLA PUSILLA.

Shell small, fusiform, smooth, transversely striated at the base.
Whorls seven, slightly convex ; aperture oblong; canal rather wide,
and slightly recurved; outer lip thin, thickened externally, denti-
culate within, and sinuated near its junction posteriorly ; inner lip
plicately thickened. Colour light fulvous or white, with irregular
longitudinal, somewhat reticulated, chestnut-brown lines. At the
upper part of the whorls, lines much less distinct and smaller; last
whorl encircled by a narrow white band.

Hab. Kingsmill Islands.

SisTRUM AFFINE.

Shell ovate, thick, stout, longitudinally and transversely ribbed,
interstices deeply excavated ; longitudinal ribs rather broad, obtusely
noduled, nodules oblong; transverse ribs smaller, and striated trans-
versely, interstices filled by two or three irregular-sized ribs or
ridges. Aperture oblongo-ovate; folds on the inner lip faint. Co-
lour black ; transverse ribs white between the nodules; edge of lip
and base black ; columeila purplish brown.

Hab. Kingsmill Islands.

The above species belongs to a group of which the S. tuberculatum,
Blainv., may be considered the type. Our species, however, differs
from that in beng much more deeply engraved throughout, in the
longitudinal ribs being more distinct, and the transverse striee form-
ing ribs or ridges.

AVICULA RADIATA,

Shell obliquely oblong, rather narrow, and somewhat curved, acu-
minately ridged, upper side angulate; posterior wing slender and
elongate, of nearly the same length as the shell. Colour black,
finely rayed with dark chestnut-brown, and covered with a brown,
serrated, festooned epidermis.

Hab. Kingsmill Islands.

AVICULA BRUNNEA.

Shell oblique, rather oblong ; posterior wing slender and elongate,
finely striated concentrically, and somewhat obsoletely radiately

P.Z.8.1862. Plate XXX].

35
5D
—

a

”
Vos
‘hes
Ww
y
ve.
Yad
tw
oS
«Se
= V2
a
ee ies
a
=

yt
A,
ae
S

a3
SSS
<r RS Sees AP

10 diamé

“siee Mr

‘A
at he

G.West lith

W.West inwp

wg-7. MOPSEA ARBUSCULUM. 7a. CELL or D°.
« 2%. PRIMNOA IMBRICGATA. 2a. CHLL oF D2.

1862.] MR. J. ¥Y. JOHNSON ON NEW CORALS. 245

ribbed. Colour chestnut-brown, finely and irregularly rayed with
lighter brown.

Tab. Sandwich Islands.

The above species was fished up from twenty fathoms, attached to
coral. The only species of this form known to live at our islands.

11. Descriptions or Two Corats FRom MADEIRA, BELONG-
ING TO THE GENERA PRIMNOA AND Mopsra. By JAMES
Yate Jounson, Cor. Mem. Z.S.

(Plate XXXI.)
Fam. GORGONIID®, M.-Edw.

Subfam. Gorconin, M.-Edw.
Sect. Primnoacem, M,-Edw.

PRIMNOA IMBRICATA, Sp. 1.

White, having a tendency to branch dichotomously in one plane ;
the branches slender, flexible, not plume-like, and not anastomosing.
Axis pale brownish yellow, spineless, obscurely striated, effervescing
in hydrochloric acid, coated with small white scales composed of
carbonate of lime. Over the lower coating of scales there is another
coating of larger scales, with a wide space between the two. The
outer coat, which is easily removed, appears to be attached to the
peduncles of the cells. ‘These peduncles are in closely-set whorls of
three or four, each of which expands into a cup-like cell, having its
mouth closed in the dead coral with eight scales that have their
apices in contact. The peduncles project at right angles from the
stem, and are also clothed with scales.

This is a much more delicate form than Primnoa lepadifera, in
which species the pedunculated cells appear to be arranged spirally
on the branch.

Two specimens of this elegant Primnoa have been obtained, the
larger of which has a height of 84 inches, with a width of 11 inches.
It was attached to a piece of Lophohelia (Oculina) prolifera. The
whorls of the pedunculated cells are about three-twentieths of an
inch apart, and the peduncles about the same in height. The prin-
cipal branch, near the base, has a diameter of one-fifth of an inch.
The smaller example has been deposited in the British Museum.

Subfam. Istpinz, M.-Edw.

MoprsEA ARBUSCULUM, Sp. n.

The whole coral is coated with a thin brown skin. When this
skin has been removed from the lower calcareous joiuts, they are
found to be stony, white, subcylindrical, but rather narrower at the
middle than at either end. They are finely striate longitudinally,
and the striz are parallel and straight. The interjoints do not

246 LETTER FROM DR. G, BENNETT. [Nov. 25,

nearly equal the joints in length, being little more than discs, and
are somewhat less in diameter. They are striate, and from them
spring the branches. These branches are very numerous, diverging
in all directions subdichotomously, and making a tolerably thick
bush. They are much thinner than the main stem, and they become
gradually more slender upwards, the calcareous joints at the same
time becoming longer. Occasionally two of the ultimate branchlets
come into contact and are soldered together. Each branchlet bears
at its apex a cell of a shape between campanulate and infundibuli-
form, the margin of which bears eight pairs of long, upright, spine-
like spicula. ‘There are also sessile cells at the sides of the ultimate
branchlets, one at each interjoint. All the cells are of a pale brown
colour. The pellicle covering the branchlets contains long spicula,
which are for the most part large and fusiform, whilst the smaller
ones are cylindrical, and all are brown and minutely tuberculated.

A single example of this Coral was obtained from a fisherman at
Cama de Lobos, Madeira, and it is now in the British Museum. Its
length, without the base, which is wanting, is 13 inches, and it is
7 inches across. The lower part of the main stem has a diameter of
three-tenths of an inch, and its calcareous joints are about three-
eighths of an inch in length. The branches are broken away from
this part of the stem; but there are remains to show that some of
the interjoints bore four branches, others only one. A cell, with its
marginal spines, measures the fifth of an inch.

This coral seems to be nearly related to Mopsea dichotoma; but
M. Milne-Edwards gives the Indian Ocean (with a mark of doubt)
as the habitat of that species. Strange to say, that writer, in his
work on Corals (‘ Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires,’ forming one
of the ‘ Nouvelles Suites 4 Buffon’), is altogether silent as to the cells
of Mopsea. Lamouroux says that the polypi (? cells) of M. dicho-
toma are mammiform on the higher, tuberculous on the middle, and
superficial on the lower branches. This would ill accord with the
Madeiran specimen. Little agreement can be made out between that
specimen and the figures of Esper, “ Pflanzenthiere,” Isis, pl. 5,
figs. 1-5.

November 25, 1862.
E. W. H. Holdsworth, Esq., F.Z.S., in the Chair.

The following extracts were read from a letter addressed to the
Secretary by Dr. G. Bennett, F.Z.S., dated Sydney.

“ For the last six months I have been making every effort to pro-
cure specimens of the Didunculus, alive or dead. It has been re-
ported (which I cannot credit) that they are nearly extinct ; but if,
as has been mentioned, the Samoan Islanders keep them as pets, as

1862.] LETTER FROM DR. G. BENNETT. 247

is the case with the Mooruk among the natives of New Britain, I do
not consider they can have become so scarce. We have not a single
skin of this bird in the Australian Museum, The first time I sent for
them the captain expected to call at the Navigators’ Islands, but did
not do so. Just previous to receiving your letter I was attending a
young man in the office of a merchant who owns vessels trading to
the islands ; and as he is going for change of air as supercargo of a
brig to visit the Samoan group about the end of August, I have
furnished him with the description of the bird, and I will now give
him your drawing. He will also procure me some Samoan Pigeons ;
and I hope that the brig will return, and, if successful, in sufficient
time to send all the birds to you by the next voyage of the ‘ La
Hogue.’

“Tam happy to inform you that Mr. Hill has a pair of Brush-
Turkeys (Talegalia), male and female, for Mr. A. Denison, for your
Society. We have also a female; and as the Acclimatization Society
have made arrangements with a collector (who proceeds next month
to the northern districts) to procure for us several pairs of these
birds to keep and breed, I will at the same time secure another pair
in case of your requiring another male bird. I propose sending them
to London in pairs, as most birds like society and are more likely to
survive the voyage when in pairs.

J will now give you some notes on birds which may be of interest
to you. I have just received by Capt. M*Leod a rough-dried spe-
cimen of a Megapodius, found abundantly over the New Hebrides
and other groups of islands of the Southern Pacific. My specimen
was procured from the island of Nua Fou, where it is named ‘ Mal-
low’ by the natives. It accords with the description of M. freyci-
neti. The bird measures 14 inches from the tip of the beak to the
end of the tail ; the plumage is of an uniform blackish-brown colour,
the mandibles, feet, and legs yellow. At Tanna they gave it the
English name of ‘Bush Fowl;’ at Sandwich Island it was named
Tarboosh. At the island of Nua Fou, Capt. M‘Leod says the bird
lives in the scrubs in the centre of the island, about a large lagoon of
brackish water, which has the appearance of an extinct crater; the
birds lay their eggs on one side only of this lagoon, where the soil is
composed of a sulphur-looking sand; the eggs are deposited from 1
to 2 feet beneath the surface. The locality frequented by these
birds is, at this island, under the protection of the king or chief, and
by his permission only can the birds or eggs be procured. The num-
ber of eggs deposited in the mounds varies, as the eggs are laid by dif-
ferent birds in succession ; but as many as forty eggs are said to have
been procured from one mound. At the other islands the birds visit
the sandy beaches in retired localities near the sea about the months
of September and October, and deposit their eggs in mounds of sand
a short distance one from the other. Thus this bird has the habits
of the Freshwater Tortoises, which scoop a pit in the sand near a river,
deposit their eggs, and cover them up ; when hatched, the young force
their way out of the sand, and, guided by their instinct, make for the
river, Mr, Dawson, who procured living birds from the Island of

248 LETTER FROM DR. G. BENNETT. [Nov. 25,

Sava or Russell Island, which unfortunately died on the passage
to Sydney, informs me that the female lays daily from two to four
eggs, and that the female on board laid two eggs daily until the time
of her death. The natives of the various islands inhabited by these
birds collect these eggs for sale (for they are richer and more deli-
cious than those of the fowl), in baskets of two dozen each. The
eggs are sometimes found fresh and good when opened, whilst others
contain partially-formed young in different stages, even to the full-
fledged bird just ready to emerge from the shell into active life.
This might be expected, considering the irregular intervals of time
the eggs are laid. The eggs I have vary slightly in size, but are
usually of a pale brownish-red colour, and measure, for the most
part, 3 inches in length and 1? inch in breadth.

* Our pair of Mooruks are thriving well in the Botanic Gardens :
we have placed them in a large grassed enclosure, 117 feet in length
and 45 feet broad, interspersed with a few trees and a small circular
pond of water about 2 feet deep, where they are very fond of bathing.
There isa thatched shed in the centre for further shelter, if required ;
and the whole is surrounded by a wire fence, 5 feet high. In this
enclosure with the Mooruks are two native companions, an Emu
and a sedate Jabiru. The latter is a very solitary, timid bird, always
seen by himself. He moves with stately strides, and, if pursued,
runs with great rapidity. When the Mooruks first arrived, they
were placed with the Water-fowl, in an enclosure where there was a
deep tank of water ; they are very fond of bathing (which, I also ob-
serve, obtains with the Emu), and one of them leaped, as usual, into
the water; but the sides being perpendicular and made of cut stone,
it could not get readily out of it. Finding itself getting exhausted,
it struggled against the edge of the tank, cut its face and severely
injured the throat, laying open the pharynx, through the gaping
wound of which the food passed; this was stitched, and the bird soon
got quite well. From the birds being nearly drowned several times,
they were removed to the enclosure before mentioned, with a more
shallow pond of water. Mr. Dawson (who has just returned from
New Britain) brought another young bird, but, from some causeor
other, it died a few days after its arrival. It is now in the Australian
Museum. He says the natives pronounce the name of this bird as if
written ‘Moorup.’ Fifteen eggs, brought by Mr. Dawson, that I
have examined (of which he gave me two, and also a pair for the
Australian Museum) differ considerably in size and colour. They
have all been exposed more or less to the influence of heat and vari-
ous atmospheric influences ; so that none are seen of the beautiful
grass-green colour of the recently-laid eggs in the Zoological Gardens
in the Regent’s Park. One was a small abortive egg, barely one-
half of the natural size, but with similar markings. The birds are
brought off for sale by the natives in every stage of growth, from the
young chick to the full-grown bird, with its dark plumage, purple
neck, and trilobed crest. The medium of purchase is pipes and
tobacco.”

1862.] | LETTER FROM DR. G. BENNETT. 249

The following letter, addressed by Dr. Bennett to the ‘Sydney
Herald’ of September 3rd, 1862, was also read to the meeting :—

** Since the publication of my observations on the Toothed-billed
Pigeon (Didunculus strigirostris) in the ‘Sydney Herald’ of August
19th, 1862, I have received a communication from the secretary of
the Acclimatization Society of Victoria, enclosing some valuable notes
given to them, respecting this rare and extraordinary bird, by the
Rey. John B. Stair, of Broadmeadows, Victoria, who was formerly
resident for some time at the Samoan or Navigator group of islands,
considered the exclusive habitat of this singular bird. I have now
selected those portions relating to the bird which are either new to
science or will more fully add to its history, and complete, as far as
possible, our knowledge of this nearly extinct bird. Mr. Stair says
he has seen the Didunculus, and that it is named by the natives Manu
Mea, or red bird, from the most predominant colour of its plumage
being chocolate-red. It was formerly found in great numbers; and
this assertion may excite some surprise that this remarkable form of
bird should not have been seen and procured by the early naviga-
tors. Now, Mr. Stair observes, as I have for some time suspected,
the bird is nearly, if not entirely, extinct. It feeds on plantains, and
is partial to the fruit of the ‘soi,’ a species of Dioscorea or yam, a
twining plant found abundant among the islands, and producing a
fruit resembling a small potatoe. The habits of this bird, Mr. Stair
observes, are exceedingly shy and timid. Like the Ground-Pigeons,
it roosts on bushes or stumps of trees, and feeds on the ground. It
also builds its nest in such situations. During the breeding-season
both parents aid in the duty of incubation, and relieve each other
with great regularity ; and so intent are they when sitting on the
eggs as to be easily captured. It was in this way two living speci-
mens were obtained for Mr. Stair. They are also captured by the
natives with bird-lime or springes, and shot with arrows—the sports-
man concealing himself near an open space in which some quantity
of the ‘soi,’ their favourite food, has been placed.

«The first living bird obtained was accidentally killed ; the second,
when placed in confinement, at first became sullen and refused food,
but soon became reconciled to captivity, and throve well. The natives
fed it upon boiled taro (the root of the Caladium esculentum) rolled
into oblong pellets, in the same manner as they feed their pet Wood-
Pigeons and Doves. On the departure of a friend for Sydney in 1843,
Mr. Stair availed himself of the opportunity of sending the bird here,
for the purpose of ascertaining if it was known, and, if so, with what
genus it was to be classed, and whether it was a new species. Some
natives on board the vessel paid great attention to it, and fed it care-
fully during the voyage, and it reached Sydney alive. His friend
informed him that he could obtain no information respecting the bird,
whether it was a new species or otherwise, but left it with some bird-
stuffer; and Mr. Stair heard nothing more respecting it until his
return to England in 1847 or 1848, when he mentioned the subject
to Mr. G. R. Gray of the British Museum, who showed him a

250 LETTER FROM SIR R. SCHOMBURGK. [Noy. 25,

drawing of the bird, and told him the subsequent history of the
specimen he sent to Sydney.

«The power of wing of most of the pigeon tribe is very great, and
it also obtains in this bird. It flies through the air with a loud
noise, like our Top-knot Pigeon (Lopholemus antarcticus), found in
the Illawarra district, and many other of our Australian Pigeons ;
and Mr. Stair describes it when rising as making so great a noise
with its wings, that, when heard at a distance, it resembles a rumbling
of distant thunder, for which it may be mistaken. Mr. Stair con-
cludes his remarks by observing that, when on the eve of departing
for England in 1845, although he made every effort to procure more
specimens of the bird, and offered what was then considered large
rewards, he could not succeed in obtaining any more specimens.
He considers they may perhaps yet be found at Savaii, the largest
and most mountainous island of the group ; but he does not think
they at present exist on the island of Upolu.”

A communication was also read from Sir Robert Schomburgk,
H.M. Consul-General for Siam, dated Bangkok, August 15th, stating
that a male of the splendid Pheasant Diardigallus crawfurdi was
still alive in his possession, and in excellent health; and giving the
following description of the female bird, of which he also sent a
Chinese drawing and some feathers :—

** Cere oblong, of a bright-red colour, such as it is in the male, set
with short hair-like feathers of a blackish colour, disposed in rows
following the cere in its outline; eye black, with a golden-coloured
iris; bill horn-coloured. ‘The crown of the head, and the short
feathers under the chin, of a slate-colour, but otherwise a reddish
brown is the prevailing colour; of such a tint is likewise the mantle,
only somewhat darker, and the feathers are speckled with black ;
those of the throat and breast are lighter in tint, and frequently
margined at their ends with white to the extent of 2 lines.

** Primaries and scapulars of a dark slate-colour, almost black,
barred transversely at intervals with bands of white speckled with
black. These bars do not possess regular outlines. ‘The large or
middle tail-feathers are marked in a similar manner; the lower or
side tail-feathers are of a reddish brown.

“The thighs are clothed with dark-brown feathers; below the
knee the feet are naked and of a bright red colour, similar to the
cere. ‘There is no trace of spurs upon the leg.

“I give the measurements taken from what I believe to be the

oldest of the two hens in my possession :—
ft. in. tenths.
Length from tip of bill to end of middle tail-

Teather ic< alvses daitle wis S¥p ie sigs hacciet was 1 6 0
Height sie je 1: Shia. o ie aaeeats Wwe 03.5 x02 a9: daieed, 08 1D oe
Lanethh of taal icy. ois Rais Sal. sae ak eS

Ae ee ae av ih A) A
from the foot or tarsus to thigh...... 0 4 0

1862.] LETTER FROM DR. J. SHORTT. 251

ft. in. tenths.

Length of foot from the tip of the middle claw

to. that-of the hind fe, cee ais foie nee 4-60 ing 9
— of the large or middle toe .......... q.2.0

of wing from shoulder to end of largest
primary Quill gacccvsnte can tn eran dt 010 O
Depth of wing ..... dois how's Sele Sa Wd Ca at a 0 4 2

Circumference over the crown of the head and
round the region of the eyes ..........5: 0 5 0
MEMS OL CONG 6 a 2m 9 vin apis PS TI ee | RR MT
So PALES ea SR ee ee Pa | Pa

Perth OL BN os atm anatin nd iene ahd wdicts ci Lan Looe >

Sir Robert Schomburgk added that Crawfurd’s drawing of the
male bird alluded to by Mr. Gould in his account of this bird in
the ‘ Birds of Asia,’ “although stiff, was otherwise good,” and that
the habitat of this Pheasant was now fully ascertained to be the Shan
States to the east of Kieng-mai, at Muang Nan, Muang Phi, &c.

The following letter, addressed to the Secretary by Dr. J. Shortt,
F.ZS., dated Chingleput, 9th August, 1862, was read to the meet-
ing :—

**S1r,—I have much pleasure in sending you a short account of
the Viper Daboia elegans (Vipera russellii)—the Tamil name
being ‘ Kunuadi Vyrien,’ or ‘ Kuturee Pamhoo.’

** Since sending you the skin, with skull entire, I have succeeded in
procuring several specimens, alive and dead, both here and on the
Shervaroy Hills, during a recent stay there of two months. The
largest specimen in my collection at present measures 5 feet in length,
and 7 inches in circumference at the thickest part of its body. Its
head is large, elongate, depressed, rounded on the sides, and covered
with acutely and regularly-keeled scales; nostrils large, subsupe-
rior, anterior, and in the centre of a ring-like shield, edged with
a large scale above ; eyes convex, pupil round ; nasal shield smooth
in front ; superciliary shield narrow, elongate, and distinct in front ;
jaws weak, upper toothless, with large, slightly curved, double fangs ;
lower jaw toothed ; tongue long and forked: colour brown, with three
rows of oblong (in the young, circular or oval) white-edged brown
spots ; two brown spots on each side of the occiput, separated by a
narrow, oblique, yellow temporal streak. Scuta 168, subcaudals 52.

“From the three rows of white-edged spots being linked to each
other, it is commonly called the Chain Viper. The Tamil name of
‘Kunuadi Vyrien’ literally means Glass Viper; that of ‘ Kuturee
Pamhoo,’ Scissors Snake. This name it receives from having double
fangs, which are invariably present, of equal length, if not on both,
on one side at least: these the natives of Southern India fancy re-
semble a pair of scissors.

**It is very common in these parts, and also at an elevation of
4800 feet above the sea (Shervaroy Hills): at the latter place I
procured two specimens; the largest measured 43, and the other,

252 LETTER FROM DR. J. SHORTT. [Nov. 25,

which was young, was 1 foot in length. These reptiles are generally
found under stones and in rocky places ; frequently in the low country
it is found in prickly-pear bushes (Opuntia vulgaris).

‘In their habits they are extremely active for their size, and live
on frogs, mice, birds, &c. On opening the Viper I procured on the
Shervaroy Hills, I removed from its inside a Mynah(Indian Grackle),
from a second in this place a field-rat, and from a third an immense
toad was taken. These Vipers are readily killed by the slightest
blow ; on one occasion I had one caught alive by fixing a noose
round its body, but raising it from the ground and suspending it by
the noose for a few seconds killed it.

«The natives dread these snakes greatly, as their bite is said to
prove rapidly fatal. Although they are common in this district, I
have not heard of an instance of this occurring during a residence of
five years at this place. Dr. A. Hunter, of our service, tells me that
when he was Zillah Surgeon here, some years ago, a sepoy was bitten
by one, and that the man’s life was saved by his sucking out the wound.
During my stay on the Shervaroys, the first specimen that was brought
to me was immediately recognized by my friend B. A. Daly, Esq.,
a coffee-planter, who related the following circumstance that oc-
curred to him a few years ago. Mr. Daly was out shooting with a
few dogs (mongrel spaniels), when he came upon one of these Vipers,
and the dogs having attacked the snake before he could kill it, three
were bitten, one after the other; the first died almost instantly, the
second in about two hours after, whilst it was being carried home,
and the third lingered for nearly three months from emaciation,
general debility, loss of appetite, &c., and eventually made a good
recovery. This we can readily understand : the first dog bitten re-
ceived the largest quantity of poison, whilst the second received less,
and when it came to the third the supply was no doubt all but ex-
hausted, and the rapidity with which the wounds must have been
inflicted left no time for fresh poison to be secreted. This accounts
for the ultimate recovery of the dog.

“In January last a lady at this place was returning from a walk
with her child, followed by a bull-terrier puppy about six months
old; her house was situated some distance from the gate, and the
road on either side was covered with spear-grass. It was just dusk,
The puppy suddenly darted in front and began to bark vociferously.
Although the lady had seen nothing, she took alarm at the movements
of the puppy, and called out to me as I happened to be passing by
the gate at that moment. On going to see what was the matter, I
found a large Viper coiled up in the centre of the road, and the puppy
making a great noise from a respectful distance. The snake was
closely coiled up, with the neck bent abruptly backwards, and the
head fixed almost horizontally ; it began to puff itself out something
after the manner of the Puff-Adder, and hissed loudly, intently watch-
ing the movements of the dog, no doubt awaiting an opportunity to
strike it, when I called the puppy away. The instant the puppy
turned its head, the snake glided with the rapidity of lightning into
the surrounding grass and disappeared. The next day it was killed

1862.] ON THE OSTEOLOGY OF PTEROCLES, ETC. 253

in the same garden, and brought to me; it measured 4 feet 6 inches
in length.

«These Snakes were formerly designated ‘ Cobra Manil’ by the
Portuguese, in consequence of their bite proving as rapidly fatal as
that of the Cobra. The word Manil is a corruption of the Tamil word
Mannunippamhoo, which literally means Earth-eating Snake, and is
the name given by the natives to the Uropeltis grandis, commonly
termed ‘ Double-headed’ Snake, and which they believe lives entirely
on earth, from its being frequently found underground.”

Mr. W. K. Parker read the following abstract of a Memoir on
the Osteology of the genera Pterocles, Syrrhaptes, Hemipodius, and
Tinamus, intended for publication in the Society’s ‘ Transactions :’? —

«The classification of the gallinaceous birds would be easy enough
if it were not for certain outliers, which refuse to conform to that
particular plan of structure with which we are all so familiar in that
very convenient and natural type of the group—the Common Fowl.

* Agreeing with this bird in all essential respects are the genera
Phasianus, Polyplectron, Lophophorus, Tragopan, Pavo, Meleagris,
Numida, and many others, the species of which are in many instances
creatures of unsurpassed beauty. This properly typical group has,
amongst other characteristics, its species provided with a robust body,
short rounded wings, and very strong legs; whilst the tarsi are
naked, provided with one or two spurs, and having the generally
small heel elevated above the anterior toes.

*‘ Notwithstanding the more subdued style of colouring, and
the rudimentary condition of the spur, the Red Partridge (Perdix
rubra) ought to be placed with the Francolins in the typical group.

‘Still further, if we are to be guided by the structure of the ske-
leton, and especially by that of the skull, the dwarfs of the family,
the Quails (Coturniz), ought to stand in the same inner circle as the
gigantic species, the Turkey and the Peacock.

“In a subtypical group all those forms ought to be placed, in
which, besides the quiet style of colouring, we find feebler legs, often
with the tarsi feathered, a more depressed pigeon-like form of the
-body, anda skull with thinner and more fibrous walls, combined with
a much enlarged tympanic cavity. The spur is also obsolete.

«The Grey Partridge (Perdix cinerea) should be classed with this
subfamily—the Tetraonide.

«This beautiful and valuable bird is, as is especially shown in the
structure of its skull, much more nearly related to the Ptarmigans
(Lagopus) than to Perdix rubra, with its very thick-walled cellular
‘skull, small tympanic cavities, and rudimentary spur.

“There is a group of very majestic birds inhabiting the warmer
parts of the New World, which differs so much from the Galline
proper and from the Tetraonide, that it must be considered to be-
-long to an outer or aberrant place in the great gallinaceous family.
I allude to the Cracide.

«These birds, less ornate indeed than their normal relations, are

254 MR. W, K, PARKER ON THE osTroLteGy _[Nov. 25,

nevertheless creatures of great interest, and of no little beauty,
whether we consider their form or their mode of colouring.

“Tn this outer circle we place the Guans (Penelope), the Curas-
sows (Craw), the genera Ortalida, Opisthocomus, and others.

““The mode in which the Cracide differ from their terrestrial
typical congeners is highly interesting ; but as the present paper is
only intended to be an introductory outline, I shall not ‘ bestow all
my tediousness’ upon the Society by going into details now: suffice
it to say that they appear to me to connect the Gallinacee quite as
much with the Plantain-eaters (Musophagide) as with the Pigeons.

“The habit, which has given the family-name Rasores to the
Fowl tribe, curiously enough, does not attain its highest degree in
the typical species, but is developed in certain subtypical genera
which are found ranging from the Philippines through the islands of
the Indian Archipelago to Australia: these birds are the Megapodes*.

«In the ‘ Mound-maker’ we have a bird which, whilst marvel-
lously like the Common Hen in gentleness of expression and neatness
of contour, has also a most striking isomorphic resemblance to certain
members of a very distantly related family, viz. the Gallinules.

‘‘ My acquaintance with the structure of Talegalla was made six-
teen or seventeen years ago; for at that time I met with and made
drawings of a precious skeleton of this bird in one of the drawers of
the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons; it has not, however,
been noticed in the Catalogue.

“ Being therefore well and safely possessed of the fact that the
Brush Turkey (Talegalla) does not, in any essential point of struc-
ture, differ trom the Common and Ocellated Turkeys (Meleagris
gallo-pavo and M. ocellata), I was indeed surprised to find that, as
late as last spring, Professor Owen had classed them with Cuvier’s
Macrodactyli.

“In the report in the ‘ Medical Times and Gazette’ of the fourth
of Professor Owen’s Jermyn Street Lectures for this year, delivered
on the 23rd of May, I find the classification which he has adopted,
and in which the mound-making birds are placed between the Rail
and the Screamer.

«As there are in the same system of classification several other
instances of what appear to me, to say the least, very odd and con-
fusing misplacements, I shall crave the liberty to point them out,
and to make my own remarks upon them, especially as the position
in nature of these birds is exactly what I have set myself to try and
find out. It is in Professor Owen’s Second, Third, and Fourth
Orders, viz. the ‘ Grallatores,’ ‘ Cursores,’ and ‘ Rasores,’ that I find
most to surprise and confuse me.

“The family Macrodactyli, of the Second Order, ‘ Grallatores,’
according to this eminent author contains the ‘Coot, Crane, Rail,
Megapode, Screamer,’ and ‘ Jacana.’

«“The next family, or the ‘Cultrirostres,’ contains, we are told,
the ‘ Boat-bill, Adjutant, Heron, Ibis, Stork, Tantalus,’ and ‘ Spoon-
bill?

* Gould (see Penny Cyclop., art. “ Talegalla”’).

1862.] OF PTEROCLES, SYRRHAPTES, AND TINAMUS. 255

“ The third family, or ‘ Longirostres,’ is said to be composed of
such forms as the ‘ Gambet, Avocet, Snipe, Ruff, Turnstone, Curlew,
Sandpiper,’ and ‘ Godwit.’

“And the fourth, or the ‘ Pressirostres,’ the ‘ Oyster-catcher,
Thicknee, Plover, Lapwing, Bustard,’ and ‘ Courser.’

“Then in his Third Order, the Cursores, Professor Owen places
these genera, and in this succession, viz. :—

‘ Apteryz.

Didus, Pezophaps.
Ostrich, Emeu, Nandi.
Cassowary.

Notornis.

Dinornis, Palapteryz.’

**In the Order 4, ‘ Rasores,’ he gives us two families, viz. the
Gallinacei or Clamatores, and the Columbacei or Gemitores.

“The first of these is exemplified by the ‘ Pea-fowl, Partridge,
Quail, Pheasant, Ganga, Grouse, Pintado, Tinamu, Turkey, Curas-
sow,’ and ‘ Guan.’

«The second is made to contain the ‘ Dove, Goura,’ and ‘ Vinago.’

“ First, as to the Macrodactylous Gralla, the Porphyriine Notornis
is wanting ; and, besides the Megapode, the Crane certainly has no
business there, being (as its embryology reveals) a gigantic special-
ized aberrant of the Pressirostral family.

As to the Culérirostres, I feel pretty certain that the Spoonbill
and the Ibis will have to be placed in the next family, the Longi-
rostres, a group less specialized from the Plover type than the Cranes.
If this should turn out to be the truth, the ‘ Pressirostres’ and the
‘ Longirostres’ must receive accessions at the expense of the ‘ Cultri-
rostres,’ which family, however, possesses the Baleniceps, the Um-
bre, and the Eurypyga.

“With regard to the ‘ Cursores,’ it seems to me much better to
use the simple term Struthionide, and to let Didus and Pezophaps
abide where Messrs. Strickland and Melville most appropriately
placed them, viz. amongst the Ground-Pigeons; the Notornis being
marched back again to its proper place, between Tribonyx and Por-
phyrio*.

“T hope to console the lover of the struthious tribe by compen-
sating him for the loss of the Dodo and the Notornis with the gain
of what has hitherto been considered as a true gallinaceous genus:
I refer to the Tinamou.

"The examples given of the gallinaceous genera in Professor
Owen’s classification are principally remarkable for want of order,
as the Ganga is not intermediate between the Pheasant and the
Grouse, but between the Grouse and the Pigeon, and the Tinamou
certainly has no place between the Pintado and the Turkey.

* Dr. Mantell (Petrifactions and their Teachings, page 125) says that “the
general form of the skull” of Notornis mantelli “approaches nearest that of
Brachypteryx ;” whereas that of Tribonyx mortieri (Osteol. Catal. Mus. Coll.
Chir. vol. i. p. 239, No. 1281) comes nearer, In the sternum, however, Notornis
is most like Brachypteryx.

256 MR. W. K, PARKER ON THE OSTEOLOGY __[ Nov. 23,

«The Gemitores might stand as they are, as to the examples given;
but they are not Rasores.

“In the same lecture in which the ‘classification’ is given, the
Notornis is said to be ‘allied to the Coots,’ and the Cassowaries
* still more modified Coots.’

‘This seems to me to be an inversion of the natural order of
things; for the Cassowary, every one knows, is in all respects typi-
cally struthious in its whole skeleton, but is most decisively seen to
be so in its cranium and facial bones ; and all the Struthiones are
low, embryonic, unspecialized forms.

‘That there is a near relationship between the Rail-tribe and the
Ostriches I feel certain ; but the former seem to me to stand on the
same level typically (or in relation to the highest style of bird) as the
Rasorial group, and in some respects on a higher one ; but I would
not press this too far, as the skulking habits of these birds seem to
point to a lower brain-development than even the Fowl possesses,
and to place them in near contiguity to the Ostriches: moreover
Brachypteryzx is, in respect of its wings and sternum, but little in ad-
vance of the great ‘ Brevipennes.’ Cranially, however, it is in ad-
vance; and it seems to be a more philosophical way of putting the
matter to say that a Coot is a modified Cassowary, than that a Cas-
sowary is a modified Coot. Whether Mr. Darwin is right in all
respects or not, yet we all believe with him that nature does notere-
trograde, but ascends from the simpler to the more highly specialized
forms.

“T shall not take up either the Society’s time or my own in merely
arguing about these puzzling affinities, but hope soon to be able to
bring forward some simple drawings and descriptions, such as shall
enable any one to judge for himself as to what type these birds really
do belong.

«T intend moreover in my larger paper to consider the relationships
of Oreophasis derbianus.

«But the birds hitherto mentioned are all easily referred to their
proper zoological position ; those, however, of which it is my prin-
cipal business to speak stand just above the Struthionide, in such
a doubtful position that it is at first hard to say whether they have
declared for any one of the families by which they are surrounded.

«The Sand-Grouse, the Hemipodes, and the Tinamous have in
their composition such a mixture of characters, that they seem to be
the very birds which might in the lapse of ages, through climatal
change, a different diet, ‘the struggle for existence,’ and ‘natural
selection’ give rise to such divaricating and dissimilar types as the
Pigeons, the Gallinaceous birds, and the Plovers.

“These last-mentioned families are those the characters of which
the osculant forms under consideration most affect, with, let it be
remembered, a more or less broad struthious basis.

«There are other genera, however, the osteology of which I long
to know, viz. Thinocorus, Attagis, and Chionis. 4

“Speaking of these birds, Mr. Darwin, in his most pleasant
* Journal’ (ch, 5, p. 94), makes the following remarks :—

1862.] OF PTEROCLES, SYRRHAPTES, AND TINAMUS. 257

«««This small family of birds is one of those which, from its varied
relations to other families, although at present offering only diffi-
culties to the systematic naturalist, ultimately may assist in revealing
the grand scheme, common to the present and past ages, on which
organized beings have been created.’

** Thinocorus rumicivorus partakes, according to this excellent
author, ‘ of the characters, different as they are, of the Quail and the
Snipe’ (ibid. p. 94).

“As to the Attagis, Mr. Darwin says (p. 94), ‘The two species
of this genus are in almost every respect Ptarmigans in their habits ;’
and of Chionis alba, that it ‘is an inhabitant of the Antarctic re-
gions,’ that ‘it feeds on sea-weed and shells on the tidal rocks,’ and
that, ‘although not web-footed, from some unaccountable habit, it is
frequently met with far out at sea’ (ibid. p. 94).

** Will some lover of ornithology be on the look-out to procure
something more than the skins of the birds of these three genera ?*

“It would tend towards our knowledge of the meaning of these
birds of mixed character and osculant relationship, if we knew how
long each type has been on the planet; for if our Fowls and Pea-
cocks, Doves and Gouras, are really comparatively new importations
to the ‘ green earth,’ then there would be some colour and life in
‘ Darwinism,’ and the Ostriches, Tinamous, and Sand-Grouse might
be looked upon as a remnant of the ‘ flint-folk’ of the bird-class.

‘Tt is, however, almost impossible for the most devout believer in
Separate creations to keep this idea of ‘ancestral relationship’ alto-
gether out of his mind when considering such birds as those we are
speaking of: at any rate, dogmatism on either side, on a subject so
far beyond the reach of our feeble faculties and limited knowledge,
has in it something of profanity. I have, up to this time, only been
able to get a sight of the skeletons of Pterocles arenarius (see Osteol.
Cat. Mus. Coll. Chir. vol. i. p. 273, No. 1421), of Hemipodius varius
(ibid. p. 274, No. 1423), of a specimen of an undetermined species
of Hemipodius (which died soon after its arrival at the Gardens, and
was lent to me by Mr. Gerrard), and of a Syrrhaptes paradoxus
and a Tinamus robustus, for which I am indebted to the Council of
this Society.

*T shall now merely indicate the curious composition, so to speak,
of these birds, and begin with that of the Sand-Grouse.

«These beautiful and gentle birds are seen at once to have in them
something both of the Ptarmigan and the Pigeon; but there is in
their physiognomy a marked inferiority ef expression, quite in con-
trast with the sharp, intelligent look of the typical Fowls, and very
much below what we see in the Pigeon-tribe.

«This is exactly in harmony with what the skeleton reveals; for
whilst the characters of both these types are almost inextricably
interwoven, yet there is in many points a marked inferiority of cha-
racter—a less degree of elevation above the Struthious style of struc-
ture. What there is of the Bustard (Otis) in them (which Pro-

* There is a skeleton of Chionis, I find, in the British Museum,
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. XVII.

258 MR. W. K. PARKER ON THE OSTEOLOGY — [Nov. 25,

fessor Owen, ‘ Osteol. Catal.’ p. 274, points out) is only part of their
general relationship to the Pluvialine type.

“It is in those parts of the skull and face which are first mapped
out in thickened blastema, and then differentiated into clear cartilage,
at some considerable period of the early embryonic life anterior to
the deposit of bone, that we find the most instructive modifications
of structure.

“T allude especially to the basis cranii and to the upper part of
the first facial arch, that is, to the occipital and sphenoidal regions,
and to the pterygoids, palatine bones, and vomer. Not only do these
bones (with the exception of the vomer, which is absent as in the
Pigeons) show a marked ‘struthious’ inferiority in the Syrrhaptes
(the culmination of the Pterocline type of structure), but the ster-
num, which literally unites that of the Ptarmigan with its counter-
part in the Pigeon, is inferior in one important point, not only to
this, but also to that of the whole Pluvialine group.

“The heel, which is a mere rudiment in Pterocles proper, is ab-
sent in the Syrrhaptes ; and the whole pelvic extremity is almost the
counterpart of that of the Swifts (Cypselus) in deficient growth. I
believe that it would take a very clever anatomist to detect any differ-
ence between the wing-bones of the ‘ Péerocline’ and those of a
typical Pigeon.

“The elongated feathers of the tail and wings of Syrrhaptes give
it one of its peculiarities of character: the two middle tail-feathers
have already become elongated in Péerocles setarius (the Pin-tailed
Sand-Grouse of Temminck), its nearest ally.

**T cannot conclude this rough outline of what I wish to say about
the Sand-Grouse, without referring to what Dr. Andrew Smith tells
us of Pterocles gutturalis, Sm., in his < Illustrations of the Zoology
of South Africa.’

* First, what must be considered a ‘ Pluvialine’ character, the eggs
are of a ‘ dirty- white or cream-colour, marked with irregular streaks
and blotches of a pale-rusty and pale-grey or ash-colour ;’ and the
second point is the careless habit of laying them upon the bare
ground*. This habit, so untypical ornithically, so unlike the almost
human family tenderness of their relatives, the Pigeons, is, however,
much like the conduct of the unthinking ‘ giants” that come next
below them in the zoological scale.

“So that not only the Ostrich, but also the Sand-Grouse ‘leaveth
her eggs in the earth, and warmeth them in the dust, and forgetteth
that the foot may crush them, or that the wild beast may break
them.’

“Tf birds were intelligent in the human sense of the word, their
relationship to the reptiles would be as humiliating as our affinity to
the Simie ; but the fact is certain that these low types not merely
have in themselves obscure‘anatomical resemblances, but their instincts
and habits are plain, out-spoken evidences of their nearness in nature
to ‘the creeping things after their kind.’

“TI now leave Syrrhaptes (which, at first sight, seems to run in

* Penny Cyclop., art. Tetraonide.

1862. ] OF PTEROCLES, SYRRHAPTES, AND TINAMUS. 259

some mysterious way without the help of feet) to speak of the stilted
Hemipodius, an aberrant gallinaceous bird, which has escaped from
its more steady walking allies to join the true coursing birds.
Without heel, with not only naked tarsi, but with the lower half of
the tibie bare ; what can these birds be but true essential ‘ Gralla.

“They may be in a sense grallatorial, but are not really so, as we
shall see, if we work out their mixed affinities.

“The Hemipodii (some of which are very small, and, like some
other small creatures, very pugnacious) stand pretty exactly between
the Tinamous and the Quails ; but not quite so, for the Pigeon comes
in again, even here, with a touch of kinship, the connecting links
being the Didunculus and the dwarf Ground-Pigeons (Chamepelia). |

«The characters of head are almost equally divided between those
of the Ground-Pigeon and the Quail ; the sternum, between the Quail
and Tinamou ; yet the legs are those of a little Sand-Plover, although
they are hinged upon a pelvis which would require but little altering
to suit a Quail.

“I must ask for more time and space, if not to settle this diffi-
culty, yet to put it into a proper form for some fuller mind to ex-
plain ; for it seems to me that my position of ‘interpreter’ is in this
case more perplexing than that of the purblind patriarch, who found
the hands of his hairy son Esau combined with the vocal organs of
the smooth-limbed Jacob.

“T have now merely to speak of the Tinamous; and in their case
also I must merely indicate the kind of task they present to him
who would fairly work them out.

“In the first place, let me at once say that they have no right to
the dignity of the gallinaceous title ; they are little struthious birds,
looking upwards from that simple rudimentary beginning of the
beautiful ornithic type.

“Nearly all the specialization of this bird, by which it rises above
the Struthionide, is in the direction of the true or typical gallina-
ceous bird, and not towards the Ptarmigans, as is the case of the
Sand-Grouse.

“The Hemipodius runs upwards towards the little flat-bodied
typical Quails; but there is no bird better for comparison with the
Tinamou than the common Hen. Nine-tenths of the characters of
the bony structures of the head in this bird are truly struthious:
the residium belonging half to the Plover and half to the Fowl.

“Tt is not a little curious, however, that it outdoes the Plover in
one thing, viz. the structure of the supraorbital region; for whilst
the nasal or supraorbital glands in the Pluvialine are protected by
a continuous beam of bone, the Tinamou has the unique character
of a series of those bones. In the young Ring-Dottrel I find a series
of square denticles growing out from the margin of the frontal below,
and external to the large gland; these exogenous processes fuse
together in the adult.

“Thad racked my memory to find an instance of multiplied supra-
_ orbitals in a vertebrate skull, but in vain, when one turned up to
me on examining the Reptilian skeletons in the Museum of the Col.

260 ON THE OSTEOLOGY OF PTEROCLES, ETC. [Nov. 25,

lege of Surgeons, a few months ago: this example is the skull of the
Trigonal Cayman.

‘There are three on each side in this latter creature, united by a
triradiate suture; in the Tinamou, however, there are six or seven
larger and several smaller ossicles on each side. At first sight it
seems as though half the sclerotic ring had been attached there by
accident ; these supraorbitals are, however, much stronger than the
sclerotals.

«The sternum of the Tinamou is greatly differentiated when com-
pared with that of a Rhea or Emeu; but all the improvement is
gallinaceous. It is absolutely the most unique and wonderful of all
the sternums I have seen, the variations of which in the bird-class,
as is well known, are very great and very exquisite.

‘The presence of a somewhat deep keel, so seemingly fatal to the
struthious theory of this bird’s relationship, strange to say, turns out
a good proof of its validity and truth. Every one who has watched
the larger-winged Ostriches must have noticed their habit of lifting
their wings—a motion performed by the middle pectoral muscles or
levatores of the humerus: to these muscles nearly all the keel of the
Tinamou’s sternum is devoted, a most narrow, small corner being
left for the thin abortive depressores—muscles which, not only in
typical birds, but also in the heavy Gallinaceze, are of very large size.
The small ‘ furculum’ is Pluvialine; but the coracoids and scapulze
come very near to those of the common Fowl.

«The blending of the last cervical with three out of four of the
dorsal vertebree is gallinaceous ; but the absence of costal appendages,
except a small one on the second true rib and a trace on the third,
is struthious enough. The pelvis looks, at first sight, but a few re-
moves from that of the Hen; and in so much as it differs from the
pelvis of the Emeu or the Apteryx (which have very compressed
pelves, whilst this is broad and gently arched), in the same degree
does it approach that of the Fowl. The preacetabular spur of the
ilium is there; but the postfemoral part of that bone looks as if it
had been pared away, leaving an enormous ischiadic notch, which is
a foramen in typical birds. The tail is a mere pretence (as Wagler’s
term Nothura well expresses); the caudal vertebree are therefore but
little better than those of an Ostrich. The strong legs leave us the
choice, at first sight, of referring them to either the Fowl or the
Ostrich ; and the heel, small and high up, is gallinaceous. But the
tarso-metatarsus, covered with transverse plates in front, has the
posterior two-thirds invested by an intensely strong imbrication of
horny scales; thus adapting the leg of the bird to that odd sitting
position (about as elegant as that of the Ass in the first stage of the
erect posture) in which the Struthionide delight.”

f 4949 T8P STOMP
dm] yreywep NW LU? TEE Seve

PY §.1862, Plate XXX IMM

;
J Wolf, del. et Inth M.& N. Hanharlf

LEOPARDUS JAPONENSIS |

x

a te. eh ee | 4
P S 1862 Plate, X)

J.Wolf.del.etlith .

1862.] DR. J, E. GRAY ON NEW MAMMALIA. 261
The following papers were read :—

1. Nore on THE Japanese Bear. By P. L. Scrater, M.A.,
Pu.D., F.R.S., Secretary TO THE SOCIETY.

(Plate XXXII.)

At the meeting of this Society on the 24th of June last, I called
the attention of the members present to two Bears from Japan, de-
posited in the Menagerie by Capt. Ward*. I remarked that the
Bear of Japan was stated in Temminck and Siebold’s ‘ Fauna Japo-
nica’ to be referable to the well-known Indian Ursus torquatus (sive
tibetanus), but that these animals were evidently of a different spe-
cies ; and I therefore suggested that they should be called Ursus ja-
ponicus, and promised further particulars concerning them at a sub-
sequent meeting.

I have, however, been informed by Dr. Schlegel of Leyden that,
since the publication of the portion of the ‘ Fauna Japonica’ relating
to the Mammals, he has discovered the error of referring the Ja-
panese Bear to Ursus torquatus, and has in his ‘ Manual of Zoology’+,
published in 1857, proposed to bestow upon it the very appellation
(Ursus japonicus) that I had selected as most appropriate for the
species.

The Japanese Bear, in fact, seems almost intermediate between
Ursus torquatus and Ursus americanus. Our specimens, the largest
of which must be nearly full-grown (for the dentition, except the last
pair of molars, is perfect), are barely two-thirds of the size of Ursus
torquatus. The very distinct white gular band of Ursus torquatus
is only represented in Ursus japonicus by a slight undefined whitish
line, which seems likely to wholly disappear. The muzzle is also
much blacker in U. japonicus than in U. torquatus; and, instead of
the prominent bushy cheeks of U. torquatus, the Japanese species
appears to have the face clothed only with short hair, as in Ursus
americanus.

Mr. Wolf’s figure (Plate XXXII.) will further assist in the identi-
fication of this species, it being obviously impossible to draw up very
accurate characters from living specimens.

2. DrescripTION oF somE New Species or MAMMALIA,
By Dr. Joun Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., ere.

(Plates XXXIIJ., XXXIV., XXXV.)

Among some Mammalia which Mr. A. R. Wallace has lately sent
to the British Museum, which he collected in Morty Island in 1861,
are two species of a frugivorous Bat, which does not appear to have
been hitherto registered in the Catalogue. This Bat may be easily
known from all the other Cynopteri by the extraordinary length of

* Vide supra, p. 186.
t Handleiding tot de Beoefning der Dierkunde, pt. 1, p. 42.

262 DR, J. E. GRAY ON NEW MAMMALIA. [Noyv. 25,

its tail, which induces me to form for it a section or subgenus, which
I propose to call Uronycteris.

Cynopterus (URONYCTERIS) ALBIVENTER.

Tail elongate, free, produced beyond the narrow, short, interfemoral
membrane. Nostrils much produced, tubular, far apart at the base,
and diverging outwardly. Fur brown-olive, with greyer base to the
hairs. Face and throat only slightly hairy, grey. Sides of the neck
and breast yellow-brown. Side of the body brown. Chest and
middle of the belly white. Wings brown.

Hab. Morty Island (4. R. Wallace).

The length of the forearm-bone 2 inches ; length of the tail (dry)
nearly # of an inch.

The wing-bone, on the upper surface of the wing, of both speci-
mens is marked with some irregular white spots. These may be
only accidental, or even artificially produced in the process of pre-
servation or by carriage, as the spots on the two sides of the same
wings are more or less unlike, and those of the two specimens are
dissimilar.

Mr. Keilish, the furrier, has kindly sent to the British Museum
for examination the skin of a Leopard which he has received from
Japan. It is well tanned, and marked on the inner side with the
red impressions of two Japanese seals. The skin at first sight seemed
much like that of a fine-coloured Hunting Leopard, but it is at once
distinguished from that animal by the comparatively shorter legs, by
the larger size and brown centre of the black spots, and from all the
varieties of the Leopard by the linear spots on the nape and the
spots on the back not being formed of roses or groups of smaller
spots. I propose to call it

LEOPARDUS JAPONENSIS. (Pi. XXXIII.)

Fur fulvons, paler beneath. Back and limbs ornamented with
ovate or roundish unequal-sized black spots. The spots on the
shoulders, back, and sides converted into a ring by a single central
spot of the same colour as'the fur. Spots on the back and legs large,
oblong, and transverse. Head with small, regularly disposed, black
spots. Nape with four series of narrow elongated black spots (the
outer ones sometimes confluent into lines), and with a series of large
black spots on each side of the back of the neck. Chest with a series
of larger spots, forming a kind of necklace. Tail elongate, very
hairy, spotted, paler, and with four black rings at the tip.

Hab. Japan.

The skin in its tanned state is 4 feet 6 inches, and the tail 2 feet
10 inches long.

Mr. W. Fosbrooke has kindly presented to the British Museum
a small and beautiful species of Boshbock, which was captured by
John Dunn, Esq., in the Ungo-zy Forest, between the Umbrelans

1862. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON NEW MAMMALIA, 263

and Umblatore, in the country of the Amazula. Mr. Dunn could
not learn that the natives had any special name for this animal.

It is a most peculiarly-marked species, and of a very small size.
The hunter mistook it for a young animal, and fed it with milk, on
which it died; but when it was examined, the mamme were found
dilated with milk, showing that it was approaching full age, and
probably had lately produced a fawn. It is the smallest species of
the genus, standing only 10 inches high to the top of its head, and
weighing not more than three pounds. It is most like Cephalophus
whitfieldii, figured in the Knowsley Menagerie, from a specimen in
the British Museum which was brought from the Gambia by Mr.
Whitfield. It differs from that species in the general shade of the
brown colour; and there is no white about that animal, which is so
prominent in the Natal specimens.

CrepHaLopuus picotor. (Pl. XXXIV.)

Fur soft, brown, with the rump, the whole of the hind legs, the
chin, throat, chest, belly, the inner side of the fore legs, a broad ring
over the fore hoofs, and a large spot occupying the front of the face
and forehead pure white. The ears blackish, white within. The
side of the forehead darker brown. The crumen on the side of the
face linear, well marked. Horns not present in the female sex.

Hab. Natal.

Mr. R. Swinhoe, having shown me a part of the collection of
mammals which he formed while residing in the island of Formosa,
has kindly allowed me to describe a new specimen of Wild Goat or
Goat-Antelope.

This species agrees in all its characters with the Cambing-outang
(Capricornis sumatrana) of Sumatra, and the Capricornis crispa
of Japan, but is very distinct from either of them. In colour it more
nearly resembles the Japanese species, C. crispa, which has a white
face; but it is easily distinguished from that species, which I only
know from a figure and very general description in Schegel’s ‘ Fauna
Japonica.’ I propose to call it, after its discoverer,

Capricornis swinuor. (Pl. XXXV.)

