on wapet) oe wee Lyietete fete veh Hist ! he eee ahs PLS Ea! a ath OH pe Sia Mi) what ey = eal vn? mF “Te Wie an ix « f nt = v, { ; j e 5 i i , r y — ~ a), Mew i oe - , 7 » ‘ 7 = re s i t i 3 =o oo ' r a * i i ‘ p 4 i i i - ' oo. e J s t ‘6 ' , - i mi WAG? 4 J i ele | as) 4 > wis ee 7 ‘ m _ t d y di 4 B — Ale | ' ‘ ” \ 1 7 i 7 Aad - >» a ~ i A emeg ‘ ' fi: j 1 aL ? ’ "5 tt rilin Ss EM be A ey ‘ i's Ai ead PF dJi ayo TY ah Vey htt) ae “e es Pat y Fshie 4 ny, ie i ER ra) ite Bas fy nairom ee |S i he ee 6 ors r “gy h a 128 be y “Onn PROCEEDINGS OF THE SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON FOR THE YEAR PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, AND SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE. LONDON: MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER, PATERNOSTER ROW. LIST OF THE COW LETS OUVO RS, With References to the several Articles contributed by each. Page Apams, Henry, F.L.S. Further Descriptions of new Species of Shells collected by Robert M‘Andrew, Esq., in the Red Sea. (Plate III. ieee EEO fins etc teate, oa eiataa Ge as ak, susie e/clenbed shi a cereilta a a6 = Descriptions of fourteen new Species of Land and Marine Shells. (Plate mak. fies. U7—305) i oc fa Sars ustave chavs ale ss 12 Description of a new Species of Geotrochus from the Island eo New Briain. - «Plate XENI.) o28 ote oe ees wee cs O14 ANpDERSON, ANDREW, C.E., F.Z.S. Notes on the Raptorial Birds of India.—Part Hl. ...... 68 Additional Notes on the Raptorial Birds of North-western Dla. aan, P peasek) fide sath wert teb ged. ol ee TD AnpDERSON, Joun, M.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Director of the In- dian Museum, Calcutta. Notes on Rhinoceros sumatrensis, Cuvier ........... 129 On Manouria and Scapia, two Genera of Land-Tortoises . 132 Further Remarks on the External Characters and Anatomy of Macacus brunneus. (Plate XIL.) .................. 203 iv On some Persian, Himalayan, and other Reptiles ...... 371 On a supposed new Monkey from the Sunderbunds to the BES CARs irs, coc ive sic = mai, caie wid Seale akin ede Deke 529 Notice of a Memoir on the Osteology and Dentition of PPP EMIUIR 2.52 S255 Pics Soc tals, x 8S wn Rese, Ae ea is cei Me Awneas, Grorce Frencu, F.L.S., F.R.G.S., C.M.Z.S. Descriptions of ten new Species of Land and Marine Shells. MEiste MATE) i sceds ss pe aseteces ne eveedadawas sot Ole Description of a new Species of Voluta. (Plate XLII.) . 613 Austen, Major H. H. Gonwin-, F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., Deputy Superintendent, Topographical Survey of India. Exhibition of a Skin of Ceriornis blythii.............. 496 Descriptions of new Land and Freshwater Shells from the Khasi, North Cachar, and Nagd Hills, N.E. Bengal. (Plage RK): sey, tt ORL OG Le Rao trl rey Phe Barttiett, A. D., Superintendent of the Society’s Gardens, Additional Notes on the Breeding of the Hippopotamus in Aen GRE By CATOGNA, oy) 5\a wiah-<, bs Jin ln-ncwid 9 ugha Bla eae bs ie 819 Bravan, Lieut. Reeinatp, F.R.G.S., Revenue Survey De- partment of India. Descriptions of two imperfectly known Species of Cyprinoid Fishes from the: Punjab; Indias 2% .0025 4 enaim th trade 150 Bennett, Dr. Groree, F.Z.S. Extract of a Letter from, relating to a pair of Didunculi and other Birds living in the Botanic Gardens, Sydney .... 636 BoweErBANK, JAMES Scott, LL.D., F.R.S., &c. Contributions to a General History of the Spongiade. Part. (Plates V.. MEN oi ase ee arin sence ee 615 Description of a Young Tapir from the Peruvian Amazons. (CPHRGIELY:) os oe ote ce s oe Ra al eet ee eee 624 On the Sea-bear of New Zealand (Arctocephalus cinereus) and the North-Australian Sea-bear (Gysophoca tropicalis) . 653 Description of the younger Skull of Steller’s Sea-bear (Eumetopias stelleri).. 6... 60.0.6 ee es kiss th sa sm We ee 737 Additional Notes on Arctocephalus cinereus and on Gyp- MEE Nes einai e win) Su nays oh Roe SLUR eS one Cle ae el 743 Notes on Corals from the South and Antarctic Seas. (Plates TRAD SURI :.)) 6s sas pede bial « wilin Cia And Hee ee Rhee ee Notes on Propithecus, Indris, and other Lemurs (Lemu- rina) in the British Museum. (Plates LXIX.-LXXI.).... 846 On the Fossane of D’Aubenton (Fossa d aubentonii). (Plate TX XUV.) so coche fate Lode Sagas os eae see On the Actinemys marmorata of Mr. Lord from British Cotambig ais os wis fas omens > <55.465 + «os tn vei so ae eee 16 On the size of the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of the Salmonide and some other Vertebrates ............++5 833 ix GintTuer, ALBERT, M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S. On two Species of Hydrosaurus from the Philippine Islands. Page REV hh WU oe 5 8s te ats wean hin otha oP widlio isin <6 pe 145 On a new Genus of Characinoid Fishes from Demerara... 146 On the Reptiles and Amphibians of Borneo. (Plates Pee Rs ptic eet Nels oni as 5s hints eh oak dale 4 Teseye aie 586 Note on Hyla punctata and Hyla rhodoporus.......... 662 Note on the Black Snake of Robben Island, South Africa.. 836 Note on a hitherto unpublished Drawing in the Buchanan- Hamilton Collection, representing Barbus beavani........ 875 Hartzavs, Dr. G., F.M.Z.S., and Finscu, Dr. O., C.M.Z.S. On a fourth Collection of Birds from the Pelew and RrdeRClede ANLAMOR S Gale. «Viz Jos Sam © 4 asin vieiglcauers Siete Fare Sie 87 Hiceins, EpmMunp Tuomas, F.Z.S. . Descriptions of new Species of Shells discovered by Mr. Clarence Buckley in Ecuador. (Plate LVI.)............ 685 Hoxtpsworts, E. W. H., F.L.S., F.Z.S. Catalogue of Birds found in Ceylon; with some Remarks on their Habits and Local Distribution, and Descriptions of two new Species peculiar to the Island. (Plates XVII.-XX.) 404 Note on a Cetacean observed on the West Coast of Ceylon 583 Hupson, WituiaM H., C.M.Z.S. On the Birds of the Rio Negro of Patagonia. With Notes by P. L. Scuarer, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the Bocittg- (rite MeN) ud. ts de. Hoel ee eal 534 On the Habits of the Swallows of the Genus Progne met with in the Argentine Republic. With Notes by P. L. Scxiater, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the Society .. 605 Notes on the Habits of the Churinche (Pyrocephalus PUOINGHS) ic cis'ins Qadoatere MoMenGtle chk MORRIS ote 808 On the Habits of the Vizcacha (Lagostomus trichodactylus) 822 Further Observations on the Swallows of Buenos Ayres,. 844 x Page Hutton, Captain F. W., C.M.Z.S. Descriptions of some new Starfishes from New Zealand .. 810 Hutron, Capt. Toomas, C.M.Z.S. On the Bats of the North-western Himalayas. With Notes and Corrections in Nomenclature by Prof. W. Perrrs, PMA. 6 SPR PE PREPS BE, BOE 690 Krerrt, GERARD, Curator and Secretary, Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, C.M.Z.S. Letter from, on the Species of Wombat (Phascolomys) .. 795 Le Conte, Joun L., M.D., C.M.Z.S. On Platypsyllide, a new Family of Coleoptera. (Plate LEVEL) ns skeen ds coos a, Saab eyes crates eta Ga MacatisterR, ALEXANDER, M.B. (T.C.D.), Professor of Zoology in the University of Dublin, President of the Royal Geological Society of Ireland. Notes on a Specimen of the Broad-headed Wombat (Phas- COLINAS BIFORS) G Se SOPOT BESS EA PE, PSO 497 Moore, FrEDERIC. Descriptions of new Indian Lepidoptera. (Plates XXXII.- Moris, James, M.D., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S. On the Skeleton of Todus, with Remarks as to its Allies. (Communicated by Professor Newton, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.) (Plate TV.) 5 o sea seyret 715 Observations on the Macaques.—I. The Bornean Ape .. 721 On the Cranial Appendages and Wattles of the Horned Wraropan;, (Plates LX LL), ....... fo. se eek oe xl Page Observations on the Macaques. —II. Bélanger’s Monkey.. 770 Observations on the eae The Formosan or Round-faced Monkey ............. Se aUt MEE Og 7 | Observations on the Macaques.—IV. The Japanese Monkey 780 Newton, AtFreD, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy in the University of Cam- bridge. Exhibition of, and Remarks on, a Specimen of Ross’s Gull (Larus rossi)...... tal sea. 6 9) «0h sa So A ART oh Conyers taal ate 1 Owen, Prof. Ricuarp, F.R.S., F.Z.S., &. Letter from, addressed to the Secretary concerning the Remains of id aueavia hes be AO © > ana Stee 2 819 Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in October and November 1872. (Plate LXXII.).......... 860 Exhibition of a Nest of the Tijereta (Milvulus tyrannus) containing eggs of Molothrus bonariensis............04-- 862 Scott, Water J., C.M.Z.S. Letter from, addressed to the Secretary, respecting the supposed ‘ Native Tiger’ of Queensland .............. 355 Second letter from, on the existence of a “ Native Tiger” AEA) MEETS ATA oy acfrtew eae see: oie pe tere tee sce ba fetaeateet abers ars OR 796 Semper, Rev. J. E., Colonial Chaplain. Observations on the Birds of St. Lucia. With Notes by P. L. Scuater, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the ST TELT N GINE PL Nee Ree ra ee ae POA 647 Saarpe, Ricuarp Bownpter, F.L.S., F.Z.S. Exhibition of Specimens of Blue Rock-Thrushes (Peéro- CORSO DIN) 6 ov oye0' wi nibua't\ Sas Rae a ee Ae 496 Contributions to the Ornithology of Madagascar.—Part III. (Plate SC) ih. ne Tiee Si nies att dh 866 Swinuog, Rozert, F.Z.S., H.B.M. Consul at Ningpo. Descriptions of two new Pheasants and a new Garrulax from, Ningpe, CRI ica. noi siin won) sw ees OR 550 Letter from, on a Deer seen in captivity in Shanghai .... 798 Notes on Chinese Mammalia observed near Ningpo Wa pen, Artuur, Viscount, F.R.S., President of the Society. Notice of an Appendix to his Memoir on the Birds of Celebes IL. IV. ax XXII. XXIII. XXXII. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXII. LIST OF PLATES. Nyctipithecus rufipes .csececevenvenrereerenraee 9 Ateles veller0suS .ecsesvcscvececesacesecscerers New Species of Shells from the Red Sea and eg 9 Localities 6:5. <'0!s 2) s'eheissayatesjaidvatolacel s'*\ebs ojey0'e wre arly New Shells from Australia and the Western spout 18 SPAM GS 5: a gtercieins tala cies, o-s\sssn op Vousleyas Neysintehas sas .ofeiges Tethea muricata, T. unca, T.ingalli, and T. norvagica 115 Halispongia choanoides ......servveveceeervenes Hydrosaurus Cumingit ....ee eevee een ee ee neeeeees 145 MUCRATIS. «os oo ivisccisitianccee ve vensiocsseccnes Caswarius kaupt oi csevs cence nnn ne rene ee eenees 147 Geodia m’andrewtt 1... ccc cece rene cere ee tenees ] TRAC ORE AADC E DDD E COU DUkkee code { Me Macacus brunneus.... 02. eee c eee nee ee ne eens 203 Spiders of Palestine and Syria........--+seeeeeees 212 Erythrosterna hyperythra ..seeceveecccererecene Brachypteryx palliseri ....cscesereeererneneeenes Arrenga blight ....sscceeseceecenccsereesessene 404 Fig. 1. Zosterops palpebrosus......++eerers seers Fig. 2. —— ceylomensis .....sseeerececrserccers Tapirus leucogenyS ....verereveence se reeececees > Fig. 1. Tapirus enigmaticus Fo ok Bolterepmce PE UC \ 483 Fig. 2. CCUAAOTENSIS JU. 4. sr eeeeeeerrecenens Fig. 3. terrestris J. veessececssevecrsesees 4 Rhinoceros lasiotis ....20eeeeveeeeecesereeecess 494 Macacus rufescenS ..sssseccrcersrececcecncense —— rheso-similis wivcccssecercnsscceeccecuees 495 Casuarius bicarunculatus 1.1.11 secre ee eeeecees Chelymys victorid....sesrcceceevseneneesercrees KrF EE 6 0cicrciccarcecececcceeoouense sevens ee 504 Elseya latisternum ...seveccnrreceerecereeecens Naga and Khasi Hills Shells ......-.- Mis See i 514 Cnipolegus hudsoni ......sssseveeceesencrrecees 534 New Indian Lepidoptera... ....+.++++s+e0% ateea yy Boe Fig. A. Draco cristatellus Vigtem tele Reiielecio's sees 586 Fig. B. Spilopterus ....severecereccverecers xvi Plate Page XXXVI. Tiaris logaster ....0cccccccccccvescvcesecsscess 7 Fig. A. Lophocalotes interruptus ....+++.seeeeees XXXVII Bie B. Tiaris miotympanum ....6++++.eeeeeeeees Fig. C. SOPNEC sreie\s sia(v-9.0\0)0 0,0 /0)e\0/n\e.vie)=iclece claiste MXXVIL., Trarts tuberculatus 6.26.2. cs cccncccncceccnenve : : cae 786 Fig. A. Calamaria gractllima ........ se eeeeeeeees aoe Fig B. Simotes subcarinatus .......+++eeceeeeeee | Fig. A. Rana conspicillata ......0...0ceereeeceee XL. }Bie Bi Hylorana yerbod jcmsecccce ries e+ ee cle ca ele Fig. C. Polypedates signatus ........0+eeeeeeens J PRTG Lee Gazell apg nate ae) galeta chtictel a nictato| oro 6: cen, ohne a ele 601 XLII. New Australian and other Shells ................ 610 OGD, - » Peltastesforstenttic =. een ee eo es © ls as 615 XLIV. New Species of Cassis and Cyprea .............. 616 CEVen dL apirUus PErUctinws Niro: alee vies cle v oe e's «ie oth atele es 624 ERED AVINg SG COUta IUDERCHIOSTE Fart.l.:dclclns sive ose els ces kilo vacate > XLVII. UAUTELOSUL™ 1, \eharatatalstelavane pic's ate whe theta sa) Soars relnaat ate { XLVIII. Pachymatisma areolata ....6cccccccescccccccces i 626 XLIX. Hymentacidon angulata ... 50000. ote et se wuss Ty RP Ler OMS MAGNULCUS a. oyo'o ole <6.0 Sieka: + ns tion's costo note MS ARPA Ly AG 0 a ane OOO TO UOIOd TOF IDMOL cs 635 LIL. WERE TRE on GUS OC oO Doe oe OO S cons LID. Nanotraguspygmeus: .....0.c2ecccccetyeccceacs 637 Wale = PAL CIES fUSCICED As aveia en se alelcoleleie cle ee slale “teers = >) earaig 663 HV POsteology-of Vodusic as orl cis clom'e eo vit sitlecss/o/esialere 664 LVI. New Shells from Ecuador ..........0..ceeeecee. 685 Ma WILMA telesiasijipeminas Vere o's s aleromrnl eve stotetsver~ siete also" /nl aire LE WAAL GOS BT ged i 01 ORS © Brpoesbice! aicn chaicicana rch coc aesot 0G 688 LIX. Cervus savannarum 6 oo. ..05 2. sev csccescsvecace = Structure of Ceriornis satyrd .... 00. e eee cece ene 730 LXII. usu New Antarctic! Corals, <'a.0th of an inch thick, and made up of smooth fibrils closely connected together, each about .,;th of an inch in diameter, and the whole of them so thickly studded with nuclei as to make the fibres appear speckled when examined under an achromatic object- glass of one tenth of an inch focal length. Not even a single trans- versely striated fibre or fibril could be found on the cesophagus lower than the termination of the pharyngeal muscles. In short, there was no transversely striated muscular fibre on the true cesophagus ; and thus this bird affords no exception to the rule of a want of this kind of muscle on the cesophagus of the class. And hence, so far as is at present known, Mammals and Fishes might be truly defined as Vertebrates with transversely striated muscular fibre on the cesophagus, and Birds and Reptiles as Verte- brates devoid of a transversely striated cesophageal muscular sheath. How the differences in the extent of this fibre along the cesophagus afford good taxonomic characters in the Mammalian class has been explained in my papers published in the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Zoolo- gical Society, June 14, 1842, April 22, 1869, and May 12, 1870. The colour of the muscles of animals is often, but by no means always, correlated with their energetic action. Neither is the colour regularly indicative of the intensity of the transverse markings in animals generally, nor is it redder in the cesophagus of Ruminants particularly than in many other Mammals. In Insects of the most active habits, and in numerous energetic Fishes and Lizards, the muscles are pale, and yet more forcibly marked with transverse stripes than the deeply coloured muscles of many Birds and Mammals, as is well known of the Skate and Man to teachers of histology. Leydig, indeed, maintains that this distinctness or largeness of the strize is related to the activity of the muscles, and adduces Insects as exempli- fications of his opinion. But the muscles of many sluggish Cater- pillars and of some other equally tardy Arthropoda are quite as plainly striated. In several birds, as the common Swift (Cypselus apus), the transverse striz of the fibres of the wonderfully active pectoral muscles are much less distinct than in the comparatively idle muscles of the legs (Proc. Zool. Soc. June 14, 1842). Though in Ruminants the transversely striated muscle of the cesophageal sheath extends to the stomach, there is a large proportion of smooth muscular fibre on the last inch or two of the cesophagus. And in many other Mammalia, as, e. y., certain Bears and Rodents, the Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1872, No. II. ey co 18 DR. J. C. COX ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. [ Jan. 2, cesophageal muscular sheath is quite as red and comparatively as thick as in Ruminantia, and even more completely composed through- out its length to its cardiac end of transversely striated muscular fibre than in this order. 5. Descriptions of new Land-Shells from Australia and the South-Sea Islands. By James C. Cox, M.D., of Sydney, New South Wales. [Received December 4, 1871.] (Plate IV.) 1, Hetrx (Hexicostyita) crorroni, sp. nov. (Plate IV. fig. 1.) Shell imperforate, rather solid, conoid-globose, obliquely trans- versely striated, yellow, ornamented with dark chestnut or blackish zones and lines of various widths, one, in particular, always beneath the suture, and another at the base round the umbilical region, the intervening space between these two lines being more or less oc- cupied with narrow lines; spire raised, conoidly rounded, suture impressed, margined with a white thread; whorls 7, convex, last whorl descending in front ; aperture lunar-oval, pale violet within ; peristome straight, whitish, expanded and moderately reflexed throughout, margins joined by a rather thick glossy callus; colu- mella solid, slightly curved, dilated and impressed, strongly ad- herent to the body-whorl, occluding the umbilicus. Diam., greatest 1°65, least 1°34; height 1°60 inch. Hab. Hydrometer River, west of Port MacKay, Queensland, Aus- tralia; found inside the hollow trunks of quangdong trees. This species appears to be very local in habitat ; its characters participate in those of Helix blomfieldi, Cox, and Helix cowi, Crosse. 2. Henix (HaApRA) PARSONI, sp. nov. (Plate IV. fig. 2.) Shell with a large deep open umbilicus, transversely finely striated, globosely conical, dark purple-black, much lighter towards the apex, where it is indistinctly ornamented with fine spiral lines; spire raised, obtusely conical, suture distinctly margined with a narrow white line; whorls 73, convex, gradually increasing in size, last produced and deflected in front, base flattened ; aperture diagonal, ovately lunar, livid within; peristome of a purplish white colour, very slightly thickened, expanded and reflexed throughout ; margins approximating, joined by a thin glossy callus, columellar margin triangularly dilated, overhanging the large umbilicus. Diam., greatest 1°42, least 1:09 ; height 1°53 inch. Hab. Gayndah, Queensland, Australia. This species, in general aspect, is very like some of the smaller GB Sowerby lith COURT VU VV SHELLS FROM AUSTRALIA & ISLANDS. WESTERN PACIFIC M KN. Hanhazt Teap THE 1872. ] DR. J. C. COX ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. 19 specimens of H. blomfieldi, Cox, but it may at once be distin- guished from that species by its flat base and its large open umbi- licus, overhung by the expanded columellar margin. 3. Hexirx (TRACHIA) DRYANDERENSIS, Sp. nov. Shell flatly depressed, smooth, thin, with a very large, broad, open, shallow umbilicus, in which the sutures of the spire are distinctly seen, light brown throughout; whorls 43, extremely rounded, gradually increasing in size, the last much deflected in front, base rounded; spire almost flat, suture large and deep ; aperture circular, dilated, slightly constricted behind ; margins almost meeting, columellar margin simple, straight. Diam., greatest 0°42, least 0°34; height 0°15 of an inch. Hab. Mount Dryander, Port Denison, Queensland, Australia. This species is allied to Helix cyclostomata, Le Guillou, but it partakes even more of the form of a Cyclostoma than that species. 4. Butimus (PLACOSTYLUS) CUNICULINSULA, sp. nov. (Plate IV. fig. 3.) Shell largely rimate, pyramidally ovate, thin, translucent, covered with a tough chestnut-coloured epidermis, obliquely, roughly, irre- gularly striated longitudinally ; spire conical, lighter at the apex and denuded of epidermis; whorls 6, convex, the last inflated, rounded at the base, equalling three fifths the length of the shell ; aperture irregularly ovate; peristome straight, slightly thickened and somewhat everted, tinted with pink internally ; columella pyra- midally dilated, of a pink colour, moderately arched; margins of the peristome joined by a thin pink callus. Length 1°65, breadth 0°75 of an inch. Hab. Rabbit Island, near Lord Howe’s Island, Pacific Ocean. This species has recently been found abundantly on Rabbit Island ; it is closely allied to its neighbour Bulimus bivaricosus, Gask., of Lord Howe’s Island; it is a smaller and a lighter shell, and is inva- riably decidedly rimate. 5. Buxtimus (CHARIS) KREFTII, sp.nov. (Plate IV. fig. 4.) Shell scarcely rimate, elongately ovate, not thin, longitudinally finely striated, shining, covered with a light reddish-brown epi- dermis ; apex yellow-red, suture deep-margined below with a white line; whorls 6, convex, the last occupying two thirds the length of the shell; aperture large, elongately oval, white within; peristome straight, thickened and everted at the edge; columella white, broadly conical, dividing into two pillars, one running on to the body-whorl and blending with the thin callus which joins the margins of the peristome, the second (which is flattened and pro- jecting) running spirally within the body-whorl. Length 2°10, breadth 0°92 of an inch. Hab. Solomon Islands. I have several specimens of this shell in my collection, which I am unable to refer to any of the previously described species. =. 6.7m 20 MR.J. BRAZIER ON NEW LAND AND MARINE SHELLS. [Jan. 2, 6. Herix (GeorRocuuUs) LEUCOPH#A, sp. nov. (Plate IV. fig. 5.) Shell with a covered umbilicus, turbinately globose, transversely very finely striated, and, at the base more particularly, finely longi- tudinally striated ; usually very light brown, ornamented with grey zones and bands; whorls 53 to 6, gradually increasing, rounded, last very slightly reflected in front, subangled at the periphery, flattened at the base; suture impressed ; aperture lunar-oval; peri- stome white, flatly expanded and reflected; margins approximating, columellar margin dilated and reflexed, concealing the umbilicus. Diam., greatest 0°80, least 0°62; height 0°80 of an inch. Hab. Gaudalcanar, San Christoval, and other islands of the So- lomon group. I have possessed specimens of this shell for several years; and it was considered, by good authorities to whom I referred it, to be Helix migratoria; I took for granted that it was such, and have frequently distributed it under that name. Having since looked into the characters of Helix migratoria, as given by Pfeiffer in the Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, p. 108, and at the figure of the same (pl. xxxii. fig. 3), I find that they do not correspond with the characters of the shell now described, which I therefore consider to be a new species; it varies much in its markings, being some- times uniformly of a grey colour without bands, and again uni- formly of a light brown colour, with no grey zones or bands. 6. Descriptions of seven new Species of Land and Marine Shells from the Solomon Islands, Western Polynesia, and Australia. By Joun Brazier, C.M.Z.S8. [Received December 4, 1871.] (Plate fy.) [Specimens of the species marked with an asterisk are deposited in the British Museum. | *], Hexiix (Grorrocuvs) BRoDIET, sp. nov. (Plate IV. fig. 6.) Shell imperforate, flatly conical, thin, shining, obliquely faintly and irregularly plicately striated, white, with a chalk-white band at the suture and periphery, and with a spiral band of dark brown at the base, sometimes diffused ; with the white band at the periphery ; keeled, rather blunt at the apex; whorls 5, nearly flat, the last con- vex at the base; aperture oblique, rhomboidally ovate; peristome dark brown, moderately thickened, margins approximating, the right slightly deflexed, the columellar margin reflected and furnished with a straight callus. Diam. maj. 8, min. 63, alt. 7 lin. Hab. Choiseul Island, Solomon Islands. 1872.| MR. J. BRAZIER ON NEW LAND AND MARINE SHELLS. 2] This fine species I have named after its discoverer Capt. Brodie, an enthusiastic collector, who has contributed much to our know- ledge of the Solomon Islands. Varieties of this species occur in which the dark-brown band is occasionally found above the chalk-white one, and a brown band under the periphery. *2. Hexix (GEOTROCHUS) CHOISEULENSIS, sp. nov. (Plate IV. fig. 7.) Shell perforate, conical, moderately solid, obliquely very finely striated, reddish brown, ornamented with a yellow sutural band, and two others below; spire conical, apex acute ; whorls 6, moderately convex, the last not descending, slightly angled at the periphery, convex at the base; aperture diagonal; peristome rose-coloured, rather widely expanded and reflected; collumellar margin dilated and reflexed, almost covering the perforation. Diam. maj. 8, min. 6, alt. 8 lin. Hab. Choiseul Island, Solomon Islands (Captain Brodie). This pretty species is intermediate in form between Helix splen- descens, Cox, and Helix mendana, Angas, also from the Solomon Islands. *3. Hextix (Greorrocuus) MENDOZA, sp. nov. (Plate IV. fig. 8.) Shell narrowly perforate, conical, rather thin, very finely obli- quely striated, light straw-colour throughout ; spire conoid, apex rather obtuse ; whorls 6 to 63, slightly convex, narrowly channel- led at the suture, sharply carinated and angled at the periphery, base rather flat; aperture oblique, triangularly ovate ; peristome thin, white, right margin a little expanded, columellar margin re- flexed, and expanded over the perforation. Diam. maj. 63, min. 53, alt. 8 lin. Hab. Choiseul Island, Solomon Islands (Captain Brodie). This species differs from any of the known Geotrochi from the Solomon Islands in being sharply carinated at the periphery. 4, Hexvix (CAMHNA) MULGRAVENSIS, sp. nov. Shell umbilicated, turbinately globose, thin, smooth, very faintly obliquely striated with fine granulations (only seen under the lens), reddish yellow, with numerous spiral chestnut lines and bands; spire conoid, obtuse ; whorls 6, convex, last deflected in front, base sculptured the same as the upper surface; umbilicus deep; aper- ture diagonal, lunate, interior purplish ; peristome reflected, tinged with brown, margins approximating and joined by a thin callus, columellar margin dilated and reflected, nearly covering the um- _ bilicus. Diam. maj. 2 inches 4 lin., min. 1 inch 2 lin., alt. 1 inch 1 lin. Hab. Mulgrave Island, Torres Strait, North Australia (coll. Bra- zier and Hargraves). This species is distinguished by the numerous fine reddish lines ¢ hh 22 MR. J. BRAZIER ON NEW LAND AND MARINE SHELLS. [Jan. 2, encircling the whole of the shell, more numerous on the base, and by the pink and brown peristome. *5. Triton (Eprpromus) coxt, sp. nov. (Plate IV. fig. 9.) Shell turrite, thin, with six rather indistinct rounded varices ; spire slightly twisted, apex obtuse ; whorls 6, sculptured with irre- gular, very close-set, longitudinal ribs, slightly noduled at the suture, rounded, and articulated with fine impressed strize, very light brown, darker on the varices, the whorls furnished with three transverse lines in the form of dots somewhat like a chain, the last or body- whorl with a dark-brown blotch, and finely marked with dots of the same colour; columella arcuate, smooth; lip white, thickened ; canal very short, recurved; outer lip white, finely denticulated within. Alt. 1 inch, breadth 22 lines. Hab. Bellengen River, New South Wales (Brazier). This pretty species I have named after Dr. James Cox of Sydney. It is the second species of the subgenus Epidromus that has been found on the coast of New South Wales; it is a very light shell, while the Lpidromus brazieri, Angas, is a thick and heavy shell. I obtained a few broken specimens of it also at the Bellengen river. 6. TRITONIDEA PETTERDI, Sp. nov. Shell fusiform, thick, longitudinally flatly ribbed and trans- versely ridged, the interstices filled with rows of muricated scales (only seen under the lens), whitish, ornamented with a pure white band in the centre of the whorls, and a faint brown one below; spire moderately elevated, apex blunt; whorls 6, almost flat, suture impressed; aperture ovate; canal short, slightly recurved; collu- mella arched ; outer lip crenulated, thickened externally, strongly denticulated within. Alt. 54, breadth 2 lines. Hab. North-east coast of Tasmania (WV. F. Petterd). I have only seen one specimen of this species, which is in the cabinet of Mr. Petterd. 7. Humpureyia coxi. (Plate IV. figs. 10, 10a.) Shell with the valves large, broadly ovately rounded, horny white, irregularly roughly striated; tube straight, smooth, opaque- white, short and round; disk globularly inflated, wrinkled, rather sparingly covered with short, straight, small tubes and a few per- forations. Length of valves 0°46, breadth 0°32; height of inflated disk 1-00, breadth 0°80; length of tube from edge of disk 1°05 inch. Hab. Near Port Stephens, east coast of New South Wales. The general shape of this interesting shell reminds one of a short club, It differs from the only other species of the same genus, Humphreyiarstrangei, in the very large ovately rounded shell, in the straight tube, and in the inflated disk; the tube partakes of the character of the genus Humphreyia, and the inflated disk of that of 1872.| THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 23 Aspergillum, The type specimen is in the cabinet of Dr. James C. Cox of Sydney. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IV. . Helix ( Helicostyla) croftoni, p. 18. Hadra) parsoni, p. 18. . Bulimus (Placosty!us) cuniculinsule, p. 19. (Charis) kreftii, p. 19. Helix ( Geotrochus) leucophea, p. 20. ) brodei, p. 20. —— (——) choiseulensis, p. 21. (——) mendoza, p. 21. . Triton (Epidromus) coxi, p. 22. . Humphreyia coxi, p. 22. = is fo} S SO 10TH ST Oo WD In a second communication from Mr. Brazier, the following addi- tional habitats of certain species of Volutide were given :— Scapha mamilla, Gray, hitherto regarded as only from Tasmania, has been found near Lake Macquarie, New South Wales. Scaphella marmorata, Swainson, ranges from Outer Manly Beach, near the north head of Port Jackson, northwards as far as the Clarence river. Scapha deshayesii, Reeve, is not from the Solomon Islands, as given by Dr. Gray in his British-Museum Catalogue, but from the east coast of New Caledonia, at Uagap, and north of Balade. Scapha punctata, Swainson, is found at intervals all along the east coast of New South Wales, from Broken Bay northwards as far as the Bellengen and Clarence rivers. January 16, 1872. Prof. Newton, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of December, 1871 :— The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena- gerie during the month of December was 64, of which 6 were by birth, 29 by presentation, 17 by purchase, 4 received in exchange, and 8 received on deposit. The total number of departures during the same period by death and removals was 94. Amongst the additions three only are of sufficient interest to call for special remarks. These are :— 1, A Cuvier’s Toucan (Ramphastos cuviert), purchased Dec. 14th, being the first example of this fine species received alive by the Society. 24 LETTER FROM PROF. OWEN. [Jan. 16, 2. A Grey-winged Blackbird (Turdus pecilopterus, Vigors), brought from Cashmere, and presented to the Society by Mrs. W. A. Ross, Dec. 21st, being, as I believe, the only example of this excellent songster brought to Europe, except one previously received by the Society in 1859*. 3. A young female Prince-Alfred’s Deer, born in the Gardens Dec. 27th, having been bred between the male presented by the Duke of Edinburgh May 5th, 1870+, and the female obtained in exchange April Ist, 1871¢. The female was placed with the male on her arrival, aud copulation took place very soon afterwards. The fawn resembles its mother, as regards marking, in every particular, and at present shows every symptom of health and strength. The acquisition of both sexes of a Cervus previously unknown to science, and its propagation in our Gardens, must be regarded as occurrences of special interest. I may add that, since the return of the Duke of Edinburgh to this country, I have ascertained that the male Cervus alfredi (of the history of which we were previously unacquainted) was pre- sented to His Royal Highness by a Spanish gentleman at Manilla ; so that the supposed habitat of this species (indicated P. Z. 8. 1871, p- 478) is confirmed. The following letter was read from Prof. Owen, addressed to the BECIetarte “ British Museum, 6th January, 1872. “My pear S1r,—In a letter from my esteemed correspondent, Dr. Julius Haast, F.R.S. &c., dated ‘Christchurch, New Zealand, October 27th, 1871,’ he informs me that ‘ Apftornis has been found in the Glenmark swamp; the Canterbury Museum possesses a femur identical with that figured by you.’ ‘ Cuemiornis does not occur in the swamp’ (at Glenmark) ‘except very rarely, but is very frequent in the stratified, postpliocene, peaty, alluvial beds below it, exposed in the banks of a small creek. «“<«T have no doubt that, on some of the large islands at the south-western parts of this island, the Notornis is still comparatively abundant; but it is so very difficult to get there. It has always been my wish to go there for a month or so, if I could only manage to be landed by one of the steamers.’ “It is, of course, gratifying to me to receive this confirmation of the two generic types of large extinct Ralline birds in New Zealand, as it must be to you to have this acknowledgment of the aid given by the plates published in the Society’s ‘ Transactions’ in advancing our knowledge of those rare species. *« Believe me, truly yours, ** RicHARD OWEN,” “ P. L. Selater, Esq., F.R.S., “See. Zool. Soc. Lond.” See Cat. of Vert. Ist ed. p. 50. . "4 t’ See P.Z:S. 1870, p. 381. t See P. Z.8. 1871, p. 478. 1872.] MR, DRESSER ON REGULOIDES AND PHYLLOSCOPUS. 25 Mr. H. E. Dresser, F.Z.S., exhibited some skins and eggs of various species of Reguloides and Phylloscopus, and made the fol- lowing remarks :— “©On the 7th of Feb. last, I had the honour to exhibit before this Society some eggs, which I then had good reason to believe were those of Reguloides superciliosus ; but since then I have ascer- tained that such was not the case. I have now the pleasure of bringing to your notice the true eggs of the last-named bird, collected by the well-known Indian naturalist, Mr. W. E. Brooks of Etawah. This gentleman undertook, at considerable expense, a journey to Cashmere in May last, chiefly for the purpose of finding out the breeding-haunts of this species, and was fortunate enough to pro- cure a splendid series of eggs, obtaining likewise, in almost every instance, the old bird along with the eggs. ‘JT will not enter into full details of the nidification of this species (although I have received very full particulars from Mr. Brooks), as I understand from him that he has sent a paper to the Editor of ‘The Ibis’ on the subject, but will merely state that the Dalmatian Regulus places its nest on the ground, most generally on a bank-side, whereas its near ally, Reguloides proregulus, the eggs of which were procured by Mr. Brooks’s friend, Capt. Cock, places its nest, like the Gold Crest (Regulus cristatus), high up ina fir tree. The nest of Reguloides superciliosus is dome-shaped, built of grass, and sometimes lined with hair, the entrance being at the side. “IT have also much pleasure in exhibiting an egg of Reguloides occipitalis, procured by Mr. Brooks at the same time as the above- mentioned eges of &. superciliosus. Mr. Brooks wrote to me some time ago, suggesting that the white eggs which I exhibited as those of 2. superciliosus might possibly be those of 2. occipitalis ; and it is probable that he is correct in his surmise, as will be seen by com- paring the egg of this species procured by Mr. Brooks with (as it now appears) the spurious eggs I exhibited on the 7th of Feb. last. The twenty-four eggs of Reguloides superciliosus and the one egg of R. occipitalis were all taken by Mr. Brooks himself at Gulmurg, Cashmere, between the 31st of May and 7th of June last. ‘* The former, as will be seen from the specimens now exhibited, are white, more or less spotted with red, and in some instances purplish brown, and in character are intermediate between the eggs of our common Willow-Wren and the Chiffchaff. The egg of Reguloides occipitalis is of a pure white. “I may also take the present opportunity of exhibiting a new European Chiffchaff, described by Mr. E. F. von Homeyer at the meeting of the German ornithologists, held in May last at Gorlitz, under the name of Phyllopneuste brehmi. It is only fair to Mr. Brooks to state that he wrote to me early in March last to say that he had discovered, amongst some Warblers sent to him by the Rev. Canon Tristram, a new species which he proposed to call Phyllo- pneuste tristrami, which now proves to be the bird described by Mr. von Homeyer. Mr. Brooks sent to Canon Tristram a short paper describing this species at the time that he wrote to me; but, owing 26 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. [Jan. 16, to some cause or another, it was not published, and it is now too late to do so. Directly I read Mr. von Homeyer’s description of Phyllopneuste brehmi, 1 wrote to Mr. Brooks telling him that his bird had been, so far as I could judge, described ; and he sent me his specimen, which I now exhibit, and which agrees precisely with Mr. von Homeyer’s description. “JT beg also to lay before the Society another specimen of Phyl- lopneuste brehmi, procured near Constantinople by Mr. Robson, as also specimens of our common Chiffchaff (P. rufa) from Turkey, Italy, and Great Britain, in order to show the distinctness of the present species. When sending the above specimen of P. brehm, Mr. Robson wrote to me as follows :—‘ The Chiffchaff here, I fully believe, is different from the English bird; at least I aim certain the cry of the female is different. I suppose they build on the ground ; but I have found no nests, though | have anxiously looked for them. I have shot the bird when ready to lay, and have seen old birds feeding their young.’ ”’ The following papers were read :— 1. A Synonymie List of the Species formerly included in the Genus Pieris; with all others described since the Sub- division of the Group by recent Authors. By A. G. Butter, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c. [Received December 12, 1871.] I have, for the last two or three years, devoted much time to the determination of the genera and species of the subfamily Pierine ; and in an essay published in the third part of the ‘ Cistula Entomo- logica,’ I investigated the structural characters of this group, sepa- rating it, by the neuration of the wings, form of antennee and palpi, with other minor characters, into forty-eight genera: since the pub- lication of this paper I have found it necessary to suppress one genus (Heliochroma), as I discovered that it was founded upon an abnormal species of Hesperocharis; I have also added two genera—Larino- poda (Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 172, Feb. 1871) and Sealidoneura (Proc. Zool. Soe. p. 250 (1871). In the third part of my ‘ Lepidoptera Exotica’ I commenced a revision of the species of the subfamily, with an illustrated mono- graph of the genus Caliidryas, a paper now rather more than half finished; in March 1871 I gave a list of the species of [vias in the ‘Proceedings’ of this Society, pp. 252-254; and in June a list of the species formerly included in Terias, pp. 526-541. I now propose to give a complete list of the species referred by authors to the old genus Pieris. The genus Pieris, properly speaking, should perhaps have no place in zoological nomenclature; for it Schrank ever had a type for it, he did not fix it, and the first species that he mentions is Par- nassius apollo. Latreille, I believe, subsequently fixed the type as 1872.) MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. 27 P. cardamines, but apparently did not know what he had done, as he began his arrangement of the group in his ‘Ene. Méth.’ with another orange-tipped species, P. glaucippe: he certainly was not followed by subsequent authors; and it would create much confusion to follow him now. I therefore prefer to retain the first section of Boisduval’s Pieris, fixing as its type the P. amathonte of Cramer (see ‘Cist. Ent.’ p. 49), and for the present rejecting the syno- nymous genus Perrhybris, Hiibner. In the preparation of this paper I have been much assisted by proofs of Mr. Kirby’s recently published ‘Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’ forwarded to me by the author before the completion of that very useful work; and it is by his express desire that I so soon supplement a portion of that publication by a revision of this group of Butterflies. I recognize fifteen genera as having formed parts of the great genus Pieris as employed in Doubleday, Westwood, and Hewitson’s ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera ;’ they now contain 341 described species in the following proportions :— VCO are oh 2 3 afd acct 9 LPI LEN OR Oe an 67 Sl Ug ne a a 14 ie PIENBEROORTIS ha casa iat a ica wincia | LZ 0. Leptophobia ....-.3..4-.2... 15 ee 2, a SAE a ae SP eed) 15 Pine Nha spe «ons wie cn 4 tt 66 ie il a 2 LEDS IT T ( See e rr 13 OIE. 5 Sainis mics cas sthewe 4G Ud ge A BR EL Mane 1 Low Metaperte 203. oi! woods 3 LD SSUMEME oe. octal SOA: Feu detae «30 eRe 20 7 > a 6 Me PERERA REE oy oe) Oe. 5 oo l 34] Genus 1. Prionerts, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 3rd ser. vol. iv. p- 383 (1867). 1. PRIONERIS THESTYLIS. 3. Pieris thestylis, Doubleday, in Gray’s Zool. Miscell. p- 76 (1842); Gen. D. L. pl. 6. fig. 2 (1847). N. India; Darjeeling, E. India. B.M. 2. PRIONERIS SETA. Q. Pieris seta, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 102, pl. 44. fig. 3 (1857). 3. Prioneris seta (part), Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p. 384. n. 2 (1867). Darjeeling ; Bhotan ; Nepal. > BM; I think it certain that this is not a variety of P. thestylis. 28 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. [Jan. 16, 3. PRIONERIS WATSONII. 3 2. Prioneris watsonii, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 100 (1868). 6. Prioneris seta (part), Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p. 384. n. 2 (1867). Silhet. 3, B.M. Very like a dwarfed variety of the male P. se¢a, but with a female more nearly resembling itself. 4. PRIONERIS SITA. 3. Pieris sita, Felder, Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p. 161. n. 132, pl. 25. fig. 12 (1865). 3, Ceylon; 9, Himalayas. B.M. The female of this species is a better mimic than the dg, and only differs from Delias eucharis in neuration and in the squareness of the marginal red spots on under surface of hind wings. 5. PRIONERIS CLEMANTHE. Pieris clemanthe, Doubleday, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvii. p. 23 (1846). Pieris helferi, Felder, Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p. 161. n. 131, pl. 25. figs. 10, 11 (* 1865’). Var.? Pieris berenice, Lucas, Rey. Zool. p. 324 (1852). Silhet ; Moulmein. ; We have a specimen labelled “‘N. Australia,” which is doubtless an error. 6. PRIONERIS VOLLENHOVII. Prioneris vollenhovii, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p- 386. n. 6, pl. 9. fig. 3 (1867). Borneo. B.M. 7. PRIONERIS CORNELIZ. Pieris corneli@, Vollenhoven, Monogr. Pier. p. 5 nos; pi. fig. 2 (1865). Borneo. B.M. 8. PRIONERIS PHILONOME. Pieris philonome, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 543. n. 21 (1836). Java. Seems to come very near to P. vollenhovii; but may perhaps be a curious variety of P. autothisbe: I have never seen it. 9. PRIONERIS AUTOTHISBE. 3. Delias autothisbe, Htbner, Samml. ex. Schmett. ii. pl. 123 (1816-24), Java. B.M. 1872.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. 29 Genus 2. Dextas, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 91 (1816). 1. DELIAS PARTHENOPE. Thyca parthenope, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iy. p. 347. n. 8, pl. 6. figs. 5, 5a (1867). Penang. B.M. 2. DELIAS NINUS. Thyca ninus, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p. 347. n. 9, pl. 7. fig. 1 (1867). Malacca. Possibly a variation of T.. parthenope. 3. DELIAS PyRAMUS. Thyca pyramus, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p- 347. n. 7 (1867). Pieris thisbe, 3, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 449. n. 16 (1836) ; Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepal, p. 8, pl. 6. fig. 1 (1846). Nepal. B.M. 4. Devias THysBE. Papilio thysbe, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 233. fig. C (1782). Pieris acalis, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 148. n. 106 (1819). China. 5. DeEiAs criITHO:. Pieris crithoé, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 450. no. 18 (1836). Java. B.M. 6. DELiAs PAsITHOE, Papilio pasithoz, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. p- 795. n. 53 (1766) ; Donovan, Ins. China, pl. 30. fig. 2 (1799). Papilio aglaia, Limeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 465. n. 44 (1758). Var. Papilio dione, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. ii. pl. 8. figs. 3, 4 (1773). Papilio porsenna, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 43. figs. D, E (1776); iv. pl. 352. figs. A, B (1782). Silhet; Nepal; Moulmein ; China; Borneo. B.M. 7. DeLias CHRYSORRH MA. Pieris chrysorrhea, Vollenhoven, Mon. Pier. p. 6. n. 3, pl. 2. fig. 4 (1865). Sumatra. A species allied to D. pasithoé. 8. DELIAS EGIALEA. Papilio egialea, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 189. figs. D, E(1779). Delias tyche et apriate, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p- 91. n. 957, 958 (1816). 30 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. [Jan. 16, Pieris pasithoé, var., Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 148. n. 105 (1819). ; ? Papilio fusconiger et albopictus, Goeze, Beytr. i. pp. 44, 45. n. 25, 26 (1779). Java. B.M. 9. DreLIAS OCHREOPICTA. Thyca ochreopicta, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 244 (186); Lep. Exot. viii. p. 63. n. 3, pl. 24. figs. 4, 5 (1871). Philippines (Luzon). B.M. 10. DELIAS HENNINGIA. Pontia henningia, Eschscholtz, Kotzeb. Reise, iii. p. 214, pl. 9. figs. 20a, 206 (1821). Philippines (Manilla). B.M. 11. DELIAS LUCERNA. Thyca lucerna, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 4, vol. iv. p. 243 (1869); Lep. Exot. viii. p. 62. n. 2, pl. 24. figs. 2, 3 (1871). Philippines (Mindanao ?). B.M. 12. DELIAS PANDEMIA. Thyca pandemia, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p. 346. n. 3, pl. 6. figs. 4, 4a (1867). Borneo. B.M. 13, DELIAS ITHIELA. , Thyca ithiela, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 4, vol. iv. p. 242 (1869); Lep. Exot. viii. p. 62. n. 1, pl. 24. fig. 1 (1871). Darjeeling. B.M. 14. DELIAS BELLADONNA. Papilio belladonna, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. i. p. 180. n. 557 (1793); Donovan, Nat. Rep. i. pl. 35 (1823). N. India? 15. DELIAS HORSFIELDII. 3. Pieris horsfieldii, G. R. Gray, Zool. Miscell. p. 32 (1831); Herrich Schaffer, Ex. Scnmett. figs. 13, 14 (1850). Nepal. B.M. This species seems to be distinct from D. belladonna; but the difference may be due to errors in Donovan’s figure or to sex. 16. DeLtas SANACA. Pieris sanaca, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. p. 103, pl. 44. fig. 4 (1857). Darjeeling. B.M. 17. DeLIAs AGANIPPE. Papilio aganippe, Donovan, Ins. New Holl. pl. 29 (1805). King George’s Sound; Adelaide; Moreton Bay. B 1872. ] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. 31 18. DELIAS FRAGALACTEA. Thyca fragalactea, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 4, vol. iv. p-. 243 (1869); Lep. Exot. vii. p. 64. n. 5, pl. 24. fig. 7 (1871). N. Australia. B.M. This is probably a race of D. argenthona. 19. DELIAS ARGENTHONA. Papilio argenthona, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ii. p. 200. n. 624 (1793). Pieris protocharis, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 457. n. 27 (1836). Australia; Moreton Bay; Richmond River. B.M. 20. DeLrAs ROSENBERGII. Pieris rosenbergii, Vollenhoven, Monogr. Pier. p. 11. n. 9, pl. 2. fig. 6, pl. 3. fig. 1 (1865). Celebes. B.M. 21. DELIAS LORQUINII. Pieris lorquinii, Felder, Reise der Novara, ii. p. 159. n. 128, pl. 24. figs. 9, 10 («1865”’). Celebes. B.M. Allied to D. rosenbergii, but seems quite distinct. 22. DELIAS LUZONIENSIS. Pieris luzoniensis, Felder, Wien. ent. Monats. vi. p. 285. n. 39 (1862). Philippines (Luzon). B.M. 23. DELIAS HYPARETE. Papilio hyparete, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 247 (1764); Clerck’s Icones, pl. 38. fig. 2 (1764). Q. Papilio antonoé, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 320. figs. A, B (1782). Java; Sumatra; Borneo; Penang; Assam. B.M. 24. DELIAS HIERTE. 3. Delias hierte, — Zutr. Ex. Schmett. figs. 77, 78 (1818). 9, Siam; Penang. B.M. 25. Drwias INDICA. Thyca hierte, var. indica, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p. 351. n. 21 (1867). Barrackpore; Dukhun; Moulmein. B.M. 26. DELIAS HEMORRH ZA. Pieris hemorrhea, Vollenhoven, Monogr. Pier. p. 10. n. 8, pl. 2. fig. 5 (1865). Banca. B.M. 32 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. — [Jan. 16, 27. Devias STOLLII. Papilio antonoé, Stoll (nec Cramer), Suppl. Cramer, pl. 33. figs. 2, 26 (1790). China. B.M. Our specimens agree with Stoll’s figure, which looks a distinct species from Hiibner’s D. hierée. 28. DELIAS EUCHARIS. Papilio eucharis, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. ii. pl. 10. figs. 5, 6 (1773). Pieris epicharis, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 153. n. 122 (1819). Papilio hyparethe, Herbst, Natursyst. Schmett. pl. 101. figs. 3-5. N. India; Nepal; Ceylon; Penang. B.M. 29. DELIAS MYSIS. Papilio mysis, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 475. n. 138 (1775); Donovan, Ins. New Holl. pl. 21. fig. 1 (1805). Australia; Rockingham Bay. B.M. 30. DELIAS CRUENTATA. Pieris cruentata, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 455, pl. 26. fig. 2 (1865). Pieris lara, Vollenhoven (nec Boisduval), Monogr. Pier. p. 12. n. 11 (1865). Mysol; Port Essington. B.M. The insects received by Dr. Boisduval with the MS. name of P. lara, and supposed by him to represent a variety of D. mysis, can hardly be the same as D. cruentata, since they are described as having the black border on under surface of hind wings broader than in D. mysis; the reverse is the case with D. cruentata. 31. DELIAS CHNEUS. Papilio ceneus, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 271 (1764). Papilio discors, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1, v. p. 2261. n. 881 (1788-91). Papilio , Zschach. Mus. Lesk. Ent. p. 88. n. 32 (1788). Papilio antonoé, Herbst, Natursyst. Schmett. pl. 100. figs. 1-4. Papilio anthonoé (sic), Herbst, Natursyst. v. Index. Cathemia anthyparete, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 92. n. 961 (1816). Var. Papilio plexaris, Donovan, Ins. New Holl. pl. 18. fig. 2 (1805). Pieris philyra, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 150. n. 113 (1819). N. Ceram; and var. Amboina. B.M. 32. DELIAS PHILOTIS. Thyca philotis, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv p- 357. n. 44, pl. 8. fig. 4 (1867). Bouru. 1872. ] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. 33 33. DELIAS DURIS. Pieris duris, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. ii. Pier. pl. 5. fig. 34 (1861). Ceram. 34. DELIAS AGOSTINA. Pieris agostina, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. i. Pier. pl. 1. figs. 1, 2 (1852). 2. Pieris nesba, Lucas, Rev. Zool. p. 324 (1852). N. India; Darjeeling. B.M. 35. DELIAS BLANCA. Pieris blanca, Felder, Wien. ent. Monats. vi. p. 284. n. 38 (1862); Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p. 160. n. 130, pl. 24. figs. 6, 7 (1865). Luzon. 36. DELIAS SINGHAPURA. Thyca singhupura, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p- 393. n. 29, pl. 7. fig. 2 (1867). Borneo; Sarawak. B.M. 37. DELIAS PERIB@A. Pieris peribea, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 154. n. 124 (1819). Java. 38. DELIAS THEMIS. Pieris themis, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii. Pier. pl. 5. figs. 31, 32 (1861). Philippines. B.M. 39. DELIAS GABIA. Pieris gabia, Boisduval, Voy. del’ Atrolabe, Lép. p. 49. n. 7 (1832). Waigiou. 40. Dexias DICE. Pieris dice, Vollenhoven, Monogr. Pier. p. 39. n. 5, pl. 4. fig. 7 (1865). Papua. 41. DELIAS ENNIA. Thyca ennia, Wallace, Trans. Ent, Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p. 355. n. 35, pl. 7. fig. 4 (1867). Waigiou. 42. DELIAS BAGOE. Pieris bagoe, Boisduval, Voy. de l’Astrolabe, Lép. p. 49. n. 1 (1832) ; Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soe. 3, vol. iv. p. 355. n. 36, pl. 7. figs. 3, 3a (1867). Aru, New Ireland. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1872, No. III. 34 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. _—[Jdan. 16, 43. Dreias ZEBUDA. Pieris zebuda, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii. Pier. pl. 7. figs. 49, 50 (1862). Celebes. B.M. 44, DELIAS DESCOMBESI. Pieris descombesi, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 465. n. 39 (1836). Silhet ; Darjeeling ; Nepal ; Moulmein ; Penang. B.M. 45. DELIAS STHENOBEA. Pieris sthenobea, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 466. n. 37 (1836). Moluceas. Perhaps a variety of D. descombesi; it differs only in the paler yellow and absence of red basal patch on under surface of hind wings. 46. DELIAS ARUNA. 3. Pieris aruna, Boisduval, Voy. de!’ Astrolabe, Lép. p. 48. n. 4 (1832); 3 2, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. 2, Pier. pl. 3. figs. 20-22 (1861). Q. Pieris bajura, Boisduval, Voy. de l’Astrolabe, Lép. p. 48. n. 5 (1832). Papua ; Waigiou ; Batchian. 47. DELIAS INFERNA. Delias inferna, Butler, Lep. Exot. 8, p. 63. n. 4, pl. 24. fig 6 (1871). North-western Australia. B.M. 48. DrEeLIAS BELISAMA. Papilio belisama, Cramer, Pap. Exot. 3, pl. 258. figs. A-D (1782). Java. B.M. 49. DELIAS GLAUCE. Pieris glauce, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 431. n. 2, pl. 25. fig. 2 (1865). Borneo. B.M. 50. DeE.tas IssE. Papilio isse, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 55. figs. E, F (1779), iv. pl. 339. figs. C, D (1782). Papilio bicolor, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1, v. p. 2261. n. 880 (1788- 91); Zschach, Mus. Lesk. Ent. p. 88. n. 31 (1788). Amboina, N. Ceram. B.M. 51. DELIAS ECHO. Thyca echo, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p. 358. n. 47, pl. 8. fig. 3 (1867). Bouru. 1872. ] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. 35 52. DeLias CHRYSOMELENA. Pieris chrysomelena, Vollenhoven, Tijd. voor Ent. 2, vol.i. p. 57, pl. 1. figs. 1, 2 (1866). Kaioa Island. 53. DELIAS ECHIDNA. Pieris echidna, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii. Pier. pl. 5. figs. 35, 36 (1861). Ceram. 54. DELIAS HIPPODAMIA. Thyca hippodamia, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p- 359. n. 50, pl. 8. fig. 1 (1867). Aru. 55. DELIAS DORIMENE, Papilio dorimene, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 387. figs. C, D (1782). Papilio fuliyinosus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1, v. p. 2261. n. 882 (1788-91); Zschach, Mus. Lesk. Ent. p. 88. n. 34 (1788). Pieris ageleis, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p- 147. n. 103 (1819). Ceram ; Amboina. B.M 56. DreLias DoRYL&A. Pieris dorylea, Felder, Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p. 182. n. 173 (* 1865”). Aru. Allied to D. dorimene. 57. DELIAS PHCILEA. Pieris pecilea, Vollenhoven, Monogr. Pier. p. 13. n. 13, pl. 3. fig. 3 (1865). Moluccas. 58. DELIAs CANDIDA. Pieris candida, Vollenhoven, Monogr. Pier. p. 11. n. 10, pl. 3. fig. 2 (1865). Batchian. 59. DELIAS HERODIAS. Pieris herodias, Vollenhoven, Monogr. Pier. p. 14. n. 14, pl. 3. fig. 4 (1865). Gilolo. 60. DELIAS TIMORENSIS. 3. Pieris timorensis, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 459. n. 30 (1836). 22. Pieris vishnu, Moore, Cat. Lep. East I. Comp. i. p. 83. n. 168, pl. 2°. fig. 5 (1857). Java. B.M. I rather doubt the specific identity of the two sexes united above, 36 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. __[Jan. 16, unless Dr. Boisduval’s locality is incorrect, in which case I should a the adoption of Mr. Moore’s name. . DELIAS NIGRINA. — nigrina, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 475. u. 139 (1775); Dono- van, Ins. New Holl. pl. 19. fig. 1 (1805). Australia ; Moreton Bay ; “Richmond River. B.M. 62. DreLIAS HARPALYCE. Papilio harpalyce, Donovan, Ins. New Holl. pl. 18. fig. 1 ee Australia; Sydney. B.N 63. DrLIAS MOMEA. Pieris momea, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 477. 0. 56 (1836). Java. _M 64. DELIAS NYSA. 3. Papilio nysa, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p.473.n. 128 Cees Q@. Papilio endora, Donovan, Ins. New Holl. pl. 20. fig. 2 (180 2 Australia ; Moreton Bay. B.M 65. DELIAS ORPHNE. Pieris orphne, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p. 361. n. 56, pl. 8. fig. 2 (1867). Malacca. 66. DELIAS GEORGINA. Pieris georgina, Felder, Wien. ent. Monats. v. p. Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p. 160. n. 129, pl. 24 4. figs. Luzon. 298. n. 5 (1861); 4, 5 (“1865”). 67. Drxias? FURVUS. Papilio furvus, Goeze, Beytr. i. p. 182. n. 77 (1779); Seba, Thes. pl. iv. figs. 13, 14. i Genus 3. Mytoruris, Hiibner. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 90 (1816). 1. MyLoTuRis PorrEa. Papilio poppea, Cramer, Pap. ®xot. ii. pl. 110. fig. D (1779). Papilio poppa, Herbst, Natursyst. Schmett. pl. 89. fig. 5 Sierra Leone. B.M. 2. MyLoTHRIS RHODOPE. Papilio rhodope, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 473. n. 130 (1775); Donovan, Nat. Rep. iii. pl. 86 (1825). Ashanti ; Sierra Leone. B.M. 3. MyYLoTHRIS TRIMENIA. Pieris trimenia, Butler, Cist. Ent. p. 13 (1869). 1872. | MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. 37 Pieris agathina, var. B, Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr. p- 29; pl. 2. fig. 2 (1866). Port Natal. B.M. 4. MyLoTuRis AGATHINA. Papilio agathina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 237. figs. D, E (1782). Papilio agatina, Herbst, Natursyst. Schmett. pl. 104. figs. 4, 5. Cathemia xantholeuca, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p- 92. n. 964 (1816). Var. Pieris riippellii, Koch, Indo-Austr. Lep. Zulu; Port Natal; Abyssinia. B.M. 5. MyLorureis PHILERIS. 3. Pieris phileris (part.), Boisduval, Faun. de Madag. p. 17. n. 2, pl. 2. figs. 3, 4 (1833). S. Africa; Madagascar. Close to M. agathina. 6. MyLoruris? PARORETA. Pieris paroreia, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p72. 8. 2 (1869). Cape Coast. 7. MYLOTHRIS BERNICE. Pieris bernice, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iii. Pier. pl. 8. figs. 52, 53 (1866). Gaboon. 8. MyLoruris CHLORIS. Papilio chloris, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 473. n. 129 (1775) ; Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. iii. pl. 32. figs. 3, 4 (1782). Papilio thermopyle, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 207. figs. F, G (1782). Sierra Leone. B.M. 9. Mytoruris LypPerRA. Pieris lypera, Kollar, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Cl. i. p. 361. n. 26, pl. 45. figs. 1, 2 (1850). Bogota. B.M. 10. MyLoruris LEPTALINA. Pieris leptalina, Bates, Journ. Entom. i. p- 236. n. 7 (1861). St. Paulo. 11. MyLoruris pyrraa. 3. Papilio pyrrha, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 464. n. 95 (1775). Papilio iphigenia, Schulz. Naturtorscher, ix. p. 108, pl. 2 (1776). 38 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. _[Jan. 16, 3,2. Perrhybris eieidias, Hibner, Sammi. ex. Schmett. pl. 121 (1816-24). Q. Papilio pamela, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 319. fig. A (178 782). Brazil ; Tapajos. B.M, ]2. MyxLoruris VIARDI. Pieris viardi, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 439. n. 3 (1836). Mexico. 13. MyLorHRis MALENKA. Pieris malenka, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. i. Pier. pl. 1. figs. 5, 6 (1852). Venezuela. B.M. 14. MyLoTHRIsS LORENA. Pieris lorena, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. i. Pier. pl. 1. fig. 7 (1852). Villa Nova; St. Paulo; Tunantins; Peru; Bogota. 3. B.! Genus 4. Hresprrocuaris, Felder, Verhandl. Zool.-botan. Gesellsch. Wien, p. 493 (1862). 1. HESPEROCHARIS GRAPHITES. Hesperocharis graphites, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. i. p. 32. n. 12 (1864). Guatemala. 2. HespreROCHARIS AVIVOLANS. Pieris avivolans, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soe. p. 457, pl. 26. fig. 4 (1865). Mexico. B.M. A local representative of H. graphites. 3. HesprEROCHARIS COSTARICENSIS. Hesperocharis costaricensis, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. iil. p. 49. n. 85 (1866). Costa Rica. 4. HesPpEROCHARIS MARCHALII. Pieris marchalii, Guérin, Icon. Régne Anim. Ins. texte, p. 468 (1844). Venezuela. B.M. 5. HESPEROCHARIS CATOGRAMMA. Pieris catogramma, Kollar, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math. Cl. i. p. 361. n. 28 (1850). Bolivia. B.M. 6. HrsPEROCHARIS EROTA. Pieris erota, Lucas, Rev. Zool. p. 329 (1852). ~ Brazil. B.M 1872.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS, 39 7. HESPEROCHARIS CROCEA. Hesperocharis crocea, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. iii. p. 49, n. 84 (1866). Costa Rica. 8. HrsPEROCHARIS IDIOTICA. Helichroma idiotica, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 15 (1869) ; Lep. Exot. ix.p. be eB 27. fig. 2 (1871). ———— 9. HrspEROCHARIS LENORIS. Pieris lenoris, Reakirt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 336. n. 37 (1866). Mexico. Allied to H. idiotica. 10. HespeRocHARIS GAYI. Pieris gayi, Blanchard, Gay’s Faun. Chil. vii. p. 10, pl. 1. fig. 4 (1852). Chili. B.M. 11. HespeROCHARIS LEUCANIA. Pieris leucania, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép.i. p. 493. no. 83 (1836). ? Pieris pasion, Reakirt, Proc. Akad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 336. n. 38 (1866). Mexico. B.M. 12. HespEROCHARIS ANGUITIA. Pieris anguitia, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 146. n. 100 (1819) ; Hiibner, Zutrage ex. Schmett. figs. 889, 890 (1837). Brazil. B.M. 13. HesprrocHARIS NEREIS. Hesperocharis nereis, Felder, Reise der Novara, ii. p. 146. n. 112 (1865). E. Peru; Bolivia; Bogota. B.M. 14. HespEROCHARIS NERA. Pieris nera, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. i. Pier. pl. 1. figs. 3, 4 (1852). Tapajos. B.M. 15. HesPpEROCHARIS HELVIA. Pieris helvia, Latreille, in Humboldt & Bonpland’s Obs. Zool. ii. p- 121, pl. 41. figs. 1, 2 (1811-19). Mexico. 16. HESPEROCHARIS HIRLANDA. Papilio hirlanda, Stoll, Suppl. Cramer, pl. 35. figs. 1, ae Archidona. B.M, 40 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. (Jan. 16, 17. HESPEROCHARIS FULVINOTA. Hesperocharis fulvinota, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. p. 284 (Oct. 1871); Lep. Exot. xi. pl. 34. fig. 4 (Jan. 1872). Back of Rio. B.M. Genus 5. Lerropnosta, Butler. Cist. Ent. iii. pp. 35 & 45, gen. 18 (1870). 1. LepropHOBIA ELEONE. Pieris eleone, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. D. L. pl. 6. fig. 6 eos Bolivia ; Quito; Bogota; Venezuela. B.M. 2. LeEPTOPHOBIA C&HSIA. Pieris cesia, Lucas, Rev. Zool. p. 299 (1852); Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii. Pier. pl. 6. figs. 43, 44 (1861). Quito. 3. LEPTOPHOBIA SEMICSIA. Pieris semicesia, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 176. n. 164 (1865). New Granada. Near L. pentica. 4. LerpTrorpHOBIA PENTICA. 3. Leptalis? pentica, Kollar, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Cl. 1. p. 360. n. 25, pl. 45. figs. 11, 12 (1850). @. Pieris stamnata, Lucas, Rev. Zool. p. 330 (1852). do, Venezuela; 9, Bogota. B.M. 5. LerprorpHOBIA EUTHEMIA. Pieris euthemia, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. v. p. 80. n. 29 (1861). Venezuela. Allied to L. pentica. 6. LEerprorpHOBIA CINEREA. Pieris cinerea, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 3rd ser. vol. v. p. 563. n. 6 (1867). Ecuador. 7. LerTOPHOBIA PHILOMA. Pieris philoma, Hewitson, Equat. Lep. p. 79. n. 144 (1870). Ecuador (Buckley). 8. LEPTOPHOBIA BALIDIA. Pieris balidia, Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 529. n. 133 (1836). Rio Janeiro; Panama. B.M. 9. LEPTOPHOBIA ELODIA. Pieris elodia, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 529. n. 134 (1836); Hiibner, Zutr. ex. Schm. figs. 853, 854 (1837). Q. Pieris suadella, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. v. p.79. n. 26(1861). 1872.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. 41 Var.? Pieris eleusis, Lucas, Rev. Zool. p. 331 (1852). Mexico; Polochic Valley; Venezuela. B.M. 10. LepropHoBIA HELENA. Pieris helena, Lucas, Rev. Zool. p. 332 (1852). Quito. B.M. 11. LepropHosia OLYMPIA. Pieris olympia, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. v. p. 80. n. 28 (1861). Venezuela. 12. LerpropHOBIA TOVARIA. Pieris tovaria, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. v. p- 80. n. 27 (1861). Venezuela. 13. LeprorpHoBIA PINARA. Pieris pinara, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p.179.n. 169 (2. 18659"), Bolivia. B.M. 14, LeprorpHoBIA ARIPA. Pieris aripa, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 528. n. 131 (1836). Brazil. B.M. 15. LepropHosia PyLoTIs. Pieris pylotis, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 158. n. 137 (1819). Brazil. B.M. Genus 6. Pieris *, Boisduval. Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 434, sect. 1 (1836). 1. PrIERIS MENACTE. Pieris menacte, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 517. n. 116 (1836). Venezuela. B.M. 2. Pieris? Kicana. Pieris kicaha, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. ii. p- 349. n. 9 (1863). Honduras. 3. PreRIS AMARYLLIS. Papilio amaryllis, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 189. n. 586 (1797); Donovan, Ins, Ind. pl. 28. fig. 1 (1800). Jamaica. ' B.M. 4, PIERIS JOSEPHINA. Pieris josephina, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 158. n. 136 (1819). 2. Catophaga josephine, Hibner, Samml. ex. Schm. ii. pl. 126 (1819-36). * P. antsianaka of Ward (E. M. M. vii. p. 30, 1870) is a Nepheronia; P. mananhari (E. M. M. vi. p. 224, 1870) a Teracolus; P. eunoma of Hopffer (Peters, Reise, pl. 23. 1, 2) belongs also to the latter genus, ; 42 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. __[Jan. 16, Pieris josepha, Salvin and Godman, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. s. 4, vol. ii. p. 150. n. 22 (1868). 3. Mexico; ¢ 2. Haiti. B.M. There is no appreciable difference between the Mexican and Haitian examples of this species. 5. Pieris BUNIZ. Catophaga bunie, Hubner, Samml. exot. Schmett. i. pl. 125 (1816-36). Pieris endeis, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 158. n. 135 Specie = Brazil. 6. PrerIs THALOE. Pieris thaloé, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 156. n. 131 Sa Lucas, Lep. Exot. pl. 27. fig. 1 (1835). Pieris ausia, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 531. n. 137 (1836). ‘Tapajos; Para; Venezuela. Bb.) 7. PIERIS DEMOPHILE. Q. Papilio demophile, Linneus, Syst. Nat. 12, p. 761. n. 82 (1767). Papilio molphea, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 116. fig. C (1779). 3. Papilio amathonte, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. “116. figs. A, B (1779). Brazil; Tapajos; St. Paulo. B.M. 8. PreRIS CALYDONIA. Pieris ca/ydonia, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 439. n. 2 bis Venezuela. 9. Prmris MARANA. Pieris marana, Doubleday, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xiv. p. 421 (1844) ; Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii. Pier. pl. 6. fig. 42 (1861). Valley of Chimborazo; W. coast of Mexico; Panama. B.M. 10. Preris PANDOSIA. Pieris pandosia, Hewitson, Ex, Butt. i. Pier. pl. 2. fig. 14 (1853), ii. Pier. pl. 6. fig. 39 (1861), Venezuela. B.M. 11. PrerRIs PISONIS. Pieris pisonis, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. ii. Pier. pl. 6. figs. 40, 41 (1861). E. Peru. B.M. 12. PrerRis HABRA. Pieris habra, Doubleday, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvii. p. 22 (1846) ; Doubl. & Hewitson, Gen. D. L. pl. 6. fig. 1 (1847). Honduras. B 1872.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. 43 13. Preris Locusta. Pieris locusta, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. v. p- 81. n. 31 (1861) ; Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 175. n. 163, pl. 25. figs. 8, 9 (“1865”). Bogota. B.M. 14. Pieris SEVATA. Pieris sevata, Felder, Wien. ent. Monat. v. p. 81. n. 32 (1861). New Granada; Venezuela. 15. PrreRtIs DIANA. Pieris diana, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. v. p. 81. n. 33 (1861). New Granada. Genus 7. Appras, Hiibner. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 91 (1816). 1. APPIAS CARDENA. Pieris cardena, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii. Pier. pl. 3. figs. 17, 18 (1861). Var. Pieris hagar, Vollenhoven, Monogr. Pier. p. 38. n. 49, pl. 4. fig. 6 (1865). Sarawak. B.M. 2. APPIAS HOMBRONIIL. Pieris hombronii, Lucas, Rev. Zool. p. 325 (1852) ; Vollenhoven, Mon. Pier. p. 5. n. 2, pl. 2. fig. 3 (1865). Celebes. 3. APPIAS ALOPE. 3. Tachyris alope, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p- 572. n. 24 (1867). Pieris amasene, Boisduval (nec Cramer), Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 535. n. 143 (1836). 2. Pieris neombo, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. pl. 2a. fig. 3 (1857). Java; Sumatra; Borneo. B.M. Both sexes stand as P. neombo in Dr. Horsfield’s collection. 4. APPIAS PSYCHE. Pieris psyche, Felder, Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p. 166. n. 143 (1865). New Caledonia. 5. APPIAS GALATHEA. Pieris galathea, Felder, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii. p- 485. n. 120 (1862). Var. Pieris galene, Felder, Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p. 165. n. 141 (1865). Sambelong ; Ceylon. Allied to A. albina. 44 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. _[ Jan. 16, 6. APPIAS EGA. 3. Pieris ega, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. 1, p. 536. n. 144 (1836); Feisthamel, Rev. Zool. pl. 18. fig. 2 (1839). @. Pieris melania, Boisduval (nec Fabricius), Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 537. n. 146 (1836). Var. Pieris melania, var. caledonica, Felder, Verh. Zool.-botan. Ges. xii. p. 495. n. 207 (1862). Frankland Isles ; New Caledonia; Port Stephen; Clarence River ; Hunter River. 7. APPIAS AGAVE. Pieris agave, Felder, Wien. ent. Monats. vi. p. 286. n. 44 (1862). Pieris zoé, Vollenhoven, Monogr. Pier. p. 37. n. 48, pl. 4. fig. 5 (1865). Tachyris jacquinotii, Wallace (uec Lucas) Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p. 372. n. 23 (1867). Philippines. B.M. 8. APPIAS PAULINA. Q. Papilio paulina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 110. figs. E, F (1779). Catophaga leis, Hibner, Zutr. ex. Schmett. figs. 771, 772 (1832). Java; Penang; Moulmein; Assam. B.M. 9. APPIAS NEOMBO. @. Pieris neombo, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 539. n. 148 (1836). Ceylon. B.M. 10. APPIAS LEPTIS. Pieris leptis, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 163. n. 136 (‘£1865”’). Pieris paulina, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép.i. p. 538, n. 147 (1836). Java. B.M. 11. Appras URANIA. Tachyris urania, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p. 371. n. 22 (1867). Celebes. 12. APppIAS AMARELLA. Tachyris amarella, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p- 373. n. 25, pl. 9. fig. 2 (1867). New Caledonia. B.M. 13. APPIAS ACRISA. Pieris acrisa, Boisduyal, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, p. 156 (1859). Woodlark Island. 1872. ] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. 45 14, AppIAs CELESTINA. 3. Pieris celestina, Boisduval, Voy. de |’ Astrolabe, Lép. p. 46. n. 1 (1832); Lucas, Lép. Exot. pl. 23. fig. 1 (1835); 9, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p. 374. n. 28, pl. 8. figs. 6, 6a (1867). Aru Islands. B.M. 15. APPIAS MELANIA. 2. Papilio melania, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 475. n. 140 (1775); Butler in Brenchley’s Voy. App. (pl. 4 of Lep.) figs. 4, 5, ined. Australia. Coll. Banks in B.M. I think there is no doubt that this is a female Appias near A, celestina. 16. APPIAS ATHAMA. Pieris athama, Lucas, Rev. Zool. p. 336 (1852) ; Blanchard, Voy. Pole Sud, p. 381, pl. 1. figs. 10, 11 (1853). New Caledonia. B.M. 17. APPIAS CLEMENTINA. Pieris clementina, Felder, Sitzungsber. Ak. Wiss. Wien, math.- nat. Cl. xl. p. 448. n. 1 (1860); Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p. 162. He Ido, pl. 25. fic. 6 (° 18657’). Amboina; Ceram. 18. Appras CYNISCA. Tachyris cynisca, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p- 375. n. 31 (1867). Bouru. 19. ApprIas EUMELIS. Pieris eumelis, Boisduval, Voy. de l’Astrolabe, Lép. p. 50. n. 8 (1832). New Ireland. 2(). APPIAS CYCINNA. 3. Pieris cycinna, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii. Pier. pl. 4. figs. 23, 26, Introd. p. 4 (1861). Pieris concinna, Hewitson, J. c. text (1861). Q. Pieris ocina, Hewitson, J. c. figs. 24, 25 (1861). Aru. B.M. 21. ApPPIAS CORINNA. Tachyris corinna, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 3, vol. iv. p. 377. n. 35 (1867). Waigiou. ‘22. APPIAS LIBERIA. Papilio liberia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 210. figs. G, H (1782). Amboina. 46 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. [Jan. 16, 23. APPIAS ELIADA. Pieris eliada, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii. Pier. pl. 4. figs. 27, 28 (1861). Pieris liberia, Hewitson, /. c. Introd. p. 4 (1861); Vollenhoven, Monogr. Pier. p. 45. n. 60, pl. 5. fig. 4 (1865). Ceram. B.M. 24. APPIAS PLACIDIA. Papilio placidia, Stell, Suppl. Cramer, pl. 28. figs. 4, 4c ue). Ceram; Amboina. B.M 25. APPIAS FATIME. Pieris fatime, Vollenhoven, Tijd. voor Ent. 2, vol. i. p. 59, pl. 2. figs. 1, 2 (1866). Celebes. 26. APPIAS NERO. 3. Papilio nero, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 153. n. 471 (1793); Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 32. fig. 1 (1800). Pieris thyria, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 147. n. 101 (1819); Lucas, Lép. Exot. pl. 25. fig. 3 (1835). Q? Pieris figulina, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3, vol. xx. p- 399, pl. 8. fig. 1 (1867). Java; Siam; Singapore; Borneo. B.M. 27. APPIAS GALBA. Tachyris galba, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p- 378. n. 41 (1867). Silhet. B.M. 28. APPIAS DOMITIA. Pieris domitia, Felder, Wien. ent. Monats. vi. p. 285. n. 41 (1862). Philippines. B.M. 29. APPIAS ZARINDA, Pieris zarinda, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lép. i. p. 486. n. 73, pl. 18. fig. 4 (1836). Celebes. B.M. 30. APPIAS BOURUENSIS. Tachyris bouruensis, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p. 379. n. 44 (1867). Bouru. 31. APPIAS ZAMBOANGA. Pieris zamboanga, ‘Felder, Wien. ent. Monats. vi. p. 285. n. 42 (1862); Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 162. n. 134, pl. 24. figs. 2, 3(1865). Philippines. B.M. 1872.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. 47 32. APPIAS ASTEROPE. Pieris asterope, Felder, Wien. ent. Monats. vi. p- 286. n.43(1862). Luzon. 33. APPIAS ITHOME. 3. Pieris ithome, Felder, Wien. ent. Monats. iii. p- 180. n. 2, pl. 4. fig. 1 (1859); 2, Vollenhoven, Monogr. Pier. p. 391. n. 52, pl. 5. fig. 1 (1865). Celebes. B.M. 34. APPIAS NEPHELE. Pieris nephele, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii. Pier. pl. 5. fig. 33 (1861). Philippines. B.M. 35. APPIAS CLAVIS. Tachyris clavis, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 3, vol. iv. p. 367. n. 13 (1867). Ké Island. B.M. 36. APPIAS ADA. Papilio ada, Cramer, Pap, Exot. iv. pl. 363. figs. C, D (1782). Pieris cilla, Felder, Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p- 164. n. 139 (18657). Aru. B.M. 37. APPIAS ENARETE. Pieris enarete, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 480. n. 61 (1836); Feisthamel, Rey. Zool. pl. 18. fig. 1 (1839). Borneo. B.M. 38. APPIAS HIPPO. 2. Papilio hippo, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 195. figs. B, C (1782). Ceylon. B.M. The Ceylonese specimens differ slightly from the typical form from Sumatra, the hind wings of the male being more deeply coloured beneath, and those of the female paler on both surfaces; if these differences prove to be constant, the two forms will have to be separated. 39. APPIAS VACANS. 2. Appias vacans, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p- 480 (1870); Lep. Exot. ii. pl. 34. figs. 5, 6 (Jan. 1872). Darjeeling. Coll. H. Roberts. 40. APPIAS ELEONORA. Pieris eleonora, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 481. n. 64 (1836). Silhet ; Moulmein. B.M Boisduval gives Amboina as the locality ; but I think this must be an error. 48 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. __[Jan. 16, 41, APPIAS ANDREA. 3g. Colias andrea, Eschscholtz, Kotzeb. Reise, iii. p. 215, pl. 23. figs. a, b (1821). @ var.? Papilio cneora, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ii. p. 200. n. 626 (1793). Philippines. B.M. 42. APPIAS FORMOSANA. Pieris formosana, Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 356. n. 5 (1866). 2 B.M. 43. ApPIAS LYCASTE. Pieris lycaste, Felder, Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p. 164. n. 138 (186s). Celebes. B.M. 44, Appras LYNCIDA. 3. Papilio lyncida, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 131. fig. B (1779). Mylothris monuste, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 91. n. 946 (1816). Pieris enyo, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép.i. p. 481. n. 65 (1836). Q. Pieris hippo (part), Vollenhoven, Monogr. Pier. p. 42.n. 55 (1865). Java. B.M. We have specimens, possibly referable to this species, from Baly, Lombock, and Amboina; but until I have seen more examples I hesitate to consider them identical with it. 45. APPIAS LYNCEOLA. Pieris lynceola, Felder, Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p. 164. n. 137 (1865). Timor. A local form of A. lyncida. 46. Apprias ABNORMIS. Tachyris abnormis, Wallace, ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p- 368. n. 14, pl. 8. fig. 5 (1867). Papua. ¥ 47, APPIAS PANTHEA. Tachyris panthea, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p- 376. n. 33 (1867). Philippines. B.M. 48. APppIAS PANDA. Pieris panda, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 147. n. 102 (1819). Pieris sulphurea, Vollenhoven, Monogr. Pier. p. 32. n. 41, pl. 4. fig. 4 (1865). Java. B.M. 1872. | MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. 49 49. APpPtaAs ALBINA. 3. Pieris albina, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 480. n. 62 (1836). Pieris nathalia, Felder, Wieu. ent. Monats. vi. p. 285. n. 40 (1862). Philippines ; Celebes. B.M. 50. APPIAS DARADA. Pieris darada, Felder, Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p. 166. n. 142 C1865”). Moulmein. B.M. d1. APPIAS LIBYTHEA. 2. Papilio libythea, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 471.n. 120 (1775). Papilio zelmira, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 320. figs. E, F (1782). Papilio libithea (sic), Herbst, Natursyst. Schmett. pt. 5, Index. Pieris libitina, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 133. n. 44 (1819). Pieris nerissa, Godart, Enc. Meéth. ix. p. 142. n. 84(1819). 3. Pieris rouxti, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. 1. p. 481. n. 63 (1836). Pieris jacquinotii, Lucas, Rev. Zool. p. 326 (1852). Punjaub ; Barrackpore; Ceylon. B.M. 52. APPIAS ZELMIRA. Papilio zelmira, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 320. figs. C, D (1782). ? Pieris larissa, Felder, Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p. 166. n. 144 (1865). Silhet ; Moulmein; ? EK. Indies. B.M. 53. APPIAS SABA. Papilio saba, Fabricius, Sp. Ins. ii. p. 46. n. 199 (1781). Papilio epaphia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 207. figs. D, E (1782). Papilio hypatia, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. iii. pl. 32. figs. 5, 6 (1782). Pieris higinia, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 133. n. 45 (1819). Pieris malatha, Boisduval, Faun. de Madag. p. 18. n. 4, pl. 1. figs. 4, 5 (1833). ? Papilio nigricantemarginatus, Goeze, Beytr. i. p. 184. n. 95 (1779). Ashanti; Sierra Leone; Port Natal. B.M. 54. APPIAS POEYI, sp. nov. 2. Pieris ilaire, Poey (nee Godart), Cent. Lep. (1833). St. Domingo; Panama; Honduras. d The species figured by Poey has nothing to do with the Brazilian A, ilaire, although much like it in the male sex. 55. APPIAS ILAIRE. 3. Pieris ilaire, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 142. n. 83 (1819). Papilio albunea, Dalman, Anal. Ent. p. 39 (1823). Brazil. B.M. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1872, No. IV. 50 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. _ [Jan. 16, 56. APPIAS MARGARITA. Mylothris margarita, Hibner, Samml. ex. Schmett. (1816-41). Panama. B.M. Nearly allied to A. ilaire. 57. APPIAS DRUSILLA. Papilio drusilla, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 207. fig. C (1779). Honduras. B.M. 58. ApPIAS CASTALIA. 3. Papilio ecastalia, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. i. p. 188. n. 580 (1793); Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 28. fig. 3 (1800). Q. Pieris mysia, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 143. n. 87 (1819). Q. ? Papilio fuscofimbriatus, Goeze, Beytr. p. 182.n. 8] (1779). Brazil. B.M. 59. APPIAS MOLPODIA. Mylothris molpodia, Hibner, Zutr. ex. Schmett. figs. 259, 260 (1823). Jamaica. B.M. 60. AppriaAs PANDIONE. Hiposcritia pandione, Hiibner, Zutr. ex. Schmett. figs. 651, 652 (1832). Pieris philonome, Lucas (nee Boisduval), Rev. Zool. p. 334 (1852). Pieris paulina, var., Vollenhoven, Monogr. Pier. p. 33. n. 43 (1865). Java. B.M. 61. ApPIAS LUCASII. Tachyris lucasii, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p- 381. n. 50 (1867). Pieris pandione, 3, Boisduval, Sp. Géu. Lép. i. p. 537. mn. 145 (1836). Java. Intermediate between d. indra and A. durvasa (Lalage, 3 vav.). 62. ApPIAS INDRA. Pieris indra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 103, pl. 44. fig. 5 (1857). Silhet ; Darjeeling ; Calcutta. «i! . 63. APPIAS LALAGE. Pieris lalage, Doubleday in Gray’s Zool. Miscell. p. 76 (1842); Gen. Diurn. Lepid. pl. 6. fig. 5 (1847). Var.? Pieris ida, Lucas, Rev. Zool. p. 335 (1852). Pieris durvasa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 103, pl. 44. fig. 6 (1857). Silhet, Assam, Darjeeling, Nepal, E. India. B.M. 1872.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. 51 64. AppIaAs pH@BE. Pieris phebe, Felder, Wien. ent. Monats. v. p. 299. n. 7 (1861) ; Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p. 163. n. 135, pl. 25. fig. 5 (1865). Luzon. 65. APPIAS ZAMORA. 2. Pieris zamora, Felder, Wien. ent. Monats. vi. p.°286. n. 45 (1862). Philippines. Closely allied to A. phoebe. 66. APPIAS ALBOMACULATUS. Papilio albomaculatus, Goeze, Beytr. i. p. 182. n. 79 (1779) ; Seba, Thes. iv. pl. 13. figs. 7, 8. —? Genus 8. Purissura, Butler, Cist. Ent. iii. pp. 37, 49 (1870); Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 171 (1871). 1. PHRISSURA POLISMA. 3. Pieris polisma, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii. Pier. pl. 6. fig. 38 (1861); Q, iti. Pier. pl. 8. fig. 55 (1866). Celebes. B.M. 2. PHRISSURA GIS. 2. Pieris egis, Felder, Wien. ent. Monats. v. p- 299. n. 6 (1861); Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p. 175. n. 162, pl. 24. fig. 1 (“1865”). 3. Pieris illana, Felder, Wien. ent. Monats. vi. p- 287. n. 48 (1862). Philippines. B.M. Genus 9. Dapronura*, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Diurn. Lep. p. 209 (1869). 1, DapronuRA LYCIMNIA. Papilio lycimnia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 105. figs. E, F (1779). Papilio flippantha, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 3, i. p. 202. n. 631 (1797). Mylothris agrippina, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p- 91. n. 949 (1816). Para; Brazil. B.M. 2. Dapronura POLYHYMNIA. Pieris polyhymnia, Felder, Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p.170. 0.152 ©1865’). Bogota. B.M. Perhaps only a yellow variety of D. lycimnia. * This should be the spelling of the name; T originally, by sheer inadvertence, inserted the o as in the Greek original, 52 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. _[Jan. 16, 3. DAPTONURA EURYMNIA. 3. Pieris eurymnia, Felder, Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p. 170. n. 153 (*1865”). Venezuela. B.M. 4. DAproNnuRA SALACIA. Pieris salacia, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 144. n. 91 (1819). Pieris vecticlusa, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 456. n. 3, pl. 26. fig. 3 (1865). Cuba. B.M. 5. DapronuRA LIMNORTA. Pieris limnoria, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 144. n. 93 (1819); (Mylothris, L.) Hiibner, Samml. exot. Schmett. iti. (1816-41). Melete limnobia, Swainson, Zool. Ill. ii. pl. 79 (1833). Brazil. 6. DAPTONURA PANTOPORIA. Mylothris pantoporia, Hiibner, Samm. ex. Schmett. 11. (1816-41). ? B.M. 7. DAPTONURA EUBOTEA. Pieris eubotea, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 144. n. 90 (1819). ? Papilio cano-exalbidus, Goeze, Beytr. i. p. 183. n. 85 ey Peruvian Amazons. B.M. 8. DaproNnuRA ALIA. Pieris elia, Felder, Wien. ent. Monats. v. p. 82. n. 34 (1861). Var.? Pieris laria, Felder, Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p. 171. n. 155 (“1865”). Bolivia. B.M. 9. DAPTONURA LEUCADIA. Euterpe leucadia, Felder, Wien. ent. Monats. vi. p. 67. n. 8(1862). Rio Negro. Closely allied to D. elia. 10. DapronuRA PERUVIANA. Pieris peruviana, Lucas, Rev. Zool. p. 327 (1852). Id.? E. Peru. B.M. 11. DAPpronuRA LEUCANTHE. Pieris leucanthe, Felder, Wien. ent. Monats. v. p. 82. n. 35 (1861). Archidona; Cuenca; E. Peru. B.M. Possibly a variation of D. peruviana. 12. DAPTONURA ISANDRA. Pieris isandra, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 490. n. aes 3 Brazil; Polochic valley, Nicaragua ; Jamaica. B.M 1872.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. a3 13. Dapronura? Evonima, Pieris evonima, Boisduval. Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 493. n. 84 (1836). Cuba. Genus 10. BELENots, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 92 (1816). 1. BELENOIS CALYPso. Papilio calypso, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. ii. pl. 17. figs. 3, 4 (1773). Papilio nigronotatus, Goeze, Beytr. i. p. 182. n. 76 (1779). Papilio retorta, Goeze, Beytr. i. p. 182. n. 78 (1779). Papilio nigropictus, Goeze, Beytr. i. p. 183. n. 83 (1779). Sierra Leone; Ashanti; Congo. B.M. 2. BELENOIS SABINA, Pieris sabina, Felder, Reise Noy. Lep. ii. p. 167. n. 145 (“1865”). Sierra Leone. B.M. Like a white B. ianthe on the upper surface. 3. BELENOIS IANTHE. Pieris ianthe, E. Doubleday, Gray’s Zool. Misc. p- 77 (1842). Belenois ianthe, Butler, Lep. Exot. ii. pl. 34. fig. 8 (1872). Sierra Leone. B 4. BELENOIS RHENA. Pieris rhena, Doubleday, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvii. p. 24 (1846). 3, Ashanti; 9, W. Africa. B.M. 5. BELENOIS HEDYLE. Papilio hedyle, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 186. figs. C, D (1779). ? Papilio sordide-flavicans, Goecze, Beytr. i. p. 182. n. 82 (1779). Ashanti. B.M. 6. BELENOIS THEORA. Pieris theora, E. Doubleday, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvii. p- 25 (1846) ; Doubl. & Hew. Gen: Diurn. Lepid. pl. 6. fig. 4 (1847). 3 var.? Pieris subeida, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 174. n. 161 (“1865”). 3d, Niger; 9, Ashanti. B.M. 7. BELENOIS HELCIDA. Pieris helcida, Boisduval, Faun. de Madag. p. 17. n. 1, pl. 2. figs. 1, 2 (1833). Madagascar. 8. BELENOIS THYSA. Pieris thysa, Hopffer, Ber. Verh. Ak. Berl. p- 639. n. 1 (1855); Peters’s Reise, Zool. v. p. 349, pl. 21. figs. 7-10 (1862). 54 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. (Jan. 16, Pieris sabrata, EB. Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 47. n. 62 (1847). Pieris agathina, var. A., Trimen, Rhop. Ap. Austr. p. 29 (1862). Congo. B.M. 9. BrLenois MELDOL#, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soe. (1871). Loanda. Coll. R. Meldola. 10. BELENOIS MATUTA. Pieris matuta, E. Doubleday, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 64 (1847). Sierra Leone; Fernando Po. B.M. 11. BELENOIS LARIMA. Pieris larima, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 524. n. 126 (1836). Congo. B.M. 12. BeLENois PIGEA. Q. Pieris pigea, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 523. n. 124 (1836). 3. Pinacopteryx alba, Wallengren, Lep. Rhop. Caffr. p. 10 (1857). Belenois inana, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soe. London, p. 526. n. 1 (1870). Zulu; Port Natal. 3s Pots M: 13. BELENOIS ORBONA. Mylothris orbona, Hibner, Zutr. ex. Schmett. figs. 985, 986 (1832). Africa. M. 14. BELENOIS SIMANA. Pieris simana, Hopffer, Ber. Verh. Ak. Berl. p. 640. n. 13 (1855); Peters’s Reise n. Mossamb. Zool. v. p. 354, pl. 23. figs. 3-6 (1862). S. Africa. B.M. 15. BeLENoIs CHARINA. Pieris charina, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lep. i. p. 525. n. 128 (1836). Q. Pieris anactorie, i. Doubleday, Gray’s Zool. Miscell. p. 77 (1842). Q. Papilio nelo, Bergstrasser, pl. 32. fig. 2; Herbst, Natursyst. Schmett. pl. 87. fig. 9. Knysna; Port Natal; Zulu country, B.M. As Mr. Doubleday hardly ever labelled his types, some of them (amongst which is that of P. anactorie) seem to have been turned out of the Collection as worn-out specimens; at any rate, they do not now exist there. 16. BELENOIS PHAOLA. Pieris phaola, E. Doubleday, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 63 (1847). Dahomey. 1872. | MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. 56 17. BELENOIS HYOMA. Pieris hyoma, Boisduval. Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 508. n. 102 (1836). E. Africa. 18. BrLENOIS CONFUSA, sp. n. Pieris phileris, 2, Boisduval, Faun. Lép. de Madag. pl. 2. fig. 5 (1833). Madagascar. 19. BELENOIS EUDOXIA. Papilio eudowia, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. iii. pl. 32. figs. 1, 2 (1782). Ashanti. B.M. 20. BELENOIS SYLVIA. Papilio sylvia, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 470. n. 115 (1775). Papilio sylphia, Herbst, Natursyst. Schmett. v. p. 47. n. 21. Sierra Leone. B.M. 21. BELENOIS CYNIS. Pieris cynis, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iii. Pier. pl. 8. fig. eee Malacca. B.M 22. BELENOIS ZOCHALIA. Pieris zochalia, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 508. n. 100 (1832). S. Africa; Knysna, Cape of Good Hope. B.M. 23. BELENOIS GIDICA. Pieris gidica, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 131. n. 37 (1819). Pinacopteryx doubledayii et westwoodii, Wallengren, Lep. Rhop. Caffr. pp. 8, 9 (1853). Port Natal; Plettenberg Bay; Zulu Country; Knysna. B.M. 24. BreLENOIS MESENTINA. Papilio mesentina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 270. figs. A, B (1782). Papilio aurota, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. i. p. 197. n. 614 (1793). Punjaub; Barrackpore; Bengal; Benares; Ceylon. B.M. 25. BELENOIS AUGUSTA. Papilio augusta, Olivier, Voy. dans Emp. Ott. Atlas, pl. 33. figs. 3a, 6 (1801). Asia Minor. Possibly a variety of B. mesentina. 26. BELENOIS TEUTONIA. Papilio teutonia, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 474. n. 137 (1775) ; Sulzer, Gesch. Ins. pl. 15. fig. 9 (1776). New Holland; Queensland. B.M. 56 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. _[Jan. 16, 27. BELENOIS CLYTIE. Papilio clytie, Donovan, Ins. New Holland, pl. 19. fig. 2 (1805). Papilio coronea, 2, Herbst, Natursyst. Schmett. pl. 98. fig. 89. B.M. N. Australia. 28. BeLENOIS NISCIA. Pieris niscia, M°Leay, in King’s Surv. Austr. ii. App. p. 459. n. 138 (1827). New Holland; West Australia. B.M. 29. BELENOIS JAVA. Papilio jave, Sparrmann, Ameen. Acad. vii. p. 504. n. 1 (1767). Papilio coronea, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 68. figs. B, C (1779). Papilio deiopeia, Donovan, Ins. New Holl. pl. 21. fig. 2 ce. Java; Bali; Flores; Amboina. B.N 30. BrLENOIS PERICTIONE. Pieris perictione, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 168. n. 149 €"1B05>"), Aru Islands. 31. BELENOIS CREONA. Papilio creona, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 95. figs. C-F (1779). ‘Var. Papilio helcita* (part), Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 475. n. 141 (1775). Papilio cneora, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 191. n. 594 (1797). Colias ernestius, Laporte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Bord. iv. (18—?). Senegal. B.M. Var. Papilio severina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 338. figs. G, H (1782). Pieris agrippina, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 173. n. 159 (1865). Port Natal; Zulu country. B.M. Var. Pieris, boguensis, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 173. n. 160 (1865). Pieris elisa, Volle ‘nhoven, in Pollen & Van Damm’s Faun. Madag. v. p. 12. n. 9, pl. 2. fig. 3 (1869). White Nile. B.M. 32. BELENOIS SYRINX. Pinacopteryx syrinz, Wallengren, Wien. ent. Mon. iv. p. 34. n. 4 (1860). S. Africa. Belongs to the Creona group. 33. BELENOIS SCYLLARIA. Pieris scyllaria, M°Leay, King’s Surv. Austr. ii. App. p. 459. n. 139 (1827). Pieris lanassa, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 477. n. 57 (1836). * Also of Goeze’s Beytrage, i. p. 147. n. 94 (1779). or “I 1872.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. Var. Pieris nabis, Lucas, Rev. Zool. p. 3826 (1852). Pieris perithea, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 169. n. 150 (1865). N. Australia; Port Essington ; Cape York. B.M. 34, BELENOIS PERICLEA. Pieris periclea, Felder Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p.169.n.151 (1865); Herrich-Schiiffer, Stett. ent. Zeit. p. 76. n. 45, pl. 1. fig. 4 (1869). Aneiteum, New Hebrides; N.W. Australia. B.M. 35. BELENO!IS PERIMALE. Papilio perimale, Donovan, Ins. New Holl. pl. 20. fig. 1 (1805). Var.? Pieris narses, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p- 333. n. 13, pl. 6. fig. 3 (1867). Australia. 36. BrELENOIS BOISDUVALIANA. Pieris boisduvaliana, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p- 287. n. 47 (1862); Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 168. n. 147, pl. 24. fig. 8 (1865 ”’). Pieris nephele, 2 , Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. v. p. 299. n. 8 (1861). Manilla. B.M. 37. BELENOIS RACHEL. Pieris rachel, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 469. n. 46 (1836). Pieris wallaceana, Felder, Reise Noy. Lep. il. p. 168.n.148 (1865). Waigiou. B.M. 38. BELENOIS PERISTHENE. Pieris peristhene, Boisduval, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, p. 155. n. 4 (1859). New Caledonia, New Ireland, and Aneiteum (New Hebrides). B.M. 39. BELENo!Is Pitys. Pieris pitys, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 134. n. 48 (1819); Lucas, Lep. Ex. pl. 29. fig. 1 (1835). Java; ‘imor. B.M. 40. BELENOIS MENTES. Pieris mentes, Wallace, Traus. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. Pp: 332. n. 1] (1867). Lombock. B.M. 41. BELENOIS AFFINIS. Pieris afinis, Vollenhoven, Mon. Pier. p. 40. n. 53. pl. 5. fig. 2 (1865). Celebes. B.M. 42. BeLEenots? ERASTUS. Pieris erastus, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iii. Pier. pl. 8. fig. 51 (1866). Gaboon. 43. BELENOIS? ABYSSINICA. Pieris abyssinica, Lucas, Rev. Zool. p. 328 (1852). Abyssinia. Genus 11. Pontra, Fabricius, Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 283 (1807). . PonTIA CRATHGI. aoe crategi, Linnzeus, Faun. Suec. p. 269. n. 1034 (1761). Papilio nigronervosus, Retz. Gen. Spec. Ins. p. 30. n. 2 (1783). England; France; Germany; Syria; N. Japan. B.M. 2. PoNTIA HIPPIA. Pieris hippia, Bremer, Bull. Acad. Pét. iii. p. 464 (1861); Lep. Ost-Sibir. p. 7. n. 12, pl. 3. fig. 1 (1864). Leuconia crategi, var. crategoides, Lucas, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, p- 503, pl. 11. fig. 11 (1866). China. 3. PonTIA SORACTA. Aporia soracta, Moore, Cat. Lep. East-Ind. Comp. 1, p. 83. n. 170 (1857). Himalayas. B.M. 4, PonTIA MENAPIA. Pieris menapia, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. iii. p. 27]. n. 18 (1859) ; Reise der Nov. Lep. ii. p. 181. n. 172, pl. 25. fig. 7 (1865”). Pieris tau, Scudder, Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. viii. p.183(1861). Pieris ninonia, Boisduval, Lép. Cal. p. 38. n. 5 (1869). British Colombia, West Coast of America. B.M. 5. PoNTIA TERLOOII, Neophasia terlooii, Behr, Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. p. 304 (1869). California. 6. PonTIA NOTHA. Euterpe notha, Lucas in Guérin’s Rev. Zool. p. 195 (1852). Venezuela. B. 7. PONTIA PIERIDOIDES. Euterpe pieridoides, Felder, Reise der Novara, ii. p. 158. n. 126 (t1865"): Bogota (Lindig), Felder. “In marking and coloration, especially on the underside of the hind wings, this species strikingly calls to mind Pieris locusta, Fel- 4.2 der, from Bogota. 8. PonTrA CORCYRA. Euterpe corcyra, Felder, W. e. Monatschr. iii. p. 327 (1859); Reise der Novara, ii. p. 159. n. 127, pl. 23. fig. 8 (1865’’). E. Peru. 38 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PrERIS. __[Jan. 16, yi 1872.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. 59 9. Pontia CALYMNIA. Euterpe calymnia, Felder, Wien. ent. Monats. vi. Dil Gf tt. 7 (1862); Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p- 171. n. 154, pl. 23. fig, 7 (* 1865”). Rio Negro. 10. PonTrA REMBA. Pieris remba, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. p- 75. n. 147 (1857). Var. Pieris amba, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p. 340. n. 36 (1867). N. India; Canara; Ceylon. B.M. 11. Pontia NADINA. Pieris nadina, Lucas, Rev. Zool. p- 333 (1852). Id. var.? Pieris nama, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, p: 76. n. 148 (1857); Proc. Zool. Soc. p- 102, pl. 44. figs. 1, 2 (1857). Darjeeling ; Silhet; N. Australia. B.M. 12. PoNTIA EPERIA. Pieris eperia, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 470. n. 48 (1836). Celebes. B.M. 13. PonrTIA NERISSA. Papilio nerissa, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 471. n. 123 (1775). Papilio amasene, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 44, fig. A (1776). Papilio coronis, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 44. figs. B, C (1776). Papilio coronnis (sic), Herbst, Natursyst. Schmett. v. p- 88.n. 25. Hong-Kong; Moulmein; Nepal. B.M. 14. Pontta corva. Pieris corva, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p- 339. . 32 (1867). Pieris coronis, var. A, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 472 (1836). Java; Sumatra ; Baly Island. B.M. —~ — 15. Ponria pHRYNE. Papilio phryne, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 473. n. 131 (1775). Papilio evagete, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 221. figs. F, G (1782). Canara ; Landoor ; Nepal. B.M. 16. Pontra zeuxtppr. Papilio zeuxippe, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 362. figs. E, F (1782). Papilio cassida, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 427 (1798). Pieris hira, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. p- 490. n. 22, plsi: fig. 17 (1865). Var. Pieris copia, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 3, vol. iv. p- 340. n. 35 (1867). E. India, Bombay; Malwa, N. India. B.M. 60 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. __[Jan. 16, 17. PonTIA TEMENA. Pieris temena, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii. Pier. pl. 3. fig. 19 (1861). Lombock. B.M. 18. PonTIA TAMAR. Pieris tamar, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p. 337. n, 25, pl. 6. fig. 2 (1867). Baly Island. Near P. temena. 19. PonTIA TIMNATHA. Pieris timnatha, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iii. Pier. pl. 7. figs. 47, 48 (1862). / Tondanv, Celebes. B.M. 20. PonTIA LATA. Pieris leta, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iii. Pier. pl. 7. figs. 45, 46 (1862). Timor. 21. PonTIA PACTOLICA. Pieris pactolicus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 455.n. 1, pl. 26. fig. 1 (1865). Borneo. B.M. 22. PoNTIA CLEMANTHE. Pieris clemanthe, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. pl. 6. fig. 3 (1847). Siam. B.M. 23. PONTIA LEA. Pieris lea, E. Doubleday, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvii. p, 23 (1846). ? Pieris amalia 2, Vollenhoven, Mon. Pier. p. 23 (1865). Sarawak. B.M. 24. PoNTIA AMALIA. Pieris amalia, Vollenhoven, Mon. Pier. p. 23. n. 28, pl. 3. fig. 6 (1865). Singapore; Moulmein. B.M. 25. PONTIA LICEA. Papilio licea, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 20. n. 210 (1787). East Indies ? Seems to come near P. amalia. 26. PoNTIA JAEL. Pieris jael, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soe. London, 3, vol. iv. p. 335. n. 20 (1867). Bouru. 1872. ] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. 61 27. PoNTIA NAOMI. Pieris naomi, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 3, vol. iv. p. 536. n. 23 (1867). Lombock. B.M. 28. PoNTIA HESTER. Pieris hester, Vollenhoven, Mon. Pier. p. 24. n. 29, pl. 4. fig. 1 (1865). Papua. 29. PonTIA JUDITH. Papilio judith, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 22. n. 230 (1787) ; Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 27. fig. 2 (1800). Java. B.M. 30. PonTIA OLGA. Pontia olga, Eschscholtz, Kotzeb. Reise, iii. p. 214, pl. 9. figs. 21a, 216 (1821). Philippines ; Hong-Kong. B.M. 31. PONTIA ASPASIA. Papilio aspasia, Stoll, Suppl. Cramer’s Pap. Ex. pl. 33. figs. 3, 3c (1790). Pieris asterope, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 154. n. 125 (1819). Amboina; Ceram. B.M. 32. PoNTIA EMMA. Pierts emma, Vollenhoven, Mon. Pier. p. 24. n. 30, pl. 4. fig. 2 (1865). Var. Philippine islands. B.M. Nearly allied to P. aspasia. Genus 12. Merarorta, Butler. Cist. Ent. iii. pp. 38 & 51 (1870). 1. METAPORIA PHRYXE. Pieris phryzxe, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 446. n. 12 (1836) ; Blanchard in Jacquem. Voy. Inde, iv. Ins. p. 16. n. 6, pl. 2. fig. 1 (1844). N. India. B.M. 2. METAPORIA AGATHON. Pieris agathon, G. R. Gray, Zool. Mise. p. 33 (1831); Lep. Ins. Nepal, p. 8, pl. 8. fig. 1 (1846). Nepal; N. India. B.M. 3. MrTAPORIA NABELLICA. Pieris nabellica, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 509. n. 104 (1836). Himalayas. a wl 62 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. _[Jan. 16, Genus 13. Syncuuok, Hiibner. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 94 (1816). 1. SyNCHLOE DAPLIDICE. Papilio daplidice, Linneeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 760. n. 77 (1766) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schm. i. figs. 414, 415 (1798-1803). Papilio edusa, Fabricius, Gen. Ins. p. 255 (1777). Var. Papilio bellidice, Brahm, Ill. Mag. iv. p. 362 (1805). Papilio belemida, Hibner, Eur. Schm. i. fig. 931-4 (1827-1841). Var. Papilio raphani (part), Esper, Kur. Schm. tr. ii. pl. 84. fig. 3 (1783). Germany; Sicily; Spain; Andalusia; Cashmere; Syria. B.M. 2. SYNCHLOE GLAUCONOME. Pontia glauconome, Klug, Symb. Phys. pl. 7. figs. 18, 19 (1829). Arabia; Egypt. Allied to 8. daplidice. 3. SYNCHLO# CALLIDICE. Papilio callidice, Esper, Eur. Schm. 1. ii. pl. 115. figs. 2, 3 (1777). Pieris kalora, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 489. n. 18, pl. 31. fig. 15 (1865). Var. Pieris chrysidice, Herrich-Schiiffer, Eur. Schm. i. figs. 200- 203 (1844). Europe. B.M. 4, SYNCHLO# PROTODICE. Pieris protodice, Boisduval & Leconte, Lép. Am. Sept. p. 45, pl. 17. figs. 1-3 (1833). Ohio ; British Columbia; Mexico. B.M. 5. SyNCHLO# HELLICA. Papilio hellica, Linneeus, Syst. Nat. |. il. p. 760. n. 71 (1766). Papilio helice, Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 243 (1764). Papilio daplidice, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 171. figs. C, D (1779). Papilio raphani, Esper, Eur. Schm. r. ii. pl. 123. figs. 3, ep Cape of Good Hope; Knysna ; Interior of 8. herieg: B.M. 6. SYNCHLOE CHLORIDICE. Papilio chloridice, Wiitbner, Eur. Schm.i. figs. 712,713 (1803-18). Papilio daplidice, Esper, Eur. Schm. 1. ii. pl. 90. fig. 1 Sab Russia. B.M 7. SYCHLO#? LEUCODICE. Pontia leucodice, Eversmann, Bull. Mose. p. 541, pl. 7. figs. 2a, 6 (1843). Siberia. Somewhat resembles the species of the genus Tatochila. 1872.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. 63 8. SYNCHLOE sISYMBRII. Pieris sisymbrii, Boisduval, Aun. Soc. Ent. France, p. 284 (1852). California. i Links the Napi and Daplidice groups. 9. SyNCHLOE? CANACE. Pieris canace, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. (1870). California. 10. SyNCHLO# HULDA. Pieris hulda, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. il. p. 370 (1870). Kodiak. 11. SyNCHLO# AJAKA. Pieris wjaka, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 490. n. 21, pl. 31. fig. 16 (1865). Kunawur (Lang). B.M. 12. SyNCHLOE NAPI. Papilio napi, Linneus, Faun. Suec. p. 271. n. 1037 (1761). Var. Papilio bryoniea, Ochsenheimer, Eur. Schm. i. ii. p. 151 (1808). Papilio napi, Esper, Eur. Schm. t. ii. pl. 64. figs. 3-5 (1783). Var. Papilio’ napee, Esper, Eur. Schm. 1. ii. pl. 116. fig. 5 (1800 ?). Var. Pontia sabellice, Steph. Ill. Haust. i. p. 21, pl. 3. figs. 3, 4 (1827). Austria; Germany ; Lapland. B.M. 13. SYNCHLOE NASTURTII. Pieris nasturtii, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. ii. p.501 (1864). California. 14. SyNCHLO# VIRGINIENSIS. Pieris virginiensis, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. p. 13 (1870). United States. 15. SYNCHLOE OLERACEA. Pontia oleracea, Harris, New Engl. Farmer, viii. p. 402 (1829). Var. Pieris cruciferarum, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 519. n. 119 (1836). Var. Pontia casta, Kirby, Faun. Bor. Am. iv. p. 288, pl. 3. fig. 1 (1837). Newfoundland ; Nova Scotia; Hudson’s Bay ; Vancouver Island ; Canada West. B.M. Var. S. cruciferarum. Canada West. B.M. 64 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PiERIS. [{Jan. 16, 16. SYNCHLO# FRIGIDA. Pieris frigida, Scudder, Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soe. viii. p. 181 (1861). Pieris oleracea (part), Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 518. n. 117 (1836). Labrador. 17. SYNCHLO# VENOSA. Pieris venosa, Scudder, Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. viii. p. 182 (1861). Pieris nasturtii, Boisduval, Lép. Cal. p. 38. n. 7 (1869). California. 18. SyNCHLO# MARGINALIS. Pieris marginalis, Scudder, Proce. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. viii. p- 183 (1861). California. 19. SYNCHLOi} PALLIDA. Pieris pallida, Scudder, Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soe. vill. p. 183 (1861). Pieris yreka, Reakirt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philad. p. 238. n. 1 (1866). Pieris iberidis, Boisduval, Lép. Cal. p. 39. n. 9 (1869). California. 20. SYNCHLO# OCCIDENTALIS. Pieris occidentalis, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. vi. p. 133 (1806). Coloradc. 21. SYNCHLO# VERNALIS. Pieris vernalis, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. ii. p. 105 (1864). New Jersey. 22. SYNCHLO# MELETE. Pieris melete, Ménétriés, Cat. Mus. Petr. Lep. il. p. 113, pl. 10. figs. 1, 2 (1857). Japan. ; B.M. 23. SyYCNHLO# BRASSICOIDES. Pieris brassicoides, Guérin, Lef. Voy. Abyss. vi. p. 365, pl. 9. figs. 3-6 (1849). Abyssinia. B.M. We received this under the name of P. kafta; but I cannot discover that it has been anywhere described under this name. 1872.) MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. 65 24. SyNCHLO# CHEIRANTHI, Catophaya cheiranthi, Hiibner, Samml. ex. Schm. ii. pl. 124 (1816-36). Teneriffe. B.M. 25. SyNCHLO# NEPALENSIS. Pieris brassice, var. nepalensis, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepal. pl. 6. figs. 1, 3 (1846). Punjaub; Bhotan ; E. India; Madeira. B.M. 26. SYNCHLO# BRASSICA. Papilio brassice, Linnzeus, Faun. Suec. p. 269. n. 1035 (1761). Var. Pontia chariclea, Stephens, Ill. Haust. i. p. 17, pl. 3. figs. 1, 2 (1827). Germany ; France ; Syria. B.M. We havea female specimen labelled St. Domingo ; but this must, I think, be an error. 27. SYNCHLOE CRUCIVORA. Pieris crucivora, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 522 (1836). Hakodadi; Nagasaki; Shang-hae. B.M 28. SyNCHLO# ERGANE. Papilio ergane, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 904-7 (18272). Pontia narcea, Freyer, Neuere Beitriige, i. pl. 43. fig. 3 (1828). Pieris rape, var., Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 520 (1836). Var. Pontia mannii, Mayer, Stett. ent. Zeit. p. 151 (1851). Turkey. B 29. SYNCHLO# KRUEPERI. Pieris krueperi, Staudinger, Wien. ent. Mon. iv. p. 19 (1860) ; Mill. Icon. iv. p. 259, pl. 1. figs. 3-5 (1863). Var. Pieris krueperi, var. vernalis, Staud. Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. p. 34 (1870). Greece. Intermediate between P. rape and brassice. 30. SYNCHLOE? AGLAOPE. Pieris aglaope, Motschulsky, Etudes Entom. ix. p- 28 (1860). Japan. 31. SyYNCHLO# RAPR. Pieris rape, Linneus, Faun. Suec. p. 270. n. 1036 (1761). Var. Pontia metra, Steph. Ill. Haust. i. p. 19 (1827). Var. Pieris rape, var. leucotera, Stef. Bull. Ent. Soc. Ital. i. p- 147 (1869). Italy ; Germany ; Syria ; Japan. B.M, Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1872, No. Y. 66 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. _[ Jan. 16, 32. SyYNCHLO# CASTORIA. Pieris castoria, Reakirt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 238. n. 2 (1866). Pieris resede, Boisduval, Lép. Cal. p. 39. n. 8 (1869). California. Allied to S. rape. 33. SYNCHLOE CANIDIA. Papilio canidia, Sparrman, Ameen. Acad. vii. p. 504, note m. (1768). Papilio gliciria, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 171. figs. E, F (1779). Papilio liciria, Herbst, Natursyst. Schmett. v. p. 63. n. 2. Pieris glaphyra, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 160. n. 140 (1819). Var. 2? Papilio acaste, Linneus, Mus. Ulr. p. 250 on Punjaub ; Silhet; China; Hong-Kong; Amoy. 34. SyNCHLO# MONUSTE. Papilio monuste, Linnzeus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 237 (1864). Papilio phileta, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 471. n. 119 (1775). Papilio monusta (sic), Herbst, Natursyst. Schmett. pl. 88. fig. 6. Mylothris hippomonuste, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 91. n. 952 (1816). Pieris orseis, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 141. n. 78 (1819). Pontia feronia, Stephens, Ill. Haust. i. p. 149 (1828). Var. Papilio albusta, Sepp, Surin. Vlind. iii. pl. 141 (1855). Pieris mandela, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. vy. p. 80. n. 30 (1861). Pernambuco ; Brazil. B.M. 35. SYNCHLO# SUASA. Pieris suasa, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 549. n. 160 (1836). Peru. B.M. Possibly a melanistic form of S. monuste. 