The fur harsh and crisp, brown, with a narrow streak down the
back of the neck ; a spot on the knee and the front of the fore legs
below the knee black. The hind legs are bay. The sides of the chin
pale yellowish. The underside of the neck yellow-bay—this colour
being separated from the darker colour of the upper part of the neck
by a ridge of longer, more rigid hairs. ‘The ears are long, brown,
paler internally. The horns are short and conical. The skull has a
deep and wide concavity in front of the orbits, and a keeled ridge on
the cheek.

264 DR. J. E. GRAY ON TWO NEW TORTOISES. ([Noy, 25,

3, Notice or two New Species or BATAGUR IN THE COL-
LECTION OF THE BritisH Musrum. By Dr. J. E. Gray.

Dr. Giinther, who is re-examining the Indian Tortoises in the Bri-
tish Museum, has drawn my attention to two young specimens of
the genus Batagur, which he believes to be different from those that
I have hitherto described; and as there appears every reason to believe
that they indicaté species that has not hitherto been recorded in the
Catalogue, I shall proceed to describe them provisionally until we
receive more adult representatives of them. They both belong to
the subgenus called Kachuga, as defined in my ‘Catalogue of
Shield Reptiles in the British Museum’ (p. 35).

BaATAGUR PICTA.

Pale grey-brown, with three interrupted dark brown streaks on
the back, and a more or less triangular dark brown spot on the front
margin of the marginal shields; beneath uniform pale yellow. Nu-
chal shield none. The first vertebral plate oblong, four-sided, rather
longer than broad; the second, third, and fourth six-sided, second
and third as long as broad, the fourth rather longer than broad.
The margin entire, bent up behind. The pectoral and anal plate as
long as broad. Head (when dry) pale olive, blackish on each side.

Hab. Borneo, Sarawak (Wallace).

Length 11, width 83 inches. Not full-grown, and with large inter-
costal spaces on the sides, showing that this species grows to a much
larger size.

BaATAGUR ELLIOTI.

Young state. Pale grey-brown, one-coloured when dry ; the hinder
margin strongly and acutely serrated. Nuchal shield broad, short.
Second, third, and fourth vertebral shields strongly keeled, and end-
ing in an acute prominence; the first square, rather broader than
long; second and third six-sided, broader than long; fourth six-
sided, longer than broad. Underside uniform pale yellow. The
gular plate triangular; the pectoral and anal shorter than broad.
The head dusky brown; temple and beak yellow, with a blackish
streak from the nostril to the orbit, and continued behind from the
orbit over the tympanum.

Hab. Southern India, River Kistna (Walter Elliot).

The specimen is very young, with very large narrow intercostal
spaces, showing that it grows to a considerable size. It is known
from all the other species by its sharp dentated margin. This cha-
racter may be obliterated in the adult specimens ; but I am not aware
that it occurs in any other young Batagur, and we have most of the
described species in a young state. The specimen here described was
procured from Mr. Warwick, the dealer, witaout any habitat. But
Dr. Giinther has shown me a drawing, which has been sent to him
by my excellent friend Mr. Walter Elliot, of Wolfelee, with the above
haWtat attached to it, which is so like the specimen described as

1862.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW DOGANIA. 265

almost to lead to the supposition that if was made from the same
individual. From the drawing we not only learn the habitat, but
also that the colour of the living animal is very like that of the dry
specimen.

4. Notice or A New Srecises or DoGANIA FROM ASIA.
By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., etc.

We received for the Museum a dried and varnished specimen of
the genus Dogania, unfortunately without any special habitat, which
appears to be distinct from Dogania subplana. It is scarcely two-
thirds the size of the specimen which we received from General
Hardwicke, which agrees with the type specimen of Geoffroy, on which
the species was originally described ; yet the dorsal shield is more
ossified, the ribs more expanded, and the surface of the bone of the
back and chest more granulated. This leads me to believe that it
must be of a distinct species ; I shall therefore give the diagnosis of
the two kinds.

DoGANIA SUBPLANA.

The first odd transverse bone of the dorsal shield smooth, with a
narrow band of granules on the middle of the hinder edge. The
first, fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs narrow, the last being the narrow-
est and shortest ; the second, third, and fourth ribs broader, dilated
at the outer end, the width being about one-third of the length.
The sternum smooth, with a small, narrow, oblong, longitudinal
granular patch on the hinder edge of the transverse bone.

Hab. India, Singapore?

The dorsal disk of this species is well figured by Cuvier, Oss. Fos.
Pe tehs. tf. 5.

Mr. Swinhoe informs me that this animal is common in the rivers
of China and Formosa; that it is known to the Europeans there by
the name of “ Terapan,”’ most likely a corruption of the American
word ‘Terrapin,’ and is esteemed a great delicacy by the Chinese,
and fetches a good price in the market to make soup.

The head of the older specimen is not so large compared with the
body. The animal has the power of drawing its head within the
skin of the neck.

DoGANIA GUENTHERI.

The odd transverse bone in front of the dorsal shield entirely co-
vered with granulations, like the ribs. The ribs all nearly similar in
width (nearly four times as long as wide), and very slightly and
gradually dilated at the outer end; the last rib the smallest, narrow
and short compared with the others. The hinder sternal bones broad,
with a large oblong patch of granulations at the inner hinder end.
The labral bones with a large indeterminate group of tubercles near
the suture that divides them.

Hab. India, ?

266 MR.W. WILLIAMS ON THE BREEDING OF A TORTOISE. [Nov, 25,

I have named this species after my friend Dr. Albert Giinther,
one of my colleagues in the Museum, who has prepared such admi-
rable catalogues of the Snakes and Fishes in the Museum Collection.
He first drew my attention to the specimen, and considers it as in-
dicating a very distinct and interesting species. It is to be regretted
that the head is so dried and covered with varnish that it is impos-
sible to see the distribution of the colours with any certainty ; for I
have found that the distribution of the colours on the head and ex-
posed parts of the body affords one of the best and most prominent
characters for the distinction of the species of this family, and one,
unlike the form of the bones, that is not at all, or but slightly,
altered by the age of the specimens.

5. On tHe Breeprine or a West-InpIAN ToRTOISE IN THIS
Country. By Wiiiiam Wittiams (oF TREGULLOW).

A female Land-Tortoise, brought from the West Indies and given
to Mrs. Williams’s mother upwards of fifty years ago, was then about
the size of a watch. It has now been in the garden at Tregullow
about thirty-two years. Four years ago another Tortoise was obtained,
which turned out to be a male; they were allowed to roam in the
garden at their will. In 1860 some eggs were found, but, from in-
sufficient heat, they were not hatched.

About the 25th of July last, the gardener, on passing a south
border, observed the female Tortoise making a pit with her hind legs
in a very peculiar manner. On watching her, he found she had
made a hole some four inches deep, quite flat at the bottom. On
returning, in about five minutes, he found she had deposited six eggs,
and was in the act of covering them with earth. He immediately
removed them, in a flowerpot-stand about two inches deep, filled
with white sand, to a pine-pit, and placed them on a tan-bed. On the
19th of October last he observed two of the eggs had been hatched ;
and on looking around he found, much to his astonishment, two
young live Tortoises. The eggs were about the size of those of a
pigeon, and much the same in appearance.

The young ones are kept in a wooden box (ina pine-pit) with some
earth and moss, under which they nestle. They are fond of lettuces
and strawberries, but do not eat much. They appear quite well and
lively, moving about briskly ; they are now a little larger than half-
crowns.

The eggs were not disturbed while in the pine-pit, the temperature
of which during the time they were there was from 85° to 90° by
day, and from 65° to 70° by night.

The female measures 12 inches long, by 12} inches wide over the
back ; the male 8 inches long, by 83 inches wide over the back.

1862.] MR. A.D, BARTLETT ON THE HABITS OF THE BEAVER. 267

6. Nores oN THE BEAVER IN THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS,
By A. D. Bartuert.

During one of the heavy storms of wind and rain that prevailed
during the last month a large willow-tree was partly blown down.
The limbs and branches of this fallen tree were given to many of
the animals, and to them proved to be a very acceptable windfall.
To the Beaver, however, I wish to direct especial attention, as this ani-
mal has exhibited in a remarkable manner some of his natural habits
and intelligence. One of the largest limbs of the tree, upwards of
12 feet long, was firmly fixed in the ground, in the Beaver’s enclo-
sure, in a nearly upright position, at about twelve o’clock on Saturday
last. The Beaver visited the spot soon afterwards, and walking
round this large limb, which measured 30 inches circumference, com-
menced to bite off the bark about 12 inches above the ground, and
afterwards to gnaw into the wood itself. The rapid progress was
(to all who witnessed it) most astonishing. The animal laboured hard,
and appeared to exert his whole strength, leaving off for a few mi-
nutes apparently to rest and look upwards, as if to consider which
way the tree was to fall. Now and then he left off and went into his
pond, which was about 3 feet from the base of the tree, as if to take
a refreshing bath. Again he came out with renewed energy, and
with his powerful teeth gouged away all round the trunk. This
process continued till about four o’clock, when suddenly he left off
and came hastily towards the iron fence, to the surprise of those
who were watching his movements, The cause of this interruption
was soon explained; he had heard in the distance the sound of the
wheelbarrow, which, as usual, is brought daily to his paddock, and
from which he was anxiously waiting to receive his supper. Not
wishing to disappoint the animal, but at the same time regretting
that he was thus unexpectedly stopped in his determination to bring
down this massive piece of timber, his usual allowance of carrots and
bread were given to him; and from this time until half-past five he
was engaged in taking his meal and swimming about in his pond.
At half-past five, however, he returned to his tree, which by this time
was reduced in the centre to about 2 inches in diameter. To this
portion he applied his teeth with great earnestness, and in ten mi-
nutes afterwards it fell suddenly with great force upon the ground.

It was an interesting sight to witness the adroit and skilful man-
ner in which the last bite or two were given on the side on which
the tree fell, and the nimble movement of the animal to the opposite
side at the moment, evidently to avoid being crushed beneath it.
Upon examining the end of the separated tree, it was found that
only one inch in diameter was uncut; and it was of course due to
the nearly erect position in which the tree was put into the ground
that it stood balanced, as it were, upon this slender stem. After
carefully walking along its entire length as it lay on the ground, and
examining every part, he commenced to cut off about two feet of its
length, and by seven o’clock the next morning he had divided it into
three pieces: two of these he had removed into the pond, and one
was used in the under part of his house.

268 DR. L, PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND SHELLS, [Nov. 25,

The Beaver, the subject of the foregoing remarks, was presented
to the Society by the Hudson’s Bay Company, in the autumn of
1861, and was probably then about six months old. It is, no doubt,
less vigorous than the large wild animals of this species, who would,
in all probability, brmg down trees of much larger dimensions in a
shorter time. In fact, it was evident that our Beaver was a novice
in the undertaking, as he more than once slipped and rolled over on
his back in his eagerness to accomplish the task. It was impossible to
witness the actions of this animal without being struck by the amount
of skill and intelligence exhibited. When the space cut through
towards the centre was too narrow to admit its head, its teeth were
applied above and below so as to increase the width from the outside
towards the centre, until the remaining parts above and below formed
two cones, the apices of which joined in the middle. Again and again
the animal left off gnawing, and, standing upright on its hind legs,
rested its front feet on the upper part of the tree, as if to feel whether
it was on the move. This showed clearly that the creature knew

exactly what it was about,

7. DESCRIPTIONS OF THIRTY-SIX New LAND SHELLS, FROM THE
CouLecTIon oF H. Cumine, Ese. By Dr. L. Preirrer.

(Plate XXXVI.)

1. Hexix pans, Pfr. (172 6). 7. angustissime umbilicata, sub-
turbinata, solida, superne confertim arcuata, plicatula, stris
spiralibus obsolete decussatula, cinnamomea ; spira convexius-
culo-turbinata, vertice minuto ; anfr. 64, convexiusculi, regula-
aiter accrescentes, ultimus non descendens, medio subcarinatus,
basi subtiliter striatus, pallidus ; apertura obliqua, lunaris,
intus submargaritacea ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine colu~
mellari subarcuato- declivi, sensim ad insertionem subdilatato,

Diam. maj. 32, min. 29, alt. 19 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mowhot).

2. Hexrx mitts, Pfr. (447 a). 7. umbilicata, convexo-depressa,
tenuiuscula, levigata, diaphana, alabastrina ; spira parum ele-
vata, conoideo-convexa; sutura submarginata; anfr. 5, con-
vexiusculi, sensim accrescentes, ultimus subdepresso-rotundatus ;
umbilicus angustissimus, vix pervius ; apertura parum obliqua,.
lunaris, intus nitida ; perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus via
convergentibus, columellari arcuato, superne subdilatato.

Diam. maj. 162, min. 154, alt. 83 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

3. Hexix piuto, Pfr. (595 5). T. umbilicata, depressa, soli-
dula, superne striis spiralibus et aliis antrorsum descendentibus
minute sculpta, nitidula, fusco-nigricans, fasctis nonnullis pal-
lidioribus notata; spira breviter conoideo-elevata, vertice ob-
tusulo; anfr. 54, convexiusculi, ultimus magnus, supra medium

—

G.B.Sowerby ith.

P.Z. 5.1862 Plate XXXVI.

Pieilfer’s new Land shells.

W. West inp.

1862.] DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND SHELLS. 269

distincte angulatus, subtus convexus, lutescens, circa umbilicum
angustum striis spiralibus subundulatis sculptus; apertura
obliqua, rotundato-lunaris, intus concolor, margaritacea; perist.
simplex, rectum, marginibus convergentibus, columellari ad in-
sertionem breviter fornicato-reflero.

Diam. maj. 61, min. 49, alt. 30 mill.

Hab, Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

4, Hexrx pentena, Pfr. (701 a). (Pl. XXXVI. figs. 11, 12.)
T. late umbilicata, lenticularis, pertenuis, rugoso-striata et
striis spiralibus minutis confertissimis decussata, pellucida,
pallide cinnamomea ; spira parum elevata, vertice subtili ; su-
tura marginata ; anfr. 6, vie convexiusculi, lente accrescentes,
summi liris nonnullis elevatis sculpti, ultimus acute carinatus,
supra carinam leviter canaliculatus, basi convexior ; apertura
parum obliqua, subrhombea ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine
columellari ad insertionem vix dilatato.

Diam. maj. 323, min. 29, alt. 11 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

5. Hexrx wizArpeEnsis, Pfr. (729 a). TT. umbilicata, conoideo-
lenticularis, solida, carinata, conferte costulato-striata et lira
filiformi juxta carinam posita instructa, cerea ; spira conoideo-
convexa ; sutura carinato-exserta; anfr. 8, planiusculi, lentis-
sime accrescentes, ultimus basi convexiusculus, ruditer striatus ;
umbilicus mediocris, profundus, 3- diametri vix equans ; aper-
tura subverticalis, anguste angulato-lunaris ; perist. simplex,
rectum, margine basali leviter et regulariter arcuato.

Diam. maj. 73, min. 73, alt. 3 mill.

Hab. Lizard Islands (Macgillivray).

Nearly allied to the Ceylonese Helix clathratula, Pfr. (Puteolus
clathratulus, Bens.), but larger, more flattened ; the umbilicus much
smaller, the strize less elevated, the peripherical keel sharper, and the
second keel running closely approximate to it.

6. Hexrx m..ustris, Pfr. (1313 6). (Pl. XXXVI. fig. 8.) 7.
imperforata, globoso-turbinata, solida, oblique et transverse
irregulariter malleato-rugosa, nitidula, castanea ; spira convexo-
turbinata, vertice obtuso ; anfr. 5, convexiusculi, regulariter ac-
crescentes, ultimus utrinque convexior, medio obtuse angulatus,
antice vix descendens ; columella subverticalis, brevis, fornicato-
dilatata, lilaceo-carnea ; apertura obliqua, subtriangulari-luna-
ris, intus margaritacea; perist. expansum et reflexiusculum,
lilaceo-carneum, marginibus callo nitido lilacino junctis.

Diam. maj. 62, min. 52, alt. 35 mill.

B. Fulvo-lutescens, fascia una mediana castanea ornata, perist.
earneo-albido.

Diam. maj. 63, min. 51, alt. 37 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

270 DR. L, PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND SHELLS. [Nov. 25,

7. Hexix novocuineensis, Pfr. (1322 a). TT. imperforata,
globoso-turbinata, solida, sublevigata, nitida, pallide fulvida,
JSascia suturali alba, fasciis pluribus latis nigro-castaneis et area
lata castanea ornata; spira fornicato-conoidea, vertice acuto ;
anfr. 54, convexiusculi, ultimus antice via descendens, substriatus,
basi subangustatus ; columella arcuata, dentiformi-truncata ;
apertura perobliqua, truncato-ovalis ; perist. album, marginibus
callo pellucido junctis, expansis et reflexis, supero subsinuoso,
columellart supra regionem umbilicalem valde dilatato, adnato.

Diam. maj. 41, min. 34, alt. 26 mill.

B. Paulo minor, unicolor alabastrina, fascia unica suturali cre-
tacea.

y. Minor (diam. maj. 34, min. 29, alt. 25 mill.), alba, fasciis
nonnullis latis pluribusque angustis castaneis ornata.

Hab. North of New Guinea (Wallace).

8. Hetix BANNERI, Macgill. (1335 a). TT. clause wmbilicata,
turbinato-globosa, tenuiuscula, oblique irregulariter striata et
confertim pustulosa, fulva, fascia 1 lutescente prope suturam
ornata ; spira breviter turbinata, vertice acutiusculo; anfr. 44,
convert, ultimus ventrosus, antice profunde descendens ; colu-
mella leviter arcuata, sinuosa; apertura fere diagonalis, lunari-
rotundata, intus submargaritacea ; perist. tenue, breviter ex-
pansum, viv reflecum, marginibus convergentibus, callo tenut
junctis, columellari perdilatato, fornicatim reflexo, adnato.

Diam. maj. 41, min. 33, alt. 31 mill.

Hab. Cape Direction, N.E. Australia.

“ Helix, n. sp., may be called H. banneri,"after Capt. Banner of
the brig ‘ Julia Percy,’ who picked up the only specimen met with
during an inland expedition a few miles to the southward of Cape
Direction. I was with him at the time, but we could find no more
specimens.” —Macgillivray.

9. Hexix rostreua, Pfr. (1633 a). TT. umbilicata, globoso-
trochiformis, tenuiuscula, irregulariter striatula, sericea, fulvo-
cornea; spira conoidea, vertice acutiusculo; anfr. 54, con-
veatusculi, ultimus antice leviter descendens, supra medium
carinatus, basi convexior ; umbilicus angustus, pervius ; aper-
tura fere diagonalis, intus submargaritacea ; perist. album vel
carneum, marginibus convergentibus, dextro expanso, supra
carinam subsinuato, tum breviter rostrato, basali reflexiusculo,
ad insertionem subdilatato.

Diam. maj. 17, min. 15, alt. 10 mill.

B. Corneo albida, fascia 1 castanea ad carinam notata.
Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mowhot).

10. Hexix mysorensis, Pfr. (1651 a). TT. subobtecte umbili-
cata, trochiformis, solidula, leviter striatula, nitida, alaba-
strina, ad suturam fascia 1 cretacea et preterea 1-2 fuscis

1862. | DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND SHELLS. 271

notata ; spira convexo-conoidea, vertice acute mammillato ;
anfr. 5%, convexiusculi, ultimus peripheria obsolete subangulatus,
basi planiusculus, fuscus ; columella obliqua, compressa, basi
truncata; apertura perobliqua, subtrapezoidea ; perist. album,
margine supero expanso, ad dextram effuso, basali reflewo, co-
lumellari dilatato, supra rimam umbilicalem adnato.

Diam. maj. 283, min. 22, alt. 22 mill.

Hab. Island of Mysol (Wallace).

11. Hexrx aurora, Pfr. (1675 a). TT. umbilicata, turbinato-
depressa, solidula, irregulariter striatula, parum nitens, uni-
color fusca; spira breviter conoidea, vertice minuto, acutius-
culo; anfr. 45, convexiusculi, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus
peripheria carinatus, antice viv descendens, subtus parum con-
vexus ; apertura obliqua, lata, depresse lunaris, intus roseo-
margaritacea ; perist. pallide roseum vel lilaceo-carneum, mar-
ginibus convergentibus, supero horizontaliter abeunte, expanso,
ad dextram subeffuso, basali vir arcuato, reflexo, columellari
lamina fornicata dilatata umbilicum angustum fere occultante.

Diam. maj. 30, min. 24, alt. 17 mill.

Hab. Isle of Waigiou (Wallace).

12, Hetrx periciosa, Pfr. (1676 a). (Pl. XXXVI. fig. 3.)
T’. umbilicata, depresse turbinato-globosa, tenuiuscula, subdi-
stanter plicatulo-striata, parum nitens, isabellina, lineis rufis
eleganter circumdata ; spira conoidea, acutiuscula ; anfr. Sere
6, convexiusculi, ultimus non descendens, supra medium Jiloso-
angulatus et fascia latiore rufa cinctus, basi conveaus ; umbi-
licus angustus, pervius; apertura fere verticalis, rotundato-
lunaris ; perist. pallide roseum, expansum, marginibus vix con-
vergentibus, dextro medio subangulatim producto, columellari
dilatato, fornicato.

Diam. maj. 26, min. 23, alt. 15} mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

13. Hetix exacra, Pfr. (1879 4). T. umbilicata, depressa,
solida, subrugoso-striata, fulva; spira plana, medio subim-
mersa; anfr. 54, vit convexiusculi, lente accrescentes, ultimus
antice descendens, peripheria rotundatus, basi circa umbilicum
angustum pervium subinflatus ; apertura parum obliqua, an-
guste lunaris ; perist. breviter expansum et incrassatum, mar-
ginibus remotis, dextro ab insertione breviter ascendente, colu-
mellari vie dilatato.

Diam. maj. 30, min. 264, alt. 14 mill.

Hab. North of New Guinea (Wallace).

14, Hewrx moxuisera, Pfr. (1885 a). T.umbilicata, depressa,
planorboidea, tenuiuscula, alba, lineis rufis variis cincta et epi-
dermide fulva setis brevibus erectis mollibus dense obsita
vestita ; spira plana, medio immersa ; anfr. 53, conveviusculi,
ultimus permagnus, depresso-rotundatus, antice deflexus, subtus

2

72 DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND SHELLS. [Noyv. 25,

circa umbilicum angustum infundibuli instar excavatus ; aper-
tura obliqua, lunaris, intus alba, subfasciata ; perist. simplex,
marginibus convergentibus, callo junctis, dextro ab insertione
ascendente, regulariter arcuato, expanso, columellari flexuoso,
anguste refiexro.

Diam. maj. 30, min. 25, alt. 12 mill.

Hab. Island of Mysol (Wallace).

Nearly allied to ZZ. circumdata, Fér., from which it differs in its

size and epidermis, in its last whorl being less deflected, the umbilicus
narrower, and the aperture more rounded.

15. Hetix prompnHata, Pfr. (1888 a). T'. mediocriter umbili-
cata, depressa, solidula, striatula et lanugine brevi obtecta,
Susca; spira profunde immersa ; anfr. fere 5, turgidi, ultimi
rapide accrescentes, ultimus inflatus, altus, antice sensim de-
scendens, circa umbilicum non angulatus ; apertura fere dia-
gonalis, lunari-rotundata, intus margaritacea ; perist. tenue,
carneum, marginibus convergentibus, dextro ab insertione ascen-
dente, subregulariter arcuato, anguste expanso, columellurt sub-
arcuato-declivi, anguste reflexo.

Diam. maj. 20, min. 17, alt. 10-11 mill.

Hab. Island of Ceram (Wallace).

16. Hevrx raomontana, Pfr. (191la). (Pl. XXXVI. figs. 9,
10.) ZT. umbiticata, discoidea, solida, conferte capillaceo-
striata, fusca ; spira plana; anfr. 63, vie convewiusculi, lente
accrescentes, ultimus peripheria rotundatus, antice subdilatatus,
deflecus, subtus antice fortius striatus ; umbilicus latissimus,
pateriformis ; apertura perobliqua, transverse truncato-oblonga,
inimo fundo lamellis pluribus, per testam pellucentibus, munita ;
perist. albidum, incrassatum et reflexiusculum, marginibus callo
crassiusculo rectilinear junctts.

Diam. maj. 32, min. 27, alt. 83 mill.

B. Minor, anfr. 6, lamellis in anfr. ultimo nullis conspicuis. An
spec. propria ?

Diam. maj. 214, min. 18, alt. 63 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouwhot).

17. Hetix norripa, Pfr. (1912 a). (Pl. XXXVI. fig. 15.)
T. umbilicata, depressa, tenuiuscula, granulata setisque rigidis
erectis obsita, corneo-fusca; spira immersa ; sutura profunda ;
anfr. 44, convexi, ultimus rotundatus, antice profunde descen-
dens, fossa profunda ab apertura remotiuscula et 2 juxta peri-
stoma notatus ; umbilicus latiusculus, infundibuliformis ; aper-
tura subhorizontalis, bisinuato-pyriformis, intus dente profundo
et ad marginem duobus validis (omnibus fossis externis respon--
dentibus) instructa ; perist. continuum, undique reflecum, mar-
ginibus dextro et basali flexuosis, parietali subelevato.

Diam. maj. 183, min. 14, alt. 74 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

1862.] DR. L, PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND SHELLS. 273

18. Hevix emma, Pfr. (1952c). 7. umbilicata, depressa, tenui-
uscula, conferte et irregulariter rugoso-striata, superne lirts
nonnullis obsoletis cincta, haud nitens, carneo et albido varie-
gata; spira breviter conoidea, vertice acutiusculo; sutura
linearis ; anfr. 4, planiuscult, ultimus acute carinatus, antice
wia descendens, basi convexus; umbilicus angustus, pervius ;
apertura perobliqua, rotundato-rhombea ; perist. tenue, mar-
ginibus convergentibus, supero expanso, antrorsum arcuato, ad
carinam subsinuato et leviter rostrato, basali reflexo, ad inser-
tionem dilatato.

Diam. maj. 18, min. 144, alt. 74 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

18*. Srrepraxis MouHOTI, Pfr. (22 a). T. pervie umbilicata,
oblongo-ovata, tenuiuscula, confertim et oblique costulato-
striata, alabastrina ; spira elevata, apice obtuse conoideo ; su-
tura impressa, submarginata ; anfr. 63, convexiusculi, primi 4
regulares, ultimi deorsum deviantes, ultimus juxta aperturam
planulatus, levigatus; apertura obliqua, truncato-oblonga,
lamina parietali mediocri, linguiformi coarctata ; perist. cal-
losum, reflecum, margine dextro superne leviter antrorsum ar-
cuato, intus obsolete denticulato. *

Diam. maj. 13, min. 9, alt. 8 mill.

Hab. Siam.

19. SrRepraxis PELLUCENS, Pfr. (Pl. XXXVI. fig. 6.) T.
umbilicata, oblongo-ovata, tenuis, superne arcuatim costulato-
striata, nitida, hyalina; spira elevata, apice subacute conoideo ;
sutura impressa, submarginata; anfr. 63, convexiusculi, 4 primi
regulares, ultime deorsum leviter deviantes, ultimus omnino
levigatus, jucta aperturam subplanatus, antice leviter ascen-
dens ; umbilicus punctiformis, extus parum dilatatus ; apertura
parum obliqua, truncato-oblonga, lamella parietali libera,
compressa, intrante coarctata; perist. subincrassatum, reflexi-
usculum, marginibus subparallelis, dextro ad insertionem tenut,
tum leviter antrorsum dilatato.

Diam. maj. 13, min. 8, alt. 75 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

20. SrrepTaxis porReEcTA, Pfr. (22). T. umbilicata, oblique
ovato-oblonga, tenuis, superne arcuato-plicatula, cereo-hyalina ;
spira excentrica, breviter conoidea ; sutura impressa; anfr. 64,
convexiusculi, primi 4 regulares, reliqui late deviantes, ultimus
subascendens, ad suturam modo plicatulus ; umbilicus mediocris,
non pervius; apertura obliqua, truncato-oblonga, lamella pa-
rietali compressa, prope marginem dextrum intrante coarctata;
perist. callosum, expansum et reflexum, margine dextro ad in-
sertionem tenui, sinuato, tum subangulatim porrecto.

Diam. maj. 10, min. 73, alt. 6 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. XVIII.

274 DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND SHELLS. __[Noy. 25,

21. Buximus puasus, Pfr. (78 a). 7’. imperforata, ovato-fusi-
formis, tenuis, leviter striatula, parum nitens, pallide lutescens,
strigis et maculis fuscis irregulariter picta; spira eontca, acu-
tiuscula; anfr.53, convexiuseuli, ultimus non descendens, spiram
paulo superans, ventrosior, medio obsoletissime subangulatus ;
columella compressa, leviter dreuata; apertura parum obliqua,
angulato-elliptica; perist. roseum, marginibus callo fusculo
junetis, dextro expanso, basali deorsum subproducto, columellari
angusto.

Long. 31, diam. 15 mill.
Hab. Ecuador.

22. Burrus romeERI, Pfr. (PI].XXXVI. fig. 4.) T.sinistrorsa,
perforata, ovato-conica, solidula, leviter striata striisque con-
Sertissimis spiralibus sub lente deeussatula, carnea, ad suturam
pallide fasciata ; spira conica, vertice acutiusculo ; anfr. 6, vix
convexiusculi, ultimus spiram subequans, infra medium subangu-
latus et spadiceo bifasciatus, basi rotundatus ; apertura obliqua,
auriformis ; perist. simplex, margine externo breviter expanso,
columellari subverticali, sursum ae Sornicatim reflexo.

Long. 233, diam. 133 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

This shell is very like B. sinensis, Bens., but differs from that

by its more flattened whorls, the spiral striz, the peristome not
thickened, &c.

23. Butimus PuRYNE, Pfr. (8396). TJ. perforata, oblongo-
Susiformis, tenuiuscula, plicato-striata, lutescens, strigis spadi-
ceis albido conspersis picta; spira elongato-conica, vertice mi-
nuto; anfr.6, convexiusculi, ultimus spira vie brevior, basi prope
perforationem compressus; columella subangulatim areuata ;
apertura parum obliqua, subrhombea, intus rosea, strigis perlu-

centibus ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellari forni-
catim reflexo.

Long. 31, diam. 12 mill.
Hab. Andes of Peru.

24, Butimus turipus, Pfr. (1014a). T. umbilicata, conico-
ovata, solida, striatula, lurido-carnea; spira conica, apice
acuto, submammillata; anfr. 6, convexiusculi, ultimus spiram
paulo superans, bast rotundatus ; apertura subverticalis, ob-
longo-ovalis ; perist. rectum, margine dextro intus albide labiato,
columellart dilatato, fornicato-patente.

Long. 22, diam. 11 mill.

Hab. New Caledonia.

25. Butimus suBaneutatus, Pfr. (1043 a). TT. subperforata,
ovato-conica, tenuissima, striatula, pellucida, fulvo-carnea ;
spira conica, vertice acutiusculo; anfr. 6, modice convexi, ulti-
mus spiram paulo superans, medio subangulatus, basi rotun-

1862.} DR. L., PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND SHELLS. 275

datus ; apertura obliqua, ovalis ; perist. simplex, rectum, mar-
gine columellari sursum triangulatim dilatato, reflexo, sub-
appresso.

Long. 144, diam. 8 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

26. Crausit1a MounotrI, Pfr. (Pl. XXXVI. fig. 5). J. subri-
mata, fusiformis, solidula, plicis filaribus confertis et striis
spiralibus arcte reticulata, sericina, pallide fulvida, maculis et
strigis albis irregulariter picta; spira a medio regulariter
attenuata, apice obtuso; sutura rufo obsolete marginata, fas-
ciculis plicarum albarum subcrenata; anfr. 12, convexiusculi,
summi unicolores pallidi, interdum truncati, ultimus angustior,
rotundatus, breviter solutus, vix descendens; apertura fere
verticalis, subangulato-piriformis ; lamelle triangulares, fere
contigue ; lunella filaris, elongata, parum arcuata ; plica pala-
éalis 1 supera, subcolumellaris juxta lamellam inferam emer-
gens; perist. continuum, expansum et reflexiusculum, margine
externo superne subsinuato.

Long. (integr.) 42, diam. 9 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

27. CycLtotus Granutatus, Pfr. (14a). TT. umbilicata, conoi-
deo-depressa, solida, undique dense et subruditer granulata,
opaca, albida, epidermide ad peripheriam latissime castaneo-
Sasciata vestita ; spira parum elevata, vertice subtili; anfr. 43,
convexi, celeriter accrescentes, ultimus rotundatus, circa umbi-
licum mediocrem non cristatus; apertura fere verticalis, sub-
circularis ; perist. simplex, rectum, obtusum, continuum, an-
Sractui contiguo breviter adnatum. Operc. planum, marginibus
anfractuum haud prominulis.

Diam. maj. 25, min. 20, alt. 14 mill.

Hab. Ecuador.

28. Auycawus mounott, Pfr. (Pl. XXXVI. figs. 1, 2.) 7. an-
guste umbilicata, subpyramidalis, solidula, opaca, densissime
capillaceo-striata, carneo-albida ; spiraturbinata, apice obtusulo,
lutescens ; sutura profunda; anfr. 14, convexi, ultimus irregu-
lariter inflatus, saceatus, 3 mill. pone aperturam subito con-
strictus, a strictura canalem longum, in sutura retrocedentem
emittens, tum sensim dilatatus et costulis nonnullis distantibus
munitus ; apertura obliqua, subcircularis ; perist. duplicatum,
internum continuum, breviter adnatum, externum fornicato-
reflexum, latere sinistro subangulatim dilatatum.

Diam. maj. 72, min. 63, alt. 54 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

29. Auycazus (sect. Dioryx, Bens.) pacca, Pfr. (4a). T. bree
viter rimata, globoso-turbinata, sublevigata, parum nitida,
cereo-albida; spira regulariter turbinata, apice acutiusculo,

ip #

276 DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND SHELLS. [Noyv. 25,

cornea; sutura profunda; anfr. vix ultra 4, convexi, ultimus
levissime capillaceo-striatus, perinflatus, ad aperturam valde
constrictus, e strictura canalem mediocrem, in sutura retroce-
dentem emittens ; apertura verticalis, spira brevior, circularis ;
perist. album, continuum, breviter adnatum, anguste expansum,
margine dextro subduplicatum. Operc. planum, multispirum,
fulvum, nucleo rubro.
Diam. maj. 7, min. 64, alt. 73 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

30. Hysocystis movunott, Pfr. (Pl. XXXVI. fig. 13.) T.
subumbilicata, compresse pup@eformis, solida, striatula, saturate
fusco-violacea ; spira irregulariter oblonga; anfr. 6, primi 4
convexiusculi, conum subregularem formantes, penultimus multo
longior, ultimus latere aperture complanatus, tum profunde
descendens, foveolato-malleatus, antice arcuatim ascendens ;
apertura obliqua (basi axin excedens), angulato-ovalis, intus
purpurascenti-fusca ; perist. rufo-aurantiacum, incrassatum,
duplicatum et reflecum, margine parietali subhorizontali, dextro
ad angulum insertionis sursum producto. Operc. testaceum,
pagina interiore castaneo callosa.

Long. 35, diam. 17 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

31. CycLOPHORUS LAOMONTANUS, Pfr. (16 a). 7. mediocriter
umbilicata, depresso-turbinata, solidula, subtiliter striata, nt-
tidula, fulva, strigis fulguratis pallide rufis ornata, vel in fundo
pallido maculis et teniis castaneis dense variegata ; spira tur-
binata, vertice acuto, nigricante; anfr.5, convexi, ultimus teres;
apertura parum obliqua, subcircularis, superne obsolete sub-
angulata ; perist. continuum, breviter adnatum, ceterum equa-
liter et anguste expansiusculum. Operc.?

Diam. maj. 13, min. 11, alt. 9 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mowhot).

This shell resembles C. caeloconus, Bens., but differs from it by

its more elevated spire, narrower umbilicus, and slightly expanded
peristome.

32. CycLopHorus H&ZMATOMMA, Pfr. (1076). TT. umbilicata,
conoideo-depressa, solida, confertissime striata et superne liris
elevatis inequalibus crebris cincta, alabastrina ; spira parum
elevata, sursum fulvo-sanguinea, vertice subtili; anfr. 5, modice
convexi, ultimus subteres, subtus levigatus, crista funiformi,
umbilicum latiusculum limitante, munitus; apertura obliqua,
irregulariter rotundato-ovalis ; perist. simplex, rectum, mar-
ginibus approximatis, callo brevi gunctis, sinistro levius curvato,
ad cristam umbilicalem sinuato.

Diam. maj. 23, min. 19, alt. 12 mill.

Hab. Ecuador.

1862.] DR. L, PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND SHELLS. 277

33. CHonpRoroMA(?) soLARE, Pfr. (53a). T. clause umbili-
cata, oblongo-turrita, solida, liris filaribus albidis (interjectis
minoribus) et costulis longitudinalibus confertissimis illas
transgredientibus asperata, haud nitens, cinnamomea; spira
subregulariter attenuata, truncata; sutura irregulariter sub-
crenulata; anfr. superst. 43, modice convexi, ultimus non
solutus; apertura verticalis, angulato-ovalis ; perist. duplex,
internum expansiusculum, adnatum, externum late expansum et
radiato-plicatum, infra umbilicum subito resectum eumque la-
mina adnata claudens. Operc.?

‘Long. 22, diam. 11 mill.

Locality unknown.

This very elegant shell presents the most intimate affinity to the

Cuban Chondropomata shuttleworthi, pudicum, &c.; and I have no
doubt that it belongs to the same genus.

34. TrRocHATELLA MOUHOTI, Pfr. (22 a) (Pl. XXXVI. fig. 14). 2

T. trochiformis, solidula, peroblique rugoso-striata, alato-cart-
nata, lutescens ; spira conoidea, vertice minuto, levigato, sub-
papillari ; anfr. 6, plani, subundulati, omnes in alam wndula-
tam, in superioribus subappressam, in ultimo liberam, defleram
dilatati, ultimus basi convewxiusculus, minutissime spiraliter
striatus ; apertura perobliqua, lanceolata; perist. albidum,
marginibus callo tenui nitido junctis, supero tenui, subrecto,
basali arcuato, calloso, breviter reflexo, ad columellam brevis-
simam nodulifero.

Diam. maj. 17, min. 14, alt. 8 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

35. Hexicina yorKeEnsis, Pfr. (93 a). T’. globoso-conica, soli-
dula, subconferte spiraliter striata, carnea, fascia suturali
flava et latiore fusco-violacea ornata ; spira regulariter conoi-
dea, vertice acutiusculo ; anfr. fere 5, planulati, ultimus spiram
paulo superans, peripheria rotundatus, subtus medio callo albo,
granulato, circumscripto munitus ; columella callosa, arcuata ;
apertura parum obliqua, subsemicircularis ; perist. breviter
expansum, margine basali arcuatim cum columella juneto.
Operc. albidum.

Diam. maj. 53, min. 5, alt. 44 mill.

Hab. Cape York, North-east Coast of Australia (Macgilli-

vray).

36. Hexicina RETICULATA, Pfr. (150 a). T. trochiformis, soli-
dula, liris confertis spiralibus striisque incrementi distinctis
reticulata, carnea, maculis fulvo-roseis irregulariter picta ;
spira regulariter conoidea, vertice submammillari; anfr. 43,
planiusculi, ultimus peripheria subangulatus, basi callo parvulo,
granulato, linea impressa circumscripto munitus; columella
brevis, simplex; apertura parum obliqua, subtriangularis ;

278 MR. W. H, PEASE ON NEW SPECIES OF [Nov. 25,

perist. breviter expansum, margine basali cum columella angu-
lum formante. Operc. castaneum, nucleo pallido,
Diam. maj. 62, min. 6, alt. 42 mill.
Hab, Cape Flattery, North-east Coast of Australia (Macgilli-
vray).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVI.
Figs. 1, 2. dlyeeus mouhoti, p. 275, Fig. 8. Helix illustris, p. 269.

3. Helix deliciosa, p. 271. 9,10. Helix laomontana, p. 272.
4. Bulimus rémeri, p. 274. 11,12. Helix benigna, p. 269.

5. Clausilia mouhoti, p. 273. 13. Hybocystis mouhoti, p. 276.
6. Streptaxis pellucens, p. 273. 14. Trochatella mouhoti, p. 277.
7. Pupina mouhoti*, 15. Helix horrida, p. 272.

8. Description or New Specirs or Marine SHELLS FROM
THE Paciric IsLtanps. By W. Harper Prase.

CyPR#A GRANULATA.

T. ovata aut obeso-ovata, subgibbosa, subtenui, extremitatibus vir
productis ; dorso granuloso aut noduloso, nodulis lateralibus
liris coadunatis, suleo dorsali vix impresso ; lateribus submargi-
natis ; basi conveza, lirata, liris remotis, per basem partim ex-
tensis, interdum liris intermediis; apertura angusta, antice
latiore, lactea aut pallide rufescenti-fusca, nodulis albidis,
rufescenti-fusco annulatis, liris rufescenti-fuscis ; basi alba,
liris basalibus rufo-fuscente marginatis, extremitatibus rufes-
centi-fuscis tinctis.

Shell rather light, ovate, or obesely ovate, somewhat gibbous; ex-
tremities slightly produced ; back granulose or nodulous; nodules
irregular in size, those near the margins connected by ridges ; the
ridges terminating at the margins, and seldom reaching the dorsal
region, impressed by a slight dorsal groove, which is sometimes ob-
solete ; sides slightly margined ; base convex, ridged ; ridges remote,
especially those on the columella not extending to the margin, and
those on the columella not reaching the inner edge, with the excep-
tion of a few of the anterior ones ; occasionally a few short interme-
diate ridges ; aperture narrow, slightly the wider anteriorly ; cream-
colour or light reddish-brown ; nodules whitish, sometimes encircled
by reddish-brown rings ; ridges of the same colour ; base white ; basal
ridges edged with reddish brown, and extremities stained with the
same colour.

Length 32, breadth 20 mill.

From an examination of living specimens of the above species,
from several parts of the Pacific, we are satisfied it is quite distinct
from the C. nucleus or C. madagascarensis, with which it has been
heretofore confounded. It differs from both of the above species in
being lighter, and in the basal ridges being less in number and not
extending to the margin, or becoming nearly obsolete as they approach

* The description of Pupina mouhoti will be given in a subsequent paper.

1862.] MARINE SHELLS FROM THE PACIFIC ISLANDS. 279

the margin. The dorsal ridges are also less in number, and in
some specimens altogether wanting.

Conus PURUS.

T. turbinata, superne subrotunda, subtilissime transversim et lon-
gitudinaliter elevatim striata ; spira vix concava, spiraliter
striata; apertura lata; omnino alba, epidermide tenui lutes-
cente induta.

Shell turbinated, somewhat rounded at upper part, marked with
very fine, unequal, transverse, and longitudinal raised stria, the
former the most distinct; spire very slightly concave, spirally stri-
ated ; aperture broad; wholly white, covered with a thin, yellowish,
membranaceous epidermis.

Length 40, breadth 21 mill.

J DRiILii1A NODULOSA.

T. pyramidali-oblonga ; anfractibus 8, superne depressis, longitu-
dinaliter nodoso-costatis, costis undecim, anfr. ultimo infra
tuberculosis nodis cingulato; apertura ampla, sinu rotundato,
profundo; canali brevi, lato ; rufescenti-fusca, costis et colu-
mella ad basin albidis.

Shell pyramidally oblong ; whorls eight, concavely depressed above,
longitudinally nodosely ribbed, ribs about ten; body-whorl encir-
cled by a row of tuberculous nodules, in continuation of the longitu-
dinal ribs ; aperture open, sinus round and deep ; canal short, wide.
Colour reddish brown; ribs and base of columella whitish.

Length 11, breadth 43 mill.

ANACHIS COSTELLIFERA.

T. oblongo-ovata, longitudinaliter costata, costis confertis com-
presso-rotundatis, infra suturas subconstrictis ; anfr. 5, plano-
convexis, anfr. ultimo inferne fransversim striato ; apertura
ampla, sinu profundo, basi subtruncato, canals brevissimo ; costis
griseo-albicantibus, interstitiis interdum rufescenti-fuscis; anfr.
ultimo rufescenti-fusco semibalteato aut irregulariter picto.

Shell oblong-ovate, longitudinally ribbed ; ribs about twenty, close,

compressedly rounded, extending the whole length of the whorls, very
slightly constricted beneath the sutures ; whorls five, plano-convex ;
aperture rather wide; sinus open, on the central third of the lip ;
base subtruncate ; canal very short; ribs greyish white ; interstices
sometimes reddish brown ; last whorl partially banded or irregularly
painted with reddish brown.

Length 5, breadth 2 mill.

SIPHONARIA DEPRESSA.

T. ovata vel oblongo-ovata, depressa, tenuiuscula, subtrregulart,
radiatim costata et lirata, costis paucis, prominentibus, con-
centrice obsolete striata, apice subuncinato, siphone conspicuo ;
nigricans, intus nigra.

280 MR. GOULD ON NEW BIRDS FROM ForMosA. [Nov. 25,

Shell ovate or oblong-ovate, somewhat irregular, much depressed,
radiately ribbed and ridged ; ribs few and prominent, particularly
the one at the siphon, concentrically obsoletely striated ; apex slightly
uncinate; siphon conspicuous. Colour blackish ; ribs sometimes
lighter, black within.

9. DescrIPTIONS OF SixTEEN New Species or Birps FROM
THE IsLAND OF ForMOSA, COLLECTED BY RoBert SwINHOE,
Esq., Her Masesty’s Vice-Consut at Formosa. By Joun
Goutp, Esa., F.R.S., etc.

PARUS CASTANEOVENTRIS, Gould.

A bar across the forehead and cheeks white; crown of the head,
back of the neck, throat, and chest jet-black ; on the nape a spot of
pure white, bounded below by a slight mark of chestnut ; mantle,
back, shoulders, upper surface, wings, and thighs very deep blue-
grey; abdomen and under tail-coverts rich chestnut; bill bluish
black.

Total length, 4 inches; bill, 3; wing, 23; tail, 12; tarsi, 3.

Remark.—This species is very similar in colour to the Parus va-
rius of Japan; but differs in having a much smaller amount of
chestnut on the back, and in its smaller size.

ALCIPPE BRUNNEA, Gould.

Feathers of the crown and upper surface deep reddish brown,
those of the crown slightly fringed with a darker tint, giving that
part a scaled appearance; a longitudinal black stripe commences
above the eye and passes down towards the nape, separating the
brown colouring of the crown from the grey of the sides of the face
and ear-coverts; throat and under surface brownish grey; flanks
wood-brown; primaries and tail-feathers uniform chestnut-brown ;
thighs reddish brown ; bill horn-colour ; legs and toes flesh-white.

Total length, 43 inches; bill, %; wing, 23; tail, 2; tarsi, 3.

Remark.—A small brown bird, rather less in size than Accentor
modularis.

My1oPHONEUS INSULARIS, Gould.

Lores jet black; forehead crossed by a narrow band of shining
deep blue; crown of the head, throat, back of the neck, all the
upper surface and the tail obscure blackish blue; shoulders very
bright metallic blue; primaries and greater wing-coverts margined
externally with bright blue; feathers of the chest and upper part of
the abdomen black, with shining blue tips; lower part of the abdo-
men, thighs, under tail-coverts, and the under side of the tail-feathers
dull black ; bill and legs black.

Total length, 11} inches; bill, 12; wing, 62; tail, 51; tarsi, 21.

Remark.—This is a much larger bird than the Myiophoneus ceru-

1862.] MR. GOULD ON NEW BIRDS FROM FORMOSA. 281

leus of China; it also differs in the finer blue of the breast, and in the
total absence of the spangled spots of shining blue which occur on
the back of that species.

GARRULAX RUFICEPs, Gould.

Lores and chin black ; forehead and crown, down to the nape, light
orange-red ; ear-coverts orange-brown ; mantle, back, rump, sides of
the chest, flanks, thighs, and two middle tail-feathers light brown ;
primaries blackish brown, margined externally with light olive-brown ;
lateral tail-feathers light brown at their bases, and largely tipped
with white; throat, centre of the chest, and abdomen white ; bill
blackish brown ; legs, toes, and claws light flesh-brown.

Total length, 103 inches; bill, 14; wing, 5; tail, 543 tarsi, 12.

Remark.—This species is allied to Garrulax albogularis and G.
ceruleatus ; but differs from both in the uniform orange-red colour-
ing of the crown.

GARRULAX PEHCILORHYNCHA, Gould.

Crown of the head, nape, back, rump, throat, and chest deep
rusty brown ; many of the feathers of the crown slightly fringed at
their tips with black, a hue which is also observable on the tips of
the ear-coverts; primaries and secondaries reddish brown on their
inner webs ; the external edges of the former light grey, and of the
latter deep rusty chestnut ; tail deep rusty chestnut, particularly the
six central feathers, the remainder being darker and having less of
the chestnut hue, these lateral feathers also become lighter and of a
reddish fawn-colour towards their tips; abdomen and thighs deep
blue-grey, tinged on the latter with rufous; under tail-coverts fawn-
colour ; legs and toes yellowish olive.

Total length, 97 inches ; bill, 13; wing, 43; tail, 43; tarsi, 12.

Remark.—This species differs so much in colour from all other
known species of the form, that it cannot be confounded with any of
them.

PoMATORHINUS ERYTHROCNEMIS, Gould.

A narrow bar across the forehead, knees, and under tail-coverts
rusty red; lores and ear-coverts grey ; crown of the head and back
of the neck brownish grey, passing into the deep rusty chestnut of
the back, shoulders, and external margins of the wing-feathers ;
inner margins of the wing-feathers blackish brown; tail blackish
brown, with rusty margins ; a streak of black, commencing at the base
of the under mandible, passes downward to the chest, which is con-
spicuously spotted or rather blotched with black; throat and centre
of the abdomen white; flanks and upper part of the thighs rusty
olive-brown ; bill much curved, and of a purplish brown.

Total length, 8 inches; bill, 12; wing, 33; tail, 32; tarsi, 13.

Remark.—This species differs conspicuously from every other
known species of the genus. It is about the size of the common
Thrush (Turdus musicus).

282 MR. GOULD ON NEW BIRDS FROM FoRMOSA. [Nov. 25,

HyPsiIpETEs NIGERRIMA, Gould.

Entire plumage black, with the exception of the edges of the pri-
maries and tail-feathers, which are pure grey, a tint which is also
observable, but in a minor degree, on the margins of the greater and
lesser wing-coverts, and on the feathers of the flanks and the back,
on the latter, however, it is rather of a greenish cast than pure grey ;
bill blood-red ; legs red.

Total length, 83 inches; bill, 13; wing, 5; tail, 4; tarsi, 3.

Remark.—This species is somewhat allied to, but is a smaller bird
than, the well-known Hypsipetes psarotdes of India.

PERICROCOTUS GRISEOGULARIS, Gould.

Male: forehead, crown of the head, back of the neck, back,
shoulders, and two central tail-feathers sooty black; wings black,
with an oblique bar of scarlet across the primaries and secondaries,
near their bases; throat and ear-coverts light grey ; chest, abdomen,
flanks, under tail-coverts, and rump rich scarlet ; lateral tail-feathers
black at their bases, and scarlet for the remainder of their length ;
thighs blackish brown; bill and legs black.

Total length, 63 inches; bill, 3; wing, 3}; tail, 33; tarsi, 4.

Female: throat light grey, as in the male; crown, ear-coverts,
back, and shoulders deep leaden grey ; rump sulphur-yellow ; chest,
abdomen, under tail-coverts, the oblique band across the wing, and
the tips of the outer tail-feathers rich Indian yellow ; bill and legs
black.

Remark.—This species is somewhat allied to Pericrocotus sau-
laris, but differs from that bird in its clearly defined throat-mark
and other characters.

GARRULUS TAIVANUS, Gould.

Feathers covering the nostrils, a narrow bar on the forehead, and
a longitudinal mark down the cheeks black; crown of the head,
nape, back, and all the under surface vinous brown, tinged with grey
on the centre of the back; rump and under tail-coverts white ;
primaries black, fringed on their outer margins with greyish white ;
the secondaries have the usual speculum of blue disposed in broad
bars on their outer webs, and a patch of chestnut on the inner
margin of the two shortest feathers, as in most of the true Jays;
shoulders and spurious wing alternately barred with fine lines ot blue
and black ; tail black; bill black ; tarsi and toes flesh-colour.

Total length, 103 inches; bill, 14; wing, 64; tail, 55; tarsi, 13.

Remark.—This very distinct species, the smallest of the genus I
have yet seen, has the same general colouring as the Garrulus bispe-
cularis of the Himalayas and the G. sinensis of China, but differs
from both in its smaller size and in the black colouring of the feathers
covering the nostrils.

Urocissa CH&RULEA, Gould.
Crown of the head, nape, cheeks, throat, and chest jet-black ; body,

1862. | MR. GOULD ON NEW BIRDS FROM FORMOSA. 283

both above and below, and the thighs blue, of a-cobalt tint in certain
lights ; all the primaries and secondaries fringed with white at their
tips ; upper tail-coverts light cobalt-blue, with a broad bar of black
at their tips; two centre tail-feathers cobalt-blue, broadly tipped
with white ; the lateral feathers blue at their bases, to which suc-
ceeds a broad band of black, beyond which they are snow-white ;
bill and legs blood-red.