36. SYNCHLO# JOPPE. Pieris joppe, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 495. n. 87 (1836) ; Lucas in Ramon de la Sagra’s Hist. Cuba, vil. p. 491, pl. 15. figs. 2, 2a (1857). Jamaica. B.M. Allied to S. monuste. 37. SYNCHLOE CLEOMES. Pieris cleomes, Boisduval & Leconte, Lép. Am. Sept. p. 43, pl. 16 (1833). ? Pieris vallei, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 494. n. 86 (1836) ; Lucas in Ramon de la Sagra’s Hist. Cuba, vii. p. 491, pl. 1. figs. 1, 1 @ (1857). Honduras ; Nicaragua; Portorico. B.M. 1872. ] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS PIERIS. 67 38. SYNCHLO# viIRGINIA. Pieris virginia, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p- 141. n. 81 (1819). Mylothris hemithea, Hiibner, Zutrage ex. Schmett. figs. 693, 694 (1832). Venezuela ; West Indies. B.M. Genus 14. Tarocurta, Butler. Cist. Ent. iii. pp. 38 & 51 (1870). 1. TarocHILA AUTODICE. Synchloé autodice, Hiibner, Samml. ex. Schmett. ii. pl. 127 (1816-36). Chili; Bolivia. B.M. 2. TATOCHILA THEODICE. Pieris theodice, Boisduval, Voy. de 1’Astr. Lép. p. 51. n. 11 (1832) ; Gay’s Faun. Chil. vii. p: 12, pl. 1. figs. 1 a, 6 (1852). Peru. B M. 3. TATOCHILA MICRODICE. Pieris microdice, Blanchard, Gay’s Faun. Chil. p- 14 (1852). Chili. 4. TATOCHILA MERCEDIS. Pontia mercedis, Eschscholtz, Kotzeb. Reise, iii. p. 215, pl. 9. figs. 22 a, b (1821). Chili; Peru. B.M. 5. TATOCHILA DEMODICE. Pieris demodice, Blanchard, Gay’s Faun. Chil. p- 13 (1852). Sandy Point; Port Famine. B.M. 6. TATOCHILA XANTHODICE. Pieris xanthodice, Lucas, Rev. Zool. p. 337 (1852). Var. ? Pieris polydice, Blanchard, Gay’s Faun. Chil. p. 12 (1852). Quito. B.M. Genus 15. Herpanra, Butler. Cist. Ent. iii. pp. 38 & 52 (1870). 1. HERPANIA ERIPHIA. Pieris eriphia, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 157. n. 134 (1819); Lucas, Lép. Exot. pl. 28. fig. 2 (1835). { Pontia tritogenia, Klug, Symb. Phys. pl. 7. figs. 18, 19 (1829). Congo. B.M. P.S. Several species of Pierides from Costa Rica have been de- scribed in the fourth part of ‘Cistula Entomologica’ for January 1872, subsequently to the reading of this paper. 68 MR. A, ANDERSON ON THE [Jan. 1f, 2. Notes on the Raptorial Birds of India. By A. Anperson, F.Z.S.—Part II.* [Received January 4, 1872.] 29. AquiLa FULVESCENS, Gray. (The Indian Tawny Eagle.) Met with everywhere. In some places almost abundant, as well as a nuisance, from the clanging noise it makes when depriving other birds of their food. The habits of this Eagle have been well described by Jerdon ; and the bird is probably too well known to re- quire special notice. I examined several nests during the season, and invariably found only two eggs. They vary considerably in size, shape, and coloration ; but on the whole they are poorly marked. January and February is the most general time for this Eagle to lay ; but I came across some nests early in November. These birds had evidently built too soon, and used to sit mopingly close to their nest or on a neighbouring tree, as if watching their homestead, patiently waiting their appointed time. The Wokab is partial to certain trees for the site of its nest ; but I have found its predilection in this respect to be regulated by the abundance or scarcity of the trees in question. In the Cawnpore district they almost invariably build on solitary peepul trees (Ficus religiosa). In the Futtehgurh and Mynpoory districts, where the seesso (Dalbergia seesoo) grows to so gigantic a size, the preference is apparently given to them. Higher up the Doab, where the country assumes somewhat of a desert character, I found them building on thorny acacias. On one occasion I found a nest on a babool, which was certainly not more than fifteen feet high—a mere apology for a tree. In November, 1867, I got a pair of abnormally small eggs, with- out the faintest indication of any colouring-matter (the contents of an unusually small nest, which was situated at the very top of a perpendicular branch of a mango), shooting one of the parent birds. This tree was one of a straggling group, close to the Martiniére College at Lucknow ; and, in proof of the boldness of this Eagle, I may mention that an enormous camp was formed under these very trees, awaiting the triumphal entry of the Viceroy into the capital of Oudh. Ihave since thought that this nest belonged rightfully either to Milvus govinda or to Haliastur indus, both of which species were very abundant there. When encamped at the pretty little station of Mynpoory in January last, a pair of Wokabs became excessively troublesome, carrying off every thing they could find, and robbing the more legitimate camp-scavengers, Kites and Crows, of every morsel they picked up. I was not long in finding their nest, an enormous structure, on the topmost branches of a seesoo, which was visible nearly a mile off, as at this season of the year the tree was devoid of every green leaf. The nest contained two half- grown eaglets, which were most tenderly nurtured by their parents, * For Part I., see P. Z. S. 1871, p. 675. 1872. | RAPTORIAL BIRDS OF INDIA. 69 judging from the frequency of their visits and the pugnacious way in which they attacked every bird that unconsciously approached within sight, no matter how far off. During one of my visits to the tree, I saw both the birds in hot pursuit of a Jugger Falcon that was flying away witha Pigeon. Another day I wounded a Poliornis teesa, which flew away dangling both legs. Simultaneously with my shot out flew one of these Wokabs, and pursued the wounded Buz- zard, in the vain hope of becoming possessed of its prey! The Eagle very soon overtook the unfortunate bird, flying round it several times by way of inspection, and when satisfied that no booty was forthcoming, it returned to the nest after two or three rapid gyra- tions. As mentioned by Jerdon, the Wokab subsists to a great extent by robbing other birds of prey of their earnings. The stomach of one I examined coutained a large Field-Rat (Gerdillus indicus) ; the head and shoulders had been swallowed whole; and the tail alone mea- sured eight inches long. Not long ago I shot one in the act of eating a Wild Pigeon (Columba intermedia), which must have been caught out of a flock of several thousands which were settling on a few solitary trees for the purpose of roosting. I have said that probably no two birds approach each other more in some phases of plumage than do the Indian Tawny (A. fulvescens) and the European Tawny (4. nevioides) Eagles. But a remarkable characteristic in these two birds is, that their adul¢ livery is assumed in reverse ratio to each other. Aquila fulvescens gets paler as it advances in age; and i have specimens of a unifurm cream-colour, showing every signs of age, very like the second figure of Aquila nevioides in ‘The Ibis’ for 1865, page 166. The latter, per contra, is pale buff when immature, and gradually assumes a rich chocolate- brown when fully adult. There is no doubt, however, that A. Sul- vescens might be mistaken at a distance, either in its dark brown or pale buff stage for 4. nevioides ; and many a one I have shot in the hope of finding a specimen of the latter bird. That the Wokab can be mistaken for something even better than the A. nevioides is proved by the sequel ; for, since the first portion of these “Notes” was written, I shot a dark-looking bird off a telegraph-post, on the 28th of September last, and found myself in possession of a beautifully spotted (immature) female specimen of that somewhat mystical bird Aquila hastata, the first example I had ever seen in the flesh. 30. Aquixa wastarta, Less. (The Long-legged Eagle.) I did not anticipate the gratification of being able to include this rare and interesting bird in the present paper when I first undertook it, a gratification which has been very considerably increased by my being already in a position to furnish Messrs. Gurney and Tristram with specimens of my own shooting. As I believe this Eagle is not at present represented in any of our British museums, and as the author of ‘ Rough Notes’ alludes to it as a “doubtful species” *, I * Rough Notes, pt. i. p. 181. 70 MR. A. ANDERSON ON THE [Jan. 16, trust no time will now be lost in having Aquila hastata figured, so as to enable him to speak for himself! I have been extremely fortunate in procuring a good series of this desideratissimum of all Indian Eagles, as my collection already con- tains five specimens—representing both sexes, as also several phases of plumage. No one that has ever seen this handsome little Eagle in the flesh could ever dispute its distinctness from both Aquila nevia and A. JSulvescens. Structurally it has its affinities with the former, as the nostril is round, though smaller and more circular, and it has the same soft, silky plumage. The fully adult bird might be mistaken for a pale, spotless A. nevia ; but the feeble beak, slender tarsi, length of wings, which generally exceed the tail, to say nothing of the com- paratively small size of the whole bird (if the sex has been deter- mined), are more than sufficient to separate it at a glance. The immature bird can never be mistaken for A. nevia, as the minute white or fulvous dots on the bend of the wing, which are confined to the wing-coverts, chiefly near the carpal joint, and the pale fawn colour of the under wing-coverts, together with the above charac- teristics, distinguish it at once. Still less can I understand how it could be confounded with A. fulvescens ; for, leaving alone the question of plumage, it is structurally distinct. Had Mr. Hume examined the nostril of the disputed bird in Col. Tytler’s museum, he would have noticed that, although it was “‘ vastly like A. fulvescens,” the nostril alone was sufficient to separate it from that bird. In its habits Aquila hastata is equally distinct from either of the above species. It affects open, alluvial country, is never found (according to my present experience), like the Wokab, in dry, arid plains, nor in the vicinity of stagnant, marshy pools, like the Spotted Eagle. All my specimens have been procured (by me) in low, open country in the vicinity of rivers, which was more or less submerged during the rainy season, and was only then being ploughed for the first time since the cold weather had set in. I never once saw a single A. nevia in the same country as where I met with A. hastata, although the Wokab was abundant. My best collecting-ground for the Long-legged Eagle (decidedly a misnomer, as the measurements will prove) was between the Ganges and Ramgunga, in the Futtehgurh district. The country between these two rivers is low, and is subject to inundation more or less every year. This season, owing to the unusually heavy rains, the two rivers were one continuous sheet of water for two months, submerging a strip of country from six to eight miles in breadth. It was here that I got my first specimen, seated on a telegraph- post within shot of the road, on the 28th of September, before the waters had fairly subsided. Since procuring the above specimens, I have explored the most likely ground in the Etawah and Mynpoory districts ; and although I have met with Aquila fulvescens everywhere, and Aquila nevia in all suitable ground, neither Mr. Brooks nor I have as yet succeeded in adding Aquila hastata to the avifauna of either of these districts. 1872. ] RAPTORIAL BIRDS OF INDIA. 71 The natural conclusion we have arrived at is, that this part of the country is too dry. I didindulge the hope that, like its ally the Spotted Eagle, it too would be a marsh-loving bird; but I think it pretty safe to conclude that the two Eagles do not affect the same kind of ground. ‘Time and further research, however, is necessary before this point can be authoritatively settled; and it is just possible, now that we know 4. hastata, that the bird may yet occur as a rare straggler near the jheels as the weather gets warmer. It is a matter of regret that we are still ignorant as to the food of this Eagle ; for the craws of my specimens did not contain the slightest vestige of any thing, notwithstanding I made careful postmortems. In the stomach of the first bird I found an intestinal worm 34 inches long, which, together with all the sterna, has been preserved. They were all shot about two hours after sunrise, by which time Raptores in this country have generally made their morning meal. It is, how- ever, very probable that grubs and earthworms may constitute a good portion of their diet, and hence perhaps the reason they affect newly ploughed lands. There are two more points connected with this bird which I should mention—namely, its heavy, slow, Kite-like flight, and its excessive tameness. Had this Eagle been in the least degree wary, I should never have succeeded in securing a single specimen, owing to the exposed trees they sit on, and the entire absence of any cover. I saw only five birds, and shot them all, at a distance of 20 to 25 yards; and I may add that no doubtful-looking one was passed over. With regard to its general plumage, dquila hastata, like Aquila nevia, has two distinct stages, viz. the “spotted” and uniform pale brown. It is, indeed, a ‘‘ Spotted Eagle,” just as much as the latter, and, like it, probably takes several years before it assumes its fully mature dress. The length of the wings, which fully equal or exceed the tail, and the slight difference in the size of the sexes, are remarkable features in this bird. ‘To make its history as complete as possible, I sent all my specimens to Mr. Brooks, C.E., Etawah, and I am indebted to him for the following descriptions of them. I was very near omitting to mention that, as far as I am aware, these specimens are the first as yet recorded from the North-Western Provinces, strictly so defined. A(Q). Futtehgurh district, extreme north, 28th September, 1871.—Cere and gape lemon-yellow; bill pale plumbeous blue at base, rest horny black ; irides hazel-brown; feet pale yellow. General colour of plumage, above and below, as far as vent, hair- brown ; it is, however, in the moult, and the feathers are of different shades. Many of the head-feathers and neck-hackles have pale tips. The bend of the wing, as also the shoulder, has a spotted appearance, as most of the lesser wing-coverts are tipped with dull white or pale fulvous. Upper tail-coverts light brown, and almost white at junction with tail; most of them have white tips. Tail plain hoary brown, darker along the shafts of the feathers; some of them show izdistinct whitish, greyish, or hoary bars, which are 72 MR. A. ANDERSON ON THE [Jan. 16, almost square to the shaft, but are very slightly inclined upwards. The uppermost tail-feathers do not show any barring ; and the lower surface is of a uniform hair-brown. The lower tail-coverts are paler, and a good deal mottled and tipped with brownish white. The under surface of the tail shows the bars very distinctly in all the feathers. The tarsi are whitish brown, streaked with darker brown. Most of the primaries and secondaries are barred in their inner webs; lining of wing pale brown, mottled with brownish white. It is probable that some of the longer primaries in this specimen may not be fully grown. ‘There is a strong purple gloss on the upper plumage, espe- cially on the tertials. The spots on the wings of this moulting bird are of a rich buff on the new feathers, and they are almost white in the old ones, sufficiently proving that the spots are not lost in one moult. The new feathers are also just as freely spotted as the old ones. B(<¢). Futtehgurh district, two miles south of the Ganges, 28th October 1871.—Cere, gape, and angle of eye lemon-yellow; feet the same ; irides light yellow; bill, basal half light plumbeous blue, rest blackish. This specimen differs from specimen A in having its moult further advanced; and the upper surface generally is of a darker hair- brown. The tips of yellow-brown on the head are more distinct ; and the spots on the wings are much more profuse. At the bend of the wing and along the ridge to the shoulder they are quite conflu- ent. Those on the new feathers are ruddy or buff-white, while those on the old ones have faded to quite white. These spots extend to all the coverts of the wing, so that it is, to a certain extent, quite a “ Spotted Hagle ;’ they are, however, confined to the wing-coverts. The upper tail-coverts are the same as in specimen A—namely, very pale brown, tipped with white. Tail also hoary brown, barred as in specimen A. The bars, however, do not extend right across the feathers, but occupy the central part. They slightly incline upwards, and are greyish white. The ends of the secondaries in both birds are very pale brown ; lining of wing brown, mottled with pale yellow- brown. Tarsi pale yellowish brown, marked with darker brown, in the form of bars. Lower tail-coverts largely marked with brownish white, so as to present a much lighter appearance than the rest of the bird. The abruptly defined white borders to the ends of the upper tail-coverts are a peculiarity of this Eagle. C (@). Raepore, Central India (in Mr. Brooks’s collection).— This is very similar to specimen A. It appears, however, to be older, and was shot in March. The well-defined white borders to upper tail-coverts are worn off, leaving the ends of a brownish-white appearance ; they are rather ragged. ‘This bird has the pale tips to the tibial and tarsal plumes very distinct. There are a few pale tips to some of the head-feathers ; but they are very minute, about 35 of an inch across. D (¢). Futtehgurh district, six miles north of the Ganges, 6th November, 1871.—Soft parts ué supra. This bird differs from spe- cimen C in being profusely spotted on the wings; every covert- 1872. | RAPTORIAL BIRDS OF INDIA. ia feather has a whitish spot at the tip, and so have the last two tertials. The colour of the tertials is a very pale brown. The spots on the wing are most numerous from its bend to the junction of the body. One or two of the upper scapulars are pale-tipped. Nearly all the feathers of the head and neck-hackles have minute pale tips, the size of a pin’s head. Most of the abdominal feathers have pale tips ; and the tibial and tarsal plumes are all edged with this pale rufous brown. The lower part of the tarsus is a light sandy brown. The white borders to the upper tail-coverts are most conspicuous. There is very little indication of barring on the central tail-feathers; but on opening the tail the other feathers are seen to be very distinctly barred with hoary grey. E(<¢). Futtehgurh district, four miles north of the Ganges, 8th November, 1871.—This is an older bird, and is devoid of spots, except at the bend of the ridge of the wing to its junction with the body. On the latter part, or ridge, the spots are so thick as to be confluent (1 ought to mention that this is the case in all the specimens as yet noticed). This specimen has no pale tips to the head-feathers ; the well-defined white border to upper tail-coverts has disappeared, and these feathers are now simply very pale brown, with dark shafts, shaded to dull white at the edges and tips. Tail hoary brown, showing zo bars above ; it is only on opening them that very obso- lete bars are visible in the inner webs of the outer feathers. The under surface of this bird is of a very uniform hair-brown, paling slightly towards the vent, as also on the tibia and tarsi, the latter being quite sandy on its lower half. There are no pale tips to the abdominal feathers ; and those on the tibial and tarsal plumes have nearly all disappeared. The lower tail-coverts are pale brown, mottled with white. This specimen is in the moult, and the whole bird shows a mixture of old and new feathers. Some of the tail- feathers are only half-grown. F (@). Futtehgurh district, extreme south, on the banks of the Kalee Nuddee (river), 19th November, 1871.—This is a still more mature bird; the spots on the wings have all vanished. The upper tail-coverts are pale brown, with darker central line; there are no light edges or tips to abdominal feathers, nor are there any light edges to the tibial and tarsal plumes; the latter are plain brown to junction with foot. Lower tail-coverts light brown, with dark central stripes ; towards the tips they are rather pale. Feathers on the top of the head indistinctly tipped with light brown. Tail, as seen from above, without bars; but obsolete barring is visible on opening it. This specimen is also in the moult ; the whole bird, especially the coverts of the wings, is of different shades of brown. It is, however, generally a darker bird than any of the others, being almost as dark as some specimens of mature A. nevia. As is the case with Aquila nevia, this Eagle also is subject to a strong purple gloss, and, like it, has the plumage soft and silky. The primaries and secondaries in the fully adult bird, No. 6, are not barred on the inner webs as in 4. fulvescens, but are plain as in 74 MR. A. ANDERSON ON THE [Jan. 16, adult A. nevia. The nostril is even more circular than in that bird (A. nevia), being a very broad ellipse, slightly inclining forwards. The tibial plumes in Aquila hastata are scanty, and very different from the well-furnished legs of A. imperialis and A. fulvescens. Subjoined are the measurements of the above six specimens :— HH ~~ \3 | no] . : ge ilo |a _|3 Ie : = eSlt aia) a] a | less] a Bal? 28] B14 SBIR) cap eo | 4 q 2 (SR\98| 2 |e 2/8 aioe] 5 | S 83/7 S €/E |S | 8 Se siz.| § Sse cies sie ie =z ai B*|" 8g Beles le aa | nin lb. oz. | | | A. |2] 8 0) 24-1) 18-2 | 10:0 | 1-25) 2:05) +94! 3°62) 8-2 | 3:05) 2:2 | 1:1 11:3 B. || 2 13) 245/185 |10°0 | 1:4 | 2-2 | 1-0 | 3-92) 8:5 | 3-1 2:23) 1:27) 1-25 CO asc 26:0) 18:5 | 9:25) 1-2 | 1:9 | -95} 3°75) 8°5 | 3:05) 2:2 | 11 | 1:3 D. || 2 11/240) 17:8 | 9:25) 1:3 | 2:05) -97) 36 | 8:5 | 2°9 | 2-1 | 1-17) 1:15 EB. || 2 93) 25-0) 188 | 10-0 |1-25)1-'93, ‘9 36 |87 (3:0 | 2-4 | 1:17) 1-4 F. |} 2} 3 10) 25-5) 18°75) 10:25] 1-22) 2°03 -97| 38 |91 133 | 21 |13 11-5 ) i Remarks.—A. Wings exceed tail by 4 inch. B. Wings equal with tail. C. Mr. Brooks’s bird. HE. & F. Wings exceed tail by 4 inch. 31. Aquiza pennatTA, Gmel. (The Booted Eagle.) Decidedly rare in this part of the country. I procured two specimens (¢ and 9), the only ones I saw. The first is a fully mature bird with pure white abdomen; the latter immature, having the underparts of a uniform dark brown. My first introduction to this Eagle took place on the 18th March last. When driving along the Etawah branch canal, close to its junc- tion with the Mynpoory road, I saw what at first appeared to me a Buzzard (Buteo ferox, a common bird in that neighbourhood), in pursuit of some insect on the ground, which was constantly escaping from its grasp. The bird was extremely wary, and I had great diffi- culty in approaching it within shot. Dimensions (mature male). Length 21°5 inches; wing 16; tarsi 2°8; foot, greatest length 4°5, greatest breadth 3-7 ; mid toe to root of claw 1°7, its claw along curve 1°2; hind toe to root of claw 1, its claw along curve 1°6; bill, straight from base of cere to point 1'5, along curve 1°6, from gape 1°6, width at gape 1'1. Weight 1 Ib. 13 oz. Description. Cere and gape bright yellow; feet dirty yellow; irides pale brown ; bill blackish at the tips, basal half pale blue; the breast is light brown ; abdomen pure white ; the white spots between the neck and wings were most conspicuous before the bird was skinned ; and there is decidedly a rudimentary crest. The other characters are the black supercilium, streak between the lores and eyes, and dark stripe down the centre of the throat. All these points are equally present in the other bird, an immature female. I think it is safe to conclude that the white-bellied bird, as is the 1872. ] RAPTORIAL BIRDS OF INDIA. 75 ease with Hutolmaétus bonellii and Pernis cristatu, is the adult garb, although this is at variance with Dr. Jerdon’s opinion; and Mr. Hume inclines, I think, to the same belief. 33. EvToLMAiTus BONELLI, Temm. (Bonelli’s Eagle.) This noble and magnificent Eagle is pretty generally distributed in suitable localities. I procured a good many specimens ; and, with one exception, they were all in the mature dress. If the breadth of the striation on the under plumage is indicative of age, as is supposed to be the case by Mr. Brooks*, some of my birds must have been very old indeed, as the linear ovate marks on the tips of some of the feathers on the flanks and thighs were nearly a quarter of an inch broad. My notes regarding this Kagle refer to their breding-season, Jan- uary and February, during which period I invariably found them in pairs, or at no distance from each other. The only solitary example was the immature one above referred to; and it must then have been one or two years old. From this it might be inferred that it does breed in the younger dress, as some Raptores are known to do. The under plumage of this one was of a uniform dark ruddy brown, the striation being very narrow, confined entirely to the shafts of the feathers. Itis curious that, while in migratory Raptores (Aq. nevia, nevioides, imperialis, &c.) the preponderance of young birds is so marked, the reverse should appear to be the case with this Eagle, a permanent resident. This, however, may be accounted for by the ‘‘ Morunghee ”’ in its plain brown stage being passed over at a distance for some other bird. The straggling belt of dhak-jungle (Butea frondosa) which runs at broken intervals through the entire length of the Doab (N. W. P.), marking, as is supposed, the old bed of some river, is par excellence the favourite habitat of this noble bird. Here Aquila bonellii, seated on the summit of a lofty peepul or burgot seems to be monarch of all he surveys; and woe betide any luckless Peafowl, Hare (Lepus ruficaudatus), or Partridge (Ortygornis ponticeriana) that happens to come within tempting distance. In the course of a morning’s march through this scrub-jungle, studded here and there with gigantic trees, and well stocked with game, I have seen two or three pairs. Each pair seems to hold sway over a circuit of two or three miles ; and they do not apparently intrude upon each other’s hunting-grounds. Karly in the morning they may be seen seated on the summit of some high tree which commands the neighbouring country ; butif later in the day, they are on the wing, sailing over the jungle in search of food. This dhak-jungle, besides furnishing these game-killing Raptores with such large quarry, encloses numerous shallow jheels, which are the favourite resort of aquatic birds early in the season, and it has consequently an additional charm for this rapacious Eagle, as well as for other birds of prey. According to Mr. Hume’s experiencet, this Eagle would appear * This, 1869, p. 44. + Rough Notes, pt. i. p. 189. 76 MR. A. ANDERSON ON THE [ Jan. 16, to nidificate by preference on ledges of cliffs and old ruins. Doubt- less it is a rock-building species ; but it is one of those Raptores that adapts itself to circumstances, by building on trees near places that abound with its most natural food. I have no doubt that, in the absence of the above sites, they build commonly throughout the country I have alluded to, perhaps exclusively, on huge-limbed peepul and burgot trees. I was particularly unfortunate with regard to the egys of this Eagle, as the country was new to me, and I was just a little too late. The only eyry that rewarded my exertions (4th March) was placed on just such a tree as I have described, and contained a pair of *«squabs ” about a week old, for all the world like pure white powder- puffs. Even at that early age, there was no mistaking the charac- teristic legs and claws of young A. bonelliz. I was very much struck by the affection shown by the female bird for her offspring ; for she flew in and out of the tree even after I had twice wounded her, before I was aware that her nest was there. None of my men could climb the tree, owing to the enormous girth of the trunk ; nor was any nest visible from below, as the foliage was dense, and the lower branches were covered with a thorny creeper. With the help of an extemporized ladder, ropes, &c., I managed to reach to where the trunk bifurcated into two huge boughs, and from there saw the position and shape of the eyry, which was placed on a horizontal bough at no great distance from the ground ; but it was completely hid from view. My next acquaintance with young 4. bonellii (17th March) took place under circumstances worth recording ; for it is something quite new in the history of this Eagle for it to usurp the nest of another bird. The one in question belonged to Haliaétus leucoryphus ; and as it was tenanted, £ had the curiosity to have it examined. Before my climber had ascended a few feet, out flew an old Bonelli’s Eagle, leaving a fine fat young one, the only inmate of the nest. It suc- cumbed at last to a surfeit of Crows and Doves, the only food my Shikaree would give it, as he maintained that was the most strength- ening flesh for all Hawks. It has been suggested to me that the nest above alluded to was built by the parent birds; but I am as positive as it is possible for one to be in such matters that it was an old one belonging to H. leucoryphus, whose young, even supposing the nest to have been occupied that year, must have flown a month or twoearlier. There is no mistaking the bowl-shaped nest of this Sea-Eagle ; and I am most familiar with it. In its position, shape, size, and architecture it differed most materially from that built by Bonelli’s Eagle, which I had seen only a short time before, and was exactly similar to the scores of nests belonging to the other species which I have examined from time to time. Besides, this nest was placed on the very top of a leafless peepul, in a most public part of the canal-banks, which was a regular thoroughfare. No Bonelli’s Eagle would have éuilt in such a situation. I have not seen this species in company with other Eagles. It is ~ 1872.] RAPTORIAL BIRDS OF INDIA. 77 essentially a clean feeder, and never consorts with its brotherhood over a dead carcass. Itis, however, worth mentioning that the craw of one which I shot was very much distended, and to my surprise contained the leg and foot complete of a Short-eared Owl (Otus brachyotus) | How such a morsel could have been digested it is impossible to say. The old Scotch proverb, “Hawks dinna pick out Hawk’s een,” if taken in a literal sense, is certainly not applicable in this case. Since writing the above, I have obtained another immature ex- ample, which is certainly a year older than the one already men- tioned, as the dark ruddy-brown plumage beneath has given place to a pale fawn-colour: and the vent and thigh-coverts are assuming a whitish appearance. Probably this bird does not assume its full adult plumage before the fourth year. 38. Circaérus Gauxicus, Gmel. (The Short-toed Eagle. ) Generally distributed in suitable localities. Lays a single white egg, from January to March, and generally selects a solitary tree in an open plain for its nest. This Eagle is easily distinguished, either when soaring or sitting on a tree; it is rarely seen in well-wooded country. 39. SprtorNis cnEEta, Daudin. (The Crested Serpent-Eagle.) By no means an uncommon bird, and has exactly the opposite habits of the preceding one. It is very local, and only met with in well-wooded, watery places. In short, it affects the same sort of ground as the Spotted Eagle; and, like it, subsists almost entirely on Green Frogs. It is a very tame bird, and sits in a slouching manner on a low bough of a tree overlooking some stagnant pool. I have never seen it on the wing, unless made to fly. Does not breed in the plains. 42. Haviatrus teucorypnus. (Pallas’s Sea-Eagle.) These fine birds are common, frequenting rivers, canals, and jbeels. Although fish forms their chief sustenance, there is no doubt that they feed largely on aquatic birds ; and, judging from their numbers, and the quantity of feathers one meets with along the edges of jheels, they must be the most destructive Eagles in the country. The nest of one examined contained the bones of the common Hare (Lepus ruficaudatus). Nidification commences early in November, and lasts till February. Two is the usual number of eggs they lay, exactly similar to those of Haliaétus albicilla; but I have three taken from a nest not long ago; this, however, is very unusual. Next to Gyps bengalensis, this is the earliest breeder among our Indian Raptores. A case has come to my knowledge of this Eagle completing the outer fabric of its nest as early as the 10th of Oc- tober, and then actually forsaking that locality for about three weeks, when both birds suddenly returned and finished their homestead. They build invariably on trees, on the banks of rivers, or close to jheels, which are thronged during the cold season with innumerable waterfowl. and thereby secure ample food for themselves and their 78 MR. A. ANDERSON ON THE [Jan. 16, offspring. During midday they frequently soar to a tremendous height, uttering a harsh, clanging ery, which can be heard a mile off. I have frequently been guided to their nest from their noise. 42 bis. Haura@rus aLBiciLuA (HH. pelagicus et H. brooksii, Hume). (The White-tailed Eagle.) I once saw an immature bird of this species ; and as it was in com- pany with a young H. leucoryphus, there was no doubt as to its identity. It was dreadfully wild and unsettled, not allowing me to approach within any thing like shot. Several immature White-tailed Eagles have been seen and pro- cured in the country to which these notes refer; and the recent capture of a mature specimen in the Punjab * places the identity of this species beyond doubt. 45. Burro rerox, Gmelin. (The Long-legged Buzzard.) This large and handsome Buzzard occurs in great numbers through- out all the districts of the North-western Provinces, affecting alike both moist and dry localities; it avoids, however, well wooded country. It is only a cold-weather visitant, arriving in October, and leaving again for their breeding-haunts by the first week in April. ‘ih the arid dry plains of the Etawah and Mynpoory districts, where these birds occur in surprising numbers, they feed almost ex- clusively on desert-rats ; but in swampy localities their food consists to a great extent of frogs, crabs, &c. Lhave frequently found these Buzzards flying about late in the evening, even after dusk ; but have rarely got within shot of them at that hour. Their acute sight and noiseless flight makes one believe they are somewhat crepuscular in their habits. These Buzzards are subject to almost more variation in their plumage than any other bird ; but their transitional stages are as yet desiderata. 48. Poxrornis TEESA, Franklin. (The White-eyed Buzzard.) Abundant, and appears to have no choice as to habitat, as they are found alike everywhere. Feeds on rats, mice, and all manner of crustaceans. Is extremely noisy and easily tamed. Breeds in March and April, laying usually three eggs, of the Goshawk type. 50. Circus cyanrvus, Linn. (The Hen-Harrier.) Rather rare. 51. Circus swarinsonl, A. Smith. (The Pale-chested Harrier.) Common. I have several times seen this Harrier in the act of killing small birds. 54. Crrcus =ruGcinosus, Linn. (The Marsh-Harrier.) Abundant in marshes and neighbourhood of jheels. Obtained in every variety of plumage, including a uniform dark brown, nearly * This, 1871, p. 404. 1872. ] RAPTORIAL BIRDS OF INDIA. 79 black, with pale fulvous xuchal spot. This variety is extremely rare. Feeds frequently on wounded Ducks and Teal, but never attempts to carry off the quarry, and eats it on the spot. 55. Hanrastur rnpus, Bodd. (The Brahminy Kite.) Essentially a marsh-bird ; but, though extremely common in Lower Bengal, is far from being so in the North-western Provinces, and then only in wet cultivation. Builds on high trees, invariably in the vicinity of water, constructing a nest very much after the fashion of the Common Kite. Nidification commences about February; their eggs resemble poorly marked specimens of Buteo vulgaris; and they rarely lay more than a pair. 56. Mitvus govinna, Sykes. (The Common Kite.) Universally present. ‘They commence building early in cold wea- ther; but December is the most general time for them to lay. My first eggs last year were got on the 18th of November, and they must then have been a week old. These birds are perfectly fearless, and breed by preference in the most densely populated parts of villages and bazars. The countless varieties of their eggs defy all description. 56 dis. Mitvus Mayor, Hume. (The Larger Kite.) This, I am informed, is the common Kite of Cashmere, and it is only a cold-weather visitant to the plains of India. They are by no means uncommon ; but there are probably few birds so difficult to procure, owing to their excessive wariness. Its slow heavy flight, together with the white under the wings, suffice to distinguish it at a glance. In most of the specimens I have examined, the white under the wings is most conspicuous ; the inner webs of the primaries, as far as the emarginations, are more or less pure white. Some birds have this part mottled ; but the white predominates. I have just now an undoubted male of this species before me in the flesh of the following dimensions :—Length 243, wing 19, tail 123. This is an unmistakable Milvus major, indeed a monster Kite. I have, however, specimens of a Kite with all the characters of Milvus major, but considerably smaller. It is also a cold-weather visitant, and is equally shy asthe former. Mr. Brooks has examined these birds in my collection, and agrees with me in referring them to another species: they may be Milwus affnis, or perhaps more pro- bably M. melanotis of Temminck. T shot a very fine female of this lesser Kite in my camp last year, close to the railway station at Etawah; it was in company with several of the common species, and attracted my notice for several days, owing to its large size and the white under the wings. Undoubtedly we have three species of Kites in India, two of them being migratory. 80 ON THE RAPTORIAL BIRDS OF INDIA. [ Jan. 16, 57. Pernis cristata, Cuvier. (The Crested Honey-Buzzard.) Common, and is easily recognized on the wing, at any stage of plumage, by its peculiar flight. Seems to be an object of special aversion to Parrots (Paleornis torquatus), which invariably pursue this species with every appearance of hatred. I have frequently watched a flock of Parrots in the act of pouncing down on one of these birds, even from a considerable height. The Honey-Buzzard seeks refuge by flight, but is immediately overtaken and mobbed by its pursuers, till at last it manages to conceal itself in some densely foliaged tree. 1 have found this species building in March and April, but have never succeeded in procuring their eggs. The food of this Buzzard consists of honeycombs and insects. The craw of one I examined contained more than half a pound of wax, honey, and bees; the culmen and scale-like feathers of the head were quite sticky from the freshly eaten honey. I once, however, saw this bird in the act of pursuing something in long grass, half flying and half running, which I think must have been a Leveret. Its erectile crest, golden-coloured eyes, and rapid movements gave it a very fine appearance. I believe it is not above eating small birds; for one perched one day on a small enclosure wall within a few paces of my tent, casting wistful glances at my chickens. The jemadar of my guard, a high-caste Hindoo (Thakoor), picked up a specimen of this bird that I had thrown away; and, on my expressing my surprise at his touching it, he informed me that it was a mistake to consider this bird as belonging to the Hawk- kind, as its food was pure honey, and, further, that it was delicious eating! He called it ‘‘ Mud-kare,”’ which signifies literally honey- comb-eater. 59. ELANUS MELANOPTERUS, Daud. (The Black-winged Kite.) This handsome little bird, the connecting-link as it were between the Harriers and Kites, affects open, marshy country, and is generally found seated on a small tree. It is by no means a common bird in these parts ; and though it is a permanent resident, we know next to nothing about its nidification. I believe the bird breeds in the Oudh Terai, as in the month of April one year, when out tiger-shooting in that locality, I saw great numbers of them, and am almost certain I once saw one fly off its nest. The immature bird, in its mottled stage, has the iris yellow ; but every mature specimen that I have seen has it blood-red. 60. Srrrx rnprca, Blyth. (The Indian Screech-Owl.) Common. 65. Bunacca oceLuata, Lesson. (The Mottled Wood-Owl.) Common. This species frequently dui/ds a nest, laying usually a pair of eggs, generally in February and March. 1872.] MR. J. BRAZIER ON NEW-SOUTH-WALES CYPREID&. 81 68. Orus Bracuyorus, Gmel. (The Short-eared Owl.) Abundant in cold-weather months, arriving in October, and leaving again by the end of March. Confines itself almost entirely to grass lands ; in a day’s shooting dozens are put up. It flies remarkably well during the day; and it is by no means uncommon to see them scar almost out of sight, especially if attacked by Crows and King Crows. 69. ASCALAPHA BENGALENSIS, Franklin. (The Rock Horned Owl.) Common. 70. AscALAPHA CoROMANDA. (The Dusky Horned Owl.) Abundant. Lays generally two eggs in December and January. [ have taken their eggs from the old nest of a Kite, as also from the bare fork of a tree. I was once riding along the banks of the Cawnpore Branch Canal late in the evening, quite dusk, at low-water mark, when I was sud- denly startled by the ery of a Heron in distress, which flew past me, under the level of the bank, close to the surface of the water, hotly pur- sued by one of these Owls. I immediately galloped after the birds, and by dint of shouting and screaming made the Owl give up the chase. Judging from the numbers of feathers of Herons and Egrets which one meets with along the canals, there is reason to conclude that these birds are commonly preyed upon by this powerful Owl. 72. Kerupa ceyLonensis. (The Brown Fish-Owl.) Pretty generally distributed, in suitable localities. 76. ATHENE BRAMA, Temm. (The Spotted Owlet.) Abundant. The roof of my present bungalow, as well as that of the Club-house at Futtehgurh, is infested by them; they are a dreadful nuisance at times ; and there is no getting rid of them. Breeds from January to March, laying usually four eggs, exactly similar to those of Scops aldrovandi. Ihave found this species breeding alike in holes of trees and eaves of houses. They are excessively fond of flying about during the middle of the day, and sally forth long before dusk. 3. A List of the Cupreide found on the Coast * of New South Wales. By Joun Brazier, C.M.Z.S., M.R.S.N.S.W. [Received January 2, 1872.] During a tour of five months through the northern parts of New South Wales in 1870, I travelled over 300 miles of coast-line, and * The extent of coast-line of New South Wales commences at Point Danger, in latitude 28° 8’ S., and terminates at Cape Howe, in latitude 37° 30’ 9. Proc. Zoou. Soc.— 1872, No. VI. 82 MR. J. BRAZIER ON NEW-SOUTH-WALES CYPR#IDH. [Jan. 16, found species that have never been recorded from this part of the world. It is of importance that those who from personal observa- tion are in a position to do so should give to the scientific world the benefit of their researches, especially when they are able to correct errors, or to increase our knowledge of the geographical distribution of species. Genus Cypraa, Linnezeus. 1, Cypr#A CARNEOLA, Linn. Hab. Bottle-and-Glass rocks, Port Jackson; Cape Banks, Botany Bay. This may be considered its furthest southern limit. It is very common to the north, at the mouth of the Macleay, Nam- buccra, Bellinger, Redbank, and Clarence rivers. 2. CypR#A ISABELLA, Linn. Cyprea controversa, Gray. Hab. Headland three miles north of the Nambuccra River, also Bellinger-River bar. This is not the true C. isabella, Linn., but the variety named controversa by Gray. Rare here, but common in the Central Pacific Islands. 3. CyprEA FIMBRIATA, Gmel. Hab. Cape Solander, Botany Bay, Lake-Macquarie beach, and the mouth of the Clarence River. 4. Cypraa macuna, A. Adams. Hab. Botany Bay; Bottle-and-Glass rocks, Port Jackson ; Broken Bay ; Newcastle ; Port Stephens ; Port Macquarie; Macleay, Nambuccra, Bellinger, Redbank, and Clarence rivers; also Moreton Island in Moreton Bay. 5. Cypr#a FELINA, Gray. Hab. Twofold, Bay, Botany Bay, Port Stephens, Port Macquarie, and at the mouths of all the rivers north of Port Macquarie. 6. CyprA URSELLUS, Gmel. Hab. Cape Banks, north head of Botany Bay. 7. CypR#&A HIRUNDO, Linn. Hab. Redbank and Bellinger rivers. 8. Cypraa ASELLUS, Linn. Hab. Cape Banks, Botany Bay; Port Jackson; Port Stephens ; Port Macquarie; Nambuccra, Macleay, Bellinger, Redbank, and Clarence rivers. Our specimens are larger and more deeply coloured than those from New Caledonia and Ceylon. I have not seen the species south of Botany Bay. 1872.] MR. J. BRAZIER ON NEW-SOUTH-WALES CYPREIDE. 83 9. CyprR#A TABESCENS, Soland. Hab. Broken Bay, Lake Macquarie, Port Stephens, and Port Macquarie ; Macleay, Nambuccra, Bellinger, Redbank, and Clarence rivers. 10. Cypr#a scurra, Chem. Cyprea indica, Gmelin. Hab. Broken Bay, north of Port Jackson. Subgenus Arrcra, Gray. 11. Cypraa arasica, Linn. Hab. Cape Banks, north head of Botany Bay ; Macleay, Nam- buccra, Bellinger, Redbank, and Clarence rivers. The specimens found at Botany were all young shells, and ob- tained, during a very low tide, under large stones. 12. Cypras Moneta, Linn. Hab. Redbank River, twenty miles south of the Clarence River. This species, so common in the tropics, is also common at the above locality ; it is thrown on shore after gales, with the animal dead in the shells. 13. Cyprama ANNuLUs, Linn. Hab. Cape Banks, Botany Bay; Bottle-and-Glass rocks, Port Jackson ; Redbank River. This species, in common with C. moneta, is found thrown up on the beach after gales, near the Clarence River. 14, CypR#&A CAPUT-SERPENTIS, Linn. Hab. Cape Banks, Botany Bay; Shark Island, Port Jackson ; Lake Macquarie; Broken Bay; Macleay, Nambuccra, Bellinger, Redbank, and Clarence rivers. A specimen that I obtained at Botany Bay was jet-black. It is not found south of that place. Subgenus Luponta, Gray. 15. Cypr#a viTELuus, Linn. Hab. Cape Banks, Botany Bay; Schnapper Rock, Coogee Bay ; Point Piper; Port Jackson; Broken Bay; Port Stephens and Port Macquarie; Macleay, Nambuccra, Bellinger, Redbank, and Clarence rivers. I have not found this species south of Botany Bay. 16, Cypr#a tynx, Linn. Cyprea vanelli, Linneus. Cyprea squalina, Gmelin. Hab. Bellinger-River bar. 84 MR.J. BRAZIER ON NEW-SOUTH-WALES CYPREIDE. [Jan. 16, 17. Cypr#a HELVOLA, Linn. Hab. Bellinger-River beaches. 18. Cypraa porariA, Linn. Hab. Bellinger and Redbank rivers. 19. CypR#A CLANDESTINA, Linn. Cyprea moniliaris, Lamarck. Hab. Cape Banks, Botany Bay; Watson’s Bay, Port Jackson ; Port Macquarie; Macleay, Nambuccra, Bellinger, Redbank, and Clarence rivers. I obtained living examples of this species at Botany during a very low spring tide under stones, but have not seen it any further south. 20. Cypr#A XANTHODON, Gray. Hab. Watson’s Bay, Port Jackson (Mr. G. F. Angas) ; Broken Bay; Port Stephens; Port Macquarie; Macleay, Nambuccra, Bel- linger, Redbank, Clarence, Richmond, and Tweed rivers. This species I have very rarely found in good condition. 21. CyprA SUBVIRIDIS, Reeve. Hab. Port Stephens, Port Macquarie; Bellinger, Redbank, and Clarence rivers. Mr. Sowerby, in his ‘ Thesaurus Conchyliorum,’ erroneously states that this species inhabits the Cape-Verd Islands. New-Caledonian specimens are more pyriform and lighter in colour than those fonnd on the Australian coast. 22. Cypr#A FLAVEOLA, Linn. Hab. Botany-Bay Heads ; Broken Bay ; Lake Macquarie; Port Stephens; Port Macquarie; also Macleay, Nambuccra, Bellinger, Redbank, and Clarence rivers. This species is not very common at any of the above localities. 23. Cypraa spurca, Linn. Hab. Cape Solander, south head of Botany Bay (Mr. Hargraves) ; Newcastle beach, near Redhead, north of Port Jackson. This species may be distinguished from C. flaveola and C. gan- grenosa by the back being always clouded and ocellated with yellow. 24. Cyprama LUTEA, Gronov. Cyprea humphreysii, Gray. Cyprea commixta, Wood. Hab. Lake Macquarie ; Newcastle nee Redbank and Clarence rivers. The variety humphreysti has the back of the shell olive-brown, with two narrow milky-blue zones, and comes from Nichol Bay, North-west Australia. 1872.] MR. J. BRAZIER ON NEW-SOUTH-WALES CYPREIDE. 89 25. Cypra#A PIPERATA, Soland. Hab. Twofold Bay and Shoalhaven. This species is also found at Port Lincoln, St. Vincent’s Gulf, Port-Adelaide Creek, South Australia, and at Cape Riche, King George’s Sound. 26. Cypr#a BICOLOR, Gask. Hab. Lake Macquarie and Bellinger River. This species may be recognized by its pyriform shape and by the teeth being much finer than in C. piperata or C. comptoni. Some four years since some hundreds of C. bicolor were washed on shore upon the outer beaches of Lake Macquarie, after an easterly gale of wind. 27. CyprR&s coMPTONI, Gray. Hab. Twofold Bay. It is also found at Port Lincoln, South Australia; Cape Riche, King George’s Sound, and on the north coast of Tasmania. 28. Cypr=a ERosA, Linn. Hab. Bottle-and-Glass rocks, Port Jackson; Broken Bay ; Port Stephens; Port Macquarie; Macleay, Nambuccra, Bellinger, Red- bank, and Clarence rivers. This species is found thrown up on all the outer beaches after the winter gales, and obtained alive under stones in the harbours. 29. Cypraa caurica, Linn. Hab. Cape Banks, Botany Bay; Broken Bay. This species, like the preceding, extends from Broken Bay north- wards along New South Wales to Queensland. 30. Cypr&A CRUENTA, Gmel. Cyprea variolaria, Lamarck. Hab. Bellinger and Redbank rivers; also a few dead specimens have been found at Lake Macquarie. 31. Cypraa MILIARIS, Gmel. Hab. Macleay River, under Grassy Head. 32. Cypr#A ERRONES, Linn. Cyprea olivacea, Lamarck. Hab. Cape Banks; Botany Bay; Middle Harbour, Port Jack- son; Broken Bay; Port Stephens; Port Macquarie, and all the other northern beaches of New South Wales. Subgenus Cypraovu.a, Gray. 33. CyerZOVULA UMBILICATA, Sow. Hab. Off Wollongong (?), deep water. 86 MR. J. BRAZIER ON NEW-SOUTH-WALES CYPREIDE. [Jan. 16, «Several living specimens of this rare shell were dredged in deep water, at a distance of two miles off the coast, a little to the south- wards of Wollongong, by Commodore Loring, C.B., when com- manding H.M.S. ‘Iris.’ They are somewhat smaller and paler in colour than the ordinary Tasmanian examples.”—Mr. G. F. Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867. . Genus Trivia, Gray. 34. Trivia AUSTRALIS, Lam. Hab. Shark and Clark Islands, Watson’s Bay ; Bottle-and-Glass rocks, Port Jackson; Lake Macquarie; Port Stephens; Port Mac- quarie; Macleay, Nambuccra, Bellinger, Redbank, and Clarence rivers. Tasmanian specimens are very large. About four years ago there were some thousands of this species washed on shore at the outer beaches, Lake Macquarie, after an easterly gale. 35. Trry1a CANDIDULA, Gask. Hab. Bottle-and-Glass rocks, Port Jackson. I obtained two living examples of this rare Trivia under a large stone during an unusually low spring tide. 36. Trivia GLoposa, Gray. Hab. Cook’s Landing Place, Botany Bay; and Little Bay, be- tween Port-Jackson Heads and Botany. 37. Trivia tnsecta, Mighels. Cyprea hordacea, Kien. Hab. Little Bay, also Cabbage-Tree Bay, outside the north head of Port Jackson. Subgenus Pusrutaria, Swainson. 38. Trivia Lrmacrina, Lam. Cyprea interstincta, Wood. Hab. Nambuccra and Bellinger rivers. This species appears to be confused by some authors with the C. staphylea of Linneus ; but they are undoubtedly two distinct species, the teeth on the base of C. limacina being always large, and not extending across the base as in C. staphylea. 39. TRIVIA STAPHYLA, Linn. Hab. Broken Bay and Newcastle. This species is common on the New-South-Wales coast. 1872.] ON BIRDS FROM THE PELEW AND MACKENZIE ISLANDS. 87 4. On a fourth Collection of Birds from the Pelew and Mackenzie Islands. By Dr. G. Harrtavs, F.M.ZS., and Dr. O. Finscu, C.M.Z.S. [ Received December 6, 1871.] It was in the year 1867 that we had the first opportunity of re- porting to this Society * on a small collection of birds from the Pelew and Mackenzie Islands, which, from their geographical position, may be considered of especial interest. These groups of islands are close to each other, connected by several small islets, and form the most western corner of the extensive archipelago of the Carolines. Since that date we have received two other collections from the Pelews}, forwarded to us through the Museum Godeffroyanum of Hamburg and the Museum of Altona (Dr. Semper), which have extended our knowledge of the avifauna of this group to a high degree. It is with great satisfaction that we now record the receipt of a new and still more complete collection from the localities nen- tioned above, sent to us for scientific determination by Mr. Johann Cesar Godeffroy, to whom science is greatly indebted for the explo- ration of some almost unknown groups of islands in the Pacific. This collection was formed by Mr. Kubary (a young traveller in the service of Mr. Godeffroy, whom we had the pleasure of men- tioning in terms of commendation in our last article on birds of Savai, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 22) on the island of Uap, of the Mackenzie group, and by Capts. Heinsohn and Peters, masters of vessels belonging to Mr. Godeffroy, partly at the same island, but chiefly on the Pelews. Thanks to the zeal and diligence of these gentlemen, we are now in the pleasing situation of being able to give a far more complete ac- count of the ornithology of these interesting islands. Not only do we become better acquainted with some little-known species, but the total number of species has been increased. Amongst these additions no less than nine we have the pleasure of introducing as new ; and what is more important, some of them appertain to genera not yet known from this locality—such as Noctua, Caprimulgus, Campe- phaga, and Phlegenas. Our last list of Pelew birds embraced forty-one species, now we have to add eleven, making the total number fifty-two. Of the Mackenzie group or Ulathi, only the island of Uap has been explored. Here we were previously acquainted with six species only (Myzo- mela rubratra, Monarches godeffroyi, Calornis kittlitzi, Ardea sacra, Numenius pheopus, and Tachypetes minor) ; now we are able to enumerate twenty. The total number of known birds of this western portion of the Carolines is sixty-four; but of this number * Dr. Hartlaub, “On a Collection of Birds from some less-known Localities in the Western Pacific,” P. Z. 8. 1867, pp. 828-852. + Drs. Hartlaub and Finsch, ‘On a Collection of Birds from the Pelew Islands,” 2b. 1868, pp. 4-9, and ‘Additional Notes on the Ornithology of the Pelew Islands,” ¢4. pp. 116-118. 88 DRS. HARTLAUB AND FINSCH ON BIRDS [Jan. 16, only two occur on both groups, and are widely distributed in the archipelago, namely Myzomela rubratra and Calornis kittlitzit. The rule in the geographical distribution of birds, that islands close to each other are generally inhabited by certain allied species of the same genus, which represent each other, is manifested very clearly with respect to the birds of the Pelewand Uap. The two islands have each two species of Zosterops, one Rhipidura, one Campephaga, and one Phlegenas. The avifauna of Pelew, better known than that of Uap, is richer in peculiar species, possessing twelve, whereas Uap has only six, which species are marked in our subjoined list with an asterisk. Of the other forty-six species known in these groups, twenty-seven are widely distributed over the Indo-Malayan region and the Pacific; but there is a strong tendency towards the birds of the former region, about sixteen being Indo-Malayan, whereas only seven are peculiar Pacific forms. Sixteen species may be regarded as stragglers, some of which are of very rare oecurrence, such as Falco peregrinus and Nycticorax griseus, which visit these islands during their migrations. Nine of the species are European. Two species occur also in Australia. In comparing the ornithology of these groups of islands with those of other Central-Polynesian groups, and taking into consideration their far less extent, we find that, nevertheless, they are considerably richer. Thus, the Vitis possess sixty species, amongst which eighteen are peculiar ; whereas the Navigator group has only fifty, of which sixteen are peculiar; and the Friendly Islands, out of thirty-seven species, only six peculiar. This interesting fact, no doubt, must be considered a result of the far stronger influence of Indo-Malayan species which predominates in the western Carolines. Asa singular fact in relation to the general view of the ornithology of the Western Carolines, we may notice the absence of Fringilline birds and of Parrots, which, in respect of the latter, is the more re- markable, as we know of the occurrence of a very interesting species (Domicella rubiginosa) on the small island of Puinipet, of the Se- niavin group, which forms the outermost eastern corner of the Caro- lines archipelago. Mr. Kubary has given us some meagre notices about the island of Uap and its ornithic life. According to these the interior of Uap consists of a hill-like plateau, which is destitute of trees, and only covered with grass. This hilly interior is surrounded by a narrow strip of wooded land, of a garden-like appearance, not broader than from one to two English miles, which possesses a richer vegetation of areca-palms, banyans, bamboos, and, nearer to the shore, of cocoa- trees. In general the vegetation is much poerer than in Upolu or other Central-Polynesian islands. On the plateau birds are very rare. Mr. Kubary notices only the Kuling (S¢repsilas) and Nume- nius pheopus, and observed once a small bird, which he believes to have been a Co/localia, but which he was not fortunate enough to secure. The greatest amount of bird life is found in the wood-re- gion. Here Myzomela, Zosterops, Campephaga, Phlegenas, Orty- gometra, and a species of half-wild Gal/us occurs; the Myzomele, 1872.] Zosteropides, and Monarche are not unfrequently seen near the of the natives. On the shores, Ardee sacra and lepida, Actitis incanus, and sea-birds (Sterna melanauchen, Gygis alba) are houses FROM THE PELEW AND MACKENZIE ISLANDS. numerous. We commence with a list of all the known species of western Caro- linian birds :— Pelew group. Mp Maleo PeregrinUslse..2..c-cen scence slnsceeesscsacdassce cs Be NOCEIANPOMALPINAI yao. caw cance sscnasewsuscesincases opis | * ee CAPT us pala secs see scenes eceeesaascase * 4, Collocalia vamicorensis ............s.seeeesseereeeene * DR PEUALCYONICHIONIS: tececs ovakehe ls cesacssccstscasswetie sees | % 6. pullbicill apenas: acevo cee scdee te. sates soneikes: | # ie ie Walsiel oye till” Cama nceeerermccaeeuneneesesade: cones | x 8. SAN CHIE: occ aceensoencnses-es accesso cdmaens cs | x OReMiyzome lat Dr Attain. c-nesecs dao ieer sinos=ideiosanceces * PILOs PE SATUOALMIACANTI EG tse soe seacate. dencte sie sac sesiinsens sce | * PIER ZOSLECOPS | SEMUPCIU Mach ececsncseccesensseesincseevare na] *12, ASTOR Ser aucscodos pcunsaaesotassor dasa outer peice OCU PAN GD) suns oanante snse-sinWee seca cdleciieecilaaa Sees : *14, HENS CEN yhe seer Beeona are en etisson here secek selaeece cease | * ee Ur cURL GDSCULIS) (22.625 .-soe0s aimeldes x Bos @anbo MelanOleUCUS success sac a lecueandessenensacaes= * G4 ePachypates minors: eeeece-n eseaetee-rcr sonar ears S52 * | jes ny : i Esmee | Shes 1. Fatco rereGrinus, L. A young male from Uap, captured during the north-east monsoon in November 1870 (Kubary). Not yet recorded from this locality. Long. al. cand. rostr. tars. dig. med. ung. ss 6" qu gam gull gait git 152" ©16 FO 10 23 25 9 (De Castries Bay.) In a former collection, forwarded by Mr. Godeffroy, we received a similarly coloured specimen from De Castries Bay, east coast of Amoorland (Capt. Meyer). 2. NoOcTuA PODARGINA, 0. sp. Dilute ferrugineo-rufa, vin conspicue transversim variegata ma- culisque minutis albidis hine inde notata; capite pallidius fulvescente, indistincte fasciolato ; uropygio et supracaudalibus erebrius albo maculatis ; maculis nonnullis majoribus albis in alarum tectricibus ; alis pallide rufis; remigibus irregulariter et rarius fasciatis, pogonio interno obsolete fuscescentibus ; rectricibus pallide rufis, obscurius fasciatis ; pectore et abdo- mine in fundo letius rufescenti-fulvo irregulariter fasciolato et maculato; subalaribus albido fuscoque fasciatis ; rostro pallido; pedibus obscuris. Long. tot. cirea 11", rostr. a fr. 8'", al. 6” 2'", caud. 3”, tars. 1”. One very indifferent specimen. The whole bird of an obsolete pale rufous colour, mottled with indistinct and very narrow trans- verse blackish and fulvous bands; inferior part of back, upper tail- coverts, wing-coverts, aud scapularies irregularly marked with white sublanceolate or roundish greater or smailer spots; these spots are surrounded by a blackish margin ; wing-feathers with a few indistinct and distant blackish bands, the inner vanes towards the base more mr . 1872.| FROM THE PELEW AND MACKENZIE ISLANDS. 91 blackish ; under wing-coverts barred whitish and fuscous ; feathers of the face, throat, and sides of head paler, distinctly and very nar- rowly banded ; there appears to be a pale superciliary stripe ; breast and abdomen pale rufescent, with blackish vermiculations and larger whitish darkly margined spots, or short, broad, transverse bands ; beak pale yellowish; feet dark; the upper half of the tarsus is feathered. The collection contains only a single specimen, collected by Capt. Heinsohn at the Pelews. All our efforts to refer this little Owl to any known species have been without success; we must therefore consider it to be new. Its nearest ally seems to be N. ochracea, Schleg., from Celebes. The specimen is apparently in full dress; but whether the rufous plumage may be only a phase, as in some other Owls, we are unable to decide. The light-coloured beak and the half-naked tarsi and toes, without any hairs, are especially to be noticed. 3. CAPRIMULGUS PHALENA, N. Sp. Supra in fundo rufescente nigro transversim lineolatus striisque latioribus longitudinaliter notatus ; uropygio et supracaudali- bus distinctius fasciatis; remigibus majoribus nigris, medio dilute rufo bimaculatis ; tectricibus et scapularibus pulchre et largius fulvo, rufo nigroque variegatis; subalaribus rufo ni- groque fasciatis; macula jugulari alba; abdomine in fundo dilute rufescenti-fulvo fasciolis strictioribus nigris notato ; subcaudalibus obsolete fulvo-albidis, rarius nigro fasciatis ; rectricibus nigris, fasciis vermiculatis rufis maculatim notatis ; rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tot. circa 10" 3'", rostr. a fr. 5’”, al. 6” 3’’, caud. 4" 4", tarsi 6”. The whole head above reddish brown, minutely mottled with dark brown, and each feather with a broad black shaft-stripe, forming three irregular longitudinal stripes; feathers of the hind neck and mantle dark rufous brown, with dusky patches along the shafts, and mottled indistinctly with dusky; feathers of the sides of neck with a large rufescent middle spot, forming a distinct patch, which is in connexion with the bright rufescent ear-region; larger shoulder- feathers rufous brown, towards the basal half light brownish grey, mottled minutely with dark brown, and with a large apical spot of black on the outer vane, which shows some small rufescent spots ; this black is bordered on the upper shoulder-coverts externally broadly with light fulvous yellow, forming along the shoulders a black median stripe, edged externally by an indistinct fulyous-yellow line ; rump and upper tail-coverts rufous brown, mottled with dusky, and barred with narrow black lines, more distant on the upper tail- coverts; primaries black, on the basal half of the outer web with three fulvous spots, of which the third is larger and principally visible ; the other primaries have six rufous smaller marginal spots, which on the secondaries form irregular cross bands, the first four remiges with a fulyous median spot on the inner web; the remaining 92 DRS. HARTLAUB AND FINSCH ON BIRDS (Jan. 16, primaries with six rufescent spots internally, which on the secondaries form irregular narrow cross bands; the last of the secondaries grey- ish fulvous, mottled with pale brown, and across the shaft with six black lines; the first quill has on the basal half four obsolete ru- fescent marginal spots; the shafts are black, and dark brown beneath ; tectrices of the primaries black ; tectrices of the seconda- ries black, with rufescent marginal and apical spots, mottled minutely with dusky ; the remaining upper wing-coverts are marked in the same manner, but the rufous spots are smaller, so that the smallest upper wing-coverts near the cubitus are black with narrow rufous edgings; the greater median wing-coverts show a large fulvescent apical patch on the outer web, forming a crossband-like conspicuous mark; under wing-coverts blackish brown, barred narrowly with rufous; feathers, the region beneath the eye, along the angle of mouth, chin and sides of throat rufous, with black apical edgings ; throat apparently divided into two, with patches, by a narrow rufous black-barred median line ; crop and breast of a rufous-brown ground- colour, each feather towards the tip lighter, changing into greyish fulvescent, finely mottled with dark brown, forming speckled cross lines, and a narrow black shaft-stripe; remaining underparts pale fulvescent, with obsolete narrow dark cross lines, broader and more distinct on the under tail-coverts; three outer tail-feathers black, with nine rufous eross bands, which on the outmost are narrower (here ten), on the second and third broader, and mottled with dusky ; on the inner web these rufous cross bands are only indistinetly indi- cated; the fourth tail-feather shows the nine rufous cross bands broader, distinct also on the inner web, and mottled more with dusky ; the two middle tail-feathers have a rufous-brown ground- colour, internally changing into grey-brown, speckled with dusky, and nine irregular black bars. Bill black, bristles (eight) strongly developed, black ; feet and nails hornish brown ; the tarsus feathered at the basal half, rufescent ; shafts of the tail-feathers black. Long. al. caud. rostr. rict. tars. dig. med. ung. mr wt ” at aur vr mr ue ve 6"3 4" 4 5 122 63 73 3” Of this species a single specimen was collected by Capt. Heinsohn in the Pelews—a locality whence no Caprimulgine bird has been yet recorded. The specimen is evidently a female; and the male, no doubt, will present some considerable differences ; perhaps we may expect it will have the primaries as well as the outer tail-feathers spotted with white. Although female Caprimulgi are much more difficult to determine, and it might be considered somewhat hazard- ous to establish a species on an isolated specimen, nevertheless we are obliged to do so, having endeavoured to unite this specimen with any of the known species without success. C. phalena seems to come nearest to C. jotaka, Temm., from Japan, and C. stictomus, Swinh. (Ibis, 1863, p. 250), from Taiwan, but may be distinguished, besides strongly contrasting differences in coloration, by its smaller size; the latter besides has naked tarsi. Mr. G. R. Gray enumerates (Hand-l. of B. i. p. 57) two Night- 1872.] FROM THE PELEW AND MACKENZIE ISLANDS. 93 jars from the Philippines, C. griseatus and C. manillensis, but both are still undescribed. 4, CoLLocatia, sp. ? Mr. Kubary observed once in the island of Uap a small bird, which he believes to have been a species of Collocalia. 5. Hatcyon cutoris (Bodd.); F. & H. Vég. Ost-Afr. p. 165. Halcyon albicilla, part., Hartl. P. Z.S. 1867, p. 828 (green-headed spec.); H. & F.26. 1868, p.4; Sharpe, Kingfishers, t. 73 (hind fig.). In our first publication on the Birds of the Pelew Islands we noticed, under the head of H. aldicilla, besides specimens in the normal white-headed plumage, some which showed more or less greenish- blue feathers on the crown, and one with the whole upper head uni- form greenish blue like the back, supposing this latter to be the young bird. Unfortunately we had overlooked that the young of the true H. albicilla had been already made known by Prof. Schlegel (Vogels van Nederl. Indié, Ijsvogels, p. 32, pl. 11. f. 4), who received a very young specimen, shot by the late Dr. Bernstein the 12th September, 1861, in the island of Morotai. This specimen, repre- sented in the plate cited above, resembles very much the old bird, having already the head white, but with some greenish-blue feathers on the top, like those we received from the Pelews. In a second collection from this locality we got three green-headed specimens ; and the last collection (Capts. Heinsohn and Peters) contains ten specimens, all with greenish-blue heads. From this excellent and instructive series we learn that we were quite mistaken in supposing the green-headed birds to be the young of H. albicilla, and that they belong to a distinct species, which we are not able to distinguish from the widely distributed H. chloris. We have before us five old specimens from India and Java which agree in every respect with them. The blue of head and back in some specimens changes more or less into bluish green ; but there are all sorts of intermediate forms between the birds with blue and those with green back ; the black band through the eyes and round the nape, aswell as the white occipital spot, are also more or less developed, the feathers of the former are more or less tipped with greenish blue. Three other specimens show certain signs of the young bird, in having the feathers of the sides of neck and breast, as well as those of the white neck-collar, with narrow dark edgings, giving them an undulating appearance ; in these the whole head above is darker and of a dull olive-green ; in one the white mark behind the nostrils is tinged with pale buff. Two younger specimens with quills not full- grown, and tail-feathers, and short hornish-white-tipped bills, so characteristic of young Kingfishers generally, resemble altogether the young of the true chloris. The black surrounding the nape forms a broader patch ; the line above the loral region, as well as the breast and sides of belly, are tinged faintly with buff, and bear narrow blackish margins. We must remark that the Pelew specimens seem to be generally 94 DRS. HARTLAUB AND FINSCH ON BIRDS [Jan. 16, of a larger size; but after comparing them with the valuable mea- surements given by Prof. Schlegel, as reproduced hereafter, we see no necessity for separating them as a distinct species, though, per- haps, some naturalists, not having specimens enough at their disposal, might be willing to do so. H. chloris breeds on the Pelew Islands; the collection contains a single egg, which is of a uniform white. A closely allied species is our H. cassini (Orn. Centr. Polyn. p- 40; Cass. Un. St. Expl. Exp. pl. 16. f. 1), which the excellent monographer of the Kingfishers declares to be “certainly identical”’ with H. sacra. This he must allow us to doubt. We have exa- mined extensive series of H. sacra from the Navigators’ and the Tonga group, but. have never seen any authentic specimen from the Viti group belonging to.that species. All the specimens from the latter group were found to belong to H. cassini ; so we are of opinion that this species will prove to be peculiar to the Vitis. | Long al. caud. | rostr. | en ew sol | _— ae | — | ones sete 4 (4 6/5 63 6) 91 85 |7A8 | 7 | 8h lad. Pelew... (13 spec.). 3 7-3 9 Y a 0 Bees 6 -6}| ... |... |juv., Pelew ... (3 spec.). 3 94 0/2 2 5|16 -20 ory |... | Philippines... (8 spec.), ap. Schleg. | 3 11-4 1 2 6) 18 -20 ve | vse | os | Bangka ...... (4 spec.), ap. Schleg. 4 os ie 2 Pa 7/19 aH “glifeoe Hess feta, nonesdduass (3 spec.), =P Bailes. 2 9| Da) MS oe AVE)... +38 ee waseae rem. Mus. 3 114 0|2 le 6 | 18 -19 AE Hard lice Borneo Scone (3 spec.), ap. Schleg. 3 11-4 1\2 62 7 18 -19 a Sie Oe Rimor so aa (3 spec.), ap. Schleg. 4 2)2527\|17 -20 | .... | ... | ... |Halmahera . (10 spec.), ap. Schleg. 4 1 27 19 vig + |. |Banda......... (1 spec.), ap. Schleg. 4 04 3/2529/18-20 _ ... :-. |,--- | Amboina,..... (4 spec.), ap. Schleg. 4 3 27 2a ia Oe a sve | nspe | CEPAID Seances -- (2 spec.), ap. Schleg. 3 10 25 21d Rerice | New Guinea . (1 spec.), ap. Schleg. 3 10 25 19 | 63) |... |ad., E. Indies (1 spec.), Brem. Mus. Seip re 1 Dial $46) «| | ... |juv., E. Indies (1 spec.), Brem. Mus. 3 11 25 202 63 | East Africa ... (1 spec.), Brem. Mus. | | | 6. MyzomeLa RuBRATRA, Less.; Hartl. P. Z.S. 1867, p. 829; H. & F. ibid. 1868, pp. 5 and 116. Six specimens from the Pelews (Capts. Heinsohn and Peters), and eight from Uap (Kubary). Amongst the latter there are three specimens, marked by Mr. Kubary as females (“ breeding-season”’), which agree with the description of the young bird given by us (P. Z. S. 1868, p. 5). They are of a dark olive-brown, intermixed more or less with red feathers; in some nearly the whole head and underparts are red, which shows these variations to be clearly signs of imaturity. Probably the adult female in full dress does not differ from the male. . Long. al. cand. rostr. tars. 2 AON 20-24" — 6-73" 9-10" (13 spec.). 2 43 20 6 9 jun. 1872.] FROM THE PELEW AND MACKENZIE ISLANDS. 95 “Umel”’ of the natives (Kubary). Mr. Kubary has also sent a nest, said to be of this species. It has a cup-shaped form, is deeper than broad, and was placed between the furcation of a small twig. It consists of stems of grass con- nected with cobwebs, and is somewhat loosely constructed. A very interesting account of this species on Ualan is given by v. Kittlitz (Denkwiirdigkeiten einer Reise, &c. i. 1858, pp. 364 & 381). 7. PSAMATHIA ANN#H, Hartl. & Finsch, P. Z. 8. 1868, pp. 5 & 116. One specimen from Pelew (Capt. Heinsohn). 8. ZosTreRops sEMPERI, Hartl.; H. & F., P.Z. S. 1868, p. 117. Two specimens from the Pelew Islands (Capt. Heinsohn). In one, the chin and throat are rather of a sulphur-yellow. The nearest ally is Z. meyeni, Bp., which is smaller, and has a narrow black loreal stripe, and a yellow rump. 9. ZOSTEROPS HYPOLAIS, 0. sp. Minor. Supra in fundo dilute cinerascente pallido virescente lavata, subtus pallide flavescens, pectore abdomineque cineras- centi-sordidulis ; subalaribus albis ; subcaudalibus dilute flavis ; remigibus et rectricibus nigricantibus, dorsi colore marginatis ; annulo periophthalmico minus distincto; pedibus plumbeo- nigricantibus. Upper parts of a pale greyish green, throat and under tail-coverts a pure but very pale whitish yellow; breast and abdomen of a mixed pale grey and pale yellow; wing- and tail-feathers pale blackish, margined with the greenish colour of the back ; under wing-coverts and inner margins of remiges white; eye-ring indistinct; beak fuscous, the under mandible paler, except at the tip; feet plum- beous. Long. tot. c. 4", rostr. a fr. 5!, al. 26'", caud. 18!’, tars. 9!". Mr. Kubary has sent three specimens of this interesting new Zosterops from the island of Uap, which agree with each other. The absence of a distinct white eye-ring is the principal feature of this dull-coloured species. Z. conspicillata, Kittl., from Guaham, is its nearest ally, but is distinguished by the white front and eye-ring. 10. ZOSTEROPS OLEAGINEA, 0. sp. Major. Tota oleagineo-virescens, subtus parum dilutior, nonnihil flavo-fulvescente lavata ; regione parotica nigricante ; annulo periophthalmico niveo ; remigibus et rectricibus fusco-nigricanti- bus, dorsi colore limbatis ; rostro infuscato, mandibula flavida, apice fusca; pedibus pallidis. General colour a deep oil-green, with a decided fulvous hue ; underparts a little paler, and a little more yellowish; eye-ring satin-white ; ears blackish; upper and under tail-coverts with a slight rufous tinge ; wing- and tail-feathers blackish, with oil-green 96 DRS. HARTLAUB AND FINSCH ON BIRDS [Jan. 16, margins; under wing-coverts whitish grey; beak fulvous, under mandible, except at the tip, yellowish ; feet pale, probably yellow ; iris reddish white. Long. tot. cirea 4" 7", rostr. a fr. 63!", al. 2" 7", caud. 1! 8!", tars. 10!". The colouring of this typical species of Zosterops is quite unique, and does not resemble that of any other. The collection contains three specimens, male and female, dis- covered and sent by Mr. Kubary from the island of Uap. 11. Zosrerors FINSCHI, Hartl. Tephras finschi, Hartl. P. Z.S. 1868, p. 6, pl. 3, and tid. p. 117. One specimen from Pelew (Capt. Heinsohn). On comparing again this curious bird with the allied Zosteropine members, we have come to the conclusion that T'ephras can be considered only a subgeneric division of Zosterops. The wings, having the first quill-feather spurious, are the same as in true Zos- terops, the bill corresponds with that of others (for instance, Z. oleaginea, which also has a somewhat rotundate tail). The want of a white eye-ring is the only point by which Tephras could be separated. A near ally seems to be Z. cinerea, Kittl., from Ualan. 12. Turpus osscurus, Gmel.; Finsch, Journ. of Orn. 1863, p- 34. Turdus pallens, Pall. Turdus pallidus, Naum. (not Gmel.). Qne specimen from the Pelews (Capt. Heinsohn), where this spe- cies has not yet been recorded. 13. RuHIPIDURA VERSICOLOR, 0. sp. Supra fusca ; fronte et sincipite lete rufis; gula alba, infra nigro- circumdata ; pectore albido nigroque maculato ; abdomine palli- dius fusco, medio albicante ; tectricibus caude superioribus sub- caudalibusque rufis; remigibus fusco-nigricantibus, tectricibus alarum dorso concoloribus ; subalaribus albidis ; rectricibus ob- scure fuscis, late albo terminatis, 4 mediis basi rufis ; rostro et pedibus fuscis. Upper parts a rich brown with a slight reddish tinge; forehead bright rufous; upper and under tail-coverts rufous ; throat white, margined underneath by an irregular jugular band of pure black ; pectoral plumes black, broadly margined with yellowish white ; middle of abdomen whitish, sides of a paler olive-brown ; under wing-coverts whitish ; wing-feathers blackish brown ; tail-feathers brownish black, all largely tipped with white, the four middle ones rufous at the base, the white terminal spots becoming smaller towards the middle ; beak fuscous, the under mandible paler except at the tip; feet fuscous. Long. tot. cirea 5” 9'", rostr. a fr. 44'", al. 2” 6'", caud. 3” 3’, tarsi 8”. 1872.] FROM THE PELEW AND MACKENZIE ISLANDS. 97 ‘Three specimens, collected by Mr. Kubary at the island of Uap. This typical new species resembles much Rh. lepida, nob. (from Pelew), and Rh. torrida, Wall., but may be distinguished at once from both by its tail-feathers being largely tipped with white. “«*Atabrue’ of the natives” (Awédary). A nest sent by Mr. Kubary in form and structure resembles much that of Rh. nebulosa, as described by us (Orn. Centr. Polyn. p. 87). 14. Myracra EryTuHRops, H. & F., P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 6 & 117. One specimen from the Pelews (Capt. Heinsohn), not different from the specimens already received. In this specimen not only the front, but also the forehead to the anterior eye-margin is of a vivid rufous. 15. Monarcues Goperrroyt, Hartl., P. Z. S. 1867, p. 829, pl. xxxviii. Eleven specimens in the three different plumages as figured, all collected by Mr. Kubary on the island of Uap. Three specimens, white beneath and above, with black head, quills, and tail, agree with the description of the old bird and the figure in front. These are marked as males by the collector, and seem to represent the full-plumaged bird. Two specimens, marked as female, have a broad white collar round the neck ; the remainder of the under-surface is black, like the spe- cimen represented in the middle figure, but the mantle is throughout black. Besides, there are six specimens in the fulvous plumage, like the figure in the background. Our description of this stage being somes what short and imperfect, we thiuk it necessary to give a more com- plete one, as follows :— Supra cineraceo-rufescens ; pileo et nucha sordide cinereis, uropygie et supracaudalibus dilute rufescentibus ; alarum tectricibus remi- gibusque fuscis, rufo marginatis; subcaudalibus et subalaribus albido-rufescentibus ; subtus dilute rufescens, gula et abdomine medio magis albicantibus ; oculis pallido rufo circumdatis ; rectri- cibus fusco-nigricantibus, macula apicali alba, extime latius albo terminate pogonio externo pallide rufulo ; rostro fuscescente, basi pallido ; pedibus nigricantibus. Back rufescent grey ; head above dark cinereous, sides of head rufescent ; a pale fulvous ring round the eye ; posterior part of back and upper tail-coverts light rufous; wing-coverts, tertiaries, and scapularies dark fuscous, with broad rufous margins ; in the prima- ries these margins are reduced to an almost imperceptible narrow- ness ; tail-feathers dark fuscous, with a white terminal spot ; in the outer this white spot is much larger, and the external vane is pale reddish ; underparts light rufous; throat and middle of abdomen rather whitish; under wing- and under tail-coverts whitish with a more or less rufescent tinge; feet bluish; beak brownish, pale at the base; eyes black. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1872, No. VII. 98 DRS. HARTLAUB AND FINSCH ON BIRDS (Jan. 16, The rufous colour of the underparts varies in intensity, being in some specimens paler and mixed with whitish on the middle of vent, in others uniform cinnamon-rufous or dark rufous. According to Mr. Kubary, who notes these specimens as males, they belong to a different species ; but we are quite sure that they are really the young of M. godeffroyi. There is one specimen which shows undoubted signs of change from the red plumage into the black, having the head here and there intermixed with black fea- thers; the middle tail-feathers are already black; and the cinnamon of the rump and upper tail-coverts is varied with white. Long. al. caud. rostr.afr. lat. rostr. tars. BW BM on Oh 3-62" pits 10-1 PAN 3 (3) os er ae — 3-34 —_ 9 (2) 2°9L--3-.1 272 9" 63-7 — — —_jjuv. (6) The black and white bird is the ‘‘ Gigi”’ of the natives; the young rufous bird is called ‘ Golai.”’ 16. CAMPEPHAGA NESIOTIS, 0. sp. Jun. Supra rufescenti-fusco fulvoque sordide varia ; pileo nucha- que cinerascentibus ; superciliis rufis ; uropygio et supracaudali- bus dilute rufo fuscoque transversim notatis; gastreo dilute cinnamomeo-rufo, pectore fasciolis rarioribus strictissimis nigris notato ; tectricibus alarum minoribus dorso concoloribus ; majo- ribus, remigibus tertiariis scapularibusque fusco-nigricantibus, late rufo marginatis, majorum limbo externo strictissimo areaque majore pogonii interni rufis; subalaribus unicoloribus rufis; rectricibus duabus inlermediis fuscis apice fulvo margi- natis, lateralibus fuscescenti-nigris macula apicali majore fulva, extime pogonio externo fulvo, nigro marginato; rostro et pedibus nigris. Long. tot. circa 93", rostri 103', ale 4! 5'", caude 3! 10!", tarsi 12!" Back rich brown, indistinctly mottled with fulvous ; head above and nape darker and more greyish ; evebrows and frontal plumes tufous ; posterior part of back and upper tail-coverts transversely variegated with rufous and dark brown ; beneath light rufesceut or fulvous, some narrow black bands on the breast; under wing- coverts and under tail-coverts of a uniform light rufous ; wing-coverts like the back ; scapulars and smaller wing-feathers blackish, with broad rufous margins, primaries with a very narrow rufous external margin, the inner vanes of all from the base with a larger rufous marginal space; the two middle tail-feathers brown, margined with rufous at the tip, the lateral ones blackish with a larger fulvous ter- minal spot, the external one black with a very broad apical part and a narrow longitudinal band on the outer vane light rufous; bill and feet black. Two specimens from the island of Uap, discovered and sent by Captain Peters. Both specimens are alike, and in the rufous dress of the young bird or female. The old bird will certainly show a 1872.) FROM THE PELEW AND MACKENZIE ISLANDS. 99 guite different coloration, but nevertheless prove to be specifically distinct. At least, all our endeavours to unite these rufous-coloured specimens with any of the known species have been unsuccessful. They have, however, great resemblance to the females of C. melena, Mill., and some other Moluccan species. “« Astang’ of the natives; very rare” (Kubary). 17. CAMPEPHAGA MONACHA, 0. sp. Saturate cesia; plumis supranasalibus lorisque latius nigris ; tectricibus alarum remigibusque nigris, dorsi colore marginatis, his pogonio interno a basi ultra medium latissime albo mar- ginatis ; subalaribus indistincte fusciutis ; subcaudalibus limbo apicali vix conspicue alhidis; rectricibus intermediis obscure cestis, apice late nigris, reliquis nigris, omnibus liihbo apicalt albidis ; rostro et pedibus nigris. Jun. Supra sordide et obsolete griseo-fuscescens, hine inde nigro Sulvoque transversim notata; subtus fulva, maculis nigris sub- triquetris rarius variegata; gutiure immaculato ; remigibus nigricuntibus, dilute rufescente marginatis; rectricibus mediis sordide rufulis, lateralibus fusco-nigricantibus, apice margineque dilute rufescentibus ; subalaribus et subcaudalibus lete et dilute fulvis, his striis scaparum rarioribus nigris ; rostro et pedibus nigricantibus. Long. tot. circa 8" 6", rostri a fr. 73’", al. 3” 8’"; caud. 3", tarsi 93"". Ad. All over of a dark bluish grey ; lores and a small frontal band velvet-black ; throat somewhat darker; wing-feathers black, coverts and smaller remiges with a broad margin of bluish grey; this margin is very narrow on the greater ones, and does uot extend to the tip; an oblique white belt on the inner vanes ; intermediate tail- feathers dark biuish grey with broad black tips, lateral ones black, all with a narrow whitish terminal margin; under wing-coverts indi- stinctly barred; under tail-coverts bluish grey, with a very narrow apical margin of white ; bill and feet black. No species of the widely distributed group of Campephagine birds has been vet recorded from the Pelew Islands. For the discovery of this interesting new species we are indebted to Capts. Heiisohn and Peters; the first-named gentleman sent the young, the last- named the old bird, from the Pelews. This species comes nearest to C. morio, Temm., from Celebes ; but the latter is larger, and has the sides of head, chin, and throat black. 18. ArTaMUS LEUCORHYNCHUS (Gmel.); H. & F., P. ZS. 1868, p. 116. One specimen agreeing with the one mentioned by us from the Pelews ; but the bill is of a delicate light cobalt-blue, with dark tip. 19. Recres renesrosus, H. & F., P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 6 & 117. Two specimens from the Pelew Islands (Capt. Peters) agreeing 100 DRS. HARTLAUB AND FINSCH ON BIRDS [Jan. 16, with the type-specimen described by us. We are now of opinion that this plumage is not that of the young bird, but of the old. Long. al. cand. rostr. tars. 3! Guesy 8” ot! 6494 OM 8 12!" 20. Catornis Kitriirzi, F. & H.; Hartl. P. Z.8. 1867, p. 830; H. & F. ibid. 1868, pp. 7 & 117. Three specimens from Mackenzie Island (Capé. Peters), and two from Uap (Kubary), where this species had not been previously ob- served. One specimen, determined as female by Mr. Kubary, agrees in colour with the old male; a young one (marked as male) is of a uniform sooty brown, with slight metallic reflexions on the upper parts. ‘‘Iris yellow” (Kubary). The dimensions vary very much in this species, but do not equal those of the allied C. corvina, Kittl., from Ualan. Long al. caud., rostr. tars. 4” AWA 10'¢ gl Bulag gut 84-93" 12 1 3 (Pelew, 9 spec.) 47-5 0 29-34 3-9 133-14 (Mackenzie, 9spec.) 46-4 8 27-30 9-93 13-14 (Uap, 2 spec.) 21. Cucunus canorus, L.; Swinh. P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 264. Cuculus telephonus, Heine, jr., Journ. f. Orn. 1863, p. 352. An old specimen from the Pelew Islands (Capt. Heinsohn) proves to be specifically identical with our common Cuckoo. In comparing this specimen with an old male from Germany, we can notice only that the white underparts are tinged very faintly with yellowish, and that the dark cross bands on the under tail-coverts are less marked. The zigzags on the anal region are absent. I have also seen in the Leyden collection a specimen labelled ‘**Lucon,”’ which was entirely similar to the European bird. rectr. med. Long. al. caud. culm. rictus. tars. dig. ext. We 10” 6" ye 10'" 133" gi" 103" (Pelew.) cs a | 6 4 9f 133 93 10 (Germany.) The occurrence of the Common Cuckoo in the Pelews is a new fact in the geographical distribution of this species. 22. Cucutus striatus, Drapiez ; Schleg. Mus. P.-B. Cuculi, p. 7. Cuculus himalayanus, Swinh. P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 265. Three specimens from the Pelews (Capts. Heinsohn and Peters) are nearly in full plumage—one changing the feathers of the upper parts from brown into dark slate, and two young ones in the dark tufous plumage barred with dark. I have for comparison only an old specimen from Amboina at hand, which shows no difference. Long. al. rectr.med. culm. rictus, tars. dig. ext. Ze ete 5" ee gi" oe 73" 93" (ad., Pelew.) 5 7 8 12 83 9 (juv., Pelew.) 5 83 12 83 9 (juv., Pelew.) 4 8L 12 74 ~ +8} = (ad., Amboina.) 1872.] FROM THE PELEW AND MACKENZIE ISLANDS. 101 New to the Pelews. Peale’s C. fucatus, from Mangsi, in the Sooloo archipelago (C. tenui- rostris, Cass. Atl. pl. 21. f. 1) belongs not to this species, but to the smaller C. micropterus, Bl. (Schleg. Cuculi, p. 12 = C. tenuirostris, Cab. & Heine, Mus. Hein. p. 39, nec C. tenuirostris, Miill.). 23. Pritinopus PELEWENSIS, H. & F., P. Z. S. 1868, p. 7. Six specimens from the Pelews (Capts. Peters and Heinsohn), agreeing exactly with the description given by us, as cited above. The outermost secondaries (the so-called tertiaries) have an acute angulated shaft-end spot of brilliant violet-blue ; the under tail-coverts are bright purplish red, with narrow bright orange edgings ; feet dark blood-red ; bill lead-coloured, with greenish-white tips. Young bird, Green, with narrow yellow edgings on the tectrices and scapulars; head above also green, with a pale yellow super- cilium ; underparts dirty olive-green ; vent, anal region, and under tail-coverts straw-yellow ; on the vent some orange feathers; tail green, with a whitish patch on the inner webs above the end, forming an irregular cross band; feet and bill dark. Long. al. caud. rostr. 4" 10'"—5" 9" Tee 6-64" (5 spec.) 4 8 24 6 (juv.) 24, CARPOPHAGA OCEANICA (Less.); Hartl. P. Z. S. 1867, p- 830. Carpophaga pacifica, H. & F., P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 7. One old specimen from the Pelew group (Capt. Heinsohn), agree- ing exactly with the figure of Kaittlitz (Kupfert. 33. f. 1), who ob- served the bird on the island of Ualan (Denkwiirdigk. i. p. 377). We must remark that none of the specimens we have examined from this group show the ferruginous-vinaceous tinge on the crop and breast, although this tinge is sometimes also wanting in specimens from the Navigator and Friendly groups. But, what is more signi- ficant, the Pelew specimens have the grey on the head and hind neck much darker; besides, the under wing-coverts are brownish black, whereas in C. pacifica from Central Polynesia they are of a dark ashy grey. The chestnut-red on the vent, anus, and under tail-coverts appears to be also much darker in Pelew specimens. Therefore we incline to believe that the Carpophaga from the north-western Pacific Islands may form a distinct species—the Columba oceanica of Lesson; but before we can settle this question with certainty we must wait for further examination, based upon more specimens. 25. PHLEGQ@NAS CANIFRONS, Nn. sp. Supra olivaceo-virescens, nitore nonnullo metallico ; occipite, collo postico et interscapulio lete ferrugineis; fronte et sincipite, capitis, colli et pectoris lateribus cinereis ; gula et collo antico magis albicantibus ; alis dorso concoloribus, area majore sca- pulari pulchre violaceo-purpurascente; remigibus fuscis, pogonio 102 DRS. HARTLAUB AND FINSCH ON BIRDS [Jan. 16, interno a basi inde pro majore parte rufis; subalaribus rufis ; abdomine sordide griseo-fuscescente; rectricibus intermediis dorso concoloribus, reliquis intense fuscis, ante apicem ru- fescentem obscurius adumbratis ; rostro nigricante ; pedibus rubris. Back, wings, upper tail coverts, and median tail-feathers of a rich olive-brouze green ; forehead, top and sides of the head, sides of neck, and breast plumbeous grey ; throat and fore neck vinaceous whitish ; posterior part of head and neck and interscapulars of a rich rufous ; a large shoulder-spot purplish violet ; abdomer of a dirty and dark greyish brown ; wing feathers blackish, the inner vane from the base for more than two thirds rufous, which colour does not quite reach to the shaft, the outer vane with a reddish tinge for the same extent ; under wing-coverts rufous; lateral tail-feathers fuscous, somewhat darker before the slightly rufescent tip; the middle ones more like the back, beak blackish ; feet red; nails brown. Long. tot. circa 10", rostr. a fr. 83”, al. 4” 2”, caud. 2" 9”, tars. 1”. A single specimen, collectea by Capt. Peters on the Pelews, and apparently in fall plumage. This is a very remarkable species, di- stinguished by the grey of the forehead aud along the sides of the neck, and by the cinnamon-rufous of the occiput and hind neck, be- sides by its small size. 26. PHLEG@NAS YAPENSIS, 0. sp. Jun. av. Supra sordide rufa; pileo unicolori ; dovsi et uropygit plumis, alarum tectricibus, scapularibus, remigibus tertiaris et supracaudalibus fuscis, large rufo marginatis ; pectore cineras- cente rufoque nebuloso ; abdominis plumis fuscescentibus, apice rufescentibus ; subalaribus obscure fusco rufogue variis ; sub- caudalibus fusco-nigricantibus ; area scapulart obscure violaceo- purpurascente ; remigibus majoribus fuscis, margine apicali exlimo rufo ; rectricibus obscure rufis, ante apicem late ngris ; rostro (ut videtur) flavido, pedibus nigricantibus. Juv. Dorso nitore virescenti-metallico valde conspicuo ; alarum tectricibus scapularibusque minus virescentibus ; capite toto rufo; pectore et abdomine obsolete rufescentibus, illo nitore nonnullo subviolacescente lavato ; subaluribus et subcaudalibus obscure rufis; cauda ut in ave modo descripta ; rostro ni- gricante. Long. tot. circa 10", rostri 73”, al. 5° 3", caud. 3” 6”, tars. 13”. Two immature specimens. The elder bird (marked as male) has the upper and lateral part of the head light rufous; the feathers of the whole back, the wing-coverts, the scapularies, and tertiaries are of a dark brown, with broad margins of pale rufous ; a large shoulder- spot purplish violet, mixed with pale rufous ; primaries of a uniform blackish brown ; tail-feathers light rufous, with a broad black band before the tip; the throat seems to be of a dirty rufescent colour ; the feathers of the breast pale bluish grey margined with rufous, those of the abdomen and under tail-coverts blackish, variegated with ob- solete rufescent shades ; under wing-coverts of an obscure mixture of 1872.] FROM THE PELEW AND MACKENZIE ISLANDS. 103 black and rufous; bill yellowish, darker round the base; feet plum- beous, with pale nails. A still younger bird (marked as female) is rather differently coloured, the back being of a dark olivaceous green, with bronze reflexions ; wing-coverts, tertiaries, and scapularies also more greenish, with broad rufous margins ; no purplish shoulder-spot ; the whole head light rufous; breast and abdomen of an indistinct olivaceous- rufescent hue; under wing-coverts rufous; tail as in the elder bird. Long. al. caud. rostr. tars. dig. med. 5" AY ely 6" 73" 14” l ig ( 3 ) 5 0 3 4 7 133 Li C2) Mr. Kubary has sent only these two specimens, which unfortu- nately represent two different stages of the imperfect bird. The one marked as female shows some resemblance to the rare Pigeon from the Mariannes named by Bonaparte Pampusana rousseaui. Although neither specimen is in full plumage, we do not hesitate to introduce the species as new, as there are certain signs which lead us to ex- pect that the old bird will prove its specific distinctness. “The ‘Arolit,’ as the species is called by natives, is the only Pigeon inhabiting the island of Uap, and is of very rare occurrence there. The Arolit lives in the interior of the wood, far from the settlements of the natives’? (Kubary). 27. MrGapopius sENEx, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 830; H. & F. ibid. 1868, p. 7. Two old specimens from Pelew (Capts. Peters and Heinsohn), and the very young in the first plumage. This resembles very much the “ Alecthelia durvillei,’ Less. (Voy. Coq. pl. 37), which is the young of M. freycineti ; but the head and upper parts are dark clive- brown, the rump and caudal down red-brown; chin and throat yel- lowish ; feet dark reddish brown. The Meg~zpodius senex is an excellent species, distinguished at once by the very small vivid-yellow bill, the brownish-grey crested cap, the yellowish or brownish legs, and black toes. Long al. caud. rostr. rict. tars. dig.med. ung. 6" 8” By Qu Vise 1 he 9" aa iMyaH 8” 6 4 Tek) 7 12 21 18 8 The collection contains also one egg of this species, which, in size, form, and coloration, is almost nearly undistinguishable from that of M. pritchardi, Gray. Length 2" 9", breadth 1"8". 28. GALLUS BANKIvA, Temm. Capt. Peters has sent from the Pelews a single female specimen, but unfortunately he does not state whether the Jungle-fowl lives in a wild state on the islands, or as in Uap, as Mr. Kubary remarks (in litt.), only in a half-wild state. The specimen agrees entirely with a hen from Sumatra; only the 104 DRS. HARTLAUB AND FINSCH ON BIRDS [Jan. 16, golden-yellow feathers on the hind neck are paler; besides, it is somewhat paler in colour. Long. al. —_caud. rostr. rict. tars. dig. med. Ti 5" 1” 63" 13” 26" 18” ** Mallett”’ of the natives. Wild Jungle-fowls have not yet been recorded from the Pelews. Mr. Kubary notices the very rare occurrence of half-wild fowls in the interior of Uap. 29. CHARADRIvS FuLVUS, Gmel.; H. & F., P. Z.S. 1868, pp. 8 & 117. One specimen from Pelew (Capt. Heinsohn), two from Mackenzie (Capt. Peters), and three from Uap (Kubary). As regards the specific distinctness of this species from Ch. plu- vialis we must refer to what we have said (Journ. f. Orn. 1870, p- 139). The specimens contained in this collection confirm our opinion, as will be shown in the following measurements :— Long. al. caud. rostr. tars. tib. med. dig. med. ”" 0” =6" 4” ald Q”—3" 3” 10-1 1” 18—20"" g—] 1” 10-1 1 (Uap.) 4-67 21-24 10-11 21 10-12 12 (Mackenzie.) 6 0 20 10 19 9 103 (Pelew.) *« Kuling’ of the natives”? (Kudary). 30. SrREPSILAS INTERPRES (L.); Hartl. P. Z, 8. 1868, p. 831; H. & F. zbid. 1868, p. 8. Specimens from Pelew (Capt. Heinsohn), Mackenzie ( Capt. Peters), and Uap (Kubary). Some of them still show signs of the summer lumage; others are in the perfect winter dress. “«* Kuling’ of the natives” (Kubary). 31. ArprEa sacra, Gmel. ; Hartl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 831; H. & F. ibid, 1868, pp. 8 & 118. Fourteen specimens from the Pelews (Capt. Peters) and Uap (Kubary); amongst them eight slate-coloured specimens, five white ones, and one in the reddish-brown plumage of the young bird. The great variation in colour and size which this species. exhibits we have already explained several times, especially in our paper on the birds of the Tonga Islands (Journ. f. Orn. 1870, p. 136). We have also stated that the white birds are by uo means young ones. The large collection before us confirms all these statements fully. There are two slate-coloured females, one with a narrow interrupted, the other with a broad well-defined white stripe on chin and throat, shot in December 1870, on which Mr. Kubary notices on the label, “* ovaries with full-developed eggs, some more than 2” long ;” whereas he remarks on a uniform white male shot at the same time, “ testi- cles very large.’’ This latter male specimen is in full plumage, with full-grown scapular feathers, whereas one of the slate-coloured females shows still some moulting-feathers. 1872.] | FROM THE PELEW AND MACKENZIE ISLANDS. 105 Two white females, shot in September, have the wings mixed more or less with slate-coloured feathers. One female, shot in December, is strongly in moult, especially on the neck, where the new dark slate-coloured feathers predominate over the old reddish-brown feathers, the remains of the young plumage. In one slate-coloured male, shot in December, there is only a small white spot on the middle of the throat. Another male, shot in September, has no white feathers at all. The dimensions are, as usual, very variable. Long. al. rostr. tars. dig. med. 9"9"—-11" 3"1"-3"7" 2" 9"-3"3" 93-38" (12 spec. from Uap.) Mr. Kubary has observed both the dark and white bird fishing in company. These birds frequent chiefly the lagoons, and roost on the mangroves near the shore. The nest consists only of an excavation of the ground, bordered by stems of grass (?). The natives di- stinguish the black bird under the name “Khau,” the white as **Wunensy,”’ and believe the different colorations to be sexual. Concerning this species see also v. Kittlitz (Denkwiird. einer Reise, i. p. 368), who observed the bird on Ualan. 32. ARDEA SINENSIS, Gmel. Ardea lepida, Horsf. Six specimens from Uap, collected (in the beginning of October) by Mr. Kubary and Capt. Peters. “Trides yellow’ (Kubary). They agree in every respect with specimens from Java. Long. al. caud. rostr. tars. dig. med. 4" 7) 2a We 19-20" 99-9aN" 90-2" 17-183" The Western Carolines are a new locality for this widely-distri- buted species. The “Thogil,” as the bird is called by the natives, resorts chiefly to the mangrove-scrub on the shore. 33. Nycricorax Griseus (L.). One specimen from Uap (Kubary) in the spotted plumage of the young. Mr. Kubary notices this species as a very rare visitor on the island of Uap during the north-east monsoon. Long. al. caud. rostr. rict. tars. tib. dig. med. 10" 6" at gi! 9" 5 BK Aire pie Bue 6’ ou Ane ’ «The natives call this ‘Orror ;’ it is very rare’? (Kudary). 34. NycTicoRAx MANILLENSIS, Vig. ; Schleg. Mus. P.-B. Ardea, p- 60. Nycticorax caledonicus, H. & F., P. Z.S. 1868, p. 117 (Pelew). Two old and a young specimen from the Pelew Islands (Capt. Heinsohn). 106 DRS. HARTLAUB AND FINSCH ON BIRDS (Jan. 16, In our last list of the birds of the Pelew Islands we have inserted this species wrongly as N. caledonicus, from which it seems to differ specifically in having the back, shoulders, and wing-coverts of a much darker cinnamon-castaneous; the neck is also darker. The young birds differ also a good deal from the young of N. caledoni- cus, having the sides of head and the front of the neck brown, each feather with a narrow white sha{t-stripe. Long. al. caud, rostr. rict. tars. tib. dig. med. 10" 3-11" 38" mig 11" oN G2" gm 38" 4mogu 8' ' 33" Q"" 12-15'" 9" 4m_g 6" 35. Numentus pH2xopus, Lath. ; Hartl. P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 831; H. & F. zbid. 1868, p. 8. Two specimens from Uap (Kudary), and one from the Pelews (Capt. Peters). There is no difference between these and European specimens. «Lives in great swarms; roosts during night on trees” (Ku- bary). 36. Trinca acuminata, Horsf.; H. & F., P. Z.S. 1868, p. 8. One specimen from Pelew (Capt. Heinsohn), agreeing with the specimen received formerly thence, but smaller. Similar to Aus- tralian specimens. Long. al eaud. rostr. tars. tib. dig. med. 5” gir g” yee 113" Ae Gg 113" 4 10 2 0 11 123 7 10 37. Trinca MINUTA, Leisl.; H. & F., P. Z. 8S. 1868, p. 8. One specimen in winter dress from Pelew (Capt. Peters). 38. Actitis 1NcANUS (Gmel.), F. & H. Orn. Centr. Polyn. p-. 182. One specimen from Uap (Kudary) in the barred summer plumage. Not yet recorded from this locality. Long. al. caud. rostr. tars. dig. med. 6" yy 9" 5 18" 14" 112” (Uap.) 6"2'""-6 8 2”5"-2 9 163-17 132-15 114-12 (Upolu, 6 spec.) Specimens from the Navigators, (Upolu), shot in September by Dr. Griffe, bear different plumages. One has still the banded summer dress; others have already partially or totally assumed the uniform winter dress. Von Kittlitz observed this species on Ualan, in the Eastern Carolines (Tringa glareola, Denkwiird. i. p. 365). 39. ActiTis nypoLevucus, L.; H. &F., P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 8. One specimen from Pelew (Capt. Peters). 40. Ravurna rasciata (Rafil.). Gallinula euryzona, Temm. 1872.] | FROM THE PELEW AND MACKENZIE ISLANDS. 107 Rallina fasciata, Hartl. P. Z. 8. 1867, p- 831; H. & F. ibid. 1868, p. 7. Three old and one young specimens (Capts. Heinsohn and Peters) from Pelew. There is no. difference whatever between these and specimens from Java and Malacca. Long. al. rostr. tars. dig. med. a5 Ag | 9292" v7 og >) ge_13"" 41. Rauuus pecroratis, Less. Rallus philippensis, Hartl. P.Z. 8. 1867, p. 831. Rallus pectoralis, H. & F. ibid. 1868, pp.8& 117. Three species from the Pelew Islands (Capts. Heinsohn and Peters). In one the cinnamon cross band on the breast is well marked, in the other barely visible; in a younger one it is wanting totally. In one the black feathers on the hind neck have only white marginal spots; in the other they are barred distinctly with white. Long. al. caud. culm, tars. dig. med. Hee ea 2 A 133” 19" 17" (Pelew.) 4 9 == 123 17 15 55 44 — a 17z 16 op 42. ORTYGOMETRA QUADRISTRIGATA, Horsf.; H. & F., P.Z.S. 1868, p. 8. Old and young birds from Pelew (Capt. Peters) and Uap (Ku- ary). This latter is a new locality for this extremely widely dis- tributed species. As we have already shown in our work on Central-Polynesian Ornithology (p. 166), specimens from the Navigators’ Islands and Java agree in every respect. The size varies considerably. “ Breeding-season in July and August. The bird, named by the natives ‘ Bal,’ lives in the wooded region, and is here plentiful. It has a loud voice. Its nest is very roughly made in the grass. It is often attacked by the Galufs (Hydrosaurus marmoratus), a species of Lizard about 3 feet long.”” (Kudary.) 43. PoRPHYRIO MELANONOTUS, Temm., var. PELEWENSIS, nob. Porphyrio melanotus, H. & F., P. Z. S. 1868, p. 8 (Pelew); id. ibid. p. 117. Four specimens from the Pelew Islands (Capé. Peters), which again prove the smaller size to be a constant character of the race of the Pelew group, as they have the wings and tarsus always consi- derably shorter. The bill and frontal shield vary as much as in P. melanonotus, with which in coloration it agrees perfectly. As in that species, the remiges show more or less a blue shining margin along the outer web; the blue patch on the humerus in some spe- cimens is brighter. If the notice “legs yellow,” given formerly by 108 DRS. HARTLAUB AND FINSCH ON BIRDS [Jan. 16, one of M. Godeffroy’s collectors, should be right, no doubt the Por- phyrio of the Pelews would rank as a species ; but we doubt this, because, so far as we can judge from the dried skins, the colour of the legs in life is red as in P. melanonotus. We append for comparison measurements taken from eight speci- mens from Pelew, and seven of the true P. melanonotus from Australia and New Zealand. Long. al. caud. rostr. incl. scut. latit.scut. _rict. tars. tib. dig. med. yd 1o— RY gv o” 9”7_3” Bae oy Megat ies a 63-13” 15-173” on Ore ow” 12-15/”" or 10’"-3” 1’ * 9 7-109 3841 23 210 8-113 16-19 8.4. -3 9. 15=22:) 3. 1 -3 44, ANAS supERCILIOSA, Gmel., var. PELEWENSIS, H. & F. A. superciliosa, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 832; H. & F. ibid. 1868, p. 8. Two specimens from the Pelews (Capt. Heinsohn), which agree per- fectly with specimens from New Zealand and Australia, except in their smaller size. Having examined four specimens, which all exhibit this peculiarity, we consider the Pelew bird to belong to a smaller race. The superciliary stripe, sides of head, chin, and throat are a little more rufescent ; but this cannot be noticed as a character of specific value, this tinge being in some specimens much paler, and almost the same as in certain specimens from New Zealand. The dark stripe from the angle of the mouth also varies in intensity, and is nearly altogether wanting in some specimens. The two last-received specimens show another strange peculiarity, in two or three of the outer secondaries (the so-called tertiaries) having on their dark-brown outer web three or four longitudinal light-brown patches, forming sometimes a broad longitudinal stripe. A. luzonica, Fras. (P. Z. 8. 1839, p. 112), seems to be an ex- cellent species, being described as having head and neck “ pallide castanea,’ and a white cross band on the wings, formed by the white band of the tectrices of the secondaries. Latit. rostr. Alt.max. max. Long. Long. al. eaud. afront. adbas. adapic. tars. dig. med. VB =8 Ger 3" 0" 18 -193'" 6-7" 82-9'" 152-16" 18-20'" (Pelew, 4 ex.) 0-9 6 3"-3 4 203-22 8-83 9-93 17-18 21-23 (New Zeal., 6 ex.) 45. Purrinus picurovus, H. & F. Orn. Centr. Polyn. p. 244. Procellaria obscura, Kuhl (nee Gmel., nec auct.), Zool. Beitr. iii. (1820) p. 147, t. xi. f. 11 (cap.); Temm. Man. d’Orn. ii. (1820), p- 808 (sol. deser.) ; Schleg. Mus. P.