Total length, 21 inches; bill, 12; wing, 73; tail, 143; tarsi, 12,

Remark.—In size this fine new species is about equal to the Uro-
cissa sinensis, but it differs from that and every other member of the
genus in its stouter bill and in the blue colouring of the entire body.

MEGAL&MA NucHALIS, Gould.

Forehead dull olive ; immediately before the eye a small patch of
red ; throat sulphur-yellow ; remainder of the cheeks, the ear-coverts,
back of the neck, and a band across the lower part of the throat pale
greenish blue, to which succeeds a band of red, separating the sulphur-
yellow of the throat from the yellowish green of the under surface ;
upper surface and tail green, with an obscure patch of red on the
mantle ;_ primaries blackish brown, externally margined with green ;
bill blackish horn-colour, except the base of the under mandible,
which is sulphur-yellow ; legs olive-black.

Total length, 7 in. ; bill, 17; wing, 41; tail, 22; tarsi, 1.

Remark.—TVhis very distinctly marked species is about the size of
Megalema asiatica.

Picus rnsunaris, Gould.

Male: forehead crossed by a narrow band of buff; crown of the
head scarlet ; lores, cheeks, ‘sides of the neck, and throat white; a
black line, commencing at the base of the lower mandible, passes
down between the ear-coverts and the. throat, on to the sides of the
chest, where it forms a broad patch ; flanks buffy white, strongly
striated with black ; lower part of the abdomen and under tail-coverts
rosy scarlet; mantle, shoulders, upper tail-coverts, and four middle
tail-feathers black ; centre of the back white, crossed with irregular
rays of black, as in Picus leuconotus ; wings black, spotted with white
on both webs of the feathers, as in that species ; outer tail-feathers
alternately barred with black and white ; bill bluish horn-colour ;
tarsi and feet lead-colour.

Total length, 91 inches; bill, 1}; wing, 52; tail, 34; tarsi, 3,

Female like the male in every respect, except in having a black
instead of a red crown.

Remark.—This species is nearly allied to the Picus leuconotus,
but is very distinct from that and every other member of the Picide
I have yet seen; and it is certainly not included in the great work
on this family of birds just completed by M. Malherbe.

GEcINUS TANCOLO, Gould.

Lores, a narrow band across the forehead, back part of the head,
nape, and a stripe down the cheeks black; centre of the forehead

284 MR. GOULD ON NEW BIRDS FROM FORMOSA. [Nov. 25,

blood-red ; back dull green, passing into greenish yellow on the rump ;
shoulders and upper part of the wings dull wax-yellow ; primaries
olive-brown, with small elongated marks of buff on their external
margins ; internal webs of the greater coverts and primaries crossed
with distinct bars of greyish white ; throat and cheeks grey ; under
parts of the shoulders and axillaries alternately barred with greenish
white and blackish brown; chest and under surface sordid green.

Total length, 101 inches; bill, 13; wing, 12; tail, 51; tarsi, 3.

Remark.—The species to which this bird is most nearly allied is
the Gecinus occipitalis of the Himalayas, from which however it is
conspicuously different. I have adopted its Chinese name for a
specific appellation.

EvuPLocamus Sswinuor, Gould.

Male: forehead black, gradually blending into the snowy-white
lanceolate plumes which form a slight crest, and continue in a
narrow line down the nape of the neck ; back snowy white, offering a
strong contrast to the narrow black line with which it is bounded
on each side, and the rich fiery chestnut of the scapularies ; lower
part of the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts intense velvety black,
broadly margined with shining steel or bluish black, these scale-
like feathers gradually becoming of a larger size and of a more uniform
black as they approach the tail-feathers ; wings blackish brown ; the
greater and lesser coverts fringed with green ; two centre tail-feathers
snow-white, the remainder black; the somewhat elongated feathers
of the chest and flanks black, with shining blue reflexions; thighs
and under tail-coverts dull black ; legs and spurs blood-red, except
the tips of the latter, which are brown; sides of the face mottled to
an extent seldom seen even among Gallinaceous birds; in front this
appearance extends to the nostrils, while posteriorly it terminates in
a point near the occiput; a lange lappet hangs down over each cheek,
and a more pointed one rises, in the form of a horn, high above the
crown, the whole being of the finest red, and covered with papillee,
as in the Genneus nychthemerus ; bill light horn-colour.

Total length, 28 inches; bill, 14; wing, 9; tail, 17; tarsi, 4.

Female: this sex offers a strong contrast to the male, from there
being no appearance of a crest in any specimen I have seen, and in
the entire plumage being reddish or orange-brown, particularly the
under surface; when examined in detail, however, many different
but harmonizing tints are seen on the various parts of the body: on
the back of the neck, mantle, scapularies, and lesser wing-coverts, the
freckled brown feathers have lanceolate or spearhead-shaped mark-
ings surrounded with black down their centres, while the rump and
upper tail-coverts are more uniformly and more finely freckled with
orange and dark brown ; primaries alternately barred on both surfaces
with chestnut and dark brown ; secondaries dark brown, conspicuously
barred with ochre-yellow; throat brownish grey; chest orange-
brown, each feather with two crescentic markings of dark brown ;
centre of the abdomen and thighs orange-brown, slightly freckled
with darker brown ; two centre tail-feathers dark brown, obscurely

1862.] MR. GOULD ON NEW BIRDS FROM FORMOSA. 285

barred with buff ; lateral tail-feathers nearly uniform deep chestnut ;
bill horn-colour ; space surrounding the eye and the legs red.

Total length, 18 inches; bill, 11; wing, 8}; tail, 8; tarsi, 3.

Remark.—This exceedingly beautiful species is one of the most
remarkable novelties I have had the good fortune to describe ; in
size it is somewhat smaller than the Genneus nychthemerus, which it
resembles in its red wattles and in the form of its tail, while in its
strong legs, the scaly stiff feathers of the lower part of its back, the
red-and-white colouring of the anterior portion of its upper surface,
and in its steel-blue crest it more closely assimilates, in my opinion,
to the members of the genus Luplocamus ; and with that group, the
Fire-backs, I have accordingly associated it.

In dedicating this fine bird to Mr. Swinhoe, I feel that I am only
paying a just compliment to a gentleman who must ever rank among
the foremost of those travellers who have enriched ornithology by
their numerous Eastern discoveries.

Genus Bamsusicota, Gould.

Generic characters.—Bill moderately long, and very similar in
form to that of Perdix ; nostrils covered by an operculum; wings
moderately long, round, and concave, the fifth primary the longest ;
tail somewhat more lengthened than in Perdiz, rounded or inclined
to a wedge-shape; tarsi rather long, and armed with a well-defined
but blunt spur; toes longer than in Perdizx, the. two lateral ones
equal in length, and united at their base by a membrane; hind toe
rather long and free.

Sexes alike, as in Caccabis, but the female destitute of a spur.

This is a very distinct form among the Gallinacee, the species of
which, so far as we yet know, are only two in number, namely, the
present bird and the Galloperdix sphenurus of China. Both evince
a predilection for forests of bamboo, which circumstance has suggested
the generic appellation. In point of affinity they equally approach
the members both of the genera Perdix aud Caccabis.

BAMBUSICOLA SONORIVOX, Gould.

Male: crown of the head rusty brown, each feather obscurely
barred and freckled with blackish brown; lores, ear-coverts, chest,
back of the neck, and chest grey, each feather minutely freckled with
blackish brown ; back and rump olive, each feather minutely freckled
with blackish brown; those of the back, nearest the mantle, largely
blotched with deep chestnut ; these chest-marks also extend over the
shoulders, near the tips of which is a lanceolate spot of white; a
similar but more obscure mark also occupies the sides of the wing-
coverts, but, instead of being white, it is pale fawn-colour; greater
wing-coverts chestnut in the centre, then black, fringed with dee
buff ; primaries blackish brown externally, margined with reddish
chestnut ; two middle tail-feathers freckled brown, buff, and black ;
the remainder deep chestnut-brown; abdomen rich cinnamon, with

286 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE SUPPOSED [Nov. 25,

a bar of rich chestnut near the tip of all the feathers of the flanks ;
thighs ciunamon-brown; bill and legs blackish brown.

Total length, 9} inches ; bill, 1 ; wing, 54; tail, 4; tarsi, 12.

Female similarly coloured.

The young, at about a month old, have acquired much of the
colouring of the adults, but the centre feathers of the back and
shoulders are darker, with lighter edges, giving this part of the
plumage a very sparkling appearance.

NuMENIUS RUFESCENS, Gould.

Head, neck, upper and under surface reddish fawn-colour, deepest
and most conspicuous on the rump and tail-feathers; down the
centre of each of the feathers is a streak of blackish brown, broadest
and most conspicuous on the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ;
primaries blackish brown, strongly toothed on their inner margins
with greyish white; tail-feathers irregularly crossed with blackish
brown ; thighs light buff.

Total length, 23 inches ; bill, 7; wing, 121; tail, 33; tarsi, 5.

This is a very fine species, about the size of Numenius arcuatus and
N. australis, from the former of which it differs in the absence of
the white rump, and from the latter in its rufous colouring.

10. On A BirnD SUPPOSED TO BE THE FEMALE OF CROSSOPTILON
AURITUM, PALLAS, FROM NorTHERN CuHinA. By ROBERT
Swinuog, F.Z.S., H.M. Consuu at Formosa.

My friend Dr. Lamprey, of the 97th Regiment, stationed at Tsin-
tsin, sent me, while I was at Amoy, the bird I now exhibit, in skin, with
the statement that he had seen several of the same species, all of which
were similar in plumage. My specimen I have taken to the British
Museum, and compared, with the kind assistance of Mr. G. R. Gray,
with Hodgson’s bird from the Himalayas. That they are closely
allied species there can be no gainsaying; but of their distinctness
there can be little doubt. ®Our bird is much larger, has longer tarsi,
bill higher at the base, white throat, with longer ear-feathers, deep
brown plumage, and a differently shaped tail. From the develop-
ment of its cheek-skin, its form of bill, as well as the appearance of
its plumage, it bears the mark of an old bird; and from the shape of
its tail one would infer that it was a male. But, on examining its
legs, we find no spur, only a hard callosity, such as distinguish the
females of the Phasianide. I am rather inclined, therefore, to
concur with Mr. G. R. Gray in considering the bird a female, but
the masculine form of tail is rather a difficulty. In comparing it
with the specimen of Crossoptilon in the Museum, it is, however,
easy to see that the tail of the Peking bird is proportionately smaller,
and, judging from analogy, it is rather improbable that the mature
male would wear such a dingy livery. Now, supposing this bird to
be a female, we have no hesitation in saying that it is not the female
of the Crossoptilon from Thibet; we must, therefore, compare it

1862.] FEMALE OF CROSSOPTILON AURITUM. 287

with the description of the C. auritum given by Pallas in his ‘ Zoo-
graphia Rosso-Asiatica,’ vol. ii. p. 86. Pallas makes no mention of
proportions and measurements, and, further, he tells us that the only
skin he received from China had no legs; but the shape of the tail,
with its eighteen side-feathers and four curved central feathers,
answers very nearly, as well as the white throat and ear-plumes, the
latter 1} inch long. But in general colour, and in many respects,
they differ. Pallas’s bird has the black plumelets on the crown
bluish black; throat and ears white; the neck, the whole body as
far as the rump, together with the bases of the wings, of one uniform
bluish leaden; interior quills same colour as the back; primaries
brown, the second, third, and fourth being margined exteriorly with
white; tail with the four central tail-feathers curved and comose,
of a bluish black ; the four nearest rectrices on each side widest and
entire, curved inwards, and nearly equal in length, blue at their ex-
tremities, the rest of the side-feathers decreasing gradually in length,
the greater part of their basal halves being white, the apical portions
bluish black.

Ours, from Peking, has the small plumes on the crown pur-
plish black, bordered by an indistinct whitish occipital band. Throat
and ears white. Neck deep shining black. Back, belly, and entire
wings deep chocolate-brown ; vent silky and paler. Rump and tail
dingy white, the stems of the tail-feathers deep chocolate-brown, the
ends of the tail-feathers being more or less deeply tipped with pur-
plish black, the four central feathers being comose, and the nine
others on each side being almost equally graduate and curved inwards.

Now the objections I take against considering this bird the female
of C. auritum, Pall., arise first from its style of colouring: The
male of C. auritum has the entire body a bluish leaden. In our
bird, consequently, if a female of the same species, we might expect
to find a uniform brown. But no; ours has a Slack neck and a
whiterump. The white margins to the quills might be a sexual
difference ; but it strikes me, from Pallas’s description, ours has
much smaller and somewhat differently shaped wings. In the tail,
too, we should expect greater similarity of colouring, if not of form.
In the colouring of its tail C. awritum more nearly approaches the
C. tibetanum, Hodgs. The four central feathers are bluish black ;
the four next on each side, of nearly equal length, are tipped with
blue ; whereas the entire tail of our bird is dingy white, tipped with
purplish black, the four feathers next to the central ones being gra-
duated in much the same proportion as those that follow. I think,
therefore, after due deliberation, that our bird, which there seem to
be valid reasons for considering a female, is a species the male of
which will be more beautiful than either the C. tibetanum or the
C. auritum. If I am rightly informed, our specimen hails from
Mantchuria, whereas Pallas’s bird came from Mongolia, and Hodg-
son’s from Thibet. For the present, therefore, I appropriate to
myself the advantage of the doubt, and propose to introduce this as
the female of a new species, which I propose to name Crossoptilon
mantchuricum.

288 DR. T. S. COBBULD ON HUMAN ENTOZOa. __[Nov. 25,

11. Remarks ON ALL THE HuMAN Entozoa. By T. Spencer
Cossotp, M.D., F.L.S., LecrureER on CoMPARATIVE ANA-
tomy, ZoOLoGyY, AND Borany AT THE MippLEsex HospIiTAu.

At the recent Cambridge Meeting of the British Association for
the Advancement of Science, I adduced the following argument in
favour of a more extended prosecution of experimental research in
the department of human helminthology :—“ As man is infested by
a great variety of internal parasites, and some of them prove exceed-
ingly troublesome, it is evident that a large amount of practical good
would ensue if we were more perfectly informed respecting the origin
and economy of these creatures; for not only are our personal inter-
ests directly affected by their intrusion, but we also suffer indirectly
from the injury and destruction they occasion amongst our domesti-
cated animals. At least thirty well-marked forms have been de-
scribed as infesting the human body; and although most of the
species are comparatively rare, yet a considerable number are exceed-
ingly common in occurrence, and likewise often prove numerically
abundant in one and the same individual.”

This argument was supported by a reference to certain recently
ascertained facts, a more particular account of which, combined
with the results of my own inquiries, I now submit to the consider-
ation of the Zoological Society. ;

In the subjoined list I only record those which are perfectly di-
stinct forms, and therefore probably good species. Many forms
which were at first supposed to be distinct will be found in the
synonymy placed at the head of each comment where the species is
separately considered. The larvee are noticed under the titles of the
adults to which they are either known or presumed to be respectively
referable. This method is followed even in cases where the adult
condition is not known to occur in the human body or in any other
“host :” thus, for example, the Cysticercus acanthotrias is placed
under Tenia acanthotrias, although the mature tapeworm at present
remains unknown :—

Human Entozoa.

Fasciola hepatica, Linneus.

. Distoma crassum, Busk.
lanceolatum, Mehlis.
ophthalmobium, Diesing.
heterophyes, Siebold.

. Bilharzia hematobia, Cobbold.

. Tetrastoma renale, Delle Chiaje.
. Hexathyridium pinguicola, Treutler.
venarum, 'Treutler.

10. Ascaris lumbricoides, Linnzeus.
mystax, Rudolphi.

12. Trichocephalus dispar, Rudolphi.
13. Trichina spiralis, Owen.

14. Filaria medinensis, Gmelin.

OWNS HR w to

1862. ] DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTUZOA. 289

15. Filaria lentis, Diesing.

16. Strongylus bronchialis, Cobbold.

17. Eustrongylus gigas, Diesing.

18. Sclerostoma duodenale, Cobbold.

19. Spiroptera hominis, Rudolphi.

20. Oxyuris vermicularis, Bremser.

21. Tenia solium, Linneus.
mediocanellata, Kiichenmeister.

23. acanthotrias, Weinland.
24, flavopuncta, Weinland.
25 marginata, Batsch.

26. echinococcus, Siebold.
nana, Siebold.

elliptica, Batsch.

29. Bothryocephalus latus, Bremser.
cordatus, Leuckart.

In this list it will be observed that I have purposely omitted the
Acarine genus Pentastoma, the Aunelid Dactylius aculeatus (Curling),
and several other internal parasites not strictly referable to the Hel-
minths.

Up to the present hour no one has recorded the occurrence of any
acanthocephalous helminth within the human body, although it is
well known that Echinorhynchi have been found in all the vertebrate
classes, and even in the Simiade*.

1. FascroLa HEPATICA, Linnezeus.

F. hepatica, Linnzus, Pallas, Fabricius, Miller, Frohlich, Bose,
Blanchard, Cobbold, &c.

F.. humana, Gmelin.

Distoma hepaticum, Abildgaard, Zeder, Mehlis, Rudolphi, Brem-
ser, Delle Chiaje, Dujardin, Creplin, Siebold, Owen, Pluskal, Kii-
chenmeister, Diesing, Weinland, Simonds, &c.

Planaria latiuscula, Goeze.

The general structure of this parasite is now thoroughly well
understood, although some minor points, more especially in respect
of the mode of origin of the branches of the water-vascular system,
remain to be investigated. The old view of Mehlis, as to the termi-
nation of the excretory system by an open foramen caudale, although

* In connexion with this subject I may remark that I have just received
(Nov. Ist) a most interesting brochure from Prof. Rudolf Leuckart, in which
he describes a remarkable series of genetic changes discovered by him as occur-
ring in Echinorhynchus proteus. Coutrary to our previous notions, he proves by
experiments (with eggs administered to the Gammarus pulex of our ponds and
rivers) that the embryos materially differ from the adult forms, and stand in the
same relation to them that the larval Pluteus and Pilidium respectively do to
Ophiurus and Nemertes. An alternation of generations was certainly quite un-
suspected. The title of the paper is “ Helminthologische Experimentaluntersuchun-
gen,” having been communicated to the Gottingen kénigliche Gesellschaft der
Wissenschaften on the 9th October, 1862. Prof. Busk has since given a trans.
lation of this paper in the ‘ Microsc. Journal’ for January 1863.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. XIX.

290 DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. [Nov. 25,

rejected by Blanchard, is now generally accepted as correct. In
other particulars, concerning the mode of distribution of the aqui-
ferous vessels, the representations of the French naturalist appear to
be trustworthy, and my own injections confirm his statements in all
essential points*. Up to the present hour a complete history of the
development of this species has not been made out; but the recent
investigations of Van Beneden, Pagenstecher, Wagener, Filippi, and
others enable us to form tolerably accurate conclusions respecting
the abode and migrations of its larvee. As, however, I have recently
published the results of my investigations on this point in my paper
“On the Common Liver Entozoon of Cattle,” in the pages of the
© Intellectual Observer’ (vol. i. p. 115 e¢ seq.), I need not now reca-
pitulate the deductions there recorded ; but I may observe, in passing,
that a well-sustained series of researches are still wanting to com-
plete the chain of evidencet+. The costly nature of these investiga-
tions has alone prevented my further prosecution of the necessary
experiments. Hitherto, only nine instances have been recorded of
the occurrence of this parasite within the human body ; and for par-
ticulars respecting these I may also be permitted to refer to my
«« Synopsis of the Distomide,” in the fifth volume of the Journal of
the Proceedings of the Linnean Society.

2. DisromA crassum, Busk.

D. crassum, Cobbold, Simonds.
D. buskii, Lankester, Moquin-Tandon.
Dicrocelium buskii, Weinland.

This is a good species, and appropriately named ; for, although
Von Siebold (in Miiller’s Archiv for 1836, p. 234, and in his Lehr-
buch, vol. i. p. 143) refers to a Distome infesting Hirundo urbica
under this title, he has given no description of the worm. Diesing
places Von Siebold’s D. crassum among his species inquirende, and
it is very probably identical with the D. maculosum of Rudolphi.
No other instance has occurred since the original fourteen specimens
were discovered by Mr. Busk in the duodenum of a Lascar. From
a careful examination of three examples, severally presented hy the
discoverer to the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, the
Museum of the Middlesex Hospital Medical College, and to my pri-
vate collection, I am satisfied that it is generically distinct from the
above; but it is unnecessary to insist further on this distinction, as

* Specimens of the Fasciola gigantea, thus prepared, were exhibited by me at
the Glasgow Meeting of the British Association in 1855, a description of them
being given in the ‘ Report,’ Sect., p. 108; and a more extended account of the
same appeared in ‘ Edin. New Phil. Journ.’ for 1855, plate 7.

+ Since the above was written, I have received a communication from Professor
Leuckart, of Giessen, in which he mentions that he has at last succeeded in solving
many points respecting the phases of development through which this species
passes. A full account of these changes will doubtless appear in the second di-
vision of his valuable work (Die menschlichen Parasiten) now in course of pub-
lication.

t Ihave forwarded this specimen to Prof. Leuckart in exchange for other rare
parasites.—T. S. C., Jan. 10, 1863.

1862. ] DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. 291

I have elsewhere fully exposed the fallacy of combining the genera
Fasciola and Distoma. In two of the specimens which Mr. Busk
injected with mercury, the injection has passed from the digestive
into the aquiferous system, which latter, in its arrangements, does
not differ materially from that of Fasciola hepatica. The original
account in Dr. Budd’s valuable work on Diseases of the Liver
speaks of a “branched uterine tube;” but this description is mani-
festly erroneous, and probably refers to the division of the upper
end of the vitelligene tube into the ducts which come from the yelk-
forming glands on either side of the body.

3. DistomMa LANCEOLATUM, Meblis.

D. lanceolatum, Mehlis, Bucholz, Gurlt, Valentin, Chabert, Du-
jardin, Diesing, Blanchard, Baird, Kichenmeister, Leidy, Moulinié,
Cobbold, &e.

D. hepaticum, Zeder, Rudolphi, Bremser, Olfers, Bojanus, Creplin,
Gurlt, Owen.

D. conus, Gurlt.

Fasciola hepatica, Bloch, Jérdens, Bosc.

F. lanceolata, Rudolphi, Moquin-Tandon.

Planaria latiuscula, Goeze.

Dicrocelium lanceolatum, Weinland.

Only two instances of the occurrence of this well-marked form in
the human subject are recorded, one by Bucholz, the other by Mehlis
and Chabert. The latter occurred in France, in a girl twelve years
of age, from whom Chabert expelled a large number of specimens by
the employment of empyreumatic oil. The specimens found by Bu-
cholz in the body of a prisoner who died from fever are, it is believed,
still preserved in the Museum of the University of Jena. Mehlis
was the first to establish clearly the non-identity of this species with
the common fluke,—a view which was shared also by Schiffer and
Rudolphi, but subsequently abandoned by the latter. Its structure
has been well investigated by Valentin, Blanchard, Walter, and
Kiichenmeister, from examples occurring in the gall-bladder and
biliary-ducts of our domesticated ruminants.

4. Disroma opHTHALMosiuM, Diesing.

D. ophthalmobium, Diesing, Kichenmeister, Cobbold, Mogquin-
Tandon.

D. oculi-humani, Gescheidt.

? D. (lentis), Von Ammon.

Dicrocelium oculi-humani, Weinland.

? Monostoma lentis, Nordmann, Gescheidt, Diesing, Kiichen-
meister, Cobbold, Weinland.

? Festucaria lentis, Moquin-Tandon.

Gescheidt found four specimens in the eye of a child five months
old, born with lenticular cataract. No one of them exceeded half a
line in length ; and they were situated between the lens and its cap-
sule, where they could be recognized as so many dark spots on the

292 DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. _[Nov. 25,

surface of the lens. From the original description in Von Ammon’s
‘ Zeitschrift fiir Ophthalmologie’ we are scarcely warranted in con-
cluding that the specimens were sexually mature. The author speaks
of ovaries, but they were “indistinct,” and they are not represented
in the carefully executed figures given in Von Ammon’s writings
(‘Klinische Darstellungen der Krankheiten des menschlichen
Auges,’ vol. i. t. 12, and vol. ii. t. 14). I think it likely that
Von Nordmann’s Monostoma lentis is identical with this worm ; and
I perceive that Dr. Weinland, of Frankfort, entertains a similar suspi-
cion. Kichenmeister’s idea that this Monostoma may be a young
Cysticercus cellulose is not at all convincing ; for no one ever heard
of eight Cysticerci occupying one eyeball, and much less is it likely
that they should occur thus gregariously in the human lens. Tre-
matodes are seldom solitary ; and all the circumstances render it pro-
bable that the worms extracted by Prof. Jiingken, in his case of
cataract, were specifically identical with those removed after death
from the eye of the little girl who died from infantile atrophy whilst
under Von Ammon’s care.

5. DisTOMA HETEROPHYES, Siebold.

D. heterophyes, Siebold & Bilharz, Kiichenmeister, Diesing,
Leuckart, Cobbold.

Fasciola heterophyes, Moquin-Tandon.

Dicrocelium heterophyes, Weinland.

Inthe month of April 1851, Dr. Bilharz, of Cairo, discovered this
minute worm in the small intestine of a boy ; and on a second occa-
sion he collected several hundred specimens under very similar cir-
cumstances. The parts infested displayed a multitude of reddish
points, due to the presence of the dark-coloured ova seen in the in-
terior of the worms. The length of the largest specimens did not
exceed three-fourths of a line. Their anatomy is fully described by
Siebold in the fourth volume of the ‘Zeitschrift fir wissensch.
Zool.,’ and also by Kiichenmeister in his ‘ Manual.’

6. BiLHARZIA H2ZMATOBIA, Cobbold.

Bilharzia hematobia, Cobbold.

Gynecophorus hematobius, Diesing.

Thecosoma hematobium, Moquin-Tandon.

Distoma hematobium, Bilharz, Kiichenmeister, Moulinié.
Schistosoma hematobium, Weinland.

Most helminthologists agree as to the propriety of placing this
remarkable trematode in a separate genus, but some dispute has
arisen concerning* the priority of the various titles which have been
proposed. The generic name here adopted is one which I applied
to asecond species discovered by me six months before Diesing com-
municated his ‘‘ Revision der Myzelminthen”’ to the Vienna Academy ;
but I shall have no objection to employ the title Gynecophorus,
proposed by him, if it be generally thought more appropriate.
Weinland has expressed to me his willingness to abandon the title

1862. ] DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. 293

Schistosoma in favour of Bilharzia, which he admits has the priority.
Though it is of little consequence which name be retained, the genus
itself is one of remarkable interest, not merely in a structural point
of view, but also from its prevalence on the borders of the Nile.
The first specimens were discovered by Dr. Bilharz, of Cairo, in the
portal system of blood-vessels; and others were subsequently ob-
served by him, Griesenger, Reinhard, and Lautner in the veins of
the mesentery, bladder, and other parts, giving rise to a formidable
and very prevalent disease. The anatomy of Bilharzia has been
fully described by the original discoverer and by Kiichenmeister ;
but I would observe, in passing, that it is rather singular that Moquin-
Tandon should express his belief that the sexes have been mistaken
by such competent authorities. The circumstance of the smaller
form being carefully described by them as furnished with uterine
ducts containing eggs ought to leave no doubt in our minds as to the
correctness of the generally received opinion, unless we have distinct
evidence to the contrary. In connexion with this subject I would
also again call attention to the circumstance of my having discovered
the second species of Bilharzia (B. magna) in the portal system of an
African Monkey (Cercopithecus fuliginosus). Those who pay regard
to the distribution or limitation of particular forms will see in this
fact a curious illustration of the affinities of habit ; for there can be
little doubt that the Sooty Monkey procures the larvze of its Bil-
harzia from a source similar to that from which our Egyptian bre-
thren procure the larvee of B. hematobia, and it is not a little sig-
nificant that the genus in question should only at present be known
to infest men and monkeys. For further particulars in regard to
this parasite I must refer to my previous papers in the ‘ Linnean
Transactions’ (vol. xxii. p. 364), ‘ Linnean Proceedings’ (vol. vy.
Zool. Div. p. 30), ‘ Zoological Society Proceedings’ (1861, p. 118),
and in the ‘ Intellectual Observer’ (vol. i. p. 352).

7. TETRASTOMA RENALE, Delle Chiaje.

T. renale, Delle Chiaje, Diesing, Dubini, Leidy, Weinland.

The occurrence of this entozoon as a human parasite appears
hitherto to have escaped the notice of English zoologists, although
discovered by Lucarelli and Delle Chiaje in 1833. All that we now
know of it is due to the original description of Chiaje, from whose
‘Elmintografia Umana’ we learn that it attains a length of 5 lines,
has an oval flattened body, and is furnished with four suckers disposed
in a quadrate manner at the caudal extremity. The reproductive
orifices are situated near the mouth. It infests the tubes of the
kidney.

8. HEXATHYRIDIUM PINGUICOLA, Treutler.

H. pinguicola, Treutler, Jordens, Brera, Leidy, Weinland.

Hexastoma pinguicola, Cuvier.

Linguatula pinguicola, Lamarck.

Polystoma pinguicola, Zeder, Rudolphi, Bremser, Delle Chiaje,
Owen, Dujardin, Dubini.

294 DR. T. 8. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. [Noy. 25,

This species was once found by Dr. Treutler in a diseased ovarium ;
and no second instance of its occurrence in Germany or elsewhere
has since been recorded. A concise description of this trematode,
which attains a length of 8 lines, is given in Prof. Owen’s article
«Entozoa” in the ‘ Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology.’ _ It is
also figured from Treutler in various works. Van Beneden and Ger-
vais have supposed that this parasite may, after all, have only been
the Pentastoma denticulatum. This view is inadmissible. (See a
footnote by Leuckart, in his monograph of the “Bau und Ent-
wicklungsgeschichte der Pentastomen,” p. 11.)

9. HexATHYRIDIUM VENARUM, Treutler.

H. venarum, Treutler, Jérdens, Rudolphi, Brera, Bremser, Diesing,
Leidy, Weinland.

Hewastoma venarum, Cuvier.

Heaacotyle venarum, Blainville.

Linguatula venarum, Lamarck.

Polystoma sanguicola, Delle Chiaje, Frick.

P. venarum, Zeder, Rudolphi, Dujardin, Owen, Dubini.

This species is better known than the above. Treutler originally
obtained two specimens from the blood of the anterior tibial vein of
a young man who accidentally ruptured the vessel while bathing at
Leipsic. Rudolphi and others sought to throw doubt on Treutler’s
observation, and referred these worms to the freshwater Planarie.
At Naples, however, Delle Chiaje subsequently procured specimens
from the sputa of two young persons suffering from hemoptysis ;
and a fourth instance has also been noticed by Follina, where the
worm was found in venous blood. This species attains a length of
3 lines, is cylindrico-lanceolate in shape, its six suckers being biseri-
ally disposed on the under side of the so-called head.

10. ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES, Linneus.

A. lumbricoides, Linnzeus, Bloch, Géze, Werner, Gmelin, Schrank,
Frohlich, Rudolphi, Jérdens, Brera, Otto, Bojanus, Deslongchamps,
Bremser, Blainville, Nitzsch, Delle Chiaje, Cloquet, Schmalz, Gurlt,
Cuvier, Owen, Creplin, Eschricht, Sortegana, Gluge, Siebold, Du-
jardin, Pruner, Blanchard, Kiichenmeister, Richter, Moquin-Tandon,
Weinland, &e. &e.

Fusaria lumbricoides, Zeder.

Lumbricus teres hominis, Tyson, Redi, Valisneri.

? Nematoideum hominis (ventriculi), Dégland, Leveillé, Clesius.

?.N. hominis (viscerum), Pruner, Diesing.

? Ophiostoma pontierii, Cloquet, Delle Chiaje, Bremser.

This well-known parasite is by some still considered identical with
Ascaris megalocephala of the horse and 4. suilla of the hog ; but I
agree with Dujardin, Moquin-Tandon, Claparéde, and others in re-
garding it as distinct. ‘The anatomy of Ascaris lumbricoides has
been well illustrated by Cloquet and others ; but the precise manner
in which the young gain access to the human body is very imper-

1862.] DR. T. 8. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. 295

fectly understood. It is well known that quantities of the immature
ova are expelled their “host”? per anum; and I have myself ob-
tained the characteristic eggs from matters ejected by the mouth.
Richter’s and Davaine’s experiments go to prove that, after the ova
have escaped passively, they complete their development in open
waters ; and it would also appear that an interval of six months
must elapse (after their expulsion) before the yelk-segmentation and
consequent embryonic formation can take place. In Richter’s ex-
periment none of the embryos had emerged after the eggs had been
in the water for a period of eleven months; and, in the case of 4.
marginata from the dog, Verloren’s previous investigations have
shown that the young embryos can retain their vitality for more than
a year after their worm-like condition has been attained. According
to Davaine (Comptes Rendus, 1858, p. 1217), the fully developed
embryo is cylindrical, its length ;+>th of an inch, the mouth is not
furnished with the three characteristic papille of the genus, and
the tail terminates suddenly in a point.

His experiments also showed that their development in ovo was
not facilitated by increase of temperature, neither were the mature
eggs affected by several days’ immersion in the gastric juice of rab-
bits and dogs. Further researches therefore are required to decide
whether the young Ascarides eventually gain access to our bodies
after the embryos have escaped from the eggs and have undergone
a series of active wanderings elsewhere, or whether, as seems more
probable, they are not directly transferred from river- and pond-
water to the human stomach.

11. Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi.

A. mystaz, Rudolphi, Bremser, Gurlt, Dujardin, Bellingham, Die-
sing, Siebold, Nelson, Allen Thomson, Meissner, Kolliker, Bischoff,
Leuckart, Claparéde, Cobbold, &c.

A, felis, Gmelin, Fréhlich, Rudolphi, J. V. Thomson, Pickells.

A. teres felis, Goeze.

A. cati, Schrank.

A. alata, Bellingham, Dujardin, Diesing.
| Fusaria mystax, Zeder.

Although no one has hitherto regarded the Ascaris mystax as a
human parasite, I am satisfied that Bellingham’s Ascaris alata
(about which there has been so much dispute) is neither more nor
less than the well-known A. mystax of the Cat. But if this be
doubted by Continental helminthologists, I invite their attention to
evidence which, to any one conversant with the characters of Ascaris
mystax, cannot fail to satisfy them that this nematode is liable to
infest the human body. The first instance in which this parasite
has been observed in man is recorded by Dr. Pickells in the ‘ Trans-
actions of the Association of Fellows and Licentiates of the King
and Queen’s College of Physicians in Ireland.’ The case is reported
at length in vol. iv. pp. 189-221, and in vol. v. pp. 171-196, the
text being accompanied by figures of a nematode unmistakeably re-

296 DR. T. 8. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. [Noy. 25,

ferable to Ascaris mystaz. As this volume is not likely to be acces-
sible to foreign writers, I adduce a few of the leading facts, which, if
carefully weighed, will, I think, clear up all doubts as to the nature
of Bellingham’s 4. alata, and at the same time rescue from oblivion
a most interesting helminthological contribution.

Dr. Pickells’s patient was a woman, aged twenty-eight years. The
first worm came away in April 1822, and on being submitted toa
distinguished naturalist, Dr. J. V. Thomson, of Cork, this authority
remarked as follows :—‘ The Ascaris resembles most that which is
so common an inhabitant of the stomach of the Cat (Ascaris felis),
but it is rather longer in proportion to its thickness.”

After an interval of one year and ten months (#. e. in Feb. 1824)
several were passed; then again (in November 1825) eleven more ;
and subsequently (in March 1826) an additional batch of nine were
thrown up alive. In all, Dr. William Pickells had “seen about
fifty of various sizes.” They were generally evacuated alive, and, in
a majority of instances, without medicine. ‘They came away usually
in groups of six or more:” and he adds, “‘I have sometimes found
a whole group knit together by the extremities. The common Lum-
bricus (Ascaris lumbricoides) was also eliminated in some instances.
One (of the latter) measured upwards of a foot.”

Thus much for the first case. The second is almost equally con-
vincing, if a comparison be instituted between the figures given by
the authors. Continental writers have only referred to Dr. Belling-
ham’s ‘Catalogue of Irish Entozoa’ for a description of Ascaris
alata; but the account there given is very meagre, in fact a mere
abstract. In the ‘Dublin Medical Press’ for 1831, vol. i. p. 104,
Bellingham writes as follows :—“ The only instance in which I have
as yet met with the Ascaris alata was on the occasion of my pre-
scribing for a child aged about five years, who exhibited symptoms
of worms. I ordered some vermifuge medicine, and desired, in case
any worms were voided, that they should be kept. A day or two
afterwards the specimens from which I have taken the above deserip-
tion [given in his paper.—T. 8. C.], and which had been expelled by
the medicine, were brought to me ; they were dead when I received
them, and I could not learn that the child ever passed any since.”

Dr. Bellingham then refers to Dr. J. V. Thomson’s opinion as to
the species of nematode in the case under Dr. Pickells’s care, and
himself admits that the latter worm was “one closely resembling his
Ascaris alata.’ Ue concludes by stating that this 4. alata “in
general appearance is not unlike Ascaris mystax, which inhabits the
stomach and intestines of the Cat; it differs, however, in having a
greater diameter posteriorly than anteriorly, and in the lateral mem-
branes of the head being broader in 4A. mystax than they are in the
species under consideration.”

I will not now enter further into this question: but I cannot help
remarking, with surprise, that it is singular any doubt should have
existed on the subject. None of the alleged differences are of any
yalue as indications of specific distinctness; and the figures given
(especially those by J. V. Thomson) are clearly referable to Ascaris

1862.] DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. 297

mystax. ,In conclusion, therefore, I would assure all medical gentle-
men who may meet with cases of Ascarides that they would confer on
entozoologists a favour, and on science an advantage, if, when in any
doubt as to the specific character of these or other parasites, they
would kindly submit them to the scrutiny of those who are intimately
conversant with the science of helminthology*.

12. TRicHOCEPHALUS DISPAR, Rudolphi.

T’. dispar, Rudolphi, Bradley, Cuvier, Bremser, Chiaje, Belling-
ham, Mayer, Busk, Siebold, Dujardin, Tutschek, Pruner, Wedl,
Diesing, Kiichenmeister, Leidy, Moquin-Tandon, Eberth, Cobbold,
Weinland, &c.

T. hominis, Goeze, Schrank, Gmelin, Rudolphi, Jérdens, Brera,
Lamarck, Blanchard.

T. simie patas, Treutler.

T. lemuris, Rudolphi.

T. paleformis, Rudolphi, Dujardin.

Trichuris, Buttner & Roederer, Wagler, Bloch.

Ascaris trichiura, Linnzus, Miiller, Werner.

Few of the entozoa have excited more interest than this species,
partly owing to the angry discussion which its discovery inaugurated,
and partly on account of its singular and elegant whip-like appear-
ance. The original name of 77ichuris, given to it by Buttner, could
not, of course, be allowed to stand when it became evident that the
so-called tail was in reality the head and neck. The Trichocephalus
is generally thought to be scarce in England—a persuasion which
has probably arisen from the negligence of pathologists, whose ardu-
ous duties connected with the superintendence of post mortem exami-
nations have perhaps left them little time for these inquiries+.

On the other side of the Channel this worm is so abundant in some
localities that Mons. Davaine calculates that not less than one-half
of the inhabitants of Paris are infested by it. The general organiza-
tion of T'richocephalus has been well investigated, more particularly
by Mayer, Siebold, Dujardin, Blanchard, Kiichenmeister, and Eberth;
but (as I have recently shown in my third memoir on “ Entozoa,”
published in the Linnean Society’s ‘'Transactions’) the statement of
Kiichenmeister that there are no external appendages in the female
of Trichocephalus comparable to those known to exist in the allied
Trichosomata is incorrect. In connexion with these organs I have
also endeavoured to throw light upon the conflicting statements of
Mayer and Eberth, and I have demonstrated more fully the very

* Since writing the above, with great good fortune and most opportunely, a
third case has been brought under my notice,—Dr. Lankester, F.R.S., having very
kindly placed in my hands, last Thursday evening (Noy. 20), a nematode sent to
him by Mr. Scattergood, of Leeds. This worm is 4. mystaz, from a child only
thirteen months old, whose case I hope shortly to lay before the medical profes-
sion. I now exhibit the parasite to the Society. (See ‘The Lancet’ for Jan. 10,
1563, p. 31, where the case has since appeared.—T. S. C.)

t To Dr. Rutherford Haldane, F.R.C.P., Physician and formerly Pathologist to
the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, I am indebted for several perfectly fresh ex-
amples of this worm.

298 DR. T. 8. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. [Noyv. 25,

marked differences existing between the males of Trichocephalus
afinis and T’.. dispar. The presence of the last-named species in the
human body is fortunately attended with very little inconvenience ;
but its development and mode of gaining access to the host has
nevertheless been recently made the subject of diligent inquiry.
Leuckart’s, and especially also Virchow’s, researches have entirely
disproved Kiichenmeister’s notion that Trichine are the young of
Trichocephalus ; and the experiments of Davaine render it probable
that the young get into the human body in a manner very similar to
those of Ascaris lumbricoides. The latter authority finds that the
eggs undergo no development whilst yet lodged within the host’s
intestine, and they are expelled per anum in the immature condition
in which they make their escape from the body of the parent worm.
It further appears that, after their expulsion, a period of six months
must elapse before the embryonic formation commences—an inter-
esting circumstance, and one which satisfactorily explains why it
was that my own feeding-experiments (on a chicken and rabbit) with
the fresh eggs of Trichocephalus affinis gave only negative results.
According to Davaine, the fully developed embryo measures z$grd
of an inch in length, and to a certain extent resembles the parent,
tapering gradually from behind forwards.

13. TRICHINA SPIRALIS, Owen.

T. spiralis, Owen, Wood, Farre, Henle, Diffenbach, Fricke and
Oppenheim, Paget, Knox, Harrison, Hodgkin, Leblond, Siebold,
Kobelt, Nordmann, Valentin, Bischoff, Dujardin, Svitzer, Luschka,
Kiichenmeister, Gairdner, Sanders and Kirk, Cobbold, Herbst, Zen-
ker, Virchow, Leuckart, Weinland, &c.

The experimental researches of Herbst, Leuckart, and more espe-
cially those of Virchow, afford us an almost complete knowledge of
the development and economy of this minute parasite, the facts of
which may be briefly summed up as follows:—(1.) T'richine are
introduced into the human body by the ingestion of trichinous pork.
This diseased meat, if imperfectly cooked or indifferently prepared in
the form of sausages or hams, is capable of giving rise to severe fe-
brile symptoms in those who partake of it; and in the case of a
woman under the care of Prof. Zenker, of Dresden, it was the sole
cause of death. There is reason to believe others have likewise
perished from a similar cause. In hams long prepared and well
smoked the Trichine are found dead ; they resist death in decom-
posing flesh, also during a prolonged immersion in water ; in the en-
cysted condition they are unaffected by tolerably strong acid solu-
tions. (2.) Trichina spiralis forms the type of a distinct genus of
nematodes ; it has no genetic relation whatever to T'richocephalus
dispar ; it reproduces viviparously like Filaria dracunculus. (3.) Non-
encysted Trichine may exist in the flesh of animals without being
visible to the naked eye ; whilst encysted Trichine, where cretifica-
tion has not commenced, are difficult of detection without the aid of
a pocket lens. The latter observation is based on appearances which

1862.] DR. T. 8. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. 299

I have also'myself noticed in connexion with two cases where nearly
all the voluntary muscles of the human body were crowded with
Trichine. (4.) In a few days after the ingestion of fresh-encysted
Trichine, the worms acquire sexual distinction and maturity ; the
ova and young are in a few more days equally rapidly developed,
and the latter soon escape from the parent, per vaginam, to commence
active migrations on their own account ; this they do by penetrating
the walls of the intestine of the host, from whence they pass quickly
to the voluntary muscles, where they eventually become encysted.
According to Virchow’s conclusive testimony, all these phenomena
occur within the space of a single month ; and, in his experiments,
even as early as three weeks after ingestion the young were found
to equal in size those that he administered at the commencement.
The genesis and migrations of T’richina are therefore astonishingly
rapid, and probably without parallel in this class of parasites.
(‘Comptes Rendus,’ for July 1860, p. 13; also in ‘ Annales des
Sciences Naturelles,’ series 4, vol. xiii. p. 109.) The organization
of Trichina in the encysted condition has been accurately given by
Owen, Luschka, Bischoff, Valentin, Sanders and Kirk, &c., its
adult and embryonic structure being also beautifully illustrated by
Leuckart (‘ Untersuchungen tiber Trichina spiralis, 1861; and in
the ‘ Gottinger Nachrichten’ for April 30, 1860, p. 135).

14. Fruaria MEDINENSIS, Gmelin.

F. medinensis, Gmelin, Olfers, Rudolphi, Jacobson, Lamarck,
Gescheidt, Chiaje, Richeraud, Chapotin, Williamson, Scott, Adam,
Kennedy and Smyttan, Young and Jamieson, Cuvier, Weihe, Oppen-
heim, Charvet, Mare and Laennec, Leblond, Wagner, Clark, Blott,
Eschricht, Oken, Siebold, Dujardin, Dutschek, Creplin, Fischer,
Heath, Brulatour, Maisonneuve, Diesing, Carter, Busk, Cobbold,
Cezilly, Robin, Thibaut and Benoit, Moquin-Tandon, Weinland, &c.

F.. dracunculus, Bremser, Clelland, Pruner.

Furia medinensis, Modeer.

Gordius medinensis, Linnzeus, Bruguiére.

Vermis medinensis, Grundler.

Dracunculus, Lister, Gallandatus.

D. persarum, Kampfer.

This species is well known to our medical brethren in India and
the East ; and probably no parasite has had so much written about it
as the Guineaworm. Among modern investigators nothing can
equal the patience and perseverance of Mr. Carter, F.R.S., of Bom-
bay, who, month after month, for many years past, has been devo-
ting his energies towards the elucidation of the habits, economy, and
development of the Dracunculus. The structure of the adult female
is well known ; but it is still extremely doubtful if the male has ever
been seen. Prof. Owen believed himself to have found the male, and
he accordingly described it ; but Mr. Busk’s subsequent observations,
as well as the experiences of those who, from their position, have be-
come familiar with Dracunculus, alike go to prove that we are still

300 DR. T. 8. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. [Nov. 25,

unacquainted with the male. It is by no means improbable, how-
ever, that one or other of the numerous male examples of Filarie
belonging to Mr. Carter’s closely allied genus Urolabes may turn out
to be the long sought-for male of Dracunculus. The anatomy of
the adult viviparously producing female is well known ; but its mode
of gaining access to the body is not absolutely determined, although
an ultimate and complete solution of the problem cannot long be de-
layed. With extreme probability we may fairly assume that the
young gain access by permeating the sudorific ducts of the skin, and
that the maturation of the ova and embryos takes place after they
have invaded the host. Females extracted from the human body
have been described as attaining a length of 8, 10, or even 16 feet ;
but it is worthy of remark that Mr. Carter has never found them
more than 32 inches long in the island of Bombay. The grown
females resemble elongated sacs distended from end to end with my-
riads of young Filarie. The discovery of their viviparous mode of
reproduction is, I believe, due to Jacobson; yet it is only within
comparatively recent times that this discovery has become generally
recognized. The structure of the young has been ably investigated
by Carter, Busk, Robin, Moquin-Tandon, and others; and I have
myself independently worked out their anatomy from specimens of
remarkably fine Dracunculi, kindly placed in my hands by the late
Sir George Ballingall. I found the young in a beautiful state of pre-
servation, although the adult females had been preserved in Prof.
Ballingall’s private museum for a period of thirty years. In regard
to the structure of the young, most of us agree in recognizing a
slightly trilobed or tripapillated mouth ; but Carter fails to recognize
these tubercles, regarding the oral aperture as simple or “ puncti-
form ;”’ the body throughout its three upper fourths is cylindrical
and finely striated transversely, after which it rapidly contracts to
form the slender sharply-pointed tail. Robin, Moquin-Tandon, and
myself recognize a distinct, rounded anal orifice; but whilst Prof.
Busk has not recognized its existence, Carter, on the other hand, calls
that which we described as the anus a gland, placing the alimentary
outlet on one side and a little above it. Carter (whose figures, by-
the-by, are very diagrammatic) may possibly be right ; but I must
further observe that Robin describes the anus as surrounded by a
small hood or suspensory contractile lip, whilst he also speaks of
a prolongation of the intestine downwards in the form of a eul de
sac behind and beyond the anal orifice. The walls of the digestive
tube are transparent and homogeneous, and fill up the perivisceral
cavity without being organically united to the parietes of the body.
Other disputed points in respect of the structure of the young can-
not here be particularized; but in connexion with their peculiar
economy both Busk and Robin have noticed the important fact that
they will revive after having undergone a considerable amount of
desiccation. Into the antecedent history and probable genetic rela-
tions of Dracunculus, we do not now propose to enter ; but one inter-
esting circumstance seems to me especially worthy of notice. Mr.
Carter mentions that in a school of fifty boys bathing in a certain

i an

1862.] DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. 301

pond, whosé muddy sediment swermed with the microscopic Tank-
worm (Urolabes palustris, Carter), twenty-one were attacked with
Dracunculus during the year ; whilst the boys of other schools bath-
ing elsewhere in the island were not infected, with the exception of
one or two individual instances here and there. This remarkable
occurrence, taken in connexion with Schneider’s discoveries (respect-
ing the causes inducing sexual maturity in Alloionema appendiculatum
infesting the Black Slug, and in Pelodytes hermaphroditus in-
festing Snails), and also in combination with a multitude of other
facts, some recorded by recent investigators, and others handed down
to us by earlier writers, convincingly suggest the following conclu-
sions :—(1.) The Dracunculus is a bisexual nematode, the female
being parasitic during a portion of its lifetime. (2.) The male is
probably very much smaller, non-parasitic so far as animals are con-
cerned, and in all likelihood a constant inhabitant of fresh water and
the mud of marshes or low-lying districts in the East. (3.) Guinea-
worms do not gain access to the human body indirectly, by the
mouth or stomach of the host, but directly, by penetrating the skin.
(The young when introduced into the stomach of animals rapidly
perish, as proved by Dr. Forbes.) (4.) The young acquire sexual
maturity after their escape from the parent, the sexes associating in
muddy waters during the monsoon, soon after which period the 1nales
probably perish, the females being left to watch their opportunity
for further development by migration into the human body. (35.)
Within the host it gives rise to a formidable entozootic disease (dra:
contiasis of Galen), which, after prolonged monsoons, is not unfre-
quently severely endemic. (In the above remarks I have referred
more particularly to the writings of Busk in ‘ Trans. Micr. Soc.,’ old
series, vol. ii. p. 65 ; of Moquin-Tandon in his ‘ Zoologie Médicale ;’
of Robin in ‘ Gazette Médicale de Paris,’ 3rd series, vol. x. p. 365;
and of Carter in ‘ Annals of Nat. Hist.’ 3rd series, vol. iv. &c.)

15. Firarra Lentis, Diesing.

F. lentis, Diesing, Moquin-Tandon, Weinland.
F. oculi-humani, Nordmann, Gescheidt, Ammon, Siebold, Leidy.
F. oculi, Owen, Moquin-Tandon.

As Kiichenmeister suggests, this worm may possibly turn out to
be identical with the Filaria lacrymalis (Gurlt), a viviparous species
infesting the eye of the horse. It was first discovered by Nordmann
(1831) in a case of lenticular cataract under the care of Von Grafe,
and subsequently found by Jiingken under similar circumstances.
Under the title of F. oculi, Moquin-Tandon (in his ‘ Zoologie Mé-
dicale’) speaks of certain minute Filarie, “not uncommon in the
negroes of the Angola coast ;”’ and he gives other localities of its
occurrence. As, however, he does not state what part of the body
is infested by them, I am inclined to think the authorities he quotes
have mistaken the little Oxyurus vermicularis for the species in
question. In both the well-known cases above referred to, the
Filarie appear to have been immature, notwithstanding that the
first was described as possessing ovaries, oviducts, &c.

302 DR. T. S. COBBULD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. __[Nov. 25,

16. StRONGYLUS BRONCHIALAS, Cobbold.

S. longevaginatus, Diesing, Kiichenmeister, Weinland.

Filaria bronchialis, Rudolphi, Owen, Leidy.

F.. hominis bronchialis, Rudolphi, Dujardin, Diesing, Weinland.
EF’. lymphatica, Moquin-Tandon.

Hamularia lymphatica, Treutler, Jordens.

H. subcompressa, Rudolphi, Bremser.

Tentacularia subcompressa, Zeder.