-B. Procell. (1863) p. 30 (syn. emend. ). Puffinus opisthomelas, var. minor, Hartl. P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 382 ; H. & F. ibid. 1868, pp. 9 & 371; Finsch, J. f. Orn. 1870, p. 371. ? Puffinus obscurus, Degl. Orn. Europ. il. p. 366 (syn. excl.) ; Degl. & Gerbe, ibid. sec. ed. p. 380. ’ Procellaria obscura, Schleg. & Pollen, Rech. Faun. Mad. p. 144. * Pelew. t Austr., New Zealand. Ld 1872.| FROM THE PELEW AND MACKENZIE ISLANDS. 109 Upper parts, including wing and tail, sooty black ; this colour ex- tends from the angle of the mouth, bordering the eye beneath, to the middle of the ear-region ; the sides of the neck and breast sooty grey- ish black, tipped narrowly with whitish ; remainder of the underparts white; the central and lateral under tail-coverts sooty black, some of the former very narrowly margined at the apex with white ; the anterior central under tail-feathers greyish black, towards the basal half whitish, and with broader white apical margins; under wing- coverts white, along cubitus and manns bordered with sooty-black feathers ; the remiges on the inner web towards the base become paler brownish ; the tectrices of the secondaries very faintly and narrowly tipped with whitish ; there is a slight indication of a white line bor- dering the eye underneath ; bill hornish, dark brown, tip paler ; in- side of tarsus, toes, and membranes pale hornish yellow ; external toe and outside of tarsus dark blackish brown, lighter, into brownish yellow towards the basal half of tarsus; nails blackish; the tail is somewhat cuneate, the tips of the quills reach to about one third from the end of the tail. In former collections from the Pelews we examined five specimens ; this last collection contains six adult and two young examples, ail collected by Capt. Heinsohn. There exists little variation amongst these specimens; we notice only that in some specimens the under tail-coverts are throughout sooty black, in others the anterior lateral under tail-coverts are white at the greater basal portion of the inner web. The very faint whitish tips of the tectrices of the secondaries are in some specimens almost wanting; the sides of the thighs have sometimes a greyish dark mark. The two nestlings are clothed uniformly with thick greyish-brown down, changing on the middle of the underparts into white. Co- loration of feet as in old birds. The young from M‘Kean’s Island are precisely similar. Through the kindness of Dr. Cabanis we received the type of our P. dichrous from M‘Kean’s Island (collected by Dr. Griiffe), and now deposited in the Berlin Museum. After a careful comparison, we have not the slightest doubt as to its identity with Pelew specimens. The type specimen of P. dichrous, the only one we ever received from the Central Pacific, has a little shorter wings. The anterior lateral under tail-coverts are white on the greater portion of the inner web, just as in some specimens from the Pelews. The coloration is quite the same. In our previous memoirs on the Pelew birds we took this Petrel, although with some doubt, for P. opisthomelas, noticing the consi- derably smaller size. Having now examined about a dozen specimens from the Pelews, in comparison with the type specimen, we find the smaller size to be constant, and cannot unite them with those noticed by Mr. Coues, after the two specimens from Cape St. Lucas, Lower California (coll. Xantus) in the collection of the Smithsonian Institu- tion, and the figure given by Mr. Elliot (Introd. B. N. Am. fig. head, natural size). In coloration there seems to exist no considerable 110 DRS. HARTLAUB AND FINSCH ON BIRDS [Jan. 16, difference from P. opisthomelas: the dark colour extends in both below the lores and eyes; the under tail-coverts are fuliginous black, &e. In respect to colour our species is also closely allied with P. anglorum, Temm., but this latter has only the outer row of the under tail-feathers black on the outer web, and is nearly as large as P. opisthomelas. To this last-named species belongs Pufinus obscurus, Vieill. Gal. Ois. t. 301 (tab. sol. excl. deser.). We are not fully acquainted with the geographical distribution of P. dichrous, having only seen specimens from the Pelews and M‘Kean’s Island. Schiegel notices it from Bourbon, and also a spe- cimen (said to be one of the types of ‘'emminck’s P. odscurus) trom the Atlantic; but this latter locality requires confirmation. This species is the P. obscurus of Kuhl, Temminck, and Schlegel, and perhaps of Degland and Gerbe, who confounded it, as nearly all authors do, with the true Pr. obscura of Latham and Gmelin. In respect to this latter very confused species we are able to give some notes, which perhaps will be of some use :— PurrFinus opscurvs (Gmel.). Dusky Petrel, Lath. Gen. Syn. iv. p. 416 (Christmas Island). Procellaria obscura, Gmel. 8. N. p. 559 (ex Lath.) ; Bechst. Lath. Trans. iii. p. 364 (inaceur.); Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 826; Vieill. Ene. Méth.i. p. 81 (ex Lath.) ; id. Gal. Ois. p. 230 (nee tab. 301). Puffinus obscurus, Reichb. Schwimmvog. Novit. t. vi. f. 2250, 2251 (ex Mus. Dresd.); Bp. Consp. ii. p. 202 («x Lath., syn. exel.); Verr. MS. (Madagascar) ; Hartl. Madag. p. 84 (excl. syn.). Nectris yama (nec Bp.), Hartl. Madag. p. 84 (excel. syn.). ? Procellaria obscura, Schleg. & Pollen, Kech, Faune Madag. p. 161 (syn. Nectr. yama, Hartl.). This species, black above, white beneath, may be distinguished at once by the uniform pure white under tail-coverts ; the black on the upper parts does not reach beyond the loreal and auricular regions ; the tarsus and feet,are yellowish, with the external tue and outside of tarsus partially black. M. Jules Verreaux, in his excellent manuscript notes, describes this species from Madagascar, Bourbon, and Mauritius, whence he received specimens through Telfair, Desjardin, and Sganzin. A spe- cimen in the Stuttgart Museum, from Madagascar, has been referred by Dr. Uartlaub to Nectris gama ; but the true NV. gama, Bp. (Consp. ii. p. 2U2) is different, although a very doubtful species. I have examined the Madagascar specimen in the Stuttgart Mu- seum (labelled P. darllonii), and noticed the external lateral under tail-coverts on the outer web black.—F. P. obscurus inhabits the Indian Ocean (Christmas Island, Latham ; Madagascar, Bourbon, Mauritius, Verr.). As regards its occur- rence in Europe, as first mentioned by Temminck (‘Alpes du Pié- mont’), and America, we have no trustworthy evidence. Schlegel (Vogels van Nederland, p. 585) says, ‘‘several times obtained on our shores;’’ but later (Mus. P.-B. p. 30), ‘Je ne connais pas 1872.| ROM THE PELEW AND MACKENZIE ISLANDS. 111 d’exemple bien constaté que cet oiseau ait été observé sur les cétes d’ Europe.” Indeterminable are the following references, usually referred to P. obscurus :— Puffinus obscurus, Schleg. Vog. van Nederl. p. 585 (perhaps P. assimilis, G.); id. Rev. Crit. p. exxxiii (“* Nordliches Europa!’’). Nectris obscura, Keys. & Blas. Wirbelth. Eur. p. 94 (‘ Mittelliind- isches Meer, Siidkiiste Nordamerika’s”’). Puffinus obscurus, Linderm. (Vogel Griechenl. p. 171) and Kriiper (Journ. f. Orn. 1863), belongs to P. anglorum, Ray, or the hardly different Mediterranean form P. yelkuan, Acerbi. Puffinus obscurus, Gould (B. Eur. pl. 444), we have had no oppor- tunity of comparing. Purrinus asstmiuis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 186; id. B. of Austr. vii. t. 59; Reichb. Schwimmv. f. 2600 (ex Gould); Gray, Gen. of B. iii. p. 647 (syn. P. nugaz, Sol. MS.). Puffinus nugaz, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 205; Schleg. Procell. p. 31; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 458; Finsch & Hartl. Centr. Polyn. p- 242; Coues, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1864, p. 141. Puffinus assimilis, Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 244. Puffinus obscurus, Gray, B. Trop. Isl. p. 55 ; Finsch, Journ. f. Orn. 1870, p. 371. Like P. obscurus, but smaller ; the under tail-coverts also uniform white ; but the white of the underparts mounts up on the sides of the head, including loreal and auricular regions; tarsi greenish yellow, webs bright chrome-yellow. In the Pacific seas of Australia and New Zealand. [I was wrong in my note (cited above) in stating this to be the true P. obscurus, Gmel.—F. ] [In the Royal Museum at Munich I have examined two specimens of a Pufinus from Madeira, brought home by H.G. the Duke of Leuchtenberg, which apparently belong to this species. They agree very well with the characters noticed above. The under tail-coverts are white, only the lateral ones at the base of the outer web dark, but this hidden.—F. | PuFrFINus AUDUBON], Finsch. Puffinus obscurus, Audub. Syn. B. N. Am. 1839, p. 339 ; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 835 ; Coues, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1864, p. 137; Licht. Nomenel: p. 100. Like P. assimilis, but the under tail-coverts fuliginous-black ; the anterior lateral under tail-feathers are on the outer vane black, on the inner white; the white on the sides of the head extends, asin P. as- similis, not below the level of the eyes; bill deep leaden blue; feet and legs coloured as in P. anglorum. This species inhabits the Atlantic Ocean, occurring not unfre- quently along the shores of the Southern United States and in the Gulf of Mexico ; it is abundant in the Bahamas and Bermuda. 112 DRS. HARTLAUB AND FINSCH ON BIRDS [Jan. 16, I have examined a fine specimen in the Berlin Museum, collected by Mr. Deppe at Cape Florida (mentioned by Bonaparte as P. flori- danus, Consp. ii. p. 204). ‘‘P. Pherminieri, Less.,”’ cited by Bona- parte (Consp. pp. 189 and 204) as synonymous with this species, is not to be found in Lesson’s ‘Tr. d’Orn.’ We have before us a specimen of Pufinus from the Viti Islands, collected by Dr. Griiffe. It is the one mentioned by us as P. nugawx (Centr. Polynesien, pp. 243 and 280, t. ii. f. 5), inserted only on the authority of Dr. Graffe, who sent eggs from Viti Levu marked as those of this species. On comparing the specimen, the only one we have yet seen from this locality, we find it not to be the true P. assz- milis, but a different species, which we are not able to make out. It resembles most P. auduboni, in having also the white not extended beneath the loreal region and eye, and the under tail-coverts fuliginous- black ; but the specimen is smaller. Further researches must be made to settle this difficult species with certainty ; we do not feel able to do so, having but a single specimen before us. : ; 7, : al * ; Alt. Die- a ase: Ap. al.| Caud. Boste. | Rostt. rostr. a Tars. — al. afr. |a rict. bas,| 225 (sine a bas | ung.). e.113-13)7 2-7 7/2 1-3 1 3 10-3 3112- 134 15-163 33-4 23 16-17 16-17) dichrous (Pelew, 11 spec.). | Ste 6 11 24 2 11 16 4| 2 16) 15|— (M‘Kean Isl., type). | [alee Zit) 134 18 7 eee 20, 20; — (obsewrus, ap. Kubl). | fe} 23 211 ESS hee 34, 2 17/16; — (-, wis Bourbon). | 7 iO! 3S 210; 124 ... 3 | 72 17 16)-=(, 4 | SiOleces. 3°75 | 1:40" 2A. ih2 ade L980" 12-80" penal ie Coues). | toh 3 4 16 AOI Fe.92 |) eae 19; 19) — (obsewrus, Vieill. ap. pl.).| _ Sos a Theta) ae 4]... | ... | ... |— (ex Hlliot’s fig.). | 7 9 TO Migs = ae 17 16) auduboni (Florida, Berl. | Mus.). | 8 0 4°25 | 1:25" | 4-70" | a3. ... {1:60"| ... |— (@bscurus, Coues). 6 6-6 11/2 5-3 9/2 2-2 711-12) ... we | se. |L6-17\15-17) assimilis, Gould (ex Schleg.). 636 6 aS 11 Sa 23 ti 15| ... | Madeira. Hi-8S) 3 2 eal is Pee ilemees 17| ... | obscurus, Gmel. (ex Gama, Hartl.). 7. 0 25 2 6 14 193} 3h} 13 16-16) spec. ?, Vitis. { | 46. STERNA LONGIPENNIS, Nordm.; F. & H. Orn. Centr. Polyn. p. 220 (syn. part.). One specimen from the Pelews (Capt. Heinsohn), not in full plumage. Only the occiput and nape are black ; forehead brownish, with darker shaft-stripes ; the feathers of the grev upper parts with narrow pale edges ; the three outer tail-feathers on the outer web grey, the remainder only washed with grey; the small wing-coverts along the humerus dark brown, forming a longitudinal band ; bill black ; feet reddish. Long al. rectr. ext. rectr.interm. culm. altit.adbas. tars. dig. med. ma a gi! a” 4" 9" or pa’ Bye 1872.] FROM THE PELEW AND MACKENZIE ISLANDS. 113 The specific differences of St. f/rontalis, Gray, from New Zealand, which we formerly erroneously confounded with this species, have been pointed out already (Journ. f. Orn. 1870, p. 365). The Pelew Islands are a new locality for St. longipennis. 47. STERNA MELANAUCHEN, Temm.; F. & H. Centr. Polyn. p. 224. Two adult specimens, one from the Pelews (Capt. Heinsohn), the other from Uap (Kubary). Both localities are new for this species. 48. Srerna Lunata, Peale; Hart]. P. Z.S. 1867, p. 331; H. & F, 76. 1868, pp. 9 & 118. One specimen from Pelew (Capt. Peters). 49. Anous srouipus (L.); H. & F., P. Z. S. 1868, p. 9 (Pelew). Seven specimens from the Pelews (Capts. Heinsohn and Peters). They agree exactly with specimens from N. America and Africa, but vary in the intensity of the dark colouring, and especially as regards the coloration of the head. In some the front and forehead are greyish white, changing into pale grey on the occiput and nape, and into pale ashy grey on the hind neck; in others the whole sur- face of the head is pale brownish grey. In one paler-coloured, apparently younger, specimen the head is uniform sooty brown like the neck, but mixed with single white feathers, which, above the black loreal regions, form an indistinct white supercilium. In all the specimens the lower half of the eye is margined narrowly with white ; the legs and toes are blackish, the membranes lighter. As regards the variation in size in this species, we must remark that the specimen from North America spoken of in Ornith. Centr. Polyn. p. 236, has not full-grown remiges, the first being just deve- loping ; from this cause the wing is much shorter. We append the measurements of the Pelew specimens, to show the individual variation amongst specimens from the same locality. rectr. altit. —_ tars. Long.al. longiss. culm. rictus. adbas. long. dig. med. 10” i 6" Qo” Wie 94" 434" i Eas ait (Pelew Islands.) Meet ooo. 16 93° ioe 44 x eh eo AZ aa AE ay 138 . Mees 8 16. 9424 41’ ha f Meee G6 3) 18) 97 42 11 ~ 14 . Be GSe19) 27. AL -4r 14 e eee) 6 2 ~-16h ae ge 2 04 is 50. ANous TENUIROSTRIS (Temm.). ? Sterna senez, Cranch in Tuckey’s Voy. Zaire (1818), App. p- 407. Sterna tenuirostris, Temm. (nec Riipp., nec Heugl.) Pl. Col. 202 ; (Temm.) Kittl. Kupfert. Heft iii. (1833), p. 28, f. 2, tab. 36. f. 1 (opt.). Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1872, No. VIII. 114 BIRDS FROM THE PELEW AND MACKENZIE ISLANDS. [Jan. 16, Anous leucocapillus, Gould, P. Z.S. 1845, p. 103; Finsch & Hartl. Orn. Centr. Polyn. p. 237. Sterna tenuirostris et S. leucocapilla, Schleg. Mus. P.-B. Sterne, Bole ; Hight specimens from the Pelew Islands (Capts. Heinsohn and Peters), where this species has not been hitherto noticed. This species differs from A. stolidus in its smaller size, the slender and nearly straight bill, the darker, more sooty-black coloration, and the purer, silvery-white surface of the head. In most of the specimens there is a dark greyish tinge on the temporal region, the hind neck and sides of neck. The younger bird is more of a sooty-brown coloration (as in A. stolidus), and has the upper wing-coverts par- tially margined with bright umber-brown. A still younger bird has the front and vertex already as pure white as the old one; and this is also seen in the nestling young, which is covered with black down. The legs are pale, as in A. stolidus, brownish or yellowish brown, in some yellowish. We see no reason for separating A. leuco- capillus, Gould, from A. tenutrostris, Temm. The dimensions no- ticed by Prof. Schlegel are not sufficient to distinguish two species. Long. al. rectr. long. culm. rict. altit.rostr. tars. dig. med. gigi gm 44g Jeo Q4-g7 344i 9-92! 1-124" (Pelew, 8 spec.) Kittlitz gives a very accurate representation of this species (Kup- fert. t. 36. f. 1), which he collected in the Carolines and also near St. Helena. 51. Gyeis aLBa (Sparrm.); Hartl. P. Z. 8S. 1867, p.832; H. & F. ibid. 1868, pp. 9 & 118. From the Pelews (Capt. Peters), and a beautiful pair (male and female) from Uap, where Mr. Kubary notices the species as rare. In the Eastern Carolines, observed by v. Kittlitz on the island of Ualan (Denkwiirdigk. i. p. 382). 52. Puaiiron cAnpipvus, Briss. Phaéton flavirostris, Brandt. Two adult specimens from the Pelew Islands (Capt. Peters). In one (collected by Capt. Heinsohn) all the white feathers above and below, including the two black-shafted middle tail-feathers, are strongly tinged with pale orange-rose (as in Reichenbach’s fig. 852, tab. xxx.). This species breeds on the Pelew group. In a former collection thence, forwarded by Mr. Godeffroy, we received the young in the first plumage. The ‘ Novara’ expedition procured a specimen (in October) on the Stewart group; and v. Kittlitz observed it in Ualan, Eastern Caro- lines (Denkwiirdigk. einer Reise &c. i. p. 382). 53. CarBo MELANOLEUCUS, Gray; H. & F., P.Z.S. 1868, p. 9. Two adult specimens from the Pelew Islands (Capt. Peters). PZ 3 18725Pis Ne Bel Ae ANE eI fa et a na RO ROR a TR A A EO re eC CN A ene iit eet = ‘ Tues) Fao: T. Ingalh. 1-17. T. -norvagica, 18 sao: Tethea muricata 1-6. Del.et Ith W.L. Aldous . ‘ } N : x . ‘ . : ; 2 ~ ; ‘ ’ ¢ * . . vi, ‘ x 5 ¥ \ : j ~ . y , » ae w ouael Can es 7 Bons a aks — ee ~_— Del.et ith. W. Lens Aldous Halispongia choanides. W West &C°1 — mein aga SE a) 1872.] DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIAD&. 115 February 6, 1872. R. Hudson, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. The following papers were read :— 1. Contributions to a General History of the Spongiade. By J. S. Bowrrsanx, LL.D., F.R.S., &c.—Part I. [Received January 15, 1872.] (Plates V. & VI.) Genus TeTHEA. Tethea is eminently a natural genus; the generic characters are well maintained in all the species with which I am acquainted. There is always the same radiation of skeleton-fasciculi from the base or centre of the sponge ; and this radiation is rarely in a straight direction, but almost always in lines more or less curved, giving a greater amount of resistance to any attempt to rend the substance of the animal asunder. Their defences against the attacks of smaller enemies are also beautifully apparent and exceedingly varied, so as to enable us to discriminate species with certainty by the combina- tions of the various forms of their spicula, which are evidently de- signed by nature to offer a passive resistance to every class of enemies to which they may be exposed. Thus the powerful primary defen- sive spicula of the surface, bristling at every part to meet the attacks of their larger assailants, render them any thing rather than an agree- able prey to any fish disposed to make a meal off them. When the larger external defensive spicula are not present, their places are usually supplied by an abundance of large and strong sphero-stellate spicula with sharp and powerful radii, as in 7’. Ingalli and in our British species 7’. lyncurtum. The innumerable small but acutely pointed stellate spicula usually imbedded in the dermis and scattered over the surfaces of the interstitial membranes provide in an especial manner against the attacks, both externally and internally, of the small annulate and other creatures that would otherwise be prone to feast on their membranes and sarcode. The beauty and complete- ness of these conservative contrivances of nature for the preservation of these inert and humble creatures are wonderfully illustrative of the wisdom and beauty of creation. TETHEA MuRICATA, Bowerbank. Sponge spherical, subconical, sessile; surface even, minutely hispid. Oscula terminal. Pores congregated; porous areas ex- ceedingly numerous. Dermis thin, abundantly furnished with stout elongo-attenuato-stellate spicula. Connecting spicula attenuato- expando-ternate-simple and bifurcated, very large and long, nume- rous ; also recurvo-ternate, long and slender, and, rarely, spiculated 116 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIADE. _[Feb. 6, recurvo-ternate ones. Skeleton-spicula fusiformi-acerate, large and long, and the same form long and slender. Colour in spirit dark dull green. Hab. Hammerfest, 150 fathoms (R. M‘Andrew, Esq.). Examined in the wet state, in spirit. I received this and two other species of Tethea from my friend Mr. M‘Andrew in 1855 as a portion of the results of his dredging off the coast of Norway during that year. On examining and de- scribing its structure I discovered in its dermal membrane the inter- esting and beautiful elongo-stellate form of spiculum which I subse- quently figured in the first part of my paper ‘‘ On the Anatomy and Physiology of the Spongiadz”’ in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society’ for 1858, plate 25. fig. 18 ; and inthe second part of the paper in the Phil. Trans. for 1862 I also figured a portion of the dermal membrane with tue same forms of spicula in situ in plate 31. figs. 14 and 15, designating the sponge from which the figures were derived Tethea muricata. The condition of this specimen is remarkable. It has two deeply incised wounds in a horizontal direction, the interior surfaces of which are healed and covered by a new portion of dermal membrane. The fractures are on two sides of the mass and are opposite to each other, as if an attempt had been made by a fish to tear it from the base on which it was seated, but, not liking the mouthful of sharp spicula, had abandoned the attempt. There are also two unin- jured parts of the sponge-surface opposite to each other ; the largest of the two is represented in Plate V., the smaller one on the other side does not exceed four lines in length. The hispidation of the surface of the sponge is not apparent to the eye, but it is readily sensible to the touch of the finger. It is produced by the expanding radii of the large bifurcating ternate heads of the connecting spicula. These organs, which perform the double office of connecting and external defensive spicula, are, com- paratively speaking, exceedingly large: they are from 4 to + inch in length, with a diameter near the head of 1, inch; and the expan- sion of the ternate heads frequently exceeds ;'; part of an inch. These measurements apply to fully developed spicula; they vary to a great extent in size; and the mode and extent of the production of the ternate heads are also exceedingly variable. There is one large terminal osculum, which appears to be perma- nently open, and beneath which all the excurrent canals are concen- trated. The dermal membrane and the porous system are exceedingly interesting and beautiful. A small piece of the dermis is represented by fig. 6, Plate V. The areas of the dermal network are not open ; they are each furnished with a very transparent membrane, upon which a few spicula may occasionally be seen. I could not detect any open pores. The elougo-stellate spicula are exceedingly nume- rous on the dermal membrane: there are also a few of them scattered on the interstitial membranes near the surface of the sponge; but they are of very rare occurrence on the deeper-seated portions of those 1872. ] DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIADE. 117 organs. The skeleton-fasciculi contain comparatively few spicula. They vary considerably in size; a portion of them are very large and long, frequently exceeding + inch in length with a diameter of zi; inch. The smallness of their number is compensated by the intermixture in their fasciculi of the stout long shafts of the ternate connecting spicula ; and the interstices of these larger organs are fre- quently filled in with smaller and more attenuated skeleton-spicula, rendering the whole skeleton firm and compact. The recurvo-ternate spicula are comparatively few in number ; their apices rarely reach quite to the dermis; and, as in other genera in which they occur, their office appears to be to act as defences in the intermarginal cavities. The slender spiculated recurvo-ternate ones are of rare occurrence. The basal portion of the sponge is furnished with a few soft flexible radical processes, about # inch in length. They are appa- rently prolongations of the skeleton-fasciculi of the sponge, and are composed of the same description of spicula, but very slender in their proportions ; among them there were a few small recurvo- ternate spicula, and their ternate heads were frequently in opposite directions. Apparently these spicula are thus present in accordance with the laws of production existing in the animal, and not to assist in any manner in the attachment of the sponge to the spot on which it is based. There were also a few very immature expando-ternate bifurcating spicula, apparently quite as much out of place as the recurvo-ternate ones. The same description of appendages, but stouter and stronger, are found at the base of Tethea lyncurium when the necessities of the animal require their presence. Mr. W. Saville Kent has described a mutilated specimen of this species in the ‘ Monthly Microscopical Journal’ for 1870, p. 203, under the designation of Dorvillia agariciformis. The upper portion of the sponge has evidently been torn away from its basal one, causing the part described to assume a form very much like that of an Agaric ; and the under surface of the specimen, having secreted a new dermal membrane, has contributed greatly to the deception that it was a natural form of the animal. The perfect secretion of anew dermal membrane to cover the torn surface is a natural operation that in other sponges frequently takes place within twenty-four hours of the infliction of such a wound; and the new membrane in due course would secrete the stellate spicula which are natural to that organ. The filiform appendages at the base of the specimen figured by Mr. Kent have very much the appearance of being some of the skeleton-fasciculi of the sponge drawn out of the basal portion at the time of its mutilation. In treating of the spicula, the author has fallen into the error of describing some of those organs that do not belong to the species under consideration. In the plate accompanying his paper the figures 1 to 9 and fig. 13 certainly belong to his Dorvillia agarici- formis, fig. 13 being a tortuous specimen of a skeleton-spiculum, the normal form of which is straight or very slightly curved. The figures 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, and 19 are certainly extraneous 118 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIADEH. _[Feb. 6, spicula, several of them apparently belonging to siliceo-fibrous sponges. The occurrence of extraneous spicula on such sponges is by no means an uncommon occurrence. On the piece of the dermis of my specimen I mounted for figuring in 1855 I found several ex- traneous spicula, of forms different from those figured by Mr. Kent, and one of the form represented in his plate by fig. 18. It is a good rule never to regard any spicula that may be ob- tained by the dissolution of a piece of the sponge in nitric acid and mounting in Canada balsam as belonging to the species, unless they can be detected im situ in a thin slice of the sponge made at right angles to its surface and mounted in the same material. There are very few mountings of sponge-spicula from almost any species of re- cent sponge in which spicula not belonging to it may not be detected ; and these are derived not only from the surface of the animal, but occasionally also from its interior, in which they have been imbedded in an early stage of its development; and in some genera naturally given to the appropriation of extraneous materials they are frequently very numerous. TETHEA uNCA, Bowerbank. Sponge spherical, sessile. Surface smooth and even, minutely dotted. Oscula and pores inconspicuous. Dermis thin, pellucid, furnished abundantly with very minute, simple, and contorted biha- mate spicula, variable in size and form. Skeleton—spicula fusiformi- acerate, large, and long, and with attenuato-recurvo-ternate connect- ing and defensive spicula long and slender, and rarely with porrecto- ternate ones, very small and slender. Interstitial membranes—ten- sion-spicula acerate, very slender, and often flexuous; retentive spicula the same as those of the dermis, very numerous. Colour dull dark green. Hab. Hammerfest, 150 fathoms (Mr. M‘Andrew, 1855). Examined in the condition it came from the sea. This sponge (the only specimen of the species with which I am acquainted) was dredged at Hammerfest by Mr. M‘Andrew during his excursion to the North Sea in 1855, and kindly presented to me, with many other interesting specimens, on his return to England. The texture of the sponge is very much softer and compressible than that of any other species of the genus with which I am ac- quainted, and its structure much more simple than is usual in other nearly allied species. The surface of the sponge is even, but is very minutely dotted all over by the slight projection of the extreme distal points of the skeleton-fasciculi beneath the dermal membrane; and in the midst of these fasciculi we frequently find one or two of the recurvo-ternate spicula projecting slightly beyond the others; but comparatively they are rather few in number. The dermal mem- brane is profusely furnished with the minute, simple, and contort bihamate retentive spicula, which are distributed rather evenly over the whole of its inner surface. These spicula are remarkable for their minute size; the contort ones appear usually to be the largest ; 1872. ] DR. J. S:s BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIADZ. 119 one of the best-developed ones iz situ measured +35, inch in length, while a simple bihamate one of an average size measured =,),5 inch inlength. The skeleton-spicula are large and strong, and frequently exceed + inch in length; the shafts of the recurvo-ternate ones are quite as long as those of the skeleton-spicula, but very much less in their diameter. A very few porrecto-ternate spicula were detected ; and these were very small, and were imbedded irregularly among the interstitial membranes. The interstitial membranes are abundantly supplied with the same forms of retentive spicula that abound in the dermal membranes, and they have also a considerable number of very slender flexuous tension-spicula. The most distinctive specific character in this sponge is un- doubtedly the minute bihamate spicula so abundant in the dermal and interstitial membranes ; but it must be remembered that they require a power of six or seven hundred linear to render them di- stinct to the eye én situ when mounted in Canada balsam, and that when viewed in water they are totally obscured by the sarcode in which they are imbedded. TETHEA INGALLI, Bowerbank. Sponge sessile, spherical or oval. Surface variable, from smooth to strongly papillated ; papillee either acutely terminated or abruptly truncated. Oscula and pores inconspicuous. Dermal rind thick, furnished with innumerable, closely packed, large, subsphero-stellate spicula ; radii acutely conical. Dermal membrane crowded with minute clavate subsphero-stellate spicula. Skeleton—radial fasciculi large and numerous, polyspiculous, emanating from a spherical poly- spiculous centre; spicula fusiformi acuate, large, and long ; apices frequently bluntly terminated. Interstitial membranes—tension-spi- cula of the same form as the skeleton ones, but smaller and slender ; retentive spicula attenuato-stellate ; radii minutely and entirely spi- nous, numerous. Gemmulation external. Colour in spirit deep orange or dull red. Hab. Fremantle, Australia (Mr. George Clifton). Examined in the wet condition from spirit and from saturated salt water, 1855. I am indebted to my late friend Mr. Thomas Ingall for my first acquaintance with this very interesting species. He presented to me a small dried specimen less than an inch in diameter, labelled “locality unknown.’ On examining and describing the sponge I obtained from it the type forms of the spicula represented in plate 25. figs. 12 and 14, ‘ Philosophical Transactions,’ 1858. I subsequently received from my friend Mr. George Clifton, of Fremantle, Australia, a jar full of these sponges preserved in spirit ; the whole of them were in very fine condition. They varied in size from one about 9 lines in diameter to that represented in Plate Y. fig. 11. The normal form appears to be globular, but subject to very con- siderable variations. Among the eighteen specimens in my posses- sion, some are nearly spherical, while others are much taller than 120 Di. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIADE. _ [Feb. 6, they are broad; and in one large specimen its breadth is nearly double its height. The surface-characters are also variable; some- times, especially in young specimens, they are quite smooth, at others strongly, but irregularly papillated. ‘The apices of the pa- pillee in some are round or flat, and in others they terminate in acute thread-like points. In fact neither the form nor the surface of the sponge affords any reliable specific characters. Some of the specimens attached firmly to fragments of shells were destitute of root-like appendages, and their bases were rounded off like the other parts of the sponge; others exhibited a broad base with one or two smooth impressions, threw out round their margins short hook-like fleshy claspers with expanded terminations, by which they secured a firm seat on the smooth bodies to which they fixed themselves. In one case the attachment thrown out was a fleshy cylinder an inch in length and 2 lines in diameter, with a flat termi- nation nearly 4 lines in breadth. These modes of locating themselves are not peculiar to this spe- cies, but may be observed in many others of the same genus in cases where they are needed. When a section of a mature sponge is made, there is the appearance of athick dermal rind, frequently 3 lines in thickness ; it is composed of innumerable, closely packed,large, subsphero-attenuato-stellate spi- cula, the radii being acutely conical; and this form, in diminished quantities, is found in the interstitial membranes in all parts of the sponge. The dermal membrane is thin; it is profusely furnished with minute clavate subsphero-stellate spicula, which are so numerous and so closely packed as completely to obscure their forms, in situ, excepting at the extreme edges of the piece of membrane under ex- amination. No other forms of spicula could be detected in the membrane. The skeleton-fasciculi radiate in compact curved lines from a cen- tral solid spherical mass nearly 7 inch in diameter. It is composed of condensed sarcode in which is imbedded a large quantity of acuate spicula, smaller than those of the skeleton, but of the same form; they are disposed without any approach to regularity ; and from the surface of this mass the skeleton-fasciculi radiate in every direction. The hemispherical bases of their spicula all either pene- trate its surface for a short distance, or they are in close conjunction with it. The spicula of the skeleton-fasciculi are exceedingly nu- merous at their commencement at the basal centre of the sponge. The interstitial membranes are also abundantly supplied with spi- cula; the tension ones are rather few in number, but the retentive ones are very numerous. The retentive spicula of the interstitial membranes of most sponges are of the same form and size as those of the dermal membrane ; but this is not the case in the sponge in course of description, in which they vary distinctly from the dermal ones, a very few of which may be occasionally detected dispersed on the membranes at no great distance from the dermal rind. In the deeply seated membranes they all appear to be attenuato-stellate 1872. ] DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIADE. 121 with their radii minutely and entirely spinous ; they appear to be evenly dispersed on all parts of the deeply seated membranes. The strongly marked character of these spicula, combined with those of the dermal membrane, renders the retentive spicula of this sponge the most descriminative of all its specific characters. I found but one instance of external gemmulation, that represented by fig. 12 (Plate V.) illustrating this paper. TreTHEA NoRVAGICA, Bowerbank. Sponge spherical, sessile. Surface papulous, even. Oscula and pores inconspicuous. Dermis thin and pellucid, furnished abun- dantly with minute subsphero-stellate spicula ; radii conical, acute. Skeleton—radii abundantly spiculous, compact in the interior, ra- diating at their distal extremities ; spicula fusiformi-acuate. Inter- stitial membranes—tension-spicula fusiformi-acuate, long and slender, very few in number; retentive spicula minute, subsphero-stellate, very abundant, and a very few large spicula of the same form near the dermal surface. Colour light green, preserved in saturated salt and water. Hab. From Drontheim to North Cape, from 20 to 200 fathoms (Mr. M‘Andrew, 1855). Examined in the condition in which it came from the sea. I am indebted to the kindness and liberality of my friend Robert M‘Andrew, Esq., for thirty-seven specimens of this interesting sponge. They range in size from 2 to 7 lines in diameter. Their substance is very firm, and they vary little from the regular spherical form. The general aspect of the surface is even to the sight and touch; but it is in truth formed of numerous flat-topped papillee, each de- riving its form from the radiation of the distal end of one of the stout skeleton-fasciculi, the terminal spicula of which are corym- bose; and the whole of the terminations appear amenable to the same law. The inhalant pores are situated in deep depressions between the terminal papille ; and immediately beneath them there are large and often tortuous intermarginal cavities. The dermal membrane is profusely furnished with the minute subsphero-stel- late spicula; and this abundance of the spicula also obtains in the lining membranes of the intermarginal cavities; but beyond these parts the minute stellate spicula are distributed much more sparsely. Within this region of abundance there is also a dense accumulation of the sarcode, firmly cementing the distal terminations of the ske- leton-fasciculi together, so as to form a stout dermal rind of compa- ratively considerable thickness. Within this thickened portion of the surface of the sponge a very few subsphero-stellate spicula of large size were found; but none of them could be detected among the deeply seated interstitial membranes. I could not detect the oscula in any of the specimens in my possession. The skeleton-fasciculi radiate from the centre of the sponge; and the spicula composing them have all their hemispherical bases directed to that point. They are closely and firmly cemented toge- 122 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIAD. [ Feb. 6, ther, and remain so until they reach the point of their natural diver- gence immediately beneath the dermal surface, at which point they are usually closely broken off. One of the most interesting subjects in the history of this little species is the mode of its propagation, which appears regularly to be by an abundant production of external gemmules. Of the thirty-six specimens in my possession, twenty-two have more or less of gemmules attached to their surfaces. The largest number on any one sponge is eleven, on the little specimen re- presented by fig. 18, Plate V. They are projected from all parts of the surface. The length of their fleshy thread-like attachments to the parent sponge varied considerably ; and in one gemmule very perfectly developed, with a diameter of 13 line, the attaching filament was } inch in length and very slender. On many of the mature specimens of sponges on which there were no gemmules remaining, there were short fleshy filaments which had every appearance of being the remains of the attachments of these little bodies which had separated from the parent sponge. The attachments of the mature specimens are various, in accord- once with their necessities. Sometimes it is effected on smooth surfaces by a close adherence of the basal portion of the sponge, while in other cases they project short root-like appendages varying from one to four or five in number, the distal extremities of which frequently expand to a considerable extent over the rough surfaces of dead shells or other substances on which they have located them- selves; and in one case of a Jethea thus located on a dead shell and having gemmules produced near its base, these little bodies, still attached to the parent sponge, had themselves projected small cords of attachment from the parts of their surfaces nearest the shell surface with the evident intention of securing a permanent attachment previously to separation from the parent. The tension spicula of the interstitial membranes are very long and slender ; they are mostly dispersed in lines more or less accord- ing with those of the skeleton-fasciculi. Genus HanisponeraA, Bowerbank. De Blainville, in his ‘ Manuel d’ Actinologie,’ p. 532, proposed the “name of Halispongia to receive all those sponges that Fleming and Grant had designated Halichondria. But as our recent and more extensive knowledge of British and exotic species comprised under the names of Halichondria and Halispongia has demonstrated their widely different skeleton-structures, it has become necessary to divide this very extensive group into a series of new genera in accordance with their organic structural affinities. I therefore proposed, in vol. i. p. 207 of ‘ Monograph of the British Spongiadze,’ to limit the genus /alisponyia to such sponges among the kerato-fibrous suborder as agree with the following character :— Skeleton kerato-fibrous. Fibres solid; primary fibres compressed, 1872.] DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIADE. 123 containing an irregularly disposed series of spicula; secondary series of fibres unsymmetrical, cylindrical, without spicula. With further experience of the sponges coming under this de- signation, I have in many cases found that the primary fibres fre- quently contained a mixture of spicula and sand, and that the latter often predominated in quantity as in the skeleton-fibre of the sponge in course of description. Hereafter perhaps, from the regularity of the fibrous skeleton structure and the prevalence of sand in its pri- mary fibres, it may be advisable to refer it to a new genus; but for the present I have thought it as well to retain it in the genus Hali- spongia. HALISPONGIA CHOANOIDES, Bowerbank. Sponge massive, subspherical, pedicellate ; pedicle short and stout, branching into radical processes. Surface irregularly and coarsely reticulated ; rete forming large elevated ridges; areas deeply de- pressed and minutely reticulated. Oscula within a large cylindri- form cloaca, extending from near the base to the apex of the sponge, terminating in a wide permanent simple orifice. Pores inconspi- cuous, congregated in irregular areas. Dermis coriaceous, stout ; surface abundantly furnished with minute granules of sand; dermal membrane thin, pellucid. Skeleton symmetrical ; rete stout; pri- mary lines with axes of sand, spicula, and other extraneous matters ; secondary lines without extraneous matters ; areas square or oblong. Sarcode abundant, firm, and fleshy. Gemmules large, lenticular ; nu- cleus radiated. Colour in spirit dull purple. Hab. Fremantle, Australia (George Clifton, Esq.). Examined from spirit in the state in which it came from the sea. I am indebted to my indefatigable and liberal friend Mr, George Clifton for this very remarkable specimen, which he sent in spirit from Fremantle. The skeletons of what are apparently various spe- cies of this genus are very common in collections of sponges from Australia ; but the one in course of description is the only specimen I have seen in a state of perfect preservation as it exists during life. The form of the present specimen, closely approaching sphe- rical, will probably be found hereafter to be subject to considerable variation, as this is the case with many of the closely allied speci- mens in the skeleton state, some being elongately oval and some inversely conical. The skeleton is formed of an open network of large and strong keratose fibres that are quite visible to the unas- sisted eye when separated from the abundant sarcode in which they are imbedded. The material imbedded in the primary fibres is very various, principally grains of sand, but frequently also fragments of spicula disposed at various angles to the axial line of the fibre. At first sight it would almost seem as if a discretion were exerted in the choice of the grains of extraneous matter imbedded; they are selected of such uniform size, and are disposed in the fibre with so much regularity. This is effected in the same manner as that de- 124 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIADE. _ [Feb. 6, scribed in the account I have given of the construction of the sandy fibres of Dysidea fragilis in my paper “On the Anatomy and Physiology of the Spongiade ”’ in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society’ for 1862 (pl. xxviii. figs. 3, 4, 5, p. 757). The mode of aggregation in the present case is well demonstrated in some of the young primary fibres of the sponge. A finely pointed purely keratose fibre is projected forwards, the termination of which is adhesive, and to which any small body touching it becomes ce- mented and is then speedily covered by a thin coat of keratode, the surface of which is not adhesive. The adhesive point continues its forward course continually, thus adding material to the arenaceous axis; while the successive developments of concentric keratose layers, destitute of adhesive power, surround and maintain the arenaceous axis in its proper position. The apparent discretion in sizing the selection of granular matter may thus be naturally ac- counted for; and it may be readily imagined that the slender adhe- sive advancing point of the fibre would not support and retain any larger material than that which we find it to have appropriated. The secondary fibres pullulating from the sides ot the mature non- viscid primary ones are not adhesive, and are therefore free from arenaceous axes. The dermis is very thick ; and its strength is further increased by a very abundant imbedment in its substance of particles of sand and other small extraneous matters. This appears to be accom- plished with great regularity, especially on its external surface, where all the prominent ridges of the great reticulations are as closely and regularly set with granules as if they had been the work of a lapi- dary. The internal surface of the coriaceous dermis exhibits the same structural peculiarities as the external one. The porous areas are not simple, as we find such organs in other cases of their occurrence, where we have a thin pellucid mem- brane with a group cf three or four pores. In the present case the porous area is large, thin, and transparent, and is more or less reti- culated by fine thread-like lines of extraneous matter; and within each of the little areas thus formed there is a single pore. It isa remark- able circumstance that the boundaries of these minor areas are fre- quently determined by triradiate spicula of calcareous sponges im- bedded in the surface of the membrane, the radii of the spicula forming more or less of the boundaries of three such areas. The great porous areas are frequently oval and of considerable size, containing as many as seven or eight of the small single pore-areas. The sarcode in this sponge is remarkable for its substance and opacity ; the nearest familiar representative of it is the boiled albu- men of an egg. Whena thin portion of it is mounted in Canada balsam and thus rendered transparent, a considerable number of com- paratively large lentiform gemmules are to be seen imbedded in the interstitial membranes. They contain a more or less well-defined central nucleus with innumerable minute radial lines which reach to the extreme margin of the gemmule. They are certainly not spi- cula, but have every appearance of being minute tubuli. 1872. ] DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIAD&. 125 This sponge is remarkable for being the living type of a well-known flint fossil from the chalk, named, figured, and described by Dr. Mantell, in his ‘ Fossils of the South Downs, or Geology of Sussex,’ p- 179, pl. 16. figs. 19, 20, and 21, as Choanites Kenigii. The author appears to have read off from his fossil specimens very cor- rectly the former history of the structural characters of the sponge ; and he has described its radical processes as they appear in numerous specimens of the fossils as well as in the recent sponge. The follow- ing is the specific character he assigns to the fossil. “Inversely conical, externally marked with irregular fibres, some of which penetrate the substance and terminate in openings on the inner surface; central cavity cylindrical, deep, narrow; base fixed by radical processes.” With very slight alteration this description of the fossil would answer as nearly as possible for a specific description of the recent specimen. I have several fine specimens of this fossil—one, a natural longi- tudinal section through the middle of the Sponge, exhibiting the surface of the great cloacal cavity and the numerous fossilized canals radiating from it. Their entrances into the cloaca are covered bya thin layer of silex. In another specimen, which has no extraneous flint around it, the fibrous structure is indistinctly visible on the exterior of the mass ; but on making a longitudinal section of it the fibres all round the distal end of the cloaca became beautifully visible, every fibre being covered by a thin layer of silex, while the interspaces were entirely free from that material. In a third speci- men, two of these sponges have coalesced and become as one, follow- ing exactly the law that always obtains with recent sponges under such circumstances. On some parts of the external surface there appear doubtful traces of the remains of the dermal integument ; and over all the other parts the interlacing skeleton-fibres slightly coated with silex are visible by the aid of an inch lens. I have never seen a specimen of this fossil which exhibited the fossilized dermal inte- gument, excepting in a thin transverse section of one from apparently about the middle. Itis a very regular oval of 3 inches by 22 inches; and in this the dermal integument is indisputably present. Unfor- tunately I could obtain no more of this beautifully illustrative speci- men than the slice in my possession. I have entered thus minutely into the comparison of the fossil with the recent sponge, as it appears to afford strong additional evidence of the great antiquity of the land- and water- productions of the southern portions of our globe still above the sea-level; and it appears, from the similarity of the recent productions of that portion of our earth, that they are very closely allied to the fossil productions of the chalk period of our part of the world. The same course of reasoning may be applied to the London-Clay period ; among the fruits and seeds of that formation their nearest allies were almost invariably to he found among the fruits and seeds of our Australian colonies. 126 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIADZ. [Feb. 6, HyMENIACIDON PULVINATUS, Bowerbank. Sponge sessile, massive. Surface smooth, tuberculated. Oscula simple, numerous, dispersed, small. Poresinconspicuous. Dermal membrane thin, abundantly spiculous ; spicula closely and irregu- larly felted together, fusiformi-spinulate, as large as those of the ske- leton. Skeleton arranged in large, thick, sinuous, irregularly formed plates of skeleton-tissue, running in various angles towards the der- mal surface, separated from each other by very large interstitial cavities disposed in the same direction as the skeleton-plates ; spicula fusiformi-spinulate or subclayate. Colour in the dried state ochreous yellow. Hab. Calibert Quay, twenty miles due east of Belize, in 8 feet water (Mr. Dyson). Examined in the dried state. This sponge is, I believe, the largest recent species known to na- turalists. Two specimens of it were found by Mr. Dyson at Calibert Quay, in the neighbourhood of which he was collecting speci- mens of natural history. He told me that the summit of the largest specimen was just below the surface of the water, and that he passed one of the oars down by the side of the sponge and found that it was 8 feet in height, and that they chiselled off the top of the sponge with the oars and cut it into three pieces for the conve- nience of packing it. What the diameter of this enormous mass was in the living state he did not tell me ; but inits present dried condition its greatest diameter is 34 inches, and its lesser one 29 inches. The second specimen, which appears to have been very little inferior in size, has a diameter of 27 by 21 inches. The surface is smcoth but abundantly tuberculated ; the tubercles are small and depressed, rarely exceeding an inch in diameter, and are less than an inch in height. The oscula are numerous and small, rarely exceeding 2 lines in diameter ; they are simple orifices of a circular or oval form. The dermal membrane is crowded with spicula so thickly felted together that their forms can scarcely be determined even when mounted in Canada balsam, excepting at the thin edge of the speci- men; if there be any difference between them and those of the skeleton, it is that they are rather less in size. The interior mass of the sponge is formed of thick, sinuous, irre- gularly shaped plates of skeleton-structure, all more or less disposed in the direction of the external surface, where they expand beneath the dermal membrane ; and over these expansions the pores are situ- ated. The plates of skeleton-tissue are separated from each other by very large interstitial spaces, each one being lined by an interstitial membrane. ‘These large spaces accompany the skeleton-plates in their progress to the dermal surface ; and immediately above their terminations the oscula are found, varying in number from one to two or three. The structures of the skeleton-tissues are quite in accordance with those of numerous other species of Hymeniacidon; for it must be remembered that, however large or small a sponge may be, the ana- 1872. ] DR. J. Ss BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIAD. 127 tomical proportions of its essential organs never vary. The fusiformi- spinulate skeleton-spicula vary somewhat in size; and while some of the spinulate bases are globular, others are more or less clavate. An average-sized spiculum measured ;; inch in length, and greatest diameter 51-5 inch. The history of this sponge has more than usual interest, as it tends to reconcile and explain difficulties in our knowledge of the ancient sponges, many of which in the lower beds of the Portland Oolite have evidently been of enormous size. Among the débris of the cliffs of Portland not very far on the shore, beyond the little village of Fortune’s Well at the head of the great Chesil bank, I recol- lect seeing one mass more than a yard square that had evidently been one large sponge, with numerous anastomosing branches, each 4 or 5 inches in diameter, of silicified matter, with the large interstices between the ramifications filled up with pure Portland Oolite. And during the excavation of the great dry cutting that encloses and protects the fortifications I observed that they had cut through nu- merous masses of flint, many of which were from 7 to 10 feet in length and 2 or 23 feet thick at the middle, gradually thinning away towards their margins. I examined fragments of many of these, and found them quite as full of the remains of sponge-tissues, Poly- thalamia, fragments of minute corals, and other extraneous matters as the smaller flints of the same oolitic beds, the greensand, and the chalk flints. From the great size of Hymeniacidon pulvinatus among living sponges, we may well imagine that the fossil siliceous masses in the lower beds of the Portland Oolite may have been in their day what Hymeniacidon pulvinatus at Calibert Quay, near Honduras, now is in those seas. It has been said by eminent naturalists that there appears to be no known limit to the increase in size of the large crocodilian reptiles ; and the same may well be said of many of the sponges. Their organic structures (young or old, large or small) never vary to any appreciable extent in size or form; and the vast difference in those respects that frequently exists in two individuals of the same species is due only to a multiplication of their internal organs. I have other specimens of H. pulvinatus in my possession—one 12 or 14 inches in diameter, 8 or 9 inches in height, and a smaller one, not exceeding 6 incbes in diameter by about 4 inches in height. All of the speci- mens are of the same massive cushion-like form. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. Puate VY. Tethea muricata, Bowerbank. Fig. 1 represents the type specimen of the species, of the natural size, from Ham- merfest. Fig, 2. Half of one of the large fusiformi-acerate skeleton-spicula, magnified 36 linear. Fig. 3. One of the simple attenuato-expando-ternate connecting and defensive spicula, magnified 36 linear. 128 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIADE. _ [Feb. 6, Fig. 4. Distal termination of one of the attenuato-expando-ternate bifurcating connecting and defensive spicula, magnified 36 linear. This figure represents one of the most regularly developed heads of this form of spiculum, and by no means one of the largest of them. They vary in the mode and extent of the development of their radii to a very great extent. Fig. 5 represents one of the stout elongo-stellate defensive spicula of the dermal membrane, magnified 308 linear. Fig. 6. A small piece of the dermal membrane with the elongo-stellate spicula in situ, magnified 183 linear. The recuryo-ternate spicula of Tethea muricata are accurately represented by fig. 9, although the spiculum figured does not belong to that species, but to 7. wnca. Tethea unca, Bowerbank. Fig. 7 represents the type specimen, of the natural size. Fig. 8. One of the fusiformi-acerate skeleton-spicula, magnified 36 linear. Fig. 9. A recurvo-ternate connecting and defensive spiculum, magnified 123 Fig. 10. linear. A group of three of the minute bibamate spicula from the dermal membrane, magnified 530 linear. Tethea ingalli, Bowerbank. Fig. 11 represents one of the largest and best-developed specimens, from Fre- Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Fig. 14. mantle, Australia. Natural size. A younger specimen of the same species, from Fremantle, Australia, with a gemmule attached to it. This sponge is smooth over nearly the whole of the surface ; and it has an expanded concave base, having been apparently attached to a smooth convex surface. Natural size. One of the large fusiformi-acuate skeleton-spicula bluntly terminated, magnified 80 linear. A small fusiformi-acuate spiculum from the central mass of the sponge, whence the skeleton-fasciculi emanate, magnified 80 linear. Fig. 15 represents one of the large subsphero-stellate spicula from the rind of Fig. 16. Fig. 17. Fig. 18. Fig. 19. Fig. 20. Fig. 21. the sponge, magnified 530 linear. One of the minute clavate subsphero-stellate spicula from the dermal , membrane, magnified 530 linear. This figure represents 2 very per- fectly formed one ; they vary considerably in shape and in the clayation of their radii. An attenuato-stellate spiculum with the radii entirely and strongly spined, magnified 530 linear. These spicula vary in the number of their radii and in the degree of spination toa very considerable extent. Tethea norvagica, Bowerbank. A small specimen of the species based on a fragment of shell, with eleven gemmules in various stages of development attached to its sur- face, natural size. A well-developed specimen with six gemmules attached to it, natural size. There is no apparent attachment to this sponge. One of the smallest specimens in my possession, attached to the re- mains of the shell of a small Balanus, natural size. A small well-developed specimen broadly based on the surface of a small stone, natural size. This sponge has thrown out broad, thin, adherent plates on the surface of the stone, but they are not visible without the aid of a 2-inch lens. Fig. 22 represents the largest specimen of the species in my possession, natural Fig. 23. size. The small mass at the base is the remains of a shell to which it has apparently been attached ; the mass on the right-hand side of the figure consists of two gemmules closely pressed together. One of the skeleton-spicula, magnified 80 linear. 1872.] DR. J. ANDERSON ON RHINOCEROS SUMATRENSIS. 129 Fig. 24. One of the tension-spicula of the interstitial membrane, magnified 80 linear. Fig. 25 represents one of the minute subsphero-stellate spicula of the dermal membrane, 530 linear. Puate VI. Fig. 1. Halispongia choanoides, Bowerbank. From Fremantle, Australia. Na- tural size. (a) the terminal orifice of the great cloacal cavity. Fig. 2. A portion of the dermis mounted in Canada balsam, exhibiting the in- halant areas and their pores in an open condition, magnified 36 linear. Fig. 3. A small portion of the skeleton-structure, showing the primary fibres containing their characteristic axial line of sand and other extraneous matters, while the secondary ones are free from such materials, mag- nified 14 linear. Fig. 4. A representation of a well-developed gemmule as it appears in Canada balsam, attached to the surface of the sarcodous membranes, magnified 80 linear, 2. Notes on Rhinoceros sumatrensis, Cuvier. By Joun Anperson, M.D., Calcutta. [Received January 13, 1872.] Having had an opportunity of examining a living specimen of this species, I have drawn up the following remarks, which may prove of sufficient interest to merit a place in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings.’ The specimen examined is a young female that strayed into Chit- tagong in February 1869, when it was captured, and where it has remained till within the last few weeks. It has been brought to Calcutta by Mr. Jamrach of London, to whom I am indebted for my examination of this interesting animal. Mr. Jamrach has pur- chased it in the hope of being able to take it to London alive, where, if he succeeds in his endeavour, it will doubtless attract much interest, as no living example of this species, that I am aware of, has hitherto reached England. The uncertainty, however, of this enterprise in- duces me to forward to the Society these notes, together with an un- questionable representation of the external characters of this species. There is no previous record of this Rhinoceros having been found so far west* as Chittagong, about 92° E. long. ; but I see nothing remarkable in this, as the fauna of Eastern Bengal is pronouncedly Malayan. It is also probable, as Blyth observes, that it ranges into Assam, because, while at Bhamé in Upper Burmah, I was informed by an intelligent native that two-horned Rhinocerotes are found in the Mogonny district, which is close to the confines of Assam, and as far north as the twenty-sixth degree of north latitude. This same informant also assured me that he had seen at Mogonny a Rhino- ceros-head with three horns. The female which forms the subject of these observations is about * In the ‘Mammals of India’ it is stated to have been shot at as high a lati- tude as 23° N., near Sandoway, which, however, lies only between the 18th and 19th parallels N. Proc. Zoou. Soc.— 1872, No. IX. 130 DR. J. ANDERSON ON RHINOCEROS SUMATRENSIS. [Feb. 6, 4 feet 6 inches high at the shoulders, and about 8 feet from the snout to the root of the tail ; it weighs nearly 2000 lbs. The deep and rather short trunk is set on low stout limbs. The head is not much tapered ; the anterior horn, low and rounded, is placed above the nostril ; the posterior horn is conical and situated above the eye; the two are separated by a considerable interval. The ears are full and more rounded than pointed, and fringed with long, rather drooping hairs. The eye is small. The upper lip is anteriorly pointed and prehensile. The tail has numerous transverse folds, and reaches nearly to a line with the groin, having long hair on the anterior and posterior borders of its lower third. The skin is ashy grey, and covered with bristles about one inch in length, and its tubercles are small and flat. A pendulous fold on the side of the neck, with the skin behind it thrown into small loose folds ; a fold behind the shoulder, across the back from side to side, with a fold at its lower extremity across the fore leg; a lumbar fold from the groin, but not reaching to the back ; two short folds behind the haunches, with another fold below them, across the leg. The hindmost horn is the smallest and about two inches in height ; it has a quadrangular base, with two of the angles external (one posterior and the other anterior), and its apex is conical. Itis placed between the eyes, but its posterior basal angle is slightly behind the external margin of the eye, while the anterior angle is about three inches before the inner margin of the eye. The anterior horn, sepa- rated from the former by about three inches, is full and rounded, and, although about twice the size of the posterior horn, does not exceed it in height; it is placed above the nostril, to which, how- ever, its hinder margin is slightly posterior. A most striking feature of this individual, and one which I have not seen exemplified in three adult heads of this species from Bur- mah which I have examined, nor have seen referred to in any descrip- tion of the species, is the long drooping hair of the margins of the ears. In adult males and females the margins of the ears are fringed with strong erect black hairs tipped with brown, and almost one inch, or slightly more, in length ; but in this individual these hairs are nearly five inches long, with their terminal not so bristly as their ba- sal portions—and with this result, that the former droops downwards over the latter. It appears to me that the more delicate portion of the hairs is worn off as the animal increases in years, probably by the friction to which the ears are subjected in the creature’s wanderings through the dense jungle to which it is so partial. The hairs are longest and most numerous immediately behind the tip, and shortest on the anterior margin, the three basal-inches of which are all but nude. The insides of the ears are covered with very short greyish hairs about the sixteenth of an inch in length. The shoulder-fold is the most strongly marked of all the folds, which are much less decidedly developed than in the two other species of Asiatic Rhinoceros. It is prolonged over the back from side to side, and below passes on to the outside of the limb, for a short way at the elbow-joint. At the latter point there is another strong fold 1872.] DR. J. ANDERSON ON RHINOCEROS SUMATRENSIS. 131 below it, passing upwards and forwards across the outside of the limb, on the front aspect of which it bends inwards and slightly downwards to the chest. The fold before the haunch, between the groin and the back, is short and less strongly marked than the shoulder-fold ; and its upper extremity is on a level with the head of the femur, its di- rection being downwards and somewhat forwards. The two folds on the back of the haunch are very short, and the internal extremity of the upper one is on a level with the lower margin of the genital ori- fice; the fold below them, across the leg, passes forwards and down- wards, and is the most indistinctly marked of all the folds, almost disappearing when the limb is stretched backwards. The more or less pendulous fold of the neck arises from behind and below the level of the ear, and is continuous below with its fellow of the opposite side ; the skin behind this fold is loose, and forms another fold, which dis- appears, however, when the neck is raised. The tubercles of the skin are so small and flat that the skin is almost smooth ; they are about the eighth of an inch in diameter ; and each is surrounded by a shallow sulcus, in which usually four bristles are placed. The latter structures are erect and about one inch in length, and are rather richly distributed, being especially nu- merous on the lower parts of the sides, on the front of the metacarpal and on the back of the metatarsal joints, and less so on the cheeks, throat, and sides of the lower jaw ; while, anterior to the eyes, the face appears to be nude, except on the anterior surface of the pendu- lous upper lip, which has strong bristles set widely apart. On the upper half of the trunk the bristles posterior to the shoulder-fold are almost white in some lights, with a rufous tint in others, while those anterior to the shoulder-fold are dark brown ; on the lower half of the trunk and on the limbs they are black, and on the sides of the belly and over the wrist and heel they are depressed and somewhat curly; on the neck and head they are shorter and almost white. The hairs on the two margins of the lower third of the tail increase in length from above downwards, the apical hairs being about six inches in length, black at the base, and dark brown throughout the rest of their extent ; the upper two thirds of the tail are covered with light-coloured bristles. The general colour of the dry skin is ashy grey ; but when moist it becomes a light brown. The axillee and under surface of the groin, and the creases formed by the folds of the body and neck when these are extended, have a fleshy tint. The animal is remarkably quiet, considering that she is chained by her four feet between two trees. During night she becomes very rest- less, and on several occasions has contrived, by stretching her hind legs to the utmost, to reach a strongly built brick wall, which she has butted down with her head. Her restlessness rather increases with the dawn, which is the time when tropical animals that are not exclusively nocturnal in their habits are most active in their move- ments and in their search after food. After the sun is fairly up and she has been satiated by a hearty meal, she lies down on her side, and sleeps until the blazing sun has half run his. course between the me- 132 DR. J. ANDERSON ON MANOURIA AND SCAPIA. ([Feb. 6, ridian and the horizon ; she then rises, and once more feeds in the rapidly fading twilight. She is fed on pulse and grass, but has a special liking for the thick fleshy stems of the plantain and for the small branches of the mango-tree, which she devours with evident pleasure, her powerful jaws crushing with ease young twigs about an inch in diameter, each closure of the living mill exhaling a fine aroma, in which she revels, and which recalls to the bystander the gustatory fragrance, so to speak, of that prince among fruits. Like her kith and kin she is very fond of water, and has a special predilection for a muddy hollow close be- side her, in which she wallows, delighting to bury her huge head in the slimy ooze. She has a peculiar habit of squirting out her urine to a great dis- tance, sending it out behind her nearly twenty feet, a habit which may be the means by which the male is made aware of her presence in the dense recesses of her native forests, where smell is probably the sole guide by which the sexes become aware of each other’s presence. Since writing the above, I have learned from my friend Lieut. Bourne that a smooth-skinned Rhinoceros is said by the Cossyahs to occur in their hills, two days’ journey to the south of Charyolah. These men know Rhinoceros sondaicus, so that it seems very proba- ble that R. sumatrensis extends into the heart of the Cossyah hills. 3. On Manouria and Scapia, two Genera of Land-Tortoises. By Joun Anpverson, M.D., Calcutta. [Received January 15, 1872.] I have all along been so much struck with the similarity of the carapace and body of Manouria emys to those of the Land-Tortoise of Arakan (Testudo phayrei), that the probability forcibly suggested itself to me that the two supposed forms were one and the same. Of the former Tortoise the Indian Museum of this city possessed two nearly perfect shells and one thorax, the latter in no way distinguish- able from the thoraces of the perfect shells. Of Testudo phayrei the museum possessed two specimens—one Blyth’s type, and the other the deformed specimen which he has lately stated he gave to Dr. Falconer for examination. All these specimens of Manouria emys and of T. phayrei are characterized by a divided caudal; and their general form and all their plates, with the exception of the pectorals, are so alike that, if I simply had had the carapaces to deal with, I could not have separated them as distinct species. Turning, however, to their sterna, three of them were referable to Manouria, and two to Testudo. The three specimens of so-called Manouria were from one locality in Cachar, and Blyth’s 7. phayrei was from Arakan. The two sterna of the former, the thoraces of which measure respectively 20? inches and 19? inches in length, varied in the distances intervening between their pectoral plates. The largest 1872.] | DR. J. ANDERSON ON MANOURIA AND SCAPIA. 133 sternum (fig. 7, p. 137) had the pectoral plates separated from each other by the interval of only 2 inches, while in the other and shorter individual the same plates did not approach each other by 4! 5!" (fig. 8, p. 137). In the typical example of 7. phayrei, on the other hand, the pectoral plates formed a suture of 1" 4" (fig. 5, p. 136). The next facts in connexion with these shells, which are otherwise identical, are these, that those which have the pectoral plates apart have concave, while those which have them forming a suture have flat sterna—two facts which are full of significance. Keeping in mind the intimate connexion that subsists between the faunz of Assam, Cachar, and Arakan, and being impressed with the foregoing facts, I asked the assistance of Capt. Butler at Luma- jooting, in the Naja hills, to the east of the Brahmaputra, in procuring certain rather large Land-Tortoises, which he had informed me were found in his district. I forwarded to him drawings of the sterna of M. emys and T. phayrei; and in return he sent me three living Tor- toises and two perfect shells, four of the specimens having flat, and one a concave sternum. The thoraces of all these individuals in no way differ from the thoraces of my first specimens; and the four with flat sterna are true 7’. phayrei, and the individual with the con- cave sternum has the separated pectorals of M. emys. Capt. Butler’s specimens are all from one locality in Assam, to where I had antici- pated it was likely 7’. phayret would extend. Having thus proved that 7. phayrei and M. emys are associated together in Assam, in the same localities, and keeping in view the facts that the animals are apparently identical, that the thoraces in no way differ from each other, that the pectoral plates of individuals referable to M. emys present variations in their size, and so approximate to each other as to lead directly into 7. phayrei, and that the same plates in individuals which would be referred to this species may either have a broad or very narrow suture, the conclusion is forced upon me that the two so-called species are one and the same—Testudo emys, Miiller,—and for the cogent reason that, beyond the variation of the pectorals, they present no other points of difference. From the circumstance that all the specimens haying flat sterna, and therefore probably females, have the pectorals more or less united, while, on the other hand, the individuals with concave sterna, and therefore those which I suppose to be males, have these plates varying in their degrees of approximation, I am inclined to regard the first form of pectorals as, to a certain extent, distinctive of the female, and the second as cha- racteristic of the male Testudo emys, Miiller. There is, however, an element of uncertainty whether or not these two types of pectoral plates are exclusively sexual, because, as the Manouria type varies from widely apart to approximated pectorals, and the 7’. phayrei type from a broad to a very narrow pectoral suture, it is possible, nay probable, that further and other modifications may be brought to light. But the specimens before me indicate only two types of variation (one characteristic of the flat, and the other of the concave sterna)—the former being a suture of variable intensity in the middle line, the second a pectoral plate of variable development between the 134 DR. J. ANDERSON ON MANOURIA AND scaPra. [Feb. 6, Fig. 1. = Pectoral plates of Testudo phayrei, ex. a. Pectoral plates of Testudo phayre?, ex. b. 1872.] DR. J. ANDERSON ON MANOURIA AND SCAPIA. 135 middle line and a short distance internal to the inner margin of the axilla. The figure of Testudo emys given by Miiller* agrees in all its details with my specimens with non-united pectoral plates; and, if the latter peculiarity is excepted, it also represents Blyth’s 7. phayrei. Fig. 3. fo) Pectoral plates of Testudo phayrei, ex. c. Fig. 4. Pectoral plates of Testudo phayrei, ex. d. * Verhandl. Rept. xxxiv. t. 4. 136 DR. J. ANDERSON ON MANOURIA AND SCaPrA._ [Feb. 6; Fig. 5. Pectoral plates of Testudo phayret, ex. e. Fig. 6. Pectoral plates of Manouria emys, ex. a. 1872.] DR. J. ANDERSON ON MANOURIA AND SCAPIA. 137 Pectoral plates of Manouria emys, ex. b. Pectoral plates of Munouria emys, ex. c. 138 DR. J. ANDERSON ON MANOURIA AND SCAPIA._[ Feb. 6, Dr. Gray’s figure of M. fusca* is a very good representation of 7’. phayrei, from which, I believe with Dr. Gray, it in no way differs, except in respect of its pectoral plates; and I am supported by the authority of Dr. Giinther that the former is 7’. emys, Miller. The question, therefore, here obtrudes itself, Is the genus Manouria a natural one? I think not, and for the very cogent reasons I have stated, viz. that the sole character on which it rests is shown, by the series of specimens before me, to be the extreme limit in one direc- tion of the development of the pectoral plates, and that the indivi- duals which show this variation are Tortoises with concave sterna, which would indicate that they are males; while those with flat sterna exhibit the opposite pole of variation in its greatest intensity, and, so far as we at present know, never have their pectoral plates wholly apart. The accompanying table gives the measurements of the eight ex- amples before me. Measurements of shells of Testudo emys. 1. bo (a) He on o> x oO + Greatest length, in straight line, | from caudal notch to nuchal | 20 920 0.19 9/18 PIAIG eee ecsowecenaes aeccrsen as Greatest length, over curve of back, from caudal notch to } |24 0238 623 2/22 10/21 6 |21 2)17 6/15 3 nuchal plate .vc\asscasceseeess | Greatest breadth, over middle of © back (anterior third of 3rd | 21 922 020 0/20 9/19 3 |19 6/15 914 4 vertebral), from lateral ridge to lateral ridge .............. Greatest breadth, by callipers, | 14 9 over middle of back ......... Distance between pectoral plates.| 2 0) ... | 4 5) ... | ... |... | 1 Breadth of pectoral suture ...... Seal luses al lh ar OA SO) Ome Breadth (internal) of nuchal plate} 1 5) | 1) 1 6) 1 7/15)16/101 6 Length (internal) of nuchal plate} 1 5) 1 1) 1 3) 1 5) 1616 10/011 Length of sternum, from gular 16 0| ... (18 317 316 4 l16 3114 G12 6 to caudal notch .............+ Depth through centre of abdo- 8018 minal plates ec anee-c. coeces sees ie ales = ie) @ 0) io 2) @ rs (passa) 13) When the genus Manouria was first established, and even many years afterwards, great importance was attached by some descriptive zoologists to the divided caudal, which led Dr. Gray to refer this Land-Tortoise to the Emydide. The same naturalist, however, has recently described true Land-Tortoises with divided caudals. More- over, in his latest publication on Shield Reptilest, he characterizes * Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, pl. xxxi. t+ Nos. 1, 3, and 6 have concave sterna; No. 2 has no sternum; and all the other sterna are flat; No. 4 is the type of 7. phayrei; and Nos. 5, 6, and 8 are living examples from Assam. { Suppl. Cat. Shield Rept. B. M. 1870, p. 3. 1872.) DR. J. ANDERSON ON MANOURIA AND SCAPIA. 139 his suborder Tylopoda as distinguished by the caudal shields being united into one, but at the same time refers Manouria to it. This genus he distinguishes by its widely separated pectorals, and places it in a section which he designates Manourina and Manouriana, thus venturing, from such imperfect materials as two Malayan spe- cimens in “a bad state” and one of them ‘deformed,’ and one Australian example of the Tortoise, to settle questions of classifi- cation*. It seems to me, after a careful consideration of these variations, that they admit of no other explanation than that which I have offered. I removed the skull of the type of Testudo phayrei ; and on com- paring it with the figure given by Dr. Gray of the skull of Scapia falconeri, I have failed to detect any characters by which to separate the two as distinct species, far less as distinct genera. This seems to me, to quote Dr. Gray’s own words, to be ‘‘ one of those instances which ought to teach naturalists caution in determining species without the examination of all the parts of the animal, the skull as well as the thorax’’+; for here is the skull of 7’. emys placed in one genus, and its shell bandied about from genus to genus, and the mutilation of this unfortunate Tortoise even carried to the extent of its head being placed away from its body in one section of the Testudinide and its thorax and sternum allocated to another. The history of the skull of so-called Scapia faleonert is now well ascertained, my predecessor Blyth having distinctly stated that he made over the second example of his 7. phayrei to Dr. Falconer to examine, as Dr. Falconer had expressed his opinion that 7. phayrei displayed a special affinity to his huge Siwalik fossil Tortoise, the Colossochelys atlas. The thorax and sternum of this specimen are still in this museum; but the skull which Dr. Falconer took away with him for further examination, and forgot to return, was made over conditionally to the British Museum by Dr. Falconer’s executors, and figured by Dr. Gray and named by him Secapia falconert. I now send aseries of figures of the skull of the other specimen of 7’. phayrei, which is considerably larger than the example Dr. Falconer examined. To facilitate comparison, the figures represent the same views of the skull as those depicted by Dr. Gray of Scapia falconerit. Beyond a few unimportant differences, due to individual peculiarities and the different ages of the specimens, the two skulls are identical. Dr. Gray says that the skull of Manouria fusca is distinguished from that of ‘S. falconeri, the general form of which it somewhat resembles, by its more slender and weak zygomatic arch; but, on turning to Dr. Gray’s description of the genus Manourta, it is obvious that his only acquaintance with the skull of M. fusca was obscured by the skin of a stuffed specimen, and that he has never directly handled the bones of the skull; so that little weight can be attached to such observations. I propose now to describe the species 7’. emys from living specimens, and to indicate what appears to be the synonymy of the species. * Suppl. Cat. Shield Rept. p. 31. + Ibid. p. 7. 140 DR. J. ANDERSON ON MANOURIA AND SCAPIA. [ Feb. 6, Testupo Emys, Miller & Schlegel. Testudo emys, Miller & Schlegel, Verhand. Nat. Gesch. Rept. 1839, xliv. pp. 30, 34, tab. 4. Manouria fusca, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 133; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1855, vol. xv. p. 68; Cat. Shield Rept. 1855, p. 16; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 395, pl. xxxi. ; Geoemyda spinosa, Gray (in part), Cat. Shield Rept. p. 16. Testudo phayrei, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xxii. p. 639, 1853, xl. p. 77. Teleopus luxatus, Leconte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Philad. vii. p. 187, 1854. Manouria emys, Miller & Schlegel; Giinther, Rept. Brit. India, 1864, p. 10. Manouria emys, M. & 8.; Theobald, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. x. p- 10; Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Bengal, 1868, p. 9. Testudo indica, Theobald, Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Bengal, 1868, p. 8. Testudo (Scapia) falconeri, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, pp. 167, 169-171, fig. 1; Suppl. Cat. Shield Rept. 1870, pp. 6-8, fig. 1. Shell slightly depressed, somewhat flattened over the second and third vertebral plates. The gular plates project a little beyond the anterior margin of the shell. The extremities of the anals reach close to the middle of the caudals, and are at a slightly higher level than the extremities of the latter plates. The anterior third of the sternum is bent upwards and forwards, the direction of the gular plates being well forwards. The first, second, and third anterior marginal plates are slightly upturned, and the ninth and tenth are also turned upwards, the external half of each caudal being more or less concave. The anterior and posterior margins in the foregoing localities are slightly sinuous. The nuchal plate is somewhat variable, but generally, when viewed internally, is unguiculate, as broad as long, concave from side to side, and convex from before backwards, and slightly upturned in front ; from without, it is much broader than long, its anterior margin slightly projecting, and feebly reverted. All the vertebral plates, with the exception of the fifth, are hexagonal, and all are broader than long, the second and third considerably so. The nuchal mar- gin of the first vertebral is the narrowest, and is contained about three times in the posterior border of the plate. The suture with the first marginal is half the dimension of the posterior margin of the plate, and its lateral border is about one-sixth the length of the latter less than it. In some the lateral margins of the first vertebral plate diverge from behind forwards, so that the plate is broader in front than behind, while in others they are nearly parallel. The anterior lateral margins of the second vertebral are each contained two and a half times in its anterior margin, and the posterior lateral margins are each half as extensive as the posterior margin of the plate. The anterior and posterior sutures of the third vertebral are equal; and the anterior and posterior lateral margins are also equal, and each half the breadth of the first-mentioned sutures, The fourth verte- 1872.] | DR. J. ANDERSON ON MANOURIA AND SCAPIA. 141 bral is only a little longer than broad ; and its posterior is contained more than twice in the anterior margin of the plate, and equals the anterior lateral margin, which is about one half of its own length less than the posterior lateral margin. The length of the fourth vertebral slightly varies. The fifth vertebral has seven margins, if the caudal sutures are counted as two, which they are. The length of the shield is slightly variable; but it is always broader than long; the anterior lateral margin, which is the broadest, only slightly exceeds one of the caudal sutures. The greatest breadth of the two caudals exceeds the breadth of all the vertebrals, but approximates to the fifth. Each vertebral and costal has a central, slightly elevated areola, with concentric grooves external to it, the areolee being most prominent on the first and fifth vertebrals and on the first costal. On the costals the areola is slightly above, and on the marginals slightly below their centres, and in the latter it is somewhat de- pressed, not convex as on the other shields, and has the lateral ridge continuous with the free margin of the shell immediately above it. The gular plates are subject to variation; they may be either more or less quadrangular, or the figure may be modified to the triangular. These fignres depend on the angle at which the external margins of the plates are placed to their common suture. The two plates an- teriorly are separated by a rather deep notch, but not so marked as the anal, which is broad and deep. The concave sterna have the pectoral plates separated by an interval of variable extent, but in none do the pectorals touch each other ; while the flat sterna have the pec- torals forming a suture of variable dimensions. When the suture is broad, the external margin of the pectoral plate is in connexion with one half of the internal margin of the fourth marginal, and with the whole of the same border of the fifth marginal, forming also a very small suture with the sixth marginal ; while, when the pectoral suture is narrow, or when the plates are apart, the fifth marginal forms a suture with the abdominal plate. In others, when the pectorals ap- proximate without touching, however, this contact of the fifth mar- ginal and abdominal plates is reduced to a very small surface, so that the pectoral nearly touches the sixth marginal plate. The axillaries and inguinals are small; and there are usually two of each, the most external being the largest. The colour of the shell varies with age: in the young it is a dull olive-brown, the areola being light greenish and horny, while in the adult it is wholly black. The head is of nearly equal depth throughout, nearly flat on its upper surface behind, and slightly arched above before the eyes to the tip of the snout, which projects beyond the nostrils, which are in a line with the inner angle of the eye. The loreal region is rather narrow and concave. The front of the upper jaw is convex from above downwards, from the nostrils to its lower margin, which projects very slightly beyond the lower jaw. There is a feeble ridge from the outer border of each nostril to the margin of the upper jaw, and a more obscure median ridge between the nostrils. The symphysis of the lower jaw is convex downwards and backwards, the under margin of 142 DR. J. ANDERSON ON MANOURIA AND SCAPIA._ [ Feb. 6, the ramus being nearly parallel with a line drawn along the upper surface of the head. The cutting-edge of the lower jaw has a sharp- pointed hook at its extremity; and the margin of the upper jaw is slightly crenulated. The external ear is large, oval, and placed ob- liquely downwards and forwards, its upper margin being in a line with the lower border of the visible portion of the eyeball. The eyes are well developed, and the distance between their anterior angles and the nostril is about one third less than the interval between their pos- terior angles and the ear. The anterior frontals are subtruncately triangular, their posterior margins, on the upper surface of the head, being halfway between the anterior angles of the eyes and the tip of the snout; but their lateral margins are in contact with the upper- most line of small scales which occur on the eyebrow and arch down- wards and forwards to the anterior angle of the eye. The postfrontals are broadly truncated in front; and their united posterior margins only equal the anterior margin of one shield. Two or three large super- ciliary shields, with three or four lines of small shields or scales ex- ternal to them. Vertical about the size of one of the postfrontals, with some enlarged occipital shields behind it; the upper surface of the head posterior to this covered with elongated, or sometimes nearly quadrangular plates, which rapidly decrease in size from before back- wards, and cease on the occiput. A very long plate over the ear, with one or two rather large postocular plates before it, and two or three rows of small shields below the former. A few small shields on the chin. Neck, throat, and the skin of the body, with the exception of the parts to be mentioned, covered with small granular scales. Ante- rior surface and upper border of fore limbs covered with large, trian- gular, strong scales, about one inch in length, like the scales of Manis. Posterior surface of hand covered with much smaller, transverse rows of rounded scales ; two or three large, strong, somewhat pointed scales between the outer and inner claws, with two rows of small scales between them and the bases of the other claws. Claws strong and pointed, the longest (the third) about one inch and a quarter in length. The fore surface of the hind limb covered with small flat plates, which are largest on the knee, and a few small, but larger, scales at the base of the claws. Heel and external surface of sole covered with a group of eleven or twelve large, thick, strong, pointed scales, those on the margin slightly recurved*. The internal surface of the lower part of the limb clad with rather large rounded flat scales or plates, which rapidly diminish in size as they are traced upwards, degenerating into granules halfway between the sole and the knee. External to the tail there is a group of three large powerful spines, with two or three smaller ones around them; the largest spine is the spine nearest but one to the anus. The area surrounding these spines is covered with moderately large flat scales. The tail is 2 inches in length, and is covered, on its upper surface, with two or three rows of small plates. * The area between these large spines and the base of the claws is covered with small flat plates. The claws are strong and pointed, and resemble those on the fore foot. 1872.] | DR.J.ANDERSON ON MANOURIA AND SCAPIA. 143 The measurements of the head are as follows :— Deepa ta tip/or snout.) 67 SO ee 4 93 Anterior angle of eye to anterior ridge of nostrils... 1 1 Posterior angle of eye to margin of ear.......... O: LS Wepre nelow eye 2. sol. fs. SS OPES. PSS Breadth behind eyes, greatest .............-. 5 BA Breadth before eyes (anterior angle)........... es DF Bread behind ‘nostrils. 2.0". 22ST 0 8 Bresdty Wiehind Gar 2/0225 Pe OR 2 4 Scales of head and body black, the skin brownish grey; iris reddish brown. The neck can be extended about 9 inches; it is very thin, and the skin hangs loosely on it. i ( Fig. 9. Skull of typical specimen of Testudo phayrei. The skull (fig. 9) of Blyth’s type of 7. phayrei, the measurements of the shell of which I have given in the foregoing table, is 3!’ 9!" from the posterior extremity of the mastoid to the tip of the pre- maxillaries, and 2" 7!" in breadth across the postfronto-malar su- ture, which is the greatest breadth of the skull; 7. e. the breadth of the skull is very little more than two thirds of its length. The temporal fossa is large, and the occipital spine rather deep and projecting slightly upwards, strongly backwards, and considerably beyond the posterior border of the mastoid. The distance between the mastoids equals that between the orbital border of the maxillo- malar sutures of the two sides. The fronto-parietal area is depressed, the depression being almost entirely confined to the parietals, the frontals and prefrontals arching downwards and forwards, their area being elongately quadrangular, and the lateral margin parallel. The anterior border of the prefrontals is almost straight. The maxilla is 144 DR. J. ANDERSON ON MANOURIA AND scapiA._ [Feb. 6, concave from before backwards. The zygomatic arch is thin and rather deep, but the depth is apparently variable ; for one side of the skull (the left) is nearly 1! less than the other, which is 5!’. The external nares are truncately triangular, almost quadrangular; the premaxillary anterior margin is directed downwards and slightly backwards. The other characters I shall borrow from Dr. Gray’s description of his genus Scapia :—‘ The groove on the palate very deep and wide. The upper jaw with three narrow ridges—one on each side of the margin, and a short thinner one intermediate between them; the outer margin high and without any teeth. Lower jaw with a sharp edge, a rather acute sharp edge in the front part, and with a sharp inner ridge rather more than half the length of the side, separated from the outer edge by a deep groove.” Measurements of skull. in. lin. Posterior border of mastoid to tip of premaxillaries........ 3.9 Breadth across zygomatic arch .......- 60.0 ++ ++ssseeeee rae Depth of zygomatic arch ticks SIRE ) 2 eer eon eae 0 5 Depth of zygomatic arch (left side) ...........-.++. 2005 0 4 Breadth across fronto-prefrontal suture ................ 1 02 Breadth across prefronto-maxillary suture ..........--.. Look Breadth across premaxillaries (maxillary margin) ........ 0 53 Distance between fronto-nasal process of maxillaries (above) 0 8 Distance between fronto-nasal process of maxillaries (below) 0 5 Prefrontal suture, extremity of, to upper margin of premax- TULAIN OS] croc ACRES Pee ae iae: a's vo 3 Se MOR RETA SRT a lo sieve) Sa ooveTs One, Distance between mastoids .........0c0seee ene sceess | Posterior border of mastoid to posterior extremity of parieto- postfrontal SUture . oto oe oi ee eee eee ee eae Boal Greatest breadth of parietals (postfrontal) ..........-.... ae Length of frontals, greatest .......0ce eens cece reece 0 7 Length of prefrontals along suture .........-.-5+-+000 0 93 Anterior extremity of parietals to end of occipital spine .... 2 11 Length of alveolar border of maxilla.............+++-+-. 1 & Length of alveolar border of mandible ...............+.. Le Distance between articulating surface of tympanic and pos- terior extremity of alveolar surface of upper jaw ..... Si SEAN aE Distance between articulating surface of tympanics ...... opts Het Palatal groove, breadth. in front... « ..5060.nsc0is seems 0.33 Greatest bresahi * a kitties cw iaSie sous colds aia ee 0 10 Total length of ramus of lower jaw ........-0..eeeeeeee Ds th Greatest apelin. eieimjcids elt -ysinte: ln hina ge i Seeger 0 10 This species of Tortoise has evidently a very wide range, extend- ing from Assam, through Cachar, Arakan, and the moist regions of Burmah, through the Malayan peninsula as far east as Java, extend- ing to Sumatra, and doubtless to other islands, and, if the locality Australia, given by Dr. Gray for a specimen in the British Museum be correct, spreading to the south-east as far as that continent. C.Berjeau del. et lith HYDROSAURUS CUMINGIL. P.Z.5.1872 21 “=, lie Mimtern Bros.amp- PZ 8 A872 2 vee © Berjeaw del et hth Mintern Bros tmp. HYDROSAURUS NUCHALIS 1872.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON TWO SPECIES OF HYDROSAURUS. 145 4. On two Species of Hydrosaurus from the Philippine Islands. By Dr. Atsurt Ginruer, F.R.S., F.Z.S. [Received January 26, 1872.] (Plates VII. & VIII.) A distinct species of Hydrosaurus from Mindanado was de- scribed as long ago as 1838, by W. Martin, in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society (p. 69), under the name of Varanus cumingii. This extremely well characterized species has never since been recognized ; and I felt much gratified when, on looking over the specimens of this family in the British Museum, I discovered the typical specimen sent by the late H. Cuming to the collection of the Zoological So- ciety. It was obtained for the British Museum in 1857, and has still the original labels attached to it :—one in Cuming’s handwriting, signifying the locality, ‘‘ Isle of Mindanado ;” and the other written by Martin, with the date of reception into the Society’s collection, and the names of the sender and species. The description by Martin is so complete that I need not add any thing else but a figure of the upper parts of the head and neck, showing the unusually large plates on the crown of the head, by which the species will be readily recognized. Also the scales of the neck and along the middle of the back are conspicuously larger than in Hydrosaurus salvator, convex, and ovate in shape (see Plate VII.). In a collection from the Philippine Islands, recently presented by Harry J. Veitch, Esq., to the British Museum, there is a large Hy- drosaurus which, although it resembles H. cumingii in having large convex dorsal scales, differs in the pholidosis of the head, and is distinguished from all its congeners by the extraordinary development of the nuchal scales. It may be characterized thus :— HypROSAURUS NUCHALIS. (Plate VIII.) All the scutes on the upper surface of the head are of nearly uni- form small size, with the exception of a series of enlarged transverse scutes in the superciliary region; a central scute in the middle of the crown of the head is also larger than the others. The scales on the neck are very large, larger than any of the scutes of the head, flat, and somewhat distant from one another, smaller scales being mixed with the large ones. The dorsal scales gradually diminish in size in the middle and hind part of the length of the body, but are throughout conspicuously larger than on the sides of the back. Claws of moderate strength, the anterior stronger than the poste- rior. Teeth strong, slightly compressed, curved backwards, and finely serrated behind. Scales of the belly smooth, in eighty-three transverse series between the gular fold and the loin. Upper parts brownish black, with indistinct ovate yellowish spots arranged in Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1872, No. X. 146 DR. A. GUNTHER ON A NEW CHARACINOID FisH. [Feb. 6, transverse rows. Upper and lateral parts of the head nearly uni- form brownish black. Mandible with traces of the cross bands usually observed in H. salvator. Tail black, with numerous scales yellow ; its terminal portion with very broad black bands. Most of the scales of the fore legs are yellow, of the hind legs black. Lower parts yellow, faintly reticulated with blackish. The specimen is 50 inches long. 5. On a new Genus of Characinoid Fishes from Demerara. By Dr. Atgert Gunruer, F.R.S., F.Z.S. [Received January 26, 1872.] A small collection of fishes made at Goedverwagting, a plantation on the coast of Demerara, and presented by F. J. B. Beckford, Esq., to the British Museum, contained an example of an apparently new genus allied to Lebiasina, but with a totally different form of the snout and mouth. It may be characterized as follows :— NANNOSTOMUS: ~ Dorsal fin placed nearly in the middle of the length of the body ; adipose fin none; anal short; ventrals below the dorsal; caudal deeply forked. Body oblong, covered with large scales; lateral line none. Head of moderate size; snout subconical, with the mouth very uarrow, quite anterior. Cheeks narrow, covered by the infra- orbital bones. Both jaws armed with a single series of closely set, compressed, crenulated teeth. Palatine teeth ? * NANNOSTOMUS BECKFORDI. D.8. A.10. L. lat. 22. L. transv. 6. Body compressed, its depth being equal to the length of the head, which is one fourth of the total (without caudal). Eye but a little less than one third of the length of the bead, and nearly equal to the extent of the snout. Origin of the dorsal and ventral fins in the middle of the length (without caudal). A silvery band along the middle of the side, bordered above by a reddish, and below by a blackish band. A black spot on the lower half of the gill-cover. Caudal fin red. Total length 30 millims. * The typical specimen being unique and very small, it did not appear to be advisable to destroy the snout by dissection. I have no doubt Mr. Beckford will succeed in obtaining more examples, from which the details of the dentition can be ascertained. 1872. ] MR. P. L, SCLATER ON KAUP’S CASSOWARY. 147 6. On Kaup’s Cassowary (Casuarius kaupi), and on the other known Species of the Genus. By P. L. Scuarer, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the Society. [Received January 23, 1872.] (Plate IX.) In the ‘Journal fiir Ornithologie’ for 1861 (p. 44) Hr. v. Rosen- berg described a new species of Cassowary, of which one of his hunters had obtained a specimen on the western coast of Salawatty— and proposed to call it Caswarius kaupi. H. v. Rosenberg particu- larly states that his example was an old male, and distinguishes it from Casuarius galeatus by the entire absence of any throat-wattles, besides other noticeable differences. , In 1866 I communicated to this Society an extract from a letter received from our Foreign Member Dr. Schlegel, stating that Bern- stein had lately collected, for the Leyden Museum, on Salawatty and the adjoining coast of New Guinea seven specimens of a Cassowary, which turned out to be Casuarius uniappendiculatus—and that Prof. Schlegel had come to the conclusion that the so-called Casuarius kaupi was merely the young of this species, the “single caruncle not being developed in the younger bird” (see P. Z. S. 1866, p- 168*). This view, especially seeing that the two supposed spe- cies had been obtained in the same locality, I was at that time quite disposed to coincide with; and it was adopted by Mr. Gould when he figured Casuarius uniappendiculatus in the ‘Supplement to the Birds of Australia’ (plates 74 and 75). Recently, however, I have convinced myself that it is, in all probability, incorrect. Last summer we received in exchange from the Zoological Society of Amsterdam (as already recorded in these ‘ Proceedings,’ 1871, p- 627) a Cassowary, not quite adult, which had been captured in 1869 near Munsinam+, on the north coast of New Guinea. Mr. Westerman had previously written to me about this bird, telling me that he considered it to belong to an undescribed species. Never- theless, from the locality, I was at first inclined to believe that it might be possibly the young of Casuarius uniappendiculatus, al- though I knew that Mr. Westerman (who was well acquainted with the latter species from having had a fine living example of it long in his possession) was not of that opinion. After further examination and comparison, however, I quite convinced myself that it could not be C. uniappendiculatus, beg so much smaller in size than that large species, and, though very nearly adult, showing no traces whatever of a gular caruncle. It then occurred to me that our bird might be C. kaupi of Rosenberg, and that Dr. Schlegel might have been in error in regarding this species as the young of C. uni- appendiculatus. Our bird certainly agreed very fairly with Rosen- * See also Schlegel, in ‘Ned. Tijdschr.’ iii. p. 250. + This village is marked in the map in vol. i. of Mr. Wallace’s ‘Travels.’ It is near Havre Dorey. 148 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON KAUP’S CASSOWARY. Outline of head of Cassowary in the Society’s Gardens. [ Feb. 6, . =~ Ps 0 a ae , “ a eT ee fog Bet S 1872.] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON KAUP’S CASSOWARY. 149 berg’s description ; and Rosenberg had expressly insisted on his spe- cimen being adult, and showing no signs of a throat-wattle. I there- fore sent a coloured drawing of our bird to Dr. Kaup, and requested him to compare it with the original specimen of Casuarius kaupi in the Darmstadt Museum. Dr. Kaup kindly replied to me that the figure agrees well with the specimen, which, however, is by no means perfect, the head and neck being original, and the body being made up with the skin of the same bird, but the wings and legs being wanting, and having been replaced from other sources. Dr. Kaup added that his specimen was certainly not immature. Dr. Kaup also forwarded me a plaster cast of the head of the same specimen, which I now exhibit, and which, it will be observed, agrees in shape very well with the head of our living bird, although in the latter, not being so mature, the transvertical ridge is not quite so much developed. Under these circumstances I came to the following conclusions :— 1. That a second species of Casuarius occurs in New Guinea more nearly allied to C. dennetti than to C. uniappendiculatus, the only species previously known to inhabit that country. 2. That this second species should bear the name C. hkaupi, that term having been erroneously considered synonymous with C. uni- appendiculatus. After having arrived thus far, I received the new part of ‘ Neder- landsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde,’ containing the fifth and concluding portion of Dr. Schlegel’s “‘ Observations Zoologiques.” Here I discovered that the existence of this second Cassowary in New Guinea had been already noticed, H. v. Rosenberg having transmitted two specimens of it (obtained on the western coast of the Bay of Geelvink, nearly the same locality as that where the bird now in our Gardens was captured) to the Leyden Museum. Dr. Schlegel has referred these specimens to the Mooruk (Casuarius bennettz), observing, at the same time, that H. v. Rosenberg had considered them distinct, and had given them the name Casuarius papuensis. Having at the present moment specimens of the true Casuarius bennetti and of the allied bird from New Guinea living side by side in the Gardens, we can have no difficulty in deciding that they belong to quite different species. Indeed Dr. Schlegel could hardly have fallen into the error of uniting them if he had had a specimen of C. bennetti for comparison. In C. bennetti the naked space on the throat is less extended, and the whole of the naked skin is of a uniform cobalt-blue all around. In C. kaupi the back of the neck is of a bright red, as are likewise the two lateral neck-stripes, and the sides and back of the head are of a bright iridescent silvery green. Nevertheless there can be no question that the two species are closely allied, being of nearly the same size, and having the casque of the same form. In my opinion, therefore, the synonyms of the new Papuan Cas- sowary should stand as follows :— Casuarius KAuPI. (Plate IX.) Casuarius kaupi, Rosenb. Journ. f. Orn. 1861, p. 44. 150 LIEUT. R. BEAVAN ON RARE CYPRINOIDS. [Feb. 6, Casuarius bennetti, Schlegel, Ned. Tijdschr. iv. p. 54. “Casuarius papuensis, Rosenb. MS. ;” Schlegel, J. s. ¢. Hab. Papua, In conclusion, I take this opportunity of giving a revised list of the six species of Casuarius now known to us, with their localities. They may be divided into three sections, as follows :— a. Casside lateraliter compressa: appendicula cervicis dupliei, 1. C. galeatus, ex Ceram. 2. C. bicarunculatus, ex ins. Aroensibus*. 3. C. australis, ex Australia Bor. Or. b. Casside transversim expansa: appendicula cervicis unica. 4. C. uniappendiculatus, ex Papua. c. Casside transversim expansa: appendicula cervicis nulla, 5. C. kaupi, ex Papua. 6. C. bennetti, ex Nov. Britann. et inss. Salomonis*. 