Diesing and Weinland have expressed their suspicions as to the
identity of Filaria bronchialis with Strongylus longevaginatus; whilst
Kiichenmeister has gone further and pronounced them to be one and
the same species. Concurring in this view, I have thought it right
to combine the specific title originally given by Rudolphi with the
generic allocation employed by Diesing; and if helminthologists
generally adopt our views of their identity, I think they will admit
the propriety of the nomenclature here superscribed.

The original specimens were discovered by Treutler in Germany,
during the winter of 1791, in the bronchial glands of an emaciated
subject ; whilst those sent to Diesing for description were discovered
by Dr. Fortsitz at Klausenberg, in Transylvania, in the lungs of a
boy six years old.

17. EustronGywus Gieas, Diesing.

E. gigas, Diesing.

Strongylus gigas, Rudolphi, Otto, Cuvier, Brera, Blainville, Chiaje,
Owen, Gurlt, Dujardin, Stratton, Jackson, Blanchard, Kiichenmeis-
ter, Leidy, Weinland.

S. renalis, Moquin-Tandon.

Ascaris renalis, Gmelin.

A, visceralis, Gmelin.

A. canis et martis, Schrank.

Fusaria renalis, Zeder.

F. visceralis, Zeder.

Lumbricus in renibus, Blasius.

L. martis et canis renalis, Redi,

L. sanguineus in rene canis, Hartmann.

L. gulonis sibirici, Pallas,

Diocotophyme, Collet-Meygret.

Though fortunately very rare in man, this worm is known to
occur in a great variety of animals, especially in Weasels. Accord-
ing to Weinland and Jackson, it is particularly abundant in the kid-
ney of the North American Mink (Mustela vison, Cuvier), destroy-
ing the substance of the organ, the walls of which become the seat
of calcareous deposit. It has been found in the dog, wolf, glutton,
raccoon, otter, seal, ox, and horse. Otto, Owen, and Blanchard have
given descriptions of its anatomy, all of them recognizing a well-
defined nervous system ; further researches, however, are needed to
explain away certain discrepancies in their writings, and especially
also in regard to the water-vascular system, the very existence of

1862.] DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. 303

which (in nematodes generally) is denied by Dr. Williams of
Swansea.

18. ScLEROSTOMA DUODENALE, Cobbold.

Strongylus quadridentatus, Siebold.

Anchylostoma duodenale, Dubini, Siebold, Pruner.

Ancylostomum duodenale, Diesing, Leidy, Kiichenmeister, Moquin-
Tandon, Creplin, Weinland.

This interesting worm was first discovered by Dubini at Milan,
and, though at first thought rare, is now known to be tolerably com-
mon throughout Northern Italy. According to Pruner, Bilharz,
and Griesinger, it is remarkably abundant in Egypt, the latter autho-
rity calculating that about one-fourth of the people are constantly
suffering from a severe anzemic chlorosis, occasioned solely by its
presence in the small intestines.

From the accurate descriptions of Siebold it becomes quite evident
that this worm is closely allied to his genus Syngamus; and, as he
has himself remarked, it might have been placed in the genus Scle-
rostoma. In this genus! have arranged it because the asymmetrical
disposition of the so-called dental organs is not of itself sufficient for
the establishment or retention of Dubini’s genus Anchylostoma ;
otherwise, out of respect for the discoverer, I would prefer his nomen-
clature. Sclerostoma duodenale closely resembles the little worm
(Syngamus trachealis of Siebold, Sclerostoma syngamus of Diesing)
which gives rise to the ‘‘ gapes”’ in birds ; but the male of the latter
species is comparatively small, whilst the vaginal outlet of the female
is placed much further forward. Kiichenmeister’s ‘Manual’ fur-
nishes an excellent account of the ‘“ Aigyptian chlorosis” produced
by Sclerostoma duodenale ; and those who are interested in checking
the “gape disease’”’ of fowls I may be permitted to refer to my re-
cent memoir on ‘ Sclerostoma syngamus,’ in the 5th volume of the
‘Journ. of the Proceed. of the Linn. Soc.,’ Zool. Div., p. 304.

19. SprropreRA HOMINIS, Rudolphi.

S. hominis, Rudolphi, Dujardin, Diesing, Owen, Leidy, Moquin-
Tandon, Weinland, Molin.

? 8. hominis (var. major), Brighton.

2S. gigas pullus, Bremser.

S. rudolphit, Delle Chiaje.

Fresh instances of the presence of this worm in the human body
are necessary to satisfy many as to its being a good species ; but the
occasional occurrence of nematodes within the vesica urinaria is a
fact placed beyond dispute. The original six specimens of Spiro-
ptera, discovered by Barnett in England, were transmitted to Rudolphi
for description ; and there do not seem to be fair grounds for dispu-
ting his accuracy. It may be well doubted, however, if Brighton’s
nematode, though found under similar circumstances in America, can
be referred to the same species.

304 DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. _[Noyv. 25,

20. OxyuRIS VERMICULARIS, Bremser.

O. vermicularis, Bremser, Chiaje, Dugés, Deslongchamps, La-
marck, Dutschek, Dujardin, Mayer, Siebold, Pruner, Blanchard,
Leidy, Kiichenmeister, Moquin-Tandon, Weinland.

Ascaris vermicularis, Linnezeus, Miller, Fabricius, Bloch, Goeze,
Werner, Gmelin, Schrank, Jérdens, Brera, Rudolphi, Nitzsch, Crep-
lin, Raspail, Owen, Bellingham.

Fusaria vermicularis, Zeder.

So far as the anatomy of Oxyuris is concerned, the investigations
of numerous parasitologists, and more especially those of Walter (in
the eighth volume of Siebold and KGlliker’s ‘ Zeitschrift’), have left
little to be accomplished ; but the precise mode in which the young
gain access to the human body is still uncertain. It is well known
that the eggs have embryos developed within them prior to their
escape from the parent, and in this respect, therefore, they differ
from Asearis lumbricoides and Trichocephalus on the one hand, and
from the viviparous Dracunculus on the other. In all probability,
the young escape from the eggs soon after the latter are expelled or
migrate per rectum, and, like others of the Nematoda, gain access
to the human body with our food whilst they are still in a sexually
immature condition.

21. Tantra soLium, Linneus.

T. solium, Linneus, Gmelin, Joérdens, Rudolphi, Cuvier, Olfers,
Chiaje, Mehlis, Owen, Creplin, Nordmann, Dujardin, Diesing, Ki-
chenmeister, Moquin-Tandon, Weinland, Leuckart, &c.

T. solium (var. abietina), Weinland.

T. osculis marginalibus solitarius, Linneeus, Bradley.

T. cucurbitina, Pallas, Bloch, Batsch, Schrank.

T. cucurbitina plana pellucida, Goeze.

T. humana armata, Brera.

T. dentuta, Gmelin.

T. fenestrata, Chiaje.

T. vulgaris, Werner.

T. communis, Moquin-Tandon.

T. albopuncta hominis, Treutler.

T. hydatigena anomala, Steinbach.

T. hydatigena suilla, Fabricius.

T. finna, Gmelin.

T. cellulosa, Gmelin, Treutler.

Cysticercus cellulosa, Rudolphi, Bremser, Chiaje, Owen, Blain-
ville, Sémmering, Gurlt, Nordmann, Gescheidt, Creplin, Siebold,
Dujardin, Diesing, &c.

? C. fischerianus, Laennec.

? C. dycystus, Laennec.

? C. turbinatus, Kceberle.

? C. melanocephalus, Keeberle.

Hydatigena cellulosa, Lamarck, Nordmann.

Hydatis finna, Blumenbach.

1862.] DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA, 305

Vermis vesicularis, Brera.

Tinna humana, Werner.

Fesicaria finna suilla, Schrank, Bay.
V. hygroma humana, Schrauk, Bay.
V. lobata suilla, Fabricius.

Now that the organization and mode of development of this species
is so well understood, it is a matter of regret that the manifest errors
of earlier writers are not more carefully excluded from our ordinary
manuals of zoology and comparative anatomy. I allude, for example,
to such points as the still asserted presence of a mouth and digestive
canal in Teniade, which cannot be maintained after repeated de-
monstrations have clearly proved this view to be erroneous. These
falsely so-called alimentary canals constitute the water-vascular sys-
tem, and, without entering into minute details, I may here remark, in
passing, that they do not form tubes of uniform thickness throughout
their course, but present distinct bulbous enlargements at every joint,
where the transverse branches are given off. This I have ascertained
from the careful injection of a fresh Tapeworm recently sent me from
Brighton by Mr. Murray, F.R.C.S.E.

In regard to the now well-established discovery of Kiichenmeister
respecting the development of the common Tapeworm (7’. solium)
from measly pork, I should not deem it worth while dwelling on the
subject, did it not unfortunately happen that a few months back
MM. Pouchet and Verrier gave a general denial to the statements of
experimental parasitologists respecting the development of Tape-
worms from Cysticerci, Those who have read the statement, as pre-
sented in the ‘Comptes Rendus’ (for May 5th, 1862, p. 958), or
the translation} of it recently given in the July number of the
‘Annals of Natural History’ (3rd series, vol. x. p. 77 ef seq.), will
at once perceive the causes which have led these gentlemen to form
conclusions at variance with the experience of at least nine-tenths of
the leading helminthologists of the day. As Prof. van Beneden re-
marks, they err greatly in supposing that any one regards the Ce-
nurus of the sheep as the larva of Tenia serrata of the dog, seeing
that nearly all Continental experimentalists, following Kiichenmeister,
have maintained that the Scoler condition of this last-named Tape-
worm is unquestionably the Cysticercus pisiformis of hares and rab-
bits. The researches of Leuckart are especially conclusive on this
point ; and my own experiments at Edinburgh in 1856 have left no
doubt in my mind as to the correctness of this view. The negative
result obtained by MM. Pouchet and Verrier in their last experiment
(where they fed two dogs each with a hundred heads of Canurus
cerebralis) certainly seems contradictory as regards the Tenia ce-
nurus ; whilst, on the other hand, it tends to confirm the correctness
of our opinion that Cenurus cerebralis and Tenia serrata have no
genetic relation subsisting between them. I, for one, however, shall
be glad to repeat these and other similar experiments; and I may
here also remark that it is of very little use for any one not familiar
with the species to attempt these inquiries. I strongly suspect,

Proc. Zoou. Soc,.—1862, No. XX.

306 DR. T. S, COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. __[Nov. 25,

with Prof. van Beneden, that here lies the secret of MM. Pouchet
and Verrier’s adverse conclusions.

22. TaHNIA MEDIOCANELLATA, Kiichenmeister.

T. mediocanellata, Kiichenmeister, Miller, Gurlt, Eschricht, Van
Beneden, Leuckart, Weinland.

T. solium, Bremser (and others, in part).

T'. dentata, Nicolai.

T. cucurbitina grandis saginata, Goeze.

T. inermis, Moquin-Tandon.

T. tropica, Moquin-Tandon.

?T. e capite bone spei, Kiichenmeister.

?T. capensis, Moquin-Tandon.

Teniarhynchus mediocanellata, Weinland.

Cysticercus tenie mediocanellate, Leuckart.

The establishment of this species as distinct from 7’. solium is un-
questionably due to Kiichenmeister ; but it is not a little curious to
observe how accurately this determination was foreshadowed by that
shrewd naturalist and theologian, J. A. E. Goeze, who, in his
‘Versuch einer Naturg. der Engeweidewiirmer thierischer K6rper,’
clearly indicates two forms of the common Tapeworm, remarking
(p. 278) :—* Die erste ist die bekannte grosse, mit langen dicken
und gemisteten Gliedern, die ich Tenia cucurbitina, grandis, sagi-
nata, nennen will.” The same author (p. 245), it will be remem-
bered, also pointed out the resemblance subsisting between the tape-
worm of the cat (7. erassicollis) and the vesicles (‘‘ Krystallblasen ”’)
and their contained “erbsférmige Blasen’’ (Cysticercus fasciola-
ris) of the mouse. It is unnecessary here to indicate the distinctive
peculiarities of the two species ; but the characters presented by the
head are certainly insufficient to warrant the formation of a new
genus for the reception of this species. Thinking otherwise, Dr. D.
F. Weinland has suggested the generic title of Tniarhynchus. In
regard to the original development of this hookless flat-headed tape-
worm, the recent experimental researches of Leuckart incontestably
prove that the “ measles,” or Cysticerci which produce it, are to be
found in the muscles and internal organs of cattle ; and in his valu-
able work (‘Die menschlichen Parasiten,’ p. 406 e¢ seq.), now in
course of publication, he gives a condensed account of his experi-
ments with the fresh eggs of Tenia mediocanellata. He fed two
calves with the proglottides of this worm. The first animal experi-
mented on died from a violent attack of the measle-disease, which
resembles a kind of leprosy. On dissecting this calf, the muscles
were found filled with measles, or imperfectly developed scoleces.
On the second occasion a smaller number of proglottides (in all about
fifty) were administered ; but the febrile symptoms again appeared
with such virulence that Leuckart thought this animal would die
also. Fortunately, after the lapse of a fortnight from their com-
mencement, some abatement of the disease took place ; and this gra-
dually continued until the animal was perfectly restored to health.

1862. ] DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. 307

Eight-and-forty days subsequent to the feeding (7. e. reckoning from
the earliest days of alimentation, for the feedings were continued at in-
tervals up to the eighteenth day) Prof. Leuckart extirpated the left
cleido-mastoid muscle, and whilst performing the operation had the
satisfaction of seeing the cysticercus-yesicles lodged within the
muscles. They were larger and more opalescent than those of Cys-
ticercus (Tenia) cellulose, but, nevertheless, permitted the recogni-
tion of the young worms through their semitransparent coverings.
The heads of the contained cysticerci exhibited all the distinctive
peculiarities presented by the head of the adult strobila (Tenia me-
diocanellata) ; and thus, taking the results of this experiment in
connexion with previously ascertained facts, we are supplied with the
most unequivocal evidence that man becomes infested by this second
form of Tapeworm by eating imperfectly cooked veal and beaf. In
all probability, other animals are not liable to harbour the Cys¢icercus
tenia mediocanellate ; for Leuckart also tried to infect a sheep (to
which he administered about sixty proglottides) ; but, on examining
the flesh after the lapse of eight weeks, he failed to detect the pre-
sence of a single cysticercus-vesicle*.

23. TmNIA ACANTHOTRIAS, Weinland.

T. (Cysticercus) acanthotrias, Weinland, Moquin-Tandon, Leuck-
art.
Acanthotrias, Weiuland.

The specific distinctness of this new Tapeworm is founded on the
examination of several cysticerci, ‘“ preserved in the Collection of
the Medical Improvement Society, Boston, and in the Anatomical
Museum, Cambridge, U.S.’ From twelve to fifteen of these cysts
were found by Dr. Jeffries Wyman (1845) in the muscles of a woman
about fifty years of age—a dissecting-room subject at Richmond, Va.
Dr. Weinland, of Frankfort, during his stay in America (1858), on
carefully examining one of these cysticerci, made the very curious
and, in some respects, unique discovery that its rostellum was fur-
nished with three rows of hooks, fourteen in each, the hooks them-
selves presenting the usual characters. Dr. Weinland proposes to
elevate this species as the type of a new genus (Acanthotrias) ; but
unless the (yet to be discovered) strobila displays other characters
differing from those of ordinary Tapeworms, it is, perhaps, better to
retain it among the Tenie.

24, THNIA FLAVOPUNCTA, Weinland.

T. flavopuncta, Weinland, Moquin-Tandon,
? T. favomaculata, Molin.

Hymenolopis flavopuncta, Weinland.

The existence of this worm as a distinct species is also due to the

* Since the above was written, I have received from Mr. Frederick Turner, of
265 Fern Bank, Glossop Road, Sheffield, a finely preserved Tapeworm-head for
examination. ‘‘It was from a very long worm,” and is undoubtedly referable to
Tenia mediocanellata, as the Society will perceive by inspection.

308 DR. T.S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. [Nov. 25,

shrewd investigations of Dr. Weinland, made during his visit to
America, Unfortunately, no perfect specimen has been seen ; but,
from portions of at least six examples of the strobila, Dr. Weinland
has clearly established its claim to be recognized as a good species.
The proglottides are short ; and “there is a yellowish spot, clearly
visible to the naked eye, situated about the middle of each joint,
which reminds us very much of the colour and situation of the genital
organs as known in Bothryocephalus.” The reproductive orifices
occur all along one side of the worm; and the eggs are unusually
large. Only one instance of the occurrence of this species is yet re-
corded ; and on this occasion they were obtained by Dr. Ezra Palmer,
in considerable numbers, from an infant nineteen months old. They
were expelled without medicine, their presence not having been even
suspected. (See D. F. Weinland’s ‘ Essay on the Tapeworms of Man,’
p- 49; also his ‘ Beschreibung zweier neuer Tzenioiden aus dem Men-
schen,’ 1861, p. 8, t. 4.)

25. THNIA MARGINATA, Batsch.

T. marginata, Batsch, Rudolphi, Dujardin, Diesing, Leuckart.
. cucurbitina, Pallas, Bloch (both in part).

. lupina, Schrank.

. cateniformis lupi, Goeze.

. ex eysticerco tenuicolli, Kiichenmeister.'

. tenuicollis, Giinther, Moquin-Tandon. —

. hydatigena, Pallas, Bloch.

. hydatula, Linneus.

T. globosa, Rudolphi, Gmelin.

T. simie, Gmelin.

T. ferrarum, Gmelin.

T. caprina, Gmelin.

T. ovilla, Gmelin.

T.. vervicina, Gmelin.

T. bovina, Gmelin.

T. apri, Gmelin.

Halysis marginata, Zeder.

Cysticercus tenuicollis, Rudolphi, Deslongchamps, Blainville,
Bremser, Gurlt, Houston, Tschudi, Gulliver, Eschricht, Dujardin,
Creplin, Leuckart, Gervais, Diesing, Leidy, Kiichenmeister, Wein-
land, Cobbold.

? C. visceralis hominis, Rudolphi.

C. visceralis, Rudolphi.

? C. hepaticus, Chiaje.

? C. vesice hominis, Creplin.

C. lineatus, Laennec.

C. clavatus, Zeder.

C. globosus, Zeder.

C. simie, Zeder.

C. caprinus, Zeder.

C. cercopitheci cynomologi, Leuckart.

C. phacocheri ethiopici, Cobbold.

be | Lae pla ae] Lo] bees a

1862.] DR. T. 8. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA, 309

C. potamocheri penicillati, Cobbold.

C. cynocephali porcarit, Cobbold (MS.),
Hydatigena orbicularis, Goeze.

HI. globosa, Batsch.

HH, oblonga, Batsch.

Hydatis globosa, Lamarck.

Hydra hydatula, Linneus.

Hydatula solitaria, Viborg.

Vesicaria orbicularis, Schrank.

Vermis vesicularis eremita, Bloch.

This species infests man only in the immature or cysticercal con-
dition, the full-grown tapeworm (strobila) being found in the dog
and wolf. It has often been confounded with the Tenia serrata,
from which, however, it differs in the comparatively bulky size and
peculiar form of its hooks ; it is also a much larger worm, the pro-
glottides nearly equalling those of 7. solium. It does not seem pos-
sible for the strobila to take up its abode in the human body, because
Dr. Moller’s attempts to infest himself with it (by swallowing several
specimens of Cysticercus tenuicollis) were unsuccessful. In the
scolex condition this worm has an unusually wide distribution ; for,
in addition to its occasional presence in man, it has likewise been
found in various monkeys, in cattle and sheep, in many other rumi-
nants, in horses, in swine, and even in squirrels. The experiments
of Kichenmeister, Leuckart, Luschka, and Roll have fully established
the fact that these various animals and ourselves become infested
with the so-called Cysticercus tenuicollis by accidentally swallowing
the eggs of 7. marginata, or Tenia ex cysticerco tenuicolli (Kiichen-
meister), which is the same thing. The cysticerci occasionally
attain an enormous size, as was the case with those I obtained from
the Wart and Red River Hogs which died at the Zoological Society’s
Gardens in 1859 and 1860, and which I at first supposed to be refer-
able to two hitherto unknown T'apeworms (Proc. Zool. Soc. March 12,
1861). Leuckart, however, to whom I forwarded one of the speci-
mens, has corrected me in this matter. In one the caudal vesicle
was pyriform and about 5 inches in length; in another it had the
size and form of a cricket-ball. Eschricht and Schleissner have
shown that these eysticerci are sometimes associated with Hchino-
coccus in Iceland.

26. TNIA ECHINOCOCCUS, Siebold.

T'. echinococcus, Siebold, Leuckart.

T. echinococcus scolicipariens, Kiichenmeister.

T. granulosa, Gmelin, Prochaska.

T. visceralis socialis granulosa, Goeze.

T. nana, Van Beneden.

Echinococcus hominis, Rudolphi, Bremser, Rendtorff, Chiaje,
Miller, Owen, Gescheidt, Eschricht, Kihn, Gluge, Bright, Focke,
Creplin, Hausmann, Doyere, Rokitansky, Siebold, Liidersen, Simon,

310 DR. T. S, COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. [Nov. 25,

Cruveilhier, Curling, Portal, Foster, Thompson, Annesley, Keber,
Virchow, Aran, Vogel, Lebert, Major, Livois, Thiel, Moquin-Tan-
don, Davaine, &c.

E. veterinorum, Rudolphi, Bremser, Blainville, Gurlt, Allessan-
drini, Owen, Dujardin, Gervais, Leuckart, Huxley, Weinland, &e.

E. scolicipariens, Kiichenmeister.

E. altricipariens, Kiichenmeister, Cobbold.

E.. polymorphus, Diesing, Leidy.

EF. granulosus, Rudolphi.

E. simie, Rudolphi.

LE. giraffe, Gervais.

Polycephalus hominis, Goeze, Jordens.

P. humanus, Zeder.

P. granulosus, Zeder, Cloquet.

P. echinococcus, Zeder, Tschudi.

Acephalocystis, Laennec, Diesing, Dujardin, Nitzsch, Siebold,
Van Beneden, Moquin-Tandon, &c.

. ovoidea, Laennec, Cloquet, Deslongchamps, Chiaje.
. granulosa, Laennec, Cloquet, &c.

. surculigera, Laennec, &c.

. endogena, John Hunter, Owen.

. ewogena, Kuhl.

. macaci, Cobbold.

A. ovis tragelaphi, Cobbold.

Vesicaria granulosa, Schrank.

Hydatigena granulosa, Batsch.

Hydatis, Liidersen, Rudolphi, Olfers, Bremser, Leuckart, Kiihn,
Tschudi, Dujardin, Wilson, Rokitansky, Moquin-Tandon, Barker,
Davaine, &c.

HI. erratica, Blumenbach.

Following Kichenmeister, Weinland and others suppose that
there are two distinct forms of Echinococcus severally referable to
different Tapeworms, one of which is on all hands admitted to be
Von Siebold’s Tenia echinococcus, the other an unknown Tenia,
also supposed to infest dogs. That Eehinococci vary much, both in
regard to the number of cephalic hooks they display at certain in-
tervals of growth, and also in respect of the mode of evolution of the
scoleces, few will deny ; but, according to Leuckart, we are not there-
fore warranted in accepting Kiichenmeister’s view as to the specific
distinctness of certain forms. Like others, I had been led away by
Kiichenmeister’s authority, although I have had abundant opportu-
nity of investigating these singularly interesting larvee. The grounds
on which Leuckart disputes Kiichenmeister’s view are, I think, per-
fectly satisfactory ; for he shows conclusively that the proportional
number of hooks fluctuates in both forms, whilst the alleged differ-
ences in the size and character of the hooks themselves have reference
to their degree of development (‘ Die menschlichen Parasiten,’ p. 328
et seq.). If this view be generally accepted, it cannot fail to suggest
important hints as to the best mode of checking that formidable

RRA RAR

1862.] DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA, 31]

endemic known as the Echinococcus-disease of Iceland, the best
account of which we owe to the researches of Eschricht.

My friend Dr. Arthur Leared, M.R.C.P., who has just returned
from a short tour in Iceland, has undertaken to draw up a report on
the present state of our knowledge on this subject (with a view to its
being ultimately laid before the Icelandic Parliament) ; and he has
ingeniously suggested that every dog should be efficiently physicked
at a certain given time, and that all the excreta, tapeworms included,
should be buried at a considerable depth in the soil. The experi-
ment should be extended over several seasons. The mature Tenie
thus destroyed would, it is conceived, cut off the supply of embryos
and Echinococci, and the endemic might thus be averted. To this
suggestion I would add that, in place of burying the excreta, they
should, in all cases, be burnt. If this latter suggestion be not carried
out, it is more than probable that multitudes of the minute embryos
will escape destruction, and ultimately find their way into the
human body. I have previously urged this preventive measure with
the view of lessening the prevalence of other entozoa, both of man
and animals; and I again, in a social point of view, respectfully invite
attention to the importance of this rule. All entozoa (uot preserved
for scientific investigation and experiment) should be thoroughly
destroyed by fire when practicable, and under no circumstances
should they be thrown aside as harmless refuse. In the case of
Tenia echinococcus the greatest difficulty likely to be experienced
lies in the circumstance of the extreme minuteness of the strobila,
which, in the full-grown state, does not exceed the eighth of an inch
in length. It is almost certain to be overlooked ; and I fear, there-
fore, the treatment suggested by Dr. Leared will only be attended
with partially beneficial results. As an additional security, I
would recommend that boiling-hot water be thrown over the floor
of the kennels or enclosures where the dogs subjected to Dr.
Leared’s treatment are kept. In this way nearly all the embryos
would be destroyed. In regard to the structure of Echinococcus
itself, very little now remains to be made out. The literature of the
subject is of very great extent. One of the best memoirs extant is
that communicated by Prof. Huxley to this Society; and, from
repeated original investigations, I have been enabled to follow out
and satisfy myself as to the accuracy of most of the facts therein
recorded. I have sought, however, very diligently for the internal
cilia described by Huxley, Virchow, and Lebert, hitherto without
success. Respecting the well-known hydatids or acephalocysts, the
majority of them are clearly undeveloped larvee of Tenia echinococcus,
comparatively few of them being referable to other Tapeworms*.

. * Since the above was written, an instance of Echinococcus-disease in a young
female has very opportunely come under my notice at the Middlesex Hospital ;
this case, unhappily, terminated fatally. On Sept. 30, I secured, and fed a house-
dog with, several hundreds of heads of the scoleces, which, in all respects, corre-
sponded with those of Echinococcus veterinorum, and I hope to be able to extend
this experiment after the production of the Tenie, (This experiment only gave
a negative result—probably on account of the cysts having been accidentally
steeped in a solution of carbonic acid before®l received them.—T. S.C. ; Jan. 1863.)

312 DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. [Nov. 23,

27. T&£N1A4 NANA, Siebold.

T. nana, Siebold and Bilharz, Kiichenmeister, Leidy, Moquin-
Tandon, Leuckart.

T. egyptiaca, Bilharz.

Diplacanthus nanus, Weinland.

Kiichenmeister, in his enthusiasm, was led to indulge the hope
that this minute Tapeworm would turn out to be his imaginary
Tenia echinococcus altricipariens; and I find that Van Beneden
has fallen into the error of describing the Tenia echinococcus of
Siebold under the title of 7. nana. This is unfortunate. Weinland,
on the other hand, has suggested the formation of a new genus for
the reception of this worm ; but the so-called *‘ bifid”? character of
the hooks (as described by Bilharz) is a misnomer, the “doubled”
appearance being simply due to the close approximation of the claw
and the anterior root-process (Leuckart). The hooks are essentially
the same as those of other Tenia, only they are very minute and
slightly peculiar in form. The full-grown strobila attains a length
of 8 or 10 lines, and carries from 150 to 170 joints. The cysticercal
condition is at present unknown; but Leuckart thinks it may be
found ia some kind of insect.

28. THNIA ELLIPTICA, Batsch.

T. elliptica, Batsch, Rudolphi, Creplin, Gurlt, Dujardin, Diesing,
Leuckart, Cobbold.

T. canina, Pallas (also probably of Linnzeus, Werner, Eschricht,
Van Beneden).

T. canina felis, Werner.

27. cucumerina, Bloch, Rudolphi, Creplin, Gurlt, Dujardin, Die-
sing, Leuckart, Cobbold.

?T-cateniformis, Goeze, Gmelin, Rudolphi.

T. cateniformis felis, Gmelin.

T. cuniceps, Rudolphi.

2T. osculis marginalibus oppositis, Linnzus.

? Alyselminthus ellipticus, Zeder.

A. cuniceps, Zeder.

? Halysis elliptica, Zeder.

From the statement long ago made by Eschricht, that he had
received a Tenia canina, passed by a negro slave at St. Thomas,
Antilles, and more especially from the clear evidences recently
adduced by Leuckart (‘Die mensch. Parasiten,’ p. 402), there can-
not be a shadow of doubt that either the Tenia elliptica of the cat
or the 7. cucumerina of the dog may be reckoned amongst the
cestodes liable to infest man. Those who, with Leuckart, regard
the cat’s tapeworm as a distinct species from the Tenia cucumerina
of the dog will probably (on reading the evidence put forth by
Leuckart) come to the conclusion that both these worms infest the
human body. I have examined these reputedly distinct forms, and
I find that there are differences of size and outline affecting the
joints, but I cannot yet follow Leuckart and pronounce them to be

1862.] DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. 313

of sufficient value for specific separation. Like Dujardin, I have not
seen the head of 7’. elliptica, neither am I acquainted with any good
figure of the head*. Goeze’s drawings of 7’. cateniformis only repre-
sent a single row of little hooks ; and it is well known that the same
processes in 7’, cucumerina are very liable to fall off, so much so
that it has been described as a hookless tapeworm. Van Beneden
regards the two presumedly distinct forms as identical, and, although
his representations of the cephalic hooks of 7’. canina correspond
very closely with those of the 7’. cucumerina, both of Dujardin and
Leuckart, he speaks of three or four rows of hooks, whilst Dujardin
says there are three, and Leuckart simply describes a succession
(“ mit einer mehrfachen Reihe”’ ), though his excellent figure (fig. 118,
p- 400, of his work) represents four ; he also describes three or four
rows as occurring in 7’. elliptica. It is therefore evident that varia-
tions occur in the same form as regards the head; and it is more
than probable that differences of habitat may be sufficient to account
for the variations of size and numerical development of the joints,
which Leuckart regards as distinguishing marks between the elliptic
tapeworm of the cat and the cucumerine cestode of the dog. Be
this as it may, one or other of these forms has been noticed in the
human subject several times; but as regards the source of their
larvee we are yet in uncertainty. When engaged (1856) in rearing
Tenia serrata from Cysticercus pisiformis, | thought I had also hit
upon the scoleces of 7’. cucumerina ; but Leuckart has since extended
my experiment by feeding rabbits with the proglottides of 7. eucu-
merina, without producing any measles. Van Beneden has also tried
to produce the young of Tenia elliptica in the rat, but without
result. Weinland thinks the Cysticercus of JT’. cucumerina will be
found in flies, and that dogs obtain the larve by their interesting
habit of snapping at dipterous insects. This is, at least, ingenious.

29. BoTHRYOCEPHALUS LATUS, Bremser.

B. latus, Bremser, Blainville, Leblond, Rudolphi, Leuckart,
Nitzsch, Mehlis, Chiaje, Owen, Creplin, Haselberg, Siebold, Esch-
richt, Valentin, Wawruch, Dujardin, R. Leuckart, Kiichenmeister,
Leidy, Weinland, &c. &e.

Dibothrium latum, Diesing.

? Tenia lata, Linneus, Pallas, Bloch, Goeze, Batsch, Gmelin,
Schrank, Carlisle, Jordens, Rudoiphi.

?T. vulgaris, Linneeus, Werner, Retzius, Gmelin, Jordens.

T. dentata, Batsch, Gmelin.

* I have now (Jan. 27, 1863) procured several heads of 7. elliptica, and am
still unable to pronounce the two forms to be distinct species.—T. S. C.

t In connexion with these views of Weinland and Leuckart, I may here men-
tion that I have recently been feeding a number of cockroaches (Blatta orientalis)
with the eggs of Tenia cucumerina of the dog, but I have not succeeded in rear-
ing any Cysticerci in their bodies. Not discouraged by negative results (which
often advance our science as much as positive ones), I shall presently feed them
with the eggs of T. elliptica from the cat; and if I should succeed in thus giving the
cockroaches the ‘‘ measles,” I shall have less hesitation in pronouncing Leuckart’s
opinion, as to the distinctness of these two tapeworm-forms, correct.

314 DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. [Nov. 25,

T. tenella, Pallas, Retzius.

T. grisea, Pallas, Schrank.

7’. membranacea, Pallas, Batsch.
T. humana inermis, Brera.

T. (& anneaux courts), Bonnet.
T. (sans épine), Andry.

For our knowledge of the anatomy of this species we are mainly
indebted to the researches of Eschricht ; and it is only very recently
that we have become acquainted with any part of the history of its
development, through the investigations of Dr. J. Knoch, of Peters-
burg (‘ Petersburger medicinische Zeitschrift,’ 1861, No. 3). Some
account of these interesting discoveries has already appeared in a
review in the first volume of the ‘Lancet’ for the current year
(p. 101); and from these researches it would appear that the well-
known ciliated infusorial condition of the embryo undergoes its
transformations whilst still living in open waters; from this medium
it is subsequently transferred to the human body, in a passive man-
ner, by the same waters being used as drink. A full account of the
larval metamorphoses is still needed ; and we are promised this desi-
deratum in the ‘Memoirs’ of the Petersburg Academy*. In the
mean time, it may be remarked that two distinct species of Bothryo-
cephalus have been described as occurring in the human body. One
described by Mayer, of Geneva, is extremely doubtful ; but we are
indebted to Leuckart for explaining the grounds on which a good
second species (B. cordatus) may be ranked with the already ex-
tended list of human entozoa. In the porpoise, I have discovered a
closely allied cestoid (Diphyllobothrium stemmacephalum) ; but the
form of the head left me in no doubt as to its specific and generic
differentiation.

30. BorHryOCEPHALUS CORDATUS, Leuckart.
B. cordatus, Leuckart.

This species is new to science, and has only very recently been
described by Leuckart, who received about twenty specimens from
the eminent naturalist, Prof. Steenstrup. These examples were ob-
tained at Godhaven, North Greenland, and were transmitted to
Steenstrup by the Danish Inspector, Counsellor Olrik. Only one of
the worms (about a foot long, or 26 centimetres), came from the
human body, all the others being from dogs, in which animal it
exists in considerable numbers. It differs from B. latus chiefly in
the form of the head, which is heart-shaped (or, rather, obcordate),
short and broad, and set on to the body without the intervention of
along neck. The segments are distinct from the very commence-

* This magnificent contribution to entozoology has just come to hand (Jan.
1863); but we have only space to remark that Dr. Knoch finds (contrary to
Kiichenmeister’s statements) six hooks present in the ciliated embryos, as obtains
in the non-ciliated proscoleces of Tenie. With these embryos he performed a
variety of interesting experiments on various animals, and succeeded in rearing,
in dogs, not only larval tapeworms, but also sexually mature examples of Bothryo-
cephalus latus.—T. S. C.

1862.] MR. SWINHOE ON BIRDS FROM TIENTSIN. 315

ment near the head, and so rapidly do they increase in width that
the anterior end of the body becomes lancet-shaped. About fifty
joints only are immature; and in the longest example (115 centi-
metres) Leuckart counted a total of 660 joints. It is, however, a
smaller species than B. latus, and is further distinguished by display-
ing a greater number of calcareous corpuscles, and more particularly
also in the “form of the uterine rosette, which is not only smaller and
longer, but likewise exhibits a greater number of lateral processes.”
Leuckart thinks the 7. vulgaris of Linnzeus and Pallas may be iden-
tical with this species. To the naked eye, judging from the figures,
B. cordatus at first reminds one of Goeze’s thick-set Tenia pecti-
nata; but the structure of the latter is very different *.

12, On some Trentsin Birps, conLectrep By Mr. FLEMING,
R.A., IN THE POSSESSION OF Mr. Wuite.ey. By Rosert
Swinuor, Ese., Corr. Mems.

A collection of birds, made in the neighbourhood of Tientsin by
Mr. Fleming of the Royal Artillery, having come into the possession
of Mr. Whiteley, that gentleman has placed them in my hands for
inspection and identification. The series comprises only two novel-
ties which have not hitherto been described; but most of the birds
are interesting on account of the locality. I will proceed, without
further comment, to give a list of them, with what few remarks I
may deem necessary.

1. Pottiornis pyRRHOGENYs, Temm. Faun. Japon.

There are here two skins, in worn plumage, which Mr. Gurney
considers the same as the Japanese species.

2. Circus MELANOLEUCUs, Gmelin.

I observed this bird myself near Tientsin. The single specimen in
this collection is rather large.

3. Fatco sussuteo, L.
4. Fauco vespertinvs, L.

5. ACCIPITER SOLOENSIS, Horsf.

There are two Sparrow-Hawks, one of which, a male, is evidently
this species, and agrees well with specimens procured in the South of
China. The other is also a male, but apparently different. It is,
however, identical with skins in my collection from Canton, Amoy,
and Formosa. I should be inclined to consider this 4. gularis,

* A few days back (Sept. 19th) I received several fine examples of 7. pectinata
from Canada. They were obligingly forwarded from Kingston by Prof. George
Lawson, Ph.D., LL.D., who informs me that they were obtained, in May 1861,
from the intestines of a porcupine (Hystriv dorsata). This worm was hitherto
only known to infest the hare, the rabbit, and the marmot.

316 MR. SWINHOE ON BIRDS FROM TIENTSIN. [Novy. 25,

Temm., of Japan, were it not that the black streaks on the throat
are wanting. Mr. Gurney is inclined to consider it an undescribed

species.

6. Orus vuuearis, Fleming.
The European species.

7. Scops BAKKAMENA, Pennant.
Probably synonymous with S. japonicus.

8. Ninox JAPoNnIcuS.—Strix hirsutus japonicus, Faun. Japon.

This Mr. Gurney considers the Japanese rather than the Indian
bird.

9. ARUNDINAX OLIVACEUS, Blyth.

This agrees perfectly with an Indian specimen in the British Mu-
seum, as also with a figure in Von Schrenck’s work on the Zoology
of Amoorland, named Salicaria (Calamoherpe) aédon, Pall. On
referring to Pallas’s ‘ Zoographia,’ I find the bird there described as
Turdus aédon,—Muscicapa aédon being quoted as a synonym from
an older work, viz. Pallas’s ‘Travels.’ The specific name aédon ought
therefore to have the precedence ; but as the larger Nightingale is
designated by that term, I should say it would be as well to retain
Blyth’s name.

10. SALICARIA CANTILLANS, Temm. Faun. Japan.
Apparently this bird, hitherto only known from Japon.

11. CyaAnrecua suecica, L.—C. cerulecula, Pall.

The red-spotted variety, in every way similar to the European
bird.

12. CALLIOPE CAMTSCHATKENSIS, Gmel.

13, IJANTHIA CYANURA, Pallas.

Agrees with Japanese specimens, which differ from J. rujilata,
Hodgs., in having a white eyebrow-mark, where the latter has only
a bright blue one, and in being more dingy in the upper parts. The
Siberian specimens in the British Museum again differ from both in
having a rufescent eye-streak, and in having the throat and breast
buff-colour instead of white.

14. Larvivora GRAciLis, mihi, Ibis, 1861, p. 262.

This pretty species I have procured in the South of China, whence
I described and named it in the ‘Ibis.’ It much resembles L. cyanea
of Blyth in form, and a good deal as to colouring. Its bill, however,
is longer, and its wings shorter. Instead of having the under parts
pure white, as in this species, L. cyanea has the lower neck, breast,
and flanks a fine red buff, the chin and two streaks proceeding from
it only being white. JZ. cyanea is also distinguished by a narrow
pure white eye-streak.

1862.] MR. SWINHOE ON BIRDS FROM TIENTSIN. 317

15. Prarincora inpica, Blyth.

16. TcHiTREA INCE, Gould.

A male, female, and mature male in white dress of this species,
which differs from 7’, affinis, of Malacca, in having a much smaller
bill.

17. EryYTHROSTERNA ALBICILLA, Pallas.—Z. Jeucura, Gmelin.

Agrees with Indian specimens of this bird in the Museum.

18. XANTHOPYGIA LEUCOPHRYS, Blyth.

It seems strange that this species should occur in the north, in-
stead of the ordinary Japanese species, XY. narcissina, Temm.

19, NrLTAVA CYANOMELANA, Temm. Faun. Japon.

One specimen.

20. PuyLLoscopus coronatus, Temm. Faun. Japon.
21. ANTHUS RICHARDI, Vieillot.

22. NEMORICOLA INDICA, Gmelin.
Identical with Indian specimens in the British Museum.

23. BuDYTES CINEREOCAPILLA, Savi.

Almost identical with those from South Europe, the wing-coverts
only being a little more distinctly tipped with yellow.

24. MoraciLua BOARULA, L.

25. Moraciuua ocuLaris, Swinhoe.

Like M. lugubris, but with perennially grey back, less white on
the wings, and carpal region grey instead of black. Of M. dukhu-
nensis, Sykes, with which Mr. Blyth compares this bird, I have seen a
specimen in the Indian Museum. It is not one of the white-winged
group, and wants the black eye-streak—approaching rather M.
alba, L.

26. ZosrERopPs JAponicus, Temm. Faun. Japon.

The true Z. japonicus differs from our southern species, Z. sin
plex, mihi, in its larger size, in rust-coloured flanks, and in wanting
the first primary quill-feathers.

27. Turpus sipiricvs, Pallas.
In full male plumage.

28. Turpus PALLENS, Pallas.
29. Turpus Fuscatus, Pallas.

30. PETROCINCLA MANILLENSIS, Gmelin.

318 MR. SWINHOE ON BIRDS FROM TIENTSIN. [Noy. 25,

31. ORG@CETES GULARIS, 0. sp.

In my visit to Pekin, I procured a specimen of this bird in not
quite mature plumage, and noted it in my list in the ‘ Ibis,’ 1861,
p- 332, no. 41, as a new species. Mr. Fleming’s specimen, being a
fully matured male, affords me an opportunity of now describing it.
It is closely allied to that interesting and beautiful form, O. cinclo-
rhynchus of the Himalayas, being, like it, a tree-bird, rather than a
rock-bird. Our species is smaller in size, and has a shorter and
more robust bill. O. cinclorhynchus is at once distinguished in having
the throat and neck a blue-grey, like the crown, in having the wings
and tail edged with blue, and in having the white spot that adorns
the wing on the six inner tertiary quills, instead of on only the
second and three consecutive feathers. I will now proceed at length
to define the species.

ORG@CETES GULARIS, 0. sp.

Crown of the head, extending down back of neck, and carpal re-
gion of the wings clear French or lazuline grey. Loral space, sides of
neck, under parts, rump, and upper tail-coyerts deep reddish buff.
Auriculars, onwards to the back, back, scapulars, and lesser wing-
coverts black. Wings and tail hair-brown, with a surface-wash of
pale grey, chiefly conspicuous on the basal half of the latter. The
feathers of the wing edged with pale buff, the greater coverts and
tertials being strongly tipped with the same. A white spot, com-
prising basal portions of the outer webs of the second, third, fourth,
and fifth tertiaries, ornaments the wing. The singularly distinctive
character whence I have drawn its name consists in a white line
which, starting from the centre of the chin, runs down in front quite
to the breast, broadening as it descends to the form of an isosceles
triangle, a line of black spots edging for some distance the rufous
that flanks its sides. Bill blackish brown, with bright yellow rictus,
and inside to mouth. Legs and claws brown, strongly washed with
ochre. Iris deep brown. Total length 7 inches, wing 4, tail 255.

32. Orocorys PENICILLATA, Gould.

This is identical with a skin from the Altai Mountains in Mr.
Gould’s collection, marked O. sibirica ; but as no authority is given
for that designation, I have preferred retaining the above name,
which is synonymous with O. aldigula, Brehm.

33. EMBERIZA RUTILA, Pallas.

A fine male.

34. EmBeriza STRACHEYII, Moore.

This agrees well with a mounted skin from Kumaon, in the East
Indian Museum, bearing the above denomination.

35. FRINGILLA MONTIFRINGILLA, L.

36, CARPODACUS ERYTHRINUS, Meyer.

1862.] MR. SWINHOE ON BIRDS FROM TIENTSIN. 319

37. FREGILUS GRACULUS, L.

An immature specimen, with clipped wings. It is smaller than
our English specimen, and has smaller tarsi ; these may, however,
be attributable to its immaturity. The true F. graculus, L., appears
also to occur in Java, apud Moore.

38. SruRNUS CINERACEUS, Temm.
39. StuRNus DAuRICUus, Pall.
40. Yunx rorauitia, L.

41. Grecrnus canus, Gmel.
A female.

42. Picus masor, L.

One specimen of this form is most closely allied to P. luciani of
Malherbe ; but as the two examples I have, from the same locality,
differ a good deal in many points held to be of specific value, I do
not well see how the numerous variations from the normal P. major
throughout China can be properly identified by the apparently un-
stable characters pointed out by M. Malherbe.

43. Picus HyprryTHRUS, Vigors.

The female specimen in this collection and a male in my own do
differ slightly from the Himalayan specimens: ours have more rufous
on the neck, and the back more banded with black and white; but
the general characters are so entirely the same that I do not feel
justified in separating them.

44, Cucutus canorus, L.

One skin, identical with English specimens.
45. Dicrurus MACROCERCUS, Lath.

46. CuisiA HOTTENTOTA, L.
Very similar to Indian specimens.

47. Lanrus sucePHALus, Temm. Faun. Japon,
48. CHARADRIUS LONGIPES, Temm.

In fine summer plumage.

49. TRINGA SUBARCUATA.
In fine summer plumage.

50. TEREKIA JAVANICA.
In fine summer plumage.

51. Toranus ruscus.
In fine summer plumage.

320 MR. SWINHOE ON BIRDS FROM TIENTSIN. [Nov, 25,

52. Toranus catinris, L.
Tn fine summer plumage.

53. Limosa RUFA.
In fine summer plumage.

54. ARDETTA SINENSIS, Gmel.

55. Rauuus rnpicus, Blyth.
Identical with Indian specimens.

56. PoRZANA BAILLONI.
Identical with British specimens.

I have purposely deferred to the last a skin, unfortunately with
the wings clipped, of a species of House Martin (Chelidon). Of
this genus there have hitherto been only two recognized species—the
common European Martin (C. urbica, L.) and the Cashmere Martin
(C. cashmerensis, Gould), the Nepal Martin (Delichon nipalensis,
Moore) being of an intermediate form between the true Martins and
the Sandmartins. The Cashmere Martin is at once distinguishable
from its English congener by its much smaller size, by its deep brown
axillaries, and by its shorter and much less furcate tail, as also by the
browner colour of its upper parts. That it is a good species, there
can be no doubt. Mr. Whiteley’s specimen, a mature bird, in the
steel-blue colour of the upper parts assimilates to the European bird ;
but differs from it strikingly in its smaller size, in its much less
emarginate tail, in its deep brown axillaries, and in having the whole
of its upper tail-coverts pure white, instead of partially steel-black.
Its breast, moreover, shows no sign of the partial brown band of the
House Martin. Now, strange enough, Capt. Blakiston has brought
from Hakodadi, Japan, another Martin, which, on the other hand,
assimilates to C. cashmerensis in its proportions, colour of the back,
and almost even tail; but differs from it in having a black chin, black
instead of brown axillaries, and in having the ends of the lower tail-
coverts broadly tipped with black. For the Japanese species I would
suggest the name C. blakistoni, after its discoverer; and for the
Pekin bird the name C. whiteleyi, after the gentleman to whom this
collection belongs, and to whom we are indebted for the privilege of
exhibiting before this Society this interesting series of North China
birds.

Note.—Since the above was read before the Society, I have perused
carefully the description of the House Martin of Siberia, given in
Pallas’s ‘ Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica,’ and find that the bird therein
described at full length answers in every respect to Mr. Whiteley’s
bird from Pekin, and does not agree with the European Martin
(Chelidon urbica, L.), to which it has been wrongfully referred by
later Russian ornithologists. ‘The name of the Pekin species will
therefore have to stand Chelidon lagopoda, Pallas.—R. 8.

1862.] ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 321

The following lists of additions to the Menagerie during the months
of June, July, August, September, and October were read to the
Meeting :—

JUNE.
4
Presented by
\1 Hybrid between Com- { Phasianus colchicus ...... eh ge |
|. mon Pheasant & Fowl | Gallus domesticus......... \ si sidieienias .
\1 Rhesus Monkey............ Macacus rhesus........+... Miss Reynell.
4 IOI OR sce nnn cds csvedaps- Phenicopterus antiquo- |Rees Williams, Esq.
; rum. |
1 Griffon Vulture ............ |Gyps fulvus .....0.....000 Rees Williams, Esq.
j4 Lesser Spotted Wood- Pieus minor ....... sianteae John Gould, Esq., F.R.S.
; peckers.
2 European Thick-knees .... Edienemus crepitans ...|E. C. Newcome, Esq.
}1 Quebec Marmot............ \Arctomys empetra ..... Lieut.-Col. Rhodes.
P Flying Fox ..-.0....2520...-- |\Pteropus medius ......... \Sir John Lees, Bart.
RICH C HON so 2.5 cnaica5s 55. Canis lagopus .....-406... Percy Godman, Esq.,F.Z.S.
1 Golden Plover ............ | Charadrius pluvialis ......\Percy Godman, Esq.,F.Z.S.
2 Green Parrakeets ......... |Conurus tiriacula ......... Lady Gilbert.
1 Hen Harrier seneesseenensed| Cireus cineraceus ..........M, Jules Verreaux.
; 2 Grey Shrikes ....... aaaanas Lanius excubitor ....... .. Lord Lilford.
1 Maugé’s Opossum ...... ---|Dasyurus mauge@i ..........F. J. C, Wildash, Esq.
5 2 Green Woodpeckers ...... |Gecinus viridis ............ >
1 Hoopoe ...... cence es screr oss | Upupa pops ...-++....000+
2 Indian Doves............... Chalcophaps indica ......
2 Guillemots..<.....-....-.+ Uria troile....... Becnadon ad
2 Razor-bills .................. TE ETO can sana haan taa
2 Puffins ....... Se dhedsssskie Fratercula arctica ......
PaGape | yrax vcs oc. leeas JZ Hyrax capensis......00+...
3 Moluccan Deer .......... --|Cervus moluccensis ......
2 Slender Loris............2.- Loris gracilis......c0-0.0.- /
1 Martinique Waterhen ...|Porphyrio martinicus ...| | Purchased.
1Prehensile-tailedCapromys|Capromys prehensilis ...
Ateles frontatus ....04...
hy bridus ....00..004.
Herodias comata .........
Cuculus canorus .........
OUpupa pops ........000000
Ardetta minuta eens

bary and Red Deer... CLAP TTERS 7p 2 2 nenn0e =

jl Persian Deer ............2..,—— wallichit .........+0. :
i Alpaca, male ............... Auchenia pacos ..... sasawael

1 Arabian Baboon ......... |Cynocephalus hamadryas )

Of these, Galago demidoffii was stated to have been exhibited for
_ the first time in the Society’s Menagerie.

- Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. XXI.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE,

JULY.

1 Wild Boar
1 Lesser Sulphur-crested
Cockatoo.

1 Cheetah (from Syria) ...

11 Indian Fishes

2 DOVES) scassecceeranen “Atigtt
4 Palm-Squirrels.........+.-

1 Purple Heron
1 Bauer’s Parrakeet
2 Japanese Pigs
2 Ceylonese Porcupines..
1 Kinkajou
1 Chameleon

eee O et eeeeee

1 Black-crested Cardinal..

7 Malabar Squirrels
1 Ruffed Lemur

eeeeee

en eeeeeeres

7 young African Crocodiles

1 Californian Quail
1 Rhesus Monkey

eeeeee

1 Blue and Yellow Maccaw
1 Partridge (from China)..

1 Lesser Sulphur-crested
Cockatoo.

1 Spotted Cavy

3 Common Adders

2 Porphyrios
2 Common Quails

Eagle.
4 Water-Tortoises
1 Indian Jackal
1 Hawfinch ...........