7. Descriptions of two imperfectly known Species of Cypri- noid Fishes from the Punjab, India. By Lieut. Reer- NALD Bravan, F.R.G.S., Revenue Survey Department of India. {Received January 26, 1872. ] 1. Lasro pirLostomus, Heckel. (Fig. 1.) D.3+10. A.24+5. L.1. 43. L. transv. 10/12. Mouth rather narrow. Lips with an inner fold in their entire circumference ; lower lip fringed. Snout produced, convex, without lateral lobes. Two barbels only, very small, hidden in a lateral groove. Eye situated in advance of middle of head. There are six longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the ventral fin. Scales angular, becoming minute on the breast and throat. Dorsal fin concave, anterior rays being the longest. Caudal tin deeply forked, the small outer rays considerably overlapping the tail above and below. Depth of body rather more than one fourth of its length. Length of head one fifth of total length (without cau- dal). Coloration uniform. Found at Rawul Pindee, Punjab. Length 63 inches. * Cf. Schlegel, ‘Nederl. Tijdschr.’ iii. p. 847. t The existence of a species of Casuarius in the Solomon Islands was first recorded by Capt. Hutton (Ibis, 1869, p. 352). On the 8th of October, 1869, this Society purchased of Messrs. Owen and Graham one of the birds spoken of by Capt. Hutton as formerly in the Gardens of the Auckland Acclimatization Society. It was Casuarius bennetti; it died September 8th, 1871. 1872. ] LIEUT. R. BEAVAN ON RARE CYPRINOIDS, 151 Laheo dipiostomus. 152 LIEUT. R. BEAVAN ON RARE CYPRINOIDS. [Feb. 6, Crossochilus barbatulus. 2. CROSSOCHILUS BARBATULUS, Heckel. (Fig. 2.) D.3+8. A.2+5. L.1. 35-37. L. transv. 6/7. Barbels four, the upper being nearly as long as the eye. Upper lip crenulated. Snout projecting. Four series of scales between the lateral line and ventral fin. Head small, being contained once and a half in the height of the body, and five and a half times in the length 1872.] MR. HOWARD SAUNDERS ON A NEW WOODPECKER. 153 (without caudal). Eye situated in the middle of the length of the head. Origin of the dorsal fin considerably in advance of that of the ventrals, and nearer to the snout than to the end of the tail. Pectoral and ventral fins thick, the former longer than the head. Body more or less marked with dark blotches in some specimens. Rawul Pindee. Length 53 inches. Specimens of both the above-named species have been deposited in the British Museum. 8. On a new Species of Green Woodpecker from Southern Europe. By Howarp Saunpers, F.Z.S. &c. [Received January 26, 1872.] When my friends Messrs. Sharpe and Dresser were describing the Green Woodpecker (Gecinus viridis) in the ‘Birds of Europe,’ I lent them a specimen from Granada, Spain, which Mr. Sharpe at once perceived was not true G. viridis, But for the time, and in the absence of a series, we were disposed to refer it to G. vaillantii (Malherbe, Picid. vol. ii. p. 122, iv. pl. 82). I immediately exerted + myself to obtain specimens of this bird from different parts of Spain ; and I have now before me a series from four very distinct localities, all, however, south of the Sierra de la Guadarrama, which will pro- bably prove to be in this case, as in several others, the dividing line between the northern and southern resident avifauna*. These specimens, agreeing amongst themselves, differ so strikingly from both G. viridis and G. vaillantii that there can be little doubt of their belonging to a new and hitherto undescribed species, which I propose to call GECINUS SHARPEI, Sp. nov., after my friend Mr. R. B. Sharpe, to whom the credit of discrimi- nating it is entirely due. 3. G. viridi simillimus, sed facie laterali cinerea, fascia mysta- calt omnino coccinea, et uropygio flavo facile distinguendus. Q. Mari similis, sed gutture magis cinereo: fascia mystacali nigra. Obs. A G. vaillantii (Malh.) heee species fascia mystacali maris coccinea et pileo feminino toto cocciueo distinguenda est. This species is principally distinguishable trom G. viridis by the grey face and by the absence of the black streak over the eye in both sexes. Minor points of difference are the brilliant crimson moustache in the adult male, instead of lake on a black ground as in G. viridis, and the deep chrome-yellow on the rump in both * In confirmation of this I may observe that TI have lately examined a Green Woodpecker from the Pyrenees which is true G. viridis, as are all the French specimens which have come under my notice. 154 MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. [Feb. 6, sexes. In G. vaillantii the moustache of the male is black and never red, according to Malherbe (op. eié.) ; and in the female the crimson does not extend beyond the occiput, whereas in the present species it pervades the whole of the crown. 9. Notes on the Myology of Liolepis belli. By Aurrep Sanpers, F.Z.S. [Received December 18, 1871.] A specimen of Liolepis belli having come into my possession, I think that an account of its myology may perhaps prove interest- ing. A detailed description of the muscles of at least one species of every family of the vertebrate subkingdom is, in my opinion a great desideratum ; and a series of monographs on this subject could not fail to throw light on many questions now in dispute. In the photographs attached to this paper, I have as far as possible given the origins and insertions of the muscles, together with the adjacent points of bone, so as to give a clear idea of the mutual relations of the various parts. With regard to the nomenclature, it must be regarded as merely a tentative expression of opinion, liable to be changed at any time on the demonstration of error. Platysma myoides (fig. 1) is the most superficial muscle on the ventral aspect of the throat ; it consists of a single, extremely thin layer of muscular fibres; posteriorly it is lost in a thick stratum of dark-coloured fat, which abounds about the anterior part of the thorax; laterally it covers the mandible, and muscles attached thereto, and passes into the superficial fascia of the back of the neck ; ante- riorly it decussates with the fibres of the mylo-hyoid, passing through them, and beimg inserted into the inner edge of the mandible in front of the ectopterygoid; more anteriorly the fibres pass trans- versely between the two rami. This corresponds to the muscle called hyo-mandibular in Gecko* in every respect except that it has no connexion with the hyoid bone; I may here remark that this name was given by mistake in the latter instance, it having slipped my memory that the same had been applied to a bone in fishes. Mylo-hyoid (fig. 1) arises from rather more than two thirds of the anterior border of the proximal end of the posterior cornu of the os hyoides (thyro-hyal, Owen) and from the body of the same (basihyal); its fibres, proceeding straight forwards, are inserted into the inner side of the dentary piece of the mandible, commencing immediately in front of the insertion of the ectopterygoid ; anteriorly, as above mentioned, they decussate with those of the platysma myoides; the insertion occupies not quite half the length of the ramus ; internally the posterior part of the muscle is united to its fellow of the oppo- site side by a raphe. Genio-hyoglossus (figs. 1 & 2) is situated dorsad of the last, and * P. Z.9. 1870, pt. ii. 1872. ] MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. 155 arises from the anterior edge of the thyro-hyal for about halfits extent ; the fibres pass forward, the deeper ones being inserted into the base of the tongue, while the more superficial are inserted into the ramus of the mandible for a short distance outside the symphysis. Cuvier* named it “ génicératoidien.” Muscles on the ventral aspect of the thorax, Cerato-hyoid arises from near .the distal extremity of the thyro- hyal, and, passing forward on the inner side of the mandible, is first * Lecons d’ Anatomie comparée, vol. iv. 2nd ed. 156 MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. [ Feb. 6, attached to the distal extremity of the cerato-hyal and to the adja- cent portion of the membrane of the throat, and then continues its course forward to. be inserted into the side of the lower jaw, just in front of the insertion of the ectopterygoid and behind that of the platysma myoides. Cuvier called it ‘ cératoidien latéral externe.”’ Omo-hyoid (figs. 1 & 3) arises by two heads :—one from the an- terior border of the clavicle, close to its articulation with the supra- scapula ; the other from the anterior border of the latter, immediately dorsad of the former. It passes downwards and forwards, and is in- serted into the posterior edge of the basihyal, and two-thirds of the length of the thyro-hyal; its inner edge at the anterior part is also continuous with its fellow on the opposite side; at its origin it is covered by the sterno-mastoid, but it becomes superficial at its insertion. The group of muscles consisting of the sterno-mastoids and hyoids on the ventral aspect of the throat are posteriorly soldered together by their lateral borders, altogether forming a sort of free edge of a crescentic shape, overlapping the real origins from the bones, stretching from side to side across the anterior part of the thorax, and being continuous with the fatty connective tissue mentioned above. Sterno-hyoideus (fig. 1) arises from the anterior border of the in- terclavicle and superficial fascia, and is inserted into the posterior border of the basihyal and a small portion of the corresponding border of the thyro-hyal, dorsad of the omo-hyoid. Sterno-hyoideus profundus (fig. 1), deeper than the last, is at- tached by its outer edge, at its origin, to the anterior border of the interclavicles, while its inner edge is continuous witb the superficial fascia and with its fellow of the opposite side; its fibres pass for- wards and outwards, and are inserted into the posterior border of the thyro-hyal, occupying about its middle third; its shape differs from the last, which is thick and narrow, in being broad and thin. Cuvier* called this muscle ‘‘ sterno-cératoidien ;” in fact he distinguished all the muscles attached to the posterior cornu by the epithet “ cératoidien” to distinguish them from those attached to the basihyal ; but the posterior cornu, according to Owen, is the thyro-hyal, and not cerato-hyal. Sterno-mastoid (figs. 1, 2, & 3) is attached by its inner border to the interclavicle, in conjunction with the sterno-hyoid, while its outer border is continuous with the superficial fascia occupying the outer edge of the crescent, forming, as it were, the horns ; its fibres pass forward and towards the dorsal surface, and are inserted into the posterior border of the parietal bone for nearly half its length, com- mencing at the point of articulation of the three bones, parietal, squamosal, and quadrate; its insertion is covered by the origin of the next muscle. It differs from the corresponding muscle of the Gecko in having no connexion with the clavicle. Neuro-mandibularis (fig. 2 & 3) is a triangular muscle; its base arises fleshy from the border of the complexus ; its apex is inserted into the extremity of the articular element of the mandible. This * Loe. cit. p. 531, 18723] MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. 157 appears to represent one of the superficial mandibular muscles of Serpents, of which Duvernoy * mentions three. Fig. 2. Le Superficial muscles on the side of head and thorax. Temporalis (figs. 2 & 4) arises behind from the anterior surface of the os quadratum, above from the under surface of the poste- rior frontal and squamosal, also from the outer extremity of the parietal; it projects beneath this apophysis, forming a muscular prominence above the rectus posticus major in the neck, deriving some fibres from the posterior surface of the parietal and from the upper surface of the exoccipital; the fibres pass forward and down- ward, and are inserted into the posterior edge and outer surface of the coronary and into the same surface of the dentary, descending as far as the inferior border, in front of the ectopterygoid, also into the outer and inner surfaces of the supraangular and angular elements of the mandible. Ectopterygoid (figs. 2 & 3) arises from the outer or lower surface of the pterygoid bone, tendinous from the anterior portion, fleshy from the posterior ; it encloses the posterior portion of the mandible in a fleshy mass, being inserted into the supraangular, angular, and articular elements. Entopterygoid (figs. 3 & 4) arises from the external concave border of the parietal, appearing at the vertex internal to the tem- poral muscle ; it has also an attachment to the prootic ; it is inserted into the lower border of the internal surface of the mandible behind the complementary element and immediately above the smooth space for the ectopterygoid. The muscle internal to this, which corresponds to the two muscles in Gecko which I fancied represented the tensor tympani, here arises from the columella, from the membrane covering the anterior part of the brain (alisphenoid), and from the anterior and upper point of the prootic, and is inserted into the inner surface of the pos- * Annales des Sciences Naturelles, tom. xxvi. 158 MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. [ Feb. 6, terior apophysis of the pterygoid for its whole length. If the os qua- dratum is the homologue of the malleus, as Prof. Huxley proved* in a paper published in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society for 1869, and not of the incus as was formerly supposed, this position is strengthened ; for although it is not actually inserted into the quadrate bone, yet it is closely connected to it by alveolar tissue ; moreover in the Turkey I found a corresponding muscle described by Prof. Owen as the entotympanicus, which is actually attached to the bone in question. Digastric arises from the point of junction of the three bones, squamosal, parietal, and quadrate ; it is fleshy throughout, and is in- serted into the articular element of the mandible. Deep layer of muscles on the side of body, the os quadratum and part of the mandible removed ; above p7# is the tensor tympani ? Trapezius (figs. 2 & 3) is a thin muscular layer extending from the anterior end of the neck, as far back as to the eleventh vertebra in- clusive ; the anterior part is situated beneath the neuro-mandibular, and arises with that muscle from the border of the complexus ; the fibres of this part proceed downward and backward, and are inserted into a point on the anterior surface of the dorsal extremity of the clavicle close to its articulation with the scapula, occupying one quarter of its length. The posterior section of this muscle arises from the spinous processes of the vertebre from the seventh to the eleventh inclusive, by means of a thin aponeurosis: the posterior portion overlaps the latissimus dorsi ; its fibres pass downward and forward and are inserted into the posterior edge of the clavicle, coin- ciding with the extent of its articulation with the scapula and to the anterior border of the suprascapula for nearly half its length. Latissimus dorsi (figs. 2 & 6) arises from an aponeurosis covering the back, which is attached to the spinous processes of thirteen vertebre, from the sixth to the eighteenth inclusive ; the aponeurosis * P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 391. —_— 1872. | MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. 159 is continuous with that of the opposite side, being but slightly at- tached to the neural spines; the fibres converge towards the ventral surface, and are inserted into the inner border of the humerus, at about the proximal end of the middle third of the shaft, by a strong flat tendon, which passes between the inner and long heads of the triceps. Levator scapule (figs. 3, 5, & 6) arises from the external surface of the antero-dorsal angle of the suprascapula, and from the anterior edge of the scapula, internal to the origin of the omo-hyoid ; it pro- ceeds obliquely forwards, to be inserted into the side cf the atlas. Sterno-coracoidalis (fig. 6) arises from the inner surface of the coracoid by a flat tendon which is situated along the inner border of the subscapularis and the lower edge of the coracoid fenestra ; its fibres are directed backwards, aud are inserted into the posterior sixth of the inner surface of the sternum and into the base of the xiphisternum and cartilages of the second, third, and fourth dorsal ribs. Sterno-coracoidalis externus, situated deeper than the last, is a distinct fasciculus, which arises from the inner surface of the coracoid, and, running backwards and inwards, is inserted into the whole length of the antero-lateral border of the sternum. Serrati (figs. 1, 3, & 6) are three in number ; the posterior arises from the posterior concave edge of the suprascapula for nearly its whole length : the fibres pass downward and backward, to be inserted into the free extremities of the third and fourth cervical ribs; they continue beyond this point to an additional insertion into the an- terior edge of the xiphisternum. Serratus anterior arises from the whole dorsal edge of the supra- scapula, and, passing directly towards the ventral surface, is inserted into the free extremities of the first and second cervical ribs. There was another small fasciculus, arising from the antero-dorsal angle of the suprascapula, which was accidentally cut off; but I found attached to the extremity of the second cervical rib another distinct fasciculus, evidently belonging to it. Caudal muscles (figs. 12&13). These have the usual arrange- ments ; posteriorly they have six serrations on each side, three above and three below the transverse processes of the caudal vertebrze ; an- teriorly the dorsal and ventral serrations become deficient, while the lateral ones are continued forward to be inserted into the trans- verse processes of the first caudal vertebra by a pointed extremity. Sacro-lumbalis (figs. 3, 4, & 12) arises from the posterior ex- tremity of the ilium; the fibres, passing forward, are attached to the dorsal surface of all the ribs from the last dorsal to the first cervical ; externally it is inseparable from the intercostales; internally it is easily dissected from the longissimus dorsi; posteriorly its ventral surface is continuous with the quadratus lumborum ; corresponding to each rib, there occurs in its substance a tendinous intersection. Cervicalis ascendens (fig. 5) is a continuation of the last muscle which proceeds forward from the first cervical rib, to be inserted, in conjunction with the levator scapulze, into the body of the atlas at a 160 MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. [Feb. 6, point which is level with the transverse processes of the subsequent vertebrze. Longissimus dorsi (figs. 4 & 12) arises from the transverse pro- cesses of all the caudal vertebre anterior to the twentieth; at its commencement it is thin and narrow, being enclosed in the caudal muscles as in a sheath ; at the thirteenth it emerges and, becoming superficial, increases greatly in size; at the sacrum its ventral sur- face is attached to the transverse processes, and is divided from the dorsal part by a tendinous intersection ; in the back it is attached to the pleurapophyses of the lumbar vertebree and to the head of all the dorsal ribs, being situated on the inner side of the sacro-lumbalis ; it is also inserted into all the cervical ribs. At the third vertebra it divides into three separate muscles, of which the Complecus (fig. 4) is situated nearest the middle line of the back; this goes forward superficially, to be inserted into the posterior border of the parietal bone, internal to the insertion of the sterno-mastoid, and to a slight extent into the supraoccipital bone. Lt: ne IN Muscles of the back of the neck. Transversalis colli (figs. 3 & 5) lies more towards the ventral sur- face; going downwards and forward, it is inserted into the ventral 1872.] MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. 161 apophysis of the basioccipital in conjunction with the rectus anticus major ; it also receives reinforcements of fibres from the transverse processes of the second and third cervical vertebree; some of the lower fibres, derived with the latter from the longissimus dorsi, are inserted with the levator scapulze and cervicalis ascendens into the atlas. Trachelo-mastoid (figs. 3 & 4) is the third muscle which is contin- uous with the longissimus dorsi; it is situated between the two last, and, proceeding straight forward, is inserted into the posterior surface of the exoccipital, external to and behind the articulation of the squa- mosal, exoccipital, and quadrate bones. Spinalis dorsi is a continuation forward of the central part of the dorsal half of the caudal muscular mass ; becoming separated at the thirteenth caudal vertebra, it occupies the space between the neural spines and the zygapophyses ; in the dorsal region superficial tendinous slips are developed from the muscular fibres and are in- serted severally into the spines of the dorsal vertebree: opposite the third cervical vertebra it divides ; the superficial part is continued on- wards, to be inserted into the posterior edge of the parietal and into the supraoccipital close to the middle line internal to the complexus after the manner of a ligamentum nuche ; the deeper portion ter- minates in three divisions ; the superior is attached to the posterior edge of the neural spine of the atlas, the middle one to the dorsal surface of the posterior zygapophysis of the same vertebra, while the the inferior one is attached to the ventral surface of the zygapo- physis of the same. Rectus posticus major (fig. 4) arises from the neurapophysis of the atlas and the neurapophysis and neural spine of the axis, and is in- serted into the supraoccipital beneath the complexus, and also into the posterior border of the exoccipital for nearly its whole length. Rectus anticus major (fig. 5) arises from the inferior surface of the centrum and the hypapophysis of the atlas, and from the hypapo- physes only of the vertebrze from the second to the sixth inclusive, and from the centra of the seventh and eighth, and also from the inner surface of the proximal end of the third and fourth cervical ribs, and is inserted into the posterior and inner border of the basioccipital. Scalenus anticus (fig. 5). The muscle which appears to correspond to this arises from the centra and the sides of hypapophyses and ventral surfaces of the transverse processes of the axis and two following vertebree, and is inserted into the first and second cervical ribs and into the centra of the fifth and sixth vertebre ; at its insertion it is continuous dorsad with the sacro-lumbalis, and posteriorly with the intercostales. ' Rectus abdominis (figs. 1, 9, & 10) arises from the base of the xiphisternum for rather more than one third of its extent ; the inner border is attached to that of its fellow of the opposite side throughout its whole length; posteriorly it is inserted into the ischio-pubic ligament, which in this Lizard has the same attachment as in Gecko, it also gives a muscular slip to be inserted into the hamular process of the pubis, which, I am of opinion, corresponds to the pyramidalis. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1872, No. XI. 162 MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. [Feb. 6, Obliquus externus abdominis (figs. 9 & 13) arises by eight mus- cular digitations, the two anterior being attached to the extremity of the penultimate and to the posterior border of the last cervical rib, the remaining six being attached to the ribs at the external border of the Prevertebral group of muscles. ec, Atlas. c?. Second cervical rib. 2. Centrum of ninth vertebra. sacro-lumbalis, a point which might be regarded as their angles. The anterior portion of this muscle is inserted into the anterior border of the long xiphisternum beneath the pectoralis major ; the remainder into the borders of the rectus abdominis and the extremity of the tenth dorsal rib, which is much longer than the others, and reaches by a free cartilaginous extremity nearly to the pelvis; the postero- dorsal border of the muscle is free and dves not reach the pubis ; the fibres are directed downwards, backwards, and towards the ventral surface, and they contain in their substance several fine ten- dinous intersections. 1872. ] MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. 163 Obliquus internus and transversalis are attached by their ventral edge to the border of the rectus abdominis, and by their dorsal to all the dorsal ribs, to the four anterior at the point of junction of the vertebral with the sternal segments, and to the point corresponding in the posterior ribs ; posteriorly they are attached to the side of the quadratus lumborum ; their anterior attachments were missed ; they are both situated on the ventral or visceral side of the ribs: the fibres of the internal oblique go from above downwards and forwards ; those of the transversalis are transverse. Intercostales (figs. 6 & 13) are continuous with the external border of the sacro-lumbalis ; they fill up the spaces between all the ribs. Anteriorly they commence by a tendinous border, which has the following attachments, viz. one end to the point of junction between the scapula and the coracoid bone, dividing the two sections of the subscapularis, the other end to the external angle of the sternum ; from this tendinous border are derived two ligaments, one joining the posterior angle of the coracoid, the other joining the long head of the triceps muscle. That part which fills up the spaces between the four anterior dorsal ribs consists of two layers: the external has the fibres directed backwards and slightly downwards ; this extends only to the junction of the vertebral with the sternal ribs ; of these the anterior set differs from those that follow, inasmuch as they arise from the last cervical and are inserted into the second dorsal rib, not being attached to the first rib: the internal layer belongs more especially to the sternal ribs, filling up the interspaces between them and the sternum ; they form the tendinous border above mentioned. The fibres are directed backwards and slightly upwards. The part of the inter- costales which fills up the spaces between the six posterior dorsal ribs appears to belong to the external layer, as the fibres run in the same direction ; in addition there are six separate muscular slips, which pass downwards and forwards from near the free ends of these six ribs, of which the two anterior are inserted into the fourth sternal rib, and extend for a short distance beneath the external layer, between the fourth and fifth and the fifth and sixth dorsal ribs: the remaining four are lost between the external and internal oblique ; these seem to represent the internal layer, as the direction of the fibres is the same. ‘There is also a muscular layer which appears to be a continuation of the external intercostal ; it arises from the pos- terior border of the tenth dorsal ; and being inserted on one side into the hamular process of the pubis and the edge of the rectus abdo- minis, and on the other into the border of the sacro-lumbalis, it forms an arch over the pubic muscles and fills up the space left vacant by the deficiency of the external oblique in this region. Retrahentes costarum are arranged as in Gecko ; the anterior slip arises from the centrum of the first dorsal vertebra, and is inserted into the penultimate cervical rib; the posterior passes from the tenth dorsal to the eighth rib; the point of insertion corresponds to that of the internal oblique and transversalis. In this specimen it was much less easily separated into distinct slips than in Gecko, which arose, perhaps, from its being somewhat damaged, 164 MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. [Feb. 6, Quadratus lumborum arises from the anterior edge of the sacrum ; by its ventral surface it is attached to all the six lumbar ribs ; its insertion is into the posterior surface of the last dorsal rib. Pectoralis major (fig. 1) arises from the posterior border of the inner end of the clavicle, from the interclavicle, and from the central line of the whole length of the sternum, also from the postero-lateral border of the same, and from the concave edge of the extremely long xiphi- sternum, as far as its extremity: the anterior fibres go backwards and outwards, the middle go directly outwards, and the posterior directly forwards; all converge and are inserted into the imer border of the tuberosity of the humerus. Deltoid (figs. 1, 2, & 3) arises from the anterior surface of the clavicle for rather more than half its extent, and, passing in front, it emerges posteriorly round its dorsal border, receiving a reinforcement .of fibres from its posterior surface ; it is inserted into the external border of the humerus just beyond the tuberosity. This appears to represent the clavicular portion of the deltoid; and in this specimen I think that the scapular portion is wanting. Supraspinatus (figs. 1 & 3) arises from the greater portion of the outer surface of the coracoid, occupying the bone bordering the coracoid fenestra anteriorly, and the tongue of bone between it and the coraco-scapular fenestra; it also covers the coracoid half of the latter; it is covered by the deltoid and is inserted into the summit or anterior point of the tuberosity of the humerus ; a few fibres are inserted into the head of the bone itself and into the capsular ligament. Teres minor (fig. 3) arises from about half the coraco-scapular fenestra, and from the surface of the scapula in front and dorsad of the same; near its insertion it is bound down by an aponeurosis, connecting the long head of the triceps with the head of the humerus ; it then passes beneath the outer head of the same muscle to be in- serted into the inner edge of the dorsal surface of the humerus a very short distance beyond its head. . Infraspinatus (figs. 2 & 3) arises by a somewhat semicircular origin from the outer surface of the suprascapula, commencing anteriorly from the point of articulation with the clavicle, and extending nearly to the postero-dorsal angle, leaving a space at the antero-dorsal angle for the levator ; from this origin the fibres converge and are inserted by a thin flat tendon into the outside of the humerus, immediately beyond the insertion of the supraspinatus, between it and the insertion of the deltoid. The muscle which in the Frog arises from the supra- scapula was considered by Dugés* to correspond to the “sous-épi- neux et grand rond.” In detailing the myology of Gecko, I ventured to name these three muscles thus on account of their insertions resembling in their arrangement the corresponding insertions in anthropotomy— the supraspinatus occupying the summit of the great tuberosity of the humerus, the infraspinatus the middle, and the teres minor the lower of the three depressions on that apophysis. This arrangement * « Recherches sur l’ostéologie et la myologie des Batraciens,’ Paris, 1835. 1872.] MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. 165 was more apparent, though not more real, in the Gecko, because there the teres minor was inserted nearer the external surface of the bone, and consequently all the three insertions, being closer together, were visible at once. At the time of writing that paper I was away from England; but since my return I have seen Prof. Rolleston’s paper* ‘*On the Homologies of certain Muscles connected with the Shoulder-joint,” in which he goes far to prove that the “epicoraco- humeralis”? (which was Mr. Mivart’s name for the supraspinatus) corresponds to the subclavius ; but these differences of interpreta- tion are reconciled by Mr. Galton’s paper ‘On the Myology of the Orycteropus capensis,” in the same volume, in which the author shows that the subclavius in that animal has, among other insertions, one into the fascia covering the supraspinatus. Another piece of evidence bears on this point: I believe that the nerve which in an- thropotomy supplies the supraspinatus, arises from the same cord of the brachial plexus and close to the one which supplies the subcla- vius, so that the muscle in question really corresponds to the sub- clavius at its origin and to the supraspinatus at its insertion. Biceps (figs. 1, 2, & 6) is represented only by its coracoid head. This arises fleshy from about the posterior half of the lower border of the coracoid fenestra, and forms a broad thin membranous tendon, which passes over the humeral joint and developes a fleshy belly in the arm, which is inserted into the contiguous surfaces of the ulna and radius by a tendon which forms the distal edge of the insertion of the next muscle. Brachialis anticus (figs. 1 & 2) arises from the outer surface of the shaft of the humerus; commencing at the root of the tuberosity and extending to the distal extremity of the bone, it passes into the forearm in company with the last muscle, and is inserted by mus- cular fibres into the coronoid process of the ulna and into the sur- face ot the bone beyond, being also attached to the flexor edge of the articular surface of the radius. Coraco-brachialis longus (fig. 6) arises fleshy from the posterior point of the coracoid bone, and is inserted into the lower end of the humerus, for rather more than one third of its length, on the inner and lower surface immediately above the condyle. Coraco-brachialis brevis (figs. 1 & 6) arises from the outer sur- face of the posterior angle of the coracoid, being covered by the central tendon of the biceps ; it is inserted into the lower surface of the humerus for about two thirds of its extent, commencing imme- diately beyond the head ; it has also an attachment to the capsular ligament of the shoulder-joint. Triceps (figs. 1, 2,3, & 6) in this specimen has three heads, since the outer one does not divide into two as happens in Gecko. The outer head arises from the outer or dorsal surface of the shaft of the humerus for its whole length, commencing immediately below the head of the bone. The middle or long head arises by a flat tendon from the posterior edge of the scapula, close to the glenoid cavity ; it is attached to the dorsal edge of the head of the humerus by a * Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xxvi. pt. 3. 166 MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. [Feb. 6, tendinous slip which binds down the teres minor. From the middle of the inner edge of this head arises a tendon which is attached to the tendinous anterior border of the intercostales. The inner head commences, narrow, immediately beyond the proximal articular extremity of the humerus; it occupies the whole of the inner surface of the shaft of the bone in front of the insertion of the latissimus dorsi. These three origins are united together into a strong tendon, in which is developed a sesamoid bone, and which is inserted into the proximal end of the ulna. Muscles on the inner aspect of the shoulder-girdle and arm. x Tendons of intercostals, Subscapularis (figs. 3 & 6) is divisible into two sections; the first arises from the centre of the outer surface of the scapula for about one third of its extent, from the whole of its posterior border, and 1872. ] MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. 167 from rather more than one fourth of the anterior and lower part of the inner surface of the suprascapula. The second section arises from nearly four fifths of the inner surface of the coracoid ; its fibres converge, and end in a short flat tendon which is joined by the ten- don of the first section, the whole being inserted into the internal edge of the head of the humerus and into the capsular ligament of the shoulder-joint. Pronator radii teres (figs. 1 & 6) arises from the internal condyle of the humerus, proximad of the origin of the next muscle, and is inserted into the anterior edge of the radius for rather more than half its length. This muscle does not occur in Gecko. Flexor carpi radialis (figs. 1,2, & 6) arises from the inner condyle of the humerus, distad of the last, in common with the flexor per- forans, from which it is inseparable. At its origin below it is inserted into that bone of the carpus to which the radial side of the annular ligament is attached, and further sends a tendon to be inserted into the antericr edge of the base of the first phalanx of the pollex. Flexor perforans digitorum (fig. 6) arises from the inner con- dyle, in common with the last, and from the whole length of the ulna. It divides into two sections: one joins the flexor carpi ulnaris; the other, which is the larger of the two, developes a broad tendon occupying the flexor surface of the wrist. Over the carpus there is a sesamoid bone in its substance ; distally it divides into five tendons, one going to the last phalanx of each digit. From the deep surface of the broad part of the tendon arises a muscular slip, which is inserted into the carpus. On the superficial surface of the same part are developed three muscular slips: the first joins the perforatus tendon of the second digit on the radial side; the second in like manner joins the perforatus tendon of the third digit; the third joins the perforatus tendon of the fourth digit, all on the radial side; the latter also joins the extra tendon which belongs to the perforatus of the same digit. In addition there are three muscular slips which arise from the deep surface of the tendon and are inserted each into the base of the first phalanx of the second, third, and fourth digits respectively. Flexor carpi ulnaris (figs. 6 & 8) arises by two heads,—one from the posterior surface of the humerus immediately proximad of the elbow-joint, but nearer the outer than the inner condyle; the other arises from the proximal extremity of the ulna. It occupies the posterior border of the forearm, and, receiving a strong reinforcement of fibres from the flexor perforans, it is inserted into the pisiform bone of the carpus. Flexor perforatus digitorum (fig. 6) is wholly situated in the palm. It is primarily divided into four slips, of which the third is again divided into three, for the third and fourth digits; the whole arises from the annular ligament and pisiform bone. The first slip, in addition to its common origin, also arises from the whole length of the metacarpal bone of the pollex, and is inserted into the base of the first phalanx of the same by a short and broad tendon on each side, between which the tendon of the perforans passes. 168 MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. [Feb. 6, The second slip has a longer and more slender tendon, which is per- forated, the two halves joining again after the passage of the per- forans, and being inserted as a single tendon into the base of the second phalanx of the second digit ; the radial half is joined by the tendon from the slip of the perforans, as mentioned above. The third slip has three secondary fasciculi arising from it ; the one for the third digit gives off two tendons, of which one passes on the radial side of the perforans tendon, and, being joined by the tendon of a supplementary slip from the broad part of the perforans tendon, is inserted into the base of the third phalanx of the third digit ; the other, passing on the ulnar side of the perforans tendon, is inserted into the base of the second phalanx of the same digit. The fourth digit monopolizes the remaining two secondary fasciculi of the third slip ; each of these gives origin to a slender tendon, which, passing on each side of the perforans tendon, unite to be inserted into the base of the third phalanx of the fourth digit; in addition, the one on the ulnar side gives origin to an extra tendon, which, passing on the radial side of the perforans tendon, is inserted into the base of the fourth phalanx of the same digit, receiving the tendon of another supplementary muscular slip from the broad part of the perforans tendon. The slip for the fifth digit is inserted by two heads into the base of the first phalanx, the perforating tendon passing between. Adductor quinti digiti arises from one of the bone’ of the second row of carpals, and, passing obliquely across the palm, is inserted into the whole length of the radial side of the metacarpal bone of the fifth digit. Interossei palmares are five in number, and are situated entirely in the palm; they arise from the second row of carpal bones, and, radiating thence, are inserted into the base of the first phalanx of each of the five digits. Supinator longus arises from the outer side of the humerus, proxi- mad of the outer condyle. It has an aponenrotic attachment to the outer head of the triceps; it is inserted into the entire length of the radius, receiving a large accession of fibres from the extensor com- munis digitorum. Extensor longus digitorum (figs. 1, 2, & 7) arises from the outer condyle of the humerus and from the upper half of the two bones of the forearm ; the radial side and deeper partis attached to the whole length of the radius, and merges into the insertion of the supinator longus. The superficial part divides into three flat tendons, the one on the ulnar side dividing more proximad than the other two; these tendons are inserted into the bases of the second, third, and fourth metacarpal bones, their edges being united by a thin aponeurosis. Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis (fig. 7) arises frem the lower half of the ulna, and, crossing the lower part of the forearm, is in- serted by a small flat tendon into the base of the metacarpal bone of the pollex, forming a triangular muscle with its base towards the radius. Extensor brevis digitorum (fig. 7) arises from the second row of the carpal and from the bases of all the metacarpal bones, dividing into 1872. ] MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. 169 five slips, each of which terminates in a broad thin tendon, which is inserted into the terminal phalanx of each digit ; the division which belongs to the pollex differs from the others, inasmuch as it arises from the extensor surface of the bone of the first row of carpals which perhaps represents the combined cuneiform and semilunare, as it articulates with the whole breadth of the distal extremity of the ulna; it crosses the extensor surface of the carpus, and joins the slip which arises from the metacarpal bone of the pollex. Abductor quinti digiti (fig. 7) arises from the same bone as the last ; it passes along the outer side of the fifth digit, being bound down at the first phalanx, and finally joins the tendon of the extensor of that digit. Fig. 7. f Tendons on dorsal aspect of the hand, twice natural size. Abductor quarti digiti arises from the contiguous surfaces of the proximal extremities of the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones ; its tendon is inserted into the ulnar side of the last phalanx of the fourth digit. ——— dorsal interosset (fig. 7) are visible on the extensor surface of the hand: the first arises from the whole length of the metatarsal bone of the second digit, and is inserted into the ulnar side of the base of the first phalanx of the pollex; the second in like manner goes from the’metacarpal bone of the third to the ulnar side of the first phalanx of the second digit ; the third goes from the metacarpal bone of the fourth to the ulnar side of the first phalanx of the third digit ; these are all abductors, and seem to be in series with the ab- ductors of the fourth and fifth digits. 170 MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. [Feb. 6, Sartorius (figs. 8, 9, 10) arises from the ischio-pubic ligament and from the hamular process of the pubis; it is a broad muscle, covering nearly the whole ventral surface of the thigh, and is inserted by a thin but broad tendon into the inner side of the tibia in imme- diate proximity to its head. The origin of this muscle is placed further backward in this species than in Gecko. Superficial muscles on the ventral aspect of the posterior limb. 10. The tenth rib. Transversus perinei (figs. 8 & 9) arises from the posterior point of the ischiatic symphysis and from the raphe between the two opposite sides; it is inserted into the tendinous intersection between the ischium and the ilium, or ilio-ischiatic ligament. A transverse section of this muscle is triangular. Gracilis (figs. 8, 9, 10) is covered by the sartorius, except at its 1872.] MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. 171 origin ; it arises from the anterior border of the transversus perineei, and by its posterior fibres from the ilio-ischiatic ligament. It isa fleshy cylindrical muscle, and is inserted into the inner side of the head of the tibia close to the internal lateral ligament ; it is also attached to the inner edge of the interarticular cartilage of the knee-joint. Semimembranosus (figs. 8, 9, 10) is only covered by the sarto- rius at its insertion; it arises from the ilio-ischiatic ligament behind the last and in conjunction with the semitendinosus ; it is broad at its origin, and is inserted by a narrow flat tendon into the inner side of the tibia within and even with the distal extremity of the internal lateral ligament and the posterior border of the sartorius. Semitendinosus (figs. 10 & 11) arises, in conjunction with and dorsad of the last, from the ilio-ischiatic ligament ; it forms the pos- terior edge of the dorsal part of the thigh; and its ventral surface forms a sort of groove for the reception of the semimembranosus. It swells out distad of its origin and then tapers off towards its distal end; it passes in front of the origin of the soleus, to which it is at- tached by a strong tendon, and is inserted into the outer edge of the tibia, between it and the fibula, close to the joint, and just beyond the insertion of the pelvo-tibialis. Pectineus (figs. 9, 10, 13) is entirely covered by the sartorius ; arising from the ischio-pubic ligament and from the part of the ischium adjacent, it is inserted into the middle third of the ventral aspect of the femur. Pelvo-tibialis (figs. 10 & 14), in this Lizard, arises by two heads, —one, outside the last, from the margin of the pubis by means of an aponeurotic expansion, to which is also attached the iliacus externus and flexor femoris (?); the other head arises from the ischium at the inner edge of the origin of the pectineus, and is covered by the transversus perinzi, by the lower margin of the sartorius, and by the origin of the gracilis; the two heads converge, and, uniting at the distal point of the pectineus, are inserted into the outer margin of the tibia, between it and the fibula, in close juxtaposition to the joint, passing behind the tibia, but not through the joint, as is the case in Gecko ; this insertion is just in front of that of the semitendinosus: it has also an attachment to the interarticular cartilage of the knee- joint. : Rectus femoris (figs. 8, 9, 10, 11) has two origins, one from the pubis immediately in front of the acetabulum, the other by means of a narrow tendon from the anterior end of the ilium; it covers the anterior and ventral surfaces of the femur, and is inserted, through the ligamentum patelle, into the head of the tibia. Gluteus maximus (fig. 11) arises from the ilium by a broad ten- dinous origin, posterior to and distinct from the last; it covers the outer side of the thigh, and merges into the vastus externus beneath, and by its anterior border into the same. In Gecko it appears to be part of the rectus; but here it has a distinct origin. Biceps femoris (figs. 11 & 12) is represented by the pelvic origin only ; it arises from the posterior end of the ilium, and, passing down the thigh, is inserted by a flat tendon into the outer side of the fibula 172 MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. [ Feb. 6, a short distance from its head, passing beneath the origin of the peronzeus primus. Ischio-pubie ligament turned back. 1872.] MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. 173 Coccygeus inferior (figs. 10 & 13) appears as a continuation for- ward of the inferior section of the caudal muscles ; it arises from the extremities of the heemal spines of the caudal vertebree from the tenth to the third; posteriorly it is superficial to the pyriformis. It is in- serted, partly muscular and partly tendinous, into the extremity of a triangular apophysis which exists on the posterior border of the ischium. Retractor cloace (fig. 9) arises from the under surfaces of the transverse processes of the caudal vertebree from the ninth to the fifth ; it commences as a thin muscular slip; and passing forward it gra- dually becomes thicker, and, crossing superficially the ventral surface of the pyriformis, is inserted into the outer angle of the cloaca. This muscle is peculiar; it has a somewhat flattened shape, and encloses in its interior a flat membrane, composed of a sort of elastic tissue, rolled up longitudinally into a cylindrical form. Pyriformis (fig. 10) arises from the under surface of the transverse processes and from the hemapophyses of the caudal vertebre from the twenty-second to the third inclusive ; the posterior fibres pass for- ward, and the anterior ones outward, to endin a broad flat tendon, which, passing over the trochanter of the femur, is inserted into the ventral aspect of the bone at its base, immediately outside and distad of the ilio-femoral articulation. Before reaching its insertion this tendon gives origin to a narrow one, which, passing down the thigh and behind the knee-joint, joins the tendon of the gastrocnemius, and, continuing its course, is inserted into the back part of the fibula, close to the insertion of the pelvo-tibialis, which is at the contiguous point of the tibia; the ilio-ischiatic ligament passes superficially to this muscle, and forms a sort of pulley for it. Meckel* remarked of this muscle, that it “‘entspricht dem birnformigen Muskel des Menschen;”’ but Cuvierf objected to this interpretation, on the ground that it is inserted into the lesser trochanter ; and this objection has a good deal of force, as the apophysis in this specimen really appears to corre- spond more with the lesser than with the greater trochanter; but the muscle is not actually inserted into this process, but more towards the outside of the bone. Capsularis (fig. 14). This small muscle, which appears almost as a part of the coccygeus inferior, arises from the internal surface of the posterior triangular process of the ischium, and, passing behind the ilium, is inserted into the upper and posterior surface of the head of the femur, close to the acetabulum, and tends to keep the head of the bone steady in its socket. Obturator externus (figs. 10 & 13) arises from the middle line of the external surface of the ischium, on the ventral aspect of the pelvis, and from the posterior half of the inner border of the ischio- pubic foramen covered by the pectineus; the fibres converge, and, passing over the trochanter between the pyriformis and the head of the femur, turn round towards the dorsal aspect of the bone, and are inserted on that side close to the capsular ligament. I have vyen- * Vergleichende Anatomie, Theil iii. pp. 152, 153. t Legons d’Anatomie Comparée, tom. i. p. 296, 2nd ed. 174 MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. [Feb. 6, tured to name this muscle obturator externus: as the ischio-pubic foramen represents the obturator foramen, so the muscle arising from its external surface must represent the obturator externus muscle ; and the fact that its tendon is inserted into the outer part of the femur strengthens that position. Iliacus (fig. 10) arises from the anterior edge of the ischium and from the posterior surface of the pubis; the fibres converge, and are inserted into the summit of the trochanter of the femur. From its position I should imagine that this process corresponds to the tro- chanter minor, and the muscle in question to the iliacus ; for the in- sertion and direction of the fibres (which are the most important points) are the same as in anthropotomy. Iliacus externus (fig. 10) appears as a detached segment of the last ; it arises in conjunction with the pelvo-tibialis, and is inserted into the distal portion of the trochanter between the insertion of the last and that of the pyriformis. Bie. 11. \ Wi MK Superficial muscles on the dorsal aspect of the thigh. Flexor tibialis (figs. 10, 12, 13) arises partly from the anterior point of the symphysis pubis and partly from a fibrous raphe which extends backwards from that point over the dorsal surface of the os pubis ; it is inserted into the aponeurotic expansion from which the pelvo-tibialis arises. 1872. ] MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. 175 Flexor femoris (figs. 12 & 13) is situated behind and somewhat dorsad of the Jast; it arises from the same fibrous raphe, covering the flexor profundus femoris; none of the fibres are derived from the bone: passing in front of the pubis this muscle is inserted into the surface of the femur in front of the vastus externus, in close proximity to the head of the bone. Flexor profundus femoris (fig. 13) is a flat and thin layer of muscle covering the anterior part of the dorsal surface of the pubis beneath the flexor femoris ; the muscles of the two sides are continuous across the middle line ; the anterior edge arises from the anterior point of the pubis; but the posterior edge is free. At the point of crossing over the front of the pubis there is a tendinous intersection which is at- tached to the dorsal surface of the femur close to the head; from this intersection muscular fibres run outwards, to be inserted into the femur for about one third of its length, between the insertion of the pyriformis on one side and that of the flexor femoris and vastus externus on the other. Obturator internus (fig. 13) arises from the central line of the dorsal surface of the pubis, from the dorsal surface of the ischium, and from the symphysis of the same; it covers the posterior two- thirds of the foramen; the fibres converge, and, passing over the smooth surface in front of that part of the ilium which goes to form the acetabulum, are inserted into the side of the tendon which con- nects the tendinous intersection of the flexor profundus femoris with the dorsal surface of the femur as above mentioned. The tendon in question has also an attachment to the aponeurosis between the flexor tibialis, pelvo-tibialis, and iliacus externus ; so that these four muscles all act together on the thigh, flexing it forward and slightly towards either the dorsal or ventral surface, through three points of attachment, viz. one on the dorsal surface close to the head, through the obturator internus and the flexor profundus, another further down the thigh and slightly more ventrad, through the flexor pro- fundus, then, again, quite on the ventral aspect, through the flexor tibialis and iliacus externus ; in addition through the flexor tibialis and pelvo-tibialis there would be a slight power of flexing the leg; this arrangement seems to indicate great power and activity in using the hind limbs. Gluteus medius (fig. 12) arises from the ilium behind and dorsad of the ilio-femoral articulation, and in front of the origin of the biceps, being covered by the gluteus maximus ; it is inserted into the posterior surface of the femur between the insertion of the next muscle and that of the vastus externus, commencing a short distance beyond the head of the bone and occupying about one fourth of its length. Quadratus femoris (fig. 12) arises from the ilio-ischiatic ligament, behind the origin of the biceps; it passes outwards and towards the ventral surface, and is inserted into the posterior border of the tro- chanteric ridge of the femur; it is firmly attached to the inner border of the tendon of the pyriformis, which completely covers its insertion. Vastus externus (fig. 13) oceupies the outer and dorsal aspect 176 MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. [Feb. 6, of the femur, commences anteriorly by a pointed origin projecting like a wedge between the insertions of the gluteus medius and ad- ductor femoris; externally it is fused into the under surface of the gluteus maximus, and at its distal extremity into the outer edge of the patellar ligament. Muscles on the external and internal aspects of the pelvis. Vastus internus (fig. 10) is much smaller ; it commences in front of the insertion of the pectineus, and covers the ventral aspect of the 1872. | MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. 177 femur ; and its transverse section is triangular, with the base towards the bone. Extensor longus digitorum (figs. 11 & 16) arises from the front of the external condyle of the femur by a slender tendon, which passes through a sort of groove between the heads of the tibia and fibula, forming a fleshy belly in front of the leg; it terminates in two tendons inserted respectively into the peroneal side of the second and third metatarsal bones close to their proximal extremities. This muscle is remarkably like the radial extensors of the carpus ; its action is more that of a flexor of the foot than an extensor of the digits. Tibialis anticus (figs. 8, 11, & 14) arises from rather more than the proximal half of the front, and from rather less than the distal half of the internal surface of the tibia, and is inserted into the inner side of the base of the metatarsal bone of the hallux ; it further sends a tendon to be inserted into the tibial side of the same metatarsal bone for half its length. Peroneus primus (fig. 11) arises from the outer condyle of the femur by a narrow tendon, separated from the flexor perforatus by the insertion of the biceps, over which it passes ; in the leg it forms an elegantly shaped muscular mass, and is inserted into the flat surface on the dorsum and peroneal edge of the cuboid in proximity to the base of the metatarsal bone of the fifth digit. The inner edge of its tendon spreads out over the end of the fibula, receiving a mus- cular insertion from the tibialis posticus, and joins the under surface of the tendon of the perforans. Peroneus secundus (fig. 11) arises from the head and the whole length of the outside edge of the fibula in front of the last, and is inserted into the posterior edge of the cuboid bone of the tarsus. Gastrocnemius (fig. 8) appears to be represented only by the inner head of that muscle ; it arises from the inner edge of the proximal fourth of the tibia, and from the inner condyle of the femur, covered by the insertions of the sartorius, gracilis, and semimembranosus. At its origin it receives a tendon from the pyriformis, as above men- tioned, and is also attached to the interarticular cartilage of the knee- joint ; it ends in a thin flat tendon, which, passing over the tarsus, is inserted into the base of the metatarsal bone of the fifth digit. Flexor perforatus digitorum (figs. 8, 11, & 14) arises from the outer condyle of the femur by a strong but narrow tendon, which has also an attachment to the pyriformis tendon and to the inter- articular cartilage of the knee-joint. This muscle forms a thick fleshy mass, having on its superficial aspect a groove for the last, which on passing the tarsus becomes covered by a strong broad tendinous expansion. The deeper muscular layer is partly inserted into the tuberosity on the imner side of the cuboid bone, while the superficial tendinous expansion is inserted by its edge to the outer side of the same bone, and by its distal extremity to the heads of the third and fourth metatarsal bones, and, besides, gives three tendons to the latter digit—one being attached to the base of the second phalanx, one to the base of the third (this splits for the passage of the per- forans tendon), and another to the base of the fourth phalanx, so that Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1872, No. XII. 178 MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. [Feb. 6, this digit is well provided with tendons ; there is also an extra tendon to the base of the second phalanx of the third digit. There are five slips in the sole, which are partly a continuation of the deeper layer Deep muscles of the leg. of the present muscle, and partly (although still continuous) attached to the tuberosity on the inner side of the cuboid bone, and to the tibial edge of the astragalo-calcaneum: of these slips the first is 1872. | MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. 179 inserted by a flat tendon into both sides of the base of the first phalanx of the hallux, being perforated by the tendon of the perforans ; the second is attached by a slender tendon to the side of the base of the first phalanx of the second digit ; the third divides, and, after the passage of the perforans, again unites, and is inserted into the base of the second phalanx of the same digit ; the fourth also divides, and is inserted into the base of the third phalanx of the third digit ; it gives off a slender tendon to the base of the second phalanx of the same digit, and also receives the tendon of a small muscular slip from the broad tendon of the perforans ; the fifth slip goes to the base of the first phalanx of the fifth digit without being perforated. I think it probable that the above-described muscle includes the outer head of the gastrocnemius as well as the flexor perforatus. Popliteus (fig. 14) arises from the fibula for about one sixth of its length; distad of the head the fibres spread out and are inserted into the posterior surface of the tibia for about one-third of its extent. Flexor digitorum perforans (figs. 8, 14, & 15) arises by two heads— one from the outer condyle of the femur, the other from the head and rather more than the proximal third of the posterior surface of the femur; at the point of junction the muscle is faced with a ten- dimous expansion, which, soon becoming a broad tendon, passes over the tarsus and occupies the sole of the foot; on the peroneal side it is attached to the peroneus primus. This tendon divides into five separate slips; that for the fifth digit is given off by itself and passes through a groove of the cuboid to be inserted into the base of the ultimate phalanx of the fifth digit: the remaining four tendons are inserted into the terminal phalanges of the first four digits ; those of the third and fourth give off slips for each of the successive phalan- ges. A little conical muscle is given off between the second and third tendons, ending in a slender tendon which joins the perforatus of the third digit ; from the superficial surface of the tendons of the second, third, and fourth digits another and larger muscular slip is derived, which joins the longest of the three tendons mentioned above as coming from the superficial tendinous expansion of the perforatus muscle; in addition a muscle arises from the anterior concave surface of the cuboid, and, being inserted into the deeper surface of the tendon of zhe perforans in the sole, is further prolonged by means of three slips to be inserted into the bases of the first phalanges of the second, third, and fourth digits. Tibialis posticus (fig. 15) arises from the distal two thirds of the flexor surface of the fibula, and ends in a broad tendon, which, being closely bound down to the astragalo-calcaneum, following the curves of its surface, is finally inserted into the row of bones in front of that bone. Belonging to this muscle is a muscular slip which goes from the peroneal side of the astragalo-caleaneum to be inserted into the projecting articular process on the flexor surface of the cuboid » this muscle was marked peronzeus tertius in Gecko; but I find that Bojanus in his ‘Anatome Testudinis Europe,’ names its homologue as above, although it has no more to do with the tibia in that animal than in this. 180 MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. [ Feb. 6, Flexor accessorius quarti digiti (figs. 15 & 16) arises from a de- pression on the dorsal side of the anterior edge of the astragalo- caleaneum by a slender tendon, which, passing between this bone and the cuboid, then through a deep groove in the latter, becomes muscular in the sole, and is inserted into the tendon of the flexor perforans opposite the distal extremity of the fourth metatarsal bone ; this muscle serves to give a straight direction to that tendon, which would otherwise be weakened by having its direction of effort too oblique. Adductor digitorum pedis (fig. 15) arises from the tibial side of the apophysis of the cuboid for articulation with the fifth digit, by a flat tendon, which gives off three muscular slips, to be inserted on the peroneal side of the base of the first phalanx of the hallux, and of the second and third digits. Flexor brevis quarti digiti (fig. 15) arises from the base of the same articular apophysis, on the peroneal side and slightly on the dorsal surface, and is inserted into the peroneal side of the base of the first phalanx of the fourth digit. Flexor brevis hallucis (fig. 15), smaller than the last, arises from the edge of the tendon of tibialis posticus and the bone beneath, and is inserted into the base of the first phalanx of the hallux. Interossei palmares are two in number: one arises from the proximal half of the tibial side of the fourth metatarsal bone, and from the opposite side of the third, and is inserted into the pero- neal side of the heads of the latter and second; the other arises from the opposite sides of the second and third metatarsals, and 1872. | MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. 181 is inserted into the head of the second and into the metatarsal bone of hallux. Fig. 16. Extensor muscles of the foot. Extensor brevis digitorum (fig. 16) is rather a complicated series of small muscular slips on the dorsal surface of foot, the first of which may be called extensor quinti digiti; it arises fleshy from a hollow depression on the cuboid ; it is conical in shape, and ends in a long tendon, which is inserted into the terminal phalanx of the fifth digit. Abductor quarti digiti is the next, arising from the tibial edge of the cuboid, and is inserted into the peroneal side of the base of the first phalanx of the fourth digit. Extensor quarti digiti (fig. 16) consists of two separate portions. The superficial section arises from the extreme anterior edge of the peroneal side of the dorsal surface of the astragalo-calcaneum, in immediate proximity to the articulation between this bone and the cuboid, also from the whole length of the peroneal side of the meta- tarsal bone of the fourth digit ; it terminates in three branches: one Joins the extensor of the third digit; the other is inserted into the tibial side of the base of the first phalanx of the fourth digit, while 182 MR. A. SANDERS ON LIOLEPIS BELLI. [Feb. 6, the third goes to the terminal phalanx of the same digit. The deep section arises by a rounded tendon from the depression in the centre of the dorsal surface of the astragalo-calcaneum, and from the proximal two thirds of the tibial side of the metatarsal bone of the fourth digit, also from about three fourths of the proximal end of the dorsal surface of the third metatarsal ; its tendon passes through the arch formed by the superficial head, and is inserted with it into the terminal phalanx of the digit in question. The next arises from the dorsal surface of the third metatarsal, and, receiving the slip from the fourth, is inserted by a long tendon into the penultimate phalanx of the third digit. The next arises fleshy from the peroneal side of the dorsal surface of the astragalo-calcaneum ; passing over to the tibial side, it divides into three muscular slips: the first slip passes through the two tendons of the extensor longus digitorum, and, receiving a reinforce- ment from the peroneal side of the dorsal surface of the second metatarsal bone, ends in a long tendon, which is inserted into the base of the terminal phalanx of the third digit ; the second slip likewise receives a reinforcement from the whole length of the tibial side of the second metatarsal bone, and ends in a tendon which is inserted into the terminal phalanx of the second digit ; the third slip receives a reinforcement from the middle third of the first metatarsal bone, and sends a tendon to be inserted into the base of the terminal phalanx of the hallux. No lumbricales were found in this specimen. LIST OF EXPLANATORY LETTERS USED IN THE WOODCUTS. Ab®, Abductor quinti digiti. ec. Epicoracoid. ac. Astragalo-calcaneum. | ef. External condyle of femur. A.D. Adductor digitorum. | £. L. Extensor longus. A, F, Adductor femoris. | £.M. Extensor metacarpi pollicis. an. Annular ligament. | En P. Entopterygoid. | | | B. Biceps. £. O. External oblique. B.A. Brachialis anticus. E. P. Ectopterygoid. B.F, Biceps femoris. f. Fibula. bo. Basioccipital. | FA, Flexor accessorius. és. Basisphenoid. F. A‘, Flexor accessorius quarti di- e. Cuboid. | giti. ca. Cloaca. F. B'. Flexor brevis hallucis. el, First cervical vertebra. | JF, B4, Flexor brevis quarti digiti. ce*, Second cervical rib. F.C. Flexor carpi radialis. C. A. Cervicalis ascendens. F. F. Flexor femoris. C. B. Coraco-brachialis brevis. FF. P. Flexor femoris profundus, C. B’, Coraco-brachialis longus. FP. Flexor perforans. Cd. Caudal muscles. FS. Flexor perforatus. C. I. Coccygeus inferior. F. T. Flexor tibialis. cel. Clayicle. FU. Flexor carpi ulnaris. Co. Complexus. G. Gracilis. co. Coronary process of mandible. Ge. Gastroenemius, inner head. Cp. Capsularis. | G.#H, Genio-hyoglossus. C.S. Coccygeus superior. | Gl. M. Gluteus medius. D. Deltoid. G. M. Gluteus maximus. E. B, Extensor brevis digitorum. h. Head of humerus. 1872.| THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 183 h. f. Head of femur. R. F. Rectus femoris. z. Ilium. Rm. Retrahentes costarum. z.c. Interclavicle. R. P. Rectus posticus. I. C. Intercostales. S. Subscapularis. z. f. Internal condyle of femur. S.A1&2. Serratus anterior. in.c. Interarticular cartilage of S. C. Sterno-coracoidalis. knee-joint. Sc. Scalenus anticus. i.p. Ischio-pubic ligament. se’. Suprascapula. J... Infraspinatus. S. H. Sterno-hyoid. zs. Ischium. S. H’. Sterno-hyoideus profundus. z,s.1. Tlio-ischiatic ligament. S. Z. Supinator longus. LZ. Longissimus dorsi. S. M. Sterno-mastoid. L.A. Levator scapula. Sn. Semimembranosus. ZL. D. Latissimus dorsi. S.P. Serratus posterior. m. Mandible. Sp. Spinalis dorsi. Ma. Maxilla. Sr. Sartorius. M. H. Mylo-hyoid. sr, Transverse processes of sa- NV. Neuro-mandibularis. crum. O. E. Obturator externus. Sr. L. Sacro-lumbalis. O. H. Omo-hyoid. S. S. Supraspinatus. 0. I, Obturator internus. St. Sternum. P. Pectoralis major. S. T. Semitendinosus, pa. Parietal. T. Temporalis. Pe. Pectineus. t. Tibia. Pd. Pyramidalis. T. C. Transversalis colli. pf. Postfrontal bone. t.h. Tuberosity of humerus. P.M. Platysma myoides. T. M. 'Trachelo-mastoid. P.P. Peronzus primus. T. P. Tibialis posticus. Pp. Popliteus. Tr. Triceps, outer head. P. FR. Pronator radii teres. Tr‘, Triceps, long head. P.S. Peronzeus secundus. Tr®, Triceps, inner head: pt. Pterygoid Bone. Tr. P. Transversus perinzi. P.T. Pelvyo-tibialis. T. T. Tensor tympani? py. Pyriformis. Tz. Trapezius. Q. F. Quadratus femoris. x. Miphisternum. vr. Radius. x. Tendons of intercostals: R. Rectus abdominis. uw. Ulna. R.A, Rectus anticus. | V.E. Vastus externus. R. C. Retractor cloace. V.I. Vastus internus. February 20, 1872: Professor Flower, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair; The following report by the Secretary on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of January 1872 was read :— The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena- gerie during the month of January 1872 was 95, of which 2 were by birth, 42 by presentation, 39 by purchase, 6 by exchange, and 6 received on deposit. The total number of departures during the same period, by death and removals, was 83. The most noticeable additions during the month were :— 1. A young specimen of the King Penguin (Apterodytes pen- nanti) from the Falkland Islands, presented to the Society by Mr, F. P. Cobb, Manager of the Falkland Islands Company at Port Stanley. The bird (which arrived on January 9th, under the kind 184 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [Feb. 20, charge of Mr. W. H. Hyde, R.N., of H.M.S. ‘ Reindeer’) was still in the nestling plumage (of a uniform drab brown), and at first appeared likely to do well, but very shortly died. 2. On the 18th the Council agreed to purchase a young female Giraffe belonging to Mr. Rice, which has been in the Society’s custody since the 12th of October 1871. With this addition the Society’s stock of Giraffes now consists of two pairs, namely :—(1) an old female, born in the Society’s Gardens on the 25th of April 1853 ; this animal has already bred in our Gardens, and, looking to her age, can hardly be expected to breed more than once again; (2) a young male, offspring of No. 1, born in the Gardens March 17th, 1867; (3) a young male, purchased of Mr. Rice January 5th, 1870; and (4) the young female just purchased, as above mentioned. The list of Giraffes which have lived in the Society’s Gardens will now stand as follows * :— List of Giraffes which have lived in the Zoological Society's Gardens. | " No.| Sex. ee | Date. How disposed of. Date. acquired. 1 | Female .| Imported .| May 24, 1836] Died ..................... Oct. 15, 1852 2}Male ...| Imported .| May 24, 1836) Died ...................8. Oct. 29, 1846 3| Male ...| Imported .| May 24, 1836) Died ..................... Jan. 14, 1849 4|Male ...|Imported .| May 24, 1836] Died ..................... Jan. 6, 1837 5| Male ...| Born ...... UNS LOSS Dred. s..c..eccspssseete +o June28, 1839 Presented to Dub- | 6| Male ...) Born ...... May 24, 1841 { lin Zoological Soc. June 14, 1844 | 7| Male ...| Born ...... Xs) apy to wea Fc FB 7a ees em Dee. 30, 18538 8| Male ...| Born ...... ADE eee EO LOG tac oie eran cen Jan. 22, 1867 9| Male ...] Born ...... Hebi e SLO SOL! pratvcugensatecrss Apr. 27, 1850 10| Female .| Imported .| June 29, 1849} Died ..................... Nov. 3, 1856 | 11} Female .| Imported .| June 29, 1849) Sold .................000- Oct. 29, 1853 12) Male ...| Born ...... Marr SOs Spa NOld occ asseewasenes cspae Mar. 29, 1853 13| Female .| Born ...... Apr. 25, 1853) Living in the Gardens, 14| Female .| Born ...... May 7, 1855) Destroyed by fire ...... Nov. 6, 1866 15 | Female .| Born ...... daly 6; 18H9) Died. i255. sence. veee eee Dec. 2, 1859 16 | Female .| Born ...... May 20; A860) Sold » c/ccc.avenvensceaeer ‘May 1, 1863 17| Male ...| Born ...... Oct: ASE U Died’ 2... .echeaeereae | Dee. 18, 1861 18| Male ...| Born ...... May. .8, 1863} Sold c..2c..csctseWanescs | Noy. 8, 1863 19} Male ...| Born ...... Sept. 24, 1863) Died ..............000-00: Apr. 21, 1864 20|Male ...| Born ...... Maris! ,AS65)'Died” ..0. 4 eieeceeteces | Apr. 3, 1865 21| Female .| Born ...... Aipr,/20/ 1865) | Sold setae. Jescceeeee | May 31, 1866 22,| Male ...| Born ...... Sept. 14, 1866) Destroyed by fire ...... Nov. 6, 1866 23|Male ...| Born ...... Mar. 17, 1867, Living in the Gardens. 24/ Male ...| Purchased.) Jan. 5, 1871) Living in the Gardens. 25 | Female .) Purchased.) Jan. 18, 1872 Living in the Gardens. 3. A collection of Land-Tortoises, presented to the Society by Dr. G. Grey of Cradock, Cape of Good Hope, consisting of twenty- three specimens belonging to the following species :— Testudo pardalis, Bell, from Cradock. Chersina angulata (Schweigg.), from Cradock. Homopus areolatus (Thunb. ), from Cradock. Testudo semiserrata, Smith, from the Diamond-districts. * See P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 392. 1872.] MR. J. W. CLARK ON THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. 185 We are greatly indebted to Dr. Grey for the pains which he has taken in getting together this series of African Tortoises, in which he informs me he has received great assistance from Mr. T. C. Scanlen, M.P. for Cradock, Cape Colony, South Africa. The two last-named species are new to the Society’s collection. In my report for January last year (see P. Z. S. 1871, p. 102) I called attention to the presence in the Society’s collection of a New- Zealand Ground-Parrot (Stringops habroptilus), which had been de- posited on the 24th of that month by Capt. R. Peek of the ship ‘Mary Shepherd.’ I have now the pleasure of announcing that the bird in question has been most liberally presented to us by Mr. D. L. Murdoch of Auckland, New Zealand. Of this (one of the most wonderful, perhaps, of all living birds) a specimen has been once before in the Society’s Gardens (see P. Z. S. 1870, p. 798) ; but the present is the first that has actually belonged to us. The Stringops is most strictly nocturnal in its habits, and never emerges from the box in which it is kept, voluntarily, during daylight. Our specimen has no power of flight, but uses its wings to aid it in run- ning. It is fed upon oats, apples, lettuce, carrots, and other vegetables, and appears to thrive well upon this diet. The Secretary announced the addition to the Society’s collection of a fine female specimen of the Sumatran Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sumatrensis, Cuv.) from Chittagong, which had been purchased of Mr. Wm. Jamrach on the 15th inst. for the sum of £1250. The following papers were read :— 1. Notes on the Visceral Anatomy of the Hippopotamus. By Joun W. Crark, F.Z.S. [Received February 20, 1872.] The Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) on whose visceral anatomy I am going to make a few remarks was born in the Society’s Gardens on January 7th. It died on the following Wednesday, and was sent to Cambridge, where it was examined by Prof. Humphry, Mr. B. Anningson of Caius College, and myself, with the view, in the first instance, of ascertaining the cause of death. The animal was a female, weighed 87 lbs., and measured, from tip of snout to tip of tail, 3' 10". We found the thoracic viscera perfectly healthy, and normally disposed. The abdominal viscera were equally healthy, as far as each separate viscus was concerned ; but there were nume- rous adhesions. The stomach was firmly attached to the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity ; and the spleen was so closely adherent, under a fold of peritonzeum, to the inferior surface of the stomach, that it was some time before we could find it. The omentum also, in a few places, adhered to the intestines*. Inthe stomach we found * IT make these statements with considerable diffidence, as our knowledge of the normal anatomy of Hippopotamus is so scanty. I have thought it best, how- ever, to retain them as originally written, because they record the impressions made upon us at the time of dissection. 186 MR. J. W. CLARK ON THE VISCERAL [Feb. 20, a small quantity of milk—part of the goat’s milk that had been swallowed a few hours before death. There was a good deal of me- conium in the lower part of the bowel, and also a quantity of thick- ened matter of a yellowish colour that had all the appearance of being the fecal residue of milk; but on this point it is difficult to speak with certainty. On the whole, I am of opinion that death was caused by want of nutriment—a result due to the abnormal conditions of the birth, which have been the same, so far as I am aware, in all the recorded instances of Hippopotami born in captivity. Subsequently I made a more detailed examination of the different viscera. In this work I have been greatly aided by my assistant Mr. T. W. Bridge; and I have also had the benefit of the advice and suggestions of Professor Humphry. The anatomy of the Hippopotamus was first investigated by Dau- benton*, who dissected a foetus, and gave figures of the external and internal disposition of the stomach. I am loath to find fault with a man so painstaking as Daubenton was; but I must confess that it is very difficult, if not impossible, to learn any thing from his figures, even with the actual stomach before you. Eighty-three years elapsed before any thing further of importance was done; and then Gra- tiolet’s elaborate monograph + appeared, published after his death by Dr. Alix. He had dissected at least two individuals—a male and a female ; and Dr. Alix had the opportunity of verifying his statements upon a third, that died at the Jardin des Plantes while he was ar- ranging the MS. for publication. Excellent as this work is, there are still some points that need correction, and one at least (which I shall discuss presently) about which further information is requested by the author. The Hippopotamus that was burnt at the Crystal Palace in 1866 was dissected by Dr. Crisp, who recorded some of his observations in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ t. It will be seen that the above researches have all been made on either fcetal specimens or very young animals, the oldest being that dissected by Dr. Crisp, aged fourteen months and a few days. The only record of the dis- section of an adult is by Prof. Peters§, but is unfortunately very brief; what information he does give is extremely valuable. It is remarkable that nothing should have been done with those that have been born and died at Amsterdam. So far as I can discover, no notices have been published respecting their anatomy; it does not even appear that they have been dissected. The few points that I shall dwell upon are, of course, only those that have been inadequately or erroneously noticed by preceding in- vestigators. I shall be careful not to go again over ground that has been once thoroughly worked. The drain has been described and figured admirably by Gratiolet ; there is also a short note on it by Peters. I pass therefore * Tn the twelfth volume of Buffon, ed. 1784. + ‘Recherches sur l’Anatomie de l’Hippopotame,’ par Louis-Pierre Gratiolet. 4to. Paris, 1867. + P. ZS. 1867, pp. 601 and 689. § Reise nach Mossambique, p. 180. 1872. ] ANATOMY OF THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. 187 at once to the mouth. It is remarkable that while the palate, tongue, larynx, trachea, and cesophagus have all been described, the space intervening between the tongue and the cesophagus should Fig. 1. Tongue, larynx, and trachea of Hippopotamus, two-thirds natural size. A. Root of tongue. B. Epiglottis. C. Arytenoid cartilages. have been passed over almost in silence. Gratiolet* pays but little attention to it; and Dr. Crisp merely notes the similarity * L. ¢. pp. 307-315. He speaks of the epiglottis being applied to the palate so as effectually to separate the pharynx from the mouth, but does not seem to contemplate the possibility of its being used as I have suggested. 188 MR. J. W. CLARK ON THE VISCERAL [Feb. 20, to the same parts in the Porpoise, but gives no description of them. I have drawn the parts in figs. 1 and 2. Fig. 1 represents the back of the tongue with the opening of the larynx, when removed from the mouth and suspended by the tongue; fig. 2, the same parts viewed from the right side. The root of the tongue is smooth, thick, and very much arched. Between it and the origin of the epiglottis is a space measuring 13!’ in the centre, and 3" at the sides, from A to B. This space is con- Fig. 2. Tongue, larynx, and trachea of Hippopotamus, viewed from the right side. A, Root of tongue. B. Epiglottis. C. Arytenoid cartilages. cave, with a slight ridge in the middle, and furrows to the right and left leading from the sides of the tongue to those of the epiglottis. Between the epiglottis and the wall of the pharynx this channel is very deep and narrow, but capable apparently of considerable dila- tation. The epiglottis and arytenoid cartilages combine together to form an elongated tubular structure that resembles in a very striking manner the arrangement of these parts in the Cetacea, and may, I think, be put occasionally to the same use, namely to advance into and close the posterior nares, so as to preserve a free passage for air to the lungs while the mouth of the animal is under water. The epi- glottis is 3" high in front, with a slight depression in the middle. It wraps round the arytenoid cartilages, which are 3" high behind. It will be seen from the figures that the right cartilage slightly overlaps the left. The tissue that connects them is extremely loose, so as either to allow of their firmly uniting, or of their separating sufficiently to admit a structure between them, such as the septum narium, should they be thrust forward into the nostrils. It will be seen that the arytenoid cartilages are curled upon themselves at their outer border within the laryngeal aperture. I find that the aperture of the posterior nostrils will just admit the structure I have attempted to describe. I regret that the animal was so young that the mamme were scarcely developed, and the mammary gland not at all. It would be interesting to examine whether, in an adult animal, the mammary gland bears any resemblance to that of the Porpoise, where the milk 1872. ] ANATOMY OF THE HIPPOPOTAMUS, 189 is collected in a great central reservoir, from which it can be injected into the mouth of the young one while under water. We now come to the most remarkable viscus in the body—the stomach. This has been described and figured by Daubenton, by Gratiolet, and by Dr. Crisp; but the figures are all so inaccurate as to be nearly useless. I have therefore figured it again in its natural position, after first hardening it in strong spirit. Fig. 3 represents the anterior, fig. 4 the posterior aspect, of one fourth the natural size, and fig. 5 of half the natural size, the interior of the divisions marked A and B. The stomach has been variously described: as a stomach shaped like a colon, with an appendix to the cardiac sac, and a true paunch in front of the sac (Gratiolet) ; or, as a stomach with three external and four internal divisions (Peters). It seems to me better to describe it at once as a stomach with four divisions, for the separation between the third and fourth portions is most plainly indicated on its external surface, at least in the specimen I am describing. I have distinguished the four divisions by the letters A, B, C, D. The cesophagus enters immediately above the point of junction of Fig. 3. Anterior aspect of the stomach of Hippopotamus, one-fourth natural size. A, B, C, D. The four divisions in order. F. Partition in the interior of divi- sion 4. K. Csophagus. JZ. Duodenum. the divisions A and B. The arrangement of these parts will be better understood by reference to fig. 5. A piece of the wall of the cardiac end has been removed, as shown by the dotted line in fig. 4; and the view is taken right along the central portion of the stomach, from left to right of the animal. The longitudinal folds of the lining membrane of the cesophagus converge and meet upon the edge of a 190 MR. J. W. CLARK ON THE VISCERAL [Feb. 20, valve (marked E), which extends along the posterior side of the division A till it meets the partition dividing this portion of the stomach from that which succeeds (C). From the point where these folds touch the edge of the valve a second set are given off, which seem to conduct the food into the division C. There is a second valve, or rather partition, as seen in the figure, extending down the whole length of this sac almost to its apex, and dividing it nearly equally. Its course may be traced externally by a depression on the outside of the stomach, from the point F along the dark line which curves round the cardiac end in fig. 3. The partition between A and C is designated by the letter G. Fig. 4. AW Posterior aspect of the same parts, of the same size. A, B, C, D. The four divisions in order. H. Passage between divisions C and D. The dotted lines on divisions A and B. indicate the extent of the aperture cut in their walls to show their internal structure. The division B is not subdivided by valves of any kind. Its walls are thick ; nearly 4", and the villi are very large and coarse, disposed along lines which take the direction shown in fig. 5. The passage from A to C is narrowed by a partition (G) to 3" in height. The compartment C is crossed obliquely by eight transverse partitions extending round the lower half of its diameter. The number of these varies: Gratiolet’s specimen had nine, Dr. Crisp’s seven. Of these, six only are visible on the exterior. The first is attached to the partition dividing this portion from A; and the last is very small, and within the passage leading to D. They are of no great 1872. | ANATOMY OF THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. 191 height: the highest measures barely 2", and the lowest ate? hie portion has a nearly uniform diameter of 3". Internal view of the first and second divisions of the stomach of Hippopotamus, half natural size. A, B. First and second divisions, viewed from the left side. C. Interior of third division. 4G. Partition between divisions 4 and C. F. Partition in the interior of division 4. E. Valve along the posterior side of the same. Between the divisions C and D there is a passage, the floor of which measures 23" along its anterior edge, 13" along its posterior, and is 1" high in the centre. It is marked H on fig. 4, where its course may be seen to extend over the commencement of the last division. This is crossed by nine crescentic transverse bands along its anterior surface, as shown in fig. 3. One only, the third in de- scending order, is of any extent ; it measures 3! from side to side, and 1'' in depth at its deepest part. Six only of these are visible on the exterior. The pyloric aperture is marked by an annular con- striction 3" in diameter. Immediately beyond the pylorus the in- testine is much dilated for a distance of about 3! (fig. 4). A microscopic examination of the coats of the different stomachs (kindly undertaken for me by my friend N. H. Martin, Esq., of Christ’s College) shows that the villi are of nearly the same shape throughout the first three divisions, being short cylindrical pro- jections, varying somewhat in size and distribution in the different 192 MR. J. W. CLARK ON THE VISCERAL [Feb. 20, parts. They are very small and few in number in A; and there are no peptic glands among them. There are no villi upon the large valve in A. In B they are largest and most numerous, interspersed with here and there a few mucous glands. In C they are numerous, dis- posed in lines that cross the divisions obliquely, but they are not large. In D there are no villi, but tubular peptic glands, like those ordinarily found in that portion of a stomach which secretes the gastric fluid, as in the ‘‘abomasus”’ of a Ruminant. I have been describing the stomach according to my own speci- men; but when I came to examine that of the male that died in the Gardens last year, and which is now preserved in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, I found the most remarkable differ- ence of arrangement. Professor Flower has most kindly allowed me to make a sketch of it (fig. 6), which will explain my meaning at a Stomach of Hippopotamus, drawn from the specimen in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. The letters denote the same parts as in figures 4 and 5. glance. It will be seen that the divisions B and D, instead of being directed downwards, are directed upwards; the passage at the point H is on the under instead of on the upper border ; and at the pylorus there is a crescentic valve succeeded by a wide portion of intestine, which presently becomes thickened and contracted, suddenly instead of gradually. An arrangement such as this would seem to be im- plied by Peters’s phrase, ‘‘a stomach with three divisions externally and four internally,” which he observed in an adult. The arrange- ment indicated in Gratiolet’s figure, which I have reproduced (fig. 7), is intermediate between the two. Division B is not bent upon itself at all, but lies parallel to C; while D is more globular in shape, and 1872. | ANATOMY OF THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. 193 underlies a portion of C. Daubenton’s specimen (so far as one can understand his figure at all) resembled mine, except that the last division was much smaller in proportion. Daubenton makes no mention of the crescentic folds in D; neither does Dr. Crisp. Disappearance with age might account for Dr. Crisp not finding them; but Daubenton’s specimen was feetal. I am unable to offer any reason for this very strange alteration of arrangement. I can only state what I have observed. Stomach of Hippopotamus, after Gratiolet, ‘ Recherches sur l’'Anatomie de l'Hippopotame,’ pl. ix. fig. 4. - The letters denote the same parts as in the preceding figures. Intestines.—They measured 49 feet from the pylorus to the anus. On opening the abdomen the small intestines were alone visible. The colon lay beneath them, and was not disposed in spiral folds as it isin some Pachyderms. The small intestines are thickly beset with very fine silky villi, 3! long. There is no cecum, and no marked division into small and large intestine; but at about 3! 6! from the anus the villi suddenly cease, and the tube dilates consi- derably. At this part, for about 4" in length, the mucous mem- brane is puckered into longitudinal folds, which are occasionally crossed by other folds transversely, so as to enclose a number of spaces of irregular size and shape. The floor of these spaces is again subdivided in a similar manner by fresh reduplications of the mem- brane, producing hollows of the most varied form (some large and some small), so as to give in places, where the size does not exceed that of a small pin’s head, an appearance not unlike the orifices of glands. The whole arrangement may, to a certain extent, be com- pared to the reticulations of the membrane of the intestines of certain Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1872, No. XIII. 194 MR. J. W. CLARK ON THE VISCERAL [ Feb. 20, Fig. 8. Uterus of Hippopotamus amphibius. A. Uterus. D. Vagina, B, C. Lower portion of ditto. . Clitoris. fishes, as the Sturgeon and the Frogfish. Dr. Crisp* describes and figures this part, and calls it the “colic gland;’’ but we could not * L.c. p. 604. Comp. Gratiolet, p. 395, who speaks of “ un espace couvert de petits plis entrecroisés qui lui donnent un aspect aréolaire.” 1872. ] ANATOMY OF THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. 195 discover any glands, after a very minute and careful dissection. The coats of the large intestine are very much thicker than those of the small, and the mesentery is much stouter and stronger. In this specimen it was heavily weighted with fat. I regret that I omitted to examine the pancreas. The spleen is flat and elongated, rather broader at one end than at the other, and partially divided into two lobes. It measured 53" in length, and 4" in breadth at its widest part. The liver has been described and figured by Gratiolet. Uterus.—Fig. 8 (p. 194) represents this organ laid open. Gratiolet remarks (p. 401), “‘ The uterus has two flexuous, intestiniform horns, opening by a broad orifice into a common cavity of moderate extent, which almost immediately, without the interposition of any distinctly marked neck, becomes the vagina. This vagina presents first a tract covered with circular bands like valvule conniventes. More than twenty-five of these bands can be counted. Next comes a space covered with longitudinal folds, terminating in a cul de sac near the urogenital chamber, without any aperture. Is this imperforation of the vagina constant in female Hippopotami of this age ?”’ The uterus of my specimen differs in several particulars from that the description of which I have just given. The body of the uterus (A, fig. 8) is very small. There is no proper ‘os tince.” The septum between the confluent horns terminates about 3" in front of the constriction that takes its place. The superior portion of the vagina (that above the point where the longitudinal folds terminate) is marked by thirteen transverse muscular bands, subdivided longitu- dinally by striations of greater or less depth. These are shallower and more numerous between the bands than on their surface. The bands themselves are thickest at the superior end, where they alter- nate; that is to say, each band extends only halfway across the vagina, its termination gradually dying into the walls. Possibly these, from their great size and thickness, may perform the functions of an “os.” The lower portion from B to C, 25" in length, is marked by two prominent diverging rugz, between and to the sides of which the muscular bands before described are continued, but they are much less definite and distinct. The vagina was perforate; the aperture was small, but admitted a slender probe without difficulty. In front of this aperture are three deep depressions. The central one contains the orifice of the urethra. Those on each side appear to be merely continuations of the deep folds of membrane above. The walls at this part are exceedingly thick, nearly half an inch in breadth. The central portion and front wall of what may be termed the *‘cloaca”’ is occupied by the clitoris, the superior surface of which is marked by a deep groove, continuous with the opening of the urethra. On each side of this, above the opening of the rectum, is a deep pit or pouch, 1! long, by 3" wide and 3" deep. 196 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON SPONGIADZ. Feb. 20, 2. Contributions to a General History of the Spongiade. By J. S. Bowersang, LL.D., F.R.S., &c. &c.—Part II. [Received January 23, 1872.] (Plates X. & XI.) Greop1a M‘AnprReEwt, Bowerbank. (Plate X.) Sponge massive, sessile ; surface even, thickly pitted, hirsute with large and long fusiformi-acerate external defensive spicula, promi- nently projected; and at the surface with long fusiformi-spiculated porrecto-ternate, and very large attenuato-porrecto-furcated ternate external defensive spicula, slightly projected. Dermis furnished profusely beneath the dermal membrane with minute subspinous cylindro-stellate spicula. Dermal membrane thin and translucent, spiculous ; spicula fusiformi-acerate, minute and slender. Connecting spicula attenuato-patento-ternate, very large, and occasionally with the radii furcated ; and also attenuato-recurvo-ternate spicula, long and slender, few in number. Oscula small, congregated in an ex- tensive superficial area. Pores congregated in numerous small de- pressions or pits, furnished with small radiating fasciculi of fusiformi- acerate tension-spicula, and with numerous minute subspinous cylin- dro-stellate retentive spicula. Skeleton-spicula fusiformi-acerate, very large and long. Interstitial membranes—tension-spicula fusi- formi-acerate, small and variable in size ; retentive spicula subspinons, cylindro-stellate, very minute. Ovaria subglobose, large, depressed. Hab. South side of Vigten Island, Norway, 100 fathoms (Rodert M‘Andrew, Esq.). Colour. Deep cream-yellow. Examined in the dried state. This remarkably fine species was brought up by the dredge of my friend Mr. M‘Andrew, from 100 fathoms depth, at the south side of Vigten Island, Norway. In its dried condition it is 103 inches in length by 9 in width and 53 inches in height, and has the form of an irregular hemisphere. One end of the mass is depressed into nearly a circular plane, extending from the base line to near the top of the sponge ; and the middle of this plane for 5 inches in diameter is eccupied by small oscula, rarely attaining a line in diameter, but exceedingly numerous. My late friend Mr. Lucas Barrett, who ac- companied Mr. M‘Andrew, says that when fresh from the sea it was nearly 18 inches in diameter at the base, and “ that the whole of the surface, excepting that part occupied by the oscula, was fur- nished with long bristle-like spicula, very numerous and as close together as the hairs on a man’s head, and that it was extremely heavy and fleshy in its texture.’ Notwithstanding the partial drying it had undergone during its voyage home, the interior when I received it had much the consistence of indurated liver. I think the specimen comprises nearly the whole of the sponge, and that — ee eS ee Cs oA). Se er ied hen N80 Ahn ke be eww oy 60 3359M'M ‘TIM9SAPUY g/L SIPOss) “ SNOPTY Sue TM UAT 3° PC > 2 ae eet ed P.Z.S.1872. Plate XT. A l ms f } Ss ~ Se ra me W West &C° amp Barrett. Geodia ‘sa oe 1872.] DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON SPONGIADA. 197 the natural base was as extended as the present mutilated one, as the basal fasciculi of the skeleton run uninterruptedly from the centre to the circumference of the present base. Unfortunately the whole of the long surface-spicula were rubbed off during its carriage from Liverpool; but as I carefully preserved all the spicula that I found in the paper in which it was packed, I fully satisfied myself of their structure, and that they were truly from the sponge in question. Beside the large fusiformi-spiculated porrecto-ternate spicula, there are numerous small fusiformi-acerate ones, which connect, the dermal membrane with the stratum of ovaries beneath it; but they appear, even in the dried specimen, scarcely to project their apices through the membrane, excepting in the neighbourhood of the pores, around which they project in small radiating fasciculi for a fourth or a third of their length, apparently as organs of defence to those orifices, which are congregated in little pits or depressions, and which give a striking character to the surface of the dried specimen. The pores vary in form from round to oval, and in diameter from zt; inch to =}, inch ; and beneath each group of pores there was an intermarginal cavity, the diameter of the diaphragm at the base of which varied from +}, inch to +}; inch. The structure of the large fusiform-spiculated porrecto-ternate spicula is new and interesting; the shaft of the spiculum is conti- nued in a straight line, and terminates acutely and at about the length of one of the radii; beneath its apex three radii are given off at equal distances from each other, slightly curving towards the distal points in the direction of about an angle of 45 degrees. The fur- cated porrecto-ternate spicula are larger and stronger than the por- recto-ternate ones; and the angle at which they curve upwards from the shaft is from about 50 to 60 degrees. The oscula are extremely numerous; although they occupy an area of about 5 inches in dia- meter they are rarely as much as the eighth of an inch apart: the orifice is level with the surface-plane, and is surrounded by a thin marginal membrane; and the entrance for about the length of its own diameter is cylindrical and perfectly open, but at that point there is situated a stout veil or diaphragm. In some cases this was more or less open; but in the greater number it was firmly and com- pletely closed, the membrane exhibiting numerous concentric ruge, at the middle of which there was a strong pursing of the tissue. This opaque spot was not always in the centre of the membrane; but it always formed the centre of the concentric lines of ruge. The lining membrane of the entrance to the osculum was smooth and tense, and exhibited a series of lines at right angles to the long axis of the osculum, indicating the presence of fibrous tissue. On examining the veils or diaphragms at the inner surface they appeared at least twice the diameter of the inner orifice of the osculum, which bevelled slightly inward, like a very shallow funnel, to the outer margin of which the extreme edge of the diaphragm was firmly attached, thus readily allowing of an opening of the membrane tc the full extent at least of the diameter of the cylindrical outer tube of the osculum. The interstitial membranes were singularly crowded 198 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON SPONGIAD. [Feb. 20, with extraneous matter—Polycystina? Foraminifera, grains of sand, and the spicula of other sponges were abundant amidst the proper fusiformi-acerate spicula of the membranes ; and the cylindro-stellate spicula of the sarcode were very abundant. The ovaries are very large and have the form of a depressed sphere, very closely resem- bling an orange in shape, the foramen being situated in the position that the attachment to ms stalk would be in the orange. An ave- rage-sized one measured +), — in diameter, while a full-sized one of G. Barretti measured only =4, inch in diameter. The skeleton- spicula are very large, frequently a quarter of an inch in length. I cannot better name this fine species of Geodia than by dedicating it to my friend Mr. M‘Andrew, to whose spirited and constant exer- tions to extend our knowledge of marine natural history the scientific world are deeply indebted, and whose kindness and liberality has been extended to every one who has the pleasure of knowing him and who are engaged in pursuits similar to his own. Grop1a Barretti, Bowerbank. (Plate XI.) Sponge massive, sessile ; surface even, both strongly and minutely hirsute, with more or less of large fusiformi-acerate spicula, and universally with small fusiformi-acerate spicula projecting at right angles from one sixth to one eighth of their length; and profusely, beneath the dermal membrane, with minute cylindro-stellate spicula. Dermal membrane thin, translucent, aspiculous. Connecting spicula attenuato-furcated patento-ternate, stout ; and attenuato-recurvo- ternate, long and slender. Oscula congregated in deeply depressed areas, veiled, numerous and small. Pores inconspicuous, minute, dispersed. Skeleton-spicula fusiformi-acerate, large. Interstitial membranes—tension-spicula fusiformi-acerate, small, variable in size, abundant; retentive spicula cylindro-stellate, minute. Ovaria much depressed. Hab. South side of Vigten Island, Norway, 100 fathoms (Rodert M‘Andrew, Esq.). Colour. Deep cream-yellow. Examined in the fresh state. I am indebted to my kind friend Mr. M‘Andrew for three fine specimens of this species. One is of a semilunate form, 83 inches in length, 5 inches in breadth, and 2 inches in depth, and it is evi- dently only a portion of a much larger specimen. The second une is of a somewhat oval form, 53 inches in length, 4 inches in breadth, and 33 inches in height, and is the one figured. The third one is 53 inches high, 43 inches broad, and 2 inches thick, and is very unlike in form to the first two specimens. The surface is very much more undulating, and it is only in some of the depressed portions of this specimen that we have any indication of the large spicula which render those parts of the surface so extraordinarily villous. In these spots the spicula, which exceed the eighth of an inch in length, are so abundant that they completely cover and obscure the surface of the sponge, from which they project nearly the whole of their length, 1872.] DR. J. S: BOWERBANK ON SPONGIAD2. 199 the proximal ends of many of them scarcely passing through the dermal crust of the sponge. On the more exposed parts of the sponge only a very few were to be found; and, what is very remark- able, some of the deepest and most protected depressions were equally destitute of them. In the first specimen, when the two parts into which it was divided were put together, there were the remains of two very large depressed areas, and one smaller but perfect one ; the latter was nearly circular, with gradually rounded edge, and at the level of the outer surface was 13 inch in diameter, and ? inch deep. The bottom of this area was crowded with small oscula, none of which exceeded half a line in diameter. Remains of the same cribriform arrangement of the oscula was apparent in the portions of the larger areas ; and in these some of the oscula were as much as a line in diameter. In the second specimen there is but one, large, nearly circular, depressed area, which decreased in size from 1 inch at the surface-level to 2 inch at its smallest diameter; half an inch within the level of the surface it expanded into a great oval cavity 2 inches deep from the surface- level ; and the whole of the interior, from immediately within the level of the greatest contraction of the orifice, was lined with closely packed oscula, presenting the same cribriform arrangement as in the specimen first described. Nearly all of the oscula in both specimens were closed by a stout membranous veil. When a portion of these oscula were immersed in water and examined by transmitted light with a power of 260 linear the membranous veils were seen to be depressed below the level of the surrounding margin, faint concen- tric lines or ridges were apparent, and a thickening and pursing of the membrane near the middle of the area was visible. From the marginal ring of the oscula numerous small fusiformi-acerate dermal spicula were projected for about a fourth or a third of their length ; and deeper within the margin a few were projected for at least three fourths of their length: this projection of spicula is apparently to prevent the intrusion of vermes or other predaceous animals; and both by structure and position they are admirably adapted for such a purpose. The depressions immediately above the intermarginal cavities, which appear like pores in the dried specimen, are barely visible with an inch lens; and in a portion of the first specimen described, which was preserved in salt and water immediately on being taken from the sea, they were not in the slightest degree visible with the same power. The dermal membrane covers the external expanded orifices of the intermarginal cavities. It is perforated by numerous minute pores equally dispersed over the surface, and which apparently have the power of opening or closing at the will of the animal. When a portion of the crustular dermis was cleared from the connecting spicula, so as to expose both the outer and inner surfaces to view, and then mounted in Canada balsam, many of the pores were found in an open condition ; but in the specimen preserved in salt and water none could be detected in that state. 