3 Toque Monkeys
2 Rattlesnakes

1 Ring-Ouzel
1 Budong Monkey

1 Parrakeet.
1 Pluto Monkey
1 Whydah Bird
1 Spider Monkey
1 Water-Tortoise
4 Napoleon Weaver Birds.

D2 ToeMUTS ice cedenve< soe a3 {

4 Rice-birds
3 Common Quails .........
1 Crested Ortyx ............
1 Lunulated BEY;
2 Alligators... wae oae
4 Scarlet Tanagers sccapadar

ser eeee Oe eeeeee

upines ... Hystrix leucura

See ewe eee etereees

2 Australian Thick-knees.

1 Spotted-breasted Crested

2 Entellus Monkeys pn he
i Alieitor Meare
6 Leverets Bowe

peeeene SBereresc
see e et eeeeee

eee cece ere

Sus scrofa, var
Cacatua sulphurea

Felis jubata
Osphronemus trichopte-
rus.

ins. Ceylon.
Turtur, sp.? ...
Sciurus palmarum
Ardea PUrpUred ...+0000
Platycercus baueri ......
Sus scrofa, var. pliciceps

Chameleo africanus
Gubernatrix cristatella .
Sciurus

Crocodilus, sp.? .......+
Lophortyx californianus
Macacus rhesus
ATG ATAYAUNA ...655 Sasa
Caccabis chukar? ......0++
Cacatua sulphurea

wees

Celogenys paca
Pelias Berus .....0...00000-
Gdicnemus grallarius
Porphyrio melanotus

Coturniz dactylisonans...
Spizaétus Zonurus ...

see eereeenes

eee w eee eneweeee

Coccothraustes vulgaris
Semnopithecus entellus ...
Macacus pileatus
Alligator lucius..........+.
Crotalus horridus
Lepus timidus
Turdus torquatus .......+.
Semnopithecus leuco-
prymnus.

Agapornis roseicollis
Cercopithecus pluto
Vidua paradisea
Ateles frontalis

pew eeeens

eeeeee

Seen eeeeewes

TEU SAND = ccaccetesdeecesese.

Lemur mongoz
NUGVUVONS 0+ 000s0e0e-
Dolichonyx oryzivorus ..
Coturnix dactylisonans...
Eupsychortyx cristata ...

Pyranga rubra

tee e nee ee nes

ee ee ee eneeee

Leuciscus, sp. NOV.? eX.

eee eeeeee

eeneee

Cercoleptes caudivolvulus

ta ..|Miss Williams Wynn. ©

Peewee reset aerecenee

Cercopithecus lunulatus ..
...| Alligator lucius

[Nov. 25,

Presented by
\Rev. G. Portal.
E. Boys, Esq.

H.R. H. the Prince of
i Wales.

Capt. Gideon.
M. J. Verreaux.
Miss Emily Lamprell.
Lord Lilford, .Z.S.

\ F. J. Rooper, Esq.,F.Z.S
F, Rangel, Esq.

H. E. Smith, Esq.
H. Harvey, Esq.

| ars. Turnbull.

D. W. E. Brown, Esq.
John Brettall, Esq.
W. H. Pollard, Esq.
Mrs. Heathcote.

Mrs. C. Gammon.
Mrs. John Brown.

F. Godman, Esq.
Albert Mitchell, Esq.

aya |r. Mueller, C.M.

Lady Cust.
W. Chambers, Esq.

Miss Scott.
John Tudor, Esq.

..|W. Nash, Esq., F.Z.S.

oa Kelsall, R.E.

+ Purchased.

cher

1862.] ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. aoe

JuLy (continued)

2 Blue Grosbeaks ......... Guiraca ceruled .....+...
6 Ludovician Grosbeaks... ludoviciana ....... |
2 Indian Silverbeaks ...... Munia malabarica ...... | } Purchased. |
UW GOCKALOD: 0. vcatests cwcy ees Cacatua sanguinea .....
1 Little Dusky Parrot ...|Pionus sordidus...... codes) |
2 Collared Peccaries ......|Dicotyles torquatus ...... |
2 Punjaub Wild Sheep ...|Ovis cycloceros ......+++.4. Born

1 Eland, female ............ | OFS CANNA .....eeeceees =:

1 African Civet .......0.... Viverra civetta .......+0+6. |

Of these, Spizaétus zonurus was stated to be exhibited for the first
time in the Society’s Menagerie.

Avueust.
Presented by
1 Indian Rock Snake...... Python molurus ....0+.. R. C. R. Cocq, Esq.
1 Common Wolf...... vences|(COMER MEDUS coveszsancss soe :
2 Arctic Foxes ..... ao liens Sanceeeeen “i } cape. Sa
TY King Vulture ~...:........ Gyparchus papa .....+.. E. Thornton, Esq.
1 Coati mondi............... INGSUGUSCD. js nenswoidseee | |
1 S. American Monkey ...|Cebus pes ec nosis Ree |= piel Als |
2 Crested Curassows ...... Crax alector .....s.ss000
2 Globose Curassows ...... GIOTICET A. cacanowsess.
2 Capuchin Monkeys...... Cebus capucinus ......0+ |
1 Spotted Cavy ............ Ceelogenys Pacd ...+0+...04+ R. W. Keate, Esq.
1 Prehensile-tailed Poreu-|Cercolabes prehensilis ... |
ine,
1 Blue and Yellow Maccaw|4ra ararauna ............ )
2 Cockateals (fem.) ...... Calopsitta nove-hollandie| Miss F. Darvall.
MENVE- AVC tenecsntesaioaboens Chiromys madagascari- |Edward Mellish, Esq.
ensis.
1 Striped Hyena ......... Hyena striata veces. E. M. Cookesley, Esq.
1 Ceylonese Monkey ...... Semnopithecus leuco- |G. N. Kilsall, Esq.
prymnus.
1 Tengmalm’s Owl......... Nyctale tengmalmii ...... Herr Gatke. |
: peuaning Kingfishers ...|Dacelo giganted............ Dr. Mueller, C.M. /
iping Crows ..........6. Gymnorhina leuconota ...
1 Kangaroo............. .....|Halmaturus, Sp.? ....c.0+ — Terry, Esq.
1 Smooth Snake............ Coronella levis ......+++... Gent. Cadet Fenton.
PRUNE OES!"..ccaccess sok Peon | CONUS INGO seacconsaden-6 |
1 Bronze-wing Pigeon ...|Phaps chalcoptera ...... | }+— Hume, Esq. |
1 Kangaroo ...........+4. ....|Halmaturus, Sp.? .....--- |
2 Kingfishers ............ «=.| Alcedo tspida.........+000+ 7 |
1 Common Jay ...... veee.|Garrulus glandarius ......
1 Ceylonese Monkey ...... Semnopithecus leuco-
prymnus. L
2 Golden Orioles............ Gree GAlbUld ....eceeeees ¢ Purchased,
HOSTEL cose asescsancece: Sciurus dorsalis ....+++0+
EEPVOTIDICE, apaccescessonceese Myoxus muscardinus ...
2 Passenger Pigeons ...... Ectopistes migratorius ... y
1 pair of Indian Antelopes| Antilope cervicapra ...... ;
4 Springboks ...... ........|G@azella euchore.........++ }
ZSteMVOKS ...csc.csccvece Calotragus campestris ... | Obtained by the So-
11 Rock Coneys ............ Hyrax capensis............ ciety’s Collector.
1 Crested Porcupine ......|Wystrix cristata ......... | :
MOGELCL, acesccaesscueces seavn|CZCNCLEGs Spo? casiesnase |
| 1 African Ichneumon...... er pest es; Spd ).acat cence | J

324

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE.

[Nov. 25,

Aveust (continued).

1 African Rock-Snake |Python seb@ ....00.ce.00
WPatt AGGEr (iss,cvcerseress |Clotho arietans ..+.-.+
1 Sambur Deer ....... wee. Cervus aristotelis .......
2 Hog Deer.........+ssseeee. POTCINUS «.s.se00ee.
WERWON a .ncecdedeses oes seoeee (Felis LEOse edhe cece dd eaven ex

btained by the So-
ciety’s Collector.

ke

Of these, Chiromys madagascariensis, Coronella levis, and Sezurus

dorsalis were stated to have been exhibited
Society’s Menagerie.

for the first time in the

SEPTEMBER.

Presented by
1 Swinhoe’s Deer............ Cervus swinhoit ......... “5
2 Formosan Monkeys ...... Macacus cyclopis ......... br. Swinhoe, Esq., C.M.
4 young Turtles ........-...|Chelonia viridis.......+-++. H. P. Morgan, Esq.
1 Palm-Squirrel ........-... Sciurus palmarum ......|H. Sturrock, Esq.
1 Common Tortoise ......... Testudo gr@ca ...eeee+-0s- Mr. King.
1 Bonnet-Monkey ..-...++- Macacus radiatus ......+.- W. Mare, Esq., Jun.
2 Ortolan Buntings ........- Emberiza hortulana ...... \
2 Woodlarks ........0.ssee000 Alauda arbored........+++
UDitlark: ©. sicesccensnccseccs>s Anthus pratensis ......... |
2 Brazilian Canaries......... Sycalis brasiliensis ......
1 Chaffinch ........+.seeee ...|Fringilla coelebs .....064
1 Diamond Sparrow......... Amadina lathami .........

1 Mule Bullfinch ..... seeeeee|Pyrrhula vulgaris

1 Cross-bill ......seeseeeeee- Loxia curvirostra......0+

1 Rufous-neck Weaver Bird|/Hyphantornis textor......

1 Jackdaw.....-..sscescereee ..|Corvus monedula .....++. W. Russell, Esq., F.Z.S.
1 Magpie ......cecceesecereee Pica caudata.....+...0+

2 Elegant Parrakeets ...... Euphema elegans ++...+4+.

1 Sallé’s Parrakeet ........- Chrysotis sall@i......++. toe

1 Redbreast ...... see ceneenaes Erythacus rubecula ...... |

1 Whitethroat ...........+++- Sylvia cinerea ......0000+

IT Blackcap: Vir-sccessaccesos — atricapilla .....+...

2 Blackbirds ........,+eeeee+0 Turdus merula ......00000

1 Misselthrush ...........-+++ VISCIVOTUS . 20200 see

1 Red-breasted Thrush ...|—— migratorius ........-

1 Lemming .............000¢- Lemmus norvegicus ......\F. Godman, Esq., F.Z.S.
1 Yarra Trout ..........cs00: Galaxias scriba..........+.|Capt. Ridgers.

1 Jackal (from Patras)...... Canis QUPCUS .+....0.-08+ .-.|Capt. Amlot.

1 Sea-Eagle ............+0+-.- Haliaétus albicilla......... Mr. Xenos.

1 Globose Curassow......... Crax globicera ............,A. N. de Pothomier, Esq.
1 Black Spider Monkey ...|Ateles belzebuth «.....+.. \

1 Siamese Monkey ......... Macacus Pate easecet

1 Common Magpie ......... |\Pica caudata.........+0004+ |

1 Toque Monkey ..........+«.! Macacus pileatus .........

1 Java Squirrel......... eee ..|Sciurus plantani ......+0-

2 Japanese Pheasants ......|Phasianus versicolor...... Purchased.

2 Black-backed Jackals ...|Canis mesomelas ......... |

3 Kangaroo Mice............ Hapalotis mitchellii? ... |

4 St. Helena Seed-eaters...|Crithagra butyracea......

1 Bonnet-Monkey............ Macacus radiatus ...... ees )

1 Mooruk ......... Bsa ndod.aen Casuarius bennettii ...... Hatched.

1 Japanese Deer ....... sovcs|CCTUUSISIRG cvecesscscuae .-|Born.

Of these, Macacus cyclopis and Sciurus
have been exhibited for the first time in the

plantani were stated to
Society’s Menagerie.

1862.]

2 Spotted Cavies .........
1 Macaque Monkey
1 WatereRail, Australia ...
1 Axis Deer, female ......
2 Buffon’s Touracos
1 Indian Minah
2 Indian Doves ....... eer
1 Ring-tailed Lemur .
2 Eagle Owls .......c.c0
2 Flying Phalangers ..
1 Peregrine ............00es
2 Purple Guans ............
2 Water-Tortoises
1 Canadian Goose
IN@TORS-HORee cs 0c--cceens
1 Douroucouli Monkey ...
1 White-headed Parrot ..
12 Grey Mullets
5 Crested Blennies
2 Montagu’s Harriers......
2 Grey Wagtails ............
1 Kangaroo Rat ...
USTrUMPpeter, \.<..varasses a
1 Saki Monkey ............
1 Squirrel Monkey
1 Negro Tamarin
2 West African Pigs ......
2 Common Boas.......... a
6 Australian Finches ......

AS Parakeets) | .sss0sees ss {

sees

waren eteweee

se eweee wees

se eeeeeeee

seeeeeees

2 Fruit-eating Pigeons..

1 Red-eared Monkey
2 Moustache Monkeys ...
1 White-nosed Monkey ...
3 Chameleons............ ao
2 Crimson-eared Waxbills
3 Pumas ..... SRnepeaesiin sere
SLCOPALG: ocssetecccssncaes
5 Black Swans

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE.

OcToBER.
Presented by
| Coelogeny8 Pacd .....++0000- \P. N. Bernard, Esq.
Macacus eynomolgua.n.|Caphe Welstead.
Rallus pectoralis ......+« |T. Aspinwall, Esq.
Ceres A755 o... cent on es aap iJ. D. Mullins, Esq.

Corythaix buffoni

PUurbury/BPs) cesses

.-.|Lemur catta ......
.|Bubo maximus
Belideus sciureus ...

Faleo peregrinus

?

|Emys —— ? .....
Canis fulvus, var.
-|Picus senitlis

eeeeee

Cireus cineraceus

Psophia crepitans

Hapale ursulus

aoe

Conurus wanthopt
Sen secotnee <<

{ | Carpophaga microcera ..
1 Ptilopus fasciatus
Cercopithecus erythrotis |

CEPhUS seese-

—— leopardus ...

Gracula intermedia

Penelope purpurascens ..
Bernicla canadensis

Nyctipithecus feli

Motacilla yarrellit ......
Hypsiprymnus, sp.? ... =|
Pithecia monachus 5 , ; i

Callithrix sciureus
Sus scrofa, hybridus? ...

Boa constrictor.......
Brotogerys pyrrhopterus

—— nictitans ....
Chameleo africanus ....
Estrelda phenicotis
.|Felis concolor

eeeee

Cygnus atratus .....

see eeee ee!
weeeee

seen neeee

|

Lieut. C. R. Cock.
Rese ace Hon. Mrs. Steuart.
....,W. T. Dayne, Esq.
Thos. Fraser, Esq.

seeteenee

Mrs. A. B. White.
} Capt. Wishart.

see eeenee

seer etans

se eeeenee

Purchased.

Crus ...

see eee ee,
seeeeeees

seeeeeee

Born.
.| Hatched.

/Russell Gordon, Esq.
| P. Sinclair Laing, Esq.

.|S. Sandbach Parker, Esq. |

|
|

Of these, Pithecia monachus, Carpophaga microcera, and Ptilopus
fasciatus were stated to have been exhibited for the first time in the

Society’s Menagerie.

326 MR. W. H. FLOWER ON THE ANATOMY [ Dee. 9,

December 9, 1862.
E. W. H. Holdsworth, F.L.S., Esq., in the Chair.

Dr. Cobbold exhibited a series of microscopic preparations of rare
Entozoa, which he had just received from Prof. Leuckart, of Giessen.
Among the more remarkable were Distoma heterophyes andeD. he-
matobium (from Egypt), an adult Trichina spiralis, Tenia nana
(Egypt), 7. eeenurus, T'. echinococcus, and the new Bothryocephalus
cordatus of Leuckart, from Greenland.

The following papers were read :—

1. Nores on THE ANaATomy oF PitHEciA MONACHUS (GEOFF.).
By W. H. Frower, Conservator OF THE MusEUM OF
THE Royau CoLLeGE OF SURGEONS.

(Plate XXXVII.)

I confess to some hesitation in giving the above specific name to
the subject of the present communication, as the original description
of the species (Tableau des Quadrumanes, ‘Annales du Muscum,’
tom. xix. 1812) is too brief for satisfactory identification, and I have
had no opportunity of examining the type specimen in the Paris
Museum. It is exceedingly like the Pithecia irrorata of Dr. J. E.
Gray, described and figured in the ‘ Zoology of the Voyage of the
Sulphur’ (1842), part 1, p. 14, of which the type is in the British
Museum, and which differs from the previously described P. hirsuta
of Spix (Simiarum et Vespertiliorum Brasiliensium Species novee,
1823, p. 14, and plate 9) in wanting the short, bristle-like, whitish
hairs on the cheeks ; but as the present specimen agrees in this respect
with Spix’s species rather than Gray’s, I have little doubt that it
ought to be referred to the former, if they are distinct.

In the ‘ Catalogue Méthodique de la Collection des Mammifeéres du
Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris,’ 1851, by M. Isidore Geof-
froy Saint-Hilaire, there is but one species with which, as far as can
be ascertained by the short specific characters there given, it agrees ;
and this is the P. monachus of the elder Geoffroy ; and as the learned
author of the catalogue has satisfied himself as to the identity of this
species with P. hirsuta of Spix, it becomes necessary to discard the
latter name, and retain the one which has the priority of date.

The dimensions of my specimen are rather inferior to those assigned
by Spix to P. hirsuta, and to those of the examples of P. ¢rrorata in
the British Museum ; but it must be considered that it is a scarcely
adult female, and at the time of death was in extremely poor condi-
tion, which last cireumstance may also account for the hair, especially
on the tail, being less crisp and curled than in the above specimens.
It also seems to differ from them somewhat in the relatively greater
length of the tail*.

* Since writing the above, the skin was taken to Paris by my friend Dr. Mur-
chison, and, with the valuable assistance of M. Pucheran, compared and pro-

nounced to be identical with the specimens of P. monachus (including the original
one described by Geoffroy) in the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle.

M.&N Hanhar

1862. } OF PITHECIA MONACHUS. 327

As I am not aware of any anatomical observations upon this genus,
it appears desirable to put on record some notes made at the dis-
section of this specimen. It was not to be expected that any striking
character would be found in which it would differ from animals of
allied genera ; the principal point of interest, in fact, was the brain,
a description of the form and convolutions of which has hitherto been
a desideratum, being one of the few omitted in M. Gratiolet’s great
work on the Cerebral Folds of the Primates.

The animal died in the Gardens of the Zoological Society, on the
24th of October, 1862, after having lived there about a fortnight,
during which time Mr. Wolf was able to make the characteristic
sketch which accompanies this communication (Pl. XXXVII.).

It was a female, nearly adult. All the permanent teeth were in
place in the lower jaw ; but the posterior upper molars had not cut
the gum on either side. The state of emaciation to which it was re-
duced could scarcely be exceeded. In this condition the weight was
19 ounces avoirdupois. The dimensions were as follows :—

inches.
Length from the vertex of the head to the root of the tail . 11
Length of tail (including 13 inch of hair only) .......... 18
head, from tip of nose to occiput ............ 2°9
PeremvesnBMenlth Of REAM, wn 5 oc oa ties nos he das 2 ald a 12
ISIE Us Chg en en 33
ESET 2 a ee ea ee See es eg 33
(Tc Ais aoe a colors BS 23
thigh es 41
— TD 70 aris 43
POG ES Be ae. se tine « Sha toteia San oy aida ticts BE 4

The large hood of long loose hair upon the upper part of the
head, neck, and shoulders, from under which the comparatively bare
face emerges, gives a very peculiar appearance to the general phy-
slognomy. The face is long and narrow; the nose large and full, its
breadth ‘6 inch ; the nostrils wide apart, quite lateral in situation ;
the chin rapidly retreating. The eyes of moderate size, their axes
directed straight forwards ; the width of aperture ‘45 inch ; the dia-
meter of the iris °3 inch; colour of the iris hazel-brown. ‘The skin
of the face is of a dark purplish brown, almost black upon the nose,
and paler around the eyes; it is sparingly covered with short coarse
hairs of a whitish colour. Rather more than half an inch of the
forehead is clothed with these short hairs, directed upwards in the
middle, and outwards on the sides. Above this comes the hair of the
hood, directed forwards. On each cheek is a well-marked patch of
yellowish white hair, directed downwards and forwards, terminating
in front by a distinct line extending from the inner canthus of the
eye to below the angle of the mouth. In front of this line the dark
colour of the skin predominates over the white of the short scattered
hairs, except along the margin of the upper lip, where these are
longer and more abundant. The ears are large, and roundish in form,
quite naked, and of the same colour as the skin of the face ; a consi-
derable patch of skin behind them is free from hair.

328 MR. W. H, FLOWER ON THE ANATOMY [Dec. 9,

The hair on the body is rather harsh in texture, long, loose, and
sparing in quantity, so that when separated the skin is readily seen.
It is particularly long on the shoulders, and stands out from the
body, giving great apparent fulness to all this part. On the back of
the neck and top of the head it is directed forwards, forming the
before-mentioned hood.

An individual hair from the shoulder measures 3 inches in length.
The first inch from the root is very fine, and of a brownish-black
colour ; then it becomes thicker, and of a deeper black; and in the
last half-inch it tapers to a point, and is of a dirty yellowish white.
Hair of this character covers the upper part and back of the head,
the neck, shoulders, back, arms, thighs, and tail, the terminal portion
on the posterior part of the body being pale yellowish brown. On
the forearm it is shorter, black tipped with white. On the legs the
black predominates. The dorsal surface of the hands and feet, in-
cluding the toes, is covered with short, perfectly white hair, through
which the black skin of these parts is scarcely seen. The throat,
breast, belly, and inside of the thighs are very sparingly covered with
fine, pale yellowish brown hair. ‘The tail is entirely covered, to an
equal extent all round, with long, coarse, curved, black hair, tipped
with pale brown. The hair is longest and the tail appears thickest
near the body, and gradually tapers towards the end. I may here
observe that the curling condition of the hair so conspicuous in the
specimens in the British Museum, and in the figures referred to above,
is almost absent in this individual—a circumstance, as before said, pro-
bably due to the bad health of the animal for some time previous to
its death ; and hence the tapering instead of the bushy end to the tail.

The hands are rather small. The thumb is short, and appears na-
turally to lie in the direction of the other fingers. Its extremity is
level with the distal end of the first phalanx of the second digit. The
second and fifth digits are of equal length, extending as far as the
distal end of the second phalanx of the third and fourth, which are
also of equal length. The nails are black, subcompressed, and
pointed, that of the thumb slightly more flattened, and broader at
the base, than the others.

The sole of the foot is long and narrow; the hallux well deve-
loped, widely separated from the other toes, with a flat, subtriangular,
pointed nail. In relative length the other toes stand in the follow-
ing order—second, fifth, third, and fourth ; but the difference between
them is not very great. Their nails are long, curved, compressed,
and pointed.

The orifice of the vulva is a narrow longitudinal cleft situated on
the lower part of the symphysis pubis. Immediately in front of it is
a subcylindrical and slightly tapering tongue-like clitoris, a quarter
of an inch long, and of a pink colour. On its under surface is a
groove continuous with the orifice of the vulva. The perineum is
about + inch in length.

The brain weighed, immediately after removal, 460 grains, or ;th
part of the entire (very emaciated) body. The general form as seen
from above is a regular oval, nearly as broad before as behind (fig. 1).

j
|

1862. ] OF PITHECIA MONACHUS. 329

The whole of the cerebellum and the olfactory lobes are covered by the
cerebrum. The length of the cerebral hemispheres is 1*8 inch ; their
greatest breadth 1:5 inch; their height 1*2 inch. The upper surface
is arched, the parietal region being well developed. The occipital
lobes are full and broad, but not much elongated posteriorly, so that
they scarcely do more than cover the cerebellum in this direction.
The frontal lobe is depressed, and deeply excavated below ; the tem-
poral lobe well developed. In general form the cerebrum resembles
that of some of the Ceéz; it is less pointed in front than the brains of
most of the Old World Apes, and less elongated and depressed than
in Nyctipithecus, Callithrix, and Hapale. 'The olfactory lobes are
smaller than in most of the allied forms. There is nothing calling for
particular notice in the base of the brain (fig. 2), except that the

Fig. 1. Fig. 2.

corpora albicantia are not confluent, and the olivary bodies form
distinct projections on the medulla oblongata ‘2 inch long. The
cerebellum is large, the flocculi being particularly well developed.

* Fig. 3.

The corpus callosum is *7 inch long; the portion of the ccrebrum
anterior to it ‘4; that posterior to it *7 inch.
The outer face of the cerebral hemisphere (fig. 3) is marked by a

330 MR. W. H. FLOWER ON THE ANATOMY [Dec. 9,

few, but deeply cut, and characteristic sulci*. 1. The fissure of Sylvius
(e) slopes upwards and backwards to about two-thirds of the distance
between its commencement and the margin of the great longitudinal
fissure, and then ends abruptly without joining the antero-temporal.
2. On the frontal lobe is a deeply marked fissure (the supero-frontal,
6) running transversely backwards and outwards, bent at an obtuse
angle in the middle. 3. Separated by a wide interval (antero-parietal
gyrus) from this is the simple, straight postero-parietal (fissure of
Rolando, d). 4. Behind this is the suleus bounding the upper border
of the angular gyrus, having the form of a broad pointed arch. 5.
The long and deeply marked antero-temporal sulcus (f) runs from
the apex of the temporal lobe, upwards beyond the end of the fissure
of Sylvius, curving slightly forwards at its termination near the point
of the aforesaid arch. 6. Of the temporo-occipital (external perpen-
dicular, /) the traces are but small ; its commencement is seen above,
in a notch on the border of the hemisphere, and again there is an in-
dication of it at the posterior termination of the angular sulcus, but
it does not interrupt the perfect superficial continuity from the pa-
rietal to the occipital lobe of both first and second external annectent
gyri (13 and 14). In this respect Pithecia agrees with Ateles rather
than Cebus. The absence of this fissure (so constant in the Old World
Apes) in all the smaller American Monkeys, and its imperfect condi-
tion in others of the family, show that it is a less important character-
istic of the Simian brain than is the antero-temporal or even the an-
gular.

On the inner face of the hemisphere (fig. 4), the sulci present the

Fig. 4.

ordinary and typical character ot the Primatial type of brain, in a
simple form. The calloso-marginal sulcus (7) is very well marked,
and inclines upwards almost to the margin of the hemisphere at its
hinder end. It has several small secondary sulci connected with it.
The oceipito-parietal (internal perpendicular, *) runs down from the
margin of the hemisphere, and then bends abruptly forwards. That
most characteristic sulcus, the calearine (/), the bottom of which
corresponds with the hippocampus minor in the posterior cornu of
the lateral ventricle, is deeply cut, runs directly backwards, and

* For the nomenclature of these parts of the brain, see a paper by Prof. Huxley,
“On the Brain of Aleles paniscus,” Proc. Zool. Soc., June 11, 1861.

1862. ] OF PITHECIA MONACHUS. 331

divides posteriorly into two branches, of which the lower is the
longer. The collateral sulcus (7), instead of passing downwards and
forwards along the inner side of the temporal lobe, turns abruptly
outwards, and appears on the outer face, in the rather sharp angle on
the inferior border of the hemisphere at the junction of the occipital
and temporal lobes.

The dental formula is, I. ==, C. =, P. ==, M. —=36.

The incisors of both upper and lower jaw project forward, so that
their anterior edges form together an angle of 100°. The upper
central incisors are of moderate size, and rounded at the edges. The
upper lateral incisors are extremely small; there is a considerable
diastema between them and the canines, which are strong and conical,
and project downwards and somewhat outwards. The two rows of the
upper molar series are perfectly straight and parallel. The premolars
increase in size from the first to the third, the first being notably
smaller than the others and unicuspidate. The first molar is rather
larger than the second; their crowns are square, nearly flat, but
grooved longitudinally in the middle, the raised edge on the outer and
inner sides being slightly divided into two tubercles. The crown of
the third molar is just beneath the gum. The four lower incisors are
long and narrow, of nearly equal size, the outer ones slightly rounded
at the corners ; their outting edges form a continuous gently curved
line. A very small interval exists between them and the sharply
pointed conical canine, which is of very nearly the same size as the
upper one. The first premolar is very small; the two succeeding
ones increase in size. The first and second molars are nearly equal,
and the third not very markedly inferior. As with the upper series,
these teeth are very slightly tuberculated ; they have the appearance
of being considerably worn, but, as the animal was so young, this is
scarcely probable. There is a carious spot on the posterior part of
the third premolar on both sides.

The length of the tongue, from the base of the epiglottis to the tip,
is 1°4 inch; its breadth °5 inch ; its sides are parallel, the end square,
with the corners slightly rounded. The sublingual organ is fleshy,
except towards the end, which is sharp-pointed and cleft at the ex-
treme tip; it is free to the extent of *25 inch, and its apex is °3
from the tip of the tongue.

The left lung has two lobes, quite separate from one another, each
having a special division of the bronchus ; the right lung is composed
of four distinct lobes. The main arterial trunks are given off from
the aorta as in man, the innominata dividing into right subclavian and
right carotid, and the left carotid and left subclavian coming off se-
parately.

The stomach is simple, its general form nearly globular, but the
pyloric portion is lengthened and tubular. The cardiac and pyloric
orifices are much approximated. The small intestine, from the py-
lorus to the ileo-czecal valve, measures 50 inches; its diameter is
nearly uniform throughout, about -4 inch. Peyer’s agminated glands,
the largest 14 inch long, are scattered at tolerably regular distances

332 MR. W. H. FLOWER ON PITHECIA MONACHUS. [ Dee. 9,

all along the canal almost to the duodenum. There are no valvulee
conniventes, and nothing to distinguish the ileum from the jejunum.
The length of the colon, from the ileo-czecal valve to the anus, is 22
inches : it is rather smaller than the csecum in calibre, rapidly dimi-
nishing for the first 3 inches, then acquiring a uniform diameter of
about ‘4 inch, which is somewhat increased in the descending portion
and rectum. The cecum is large and long, of greater calibre than
the colon, from which it is distinctly marked off by a constriction,
passing obliquely round the intestine, and slightly diminishing in
size as it approaches its terminal end, which is obtuse and rounded.
It presents a tolerably uniform curve, almost a semicircle in the same
plane. Its length is 43 inches ; its diameter, at 1 inch from the ileo-
ceecal valve, 1 inch.

The liver weighed 190 grains. Its anterior margin is deeply cleft
by three fissures, dividing it into four lobes. Of these, the first (from
the left) and the third and fourth are of about equal size. The second
is double the size of either of the others, and notched on its anterior
margin by the fissure of the round ligament, while the gall-bladder
lies on its under surface. The Spigelian lobe is distinct. The cystic
duct is “6 inch long, and joins the hepatic duct at a very acute angle.
The common bile-duct, rather more than an inch in length, enters the
posterior part of the duodenum, with the pancreatic duct, half an inch
from the pylorus. The spleen is simple, long and narrow, tapering
at the lower, more obtuse and notched at the upper end, 22 inches
long, and ‘4 inch wide at the middle.

The suprarenal bodies are very obtuse (slightly flattened) cones,
their axis measuring } inch, and the longest diameter of their base
about the same. The weight of each is 3 grains. Their colour is dark
purple, deeper than that of the kidney. The base of the right is closely
approximated to the corresponding kidney. The left, which is more
rounded in form, is less closely connected. The kidneys are of the
same form as in the human subject. Their length is ‘85 inch. The
right is placed slightly lower than the left. The left kidney weighed
24 grains ; the right about a grain less. The urinary bladder, when
distended, is capacious, of an elongated pyriform shape, having a glo-
bular fundus and a cylindrical or rather fusiform neck. The uterus
is very small, elongated, and cylindrical, not bifid ; *75 inch long, and
‘2 inch in diameter. The ovaries are °3 inch long, narrow, pointed at
each end, and slightly flattened, of a pale pinkish colour.

The vertebral formula of this specimen is, cervical 7, dorsal 13,
lumbar 6, sacral 3, caudal 26.

There is considerable variation in the number of the vertebree in
the different genera of American Monkeys ; and even among species
of the same genus, and individuals reputed (though perhaps on in-
sufficient grounds) to belong to the same species, the number is not
constant. The specimens contained in the British Museum (Cata-
logue of the Bones of Mammalia, 1862) and in the Museum of the
Royal College of Surgeons give the following results. Those marked
with an asterisk belong to the last-named collection ; the numbers in
the others are given on the authority of the above-named Catalogue.

P.Z.5.1862,Plate KkXxyV

J Wolf del.et lith. M&N. Hanhart.fp

hOBICULUS. 6S ClAT RRA:

_ ey ae ASP et ay Seer Se Oe aa J ice Fa” ae
4 ‘a
Hy

é

P.Z.5.1862.Plate XXXIX..

J Wolf. del.et lith M.& N.Hanhart Imp
TRICHOGHOS SUS: PLAVOVIRTDI SS.

ON TAT

M &N wal
re I.

1862.] MR. WALLACY ON BIRDS FROM THE SULA ISLANDS. 333

Caud. |

Ceryv. | D. L. S.
Ateles chameck .........0. ash sseebaedeeteceas 7 14 4 on lios
PQUUSCUS 9 sire’, -cgastace seis vesdsnsuet nice 7 13 + 3 31
= BACH NOLGES Ki, ndvarescadescadedasesceets 7 14 4 3 31
eee COMTOVIN Unvasegacenppuaceontsaseitercy: 7 14 4 3 33
pe DIZ DUbh so. scscaseeeecntclescuhachos 7 14 4 3 31
ea — Delzebuth!)essic iss. dtaceves sdacsseeee eee 7 13 4 3 33
Brachyteles hypoxanthus .......csseeseeees 7 13 5 3 2
Lagothrix humboldtii .............ceasssesees 7 14 4 3 30
MUYCETES SENICULIS) sesec.cetsasaerscasseasapes 7 14 5 3 27
HESIDUS giaoitaea cass snscecte as sslesesitens 7 14 5 3 ?
VELBtEACUENOS Miss conescsessesscewecssectes 7 14 5 3 26
inn nelac etes dung dsacccatestec scares ee 7 14 5 3 ?
BPELS crac wins ccssadesaiferases assed eseds 7 14 5 3 27
— hypoleucus 7 12 Z/ 3 30
—— capucinus 7 14 5 3 ?
—— capucinus * 7 13 6 3 23
— HEE Maa abseeaccevaes 7 14 6 3 24
OL eae eedackkded 7 14 5 3 25
Ouakaria calvus 7 13 6 3 18
Pepe n ELL reemameanctiea soa ava carck ssses ves 7 13 6 3 18
EMUHECIa, MONACHUS vores ..ce veces -averecee os 7 13 6 3 26
RGAIMALINIRCHITER Mite ssunsccdescessecerses.co0e 7 13 7 3 27
ee IR GHITEUS A Sstetanadcseceasncsdoatdecovinss 7 13 7 3 24
Nyctipithecus felinus. .............csveeseeee 7 13 6 3 18
PRIVIESAUNREKS ons ceaivp eater ssaescsoacsos 7 15 7 3 27
PACCHIUSTONN DUNS cuscatacdicrccdscsescosceceacs 7 13 6 3 33
eA AES heieelonaeeet. Jac sevaneesarcece cates oy 13 6 3 28
Pere ALIB oh) cnehtade a. cee Ubak cevsear see 7 13 6 3 19
eareprt GULLS opeeide ceweatsc anette vosiaesaat sede! fT 13 6 3 28

2. List or Birps rrom Tue Suxa Isianps (nAst or CELEBES),
with Descriptions Or THE New Species. By ALFRED
Russe, Waxwacz, F.Z.S.

(Plates XXXVIII., XXXIX., XL.)

These islands must not be confounded with the Soloo Islands, be-
tween Borneo and Mindanao. On our maps they are written Zula,
or Xulla ; but as neither of these gives the correct pronunciation, I
write the name exactly as it is pronounced by the natives. The
group consists of three islands, Sula Mangola to the east, Sula Ta-
liabo to the west, and Sula Bessi to the south. They lie nearly
equidistant between Celebes and the Moluccas, being about eighty
miles from the nearest part of Celebes, but with several intervening
islands ; only forty from Bouru, but a clear sea between them ; and
about ninety from Batchian, with the Obi Islands intervening. The
two larger of the Sula Islands are each about fifty miles long and
twelve to fifteen wide.

Islands so small, and so surrounded by others whose productions
are more or less known, might be expected to be not worth visiting
by the naturalist, as it would seem most probable that they would
contain only the common species of the surrounding islands. Be-

334 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS [ Dec. 9,

lieving such to be the case, I should probably have taken no trouble
to obtain a collection from thence, had I not been told by many of
the natives who trade to Sula that a beautiful little bird of the Par-
rot family was found there and in no other place. In consequence
of this and other more or less vague information about its productions,
I arranged with my assistant, Mr. Allen, to go there for two months.
Owing to bad weather, ill health, and the usual troubles about boats,
men, and provisions, he obtained but a very small collection, made on
the southern and eastern islands. Only forty-eight species of birds
were obtained, yet out of these there were seven new species, which
appear to be altogether peculiar to this little group of islands; five
or six others are rare birds of the Moluccas or Celebes, and the re-
mainder the commoner species from the same countries.

But although the Sula Islands show a mixture of the forms of
Celebes and the Moluccas, yet these countries have not contributed
towards its fauna in anything like an equal proportion. Deducting
ten species which have a wide range over a large portion of the Ar-
chipelago, and even beyond it, and dividing the remainder into two
portions—those that may be supposed to have been derived from
Celebes on the one hand, and from the Moluccas and islands to the
east and south of them on the other,—we shall find that the Celebesian
forms are almost exactly double the rest. Twenty species are iden-
tical with birds found in Celebes, and five new species are of Cele-
besian forms ; whereas only eleven species are found also in the Mo-
luccas, and but two of the new species can be affiliated to Moluccan
types. Twenty-five of the species of the Sula Islands must there-
fore have been derived from Celebes, and only thirteen from the
Moluccas. The accompanying Table (p. 335) shows the species
distributed according to their derivation.

It is further interesting to remark that all the Raptores and all
the Pigeons and Parrots, but one of each group, are Celebesian species
or forms; while among the Moluccan species are many active but
weak-flying birds, including five species of Flycatchers, which would
be most likely to be carried over by strong winds. Further, the
birds derived from the Moluccas contain three genera which do not
occur in Celebes.

From these facts it seems to me clear that the Sula Islands are
really an outlying portion of Celebes, and must at some former period
have had a much closer connexion with that great island than at
present. The Moluccan species must therefore be considered as im-
migrants, many of them from Bouru, which is only forty miles di-
stant; and the fact that some of these early Moluccan immigrants
have already become modified into distinct forms, some of which may
be classed as species, others as varieties, shows for how long a period
of time the small and scattered islands of the Moluccas must have
remained in their present disconnected state.

The following Table shows the geographical affinities of the birds
of the Sula Islands :-—

335

| *s°U ‘ESBYeULUT BUTT[eY “OZ
‘sISUdpVUIUI BUDIBINE, “GT
‘eyidvooqye etshdororyy “ST
| *eurned eseydodieg “21
| “esonjony eseqdod.ieg “91
| ‘snjeydaoourjeu sndouo|yq “G1
| “epneoiasits UOIOI, “FT
aw | “IBA ‘SNpI[BA SNALOD “ET
e epida] saydaryyuy *ZT
< *sisuaoonpou sdeydooeyy “11 “TINIIga[IO MINK “LT
a *SLSOIUIS IO 24019 7 Or "TeA ‘e.1ndsqo STULO[VY) “OT “IYOULOIULS} SNTBONRIDH “OT
- *e1oydoyeurshs 249197] *6 BOT] [VIOUL SIULO[LD *6 “su ‘stetojood snansoi(y “6
$< “siyerdAdoan sntuauiny *g ‘sdadtane BaulIVqOaN *g ‘su ‘ezjond eased “8
=} *SLIJSOMIUSBUL snoesq *f£ “sTjouvlouL eseydedury “2 “snqoedoul snmMeyry re
a “BYVUI VIULIBIOAN ‘9 *s ‘u ‘OI[O ereqdaodyorg "9 “THOB][VM UOpleyooipua(y “9
a “voruvavl opunsyy *G "sg" ‘suaosayns vpeydaoAyorg °¢ "SU ‘SLIJSOITO[NS SnT[ey *¢ “su ‘eyna UOAT[RLY “SG
s *snogioed snuroyshing “Pp ‘su ‘vivjoouly BpeydaoAyorg “PF "su ‘SI[BjUOI SNTOLUIO “F| ‘eqoudyroujeut woATTeH] “Ff
a ‘sngeuto sdosayy "2 *SUdDSLAOUIO BYDIVUOT *¢ "su ‘sI[eroey stureudpng “¢ *SLIJSOITUSVUI VZV “E
9 *stueqjoo snyduestpoy, *Z |'8 U ‘sIAsoMBuo] IeF1UTID *Z -epiday xhaQ °g |'S*U ‘SIPLITAOARY snssopsoyoity, *Z “snjyoodyna sturojidg *Z
*snqours sunydmeipoy, *T *SLUISOAISSBIO VW “[| “AWA “SI[VsLOp snoLadAyeTg *T ‘su ‘T19}B[OS SNTNOWOT *T] ‘SLUsoAGye snqyeusdury, “|
*suIOF UBION *svoonjo *SUILOJ s
“odurer opt Jo eainadg | “OW 04 fend aeees MONT ay} Ul os[e rane sotoadg saqe]ag 0} pare sarads many saqa[a9 Ut ose punog sayoads
‘spunjsy nyng ay7 fo spug ay; fo sapwulp joorydpsboay ayp Guamoys a9v],
=
a
tr)
=

rr —‘i‘S—

336 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS [Dec. 9,

There are in all thirteen new species described in the present
paper, a few of which are also in my collections from Celebes and
the Moluccas. In many cases I have given, from my own notes, the
colours of the feet, bill, and iris, as well as the dimensions, from
the fresh-killed specimens of rare or interesting species which have
been previously described. In the following list of the species I have
followed the arrangement of Bonaparte’s ‘ Conspectus,’ a work which
is in the hands of every ornithologist.

TANYGNATHUS ALBIROSTRIS.

Psittacus sumatranus, Raffi. Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 281.

T. macrorhynchos, 2, Blyth, Cat. p. 3.

Psittacodis sumatranus, Wag].

Eclectus sumatranus, Gray, Gen. of Birds.

I have obtained specimens of this bird from the south and north
of Celebes and the Sula Islands. The bill is entirely white, with a
semitransparent fleshy or waxy tinge when alive, in both sexes and
in the fully adult bird; the tip alone is slightly dusky. The iris
is very pale yellow or yellowish white, and the feet dull olive. The
ery of this bird is different from that of T. miilleri, to which it is
nearest ; and it is universally recognized by the natives of Celebes as
another bird.

As this species has received no other specific name than sumatranus,
given to it by Sir Stamford Raffles, under the mistaken idea that it
was an inhabitant of Sumatra, I have renamed it aléirostris from its
most characteristic feature. However much I may reprobate the
practice of needlessly changing specific names, I think that one so
mischievously erroneous as the present must not be retained. Not
only is the present bird and the whole genus to which it belongs ab-
sent from Sumatra, but they inhabit another primary zoological
division of the earth—the great Australian region, of which Celebes
and the islands east of it form a part.

Hab. The Celebes group.

Loricutus sciaTeri. (Pl. XXXVIII.)

Viridis; vitta gulari, flecura alarum, uropygio tectricibusque
caude superioribus coccineis; macula magna dorsali rubra,
aurantiaco marginata ; rostro nigro; pedibus luteis.

Delicate green, rather deeper on the head and wings; forehead
with a tinge of reddish brown; a stripe on the throat, a spot on the
outer margin of the wing, the rump, and upper tail-coverts (which
nearly reach the end of the tail) bright red ; a large spot on the back,
extending in a triangle from between the shoulders to the red on the
rump, orange-yellow, deepening in the middle to rich orange-red,
which colour forms a band across the back ; wings and tail beneath
blue; quills black, the outer edge green above, the inner edge blue
beneath ; bill black; cere and base of the upper mandible yellow;
feet yellow; iris yellow.

Total length 54 inches; wing 34 inches; bill, to nostril, 3 inch.

Hab. Sula Islands.

Remarks.—In this fine species the sexes are alike. I have named

—

a

pian

1862.] OF THE SULA ISLANDS, 337

it after Dr. Sclater, the indefatigable Secretary to the Zoological
Society of London, to whose kind assistance and extensive knowledge
of ornithology I am much indebted.

TRICHOGLOsSUS FLAVOVIRIDIS. (Pl. XXXIX.)

Viridis ; capite, pectore et abdominis lateribus flavis ; pectoris
plumis viridi marginatis ; abdomine flavo-viridi ; cauda subtus
Susco-flava; rostro aurantiaco-rubro ; pedibus plumbeis.

Grass-green ; head deep yellow, obscurely fasciated with dusky

green, and bounded on the nape by a narrow dusky collar ; face,
cheeks, and chin dusky olive, each feather margined with yellow;
neck, breast, and upper part of the belly bright yellow, each feather
narrowly margined with dark green, producing a regular scaly ap-
pearance; belly, vent, and under tail-coverts yellowish green, more
irregularly banded with dark green; between the shoulders the fea-
thers have a yellow central band, forming a large spot more or less

_ concealed by the arrangement of the plumage; quills dusky black,

all but the first with the outer web green, and the first five with the
extreme edge yellow; beneath, the secondaries and tertiaries have a
yellow spot on the inner web; tail above of an ochreish green, be-
coming ochre-yellow on the inner web of the lateral feathers, beneath
entirely dull ochre-yellow ; bill orange-red ; orbits bare, yellow; feet
lead-colour ; iris orange.

Total length 8 inches; wing 43 inches; tail 34 inches.

Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes (?).

Remarks.—I obtained a bird in Menado, which, as far as my me-
mory serves, was the same species as this; and one of my servants,
a native of Menado, assured me the bird was foundthere. My speci-
men was carried away by a rat, while drying, and was never recovered.
There is therefore, 1 think, little doubt but this pretty species inha-
bits N. Celebes ; but there, having to compete with 7’. ornatus, it is
comparatively scarce, whereas in the Sula Islands it reigns alone,
and is much more abundant.

PLATYCERCUS DORSALIS, var.
Psittacus dorsalis, Q. & G. Voy. de l Astrol. t. 21. f. 1.
Rostrum aurantiaco-rubrum, apice corneo.

This bird agrees with my specimens from New Guinea; but the
bill in those is black, with a red spot at the base only, near the
nostrils; in this variety the bill seems all reddish, except a pale tip
and dusky portion at the sides of the upper mandible. This is a
curious example of interrupted distribution, the Moluccas intervening
with their distinct species, P. amboinensis in Ceram, and P. hypo-
phonius in Gilolo. I can, however, discover no difference of plumage
to separate the birds.

Hab. Sula Islands and New Guinea.

BaZA MAGNIROSTRIS.

Pernis magnirostris, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 343.

P. crassirostris, Kaup, Contr. to Orn. 1850, p. 77.

Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes (Philippine Islands, B.M.).
Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1862, No. XXII.

338 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS [Dee. 9,

SPILORNIS RUFIPECTUS.

Spilornis rufipectus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857, p. 222.
Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes.

HALCYON MELANORHYNCBA.
Alcedo melanorhyncha, Temm. P1. Col. 391.

Bill and feet dusky black ; base of bill reddish ; inside of bill and
soles of the feet orange-red ; iris dark.
Hab. Sula Islands and N. Celebes.

HALCYON RUFA.

Rufa, supra purpureo et violaceo micans ; gula pallidiore ; uro-
pygio albo, violaceo tincto, plumarum apicibus plus minusve
ceruleis ; rostro pedibusque rubris.

Rufous, the whole of the upper parts tinged purplish violet ; be-
neath with sometimes a faint violet gloss ; chin and throat paler; a
broad stripe on the rump rosy violet, or blue, formed by white fea-
thers tipped with blue; wings short; quills entirely rufous-brown ;
bill and feet red; iris dark olive.

Total length 11 inches; wing 42 inches ; bill, to gape, 23 inches.

Haé. Sula Islands and Celebes.

Remark.—This species differs from Halcyon coromanda major,
Schleg. (A. schlegeli, Bp.), in the quite different proportions of the
quill-feathers, as given in Bonaparte’s ‘ Conspectus ;’ in this respect
it is more like the much smaller species from Sumatra, &c., H. coro-
manda, Lath. (#1. lilacina, Bp.).

ToDIRAMPHUS SANCTUS.

Halcyon sancta, Vig. & Horsf. ; Gould, Austr. t. 21.
Hab. Sula Islands and Java, to New Guinea.

ToDIRAMPHUS COLLARIS.

Alcedo collaris, Scop.

Halcyon collaris, Sw. Zool. Il. pl. 27.

Hab. Sula Islands, and from the Malay peninsula to New Guinea.

CryYX LEPIDA.

Ceyx lepida, Temm. Pl. Col. 591, fig. 1.
Hab. Sula Islands and the Moluccas.

MEROPS ORNATUS.

Merops ornatus, Lath. ; Gould, Austr. ii. pl. 16.

Hab. Sula Islands, Celebes, Timor, and New Guinea.

Remark.—The specimens agree with those of Ternate in having
more brown on the head, and less blue on the breast, than the Timor
and Lombock specimens.

1862.) OF THE SULA ISLANDS. 339

EuRYSTOMUS PACIFICUS.

Coracias pacifica, Lath.
Eurystomus australis, Sw.; Gould, B. Austr. ii. t. 17.
Hab. Sula Islands, Celebes, Bouru, Moluccas, and New Guinea.

DENDROCHELIDON WALLACII.

Dendrochelidon wallacii, Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 100; Birds of
Asia, fig.

Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes.

These specimens agree with those of Macassar in colouri g, but
differ so little from fine Javanese specimens of D. klecho that I should
not myself have ventured to consider them distinct.

EvupyYNAMIS FACIALIS.

Nigro-chalybeus ; fronte, gula facieque albis ; rostro pedibusque

nigris.

Male entirely glossy blue-black, except the chin and face, as far as
the eyes, white; bill and feet black.

Total length 14 inches ; wing 7} inches; tail 6$ inches.

Hab. Sula Islands.

This species, of which I possess but a single fine specimen, is very
like £. melanorhynchus of Celebes, but is smaller and of different
proportions, the wing of that species being 8 inches, and the tail
83 mches in length. The white of the face is slightly mixed with
black feathers, and two small white feathers occur in other parts of
the plumage, which led my friend Dr. Sclater to suppose that it might
be a case of incipient albinoism. This, however, would not affect
the determination of the species, which depends on its different pro-
portions from its nearest ally.

PirTA CRASSIROSTRIS.

Pitta crassirostris, Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 188.
Hab. Sula Islands.

CRINIGER LONGIROSTRIS.

Supra flavo-viridis, capite obscuriore ; subtus flavescens, abdomine
crissoque vivide flavis ; remigum pogonio interno fusco-nigro ;
rectricum margine interno apicibusque oblique, flavis; rostro
obscuro ; pedibus pallidis.

Rich olive or greenish yellow; throat and breast dusky yellow;
the rest beneath pure yellow; primaries and secondaries with the
inner web black ; the lateral tail-feathers with the tip and inner
margin yellow, the four middle feathers entirely olive-yellow ; bill
very long, horny black ; feet pale fleshy olive.

Total length 10 inches; wing 43 inches; tail 41 inches; bill, to
gape, 12 inch.

fab. Sula Islands.

Remarks.—This fine species is very distinct from C. favicaudus,
Bp., by its long bill and longer and differently coloured tail.

340 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS [Dec. 9,

OrioLus FRONTALIS. (Pl. XL.)

Flavo-aurantiacus ; corona occipitali latissima, alis caudaque ni-
gerrimis ; dorso concolore ; remigibus ex toto nigris ; cauda elon-
gata, rectricibus lateralibus plus minusve flavis, mediis duabus
ex toto nigris vel puncto apicali flavo.

Pure deep yellow, the black on the head leaving only a small
frontal spot; wings entirely black, rarely showing a minute tip or
edging of yellow; yellow on the tail beneath generally less than in
O. acrorhynchos, diminishing regularly to the middle feathers, which
are wholly black, or im some specimens show a yellow point on the
extreme apex of the web; bill flesh-colour; feet plumbeous ; iris
red.

In the female the two middle tail-feathers are olivaceous yellow,
the tertiaries olive-margined, and the primaries white-edged. A
variety of the female occurs with the bill jet-black.

Length 11°3 inches ; wing 6 inches ; tail 4? inches.

Hab. Sula Islands. +

This species is very like O. aerorhynchos of Manilla, but differs
sufficiently in its richer and more uniform colour, longer tail, jet-black
wings and. middle tail-feathers, and the smallness of the frontal
yellow spot.

ARTAMUS MONACHUS.
Artamus monachus, Bp. Consp. p. 343, ex Temm.
Albus, capite cinerea, alis caudaque fusco-plumbeis.

Pure white ; head and neck ashy, with a warm purplish tinge ;
lores blackish ; wings and tail ashy lead-colour, primaries blackish
on the outer webs and towards the tips; under wing-coverts and
base of wings and tail beneath white, shading into ash-colour; bill

ale blue ; feet lead-colour.

Total length 8 inches; wing 53 inches; tail 24 inches; bill, to
gape, 13 inch.

Hab. This fine species inhabits the mountain districts of N.
Celebes, as well as the Sula Islands.

HiruNDO JAVANICA.
Hirundo javanica, Lath.; Temm. Pl. Col. 82. fig. 2.

I have specimens of this bird from Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and
Lombock, as well as the Sula Islands. It agrees well with Tem-
minck’s figure, and scarcely differs from H. neowena, Gould, figured in
the ‘ Birds of Australia,’ but in being darker on the under surface,
and having a brassy tinge on the wings.

Hab. Sula Islands and westward to Sumatra.