200 DR. J. Ss BOWERBANK ON SPONGIAD. [Feb. 20, The orifices to the open pores in the dermal inembrane varied in diameter from =1~ inch to z,/;5 inch. Immediately beneath the dermal membrane there is a stratum of sarcode filled with minute cylindro-stellate spicula. This stratum forms about two fifths of the entire thickness of the dermal crust, which is connected with the mass of gemmules beneath by the fusiformi-acerate spicula of the dermal crust. The distal points of these spicula pass through the dermal membrane, while their proximal ones are embedded in the outer surface of the ovarian stratum, which forms about three fifths of the entire thickness of the crust. The stratum of sarcode filled with minute cylindro-stellate spicula appears to perform a very important part in the economy of the animal. It is traversed by minute canals at various angles, each canal being connected at one end with a pore, and terminating at the other in the expanded distal extremity of an intermarginal cavity. The cylindo-stellate spicula, strengthening and supporting the sarcode stratum, are exceedingly minute; they vary in their extreme diameter from 3,55 to z¢zg inch. The length of the fusi- formi-acerate spicula is <1; inch. The arrangement of the ternate connecting spicula at the inner surface of the crustular coat is exceedingly interesting: they occur in a series of bundles; the long attenuated shafts of each fasciculus approximate at their bases and diverge thence until the ternate head of each is about equally distant from its surrounding neighbours ; and the extremities of the rays touch or slightly cross each other, thus forming a beautiful regular angular network, the meshes being six or seven-sided according to circumstances. The upper surfaces of the radii are firmly attached to, or partially embedded in, the under surface of the crustular stratum. Within each of these areas there is usually to be seen the proximal end of one of the intermar- ginal cavities. The intermarginal cavities exhibit a high degree of organization ; they are in form not unlike a bell, the proximal end being at the inner surface of the crustular dermis, and the distal one at the inner surface of the stratum of sarcode and stellate spicula immediately beneath the dermal membrane, and towards which it gradually in- creases in its diameter; the proximal end of one measured 54, inch in diameter, and the distal end ;4; inch. These cavities are lined throughout their length with a stout transparent membrane; and at the proximal end of each cavity there is a strong membranous dia- phragm, which in the greater number of cases was in a closed state ; in this condition the membrane was filled with concentric circles composed of minute rugee or thickened lines, and at the centre was closely pursed together, completely closing the orifice. In some the membrane was only partially closed, and the orifice was either cir- cular or slightly oval; and in two instances in the same field of view the orifices were nearly as large as the basal opening of the bell- shaped cavity, and the central margin of each diaphragm at its proximal end was dense, highly coloured, and much thicker than at the other parts of the membranes. The pursing of the membrane ar 1872.) DR. J. Ss BOWERBANK ON SPONGIAD&. 201 of the diaphragm was always outward, so that when viewed from within it presented a slightly funnel-shaped depression, the bottom of which was conical. A section at right angles to its surface of one of the diaphragms mounted in Canada balsam measured tz7e of an inch in thickness, being at least eight or ten times that of the lining membrane of the cavity. The recurvo-ternate spicula always accompany the expando- ternate ones ; but their grapnel-like heads rarely appear to reach the inner surface of the dermal crust, and I did not observe in any case that their heads were immersed in the stratum of gemmules. The recurved radii of these spicula are remarkably long. Occasionally, but very rarely, a porrecto-ternate spiculum was found among the recurvo-ternate ones. The skeleton-spicula are large and stout; they were collected in large and continuous fasciculi running from the basal centre to the surface of the sponge, where they unite with the attenuated shafts of the connecting spicula. The eylindro-stellate spicula of the sar- code of the interstitial membranes are in great abundance ; they are precisely the same in form and size as those immediately beneath the dermal membrane. The gemmules, or ovaria, in the dermal crust are mostly in an exhausted or solid state ; occasionally on the outer surface of the stratum there are a few in a prolific condition. They are also abundantly dispersed over the interstitial membranes of the interior; and in that part of the sponge the greater number of prolific ones are to be found. They may be there seen in all degrees of development; the young and imperfectly developed ones appear always to be surrounded by a proper membrane, within which they are embedded in a mass of pulpy or sarcodous matter. Considering the foramen to be the top of the gemmule, their form is that of a sphere considerably depressed, so that viewed in profile they present quite an oval form. The diameter of an adult one measured was ahy inch. The anatomy of this remarkable species exhibits an amount of elaborate structural peculiarities that could scarcely be imagined to exist In a creature hitherto considered to be among the lowest in the scale of created beings. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. Puatr X. Geodia M‘Andrewii, Bowerbank. Fig. 1. Represents the type specimen, half the natural size, in its present dried condition, Fig. 2. About half of one of the large fusiformi-acerate defensive spicula, mag- nified 80 linear. Fig. 3. A spiculated porrecto-ternate external defensive spiculum, magnified 80 linear. Fig. 4. One of the large attenuated porrecto-furcated ternate external defensive spicula, magnified 80 linear, Fig. 5. A minute subspinous eylindro-stellate spiculum from the dermal mem- brane of one of the porous areas, magnified 530 linear. 202 DR. J. S.s BOWERBANK ON SPONGIADA. [Feb. 20, Fig. 6. One of the small fusiformi-acerate tension-spicula from the dermal membrane of one of the porous areas, magnified 80 linear. Fig. 7. Pines attenuato-patento-ternate connecting spiculum, magnified 80 near. Fig. 8. A ee attenuato-patento-ternate connecting spiculum, magnified 80 linear. Fig. 9. One of the recurvo-ternate spicula from immediately beneath the ex- ternal crust of the sponge, magnified 80 linear. Fig. 10. About half of one of the large fusiformi-acerate skeleton-spicula, mag- nified 80 linear. Fig. 11. An ovary from the external surface of the sponge, magnified 108 linear. Fig. 12. The foramen of one of the ovaries, showing the funnel-shaped disposi- tion of the spicula, magnified 308 linear. For further illustration of the structure of the ovaries of this sponge I must refer the reader to the ‘Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society’ for 1862, pl. xxxiv. figs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6:—Fig. 2 representing an ovarium in very nearly an adult state, magnified 183 linear. Fig. 3. A small portion of the surface of an adult ovarium, exhibiting the foramen, magnified 308 linear. Fig. 4. A por- tion of a young ovarium with the distal points of its spicula acutely terminated, not being fully developed, magnified 308 linear. Fig. 5. A section through nearly the centre of a mature ovarium, showing the radiation of its spicula from near the centre to its cireumference, magnified 308 linear. Fig 6. Two ovaria, (@) containing about the maximum of ova, (4) after a great part of the ova have been discharged, magnified 108 linear. Figures similar to those referred to in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ may also be seen in ‘ Monograph of British Spongiade,’ vol. i. figs. 8325-329, Prats XI. Geodia Barretti, Bowerbank. Fig. 1. Represents the type specimen of the species, natural size. Fig. 2. One of the large fusiformi-acerate spicula, representing both the large external defensive and the skeleton-spicula, magnified 80 linear. Fig. 3. One of the small fusiformi-acerate spicula which form the secondary system of external defensive spicula, magnified 80 linear. These spi- cula are identical with the tension-spicula of the interstitial membranes, the same figure serving to represent both. Fig. 4. The head of one of the large attenuato-furcated patento-ternate connect- ing spicula, abundant immediately beneath the dermal crust of the sponge, magnified 80 linear. The shafts of these spicula are rather stouter and nearly twice the length of the skeleton ones; they are fre- quently one sixth or one fifth of an inch in length. Fig. 5. An attenuato-recurvo-ternate spiculum of the normal form, magnified 80 linear. The heads of these spicula are subject to frequent dis- tortions. Fig. 6. Represents one of the most singular of the numerous distortions of the heads of the recurvo-ternate spicula, the radii in which are double the usual number, magnified 80 linear. By an oversight of the artist, a figure of the minute cylindro-stellate retentive spicula of the dermal and interstitial membranes has been omitted; but a reference to those of G. M‘Andrewii will afford an accurate idea of their form. Fig. 7. One of the ovaria, magnified 250 linear. For further information regarding the anatomy of this sponge I must refer the reader to the ‘ Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society’ for 1862— pl. xxxii. fig. 2, for a section of the sponge at right angles to its surface; fig. 3 for a view of a small portion of the dermal crust; and fig. 4 for a group of the inhalant pores. Similar figures will also be found in ‘ Monograph of British Spongiade,’ figs. 354, 301, and 302. eulemé M&N.Hanhart imp | | | 1872. | MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON FELIS PARDINOIDES. 203 3. On Felis pardinoides, J. KH. Gray. By D. G. Exxior, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c. [Received February 20, 1872.] In the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society for 1867, p. 400, Dr. Gray has described a Cat as Felis pardinoides, giving as its habitat India. The typical specimen is evidently not an adult animal ; and from its resemblance to F. geoffroyi, I felt certain, while examining it, that its habitat was not correctly given. During my late visit to Leyden I found another specimen of a Cat, almost precisely similar to Dr. Gray’s type, marked as F’. geoffroyi, and stated to have been brought from Patagonia, the native country of that species. This Leyden specimen (which is also that of a young animal) by the kind- ness of Prof. Schlegel I have been enabled to remove to London, and thus to identify with the so-called F'. pardinoides. The young F. geoffroyi appears to differ from the adult in the larger size and somewhat different arrangement of the spots, those upon the sides, shoulder, and rump being, as Dr. Gray describes them, “varied with grey hairs in the centre, making them appear somewhat as if they were formed of a ring of smaller black spots.” But the general colour of the animal, with its lengthened annulated tail, is precisely that of typical F. geoffroyt. Dr. Sclater has already shown that the Pardalina warwickit, Gray, is also F. geoffroyi (P. Z. 8.1870). The synonymy of this species will therefore be somewhat as follows :— FELIS GEOFFROYI. Felis geoffroyi, D’Orb. Voy. Am. Mérid. t. 13; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, pp. 272, 400; Gray, Cat. Carn. Mamm. 1869, p. 23; Sclat. P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 796. Leopardus himalayanus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. Brit. Mus. 1842, p. 44. Pardalina warwicki, Gray, P. Z.S. 1867, p. 267, pl. 24; dd. Cat. Carn. Mamm. 1869, p. 14. Felis pardinoides, Gray, P. Z.S8. 1867, p. 400; zd. Cat. Carn. Mamm. 1869, p. 27. sp. 23. Hab. South America, Patagonia. 4. Further Remarks on the External Characters and Ana- tomy of Macacus brunneus. By Joun Anverson, M.D., Calcutta. [Received February 6, 1872.] (Plate XII.*) Very shortly after I had received the specimen of the Monkey from * This figure has been prepared by Mr. Keulemans from the living specimens of Macacus brunneus received since Dr. Anderson’s paper was read. After examining them I have come to the conclusion that this species is not different from M. arctoides, Is. Geoffr, Mag. de Zool. 1833, Mamm. pl. 11.—P. L. S. 204 DR. J. ANDERSON ON MACACUS BRUNNEUS. | Feb. 20, Bhamé in Upper Burmah from which my original description of this species was taken, I learned through Mr. Oscar Fraser that a tame Monkey had arrived in Calcutta from the hilly region of Cachar. I had the good fortune to secure the specimen for this Society, and to recognize in it the same species as the Bhamo Monkey, from which it only differs in being a little lighter-coloured. Strange to say, this Cachar specimen had not been long in my possession when Lieut. Bourne, whose attention I had called to the subject of Cachar Mon- keys, and to whom I had indicated the probability that the Bhamé species might extend as far west as the hilly region of Sylhet and Cachar, sent me a young female with an unclosed fontanelle, which I have also forwarded to you by Mr. Jamrach, who very kindly under- took the care of the two specimens. Mr. Jamrach has also taken with him to London another young female, also from Cachar. Since my first acquaintance with this Monkey, I have been informed by Mr. Rutledge, the extensive dealer of animals in the city, and who procured Mr. Jamrach’s female, that two or three specimens of the species have been sold by him in India without his having recognized them as distinct from Macacus rhesus. All the specimens I have sent you are young; but the person from whom Mr. Fraser procured the second specimen states that the adult is a large Monkey, coloured like the male I have forwarded to London, and that it is not common in Cachar. As I have already stated in my previous note on this species, I first met with it in the Kakhyen hills to the east of Bhamo, and sent the specimen down to Bhamé to await my return from Western Yunan. On arrival at that town, I learned to my regret that the ani- mal had been beaten to death and buried; but when the second spe- cimen from Bhamo reached me at Calcutta, I almost disbelieved the tale of its death, and thought I recognized my old in my new ac- quaintance. But the death of the latter has dissipated that supposition, an examination of its teeth and the condition of its skeleton rendering it highly improbable that such was the case; for three years and a half have elapsed since I met with the first specimen, and the second is so young that it has only its milk-teeth—an unlikely circumstance if they had been one and the same individual. Another Monkey, which appears to be closely allied to so-called M. brunneus, accompanies the specimens I have sent you. It is the property of Mr. Jamrach ; and all that I have been able to learn of its history is that it was purchased at Singapore. It has the red face, short body, and the rudimentary tail of M. brunneus ; but, in- stead of having a brown, it has a bright rufous coat and faintly annu- lated hair. A young female, evidently the young of this species, has been received in Calcutta from Singapore since Mr. Jamrach’s de- parture, and it only differs from the male in having its rufous fur more or less washed with brownish. If it is not M. speciosus from Japan, I know of no other known species to which to refer it; I would indicate it as M. rufescens if it prove to be new. In my first note I was under the impression that my second Bhamé specimen was at least adolescent, if not adult ; for it had all the habits Ws: . 1872. | DR. J. ANDERSON ON MACACUS BRUNNEUVS. 205 of the latter; but, as I have already indicated, I was wrong in think- ing so, and I was really dealing with a young Monkey. The skull is very thick, the frontal bone, about half an inch above the superciliary margin, measuring 3 lines in thickness. The suture between the frontal and malar bones has entirely disappeared ; and that between the squamous and parietal on one side is partially ob- literated in its latter third. The lambdoidal, sagittal, and fronto- parietal sutures are intact ; but the fontanelle is completely closed. The principal features of this young skull are its short and full muzzle, the round orbits marked by strong, inwardly projecting supra- orbital processes, the rather broad, triangular surface formed by the nasals, and the regularly triangular orifice formed by the external nares, the contracted zygomatic arch, which is curved slightly inwards and which confers little capacity on the temporal fossa, the broad and globular form of the cranium when viewed from above, and its rather elongated oval shape when seen in profile, and the slightly swollen character of the frontal in the middle line. The short muzzle, con- tracted zygomata, and globose skull are the characters of youth; but the permanent teeth are well developed, with the exception of the last molar. Measurements of the skull. in. lin Extreme length, from preemaxille to occiput .-......-..- Anee Eminence of frontal sinus to occiput .......-6--+-+ ee: Son6 Extreme breadth above roots of zygomata ........-.+.+-- Ding Breadth at front of temporal fossa, in a line with upper mar- pin of Orbit. 6. ei. le ee eee ees 2 0 Breadth across malars ........-- 000+ eee e eee e teens Dn igh Breadth between internal margins of orbits .........--- aud Length of nasals in middle line ......-..---0- +5 ee 0ee: 1 0 Length of external nares .... 6.6.6... 00 eee eee eee 0 62 Greatest breadth of nares) .... 1... eee ee eee eee es 0 5 Nasal process of frontals to tip of premaxillaries ........ 1 10 Inner angle of orbit to tip of premaxillaries ..........-- At 2 Zygomatic notch of malar to tip of premaxillaries ........ kes 9 Length of zygomatic arch to root of pustglenoid process .. 1 4 Greatest breadth of muzzle .... 1... 62-0 see ee ee ee eee lev6 Vertical height of skull on a line with external auditory me- atus and anterior margin of foramen magnum ........ 2 2 Posterior margin of palate to anterior margin of foramen amNY PS IE ee ee Ce ces be) 33 Antero-posterior length of foramen magnum ..........-- 0 8 Posterior margin of foramen magnum to posterior extremity SMUT IONS 9S AGS5 Pe WERE EIS is 1 0 Benethiof palate...) 0. 22 i ee ee 1 43 Greatest breadth of palate .... 0... 0.065200 e eerie eee 0 103 Distance between postglenoid processes ........--..++-- 2.1 Depth from lower margin of orbit to alveolar border ...... 0 11 Length of lower jaw, from condyle to symphysis ........ 2 8 Depth from tip of coronoid ..... 66-6... eee ee es BG 206 DR. J. ANDERSON ON MACACUS BRUNNEUvS. _[Feb. 20, in. lin Breadth of ascending ramus.......-.-.+ 0. e eee ee eee eee 0 11 Breadth under *firstmalar).a0dewides 612 ee ot oes Hn 0.175 Antero-posterior length of symphysis.......-...-..+-+5 0 103 With regard to the teeth, both molars of the upper jaw have each four cusps, and the first deciduous tooth is considerably smaller than the second and first permanent molar. In the lower jaw, the first temporary molar is not so markedly quadricuspidate as the corre- sponding tooth of the upper jaw, and is much narrower than the tooth behind it, which has four cusps. The upper temporary canine has a pyramidal crown internally flattened and externally convex; and in the lower jaw this tooth has a prominent projection on the posterior margin of the base of the crown. The first permanent molar in the upper jaw has four cusps ; but in the lower jaw there is a rudimentary cusp on the posterior margin between the two hinder cusps. In the upper jaw the first permanent incisor is the first tooth to appear, and is followed by the first bicuspid. After these teeth are through the gum they would appear to be followed first by the second molar, then by the second bicuspid, and lastly by the canine. The tongue is oblong, and of nearly equal width throughout. There are only five circumvallate papilla. On the border of the tongue, external to these papille, there are twelve short vertical slits, the ex- ternal orifices of as many crypts, each of which is separated from its fellow by a very narrow septum, bearing on each of its sides a more or less triangular papillary-looking body, a considerable portion of which is in the crypt; but it also appears externally, and with its fellow of the opposite side almost invests the outer wall of the par- tition between the two crypts. The most anterior crypt is very shallow, and has a papilla only on its anterior wall. The two posterior crypts are also very shallow, but they each bear two papille. The papillee are broadest below and narrow above, attached to the sides of the septa, but springing, by the apex of the triangle, from the sides of the upper walls of the crypts. These structures, crypts, and papillee are ina straight line extending over 5 lines. From their position on the sides of the tongue immediately external to the orifices of the buccal pouches, they appear to be specially related to these structures, and have probably a twofold function—the papille being gustatory, and the crypts the orifices of numerous glands for the lubrication of the cheek-pouches, while the papillae doubtless determine whether the food that may have long lain in the buccal sacs or been stored there in haste is fit to be swallowed. The stomach consists of two portions :—first, a rounded sac which forms the bulk of the organ; and, second, a tubular portion continued on from it to the pylorus, and measuring about 1! 3!" in length and 9! in breadth. The latter portion describes a well-marked upward curve to the pylorus; and its rather strong internal, muscular coat is prolonged on to near the external margin of the cardiac projection of the globe of the stomach, where it is met by the muscular layer from the left side of the cesophagus, and by muscular fibres which pass 1872. ] DR. J. ANDERSON ON MACACUS BRUNNEUS. 207 from left to right. The inner surface of the tubular portion, with the exception of its right wall, a concavity, and the continuation of its external muscular coat on to the globe are covered with fine rugz, and the walls are thick, whilst the remainder of the inner surface is thin and smooth. The form of the stomach thus confers great ex- tension on the lesser curvature. Bigs. I. Stomach of Macacus brunneus, as partially seen from the duodenal end, half nat. size. The small intestine measures 8 feet in length, while the large in- testine is 3 feet 4 inches long. The ceecum, which is 1" 7 in length, is a simple dilatation to the right of where the small-enters the large intestine. It is somewhat pointed externally, and, immediately out- side the small intestine, measures 2 inches in diameter, having a greater capacity than the commencement of the large intestine. Fig. 2. Di’ Czcum of Macacus brunneus, half nat. size. The spleen measures 1" 5'" in length, 9'" in its greatest breadth, and 4'"' in thickness from before backwards. Its right margin is quite straight and flat, whilst its external border curves outwards and down- wards as far as the lower two thirds, where it rather abruptly arches inwards and downwards. Its upper extremity is slightly bifid. The total length of the pancreas, when the gland is laid out, mea- sures 3’ 10'", the plane portion forming 2” 8’, and the head 1” 2”. The head, for about one inch, is firmly attached to the duodenum, 208 DR. J. ANDERSON ON MACACUS BRUNNEUS. [Feb. 20, into which it opens close to and only a short way (3 lines) below the bile-duct, and 1" 4” below the pylorus. The liver has an extreme breadth of 4” 9", while the antero-pos- terior dimension of the middle lobe is 2" 5'". The left lobe has a general resemblance to the same lobe of the human liver, and is somewhat triangular and much concave on its under surface. The right and left lobes are deeply cut off from the middle or cystic lobe, which is twice as large as the lateral lobes. The anterior margin of its left third is rather deeply cut, aid marks the position of the sus- pensory ligament. The upper surface of the two thirds to the right of the latter is obliquely crossed by a well-defined groove. The right lobe is quadrangular and very slightly larger than the left lobe, and has an elongated triangular lobule, lying on its under surface from within outwards, and above it a tongue-shaped, smaller lobule, placed before and along the external margin of the lesser curvature. These two lobules have a common origin, from which they diverge in opposite directions; and between and above them there is still another and smaller lobule. The middle or cystic lobe is deeply grooved for the gall-bladder, which occupies the middle of its under surface. The gall-bladder is long and of nearly equal width throughout. The orifice of the hyoid pouch is immediately above the anterior end of the vocal cords, from which, when the hyoid and epiglottis are divided and the parts are laid aside, the floor of the passage leading into it is seen to be continuous with the convergence of the vocal cords of the two sides. When the larynx is at rest the orifice of the pouch is very small and contracted, and it appears as a mere point at the lower end of the epiglottis; but when the parts are divided’it is capable of great distension. The hyoid is much excavated, forming almost an osseous bulla and fully one half of the anterior and superior walls of the pouch, the lower, very distensible wall being formed by avery delicate membrane. The ventricles are only 2'” in depth, and present nothing worthy of remark, beyond that they are simple lateral crypts between the superior, or false, and the true vocal cords. The right lung is divided into three distinct lobes, while the left only shows two sections. The uppermost lobe, however, of the left lung is deeply incised into two, so that it is almost trilobular. The inferior lobes of the two lungs are of nearly equal size and are py- ramidal; but the anterior-inferior margin of the right lobe is incised for the reception of the external lobule of the azygos lung, while that of the left is entire. There is no appreciable difference between the length of the two lungs, the right measuring 3” 2'” and the left 3° 22'", The azygos lung is most closely connected with the inferior lobe of the right, and consists of an elongated (1" 6’”), three-sided, and downwardly tapering figure, with a lobule on either side of its attachment, one external and the other posterior. The body and posterior lobule fit in between the two inferior lobules of the right and left lungs, and the external lobule into the incision on the inner side of the inferior lobule of the right lung. The glans penis is 1" 2'” in length and about 3 lines in breadth at its widest place near the base. The upper surface is marked by a 1872. ] DR. J. ANDERSON ON MACACUS BRUNNEUS. 209 longitudinal ridge, corresponding to the position of the bone of the organ ; and at the upper extremity the skin of the glans is puckered- in about that end of the ridge. The under surface of the glans is marked anteriorly by the elongated leaf-shaped orifice of the urethra, the inferior end of the penis-bone forming the upper and anterior Fig. 3. Penis of Macacus brunneus: a, upper surface; 6, lower ditto. wall of the opening, behind which the urethral canal is considerably dilated for 7'", thedilatation being marked, on its upper wall, by a ridge formed by the genital ossicle. The glans is set on at a very obtuse angle to the body of the penis; and the whole surface is covered with small recurved spines, very closely set together, and making the surface quite rough. The spines also pass on to the body of the penis between the two divergent halves of the glans; but in that locality they are much smaller than in the former. The pre- puce is attached to the penis 3’” behind the glans. The head of the bone is attached above considerably to the ventral surface of the base of the glans, but at its margin; it curves downwards and for- wards, and is exactly one inch long. Its upper half is slightly laterally compressed ; but the lower halfis cylindrical. The proximal end forms a somewhat rounded head; while the distal end is the narrowest portion. There are twelve dorsal, six lumbar, four sacral, and eleven caudal vertebree. Metapophyses appear in the eleventh dorsal vertebra, and are strongly marked in the lumbar region; whilst the anapophyses show in the tenth dorsal—attaining their greatest development in the second, and being reduced to a mere rudiment in the last lumbar. In the last dorsal there is no transverse process, it being resolved into metapophyses and anapophyses. Only two vertebra intervene between the ilia; but the anterior Proc. Zoor. Soc.—1872, No. XIV. 210 DR. J. ANDERSON ON MACACUS BRUNNEUS. [Feb. 20, extremity of the pleurapophysial element of the next vertebra joins the posterior angle of the ilium, and is closely applied to the pleura- pophysial process of the second sacral. The fourth sacral has the same form as the third, and has a lateral expansion, apparently serially homologous with the process in front of it and with the well-developed pleurapophysial element of the second iliac vertebra. None of these vertebra, however, have united; but they have all the appearance as if they were to do so. The third sacral vertebra has a low ridge-like spine; but the fourth has its spinous process reduced to a mere rudiment. The pedicles of the anterior zygapo- physes of the second, third, and fourth sacral vertebree are short, and the facets are almost sessile on the arch. Sacrum and caudal vertebre of Macacus brunneus. The last caudal vertebra reaches only to the middle of the ischial tuberosity ; but only nine out of the eleven appear externally in the Bish 1872. ] DR. J. ANDERSON ON MACACUS BRUNNEUS. 211 tail. The first four have a little more than one inch of antero- osterior extension; while the last five, being very minute and doubled to the left side as a hook, only extend one line and a half in length. The spinous process of the first caudal is reduced to a minute nodule; while it is more strongly developed in the second and third, preserving, however, the same character that it does in the first, and it is altogether lost in the fifth caudal. The pedicles supporting the anterior zygapophyses are long and strongly developed on the first caudal; but they gradually become smaller as they are traced to the fourth, and in the fifth they are simple nodules. The anterior and posterior pedicles of the fourth and third vertebrae do not touch each other. The posterior zyga- pophyses of the third caudal are very small diverging processes, which disappear on the fourth vertebra as a minute eminence at the extremity of a ridge which is serially homologous with the pedicles of the anterior zygapophyses of the anterior caudals. The sixth caudal is a simple ossicle, nearly 2 lines in length ; and the seventh is reduced to about one third of its size. The eighth caudal vertebra is a minute ossicle, placed to the right of the axis of the spinal column, with the ninth vertebra slightly to the left of its posterior end—the tenth and eleventh vertebral ossicles being placed transversely, from right to left. In life the tail is rarely carried erect, and is, as a rule, applied over the anus, its latter fourth being doubled upon itself to the left, and serving to fill up the interspace between the upper divergent portion of the callosities; so that the animal sits on this portion of its tail, the upper surface of which is rough and somewhat callous. The latter fourth of the tail contains the hook-like process formed by the last caudal vertebrz ; but they are restricted to its base—the re- mainder of the organ being tough and tendinous, and destitute of vertebral elements. Here, then, is an instance of a Monkey sitting on its tail; and although it may be that it does not invariably do so, I am prepared to state, after careful observation, that it does so very frequently ; and there is the more importance to be attached to this observation, because this habit appears to be a peculiarity of the species. Associated with this habit, we find a tail with its latter fourth bent upon itself and applied between the callosities, and its upper surface roughened by being sat upon; and moreover we find, when we come to examine its structure, that this bent portion contains only a few rudiments of vertebree at its base, its greater extent being reduced to a tendinous mass. These facts seem to have only one ex- planation: this tail, from its short size, is in the Monkey’s way when it sits down, and frequently becomes placed under the animal while it is in this attitude; and from the circumstance that it does not ex- tend beyond the extremity of the ischial tuberosities, it seems as if the tail originally had been bent round, by the will of the animal, into the interspace between the callosities to escape being pressed between them and the ground, that, in time, the curvature became permanent, fitting in of itself when the organ happens to be sat upon. 212 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, These facts might support Lord Monboddo’s theory of the gradual disappearance of tails! 5. General List of the Spiders of Palestine and Syria, with Descriptions of numerous new Species and Characters of two new Genera. By the Rev. O. P. Camsrinen, M.A., C.M.Z.S. [Received February 2, 1872.] (Plates XIII.—XVI.) . The following list and descriptions have been prepared from a collection of Araneidea made by myself during a two-months’ ride through the Holy Land, between the 16th of March and the 18th of May 1865. A continuous journey on horseback is not favourable for collect- ing objects of natural history; but riding through Palestine is not a very rapid affair, and it was therefore usually possible to keep up on foot with the general cavalcade, and so to collect insects and spiders &c. by the way during the greater part of the day. By these means, and by a rather more lengthened sojourn than eastern travellers are commonly in the habit of making on the Jordan Plains, my collection of insects in general amounted to about 700 species of all orders, and of Spiders (Araneidea) to about 300 spe- cies; of these last, however, some. few were indeterminable from being in an immature state, 278 being determinable. Besides these, various species (not yet worked out) of other orders of Arachnida were captured, viz.:—Acaridea, Phalangidea, Solpugidea, and Scor- pionidea. The general report of Palestine, either as an entomo- logical or arachnological district, can scarcely be favourable; except in the more wooded localities, the country is too dry and barren, and it required far harder work to search for either insects or Spiders than is commonly necessary in most districts of Europe. I fre- quently worked for half an hour without during that time finding a single Spider; and the results of a day’s work would often be no more than a dozen species, while numbers of the species found were represented by only single examples, or at most by one of each sex. About one half (136) of the species of Spiders found were met with on the plains of the Jordan, and, for the most part, within a circuit of about a mile from Elisha’s Well (Ain es Sultan). A sojourn there of eight or nine days enabled me to work this district pretty closely ; of the Spiders found there, 73 species were not found elsewhere, though probably many of them might be if other parts were equally well searched. The following analysis of the collection will give some idea of the distribution of the 278 determined species among the different fami- lies and genera of Araneidea :— Pees ote PP Mine EAs 272, PEI. W. West imp. Spiders of -Palestine and Syria. edslt ATH ith e ee Ss "4 . i " Laws 4 fa s “ f wy . \ j ¥ ; ; y PS . . - ‘ , ee my a4 P 4 3} ‘ “ . i ; a . =a ; ; P e ie ce ~ a : , , u 4 4, j : ny » * . os A by X ; . 3 3 ; * ‘ + ae : « » - p> < i ry . : / - ae ' ney oe m . . + ~ Ae 7 ~ : 4 4 ; \ , . ‘ ‘ iL. > - e i D : , r; ; ‘ * A . . al : ¥ ~ ni f | ; ; | F ater : y ~ ; 3 — ¥ . 7 " : é ‘ ‘ , ae. m4, (grt? » j 7 ; : * Z f 5 } . idge delt AT Hollick Lith. W.West2C°imp. ae Spiders of Palestine and Syria. P Z.$.1872. Pl XVI. amibridge del AT Hollick ith , W.Weet &C? imp. Spiders of Palestine and Syria. Ne SL OO ee Raw tec tis ‘] oe ‘ i. . ' F 7 ’ 2 : . . ‘ . > ; aa 4 , : ey < ™ ‘ pa j - : . = ww . ee i be a Fg ight ae EN pia tee: ‘ 3 ome, ms 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. Fam. THERAPHOSIDES. Gen, Ischnocolus (Aeuss.) ...| 1 », Idiops (Perty) ......... wa Fam. Finistatines. Gen. Filistata (Latr.) ...... 1 » Miltia(Sim.)............ 1 Fam. CGicosipss. Gen. Gicobius (Lucas) ...... os MLO (Dus) oo. sec. scses 1 Fam. Dyspprivzs. Gen. Segestria (Latr.) ...... 1 », Ariadne (Savign.)...... 1 », Dysdera (Latr.) ...... a » Oonops (Templeton)...| ... Fam, Drassipgs. Gen. Gnaphosa (Laér.) ...... Eee » Drassus (Walck.) ...... 4 » Melanophora(Koch)...| 3 » Micaria (Westr.) ......| ... » Phrurolithus (Koch)...| ... », Cheiracanthium(Koch)| 4 », Clubiona (Latr.) ...... 1 », ‘Trachelas (Z. Koch) ...| ... sy Elecaérge:(B/.)' 02.2... » Agroeca (Westr.) ...... Fam. PAurimanines. iGen. Palpimanus (Duf.) ...| 1 Fam. Dicrynipgs. Gen. Eresus (Walck.) ...... 3 » Dictyna (Swnd.) ...... 2 Fam. AGELENIDES. Gen. Amaurobius (Koch) ...| 1 », Lachesis (Savign.)...... 1 » Palestina(Cambr.),en.) ... » Hnyo (Savign.) ......... 1 » Citheron(Cambr.),gn.) ... » Agelena (Walck.) ...... 1 ay Lexinix (Sund.)):.:...:;. i », Tegenaria (Latr.) ...... 1 Fam. Hersitmpes. | | Gen. Hersiliada ( Sim.) ...... a — a — eH bho _ Rb Cob orcoe re 09 C2 bo ‘Gen. Scytodes (Latr.) Fam. Scytopipes. » Loxoscelis (Hein. et LGC es caastsowetesers Fam. Paoucipss. Gen. Pholeus (Walch.) ...... Fam. Tueripies. Gen. Ariamne ( Thor.) =Ari- », Lathrodectus (Walck.) », Hrigone (Savigny) ... », Linyphia (Lafr.) ...... », Pachygnatha (Swnd.).. Fam. Epriripvns. Gen, Tetragnatha (La¢r.) ...| . 3 » Hpeira (Walek.) ...... 9; 4 » Argiope (Savign.)...... 1 1 Fam. Unoporipes. Gen. Uloborus (Latr.) ...... 2 Fam. Tuomisiprs. (Gen, Thomisus (Walek.) ...| 9] 9 Fam. Putmopromipes. (Gen. Philodromus(Walek.).| 2) 3 »» Sparassus (Walck.) ...| 4 » Heteropoda (Latr.) = Olios (Walek.) ..... Pts 1 », Selenops (Duf.)......... 1 Fam. Sruasipzs. ; Gen. Pasithea (B/.) ......... ne 1 3, Oxyopes (La?r.) ...... 2) 2 Fam. Lycosipes. Gen. Lycosa (Latr.) ......... 10; 5 », Ctenus (Walck.) ...... ae 1 » Dolomedes (Laér.) ...| ... 1 Fam. Sanricipes, Gen. Salticus (Lat) ......... 33} 29 Totals ...} 127 | 151 | adne (Dol.) ......... : 1 » Argyrodes (Sim.) ...... 1 » Theridion (Walck.) ... 6 pra GEURO (ROCIO) de cee sieca ct acl », Ctenophora (B7.) ...... 213 Number ) a D no] ® is) iS oO a Known species. New species LOL WORE COE — 214 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, From the above analysis it will be seen that 19 families, com- prising 59 genera, are represented. The distribution of genera into families has been made somewhat tentatively ; unsatisfied with ex- isting systematic arrangements, I have given the above from a scheme drawn up in MS. several years since, but of which, as a whole, opportunity has not yet offered for the publication. The Spiders of the family Sa/ticides have been for the present included under one genus (Salticus, Latr.); but in the details and descriptions a notification will be appended of the generic divisions adopted by M. Simon, but which are some of them, as it seems to me, scarcely tenable as distinct genera. The families most numerously repre- sented are the Drassides (55 species) and Salticides (62 species), the two together monopolizing 117 species, or nearly half of the whole number met with. Both these groups consist of Spiders pe- culiarly fitted for an arid, sterile, stony land—the Drassides being found almost exclusively beneath stones and pieces of detached rock, while the Salticides in general delight to jump about and disport in bright sunshine on the most barren and stony places, or among the stunted shrubs and flowers with which such spots are sometimes scantily clothed. Of the whole number of determinable Spiders discovered (278 species), 151 species appear to have been hitherto undescribed, some few others having been described from European examples, by other arachnologists, since the collection was formed ; forty-three out of the fifty-five species of Drassides, and twenty-nine of the sixty-two species of Salticides, appear to be undescribed. This great richness in undescribed species is easily accounted for by the fact that (as I believe) scarcely any Spiders have ever before been collected in those regions of the world. The general character of the Araneidea of Palestine and Syria is strictly European; few, even of those found on the plains of the Jordan, give any idea of a transition to a tropical fauna; all the known genera and most of the more special groups have European representatives; and the Spiders of the two new genera characterized present nothing in form or structure which would make them unlikely to be met with in suitable localities in the south and south-eastern parts of Europe. Many species of the Spiders in the present collection were met with in Egypt in 1864, especially of the family Drassides; the Egyptian collection, however, remains yet to be thoroughly worked out and collated with that made in Syria and Palestine. It may perhaps be interesting to some readers to state that the route followed was from Jaffa by Ramleh, El Birriyeh, and Kuriet-el-Nab to Jerusalem, thence to Jericho and the plains of the Jordan, from Jericho by Marsaba and the pools of Solomon to Hebron, returning thence by Bethlehem to Jerusalem, and then vid Bethel, Nablous, Samaria, Jenin, the plains of Esdraelon, Jezreel, and Nain to Nazareth; from Nazareth the route lay across the Kishon to Mount Carmel and Haifa, thence to Kefr Menda and Cana-el-Jelil (Cana of Galilee), from Cana to Tiberias and the Sea of Galilee, thence by Tel Him and Safed to Kedes, Hinin, and Banias, from Banias by Hasbeiya and Rasheiya over the skirts of Mount Hermon to Damascus, from 1872. ] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 215 Damascus by the river Abana, Abila, Suk Wady Barada, and Sur- ghaya to Baalbec and the Lebanon, and so to Beirtt. I regretted much not being able to work the Lebanon district more theroughly than the mere ride through some portion of it enabled me to do: just at the time of my visit to that part (middle of May) insect life was becoming abundant, and I do not doubt that among the Araneidea the number of species in the families Theridiides and Epeirides (some groups of both which families are but scantily represented in my collection) might have been greatly added to; the time and money, however, allotted to my eastern trip had come to an end; and I took leave of those most interesting regions with the greater regret, inasmuch as only the day previous to my de- parture I found several of the most curious and least-Huropean- looking of the Spiders in the collection, viz. Thomisus setiger (p. 307), Ariamne longicaudata (p. 277), Argyrodes syriaca (p. 279), Idiops syriacus (p. 216), and Ctenophora monticola, Bl. (p. 287). Before concluding this short introductory notice I must express my thanks to Dr. L. Koch, of Niirnberg, and Mons. Eugéne Simon, of Paris, who have given me their valuable assistance in working out the two large families before mentioned (Drassides, Dr. Koch; Sal- ticides, M. Simon). I had hoped long ere this to have seen the new species of Drassides described and figured by Dr. Koch in his invaluable work ‘ Die Arachnidenfamilie der Drassiden.? This work is still in an unfinished state, and its continuation indefinitely post- poned. The names of nearly all the new species of Drassides are those conferred upon them by Dr. Koch, and communicated to me in his letters on the subject ; these names I have, with Dr. Koch’s kind consent, retained in the descriptions given below. As alluded to before, the systematic arrangement adopted in the following pages is taken from an unpublished scheme drawn up by myself several years ago, but partially adopted in the arachnological portion of the ‘Zoological Record,’ vol. vii. 1870, pp. 207-224. N.B.—Since writing the above Dr. L. Koch has most generously placed at my disposal for this paper all the beautifully executed dissectional sketches he had executed of the Palestine and Syrian Drassides from the examples described below. Order ARANEIDEA. Fam. THERAPHOSIDES. Without doubt the Syrian and Palestine species of this: family would be greatly increased by any arachnologist with leisure to work special districts closely ; but a scrambling ride gives very little chance of meeting with them. Genus Iscunocouus (Ausserer). IscHNOCOLUS syRIACUS, Aeuss. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Arach- nidenfamilie der Territelariz, Verh. z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien, 1871, Bd. xxi. p. 189. Adult males and females at Jerusalem. 216 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE | Feb. 20, Genus Ip1oprs (Perty, Del. An. Art. Bras. p. 197). Iprops syriacus, Cambr. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 107, pl. viii. fig. 3. Two females, one adult, the other immature, were found in cylin- drical holes in a bank near Beiriit ; the holes were lined with silk, and their upper ends closed with a hinged lid similar to those of Nemesia coementaria (Latr.). Fam. FILisTaTIDES. Genus Fruisrata (Latr.). Fixistata atTautica, Koch, Die Arachn. v. p. 6, pl. 146. fig. 343. Adult females in holes and crevices of trees and buildings at He- bron and Damascus. FILIsTATA ALBIMACULATA, sp. nov. (Plate XIII. fig. 1.) Male adult, length 1} to 2 lines. The cephalothoraz is of an oblong-oval form, flattened above, and very slightly constricted laterally at its fore extremity; it is of a yellow-brown colour, slightly tinged with red, and narrowly margined with black-brown, the ocular region being suffused with black; the normal furrows and indentations are indicated by blackish-brown lines ; and the whole is thinly clothed with coarse white and mostly adpressed hairs. Eyes eight in number, considerably unequal in size, and grouped closely together on a slight oval eminence; they form two groups, an outer and an inner one: the outer one is of four large eyes (two on either side nearly contiguous to each other, the foremost of each pair being the largest), forming a transverse oval; the inner group, also of four eyes, is much smaller, and forms a trapezoid whose foremost side is shorter than the hinder one; the two fore- most of these eyes are smaller than the others, in fact the smallest of the eight. Clypeus prominent. Falces small, prominent ; fang small. Legs rather long, strong; relative length 1, 2, 4, 3; they are of a yellow-brown colour, slightly tinged with red; the femora and tibize of the first and second pairs, and the femora of third and fourth, are strongly suffused with black-brown ; the femora and tibize of the first pair are much stronger and longer than those of the other legs. There are a few spines beneath the tibie of the first pair; aud all the legs are clothed with coarsish hairs, those on the genual and metatarsal joints of the first pair being very conspicu- ously white. There were, as far as I could ascertain, two terminal tarsal claws. Palpi moderately long and strong; they spring at a considerable distance from the base of the maxillee, and are similar to the legs in colour ; the radial joint is long, strong, and tumid ; the digital short, small, and difficult to distinguish separately from the base of the 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 217 palpal organs, which consist of a single basal bulb prolonged into a longish beak tapering to a fine sharp point which is slightly bent. Mazille \ong and strong, greatly curved over the labium, which they completely encircle. Ladiwm rather long, narrowest just below the middle, and blunt-pointed at the apex. Abdomen larger than the cephalothorax, oval, and convex above ; it is of a velvety-black colour, with two very conspicuous white markings in the central longitudinal line of the upperside; the foremost of these markings is the largest, and is of an oval form, pointed before, and broad and rounded behind; the hinder one is of a somewhat rounder form, and is situated just above the anus. These markings are formed by white hairs. The female differs considerably from the male in the colour and markings of the abdomen, which is of a browner hue and furnished thickly with yellowish-grey and whitish hairs, some of which latter colour are disposed in spots and lines forming a somewhat regular pattern, a portion of which consists of some transverse angular bars, or chevrons, on the hinder part. This very distinct and conspicuous, though small, species was not rare beneath stones on the plains of the Jordan near ancient Jericho. The males were active when disturbed, but the females quite sluggish. I did not observe any webs or snares; but these may have been de- stroyed in the lifting up of the stones. It is very nearly allied to a Spanish species (Fulistata nana, Sim.) lately described by M. Eugéne Simon (Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1868); but though resembling it in general form and size, it differs in the pattern on the abdomen (which in F. nana is similar in both sexes), and also in the palpal organs of the male, the bulb being smaller, the prolongation from it tapering more gradually, and the whole longer than in the species above de- scribed. The habitat also appears to differ; according to M. Simon F. nana is found in the fissures and crevices of rocks. FILisTATA HIRSUTA, Sp. Nov. Female immature, length 132 lines. This species, of which but a single example was met with, is allied to I. attalica (Koch) ; it may, however, be at once distinguished by its rougher appearance, and the greater proportional length of its legs, especially of those of the first pair. The cephalothorax is yellow, narrowly margined with black, and with a longitudinal central band of dusky black running from the margin of the clypeus, including the eyes, back to the hinder margin, where it tapers to a point; the sides are also marked with converging brownish-black lines; and the whole is clothed with coarsish adpressed hairs of a yellowish-grey colour. The eyes ap- peared to be normal in their relative size and position. The legs are yellowish, somewhat obscurely suffused with brown, and furnished with rather coarse brownish-yellow hairs, those on the femora being numerous, curved, and spinous in their character; they have none of the black macule which I have observed in all the examples of F. attalica that have come under my notice; their relative length 218 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feo. 20, is 1,4, 2, 3. The palpi are long, strong, similar to the legs in colour, and furnished with coarse hairs. The abdomen is of a short oval form, tolerably convex above; the hinder extremity projects over the spinners, and the fore extremity over the base of the cephalothorax ; it is of a dull sandy yellow- brown colour, thickly clothed in front and on the sides with short coarse yellowish hairs, leaving a bare space along the middle and over the hinder extremity of a pointed form, the point directed for- wards: possibly this bare portion may have been caused by denuda- tion; but from the regularity of its form I should rather judge it to be a specific character. The single example found was under a stone on the skirts of the Lebanon. Genus Mitt1a (Simon)=Enyo (Lue. ad partem). MILTIA AMARANTHINA, Luc. Explor. en Algérie, Arachn. p, 232, pl. 14. fig. 7. The male of this Spider having never yet been described, the fol- lowing notes upon it will not be out of place. It is rather smaller than the female, which it resembles in general form and colour: the palpi are moderate in length and strength; the radial and cubital joints are short, the latter being the shortest and rather pro- duced in a somewhat quadrate form at its fore extremity on the upperside; the outer corner of the produced part has a small pale coloured apophysis; the digital joint is large and of an oval form; the papal organs are highly developed and very prominent, not very complex, consisting chiefly of a large somewhat rounded white cor- neous lobe encircled, just beneath the margins of the digital joint, with a strong spiny-looking deep-red-brown fillet. M. Lucas (Explor. en Algérie, Arachn. p. 232) includes M. ama- ranthina in the genus Enyo, recognizing at the same time its utter want of structural affinity with Hnyo, except in the position of the eyes. Walckenaer subsequently formed the family ‘“ Incertaines”’ for it within his genus Clotho, in which he also included Znyo merely from the similarity of the position of the eyes. Dr. Thorell (Europ. Spid. p. 108) expressed his opinion that it ought to be made the type of a separate genus; and just previously to the publication of that opinion M. Simon (Rev. de Zool. 1869) formed for it the genus Miltia, still, however, retaining it alongside of Lnyo in his family Enydes, concluding his remarks in the following words :—* Par la position et nature de ses yeux, ainsi que par |’ensemble de ses formes, ce nouveau genre ne peut étre eloigné des Enyos; cependant les piéces de la bouche sont tout-a-fait différentes, et forment une curi- euse exception dans la famille des Enydes.”’ No two Spiders, how- ever, as it seems to me, could be more different in the ‘‘ ensemble de ses formes”’ than M. amaranthina and the typical Hnyo—the latter being of a short, very convex form, with long slender legs, the former elongate, flattened, aud short-legged ; this, joined to the totally different form of the maxille and labium, appears to neces- 1872. | SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 219 sitate its complete removal from Hnyo: it is probably with Filistata (Latr.) that its family affinities are to be found, and, in accordance with this opinion, I have here placed it in the family Filistatides. MiLTIA DIVERSA, Sp. nov. Male adult. This species resembles JZ. amaranthina in size, form, and colour; but it differs remarkably in the structure of the palpal organs ; the digital joints of the palpi are smaller, while the form of the radial joint differs but little. The palpal organs are far less pro- minent and not so highly developed; they are entirely destitute of the strong, nearly black, corneous fillet, which in M. amaranthina surrounds their whole outer margin just beneath the margin of the digital joint. The eyes also, though similar in position, are far less visible, it being difficult to see them accurately. A single example was found under a stone at Hasbeiya. Fam. GEcoBtivDEs. Genus (cosivus (Luc.). CECOBIUS TRIMACULATUS, sp. nov. (Plate XIII. fig. 7.) Male adult, length 1 line, female adult 13 line. In general structure and characters this species is very similar to C2. domesticus (Luc.) and G. annulipes (id.), as also to @. ma- culatus (Sim.); but it differs from all three in the relative position of the eyes, and notably from the first two in colour and markings. The male has the cephalothoraz of the deepest black-brown colour : the eyes are not very unequal in size ; they are placed in a compact group on an elevation of the caput, which rises gradually from the surrounding surface, but leaves a considerable and prominent clypeus, the margin of which is pointed in the centre; they are eight in number (that is if two flat, irregularly formed, shining white spaces, looking like rudimentary or atrophied eyes*, are really eyes or their representatives), and may be described as in two transverse curved rows of four each ; the two lateral eyes on each side of the front row are near together, the inner ones being the largest of the eight ; close behind each of these pairs is the lateral eye, on either side of the hinder row, forming with the pair in front of it a triangle in which all the eyes are about equally distant from each other. Each of the two eyes forming the central pair of the hinder row is depressed, of a bent oblong form, placed obliquely to and distinctly separated from the lateral on its side. * These two eyes (the two middle ones of the hinder row) have not been con- sidered to be eyes by either M. Lucas, who founded the genus, or Mr. Blackwall, who has since described a new species of it. M. Simon, however, as well as Dr. Thorell, considerthem to be trueeyes. Not having had an opportunity of examining them under a lens of high power, I cannot speak positively on the point ; but my impression is that they are undeveloped eyes, or perhaps the sites where perfect eyes once existed, but which have now become, from some train of causes, devoid of ocular structure properly so called. Imperfectly developed eyes exist also in some other species of Spiders. 220 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [ Feb. 20, The abdomen is of a glossy jet-black colour, marked on the upper- side with three large brilliantly white spots; one on each fore corner or shoulder of the abdomen; these are of a subtriangular form, with the most pointed angles of each directed towards one another ; the third spot is of a somewhat diamond-shape, with its fore angle trun- cated, and is seated just above the anus. The /egs are pale yellow, the tibie being broadly annulated with deep brown-black ; the meta- tarsi are almost wholly suffused with the same colour, while the tarsi are of paler duller hue. When in a state of rest the legs of this and other species are spread out in a radiated form ; they do not differ much in length ; those of the third pair appear to be the shortest, and those of the first pair slightly the longest. Lucas gives the relative length of the legs of those species known to him as 1, 4, 3, 2; but, from the difficulty of accurate measurement, I have not been able to verify this in regard to the present species. The palpi are black, and have the digital joints and palpal bulb of large size ; the radial is shorter than the cubital joint ; neither of them presents any thing remarkable in its form; the palpal organs are highly developed and prominent, consisting of several projecting corneous processes, of which the two largest and longest are directed backwards. The spinners are eight in number, two very short, small, and supernu- merary being situated in front of the six ordinary ones ; of these the superior pair are the largest and longest, and are two-jointed, curving upwards over the extremity of the abdomen; between them is the anus, which is large and seated on an oval prominence fringed with divergent or somewhat radiating strongish pale hairs, which appeared to be of a papilliform nature. In the female the cephalothorax is of a more oval form, as well as less black and glossy ; the abdomen also differs in having seven or eight smaller white spots on the upperside in addition to the three large ones, between which the smaller ones are regularly grouped ; four of them form a transverse curved row nearly across the middle of the abdomen ; behind these are two more, and between them and the hinder one of the large spots is another largish one, or two small and confluent, forming with the rest a sector of a circle. Some slight variation exists in different examples in this position of the spots; and the two large ones near the fore margin are sometimes nearer together than the two corresponding spots on the abdomen of the male. The legs of the female are all pale yellow, annulated with black-brown ; the metatarsi of the fourth pair are furnished with calamistra, but the male has no trace of them. Although nearly allied to @. maculatus (Sim. Mém. Liége, 1870), of which the female only has been recorded, I think the present is a distinct species; it is not rare on the plains of the Jordan, where alone it was met with. The males were usually very conspicuously displayed with extended legs on the surface of stones and broken pieces of rock ; they were very agile when disturbed. The females were generally concealed beneath thin sheets of web spun over de- pressions on the faces of the stones, leaving a sort of tubular-shaped place of exit, through which, when disturbed, they rapidly endea- 1872. ] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 221 voured to escape. M. Simon is of opinion that (cobius should be placed in the same family as Hersilia, and removed from close proximity to Clotho; the relationship, however, between the two former appears to me more than doubtful, while between Clotho and Gicobius there is not only a most marked resemblance in general form, but both have a very peculiar and special point of detail in structure (the fringed anus) ; other points also of structure are so similar that it is not easy at first to distinguish them even generically. (Ecosivs TELIGER, sp. nov. (Plate XIII. fig. 8.) Similar in size, general form, and structure to @. trimaculatus, this species may be at once distinguished by its colour, and the mark- ings on the abdomen. The cephalothoraz is of a deep blackish-brown hue, the legs and palpi are pale yellow, thinly annulated with black- brown. The abdomenis of a dull cream-white colour above, the white produced by cretaceous-looking spots intersected irregularly with dusky lines ; on its centre is a longish black marking bearing a rough resemblance to a double arrow-head, or of a diamond-shape, in front, followed behind by, and connected with, a cruciforra patch; on the outer sides of this marking are some black spots always near to, and sometimes connected with and forming part of it ; the sides are black, which colour encroaches in parts on the white of the upperside, and forms behind, just above the spinners, a largish triangular white patch, connected by a neck or shaft with the rest of the white ground of the upperside; the longest point of this triangular patch is directed backwards ; thus it has the form of a spear or barbed arrow-head, and well marked in all the examples of both sexes that I have seen : the underside is of a dull whitey-brown colour. The palpi of the male are strong; the digital joints large, but not so large as in @2. ¢rimaculatus ; the palpal organs are prominent and highly developed, having some strong corneous projections, but dif- fering in their structure from those of that species. The eyes are grouped in the same general form as those of the species just men- tioned, but they occupy a proportionally wider space, and form two rather compact groups of four each; the irregular flattened inter- mediate pair of the hinder row are large and of an oblong form, and each of them is placed obliquely rather inside and behind, though contiguous to, the lateral of the same row on its side. The cephalothoraa of the female is rounder than that of the male, but in colour and markings it resembles that sex. Adults of both sexes were found on stones and rocks at Beirit, Tiberias, Jerusalem, and Hebron. CicoBIus AFFINIS, sp. nov. This spider is very nearly allied to @. teliger, but differs in having a paler cephalothorax, which is yellowish with a dusky brownish hue in the region of the eyes and in a line with that backwards, as also on the margins and in the directions of the normal indentations ; the abdomen is also less distinctly marked, and, though the general cha- racter of the markings is similar, the white ground-colour prepon- 222 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, derates ; the legs are yellowish, thickly annulated with black-brown ; the palpi of the male have a small transversely oblong black spot on the upperside of the radial joints, and the palpal organs are much simpler in structure than in @. teliger, though well developed and prominent ; the position of the eyes appeared to be nearly the same. Adults and immature examples of both sexes were found on stones and rocks at Hasbeiya and also at the foot of the Lebanon range near Ain Ata; immature examples of, I believe, this species were also found at Jerusalem. It is nearly allied to a Madeiran species, (cobius navus (Bl.), of which only the female has been described, and which appears to be more closely and thickly mottled and marked with black and white on the abdomen, and more distinctly annulated on the legs. CECOBIUS ALBIPUNCTATUS, Sp. nov. The female is similar to @. trimaculatus (2 ) in size and form ; but the cephalothorax is rounder. The abdomen is of a uniform black, marked above with a few minute white spots symmetrically arranged, though rather differently in the two examples found. Close above the spinners is a larger white spot of a somewhat dia- mond-shape; the degs and palpi are yellow, broadly and very distinctly and regularly annulated or, rather, banded with black. Although nearly allied to C. trimaculatus, it is certainly a di- stinct species; the fringe of bristly hairs surrounding the anus is of a well-marked character. Two adult examples on a rock near Damascus. Genus CLorso (Dufour). CuiorHo umsarta, Koch, Die Arachn. x. p. 89, pl. 350. fig. 816. An immature female of this fine species was found under a piece of detached rock near Jerusalem. CLOTHO SEPTEMPUNCTATA, Sp. Nov. Male (not quite adult), 4 lines long. This species is similar to C. limbata in form and structure. The whole of the fore part of the Spider is yellow, but of a clearer, brighter hue than in that species; the abdomen is dull black, but the upperside, instead of being surrounded by a continuous border of a whitish-yellow colour, has in its place a marginal row of seven large yellow spots; four of these form nearly a square on its fore half, and the three others are in a triangle above the spinners, the apex directed backwards. It is possible that in some examples these spots may become nearly confluent, and so form a band very similar to that on the abdomen of C. limbata; but still some other specific characters, such as a slight difference in the relative position of the eyes, and the less dense armature of the legs with hairs, bristles, and fine spines, seem to show that it is quite distinct from that species, of which six adult examples found in 1864 at Alexandria (Egypt) 1872. ] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 223 presented no variation whatever in the uniformity and continuity of the abdominal border. An immature male was found at Jerusalem under a piece of de- tached rock in the valley of Hinnom, an immature female in a si- milar situation near Ain Ata, and another at Tiberias. Fam. DyspERIDES. Genus Secesrria (Latr.). SEGESTRIA PERFIDA, Walck. Ins. Apt. i. p. 267. An adult male at Jerusalem. Genus ARIADNE (Savigny). ARIADNE INSIDIATRIX, Savigny, Arachn. d’ Egypte, pl. 1. fig. 3. Immature females of this Spider were found in crevices of a bank near Beiritit. Genus Dysprra (Latr.). DyspDERA WESTRINGII, sp. nov. (Plate XIII. fig. 2.) Male adult, length 43 lines; female adult, 6 lines. In general form, colour, and appearance this species is very similar to D. erythrina (Walck.) and D. rubicunda (Koch), but from both it may be distinguished by the form of the palpal organs, as well as by the surface of the cephalothorax and the sternum, which are closely freckled with impressed dots or punctures. The two foremost eyes are the largest of the six ; the falces are shorter and less powerful than in the above-mentioned species; and the palpal organs are more attenuate, much constricted near the middle, and are furnished at their extremity with a slender, curved, promi- nent, black spine. The abdomen is similar in colour to that of D. erythrina, but (in spirit of wine) has a mottled or reticulate ap- pearance. It is not uncommon throughout Palestine and Syria, and I met with both sexes adult under stones in various places from Hebron to Damascus. It is with great pleasure that I connect with this Spider the name of M. Nicolas Westring, who has laboured long and successfully in the working out of Swedish Spiders. Genus Oonors (Templeton). Oonops PUNCTATUS, sp. nov. (Plate XIV. fig. 3.) Male adult, length 4 of a line. The whole of this Spider is of a pale, but brightish, yellow-brown colour, the legs being rather lighter than the rest. The cephalothoraz is oval, pointed, but not constricted laterally before ; it is glossy and very sparingly furnished with inconspicuous hairs. The eyes (six in number) are large; four, almost contiguous to 224 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, each other, form a nearly straight transverse line, and, obliquely placed, in front of the lateral on either side is another; the two centrals of the hinder row are round; the rest appeared to be slightly oval in shape. The legs are moderately long and strong, especially the femoral joints. The palpi have the humeral joiuts inordinately large and tumid, the cubital joints are very small, the radials larger; the digital joints are small, and the palpal organs simple, not very unlike those of Dysdera erythrina (Walck.), they have a reddish prominence near their extremity. The sternum is somewhat heart-shaped, with a strong reddish indentation opposite the insertion of each leg; the mawille are short, strong, considerably inclined towards the labium, and narrower at the extremities than at the bases; the Jabium is small and short, but broad in proportion, and of a somewhat sub- triangular form. The abdomen is oval, and not very convex above ; it is encased in an upper and under coriaceous kind of integument ; this is united in front, but separated along the sides and behind, where it gapes open a little, the spinners protruding through the cleft: both the upper and the under sides are sparingly furnished with hairs, and thickly dotted with minute punctures ; the spiracular openings are (as far as I could ascertain, though I am not certain upou the point) four in number. An adult male of this minute but most remarkable and distinct Spider was found under a stone on a wall close to Hasbeiya. Fam. DRassIpDEs. Genus Gnaruosa (Latr.)= Pythonissa (Koch). GNAPHOSA RIPARIENSIS, sp. nov. (Plate XV. fig. 1.) Male adult, length 23 to 3 lines; female adult, 4 tines. This species is very similar to G. evornata (Koch), both in size and markings ; but it may be easily distinguished by the structure of the palpi and palpal organs. The cephalothoraa, which is of ordinary form, but rather flattened above, is of a yellow-brown colour, marked rather irregularly on the sides with blackish brown (indicating, however, the ordinary grooves and converging indentations) ; and the whole is clothed with a greyish pubescence. The eyes are placed in two transverse curved rows of four each, the curves directed towards each other, and forming a short trans- verse oblong figure, wider at the ends than in the middle ; each of the hind central eyes is nearer to the lateral of the same row, on its side, than they are to each other; the fore centrals are larger than the fore laterals, and the interval between them is greater than that between each and the lateral on its side. The legs are tolerably strong, rather long; relative length 4, 1, 2, 3; they are of a yellow-brown colour, thinly furnished with hairs and fine spines, and, in some parts, with a short grey pubescence ; 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 225 each tarsus terminates with two curved pectinated claws, beneath which is a small claw-tuft. The palpi are short and rather strong; the radial is rather shorter than the cubital joint, and has its outer extremity produced into a strong, broad, red-brown apophysis, from the upperside of which springs an almost perpendicular conical projection with a small, rather sudden, sharp, curved, corneous point at its extre- mity ; the palpal organs are well developed, prominent, but not very complex, with a strongish curved corneous process at their extremity. The falces are rather long, strong, and conical; and a little pro- minent near their base in front. The mazille are strong, consider- ably curved, and inclined strongly over the labium, and are also broadly impressed in a transverse direction. The lJadium is oblong, broader at the base than at the apex, which is rather squarely truncated ; these parts are of a dark reddish- brown colour, the maxille being dull yellowish white at their ex- tremities. The sternum is large, heart-shaped, and of a yellow- brown colour, the centre being strongly suffused with blackish. The abdomen is of an oblong-oval form, and of a dull brownish- yellow colour, clothed with short fine grey and yellowish hairs ; in the central line of the fore part of the upperside there is a strong oblong black-brownish patch, followed behind by a close series of strongish angulated blackish bars or chevrons, which have a tendency to become confluent, but do not extend to the spinners, round which are two or three blackish spots ; the sides are marked irregularly with blackish brown, and the underside has two parallel longitudinal black-brown lines throughout the greater part of its length: the spinners are rather long and prominent; those of the inferior pair are the strongest and generally longest, and of a dark blackish-brown colour, the rest being of a dull whitish yellow. The female resembles the male, but is larger; the genital open- ing is simple, being of a transverse somewhat oval form margined with red-brown, and has a somewhat triangular space within it ; the palpi of the female end with a curved black pectinated claw. Adults of both sexes were found beneath stones on the plains of the Jordan, near Jericho. GNAPHOSA PLUMALIS, sp. nov. (Plate XV. fig. 3.) Male adult, length 3 lines. In form and general structure, as well as in the position of the eyes, this species nearly resembles G. ripariensis, but it may be distinguished at once by its generally lighter colour and yellower . ground, as well as by the structure of the palpi and palpal organs. The whole of the fore part, including the legs and palpi, is of a yellowish colour; the cephaluthorax has a narrow black marginal line; and some small blackish markings indicate the junction of the caput, thorax, and thoracic segments ; aud the whole is clothed with a short grey pubescence. The legs are moderately long and strong; their relative length is 4, 1, 2, 3, and they are furnished with hairs Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1872, No. XV. 226. REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, and spines, the latter chiefly on those of the two hinder pairs; each tarsus ends with two curved pectinated claws, beneath which is a small claw-tuft. The palpi are short ; the radial is rather shorter than the cubital joint, and has a small, tapering, pointed, red-brown apophysis at its outer extremity ; this apophysis is rather prominent outwardly, and has its extreme point a little bent, or crooked, upwards ; the digital joint is short, oval in form, pointed at its fore extremity ; the palpal organs are prominent, not very complex, and with one or two small corneous spines at their extremity. The abdomen is pale yellow, clothed with a grey pubescence ; the fore half has a longitu- dinal central yellow-brown bar, on either side of which towards its hinder part is a diffused blackish spot or marking, followed by another of a similar kind; to these, on either side, succeed, in a lon- gitudinai line, three or four other similar but smaller markings, being the indications of the ordinary transverse angular bars or chevrons, broken off at their angles, showing, however, several broad, strong, angular, pale yellow bars, owing to the ground- colour of the abdomen being lighter within the black markings than on the outside ; which last is also more or less sprinkled with small brownish points, these being less visible along the central line. The sides are marked with four irregular blackish lines or stripes ; that nearest to the fore extremity is horizontal, the others oblique and with a tendency to join with the other black markings above mentioned. An adult male was found under a stone at Jerusalem, and an im- mature female in a similar situation at Jericho. I also found an adult male at Alexandria (Egypt) in 1864, and have received it from Spain. GNAPHOSA EXCERPTA, sp. nov. (Plate XV. fig. 4.) Male adult, length 3 lines. This species is of ordinary form and general structure, and is very similar in size, general colour, and markings to G. exornata (Koch), as also to the two foregoing species; but it may be distin- guished from all by the structure of the palpi and palpal organs, as well as by other specific characters. The cephalothorax has the sides much depressed near its mar- gins; it is yellow-brown marked with strong blackish-brown con- verging lines following the directions of the normal grooves and indentations ; its margins are black, and the surface (especially of the caput) is pretty densely clothed with mixed yellowish and greyish pubescence, the colour of that which clothes a broad mar- ginal band being whitish grey. ‘The eyes are normal in their posi- tion, except that the hinder row appears to be rather straighter than in some other species ; those of the hind central pair are (each of them) almost contiguous to the hind lateral on its side. ‘The legs are rather long, their relative length 4, 1, 2, 3, moderately strong, furnished with hairs, fine bristles, and (on those of the fourth pair) with a few fine spines; they are of a dull yellowish-brown hue. 1872. ] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 227 The palpi are short, and similar to the legs in colour: the radial and cubital joints are of equal length; the former has a kind of group of long strong bristles on its inner side, and a not very long, but strong, apophysis from its extremity towards the outer side; this apophysis curves a little upwards; and its extremity, which, looked at from one point of view, is broad and obtuse, is from another point sharply hooked backwards; the palpal organs are neither very prominent nor complex. The falces, maxille, labium, and sternum, which have, neither of them, any thing parti- cularly noticeable in their structure, are of a dark yellow-brown colour. The abdomen is of an oblong-oval form, very slightly broadest at its hinder extremity ; it projects considerably over the base of the cephalothorax, and is of a dull yellow-brown colour, clothed with mixed greyish, yellowish, and blackish hairs and pubescence, with indi- stinct traces of a pattern similar to that in the species above alluded to: there are also numerous closely grouped black recurved bristles beneath the fore extremity of the abdomen: the spinners of the in- ferior pair are long, strong, and curved; this curvature may be accidental, but I am inclined to think it is not so; and if not, it is a good distinctive specific character ; the superior spinners are small, and only half the length of those of the inferior pair. A single example of this species (which was overlooked when the Drassides of the present collection were submitted to Dr. L. Koch) was found under a stone at Nazareth. GNAPHOSA CAMBRIDGII, sp. nov. (Plate XIII. fig. 3, and Plate XV. fig. 2.) Male adult, length 4 lines; female adult, 6 lines. The cephalothorax, legs, falces, labium, and sternum are of a general dull reddish sandy-yellow colour, that of the abdomen being pale brownish straw-yellow. The cephalothorax is oval, very slightly compressed on the sides forwards, and margined with black- brown; the normal grooves and furrows are distinctly marked with dark blackish brown, especially those denoting the junctional line of the caput and thorax. The eyes are in two transverse rows; the upper (or hinder) row nearly straight, the lower or front one considerably curved, so that the eyes of each lateral pair (as in the species of this genus in general) are widely separate; these latter are the largest, the four central eyes being smaller; the two centrals of the hinder row are rather further from each other than each is from the lateral eye on its side; the eyes of the front row are very nearly equi- distant from the other. The legs are long, moderately strong, and well furnished with hairs, bristles, and spines; these last are most regular and numerous, though not the largest, on the tarsi; each tarsus ends with two curved, black, pectinated claws. The palpi are moderately long and strong, furnished with hairs and strong bristles; the radial is rather longer than the cubital joint but not so strong; it has at its extremity on the outer side a 228 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, strong, deep-red-brown, obtusely pointed apophysis, which curves upwards and slightly over the base of the digital joint ; there is also a minute red-brown tubercular prominence, near which is a long, strong, black bristle, at the extremity, on the upperside of the cubital joint ; and close in front of it is another at the base, on the upperside, of the radial joint; the digital joint is large, but of ordinary form, and its length is equal to that of the radial and cubital joints together ; the palpal organs are well developed, but not com- plex. The falces are moderate in length and strength, straight and conical, but prominent near their base in front. The maxille, labium, and sternum present no deviation from the ordinary generic type. vIthe abdomen is long-oval in form, furnished, but not thickly, with hairs, and with some strongish black recurving bristles at its fore extremity; the upperside has 4—6 conspicuous (in some examples) yellow-brown, slightly impressed spots, forming an oblong figure, but these are not very visible in other examples; it is pretty thickly spotted on the upperside with black-brown spots of various sizes, but forming a somewhat regular pattern, consisting of longitudinal and transverse lines, the former converging, the latter running off obliquely on the sides towards the spinners ; these are six in num- ber, long, slender, and very prominent; those of the inferior pair are the strongest, they are of a brightish yellow-brown colour, and nearly, if not quite, half the length of the abdomen in some examples ; the rest are shorter and slenderer, but of unequal length ; the spinning-tubes at the extremity of those of the inferior pair are very conspicuous ; the underside of the abdomen has only the faint indications of two longitudinal slightly curved lines of dusky dots, commencing near the spiracular plates. The female differs only in her shorter legs ; the genital aperture is of an elongate-oblong form, constricted transversely near its middle, or in some examples towards its hinder extremity ; and its margins are of a deep blackish red-brown colour. Both sexes of this fine species were found at various places in Palestine, but most abundantly at Jerusalem and near Jericho, underneath stones and pieces of broken rock. It is an exceedingly active Spider, and very difficult to capture without injury to the legs. Its specific name is that conferred upon it by Dr. L. Koch in the MS. descriptions drawn up for his work on the Drassides, but Ba publication of which (as has been before remarked) is indefinitely elayed. GNAPHOSA LUTATA, sp. nov. (Plate XV. fig. 7.) Male adult, length 3 lines. Similar in size, colour, and general structure to G. cambridgii, this species is of a somewhat stouter form, and may be at once di- stinguished by the structure of the palpi and palpal organs. The radial joint of the palpus, which is slighter, but not longer than the cubital, is bent and produced at its under and outer extremity into a long, rather slender, and very slightly tapering glossy red-brown 1872. ] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 229 apophysis; this projects a little outwards, and curves gradually up- wards, with an obtuse extremity ; and on the outer side of this ex- tremity there is a very small hooked, corneous, pointed continuation ; the length of this apophysis is about two thirds that of the digital joint: the palpal organs are rather complex, with various corneous processes. The abdominal markings, though similar in character to those of G. cambridgii, are bolder and stronger, showing a longitu- dinal series of rather distinct yellowish chevrons on the hinder half of the upperside ; these are defined by the spots, some of which are more or less confluent; the abdomen is also more thickly clothed with hairs than that of the species before mentioned. A single example of this very distinct and easily recognizable species was captured under a stone near Beirit. GNAPHOSA KOCHI, sp. nov. (Plate XV. fig, 6.) Male adult, length 33 lines. This Spider is also very closely allied to G. cambridgii, from which, however, as also from G, lutata, the structure of the palpi at once distinguishes it. The cephalothorax, legs, palpi, and other portions of the fore part are yellow; a forked line and some other indistinct blackish markings indicate the junctional lines of the caput, thorax, and thoracic segments; there is also a fine black marginal line to the whole cephalothorax. The eyes are in the ordinary relative position ; but the two hind centrals are of a narrow oval form, oblique, of a pearl-white colour, and contiguous to the lateral on each side respectively ; the fore centrals are the smallest of the eight, and these and the laterals of the same row are near together, but equally separated. The /egs are long and strong (their relative length 4, 1, 2, 3), and furnished with hairs and black spines, those on the hinder pair being longest and strongest ; each tarsus ends with two curved pectinated claws, but no claw-tuft. The palpi are rather long and moderately strong; the cubital is shorter but stronger than the radial joint, and somewhat clavate at its fore extremity, which has a group of strongish bristles at the base on the upper- side, a single one towards the fore extremity rather on the inner side, and some others in an oblique row on the inner side. The radial joint is rather produced at its extremity underneath; and from the outer side of this produced part there is a rather slender, tapering, prominent, very nearly straight, pointed apophysis, the extreme point of which is shortly but rather sharply hooked; it requires some care and accurate examination to see this hook plainly. The digital joint is rather large, and longer than the radial; it is prominent, with a red-brown margin to the prominent part at the base on the outer side. The palpal organs are well developed, pro- minent, and rather complex ; they have a reddish, tapering, filiform spine, which, issuing from near their base on the inner side, and curving over their entire length, terminates in a fine slender point, beneath the extremity of the digital joint, There are other cor- neous processes and prominences; but this spine appears to be a distinguishing character of the palpal organs. 230 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, The abdomen is of a pale yellow colour, furnished with bristly hairs above, many of which are closely grouped, long, and recurved at the fore extremity ; a long, wedge-shaped, brownish yellow mark- ing occupies the longitudinal centre of the fore half; the anterior portion of this marking has a glossy appearance, and the whole of the upper surface is dotted with smail dark yellowish-brown spots, those occupying the median line of the hinder half being symmetrical and disposed in pairs; the inferior or outer pair of spinners are large and nearly three times the length of those of the superior pair, and are similar to the legs in colour. A single example was found beneath a stone near Ain Ata, under the Lebanon range. It was confused with examples of the next species (G. conspersa) by Dr. Koch in his examination; its di- stinctness, however, is very decided, and I have great pleasure in conferring upon it the name of that distinguished arachnologist. GNAPHOSA CONSPERSA, sp. nov. (Plate XV. fig. 5.) Male adult, length 3 lines; female adult, 4 lines. This species, as may be inferred from what has just been observed, is very closely allied to G. kochii, but it may be distinguished, not only by the different structure of the palpi and palpal organs, but also in the character of the colours and markings of the abdomen. The whole Spider is of a clearer and paler yellow; the legs are longer and slenderer; the upperside of the abdomen is whitish yellow, spotted more or less thickly with small, dull, blackish spots ; a long wedge-shaped, dull, blackish marking is visible in the central line of the fore half of the upperside, following which are five or more similarly coloured angular bars or chevrons, the ends of which are confluent, and make the spaces included appear as a series of strong whitish-yellow chevrons, diminishing in size as they approach the spinners ; the outer inferior spinners are strong, and double the length of those of the superior pair. The pa/pi have the cubital joint strong, and of a somewhat tumid form, armed with a strong spine-like black bristle, directed forwards from the fore margin on the upperside; the bristly hairs on the radial joint are not in a group, as in G. kochii, but are more dispersed over the joint; the apophysis at the outer extremity of the radial joint is stronger, less prominent, and curved, the end being hooked, but not so sharply, the hook being larger and bolder, and forming part as it were of the general curve of the apophysis ; the prominence at the base on the outer side of the digital joint is stronger; and there is a small but compact group or tuft of short, strong, straight, black bristles just above it, and close to the point of the apophysis on the radial joint : I could not detect any traces of such a tuft in G. kochii. The palpal organs are well developed, prominent, and rather complex ; they differ from those of G. kochii in the absence of the fine spine which in that species runs from their base over the inner side to their extremity. One example differed from G. kochii in having the abdomen desti- tute of all trace of markings, while another had the upperside with the spots so thickly spread and confluent that little was visible ex- 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 231 cept some oblong whitish-yellow markings in front, and a series of strong and similarly coloured chevrons on the hinder half. The females, for the most part, had the abdomen alinost without markings; in others they were more or less faintly traced. The genital opening is of peculiar form, but not large; it is of a small transverse kidney shape above, followed by a curved corneous rim or ridge on either side, the curves being opposed and so diverging as their lines run backwards. Two adult males and five females were found under stones on the plains of the Jordan, near Jericho. An adult male and females, with immature examples of both sexes, were also found in a similar situation close to the pyramids of Ghizeh, near Cairo, Egypt, in 1864. GNAPHOSA PALESTINA, sp. noy. (Plate XV. fig. 8.) Female adult, length 3 lines. The cephalothorax of this species is of ordinary form, and the normal grooves and indentations are indicated by blackish lines and markings; those denoting the junctional line of the caput and thorax form two longitudinal curved lines, the curves directed away from each other, and their fore extremities are immediately behind the lateral eyes of the hinder row ; the cephalothorax is also strongly margined with black, and is of a brownish-yellow colour, clothed with grey pubescence. The eyes are in the ordinary position ; but those of the hind central pair are small, and not contiguous to the laterals. The /egs are moderately long and strong; their rela- tive length is 4, 1, 2, 3; their colour is similar to that of the cepha- lothorax ; and they are furnished with hairs and fine spines. The palpi are similar to the legs in colour, and are furnished with hairs and bristles ; a long, fine, straight, tapering one of the latter issues from the upper fore margin of the cubital joint. The falces, max- illze, labium, and sternum are all normal in character, and similar in colour to the cephalothorax. The abdomen is short-oval in form, and broader behind than before; it is of a dull yellowish-white colour, clothed, but not densely, with short fine hairs; six rather conspicuous deep-brown impressed spots, in three pairs, forming two opposed longitudinal curved lines, oceupy the fore half of the upperside; and between these is a longish wedge-shaped brown marking; following this are 5-6 angular brown bars or chevrons in a longitudinal series; the rest of the upperside, as well as the sides, are marked with irregular brown markings and striations ;' on the underside are two nearly parallel brown lines along its centre. The spinners of the inferior and superior pairs are of equal strength; but the former are double the length of the latter. The genital aperture is subtriangular, constricted towards the upper angle, and with a strong septum dividing it longitudinally ; this septum tapers a little towards its point, which is directed back- wards. A single adult female was found under a stone near Tiberias. 232 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, Genus Drassus (Walck.). Drassus LAPIDICOLENS, Walck. Ins. Apt. i. p. 598. Both sexes, adult and immature, were found in various localities throughout the country, but nowhere in any abundance. The ex- amples were some of them much larger than the examples I have usually found in England. Drassus TRoGLopyTes, Koch, Die Arachn. vi. p. 35, pl. 189. figs. 455, 456=D. clavator, Cambr. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. March 1860. Adult examples of both sexes of this well-characterized species were found under stones occasionally throughout the country. Drassus Morosus, sp. nov. (Plate XV. fig. 9.) Male adult, length 23 lines. This Spider is of ordinary form, and is nearly allied to D. trog/o- dytes, but may at once be distinguished both by the structure of the palpi and palpal organs and by the pattern on the abdomen. The whole of the fore part (including the legs and palpi) is of a pale yellow colour ; but as the Spider had evidently not long since under- gone its final moult, probably its general colouring would have been, in a short time, darker. The eyes of the hinder row are equidistant from each other, those of the central pair being oval and placed obliquely ; those of each lateral pair are removed from each other by about an eye’s diameter; those of the fore central pair are further from each other than each is from the lateral on its side. The legs are rather long and strong, particularly those of the first pair; their relative length is 1, 4, 2, 3; they are clothed sparingly with hairs and a few fine spines. The palpi are short and strong; the radial is equal in length to the cubital joint ; the former is produced at its fore extremity into a strong tapering apophysis, which, when looked at from in front, is indented towards its extremity on the inner side, and slightly hollow on the outer side; its extremity is obliquely but rather roundly truncated on the inner side; the digital joint is large and oval in form, and as long as the radial and cubital joints together, including the apophysis of the former: the palpal organs are prominent, but not very complex, with some small spiny corneous prominences to- wards their extremity. The falces are long, strong, and projecting, and very prominent at their base in front. The abdomen is of an oblong-oval form and of a dull brownish-yellow-grey colour, thickly marked on the sides and above with short black strize, black suffu- sions, and with several sharply angular black bars or chevrons on the hinder part of the upperside; taking, however, the lack por- tions as the ground-colour, there are six rather conspicuous yellow- grey blotches visible on the fore part of the upperside, in three pairs, or two longitudinal curved lines, the curves directed towards each other ; those of the hinder pair are the largest, and are situated about one third of the length of the abdomen from the spinners ; 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 233 following these blotches are 2-3 yellow-grey transverse angular bars, and a large somewhat triangular patch of the same immediately above the spinners, bearing broken traces of short angular black bars ; on the outer side of each of the hindermost of the six above- mentioned blotches, and a little forwards, is a larger one of the same colour, followed behind by another smaller one, each being produced backwards in an oblique yellowish lateral line or stripe; the under- side has three parallel longitudinal blackish stripes, the central one being the strongest, but tapering towards its hinder extremity. The spinners are neither very long nor strong ; those of the superior and inferior pairs are of equal length and strength; the spiracular plates are yellowish, and the space between them is a dark yellowish brown. An adult male and an immature male and female were found at Jerusalem under stones. Drassus LuTescens, Koch, Die Arachn. vi. p- 21, pl. 186. fig. 445. An adult male of this species was found beneath a stone on the shores of the sea of Galilee, near Tiberias. The male of this species is described and its palpal organs figured in ‘ Die Arachn. Fam. der Drass.’ p. 120, pl. v. figs. 75, 76, by Dr. L. Koch. Drassus TENERRIMUS, sp. nov. (Plate XV. fig. 10.) Male adult, length 14 line. This small species has the cephalothorax and falces of a clear pale yellow colour, but of ordinary form, the former showing the faintest possible dusky converging lines; the whole of the rest of the Spider is a pale whitish yellow, the abdomen marked with a small, dusky, central, longitudinal, pointed bar on the fore part of the upperside, followed by some roundish spots of the same hue. The eyes are in two transverse rows; the foremost one (looked at from behind) is nearly straight, the hinder one rather strongly curved, bringing the laterals into contiguity with the laterals of the front row; the inter- val between the hind centrals is greater than that between each of these and the hind lateral on its side; the fore centrals are unusually large, and convex, by far the largest of the eight, and each touches the lateral on its side; they are seated on a large and conspicuous black patch, and are of a dark brown colour, the rest being pearly white with black margins. The legs are long and slender ; their relative length 4, 1, 2, 3, and very sparingly furnished with hairs and a few fine black spines. The palpi are long and slender: the radial and cubital joints are of about equal length and strength ; the former has a small, red-brown, tapering, pointed apophysis at its fore extremity towards the outer side. This apophysis curves very slightly upwards near its point. The digital joint is large, and its fore extremity rather produced; the palpal organs are well developed and rather prominent and complex, with corneous spines and processes. An adult male was found under a stone on the plains of the Jor- dan, and another in a similar situation at Hasbeiya; the large size and colour of the fore central eyes, with the black patch on which 234 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, they are seated, are a remarkable and very distinguishing character of the species. Drassus MUNDULUS, sp. noy. (Plate XV. fig. 11.) Female adult, length 23 lines. The whole of the fore part of this Spider, which is of ordinary form and structure, is of a deep yellow-brown colour. The cephalo- thoraz is clothed with a short, yellowish pubescence. The abdomen is broad oblong-oval in form, and of a dark blackish-brown colour, clothed with a somewhat golden-tinged pubescence. The eyes of the hind central pair are oval and near together, but not contiguous ; those of each lateral pair are wide apart, but nearer together than those of the hind and fore central pairs; those of the fore central pair are rather large, and each is contiguous to the lateral of the same row on its side, but they are separate, though not very widely, from each other. The /egs are short and strong, their relative length 4, 1, 2, 3, and furnished with hairs, and on those of the two hinder pairs are a few spines. The fa/ces are strong, prominent at their base in front ; and their upper surface is transversely, but not strongly, rugulose. The mawille are curved over the labium, and are trans- versely impressed in the middle. The sternum is thickly set with minute punctures, from which fine hairs appear to issue; the genital aperture is small, and arched over longitudinally by a sort of duplex red-brown septum, which diverges on either side at the hinder ex- tremity; but, like this portion of most female Spiders, no mere description can possibly give an accurate idea of its form and struc- ture; this can only be done by a carefully drawn and magnified sketch of that part. Of this Spider, which is allied to D. sericeus (Bl.), but is much smaller and of quite a different colour, an adult female was taken under a stone on the road from Jerusalem to Nazareth, and another in a similar situation on the plains of the Jordan. An adult male and female were found at Cairo among débris of an old wall, in 1864. The male resembles the female in colour; but the abdomen had the appearance of being thickly marked above with long, closely set, longitudinal, wavy strize, of a deep blackish brown on a dull yellow-brown ground-colour, except in the central line of the hinder part, where they are shorter and transverse; the fore extremity of the upperside is occupied by a somewhat quadrate, coriaceous, bare and shining red-brown patch, which is narrowest behind; succeeding this are three pairs of yellowish impressed spots, with a red-brown point in the centre of each; those of the middle pair are nearer together than those of the other pairs; and the hinder pair is much further from the second than the second pair is from the first; and the six spots thus form two longitudinal curved lines, the curves of which are directed towards each other. The palpi (of the male) are moderately long and strong; the radial is shorter than the cubital joint, and is furnished at its outer extremity with a small, red-brown, pointed and rather prominent, corneous apophysis; the digital joint is large and of a pointed oval form; the palpal organs 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 235 are well developed, and from a strong circular prominence at the hinder part they emit a long, rather slender, red-brown filiform spine, which curves round their base, but free from the surface, and along their outer side, and after a sharpish indenture, has its extreme point (including some portion of the spine itself) in contact with a longish, strong, corneous process, which issues from near the middle of the palpal organs, and has a direction parallel with, but free from, the outer margin of the digital joint. These Egyptian examples, although undoubtedly of the same spe- cies as those found in Palestine, were larger, measuring 33 lines in length. Drassus DALMATENSIs, L. Koch, Die Arachn. Fam. der Drassid. p- 89, pl. iv. fig. 59. An adult female of this species was found under a stone at Damascus. Drassus LACERTOSUS, sp. nov. (Plate XV. fig. 12.) Male adult, length 53 lines. This fine and remarkable species is allied to D. lapidicolens (Walck.), but may be easily distinguished by strong differences in some parts of the structural detail. The whole Spider is of a pale yellowish colour, the abdomen being also tinged with dusky drab, and thinly clothed with fine hairs (both on the cephalothorax and abdomen) of a pale colour and somewhat silky nature. The cephalothorax has the caput broad and truncate in front, and its upper surface more convex and rounded than in D. lapidicolens. The eyes are small, of a pearl-white margined with black, and placed in two nearly pa- rallel transverse rows ; the four central eyes form a square; those of each lateral pair are placed obliquely, and are nearly, if not quite, as widely separated from each other as those of the fore and hind central pairs ; those of the latter are nearer together than each is to the lateral of the same row on its side; while the four of the front row are sepa- rated from each other by equal spaces. The degs are moderately long and strong; their relative length 4, 1, 2, 3; and they are furnished sparingly with hairs and spines; the tarsi and metatarsi of the first and second pairs, and the tarsi of the third and fourth, have a double, parallel, longitudinal series of short, strong, black, close-set bristles ; these spread outwards on either side; those on the tarsi are the densest, and are confluent with the ordinary claw-tuft. The palpi are long and strong: the humeral joint is long and unusually strong, being equal in length to the cubital and radial to- gether, and stouter than the femora of the first pair of legs; it enlarges gradually from its base to the extremity, near which, on the upperside, is a short, transverse row of three short, strong, somewhat tooth-like and slightly curved black spines, the outer spine being much shorter than the inner one, and the length of the middle one intermediate between them: the radial joint is long and cylindrical, half as long again as the cubital, but not so strong, and is destitute of any prominence or apophysis: the digital joint is small, and of a 236 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, narrow elongate-oval form ; it is about half the length of the radial joint, and has a few short spiny bristles near its margins: the palpal organs are smail, consisting of an oval, slightly convex, corneous lobe from which a small black spine issues at the extremity on the inner side, and a smail, dark-coloured, corneous prominence at the outer extremity, being very much like those of D. /apidicolens. The falces are long, strong, a little prominent at their base in front, and project very slightly forwards. The maxille are very strong ; they are straight but enlarged at their extremities, which are somewhat rounded, and inclined towards the labium, strongly impressed obliquely across their middle portion, and very prominent, or gibbous, at their base. The labium is of a somewhat oblong form, but wider in the middle than either at its base or apex, which last is truncate ; these parts, as also the margins of the sternum, have some erect black bristly hairs upon them. The abdomen is oval, and projects a good deal over the base of the cephalothorax ; the spinners are rather long and cylindrical in form, those of the superior and inferior pairs being of equal length. A single adult male of this very distinct Drassus was found under a stone at Jerusalem. DRassuSs SENILIS, sp. nov. (Plate XV. fig. 13.) Female adult, length 32 lines. This Spider is allied to D. mundulus (supra, p. 234), as well as to D. sericeus (Bl.); it is of ordinary form and structure. The cephalo- thorax is of a dark bright red-brown, clothed pretty densely with a fine, greyish-white, silken pubescence, among which are a few slender, bristly black hairs. The eyes are in two slightly and equally curved rows, those of the lateral pairs being brought nearer to each other than the two fore centrals are from the two hind centrals ; these forin a rectangle whose transverse diameter is the shortest; the fore centrals are the largest of the eight, and each is contiguous to the lateral on its side; the intervals between the eyes of the hinder row are equal. The legs are strong, not very long, their relative length 4, 1, 2, 3, and of a yellow-brown colonr; those of the first and second pairs are the darkest, especially the tibize, tarsi, and metatarsi; they are furnished with hairs, and (chiefly on the third and fourth pairs) with spines ; the tarsi and metatarsi of the first and second pairs, with the tarsi of the third pair, have a double longitudinal series of short, bristly, divergent hairs (perhaps the tarsi of the fourth pair had been denuded of similar hairs?). The abdomen is oval, truncate before and broadest behind ; it projects a good deal over the base of the cephalothorax, and is of a dull brownish-yellow colour, thickly clothed with blackish and grey hairs, most of which are of a somewhat silky nature; there is a strong black-brown stripe, broader behind than before, on the upperside in the central line of the fore part ; and the space imme- diately round this shows the yellowish ground-colour more distinctly than the rest of the surrounding surface; the underside is less thickly clothed with hairs than the upper, and shows two fine, dusky, brownish, longitudinal and nearly parallel lines along its centre. 