MyIAGRA PUELLA.

Cerulea ; dorso abdomineque ceruleo-cinereis ; ventre et caude
tectricibus inferioribus albis, cinereo tinctis; alis caudaque
cinereis, plumis ceruleo marginatis.

————— OO

1862.) OF THE SULA ISLANDS. 341

Delicate cobalt-blue, paler and with an ashy tinge on the body
beneath; the belly and under tail-coverts nearly white, tinged with
ashy blue; wings and tail ashy, the feathers with the outer edges
blue ; bill and eyelids blue; iris dark; feet blue-lead.

Total length 63 inches; wing 3 inches.

Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes.

Remarks.—I have retained for this species the name attached to
my Celebesian specimen by Mr. G. R. Gray. In both sexes it is
alike, and differs from the common M. cerulea of the Malay penin-
sula and islands in the absence of the black crown-spot and collar.

MonaARCHA CINERASCENS.

Drymophila cinerascens, Temm. Pl. Col. 430. fig. 2.
Hab. Sula Islands, Moluccas, and Timor.

PACHYCEPHALA LINEOLATA.

Supra cinerea, olivaceo tincta, subtus albo-fulvescens; gula et
pectoris plumis tenuiter nigro striatis ; rostro pedibusque fusco-
nigris.

Above ash-coloured, more or less tinged with olive-green ; beneath
pale-ochreish yellow; the feathers of the throat and breast with a
median dusky stripe; lores light ash; chin nearly white; quills
dusky, bordered with olivaceous ; bill and feet blackish ; iris dark.

Total length 5? inches; wing 27 inches.

Hab. Sula and Bouru Islands.

Remarks.—A specimen from Bouru is rather larger and a little
more coloured ; but having only one specimen from each locality, I
cannot venture to separate them. This species is very like P. sim-
plex, Gould, but is a little larger, and has a more definite coloration
and markings.

PACHYCEPHALA RUFESCENS,

Supra fusco-plumbea, capite obscuriore ; sublus alba, pectore et
abdomine rufescentibus ; remigibus rectricibusque fusco-nigris,
cinereo-brunneo marginatis.

Above dull-brownish ash; head darker; lores ashy; beneath
white, on the breast and belly more or less rufous-tinged; quills
dusky, rather broadly margined with brownish ash; under wing-
coverts white, rufous-tinged; tail dusky, the feathers towards the
base margined with ash ; bill and feet black ; iris dark.

Total length 6 inches ; wing 3 inches.

Hab. Sula and Bouru Islands.

Remark.—The male specimen from Bouru is rather brighter in
colour.

PACHYCEPHALA CLIO.

Olivaceo-viridis, subtus cum cervice flava; capite, genis, colli
latertbus et torque pectorali lato nigris; gula alba; cauda
ejusque tectricibus superioribus nigris ; remigibus tectricibusque

342 MR. A, R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS [Dec. 9,

alarum nigris, olivaceo marginatis ; rostro nigro, pedibus ob-
scuris.

Foem. obscurior ; capite fusco; gula albescente ; pectore et abdo-
mine pallide rufis; crisso flavescente ; tectricibus caud@ infe-
rioribus flavis ; alis caudaque olivaceo-brunneis.

Very like Pachycephala melanura, Gould, from which it differs
only in the broader pectoral band, the rather larger size, and the
upper tail-coverts, which are black; whereas by Gould’s figure and
description they are olive-yellow or green, like the back.

Total length 63 inches ; wing 33 inches.

Hab. Sula Islands and Bouru.

Remarks.—The genus Pachycephala does not occur in Celebes ; so
that we must consider this bird to have come from the Moluccas ;
and it already shows slight differences, which may be taken as indi-
cations of its becoming modified into a distinct race.

DicruRUS PECTORALIS.

Nigro-ceruleus ; alis nitide eneis ; plumis pectoris maculis magnis
purpureo-eneis terminatis ; colli plumis lateralibus, elongatis,
purpureo-nitidis.

Rich blue-black ; wing of a brilliant metallic-bluish green; the
feathers of the head and breast terminating in metallic purple spots,
which on the breast are large and very conspicuous ; sides of the
neck with elongated metallic-purple plumes; the tail and rump also
have metallic tinges ; tail rather short, and moderately forked and
recurved ; bill moderate ; iris red.

Total length 12 inches; wing 6 inches.

Hab. Sula Islands.

Remurk.—This fine species seems distinct from any of its allies :
it is most like the Celebesian form ; but that has always a white iris.

GRAUCALUS TEMMINCKII.

Ceblepyris temminckii, Mill. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ethnog. p. 190.
Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes (Miiller).

CAMPEPHAGA MELANOTIS.

Campephaga melanotis, G. R. Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 353.
Hab. Sula Islands, Batchian, and Gilolo.

Dic#zuUM CELEBICUM.

Diceum celebicum, Mill. Verh. Nat. Gesch. iii. p. 162.
Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes.

NECTARINIA FRENATA.

Nectarinia frenata, Mull. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Zool. t. viii. fig. 1.
Haé, Sula Islands, Celebes, and the Moluccas.

1862.} OF THE SULA ISLANDS. 343

NECTARINIA AURICEPS.

Nectarinia auriceps, G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 348.
Hab. Sula Islands, Batchian, and Gilolo.

ANTHREPTES LEPIDA.

Certhia lepida, Lath.

Anthreptes javanica, Sw. Zool. Ill. t. 121.

Hab. Sula Islands, Celebes and islands westward of it.

Remark.—This is the furthest eastern range of the species, which
does not reach the Moluccas.

Corvus VALIDUS, var.
Corvus validus, Schleg. “ Not. sur le genre Corvus.”

In size between C. validus and C. enca (but the latter has the third
quill longest) : fourth and fifth quills longest, nearly equal ; third a
little longer than the sixth; second between sixth and seventh; wings
reach nearly to end of tail; wings 103 to 11 inches; tail 53 inches ;
total length 16 inches; bill 2 inches to 24 inches to root of feathers
on culmen X 2 inch deep. Skin bare and black behind the eye ; tail
rounded ; side feathers 3 inch, shorter than middle feathers, entirely
purple-black, less glossy beneath ; iris olive-brown.

Hab. Sula Islands, Celebes, Java, and Sumatra.

CALORNIS METALLICA.

Lamprotornis metallica, Temm. Pl. Col. 266.
C. viridescens et amboinensis, G. R. Gray.

I cannot separate the birds of this little group, whether from Am-
boina, Ceram, Gilolo, Batchian, or the Aru Islands, from this speci-
men from Sula ; and as Temminck first described the Amboina bird,
his name must be retained.

Hab. Sula Islands and the Moluccas.

CaLornis OBSCURA, Var.

Lamprotornis obscura, Bp. (ex Forst.) Consp. Gen. Av. 417.

The numerous modifications of this bird, varying slightly in colour,
form, and dimensions in eyery island of the Moluccas, cannot, I think,
be separated into distinct species, for the simple reason that it is
quite impossible to characterize them intelligibly, or even to separate
them from each other, when their localities are unknown. This
variety is rather larger and rather greener than the type form of
Gilolo. C. mysolensis, G. R. Gray, has a more purple tinge, and C.
placidus, G. R. Gray, MSS., more olivascent. These I would con-
sider all as local varieties. C. cantoroides, G. R. Gray, from Mysol,
will alone stand as a good species, being very distinct from C. obscura
in its short square tail.

Hab. Sula Islands and the Moluccas.

“Length 9} inches ; iris red.”

344 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS [Dec. 9,

TRERON GRISEICAUDA.
Treron griseicauda, G. R, Gray, B. M. Cat. Columbe, p. 10.

Flavo-viridis ; pileo genisque plumbeis ; dorso medio scupularibus-
que purpureo-castaneis ; dorso superiore lateribusque colli fulvo
tinetis ; uropygio rectricibusque duabus mediis lutescentibus ;
tectricibus caude inferioribus rufis, ad basin albo variis ; alis
plumbeo-nigris, tectricibus remigibusque secundariis flavo mar-
ginatis ; rectricibus nigris, albo-griseo terminatis ; rostro albo-
viridi, bast viridi-olivaceo ; pedibus rubris.

Feem. Dorso scapularibusque fusco-viridibus ; tectricibus caude
inferioribus albis, viridi maculatis.

Greenish yellow, richer on the rump, and lighter beneath ; top of
head and cheeks m front of the eyes ashy blue, paler near the bill ;
keel of the bill bare above the nostrils ; chin nearly white ; sides of
the neck above and between the shoulders tinged with orange-brown;
wings slaty black ; secondaries and wing-coverts more or less broadly
yellow-margined ; under tail-coverts rufous, more or less marked
with white and green at the base and on the thighs; tail with the
two middle feathers entirely olive-yellow, the rest slaty black with
a broad terminal band of ashy white ; wings beneath, under wing-
coverts, and sides of the body ash-coloured ; bill pale yellow-green,
the base dark olive-green ; iris red; orbits bare, green; feet red.
The female wants the purple colour on the back and wings, and has
the under tail-coverts white or rufous white, more or less green-
spotted.

Total length 103 inches; wing 6 inches.

Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes.

Remark.—I have compared this with a specimen named by Mr.
G. R. Gray, in the British Museum.

PTILONOPUS MELANOCEFHALUS, var.
Columba melanocephala, Gm.; Knip, Pig. i. t. 30.

The numerous specimens sent are all slightly different from those
obtained in Java, Lombock, and Celebes—the yellow streak on the
throat being of a much deeper colour, and the black occipital patch
decidedly smaller.

In the Java bird the bill is yellow, with a greenish horny tip, the
bare skin of the orbits is green, the feet pink, and the iris yellow.

Hab. Sula Islands, Celebes, Lombock, and Java.

CARPOPHAGA LUCTUOSA.
Columba luctuosa, Reinw.; Temm. Pl. Col. 247.

The specimens agree with those from Celebes; but a variety
occurs with the outer tail-feathers black at the tip. This species
may be at once distinguished from others of the white group of Car-
pophaga (Myristicivora) by the powdery-white colour almost con-
cealing the black of the wings.

a) le

1862.] OF THE SULA ISLANDS. 345

The bill and feet are bluish lead, with the tip of the former bright
yellow ; and the iris is almost black.
Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes.

CaRPOPHAGA PAULINA.
Columba paulina, Temm.; Knip, Pig. i. t. 4.

The specimens have the rich brown of the nape rather less dilated
than in those from Celebes. Bill lead-colour, the base above as far
as the nostrils deep red; eyelids red; feet purplish red ; iris blood-
red.

Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes.

MAcROPYGIA ALBICAPILLA.

Macropygia albicapilla, Temm.; Bp. Consp. ii. 57.

Bill and feet dusky purple ; iris pinky pearl-colour. This agrees
with the specimens from Menado (Celebes), and is quite distinct

from the species that occur in the Moluccas.
Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes.

TURAC@HNA MENADENSIS.
Columba menadensis, Q. & G. Voy. Astr. t. 30.

Bill and feet black ; orbits bare, red; iris blood-red. The sexes
in this species are alike.
Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes.

CHALCOPHAPS MOLUCCENSIS.
Chaleophaps moluccensis,G.R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p.361.

The female of this species has the crown fuscous ; the forehead
whitish, mixed with brown ; the whole under surface of a light pur-
plish brown somewhat irrorated with fuscous ; the upper tail-coverts
and tail are more or less rufous, with the feathers black-tipped ; the
purple and vinaceous colours on the back of the male are replaced
by a dusky-olive tint. In the adult bird of both sexes the bill is
coral-red, and the feet pink ; iris dark olive.

Total length 10 inches.

Hab. Sula Islands, Bouru, and all the other islands of the Mo-
luccas.

RALLUS SULCIROSTRIS.

Similis R. celebensi, sed gula nigra, rostro magis elongato, man-
dibule inferioris basi utrinque sulcata et naribus elongatis li-
nearibus.

Very near Rallus celebensis (Q. & G. Voy. Astr. pl. 24), perhaps
only a variety of that species; the chin, cheeks, and throat are,
however, generally black, or but slightly irrorated with white ; the
bill is decidedly longer and less elevated in proportion at the base ;
the nasal furrow is longer, and the nostrils longer and linear ; on the
sides of the lower mandible is a furrow reaching half the length of

346 ON THE BIRDS OF THE SULA ISLANDS. (Dec. 9,

the bill; above olive-brown, head more dusky ; beneath black ; the
breast, belly, and under tail-coverts narrowly white-banded; the
vent rufous-tinged; quills obscurely banded with rufous-white and
black; bill black ; feet olive; iris red (in R. celebensis it is deep
brown).

Total length 11 inches; wing 5? inches.

Hab. Sula Islands.

RALLINA MINAHASA.

Obscure rufo-olivacea ; capite, collo pectoreque rufis ; abdomine
erissoque nigris, albo fasciatis; rostro nigro, subtus virides-
cente; pedibus nigris.

Head, neck, and breast entirely rufous, paler on the chin and
upper part of the throat; back, wings, and tail dark olive-brown ;
belly and under tail-coverts black, with numerous white transverse
bands somewhat irregularly placed ; under wing-coverts black, with
white spots, and several of the quills with white spots or bands
towards the base; these are more conspicuous in the young bird, in
which also the white bands on the under surface are broader ; bill
black, the basal portion beneath green; feet black; iris orange-red.

Total length 10 inches; wing 5 inches.

Hab. Sula Islands and N. Celebes (Minahasa).

Remarks.—This species is near R. tricolor, G. R. Gray ; but the
rufous colour does not extend so far on the back, and the colours of
the back and abdomen are different. It is also smaller in all its
parts.

EsaCus MAGNIROSTRIS.

Charadrius magnirostris, Lath.
Gdicnemus magnirostris, Temm. Pl. Col. 387.
Hab. Sula Islands, Celebes, New Guinea.

NUMENIUS UROPYGIALIS.

Numenius uropygialis, Gould, B. Austr. vi. pl. 43.
N. minor, Mill. ?

Hab. Sula Islands, the Moluccas, and New Guinea.
EGRETTA SYRMATOPHORA.

Herodias syrmatophora, Gould, B. Austr. vi. t. 56.
Hab. Sula Islands and Moluccas.

EGRETTA NIGRIROSTRIS.

Ardea nigrirostris, J. Gray, Zool. Misc. 1838; Ill, Ind. Zool. ii.
t. 495i 2.

Hab. Sula Islands and Timor.

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1862.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FoRMOSA. 347

3. Description or A New Species or Lemur.
By A. D. Barrett.

(Plate XLI.)

In size this animal nearly equals the Ruffed Lemur (Lemur ma-
eaco), which animal it also much resembles in form and habits.

The living specimen now exhibited was purchased for the Society
from a dealer in Liverpool, in the month of October 1861, and has
been in the Menagerie since that time. It was stated, by the person
who brought it to this country, that the natives of Madagascar, from
whom it was obtained, said it was of a very rare kind, and that it
had been kept as a pet upwards of two years in that country.

I have compared this animal with the descriptions and specimens
that I have been able to find in the British Museum and several
other museums on the Continent, and I feel satisfied that this animal
is specifically distinct from any that I have met with. I therefore
propose to call it the White-whiskered Lemur (Lemur leucomystax)—
a name that will, I think, enable any one to recognize the species, it
being remarkable for its long and perfectly white whiskers, in which
its ears are almost entirely concealed; the face is greyish black,
darkest on the nose and back part of the head; the feet are brown,
inclining to biack on the toes. The prevailing colour of the body,
limbs, and tail is reddish brown on a grey ground, darkest on the
middle of the back ; on the lower part of the back, at the base of the
tail, is a white patch ; the tail is lighter in colour than the body, the °
underside and tip nearly white ; the belly is greyish white; the eyes
are yellow-brown. On examination, I find the animal is a female ;
and I imagine, from her voice, which is a kind of hoarse croaking
bark rapidly and frequently repeated, that the male would probably
produce a louder and more powerful note.

I am led to infer this from having repeatedly heard the voice of
both male and female of LZ. macaco. The voice of the male of this spe-
cies is certainly very astonishingly powerful, and can be heard a great
distance ; while the voice of the female, although loud and discordant,
is comparatively weak. Nevertheless it is a very unpleasant series
of loud, grunting, grating barks, sufficient to alarm a nervous traveller
should he be in the forest at dark and unacquainted with the size
and nature of the animal producing these loud and dismal sounds.

4. On tHe Mammats or THE Istanp or Formosa (CuINA).

By R. Swinuor, Esa., F.R.S., H.M. Vicre-consun at
Formosa.

(Plates XLII., XLIII., XLIV., XLV.)

The island of Formosa lies almost due north and south, off the
coast of China, in length about 120 miles, and varying in breadth
from 20 to 80 miles, its nearest point to the adjacent mainland being

348 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FoRMOSA. [Dec. 9,

not less than 80 miles. It is nearly equally divided by the tropical
line, and in entire area is about equal to Ireland. One-third of the
island, comprising the greater part of the western side, consists of
level land; the rest, of undulated and mountainous country, the
peaks of some of the ridges attaining a height of 12,000 feet, and being
covered with perennial snow. This island was till lately a sealed book
to us, the few naturalists who had hitherto visited it having had no
opportunities of penetrating into the interior. To my researches last
year good fortune cleared the way ; and on the opening of a port in
Formosa by treaty, I had the pleasure of being appointed the pioneer-
ing consul toit. I had on two previous occasions visited the island,
—the first time rather venturously, in a native lorcha, in March 1856,
when I spent a fortnight in Hongsan in the north-west; and a
second time on a voyage of discovery in H.M.S. ‘Inflexible,’ which
lasted a month, during which time we completely circumnayigated
the island, touching and making a short stay at all the most inter-
esting places. In both these expeditions my efforts had been re-
warded with the discovery of some novelties ; I was therefore the more
determined, on my being located on the island this last time, to carry
on my explorations with redoubled vigour. I did not quite complete
a year of office in Formosa before sickness compelled me to return to
England. From July to November 1861 I sojourned in the south-
west, in or near the city of Taiwanfoo; and from December to May
I spent in the north-west district of Tamsuy. During these brief
seasons, I must confess, I laboured very hard in the cause of natural
history ; and though my researches do not enable me to give any-
thing like a complete list of the mammals of the island, yet I think
I have done my best to take off the cream in the shape of novelties.
But in my series many widely distributed families are not represented,
—the Mustelide and Muride, for instance. Doubtless some spe-
cies of the Weasel group must occur, though I met with or heard of
none. Moreover, there must surely be some examples of the Rat
group ; but, beyond the cosmopolitan Mus decumanus, I found none. |
My series of Vespertilionide, too, must be deficient from the difficulty
in procuring specimens ; but this I will leave Mr. Tomes to deplore.
There must also be a Fox in the island. The marine mammals I
had no opportunity of collecting; but the distance from the coast of
China is not sufficiently great to warrant one to expect distinctness
of species. I heard of a large Whale, some 60 feet long, that was
stranded on a sand-spit below Taiwanfoo, and demolished by the na-
tives. I did not see the animal, but I imagine it was of the same spe-
cies that is not uncommon, during May, in the Straits of Namoa, close
to the mainland, and which I take to be a Balenoptera—perhaps the
B. arctica, noted also from Japan. In my present article I have
been enabled to bring before the Society eighteen mammals from the
island of Formosa. All of these, with the exception of the Hogdeer
and the Hare, are mountain animals, and consequently of a mountain
type,—those that are identical with species found in China being
generally darker and of more lively tints, and those that differ more
resembling forms from the Himalayan Mountains than their represen-

1862.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FORMOSA. 349

tative species on the plains of China. It is, however, probable that,
if we were better acquainted with the fauna of the hilly regions of
the interior of China, we should find quite intermediate forms. On
the whole, I am rather surprised that the isolation of the island has
not tended to diversify animal forms more than it appears to have
done. On the mountains of the interior, were they properly explored,
we should doubtless discover more novelties; but the regions of the
plains appear to agree, in flora as well as in fauna, almost entirely
with the plains of the Chinese mainland. The Monkey is an ani-
mal frequenting the coast, and, in all probability, when we ascertain
the rock-species found on some of the small groups of Chinese islands,
we shall find them identical. The Sun-Bear is wondrously close to
the Indian species, and, if the same, is sure to occur in some of
the inner ranges of China. The Leopard is undoubtedly peculiar,
and, I think, confined to the island. The Wild Cat and the Civet are
certainly the Chinese species, the former having an extended range
throughout tropical and semitropical Asia. The Paguma is a Chinese
form, showing an insular variation, incipient, so to’speak, and scarcely
strong enough in its distinctness to warrant specific separation. The
Helictis and the Mole have felt the varying force of isolation and
adaptation to peculiar cireumstances,—the mountain-influences se-
questrating the former from its Chinese ally, and making it affine to
a cognate mountain species in the Himalayas.

The Squirrels are so similar to the Himalayan species, that I can-
not believe the result produced by climatal causes, and have little
doubt that future research will bring to light their occurrence in the
intermediate hilly and wooded ranges of China. Of the larger spe-
cies a close ally occurs in China, the Sciurus cinnamomeiventris ; but,
it strikes me, this latter animal is from the plain-country, and that
the mountains will be yet found to yield the true Himalayan type,
which occurs in Formosa, viz. the S. erythreus. The two Flying
Squirrels we should expect to find distinct, as they vary in almost
every island. The Pig I cannot speak about with certainty ; but if a
true Porcula, the fact would be greatly interesting, as more imme-
diately connecting Formosa with the Himalayan chain. No Porcula
is known to occur in China; but there is no reason why it should not
have existed in former times, and been destroyed by its larger congener
the Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) from the north. The Mountain-Deer
are interesting as being the only species that offer most variation
from their cognate China forms; but this may arise through igno-
rance on our part with regard to the Wild Deer of China. There is

~certainly a strong resemblance between the Cervus taivanus and the

smaller C. sika of Japan, and between the Deer Goat of Formosa
and the Capricornis crispa of Japan ; and indeed these two appear to
offer the only resemblance between the fauna of these two countries.
I should, however, judging by analogy, be rather inclined to derive both
these Formosan Cervide from allied species that did exist in past times,
and perhaps do even now exist in the unexplored parts of the oppo-
site mainland. Geologists are, I understand, strong in the belief that
Formosa was originally connected with Japan on the north and the

350 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FoRMOSA. [Dec. 9,

Philippines on the south ; but if any evidence can be deduced from
the fauna of a country, I think a comparison of the present list with
the ‘Fauna Japonica,’ as well as a glance at my series of Birds, Rep-
tiles, &c., will sufficiently prove that a stronger connexion exists
with the mainland of China than with the islands of Japan. In
viewing the recently formed and still forming plains of Formosa on
the western side, one would expect to find Chinese types among the
birds brought by migration, and among the mammals by introduc-
tion of the Chinese colonists. But where we should chiefly look for
affinity, viz. to the living productions of the ancient mountain-ranges
of the interior, we are struck with their thorough similarity to con-
generic Chinese forms, rather than to those of the neighbouring islands
of the Philippines on the south, or the Japanese islands on the north.
It is true that the resemblance or identity of these productions is
more with the Himalayan forms; but no zoologist or botanist that
has collected in the mountains about Foochow can have failed to
be struck with the similarity of the plants, as well as the birds,
of the interior mountain-ranges of China with those of the Hima-
layas. I do not speak so confidently of mammals, because these are
generally so rare in China that their acquisition is difficult; but I
can see no reason why the same law should not hold good for them
as for other productions of nature.

Before entering upon my list, I must tender my best thanks to
Dr. Gray for his kindly advice and assistance, in looking over my
series of skins, and in aiding me to make the remarks of which this
paper is the result.

1. Macacus cyctopis (Plate XLII.), n. sp. Rhesus Monkey.
Chinese, How-tsze or Kaou.

I have presented a pair of Formosan Monkeys to the Society’s
Gardens, wliere they may be seen alongside of the true M. rhesus from
India and a closely allied red species from Assam. From the true
Rhesus the Formosan species is easily distinguished by its round head
and flat face, its naked forehead, dark-whiskered cheeks, and strong
ruff-like beard. The tail in true Rhesus is about 9 inches long, thin,
and tapering; in the Formosan it is stout and bushy, and over a
foot. The fur of the Formosan is thicker, more woolly, slaty-
coloured, and much darker. Its ears are smaller and more feathered.
The deep red tint on the rump is wanting ; its legs are blacker; and
there is a distinct black line along the top of the tail. The female
of this species is smaller and rather lighter-coloured.

The Assamese Rhesus is much redder than either. Its head is
long, and face projecting, but not so much as in the Indian animal.
Like it, its tail is short and tapering; but in the bare eyebrows and
dark whiskers it approaches the Formosan.

Our Formosan species is certainly distinct from the above two, and
from anything Ican meet with in the British Museum ; I therefore
give it the above provisional name.

This, as far as I could learn, was the only species of Monkey in
the island of Formosa. It affects rocks and declivities that over-

1862.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FORMOSA. 35]

hang the sea, and in the solitary caverns makes its abode. On the
treeless mountain in the S.W., called Apes’ Hill, it was at one time
especially abundant, but has since almost entirely disappeared. About
the mountains of the north and east it is still numerous, being fre-
quently seen playing and chattering among the steep rocks, miles from
any tree or wood. It seems to be quite a rock-loving animal, seeking
the shelter of caves during the greater part of the day, and assembling
in parties in the twilight, and feeding on berries, the tender shoots
of plants, grasshoppers, Crustacea, and Mollusca. Inthe summer it
comes in numbers during the night, and commits depredations among
the fields of sugar-cane, as well as among fruit-trees, showing a par-
tiality for the small, round, clustering berries of the Longan (Nephelium
longanum). In the caverns among these hills they herd; and in June
the females may frequently be seen in retired parts of the hills, with
their solitary young ones at their breasts. These animals betray
much uneasiness at human approach, disappearing in no time, and
skulking in their holes till the intruder has passed. They seem, too,
to possess abundance of self-complacence and resource; for I have
frequently seen a Monkey seated on a rock by himself, chattering
and crying merely for his own amusement and gratification. What-
ever Mr. Waterton may say of the tree-loving propensity of Mon-
keys in general, it is very certain that this species shows a marked
preference for bare rocks, covered only with grass and bush; for if
he preferred the forest, he might very easily satisfy his desire by re-
tiring a few miles further inland, where he would find it in abundance.
But, on the contrary, in the forest he is only an occasional intruder,
resorting thither when food fails him on the grassy hills by the sea,
where he loves to make his home.

Rock-Monkeys are also found, I am told, in the island of Lintin,
near Hongkong, as well as on a few other islands on the Chinese coast ;
but, as I have never seen any of them, I am unable to say whether
they are of the same species as the Formosan. The Chinese have a
fanciful idea that the tail of the Monkey is a caricature of the Tar-
tar pendant into which they twist their long back hair, and they
invariably chop it off any Monkey that comes into their possession.
Hence the difficulty of procuring Monkeys in China with perfect
tails.

2. Ursus TIBETANUS? Sun-Bear of Formosa. Chinese, Jin-
heung.

This appears to be a rare animal in the island, found only in the
highest mountains of the interior. It is much valued by the Chinese
for the medicinal property of its flesh and bones, as also for the
dainty dish afforded by its paws. I offered large sums for an entire
animal, without success. At last, through the civility of a high
mandarin, I was enabled to procure the mutilated skin that I have
brought home. This skin appears to carry the white crescent-mark
on the back; but on being carefully examined by Dr. Gray, that
gentleman saw at once that the animal had been skinned from the
back, and that in nature the white mark ornamented the breast.

352 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FoRMOSA. [Dec. 9,

Judging from this skin, I should say the Formosan Bear mea-
sured about four feet from muzzle to tail, and stood about three feet
high. It is clothed with rather short, somewhat rigid, black hair,
and carries a white mark, like an inverted horse-shoe, on its breast,
between its fore legs.

I have compared the skin with the Sun-Bears in the Museum. Its
nearest ally is the Heliarctos tibetanus, which has, however, longer
and shaggier hair, especially about the cheeks and legs. This, as
Mr. Gerrard observed, might be attributable to seasonal dress. The
white horse-shoe on the Tibetan Bear is very similar to that on ours,
but has blunter ends.

The other two Horse-shoe Sun-Bears with which I compared it
were the Heliarctos euryspilus, from Borneo, and the H. malayanus,
from Malacca. The former of these has short blackish-brown fur,
and has only an imperfect-shaped brownish white horse-shoe on the
breast. The latter is a small species, with much shorter, softer, and
browner fur.

The Formosan Bear is certainly far more nearly allied to the Ti-
betan than to the other two. I think that, in all probability, when
an opportunity arrives for examining its anatomy, it will be found a
distinct species. At present I can only call attention to the fact of
its resemblance to the Tibetan species, rather than to its represent-
atives in nearer countries.

The common mode of capturing the Bear among the savages in
in Formosa is, I am told, to tree him, after the same manner that
Friday did the animal mentioned in ‘ Robinson Crusoe,’ and then to
dispatch him with matchlocks. Bears are often tamed by the Chi-
nese, and taught to dance and play tricks, as in India and Europe.

I observe in the ‘ Fauna Japonica’ that a crescent-breasted Bear
also occurs in Japan, which Temminck refers, without hesitation, to
the Heliarctos tibetanus of the Himalayas*.

3. Leoparpus BRACHYURUS (Pl. XLIII.), n. sp. Formosan
Leopard. Chinese, Pah.

This is another animal from the distant wilds of the interior, whose
skins the savages bring to the borders to barter with the Chinese. I
have seen two or three skins, all of which agree in the one peculiar
feature, the shortness of the tail. It belongs, in general appearance
and style of colouring, to the Long-tailed Leopard group, of which I
have examined four specimens in the British Museum, marked Z.
macrocelis, one being from Sumatra, the other three from India.
I have also examined a closely allied species from Tibet, LZ. macro-
celides, Hodgs. In the paleness of its yellow fur, and in the dis-
position of its markings,the Formosan is again here more nearly allied
to the Tibetan; but the shortness of the tail in one species (only
about one-half the length of that of the other) is quite a sufficient
character to distinguish it. I have unfortunately only a flat skin in

{* The Japanese Bear, since the arrival of living specimens in Europe, has been

acknowledged to be distinct, and has heen described as Ursus japonicus. See
antea, p. 261.—P. L. S.]

1862.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FORMOSA. = 395

my possession, and therefore cannot give particulars as to measure-
ment. In size it is rather smaller than L. macrocelides, but agrees
with it almost entirely in markings. Its tail, however, is only 1+ feet
long, more bushy, and is indistinctly banded with black.

Like most of its allies, this animal is nocturnal in its habits. It
commits great havoc among the Deer, for which it lies in ambush.
It fears the approach of the armed savage, and never attacks man
until provoked.

4, Feis viverrtna, Hodgs. Wild Cat of Formosa. Chinese,
Swan Neaou.

I have examined specimens of this Cat from the Himalayas, India,
and Malacca. They all vary in size, length of tail, colour and size of
spots, and tint of fur. To this species ours undoubtedly belongs ;
but its colours are much livelier, and the spots more distinct. It is
much sought after by the Chinese for its soft, pretty skin, to make
cuffs and collars for their coats, 4s. 6d. being the usual price given
for a single skin. The animal is therefore comparatively rare, and
not easy to procure. I dare say, however, in the wilder parts of the
wooded interior it may not be uncommon.

It is stated, with what truth I cannot say, that some ninety years
ago the Chinese colonists of Formosa, being very anxious to exter-
minate the savages from the mountains, imported a pair of Tigers
from China, and let them loose in the woods. The savages at first
took them for a large variety of Cat, and tried to make friends with
them; but some of their number having fallen victims to the ferocity
of the Tigers, the animals were soon pursued and dispatched with
their javelins. A joke was raised against the parties concerned, for
their absurd idea; and the hill where this introduction took place
was christened and still bears the name of the Great-Cat Hill.

5. ViverRA PALLIDA. Chinese, Pe-dah.

I have compared our Viverra from Formosa with two from China.
Ours only differ in being much darker, and having more distinct spots.

This is not an uncommon species in Hongkong and the adjacent
islands. In Formosa it is the commonest of all the carnivorous group.
Skulking during day in the dark ravines that intersect the hilly
country in the north-west, in the twilight it threads its way with
great speed through the long grass, and searches the fields for small
mammals and birds. It is much dreaded by the Chinese for the
havoc it commits in the hen-roost ; and as its skin is somewhat valued
for lining to great-coats, its haunts and creeps are sought after, and
traps laid for it. Of these the slip-knot noose for the head and feet
is the most commonly practised, and the most killing. As the cool
season approachs, hawkers may daily be met with, even in the villages,
offering for sale the stretched skins of these animals. The poorer
classes, who are unable to purchase the dearer furs, make use of
these cheaper, yet pretty, skins. I extract a note from my journal
on a freshly killed female of this species :—‘‘ Purchased 27th Feb-

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. XXIII.

354. MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF ForRMosA. [Dec. 9

ruary. This specimen, a female, has, just below the anus, an appa-
ratus like a large swollen vagina, which I at first took for that organ ;
but on further examination, the true vagina occurred a little above,
also much swollen. The vagina-like apparatus, which is the musk-
bag, is not deep, and possesses strong contracting-muscles. It was
empty, but emitted a strong musky odour, which tainted the skin
and the flesh of the entire animal. The beast measured 323 inches,
of which the tail measured 13 inches. The eyes were well sunk
in the inner corner of the sockets, and glared with hollow light, as
do cats’ eyes, as well as those of many other animals of erepuscular
habits. The stomach, on dissection, I found empty, and the ovary
small. The Chinese eat the flesh of this animal; but a portion that
I had cooked was so affected with the Civet odour, that I could not
palate it.”

6. Pacuma tarvata, J. E. Gray. Var. taivana. Chinese, Yu-
meen-maou (Gem-faced Cat).

There are two specimens in the British Museum of P. larvata,
brought from China by Mr. Reeves. With these I have carefully
compared our single specimen, an adult male. I note the following
differences :—The ears in ours are smaller and rounder. Its tail is
two inches shorter, and has only two inches of black tip, instead of
half the tail being black; it is also much larger. Its general tints,
again, are much darker. But as the colouring, the distribution of
black and white on the face and neck, and the black feet agree en-
tirely, I cannot but regard this as a strong insular variety of the
Chinese form. The body of this animal I have brought home; so
that the skeleton, as well as the skin, will shortly be open to scientific
investigators at the British Museum. Dr. Giinther has kindly as-
sisted me in dissecting the body, which I had preserved in spirits. I
subjoin our notes upon it.

“Testes outside abdominal cavity ; kidneys on the same level ;
spleen very elongate and narrow. Stomach externally horseshoe-
shaped ; the cardiac portion dilated, as broad as the fundus; the
pyloric branch narrowed ; membrane of stomach and pyloric portion
thickened ; stomach containing a few bones of birds, one wing of an
hemipterous insect, and a large quantity of thick green berries with
minute seeds (Ficus, sp.?). Small intestines 71 times as long as the
trunk. Mesenterium with a very thin and broad layer of glandular
substance accompanying the ductus choledochus. At the distance of
two lengths of the trunk there is a large round patch of glands on the
side of the wall of the intestines; at 2} lengths there occurs a second
patch ; five others follow at rather long distances, the last being in
the immediate neighbourhood of the cecal appendage ; this last is
about four times the size of the others, and is of an oblong form.
Czecum well developed, one inch long, including the processus ver-
micularis. Rectum about the length of the trunk.”

“© Liver divided into four lobes, each of which has one or two small
notches. Gall-bladder oblong-ovate, firmly attached to the lower
side of the middle Jobe. Tongue covered with a thick layer of in-

_—

1862.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FORMOSA. = 355

verted bristles; base of tongue having two large papille, with three
smaller ones further in the rear. No clavicle.”

I will now extract my note on the fresh animal. “A specimen killed
14th April. Iris mottled chestnut, the pupil in death appearing
perpendicularly ovate, and hence probably in life contracted to the
linear form, as in the true Cats. Paws very large and plantigrade.
Musk-bag between the testicles, shallow and empty. Penis and
testes strongly developed ; the exposable portion of the former 14 in.
long, 4 inch wide, 1 inch of its length towards the apex being
covered with short, inverted, horny papille ; from the apex there
projects a thin, pointed piece, shaped like a finger, ;4;th in. long,
which is also covered with papille at its basal portion. The aper-
ture of the penis occurs at the junction of the finger-shaped protu-
berance with its apex.”

This is by no means a common animal in Formosa, the male adult
subject of this paper being the only one I have ever seen. It was
breught to me dead, and I can therefore give no notes as to its
habits.

7. HELICTIS sUBAURANTIACA, n. sp. (Pl. XLIV.)

I have compared this with H. moschata from the Himalayas, and
with the Chinese specimens brought by Mr. Reeves. The Chinese
animal is light reddish brown on the upper parts, with a white mark
down the nese, extending backwards a little behind the ears. Its
under parts are whitish, and its tail is small and sparsely covered with
white hairs, especially near the tip. The Himalayan species is much
paler, has the tail larger and whiter, and the white extending in a
line some way along the back. In these two last particulars, as well
as in general appearance, ours approaches more nearly the Hima-
layan type.

In the Formosan a line of white starts from the occiput and runs
down to about the middle of the back, narrowing as it goes. A large
spot of orange-white adorns the forehead. A line of deep purplish
brown, approaching to black, runs from eye to eye above the muzzle,
continues over each eye, and joins again behind the whitish forehead-
spot, and then extends over the neck on each side of the white line
till it gets lost in the paler colour of the back. Another line of the
same runs under each eye, and forms a dark spot on each cheek,
Under parts whitish orange, the inside of the ears, under part of fore
legs, and line down the belly being strongly washed with orange-ochre.
The purplish brown of the back runs into the tail, but soon yields to
a white, which is chiefly conspicuous at its bushy end. In size the
Formosan animal is rather larger than the Chinese, but about the
same as the Himalayan.

One was brought to me alive, bound so tightly with cords that it
did not survive many days. It fed readily on the bodies of birds,
rolling itself up and sleeping throughout the day, but becoming
restless and active in the evening. It uttered a peevish cry when
disturbed. The Chinese called it the Kay-che-bah, or Fruit Civet.
When alive, the facial line turns upwards towards the nose, which is

356 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FoRMOSA. (Dec. 9,

somewhat pointed and flesh-coloured. The eye is small and brown,
and much sunken in the inner corner of the lids. This again gives
no appearance of nocturnal habits ; yet in confinement I observed the
animal asleep the greater part of the day; further, from what I
learned from the natives I should say it was for the most part crepus-
cular. It lives much on fruit and berries, as well as on birds and small
mammals. It climbs trees with agility, and is frequently taken
curled up in the corner of some large branch. _ Its fur is pretty, but
long and coarse, and therefore not much valued.

8. TALPA INSULARIS, n. sp. Chinese, Puh-han-teen (“not see
the sky, or blind’’).

I have not yet had the opportunity of comparing the dentition of
this animal with that of its congeners, but I have no hesitation in
pronouncing it a good species, simply from the fact of its being a
blind Mole. The North China species I sent home Dr. Gray dis-
tinguished as separable from 7. leucura, Blyth, of India, to which it
is a close ally. That Chinese Mole I examined, and found it to have
an eye peering through open lids. The Formosan species has an eye,
but without lids ; the skin is closed over it. I extract my note on the
animal soon after death. ‘The length of this Mole is 5;4, inches ;
tail 2 inch, with a few long whitish hairs, chiefly at the end; length
of hand ;8; inch; breadth of hand 5 inch ; the inner of the three
tubercles on the palm of the hand is lengthened, and shaped like
a false toe, but has no nail. It is a small species, with very short
tail, and slightly turned-up snout. Eye size of No. 10 shot, seen
through a thin skin, which covers it, and gives it a leaden look. I
had this Mole alive, and placed it on the table. It shuffled about
pretty fast from one end to the other, moving all the while its head
from side to side, but appeared quite blind, running against any ob-
stacle placed in its way, until it touched it with its sensitive nose :
when it perceived its mistake, it uttered a sharp chatter and made off
in another direction. I placed it in a rat-trap ; but it soon pushed the
wires aside with its strong fore paws, and forced its broad shoulders
through. It has, as it were, a second upper lip, which forms over
and protects the teeth, performing thus an office which the deep-cleft
upper lip fails to do. Fur grey-black; chin, and breast, and under
parts pale, washed on the first two with tawny. Some tawny-brown
also occurs between the legs. This species does not appear to throw
up hillocks like the European Moles do, but runs galleries close to
the surface, casting up the earth over them in long, low, and loose
lines, like those formed by the White Ants or Termites, only on a
larger scale.

VESPERTILIONID.

The three or four species of this difficult family that I procured I
must leave to the superior skill and learning of Mr. R. Tomes to
distinguish. I wish merely to point out some facts regarding their
natural economy which came under my observation. A species of
Kerivoula, allied to K. picta and K. formosa, was brought to me by a

1862.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FORMOSA. 357

native. The body of the Bat was of an orange-brown, but the wings
were painted with orange-yellow and black. It was caught, suspended
head downwards, on a cluster of the round fruit of the Longan tree
(Nephelium longanum). Now this tree is an evergreen ; and all the
year through some portion of its foliage is undergoing decay, the
particular leaves being, in such a stage, partially orange and black.
This Bat can, therefore, at all seasons suspend from its branches and
elude its enemies by its resemblance to the leaf of the tree. It was
in August when this specimen was brought to me. It had at that
season found the fruit ripe and reddish yellow, and had tried to
escape observation in the semblance of its own tints to those of the
fruit. I suggested to Mr. Tomes that this group of Bats would
appear to be frugivorous ; and he replied that he had suspected, from
the dentition of specimens he had dissected, that they were par-
tially so.

The other fact is with regard to the group of Rat-tailed Bats
(Molossus). One that I kept alive had a curious habit of pushing
its eye almost out of the socket when disturbed, as if to get a better
view of the cause of its annoyance. When tranquil again, the eye
would sink right in and almost disappear. The skin of the tail in
this genus slides up and down the tail-bone, by this means folding
and unfolding the interfemoral membrane.

9. Scrurus ERYTHRZUS. Chinese, Pong-bay-choo (Puff-tailed
Rat).

The larger Squirrel of Formosa is positively identical with the
animal from Bootan, in the Himalayas, and markedly distinct from
the S. cinnamomeiventris from China. This, at first sight, appears
a curious fact ; but I have little doubt in my mind that S. erythreus
is also found in the hilly parts about Foochow, where many plants
and birds have been procured identical with Himalayan forms. The
cinnamon-bellied species is from the neighbourhood of Canton.
Many years ago, a live specimen of 8, erythreus was brought to me
at Amoy, the person to whom it belonged not knowing whence it
came ; but, in all probability, it had been taken in some not distant
locality. The young of this species is lighter on the head and
shoulders than the adult, but darker in the hinder portions. Its
under parts are a dingy pinkish brown ; and its young-rat-like tail is
black on the basal third, and light yellowish brown on the remaining
portion.

10. Scrurus MACLELLANDI. Chinese, Buh-kwa-choo (Citron-
Rat).

In this small Squirrel we have another Himalayan type, not yet
observed in China. I have compared my numerous examples with
those in the British Museum, and I am inclined to think it identical ;
for its peculiarities are not constant. It is much darker in general
colour; and in the majority of specimens the black longitudinal stripes
are more or less indistinct, and the single yellow stripe along each
side of the back in some is scarcely apparent ; but I have some almost

358 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FoRMOSA. [Dec. 9,

identical with the Himalayan. The peculiar black-and-white-fea-
thered tips to the ears are strongly marked in all.

11. Prrromys GRANDIS, n. sp. (Plate XLV.) Chinese, Fev-
shoo (Flying Rat).

This magnificent species appears to be the largest of the group,
its nearest allies being P. melanotis of Borneo, and P. albiventris of
Nepal. From both these it is at once distinguishable by its long,
black, bushy tail, its bright red chestnut upper parts, and its rufescent
under parts. Many of the hairs of the upper parts are tipped with
black. In the very young, the black obtains more generally, espe-
cially about the head, paws, and tail, the latter in the sucking-stage
resembling that of a rat; while the entire under parts, with the ex-
ception of the throat and a soft silky line down the belly, are almost
entirely denuded of hair. The length of an adult animal is about
2 feet in the body, and 2 feet in the tail ; total, 4 feet. Teeth brown
sienna.

The first specimens of this animal, a fine old female and a young
suckling, were brought to me on the 16th March, and my hunter
told me the following story of their capture. The camphor-distillers
were cutting down a fine old camphor-tree, when they observed a
a large nest in its branches. As the tree fell, the nest shook out;
and out sprung two large Flying Squirrels, and made off to an ad-
joining tree. The nest was composed of sticks and grass, and about
two feet in diameter, with a large hole on one side. It was found to
contain one live young one, which my hunter secured. The cries of
the young one brought the old female near ; and the woodmen, who
always have loaded matchlocks at hand, for fear of attacks from the
savages, fired at her, and with five wounds brought her to the ground.
The male, seeing the fate of his mate, kept a long way aloof, and
would not admit of near approach. The hunters pursued, but it
was useless; the animal sprung and sailed from bough to bough,
and finally disappeared in the forest. The body of the female was
eaten by the Chinese with much relish ; but as the common classes of
the Chinese are not over-dainty in their palate, this would hardly be
a criterion for the delicacy of the flesh. The suckling was produced
to me out of the sleeve of the man as he told his tale. It squeaked
exactly like a guinea-pig, so much so that, until I saw it, I was per-
suaded it could be no other than that animal. I had hopes at first
of being able to rear it, for it sucked milk readily from a spoon.
When handled, it uttered a suppressed moaning noise. It soon pined,
and in a few days died, before its eyes were opened. It differs from
the adult in having a good deal of black on the upper parts; the
paws are black, instead of brown and red; and its rat-like tail is
of a deep black ; its breast and the central line down its belly is
covered with short, silky hair, of a buff colour. Its under legs are
very scantily covered with short hair. The wrists round the hind
feet are hairy ; and close to those of the fore feet there is a wart-like
protuberance, with a few long hairs springing from it. The under
membrane is quite naked and greyish. ‘The muzzle and nose present

1862.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FORMOSA. 359

tail 6;2,.

I subsequently received a live adult, which I kept for some time
in a cage, feeding it on bread and fruits. It was exceedingly fierce,
darting at the hand that was thrust towards it, crouching in a corner
and glaring savagely at the intruder. It uttered sharp and angry
cries. In the dark its pupils, which were round, and not linear,
emitted a hollow, greenish light, proving the animal to be nocturnal
in its habits.

12. ScluROPTERUS KALE®NSIS, D. sp.

This is one of the smaller group of Scivropteri, with flat diverg-
ing tails. I have, unfortunately, only a pair of immature specimens,
which I purchased from a savage who was fondling them in his
bosom, and tried to keep alive without success. Young as my
specimens are, they are much larger than the diminutive representa-
tive of this speciesin Japan. This species is most nearly connected,
in the style and mottled appearance of its fur, with the Seiwropterus
albo-niger of Nepal, but differs in colour. The Javan species (S.
horsfieldii) differs from it in having a woollier fur, without any mot-
tling. In ours the tail is about two-thirds of the length of the body ; I
should say, therefore, that the mature animal would be about 16 inches
long. Entire upper parts reddish buff, mottled with deep brown ;
under parts pale buff, rosy on the flanks and under the legs. Teeth
white.

Three species of Flying Squirrels are mentioned in the ‘ Fauna
Japonica,’ two as occurring in Japan—Pteromys leucogenys and
P. momoga. The latter, it is said, is intermediate in form between
the genus Pteromys and Sciuropterus, and we should therefore take it
to be more nearly allied to our species S. Aaleénsis ; but on reading
ing Temminck’s description, I find that the fur is mentioned as
woolly. In ours it is silky, more as represented in his P. setosus,
a very different species, however, from the Indian Archipelago.

Of the habits of our species I know nothing.

13. Lupus sinensis. Chinese, Swan-taw (Hill-Rabbit).

The Hare found in the champaign as well as hilly country of
both South-west and North-west Formosa is identical in species with
that distributed throughout China, from Canton to Peking. I find in
the Chinese as also in the Formosan animals, that the tints vary some-
what, and that in some the black on the cheeks and behind the ears
is almost entirely wanting. The Formosan specimens are somewhat
more brightly coloured, and the rufous on the hind neck is’ livelier ;
whereas the North China Hares are greyer, especially in winter, and
more distinctly marked with black. I have two small Leverets from
South Formosa: these are of a strong olive hue, densely sprinkled
with black hairs. These Hares, both in China and Formosa, retire
to the hills in summer to breed, and return again to the plains in
winter. They seek shelter in the holes of rocks or grave-mounds,
and in these rear their young. They are said to burrow ; but this I am

360 MR. R.SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FrorMosA. [Dec. 9,

rather inclined to doubt, as the kind of holes I have always found them
in never showed signs of fresh-turned earth. I have met with them in
no place so abundantly as on the plains near Peking in winter, where
they sought shelter among the long grass and dried remains of the
cotton-plants. When the great cold, as the Chinese term it, sets
in, these poor brutes get terribly pinched, and may almost be trodden
upon. They are then considered good eating, and much sought
after. The matchlock daily thins their numbers; others are killed
by heavy-loaded sticks, and some are struck ina more scientific man-
ner by Hawks trained to the pursuit. The Peking and Tientsin
markets, the winter through, teem with their carcases, which are
sold for a comparative trifle. At last nature steps to their rescue,
and saves their race from annihilation by relaxing the rigour of the
climate, and enabling them to return to the security of the hills.
The species occurs in most parts of Formosa, but is nowhere abund-
ant. The common mode of taking them there is with the noose.
The Hare found about the hills of Talien-wan is a much longer-
eared animal, and most probably a distinct species ; it is perhaps the
Lepus variabilis, Pall. ; whereas that of Japan (the Lepus brachyotis,
Temm.) is different again, and remarkable for its short ears.

14, PoRCULA TAIVANA, Sp. NOV.

I have it on the authority of the natives, that this little Mountain-
Pig carries the stripes and spots of immaturity in its adult state, as
in Porecula sylvana, Hodgs., of Nepal. Unfortunately I was not
able to procure a full-grown animal.

I procured three sucking-pigs, and tried very hard to rear them,
but succeeded in keeping them alive only a few weeks. I had them
skinned as they died, and at the same time took care to preserve
their bodies in spirits for the sake of the skeleton. One or more of
these are now in the British Museum. I kept a pair of these little
fellows some days in the house, They used to suck milk out of a
bottle, and soon grew very tame, following me about like little dogs,
grunting and squeaking in true swine fashion. The cow’s milk, how-
ever, did not seem to afford them sufficient nutriment; for though they
drank largely, they daily grew thinner, and soon succumbed. In this
pair the canine teeth and lower incisors had appeared. Their noses
and lips, as well as their toes, were flesh-coloured, merely tinged with
black. Their irides were light yellowish brown. Their under parts
and feet were white. The hair on the head, chin, shoulders, and
thighs was light yellowish brown, that on the crown being abundantly
tipped with black. The rest of the upper parts were striped longi-
tudinally with black and light yellowish brown, the stripes on the
sides becoming somewhat disconnected, and the yellowish appearing
in large patches and spots.

Wild Pigs are found all over the hills on the north-west portion of
the island ; and so much depredation do they commit in the fields of
sweet potato and other edible roots, that the colonists have gone to
the trouble and expense of raising what they call Te-loah, or Pig-
barricades, about the hills, to oppose the descent of these animals.

1862.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FoRMOSA. 361

These consist of long stone walls, three or four feet high, with ditches
on either side, running from ravine to ravine, midway up the higher
hills, where these animals frequent. In places where the barri-
cades are broken to admit of the passage of the ascending footpath,
close gates are constructed, which are carefully shut every evening.
The group of hills whence these pigs descend in greatest number
reaches to the height of 3000 feet. I took the trouble to ascend
this range in order to extend my acquaintance with those interesting
animals ; but though I found their beaten tracks all over the sum-
mits, fresh dung scattered about in all directions, the ground but
lately rooted up in numerous places, and several lair-like spots under
the rocks, I was not able to get a view of a single pig. I was told by
the natives that they herd together in large numbers, and dwell in
security during the day in caverns in the rocks, and in the twilight
follow one another in single file down to their selected feeding-grounds;
that they are uncommonly wary, and very difficult to shoot; that
the boars especially are very dangerous, when wounded ; and that the
only chance they have of procuring them is by occasionally picking
up a suckling that has strayed away from its mother.

I am inclined to think this Pig is a Porcuda, and not the Sus leu-
comystax, Temm., of Japan, which is said to be the original stock of
the Chinese Domestic Pig.

15. CervuLus REEVeEsII. Chinese, Kiang.

I procured and brought away two females and a young one of this
Munt-jac, as well as a skull. My specimens are identical with those
from China. This species affects the lower ranges of hills which are
covered with long coarse grass and tangled thicket. It is there usu-
ally found in small herds, basking in the sun, or lying in hidden lairs.
They are very seldom approached near, except by stealth. The least
noise startles them, and they dash away with bounds through the
yielding grass, occasionally showing their rounded backs above the
herbage. They have, however, their regular creeps and passes through
the covert, near which the natives lie*when stalking them, while others
drive them. The little startled creatures hurry from danger along
these beaten tracks, and are then picked off with the matchlock. In
captivity they soon become very docile, even when taken in the adult
state. The flesh of this animal is very tender and palatable. In
China the species occurs in all the hilly country, from Canton to
Ningpo; but I do not think its range extends much higher north.