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 237 The genital opening is very small, of an oval form, with deep-blackish red-brown margins, and placed near the centre of a somewhat heart- shaped, slightly convex, reddish yellow-brown, glossy plate or scale. An adult female was found under a stone on the plains of the Jordan, and another (in 1864) in a similar situation near Alex- andria (Egypt); in this last example the surface of the abdomen surrounding the dark stripe on its fore side was no freer from hairs than the rest. Drassus INVALIDUS, sp. nov. (Plate XV. fig. 14.) Male adult, length 23 lines. This species is very similar in form and general structure to D. lapidicolens (Walck.), but differs in colour and markings, and espe- cially in the structure of the palpi and palpal organs ; it is also nearly allied to D. morosus (supra, p. 232). The cephalothorazx is of a yellow-brown colour tinged with red- brown before. The legs and palpi are yellow, the falces, maxillze, labium, and sternum reddish yellow-brown; the abdomen is dusky whitish brown. The eyes (looked at from behind) are in two parallel rows, rather more widely removed from each other than usual; the fore central eyes are further from each other than each is from the lateral on its side; the hind centrals are oval, oblique, and near to- gether, but not contiguous, while at the same time they are much further removed from the laterals of the same row than from each other; the eyes of each lateral pair are separated by a space equal to that which separates each hind central eye from the lateral on its side, or from the fore central opposite to it. The degs are moderate in length and strength, their relative length 1, 4, 2, 3, and furnished with hairs and a few spines on the tibize and metatarsi of the third and fourth pairs. The falces are strong, straight, and project a good deal forwards. The pa/pi are rather slender, but moderate in length: the radial and cubital joints are of about equal length; the former has a not very long, nor strong, rather tapering and pointed apophysis at its fore extremity on the outer side; the digital joint is rather large and of an oval form; the palpal organs are well developed, having a strong and somewhat furcate, corneous, red-brown appear- ance at their fore extremity ; the maxille are strong, inclined to the labium and enlarged and rounded at their extremities, but the trans- verse impression is slight. The abdomen is oval, narrower behind than before; it is of a dusky hue, showing a series of paler angular bars, or chevrons, on the hinder part, near the spinners. A single example was found under a stone on the plains of the Jordan. Drassus NANUS, sp. nov. (Plate XV. fig. 15.) Female adult, length 13-1? line. This small species has the cephalothorax yellow, tinged with yellow-brown, and margined with a black line. The legs and palpi are rather paler, except the four last joints of the first pair, which 238 REV. O, P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, are strongly suffused with black, as are also (though slightly) the corresponding joints of the second pair. The whole Spider is of ordinary form and structure, and appears to be allied to Melanophora electa and M. pumila (Koch). The eyes are in two nearly parallel curved rows, the curves directed for- wards; those of the front row are very close to each other; the la- terals, which are larger than the centrals (if not the largest of the eight) are contiguous to them, while they (the centrals) are but slightly removed from each other; the interval between the eyes of the hind central pair is greater than that between each of them and the hind lateral on its side; the eves of each lateral pair are obliquely placed and removed from each other by about one half of an eye’s dia- meter. The legs are short and strong, especially those of the first pair, and the femora of all the legs; they are tolerably thickly fur- nished with hairs; and there are a few longish spines on the tibize and metatarsi of the two hinder pairs. The maville are strong, but of ordinary form, a little curved, and inclined to the labium, which is oblong, and rounded at the apex. The falces are small, moderately strong, straight, subconical, and nearly vertical. The ab- domen is of an oblong-oval form and of a pale dusky brown colour, with a strong tuft of black recurving bristles beneath the fore mar- gin ; a largish marking of a long wedge-shape, and of a darker colour than the rest of the abdomen, occupies the median line of the fore half on the upperside ; and on either side of this is a longitudinal, curved row of several small, pale reddish-brown, narrow, elongated spots, the curves directed inwards; the underside is of a pale whitish yellow. The spinners are pale yellow, those of the inferior pair are longer and stronger than those of the superior. The genital aperture is small, apparently transverse, and divided longitudinally by a narrow, arched, corneous kind of septum. Adult females of this species were found under stones near Jericho and at Jerusalem. DRAssUS INFUMATUS, sp. nov. (Plate XV. fig. 16.) Male adult, length 3 lines; female adult, length 37 to 43 lines. This Spider is closely allied to D. lapidicolens (Walck.), which it resembles both in general form, structure, and colour; but it is much smaller, and its caput is, perhaps, narrower; the legs also are shorter and stronger, and the palpi also shorter; the radial joint is slightly shorter than the cubital, and has a rather prominent but small sharp- pointed red-brown spiny apophysis at its extremity on the outer side ; the digital joint is small, but as long as the radial and cubital joints together, and larger in proportion than that of D. lapidicolens; the palpal organs are small, consisting of a somewhat circular corneous lobe, with a small black curved spine on its inner side, the sharp point directed forwards, and a similar but shorter one on the inner side, but more prominent ; the fine pale needle-like point of the latter directed rather backwards and downwards ; the transverse impression of the maxillz is stronger than in the species before mentioned, and their extremities are not so dilated ; the eyes also of the hind centra] 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 239 pair are rather wider apart in comparison with the rest; and the ocu- lar area is less extended. The female resembles the male, and the genital aperture is very similar to that of D. lapidicolens, 2, though a difference is observ- able on comparison, which is yet difficult to give by a description. An adult male was found under a stone on the plains of the Jordan; and an adult of each sex in an old ruined mud wall near Cairo, Egypt, in 1864. Drassus scrutatus, sp. nov. (Plate XV. fig. 16a.) Male adult, length 3? lines; female adult, length 44 lines. This Spider is of ordinary form and general structure. The cepha- lothorax is of the deepest black-brown colour tinged with red. The eyes are small and not easy to be well seen; they are in two rather short transverse nearly straight, parallel rows ; looked at from in front the foremost row is curved, the curve directed upwards ; the eyes of each lateral pair are as far from each other as those of the fore cen- tral pair are from those of the hind central pair; these latter are oval, oblique, and each is very near (almost contiguous) to the late- ral nearest to it of the same row; the eyes of the foremost row are very near, but apparently not quite contiguous to, each other. The legs ave strong and moderately long, their relative length 4, 1, 2, 3, and they are furnished with hairs, and a few spines on the tibize and metatarsi of the two hinder pairs; their colour is dark black-brown tinged with greenish, the tarsi and metatarsi being paler, and of a dark yeliowish brown. The palpi are short and of a deep blackish- brown colour ; the radial joint is shorter than the cubital, and has a not very large, pointed apophysis at its outer extremity, its inner ex- tremity being also rather spreading or prominent; the digital joint is large and oval, longer than the radial and cubital joints together ; the palpal organs are well-developed and moderately complex, with closely compacted corneous spines and prominences, a portion of which, towards their extremity on the outer side, is quite white, the rest being black and red-brown. The falces are rather long and strong; they are prominent at their base in front, and project for- wards. The mawille are exceedingly strong at the insertion of the palpi, and their transverse impression is strong and oblique. The sternum is glossy and thickly dotted with minute punctures ; these parts, with the labium, are of a deep brown tinged with yellowish. The abdomen is of a rather narrow oblong-oval form and of a deep black colour tinged with green, and is slightly hairy ; the spinners are long, strong, and prominent ; those of the inferior pair are longer than those of the superior. The female resembles the male in co- lours and general characters. Adults of both sexes were found under stones on the plains of the Jordan. Drassus omissus, sp. nov. (Plate XV. fig. 17.) Female adult, length 32 lines. The general structure and form of this Spider is of ordinary cha- 240 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, racter. The cephalothorax is of a pale yellow-brown, deepening on the caput and clypeus; the junctional lines of the caput, thorax, and thoracic segments are indicated by dark converging lines. The eyes are not very unequal in size, and are tolerably closely grouped together ; those of the hind central pair are oblique, oval, and nearer to each other than each is to the lateral on its side; the front row is a little shorter than the hinder one, and the eyes of its central pair are further from each other than each is from the lateral on its side; those of each lateral pair are separated by an interval of less than the diameter of the hinder one. ‘The /egs are rather short, but moder- ately strong; they are furnished with hairs and a few fine spines ; their colour is yellow, those of the first and second pairs are a little suffused with yellow-brown. The palpi are yellow-brown in colour. The falces moderately long, strong, prominent at the base in front and a little projecting ; their colour is deep red-brown. The mazille are of normal form and of a dark yellowish red-brown colour, but lighter in hue than the falees. The /adium is similar to the maxille in colour, of oblong form, rounded at the apex; and the sternum is yellow-brown. The abdomen is of an oblong-oval form, and its colour dull yellowish ; on the upperside is a largish dusky brown elongate wedge-shaped marking in the central longitudinal line of the fore part; this is followed, towards the spinners, by a series of indistinct but broadish angular lines of the same kue. The genital aperture is of a distinct and characteristic form, being a rather large and some- what circular opening with a longitudinal septum whose margins are strongly angular; and below this are two round boss-like glossy but slight prominences. A single adult female was found under a stone at Hebron. DRASSUS UNICOLOR, sp. nov. (Plate XV. fig. 18.) Female adult, length 23 lines. The whole of the fore part of this Spider is yellow, the cephalo- thorax being rather darker than the legs, and clothed with fine grey- ish hairs. The cephalothoraz is of ordiaary form but rather narrow in front. The eyes are in two curved rows, the curves directed back- wards; the hinder row is more strongly cutved than the front one; the eves of the hind central pair, which appear to be the largest of the eight, are separated by a slightly less interval than that between each and the lateral eye on its side; the interval between the fore centrals is greater than that between each and the fore lateral on its side, from which it is separated by a very small space ; the intervals between the eyes of the hind central and those of the fore central pair are equal, but are less than that which separates each of the former from the fore central opposite to it. The /egs are rather short but tolerably strong; their colour is yellow and they are furnished with hairs, and a few spines on those of the two hinder pairs. The falces are small, vertical, and not prominent in front. The mazille are of normal form, and are strongly inclined to the labium. ‘The sternum is oval, pointed behind; and its colour is yellow, narrowly margined with red-brown ; and it is a little indented between the basal joints of 1872. ] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 241 the legs, as well as thickly dotted with minute punctures. The abdo- men is of an oval form and of a washed-out drab-yellow colour ; the genital aperture is small and of characteristic form, not easy to be described, but better seen in the figure given (Pl. XV. fig. 18). A single adult female of this Spider was found under a stone on the Lebanon. Genus Mrevtanopuora (Koch). MELANOPHORA L&TA, sp. nov. (Plate XV. fig. 19.) Male adult, length 23 lines. The cephalothoraz ot this species (which is of ordinary form and structure) is of a yellowish red-brown colour (in one example suffused slightly with dusky black). The eyes are rather compactly grouped in two transverse nearly straight parallel lines, of which the foremost is the shortest ; those of the hind central pair are oval, and further from each other than each is from the lateral on its side ; the position also of the fore cevtrals with respect to the fore laterals is similar ; and these last are the largest of the eight, and each of them with the hind lateral and hind central on its side form an isosceles triangle, of which the hind lateral eye is the apex. The legs are moderate in length and strength, and are of a yellow-brown colour more or less suffused with dusky black ; they are furnished with hairs and, on the tibiee and metatarsi of the third and fourth pairs, a few spines; the terminal tarsal claws of the legs of the fourth pair are longer than those of the other legs. The palpi are similar in colour to the legs, and short; the radial joint is very short, not exceeding one-half of the length of the cubital joint, and it has a small slightly tapering, but not sharply pointed, apophysis from its outer extremity ; the digital joint is large, consi- derably exceeding in length that of the radial and cubital together ; the palpal organs are well-developed but not very complex, consisting of some closely compacted whitish and red-brown corneous processes. The falces are moderate in length aud strength; they project for- wards and are very prominent, and indeed rather abruptly humped near their base in front, and the humped portion is furnished with longish black curved bristles. The mazille are strong and broad at the insertion of the palpi, also curved and inclined to the labium, and transversely impressed. The /abium appeared to be of peculiar form, having the appearance of an elongate triangular piece, around the upper half of which another portion spreads out equally on all sides in a somewhat quadrate form. The abdomen is small and of an oblong-oval form; it is of a dark sooty-black colour, pretty thickly clothed with short silky hairs; on the fore margin is a largish semicircular (the curve directed forwards) coriaceous yellow-brown patch, indistinctly visible. The spinners are moderately strong, long, and prominent ; those of the inferior pair are the longest and strongest; the underside of the abdomen is paler than the upperside. ° An immature female differed only in being larger and more brightly coloured. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1872, No. XYI. 242 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, An adult male was found on the plains of the Jordan, and an im- mature female at Jerusalem, under stones; also, in 1864, an adult and an immature male with an immature female at Cairo; this last adult male, however, was much smaller, and (as were also all the Egyptian examples) of a darker colour than those found in Palestine. MELANOPHORA PICINA, sp. nov. (Plate XVI. fig. 20.) Female adult, length 4 lines. This species is larger than M. eta, which it resembles so exceed- ingly closely in form and structure, that, but for Dr. Koch’s opinion, I should have hesitated to separate it from that species; its colours, however, are darker, the cephalothorax, legs, and other fore parts being deep brown tinged with yellowish, and the legs also with a blackish dusky hue ; the sternum is thick!y marked with small pune- tures ; and there is no trace of a coriaceous yellow-brown patch on the fore margin of the abdomen. The /abium is of the same form as that of M./eta. The genital aperture is not large ; it is of a somewhat subtriangular form covered by a sort of flap of a blunt-angled dia- mond-shape ; in front of each fore corner of the aperture is a rather conspicuous round, glossy, corneous kind of boss, of a reddish-yellow colour. An adult female of this species was found under a stone on the plains of the Jordan—and another in a similar situation near Alex- andria, Egypt, in 1864. - MELANOPHORA CARBONARIA, sp. nov. (Plate XVI. fig. 21.) Male adult, length 2 lines. This Spider is of a deep black colour, except the legs, palpi, falces, maxillee, and labium, which are of a more or less deep yellow-brown. In form and structure it is of the ordinary type. The eyes are in the usual position ; but the hind centrals being placed obliquely, they ap- pear to be nearer than usual to the fore laterals ; those of the hinder row are close to each other though about equally separated ; and the same appears to be the case in regard to the eyes of the front row, which, however, is very slightly shorter than the hinder one, but curved upwards when looked at from in front. The /egs are strong and rather long; their relative length is 4, 1, 2,3; and they are fur- nished with hairs and a few spines on the tibize and metatarsi of the two hinder pairs ; the tarsi and metatarsi are much paler than the rest of the legs. The pa/pi are short and strong ; the radial joint is equal in length to the cubital, and has a strong and somewhat tapering apoplhysis from its outer extremity ; this apophysis curves upwards and bends a very little inwards near its extremity, which is not pointed but rather dilated, and with the appearance, when looked at in one position, of being slightly emarginate or bifid; the digital joint is rather large ; the palpal organs well-developed and prominent, consisting of several corneous processes ; and a slender, curved, sharp-pointed spine issues from their outer side and curves round in rather close contact with them to their fore extremity. 1872. ] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 243 The abdomen is small and of an oblong-oval form ; it is black, with a large glossy coriaceous patch on the fore margin of a deep black- brown hue, and of a somewhat subtriangular form; the apex of this patch is directed backwards and extends to very nearly one-half the length of the abdomen. The spinners are black ; those of the inferior pair are long and strong, those of the superior very short. A single example of this very distinct species was found under a stone on the plains of the Jordan. MELANOPHORA TRAGICA, sp. nov. (Plate XVI. fig. 22.) Male adult, length 3 lines. The general form and structure of this Spider is of the ordinary type; but the cephalothoraz is rather narrower before than in some other species; it is of a deep rich red-brown colour, with indistinct converging veiny-looking black lines on the sides. The eyes are closely grouped in the ordinary position of two nearly, or quite, parallel straight lines; the foremost line is slightly the shortest ; the eyes of each line appeared to be equally separated from each other ; those of the hind central pair are smaller than the laterals of the same row, and of an oblong form. The legs are short and strong; their relative length 4, 1, 2, 3; and they are rather lighter-coloured than the cephalothorax ; they are furnished with hairs and, on the tibize and metatarsi (principally the latter) of the two hinder pairs, with a few spines. The palpi are moderate in length and strength; the radial is shorter than the cubital joint, and has its outer extremity produced into a not very long apophysis; this is broad and strong at its com- mencement, but at about the middle of its length from the underside it goes off abruptly into a tapering sharp-pointed form on the upper- side, with a rather upward direction (the palpus must be viewed with the Spider held in profile in order to see this conformation of the radial joint) ; the digital joint is large, and the palpal organs well- developed; but these are not very complex, and their corneous pro- ceases are closely compacted. The maaille are transversely im- pressed, curved, and incliued to the labium; these parts are similar to the legs in colour, the maxille being tipped with pale whitish yellow. ‘The sternum is of a bright reddish yellow-brown colour, densely marked with exceedingly minute punctures. The abdomen is of an oblong-oval form and rather large, being broader behind than before ; it is of a sooty-brown colour, and has a large, somewhat semicircular, coriaceous patch on its fore margin, of acolour similar to that of the cephalothorax, but with a strong shining coppery tinge; the underside is paler than the upper. The spinners are of the ordinary character ; those of the superior pair are smaller and shorter than those of the inferior. A single example of the adult male was found under a stone on the plains of the Jordan. MELANOPHORA HELVOLA, sp. noy. (Plate XVI. fig. 23.) Male adult, length 1? he. 244 REY. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, This small species is of a uniform pale luteous yellow colour, the abdomen being paler than the rest. In form and general structure it is of the ordinary type, but the position of the eyes rather different ; they are in a compact and rather small group, disposed in two trans- verse curved rows, the curves directed away from each other. The hinder row is the longest and the most curved ; the eyes of the hind central pair are the largest of the eight, and of a rather oval form, oblique, and slightly nearer together than each is to the lateral on its side ; those of the fore central pair are rather further from each other than each is from the fore lateral on its side; those of each lateral pair are very near to each other, but not contiguous. The legs are strong, but not very long; they are sparingly furnished with hairs, and (chiefly on the tibize and metatarsi of the hinder pair) with some blackish spines. The palpi are moderately long and strong; the radial joint is a little shorter than the cubital, and is slightly produced at its outer extremity into a small and not very sharp-pointed apo- physis ; the digital joint is of moderate size; and the palpal organs are rather prominent, not complex, and have a strong curved corneous process, or spiny projection, issuing from near their base on the inner side ; this process curves round, and has its sharp point near their outer extremity. The falces are alittle prominent at their base in front, but not very long nor very strong. The mazille and labium are of normal form. The abdomen is oblong-oval, rather broader be- hind than before. The spinners are strong and prominent, those of the inferior pair being stronger and a little longer than those of the superior. A single example of the adult male of this Spider was found under a stone on the plains of the Jordan. MELANOPHORA SCUTATA, sp. nov. (Plate XVI. fig. 24.) Male adult, length 33 lines. The whole of the fore part, including the legs and palpi, is of a deep brown colour, tinged slightly with yellow; but the legs get paler towards their extremities, the tarsi of those of the third and fourth pairs being of a pale dull yellowish hue; the colour of the abdomen is a dull sooty black, and that of the spinners, which are prominent (those of the inferior pair being longest and much the strongest), is black-brown; the spiracular plates are strong and of large size, somewhat quadrate in form, and of a coriaceous nature, covered with minute impressed points or punctures, and of a dull yellow-brown colour. In general form and structure this Spider is of the ordinary type; but the cephalothoraz is broad, and truncate before, and scarcely at all constricted on the sides forwards. The falces are long, strong, and projecting, and prominent in front near their base; the mazille are very strong at their lower half, the palpi springing from nearer their extremity than their base; the /abium is broad-oblong, some- what curved outwards on the sides; it has its centre, in a longitu- dinal line, prominent, and presents the peculiarity (noticed in respect of M. leta, p. 241, and observable in others of this genus) of a kind 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA, 245 of flange or depressed margin, which runs round the sides and apex; the labium as well as the maxillee and sternum have their surface punctuose. The legs are furnished with longish, prominent, dark hairs and bristles, and some strongish spines on the tibize and metatarsi of those of the third and fourth pairs; their relative length appeared to be 1, 4, 3, 2; but the difference between 1 and 4 is very slight. The eyes are in two, almost straight, nearly parallel transverse lines, of which the foremost is the shortest; they are small and closely grouped: together; the interval between those of the hind central pair is greater than that which separates each from the lateral of the same row on its side; and a similar remark applies to the eyes of the foremost line, the interval, however, between the fore centrals being proportionally greater, though actually nearly the same as that between the hind centrals; the fore laterals ap- peared to be the largest of the eight. The pa/pi are moderate in length and strength; the radial is shorter than the cubital joint, and has a small, not very sharp- pointed tapering apophysis from its outer extremity, adhering rather closely to the digital joint; this latter joint is large, oval, and its length about equals that of the humeral joint ; the palpal organs are well developed, but not very complex, and, though characteristic in structure, do not present any remarkable feature. A single adult male under a stone near Jericho. MELANOPHORA URSINA, sp. noy. (Plate XVI. fig. 25.) Female adult, length 32 lines. Of the ordinary general form and structure, this Spider has the ce- phalothorax of a dark yellow-brown colour, with a narrow black mar- gin, and slight converging black lines and markings, which indicate the normal grooves and indentations. The eyes are closely grouped in two transverse, nearly straight, parallel rows, the foremost row being slightly the shortest ; those of the hinder row appeared to be separated by equal though very slight intervals; but of the foremost row the centrals are further from each other than each is from the lateral on its side. The legs are strong and moderately long, their relative length 4, 1, 2, 3; they are furnished with hairs, and with a few rather fine spines on the tibie and metatarsi of the two hinder pairs. The falces are similar to the cephalothorax in colour ; they are neither long nor very strong, and are but very slightly prominent at their base in front ; their outer surface is clothed pretty densely with short, strong, black bristles ; the maxillze are not very long, but moderately strong ; their transverse impression is strong, and they are curved and inclined to the labium, which is oblong, and rather rounded at its apex. The sternumis covered with minute punctures ; these parts are of a yellow-brown colour. The abdomen is of a short oblong-oval form, and of a dull sooty brown-black colour above, clothed with short fine hairs, but it is paler on the underside ; below the fore margin are some short, strongish, bristly black hairs, which curve upwards ; about the middle of the upperside are six small pale 246 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, and rather elongate spots, in two opposed curves (the curves directed inwards), or in three pairs, of which the intermediate pair are much nearer to the fore than to the hinder pair. The spinners are strong and prominent, those of the inferior pair being the longest and strongest. he genital aperture is of a subtriangular form, with two circular reddish-brown corneous-looking glossy bosses within the triaugle at its base. Two adult females were found under stones on the plains of the Jordan. MELANOPHORA INAURATA, sp. nov. (Plate XVI. fig. 26.) Male adult, length 3 lines ; female adult, 3 to 33 lines. The general form and structure of this species is of the ordinary type; but the upper part of the caput is rather more convex than usual. The cephalothorax is of a very deep rich black chestnut- brown colour, and its surface quite bare (perhaps denuded ?), and thickly covered with minute impressed marks and punctures. The eyes are in two transverse, nearly straight and parallel rows ; the hind centrals are smaller than the laterals, and separated from each other by a wider space than each is from the hind lateral on its side ; the fore centrals are the smallest of the eight, and are rather further from each other than each is from the fore lateral on its side, the fore laterals being apparently the largest of the eight. The degs are moderate in length and strength (their relative length 4, 1, 2, 3), and are furnished with fine hairs, and a few spines on the metatarsi and tibize of the third and fourth pairs; they are similar in colour to the cephalothorax, except the tarsi and metatarsi, which are of a pale yellow-brown. The palpi are moderately long and strong; the radial is shorter than the cubital joint, and has a small slightly tapering but not very sharp-pointed red-brown apophysis at its extremity on the outer side, which adheres closely to the side of the digital joint ; this jomt is moderate in size; and the palpal organs are well developed but not very complex ; the corneous processes are white, black, and red-brown, and are rather compactly fitted together. The falces are similar in colour to the cephalothorax, strong, very prominent at their base in front, and furnished pretty thickly with blackybuistles. The mazil/@ and labiumare of arich chestnut-brown colour, ad are normal in size and form: the maxille are tipped with yellowish they have a strong transverse impression, and are strongly curved aneeuned to the labium, which is perceptibly convex along the middle\;. The sternum is lighter-coloured, and is thickly covered with punctwres. The abdomen is of an oblong-oval form, a little broader behind ; its upperside is of a dark sooty colour, and is thickly clothed with short fine hairs, which in some lights have a somewhat dull greenish golden hue; the underside is dull pale yellow-brown, with two fine longitudinal, central, dark impressed lines. The spinners are small and prominent ; those of the superior pair are shorter by half a length than those of the inferior. The female resembles the male. An adult male was found under a stone at Nain, and an adult 1872. ] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 247 example of each sex ina similar situation near Alexandria (Egypt) in 1864. Mevanopnuora PEDestris, Koch, Die Arachn. vi. p- 82, pl. 200. fig. 489. An adult male of this species (which is not rare in Europe genes rally, and has also been found in England) was found under a stone at Nain. MELANOPHORA CaAucastA, L. Koch, Die Arachn. Fam. der Drassid. p. 144, pl. 6. fig. 87. (Plate XVI. fig. 27.) An adult male and female were found in company with M. pedes- tris at Nain. MELANOPHORA GRACILLIMA, Sp. nov. (Plate XVI. fig. 28.) Male adult, length 13 line. This mall but very distinct species is of the ordinary general form and structure. The cephalothorax is glossy, and of a deep rich black chestnut-brown colour. The eyes are rather closely grouped, in two transverse, nearly straight, parallel rows; those of the hind central pair are slightly nearer to each other than each is to the hind lateral on its side, while the fore centrals are further from each other than each is from the fore lateral on its side, to which it is, in fact, almost, if not quite, contiguous ; all the eyes, except those of the fore central pair, are peaily white. The /egs are strong and rather long (their relative length 4, 1, 2,3), especially those of the first pair; their colour is yellow, the genual, tibial, and metatarsal joints of all except those of the third pair being more or less suffused with black- brown; the legs are furnished with hairs and (principally on the metatarsi and tibize of the third and fourth pairs) afew spines. The palpi are neither long nor very strong ; the cubital is longer than the radial joint, and has a sharp-pointed red-brown apophysis from its fore extremity, rather on the outer side ; the radial joint is emargi- nate at its upper fore margin; the digital joint is rather large; and the palpal organs are very prominent ; from a somewhat circular lobe at their hinder part there issues, from the outer side, a black filiform spine, which curves over them to the inner side, and thence round the inner margin to their extremity ; the lobe from which this spine issues has also a small dark corneous prominent point at its hinder part. The abdomen is short, and of an oblong-oval form, broader behind than before; its colour is black, and the upper surface of its fore half is almost entirely occupied by a large, somewhat oval, shining coriaceous integument, of a deep rich black chestnut- brown colour. The female resembles the male in colour, but is a little larger, and is without the shining coriaceous patch on the abdomen. Examples of both sexes were found under stones on the plains of the Jordan. ‘he apophysis from the eudital joint is, as far as lam aware, a unique character in this genus, if not in this family. 248 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, MELANOPHORA CARMELI, Sp. nov. (Plate XVI. fig. 29.) Male adult, length 22 lines. This species, whose general form and structure is of the usual type, differs from all known to me in having the legs, which are of a yellow-brown colour, broadly annulated with black-brown (the femora and tibiae of the male, however, being entirely black or hlack-brown). The cepalothoraz is of a deep black-brown colour. The legs are long, their relative length 4, 1, 2, 3, rather strong, and furnished with hairs and a few spines. ‘The pa/pi are moderately long, and not very strong; the radial is equal to the cubital joint in length, and has a small sharp-pointed red-brown corneous apophysis from its extremity on the outer side ; the digital joint is rather small, and the palpal organs are neither very prominent nor complex, but there isa rather closely coiled, filiform, red-brown and black spine at their extremity. The mavzille are normal ; the /abium large, oblong, and rounded at its apex: these parts, with the sternum, which is thickly marked with impressed punctures, are of a dark yellow-brown, the maxille tipped with pale whitish. The abdomen is of a narrow oblong-oval form and a dark sooty-black colour, and hasa bare, but not shining, coriaceous patch on the fore part of the upperside ; the spinners are of moderate size. A female was much smaller (although quite adult) than the male, but resembled the male in colour and markings. The genital aperture is of characteristic form. Two adult males and one female were found under stones on Mount Carmel, near El Mukrakah, the supposed place of Elijah’s sacrifice. Genus Micarta (Westr.). MicaRiIA IGNEA, sp. nov. (Plate XVI. fig. 30.) Female adult, length 13 line. The cephalothoraz is ot a narrow oval form, and, when looked at in profile, curves slightly but regularly from the hinder margin to the eyes; it is of a bright and rather coppery-red colour, clothed with a few yellowish hairs. The eyes are in two almost concentric curved rows, the curves directed backwards ; those of the foremost row are larger than those of the hinder one ; the centrals are the largest of the eight, and are separated by a very narrow interval, while each is contiguous to the lateral on its side; the hind centrals are further from each other than each is from the hind lateral on its side, the interval between them being equal to that between the two lateral eyes, and the interval between the hind centrals is equal to that be- tween each and the fore lateral onits side. The J/egs are slender, those of the hinder pair being much the longest ; their relative length is (apparently) 4,1, 2,3; and their colour is yellowish, clouded with reddish yellow and red-brown; they are furnished sparingly with hairs and a few short fine spines. The falces are vertical, and neither long nor very strong ; they are similar in colour to the cephalothorax. The abdomen is long and narrow, and of a somewhat cylindrical form; 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 249 it is jomed to the cephalothorax by a short but distinct pedicle ; the fore half is of a dull yellowish colour, tinged with red, the hinder part black ; the whole is furnished with scaly hairs, reflecting green and golden metallic tints. A broken transverse line or bar of white hairs indicates the junction of the black and yellow portions ; -the abdomen is slightly constricted at this part, chiefly by a depression across the upperside ; the underside is similar to the upper, except that the black and yellow portions run into each other gradually. The genital aperture is small and indistinct, but characteristic in form. The mazille, labium, and sternum aye similar in colour to the cephalo- thorax. Examples of the female, both adult and immature, were found under stones beneath the wails of Jerusalem, between the Damascus and St. Stephen’s gates. They were exceedingly active, and so very similar tothe numerous ants inhabiting the same places, as to make their capture very difficult; the adult males (of which I saw several) escaped, owing to thiscause. In the search for this Spider I met with the only molestation that occurred to me during the whole tour in Palestine,—several natives appearing to think it a good opportunity to stone me from the walls, obliging me to beat as quick and as dignified a retreat as might be practicable under the circumstances. MicaRIa TRIFASCIATA, sp. nov. (Plate XVI. fig. 31.) Female adult, length 3 lines. This fine and distinctly marked species is of ordinary general form and structure. The cephalothorar is of a deep chestnut-brown colour, clothed thinly (chiefly on the sides and caput) with short greyish-white hairs. The eyes are not so closely grouped as in most of the Spiders of this genus: the hinder rowis straight ; and its cen- tral eyes are small, oval, very oblique, and separated by about double the interval which separates each of them from the hind lateral on its side ; the foremost row is much shorter than the hinder one, and is a little curved, the curve directed forwards ; the eyes of this row ap- pear to be larger than those of the hinder row, and the interval be- tween those of its central pair is greater than that which separates each from the fore lateral on its side ; this lateral eye and the central of the same row on its side appeared indeed to be nearly, if not quite, contiguous to each other ; the four central eyes form very nearly a square, whose foremost side is the shortest. The degs are moderate in length and strength, their relative length 4, 1, 2, 3, and their colour yellow-brown, with the femora and a portion of the femoral and tibial Joints of the two hinder pairs dark blackish brown, giving them a somewhat annulate appearance ; the legs of the first and second pairs are rather darker than the rest. The falces are rather small and vertical, and, with the sternum (which is of an oval shape), similar to the cephalothorax in colour. The abdomen is oblong-oval, and black, with a broadish transverse band (somewhat emarginate on its hinder edge) of white hairs on the fore margin; another similar transverse band (but broader and interrupted in the middle) crosses the abdomen just before the central line ; this band fines off just at 250 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, the underside of the abdomen on each side ; and on either side of the extremity of the abdomen, near the spinners, is a conspicuous spot formed by white hairs; the spinners are rather long and prominent, those of the inferior pair are a little longer and stronger than those of the superior pair. But tor Dr. Koch’s opinion, I should have been inclined to refer this species to the genus Drassus or Melanophora. A single example was found under a stone at Haifa. MICARIA SEPTEMPUNCTATA, sp. nov. (Plate XVI. fig. 32.) Female adult, 13 line. This small but brilliant Spider may be distinguished from Drassus (Micaria) nitens (Bl )=M. pulicaria (Westr.), which in form, co- lour, and structure it nearly resembles, by being smaller, and by having the white hairs on the cephalothorax (which is of the deepest black-brown colour) generally but thinly dispersed over the surtace, not gathered into converging lines as in M. puficaria ; some of these hairs reflect metallic tints like those ou the abdumen, which is black and covered with scaly hairs reflecting metallic tints ot gold, green, and purple. ‘The abdomen has also, on the upperside, seven small but distinct white spots, formed by groups of short white squamous hairs ; two of these spots are on the fore margin, four others form a transverse row about one third of the length of the abdomen, behind the two first, and the seventh is at the hinder extremity, just above the spinners ; on either side of the fore extremity, but rather beneath it, is also a short oblique stripe of similar white hairs. The /egs, which are not very lung nor greatly different in length (but whose exact relative length I could not satisfactorily ascertain), are of a yellow colour, except the femora, which are black. An adult female was found under stones on an old wall at Has- beiya. Since writing the above description I find an adult male (hitherto overlooked) from a similar habitat, on the Lebanon, near Ain-Ata. In colours aud markings it resembles the female, but it is rather smaller. ‘The pa/pi are short, and of a black-brown colour; the radial and cubital joints are of equal length, and the former has a small, pale, prominent, pointed apophysis from its outer extremity ; the digital joint is narrow, no broader than the radial, but equal to that and the cubital together in length; the palpal orgaris are pro- minent, but simple in structure. The /egs of the male are also longer than those of the female ; their relative length is 4, 1, 2, 3. MicaRIA NUPTIALIS, sp. nov. (Plate XVI. fig. 33.) Male adult, length 23 lines; female adult, 22 to o lines. This fine species has the cephalothoraz long and narrow, and of a deep black-brown colour, clothed with greyisb-white hairs, some of which are drawn into converging lines, indicating the ordinary inden- tations on the thoracic portion, The eyes are very small, and ap- parently of nearly equal size; they are disposed in two transverse concentrically curved rows, the foremost row being the shortest ; the 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 251 interval between the central eyes of each row is greater than that be- tween each and the lateral of the same row on its side, to which last it is exceedingly near, though not contiguous. The /egs are long and rather slender; their relative length is 4, 1, 2,3 in the male (but not in the female); and those of the fourth pair are much the longest; they are furnished with hairs and (those of the third and fourth pairs) a few small spines ; the colour of the first and second pairs is yellow, with blackish-brown femora, that of the third and fourth pairs dark yellow-brown, deepening to black-brown on the femora. Tire palpi are long, and of a deep blackish-hbrown colour; the cubital, radial, and digital joints are long and of nearly equal length; the radial joint is perhaps slightly longer than the cubital, and has a rather strong and prominent apophysis, with a sharp and slightly curved point ; the palpal organs are simple, and have a very small but strongly curved reddish spine at their fore extremity, near which is another small corneous process. The fulces are long and strong, a little prominent at their base in front, and inclined backwards towards the mazille ; these last are unusually prominent or gibbous at their base, but otherwise of normal structure. These parts, with the /abium and sternum (which latter is heart-shaped), are similar to the cepha- lothorax in colour; but the maxille are tipped with yellowish. The abdomen is of a narrow elongate-oval form, strongly constricted trans- versely at the middle of the upperside; its colour is jet-black, clothed sparingly with squamous hairs, which emit green and purplish metallic tints; a small spot of brilliant white hairs is on either side near the fore margin; and also on either side, in the transverse con- striction, is a white stripe of the same nature, running over to the underside. The female resembles the male; but the abdomen has no transverse constriction, and the spots on the fore margin are in this sex strong stripes ; the stripes at the middle are also stronger than in the male. An adult male and female of this handsome and very active Spider were found under stones at Hebron, and another adult female in a similar situation near Jericho. MicariA ALBIMANA, sp. nov. (Plate XVI. fig. 34.) Female adult, length 24 lines. This species is allied to M. nuptialis, which it resembles in form, general structure, and colours ; but it may be readily distinguished by its yellower brown cephalothorax and other fore parts ; the palpi also have the humeral joints blackish, but the rest is of a clear pale yel- lowish white ; the legs are likewise paler than those of M. nuptialis ; and the sternum is clothed with coarsish grey hairs. The abdomen is black, but richer and more metallic in its tints; a stripe (which is interrupted in the middle) formed by pure white hairs encircles the fore margin; a transverse row of five strong spots or markings runs over the sides and upperside at about the middle; and there is a small white spot just above the spinners; the underside is paler than the upper, and has a short longitudinal tapering white stripe about the middle; the genital aperture is rather large, and somewhat of a 252 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, T-shape; from indications in the only example found it seems pro- bable that in some examples the two lateral spots of the middle ab- dominal row would be found to become confluent, and so form a continuous stripe. A single adult female was found under a stone at Nain. Genus Pururo.ituus (Koch). PHRUROLITHUS FLAVIPES, sp. nov. (Plate XVI. fig. 35.) Female adult, length 13 line. In general form and structure this species is of the usual type, but may be easily distinguished by its colours and markings. The cephalothorax is of a brownish-yellow colour, marked and streaked obscurely with brown, and clothed with greyish-white hairs, some of which are disposed in converging lines on the sides. The eyes are in two transverse and very nearly straight rows, well separated from each other ; the front row, when looked at from the front, curves a little upwards ; the interval between those of the hind central pair is slightly greater than that between each and the lateral of the same row on its side; each of those of the fore central pair is contiguous to the fore lateral on its side. The legs are moderately long and strong, their relative length 4, 1,2, 3; those of the fourth pair con- siderably exceed in length those of the first pair; they are of a brightish yellow colour, with the femora darker ; those of the first and second pairs are nearly black. A double longitudinal series of long and rather strong sessile spines occupies the undersides of the tibize and metatarsi of these two pairs. The falces, labium, and mazille are yellowish, clouded with dusky black ; and the s¢ernum is of a blackish-brown colour. The abdomen is oval, and of moderate size and convexity ; its co- lour is black, with four yellowish-white spots forming a large qua- drangular figure on the fore half of its upperside ; the foremost side of this figure is shorter than the hinder one, following, in fact, the width of the abdomen at those two points. An adult female was found at Hasbeiya, under stones, on an old wall, and another in a similar situation on Mount Lebanon. Genus CLusiona (Latr.). CLUBIONA STRAMINEA, sp. nov. (Plate XVI. fig. 38.) Male adult, length rather more than 23 lines. This Spider is entirely of a straw-yellow colour, the cephalo- thorax, however, being tinged with dusky reddish ; and the abdomen has a space along the middle of the fore half of the upperside of a brighter yellow than the rest ; the extremity also near the spinners is slightly suffused with red-brown. In general form and structure this species approaches Clubiona deinognatha (Cambr.)=C. phrag- mitis (Koch). The eyes are rather large, but not very different in their relative size, and are in the ordinary position ; the foremost row is placed immediately above the falces, almost on the margin of 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 253 the clypeus, and is straight; but the hinder row is a little curved ; the two centrals of this row are nearer together than each is to the lateral of the same row on its side, while the hind centrals are fur- ther from each other than each is from the lateral on its side; the eyes of each lateral pair are placed in astrongly oblique line, and the interval between them exceeds one half an eye’s diameter. The legs are moderately long, and not very strong; they are spa- ringly clothed with hairs and spines. The palpi are rather slender and moderately long; the humeral joints have two short, strong, black bristles near their fore extremity ; the cubital is longer than the radial joint, and has a long black bristle issuing from its fore extremity; the latter joint has two longer black bristles on its inner side; and at its outer extremity there is a small blunt pointed apophysis, with a small red-brown corneous prominence at its base on the underside; the digital joint is small, and of an oblong- oval form; the palpal organs are simple, and not very prominent, though well developed. The falces are long, strong, and projecting ; their profile is slightly arched, and they are broadly but not deeply excavated near their inner extremities ; their colour is a dark reddish yellow-brown. The abdomen is of a long-oval form, pointed behind ; its colour is yellow, very sparingly clothed with greyish-yellow hairs; it has the normal narrow elongate marking along the centre of its fore half very indistinctly visible, being only of a little clearer and darker yellow than the rest; four dusky-yellow impressed spots form nearly a square (the fore side being slightly the shortest) not far from the middle of the upperside. The spinners are prominent, but of mode- rate length and strength, those of the inferior pair being longer and stronger than those of the superior. A single adult male was found among the low plants near Elisha’s Well, on the plains of the Jordan. CLUBIONA GILVA, sp. nov. (Plate XVI. fig. 39.) Female adult, length 3 lines. This Spider might be taken for the female of C. straminea ; but the eyes are smaller, and are disposed in two longer and more nearly parallel lines, the fore one of which is not quite so near to the margin of the clypeus as in that species: their relative positions, however, are the same; but the interval between those of each lateral pair equals, if it does not exceed, the diameter of the largest of them. The falces are stronger and more arched in profile ; they are also without any excavation on their inner sides at the extremities (but this may be only a sexual character), and are of a deep reddish yel- low-brown colour ; in other respects this species is similar in colour to C. straminea, but the abdomen has a few small prominent black bristles on its upperside at and near the fore extremity. The mazille and /abium are of the ordinary form, the latter is slightly emarginate at its apex (as also is that of C. straminea); the genital aperture is very small, and very similar in form to that of C. phragmitis (Koch), to which, perhaps, this Spider is still more nearly allied than to C. stra- 254 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, minea ; it differs, however, from the former remarkably in colours, no example, out of the numerous examples of C. phragmitis that I have seen, having the pale unicolorous abdomen of the present species. A single adult female among water-weeds, near Elisha’s Well, Jericho. CLUBIONA CONTAMINATA, sp. nov. (Plate XVI. fig. 40.) Female adult, length 23 lines. This species is nearly allied to the foregoing, but is smaller; and the cephalothorax is more depressed; it is of a bright brownish- yellow colour, a little darker in front, and with a narrow pale margin. The eyes are small, but not greatly different in size, and are in the ordinary position; those of the front row (which is much shorter than the hinder row) are equally separated from each other ; those of the hind central pair are considerably further from each other than each is from the lateral of the same row on its side. The /egs are not very long, except those of the fourth pair, which are considerably the longest ; their relative length appeared to be 4, 1, 2, 3; but of this 1 am not certain, owing to a difficulty in the actual measure- ment. The palpi are short and, with the /egs, are yellow, the latter being furnished with hairs and spines. The fa/ces are strong, but not very long; they are nearly vertical and very prominent towards their base in front, where they have numerous black bristles. The maxille appeared to be much more enlarged than usual near their extremities on the outer side, where they are of a bluntish angular form; in other respects they are quite normal. The dabcum is ob- long, and rather rounded at the apex. The colour of the falces is deep reddish yellow-brown; that of the maxilla and labium paler; and the sternum is yellow. The abdomen is oval, and of a pale yellow colour; about the middle of the upperside is an elongate dark red-brown stripe, indicating the hinder portion of the usual median stripe on the fore side; on the sides of and behind this stripe are numerous short dark red-brown markings and striz ; these are most frequent on the sides near the spinners. The genital aperture con- sists of a very small and somewhat horseshoe-shaped opening, above which are two deep-blackish red-brown spots or markings in a trans- verse line. Two adult females were found among weeds on the banks of the stream flowing from Elisha’s Well, near Jericho. CLuBIONA ACCENTUATA (Walck.), Ins. Apt. tom. i. p. 594. An adult female of this species was found at Jerusalem. Genus CHEIRACANTHIUM (Koch). CHEIRACANTHIUM ANNULIPES, sp. nov. (Plate XVI. fig. 36.) Female adult, length nearly 3 lines. This Spider is of the ordinary form and structure, but may be easily distinguished by its colours and markings. ‘The cephalothoraz is 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 255 yellow, furnished thinly with greyish-yellow hairs. The eyes are in two transverse rows; the fore one is straight, and nearly an eye’s diameter from the margin of the clvpeus ; those of the hind central pair are nearer to each other than each is to the lateral of the same row on its side; those of the front row appeared to be equidistant from each other; the four. central eves form a square, and those of each lateral pair are placed obliquely, and are contiguous to each other. The /egs are moderately long, and not very strong; their relative Jength 1, 4,3, 2; their colour is yellow, with a broken red- brown annulus at each joint, and they are furnished very sparingly with hairs anda few short spines. The pa/pi are short, and, with the maxilla, are yellow. The /abium is dark blackish brown, with a yellow margin. The sternum is yellow, with a marginal row of largish and nearly confluent deep-blackish red-brown spots or blotches. The abdomen is oval, and very convex above ; it is of a dull dusky yellowish colour, thickly spotted with whitish-yellow cretaceous- looking spots, upon which are numerous black spots and markings, both on the upper- and underside ; the normal elongate longitudinal marking in the middle of the fore part is of a barbed form; the other black markings form, on the hinder half, two longitudinal lines of strong spots, which converge as they approach the spinners, while those on the sides form irregular oblique line. The falces are long, strong, and straight, and a little projecting. Three females (adult and immature) were found among low- growing prickly plauts on the waste between Mount Tabor and Nazareth. CHEIRACANTHIUM TENUIssimuM, L. Koch, Die Arachn. Fam. der Drassid. p. 237, pl. ix. fig. 154. An adult male of this species was found at Hebron, another at Jerusalem, and an adult female on the road from the latter city to Nazareth. CHEIRACANTHIUM SEIDLITzII, L. Koch, Die Arachn. Fam. der Drassid. p. 264, pl. x. figs. 169-171. An adult female at Beirut. CuHEIRACANTHIUM MiLp¥I, L. Koch, Die Arachn. Fam. der Drassid. p. 253, pl. x. figs. 161-163. An adult male of this very distinct species was found on low- growing plants on the plains of the Jordan, and another afterwards at Corfu. CHEIRACANTHIUM ANCEPS, sp. nov. (Plate XVI. fig. 37.) Female adult, length 3 to 33 lines. The general form and structure of this species is of the ordinary type. The whole of the fore part (except the falces, which are long, strong, and straight, a little promine:.t, and of a yellow-brown colour) is dull yellow, furnished with yellowish hairs. The eyes are small, 256 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, not very unequal in size, and margined with black ; they are in two transverse rows, the hinder one of which is curved away from the front row; the eyes of this last (which is a little the shortest) are equidistant from each other, as are also those of the hinder row; those of each lateral pair are near to each other, but not quite con- tiguous. The /egs are long and rather slender (their relative length 1, 4, 2, 3), and they are furnished with hairs and a very few spines ; these last are chiefly on the legs of the third and fourth pairs. The palpi are rather long and slender. The mazille and labium are of a light yellow-brown colour. The abdomen is oval, and projects con- siderably over the base of the cephalothorax ; it is of a dull yellow- brown colour, clothed with yellow-grey hairs, and mottled thickly with clearer yellow cretaceous-looking spots ; these are brightest and most conspicuous in the immediate vicinity of the normal elongate longitudinal marking on the fore half of the upperside, this mark- ing, of a dark dull brown colour and well defined, having a bold sub- angular prominent point at its middle on either side, and a smaller one between that and its fore extremity; its hinder extremity ends in a point. On the underside the cretaceous spots are thick and conspicuous. Probably in life the abdomen was of a greenish hue; but of this I have no certain recollection. In two other examples, which Dr. Koch considers to be of the same species, the abdomen was of a clearer bright yellow (in the cabinet specimens), and, except a few near the normal elongate marking on the fore part of the upperside, there were no cretaceous spots either above or below; and this normal marking was paler and less well defined. Perhaps the cretaceous spots are dependent on age and the consequent cracking as it were of the epidermis after the deposition of ova. CHEIRACANTHIUM PELASGICUM, Koch, Die Arachn. Fam. der Drassid. p. 243, pl. x. fig. 156. Adults cf both sexes of this fine and handsome Spider, which is allied to C. nutriz, but very distinct, were found on low-growing plants at Jerusalem. Genus TracHe as (L. Koch). TRACHELAS MINOR, sp. nov. (Plate XVI. fig. 41.) Female adult, length not quite 1} line. Cephalothoraz oval, with the profile-line of the caput and thorax level ; but the caput is well defined by the ordinary oblique lateral indentation ; it is of a bright yellowish-red colour, very sparingly clothed with hairs; the whole is thickly covered with minute im- pressed dots or punctures ; and the hind slope is rather abrupt. The eyes are rather large, but not very different in their relative size ; they are in two very nearly concentrically curved transverse rows (the fore one of which is the shortest), and close to each other, but not contiguous ; the interval between those of the fore central pair is greater than that between each and the fore lateral on its side, with 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 257 which it is very nearly contiguous ; the fore centrals are only an eye’s diameter from the margin of the clypeus; the hind centrals are fur- ther from each other than each is from the hind lateral on its side ; and there is a roundish black patch immediately below and contigu- ous to the fore central eyes.. The Jegs are short and moderaiely strong ; their relative length 4, 1, 2,3, and their colour a clear pale yellow ; they are furnished sparingly with hairs, but are quite desti- tute of spines. The palpi are short, and similar in colour to the legs. The falces are short, strong, and a little inclined backwards, and similar to the cephalothorax in colour. The mazille are of a yellow- brown colour, the extreme margin being pale; they are strong, of nearly oblong form, slightly broadest at the extremities, which are a very little rounded, and rather inclined to the dabium. This part is large, much the broadest at its base, and the sides rather rounding to the apex, which is truncate; its colour is dark yellow-brown, and the apex pale yellowish. The sternum is heart-shaped, of a reddish- yellow colour, and, like the cephalothorax, covered with punctures. The abdomen is of oval shape, cousiderably convex above, and pro- jects over the base of the cephalothorax ; it is of a pale yellow hue, the upperside more or less suffused above with purplish or maroon- brown, principally on the hinder part, where, in the central line near the spinners, are several indistinct yellowish angular lines or chevrons. The genital aperture is characteristic. An adult female was found under a stone at Jericho ; one was also received subsequently from France. Figure 41, a, 6, Plate XVI. re- presents the male palpus, drawn by Dr. Koch from a French example, of which, not having seen it, I am unable to give any description. Genus Hecaérce (B1.). HECAERGE MACULATA, Sp. nov. Female immature, length 3 lines. The whole of this Spider (which is of the ordinary form and struc- ture) is of a yellowish colour, the abdomen being of rather a duller hue than the rest; the upper surface (including the legs also) is thinly spotted and marked with small dull brown spots and markings. The eyes are in two transverse curved rows, the hinder one being rather the longest, and the curves directed forwards ; the hinder row is more strongly curved than the other, so that the interval between the two lateral eyes on either side is greater than that between each hind central eye and the fore central opposite to it. The eyes of the fore central pair are the smallest of the eight, and are slightly further from each other than each is from the lateral on its side; and the interval between the hind centrals is less than that between each and the hind lateral on its side. The legs are moderately long and strong, their relative length 4, 1, 2,3; the tarsi and metatarsi of each of those of the first and second pairs have on their undersides two longitudinal parallel rows of long, strong, sessile spines ; and each tarsus has a small compact tuft of sooty-coloured hairs at its extre- mity, beneath two curved black claws. It is possible that with adult Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1872, No. XVII. 258 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, examples the spots and markings on this Spider may form a regular pattern, perhaps very similar to that of Hecaérge spinimana. Two immature examples were found near Beiriit, and another on the plains of the Jordan. HecairGE? OPINIOSA, sp. nov. (Plate XVI. fig. 43.) Female adult, length 22 lines. The cephalothoraz is of a short oval form, constricted laterally at the caput; its profile slopes gradually from the commencement of the hind slope to the eyes. ‘The normal grooves and indentations are tolerably distinct ; and the hind slope is abrupt and broadly im- pressed. The colour of the whole of the fore part of this Spider is yellow. The eyes are on black spots, in two transverse very slightly curved rows, near to each other, and the curves directed backwards. The interval between the eyes of the central pair of each row is greater than that between each and the lateral of the same row nearest to it; each central eye is, in fact, contiguous to the lateral next to it ; the eyes of each lateral pair are close to each other, very nearly but not quite contiguous. ‘Ihe /egs are moderately long and not very strong, their relative length 1, 2, 3 (those of the fourth pair were wanting) ; the tibiae and metatarsi of the first and second pairs have a double longitudinal series of long sessile spines beneath them ; each tarsus ends with two slender curved claws. ‘The fa/ces are mode- rately long and strong, a little divergent near their extremities, and their profile-line a little arched. The maville are rather strong, straight, but inclined to the labium, and a little enlarged on their outer extremities. The labium is short and broad, rather narrower and somewhat rounded at the apex. The sternum is short, heart- shaped, and indented between the basal joints of the legs. The ad- domen is of an elongate-oval form, and its colour is a dull whitish drab-yellow, without any markings either above or beneath. The genital aperture is narrow, chiefly marked by a transverse black- brown line of the following form, ——. A single example was found on the Lebanon. I have included this Spider doubtfully in the genus Hecaérge. It appears to be certainly a Drasside; and its general appearance, as well as the spines beneath the tibia and metatarsi of the first two pairs of legs, and the maxille, seem to connect it with Hecaérge ; but the posi- tion of the eyes is somewhat different, and indicates a nearer approach to Drassus. Genus Acraca (Koch). AGRGCA LYCOSIFORMIS, sp. nov. (Plate XVI. fig. 42.) Male adult, length 3% lines; female adult, 44 lines. The cephalothoraz is oval, much broader behind than before, where it is roundly truncated, and almost devoid of any lateral constric- tion ; the profile line of the caput and thorax is almost uniformly level; and the normal grooves and indentations are indicated by short dark lines. It is of a dull yellow colour, clothed with paler hairs, and has two broad longitudinal dark brown bands, one on either side 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA, 259 of the central line; these bands run the whole length of the cepha- lothorax, leaving two broad yellow marginal bands, and a still broader central one which has at its fore extremity two short, fine, dark brown lines originating at the two hind central eyes, running backwards for a little way, and converging into one. ‘The normal indentation which indicates the central junction of the caput and thorax is shown by a fine, longitudinal, bright, red brown line; this line is some- times produced forwards and so meets the two above-mentioned converging lines. The eyes are nearly equal in size, and are in two transverse rows ; the front row is straight, and the curve of the hinder row is directed backwards ; the eyes of each lateral pair are a little obliquely placed, and are contiguous to each other; those of the front row, which is the shortest, are about equidistant from each other, and are appa- rently smaller than those of the hinder row, of which the centrals are slightly nearer to each other than each is to the lateral on its side ; the height of the clypeus is about equal to the diameter of one of the fore central eyes. The legs and pa/pi are a little deeper-coloured than the cephalothorax ; the former are long and strong; their relative length 4, 1, 2, 3, and are furnished with hairs, bristles, and Spines ; each tarsus has a kind of scopula beneath its whole length, aud terminates with two curved claws, beneath which is a strongish tuft of hairs. The palpi are moderately long and strong; the humeral joint is enlarged gradually at its fore extremity, near which on the upper- side it is encircled by a series of fine black spines, each end of the series being a small compact group of several black bristles: the cubital and radial joints are about equal in length; the latter is the least strong, and has numerous long bristly hairs, mostly on the underside, and it is produced at its extremity on the outer side into a short, bent, pointed, prominent, red-brown, corneous apophysis ; the digital joint is large, of an oval form, and pointed at its extre- mity: the palpal organs are well developed and not very complex ; they consist of one or two corneous lobes, from the hinder one of which towards the inner side a red-brown spine issues and curves round backwards beneath the base of the radial joint, and so round the outer margin of the digital joint, terminating near its fore extre- mity in a fine filiform point. The falces are of ordinary form and strength. The mazille are moderately long and strong; they are somewhat oblong, rounded at their extremities on the outer side, and slightly inclined to the dabiwm, which is short, broad, and nearly quadrate ; these parts, with the sternum, are similar to the cephalo- thorax in colour, the falces being a little darker. The abdomen is of a long-oval form, and of a paler yellow than the cephalothorax ; it has on its upperside two longitudinal con- verging brown-black bands, which appear like the continuation of the bands on the cephalothorax; near their hinder portion these two (abdominal) bands are charged with a short longi- tudinal series of nearly confluent and not very distinct yellowish spots; they are, however, sufficiently distinct to be a characteristic 260 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, feature; the inner edge of each band is clean and well defined, but the outer one is ragged and joins in with spots and markings on the sides ; these spots are sometimes arranged in somewhat oblique lines which run backwards; within the central space left by the two lon- gitudinal bands is a longish tapering figure defined by two blackish lines which converge to a point as they run backwards from the fore margin of the abdomen ; this tapering figure is very similar to the marking found in a similar situation almost invariably in the genus Lycosa and in many other Spiders: the underside of the abdomen has three longitudinal broken lines of black spots—one line along the centre and a marginal one on either side. The spinners are not very long; those of the superior pair have two joints, the extreme joint bent downwards; those of the inferior pair are the strongest, and are nearly as long as the former, and of a darker colour. The female resembles the male in colour and markings ; the genital aperture is very small and nearly circular in form. Adults of both sexes, as well as immature examples, were found among water-weeds on the banks of the stream leading from Elisha’s Well, near Jericho. It is a very active Spider; and in its manner of running, in its form and general appearance, and in the pattern on the cephalothorax and abdomen it bears a striking resemblance to many Spiders of the genus Lycosa. Fam. PALPIMANIDES. Genus Patprmanus (Dufour). PaLPIMANUS H&MATINUS, Koch, Die Arachn. iii. p. 21, pl. 80. figs. 178, 179. Adults of both sexes, as well as immature examples, were found ‘not unfrequently under stones on the plains of the Jordan near Jericho. The spinners of this Spider are but two in number, Fam. DictryNipDEs. Genus Eresvs (Walck.). Eresus AcANTHOPHILUS, Duf. An. Sc. Phys. tom. vi. p. 14, pl. 95. figs. 3, 4. Adult and immature examples of both sexes of this fine Spider were abundant in their tubular cornucopia-like webs at various places in Palestine ; these webs were usually spun firmly into some thick and thorny plaut. The systematic position of the genus Hresus has been the occasion of some difference of opinion among araneolo- gists ; for myself, I cannot perceive any close affinity in the Spiders which compose it to the Salticides with which it has usually been placed. As it appears to me, there are strong family affinities between it and Dictyna, both in general form and structure and mode of life, besides the possession by each of a calamistrum on the metatarsi of the fourth pair of legs and a supernumerary maxillary organ, though 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 261 the mere possession of these would not necessarily bring them into juxtaposition with each other. resus and Dictyna seem to me to connect the Agelenides and Drassides through Palpimanus and Ste- nochilus (Cambr.). Eresus M@RENS, Koch, Die Arachn. xiii. p. 3, pl. 433. fig. 1078. A single adult female was found near Jericho. ErEsus RUFICAPILLUS, Koch, Die Arachn. xiii. p. 4, pl. 433. fig. 1080. Adult and immature females were found also near Jericho. Genus Dicryna (Sundeval). Dictyna BENTGNA, Bl. Brit. & Ir. Spid. p. 146, pl. ix. fig. 93. A single adult female was found on low plants on the Lebanon. DicryNa VARIABILIS, Koch, Die Arachn. iii. p. 29, pl. 83. fig. 187. A single adult female of this species was found at Hebron. DictyNA CONSECUTA, sp. nov. Male adult, length 1 line. This species, although smaller and differing a little in colours and markings from D. uncinata (Westr.), yet resembles it so nearly as to be distinguished readily only by the structure of the palpi and palpal organs. The spur at the base on the upperside of the radial joints of the palpi is slightly curved and directed forwards; in D. uncinata it is straight and nearly vertical; the digital joint is large ; and the palpal organs have a strong rather circular corneous lobe near their base on the inner side, from which springs a strong black spine which completely surrounds the palpal organs in its wide and sweeping coil. ‘The markings of the female are more distinct than those of the male, and give a good distinguishing character from D, uncinata: the central longitudinal dark marking on the fore part of the upperside of the abdomen is distinctly trifid at its hinder ex- tremity ; and the brown angulated lines or bars which succeed this are rather indistinct, but are terminated at either extremity by a bold and distinct black patch or spot. The female has a calamistrum on the metatarsus of each leg of the fourth pair, and also a supernume- rary spinning-organ ; the adult male has only the latter. An adult male was found on low-growing plants at Jerusalem, and another near Damascus ; the adult female alluded to was found in a similar situation on the plains of the Jordan. DicTyNA PUTA, Sp. nov. Male and female (immature), length 1 line. In form and structure this species is similar to the last, D. conse- cuta. The cephalothorax is dark brown; the legs and palpi yel- lowish brown with a slight olive tinge ; the tarsi and metatarsi of the former are pale yellowish, with a brown annulus at their extremities, 262 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, The abdomen is jet-black, and the whole Spider more or less thickly clothed with whitish-grey hairs ; these are mostly coarse, and some of them are somewhat squamose in character. The most specially di- stinctive specific characters of the male, such as the form of the falces and the structure of the palpi, could not be observed, owing to the immature condition of the specimen. The female possessed calamistra and an inframamillary organ. An example of each sex was found on low plants at Jerusalem. DicryNA INNOCENS, sp. nov. Female adult, length 12 line. Closely allied to D. consecuta, this species is larger and perhaps more nearly allied to D. benigna (Bl.), from which, however, it may be distinguished by its generally paler colour (having a pale yellowish ground-colour clothed with hoary pubescence) and the much greater minuteness and distinctness of the pattern on the upperside of the abdomen ; the longitudinal oblong marking on the fore half is narrow and somewhat cruciform behind, resembling nearly in this respect D. consecuta; in some examples this marking is almost obsolete; the succeeding angular bars are black-brown, strong, and often more or less confluent, forming an almost homo- geneous patch in some examples; the sides are thickly marked with black-brown ; and the underside has a broad, longitudinal, central band of the same colour. The /egs are short, of a yellowish colour, clothed with hoary hairs, and annulated with reddish brown. It has calamistra in the usual position, and an inframamillary organ. Examples (all females) were found on low-growing plants on the plains of the Jordan. Fam. AGELENIDES. Genus AMAuRoBtus (Koch). AMAUROBIUS PuUTUS, Cambr. Zool. 1863, p. 8570. Adult females of this Spider (which I cannot distinguish from A. putus = Ciniflo puta, Cambr.) were found on low plants on the plains of the Jordan. It is, I believe, identical with Lethia stigma- tisata (Menge). I cannot at present distinguish the genus Lethia (Menge) by any good generic characters from Ciniflo (Bl.). The name dmaurobius (Koch) is adopted as being prior to that of Ciniflo conferred by Mr. Blackwall. AMAUROBIUS SIMPLEX, Sp. nov. Male immature, length 2} lines. In general form and structure this Spider is like the typical species of the genus. The whole Spider is of a general dark sooty- black colour, the cephalothorax and falces being more or less strongly tinged with deep brown; the height of the clypeus is less than half that of the facial space. The eyes are not large, nor very unequal in size; the four centrals form nearly a square whose fore side is the shortest ; the interval between those of the fore central pair is less 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 263 than that between each and the fore lateral on its side, but equal to that between the eyes of each lateral pair respectively ; the eyes also of the hind central pair are nearer to each other than each is to the hind lateral on its side. The legs are paler than the rest, having somewhat of a greenish yellow-brown hue, the tarsi being much the palest. The palpi are short and strong; the radial joint (though, being immature, it was not fully developed, having apparently one more change of integument to undergo) was large and very spreading in front, showing symptoms of a strong but undeveloped prominence at its fore extremity rather on the inner side; the digital joint is very large and of a broad oval form; the palpal bulb was very large, prominent, and tumid. An immature female resembled the male, and possessed calamistra and a supernumerary spinning-organ ; the male had the latter but not the former. I have never observed the former on the metatarsi of any adult male examples of those species of Spiders of which the females, whether adult or immature, invariably possess them; but I have occasionally seen them on immature males of one or two species. Two males and one female (all immature) were found at Jerusalem among the débris of an old wall. AMAUROBIUS DISTINCTUS, sp. nov. Male adult, length 2? lines; female adult 3}. This remarkably distinct species, although closely allied to 4. sim- plex, may be at once distinguished by two longitudinal rows of pure white spots on the upperside of the abdomen, the ground-colour of which is jet-black ; these rows consist each of 5-6 spots, and they converge towards each other a little as they approach the spin- ners ; the four foremost of the spots are the largest and occupy the fore half of the upperside of the abdomen, forming a large and nearly square area ; the spots which succeed are smaller, and diminish gradually in size towards the spinners. The cephalothoraz is of a dull yellow-brown colour, narrowly margined with black. The eyes are very similarly situated to those of A. simpler, but those of the laterai pairs are rather nearer to each other. The legs are mode- rately long and strong, and are furnished with hairs and a few spines, of which latter the chief consist of a row beneath the metatarsi of the first pair, short and tooth-like ; the colour of the legs is a dull brownish yellow deepening at the extremities of the joints, and thus giving them a kind of indistinctly annulate look. The falces are rather long, strong, similar to the cephalothorax in colour, slightly hollowed on their inner sides, and impressed near their extremities in front. The males of this species have a supernumerary spinning- organ but no calamistra; the females have both. The palpi are short, strong, and similar in colour to the legs ; the radial joint has some strong irregular prominences at its fore extre- mity ; and the digital, which is large and of a somewhat oblong-oval form, has a strong, rather angular, sharp-pointed prominence at its base on the outer side; the palpal organs are highly developed and 264 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, prominent, having some large and variously formed corneous pro- cesses connected with them. Several examples of both sexes, but the males immature, were found beneath stones and among débris of various kinds on the plains of the Jordan. In similar situations I also found examples of both sexes, both adult and immature, at Alexandria (Egypt) in 1864. AMAUROBIUS INDISTINCTUS, Sp. Nov. Female adult, length nearly 23 lines. The whole of the fore part of this Spider, both above and below, is of a yellow colour, the legs and palpi being rather paler than the cephalothorax. The Jegs are neither very long nor strong ; they are furnished with hairs, long bristles, and a few longish fine spines, and have calamistra on the metatarsi of the fourth pair. The eyes are nearly equal in size, and are more closely grouped than in either of the foregoing species ; those of the foremost row are nearly equi- distant from each other, the space between the two centrals being rather greater than that between each and the lateral next to it; those of the hinder row are also relatively in a similar position ; those of each lateral pair are near together but not contiguous; and the four central eyes form very nearly a square, The fa/ces are mo- derately long, strong, and considerably and roundly prominent near their base in front. The abdomen is oval, more than usually convex above, and bluff and rounded behind; its fere part projects over the spinners, the supernumerary one of which is apparently undivided ; the colour of the abdomen is a pale yellowish whitey-brown, with a row of paler and rather oblique, short, strong, but indistinct bars along its upperside. This obscure Spider appears to belong to the genus Amaurobius, though in some respects it is of rather abnormal character ; it was found underneath a stone near Jericho. AMAUROBIUS RUFICEPS, Sp. nov. Male adult, length 23 lines. This Spider may be at once distinguished from its near allies (4. simplex and A. distinctus) by the colour of the cephalothorax, which is a bright yellowish red, the femora of the first two pairs of legs being also strongly tinged with the same; the remainder of the legs, as also the falces (which are prominent at their base in front), the maaille, labium, and sternum are of a more or less dark brown tinged with yellow; the degs are furnished, but not conspicuously, with hairs and fine spines ; they are rather long and strong; and their relative length is 1, 4, 2, 3. The palpi bear a general similarity to those of A. distinctus; but the radial joint has tar more remarkable and irregular prominences at its extremity, and the digital joint is also larger and of a different form ; it differs likewise in the structure of the palpal organs. The abdomen is dull black with a silky hue. An inframamillary organ is present, but no calamistra. A single adult male was found under a stone near Cana-el-Jelil. 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 265 Genus Lacuests (Savign.). LACHESIS PERVERSA, Savign. Arachn. d’Egypte, pl. i. fig. 4. An adult female of this species was found under a stone on the Lebanon near Ain-Ata. LACHESIS MEADII, sp. nov. (Plate XIII. fig. 4.) Male adult, length 23 lines; female adult, 3 lines. Cephalothorax oval, with no lateral constriction forwards, where it is bluff and rounded ; the normal grooves and indentations are obso- lete, except a very faint one in the middle line of the thoracic region ; the caput and thorax are confluent, rounded, and arched; its colour is a deep rich, almost chocolate-, red-brown ; its surface is destitute of hairs, and has a somewhat coriaceous appearance. The clypeus exceeds in height double the length of the space occupied by the two central pairs of eyes. The eyes are in two strongly curved transverse and almost parallel rows, of which the curves are directed backwards; the front row is the shortest and least curved. The eyes are small and do not differ much in size; those of the two central pairs form a quadrangular figure whose fore side is the shortest ; the interval between the eyes of each of these pairs is much less than that between each central eye and the lateral of the same row nearest to it; and the intervals between those of each lateral pair are about equal to that between those of the fore central pair. The /egs are moderate in length and strength, and their colour is orange-brown, the femora tinged with darker brown ; they are fur- nished sparingly with fine hairs and dark spines ; each tarsus ends with three claws, of which the two superior ones are strong, curved, and pectinated, the inferior one small and much inflected at its base. The pa/pi are short, and similar in colour and armature to the legs, except the radial joint, which is of a deep rich red-brown colour, and the digital, which is of a dark yellow-brown ; the radial is stronger than the cubital, and has its fore extremity on the upper- side produced into a long, strong, curved, blunt-pointed apophysis, which adheres closely to the side of the digital joint, the latter having the appearance of being indented so as to receive the apophysis, which curves downwards and rather backwards over the palpal organs ; the digital joints are large, and their exterior sides are directed inwards towards each other; and besides the above-mentioned apophysis, the radial joint appears to have another short obtuse one on its under- side; the palpal organs are highly developed and complex, with various corneous lobes, spines, and processes, of a red-brown and black colour. The falces are moderately long, strong, and conical, and a little inclined backwards ; they are similar in colour to the cephalothorax, and are furnished with numerous bristly hairs near their inner ex- tremities; the fang is small, and its point has a somewhat backward direction. The mavzilie are strong and curved over the labium, which they nearly enclose; their colour is red-brown tipped with 266 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, yellowish white. The /abium is oblong, rounded at the apex, which is of a whitish colour, the remainder being red-brown. The sternum is heart-shaped and of a dark yellow-brown colour. The abdomen (of the female) is oval, of a dull black colour, and very sparingly furnished with hairs; on the upperside are three pairs of yellowish-white, longish oval, oblique spots of different sizes in a longitudinal series in the middle line, giving the appearance of broken chevrons ; these are succeeded by a crescent-shaped trans- verse patch of the same colour, and large and small somewhat triangular patches and an oval one, all arranged longitudinally in the centre line, the oval spot being immediately above the spinners ; these are rather prominent and of a pale yellowish colour, those of the inferior pair being much the longest. On the underside the abdomen has a broadish broken bar of yellowish white on either side, into the posterior part of each of which there joins ina short oblique lateral stripe of the same colour; and between these two bars is a long central longitudinal line or narrower bar. The upperside of the abdomen in the male (adult) appears to be covered with a trans- parent, glossy, somewhat corneous integument of a shield-nature, through which a pattern similar to that on the abdomen of the female is rather indistinctly visible ; the spiracular plates are of a yellowish- brown colour; and the genital aperture is deep red-brown and of an omega-form. With these differences, the two sexes are in other respects similar. Adults of both sexes were found under stones, but very rarely, on the plains of the Jordan near the ruins of ancient Jericho. It did not appear to be an active Spider; and I could not detect any web or snare belonging to it, though these would probably, if they existed, have been destroyed by the lifting up of the stones. I have connected with this Spider the name of my kind friend Mr. R. H. Meade of Bradford. LACHESIS BLACKWALLI, sp. nov. (Plate XIII. fig. 5.) Male adult, length 73 lines. Cephalothorax oval, compressed laterally at the caput ; it is mo- derately convex above, and the profile of the caput and thorax ran evenly into one line ; the normal grooves and indentations are fairly defined; the caput is rounded and rather bluff in front, aud slopes in a somewhat circular form to the margin of the clypeus, which is very slightly impressed and exceeds in height the length of the space occupied by the fore and hind central pairs of eyes; the colour of the cephalothorax is yellow, slightly tinged with orange-brown, and thinly clothed with short fine pale hairs. The eyes are in two strongly curved trausverse rows, and are placed somewhat in front of the highest part of the caput; the curves are directed backwards ; and the hinder row is longer than the fore one ; the eyes of the fore central pair are the largest of the eight. The relative position of all the eyes is similar to that of L. meadit, The legs are long, strong, their relative length 4, 3, 1, 2, and of a yellow colour, the tarsi and metatarsi being strongly suffused with 1872. ] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 267 red-brown ; they are furnished with hairs, bristles, and numerous deep black-brown spines, some of which, especially those on the tibize, tarsi, and metatarsi, are long and strong. Each tarsus ends with three claws; those of the superiors strong, curved, and pecti- nated, and the inferior one small and much bent at its base. The palpi are short and similar in colour and armature to the legs ; the cubital joint is somewhat nodose, and rather stouter, though shorter, than the radial, which has a long pointed apophysis at its outer extremity; this apophysis bends sharply upwards, and is in close contact with the digital joint, almost seeming as if it were grown into the digital joint; it has also a strong angular point on its lower surface ; the digital joint is large and of an oval form, bent or flattened in on the outer side, and armed with some short, strong, black spines near its extremity on the upperside; the palpal organs are well developed but simple in structure, forming a slightly prominent lobe almost divided transversely near the middle by astrong constriction. The falces are large, powerful; and their colour is yellow; they are densely clothed in front with short blackish hairs; the fangs are short, recurved, not very powerful, and of a deep red-brown colour. The mazille are short, strong, and curved towards the labium; the curve of their outer margin is almost that of a circle; their colour is pale yellow; and they are furnished with strong bristly prominent black hairs. The /abium is more than half the length of the maxilleze ; it is of an oblong form, rather the narrowest at its apex, which is somewhat rounded ; its colour is pale yellow; and it is furnished with a few dark hairs. The abdomen is rather small, of a short oval form, broadest towards the hinder extremity ; and its ground-colour is yellow, furnished, but not densely, with fine hairs of a pale hue; a broad transverse bar of black-brown runs round and beneath its fore margin, and from the centre of this, and at right angles to it, a narrower bar of the same colour runs backwards for about half the length of the abdomen ; this bar is strongly enlarged at about the middle into an obtusely angular point on each side; these angles are succeeded by another small one on each side; and the hinder extremity of the bar is also a little enlarged and pointed, forming a somewhat diamond-shaped termination ; this bar is succeeded towards the spinners by two slightly converging rows of dark black-brown spots or short trans- verse bars, five in each row; the first two of these are in a line with the extreme point of the longitudinal central bar ; between the two second spots is a faint indication of a third; and in a line with the large angular enlargements of the central bar, on either side, is a strong irregular lateral patch of a similar colour ; and this is followed on each side, backwards, by two other much smaller patches, decreasing proportionally in size; the spinners are short. An adult female, though much smaller, was evidently of this species, and had the lateral markings on the abdomen longer, as well as the inferior spinners of much greater length. A single adult male of this fine and striking species, upon which 268 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, I have conferred, with great pleasure, the name of our veteran ara- neologist Mr. Blackwall, was found under a stone at Jerusalem, and a female, in a tubular silky web, among the loose broken earth of an old bank near Beiriit ; it is not certain whether the web belonged to this Spider, or whether it might not have been an appropriation of the labours of some other Spider. PALZSTINA, nov. gen. Characters of the genus. Cephalothoraz oblong, slightly constricted laterally forwards, mo- derately convex above; caput large, uniformly convex and rounded, without any impression of the clypeus. Normal grooves and inden- tations almost obsolete. Eyes eight, not very unequal in size ; in two transverse slightly curved rows not far removed from each other. Falces short, strong, straight, and conical. Fang short and small. Mazville rather long and strong, especially at the base ; slightly enlarged at the extremities, inclined towards the labium, and slightly impressed transversely about the middle. Labium somewhat oblong, and rather narrower at the apex than at the base. Legs not very long or strong, nor very different in their relative length, which is 4, 1, 2, 3; terminal tarsal claws three. Abdomen oval, moderately convex above ; united to cephalothorax by a short but distinct cylindrical pedicle; spinners six, those of the inferior pair largest, two-jointed, and slightly curving upwards over the abdomen. This genus, which, after some hesitation, I have formed for the reception of several species of minute and curious Spiders, appears to connect the genera Lachesis and Enyo. The position of the eyes is decidedly different from both, while the general form and struc- ture is very like the former. PAL#STINA DENTIFERA, Sp. nov. Male adult, length 13 line. The cephalothorax, falces, legs, maxille, labium, and sternum of this species are of a bright orange yellow-red, the legs being rather the lightest-coloured. The surface of the cephalothorax is roughened by small punctures, and is very sparingly furnished with hairs. The clypeus is prominent, and its margin rounded and pro- jecting over the base of the falces; its height equals the length of the line formed by the foremost row of eyes; these are in two slightly curved and almost concentric rows (the hinder row less curved than the front one) near to each other; the centrals of the hinder row are further from each other than each is from the lateral on its side, and are the smallest of the eight, while the two fore centrals are distinctly the largest ; and all except these are pearly white; the interval between the eyes of each lateral pair is equal to the diameter of the fore one. The /egs are rather slender, and 1872.) SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 269 furnished only with hairs. The palpi are strong and moderately long; the radial and cubital joints are about equal in length; the former is the strongest, and is enlarged and somewhat tumid on its outer extremity, from which there issues a slender spiny apophysis ; this is so nearly adhering to the base of the digital joint as to make it difficult of observation: the digital (as well as the radial) joint is strongly tinged with dark blackish brown; it is large, but of’ ordi- nary form, and terminates with a slightly curved claw: the papal organs are well developed but not very complex. The falces are short, strong, and furnished towards their extre- mities on the upper (or front) side with a small group of about five short, strongish, prominent, black, tooth-like spines. The abdomen is coriaceous on the upperside, where it is of an exceedingly polished and glossy jet-black colour, and entirely desti- tute of hairs ; a broad oblique yellowish band runs from the hinder region of each side up to the fore extremity of the abdomen, which is likewise encircled by it; the underside is of a dark chocolate- brown colour, with a broad central longitudinal pale yellow band of a somewhat elongate triangular form, which occupies its greater area; the spiracular plates are of a yellow orange-brown, and the spinners pale yellow. An adult female differed only in the less con- Spicuous nature of the tooth-like spines on the falces, and in the abdomen being strongly constricted towards its fore extremity over the upperside. An adult male and female of this interesting little Spider were found on the surface of a piece of rock, on the plains of Jordan near Jericho. Although allied both to Lachesis and Enyo, it was im- possible to include it under either of those generic appellations. PALZSTINA EXPOLITA, sp. nov. (Plate XIII. fig. 6.) Male adult, length 1 line. This species differs from P. dentifera in the colour of the cepha- lothorax, falces, sternum, labium, and maxille being deep brown, with a largish patch of a suffused blackish hue at the hinder point of junction between the caput and thorax; the clypeus also has on it a few strongish bristly hairs; and the lateral constriction is greater. The eyes are of a more uniform size, and those of each lateral pair are rather nearer to each other; the faulces have some similar tooth-like spines in front near their extremities, but of these in the present species there were, in most examples, no more than two at all conspicuous. The whole Spider is rather shorter than the former, principally perhaps from the abdomen projecting more over the base of the cephalothorax. The abdomen is jet-black above, and equally polished and glossy above with P. dentifera; the upperside has the appearance of being covered by a distinct coriaceous case or shell. The /egs are of a yellowish-brown colour, suffused with deep black-brown : the radial and cubital joints of the palpi are yellow- brown in colour; and the former is produced at its outer extremity, where it has two to three small and not easily distinguishable points 270 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, or apophyses; the sides and underside of the abdomen are deep brown, paler in the central line of the underside. The female re- sembles the male. This Spider, although very similar and nearly allied to P. den- tifera, may easily be distinguished by the differential characters given above. Several examples of both sexes were found on the surface of rocks near Beirit. A single example was also met with at each of the following places:—Mount Carmel, Nain, and the Lebanon (Ain-Ata). When disturbed, it runs with exceeding swift- ness over the face of the rocks, and conceals itself in the inequalities of their surface. PALASTINA SEXOCULATA, sp. nov. Female adult, length 17 line. Very similar in size, form, and structure to the foregoing species, the present may be distinguished by a shorter and stouter make ; the abdomen also projects more over the base of the cephalothorax ; the whole of the fore part, including the legs, is of a bright orange-yellow colour tinged with red; the cephalothorax is minutely but thickly impressed with small punctures ; the abdomen is of a short oval torm and very convex above; the upperside is black and glossy, but not so polished or corneous-looking as in the two former species; the under- side is pale yellow. The eyes are only six in number ; two large dark ones are seated transversely on a blackish patch, and form a central pair, on either side of which is another pair; these are quite small, those of each pair are placed at right angles to the line of the central pair, and are nearly contiguous to each othcr; the fore one of each of these lateral pairs is separated from the central eye nearest to it by about the length of its own diameter. An adult female of this Spider was found at Jerusalem. It agrees with the typical species in all generic characters, except that of the number of the eyes: if this latter character be a permanent one of the species, it can yet, I think, in this instance have only a spe- cific influence ; possibly the number of the eyes may be accidental ; instances are not unfrequent of an abnormal number of eyes in Spiders of different genera. The Spider itself is otherwise interest- ing, because it indicates in some respects a closer affinity to Lachesis than either P. dentifera or P. expolita, and in some others a closer affinity than these do to Enyo. Genus Enyo (Savigny ). Enyo Graca, Koch, Die Arachn. x. p. 83, pl. 348. fig. 811. An adult male of this Spider was found at Nain. ENyo LUCTUOSA, Sp. nov. Male adult, length 13 line. In form and general structure this species is like E. germanica (Koch). 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 271 The cephalothorax is of a deep glossy black-brown colour, the JSalces and sternum being similar, but the mawille and labium much lighter. The legs are long and slender, their relative length 4, 1, 2, 3; they are of a dull yellow colour, except the femora, which are black- brown, the tibiz also, in some examples, being slightly suffused with the same. The eyes are placed in a position similar to that of the eyes in the typical Enyos,—three in a short, curved, obliquely longitudinal row on either side; and transversely, between the two foremost eyes of these rows, are two other eyes ; these latter, in the present species, are much the largest of the eight, and are further from each other than each is from the foremost eye of the other three on its side ; these foremost eyes are next in size to the intermediate front ones, and each of them is nearer to the intermediate one next to it than this last is to the hindermost eye on its side, which is the smallest of the eight. The height of the clypeus considerably exceeds half the height of the facial space. The palpi are short, of a deep black-brown colour, except the radial and cubital joints, which are dull yellow tinged with reddish brown; the former is the shortest, and is rather roundly prominent on its outer side, where it is strongly and obtusely produced at its extremity, this extremity being continued on its upperside by a short, strong, pointed, corneous apophysis ; the digital joint is large, oval, produced, and pointed at its extremity, which terminates in a short curved black spine; the palpal organs are well developed and prominent, with a strong, curved, corneous process at their fore ex- tremity on the outer side, and another shorter, more obtuse, and not curved, close to it on the inner side. The abdomen is oval, very convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalothorax ; its upperside is black, and the under- side is of a somewhat vinous black hue. The female resembles the male in colour. Adults of both sexes were found under stones on the plains of the Jordan. ENYO ATRICEPS, sp. nov. Male adult, length 13 line. This species is rather smaller than the preceding, and, though re- sembling it in form and general structure, differs in various parti- culars: the clypeus is not so high, being no more than half the height of the facial space ; the cephalothoraz is yellow, the caput being of a deep reddish brown-black ; the falces are rather lighter in colour; the legs yellow, the femora and tibie slightly suffused with brown ; the palpi also are yellow; the radial is shorter than the cubital joint, and has a not very large blackish, red-brown, pointed, corneous spine or apophysis in continuation of its outer extremity ; the digital joint is not so large in proportion as that of FZ. Juctuosa, but, like that, its fore extremity terminates in a small curved black spine: the palpal organs are well developed, but not very complex ; 2/2 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, they have two or three corneous processes in front ; the strongest of these is on the outer side, and is in the form of a hook, with a sharp black spiny point. The aédomen is black on the upperside, and yellowish mixed with vinous beneath ; the branchial opercula are yellow. An adult of each sex was found under a stone on the skirts of the Lebanon. ENYO LUTIPES, sp. nov. Male adult length 14 line; female adult 23. This species is similar in size and general structure to E. atriceps ; but the elypeus is higher, considerably exceeding half of the facial space. The cephalothoraz is yellow, rather tinged with orange ; the upper part of the caput is of a dull red-brown colour ; the falces are brown; the whole of the underside of the Spider, with the legs and palpi, are clear yellow. The /egs are long and slender; their relative length 4, 1, 2,3. The palpi are moderately long and not very strong; the radiai is not half the length of the cubital joint, nor so strong ; it is broadly and obtusely produced on its outer extremity, the produced part terminating on its upperside in a short, strong, sharply curved, and prominent sharp-pointed spine : the palpal organs are well developed, but not very complex; they have two or three small, dark, corneous processes at their fore extremity, and are ob- tusely prominent behind, where, from the inner side, issues a long, filiform, black spine, which curves round their inner side beneath but quite free from the innvr margin of the digital joint, its slender point curving round beneath the fore margin of the same, and terminating on the outer side of the palpal organs. The abdomen is short oval, very convex above (in the female it is almost globular in form); it is of a glossy jet-black colour above, the underside and lower part of the sides yellow; the junction of the yellow and black colours is well defined and obliquely curved, following the profile-line of the abdomen. Adults of both sexes were found under stones on the plains of the Jordan, and an adult female in a similar situation at Jerusalem. CITHZRON, nov. gen. Characters of the genus. Cephalothorax oval, constricted laterally at the caput ; hind slope gradual ; profile-line even. Mazille oblong, strongly curved, their outline almost semicircular, inclined to the labium, and strongly, but not suddenly, impressed in a transverse direction. Labium large, oblong, rounded at the apex and constricted about the middle. Sternum oval, very slightly pointed behind. Eyes eight, not greatly unequal in size ; in two transverse, curved rows; the curves directed backwards; the foremost row is the most 1872. ] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 273 strongly curved; the clypeus exceeds in height the length of the space occupied by the four central eyes. Legs long, moderately strong ; relative length 4, 1, 2,3; destitute of spines, and with but very few hairs (perhaps denuded?) ; those on the undersides of the tarsi are squamose. Each tarsus terminates with three curved claws; the inferior one very minute; beneath these are 2-3 straighter, opposed claws. Abdomen oval, very convex above; spinners six, those of superior pair three-jointed, the two terminal joints directed perpendicularly upwards. This genus, which I have felt constrained to establish for the re- ception of two Spiders found in Palestine and Syria, appears to con- nect the genera Enyo and Agelena, but to be incapable of inclusion in either of them ; it is also allied to the genus Lachesis. CITHERON PREDONIUM, Sp. nov. Female adult, length 23-33 lines. The cephalothoraz is of a dark yellow-brown colour, with a broad lateral marginal band of a clear yellow; the legs and palpi are yellow. The eyes of the hind central pair are oval, oblique and near together but not quite contiguous ; they are much further removed from the laterals of the same row; the interval between the fore centrals (which are round and prominent) is greater than that between each and the lateral on its side, with which it is almost but not quite contiguous ; the interval between those of each lateral pair is rather greater than that between either of the fore centrals and the hind central opposite to it. The falces are not very long, but strong, vertical, and conical in form, and prominent near their base in front ; they are similar in colour to the cephalothorax ; the mawille are yellow, the /abium brownish yellow, and the sternum yellow, with strong marginal indentations between the basal joints of the legs. The abdomen is almost destitute of hairs; it is of a uniform dark maroon-brown colour above, and yellowish beneath, with a longitudi- nally elongate yellow patch immediately above the spinners; the inferior spinners are blackish brown, and only half the length of those of the superior pair, which are of a paler yellowish brown, three- jointed, and turned upwards. An adult female was found under a stone on the Lebanon, and another in a similar situation at Hasbeiya. The colours and markings of this Spider are very like those of some species of Enyo, but its form and general structure are more like those of Agelena and Tegenaria, while the maxille are nearer to those of Lachesis and Enyo; and in the position of the eyes it differs from either of the genera mentioned. Genus AGELENA (Walck.). AGELena syriAca, Koch, Die Arachn. x. p. 110, pl. 354. fig. 827. An adult male, and females adult and immature, of this handsome Spider were found on the Lebanon and at Beirit. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1872, No. XVIII. 