16. CapricorNis swinnorl, Gray, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 263,
Pl. XXXV.

This tawny species of Deer Goat, which Dr. Gray has done me the
honour to name after me, differs in the shape of the skull, as well as in
colour, from C. crispa, Temm., of Japan. It is of a much smaller
stature than C. bubalina, Hodgs., of the Himalayas, but has its nearest
ally in C. sumatrensis of the Eastern Archipelago. I brought home
with me the skins and skulls of an adult pair, which are now deposited
in the British Museum. In the northern range of higher mountains

362 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FORMOSA. ([Dec. 9,

they are said to occur in abundance; and small herds of them find
their way to the lower ranges, 2000 feet and upwards in height. On
nearly all the hills Iascended I found the prints of their feet, as well
as dung; but they are so excessively shy that it is very difficult to
get a glimpse of them. At a distance you may occasionally see them
in small parties on some tangled grassy crag, whence they no sooner
observe you than away they bound with short goat-like leaps, till a
projecting rock snatches them from your vision. Their wildness is
probably caused by the persecution they receive at the hands of the
natives, who relish their flesh, which, however, I found tough and
coarse. A supposed medicinal property in their blood, which is said
to be efficacious in bad cases of bronchitis, tends, no doubt, to enhance
the value of their capture.

A live adult male was brought to me, with one leg wounded by a
ball. The animal was very ferocious, stamping its foot at me and
snorting through his nostrils. It drank a great deal, but ate only
sparingly of the green food I supplied it with. I might have suc-
ceeded in taming it; but it was in the hot season, and the wounded
leg began to fester, and the poor animal seemed in such pain that I
was obliged to have it killed. Its iris was yellowish chestnut ; its
pupil black, with a horizontal yellowish-brown line running right
through it. I do not know the particular cause of this peculiar
appearance in the eyes of animals; but I have observed it pretty
generally in all Goats. The high mandarin of the town begged the
blood of this animal of me, and esteemed the gift a great favour.
He had it spread, in the air, in small cakes, dried, and powdered, and
then stowed it carefully away in his medicine-chest.

The native name for this animal is Swan Yun, or Shan Yang, which
may be taken to mean either Wild or Hill-Sheep or Wild or Hill-
Goat. Hence my mistake in my first letters to the Secretary of this
Society, when I stated that I was informed of the existence of a Wild
Mountain-Sheep in the Island of Formosa.

17. Cervus rarvanus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xxix. p. 90; Sclater,
P. Z. S. 1860, p. 376, et 1862, p. 152, Pl. XVI.

This species was established in 1858, by Mr. Blyth, from the
skull of a buck that I sent him. The animal to which the skull
had belonged had been kept, together with some others of the same
breed, in a private menagerie at Amoy, whither Chinese junks from
Formosa frequently bring these Deer for sale. I am not aware of
any Spotted Deer occurring in the Province of Fuhkeen, to which
Amoy belongs; and as the wealthier Chinese have a great partiality
for Spotted Deer to adorn their parks, this species is the one most
usually sought after in that district. Chinese poetry has frequent
allusions to the ‘“‘ Red Deer with its snowy spots ;” and Chinese pic-
tures, in almost every well-to-do house, exhibit grotesque though
somewhat truthful representations of the antlered brethren. Besides
the value attached to Deer as an object of ornament, their price is
increased by the medicinal properties attributed to their horns. These
appendages, cut off when freshly sprouting, are much prized by the

1862.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FORMOSA. 363

Chinese for the nutriment they afford in cases of debility, just as
they prize other gelatinous substances, such as birds’ nests, nests of
certain species of small Swifts (Collocalie), sharks’ fins, fish-maws,
&e. After the velvet is removed, the horn is dried, pared thin with
an instrument like a nutmeg-grater, and boiled into a soup, in which
state it is used. The velvet is not wasted, but is set aside to deal
out in small quantities to matrons of the family to aid them in their
convalescence after child-birth. The skin of the Deer is not thought
much of, nor is the flesh much valued.

The central or higher range of mountains, which are in parts
covered with perennial snow, are inhabited by the Cervus taivanus.
These heights abound with large masses of tangled forest, in which
the gigantic Laurus camphora (the tree whence the drug of commerce,
camphor, is distilled) forms no inconspicuous part. These heights
are tenanted by tribes of half-clad Indians, of the Malay type, blood-
thirsty and savage in the extreme, who keep up a constant war-
fare with the Chinese colonists of the plains, and resist with atro-
city any inroads into their mountain territory. On the lower hills,
however, that define the land of the colonist from that of the abori-
ginal, dealings on a friendly footing are carried on in bartering Chinese
commodities for deers’ horns, venison, and other results of the chase.
To these aborigines, money has no value as a medium of exchange.
They live on the flesh of deer and other wild animals, which they
only partially broil before eating. They obtain, by barter, from the
Chinese matchlocks and gunpowder, which they use to wound the
deer, when approached within a few yards by creeping through the
thicket. The wounded animal is then surrounded by a closing ring
of half-naked savages, and, scared by their wild shouts, falls an easy
prey to their metal-headed javelins. When powder fails them, they
sometimes manage to intercept one from a herd, and driving him into
more open country, scatter a loose and wide-spread ring of humanity
round him ; the ring rapidly closes in as before, and as the frightened
beast attempts to leap or break it, spears are hurled into him from all
sides, and he can rarely effect his escape. Other means of capture
are also practised, but less successfully, the commonest of which,
when the beast is required to be taken alive, are slip-nooses attached
to a stake, and so adjusted as either to take him by the leg or by the
horns. But the animal captured when full-grown rarely survives ;
and therefore the young are sought for the purpose of rearing.
They are nurtured with great care till a year old, when the horns
begin to form. They are then conveyed to the borders and bartered
to the Chinese, by whom, as I before stated, they are much valued.

In the city of Taiwanfoo I procured two bucks and a doe of this
species, and forwarded them, vid Hongkong, to the Gardens of the
Society ; but unfortunately only one, a buck, reached England in
safety. This was enough, however, to establish the species, which had
hitherto been described only from the skull. Any one visiting the
Gardens can now have an opportunity of making himself acquainted
with this lovely animal as nature has moulded him; and as the
Japanese species, Cervus sika, is confined there in an adjoining cage,

364 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS Or ForRMosA. (Dec. 9,

a fine opportunity is offered for comparison. The deep red colouring

of its hind neck and its larger size distinguish it from that species,

as well as the form of its horns, which are shown in the accompanying

sketch. (See woodcut.) The white spots on the Formosan Deer are

moreover lasting, and do not disappear in winter, as in most species.
This Deer is called by the Chinese Lok, or Stag.

18. Cervus swinuoil, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 152, Pl. XVII.

It was not till my late visit to the City of Taiwanfoo, S.W. Formosa,
that I came across this species. It struck me at once as a novelty,
and I managed to procure two bucks, both of which have fortunately
reached the Gardens of the Society in good health. On my visit to
the Tamsuy district, N.W. Formosa, I again met the animal in a
state of confinement in the hands of the Chinese, and secured a buck
for the Acclimatization Society of Melbourne; but a live female I
could not manage to procure. This species may at once be distin-
guished from the other by its total want of spots, by the absence of
the white patch that adorns the parts about the tail, by its coarse
reddish brown hair, appearing almost black in some lights, but, above
all, by the occurrence of a large sac between the eye and nose. This
curious organ, whatever its properties may be, it has the power of
opening and shutting. It appears to be expanded most frequently
when the beast is irritated. At a distance the deer looks as if he
possessed four eyes, whence the Chinese definition of this species as
‘‘the four-eyed.’’ It is, however, more generally known in Formosa
as the “‘Cheeang.”’ What the horns of this Deer are like we shall
not be able to tell for some months, until the animals in the Gardens

a i a i i i ee

1862.] ON THE INCUBATION OF PYTHON SEBZ. 365

reproduce those they have just shed ; but it strikes me the horns will
only consist of short double-pronged antlers, as in the Hog Deer.

On the lower range of hills, varying from 1000 to 5000 feet, the
Cervus swinhoii maintains its ground; and as those hills chiefly
occur in the northern portion of the island, its lot falls among an-
other but closely allied race of savages. The Kwei-ying are a finer
race than their brethren, the Kalees of the south, but they are equally
savage. By them the same kind of barter is carried on with the
Chinese colonists, and, as far as I could learn, the same mode of
hunting deer. The country where this deer is found is also densely
covered with bush, in which the savage lurks with his matchlock,
jealous of every intruder on his hunting-haunts. Like all wild races,
especially of the Malay type, he is very treacherous, and never to
be depended on unless you can carry with you sufficient means to
enforce freedom from molestation. One hour he will profess for
you everlasting friendship, and the next, on some trifling caprice, aim
a bullet at your head. The Chinese are very fearful of the abori-
gines, and can rarely be got to cross the boundary-line; and the
savages have such frequent feuds amongst themselves that, in travelling
through their territory, friendship professed for one clan may cost
you your life at the hands of the next you go amongst. One has on
such journeys so much to do with diplomacy, intrigue, and bribery,
that, apart from collecting, the incessant toil and expense make tra-
velling in the wild mountainous interior of Formosa quite an arduous
undertaking.

5. Notes oN THE INCUBATION OF PYTHON SEB, AS OBSERVED
IN THE Socrery’s GARDENS. By P. L. Scuarer, M.A.,
Pu.D., F.R.S., SecreTARY TO THE SOCIETY.

The fact of a specimen of the West African Python (Python seba)
having deposited eggs and commenced incubation upon them, in the
Society’s Gardens, at the beginning of the present year, has been
already mentioned at one of the Meetings of this Society by Dr. A.
Giinther* ; and many notices on the same subject have appeared in
various newspapers and periodicals, scientific and unscientific. Yet I
think that such an important event ought not to escape record in the
Journal of the Society, and I have therefore drawn up the following
short statement of the principal facts of the case for publication in
the ‘ Proceedings.’

A pair of the West African Python (Python sebe) have for some
time occupied the large compartment in the middle of the northern
side of the Reptile-house. The female was received by the Society
in 1849, and has therefore been about thirteen years in the Gardens ;
the male was purchased on the 18th of April, 1859, since which time
he has been in company with the female. The female is one of the
largest Pythons we have ever had, measuring about 22 feet in length.
The male is of smaller dimensions, measuring about 14 feet in length.

* See anted, p. 1.

366 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE [Dee. 9,

This pair of Pythons were several times observed in copuld by the
keeper, in the month of June 1861. Towards the middle of December,
1861, the female was remarked to be much increased im size, the
enlargement extending about 8 feet along the body. The keeper,
knowing that she had not fed for many weeks, imagined this altera-
tion of size to be the result of disease; and it was only a few days
before the 13th of January that the true cause of her abnormal
appearance was suspected. On the morning of the 13th of January
the keeper found that in the course of the previous night this animal
had deposited a large mass of eggs, and had taken up a position
coiled completely round them, so as nearly to exclude them from
view. The eggs, as we afterwards ascertained, were about 100 in
number ; they were nearly round in shape, but soft, and soon became
much compressed, measuring each about 3 inches in diameter. They
seemed to have been deposited in a circle, probably from the creature
crawling round, and excluding them one after the other. They
were not strung together by any membrane, but apparently com-
pletely separate when excluded, though afterwards fastened into one
large conical mass, adhering by the viscid outer membrane, and
pressed together by the weight of the superincumbent mother.

The Python retained her position coiled round and over the eggs
more or less constantly until the eggs were eventually removed on
the 4th of April. During this time she quitted them upon very few
occasions, and then only temporarily, having passed altogether nearly
thirty-three weeks without taking food.

On the 4th of March the Python showed symptoms of being
about to cast her skin, and was then off her eggs from 9 p.m. until
7 a.M. on the following morning. During this interval the skin came
off in shreds (always an unhealthy symptom in snakes), the process
lasting about 10 hours instead of 3 or 4, as is usually the case with
these large serpents.

Knowing the interesting nature of M. Valenciennes’s experiments
on the temperature of the Python which incubated in the Jardin des
Plantes at Paris in 1841*, I was anxious to ascertain whether any
similar increase of temperature was observable in the present case,
The instruments first employed for this purpose were not sufficiently
delicate to produce any very reliable results. I therefore applied to
Messrs. Negretti and Zambra, the well-known optical instrument-
makers, who provided thermometers expressly adapted for the
purpose} and kindly attended themselves to assist in making the

* For an account of these, see ‘Comptes Rendus,’ 1841, xiii. p. 126.

+ These thermometers are spoken of as follows in the ‘London Review’ for
March 15th :—

“Tn testing the heat of the incubating Python and her eggs, it will be readily
imagined that the most sensitive thermometers would be required to obtain reli-
able and satisfactory results, not only on account of the possible danger, through
disturbing and irritating the snake, of her striking and giving the operator a
lacerated wound with her pointed teeth, but from the desirability of obtaining as
instantaneous results as possible to avoid the interference of cold drafts of air,
alterations of the creature’s position, and other cireumstances which must produce
interferent effect. To Messrs. Negretti and Zambra the highest praise is due for

1862.] INCUBATION OF PYTHON SEB. 367

necessary experiments. The compartment of the Reptile-house in
which the Python is kept being warmed with hot-water pipes, and
the temperature of snakes varying, as is well known, with that of the
surrounding medium, it seemed to me that the only mode of obtaining
reliable results was by comparison of the heat of the incubating female
Python with the heat of the non-incubating male, in the same com-
partment of the Reptile-house. It appeared to me that any decided
difference observable between these two animals, subject to exactly the
same external conditions, could be only attributable to the incubation.
Our first experiments with Negretti and Zambra’s instruments were
made on February 12th, and gave a difference of 2°-8 of Fahrenheit’s
scale in favour of the female, when the temperatures were taken at
the surface of the body. When the temperature was examined
between the folds of the bodies of the respective animals, the dif-
ference was found to be increased to 6°°8. The experiments were
repeated on the 23rd of February, the 2nd of March, the 9th of
March, and the 16th of March, with varying results, but always
showing an increased temperature of greater or less amount in the
case of the incubating female, as the following Table will show :—

Differ-
ence.

Temperature

Date. —_| of air in den.

Temperature of male. Temperature of female.

Feb. 12 58°°6 On surface.. 70°2 | On surface.. 73°00 | 2°8
Between folds 74°°8 | Between folds 81°°6 | 6°8
Feb. 23 65°°4 On surface.. 71°8| On surface.. 75°4 | 3°6
Between folds 74°:0 | Between folds 83°2 | 9°2
March 2 60°°0 On surface.. 71°6| On surface.. 84°°0 |12°°4
Between folds 76°0 | Between folds 96°-0 |20°-0
March 9 61°°0 On surface.. 72°83) On surface... 79°5 | 6%7
Between folds* ....| Between folds 86°°5
March 16] 66°0 On surface.. 72°4 | On surface... 77°°6 | 5°2
Between folds 77°°6 | Between folds 86°0 | 8°-4 |

These observations were made on the different occasions by Mr.
Bartlett, Mr. Negretti, Mr. Zambra, Mr. E. W. H. Holdsworth,
F.Z.S., and myself.

On the 4th of April the eggs were evidently decomposing, and
gave forth a very strong and nauseous odour. As the snake, which

haying manufactured expressly for these experiments the most sensitive and most
perfect thermometers ever constructed. In less than three seconds the quick-
silver will rise or fall from one end of the scale-tube to the other; and although
a longer time than this has always been allowed by the reptiles in the experiments
made, it was most desirable to be provided with efficient means against any
emergencies.

“The total length of the tube is 13 inches, and the bore, by actual measure-
ment, was found to be less than the =;4>th of an inch in diameter ; in the experi-
ments the motion of the mercury in it was watched with a powerful hand-lens or
magnifier. The range of the scale is ftom 30° to 105°; the length of the bulb, or
reservoir for the mercury, 3 inch, its diameter } inch; it is made extremely thin,
so as to insure the greatest sensitiveness hy the quickest possible transmission of
temperature.”

* Not observed, the male being very restless.

368 DR. P. L. SCLATFR ON BIRDS FROM MEXICO. ([Dec. 9,

had now sat upon them nearly ten weeks, was evidently suffering from
the effects of a fast of thirty-two weeks, and there appeared to be no
reasonable prospect of hatching the eggs, they were removed. On
examination, we found about five or six with the embryos partially
formed. In one of these the embryo was about 11 inches in length,
the scaling and markings were shown, the colour was partially
developed, and the animal was evidently nearly ready for exclusion.
But the greater number of eggs contained only fatty matter in a
state of decomposition, and bore no traces of having ever been im-
pregnated.

A single egg removed from the mother fifteen days after incuba-
tion commenced, curiously enough, chanced to be a good one. The
embryo contained in this was alive when it was opened, and measured
about 6 inches in length.

About a month after the eggs were removed, the snake, which had
been at first very restless, changed her skin, fed as usual, and has
since remained in good health.

I think that the present case, taken in conjunction with that which
happened in 1841 at Paris, and that of the Indian Python, kindly
communicated to me by George O. Wray, Esq., and already noticed
at a previous Meeting of this Society*, lead to the conclusion that
it is the normal habit of these highly developed Ophidians, the
Pythones, to incubate their eggs much as in the superior class of
birds. But it would appear that the Boas of the New World do not
follow the same practice ; for Mr. Westerman informs me that the
female Boa constrictor, which bred in the Zoological Gardens of
Amsterdam in 1861, brought forth living young ones, though some
eggs were produced at the same time. :

6. On some Birps TO BE ADDED TO THE AVI-FAUNA OF
Mexico. By P. L. Scuater, M.A., Pu.D., F.R.S., SEcRE-
TARY TO THE SOCIETY.

(Plate XLVI.)

In a small collection of Mexican birds sent to me for examination
by M. F. Parzudaki, of Paris, I recognize several species new to the
fauna of Mexico, and not mentioned in my former communications
to this Society on the subject of Mexican ornithology, and others re-
quiring some few remarks. - These are—

1. DenpRa@cA suPERCILIOSA (Bodd.), Baird, B. N. A. p. 289.

This specimen differs from others in my collection from N. America
and Jamaica in having the whole supercilia anterior to the eye
bright yellow, like the breast. Yet it is obviously not in full plumage,
being dull brownish grey above, and with the black markings hardly
defined. Prof. Baird alludes (/. c.) to somewhat similar variations.
At first I could hardly persuade myself that it was not of a dfferent
species.

See P. Z. S. 1862, p. 108.

aa Sei eh
v Sova | ty es )

1862.) DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM MEXICO. 369

2. ViREO HYPOCHRYSEUS, sp. nov. (Pl. XLVI.)

Flavicanti-olivaceus, alis fuscis dorsi colore extus marginatis :
Sronte, superciliis et toto corpore subtus flavis, hypochondriis
paululum olivacescentibus: rostro corneo, pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°5, caudee 2:2, rostri a rictu 0°7, tarsi 0°8,
rem. prim. spurii 0°95 poll. Angl. et dec.

This Vireo is very distinct in coloration from any other species
known to me, and is also slightly abnormal in form. The wings are
very short, only reaching } an inch beyond the base of the tail. The
longest primaries are about 0°3 inch longer than the secondaries.
The first primary is unusually well developed, being only 0°75 inch
shorter than the second. The bill is more elongated, and broader at
the base than is usual in the genus, and nearly resembles that of a
diminutive Icteria. The single specimen received from M. Par-
zudaki is the only example I have seen of this interesting bird.

3. MeLospiza GouLpu, Baird, B. N. A. p. 479(?).

A skin of a Melospiza, received through M. Parzudaki, agrees
with the Californian specimen which I have identified (Cat. Am. B.
p- 113) with Baird’s Melospiza gouldii. But I cannot pretend to
to say but what I am doubtful about the discrimination of the allied
species of this group, and must remain so until I have the opportunity
of comparing authentically determined specimens with those in my
own collection.

4, GLYPHORHYNCHUS MAJOR, Sclater, Cat. Am. B. p. 161.

Mexican specimens of this northern form of G. cuneatus agree with
Guatemalan examples obtained by Mr. O. Salvin.

5. ELAINEA suBPAGANA, Sclater & Salv. < Ibis,’ 1860, p. 36.
Mexican examples of this northern form of E. pagana, do not

seem to differ from the typical specimen from Guatemala in my
collection.

6. Acamia pica, Reichb. Bp. Consp. p. 127. Ardea agami,
Gm.

A bird in immature plumage appears to belong to this species,
which, as far as I am aware, has not been previously noticed so far
north.

7. MicropALAMA HIMANTOPUS, Bp., Baird, N. A. B. p. 726;
Coues, P. Acad. Se. Philad. 1861, p. 174.

I am not aware that this Sandpiper has been previously noticed
so far south, except in the one instance of Mr. Salvin’s having ob-
tained it in Guatemala, as recorded in the ‘ Ibis’*.

8. AcTrOoDROMAS BAIRDII, Coues, Proc. Acad. Sc. Philad. 1861
p- 194.

Judging by Mr. Coues’s descriptions, a Mexican Sandpiper received
from M. Parzudaki, and labelled “4. maculata?,’”’ must be referred
to this species, which is in fact a small 4. maculata.

* Ibis, 1859, p. 229.

Proc. Zoor. Soc.—1862, No. XXIV.

370 MR. A. ADAMS ON JAPANESE MURICINA. [Dec. 9,

7. On THE Species oF MuRICINZ FOUND IN JAPAN.
By Artuur Apams, F.L.S.

In the recent ‘ Mollusca Japonica’ of Dunker three species of
Murex only are enumerated, one of which belongs more properly to
the purpuroid genus Sistrum. During my recent explorations in
Japan I collected upwards of twenty-six species of the genus, taken
in its Lamarckian sense, besides three species of Typfis and ten of
Trophon. In the southern parts of the Sea of Japan we find a few
examples of the long-beaked spiny Murex proper and the Chicoreus
of Montfort, a group with frondose and branching varices. In the
north these seem to give place to the winged Muricine, composing
the groups named Pteronotus and Phyllonotus by Swainson ; and
further north still to the fusoid Trophon of Denys de Montfort,
with laciniated varices. The Muricidea of Swainson, composed of
small coronate forms, also comes into notice, as does also the mono-
ceroid Cerastoma of Conrad, which, with a muriciform shell, has a
purpuroid operculum like that of Vitularia.

1. Murex, Linn.

1. Murex TRIBULUS, Linn.

Murex tribulus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 12 ed. p. 1214; Reeve, Mon.
Murex, sp. 82.

M. crassispina, Lam.

M. tenuispina, Kien., not Lam.

Hab. Simidsu.

2. Murex TENUISPINUS, Lam.

Murex tenuispina, Lam. An. s. Vert. ix. p. 566; Reeve, sp. 85.
Hab. O-Sima.

3. Murex apuncosrinosus, Beck.

Murex ternispina, Sow.
M. aduncospinosus, Reeve, sp. 93.
Hab. Kuro-Sima.

4. Murex sosprinus, A. Ad.

M. testa ovata, spira acuta; anfractibus 7, convexis, longitudina-
liter nodoso-plicatis, transversim liratis, varicibus tribus, valde
spinosis, spinis duabus uncinatis acutis ; apertura vix circulart,
canali recto, clauso, valde producto, ad basin spinoso, ad extre-
mitatem rufo-fusco variegato : pallide fusca, fascia transversa
lata rufo-fusca (in anfractu ultimo duabus) ornata.

Hab. Satanomosaki, 55 fathoms; Gotto, 48 fathoms; Kuro-Sima,

29 fathoms.

This Mure is very similar to several others in the same group,
but cannot be correctly referred to any of the species already de-
scribed. There are two red-brown bands on the last whorl, and the
end of the long straight beak is variegated with the same colour.

1862. ] MR, A. ADAMS ON JAPANESE MURICINE. 371

2. Curcorevus, Montf.

1. CHIcoREUS SINENSIS, Reeve.

Murex sinensis, Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 25.
Murex elongatus, var., Sow. Conch. Illust. fig. 88.
Hab. Tatiyama; Mososeki.

2. Cuicorevs Aapustus, Lam.
Murex adustus, Lam. An. s. Vert. ix. p. 573; Reeve, Mon. Mur.,

Conch. Icon. sp. 29. .
Hab. Tatiyama; Tsu-Sima.

3. Preronotus, Swains.

1, PrreRONOTUS TALIENWHANENSIS, Crosse.

Murex talienwhanensis, Crosse, Journ. de Conch. 1862, 3rd ser.
tiaiepl. T. £.9.
Hab. Tsaulian.

2. PTERONOTUS EURYPTERON, Reeve.

Murex eurypteron, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 34. f. 176 ; Zool. Voy.
Samarang, Moll. pl. 8. f. 1 a, 8.
Hab. Mino-Sima, 63 fathoms.

3. PreRONOTUS BRACHYPTERON, A. Ad.

P. testa ovato-fusiformi, tenui, pallide fusca, castaneo sparsim ma-
culata, linea albida transversa in anfractu ultimo ornata, tri-
fariam varicosa ; anfractibus sex, convexis, longitudinaliter cre-
bre laciniatis, transversim liratis, liris inequalibus crenulatis ;
apertura ovata, labro margine fimbriato, canali mediocri, clauso,
recurvato.

Hab. Uraga, 12 fathoms.

This is a thin, somewhat ventricose species, with the winged
varices peculiar to the group shorter than in the allied forms. The
whorls are variegated with deep chestnut-brown, and there is a faint
white transverse line in the middle of the last whorl.

4, Preronotus Gou.tnl, A. Ad.

P. testa ovato-fusiformi, fusca, maculis castaneis sparsim ornata,
trifariam varicosa ; spira acuta; anfractibus 6, planis, postice
subangulatis, transversim liratis, liris inequalibus, confertis,
varicibus breviter foliaceis, marginibus denticulatis, postice spina
valida dentiformi instructis ; apertura ovata, integra; labro
margine late fimbriato, canali recto, clauso, producto.

Hab. Tsu-Sima.

In this species the varices are short, and furnished with a strong

tooth-like spine at the hind part; and the straight, closed canal is
more elongate than is usually the case in this group.

5. PreERONOTUS sTIMPSONI, A. Ad. Z
P. testa ovato-fusiformi, pallide fusca, trifariam varicosa ; spira

372 MR. A. ADAMS ON JAPANESE MURICINZ. (Dec. 9,

acuta; anfractibus 7, planis, postice angulatis, transversim valde
liratis, liris equalibus, levibus, interstitiis clathratis, varicibus
late foliaceis, postice dilatatis et rotundis ; apertura ovata, an-
tice acuminata; labro margine late fimbriato, canali brevi,
clauso, recto.
Hab. Uraga, 21 fathoms.
A very neatly sculptured species, with the foliate varices of the
whorls posteriorly rounded.

4, Prynionotus, Swains.

1. PHYLLONOTUS FALCATUS, Sow.

Murex falcatus, Sow. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon.
Murex, sp. 61.

Murex aduncus, Sow., var.

Hab. Satanomosaki; Tusaki; Tatiyama.

2. PHyLLONOTUS CORONATUS, A. Ad.

P. testa ovato-trigonali, fusca, spira conica; anfractibus 6, planis,
postice angulatis, liris quatuor, validis, transversis, interstitis
lirulis squamulosis confertis ornatis, varicibus septem, lacinia-
tis, fimbriatis, postice late uncinatis ; apertura oblonga, antice
acuminata; labro margine postice angulato, extus fimbriato ;
canali aperto, brevi, via recurvato.

Hab. Tsusaki, 35 fathoms.

A somewhat small, neat species, with the whorls very prettily

coronate.

3. PHyLLoNotus ACANTHOPHORUS, A. Ad.

P. testa ovato-fusiformi, quinquefariam varicosa, solida, albida ;
anfractibus 5, in medio angulatis, superne planatis, transversim
liratis, varicibus crassis, postice spina squamiformi triangulart
armatis ; apertura oblonga, antice acuminata ; labro extus vari-
coso, crasso, fimbriato, intus valde erenato, canali clauso, antice
recurvato, aperto.

Hab. Tsusaki, 37 fathoms.

A solid, triangular species, with a strong squamiform spine at the

hind part of the thick prominent varices, which latter are composed
of close-set crispate lamellze. The operculum is purpuroid.

4. Puytionorus unirascratus, A. Ad.

P. testa ovato-fusiformi, subtrigonali, quinquefariam varicosa, se-
rotina, fascia transversa lata rufo-fusea in anfractu ultimo or-
nata; anfractibus 7, planis, postice angulatis, longitudinaliter
erebre plicatis, plicis laciniatis crispatis, transversim valde
liratis, liris inequalibus, majoribus cum minoribus alternantibus,
varicibus foliatis, brevibus, marginibus crenulatis, postice spina
uncinata producta squamata instructis ; apertura elongata, sub-
triangulari, canali aperto, subrecto,

Hab. Uraga, 12 fathoms.

1862.) MR. A. ADAMS ON JAPANESE MURICINZ, 373

A pale orange species, with a single broad red-brown band on the
last whorl, and with the varices terminating posteriorly in a scale-
like recurved spine.

5. Crerastoma, Conrad.

1. CerASTOMA BURNETTII, Ad. & Reeve.

Murex burnettii, Ad. & Reeve, Moll. Voy. Sam. pl. 8. f. 4 a, 6.
Hab. Hakodadi.

2. CERASTOMA EMARGINATUM, Sow.

Murex emarginatus, Sow. Conch. Illus. f. 98, 100.

Hab. Japan (teste Sow.).

3. CERASTOMA RORIFLUUM, Ad. & Reeve.

Murex rorifluus, Ad. & Reeve, Moll. Voy. Sam. pl. 8. f. 2 a, 4.
Hab. Tsu-Sima.

4, CERASTOMA MONACHUS, Crosse.

Murex monachus, Crosse, Journ. de Conch. 1862, 3rd ser. t. ii.
pl. Lif. 9.

Hab. Tsaulian.

5. CERASTOMA FOURNIERI, Crosse.

Murex fournieri, Crosse, Journ. de Conch. 3rd ser. t. i. pl. 16.

7.
Hab. Sea of Japan (teste Crosse).

6. OcEeNEBRA, Leach.
1. OcenEBRA Japonica, Dunker.
Murex japonicus, Dkr. Moll. Japon. pl. 1. f. 14.
Hab. Japan (Dunker).
2. OcENEBRA LACTUCA, Eschsch.

Murex lactuca, Esch. Zool. Atlas. taf. 9. f. 3 a, 5; Midd. Beitr.
zu einer Malac. Rossica, taf. 7. f. 1, 2.
Hab. Aniwa Bay, Saghaleen.

7. MuricipEa, Swains.

1. Muricipga piApema, A. Ad.

Murex diadema, A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 70.
Hab. Satanomosaki, 48 fathoms.

2. Muricipra crrrosa, Hinds.

Murex cirrosus, Hinds, Moll. Voy. Sulph. pl. 3. f. 17, 18.
Hab. Mino-Sima, 63 fathoms ; Satanomosaki, 48 fathoms,
3. Muricrpra puTeoLa, A. Ad.

M. testa ovato-fusiformi, spira elata, conica, pallide fusca; an-
fract. 5, in medio angulatis, liris transversis, validis, squamoso-

374 MR. A. ADAMS ON JAPANESE MURICINZ. [Dec. 9,

asperis, subdistantibus instructis, varicibus septem, transversim
costato-spinosis et postice in spinas squamatas productis ;
apertura ovata, postice integra, canali brevi, aperto, recurvato.
Haé. Tsusaki.
A small species, with angular spinose whorls, and with a short,
open, recurved canal.

8. Typuis, Montf.
1. Typuis MontrortTi, A. Ad.

T. testa ovato-fusiformi, sordide carnicolore ; spira producta ;
anfractibus 6, gradatis, planis, postice acute angulatis, levibus,
varicibus tribus crispatis, interstitiis tubulis productis, tubulo
unico dorsali valde producto ; apertura circulari, tubulosa, peri-
tremate acuto, integro, producto, subreflexo, canali valde pro-
longato, recurvato, clauso; labro extus fimbriato.

Hab. Gotto, 48 fathoms; Okino-Sima, on the sands.

A beautiful little species, with an entire trumpet-like aperture, and

with a single, long, tubular dorsal spine on the right side of the me-
dian varix.

2. Typuis sAponica, A. Ad.

T. testa oblongo-ovata, sublevigata, castanea, spira elata, apice
mammillato, quinquefariam varicosa, varicibus rotundis, funicu-
latis, interstitiis tubulis pallidis, oblique truncatis, mediocribus
instructis ; apertura ovata, integra, canali brevi, clauso, sub-
recto.

Hab. Uraga, 21 fathoms.

This species is small, but very peculiar. It has rounded varices
and rather short obliquely truncate tubes, which externally form
pseudo-varices or rib-like ridges, extending down between the proper
varices of the whorls.

9. Trornon, Montf.

1. TROPHON CLATHRATUM, Linn.

Murex clathratus, L., Phil. Zeits. fir Malak. 1845, p. 78.
Tritomum clathratum, Fabr.

Buce. laciniatum, Martyn.

Murex lamellosus, Gm.

Fusus lamellosus, Gray.

Murex foliaceus minor, Chem.

Tritonium bamfii, Faby.

Fusus bamffius, Donov.

Murex multicostatus, Eschsch.

Fusus scalariformis, Gould.

Hab. Aniwa Bay, Saghaleen; Olga Bay ; Vladimir Bay.

2. TropHon crassum, A. Ad.

Murex crassus, A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 269.
Hab. Hakodadi.

1862. } MR. A. ADAMS ON JAPANESE MURICINA. 375

3. TROPHON iNCompTuM, Gould.

Trophon incomptus, Gould, Otia Couch. p. 125.
Hab. Hakodadi. Perhaps the same as 7’. crassus.

4. TRoPHON LIRAtTUM, Couth.

Fusus liratus, Couth., Gould, Otia Conch. p- 64.
Hab. Castle Point, Manchuria, 20 fathoms.

5. TRoPHON cRisPuM, Gould.

Fusus crispus, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1849, Exp.
Shells, f. 279.

Hab. Rifunsiri, 37 fathoms; Sea of Okhotsk, 29 fathoms.

6. TRopHON oRPHEUS, Gould.

Fusus orpheus, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1849, Exp.
Shells, p. 285.
Hab. Okosiri, 35 fathoms.

7. TROPHON CANDELABRUM, Ad. & Reeve.

Fusus candelabrum, Ad. & Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. Mon. Fusus.
Haé. Tsusaki, 55 fathoms.

8. TROPHON FIMBRIATULUM, A. Ad.

T. testa ovato-fusiformi, pallide fusca, spira producta ; anfracti-
bus 6, convexis, longitudinaliter subplicatis, transversim liratis,
liris squamulosis, confertis, equalibus; apertura ovata, in-
tegra; labro extus eleganter fimbriato, fimbria lata, margine
laciniato, canali recto, clauso, producto.

Hab. Gotto, 48 fathoms; Kuro-Sima, 55 fathoms.

There are no varices on the whorls, except the broad fimbriate one

which margins the outer lip. It is an elegantly formed species, with
Squamulose lirze crossing the very convex whorls.

9. TRoPHON concINNuM, A. Ad.

T. testa ovato-fusiformi, solida, cinerea, liris concentricis nodulosis
et plicis tenuibus longitudinalibus decussata ; anfractibus 5,
tn medio subangulatis ; spira acuto-conica ; anfractu ultimo in
rostrum contortum subito contracto 3 apertura angusta, ovata,
antice in canalem obducta; columella arcuata, levi.

Had. Rifunsiri, 35 fathoms.

This little neatly sculptured species resembles in some particulars
Fusus crispus of Gould; but the transverse lirze are nodulous and
crowded, and the longitudinal laciniated plice. are close togethier,
whereas in 7’. erispus the whorls are finely cancellated,

10. TRoPHON TANTILLUM, A. Ad.

T. testa parva, ovato-fusiformi, alba, nitida, lamellis laciniatis lon-
gitudinalibus lirisque crispatis transversis late cancellata; an-
Sract. 6, in medio angulatis, rostro brevi vix recurvo ; apertura

376

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE.

angusta, subovata ; columella rectiuscula, levi ; labro margine
incrassato, late reflexo, postice subsinuato,

Hab. Satanomosaki,

55 fathoms.

This is a beautiful little white cancellated species, with a dilated
variced outer lip, and with the aperture produced anteriorly into a

very short canal.

——

The following list of additions made to the Menagerie during the
month of November was read to the Meeting :—

2 pairs of Italian Cattle ...
2 Chamois
2 LDEKawa asec awanedaeepeccscs
1 Alexandrine Parrakeet...
LSea-Bagle:....s..:.csenciss.
1 Bateleur Eagle, young...
1 young Herring Gull
2 Iceland Falcons .........
PICOPAEC..s-censenas(ve Aste
6 Common Adders .........
1 Malabar Squirrel ...
1 Common Quail! ......
1 Rhesus Monkey .........
8 Australian Porphyrios ...
1 Eagle (Geneva)..........4+
1 Lizard . qanvdeossped
1 Egyptian Vulture .........
1 Egyptian Cat ..... oeseade
1 pair of Parrakeets ......
1 Stock-Dove ...... ebessuecs
leSquimrelisc.sencmaeetes haget
1 Tree-Sparrow .....seeeeee
1 Gazelle (Algeria) .........
3 Clapperton’s Francolins ..
2 Hooper Swans ............

a eeeeeeeesetens eee

Bos taurus, var. .s..se0es
Rupicapra tragus ......+++

Capra ibex, hybrid ......
Paleornis alexandri......
Haliaétus albicilla....... se
Helotarsus ecaudatus

Larus argentatus ..... sae
Falco islandicus
Felis varius

Sciurus purpureus

...|Coturnix dactylisonans...

Macacus erythreus
Porphyrio melanotus
Haliaétus albicilla? ......
Monitor gouldi ....+....65.
Neophron percnopterus...
Felis chaus......+++. hpaees
Conurus holochlorus
Columba enas
Sciurus dorsalis ...sc000.
Passer montana ....+000.
Gazella cuviert .....cc0000.
Francolinus clappertonii
CYGnus FETUS voceeesssseeres

wewnee

Presented by
His Majesty The King

} of Italy.

Mrs. Roper.
J. Sloman, Esq.

...|— Monteiro, Esq.

Mrs. Thomas Page.
S. L. Spencer, Esq.
H.M.The King of Portugal.

.|B. G. Dupper, Esq.

Sir Arthur Cotton.
Mrs. Jewitt.
Dr. Clark.

...|Dr. Mueller, C.M.

Thomas Kingscote, Esq.

Purchased.

Acanthogorgia
atlantica, 194, 197.
flabelliformis, 197.
grayi, 194, 196, 197.
hirsuta, 196, 197.
infundibulifera, 197.

Acanthophis
antarctica, 224.

Acanthotrias, 307.

Accentor
modularis, 280.

Accipiter
gularis, 315.
soloénsis, 815.

Acephalocystis, 310.
endogena, 310.
exogend, 310.
granulosa, 310.
macaci, 310.
ovis tragelaphi, 310.
ovoidea, 310.
surculigera, 310.

Achatinella, 3.

Acridotheres aa

ingingianus, 185.
ye Sele
bairdii, 369.
maculata, 369.

Adelobranchii, 226.

Agamia
picta, 369.

Agapornis
roseicollis, 322.

Alauda
arborea, 324.

Alea

torda, 186, 321.
Alcedo

collaris, 338.

ispida, 186, 821, 823.

melanorhyncha, 338.
Alcippe

brunnea, 280,
Alcyonium

floridum, 27.
Alepisaurus

ferow, 126.
Alepocephalus, 115.

IN DEX.

Aletes

centiquadrus, var. ii-

bricatus, 76.

squamigerus, 76.
Alligator

lucius, 322.
Alloionema

appendiculatum, 301.
Allopora, 197.

maderensis, 196, 197.
Aluco, 228.

aculeatus, 228.

auritus, 228.

Suscus, 228.

nodula, 228.
Alyceus

mouhoti, 275, 278.

(Dioryx) bacca, 275.
Alyselminthus

cuniceps, 312.

? ellipticus, 312.
Amadina

cucullata, 186.

lathami, 324.

modesta, 185.
Amblyopus, 194.

broussonetiz, 194.

sagitta, 193, 194.
Ameria, 105.
Ammoccetus

branchialis, 103.
Amphioxus

lanceolatus, 99.
Amphiperas

semistriata, 241.
Anachis

costellifera, 279.
Anarrhichas, 138.
Anas

acuta, 84.
Anchylostoma, 303.

duodenale, 303.
Ancylostomum

duodenale, 303.
Andrena, 121.

cingulata, 118, 121.

clarkella, 121.

nitida, 119, 121.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. XXV.

Anguis, 95, 134.
fragilis, 103.
Anodonta, 228.
- alba, 228.
Anomalurus
beecroftiz, 180.
ser
erythropus, 22.
Anseranas
melanoleuca, 185.
Anthreptes
javanica, 343.
lepida, 335, 343.
Anthus
pratensis, 324.
richardi, 317.
Antilope
addax, 137.
bennettiz, 136.
bezoarctica, 136.
bubalis, 137.
caama, 22, 136.
capreola, 22, 137.
cervicapra, 323.
dorcas, 136. ‘3
ellipsiprymna, 12.
niche 137.
isabellina, 136.
leucoryx, 136.
maxwellit, 137.
melampus, 12.
melanotis, 137.
mergens, 137.
oreas, ee
pygarga, 137.
aripte tee:
Antipathes, 196,
Apathus
campestris, 121.
Aphanopus, 173,174,175.
Aphantochroa
cirrhochloris, 124.
hyposticta, 124.
is
mellifica, 121, 122.
Apteryx, 255, 260.

| Aquila

desmursit, 145, 146.
a

37

Aquila
nevia, 145.
* nevioides, 22, 145,
pennata, 22, 145.
Ara
ararauna, 139, 322,
323.
Archibuteo
lagopus, 140,
Arctomys
alpinus, 135.
empetra, 321.
Arcularia, 227.
coronata, 227.
Ardea
agamt, 369.
nigrirostris, 346.
purpurea, 140, 322.
Ardetta
minuta, 321.
sinensis, 320,
Argonauta
oryzata, 78.
Arinia
scalatella, 184. .
Artamus
monachus, 335, 340.
Arundinax
olivaceus, 316,
Arvicola
amphibius ?, 163.
Ascarides, 295, 297.
Ascaris, 296.
alata, 295, 296.
canis, 302.
catt, 295.
felis, 295, 296.
lumbricoides, 288, 294,
296, 298, 304.
marginata, 295,
martis, 302.
megalocephala, 294.
mystax, 288, 295, 297.
renalis, 302.
suilla, 294.
teres felis, 295.
trichiura, 297.
unduloso-striata, 113.
vermicularis, 804.
visceralis, 302.
Asinus
hemionus, 163.
hemippus, 163.
indices, 163.
onager, 163.
teniopus, 164.
Astreea, 73.
Astrapia
nigra, 154, 155, 159,
160.

Ateles, 330.

INDEX.

Ateles
arachnoides, 333.
ater, 102.
belzebuth, 324, 333.
chameck, 333.
frontatus, 186, 321.
Srontalis, 322.
geoffroyii, 333.
hybridus, 186, 321.
paniscus, 330, 333.
Airactilites, 228.
belemniticus, 228.
Attagis, 256, 257,
Auchenia
glama, 102.
paco, 102.
pacos, 321,
vicugna, 102.
Aulopoma, 108,
Avicula, 228.
brunnea, 244.
radiata, 244.

Balzna, 96.
boops, 102.
Balzniceps, 255.
Balnoptera, 348,
arctica, 348.
Balanophyllia, 201,
Balanus, 78.
Bambusicola, 285.
sonorivox, 285.
Bassaris, 96.
astuta, 102.
Batagur, 264.
ellioti, 264.
picta, 264,
Batissa

magnirostris, 33), 337.
Beaver, 267.
Belemnites

listeri, 228.
Belideus

sciureus, 185, 325.
Bellonella, 35.

granulata, 37.
Bernicla

canadensis, 325.
Bilharzia, 293.

hematobia, 288, 292,

constrictor, 63.
goreensis,
quoyi, 59.
var. n. coralliophila,
60, 63

Bivonia quoyt
var. v. flos-lactis, 62.
var. x. fulgurata, 61,
62.

var. t. granifera, 61

var. y. laquearis, 59.

var. a. lilacina, 59.

yar. Z. papillosa, 60.

var. B. planorboides,
59

var. \. punctata, 62.

var. 6. rugoso-squa-
mosa, 60.

var. «. strigata, 60.

var. 0. ¢riquetra, 61,
62

yar. Ms variegata, 62,
70,

? var. %. (Aletes), 63.
semisurrecta, 57, 58,
59, 170;
subtriquetra, 58.
var. a. squamifera,

58.
sutilis, 58, 59.
var. a. major, 58.
var. 3. triquetra, 58.
triquetra, 50, 56, 57,
yar. y. aletes, 5b.
var. 2. ampliata, 56.
var. e. expansa, 56.
ba n. fascicularis,
5

var. a. pinnicola, 55.
var. 0, serpulina, 56.
var. 8. spirorbis, 55,
var. typiea, 59.
Blatta
orientalis, 313.
Blennius
palmicornis, 325.
Boa, 108.
constrictor, 825, 368.
Boidx, 224.
Bolyeria
multicarinata, 225.
Bombus, 121.
latreilliellus, 121.
lucorum, 121.
terrestris, 121.
Bos
indicus ?, 185.
var., 185.
taurus, var., 376.
urus, 102.
Bothriocephalus
(Tetrabothrium) jun-
ceus, 115.
Bothryocephalus, 308,
314.

Bothryocephalus
Gaba ees 314, 326.
latus, 289, 313, 314,

315.

Brachypteryx, 255, 256.

Brachysoma
diadema, 226.

Brachyteles
hypoxanthus, 333.
(Hriodes) frontatus,

186.

Bradypus
didactylus, 102.

Brama, 114.

Branta
rufina, 163.

Brevipennes, 256.

Bromelia, 157.

Brotogerys
pyrrhopterus, 325,

Bubo
maximus, 325.
virginianus, 102, 185.

Bucecinum, 227.
laciniatum, 374.
niveum, 227.

Buceros
rhinoceros, 102.
ruficollis, 85, 141.

Budytes
cinereocapilla, 317.

Bufo
vulgaris, 103.

Bulimus
luridus, 274.

phebus, 274.
phryne, 274.
romeri, 274, 278.
sinensis, 274,
subangulatus, 274.

Bursa
asperrima, 238.
concinna, 239.
cruentata, 238.
cumingiana, 238.

fusco-costata, 239.
grayana, 238.
lamellosa, 240.
tumida, 239.
zelebori, 239.

Burtinella
nystit, 82.
turbinata (Serpula), 82.

Bush Fowl, 85, 247.

Buteo

jacal, 22.
tachardus, 140.

Cacatua
cristata, 141.
ducorpsit, 141, 185.

INDEX,

Cacatua
moluccensis, 141,
roseicapilla, 140, 184.
sanguinea, 323,
sulphurea, 322.

Caccabis, 285.
chukar?, 322.

Cadium, 227.

Oaica
hematotis, 20.

Callia
splendens, 183.
wallacet, 117.

Calliope
camtschatkensis, 316,

Callithrix, 329.
sciureus, 325,

Callocephalus
fetidus, 202.

Calopsitta
nove-hollandie, 140,

185, 323.

Calornis
amboinensis, 343.
cantoroides, 343.
metallica, 335, 343.
mysolensis, 343.
obscura, 343.

yar., 335.
placidus, 343.
viridescens, 343.

Calotr
Nini 323.

Calyptorhynchus
banksid, 141, 185.

Calyptreea, 226.

Cambing-outang, 263.

Camelopardalis
giraffe, 102, 137.

Camelus
bactrianus, 102.
dromedarius, 102.

Campephaga
melanotis, 335, 342.
melas, 165.

Campulotus, 65.

Canis
argentatus, 186.
aureus, 322, 324.
dingo, 102, 323.
Ffulvus, var., 325.
lagopus, 321, 323.
lupus, 186, 323.
mesomelas, 324.

Canrena, 227.

Capra
angorensis, 137.
caucasica, 102.
hircus, 102.

yar., 184.
ibex, hybrid, 376.

379

Capricornis
bubalina, 361.
crispa, 263, 349, 36].
sumatrana, 263.
sumatrensis, 361.
swinhoti, 263, 361.
Capromys
brachyurus, 186.
prehensilis, 321.
Cardium
echinatum, 70.
senticosum, 78.
Cariama, 218.
Carpodacus
erythrinus, 129, 318,
Carpophaga, 344.
luctuosa, 335, 344.
microcera, 325.
paulina, 335, 345.
rubricera, 141.
Caryocatactes, 207.
Caryophyllia, 200, 201.
clavus, 199.
smithti, 199, 201.
Casarca
* tadornoides, 184, 185.
Cassidea, 227.
cornuta, 227.
flammea, 227.
pennata, 227.
rufa, 227.
testiculus, 227.
tuberosa, 227.
Cassidula, 227.
Cassis, 227.
Castor
fiber, 102, 135.
zibethicus, 135.
Casuarius
bennettii, 1, 324.
bicarunculatus, 137.
galeatus, 137.
Cataulus
blanfordi, 202.
recurvatus, 116, 117.
Catoblepas
gorgon, 12.
Catopra, 191.
siamensis, 191.
tetracanthus, 192.
Cayernularia, 31
Ceblepyris
eine, 342,
Cebus, 330.
sp. ?, 323, 333.
apella, 333.
capucinus, 140, 184,
. 323, 333.
cirrhifer, 333.
fatuellus, 333.
hypoleucus, 333,
a2

380

Cellularia, 65.
Centropogon, 190, 191.
australis, 190, 191.
marmoratus, 190.

Centuriosus, 17.
Cephalophorus
maxwelli, 146.
Cephalophus
color, 263.
rujilatus, 140.
whitfieldii, 268.
Cerastoma, 370, 373.
burnettii, 373.
emarginatum, 373.
fourniert, 373.
monachus, 373.
rorifluum, 373.
Cercocebus
Suliginosus, 140.
Cercolabes
prehensilis, 185, 323.
Cercoleptes, 96.
caudivolvulus, 102, 322.
Cercopithecus
sp. ?, 12.
cephus, 325.
diana, 186.
erythrotis, 325.
fuliginosus, 293.
lalandii, 22, 184.
lunulatus, 322.
mona, 184.
nictitans, 325.
pluto, 322.
Cerithium, 228.
nodulosum, 62,
Certhia
lepida, 343.
Certium, 65.
Cervulus
reevesit, 301,
Cervus
sp.?, 136.
alces, 136.
aristotelis, 151, 324,
auritus, 136.
axis, 186, 325,
barbarus, 186, 321.
canadensis, 136, 321.
duvaucelliz, 136, 151.
elaphus, 321,
hippelaphus, 136, 185.
indicus, 186.
malaccensis, 136.
meaxicanus, 102, 1386.
moluccensis, 151, 821.
nemorivagus, 102.*
porcinus, 22, 186,
324.
pseudaxis, 150, 151.
rusd, 161,

INDEX.

Cervus
sika, 150, 151, 324,
349, 363.
superciliaris, 186.
swinhoti, 151, 152, 184,
185, 524, 364, 365.
taévanus,22,150,151,152
taiouanus, 150.
taivanus, 349, 362, 363.
tarandus, 1386.
virginianus, 136.
wallichii, 186, 321.
Ceyx
lepida, 335, 338.
Chalcophaps
sp.?, 185.
indica, 321.
moluccensis, 885, 345.
Chama, 83.
Chamzleo
africanus, 322, 325.
vulgaris, 139.
Chamepelia, 259.
Charadrius
longipes, 319.
magnirostris, 346.
pluvialis, 821.
Charmosyna
papuana, 159.
Chelidon, 320.
blakistoni, 320.
cashinerensis, 320.
lagopoda, 320.
urbica, 320.
whiteley?, 320.
Chelostoma
florisomne, 121.
Chibia
hottentota, 819.
Chicoreus, 370, 371.
adustus, 371.
sinensis, 371.
Chionis, 256.
alba, 257.
Chiromys
madagascariensis, 11,
13, 222, 323, 324.
Chiton, 226.
Chlamydera, 161.
guttata, 162.
maculata, 162.
nuchalis, 162.
Chloéphaga
magellanica, 185.
polioccphala, 186.
Chloroscartes
fasciatus, 189.

| Chlorospingus

olcagineus, 110.
rubrirostris, 110.
superciliaris, 110,

Chlorospiza
chloris, 129.
incerta, 128.
Chondropoma ?
udicum, 277.
shuttlworthi, 277.
solare, 277.
Chrysallida, 231.
Chrysotis
sallei, 324,

. Cicinnurus .

regius, 156, 160.
Cilissa, 121.

leporina, 121.
Circus

cineraceus, 321, 325. -

melanoleucus, 315.
Cistudo

clausa, 22.
Cithara, 227.
Cladopoda, 59, 80.

arenaria, 81.

elegans, 82.

grandis, 81.

nove zelandia, 82.

quoy?, 59.
Clangula

glaucion, 140, 163.
Clarias, 12.
Clathurella

bicarinata, 248.

maculosa, 242.
Clausilia, 235.

mouhouti, 275, 278.
Clotho

arietans, 324.
Coccothraustes

vulgaris, 3822.
Cochlogena, 4.
Ceelioxys

vectis, 121.
Coelogenys

paca, 140, 322, 323,
Ceelogorgia, 35.
Coenurus

cerebralis, 305.
Coluber, 95.

berus, 103.
Columba

livia, 22.

luctuosa, 344,

melanocephala, 344.

menadensis, 345.

migratoria, 102.

enas, 376.

paulina, 345,

rufina, 102.

speciosa, 184,
Columbella

pusilla, 244,

Colymbus
septentrionalis, 142.
Conurns
holochlorus, 376.
luteus, 185,
tiriacula, 321.
tut, 325.
xanthopterus, 325,
Conus
purus, 279.
Cookia
inequalis, 81.
Coracias
caudata, 12.
pacifica, 339.
Corcorax
leucoptera, 84.
Coriphilus
placentis, 165.
rubronotatus, 165.
Coronella
_ australis, 225.
austriaca, 222.
levis, 323, 324.
Corvus
americanus, 184, 185,
carnivorus, 184, 185.
corax, 139
enca, 343.
monedula, 324.
validus, var., 335, 343.
Corythaix
buffoni, 325.
Coturnix, 253.
dactylisonans, 322,376.