274 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, Genus TexTrrx (Sundevall). TEXTRIX INORNATA, Sp. Nov. Female adult, length 43 lines. In form, structure, and in the general position of the eyes this species is very similar to 7’. /ycosina (Sund.); but the colours and markings are strikingly different. The cephalothoraz is dark brown, the caput tinged with yellowish red-brown; the normal indentations are marked by darker lines; and there is a narrow, central, longitu- dinal white band, which begins near the eyes and ends near the hinder margin, both extremities fining off to a fine line. This band is apparently formed by short, pale hairs. The eyes are seated on a black patch ; the two centrals of the front row are the smallest, and those of the hinder row the largest ; these last are very prominent and conspicuous. The abdomen is of a uniform dull brownish black and (when in spirit of wine) minutely and pretty thickly mottled with pale dusky ; a series of fine angular lines, or chevrons, is visible, chiefly on the hinder part of the upperside. The legs, palpi, and sternum are of a clear brown-yellow, more or less distinctly bounded with dusky brown. The legs are furnished with hairs, bristles, and spines, some of the latter being rather long. ach tarsus ends with three claws. The falces are of a deep red-brown colour; the mazille and la- bium rather paler, and narrowly tipped with whitish yellow; the spinners are six in number, those of the superior pair long and two- jointed ; the second joint directed upwards over the base of the abdomen. : Seven examples of the female (mostly adult) were found in the crevices and interstices of rubbly bank-sides at Jericho, Jerusalem, and Hebron. I was unable to discover the male, which would pro- bably give some other good differential specific characters. TEXTRIX PUTA, Sp. Nov. Female adult, length 53 lines. This species may be distinguished from 7’, cnornata by its larger size and its paler (and even plainer) colouring. The degs also were desti- tute of any dark annulation ; this last character, however, may be here, as it is in some other Spiders, dependent upon age and other causes. The eyes are of a much more uniform size than those of 7. inor- nata, and are not seated on a black patch; the hind centrals are not nearly so large in proportion to the rest, nor so prominent and con- spicuous. The abdomen is of a uniform pale, dusky, whitish-brown colour ; and the genital aperture is smaller than that of the foregoing species, and of a different form. Adult females were found at Jerusalem. Genus Tecenaria (Latr.). TrGENARIA INTRICATA, Koch, Die Arachn. viii. p. 29, pl. 261. figs. 610, 611. An adult male, with females adult and immature, were found at 1872. ] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 275 Jerusalem, and on the plains of Esdraelon, in dark and ruined buildings. TEGENARIA ANNULIPES, Sp. nov. Female adult, length 4} lines. Although very nearly allied to 7’. domestica (Clerck) [non T. do- mestica, B\.], this species seems to be certainly distinct ; it is much smaller, but resembles it so nearly in the general colouring and markings on the upperside, as to need no special description in these respects. The whole Spider, however, has a brighter, clearer yellow look, and a more spotted appearance; the legs are more distinctly spotted and banded with black-brown; and the sternum, instead of being dark brown with a central longitudinal dash and a marginal row of yellow spots as in 7’. domestica, must be described as with those colours reversed—that is, as yellow with narrow black-brown intersections, preserving at the same time the character of the pattern in that Spider, the spots in that species being so much expanded as to become in the present one the ground-colour. This reversal of ground-colour and markings is also observable in the pattern on the upperside of the abdomen when the two species are compared. An adult female, with immature examples of both sexes, were found in crevices of rocks on the sides of the Lebanon range. Family HerstviipEs. Genus Hersiziapa (Sim.) = Hersiliola (Thor.). HERSILIADA SIMONII, sp. nov. (Plate XIV. fig. 9.) Male adult, length 2 lines; female adult 27. In size, general structure, and appearance this species is similar to HH. oraniensis (Luc.), but it differs very distinctly in colour and markings. The whole Spider is of a sandy-yellow colour, and the legs and palpi are broadly banded with yellow-brown. The cephalothorax has a deep impression, or indentation, at the junction of the caput and thoracic segments ; it has also an irregular band running round above the margins, a central longitudinal one which subdivides into two just behind the eyes, and one from each of the fore pairs of eyes running to the margin of the clypeus ; all these bands, or stripes, are of a yellowish-brown colour. The abdomen has a very peculiar end distinct yellow-brown pattern on its upperside ; towards the fore part is a largish, somewhat dia- mond-shaped patch produced forwards ; and immediately succeeding and connected with this is an irregularly angular bar, or strong chev- ron, its angle directed forwards; between this and the extremity of the abdomen, on either side of the ends of the angular bar, is an irregular spot or two of a paler yellow-brown; this pattern is in most examples distinctly but narrowly bordered with a paler yellow edging ; this edging is formed by whitish papilliform hairs, with which the whole ground-colour in some specimens is more or less covered; the sides are marked with a longitudinal and roughly den- tated, and often indistinct yellowish bar; from which some slightly 276 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [ Feb. 20, oblique lines of indistinct yellow-brown and pale yellow spots drop downwards to the underside. The superior pair of spinners are two-jointed, double the length of those of the inferior pair, and less than half the length of the abdomen; they are yellow, with a brown patch near the base, on the upperside of the terminal joint, which tapers to a point and is furnished with spinning-tubes throughout the length of its inner surface. The relative length of the legs is 4, 2, 1, 3, those of the third pair being more than half the length of those of the fourth. The terminal tarsal claws are three in num- ber, and spring from a kind of supernumerary or heel joint. The palpi are moderately long and strong; the radial and cubital joints are of equal length ; but the former is rather the strongest, and has no projections or apophyses; the digital joint is large, and has its extremity produced into a longish, tapering point, very like that of some species of T'egenaria, and is furnished with two single, slightly curved claws: the palpal organs are well developed, but not complex ; they consist of a large, flattish, corneous lobe, round the margins of which runs a slender, filiform, black spine (apparently in a double coil) ; and from near the centre a somewhat crescent-shaped corneous process projects perpendicularly ; one limb of this process is longer than the other, but much more slender, and tapers into a sharp, bent oint. Males and females, adult and immature, were found not unfrequently under stones on the plains of the Jordan, as well as, more rarely, near Jerusalem. The only structural distinction between this species and Hersilia caudata (Sav.) and H. indica (Luc.) appears to be that in which it resembles H. oraniensis (Luc.)—that is, the absence of an extra joint in the legs (or, more properly, a subdivision of the tarsus). On this ground, and the greater proportional length of the legs of the third pair, both M. Simon and Dr. Thorell have almost simulta- neously separated H. oraniensis, and formed for it a new genus, Hersiliada (Simon), Hersiliola (Thorell). As far as I can make out, the name conferred by M. Simon has the priority; but of this I am by no means certain. With regard to the generic value of the subdivision of the tarsus, I confess I am doubtful—that is where other strong and recognized generic characters are common both to those possessing and those not possessing such a peculiarity ; it would seem, in this instance, only to mark a group within the genus. As, however, the character is tangible and evident, I have, in deference to the opinion of those able authors, adopted their views here with respect to its generic value in the present instance. It is with the name of one of them, M. Eugéne Simon, that I have great pleasure in connecting this distinct and pretty species of a curious genus. Fam. ScyTopIDEs. Genus Scytopes (Latr.). Scyropes THoracica, Walck. Ins. Apt. i. p. 271. An adult female of this Spider was found at Tiberias. 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 277 Genus Loxoscetis (Heineken et Lowe). LoxoscELis RUFESCENS, Duf. An. Sc. Phys. t. v. p. 203, pl. 76. fig. 5. An adult female of this species was found among the ruins of ancient Jericho. Fam. PHoLcIDEs. Genus Puoxcus (Walck.). PxHo.cus RIvuLATUS, Savigny, Arachn. d’Egypte, p. 140, pl. 5. fig. 12. Males and females, adult and immature, were found among ruins and in old buildings at Jericho, Jerusalem, and Beirit. Fam. THERIDIIDES. Genus ArtAMNE (Thor.)= Ariadne (Dol.)=Prognatha (Camb. MS.). ARIAMNE LONGICAUDATA, sp. nov. (Plate XIV. fig. 114.) Male adult, length 23 lines. The cephalothoraz is oval and of a rather flattened form; the general profile-line is level ; but there is a deepish transverse dip or depression between the caput and thorax, which gives an appear- ance of eminence to the former ; it is of a dull yellow colour, and has the margins, as well as the hinder part of the caput, broadly marked with blackish brown ; besides which, there are two patches, or bars, on the clypeus, one opposite to each fore central eye, of the same colour ; the clypeus is sharply impressed immediately below the eyes, but projects greatly thence to the falces, and considerably exceeds in height half the facial space. The eyes are grouped on the highest portion of the caput; four (the largest) form a large square near its summit; and close to each of the two hinder eyes of the square is a lateral pair, the eyes of which are contiguous to each other, the hinder one being close to the hinder eye of the square on its side; the foremost eye of each lateral pair is minute, the smallest of the eight ; the two foremost of the square are of a brownish-yellow hue, but appear nearly black, owing to the black spots on which they are placed; the rest are pearly white. The /egs are very long and exceedingly slender; their relative length 4, 1, 2, 3, and furnished with fine hairs ; they are of a pale yel- low colour, suffused with a deeper hue at the joints; the terminal tarsal claws are very minute, and (as far as I could ascertain) three in number. The palpi are similar in colour to the legs, long, slender, and fur- nished with longish pale hairs ; the radial is longer than the cubital joint, both are slightly clavate; the digital joint is small, and the palpal organs simple and inconspicuous ; they have a small pro- minent, curved, corneous sharp-pointed spine near their extremity, 278 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, and are turned outwards. The falces are short and not very strong ; they project in the same plane as the clypeus; and their colour is yellow, with a dusky blackish-brown longitudinal line, or bar, on the upperside of each, in continuation of the bars on the clypeus. The mazille are rather long and strong; they project beyond the extremities of the falces, are rather hollow on their outer margins, and almost meet over the /abium, which is about equal in breadth and height, and has its apex somewhat round-pointed. These parts are similar in colour to the legs and palpi. The sternum is large, and of an elongate heart-shape ; its colour is yellow, suffused with dusky, except a longitudinal central bar-like patch. The abdomen is exceedingly produced behind, where it is long, slender, slightly sinuous in form, and tapers to a blunt point, which is armed with a pale curved (and apparently corneous) process, curv- ing backwards and downwards; near this, on the underside, are four small nipple-like prominences, in form of a quadrangle. The spinners are not remarkable in any way, but the portion of the abdo- men behind them is three times the length of that in front; the abdomen is of a dusky colour, almost completely covered by large spots or blotches of a silvery yellowish white, looking like patches of body-colour laid on, and the intersections of these spots form a kind of veining or network ; a broad, tapering, brown band, with a prominent point on each side, occupies the central longitudinal line of the fore part ; the fine point of this band is black, and is directed backwards; two or three other short black and brown lines follow this. On the underside, between the spinners and the extremity of the abdomen, is a broad somewhat golden yellow-brown band, which tapers to a point at rather more than halfway to the terminal curved process. On the sides of this produced portion of the abdo- men are also two or three small black dots. An adult male of this exceedingly interesting and remarkable- looking Spider was found in webs of Epeira opuntie (Duf.), on prickly pears, at Beiriit; but whether inhabiting these webs in a quasiparasitic state (like Spiders of the next genus, Argyrodes), I was unable to ascertain ; it certainly has a close affinity to them, as also to Theridion ; tut its peculiar form of abdomen, as well as the form of the cephalothorax and the position of the eyes, sufficiently confirm the goodness of the genus Ariadne, founded by Doleschall on a still more remarkably characteristic form found in Amboina, Ariadne flagellum, in which the hinder part of the abdomen is drawn out, in a form resembling the lash of a whip, to more than fifteen times the length of the cephalothorax. The name given to the genus by Doleschall, Ariadne, having previously been conferred by Savigny on a genus of Dysderides, has been changed to Ariamne by Dr. Thorell (Europ. Spid. pp. 37, 65). The Theridion fictilium (Hentz, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 282), found in Ala- bama, U. S., is evidently of this genus, and nearly allied to A. lon- gicaudata. I have received, both from Bombay and Ceylon (from Major Hobson and Mr. Thwaites), examples of the female of a spe- cies exceedingly closely allied to, if not identical with, the present. 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 279 Genus ARGyRODES (Sim.). ARGYRODES EPEIR&, Sim. An. Soc. Ent. Fr. 4° sér. tom. vi. p. 282, pl. 4. figs. 1-9. Numerous examples of both sexes, adult and immature, of this curious little Spider were found in webs of LZ. opuntie at Tiberias. Subsequently it was found by M. Simon in a similar situation in Spain, and by him described and the genus characterized in 1866 (An. Soc. Ent. Fr. loc. cit. supra). It appeared to have spun its own little irregular snares among the mazes of the Epeira’s webs, in which it sat, looking like a little morsel of dead stuff, and perhaps deluding the other Spiders into a belief that it was so, and thus escaping being devoured; at any rate all seemed to live together in perfect harmony. The little pear-shaped long-stemmed cocoons of the Argyrodes were fastened to the lines of the web ; from most of these, however (which I placed in a pill-box), there emerged in a few weeks a small hymenopterous parasite, one only from each cocoon. ARGYRODES SYRIACA, sp. nov. (Plate XIII. fig. 10.) Male adult, length 1? line ; female adult, 23 lines. This very distinct species, which resembles the typical forms of the genus in the exceedingly convex and (in profile) somewhat tri- angular-shaped abdomen, may easily be distinguished by the form of the hinder extremity of the abdomen, which is obtusely produced and divided into four short nipple-shaped divergent prominences. It is of a red-brown colour, marked with black, and mottled with silvery-yellow lines, spots, and markings; and in the female the sides are, in some instances, almost entirely black ; in both sexes a deep-brown or black longitudinal marking, with an angular prominent point on either side, occupies the central line of the fore side. The cephalothoraz has the thoracic portion higher than the caput ; it is of a deep black red-brown colour, and that of the male is pro- duced in front into a somewhat pointed conical eminence directed forwards ; around the base of this eminence the eyes are placed on tubercles, and from the centre of the clypeus, which is prominent, there arises a small blunt-pointed, slightly tapering eminence, which, as well as that between the eyes, is furnished with bristly hairs; four central eyes form a largish square ; and on either side is a lateral pair, the eyes of each of which are slightly oblique and contiguous to each other ; the fore central eyes are the largest, dark-coloured, and, if any thing, wider apart than those of the hind central pair; the rest are of a pearl-white colour ; each of the fore central eyes is near, but not contiguous, to the fore lateral on its side. The legs are long, slender, and furnished sparingly with fine hairs; they are of a dull yellow colour, somewhat diversely and obscurely clouded, and banded with dark yellow-brown of several hues. The palpi are short, and of a deep black-brown tinged with reddish ; the radial and cubital joints are of about equal length ; the former 280 REY. O. P, CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, is the strongest ; the digital joint is of a long oval form; and the palpal organs are turned outwards; they are not very prominent or complex, though well developed, and, in structure and appear- ance, very like those of various species of Theridion. The spinners are of ordinary size and form. They are (in the male) about equidistant between the cephalothorax and the hinder extremity of the abdomen; in the female they are considerably nearer to the cephalothorax. The eminences, so strongly developed on the caput of the male, are only rudimentary in the female. Adults of both sexes were found in webs of Epeira opuntie, among the branches of prickly pears, at Beirfit; the egg-cocoon very nearly resembles that of Argyrodes epeire (Sim.), being of a pear-shape, produced at the larger end into a sort of obtuse neck, and fastened to the webs by a slender stalk, which radiates into two or three lines at its extremity. Although A. epeire was abundant in the webs of HE. opuntie at Tiberias, I could not find it here; nor did I there detect the present species, which seemed here to be abundant. Genus THERIDION (Walck.). THERIDION LuTIPES, Cambr. Journ. Linn, Soc. x. p. 382, pl. xii. figs. 46-51. An adult male and female of this species were found in the Hotel d’Orient at Beirfit; it has since then been described by myself under the above name from examples received from Mr, Nietner from Ceylon. THERIDION SPIRIFER, Cambr. Zool. 1863, p. 8574. Adults of both sexes were found on low-growing plants at Jerusa- lem and on the plains of the Jordan; the long slender closely coiled spine connected with the palpal organs of this species makes the male a very easily distinguished Spider ; in other respects it is like 7’. pulchellum (Bl.). It appears to have a wide range; I found it in Egypt, as well as at Rome, and have also received it from several parts of France ; it was first discovered by myself in the south of England in 1860, and is allied to, if not identical with, Theridion rufolineatum (Luc. Explor. en Algér. p. 260, pl. 16. fig. 10); but, as the female only of that species has been described, it is perhaps not the same, but a closely allied one. THERIDION DENTICULATUM, Walck. Ins. Apt. t. 11. p. 305. Adults of both sexes, between which and our ordinary European forms of the species I could not detect any difference, were found on low-growing plants at Jerusalem. THERIDION vaRIANS, Koch, Die Arachn. xii. p. 134, pl. 428. figs. 1056, 1057. An adult male, which I have but little doubt is of this species, was found on a low plant near Jericho. 1872. ] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 281 THERIDION SIMILE, Koch, Die Arachn. viii. p. 79, pl. 275. fig. 649. In company with the last, an adult male of this well-marked Spider was also found. THERIDION VENUSTUM, Walck. Ins. Apt. t. ii. p. 316. An immature female, which I believe to be of this species, was found at Jerusalem. THERIDION ALBOCINCTUM, Luc. Explor. en Alg. Arachn. p. 262, pl. 16. fig. 4. An adult male and females were found at Jerusalem, Jericho, and Hebron, generally under stones. THERIDION FLAVO-MACULATUM, Lucas (non Blackw.), Explor. en Alg. Arachn. p. 257, pl. 17. fig. 4. An adult and immature females were found near Jericho and at Nazareth. THERIDION ACUMINATUM, Luc. Explor. en Algér. Arachn. p. 268, pl. 17. fig. 10. An adult female of this easily determined species was found at Jericho. THERIDION APICATUM, Sp. nov. Female adult, length 1? line. This very pretty Theridion is closely allied to 7. uncinatum (Luc.), but, although resembling it in the peculiar form of the abdomen (which has on the hinder part of the upperside a small but prominent conical tuberculiform eminence directed backwards), it differs in colour and some other specific characters. The cephalothoraz is of a dark yellow-brown colour ; in its form, and also in the size and position of the eyes, it has nothing re- markable about it ; the four central eyes form very nearly a square, those forming its hinder side being rather wider apart than those of the fore side ; those of each lateral pair are contiguous to each other ; the four eyes of the hinder row are about equidistant from each other ; the fore centrals are rather further from each other than each is from the fore lateral on its side; the clypeus is transversely im- pressed immediately below the eyes, but is prominent at its margin, and its height equals at least two thirds of that of the facial space. The falces are also prominent ; they project very nearly in the same plane as the clypeus, and are of the same colour as the cephalo- thorax, as also are the mawille, labium, and sternum. The /egs are rather long, slender, furnished sparingly with hairs, and of a uniform clear pale yellow colour; the padpi are similar in colour, but are tinged with reddish at the joints; their relative length is 1, 4, 2, 3. The abdomen has a whitish-yellow ground-colour, and is reddish 282 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, chocolate-brown in the central longitudinal line of the upperside, where there is a pattern formed by two parallel rows of eight well- defined bright cream-white spots; the four foremost of these spots are the smallest, the next two the largest and widest apart ; on the sides are several stripes, or bold dashes and spots, of a similar colour ; and on the almost vertical hinder part, 7. e. from the conical pro- minence to the spinners, is another stripe, which is dentated or slightly branched on the lateral margin: the spinners are encircled by four other similarly coloured spots ; and a transverse oblong one is situated immediately in the front of the genital aperture; this last is placed upon a strongish deep-red-brown prominence. Adult and immature females of this species were found among a prickly heath-like plant growing abundantly on the wastes near Nazareth and Jericho. THERIDION PARTICEPS, Sp. nov. Male adult, length 13 line. This Spider belongs to a very distinct group of the genus Theridion (of which group 7’. acuminatum (Luc.) may be taken as the type), and is nearly allied to, but, I think, distinct from, Theridion sexalbo- maculatum (Luc.). The cephalothoraz is short, broad, convex above, and rises from the hinder margin quickly, but gradually, in a curved convex line to the ocular region, which is thus elevated and prominent ; the clypeus is hollow immediately beneath the eyes, but is of great height, and slightly prominent close above the falces; these are small and weak. The colour of the cephalothoraz, falces, and sternum is a deep brown, that of the mazille and /abium a little lighter. The eyes do not differ greatly in size; those of the fore central pair are much further from each other than each is from the fore central on its side; while those of the hinder row appeared to be equidistant from each other; the four central eyes form nearly a square, the trans- verse being longer than the longitudinal diameter; those of the lateral pairs (which seemed to be the largest of the eight) are con- tiguous to each other, and flattened on their contiguous sides ; the hinder row of eyes is longer than the fore one. The /egs are short, rather strong, of a yellow colour, annulated with dark brown, and sparingly furnished with hairs. They do not differ much in length; those of the fourth pair are the longest, and of the third pair the shortest ; those of the first and second pairs did not appear to differ appreciably, and were but very little longer than those of the third pair. The palpi are short, and (except the radial and digital joints, which are deep black-brown) similar to the legs in colour; the cubital and radial joints are very short, the latter is of a peculiar bent form, and spreads out at its fore extremity. The digital joints are very large, and have their upper or convex sides turned to each other ; they have an angular prominence on their outer sides, towards their extremity, and a slightly abrupt and conically produced, bent, corneous-looking point at their extremity. The palpal organs are 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 283 prominent and highly developed, but not very complex ; they have a strong, rather twisted, corneous process near their extremity, on the outer side. The abdomen is oval, moderately convex above, slightly pointed behind, and is of a glossy greenish-black colour, thinly spotted, both above and beneath, with silvery spots of various sizes ; on the upper- side two of these spots occupy the fore corners (shoulders, as it were) of the abdomen; across the middle are four others in a curved row, the two central ones of which are the smallest, the end ones large and sometimes duplex ; and three others form a triangle close above the spinners, the apex of the triangle being directed backwards ; in one example these last three spots were confluent, or rather connected by streaks of the same colour; the sides have a large oval spot for- wards; and on the underside are two more, in a transverse line be- tween the spinners and the middle. Two examples were found under stones—an adult male at Jerusa- lem, and an adult female at Hebron. THERIDION SCRIPTUM, Sp. nov. Male adult, length 1} line. This Spider is closely allied to 7. acuminatum (Luc.), which it resembles in form, but differs in colour and markings. The cephalothoraz is of a uniform glossy yellow-brown colour, furnished with a few longish bristly hairs on the caput, which is elevated and prominent, and rises gradually, with a curved profile line, from the thorax ; the clypeus is high, transversely impressed below the eyes, and slightly prominent above the falces. The eyes are similar in their size and position to those of 7’. particeps. The legs are short and moderately strong, their relative leugth 4, 1, 2,3; and their colour is yellow-brown, suffused with blackish brown beneath the tibise ; the tarsi and metatarsi are dark brown; and the femora are also suffused with the same, giving the legs a broadly banded appearance; they are furnished with hairs, some of which are of a bristly nature, and a few on the upperside are erect. The pa/pi are short ; the cubital joint is nodiform; and the radial is very short, but broad and spreading at its fore extremity; the digitals are large, and have their convex sides directed towards each other: the palpal organs are well developed and prominent, but not very complex; at their extremity are two well-defined corneous prominences, one short, obtuse, and perpendicular, the other long and bent both downwards and backwards and with a sharp spiny point near the extremity of the shorter one. The falces, maville, labium, and sternum are similar to those of T. particeps, and are of the same colour as the cephalothorax. The abdomen is oval, broad before, and rather pointedly produced behind ; the fore part is high, and, looked at in profile, falls away gradually in a curved line to the spinners (some females, however, are, when distended with ova, of the ordinary form) ; it is of a dark glossy black-brown colour, marked above with some bold but dull yellow markings ; these are plainer on the female than on the male ; 284 REY. 0, P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, they consist of a broken curved and crescent-shaped band around the fore part, a broad transverse one (divided or interrupted in the middle) nearly across the centre, and, following this, one or two somewhat angular bars, also interrupted in the middle: the spinners are of ordinary form and size, but prominent. Adults of both sexes were found under stones and among rubbish and herbage on the plains of the Jordan. I found it also in similar situations at Alexandria (Egypt). THERIDION INSCRIPTUM, Sp. Noy. Female adult, length 13 line. This species is similar in size and general structure to 7’. particeps, but it differs in the position and size of the eyes, and in the abdomen, which is less pointed behind. The abdomen is of a uniform dull black colour ; the cephalothorazx yellow-brown, tinged with blackish, espe- cially in the ocular region, which is diffused with it. The legs are yellowish, faintly banded with brown, and the palpi yellow. The eyes are large; the fore centrals the largest of the eight, and each of them is almost, if not quite, contiguous to the fore lateral on its side ; the hind centrals are, if any thing, slightly nearer to each other than each is to the hind lateral on its gide ; those of each lateral pair are obliquely seated on a tubercle. A single example was found beneath a stone on the Lebanon. THERIDION ERIGONIFORME, Sp. Nov. Male adult, length 14 line ; female adult, 13. : This is a very peculiar species ; it is, I think, certainly a Theri- dion ; but in the form of its cephalothorax, as also in its general form, it is exceedingly like the Spiders of the genus Hrigone (Savigny). The cephalothorax is of a longish-oval form, and of a deep red- brown colour; the caput is smooth and glossy, the thorax distinctly granulose, especially on the sides and margins ; and there is a strong curved indentation at the point of junction between the caput and’ thorax ; the former of these rises abruptly from the latter, and the hinder part of the latter (thorax) is slightly produced backwards, the produced portion fitting into a kind of corneous socket beneath the fore part of the abdomen; the clypeus is slightly prominent and somewhat full. The eyes differ but little in size; they are in two transverse curved rows, of which the fore one is the shortest ; the two central eyes of each row are respectively nearer together than each is to the lateral on its side; the eyes of each lateral pair are contiguous and seated obliquely on a tubercle ; all, except the fore ‘centrals, are of a bright pearly-white hue. The legs are moderately long, rather strong, and their relative length is 4, 1, 2, 3; they are of an orange-yellow colour, the femora and the fore part of the tibize strongly suffused with dark brown, and are sparingly furnished with hairs ; the tarsi have three terminal claws. The palpi are short, the cubital joint is bent, and much less strong than the radial, which last has its fore extremity simple, but closely fitting to the digital joint, so that it appears almost to form 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 285 a portion of it; the digitals are small, and their convex sides are turned to each other: the palpal organs are neither prominent nor complex, and are not easy to be distinguished as separate from the digital joint without very careful inspection with a strong lens; they have a small closely adhering and circularly curved filiform black spine at their extremity on the outer side. The falces are small, and there is a widish interval between them at their base ; they are also prominent near their bases in front, where there are some longitudinal rows of small tubercles or spiny granulations very analogous to the denticulations on the falces of Erigone longi- palpis (Sund.). The maville are strong, greatly curved, and inclined over the labium, so that their extremities are almost in contact with each other. The Jabium is short, of a subtriangular form, the apex being blunt-pointed; the sternum has its surface marked with im- pressed, shallow, round punctures or impressions. All these parts are rather darker-coloured than the cephalothorax. The abdomen is small, of an oval form, and moderately convex above ; it is jet-black above, with four small yellowish-white spots in- cluding the whole area of the fore part ; these spots are of a some- what transversely linear form, and the two foremost of them are necessarily much nearer together tlran,the two hinder ones ; between these and the spinners are three smaller spots of the same colour, and arranged longitudinally in the central line; these last are less con- spicuous in the male than in the female, in which latter sex there is also another small but similar spot on either side of the extremity of the line formed by the three spots just before mentioned. The female has not the prolongation, noticed above in regard to the male, at the hinder extremity of the cephalothorax, nor the peculiar corneous kind of socket beneath the fore part of the ab- domen. An adult male and female were found among herbage on the plains of the Jordan. In those peculiarities of thorax and abdomen in the male just noticed, this species resembles Theridion mandi- bulare (Luc.)=Epeira diversa (Blackw.), a Spider whose position appears doubtful, and perhaps ought to form the type of a distinct genus, but which I have for the present placed in the genus Pa- chygnatha (vide post, p. 294). THERIDION CONSPICUUM, sp. nov. (Plate XIII. fig. 11.) Male adult, length 2 lines. This species belongs to the group which includes 7. 4-puneta- tum, T. guttatum, T. stictum, and others, bordering closely upon Lathrodectus. The cephalothoraz is short, broad, and slightly produced behind, and there is a deep circular indentation at the junction of the caput and thorax ; the former is chiefly distinguished from the thorax by its rather raised and prominent fore part where the eyes are seated. The colour of the cephalothorax is a deep rich red-brown; and its surface is marked with fine impressed dots or punctures, and has 286 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, (chiefly on the sides and margins) some granulations or small pointed black tubercles, which give its surface a roughened appearance. The eyes are in two transverse rows, of which the fore one is shortest and curved, the hinder one being straight; the hind cen- trals are rather nearer together than each is to the hind lateral on its side, and the fore centrals are further from each other than each is from the fore lateral on its side; the four central eyes form a square, whose hinder side is shortest, and those of each late- ral pair are contiguous and placed obliquely: the clypeus is high, transversely impressed below the eyes, and prominent above the falces. The legs are moderately long and strong, their relative length 1, 4, 2, 3; they are of a yellow colour, and the femora are furnished with numerous small, black, pointed denticulations; the terminal tarsal claws are three in number. The pa/pi are not very long, but slender, and of a dull greenish- olive hue; the cubital joint is prominent, in a somewhat angular form above, towards its fore extremity ; the radial is very small at its junction with the cubital, but broad and spreading at its fore extremity; the digital is of a longish-oval form, with a somewhat pointed lobe near its fore extremity, making it bifid at that part: the palpal organs are well developed and rather complex ; they have several prominent corneous and spiny processes, one of a semi- diaphanous nature at their extremity. The falces are moderately long and vertical, but rather slender and weak. The sternum is thickly marked with small punctures, and is of rather a darker colour than the cephalothorax. The abdomen is short-oval in form, and very convex above, being almost globular in the male, but less so in the female. The male has a kind of corneous socket beneath the fore part, into which the hinder extremity of the cephalothorax fits, as in the last species described ; it is a deep rich red chocolate-brown colour, and (in the male) has four large circular shallow impressions on the centre of its upperside, somewhat resembling those on the abdomen of Gastera- cantha; the upperside is also marked very conspicuously with cream-white spots and bands, forming with the ground-colour a pattern which may be described as a longitudinal series of four to five pairs of markings, occupying the whole upperside; the yellow bars and lines are often more or less obliterated or interrupted, and then form simply three nearly parallel longitudinal broken bars, with traces of some short transverse ones ; a more or less continuous bar or line of cream-white runs completely round the sides, and divides the upper from the underside; and in front of the genital opening is a small spot of the same colour. Adult and immature examples of both sexes of this very pretty and distinct Spider were found in numerous localities throughout Palestine, and always beneath stones. The abdomen of the female is destitute both of the four large circular impressions on the upper- side and of the socket beneath the fore margin. — 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 287 Genus Ero (Koch). Ero Tusercuxata, Degeer, Uebers. vii. p. 93. n. 6, tab. 13. figs. 1-9. An adult male and females were found under stones and among débris of various kinds near Jericho and at Nazareth. Genus CrenopHora ( Blackw.). CTENOPHORA MONTICOLA, Bl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. June 1870. An adult and immature females of this striking species were found in irregular snares among prickly pears at Beirtt. Subsequently to this, the species has been described by Mr. Blackwall from Sicilian examples, and a genus (Ctenophora) formed for its reception. Mr. Blackwall has also constituted a separate family for this genus and Galena (Koch), with which it is un- doubtedly connected. If this family should eventually stand, the genus Ero ought, it seems to me, to be added to it ; for the Spiders constituting the genus Ero are characterized by an exceedingly similar armature of the fore legs to that upon which Mr. Blackwall chiefly bases the establishment of the family ; between Zro and Cteno- phora there is also great general similarity of form and structure. Several striking new species of Ctenophora have lately been received from Ceylon, where they were captured by native workmen, among numerous other Spiders, in the Royal Botanic Gardens. Genus LaAtHrRopeEctus (Walck.). LaTHRODECTUS EREBUS, Savigny, Arachn. d’Egypte, pl. 3. fig. 9. Adult females of this fine Spider were found beneath stones near Jericho and at Jerusalem. LATHRODECTUS PALLIDUS, Sp. nov. Female adult, length 53 lines ; height of abdomen 43. This species is nearly equal to LZ. eredus in size, and resembles it in general form and structure; but it may at once be distinguished by its colour and markings, and by the almost perfect smoothness of the abdomen, which in ZL. eredus is thickly clothed with hairs and short curved bristles. The colour of the cephalothorax is yellow-brown, that of the palpi and legs yellowish; the tarsi, metatarsi, tibize, and genua of the latter, as well as the digital joints of the former, being deeply suffused with dark yellow-brown. The falces are dark brown tinged with reddish; the mawille and labium are dark yellow-brown, the extremities of the maxille and apex of the labium yellow ; the sternum also is yellow-brown, equally divided by a tapering longitudinal band, whose point is directed backwards. The abdomen is of a creamy yellow-white colour, with four deep- red-brown spots forming an oblong about the centre of the upper- 288 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [ Feb. 20, side; the two foremost spots are smaller and nearer together than the hinder ones. Besides these, there are twelve other smaller spots of the same colour disposed widely apart, but symmetrically beside and behind the four before noted ; the two largest spots are con- nected by a dull pale line crossed at right angles in the middle by another similar line which branches out irregularly into several finer lines at its hinder extremity; the sides, as well as the fore and hinder parts and a portion of the underside, are slashed (as it were) by a bold denticular or vandyked pattern of a brownish-yellow colour ; the points of the denticulations (which are long and curved) are directed upwards and forwards. The underside has a con- spicuous clear yellowish-white somewhat quadrate large patch on its centre; this has six black-brown impressed dots longitudinally in three pairs; those of the central pair are almost contiguous to each other; on either side of this patch, principally forwards, are some brown markings and veinings; close in front of the above- mentioned patch is the genital aperture, the process (or epigyne) connected with which is large, prominent, and of a red-brown colour; the aperture itself is of a transverse oval form. The spin- ners are red-brown and short; those of the superior and inferior pairs are very strong, and on either side of them is a largish dark brown patch, with two or three conspicuous yellow-white spots. In the position of the eyes this species also differs from L. erebus; the hinder row (looked at from behind) is straight, and the four eyes of which it is composed appeared to be separated by equal intervals, though, if any thing, the two centrals are the furthest apart, while in L. erebus this row of eyes is strongly curved, the curve directed forwards, and its two central eyes are much nearer together than each is to the lateral on its side ; the eyes also of each lateral pair are further apart in L. erebus than in the present species. The relative length of the legs is 1, 4, 2, 3; the terminal tarsal claws are three, the inferior one strong and very sharply bent backwards. Adult and immature females were found in irregular snares spun among low plants on the plains of the Jordon; while the only situation in which L. erebus was found was beneath stones. In a similar situation the latter species was also found, not un- frequently, at Alexandria (Egypt) in 1864. LaTHRODECTUS ARGUS, Sav. Arachn. d’Egypte, p. 137, pl. 3. fig. 10. Males and females, both adult and immature, of this beautifully marked Spider were found in their snares among low plants near the earth on the plains of the Jordan and near Beirit ; the females had usually a sort of domed shelter, covered with bits of leaf and particles of earth, beneath which they sat. LaTHRODECTUS HAMATUS, Koch, Die Arachn. vi. p. 105, pl. 206. figs. 507, 508. An adult male and females were found beneath stones both at Jerusalem and near Jericho. 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 259 Genus Ericone (Savigny) + Nertene (Bl. ad partem), and Walckenaéra (id.). Er1GONE RURESTRIS, Koch, Die Arachn. iii. p. 84, pl. 101. fig. 231. Adults of both sexes of this widely dispersed Spider were found at Jerusalem, the Lebanon, and Beirit. ERIGONE INCAUTA, Sp. nov. Male adult, length ? of a line =~), of an inch. This Spider is of the ordinary form, colour, and general structure. The cephalothoraz rises gradually from the hinder part to the caput, which is bluff and rounded, but not elevated, and the normal grooves and furrows are not strongly marked ; it is glossy and of a deep reddish-brown colour, with black margins. The eyes are in two curved rows, of which the foremost is the shortest; those of the hind central pair are rather further from each other than each is from the hind lateral on its side ; those of the fore central pair are the smallest of the eight, and are contiguous to each other ; the eyes of each lateral pair are seated obliquely on a tubercle. The height of the clypeus is more than two thirds that of the facial space. The legs are moderate in length and strength, and do not differ much ; their relative length is 4, 1, 2, 3; and they are of a yellow colour tinged with red. The palpi are short and darker-coloured than the legs; the radial and cubital joints are of about equal length, the former is the least strong, and is produced rather on the outer side in front into a longish, prominent, pointed apophysis, which is a little curved downwards, and has a small, prominent sharp tooth beneath ; the palpal organs are well developed and prominent, and have a circu- larly coiled black filiform spine at their extremity. The addomen is oval and projects over the base of the cephalo- thorax ; it is glossy black and very sparingly clothed with hairs. Although closely allied to many European species, this one may easily be distinguished by the form of the radial joints of the palpi, taken in conjunction with its colours, the position of the eyes, and the form of the cephalothorax ; it is perhaps most nearly allied to Neriene herbigrada (Bl.). Two adult males were found under a stone—one at Jerusalem, the other on the Lebanon. ERIGONE INEXPEDIBILIS, Sp. nov. Male adult, length 54, of an inch. This is one of those puzzling species which, though presenting no strongly marked and easily seized differential character is yet un- doubtedly distinct from any other; it is allied to EF. rurestris (Koch), and perhaps more nearly to Neriene (Linyphia) oblita (Cambr.), and N. pallipes (id.); but perceptible differences in the relative position of the eyes, the armature of the legs, and the Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1872, No. XIX. 290 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, structure of the palpal organs are visible on a careful comparison with those species. The legs are shorter and stouter than in Z. rurestris, and the falces also are weaker. The cephalothoraz is of a dull yellow-brown colour, suffused with blackish ; the normal grooves and indentations are not strongly marked ; and the caput scarcely rises above the thoracic level. The eyes are in two curved rows of almost equal length ; the two hind centrals are slightly further from each other than each is from the hind lateral on its side; the fore centrals are very near together, but not quite contiguous; those of each lateral pair are seated very slightly obliquely on a tubercle; the height of the clypeus is half that of the facial space. The legs are rather short and not very strong; and their relative length is 4, 1, 2, 3; they are of a pale dull yellow colour, and are furnished with hairs and a few very slender bristle-like pale spines. The palpiare short ; the radial is very short but of the same length as the cubital, and, though very slightly longer in front than beneath, it has no prominence or apophysis at its extremity ; the cubital has a single, erect, fine, tapering, black bristle, which issues from near its fore extremity on the upperside; the palpal organs are simple, and consist of a single, large, roundish, corneous lobe, on the sur- face of which are indistinctly visible some small spiny processes and projections. The falces are moderately long, slender, and slightly divergent. The maville are short, strong, and very slightly inclined to the Jabium, which, owing to the adherence of some foreign substance, could not be well seen. The sternum is convex, heart- shaped, and with the maxillz of a blackish hue. The abdomen is long-oval, very sparingly clothed with hairs, and of a dull pale yellow colour suffused with blackish. A single example found on a dwarf shrub at Hasbeiya. ERIGONE DENTATA, Reuss-Wider (Mus. Senck. i. p. 229, pl. 15. fig. 8), var. ORIENTALIS, Cambr. Adults of both sexes were found among water-weeds on the banks of the stream flowing from Elisha’s Well on the plains of the Jordan. These Spiders, although exactly similar in structural detail, and no doubt the same as ZL. dentata, appear to vary from it almost con- stantly in colour and markings. Out of numerous examples taken in England, very few, and those chiefly females, presented any trace of even a longitudinal, central, pale band on the abdomen, the usual colouring being a uniform deep black-brown; while out of equally numerous examples found in Palestine (and also in Egypt in 1864), not — one was of that normal European colour, most of them being of a pale yellow with a stronger or weaker broken longitudinal brown-black band on either side of the central line of the abdomen ; in some ex- amples these brown-black bands are represented merely by three large spots; the underside is also similarly marked ; only two or three had the abdomen black-brown with a broad longitudinal cen- 1872. ] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 291 tral yellow band giving off fine, short, lateral lines of the same colour. To this, seemingly constant, eastern variety I have added the name of orientalis. ERIGONE FEMORALIS, sp. lov. Female adult, length 1 line. The cephalothoraz is of ordinary form, and nearly resembles that of Neriene livida (Bl.). The caput is not raised above the thorax ; and the clypeus is vertical, rather exceeding half the facial space in height ; the normal indentations are tolerably strong ; and it is of a very deep rich brown colour. The eyes are small and do not differ much in size ; they are in the usual position of two transverse curved rows; those of the hinder row areequidistant from each other, and those of each lateral pair are obliquely seated on a tubercle ; those of the fore central pair are the smallest of the eight, very dark-coloured and difficult to be seen, and contiguous to each other ; the space between each of these and the hind central nearest to it is very little less than that between the two hind centrals, The /egs are moderately long and strong ; their relative length 4, 1, 2,3, those of the fourth pair being perceptibly longer than those of the first ; they are furnished with hairs and fine bristles, and are of a brightish red-brown colour softening to reddish yellow at the tarsi, the femora being of a very deep red-brown and much darker than any other portion, while the tibize have a pale yellow ring round their extremities nearest to the genual joints. The palpi are moderate in length, of a dark brown colour, and furnished with hairs and bristles. The falces are short, strong, and obliquely truncated on their inner extremities, where they are furnished with fine sharp teeth. The mazille and labium are normal in form; these parts, with the stermwm, are similar in colour to the cephalothorax ; the sternum, however, is of rather a deeper hue. The abdomen is long-oval and moderately convex above ; it projects over the hase of the cephalothorax, and is of a glossy jet- black colour, very sparingly clothed with fine hairs; the genital aperture is large, of a circular or somewhat horseshoe form, and its corneous margins are red-brown. A single adult female was found on a low-growing plant on the plains of the Jordan. ERIGONE DENTIPALPIS, Westr. (Aran. Suec. p. 199), var. sy- RIACA, Cambr. Although at present I imagine this to be of the same species as our common European form £. dentipalpis, still, as all the distin- guishing specific characters of that species are found, as it were, ex- aggerated or in excess in the present Syrian examples, it may pos- sibly turn out, on further careful examination and comparison, to be distinct ; meanwhile I have stamped its variation from our European form by the additional name var. syriaca. These Syrian examples are rather larger than any I have yet fouad in Europe; the lobes at the fore extremity of the radial joint of the 292 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, palpus are bolder and larger, though apparently of the same form ; also the tooth beneath this joint is much stronger; there are also some small denticulations visible along the central longitudinal line of the caput when looked at in profile. Five adult males were found on the roadway between Hasbeiya and Damascus. ERIGONE SPINOSA, sp. nov. (Plate XIII. fig. 12.) In size, form, general structure, and armature of the cephalo- thorax and falces, this yet very distinct species nearly resembles E. longipalpis and others; the legs, however, are of a redder hue; and the projection or apophysis beneath the fore extremity of the cubital joint of the palpus distinguishes the male ata glance. This apophysis in all the other closely allied species of this group of the genus Hri- gone is either perpendicular to the joint or has a backward direction ; in this species, however, it is directed strongly forwards beneath the radial joint ; it is also slightly sinuous, and less robust than the cor- responding apophysis in the other species. The radial joint of the palpus is shorter than the cubital, and has no tooth-like spine be- neath it, though in some Egyptian examples there was in the place of such a spine a very minute kind of tubercle and bristle: at the fore extremity on the upperside the radial joint is simply emargi- nate, and the lobes or prominences thus formed are less conspicuous than in most of the other species alluded to ; the prolongation, how- ever, at the fore extremity of the underside of the joint is longer. The digital joint is small, not longer than the radial ; and the palpal organs present nothing remarkable in their structure or development. The cephalothoraz of the male has some small somewhat denticular tubercles in a longitudinal row along the middle of the caput, each being surmounted by a bristle. The female (found only in Egypt) had the falces and margins of the cephalothorax armed with spines, though not so strongly, similar to the male. E. spinosa appears to be a widely dispersed species. I found it at Cairo and Alexandria (Egypt), also (in Palestine) on the road be- tween Jezreel and Nazareth, as well as at Rome. I have since re- ceived it from M. Simon, by whom it was captured near Paris. ERIGONE PASTORALIS, sp. n. (Walckenaéra, Bl.). Male adult, length ? of a line, or +; of an inch. The cephalothorax of this species is of a glossy deep rich red- brown colour margined with black ; the legs are reddish orange- yellow, and the abdomen brownish black. There is no distinct eleva- tion of the caput, which is gradually confluent with the thorax ; the noi mal indentations are fairly marked ; and the height of the clypeus, which is slightly prominent, equals one half that of the facial space. The eyes do not differ much in size; those of the hinder row are equidistant from each other ; the fore centrals are the smallest and darkest-coloured of the eight and contiguous to each other; the four central eyes form nearly a square whose fore side is the shortest ; those of each lateral pair are contiguous to each other, and are seated 1872. ] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SY&IA. 293 obliquely ; behind each hind lateral eye is a slight longitudinal de- pression or indentation. The /egs are rather long, slender, and pro- vided with hairs; their relative length is 4, 1, 2, 3. The palpi are short ; the radial joint is of about the same length, but stronger than the cubital; it spreads rather in a rounded form over the base of the digital joint, and has a largish circular notch or emargination at its upper extremity towards the outer side; the digital joint is small and of an oval form, and the palpal organs are not very complex or prominent ; the falces are short and powerful, obliquely truncated at their inner extremities, where they are armed with fine teeth. The abdomen is of aslender oval form, and projects but very slightly over the base of the cephalothorax. This species belongs to the group of the genus Hrigone which in- cludes Walckenaéra ignobilis, Cambr., and W. aggeris, Cambr., and, although it does not possess any remarkably striking distinctive cha- racteristic, is yet quite distinct from any recorded species. Two adult males were found among low-growing prickly plants on the waste near Mount Tabor. ERIGONE PAVIDA, sp. nov. (Walckenaéra, Bl.). (Plate XIV. fig. 22.) Male adult, length +4, of an inch, or rather less than 3 of a line. This species is very similar to Walckenaéra nemoralis (Bl.) in size, colour, and general structure, but may be distinguished without difficulty by the structure of the palpi. As in that species, it has the upperside of the abdomen covered with a punctuose coriaceous epidermis ; and the abdomen projects closely over the base of the cephalothorax ; the cubital joint of the palpus is longer and stronger than the radial, and of a clavate form; the radial is slight and pro- duced at its extremity in front into a tapering pointed apophysis, and on the outer side into a shorter, broader, and obtuse one; the digital joint is of asomewhat irregular form, having a kind of conical curved prominence at its base on the upperside, the extremity of this pro- minence being in near proximity to that of the pointed apophysis of the radial joint ; this character of the digital joint distinguishes it readily from W. nemoralis (Bl.): the palpal organs are well developed and rather complex, and have a small black curved spine with a pro- minent point at their extremity. A single adult male was found under a stone at Hasbeiya. Genus Linyputia (Latr.). Linypuia ALBULOIDES, sp. Noy. Male immature, length rather less than 13 line. This Spider is in colour and markings exceedingly like L. albula, Cambr., but may be distinguished at once by a central longitu- dinal dark brown line on the cephalothorax ; this line is bifid before, the bifid portion beginning at the junction of the caput and thorax, each of the two parts thence running to the hind central eye oppo- site toit. The /egs are long and slender; their relative length 1, 4, 294 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, 2, 3, and they are furnished very sparingly with hairs and a few short dark spines; they are of a yellowish colour, with one or two faint dusky brown annulations. The palpi had the palpal bulb large and tumid, but undeveloped. An immature male was found on low-growing plants near Jericho. LINYPHIA CONGENER, Sp. nov. Female adult, length 17 line. This Spider is closely allied to L. albula, Cambr., and L. alticeps, Bl., as well as to L. albuloides (the species last described) ; it resem- bles this latter in the bifid line on the cephalothoraz, which is yellow and has also a blackish marginal line. From JZ. albula it differs in having the sternum of a blackish-brown colour. The abdomen is white, with a central longitudinal dark brown bar (which emits fine branches from its sides) on the fore part of the upperside, and con- tinued in a fine line to the spinners; there are also two longitudinal rows of dark nearly confluent spots on the hinder half converging to the spinners: the sides have some ill-defined, oblique, blackish-brown lines; and the underside is black-brown, with three elongate yellow- white spots disposed longitudinally in the central line. The epigyne connected with the genital aperture is simple but prominent, and was apparently fully developed. The legs are long and slender; their relative length 1, 4, 2, 3; they are furnished with hairs and some fine spines, and are of a yellow colour, distinctly annulated with dusky brown. Adult females of this species were found among shrubs on the Lebanon. LinypHia imuteea, Ohl. Die Aran. der Provinz Preuss. p. 47, =. confusa, Cambr. Linn, Trans. xxvii. pp. 427 & 462. An adult female of this species was found on the Lebanon. LINYPHIA FRUTETORUM, Koch, Die Arachn. xii. p. 123, pl. 424. figs. 1044, 1045. Adult females of this very distinct species (though closely allied to L. pratensis, Bl.) were found among low-growing plants at Hebron and near Jericho. Genus PacuyGNaTHa (Sundevall). PACHYGNATHA LISTERI?, Sund. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1829, p. 210. An immature female of what I believe to be the above species (though from the immature example its specific identity could not be decided with absolute certainty) was found at Damascus. PacHyGNATHA? MANDIBULARE, Luc. Explor. en Algér. p. 260, p: 17. fig. 1. Adult males and females of this striking-looking species were found at Jerusalem and near Jericho, generally under stones, but the male occasionally running on the ground. Doubts have been expressed 1872. ] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 295 above, p. 285, upon the genus of this Spider. The form of the palpi and palpal organs of the male differ decidedly from the very pecu- liar and constant form of those parts in all the species of Pachy- gnatha J have ever seen ; in this respect it resembles many species of the genus Theridion. ‘The general form of the cephalothorax, the position of the eyes, and the large size and form of the falces appear to connect it with the former; but it must be remembered that none of these characters are, either by themselves or probably together, of generic importance ; while in the form of the maxillee and labium it is decidedly different from Theridion, to which it was referred by M. Lucas, and somewhat so from Pachygnatha. Mr. Blackwall, who was acquainted only with the female, placed it in the genus Lpeira, to some species of which the female bears certainly very great general resemblance; but the maxille and labium do not agree with Epeira, and, as far as I have observed, it does not spin a geo- metric web. Mr. Blackwall also calls attention to a striking differ- ence from Epeira in respect of the lengths of the legs. I am in- clined to think that it will eventually be necessary to form a genus for it, between Theridion and Pachygnatha. I have received examples of both sexes from Jersey and Serk ; and have also myself found it under stones among the ruins of the baths of Caracalla at Rome, as well as at. Cairo, Egypt. Fam. EpriripEs. Genus TETRAGNATHA (Latr.). TETRAGNATHA MOLESTA, Sp. nov. Male adult. In form, size, general structure, and colour this species very nearly resembles 7’. extensa, Walck., for which it might be mis- taken until the falces were carefully examined ; these, in the pre- sent species, have each, in addition to two parallel longitudinal rows of teeth along their inner sides, two larger teeth at their upper extremity: one, towards the outer side close to the inser- tion of the fang, is strong, somewhat flattened from some points of view, and has an enlargement or rudimentary tooth near the middle; the other, towards the inner side, is also equally strong and flattened, but has no enlargement near the middle; the teeth of the two inner parallel rows enlarge as they come near the ex- tremity, except the last tooth on the upperside, which is small and situated close beneath the large one above mentioned as towards the inner extremity ; the fang of each of the falces has a strongish compression on its inside near the insertion ; and the compression is followed by a rudimentary tooth or enlargement. The cephalothorax differs from that of 7. extensa in having a broad, central, longitudinal, brown band running backwards from the eyes (where its breadth equals that of the hinder row) to the hind margin, where it is almost pointed; this band is composed of seve- ral almost confluent brown bars or stripes; the rest of the cephalo- 296 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE ([Feb. 20, thorax is slightly suffused with dusky, and has a clear, pale, narrow margin. An adult male was found on low plants near the stream running through the plains of the Jordan from Elisha’s Well, and another in a similar situation near Beirit. TETRAGNATHA MINITABUNDA, Sp. Nov. Male adult. . In size and general form this species also nearly resembles 7. extensa ; its cephalothorax, however, is shorter and broader in front, and is of a dark yellow-brown colour with a broad marginal band of a lighter hue, and well defined by a kind of zizzag, irregu- lar, dull orange-yellow line. The eyes are very conspicuous from the black spots on- which they are seated, and the length of the transverse space they occupy ; each fore lateral eye is very minute and seated near, but not quite contiguous to, the hind lateral. The falces have the normal double row of teeth on their inner sides ; but the upper row is deficient, several teeth being absent from near the fore extremity of the row; at the upperside of the fore extre- mity of each of the falces is a stronger tooth than any one of those in the above two rows; the tooth is pointed, tapering, directed for- wards, and has the slightest possible approach to being bifid at its extremity ; close to its base on the inner side is another and much smaller tooth. The abdomen is corrugated along its outer margins. The palpi are shorter than in 7. molesta; and the palpal organs vary a little, though in general form and structure their resemblance to those of that species, as well as to those of 7. extensa, is very remarkable ; the dentition, however, of the falces, joined to the form, colour, and markings of the cephalothorax, and the position of the fore lateral eyes readily distinguish it from both. This Spider was found among plants in a moist place between Hasbeiya and Damascus. TETRAGNATHA PERLONGIPES, Sp. Nov. Male adult, length 14 line ; length of a leg of first pair 103 lines, length of a leg of the third pair 23 lines, length of a leg of the fourth pair 4 lines. This species differs from all the European species of Tetrugnatha, as well as from the two foregoing, in the far less development of the falces and in the shorter maxille ; the character also of the palpal organs is different. In some respects it approaches near to the group of exotic species, of which 7’. decora, Bl. (gen. Meta, Koch?), found in India and Ceylon, is an example; but, on the whole, I imagine that it may become eventually the type of a new genus. The cephalothorar is rounded behind and compressed laterally before ; it is yellow in colour, with a broad, central, longitudinal, dark, dusky brown band, as wide in front as the length of the hinder row of eyes, and nearly pointed behind; this band is composed of 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 297 broken bars and markings, of which some are somewhat convergent towards the normal indentation at the junction of the caput and thorax. The eyes are large, but not greatly unequal in size ; they compose two transverse parallel rows on the fore part of the caput; the front row is the shortest, its eyes are wide apart from each other and seated on conspicuous black spots ; those of the foremost row are equidistant from each other ; and the hind centrals are further from each other than each is from the hind lateral on its side. The /egs of the first and second pairs are very long, nearly six times the length of the Spider itself; their relative length is 1, 2, 4, 3; those of the third pair are very short, less than one-fourth of the length of those of the first pair; they are of a dull orange-yellow colour banded with dusky brown, and furnished with hairs and a few short spines. The palpi are short, of a yellow colour, and furnished with bristly hairs ; the radial is much longer and more robust than the cubital joint ; it is generally tumid and enlarged at its fore extremity, where on its margin there are two or three long black bristles ; the digital joint is not very large, and is more of the ordinary oval form than that of 7. extensa and others, and its convex side is towards the falces: the palpal organs are well developed and rather complex ; they consist of various corneous processes and spines, one of which, on their inner side and immediately beneath the fore edge of the radial joint, is prominent, obtuse, and terminates with several long, strong, black bristles. The falces are of a deep reddish-brown colour, and do not extend beyond the extremities of the maxille ; they are vertical, moderately strong, and very slightly divergent at their extremities. The maz- ille are straight and enlarged at their extremities, and are quite, or rather more than, double the length of the /adiwm, but much shorter than those of Tetragnatha extensa &c. The labium is somewhat of a quadrate form with the apex rather rounded. The sternum is of a blackish-brown colour ; the fore margin is yellow, and it is di- vided by a longitudinal tapering stripe of a similar colour. The abdomen is oblong, of a dull yellow colour, mottled with golden or silvery metallic spots on the sides as well as on the upper- side, which last has a pattern on it formed by two longitudinal, nearly parallel, zigzag or dentated, broken, blackish lines, while the sides are marked with fine oblique striz; the underside is dark brown and has two parallel longitudinal bars running throughout its length, of a pale golden-metallic hue ; the spiracular plates are large and of a dull pale yellowish hue. The abdomen of the female is rather enlarged and elevated about the middle of the upperside ; the epigyne is peculiar, being broad, oval, oblong, and flat, rounded at its extremity, and extends backwards in near proximity to the surface of the abdomen. An adult male, and females both adult and immature, were found among water-weeds near Elisha’s Well on the Jordan plains. 298 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, Genus Eretra (Walck.). Eprira HERI, Hahn, Die Arachn. i. p. 8, pl. 2. fig. 5. Adults and immature examples of both sexes of this Spider were found among grass and herbage on the plains of the Jordan. EpPrrIRA INCONVENIENS, Sp. nov. Female adult, length 3 lines. This Spider, which is nearly allied to H. similis, Bl., may at once be distinguished by the form of the epigyne (or process con- nected with the genital opening); this, in the present species, is broad and strong, and rather long, tapering towards its extremity, and running backwards in close adhesion to the abdominal surface. The cephalothoraz is yellow, strongly margined with black ; the caput is slightly suffused with dusky blackish brown, especially at its junction with the thorax. The legs are yellow, barred on their undersides with black-brown ; and their relative length is 1, 2, 4, 3. The sternum is yellow, with black-brown margins, the junctional line of the two colours sharply and strongly dentated. The abdomen is of a short oval form, and deep ; but its upper sur- face is rather flat, and it projects over the base of the cephalothorax ; its general ground-colour is yellow, mixed and spotted minutely with brown; an oval area comprising nearly the whole of the upper surface is bounded by a strong and obtusely dentate black line or bar; within this area is a broad, longitudinal central band ofa clearer yellow than the rest of the surface, and, tapering backwards, is ob- scurely dentated on its margins; this band is longitudinally bisected by a faint brown line which runs to the spinners, and is crossed at right angles towards its fore part by a similar line ; some finer lines of the same nature and colour branch out laterally from the above- mentioned line towards its hinder part ; the sides havea reddish and yellow mottled appearance, and are marked by oblique lines of black elongate spots or short dashes; the spinners are surrounded near their base (on the abdomen) by alternate yellow and black-brown blotches; and the underside of the abdomen has its surface, in a large somewhat quadrate form, thickly mottled with brightish yellow ; and there is a short transverse black bar close in front of the extre- mity of the epigyne. An adult and immature examples of this Spider were found on low-growing plants at Beirit. EpeirA NETA, Sp. nov. Male adult, length 1 line ; female adult, length 14 line. This very pretty and distinct little species belongs to the group which includes £. herii (Hahn), EH. trifasciata (Koch), and £. calva (Bl.). The cephalothorax of the male is of a dull reddish- orange colour margined with black ; and the caput is distinctly suf- fused with brownish black. The /egs are similar to the cephalo- thorax in colour, and are banded near the joints with black-brown ; 1872. ] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 299 the upper half of the femora of the first and second pairs are wholly, and those of the third and fourth pairs partially of the same colour ; they are furnished with hairs, bristles, and long spines. The palpi are of the ordinary epeiriform character; the cubital and radial joints have each a long, strong, curved, spiny bristle issu- ing from their upperside; the digital joint is prominent on the outer extremity in a somewhat conical or pointed form; the palpal organs are highly developed, prominent, and complex, with corneous spines and processes. The abdomen of the male is small, oval, and black, with four elon- gate yellow-white spots on the fore part of the upperside in a qua- drate form, the two foremost of the spots being oblique ; and above the spinners is another spot of the same colour; that of the female is much larger and projects over the base of the cephalothorax ; it is also black, but is marked on the upperside with two longitudinal broken bars wide apart from each other, and each composed of 3-4 more or less confluent yellow-white blotches or large spots, the largest being at the fore extremity; in some examples this leaves the inter- mediate space in the form of a broad, central, longitudinal, dentated, black band ; a large yellow-white spot is situated just immediately above the spinners; and on the underside are two longitudinal, pa- rallel, yellow-white bars; these are each composed of two (sometimes confluent) elongate patches or spots. The underside of the abdo- men of the male has only a spot of the same colour on either side of the fore part. An adult male and several females were found on the plains of the Jordan among low herbage, and an adult female ina similar situation at Tiberias. EPeirnA INCONGRUA, Sp. Nov. This species is very nearly allied to #. conica (Bl.) and FE. oculata (Walck.) both in form, structure, colour, and size; but while dif- fering also in the structure of the palpal organs, it may be at once distinguished from these species by the much greater development of the protuberance at the extremity on the upperside of the abdo- men ; this protuberance, while much longer and more distinct in all the examples met with, was in one (@) even enlarged and bent downwards at its extremity. Both sexes (adult) were found in geometric snares on low-growing plants at Hebron. Eprira cucursitina, Walck. Ins. Apt. ii. 76. An immature male of this species was found at Hebron. Eprina Lucrna, Savign. Arachn. d’Egypte, pl. 3. fig. 4. Adult females of this Spider were found among low-growing plants on the banks of the stream leading from Elisha’s Well near Jericho. It was also found in a similar situation in 1864 near Alexandria, Egypt. 300 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, Eprira ANTRIADA, Walck. Ins. Apt. ii. p. 83. An immature female of this species was found in the Hotel d’Orient at Beirit. Epeira apocuisa, Walck. Ins. Apt. ii. p. 61. Adults of both sexes were met with in geometric snares spun among low-growing shrubs and weeds at Jericho and Tiberias. Ereira aprantA, Walck. Ins. Apt. ii. p. 52. An adult male and females were met with in geometric snares at Jerusalem, Nazareth, and on the plains of Esdraelon. I can find no structural distinction between these examples and those met with in England ; but the former were all of much larger size. EPEIRA PERPLICATA, Sp. nov. In a Spider so nearly resembling Z. solers (Walck.), and yet so evi- dently distinct, it will perhaps be best just to note the most tangible points of difference. It is in general rather less in size, though some examples were fully as large as any I have ever met with of £. solers ; and the abdomen is more of a subtriangular and less globular form ; it is less clothed with grey pubescence, and has a firmer and more coriaceous kind of integument; and the surface of the abdomen is furnished, sometimes pretty thickly, with longish and often semidia- phanous spiny bristles; it has the abdominal pattern better and more continuously defined by the external dentated lines, though more obscure in other respects ; the ground-colour of the abdomen in £. solers is sprinkled with dark dots and spots, which in the pre- sent species are represented by short, dark, irregular lines ; and on the underside the two opposite curved yellowish bars constantly pre- sent in H. solers are commonly replaced by four spots or blotches, as if representing merely the four extremities of the bars in that species. The eyes of the lateral pairs, when looked at obliquely from the front, are more nearly in a straight line ; a very marked differential character in the adult male is furnished by two thickly set, parallel, longitu- dinal rows of numerous, very short, strong spines beneath the tibize of the legs of the second pair; these have a kind of tuberculous look ; also beneath the femora of the same legs are two rows of less conspicuous and more thinly set as well as finer spines; and on the fore side of the femora of the second pair of legs in the adult male there is a straight row of strongish nearly perpendicular spines directed a little outwards, and comprising the whole length of the joints ; and the legs generally have a more spiny appearance than those of E. solers. In the palpi the horn-like process at the base of the digital joints is, in the present species, more sharply curved at its extremity ; and the palpal organs also differ slightly, but distinctly, in structure. In the female the epigyne is longer, not quite so strong, and more sharply bent backwards in the middle; and in both sexes the legs appear to be in general less conspicuously banded. Some female specimens have 1872. ] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 301 no appearance of annulation of the legs at all, while one adult male (found at Nazareth) had the legs very distinctly banded. Adult females and immature males were found at Jericho, Tibe- rias, and Beirit, an adult male at Jericho and another at Nazareth. All were found on low-growing plants in geometric snares. Epeira souers, Walck. Ins. Apt. ii. p. 41. An adult male and females were found at Jerusalem and on the plains of Esdraelon ; they did not differ in any respect from the Eu- ropean forms of the same species. Eprira circ, Savign. Arachn. Egypte, pl. 2. fig. 9. An adult male and females were found at Jerusalem. Eprira opunti#, Duf. An. Sc. Phys. tom. iv. pl. 69. fig. 3. Adults and immature examples of both sexes (except the adult male, which was rare) were found in abundance at Tiberias; the thorn-bushes in the cemetery near the town were a tangled maze of their webs. It was in these webs that the curious quasi-parasitic Spider Argyrodes epeire (p. 279, supra) was found. At Beirat F. opuntie was abundant among the prickly pears; and in their webs another species of Argyrodes (A. syriaca, above described, p. 279) was discovered. Genus ArGiopsg, Savign. Egypte, Arachn. p. 124, pl. 2. fig. 6. ARGIOPE SERICEA (Sav.). Immature examples of both sexes were not rare in geometric webs on low-growing plants on the plains of the Jordan, as well as (but more rarely) in a similar situation at Jerusalem. ARGIOPE EPEIROIDES, sp. nov. Male adult, length 33 lines ; female adult, length 4} lines. The cephalothoraz is oval, laterally constricted at the caput, and flattish on the upperside; it is of a pale yellow colour, and divided longitudinally by a fine brownish line, which has one or two slight enlargements, and in the male a V-shaped marking at the junction of the caput and thorax. The eyes are in four distinct pairs; those of the fore central pair are the largest of the eight, and wider apart than those of the hind central pair, which are very nearly contiguous to each other; those of each lateral pair are contiguous to each other, obliquely seated; and the fore one of each is separated from the fore central on its side by an interval equal to that which separates the fore centrals from each other. The Jegs are moderately strong and rather long; their relative length 1, 2, 4, 3; between those of the second and fourth pairs the difference is very slight; they are of a pale yellow colour, furnished with hairs and bristles, and, pretty thickly and regularly, with short 302 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [ Feb. 20, fine black spines, each of which last springs from a minute black tubercle, giving the legs a spotty appearance. The palpi are short, and similar in colour to the legs; their gene- ral appearance is that of most of the Epeirides’ ; the cubital joint is angularly prominent above, in front, where it has two minute black tubercles near together ; and from each of these there issues a long, curved, diaphanous spine; the radial joint is very short, and pro- minent above, and is produced prominently and obtusely on its outer side; it has several longish, curved, pale, spiny bristles issuing from its upperside; the digital joint is oval, and has at its base on the outer side a strong, curved, corneous, red-brown prominence, which projects prominently from beneath the radial joint, so as to make it difficult to see its real origin; the palpal organs project out- wards, and are very highly developed, prominent, and complex: they have two strong, corneous, vertical prominences issuing from them ; one near their base is the longest and strongest, the other issues from their fore part; near the base of the former, on its inner side, is a short, strong, curved, sharp-pointed spine. The mawille, labium, and sternum are of the ordinary character, and of the same colour as the cephalothorax. The abdomen is elongate-oval, pointed at each end; the fore extremity projects over the base of the cephalothorax, and the hinder one over and beyond the spinners; it is of a yellowish-white colour, formed by numerous cretaceous spots; on the upperside are two pale brownish longitudinal bands, one on either side of the cen- tral line, tapering and converging to the hinder extremity, about three parts of the way towards which are four small but conspicuous black spots, forming a large and nearly quadrate figure; the two foremost of these spots are the largest and widest apart; the space between the two bands forms a long, narrow, irregularly edged yel- lowish band, which tapers a little behind; the underside is occupied by a broad, longitudinal, dark, sooty band, which has a narrow white one along its central line; and round the spinners is a sort of circlet of whitish spots. The epigyne is of a dark red-brown colour, some- what quadrate-oval in form, rather prominent, and looking like a sort of flap, or cover, for the genital aperture, The female has not the four black spots on the abdomen ; but in their place is an acutely angular dusky line or bar. : An adult male and two females were found in geometric snares among water-weeds on the banks of the stream leading from Elisha’s Well on the Jordan plains. Fam. UnosoripDes. Genus Utosorvus (Latr.). ULoBorvus WALCKENA#RIvs, Latr. Gen. Crust. Ins. i. p- 110. An adult male and females of this Spider were found in geometric snares at Jerusalem and near Jericho; these examples appeared to 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 303 be, on careful comparison, undoubtedly identical with Veleda lineata, Blackw. Uxosorus piumires, Luc. Explor. de l’Algér. Arachn. p. 252, pl. 15. fig. 8. Adult females, easily distinguishable from the foregoing species by the tufts on the legs and other marked specific characters, were found in geometric snares at Hebron and Beirit. Fam. THOMISIDES. Genus Tuomisus (Walck.). THOMISUS EDAX, Sp. nov. This species is of the same size, and so nearly allied to T. cristatus, Bl., that no description of general structure, or of colour and mark- ings, would suffice to make it readily recognizable from that species, although there are slight differences in these respects; and there also appears to be one good differential character in regard to the colour in the male adult—which is, that in the legs of the present species the femora, genua, and a portion of the tibiz are of a uni- form deep red-brown colour, and entirely without the longitudinal yellowish stripe on the upperside, which, as far as my experience goes, is always visible on those joints of the legs of T. cristatus. The structure, however, of the palpal organs is very different from that species, and serves to distinguish it at once from both 7. cris- tatus and several others almost equally closely allied, viz. T. audax (Koch), 7. viaticus (Koch), and 7. grecus (Koch, ¢ ); these organs consist of a large, somewhat whorled or twisted circular lobe, sur- rounded by a long, strongish, filiform black spine, which adheres closely to the margin of the digital joint; from the hinder part of the circular lobe spring two strong, vertical and nearly contiguous corneous processes ; one of these is of a somewhat T-shape, or ham- mer-headed, as in 7. cristatus, but the cross part of it is much more nearly at right angles to the stem, or handle part; and one portion of the cross is much longer and straighter-pointed ; the other pro- cess is stronger, curved, sharp-pointed, aud its sharp point nearly in contact with that of the longest limb of the T-shaped process. The female resembles exceedingly closely that of JT. cristatus and T. audax ; but it is perhaps rather more like the latter. Two adult males, and several females adult and immature, were found on the plains of the Jordan, and another (female adult) at Jerusalem. TuHomisus cristaTvus, Bl. Brit. & Ir. Spid. p. 68, pl. iv. fig. 38. Adult females, which I have little doubt are those of this species, were found at Nazareth. THOMISUS VARIUS, sp. nov. Female adult, length 23 lines. 304 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, This Spider, in the general tone of its colour, resembles both T. sabulosus (Koch) and the variety of 7. audaz (Koch) found on heaths in England ; but it may at once be distinguished from them by its very spotted appearance, the whole of the abdomen, both above and below, being spotted with conspicuous blackish spots and markings, leaving, however, the ordinary pattern of this group quite distinct. The cephalothoraz and legs are marbled, or mottled, with cream- white and deep yellow-brown; the former has the usual character- istic markings along its centre, but modified by its broken or den- tated margins. The whole Spider is tolerably thickly clothed with prominent and strongish, black, spine-like bristles. Examples of both sexes, but neither of them quite adult, were found at Hebron and on the plains of the Jordan, running on the ground. Though immature, its very striking and spotted appearance proves it to be a good and distinct species. THOMISUS TRISTRAMI, sp. nov. (Plate XIV. fig. 16.) Male adult, length 2 lines. This fine and distinct species has the cephalothoraz of the ordinary form, but the normal lateral constriction and other indentations are less strong, in fact the latter are almost imperceptible; it is glossy, and minutely punctured with small impressed points ; its colour is a deep red-brown, the ordinary central longitudinal marking being entirely obliterated in some examples, but defined obscurely in others by two opposed, and slightly curved, reddish-yellow bars. The legs are furnished with hairs, bristles, and spines; those of the first and second pairs long and strong; all the joints, except the tarsi and metatarsi, are of the same colour as the cephalothorax; and the articulations of the joints are defined by narrow yellow-white bands ; in some examples the legs are mottled more or less with reddish- yellow; the tarsi and metatarsi of the first two pairs are of a dull yellow; the legs of the third and fourth pairs have those joints also coloured like those of the first two pairs; but the tibize and genua are mottled with brown and yellow, and striped with white; the remain- ing joints are similarly but more pale-coloured than in the other legs. The palpi are short ; the radial joint is strong, and has a longish projection, or apophysis, at its outer extremity on the upperside ; this apophysis is somewhat bifid at its extreme point ; and beneath it, on the outer side, is another much stronger and obtuse; and on the underside of the joint is a third apophysis, long, strong, much curved, and with a small pointed prominence beneath it and towards its base: the palpal organs are well developed, but not very complex ; their outer margin is encircled by a strong, black, filiform spine ; and towards their fore extremity is a strong corneous process, which is produced into a curved sharp-pointed spine. The abdomen is oval, rounded behind, rather of a flattened form, and projects over the base of the cephalothorax ; it is of a yellowish colour, mottled and marked with deep red-brown and white (with the latter most conspicuously on the sides). The ordinary dentated 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 305 pattern on the upperside is present ; some oblique lines of blackish red-brown spots traverse the sides, which are wrinkled; the under- side is of a dull brown colour, and devoid of any characteristic mark- ings ; the spiracular plates are red-brown margined with yellow. The female is larger than the male, and much paler and less con- spicuously marked, but resembles it in its general characters ; it appears liable to vary more in this ( 2 ) sex than in the other, some varieties of the former closely resembling rather dark examples of 7’. audaz (Koch): the females, however, of many Thomisi are exceed- ingly difficult to distinguish from each other; and it may be that more than one species is included among those examples which at present I suppose may be varieties of 7. ¢ristrami ; but in the absence of the males it is impossible to determine this satisfactorily. This species appeared to be more abundant than any other one of the genus met with in Palestine and Syria; the females were found under stones, the males running on the ground and upon plants and shrubs at Jerusalem, Jericho, Nazareth, Damascus, the Lebanon, and various other localities. I have taken the liberty of naming it after the Rev. H. B. Tristram, whose name, in connexion with the zoology of Palestine and Syria, is too well known to need any comment. Tuomisus Gr«cus?, Koch, Die Arachn. xii. p- 68, pl. 412. fig. 1002. An adult female, which I believe to be of this species, was found near Jericho. THOMISUS CONFLUENS, Koch, Die Arachn. xii. p- 67, pl. 412. fig. 1001. Adult females of this Spider were found at Jerusalem, and on the plains of the Jordan, near Jericho. THOMISUS RIGIDUS, sp. nov. Female adult, length nearly 2 lines. In colour and general appearance this Spider very closely resem- bles both 7. versutus (Bl.) and T. truzx (id.), and it is of the same size; the dark lateral band on the cephalothorax, however, of those species is less distinct in the present, the whole of the sides of the cephalothorax being dark-coloured, except a slight mottling with yellow—more resembling, in this respect, J’. simplea (Cambr.) ; but from all these it may be distinguished readily, both by the yellow, brown, and white marbled legs, and especially by the abdomen and cephalothorax being furnished with short, stout, erect, clavate bristly hairs: in this character it approaches T. claveatus (Walck.) ; it is, however, a larger Spider than that, and differs greatly in colour and markings ; and the clavate hairs appear to be rather less abruptly clubbed at their extremities. Adult and immature examples were found on the plains of the Jordan. Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1872, No. XX. 306 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, THOMISUS CLAVIGER, Sp. Noy. Female adult, length 13 line. This species resembles 7’. rigidus in general colouring and appear- ance, but it is a darker Spider; the legs are stronger and more spiny, some of the spines on those of the first and second pairs issuing from distinct and strongish tubercles. Like 7. rigidus it has the abdo- men and cephalothorax furnished with clubbed bristly hairs; these are much more abruptly clubbed than in either J. rigidus or T. claveatus ; the cephalothorax is also shorter and more elevated in the thoracic region; and the abdomen projects more over its base. A good specific character is also furnished by the sternum, which is of a deep brown colour, marked on its fore part with a more or less strong and somewhat angular crescent or border of yellow. An adult female was found on the plains of the Jordan, and another at Nazareth, under stones. THOMISUS RECTILINEUS, Sp. nov. Female immature, length 1} line. Although immature, I am inclined to think that this is a very distinct species, from the clearness and peculiarity of the pattern on the abdomen. The cephalothoraz is glossy, and, though of the ordinary form, has but little lateral constriction at the caput; the usual indentations are also nearly imperceptible ; the colour of the cephalothorax is a uni- form deep yellow-brown, with a distinct and clear, but narrow, yellow- white margin. The /egs, the two first pairs of which are long and strong, are furnished with hairs, bristles, and spines, and (as also are the sternum, maxillz, and labium) are of a dull yellow colour. 4é- domen with five transverse white stripes across its hinder half; the foremost of these stripes is broken in the middle and of a very slightly angular form; the rest are straight (or in some examples very slightly curved) and decrease in length with the decreasing breadth of the abdomen. Both the cephalothorax and abdomen are thickly furnished with erect bristles. Several examples were found on low-growing plants near the mouth of the Dog River (Nahr el Kelb) near Beirit. Tuomisus pi1ANA, Savign. Egypte, Arachn. p. 161, pl. 7. fig. 1. Adults of both sexes of this pretty species were found on low- growing plants on the plains of the Jordan near Jericho; it was also found in various localities and in similar situations in Egypt in 1864. Tuomisus RotuNpDATUuS, Walck. Ins. Apt. i. p. 500. Adults and immature examples of both sexes were not unfrequent on plants and flowers at Jerusalem, Nazareth, Jericho, and in other localities. THOMISUS PLORATOR, Sp. Noy. Male adult, length 23 lines. EE 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 307 This very distinct and fine species is of the ordinary Thomisiform shape, and belongs to the same group as the two foregoing species. The cephalothorax, whose profile is strongly and evenly rounded, is broad in front, with but slight lateral impression at the caput ; and the ordinary indentations are almost imperceptible; it is furnished with a few longish, but not very strong, prominent bristles. It is glossy, and of a deep and almost jet-black colour, with a slight brownish tinge. The eyes do not differ much in size; those of the hind central pair (which are, perhaps, the smallest of the eight) are distinctly wider apart than those of the fore central pair. The legs are of the deepest rich black-brown, the tarsi, metatarsi, and tibiee being each annulated with one yellow ring; they are furnished with hairs, bristles, and not very strong spines; those of the first and second pairs are long and moderately strong. The falces (which are of a strong conical form and prominent at their base in front), with the mazille, labium, and sternum, are of a deep brown, approaching black. The palpi are short and of a deep red-brown colour; the radial joint is of the same length as the cubital, and has its outer extremity produced into a strong apophysis; this apophysis has its extreme point bifid ; and beneath the joint is another strong apophysis. The palpal organs are not very highly developed or complex; a strong circularly coiled spine surrounds them; this spine is not in contact with the margin of the digital joint as in many other species of Tho- misus, but is free and separate from it. The abdomen is oval, moderately convex above, and projects over the base of the cephalothorax; it is thinly furnished with bristly hairs, and is of a dull but deep black colour; and on the upperside are two large, conspicuous, pointed, oval yellow-white spots, placed transversely, and each somewhat obliquely, across the middle; some obscure rust-red markings are faintly visible between these spots and the spinners, but no pattern is discernible ; possibly some variety exists in different examples in respect of the abdominal markings and depth of colouring. A single example was found running on the ground at Jerusalem. It resembles more nearly some very dark examples of the male of 7’. rotundatus than any other species known to me; but the structure of the palpi and palpal organs distinguish it at once from that species. THOMISUS BUFFONII, Savign. Egypte, Arachn. p. 164, pl. 6. fig. 10. An adult male and females of this remarkable Spider were found on bare spots on the ground at Jerusalem and on the plains of the Jordan. THOMISUS SETIGER, sp. nov. (Plate XIV. fig. 15.) Male adult, length 22 lines. In its size, general colouring, and the very peculiar armature of the whole Spider, with long pale-coloured spiny bristles and hairs, this species is closely allied to, and nearly resembles, both Thomisus 308 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, buffonii (Savign.) and 7’. hirtus (Koch) ; but it may be distinguished at once from the former by its longer legs, more thinly disposed bristly armature, and also by the genua and fore extremities of the tibiee and metatarsi of the first and second pairs of legs being of a bright brownish red colour. From both these species it may be di- stinguished by the structure of the palpi: in the present species the radial joint, which is stouter than the cubital, has two long strong apophyses from its extremity ; one, on the outer side, widens and is bifid at its extremity ; the other, beneath, is simple but broader and rounded at its extreme point: the palpal organs are simple and have a long strong black spine coiled round them; the digital joint is angularly prominent or pointed on the middle of the outer margin. The cephalothoraz is yellow narrowly margined with white, and has two longitudinal reddish yellow-brown bands, between which, along its central line, is a white bar or line; these colours are not very strongly defined. The abdomen is whitish mixed with yellow, and with two indistinct longitudinal bands of a brownish-yellow colour along its upperside ; in some examples these are broken into spots or patches; the sides are longitudinally rugose, and the prominent portions of the wrinkled surface are shown by white lines. The abdomen of T. duffonii in all the examples met with was unicolorous. Of the present distinct and interesting species three adult males were found on the ground in barren places near the sea at Beirit. The peculiar clothing of long pale spines and bristles affords an evident protection to this and the preceding species, making them look exactly like bits of coarse fleecy wool, or the rough seeds of some plant or other; had I not observed them moving, they would pro- bably have escaped notice. THOMISUS LATERALIS, Koch, Die Arachn. iv. p. 43, pl. 120. fig. 277. Adults of both sexes were found among weeds and rubbish on the banks of the stream running through the plains of the Jordan from Elisha’s Well. The males are exceedingly active. THOMISUS ABBREVIATUS, Walck. Ins. Apt. i. p. 516. An adult male, and females both adult and immature, were found on plants and flowers at Jerusalem. Tuomisus PERONI, Savign. Egypte, Arachn. p. 163, pl. 6. figs. 7, 8 An adnlt female was found near Jericho. THOMISUS SPINIFER, sp. noy. (Plate XIV. fig. 14.) Male adult, length 17 line. In general appearance, structure, and colour the male of this Spider nearly resembles that of 7. abbreviatus (Walck.) ; the legs, however, are not nearly so long, and it may at once be distinguished by the 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 309 abdomen (which is generally of a uniform mottled yellowish hue) being of a more oval form, and both that and the cephalothorax (which has the central portion yellow and the sides yellow-brown) being furnished over the greater part of their surface with small but conspicuous tubercles, each of which is surmounted by ashort, strong, pale-coloured spine. The palpi also differ very decidedly in their structure from those of 7. abéreviatus; the radial joint instead ot being produced at its outer extremity into a long, strong, and some- what clavate apophysis, has merely two prominent spiny projections from near the middle of the outer side; the palpal organs are simple but prominent, and have a small acute corneous projection near their base on the outer side. : The female greatly exceeds the male in size ; but the cephalothorax resembles that of the latter sex ; its colour is yellow, the ocular pro- minences and face white, and there is a broad longitudinal deep yellow- brown band on either side. The /egs are yellow, marked irregularly with cretaceous white and red-brown. The abdomen is strongly rounded behind, but has, towards the fore extremity of the upper part, on either outer margin, a short subconical prominence, marked in some examples with a conspicuous black dash or spot; the rest of the abdomen is of a pale whitish yellow, with occasionally some brownish markings on and beneath its fore extremity ; some examples (chiefly immature) are destitute of all dark markings, whether on the cephalothorax, legs, or abdomen. Adult males, and females both adult and immature, were found on _ low-growing plants and flowers on the plains of the Jordan. It was also met with in Egypt in 1864; and in a collection of Spiders re- ceived from Major Julian Hobson from Bombay there were numerous females which (speaking diffidently in the absence of any example of the male) I believe to be of this species. Fam. PHILODROMIDES. Genus PurtLopromus (Walck). PHILODROMUS THORELLIYI, Sp. nov. Male adult, length 2 lines. This Spider is nearly allied to Araneus formicinus (Clerck) (Thomi- sus rhomboicus, Hahn), which it resembles in the general character of its markings, but may be easily distinguished by these being less distinct, by its smaller size and longer legs, which differ also (at least in the males) in their relative proportion, and by the absence ‘of any apophysis at the outer extremity of the radial joint of the alpus. : In the present species the legs of the second pair (¢ ad.), in T. rhomboicus those of the fourth pair are the longest. Also in Philo- dromus thorellii the dark lanceolate marking along the centre of the fore half of the upperside of the abdomen has two distinct promi- nent points on the margin of each side, while there are scarcely any perceptible points in that P. rhomboicus. 310 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, Adults of both sexes, as well as immature females, were found generally distributed throughout Palestine and Syria. The name conferred upon it is that of Dr. T. Thorell, Adj. Prof. Zool. Univ. Upsalee, Sweden, a most able and hard-working araneologist. Puitopromus ALBINt, Savign. Egypte, Arachn. p. 161, pl. 6. fig. 3. Adult males of this species were found on the plains of the Jordan and also near Damascus. Walckenier has confused both this and the next species with Araneus formicinus (Clerck), from which they are perfectly distinct ; both were found by myself in Egypt in 1864. Puitopromus FABRICII, Savign. Egypte, Arachn. p. 161, pl. 6. fig. 4. An adult male, with females both adult and immature, were found running on the ground at Jerusalem and near Jericho. PHILODROMUS SETIGERUS, Sp. NOV. Female adult, length 23 lines. This Spider is very nearly allied to P. thorellii, but may be di- stinguished by the form of the characteristic central longitudinal lanceolate marking on the upperside of the abdomen: in that species this marking is acutely pointed behind; but in the present it is cut off transversely in a straight line, with a small projecting point at each corner of its extremity; the abdomen is also thinly but con- spicuously furnished with short, strong, erect,,semidiaphanous bristles or fine spines ; the cephalothoraz is yellow, with a broad deep-brown longitudinal band on either side, leaving acentral and two marginal yellow bands, of which the central is the broadest, and has a long wedge-shaped marking faintly defined by brownish lines, which reach from the eyes nearly to the hind margin of the cephalothorax. The legs are moderately long, their relative length 4, 2, 3, 1; they are furnished with hairs and a few very fine spines, and are yellow in colour, with a faint brown marking and clouding here and there. The abdomen is oviform, and, as above remarked, is armed on its upperside with short strong pale bristles or fine spines; it is of a deepish yellow-brown colour above; and the fore half has along its middle a conspicuous oblong deep-brown marking, with a slightly angular point on either side about the middle, which is its broadest part; its hinder extremity is truncate, with a small point at each corner; this marking has its fore half defined by a yellowish mar- ginal line; the hinder part of the upperside has several short oblique lateral yellowish bars, which run into the uniform yellow ground- colour of the sides; the sides have also a broad longitudinal patch or irregular band of black, on which one or two oblique yellowish bars are observable. The underside of the whole Spider is of a dull pale yellow colour. A single example of the adult female was found on the road leading from Nazareth to Mount Carmel. 1872. ] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 311 PHILODROMUS MEDIUS, sp. Nov. Male adult, length 14 line. In form, colour, and structure this species is closely allied to P. aureolus (Walck.) and P. cespiticolis (id.); but it is much smaller and generally paler in hue, and the cephalothorax has a conspicuous white patch (or rather double patch) at the hinder part of the caput. The abdomen is truncate before, and less broad there than behind ; the pattern on the upperside is similar ; but it appears to be covered with punctures, and hence has a somewhat more mottled or spotted appearance than the species named; there are four red-brown de- pressed spots about the centre of the upperside, almost in a square ; and on each side at the widest part behind is a rather conspicuous, though not large, deep-black-brown irregular spot, and some deeper- red-brown and white mottlings at the extremity of the abdomen on either side just above the line of the spinners; these spots and markings give a character very observable in all the examples met with ; the underside of the abdomen is of a uniform, dull, but some- what satiny white colour; and the rest of the Spider is yellowish. The palpi have the radial shorter than the cubital joint; and the former has a very small pointed apophysis at its outer extremity, the point of the apophysis being in contact. with a very slight pro- minent point at the base of the digital joint ; the cubital joint has a single prominent black bristle on its upperside, while on the radial are two longer and stronger ones; the digital joint is rather narrow- oval in form, and not large: the palpal organs are neither highly developed nor complex; they are, in fact, very simple in structure, and present no marked tangible character. Some few examples were much darker than others, and thus in appearance were more similar to P. aureolus. The legs and falces, especially the latter, are thinly speckled with small deep-brown spots. The female is larger than the male, but does not differ, except in the greater obscurity of the colours and markings, one or two examples having the abdomen of an entirely unicolorous ashy white hue, faintly powdered or dusted with dark specks. This pretty species is very active, and was found on the plains of the Jordan, at’ Nazareth, Cana-el-Jelil, Carmel, and Beiriit, running on the ground, as well as on low shrubs and plants. Genus Sparassus (Walck.). SPARASSUS WALCKENARIUS, Savigny, Egypte, Arachn. p. 159, pl. 6. fig. 1. Immature examples of both sexes of this fine large Spider were found frequently under stones in various localities. It was also fre- quent in Egypt in 1864, and would occasionally be found on board the Nile boat (Dahabeah), where it was very useful in catching the Cockroaches with which the boat swarmed in some parts ; but neither in Palestine nor in Egypt could I obtain an adult example of either sex. 312 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, SPARASSUS LINN&I, Savigny, Egypte, Arachn. p. 160, pl. 6. fig. 2. An immature female of what I believe to be this species was found under a stone near Jericho. SpaRAssus ORNATUS, Walck. Ins. Apt. i. p. 583. Undoubted examples of this Spider (9), though all immature, were found at Beirit. From a well-marked adult male lately re- ceived from Switzerland, through the kindness of Dr. C. Collingwood, M.D., I feel convinced that this and the next are but varieties of one species. SPARASSUS SMARAGDULUS, Walck. Ins. Apt. i. p. 582. An adult female was found on the road from Mount Carmel to Cana-el-Jelil. Genus Hereropopa (Latr.) =Olios (Walck.). HeTERopopA KOCHI, sp. nov. (Pl. XIV. fig. 13.) Male adult, length 63 lines; female adult, length 9 lines. The cephalothorax (male) is short, very broad, compressed late- rally forwards, and well arched above; the fore margin, looked at from above and behind, is somewhat rounded: its colour is yellow; and it is clothed with hairs of a rather paler hue, and among them are some longer and darker: the normal grooves and indentations are of a rather deeper colour: the profile of the caput and thorax, from the clypeus to the hind margin, forms an even arched line. The eyes are in two curved lines on the fore part of the caput, the curves directed forwards: that of the foremost line, which is much the shortest, is very slight; that of the hinder one is considerable ; so that the eyes of each lateral pair are widely separated from each other, the space between them being very nearly equal to that be- tween each fore lateral eye and that one of the fore central pair furthest from it; those of this (fore central) pair are the largest of the eight; the rest are much smaller, but about equal to each other in size; those of the fore central pair are a very little nearer together than each is to the lateral on its side; and the interval between each of the fore centrals and the hind central opposite to it is equal to that between the former and the fore lateral on its side ; thus the four central eyes form very nearly a square, the width being a very little less than the length; the space between the hind centrals is scarcely more than one half of that between each and the hind lateral on its side; the foremost row of eyes is situated very close to the lower margin of the cephalothorax, so that the height of the clypeus scarcely exceeds half the diameter of an eye of the fore central pair. The Jegs are long and comparatively slender ; their relative length is 2, 1, 4, 3; those of the second pair measure 213 lines in length, those of the first pair 153 lines; their colour is yellow, deepening gradually from near the thorax into a dark red-brown on the meta- 1872. | SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 313 tarsi and tarsi; these two joints are densely clothed beneath with hairs, which form a kind of cushion, intended, no doubt, to give an equal facility of movement in running upon either smooth or rough surfaces ; the rest of the joints are sparingly furnished with hairs and a few dark spines of various lengths. The palpi are short and similar to the legs in colour, except the digital joint, which is dark brown tinged with reddish, and, besides some longish pale yellowish hairs, has the greater portion of its fore extremity covered with a dense oval-shaped mat of closely packed, short, sooty, mouse-coloured hairs; the radial joint is less strong than the cubital, and has its outer extremity produced into a large prominent bifid apophysis, the front limb of which is the smaller and two-pointed, the hinder one large and quadrate; the digital joint is of a long narrow-oval form, and its length equals that of the radial and cubital together; the palpal organs are of a deep red- brown colour, well developed, but not very prominent or complex. The falces are rather long and very strong, they project a little forwards, and are rather prominent in front; their colour is yellow- brown, deepening towards the fangs, which are strong and of a rich red-brown colour. The mazille are moderate in length, broad, en- larged and rounded at their extremities, and in the male slightly inclined to the labium; in the female they are parallel to each other. The /aéium is short, broad, and rounded at the apex, which, with the extremities of the maxille, are of a pale whitish-yellow colour, the rest being of a reddish yellow-brown. The sternum is broad, heart-shaped, and its colour is yellow. The abdomen is short-oval, very convex above (in the female it is almost globular), and furnished sparingly with pale hairs, and a few longer dark hairy ones intermixed ; its colour is yellow, with a lon- gitudinal central fusiform band of a paler hue on the fore half of the upperside; this is followed towards the spinners by some very in- distinct palish angular lines or chevrons; on either side of the ex- tremity of the fusiform band is a dark brownish dot or spot. In the adult female the legs were shorter ; and those of the fourth pair differed in the relative lengths of their joints, and were more nearly equal to those of the second pair than in the male; the femora of the fourth pair were visibly longer than those of the second pair, while in the male the difference was considerably the other way ; the spinners were short and compactly grouped. An adult male and female of this fine Spider, which I have named after my kind friend Dr. L. Koch of Niirnberg, were captured under stones beneath the walls of Jerusalem; and in a similar situation near Jericho an immature female was found. It differs from any other species of the genus known to me, in the wide separation of the eyes of the lateral pairs; the form of the abdomen is also peculiar; it is probably a very active Spider; but those met with stood resolutely upon the defensive, and made a strong resistance against being captured. 