>

alector, 1389, 140, 323.
globicera, 323, 324.
Criniger
flavicaudus, 339.
longirastris, 335, 339.
Crithagra
butyracea, 324.
Crocidura
morio, 180.
Crocodilus
sp.?, 322.
acutus, 103.
americanus, 185,
frontatus, 139, 213,
214, 215, 216, 217.
leptorhynchus,213,214,
215, 216, 217, 218.
gulgaris, 213, 214, 215,
216, 217, 218.
Crossoptilon, 286.
auritum, 286, 287.
mantchuricum, 287.
tibetanum, 221, 287.

‘

INDEX,

| Crotalus

horridus, 322.
Crucibulum ?
umbrella, var., 70.
Cuculus
canorus, 224, 319, 321.
glandarius, 137.
orientalis, 137.
rochit, 224.
tenuirostris, 224.
Cyanecula
cerulecula, 316.
suecica, 316.
Cyathina
turbinata, 199,
'yclas
calyculata, 228,
Cyclophorus
celoconus, 276.
hematomma, 276.
laomontanus, 276.
saturnus, 116, 117.
Cyclopterus
lumpus, 140.
Cyclotus
granulatus, 275.
trailli, 116, 117.
Cygnus
atratus, 142, 325.
ferus, 376.
Cynocephalus
hamadryas, 321,
Cynopteri, 261.
Cynopterus( Uronycteris)
albiventer, 262.

rea
granulata, 278.
madagascariensis, 278.
nucleus, 278.
Cyprinus
ee 103.
Cypselinz, 209.
Cypselus, 258.
apus, 209
Cyrena
ues var. javanica,

Cysticercus, 313.
acanthotrias, 288.
caprinus, 308.
cellulose, 292, 304.
cercopithect cynomolgi,

308

clavatus, 808.
cynocephali porcarii,
308.

dycystus, 304.
fasciolaris, 306.
Jischerianus, 304,
globosus, 308.
hepaticus, 308,

381

Cysticercus
lineatus, 808.
melanocephalus, 304.
phacocheri ethiopici,

308.
pisiformis, 305, 313.
potamocheri penicil-
lati, 309,
simie, 308.

tenia cellulose, 307.
tenie mediocanellate,
306, 3807.

tenuicollis, 308, 309.

turbinatus, 304.

vesice hominis, 308.

visceralis, 308.

visceralis hominis, 308,
Cythara

strigata, 242,

Daboia
elegans, 251.
Dacelo, 84.
gigantea, 323.
gigas, 140.
Dactylius
aculeatus, 289.
Dafila
acuta, 186.
Dasypoda
hirtipes, 121.
Dasyprocta, 135.
acouchi, 22.
aguti, 185,
Dasypus
villosus, 102.
Dasyurus
maugei, 321.
Delichon
nipalensis, 320.
Delphinus
brunatus, 144.
catalania, 148, 144,
cymodice, 144.
eurynome, 144,
eutropia, 145.
globiceps, 102.
metis, 144.
phocena, 102.
tursio, 144, 145,
Dendrochelidon
klecho, 339.
wallacii, 335, 339,
Dendrocygna
viduata, 185.
Dendreeca
chrysoparia, 19,
maculata, 19.
maculosa, 19.
superciliosa, 368,
townsendii, 19,

382

Dendrolagus

inustus, 135.
Dendrophis

punctulata, 225,
Dentalium

intestiniforme, 66.
Dentiora, 240.

rubida, 240.
Diardigallus

crawfurdi, 250.
Dibothrium

latum, 318.
Diceum

celebicum, 335, 342,
Dicotyles

labiatus, 136.

torquatus, 102,136,328,
Dicrocelium, 290.

buskii, 290.

heterophyes, 292.

lanceolatum, 291.

oculi-humani, 291.
Dicrotus, 175,
Dicrurus

macrocercus, 319.

pectoralis, 335, 342.
Didunculus, 246, 259.

strigirostris, 249,
Didus, 255.
Diemansia

annulata, 225.

cucullata, 225.

milleri, 225.

psammophis, 225,

reticulata, 225,
Dinornis, 255.
Diocotophyme, 802.
Diomedea

exulans, 1.

melanophrys, 1.
Diphylobothrium

stemmacephalum, 314.
Diphyllodes

wilsont, 160.
Diplacanthus

nanus, 312.
Dipsas

fusca, 225.
Dipus, 185.

egyptius, 140,
Distoma, 291.

buskii, 290.

conus, 291.

crassum, 288, 290.

hematobium, 292, 326.

hepaticum, 289, 291.

heterophyes, 288, 292,

326.

lanceolatum, 288, 291.

maculosum, 290.

oculi-humani, 291.

INDEX.

Distoma
ophthalmobium, 288,
291

(lentis), 291.
Distomide, 290.
Ditrupa, 199.
Dodo, 255.
Dogania, 265.

guentheri, 265.

subplana, 265.
Dolickonyx

oryzivorus, 322,
Dolium, 227.

pomum, 227.
Dolychonyx

oryzivorus, 102.
Dracunculus, 299, 300,

301, 304.

persarum, 299.
Drillia

nodulosa, 279.
Dromezus

nove-hollandia, 185,
Drupa, 227.
Drymophila

cinerascens, 341.

Echidna, 97.
hystrix, 102, 186.
Echinococcus, 212, 309,
310.

altricipariens, 310.
giraffe, 310.
granulosus, 310.
hominis, 309.
polymorphus, 310.
scolicipariens, 310.
simie, 310.
veterinorum, 310, 311.
Echinorhynchus
proteus, 289.
Echinus, 68.
Eclectus
sumatranus, 336.
Ectopistes
migratorius, 323.
Egretta
nigrirostris, 335, 346.
syrmatophora, 335,340.
Elainea
pagana, 369.
subpagana, 369.
Elephas
indicus, 102, 136.
Ellobiide, 231.
Elusa, 237.
badia, 237.
castanea, 237.
cinnamomea, 237.
gracilis, 237.
strigulata, 237,

Elusa
subulata, 237.
teres, 237.
Emarginula
clathrata, 241,
Emberiza
hortulana, 324.
rutila, 318.
stracheyii, 318.
Empidochanes
oliva, 112.
poecilurus, 112.
Empidonax, 112.
obscurus, 19.
Emu, 248.
Emys, 325.
sp. ?, 322, 325.
bennettiz, 151, 184, 185.
gutiata, 22.
Engina
hee 2438.
Eos
riciniata, 140.
Epeolus
variegatus, 121.
Ephippium, 228.
Epicrates
cenchris, 23.
Epimachus
albus, 160.
magnus, 154, 157, 159,
1

60.
Epinnula, 175.
Equus

asinus, 136.
caballus, 102, 136.
hemionus, 163.
onager, 163, 164.
zebra, 136.
Erythacus
rubecula, 324,
Erythrosterna
albicilla, 317.
leucura, 317.
Esacus j

magnirostris, 335, 846,

Esox
lucius, 103, 138.
Estheria
brasiliensis, 147.
caldwelli, 148.
dahalacensis, 148,
dunkert, 147.
jones, 147.
lofti, 147.
macgillivrayi, 148.
rubidgei, 148.
tetracera, 148.
Estrelda
cinerea, 186.
phenicotis, 325,

_— ee —————————— ae

Estrelda

temporalis, 22,
Eucera, 121.

longicornis, 121.
Euchelus

maculosus, 243,
Eudynamis

facialis, 335, 339.

melanorhynchus, 339.
Euglossa

cordata, 121.
Tulima

exilis, 242.
Eupetes

cerulescens, 165.
Euphema

elegans, 324.

Euplocamus, 285.
pucrasia, 221.
swinhoti, 284.

Euryotis
sate, 181.

Hurypyga, 218, 219, 255.

Turystomus
australis, 339.
pacificus, 335, 339.

Eustrongylus
gigas, 289, 302.

Hutropia, 145.

Falco
islandicus, 376.
peregrinus, 325.
subbuteo, 315.
vespertinus, 315.
Fario
carpio, 40.
Fasciola, 291.
gigantea, 290.
hepatica, 288, 289, 291.
heterophyes, 292.
humana, 289.
lanceolata, 291.
Felis
catus, var. persica, 21.
chaus, 376.
concolor, 21, 325.
Jubata, 322,
leo, 140, 324.
leopardus, 325.
lutra, 135.
macrocelides, 135.
macrocelis, 135.
pardalis, 135.
tigris, 102, 184.
varius, 376.
viverrind, 353.
? Festucaria
lentis, 291, 292.

INDEX,

Filaria
bronchialis, 302.
dracunculus, 298, 299.
hominisbronchialis, 302.
lacrymalis, 301.
lentis, 289, 301.
lymphatica, 302.
medinensis, 288, 299.
ocult, 301.
oculi-humani, 301.
Filariz, 300, 301.
Finna
humana, 305.
Fissurella, 226.
Flabellum, 198, 199.
campanulatum, 198.
nobile, 198.
Fluvicola
leucophrys, 113.
Francolinus
bicalcaratus, 146.
clappertonii, 376.
ponticerianus, 184.
Fratercula
arctica, 186, 321.
Fregilus
graculus, 125, 319.
himalayanus, 125,
Fringilla
celebs, 324.
incerta, 128, 129.
montifringilla, 318,
Fuligula
affinis, 20.
marila, 140.
rufitorques, 20.
Furia
medinensis, 299,
Furina
textilis, 149, 150,
Fusaria
lumbricoides, 294.
mystax, 295, 296.
renalis, 302.
vermicularis, 804,
visceralis, 302.
Fusus
bamffius, 374.
candelabrum, 375.
crispus, 375.
lamellosus, 374.
liratus, 375.
orpheus, 375.
scalariformis, 374,

Galago
demidoffii, 321.
alaxias
seriba, 22, 324.
Galeodea, 227,
echinophora, 227.

383

Galeodes, 227.
Gallinaces, 254, 285.
Gallinacei, 255.
Galline, 253.
Galloperdix

sphenurus, 285.
Gallus

domesticus, 321.

sonneratii, 186.
Gammarus

pulex, 289.
Garrulax

albogularis, 281,

ceruleatus, 281.

pecilorhyncha, 281.

ruficeps, 281.
Garrulus

bispecularis, 282.

glandarius, 323.

sinensis, 282.

taivanus, 282,
Gazella

cuviert, 376.

euchore, 323,

vera, 136.
Gecco

verus, 184,
Gecinus

canus, 319,

oceipitalis, 284.

tancolo, ‘283.

viridis, 321,
Gemitores, 255, 256.
Gempylus, 175.
Genetta

sp. ?, 323.
Gennus

nychthemerus, 284, 285.
Globicera

rubricera, 141,
Glyphodon

ornatus, 225.
Glyphorhynchus

cuneatus, 369.

major, 369.
Glyptodon, 97, ~
Gordius

medinensis, 299,
Gorgonia

palmosa, 35,

trichostemma, 35,
Gorgoniide, 245.
Gracula

intermedia, 825,

pectoralis, 166.
Grallz, 255, 259,
Grallatores, 254,
Graucalus

temminchii, 335, 342,
Grus

paradised, 22,

384

Gubernatrix
cristatella, 322.
Guiraca
cerulea, 323.
ludoviciana, 323.
Gymnopodus
egyptiacus, 103.
Gymnorhina
Teuconota, 323.
tibicen, 22.
Gymnotus
Tari 105.
Gynzxcophorus, 292.
hematobius, 292.
Gyparchus
papa, 323.

Yps
Sulvus, 321.

Hematopus
ostralegus, 140.
Halcyon
collaris, 338,
coromanda, 338.
coromanda major,
338.
lilacina, 338.
melanorhyncha, 335,
338.
nuigrocyaned, 165.
rufa, 335, 338.
sancta, 338.
schlegeli, 338.
Haliaétus
albicilla, 324, 376.
leucocephalus, 140.
Halictus, 122.
leucozonius, 121.
morio, 121.
Halmaturus
sp. ?, 22, 140, 323.
bennettiz, 185,
thetidis, 140.
wxanthopus, 135,
Halysis
elliptica, 312.
marginata, 308.
Hamularia
lymphatica, 302.
subcompressa, 302.
Hapale, 329.
Jjacchus, 140, 185.
ursulus, 325.
Hapalotis
mitchellii?, 324.
Harpa, 227.
costata, 227.
imperialis, 227.
Harpalis, 227.
antiquata, 227,
conoidalis, 227,

INDEX,

Harporhynchus
cinereus, 18.
curvirostris, 18,
ocellatus, 18.

Hatina, 65, 79.

Heleotragus
reduncus, 12.
Heliarctos

euryspilus, 352.
japonicus, 352.
malayanus, 352.
tibetanus, 352.
Helicidx, 231,
Helicina
reticulata, 277.
yorkensis, 277.
Helicter, 3.
hutchinsonii, 7.
lugubris, 4.
marmoratus, 7.
obscurus, 7.
proximus, 6.
Helictis, 349.
moschata, 355.
subaurantiaca, 355.
Heliothrix
auritus, 124,
longirostris, 124.
Helix, 5.
sp. nov., 270.
apex fulwa, 4.
aurora, 271.
banneri, 270.
benigna, 269, 278.
biomphala, 272.
bistrialis, 109.
circumdata, 272.
clathratula, 269.
dane, 268.
deliciosa, 271, 278.
emma, 273.
exacta, 271.
horrida, 272, 278.
illustris, 269, 278.
laomontana, 272, 278.
lizardensis, 269.
mitis, 268.
molliseta, 271.
mysolensis, 270.
novoguineensis, 270,
pluto, 268.
rostrella, 270.
titanica, 117.
(Nanina) distrialis,
109.

(Nanina) ceylanica,
109

| Helminthophaga

celata, 19.
Helotarsus

| ecaudatus, 376,

| Helvella, 29.

| Hemipodius, 253, 259.

sp. ?, 257.

varius, 257.
Herodias

comata, 321.

syrmatophora, 346.
Herpestes

sp. ?, 323.
Heterodisca

reversa, 83.
Heteropelma

vere-pacis, 19,
Hexacotyle

venarum, 294,
Hexastoma

pinguicola, 293.

venarum, 294,
Hexathyridium

pinguicola, 288,

293.

venarum, 288, 294.
Hierococeyx

leucolophus, 165.
Hindsia, 227.
Hippopotamus, 136,
Hirundo

javanica, 335, 340.

neoxena, 340.

rustica, 290.

urbica, 290.
Hoplangia, 201.

durotrix, 200.
Hoplocephalus

coronatus, 225,

coronoides, 225.

curtus, 225, 226.

nigrescens, 226.

pallidiceps, 225.

superbus, 114, 226.

temporalis, 226.

variegatus, 225,
Hyena

striata, 323.
Hybocystis

mouhoti, 276.
Hydatigena

cellulosa, 304.
Hydatigena

globosa, 309.

granulosa, 310,

oblonga, 309.

orbicularis, 309,
Hydatis, 310.

erratica, 310.

Jinna, 304.

globosa, 309.
Hydatula

solitaria, 309,
Hydra

hydatula, 309,

Hydrocena
(Omphalotropis) cera-
mensis, 117.
Hydrocherus
capybara, 102, 135.
Hydroides
norvegica, 83,
yla
viridis, 186.
Hylophilus
ferrugineifrons, 110,
JSlavipes, 110.
ochraceiceps, 110.
semibrunneus, 110,
Hymenolopis
flavo-puncta, 307.
Hyphantornis
textor, 324.
Hypsignathus
monstrosus, 8.
Hypsipetes, 152, 153.
Ae ae 282,
psaroides, 282,
Hypsiprymnus
sp. ?, 325.
setosus, 102.
Hyrax, 96.
capensis, 102, 136,321,
323.

Hystrix
cristata, 323.
dorsata, 315.
leucura, 184, 322.

Tanthia
cyanura, 316.
rufilata, 316.

Ibex, 96.

Tnuus
sylvanus, 22.

Tsidine, 245.

Ixos
aurigaster, 12.

Jacchus
auritus, 333.
edipus, 333.
vulgaris, 333,

Kachuga, 264.
Kagu, 84, 107, 141, 184.
Kerivoula, 356.

formosa, 356.

picta, 356.

Lacerta
viridis, 103, 185.
Lacuna, 80.
Lxmonema, 171.
robustum, 171.
Lagopus, 253,

INDEX.

{ Lagothrix

humboldtii, 333,
Laimodonta

conica, 242.
Lama

glama, 136.

huanaca, 136.

pacos, 136.
Lambidium, 227.

oniscus, 227,
TLamna

cornubica, 138.
Lamprotornis

metallica, 343.

obscura, 343.
Lanius

bucephalus, 319.

excubitor, 102, 321.
Lapemis

curtus, 224.
Larus

argentatus, 376.
Larvivora

cyanea, 316.

gracilis, 316.
Lasiurus

grayti, 143,
Latirus

squamosus, 240,
Leda, 228.
Leipoa, 85.
Lemintina, 65, 80.

sp. ?, 65.

cuviert, 80.
Lemmus

norvegicus, 324,
Lemur, 105.

anjuanensis, 102.

catta, 325.

leucomystax, 347.

macaco, 322, 347.

mongoz, 322.

nigrifrons, 185, 322.
Leopardus

brachyurus, 352.

Japanensis, 262.

macrocelides, 352, 353.

macrocelis, 352.
Lepidopus, 175.
Lepidosiren, 98.

annectens, 103, 129.

paradoxa, 130, 131.
Leptopogon

a ee 111.

pecilotis, 111.

superciliaris, 111.
Leptopoma

caroli, 182,

mathilde, he

papuanum, 181,

pellucidum, 181,

885

Leptopoma
pfeifferi, 182.
portet, 116, 117.
trochus, 182.

Lepus

brachyotis, 360.

cuniculus, 135.

sinensis, 359.

timidus, 135, 322,

variabilis, 360.

Leuciscus
sp. nov. ?, 322.
Lialis

childrenii, 225.
Limaria, 228.
vulgaris, 228,
Limnza, 105, 106.
emarginata, 106.
ovata, 106.
Limnetis
gouldii, 149.
wahlbergri, 149,
Limopsis, 229.
abyssicola, 230.
belcheri, 229,
borealis, 229.
cancellata, 229,
crenata, 230.
cumingi, 229.
forskalit, 230.
Japonica, 229, 230.
macgillivrayi, 230,
multistriata, 229, 231.
obliqua, 229, 230.
oblonga, 229.
philippii, 230.
pygmed, 229.
woodwardi, 231,
Limosa
melanura, 185,
rufa, 320.
Linguatula
pinguicola, 293,
venarum, 294.
Linota
cannabina, 129,
Lissotritron
punctatus, 103.
Lituaria, 31, 33.
australis, 38, 34.
phalloides¢33,
Lituina, 226.
Longirostres, 255,
Lophius
piscatorius, 138.
Lophohelia
(Oculina) prolifera,
245.

Lopholemus
antarcticus, 250,
Lophophorus, 253,

386

Lophorina
superba, 159, 160.
Lopho
yoann 322.
Loriculus
sclateri, 335, 336.
Loripes, 228,
ris
gracilis, 321.
Loxia
curvirostra, 324.
Lumbricus
canis renalis, 302.
gulonis sibirici, 302.
in renibus, 802.
martis, 3802.
sanguineus in rene
canis, 302.
teres hominis, 294.
Lycaon
pictus, 135.
Macacus
sp. ?, 324.
cyclopis, 324, 350.
cynomolgus, '22, 185,
325.
erythreus, 376.
nemestrinus, 139.
pileatus, 322, 324.
radiatus, 139, 184,
324.
rhesus, 22, 321, 322,
350.
rhesus, var., 140.
Macherirhynchus, 166,
Machetes
pugnax, 185.
Macrodactyli, 254.
Macropus
major, 135.
ruber, 135.
rufus, 140.
Macro
Se ata, 345,
albocapilla, 335.
Magilus
dentiferus, 68.
Malacoclemmys
concentrica, 22.
Malacoptila»
inornata, 87.
panamensis, 86.
poliopis, 86.
Malea, 227.
Mancinella, 227.
aculeata, 227.
armigera, 227.
castanea, 227.
hystrix, 227.
mutabilis, 227.

INDEX,

Mangelia, 227.

Margaritifera, 70.

Marginella
cylindrica, 244,

Mecocerculus
diadema, 113.
gratiosus, 113.
leucophrys, 113,

Megaleema
asiatica, 283.
nuchalis, 283.

Megapodius, 254.
Sreycineti, 247.

Megascolex
ceruleus, 25.

Megatherium, 97.

Meleagris, 253.
gallopavo, 186, 254.
ocellata, 254.

Meles
tarus, 184.

Melopsittacus
undulatus, 140.

Melos ve

gouldii, 369.

Menura
superba, 23.
victoria, 23.

Merops
ornatus, 335, 338.

Micropalama
himantopus, 369.

Milvus
ater, 22.

Mitra
citharoidea, 203,
lowei, 203.
savigny?, 203.

Moho, 145.

Molossus, 357.

Monarcha

cinerascens, 335, 341.

Monitor
gouldi, 376.
niloticus, 22.
Monodonta
seminigra, 4, 5.
Monoptygma
stylinum, 235,
? Monostoma, 292.
lentis, 291, 292.
Mooruk, 247, , 248.
Mopsea, 245, 246.
arbusculum, 245.
dichotoma, 246.
Morchella, 29.
Morchellana, 30.
spinulosa, 31.
Morelia
spilotes, 224.
variegata, 185, 224.

Morio, 227.
Morum, 227,
Moschus
Jjavanicus, 102,
meminna, 102.
moschiferus, 136.
stanleyanus, 22, 102.
Motacilla
alba, 317.
boarula, 317.
dukhunensis, 317.
lugubris, 317,
ocularis, 317.
rayt, 186.
yarrellit, 325,

ugil
chelo?, 325,
Munia
malabarica, 323,
Murex, 370.
adunco-spinosus, 370.
aduncus, var., 372.
adustus, 371.
branderis, 57.
burnettii, 373,
cirrosus, 373.
clathratus, 374.
crassispina, 370.
crassus, 374.
diadema, 373.
elongatus, var., 371.
emarginatus, 373.
falcatus, 372.
foliaceus minor, 374.
fournieri, 373.
Japonicus, 373.
lactuca, 873.
lamellosus, 374.
macgillivrayi, 203.
mancinella, 227,
monachus, 373.
multicostatus, 374,
neritoideus, 227.
rorifluus, 373.
sinensis, 371.
sobrinus, 370.
tenuispina, 370,
ternispina, 370.
tribulus, 370.
Muricidea, 370, 373.
cirrosa, 373.
diadema, 373.
puteola, 373.
Muricine, 370.
Muride, 348.
Mus
decumanus, 848.
maura, 181.
messorius, 102.
musculus, 135,
rattus, 140,

Muscica'

aédon’ 316,

oliva, 112.
Musculium, 228.

lacustre, 228.
Musophagide, 245.
Mustela

barbara, 134.

vison, 302.

zorilla, 102.
Mustelidx, 348.
Mycetes

seniculus, 333.

ursinus, 333.
Myiagra

Merle 341.

puella, 335, 340.
Myiarchus, 113.

leucophrys, 113.
Myiobius

bellus, 111.

nevius, 112.

pulcher, 112.
Myiophobus, 112.
Myiophonus

ceruleus, 280.

insularis, 280.
Mynes

ae 87.
Myoxus

muscardinus, 323,
Mpristicivora, 344,
Myrmecophaga

Jubata, 102, 135.

Naia

tripudians, 186.
Nandi, 255.
Nanina, 117.
Nannoperca

australis; 208.
Nasiterna "A

pygmed, 165.
ane, 227.
Nassaria, 227.

lyrata, 227.
Nasua

fusca, 823.
Nautilus

fascia, 228.

spirula, 226,
Nectarinia

auriceps, 335, 343.

frenata, 335, 342.
Nematoideum

hominis (ventricult),

294.

hominis (viscerum), 294,

Nemertes, 289
Nemoricola
indica, 317.

INDEX,

Neophron
percnopterus, 376.
Nephelium
longanum, 351, 357.
Neptea
florida, 27.
Nesiarchus, 173.
nasutus, 173.
Nidalia, 35.
Niltava
cyanomelena, 317.
Ninox
japonicus, 316,
Nomada
furva, 121.
Nothura, 260.
Notornis, 255, 256.
mantelli, 255.
Nucifraga
caryocatactes, 206.
Nucula, 228.
Nuculana, 228.
rostrata, 228,
Numenius
arcuatus, 286.
australis, 286.
manor ?, 346.
rujescens, 286.
uropygialis, 335, 346.
Numida, 253.
mitrata, 12.
Nyctale
tengmalmiit, 323.
Nycticorax, 218.
Nyctipithecus, 329.
felinus ?, 325, 333.
trivirgatus, 140, 333.
Nymphalis
australis, 87.

Obeliscinze, 231.
Obeliscus, 231, 232,
aciculata, 233.
balteatus, 232.
brunnea, 2338.

buxeus, 234.
eburneus, 232.
elegans, 235.
nitidulus, 232.
pulchellus, 232.
pusillus, 232,
striatula, 233.
teres, 232,
trifasciatus, 232.
vitreus, 232.
Ocenebra, 373.
japonica, 373,
lactuca, 3738.
Ochthoéca
albidiema, 113.
citrinifrons, 1138.

387

Oculina
prolifera, 201.
(Edicnemus, 218.
crepitans, 321.
grallarius, 322.
magnirostris, 346.
? Ophiostoma
pontierti, 294.
Ophiurus, 289.
Opisthocomus, 254.

canna, 22, 323,
Oreophasis

derbianus, 256.
Oriolus

acrorhynchos, 340.

frontalis, 335, 340.

galbula, 321, 323.
Ornithorhynchus, 97,

135.

Orcecetes
cinclorhynchus, 818.
gularis, 318.

Ortalida, 254,

Ort
ne ?, 322.
virginianus, 2.

Osmia
rufa, 121.

Osphronemus
trichopterus, 322.

Ostrea
lima, 228.
limacella, 69.

Otis, 257.
tarda, 137.

Otocorys
albigula, 318.
penicillata, 318.
sibirica, 318,

Otolicnus
alleni, 138.
crassicaudatus, 13.
tus

vulgaris, 316.
Ouakaria

calvus, 333.

spixii, 333.

vis

aries, vay., 22.

capensis, 137.

cycloceros, 185, 186,

323.

musimon, 187,

tragelaphus, 185.
Oxyuris, 304,

vermicularis, 289, 304,

388

Oxyurus
vermicularis, 301,

Pachycephala
clio, 835, 341.
lineolata, 335, 341.
melanura, 342.
rufescens, 335, 341.
simplex, 341.

Paguma, 349.
larvata, yar. taivana,

354.

Palzornis
alecandrinus, 376.
bengalensis, 185.
malaccensis, 140,
torquatus, 184.

Palapteryx, 255.

Palmipora, 77.

Paludomus
acutus, 109.
chilinoides, 108, 109.
spiralis, 109.

Panurgus
banksianus, 120, 121.

Paracyathus, 201.

Paradigalla
carunculata, 160.

Paradisea
alba, 160.
apoda, 153, 154, 160,

161.

magnifica, 154, 156,
157, 159, 160, 161.
papuana, 123, 140,
153, 154, 155, 156,
160, 184, 185.
regia, 153, 154, 160.
rubra, 157, 160, 161.
sexsetacea, 154, 157.
superba, 154.
Paradoxurus
bondar, 102.
pallasii, 102.
Parotia
sexsetacea, 159, 160.
Partula, 6.
Parus
castaneoventris, 280.
varius, 280.
Passer
montanus, 376,
Pastor
malabaricus, 186.
Patella, 226.
longula, 56.
Pauxi
tomentosa, 140,
Pavo, 253.
Pecten, 228.
Pectinium, 228.

INDEX.

Pectunculus

belcheri, 230.

cancellatus, 229.
Pedicularia

sicula, 196.
Pelamis

bicolor, 224.
Pelecanus

carbo, 137.

onocrotalus, 102.
Pelias

berus, 322, 376.
Pelodryas

cerulea, 185.
Pelodytes

hermaphroditus, 301,
Peltops

blainvilliz, 165.
Penelope, 254.

pileata, 137.

purpurascens, 325.

superciliaris, 184.
Pennatula

cynomorium, 31,

phalloides, 33.
Pentastoma, 289.

denticulatum, 294.

teretiusculum, 114.
Perca

cernua, 103.
Perdix, 285.

cinerea, 2,

221, 2538.

rubra, 253.
Pericrocotus

griseogularis, 282.

saularis, 282.
Peristera

chalcospilos, 12,
Pernis

crassirostris, 337.

magnirostris, 337.
Petrocincla

manillensis, 317.
Pezophaps, 255.
Phacocherus

eliant, 12, 136, 212.

ethiopicus, 136, 212.

penicillatus, 212.
Phalangista

vulpina, 22, 140.
Phalium, 227.

areola, 227.

flammeolum, 227.

glaucum, 227.
Phaps

chalcoptera, 323.
Phascolarctos

cinereus, 1, 85.
Phascolomys

wombat, 102.

141, 185,

| Phasianide, 286,

Phasianus, 253.
colchicus, 142, 321.
impeyanus, 142.
superbus, 102, 220,

221.
torquatus, 221.
versicolor, 324,

Philodryas
reinhardtii, 23.

Philydor
panerythrus, 110.
ruficollis, 110.
rufus, 110.

Phoca
vitulina, 102.

Pheenicopterus
antiquorum, 140, 321.

Phrymaturus
palluma, 114,

Phrynobatrachus, 190.
natalensis, 190.

Phycis, 171.

Phyllonotus, 370, 372.
acanthophorus, 372.
coronatus, 372.
falcatus, 372.
unifasciatus, 372.

Phylloscopus
coronatus, 317.

Physa, 105, 106.
(Ameria) alicia, 106.

Phytophaga, 226.

Pica
caudata, 324,

Picide, 283.

Picus
hyperythrus, 319.
insularis, 283.
leuconotus, 283,
luciant, 319.
major, 319.
minor, 321.
senilis, 325.

Pigeon, Tooth-billed, 249,

Pilidium, 289

Pinna, 58.
incurva ?, 62.

Pionus
hematotis, 20.
senilis, 325.
sordidus, 323.

Pisania
strigata, 241.

Pisidium, 228.
nove-zelandie, 3,

Pitheca, 330.
hirsuta, 326,
irrorata, 326.
monachus, 325, 326,

333,

Pitta, 187.
celchensis, 187.
concinna, 188.
erassirostris, 188, 335,

339.
trena, 188.
rubrinucha, 187.
vigorst, 188.

Placuna, 228.

Placunanomia, 58.

Planaria
latiuscula, 289, 291.

Planarix, 294.

Platycercus
anboinensis, 337.
bauer?, 322.
dorsalis, var., 3805,

3376
eximius, 22.
hypophonius, 337.
pallidus, 185.

Plectrophanes
lapponicus, 185.

Pluteus, 289.

Podargus
cuviert, 140.

Polioptila
cerudlea, 19.
mexicana, 18,

Poliornis
pyrrhogenys, 315.

Polycephalus
echinococcus, 310.
granulosus, 310.
hominis, 310.
humanus, 310.

Polyplectron, 253.

Polystoma
pinguicola, 293.
sanguicola, 294,
venarum, 294,

Pomatorhinus
erythrocnemis, 281.

Porcula, 349, 361.
sylvana, 360.
taivana, 360.

Porphyrio, 218, 255.
martinicus, 321.
melanotus, 141, 322,

376.

Portax
pictus, 137.

Porzana

* bailloni, 320,

Potamocherus
africanus, 126.
penicillatus, 16, 212.

Pratincola
indica, 317.

Priacanthus
insularum, 179,

INDEX.

Priacanthus

macrophthalmus, 179,
180.

Primnoa, 245.
imbricata, 245.
lepadifera, 245.

Primnoacee, 245,

Prion
magnirostris, 125,

Proteus, 98, 131.
anguinus, 103.

Psephotus
hematogaster, 185.
hematonotus, 186.
multicolor, 185.

Pseudechis
porphyriacus, 226.

Pseudochromis
perspicillatus, 193.

Pseudo-elaps
kubingii, 225,

Pseudomurena
maderensis, 167.

Pseudonaia
nuchalis, 225, 226.
textilis, 149,

Psittacodis
sumatranus, 836.

Psittacus
augustus, 102.
dorsalis, 337.
sumatranus, 336.

Psophia, 218.
crepitans, 325,

Pterocles, 253, 258.
arenarius, 257.
gutturalis, 258.
setarius, 258.

Pteroclinz, 258.

Pteromys, 359.
albiventris, 358.
grandis, 358.
leucogenys, 359.
melanotis, 358,
momoga, 359.
setosus, 359.

Pteronotus, 370, 371.
brachypteron, 371.
eurypteron, 371.
gouldt, 371.
stimpsoni, 371.
talienwhanensis, 371.

Pteropus, 223.
medius, 140, 321.

Ptilonopus
humeralis, 166.
zozonus, 166.
melanocephalus, 335,

A-f

Ptilopachys
Juscus, 140,

389

! Ptilopus
fasciatus, 325.
Ptilorhynchus
buccoides, 165.
Pupina
bilinguis, 183.
mouhoti, 278.
ottonis, 183.
pfeifferi, 188.
stranget, 183.
ventrosa, 183.
Puteolus
celathratulus, 269,
Putorius
fetidus, 140.
Pyramea, 227,
Pyramidella
gracilis, 237.
subulata, 237.
Pyramidellidx, 231.
Pyramis, 227.
Pyranga
ludoviciana, 19.
rubra, 322.
Pyrrhula
vulgaris, 324,
Pyrrhulopsis
personata, 141, 185.
Python, 95, 108.
molurus, 134, 188, 185,
211, 3238.
regius, 186.
reticulatus, 210, 211.
sebe, 2, 324, 365.
tigris, 103.

Querquedula
crecca, 84.

Radula, 228.
Raia
batis, 83.
Rallina
minahasa, 335, 346.
tricolor, 346.
Rallus
celebensis, 345, 346.
indicus, 320.
pectoralis, 325.
sulcirostris, 3385, 345,
Ranella
rosea, 240,
Ratelus
capensis, 22.
indicus, 184, 185.
Raven, 145.
Red Deer, 142.
Rhea
americana, 137.
Rhinoceros, 136.
crossit, 1.

390

Rhinoceros

indicus, 102.

sumatranus, 1.
Rhinochetus

jubatus, 84, 107, 141,

184, 185, 218.

Rhiostoma

hainesi, 115, 117.

housei, 117.

simplicilabre, pt 7.
Rhizotrochus, 198, 199.
Rissoa

(Goniostoma) pupifor-

mis, 235.

Rissoina

semiplicata, 242.
Rupicapra

tragus, 376.
Rusa

japonica, 150, 151.

Saimaris
sciured, 333.
Salicaria
cantillans, 316.
(Calamoherpe) aédon,
316.

Salmo

alpinus, 38, 39, 40, 41,
42, 43, 44, 49.

cambricus, 46, 49.

carpio, 40.

fario, 185.

grayt, 43, 51.

lemani lacus, 38.

salmarinus, 42.

salvelinus, 38, 39, 40,
41, 42, ‘43, 44, 46.

umbla, 38, 39, 42, 43,

44, 46, 49.
willoughbit, 48, 46.
Sarcobelemnon, 31.
australasie, 32.
Sarcorhamphus
papa, 114, 115.
Saxicola
enanthe, 140.
Scala
scalaris, 65.
Schedophilus
berthelotit, 176, 177.
elongatus, 175.
Schistosoma, 293.
hematobium, 292.
Sciuropterus, 359.
albo-niger, 309.
horsfieldii, 359.
kaleénsis, 359.
volucella, 135.
Sciurus, 322.
carolinensis, 135.

INDEX.

Sciurus
cinereus, 22, 102.
cinnamomeiventris,

349, 357.

dorsalis, 323, 324, 376.

erythreus, 349, 357.
isabella, 180.
maclellandi, 357.
maximus, 135.
palmarum, 322, 324.
plantani, 324.
purpureus, 376.
vulgaris, 135.
Sclerostoma, 303.
duodenale, 289, 303.
mucronatum, 114,
syngamus, 303.
Scolex, 305.
Scolopax
sabini, 13.
Scops
Padnaaee 316.
japonicus, 316.
Scopus, 218.
Scorpena, 177,
Scyllia, 138.
Scytale
coronatum, 23.
Sebastes, 177, 179.

dactylopterus, 178,179.

jilifer, 179.

kuhlii, 178, 179.

maderensis, 179.
Selache

maxima, 138.
Seleucides

alba, 155, 158, 160.
Sellana, 228.
Semioptera, 161.
Semnopithecus

entellus, 322.

leucoprymnus, 322,323
Sericulus

aureus, 1, 154, 157,

159, 160.
Serpula, 65.
archimedis, 83.
arcuaria, 66.

arenaria, 63, 66, 67,

68, 71.
colubrina, 71.
concamerata, 65.
contorta, 83.
costalis, 61, 62.
decussata, 67, 74.
dentifera, 68.
dentifera, var. ¢, 67.
Suscater, 72.
goreensis, 64.
grandis, 67.
intestina, 66.

Serpula
7 ochrea, 72.
polythalamia, 67.
proboscidea, 75.
protensa, 77, 78.
reversa, 83:
? rupestris, 55.
sipho, 71.
spinosa, 83.
sulcata, 68.

Serpuloides, 65.
arenaria, 66, 80.
dentifera, 79.
inoperculata, 80.

Serpulorbis, 65.
dentiferus, 79.
gigas, 66.
tnoperculata, 80.
operculatus, 79.
poise ee 66.

? sipho, 67.

Ser pulus, 65.
Betirahee 177, 179.
giintheri, 177.

Sieboldia
maxima, 103.
Siliquaria, 20.
Simia
troglodytes, 102.
Siphonaria
depressa, 279.
Siphonium, 71, 78, 228.
ater, 72.
carinatum, "72.
fascia, 228.
giganteum, 72.
margaritarum, Var. a,

maximum, 80.

nebulosum, 66, 68, 74,
83.

pictum, 83.
scaphitella, 83.
subcrenatum, 83.
textum, 83.

Siren
lacertina, 103.

Sistrum, 370.
affine, 244.
tuberculatum, 244.

Solarium
cumingii, 204.
dunkeri, 204.
levigatum, 205.
maximum, 205.
purpuratum, 205.
quadriceps, 205.
reevet, 204.
regium, 205.
soverbii, 206.
taylori, 205.

Solen
clibaniformis, 72.
Solenocaulon, 34.
tortuosum, 34,
Sorex
tetragonurus, 102.
Spatula
. elypeata, 20.
Spherium, 228.
Sphecodes, 122.
subquadratus, 121,
Sphenotrochus, 201.
Sphyreena
vulgaris, 173,
Sphyrocephalus, 8.
labrosus, 8.
Spilornis
rufipectus, 335, 338.
Spiroglyphus
glomeratus, 56.
Spiroptera, 303.
? gigas pullus, 303.
hominis, 289, 303.
rudolphii, 303,
Spirorbis
striatulus, 83.
Spizaétus
zonurus, 822, 323,
Spoggodea
ee 27.
Spoggodes
celosia, 27.
divaricata, 29.
florida, 27.

ramulosa, 29,

Stenops
Javanicus, 103.
Stephopoma, 78, 83.
archimedis, 83,
senticosum, 83,
Streptaxis
mouhoti, 273.
pellucens, 273, 278.
porrecta, 273.
Strix
hirsutus japonicus,
316

Strombus
gigas, 227.

Strongylus
bronchialis, 289, 302.
gigas, 302.
longevaginatus, 302.
quadridentatus, 303,
renalis, 302.

Struthio

camelus, 22, 102, 137.

INDEX,
Struthionide, 255, 256,
259, 260.
Sturnus

eineraceus, 319.
dauricus, 319,
Stylaster, 197.
Styloptygma, 235.
prick 236.
gibbum, 236.
larvula, 236.
lendia, 236.
pupiforme, 235.
subuliforme, 236.
teniatum, 235.
Surnia
nyctea, 102.
Sus
indicus, 15, 17, 136.
leucomystax, 361.

pliciceps, 13, 15, 16, 17.
scrofa, 17, 136, 185,
349.

scrofa, var., 189, 322.
Serus, 15.
hybridus?, 325.
var. pliciceps, 322.

vittatus, 15, 17, 136.

Sycalis
brasiliensis, 324.
Sylvia
atricapilla, 324.
cinerea, 324.
Synaphobranchus, 169.
"Eas 169.
Syngamus, 303.
trachealis, 303.
Syrnola, 231, 233, 235.

aciculata, 233.

bizonalis, 233.

brunnea, 233.

buxea, 234,

cinctella, 231, 232, 233,
234.

columnella, 235.
eylindrella, 234, 235.
dedala, 235.
elegans, 233.
gracillima, 233.
lactea, 234.
mera, 233.
nitidula, 232.
pistillum, 234.
pupina, 233.
pyramidalis, 233.
serotina, 234.
striatula, 233.
subulina, 234.
teretiuscula, 233.
vitrea, 232.
Syrrhaptes, 253, 258.
paradoxus, 140, 257.

391

Tenia

(4 anneausx courts),314.,
acanthotrias, 288, 289,
307.

egyptiaca, 312,
albopuncta hominis,
304.
ammonitiformis, 20,21.
apri, 308.
bovina, 308.
canina, 312, 313.
canina felis, 312.
capensis, 306.
caprina, 308.
catentformis, 312, 313.
cateniformis felis, 312.
cateniformis lupi, 308.
cellulosa, 304.
cenurus, 805, 326,
communis, 304.
erassicollis, 306.
? cucumerina, 312, 313.
cucurbitina, 304, 308.
randis saginata,
Gg 306 ag

plana pellucida, 304.

cuniceps, 312.

dentata, 304, 306, 313.

e capite bone spei, 306.

echinococcus, 289, 309,
310, 311, 326.

echinococeus altricipa-

riens, 312.

scolicipariens, 309.

elliptica, 289, 312, 313.

ex cysticerco tenuicolli,
308, 309.

Fenestrata, 304.

ferrarum, 308.

Jinna, 304.

? flavomaculata, 307.

Alavopuncta, 289, 307.

globosa, 308.

granulosa, 309.

grisea, 314.

humana armata, 304.
tnermis, 314.

hydatigena, 308.
anomala, 304.
suilla, 304.

hydatula, 308.

tnermis, 306.

? lata; 313.

lupina, 308.

marginata, 289, 308,
309

mediocanellata, 289,
membranacea, 314.

nana, 289, 309, 312,
326.

392

Tania
2 osculis marginalibus
oppositis, 312.
solitarius, 304.
ovilla, 308.
pectinata, 315.
(sans €pine), 514.
semiteres, 21.

serrata, 305, 809, 3138. |

sime, 308.
solium, 289, 804, 305,
306, 309.

(var. abietina), 304.
tenella, 314.
tenuicollis, 308.
tropica, 306.
vervicina, 808.
visceralis socialis gra-

nulosa, 809.
vulgaris, 304, 313, 315.
(Cysticereus) acantho-

trias, 307.

Teniarhynchus
mediocanellata, 306.
Talegalla, 247, 254.
cuvieri, 165.
lathami, 137.
Talpa
insularis, 356.
leucura, 356.
Tanygnathus
albirostris, 335, 336.
macrorhynchos, 336.
miilleri, 336.
Tanysiptera
nympha, 165.
Tapirus
americanus, 186.
indicus, 102,
Tchitrea
affinis, 317.
incei, 317.
Tellina, 228.
Tentacularia
subcompressa, 302.
Terebra, 228.
Terekia
javanica, 319.
Terinos
clarissa, 90.
taxiles, 89, 91.
terpander, 90.
tethys, 88, 91.
teuthras, 89, 90, 91.
Testudo
greca, 324.
Tetranemia, 79.
Tetrao
cupido, 153.
tetria, 84.

umbellus, 22

INDEX.

| Tetraonids, 253, 258.

|

|

| Tetrarhynchus
brevis, 114.
minuto-striatus, 114,
quadripapillosus, 115.
Tetrastoma
renale, 288, 293.
Thecosoma
hematobium, 292.
Thinocorus, 256.
rumicivorus, 257.
Thylacinus, 135.
Thylacodes, 64.
annulus, 69.
brasiliensis, 71.
colubrinus, 71, 82.
var. 6. agglomerata,
72.
var. y. albina, 72.
var. 8. atra, 72.
var. e. leviuscula, 73.
var. a. violaceo-fusca,
72.
decussatus, 66, 74, 76.
yar. 2. badia, 76.
intermedia,

var. 6. levigata, 75.
var.e. philippinensis,
75.
var. 3. tenuis, 75.
dentiferus, 67.
dentiferus, var. a, 7e-
pens, 68.
eruciformis, 70.
yar. 8. erythosclera,
70.
yar. a. lumbricella,
70.
? imbricatus, 73.
intiotiosa, 58.
longifilis, 81.
masier, 71.
var., 78.
melitensis, 58, 67, 79.
yar. y. ttalica, 67.
var. 3. repens, 67.
michaudii, 77.
natalensis, 70.
oryzata, 78.
2var. a. annulatus,
78.
polyphragma, 64,66,80.
var. a. aletes, 66.
var. B. ampla, 67.
porites, 77.
protensus, 77.
riiset, 69.
var. a. limacella, 69.
yar. 8. miihlenpford-
ti?, 69.

| Thylacodes
vumphii, 77.
scaber, 78.
squamigerus, 76.
var. a. pennata, 76.
sulcatus, 68.
turonius, 69.
(Cladopoda)elegans,82.,
gen grandis,
8

(Cladopoda) grandis,
var. a. oxygona, 81.
(Cladopoda) zelandi-
cus, 82.
(Hatina) inopertus, 79.
(Lemintina) cuvier?,80.
(Tetranemia) longifilis,
(ee
Thymallus
vulgaris, 103.
Thynnus
vulgaris, 134.
Thyrsites, 173, 175.
prometheus, 173.
Thyrsoidea
atlantica, 168.
unicolor, 168.

Tinamus, 253.
robustus, 257.
Tinca
vulgaris, 139.
Tivela, 228.
tripla, 228.
vulgaris, 228.
Todiramphus
collaris, 335, 338.
sanctus, 335, 338.
Todopsis
grayi, 166.
Tortoise, West Indian,
266.
Totanus
calidris, 320.
fuscus, 319.
Trachydosaurus
rugosus, 184.
Tragopan, 253.
Treron
delalandii, 12.
griscicauda, 335, 344.
Tribonyx, 255.
mortieri, 255.
Trichechus, 135.
| Trichina, 299.
spiralis, 288, 298, 299,
326.
Trichiurus, 175,
Trichocephalus, 297, 298,
304.
affinis, 298.
dispar, 88, 297, 298.

Trichocephalus
hominis, 297.
lemuris, 297.
paleformis, 297.
simie patas, 297.

Trichoglossus

flavoviridis, 335, 337.

ornatus, 337.
Trichuris, 297.
Trigona, 228.
Tringa

subarcuata, 319.
Tritomum

clathratum, 374.
Triton

cristatus, 184.

punctatus, 184.
Tritonium

bamfit, 374.
Trochatella

mouhoti, 277, 278.
Trochilus

sp.?, 102.

colubris, 208.

moschatus, 210.
Trochus

ziziphinus, 204.
Troglodytes

nereade

brunneicollis, 18.

hypaédon, 18.

vellerosus, 181.
Trophon, 370, 374.

candelabrum, 375.

clathratum, 374.

concinnum, 375.

crassum, 374.

crispum, 375.

Simbriatulum, 375.

incomptum, 3795.

liratum, 375.

orpheus, 375.

tantillum, 375.
Tropidolepisma

majus, 185, 186.
Tropidonotus

picturatus, 225.
? Tubulus

marinus, 74,

vermicularis, 59,

vermium, 78.
Tulaxodes, 65.
Turaceena

menadensis, 335, 345.

aédon, 316.
albiventris, 109.
amaurochalinus, 109.
ephippialis, 109.

INDEX.

Turdus
fuscatus, 317.
ignobilis, 109.
merula, 324,
migratorius, 324,
musicus, 281.
pallens, 317.
sibiricus, 317.
torquatus, 322.
viscivorus, 324,
Turritella, 200.
Tursia, 145.
Turtur
sp. ?, 322, 325.
delalandii, 12.
risorius, 184,
Tylas, 152.
eduardi, 152.
Tympanotonos, 228.
Tyntlastes, 194.
Typhis, 370, 374.
Japonica, 374,
montfortii, 374.
Tyrannus
crassirostris, 19.

Ulocyathus
arcticus, 201.
Unionium, 228.

grylle, 186.
trotle, 321.
Urochroma
stictoptera, 112.
Urocissa
cerulea, 282.
sinensis, 283.
Urolabes
palustris, 301.
Uropeltis
grandis, 253.
Ursus

americanus, 187, 261.

caudivolvulus, 134.
gulo, 134,
Japonicus, 187, 261.
labiatus, 102.
lator, 134.
maritimus, 134, 135.
mellivorus, 134.
nasua, 134.
tibetanus, 187, 261,
351

torquatus, 187, 261.

Vanga
destructor, 102,
ag for bicula, ‘298,
* edentula, 228.

393

Venus
subimbricatus, 58,
78.

Veretillum, 31, 32.
australasia, 32.
cantoria, 32.
cynomorium, 32.

Vermetus, 65.
annulatus, 69.
annulus, 69.
arenarius, 67, 71, 81.
ater, 72.
brasiliensis, 71.
cereus, 63, 72.
dentiferus, 68, 79.
elegans, 82.
gigas, 55, 57, 66, 73.
glomeratus, 55.
goreensis, 64,
grandis, 81.
granulatus, 5d.
imbricatus, 73.
tnopertus, 65, 79.
margaritarum, 76.
maser, 71.
michaudii, 77.
nove hollandie, 68, 70,

82

? porites, '75, 77.
semisurrectus, 55, 57.
? sipho, 67, 71.
subcancellatus, 55.
triqueter, 54, 55, 56.
turonius, 69.
zelandicus, 82.
(Aletes?), semisurrec-
tus, 57.
(Aletes ?) triqueter,

(Dofania) decussatus,
74.

at goreensis, 64.
Vermicella
annulata, 226.
Vermicularia
glomerata, 75.
var. 2a, d, 74.
granulata, 55.
lineolata, 66.
seabra, 74, 75.
Vermiculus, 65.
Vermis
medinensis, 299.
vesicularis, 305.
eremita, 309.
Vertagus, 228.
Vesicaria
Jinna suilla, 305.
granulosa, 310.
hygroma humana, 305.
lobata suilla, 305.
b

394

(

Vesicaria

orbicularis, 309,
Vespertilio

murinus, 102.

noctula, 102.

pipistrelia, 102.
Vespertilionide, 348,

356.

Vidua
paradisea, 322.
Vipera
erus, 210.

petrificata, 67.

russellii, 251.
Vireo

huttoni, 19.

INDEX.

Vireo

hypochryseus, 369.

Vireolanius
melitophrys, 19.
Vitularia, 370.
Viverra, 96, 353.
civetta, 323.
pallida, 353.
Viverricula
indica, 184.
Voluta, 227.

Xanthopygia
leucophrys, 317.
narcissina, 317.

Xenia, 35

Xenodon
rhabdocephalus, 23.
typhlus, 23.
inia
purpured, 27.

Yunx
torquilla, 319.

Zenaida
aurita, 140.
Zoophaga, 226.
Zosterops
japonicus, 317.
simplex, 317.

Printed by TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.

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