314 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [ Feb. 20, Genus SELeNops (Dufour). SELENOPs OMALOsOMA, Dufour, Ann. Sc. Phys. 1820, p. 7, pl. 69. fig. 4. An immature female of a Selenops which I believe to be of this species was found under a stone at Jericho. Fam. SPHASIDES. Genus PasirHea (BI.). PASITHEA VIRESCENS, Sp. nov. Female immature, length 23 lines. This species is closely allied to P. viridis (Bl.), as well as to P. pulchra (id.). 1t resembles them in form and structure, but differs from both in its markings. The cephalothoraz is of a dull yellowish-green colour, with some dusky lines and markings, showing the normal indentations; the ocular area is strongly tinged with carmine-red, and is clothed with pale hairs and a few bristles ; from each eye of the foremost pair an oblique dusky line runs to the falces, but is not continued upon them (at least it was not in the examples met with; but there may be a variation in some individuals in this respect). The legs are moderate in length and strength, their relative length is 1, 2, 4, 3; and they are furnished with hairs and long spines; they are of a bright yellow colour, spotted and irregularly annulated with bright carmine-red. The mazille and labium are similar in colour to the cephalothorax ; and the sternum is green. The abdomen is of a bright apple-green colour, with a deeper- green central, longitudinal, tapering band on its fore part, emitting fine lateral oblique lines ; it is thickly mottled and spotted with white on the upperside; and some of the larger white spots are arranged somewhat symmetrically in irregular transverse curved rows; and, when captured, the whole of the upper surface was sprinkled thinly with minute crimson spots ; these, however, have since faded away. Immature examples of the female of this showy and strikingly handsome Spider were found in irregular snares on low-growing plants at the upper end of the valley of Hinnom, Jerusalem. Genus Oxyorss (Latr.). OxyorEs GENTILIs (Koch). Adults of both sexes of this species were found near Jericho, at Nazareth, and also near Beirit. OxyoreEs LInEATUS, Walck. Ins. Apt. i. p. 375. Adult males, and females both adult and immature, were found at Jerusalem and Jericho. OXYOPES SOBRINUS, Sp. nov. Male adult, length 23 lines. 1872. ] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 315 In its general colours and their distribution, especially on the ab- domen, this species resembles O. gentilis (Koch) and O. variegatus (Hahn) ; but it may be distinguished by its rather larger size and more robust form, as well as by the colours being darker, and their less variegated appearance. The cephalothoraz has the sides of a deep black-brown colour, somewhat veined and mottled with yellow; the longitudinal central band is yellowish, thinly clothed with white hairs, and it continues in the form of a narrow bar between the two hind central eyes; the falces are similar to the sides of the cephalothorax in colour; and the Jegs, which are furnished with spines (some exceedingly long), are yellow, thinly marked or irregularly annulated with dark brown, the greater portion of all the femora being brownish black. The palpi have the radial joint very slightly produced both above and below at its extremity; the digital joint is stouter, and not so elongated at its extremity as in the two other species mentioned above; it is also prominent in an obtusely conical form at its base on the outer side—a character which at once distinguishes it from those species, and allies it nearly to O. ztalicus (Walck.), from which, however, it is decidedly distinct in its markings and also in some points of structure; it is, moreover, smaller, and has the digital joints of the palpi also smaller, and the prominence at their base on the outer side far less strongly developed. A single adult male was found on the plains of the Jordan. OXYOPES OPTABILIS, sp. nov. Male adult, length 33 lines. This Spider is similar in size, general colouring, and appearance to O. lineatus (Walck.), but may be at once distinguished by the struc- ture of the radial joints of the palpi; in place of the long, broad, and flattened apophysis issuing from the base on the outer side of the radial joint in O. lineatus, the present one has (issuing from the same part) a strong but very short, though prominent, hollow apo- physis, with an angular point at its extremity and one near it on each side; the apophysis also beneath the extremity of this joint is stronger; and in colours and markings the clypeus and falces differ a little, being entirely of a uniform brown-black colour; the ocular area also appears to be larger. An adult male of this species was found on the Jordan plains. It is an interesting one, because it so nearly resembles S. lineatus, and yet differs so strikingly in the points above noticed. Fam. LycosipzEs. Genus Lycosa (Latr.). Lycosa (TaARENTULA) GRISEA, Koch, Die Arach. xiv. p. 161, pl. 497. fig. 1386. Adult and immature females of this Spider were found generally distributed. 316 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, Lycosa (TARENTULA) APULIZ, Walck. Ins. Apt. i. p. 281. Adult and immature females were found at Jericho, on the plain of Esdraelon, and at Beirit. Lycosa (TARENTULA) NARBONNENSIS, Walck. Ins. Apt. i. p.282. A male and females immature of this fine Lycosa were found at Jerusalem and on the plains of the Jordan. Lycosa TRUCIDATORIA, Walck. Ins. Apt. i. p. 311. An immature male, and females both adult and immature, were found on the Jordan plains and at Beirit. Lycosa sacitTaTa, Koch, Die Arachn. xiv. p. 177, pl. 499. fig. 1395. An adult male and females of this distinctly marked Spider were found at Jerusalem. Lycosa n1GRA? Koch, Die Arachn. xv. p. 13, pl. 508. fig. 1423-24. An adult male and females were found on the road from Hasbeiya to Damascus. Lycosa Proxima? Koch, Die Arachn. xv. p. 53, pl. 517. fig. 1453-54. An adult male and females of this species were found on the plains of the Jordan. Lycosa cAmBrica ?, Bl. Brit. and Ir. Spid. p. 32, pl. 2. fig. 14. An adult female of what I cannot distinguish from L. cambrica, (Bl.) was found among water-weeds on the banks of the stream flow- ing from Elisha’s Well on the Jordan plains. Lycosa piratica, Bl. Brit. and Ir. Spid. p. 34, pl. 2. fig. 16. An adult male and immature females of this Spider, which I cannot distinguish from the species to which it is here referred, were found among water-weeds on the banks of the stream issuing from Elisha’s Well near Jericho. Lycosa ALBIMANA, Koch, Die Arachn. xiv. p. 202, pl. 504. fig. 1411-12. Adults of both sexes of this easily recognized Spider were met with in similar situations to those of the last two species, both near Jericho, on Mount Carmel, and the Lebanon. LyCOSA DISSONANS, sp. Nov. Male adult, length 23 lines; female adult, 3 lines. This very distinct Spider appears to be intermediate between L. picta (Hahn) and L. cambrica (Bl.), but is smaller than either. It resembles them in the form of the cephalothorax, which is rather pointed before, and has a somewhat blunt conical protuberance near 1872. | SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 317 the margin close above the falces and below the two fore central eyes ; the ocular area is smaller than in other groups of this genus. The cephalothoraz is of a uniform deep rich brown colour, almost approaching to black in front, glossy and totally devoid of pubes- cence; in which (if this be not accidental) it differs from both the other species mentioned. The eyes are in the ordinary position; the line formed by those (4) of the front, or lowest, row is longer than that of the row (2) above it ; and its two central eyes are slightly further from each other than each is from the lateral on its side. The /egs are moderately long and strong; their relative length is 4, 1, 2, 3, but they do not differ greatly in this respect ; they are of a bright yellow colour, the femora strongly suffused with reddish brown, and are furnished with hairs and black spines. The palpi are yellow; the radial and cubital joints are of about equal length; the digital is small, of the ordinary form, and rather less in length than both the former together; the palpal organs are simple. The falces, maxilla, labium, and sternum are similar to the cephalothorax in colour, the falces being of the darkest hue. The abdomen is yellow and black, distributed in a very well-defined bold pattern on the upperside, resembling that of LZ. picta, but better defined, more continuous, and devoid of the red-brown which, with other colours, is conspicuous in that species; the underside in the male is marked with black spots and markings; but these do not exist in the female, which in other respects resembles the male. It differs characteristically both from LZ. picta and L. cambrica in being destitute of markings or annulations on the legs. An adult and immature females were found in moist places near the stream on the plains of the Jordan; an adult male in a similar situation at Beirit; and another adult female at Damascus. Lycosa EJUSMODI, sp. nov. Male adult, length 2 lines. In form, colours, and general markings this Spider is closely allied to L. exigua (Bl.), L. monticola (Koch), L. obscura (Bl.), and others, from all of which, however, it is decidedly distinct, dif- fering, when compared with them, both in the pattern on the abdo- men and in the structure of the palpal organs. The cephalothorax is of a deep brown colour, the ocular area nearly black, and from close behind the eyes a narrow yellow band, pointed at each end, runs to the hinder margin; there is also a short black longitudinal line within this band, marking the thoracic junc- tion, and above the margin on either side is another broken lateral band; the clypeus has a yellowish hue. The eyes are in the ordi- nary position; the line formed by the four small foremost eyes (which are of equal size) is shorter than that of the second row (two eyes); that of the third row (two largest eyes) is the longest; and the two centrals of the foremost row are further from each other than each is from the lateral eye on its side. The legs are mode- rately long and strong; their relative length appeared to be 4, 3, 2, 1 (which is unusual) ; there is but little difference between those of the 318 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, first and second pairs; they are of a dull yellow colour, furnished with hairs and spines, and very faintly banded with dusky brown. The palpi are of a dull yellow colour, furnished, but not so densely as L. exigua and others, with blackish hairs ; the radial joint is rather stronger, though but slightly, if at all, longer than the cubital; the digital joint is small and of an elongate-oval form ; the palpal organs are well developed but not very complex, and present no prominent spine. Nothing, however, but a magnified figure can give a di- stinctive idea of these, or, indeed, scarcely of those of any other spe- cies of Lycosa. The falces are of a yellowish or yellow-brown colour ; the sternum brownish, with an elongate central yellow patch. The abdomen is of a narrow oviform shape; the narrow normal Lycosa (or fusiform) marking on the fore part of its upperside is yellow margined with dark black-brown, and pointed at its hinder extremity; on either side of this extremity is a spot, or small yel- lowish patch, to which there succeeds a series of transverse, barely angulated bars, each composed of a double spot or short stripe of ellow ; this series reaches to the spinners, where the bars become very short and almost confluent; the first four or five (larger ones) have a blackish spot at either extremity ; the sides and underside are yel- lowish, the former spotted with dark brown. Two examples, presenting no variety, were found on the skirts of Mount Hermon, near Rukleh. Lycosa DESERTA, Sp. nov. Male adult, length 23 lines. This Spider cannot be better described, in respect of form, colours, and markings, than as a small, pale, washed-out but spotty-looking variety of L. picta, from which, however, it is certainly distinct, and may be readily separated by the structure of the palpal organs; these are rather simple, and are traversed transversely and rather obliquely from the middle of their inner to near their outer margin by a fine sharp-pointed dark red-brown spine; this spine does not exist in the palpal organs of L. picta. The characteristic markings on the abdomen are chiefly indicated by small black spots on a pale yellow and whitish ground. The /egs are regularly and distinctly spotted with black on a yellow ground. Examples of both sexes in the adult state were found on desert spots near Damascus. LycosA EFFERA, Sp. nov. Male adult, length 43 lines. This Spider is similar to L. grisea (Koch) in size, colour, and markings; but in all the examples met with the legs were immacu- late, whereas in L. grisea all the examples had the legs more or less distinctly banded. Of this latter species, however, I did not obtain an adult male. The eyes are in the ordinary position, the lowest row, formed by the four smallest eyes, is longer than the row above, which is com- posed of the two largest eyes; the two centrals of the lowest row 1872. | SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 319 are larger than the laterals, from which they are separated by a wider interval than that which separates them from each other. The palpi have the radial and cubital joints very nearly of equal length ; the former has a small red-brown rather obtuse pointed corneous-looking apophysis at its outer extremity near the upperside ; the digital joint is longer than both the radial and cubital together ; the palpal organs are well developed, and rather more complex than those of species of this genus in general, presenting various corneous prominences and spines. The Jegs are furnished with hairs, bristles, and spines; the tarsi and metatarsi of the first two pairs have a tolerably dense brush of hairs throughout their length, Examples of both sexes, adult and immature, were found at Jeri- cho, Hebron, the Lebanon, and Beirit. LycosA FIDELIS, sp. nov. Male adult, length 3 lines. This handsome and distinctly marked species belongs to the L, picta group, though, from the larger ocular area, it approaches to L. saccata (Bl.). The cephalothorax is somewhat pointed before, and without any strong lateral constriction at caput; it is of a deep rich black-brown and yellow colour, marked in the somewhat radiated fashion which characterizes the Lycose of this group; in some examples the ce- phalothorax is so dark as to present no markings, and in all the specimens the markings are much obscured by a clothing of dull yellow or yellow-grey hairs. The eyes (for a Lycosa) are small; the centrals of the lower row are rather larger than the laterals, and are considerably further from each other than each is from the lateral on its side; the length of this lower row is less than that of the row above it. The legs are long, strong, and furnished with hairs and spines ; their relative length is 4, 1, 2,3; they are conspicuously banded with yellow and deep black-brown, and are clothed in parts with grey or whitish-yellow pubescence, especially on the femora. The falces, maxilla, labium, and sternum are of a deep black-brown colour. The palpi are moderately long and strong; the humeral joint (except the portion close to its extremity) is deep black-brown ; the cubital is shorter than the radial joint ; both are of a clear yellow colour; the latter, as also the base of the digital joint, is thickly clothed with bright white hairs, contrasting strongly with the black digital joint, which is large and broad, becoming somewhat abruptly narrowed and pointed at its fore extremity; the palpal organs are prominent and highly developed, consisting of various strong, pro- minent, corneous spines and processes. The abdomen is black, or black-brown, thinly clothed with yel- lowish-grey hairs; the normal pattern on the upperside is more or less strongly defined by various larger or smaller blotches or patches of a somewhat dull orange-yellow colour regularly disposed, each blotch being distinctly but thinly spotted with small black dots, 320 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, which generally follow the linear direction of the several blotches ; the underside is deep brown, faintly marked with longitudinal lines of yellowish spots; in immature examples the underside is yellow. Adult and immature males were found near Jericho and also at Beirit. In 1864 it was found abundantly near Cairo, Egypt ; and I have received numerous examples from Major Julian Hobson from Bombay. Genus Crenvus (Walck.). CrEeNnus SYRIACUS, Sp. Nov. Female immature, length 2 lines. The cephalothoraz is of the ordinary Lycosiform shape, though rather flat and level in the profile-line of its upper surface; it is of a dull orange-yellow colour, with a broadish irregular margin and two broad longitudinal bands of brown, leaving a narrow yellow central band, with a still narrower lateral one of the same colour on either side. Across all these bands the directions of the normal indentations are indicated by darker lines. The eyes are very unequal in size; four large dark-coloured ones form a strongly curved row on the upper fore margin of the caput, the curve being directed forwards; very close in front of, but not quite contiguous to, each lateral eye is a much smaller whitish-co- loured one; and in front of each of the two centrals, close to the margin of the clypeus, is another small eye; these last two forming with the centrals of the curved row a quadrilateral figure, whose fore side is much the shortest. The legs are strong and moderately long; they are of a yellow colour, and are furnished with hairs and spines, some of these last forming a well-defined double series on the undersides of the tibiz and metatarsi of the first and second pairs. The palpi are similar to the legs in colour. The falces, maxilla, labium, and sternum are also of the same colour, the falces being marked irregularly in front with dusky brownish markings. The abdomen is of an oblong-oval form, and its colours are yellow and brownish black, forming the following very distinctly defined pattern :—a broad longitudinal, central, strongly dentated yellow band, having the appearance of a series of united triangles, each truncated at its vertex; within the fore part of this band are two indistinctly defined blackish longitudinal lines converging to a point backwards; the sides are marked with alternate narrow dentated oblique blackish and yellow stripes; the underside is yellow, with a few small irregular blackish spots or markings near the margins. A single example was found on the plains of the Jordan. The occurrence of this Spider in Palestine is interesting, as being one of the few proofs of an approach to tropical forms of Araneidea. Genus Dotomenpgs (Latr.). DoLoMEDES CONSOCIUS, sp. nov. Male and female adult, length from 5 to 6 lines. 1872.) SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 321 In size, form, and colours this Spider resembles D. mirabilis (Clerck), from which the chief and most tangible distinctive cha- racter that I have been able to detect in the preserved specimens is the formation of the radial joints of the palpi( ¢). In D. mirabilis the radial joint has at its outer extremity a small apophysis gradually tapering to a fine and somewhat crooked point; in the present spe- cies this apophysis is replaced by one longer, and broad throughout the greater part of its length, when it rather abruptly goes off into a fine curved point; the form of the genital aperture in the female is also slightly but distinctly and constantly different from that of the female of D. mirabilis. In respect of colour and markings, there seems to be a similar and as great variety as in that species. An adult male and several females were found on low-growing plants on the plains of the Jordan, an adult male at the foot of the Lebanon near Ain-Ata, and adult and immature females on the plain of Esdraelon. Not having detected in Palestine the European form D. mirabilis, it has occurred to me that that species may be replaced there by the present nearly allied but distinct form. Fam. SAaLTICcIDES. Genus Satricus (Latr.). Attus (Sim.). SALTICUS SANGUINOLENTUS, Walck. Ins. Apt. i. p. 473. An adult male of this fine and strikingly coloured Spider was found at Kefr Menda, near Cana-el-Jelil. SaLticus HZMORRHOICUS, Koch, Die Arachn. xiii. p. 54, figs. 1121-1123. Adults of both sexes of this species were found near Ain-Ata, on the skirts of the Lebanon. Although exceedingly similar to the foregoing, it is yet very distinct on comparison. It appeared to be a common Spider in this, the only locality in which I met with it. Satticus castanevs, Sim. Monogr. des Esp. Europ. des Attides, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. tom. viii. 4° sér. 1868, p. 31. An adult female found at Beirit. SALTICUS CEPHALOTES (Sim.). Adults and immature examples of both sexes of this brightly co- loured and pretty species were found in various localities, principally on the plains of the Jordan and at Jerusalem. I also met with it subsequently at Corfu ; and it has been found by M. Simon in Spain. It is an exceedingly active Spider. SALTICUS DIAGONALIS, Sim. Monogr. Ann. Soe. Ent. Fr. tom. viii. 4° sér. 1868, p. 46. An adult female found at Jerusalem. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1872, No. XXI. 322 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, Sarticus Lzvicatus, Sim. Monogr. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. tom. viii. 4° sér. 1868, p. 51. An adult male and female on the skirts of the Lebanon. SALTICUS ALBOBIMACULATUS, Luc. Explor. de lAlgér. Arachn. p- 170, pl. 8. fig. 10. An adult and an immature female on the plains of the Jordan near Jericho. SALTICUS OSTRINUS, Sim. Monogr. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. tom. viii. 4° sér. 1868, p. 52. An adult male at Jerusalem. Sauticus quinquepartitus, Walck. Ins. Apt. i. p. 403. An adult female on the skirts of Mount Hermon, near Rikleh. SauTicus MONARDI, Luc. Explor. de l’Algér. Arachn. p. 156, pl. 7. fig. 2. An immature male on the plains of the Jordan. Satticus cAPREOoLUs, L. Koch, Verh. zool.-bot. Wien, 1867, p- 872. Adults of both sexes at Jerusalem. SALTIcUS CANDIDUS, Sim. Monogr. Att. Eur., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. tom. viii. 4° sér. 1869, p. 70. An immature female at Beirit. Saxticus AFFinis, Lue. Explor. de l’Algér. Arachn. p. 161, pl. 7. fig. 4. An adult female found on the plains of the Jordan. SALTICUS ARENICOLOR, Sim.,= Attus mustellatus, Sim. Monogr. Att. Eur., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. tom. viii. 4° sér. p. 530; also vide 76. p- 723; et vide Attus eruginosus, Sim. Suppl. 4 la Monogr., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1871, p. 154. An adult male on the road from Damascus to Beirut. SALTICUS LATIFASCIATUS, Sim. Monogr. Att. Eur., Ann. Soc, Ent. Fr. tom. vili. 4° sér. p. 536, pl. 5. fig. 19. (Plate XIV. fig. 18.) Adults of both sexes on stone walls and rocks, at Hasbeiya and Beirit. This well-marked species was named and described by M. Simon from examples captured by myself (subsequently to the capture of those in Palestine and Syria) in Corfu, where it was not unfrequent on a wall by the roadside leading from the town to the One-gun Battery. Saxticus Fasciatus, Hahn, Die Arachn. i. p. 54, pl. 14. fig. 41. Adults of both sexes were found at Jericho and Jerusalem. All 1872. ] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 323 the examples were much larger than European ones of the same species ; but M. Simon is of opinion that they are identical with the European form. Sauricus tineatus, Koch, Die Arachn. xiv. p. 43, pl. 474. fig. 1303. An adult male on the plains of the Jordan. SaLTicus FULVASTER, Sim. Monogr. Att. Enr., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. tom. viii. 4° sér. p. 556. An adult female on the plains of the Jordan; described by M. Simon from European examples since the capture of the above in Palestine. SALTICUS BRESNIERI, Luc. Explor. de!’ Algér. p. 154, pl. 7. fig. 8. An adult female on the plains of the Jordan. SALTICUS SEMIATER, Sim. Monogr. Att. Eur., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. t. viii. 4° sér. p. 584. An adult female at Hasbeiya. SaLTicus CANESCENS, Koch, Die Arachn. xiii. p. 80, pl. 445. fig. 1144. An adult female on the plains of the Jordan. Sa.ticus GAmBosus, Sim. Monogr. Att. Eur., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. . viii. 4° sér. p. 593, pl. 6. fig. 7. (Plate XIV. fig. 21.) Adults of both sexes in various localities throughout Palestine. co SALTICUS PAYKULLII, Sav. Egypte, Arachn. p. 409, pl. 7. fig. 22. An immature female on the plains of the Jordan. SALTICUS VAILLANTII, Luc. Explor. de l’Algér. Arachn. p. 136, pl. 5. fig. 2. An adult male of this fine Spider on a prickly pear at Beirit. M. Simon has lately (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1871, p. 359) included this species as a synonym of S. paykullii (Sav.); but I cannot find any remarks upon it in the page referred to in the index (p. 359). SALTICUS MULTIPUNCTATUS, Sim. Monogr. Att. Eur., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. t. viii. 4° sér. p. 606. An immature female at Nazareth. Santicus rEGILLUs, L. Koch, Verh. zool.-bot. Wien, 1867, p. 879. An adult male and immature females of this handsome Spider were found on the plains of the Jordan. I met with it in Upper Egypt in 1864, and also subsequently in Asia Minor, near Ephesus. 324 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, Plexippus (Sav.). Sa.Ticus ADANSONII, Sav. Egypte, Arachn. p. 169, pl. 7. fig. 8. An adult male was found in the Hotel d’Orient at Beirit. In 1864 I found several examples in my bedroom at the hotel at Alex- andria, Egypt; and I have also received in abundance, both from Bombay and Ceylon, examples which I cannot distinguish from those found in Palestine and Egypt. Callietherus (Koch, Sim.). SaLticus TENERUS, Koch, Die Arachn. xiii. p. 43, pl. 440. figs. 1112, 1113. An adult male at Hebron. SaLticus TRicincTus, Koch, Die Arachn. xiii. p. 50, pl. 440. fig. 1117. An adult female at Jerusalem. Satticus rnFimvus, Sim. Monogr. Att. Eur., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. t. viii. 4° sér. p. 661, pl. 7. fig. 2. Adults of both sexes in various localities. Menemerus (Sim.). Satticus vicoratus, Koch, Die Arachn. xiv. p. 14, pl. 470. figs. 1282, 1283. An immature male at Jerusalem. Lately M. Simon has included this species as a synonym of Menemerus semilimbatus (Hahn). Vide Suppl. Monogr. (Simon), Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1871, p. 337. Heliophanus (Koch, Sim.). SaLtTicus MELINUS, L. Koch, Verhandl. zool.-bot. Wien, 1867, p- 870. Adults at Nain. Salticus (Latr., Sim.). SaLTICUS TODILLUS, Sim. Monogr. Att. Eur., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. tom. viii. 4°sér. p. 712. (Pl. XIV. fig. 19.) Adults of both sexes under stones at Hinin, Jerusalem, and in several other localities. I found this species also at Alexandria, Egypt, in 1864. Attus (Sim.). Sarticus (Ra#anis, Koch) rnsienis, sp. nov. Adult male, length 13 line, breadth 1 line; cephalothorax and abdomen of equal length. The group to which this Spider belongs is characterized chiefly by the great breadth of the Spiders which compose it compared with their length, the close fitting of the abdomen to the cephalothorax, 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 325 the general flatness of the whole Spider, and by the large size of the caput, which seems to monopolize almost the whole of the cephalo- thorax, so that the eyes occupy nearly the whole of its flattened upper area, and the hind slope, which is very abrupt, commences immediately behind the ocular area. This group melts away insensibly into the more typical forms of the genus Aétus (Sim.); but still in its chief representatives it is a well-marked group, though not generically distinct from other groups which have yet received the rank of genera from different authors. This Spider is of a deep rich blackish red-brown colour, the tho- racic region, clypeus, and sides of the caput being the lightest and clearest in their hue, and portions of the legs the darkest. It has but very few hairs, the integument being strong and somewhat coriaceous ; the upper area, however, of the caput is furnished with some short whitish scale-like hairs. The cephalothorax and abdomen are of equal length ; the latter fits over the base of the former very closely ; and together they almost appear to compose an undivided animal of an oblong form ; the shape of the cephalothorax is oblong, wider in the middle (at the hinder row of eyes) than at the extremities ; at that point it has a subangular outline, and is there as wide as its whole length; the ocular area is much broader behind than before, its width before being just equal to its longitudinal diameter; the small eye on either side (forming the second row) is close to the lateral of the front row, and consequently is greatly removed from the eyes of the hinder row, and rather within the straight line formed by each of them and the lateral (on the same side) of the front row. The legs are moderately long; those of the first pair are much the longest, and have their femora, genua, and tibiz inordinately strong compared with the rest; the genua and tibize are nearly of equal length, the latter being a little the longest ; they are of a clear and bright yellowish red-brown ; the legs of the second pair appeared to be the shortest; each tarsus terminates with a claw-tuft; the femora of the first pair are furnished with strong, black, spine-like bristles, the most conspicuous of which form a strong longitudinal fringe on the upperside, and another on the outer side; a similar fringe of less strong and conspicuous spiny bristles is also on the foreside of the tibize of the same pair, on which there are also nu- merous stronger ones beneath; while the metatarsi are furnished on their undersides with a double series of short strong spines. The palpi are moderately long, and not very strong; the radial joint is short, and rather shorter than the cubital; the former has its outer extremity produced into a nearly straight, tolerably strong, and not very long nor very sharp, pointed apophysis, the length of which is not quite equal to that of the joint itself; the digital joint is equal in length to the radial and cubital together, it is of oval form, broadest behind; the palpal organs are well developed but simple in structure, and have a very prominent subconical corneous eminence rather towards their hinder extremity ; the falces are ver- tical, strong and straight, and flattened in front. The abdomen is of a rather flattened oval form, squared off in 326 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, front, and of a sharp pointed oval shape behind; it is glossy, of a deep blackish red-brown colour, with a few short pale squamose hairs on its upper surface. A single adult male of this most interesting and distinct Spider was found under a stone at Hebron. SALTICUS PUTUS, sp. Nov. Male adult, length 13 line. In the large upper area of the caput this Spider shows a near ap- proach to the group Rhanis; but the relative sizes of the cephalo- thorax and abdomen are different; the latter is smaller than the former, and of the ordinary oviform type, and does not fit on (as it were) to the cephalothorax ; this is deep but flattened at the top; and the caput, although comprising a great portion of the cephalo- thorax, is yet proportionally not as large as in Rhanis ; and the small eyes of the second row, instead of being close to the laterals of the front row, and so far more widely removed from those of the hinder row, are nearly equidistant between them. The cephalothorax is black, and not very thickly clothed with yellowish squamose hairs; the upper part of the hinder slope has a short white bar, composed of white hairs. The abdomen is black- brown, pretty densely clothed with squamose hairs ; there is a white marking, formed of white hairs, at the centre of the fore part of its upperside, and on either side of this white marking is a curved white bar ; round the shoulders (as it were) of the abdomen there is also a small tuft of white hairs at its extremity on either side of the spin- ners; the underside is whitish, clothed with short adpressed hairs. The eyes of the hinder row are wider apart than the length of the front row; and those of the second row are in a straight line (on either side) with the laterals of the front and hinder rows. The legs are moderate in length and strength; they are of a yellow-brown colour, darker at the articulations of the joints, the metatarsi and tarsi being paler than the rest; they are furnished with hairs of various lengths ; and the tibize and metatarsi of the first pair, which are much longer and stronger than the rest, have some strong spines beneath them; the legs of the first pair, besides being longer and stronger than the others, are much darker in colour, being of a deep red-brown; the tarsi all terminate with a claw-tuft. The palpi are neither very long nor strong; they are of a black- brown colour; the radial joint is shorter than the cubital, and has at its outer extremity a long, pointed, straight apophysis ; the digital is rather large, and longer than the radial and cubital joints toge- ther; the palpal organs are well developed, but simple in form and structure. A single adult male was found on short herbage among stones at Rasheiya, on the skirts of Mount Hermon. SALTICUS DELECTUS, sp. nov. Male adult, length 2 lines. In form and general structure this species is of the ordinary type. 1872. ] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA, 327 The cephalothorox is of a deep shining black-brown colour, the caput black ; it has a transverse stripe or band of white hairs imme- diately behind the front row of eyes, also a marginal stripe and a central longitudinal one of the same; this last stripe commences in a sharp angular point (in some examples this point is of a diamond- shape, owing to a constriction just behind its fore extremity) between the two eyes of the hinder row, and runs backwards beyond the beginning of the hind slope. The /egs are yellow, and are furnished with a few hairs and fine spines, those of the fourth pair are the longest, and those of the second pair the shortest; each tarsus ends with a small black claw- tuft. The falces are black-brown, moderately strong, rather long, and a little projecting. The palpi are short and black ; the humeral joint has a rather prominent and somewhat pointed enlargement near its extremity on the inner side, very nearly approaching in the structure of this joint to Spiders of the restricted genus Heliophanus (Koch) ; the cubital is longer and stronger than the radial joint, and has its outer extremity prolonged into a strongish blunt-pointed apophysis ; the radial is short and of a peculiar form, being so short as to have no linear dimensions on the outer side (which is sharp- pointed), and rather obtusely produced on the inner side forwards ; the palpal organs are highly developed and very prominent at their hinder part, which projects backwards ; they have a small prominent knob or protuberance on the hinder part of their lower surface. The abdomen is black ; the upperside is divided from the lower by a lateral marginal stripe on either side of bright white hairs; and a similar central stripe divides it longitudinally; the former stripes are interrupted, or, rather, formed by a series of short white oblique lines or markings towards their hinder portions; the underside is dark brown, with two pale dull whitish and slightly curved longitu- dinal stripes. The female resembles the male in the general character of the markings ; but the central longitudinal white stripe on the abdomen has some lateral angular points, or short incipient lines, on either side of its hinder portion, in some examples resembling a series of short confluent chevrons; the lateral stripes also run round and meet on the fore margin of the abdomen. Different examples of the female vary in depth of colour. Both sexes of this pretty Salticus were found actively hopping about among stones and short herbage on the plains of the Jordan. SALTICUS DEVORANS, sp. nov. Male adult, length from 23 to 3 lines. This species is nearly allied, both in form, structure, and co- lours, to S. paykullii (Sav.) and S. vaillantii (Luc.), but may be easily distinguished by its much smaller size and by differences in the pattern formed by the distribution of its colour and markings. The present species has no dark marginal border or band on the cephalothorax, while both the other species mentioned have it; and in those species also this marginal band branches upwards in a 328 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, straight and almost vertical direction to the fore lateral eye on either side, dividing the side of the cephalothorax from the clypeus, while the whole of the sides of the cephalothorax, as well as the clypeus, in the present species is undivided by any such band; in one example only out of many there was a narrow black marginal line, and the clypeus was suffused with brown-black. From S. vaillantii it may be also distinguished by the central longitudinal yellow band on the cephalothorax stopping at the hinder row of eyes, while in that species it runs through the ocular area to the clypeus; it is also broader in general, though more sharply constricted transversely at the beginning of the hinder slope than in the two species men- tioned. In one example of the present species there was a con- spicuous roundish patch of white hairs near the centre of the ocular area, but quite separate and distinct from the central thoracic band. The palpi in all three species are remarkably similar ; in all the humeral joint has a conspicuous tuft of prominent hairs on the outer side near its extremity, but this is perhaps most conspicuous in the present species; the radial joint is slightly shorter than the cubital, and its outer extremity is produced into a tapering, sharp-pointed, moderately long apophysis; the digital joint is large, broad near its base, and rather constricted forwards; the palpal organs are promi- nent near their base, projecting backwards over the radial joint ; and a filiform black spine curves round them, adhering closely to the inner edge of the digital joint. The female is rather larger than the male, but resembles it in general colours and character. Adult and immature examples of both sexes were found on walls, rocky banks, and among stones on the plains of the Jordan. An adult male was also met with at Rasheiya. SALTICUS HELIOPHANOIDES, sp. NOV. Male adult, length rather more than 2 lines. This Spider is very closely allied to S. delectus, Cambr., supra, nearly resembling it in general colours and markings, but distin- guishable by the dark colour of the legs, which are mixed black and brown, especially those of the first pair, and by the absence of any longitudinal curved stripes on the underside of the abdomen, the underside being, in both examples found, of a vinous-brown colour, thinly clothed with short hoary hairs. The pa/pi, while similar in the position and general character of the prominences &c. of the different joints, have all these more strongly marked and developed ; and a similar observation applies also to the palpal organs. The resemblance, therefore, in this Spider to those of the Heliophanus group is more marked than in S. delectus. An adult male was found on the road from Kedes to Banias, and another on the road from the Lebanon to Beirit: this last example is considered by M. Simon to be distinct from the former; but a careful examination of the palpi failed to show any structural differ- 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 329 ence. Besides the above differences from S. delectus, it is a slightly larger Spider. SALTICUS EPULARIS, Sp. nov. Male adult, length 1? line. This species is of ordinary form and structure ; the cephalothorax is massive, and has the hind slope at some distance behind the hinder row of eyes and very abrupt ; it is jet-black, with a narrow marginal border of white hairs, which runs also round the margin of the cly- peus; a short broad stripe or band of white hairs also runs a little obliquely backwards from each eye of the hinder row, terminating a little below the commencement of the hind slope of the thorax. The minute eyes of the second row are nearer to the eyes of the first than of the hinder (or third) row; and these last form a rather longer transverse line than those of the first row. The legs are moderately long and strong, their relative length being apparently 1, 3, 4,2; those of the first pair are much the strongest, especially the femoral joints, which are of a deep rich blackish brown colour, the rest of the joints being dark yellow-brown, and the other legs a paler yellow-brown; they are furnished with white and other hairs (those on the first pair form fringes on the femora and tibiz), also with fine black spines ; and each tarsus ends with a small black claw-tuft. The palpi are short and strong; the cubital joint is longer and stronger than the radial, and, together with the fore extremity of the humeral joint, is furnished above with white hairs; the radial joint has its outer extremity prolonged into a broad and obtusely pointed flattish apophysis, closely adhering to the digital joint and so not readily distinguishable ; this last (digital) joint is large, but of ordinary form ; the palpal organs are highly developed but simple in structure, and present no peculiar corneous complications. The abdomen is of a deep brown colour above, divided longitudi- nally by a conspicuous central yellowish-white stripe or narrow band (this in one example was very slightly and finely dentated on the sides of its hinder portion); and two other similar lateral bands form a margin to nearly the whole of the abdomen, not, however, quite meeting in front; when looked at directly from above, these lateral stripes, being rather on the sides than on the upperside, are not distinctly seen; the sides and underside are of a yellowish-brown colour, thinly clothed with short white hairs. This very pretty and distinct Spider was found among stones on a bare and wild spot near Hasbeiya. SALTICUS SIMONII, sp. nov. Male adult, length 1 line. This Spider is of a shorter, stouter build than S. epularis, but ig nearly allied to it, as well as to Attus ostrinus (Sim.) ; it may, how- ever, be readily distinguished by its colours and pattern. The cephalothorar is of a brownish-black colour, very narrowly margined with white hairs ; and the caput is slightly furnished above 330 REV. O. P, CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, with yellowish-red hairs; the eyes of the front row are encircled with bright shining scarlet hairs; and a large, somewhat oblong, transverse spot or patch of pure white squamose hairs occupies the centre of the ocular area; also close behind each eye of the hinder row is another, much smaller white spot of the same nature. The legs are brownish yellow, the femora of the first pair (which, like those of many other species of this group, have the femora, genua, and tibie inordinately strong) being blackish brown; their relative length appeared to be 1, 3, 2,4; and they are furnished with hairs (those on the tibie and femora of the first pair form- ing longitudinal fringes), also with spines, and a claw-tuft at the end of each tarsus. The falces are of ordinary form, and of a red- brown colour, ornamented with longitudinal rows of white squamose hairs. The palpi are short and rather strong ; the cubital joint is fur- nished above with white hairs; the radial, which is shorter than the cubital, has its outer extremity produced into a strong and rather long but not very sharp-pointed apophysis, which curves upwards close by the side of the digital joint ; this joint is of ordinary form, and contains the palpal organs, which are simple in structure. The abdomen is of a short oval form, of a deep black-brown colour above, clothed with glossy scarlet hairs; a central longitudinal and somewhat tapering band clothed with white hairs begins a little way behind the fore margin, and ends just above the spinners; this band is finely dentated on its margins; the upperside is completely sepa- rated from the sides by a band of white squamose hairs, which runs round the fore margin (where it is broadest) as well as round the lateral margins ; the portion of this marginal band or stripe nearest the spinners on either side is formed by a separate short stripe, which overlaps the inner portion; the sides are of a somewhat pale vinous-brown colour striated with lines of white squamose hairs ; and a broad central longitudinal band of the same kind occupies the underside. A single example of this very striking and pretty species was found among stones on the skirts of the Lebanon, near Ain-Ata. I have much pleasure in connecting this Spider with the name of M. Eugéne Simon, who has paid such great and careful attention to the family Salticides. SALTICUS PARTICEPS, Sp. NOV. Male adult, length 12 line. This Spider is closely allied to, but quite distinct from, S. bres- niert (Luc.). The cephalothorax is oblong, not so deep, nor the hind slope so abrupt as in many others of this genus ; it is of a deep brown colour, the caput black ; on the cephalothorax are four lon- gitudinal white lines or stripes, one on either side a little above the margins, and continued in front close beneath the eyes, where it is formed by squamose hairs; another white stripe runs from each eye of the fore central pair backwards, close inside the eyes of the hinder row, quite to the hinder margin; these two stripes are narrower 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 331° than the laterals; round the eyes of the front row are some coarsish yellow-red cilia or hairs. The /egs are moderately long and strong, not differing greatly in length ; their relative length is apparently 4, 3, 1, 2, or 4, 1, 3, 2 (it was difficult to say exactly which) ; they are of a yellow-brown colour deepening to dark brown black; those of the first two pairs are darker than the rest; the legs are furnished with hairs, spines, and a claw-tuft at the extremity of each tarsus. The abdomen is of a deep blackish yellow-brown colour above, with three narrow longitudinal white stripes (a central, and a lateral one on either side) ; the sides are white; and the underside is almost wholly occupied by a broad longitudinal black band. The palpi are short, moderately strong, and of a black colour ; the cubital joint is clothed with white hairs on the upperside ; and the radial is produced at its outer extremity into a short, strong, blunt-pointed apophysis, bitid at its extremity ; the radial as well as the digital joint (which last is of ordinary form) are furnished with long bristly black hairs; and the extremity of the digital is also fur- nished with white hairs; the hairs on the radial joint make the apophysis at its outer extremity difficult to be seen readily. The palpal organs are well developed and prominent at their base, but simple in structure. A single example was met with among stones at Jerusalem. SALTICUS STAINTON, sp. nov. (Plate XIV. fig. 20.) Male adult, length 23 lines. This Spider belongs to a group of the genus A¢tus (Sim.) not yet, as far as I am aware, represented by any ascertained European examples. The group is characterized by a longer and more flattened form of cephalothorax and abdomen than is possessed by other groups of Attides. The cephalothoraz is in itself short, and, when looked at from above, rather of a roundish oval form; its upper surface is flat, but the hind slope tolerably abrupt ; it is of a deep rich brown on the sides with a black margin: the caput is black and encircled by a band of white hairs running round in front imme- diately beneath the eyes, and ending on either side near behind the eyes of the hinder row; at the centre of the back of the caput is a white spot similarly formed. The legs vary a good deal in length; those of the second, third, and fourth pairs are short, those of the third pair apparently the shortest; they are yellow, furnished with a few hairs and small spines ; those of the first pair are much longer than the rest and of inordinate strength, especially the femoral, genual, and tibial joints ; they are of a deep rich brown colour; the tibial and metatarsal joints are furnished with short strong spines, each of which springs from a distinct tubercle ; all the tarsi end with a strongish claw-tuft. The palpi are short and not very strong; they are of a yellow- brown colour, the digital joint being the palest ; the radial is shorter than the cubital joint, and has its outer extremity produced into a short, tapering, pointed apophysis, whose base adheres very closely 332 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [ Feb. 20, to the base (on the outer side) of the digital joint, its point being slightly curved and more prominent ; the digital is of moderate size and ordinary form ; and the palpal organs are neither very prominent nor complex. The falces are small, divergent, and placed back considerably behind the fore margin of the caput; the fangs have their bases greatly and abruptly enlarged. The minute eyes of the second row are equidistant between those of the first and third rows, but are inside the straight line formed by the laterals of those two rows. The abdomen is of a long oval form, rather flattened above, and projecting over the base of the cephalothorax ; it is of a dark brown colour tinged with yellow; in some young examples it was jet-black ; its fore half is encircled with a marginal band or stripe of white hairs; and there are six small bright white spots (also formed by white hairs) on its upper surface ; two of these spots are placed lon- gitudinally on the centre of its fore half; the foremost of these two spots is sometimes obsolete ; the other four are on the margins of the hinder half, and form a large trapezoid, whose fore side is much the longest ; the underside is paler than the upper, and has an indistinct marginal line of white hairs on either side. An adult male and two immature males were found among grass on the banks of the stream flowing from Elisha’s Well through the plains of the Jordan. It is a very striking and distinct species ; and it is with much pleasure that I confer upon it a name too well known in the entomological world to need any remark—that of my kind friend H. T. Stainton, Esq., of Mountsfield, Lewisham. SALTICUS CONGENER, Sp. nov. Female adult, length 23 lines. This Spider is closely allied to S. staintonii, of which, but for M. Simon’s decided opinion to the contrary, I should have consi- dered it to be the female. It differs from that species in having the cephalothorax dark brown, uniformly clothed with short greyish- white hairs; and the abdomen is of a pale dull yellow-brown, simi- larly but more thinly clothed, and striated and mottled obscurely with a paler yellowish colour; a series of angular lines or chevrons (of which the first is much stronger and more pointed than the rest) are indistinctly visible on the hinder half of the upperside ; and also some pale blotches corresponding to the white spots in S. staintonit. Three examples were found among grass and weeds on the plains of the Jordan. SALTICUS PATAGIATUS, Sp. nov. Male adult, length 2} lines. This species is of ordinary form and general structure. The cephalothorax is massive; it projects considerably forwards over the falces; and the hind slope is exceedingly abrupt; the sides of the caput and the thoracic portion are of a deep shining reddish black-brown colour, and the upper surface of the caput black, mar- gined on the sides and hinder part (behind the third row of eyes) 1872. } SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 333 with a semicircular band of paler brown, clothed with white hairs ; the eyes of the second row are equidistant from those of the first and third, and as nearly as possible in a straight line with the late- rals of those rows. The legs are moderately long and strong, and of nearly equal length and strength; they are of a deep reddish-brown colour, the tarsi pale dull yellow, and are furnished with hairs and fine spines, each tarsus ending with a claw-tuft. The palpi are short and rather slender; the radial and digital joints are darker-coloured than the legs, the cubital and humeral joints being of a pale dull yellowish brown, furnished conspicuously with white hairs, as is also the extremity of the digital joint; the radial is shorter than the cubital, and has its outer extremity pro- longed into a long and strong apophysis, gradually tapering to a sharp point; the digital joint is small but of ordinary form; the palpal organs are simple but prominent behind, and project consi- derably backwards beneath the radial joint. The abdomen is of a short oval form, slopes rather quickly from its fore extremity, where it is high, to the spinners (when looked at in profile), and fits closely on to the hind slope of the cephalothorax ; it is of a brownish-black colour, thinly clothed above with yellowish- red hairs; a strong crescent of white hairs margins the foreside; a little way behind this is a transverse yellowish-white curved bar, which spans the whole of the upperside; and this is succeeded by a close series of strongish angular bars or chevrons on the hinder half, on which there is also a curved longitudinal lateral stripe on either side, connected with the chevrons by a short bar or dentation of the lateral stripes ; the sides and underside are striated with longitudinal lines of reddish hairs. Two adult males were found at Tiberias, and an immature male near Nazareth, among dwarf plants on the waste between that and Mount Tabor. The pattern on the abdomen is less distinct in some examples than in others ; and the lateral stripes are sometimes simply replaced by an oblique biotch or stripe. It is allied to S. adansonii (Sav.), but easily distinguishable by the larger size of the digital joint. SALTICUS NEPOS, sp. nov. Male adult, length 2 lines. The cephalothoraz is short and massive, but of ordinary form; it is of a yellow-brown colour, clothed with short yellowish hairs; a transverse somewhat crescent-shaped band of whitish hairs encircles the hinder part of the caput; the clypeus is furnished with longish prominent white bristly hairs ; on either side of the caput, below the small eye of the second row, is a group of a few long, strongish, curved, black bristly hairs directed forwards, having a horn-like appearance ; and in front of each of these horn-like tufts, but de- tached from it, is a single bristle of the same nature and having the same direction. The eyes of the front row are pearl-white and encircled with 334 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, strong and prominent yellowish scale-like hairs; the eyes of the second row are equidistant from, and in a straight line with, the laterals on either side of the first and third rows. The Jegs are moderately long and strong, and do not differ greatly in length; their relative length is apparently 3, 4,1, 2; and their colour is yellow clouded in parts with yellow-brown; they are fur- nished with spines, bristles, and hairs, of which some are fine and white. The palpi are neither very long nor strong; their colour is yellow, that of the digital joint being yellow-brown; the fore part of the humeral joint, as well as the upperside of the cubital, is clothed with white bristly hairs; the radial is shorter than the cubital, and has some long, strong, bristly white hairs above, rather in a tuft, on the inner side, and with a decided inward direction ; the outer extremity of this joint is produced into a short strong apophysis, hollowish on the inner side, and very obtuse at its termination, which appeared to be slightly indented ; the digital joint has its upperside clothed with blackish and white hairs; it is of moderate size and ordinary form ; and the palpal organs are well developed and prominent, but simple in structure, consisting of a large oval corneous lobe, whose inner side is encircled (just beneath the edge of the digital joint) with a strong black spine which issues from their base. The abdomen is of the ordinary form ; it is of a dark yellow-brown colour above, clothed with yellow-red hairs ; the fore margin has a large transverse oval band or patch of white hairs; and there is an- other conspicuous patch of the same (formed by two or three con- fluent angular bars) rather behind the centre of the upperside ; the sides are pale yellowish ; and the underside has a broad central lon- gitudinal yellowish-brown band throughout its length. The female in general characters resembles the male ; but the ce- phalothorax is more variegated and diversified in appearance, having a longitudinal stripe of white hairs down the centre of the hind slope, and reaching forwards to the middle of the caput; there are also some dark brown markings on the sides and hinder part of the cephalothorax, which appear through the clothing of hairs (probably the cephalothorax of the male had been partially denuded of hairs). In the female the abdomen has the upperside dark brown-black, in- dented on the sides near the spinners by one or two short yellowish lines or encroachments from the sides ; the centre is (longitudinally) of a yellowish colour ; and the fore part is divided in the same direc- tion by a black stripe, club-shaped at its termination, with a black spot on either side about the middle; following this black stripe are the pale chevrons observable on the male. An adult male and female, with an immature male, were found among stones at Jerusalem. SALTICUS PASCUALIS, Sp. nov. Male adult, length 13 line. The cephalothorax is of a rather flattened form, and longer than in many other species of this group; the hinder slope is also less 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 335 abrupt; the fore part projects over the base of the falces; and it is of a glossy black colour. The eyes of the second row are each rather nearer to the eye on its side of the third row than to the lateral on the same side of the first, but are in the same straight line. The legs are moderate in length and strength ; those of the first pair are the longest and strongest, but not inordinately so; their co- lour is dark brown, the tarsi of the two hinder pairs being pale yellow; and they are furnished with hairs, spines, and a terminal claw-tuft. The palpi are short, the humeral and cubital joints yellow, and they are furnished with white hairs ; the radial is brown, shorter than the cubital, and produced at its outer extremity into a rather long, slender, slightly tapering, curved, and rather prominent apophysis, whose point is slightly hooked or crotchet-formed. The digital joint is rather large, of a brown-black colour, and has a strong cir- cular indentation or impression at its extremity ; the palpal organs are large and prominent, and extend backwards beneath the radial joint. : The abdomen is of ordinary form ; its colour is brown-black, with some white squamose hairs towards the fore extremity of the upper- side, and some indistinct pale angular lines or chevrons on the hinder half. The superior spinners are white, tipped with black, the in- ferior ones black. A single example of this small but distinct species was found among dwarf herbage at the village of Nain, on the road from Jezreel to Nazareth. SALTICUS CLEMENS, Sp. nov. Female adult, length 23 lines. The cephalothoraz of this Spider is of the ordinary form ; its colour is yellow, with a paler patch on the occiput ; the upper surface of the caput, or the ocular area, is strongly suffused with black; and there are several slightly converging black streaks on the hind slope ; the sides also are a little tinged with brown-black. Each of the eyes of the second (or intermediate) row is rather nearer to that on its side of the hinder row than to the lateral on the same side of the front row, but is in the same straight line. The legs and palpi are yellow ; the former differ but little in length ; they are moderately long and strong, and are furnished sparingly with hairs and fine spines. Each tarsus ends with a small claw-tuft. The /alces are small, conical, and, with the labium, maxille, and sternum, also of a yellow colour. The abdomen is of a duller yellow colour than the cephalothorax, and is finely and thickly striated in a longitudinal direction with dusky yellow-brown. A central longitudinal paler band (being freer from these striations) is indistinctly visible on the upperside, and is divided near its fore extremity by a short red-brown longitudinal line, trifid at its hinder extremity, and followed by several dull yellow- brown angular bars or chevrons. The intermediate spaces between these chevrons are perhaps more prominent and observable than the 336 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, chevrons themselves, and, together with the space before the outer limbs of the trifid portion of the red-brown line, are perhaps more calculated to catch the eye as the distinctive pattern than if we take the yellow portions to be the ground-colour, and describe the pattern as brown. The abdomen is clothed thinly with short yellowish and greyish hairs, with a few long blackish recurved ones on the fore part of the upperside. A single adult female of this Spider, which is allied to S. frontalis (Walck.), S. reticulatus (Bl.), and A. gambosus (Sim.), was found on low plants on the plains of the Jordan. SALTICUS CONVENIENS, Sp. nov. Male adult, length 2 lines. , The cephalothorax of this species is massive, but when looked at from above and behind is of the ordinary form ; in profile, however, the centre of the ocular area is transversely and perceptibly higher than the rest, which thus slopes pretty sharply forwards to the front row of eyes; it is jet-black, with a large oblong area running from the hinder eyes to the lower hind margin, densely clothed with fine sandy-yellow hairs or coarse pubescence ; and the whole of the surface of the cephalothorax, especially the ocular area and the margin of the clypeus, is furnished with prominent black bristly hairs, directed for- wards. The eyes of the second row are very minute and difficult to be di- stinguished ; each of them is nearer to the hinder eye onits side than to the lateral on the same side of the foremost row, but is very nearly in the same straight line with these, very slightly, if any thing, within it. The legs are rather long and moderately strong ; their relative length is apparently 3, 4, 1, 2; and they are furnished pretty freely with long hairs (both black, white, and yellowish) and with spines ; they are of a yellow colour, irregularly marked and spotted with blackish brown; and each tarsus ends with a black claw-tuft. The palpi are neither very long nor strong ; their colour is yellow, thickly clothed with short, strong, bristly white hairs; the radial joint is shorter than the cubital, and has its outer extremity produced into a very short but strongish apophysis, bluntish-pointed at its ex- tremity, which is bent downwards ; the digital joint is not large; it is of the ordinary form, but is abruptly truncated at its extremity, the truncated part apparently depressed and fringed over thickly with an edging of fine whitish hairs ; the palpal organs are highly developed and very prominent, though simple in structure; their hinder por- tion is nearly globular, and extends backwards to the underside of the cubital joint ; their fore part is depressed and somewhat pointed. The falces are small, conical, and of a black-brown colour. The abdomen is of the ordinary size and form ; its ground-colour is black, but (when not rubbed off) it is densely clothed with a dull reddish sandy-yellow pubescence of short hairs ; the hinder part of the upperside has faint indications of a double longitudinal series of alternate paler yellowish and brown-blackish spots; and there are 1872. ] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 337 some long, black, recurved, erect, bristly hairs on the fore part of the upper side. This plainly marked but distinctly characterized Spider is possibly the male of 4. candidus (Sim.), which is found in the same locality. A single adult male was met with among stones at Jerusalem. SALTICUS COGNATUS, sp. nov. Male adult, length 23 lines. This Spider nearly resembles, and is exceedingly closely allied to, the last-described species, S. conveniens ; it is, however, larger. The ce- phalothoraz is flatter (7. e. the slope forwards, from the middle of the ocular area to the front row of eyes, is much less abrupt, the profile line of the caput forming a more gentle and regular curve); the cephalothorax is jet-black, but is entirely without pubescence. This character seemed to be constant in all the ten examples met with, and therefore is not, I think, due to denudation. The abdomen is black, clothed with a reddish-yellow pubescence, similar to that of S. conveniens, and very liable to partial denudation, but it was quite unicolorous ; in no example was there any trace of either pale or dark spots on the hinder half. The palpi are remarkably similar to those of §. conveniens, but the apophysis at the outer extremity of the radial joint seems to be rather stronger and not bent downwards. The general hue and appearance of the /egs is darker than in the other species named, while in some examples there is a large proportion of white hairs and pubescence on them. i Ten examples of the adult male were found among stones and rocks and dwarf plants near Ain-Ata, on the skirts of the Lebanon. SALTICUS POLITIVENTRIS, Sp. nov, Male adult, length 2 lines. This species, though so very different in appearance, is certainly closely allied to both S. conveniens and the species next to be de- scribed (S. approximans). The cephalothoraz is large; its highest part is in a line with the two hindmost eyes, whence it slopes both backwards and (more sharply) forwards ; there is also a strongish indentation close behind each of those eyes ; it is glossy, of the deepest black-brown, with the ocular area quite black, and a broad marginal band of white hairs, occupying nearly the whole of the sides of the cephalothorax, and running completely round it in front close beneath the eyes of the foremost row. Occasionally an example occurs with this band raised above the margin, showing a brown-black band between it and a narrow white marginal line. Each of the eyes of the second row is, if any thing, slightly nearer to the fore lateral eye on its side than to the hind lateral, but is in the same straight line with them. The /egs are rather long and tolerably strong; those of the first and second pairs are the strongest, but not excessively so; and they are furnished with hairs (both white, yellowish, and black) and spines; Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1872, No. XXII. 338 REY. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [ Feb. 20, their colour is yellow, slightly suffused in parts with brownish ; and each tarsus terminates with a black claw-tuft. The palpi are of moderate length and strength ; they are of a yel- low colour, except the humeral joint, which is brown, and the digital, which is still darker; the humeral, cubital, and radial joints are thickly clothed with longish bristly white hairs ; the radial is shorter than the cubital, and has its outer extremity produced into a short, strong, reddish-brown, blunt-pointed apophysis, its point bent down- wards ; the digital is of ordinary form, somewhat obliquely truncated at its fore extremity, the truncated part having a fringe of convergent whitish hairs : the palpal organs are of a deep brown colour, very pro- minent, but of simple structure; they are of a somewhat globular shape, extending far backwards in a pointed form to the underside of the cubital jomt. The falces are small, conical, retreating, and of a deep brown colour. The abdomen is short, but of a broad, flattened, oval form, trun- cated in a somewhat straight line in front, and rounded behind ; its upper surface has a corneous appearance, and is of a brilliant glossy dark steel-blue-black colour ; the sides and underside are yellowish white, clothed with grey hairs; the sides also have some short lon- gitudinal, blackish, dash-like spots or markings; the steel-blue upperside resembles a sort of plate or covering, which does not ex- tend backwards quite to the spinner. All the examples met with were males ; and it appeared to be the most abundant of the Saltici on the plains of the Jordan, among stones and dwarf stunted plants; it was also found in various other parts of Palestine and Syria. I suspect that the 4. canescens (Sim.), if not the female of A. conveniens, must be that sex of the present species, different as it appears to be in the nature of the abdominal integument. Probably 4. canescens includes the female of both these species, as well as S. approximans ; for the respective males are very nearly allied in structure, and their females would most likely be very difficult to separate, although the adult males present very good distinctive characters. The present species is also probably closely allied to S. nitidiventris (Luc.), but it differsin several strong specific characters. SALTICUS APPROXIMANS, Sp. nov. Male adult, length 2 lines. In size and general form this species resembles S. politiventris, to which it is certainly nearly allied; but the cephalothorax has, be- sides the broad marginal band of white hairs, a similar white spot behind each lateral eye of the front row, and an oblique, short, white bar or band of the same nature on the occiput behind each eye of the third row. The legs are similar in colour to those of the foregoing species, as are also the palpi; but I could not discover any apophysis at the outer extremity of the radial joint; and there appeared to be no truncation at the extremity of the digital, which was of the same colour as the other joints; but the palpal organs are very similar. 1872. ] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 339 The abdomen is less flat on the upperside and more pointed be- hind ; and instead of being polished above like that of S. politiventris, it is clothed with dull yellowish-brown hairs and a transverse band of scaly white ones on the fore margin; the underside is yellow-white, which unites gradually with the colour of the upperside by small, short, brown streaks. A single adult male was found on the plains of the Jordan. SALTICUS ZRATUS, sp. nov. Female adult, length 2 lines. This Spider has the cephalothorax of ordinary form ; the ocular area is quite flat, and there is a strong indentation behind each of the eyes of the third row ; the hind slope is also very abrupt ; its colour is deep brown, tinged with reddish, the ocular area being black, and the whole thinly clothed with a fine whitish pubescence and a few fine erect hairs ; each of the eyes of the second row is the same dis- tance from the fore lateral as it is from the hind lateral on its side, but is a little within their straight line. The Jegs are moderate in length and strength, their relative length being 4, 1, 3, 2; they are yellow in colour, clouded, marked, and striped irregularly with blackish brown; they are furnished with hairs and spines, and each tarsus ends with a small claw-tuft. The palpi are yellow, the humeral joint clouded with black-brown, and there is a conspicuous black spot at the base on the foreside of each of the radial and digital joints. The abdomen is oval, and projects greatly over the base of the cephalothorax ; its colour is black, thinly clothed with hairs, some of which (especially in front and on the sides) are whitish, and others give it a brassy appearance in different lights; the underside is dull yellowish, with a large central, somewhat quadrangular brown marking. An example of this species was found among dwarf herbage on the plain of the Jordan. SALTICUS SPINIGER, Sp. nov. Male adult, length 23 to 24 lines. The cephalothoraz is rather elongate and flattened ; the ocular area does not occupy much more than one third of its entire length ; and the hind slope is gradual ; it is of a bright reddish yellow-brown colour, margined with black, and the ocular area is strongly clouded with the same; the whole (especially the ocular area) is clothed with golden, grey, and other pubescent hairs, mixed together, and giving it a variegated appearance ; a few prominent black hairs, curved forwards, are also scattered over its surface; on the sides of the caput, close beneath the lateral eyes, is a longitudinal series of small blackish tubercles, each surmounted by a short bristle. Each of the eyes of the second row is rather nearer to the hind lateral than to the fore lateral on its side, and is within their straight line. The degs of the first pair are considerably the longest, and the femora, tibie, and genua are inordinately strong, compared with the 340 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, rest ; these legs are of a reddish yellow-brown colour, the others being pale yellowish, tinged with brown; their relative length is 1,4, 3,2; and all are thinly furnished with hairs, many of which (especially those on the first pair) are long, fine, and prominent ; the metatarsi of the first pair have four (2, 2) short black spines beneath them, and there is another single pair close together, near the extre- mity, beneath the tibiee of the same legs. Hach tarsus ends with a small claw-tuft. The palpi are short, similar in colour to the legs of the first pair, moderately strong, but of remarkable structure in the radial and digital joints; the cubital and radial joints are both very short; the latter is the shortest, and has a long cylindrical, nearly vertical apo- physis issuing from the underside; this apophysis is quite (if not more than) double the length of the joint itself, and terminates rather abruptly in a dark red-brown sharp point ; the digital joint is large and long, rather abruptly narrowed forwards, where it is bent down- wards ; its extremity is truncated; and its convex side is directed outwards ; and consequently the palpal organs of each palpus are di- rected inwards towards each other; they are highly developed and prominent, consisting of a large, somewhat pyriform, corneous lobe (the large end behind), with a small prominence near the middle; a long, strong, black spine issues from the fore extremity of this lobe, on the outer side, and sweeps round backwards with a large bold curve, coiling round on the inner side of the palpal organs, and having its acute filiform point in contact with their extremity, close to its origin ; the coil of this spine extends quite to the hinder extremity of the radial joint, and is a very conspicuous character of the species. The falces are tolerably long but slender, and rather directed for- wards. The abdomen is rather large, of an oval form, slightly flattened ; it is of a yellow-brown colour above, clothed with short white hairs in front and on the sides; there are some whitish-yellow markings for- wards, an obscure series of broken chevrons behind in the central longitudinal line, and some broken, irregular, oblique stripes on the sides ; the underside is whitish. The female resembles the male in colour and markings, which, however, are more distinct than in the latter sex. The relative length of the legs appears to differ in the two sexes, those of the fourth pair being the longest in the female, while those of the first are the longest in the male. Immature examples of both sexes were found on trunks of olive trees at Hebron and Jerusalem ; and in 1864 adults of both were met with on the trunks of palm trees in Egypt. It is from some of the Egyptian examples that the above description has been made; but there is no doubt whatever of the specific identity of the Egyp- tian and Palestine examples. ~ SALTICUS FULGENS, sp. nov. (Plate XIV. fig. 17.) Male adult, length 1} to 14 line. The cephalothoraz of this beautiful and brilliant little Spider is of 1872. ] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 341 a rather elongated, flattened form, and projects considerably over the base of the falces ; its hind slope is moderate ; and its colour is deep brown, with a narrow margin of white hairs round the thoracic por- tion ; the ocular area is black, and its surface is minutely rugulose ; this part, as well as the thorax, is thinly clothed with squamose hairs of an iridescent yellow and green hue; there is a short longi- tudinal stripe of white hairs on the middle of the hind slope, and a similar spot behind each eye of the third row; each of the eyes of the second row is equidistant between the fore lateral and hind lateral on its side, and in the same straight line; the fore centrals are placed immediately on the margiu above the falces. The legs are moderately long and strong ; their relative length ap- parently 4,3, 1,2; they are of a clear pale yellow colour, and are furnished thinly with hairs and a very few spines; each tarsus ends with a claw-tuft. The palpi are short, moderately strong, and of a black-brown colour; the radial joint is small and much shorter than the cubital ; it is rather pointedly prominent on its fore margin, and has at its outer extremity a very small curved sharp-pointed apophysis; the digital joint is large, and of an oblong-oval form, clothed with white hairs, especially near its extremity ; and there are some similar hairs also on the other joints: the palpal organs are prominent, but of simple structure ; they project backwards and inwards beneath the radial joint, and have a small curved and pointed spine at their extremity. The falces are short, strong, and of a dark yellow-brown colour. The abdomen is of moderate size and of arather flattish oval form ; its colour is dark brown, clothed with short squamose hairs, showing iridescent colours of a brilliant gold, reddish, and green ; the upper- side and sides have three transverse curved rows of spots formed by bright white hairs, four spots in each row; and there are also two other similar spots in a transverse line immediately above the spin- ners ; eight of these spots form two longitudinal rows on the upper- side, from the fore margin to the spinners. The female resembles the male, but is a little larger. Adult examples of both sexes were found among plants on walls and rocks at various places in Palestine and Syria; also in 1864 in similar situations at Alexandria, Cairo, and in Upper Egypt. Dendryphantes (Sim.). SALTICUS DUMICOLUS, sp. nov. Female adult, length 43 lines. This Spider bears considerable resemblance to the female of S. sanguinolentus, from which, however, M. Simon considers it to be quite distinct. On the upperside it is of a more or less deep blackish-brown colour, in some examples mixed and mottled with greyish and yellowish, according as the integument is more or less denuded of hairs. The cephalothorax has two tolerably distinct longitudinal bars of 342 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, white hairs, one on either side, including and running backwards from the lateral eyes of all three rows; there is also a white spot on the centre of the caput. The clypeus and sides of the cephalothorax are yellowish; and the former is furnished with long fine whitish hairs. The cephalothorax and also the fore part of the upperside of the abdomen are furnished with long, erect, black hairs. The abdomen, like the cephalothorax, is pretty thickly clothed with hairs, mostly of a yellowish and grey colour; on its upperside are four longitudinal, and more or less perfect, narrow white stripes, in some examples these stripes are formed by a series of more or less confluent dashes or elongate spots; two of these stripes occupy the central portion of the abdominal surface, converge a little as they run backwards, and are nearer together than each is to the lateral stripe on its side. The space between the two central stripes is in most examples darker-coloured than the rest; the lateral stripes are generally bolder though less regular and continuous; the whiteness of the stripes arises from the white hairs with which the yellowish integument beneath is clothed. The underside of the abdomen is yellowish grey, with a broad central longitudinal band of black-brown, near which, on either side, is a more or less distinct longitudinal line of the same colour. The ocular area is much wider than it is long, and the eyes of the second row very nearly equally divide the spaces between the laterals (on either side) of the first and third rows, being a very little nearer to the third than to the first. The /egs and palpi are thinly furnished with grey, yellowish brown, and black hairs of various lengths, and the former also with longish spines. The legs are yellow, marked and banded with dark blackish red-brown ; and each tarsus has a strong claw-tuft at its extremity. Examples of this species were found in large, regularly woven, and compact silken domiciles, found among the shoots of a dense prickly dwarf shrub growing on the plains of the Jordan near the Dead Sea, and also on the wilds about Nazareth. The male was not discovered. It was no easy matter to capture the females, as, on being disturbed, they escaped quickly from an opening in the silken nest, dropping to the ground among the prickly and impenetrable mazes of the shrub in which the nest was woven. Menemerus (Sim.). SALTICUS INDISTINCTUS, Sp. nov. Male adult, length 2? lines. The cephalothoraz is of ordinary form, but large and high, and its hind slope steep ; it is of a deep rich shining brown colour, the caput being nearly black. The clypeus and sides are more or less furnished with fine white hairs, those beneath the two large foremost eyes being long and prominent. When looked at from above and behind, the front row of eyes describes a strong curve, the curve directed forwards ; the two eyes of the hinder row are very slightly wider apart than the laterals of the front row are from each other; and each of the eyes of the second row is further from the hind lateral than from 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 343 the fore lateral on its side, but is in the same straight line with them. The degs are moderately long and strong; their relative length is 1, 4, 2, 3; and they are furnished with hairs, bristles, and slender spines ; they are of a dull yellow colour, striped, clouded, and blotched with deep brown; and each tarsus has a terminal claw-tuft. The palpi are short, strong, and similar in colour to the legs; they are also furnished thinly with mixed long white, black, and yellowish-red hairs: the cubital and radial joints are of equal length; the latter has its outer extremity produced into a long, tapering, nearly straight apophysis, of a deep shining brown colour towards its extremity, which terminates in a bluntish point or kind of small button-like enlargement ; this apophysis is nearly, if not quite, double the length of the joint itself: the digital joint is long and narrow-oval in form, having the appearance of being constricted transversely near the middle. The palpal organs consist of a not very large, but prominent and nearly circular, corneous lobe, situated near the hinder part of the joint to which it is attached. The falces are rather long and strong; they are straight but project slightly forwards, and are of a deep rich shining brown colour. The mawilie and labium are of ordinary form and deep brown in colour, with pale whitish extremities. The abdomen is of moderate size, oval form, and rather pointed behind ; it is of a dull black colour, with one or two minute markings formed by small patches of short white hairs: perhaps the abdomen had become partially denuded of hairs, as, except the above-mentioned patches, it was almost entirely bare; the underside is of a dull and pale yellowish colour, with a broad central longitudinal brown band. A single example was found among stones and herbage at Jeru- salem. SALTICUS FLAVESCENS, sp. nov. Female adult, length 4 lines. This Spider is of ordinary form and structure. The cephalothorax has the caput of a black-brown colour, and the thoracic portion dark yellow-brown; the whole is thickly clothed with short yellowish adpressed hairs or coarse pubescence, and on the clypeus are some long fine yellowish-white prominent hairs ; on either side, just beneath each eye of the second row, is a curved horn-like tuft composed of a few longer and stronger yellow bristly hairs. The eyes are in the ordinary position ; and the quadrangular figure they form is broader than long; those of the front row (when looked at from above) form a curve whose convexity is directed forwards; each eye of the second row is, on either side, nearer to the hind lateral] than to the fore lateral on its side, and is rather within the straight line formed by them ; the eyes of the hinder row are rather nearer together than are the laterals of the front row. The palpi are yellow, furnished with long whitish hairs. The legs are moderately strong, but rather short; their relative length is 4, 3, 344 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, 2,1; their colour is yellow, and they are furnished with hairs and fine spines, and are (chiefly on the tibiee, genua, and upper portions of the femora) obscurely banded with dull yellow-brown ; each tarsus terminates with a strong black claw-tuft. The abdomen is of a yellowish colour, obscurely marked on the upperside with black-brown markings, of which, on the hinder half, are some irregular transverse and somewhat dentated blackish-brown bars, joining in with some short oblique ones of the same hue on the sides ; these markings have two somewhat conspicuous yellowish spots in a transverse line halfway between the middle of the abdomen and the spinners; the whole is thinly clothed with fine yellowish hairs. The spinners are prominent, those of the superior pair being half as long again as those of the inferior. Adult females were found on the skirts of the Lebanon near Ain-Ata. Heliophanus (Koch, Sim.). SALTICUS FACETUS, sp. nov. Male adult, length 13 line. This species is of ordinary form. The cephalothoraz is jet-black, with some prominent bristly hairs in front, a marginal border of white hairs on the thoracic portion, and some yellowish-green iridescent hairs on the hind slope. The /egs are moderately long and strong ; their colour is brown, becoming paler towards the tarsi; and they are furnished sparingly with hairs and spines, some of the former on their uppersides being of a squamose character. The palpi are of the ordinary general appearance, length, and strength ; their colour is black, with white squamose hairs on their uppersides ; the humeral joint has a pointed tooth-like prominence on the underside at its hinder extremity, and another strong and much longer apophysis from near its fore extremity on the outer side: this apophysis is directed downwards and somewhat forwards, and is rather abruptly pointed and a little curved inwards; the radial joint is short and has a pointed prominent apophysis beneath it. The palpal organs are prominent, somewhat globular in form, and situated quite at the base of the digital joint. The abdomen is of ordinary form, and is of a deep bottle-green shining black colour, with the fore margin margined with white hairs ; four conspicuous spots of white hairs form a quadrangular figure on the hinder half (the two foremost spots are much the largest); and on the sides beneath each of these spots is another of the same nature. A single adult male was found on low plants at Jerusalem; and both sexes were frequent in similar situations along banks and low walls at Hebron. The female is similar in colours and markings to the male. SALTICUS MORDAX, Sp. nov. Male adult, length 2 lines. This Spider is larger than the preceding, but resembles it very 1872.) SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 345 nearly in colour and markings. The abdomen, however, may be distinguished (if this be a constant character) by the four white spots of hairs on the hinder half of the upperside being stronger, elongated, and the two on either side being almost confluent, forming nearly two parallel longitudinal white bars ; the white transverse marginal bar on the fore margin is also broader, straight, and in its length it only ex- tends to the width of the abdomen. The structure of the palpi, how- ever, readily distinguishes it from S. facetus: the humeral joint has a longer prominence beneath its hinder extremity ; and the apophysis at its fore extremity springs more from beneath than from the side of the joint: it is also stronger, and is almost perpendicular, though a little bent, and inclined backwards; its extremity shows a kind of transition from the simple to the bifid point, having a sort of notch or indentation (looking like a small tubercle from some points of view) near its point: this distinguishes it from any other species known to me. The radial joint is shorter than the cubital, and has its outer extremity produced into a tolerably strong blunt-pointed apophysis ; and there is a small, sharp, black, tooth-like vertical spine beneath. The digital joint is of a longish narrow oval form. The palpal organs are well developed and greatly resemble those of many others of this group, but are less globular and less prominent than those of the preceding and some other species ; they have a small curved projec- tion beneath at their base, and extend backwards on the inner side in the form of a strong prominent blunt point. A single example was met with on low-growing plants on the plains of the Jordan. SALTICUS CURVIDENS, sp. nov. Male adult, length 13 line. Of the ordinary general form and appearance of Spiders of this group, the present species differs very decidedly in the structure of the palpi. The white spots and fore marginal bar on the abdomen are visible, but are less conspicuous than in either of the two last- described species (possibly this may be due to the specimen having been rubbed accidentally and so lost the white hairs which form those markings). The legs are also darker—being black-brown, except the tarsi, which are of a yellow-brown hue. The palpi have the humeral joint short and tumid, and apparently without any basal tooth-like pro- minence ; the characteristic apophysis from beneath its fore extremity is long, strong, and produced into a blunt point much bent or hooked inwards; the general direction of this apophysis is nearly perpen- dicular: the radial joint is very small; it has an apparently cylin- drical apophysis of a pale colour projecting forwards on its underside ; and from near the base of this there projects outwards another, small, curved, black, sharp-pointed one; the digital joint is of ordinary form and size, and has a broad band on its surface thickly clothed with white squamose hairs. The palpal organs are of a more irregular form than those of the last two species; they have a strong blunt horn-like projection from near their base on the inner side, a short 346 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, vertical one beneath their fore extremity (from which there issues also a strong, black, curved, spine-like apophysis directed forwards) ; and their hinder portion extends far backwards in a pointed form at the extremity, beneath the radial and the fore part of the cubital joints. : A single adult male found on low plants on the plains of the Jordan. SALTICUS DENTATIDENS, sp. nov. Male adult, length 2 lines. This species is closely allied to S. mordax (antea, p. 344), but the white spots and fore marginal bar on the abdomen are far less marked. The humeral joint of the palpus has a tooth-like prominence beneath its base ; and the apophysis near its fore extremity springs more from the side and projects more outwards than in that species; it is also stronger, rather more curved and more distinctly bifid at its extremity, owing to a decided, though small, prominent tooth-like projection on its inner side near the extreme point: like S. mordaz, the radial joint has its outer extremity produced ; but the apophysis is rather smaller and less obtusely pointed. The digital joint and palpal organs are very similar to those of the species mentioned. Examples of this species (which M. Simon considers to be a very distinct one) were found on the plains of the Jordan, on the road between Jerusalem and Nazareth, on Mount Carmel, and near Da- mascus. SALTICUS FURCATUS, Sp. nov. Male adult, length 2 lines. This Spider is entirely black, except that the cephalothorax has a narrow marginal border of white hairs, and on the abdomen is a faint representation of the fore-marginal border of similar hairs (character- istics of many species of this group); the tarsi and metatarsi of the legs are brownish yellow. The characteristic apophysis from beneath the fore extremity of the humeral joint of the palpus is very distinctly bifid in a furcate form, the hinder limb of the furcation being rather the shortest, straightest, and least strong ; the radial joint has a rather slender, sharp-pointed, hooked, black spine projecting outwards from beneath ; the palpal organs extend backwards and inwards in a very strong and obtusely prominent form, and they have also, beneath their hinder extremity, a curved, corneous prominent, blunt-pointed projection : there is also a small conical tooth-like prominence beneath the hinder extremity of the humeral joint. It is possible that the abdomen of this Spider may have been acci- dentally denuded of the white hairs which in many species form the characteristic spots. It is evidently nearly allied to Heliophanus melinus (1. Koch), of which the adult male is unknown to me; but M. Simon is of opinion that it is distinct. . A single example was met with on low plants at the village of Nain. 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 347 SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA, WITH REFERENCES TO THE PREVIOUS PAPER. Ischnocolus syriacus (Auss.), p. 215. Idiops syriacus (Cambr.), p. 216. Filistata attalica (Koch), p. 216. albimaculata, sp. nov., p. 216, Plate XIII. fig. 1. hirsuta, sp. noy., p. 217. Miltia amaranthina (Lue.), p. 218. diversa, sp. noy., p. 219. (Ecobius teliger, sp. nov., p. 221, Plate XIII. fig. 8. affinis, sp. nov., p. 221. trimaculatus, sp. nov., p. 219, Plate XIII. fig. 7. albipunctatus, sp. noy., p. 222. Clotho limbata (Koch), p. 222. septempunctata, sp. nov., p. 222. Segestria perfida (Walck.), p. 223. Ariadne insidiatrix (Sav.), p. 223. Dysdera westringit, sp. nov., p. 223, Plate XIIT. fig. 2. Oonops punctatus, sp. noy., p. 223, Plate XIV. fig. 3a. Gnaphosa ripariensis, sp. nov., p. 224, Plate XV. fig. 1. plumalis, sp. nov., p. 225, Plate XV. fig. 3. —— excerpta, sp. nov., p. 226, Plate XV. fig. 4. cambridgii, sp. noy., p. 227, Plate XV. fig. 2. — lutata, sp. nov., p. 228, Plate XV. fig. 7. kochit, sp. nov., p. 229, Plate XV. fig. 6. conspersa, sp. nov., p. 230, Plate XV. fig. 5. palestina, sp. nov., p. 231, Plate XV. fig. 8. Drassus lapidicolens (Walck.), p. 232. troglodytes (Koch), p. 232. —— morosus, sp. nov., p. 232, Plate XV. fig. 9. — lutescens (Koch), p. 233. —— tenerrimus, sp. nov., p. 233, Plate XV. fig. 10. — mundulus, sp. nov., p. 234, Plate XV. fig. 11. dalmatensis (Lu. Koch), p. 235. —— lacertosus, sp. noy., p. 235, Plate XV. fig. 12. senilis, sp. nov., p. 236, Plate XV. fig. 13. —— invalidus, sp. nov., p. 237, Plate XV. fig. 14. NaNUs, Sp. NOV., p. 237, Plate XV. fig. 15. infumatus, sp. nov., p. 238, Plate KV. fig. 16. scrutatus, sp. noy., p. 239, Plate XV. fig. 16a. ——- omissus, sp. noy., p. 239, Plate XV. fig. 17. unicolor, sp. noy., p. 240, Plate XV. fig. 18. Melanophora leta, sp. noy., p. 241, Plate XV. fig. 19. picina, sp. nov., p. 242, Plate XVI. fig. 20. —— carbonaria, sp. nov., p. 242, Plate XVI. fig. 21. tragica, sp. noy., p. 243, Plate XVI. fig. 22. —— /elvola, sp. nov., p. 243, Plate XVI. fig. 23. —— scutata, sp. nov., p. 244, Plate XVI. fig. 24. —— ursina, sp. noyv., p. 245, Plate XVI. fig. 25. — inaurata, sp. nov., p. 246, Plate XVI. fig. 26. —— pedestris (Koch), p. 247. —— caucasia (Lu. Koch), p. 247, Plate XVI. fig. 27. gracillima, sp. noy., p. 247, Plate XVI. fig. 28. —— carmeli, sp. nov., p. 248, Plate XVI. fig. 29. Micaria ignea, sp. nov., p. 248, Plate XVI. fig. 30. trifasciata, sp. nov., p. 249, Plate XVI. fig. 31. —— septempunctata, sp. nov., p. 250, Plate XVI. fig. 32. —— nuptialis, sp. nov., p. 250, Plate XVI. fig. 33. —— albimana, sp. nov., p. 251, Plate XVI. fig. 34. Phrurolithus flavipes, sp. noy., p. 252, Plate XVI. fig. 35. 348 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, Clubiona straminea, sp. nov., p. 252, Plate XVI. fig. 38. — gilva, sp. nov., p. 253, Plate XVI. fig. 39. _—— ‘contaminata, sp. nov., p. 254, Plate XVI. fig. 40. accentuata (Walck.), p. 254. Cheiracanthium annulipes, sp. nov., p. 254, Plate XVI. fig. 36. tenuissimum (Li. Koch), p. 255. — seidlitzii (id.), p. 255. —— mildei (id.), p. 255. anceps, sp. nov., p. 255, Plate XVI. fig. 37. — pelasgicum (L. Koch), p. 256. Trachelus minor, sp. nov., p. 256, Plate XVI. fig. 41. Hecaérge maculata, sp. nov., p. 257. opiniosa, sp. nov., p. 258, Plate XVI. fig. 43. Agreca lycosiformis, sp. nov., p. 258, Plate XVI. fig. 42. Palpimanus hematinus (Koch), p. 260. Eresus acanthophilus (Duf.), p. 260. — merens (Koch), p. 261. — ruficapillus (id.), p. 261. Dictyna benigna (Bl.), p. 261. — variabilis (Koch), p. 261. consecuta, sp. nov., p- 261. —— puta, sp. nov., p. 261. —— innocens, sp. nov., p. 262. Amaurobius putus (Cambr.), p. 262. —— simplex, sp. noy., p. 262. —— distinctus, sp. noy., p. 263. —— indistinctus, sp. nov., p. 264. —— ruficeps, sp. noy., p. 264. Lachesis perversa (Say.), p. 265. — meadit, sp. DOoy., p. B65, Plate XIII. fig. 4. — blackwallii, sp. nov., p. 266, Plate XIII. fig. 5. Palestina (n. gen.) dentifera, sp. nov., p. 268. expolita, sp. noy., p. 269, Plate XIII. fig. 6. sexoculata, sp. nov., p. 270. Enyo greca (Koch), p. 270. luctuosa, sp. nov., p. 270. —— lutipes, sp. nov., p. 272. —— atriceps, sp. nov., p. 271. Citheron (n. gen.) predonium, sp. nov., p. 273. Agelena syriaca (Koch), p. 273. Textrix inornata, sp. nov., p. 274. —— puta, sp. nov., p. 274. Tegenaria intricata (CO. Koch), p. 274. —— annulipes, sp. nov., p. 275. Hersiliada simonii, sp. noyv., p- 275, Plate XIV. fig. 9. Scytodes thoracica (Walck.), p. 276. Lozxoscelis rufescens (Duf.), p. 277. Pholcus rivulatus (Sav.), p. 277. Ariamne longicaudata, sp. nov., p. 277, Plate XIV. fig. lla. Argyrodes epeire (Sim.), p. 279. syriaca, sp. noy., p. 279, Plate XIII. fig. 10. 7 heridion lutipes (Cambr.), p. 280. —— spirifer (id.), p. 280. —— denticulatum (Walck.), p. 280. varians (Walck.), p. 280. — simile (Koch), p. OBI. —— venustum? (Walck.), p. 281. —— albocinctum (Luc.), p. 281. —— flavomaculatum (Luc.), p. 281. apicatum, sp. nov., p. 281. —— acuminatum (Luc.), p. 281. 1872.] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 349 Theridion particeps, sp. nov., p. 282. scriptum, sp. nov., p. 283. inseriptum, sp. nov., p. 284. erigoneforme, sp. nov., p. 284. conspicuum, sp. noy., p. 285, Plate XIII. fig. 11. Ero tuberculata (Koch), p. 287. Ctenophora monticola (Bl.), p. 287. Lathrodectus erebus (Say.), p. 287. pallidus, sp. nov., p. 287. argus (Sav.), p. 288. hamatus (Koch), p. 228. Erigone rurestris (Koch), p. 289. —— incauta, sp. nov., p. 289. —— inexpedibilis, sp. nov., p. 289. dentata (Reuss-Wider), p. 290. — femoralis, sp. nov., p. 291. —— dentipalpis (Westr.), p. 291. spinosa, sp. nov., p. 292, Plate XIII. fig. 12. pastoralis, sp. nov., p. 292. pavida, sp. nov., p. 293, Plate XIV. fig. 22. Linyphia congener, sp. noy., p. 294. —— albuloides, sp. nov., p. 298. leprosa (Ohl.), p. 294. frutetorum (Koch), p. 294. Pachygnatha listeri? (Sund.), p. 294. ? mandibulare (Luc.), p. 294. Tetragnatha molesta, sp. nov., p. 299. minitabunda, sp. noy., p. 296. perlongipes, sp. noy., p. 296. Epeira herit (Hahn), p. 298. —— inconveniens, sp. nov., p. 298. neta, sp. noy., p. 298. incongrua, sp. nov., p. 299. —— cucurbitina (Walck.), p. 299. lucina (Say.), p. 299. —— antriada (Walck.), p. 300. apoclisa (id.), p. 300. —— adianta (id.), p. 300. perplicata, sp. nov., p. 300. —— solers (Walck.), p. 301. circe (Say.), p. 301. opuntie (Duf.), p. 301. Argiope sericea (Say.), p. 301. epeiroides, sp. nov., p. 301. Uloborus walckenaérius (Latr.), p. 302. plumipes (Luc.), p. 803. Thomisus edax, sp. noy., p. 303. cristatus (Bl.), p. 303. tristrami, sp. nov., p. 804, Plate XIV. fig. 16. grecus? (Koch), p. 305. confluens (Koch), p. 305. —— rigidus, sp. nov., p. 805. claviger, sp. nov., p. 306. varius, sp. NOV., p. 303. rectilineus, sp. nov., p. 306. —— diana (Sav.), p. 306. -— rotundatus (Walck.), p. 306. plorator, sp. noy., p. 306. —— buffonii (Say.), p. 307. —— setiger, sp. nov., p. 307, Plate XIV. fig. 15. —— lateralis (Koch), p. 308. 350 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE Thomisus abbreviatus (Koch), p. 308. peronii (Sav.), p. 308. — spinifer, sp. nov., p. 308, Plate XIV. fig. 14. Philodromus thorellii, sp. noy., p. 309. albini (Sav.), p. 310. ——— fabricii (id.), p. 310. —— setigerus, sp. nov., p. 310. medius, sp. noy., p. dll. Sparassus walckenaérius (Sav.), p. 3ll. linnai (id.), p. 312. ornatus (Walck.), p. 312. smaragdulus (id.), p. 312. Heteropoda kochii, sp. nov., p. 312, Plate XIV. fig. 13. Selenops omalosoma (Duf.), p. 314. Pasithea virescens, sp. noy., p. 314. Oxyopes gentilis (Koch), p. 314. il ost ts (Walck.), i. 314, —— sobrinus, sp. nov., p. 314. optabilis, sp. nov., p. 315. Lycosa (Tarentula) grisea (Koch), p. 315. ( } apulie (Walck.), p. 316. — ( narbonnensis (Walck.), p. 316. trucidatoria (Walck.), p. 316. —— sagittata (Koch), p. 316. — nigra (Koch), p. 316. proxima (id.), p. 316, —— cambrica (Bl.), p. 316. piratica (id.), p. 316. —— albimana (Koch), p. 316. — dissonans, sp. noy., p. 316. —— ejusmodi, sp. novy., p. 317. deserta, sp. nov., p. 318. effera, sp. nov., p. 318. —— fidelis, sp. nov., p. 319. Ctenus syriacus, sp. noy. p. 320. Dolomedes consocius, sp. nov., p. 320. Salticus (Attus) sanguinolentus (Koch), p. 321. ) hemorrhoicus (Koch), p. 321. — ) castaneus (Sim.), p. 321, — ( ) cephalotes (id.), p. 321. —— (——) diagonalis (id.). p. 321. —— (—) levigatus (id.), p. 822. — ( ) albobimaculatus (Lue.), p. 322. —— (——) ostrinus (Sim.), p. 322. —— (——) quinquepartitus (Walck.), p. 322. ) monardi (Lue.), p. 322 — ( ) capreolus (Lu. Koch), p. 322. — ; candidus (Sim.), p. 322. —— (—) affinis (Luc.), p. 322. —- arenicolor (Sim.), p. 322. — ( } latifasciatus (id.), p. 822, Plate XIV. fig. 18. —— (——) fasciatus (Hahn), p. 322. —— (——) lineatus (Koch), p. 3823, — ( ) fulvaster (Sim.), p. 328, — ( ) bresnieri (Luc.), p. 823. —— (——) semiater (Sim.), p. 323. —— (——) canescens (Koch), p. 323. — ( ) gambosus (Sim.), p. 323, Plate XIV. fig. 21. —— (—) paykullii (Say.), p. 823. — as vaillantii (Luc.), p. 828. — (——) multipunctatus (Sim.), p. 323. [ Feb. 20, 1872. | SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 351 Salticus (Attus) regillus (L. Koch), p. 323. —- (Plexippus) adansonii (Say.), p. 324. —— (Callietherus) tenerus (Koch), p. 324. —— (-—) tricinctus (id.), p. 324. —— (——) infimus (Sim.), p. 324. —— (Menemerus) vigoratus (Koch), p. 324. —— (Heliophanus) melinus (L. Koch), p. 324. —- (——) todillus (Sim.), p. 324, Plate XIV. fig. 19. —— (Rhanis) (Attus) insignis, sp. nov. p. 324. —— (Attus) putus, sp. nov., p. 326. — ( ) delectus, sp. noy., p. 326. —— (——) devorans, sp. nov., p. 327. — ) heliophanoides, sp. nov., p. 328. — ( , epularis, sp. nov., p. 329. — ( simonii, sp. nov., p. 329. —— ( ) particeps, sp. nov., p. 330. — imi: staintonit, sp. nov., p. 331, Plate XTV. fig. 20. ) congener, sp. noy., p. 332. —— (——) patagiatus, sp. nov., p. 332. —— (——) nepos, sp. nov., p. 333. —— (——) pascualis, sp. nov., p. 334. —— (——) elemens, sp. noy., p. 335. — ( ) conveniens, sp. noy., p. 336. —— (——) cognatus, sp. nov., p. 337. —— (——) politiventris, sp. nov., p. 337. — (—-) ApproxiMans, Sp. NOV., Pp. 308. — ‘a eratus, sp. noy., p. 339. — ( spiniger, sp. Nov., p. 339. —— ) fulgens, sp. nov., p. 840, Plate XIV. fig. 17. —— (Dendryphantes) dumicolus, sp. nov., p. 341. —— (Menemerus) indistinetus, sp. nov., p. 342. — ( ) flavescens, sp. nov., p. 343. —— (Heliophanus) facetus, sp. nov., p. 344. — ( ) mordax, sp. noy., p. 344. — (——_) curvidens, sp. nov., p. 345. —— (——) dentatidens, sp. nov., p. 346. — (——) furcatus, sp. nov., p. 346. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Puate XIII. Fig.1. Filistata albimaculata g, p. 216. a, palpus; 6, fore part of cephalothorax, and eyes; ¢, natural length of Spider; d, Spider in profile without legs; ¢, female without legs or palpi. 2. Dysdera westringii 8, p. 223. a, palpus; ¢, ditto in another position; b, fore part of cephalothorax, and eyes; ¢, profile of cephalothorax without legs ; d, natural length of Spider. 3. Gnaphosa cambridgii 8 , p. 227. a, 6, palpus in two positions; ¢, natural length of Spider ; d, fore part of cephalothorax, and eyes; ¢, genital aperture of female. 4, Lachesis meadit 8, p. 265. a, female without legs; 2, c, palpus of male in two positions; d, ge- nital aperture of female; e, profile of male without legs; f, eyes; g, natural length of Spider. 5. Lachesis blackwallii 3 (of natural size), p. 266. a, 6, palpus in two positions; ¢, profile without legs; d, underside of 352 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Feb. 20, cephalothorax, showing maxille and labium; e, fore part, showing the eyes. Fig.6. Palestina expolita 8, p. 269. a, b, palpus in two positions; ¢, eyes and falces; d, natural length of Spider, and profile without legs; f, extremity of tarsus, showing terminal claws. 7. Ccobius trimaculatus 3, p. 219. a, b, palpus of male in two positions; ¢, natural length of female; d, cephalothorax and eyes of male; e, natural length of male; /; female without legs. 8. CEcobius teliger 3, p. 221. a, palpus; 6, cephalothorax and eyes; c, natural length of Spider. 10. Argyrodes syriaca §, p. 279. a, female without legs; 6, palpus of male; c, profile of male; d, na- tural length of female; e, natural length of male. 11. Theridion conspicuwm g, p. 285. a, palpus; 4, leg of first pair ; ¢, profile without legs; d, natural length of Spider. 12. Hrigone spinosa 3, p. 292. a, 6, palpus in two positions ; ¢, profile without legs; d, natural length of Spider. Puate XIV. 9, Hersiliada simonii 8, p. 275. a, palpuss b, eyes and falces from in front; c, natural length of Spider. 3a, Oonops punctatus 8, p. 223. a, profile without legs; b, eyes; ¢, e,f, palpus in different positions ; d, natural length of Spider. lla. Ariamne longicaudata g, p. 277. a, cephalothorax and abdomen, upper side; >, maxille and labium ; ce, Spider in profile ; m, ditto more enlarged ; e, f, extremity of abdo- men in two positions; g, 2, eyes in two positions; %, palpus; x, na- tural length of Spider. 13. Heteropoda kochii $ (of natural size), p. 312. a, profile without legs; 4, ¢c, palpus in two positions; d, maxille, la- bium, and sternum ; @, eyes. 14. Thomisus spinifer 8, p. 308. a, profile without legs; 4, eyes and falces from in front; ¢, palpus; d, natural length of Spider. 15. Thomisus setiger 8, p. 307. a, profile without legs; 0, c, palpus in two positions ; d, natural length Spider. 16. Dhaene tristrami 3, p. 304. a, b, palpus in two positions; c, natural length of Spider. 17. Salticus fulgens 3, p. 340. a, palpus; 0, natural length of Spider. 18. Salticus latifasciatus g , p. 822. a, ¢, me in two positions; d, Spider in profile; 6, natural length of Spider. 19. Salticus todillus 3, p. 324. a, palpus; 6, Spider in pa c, natural length of Spider. 20. Salticus staintonii g, p. 321. 4, bernie ; 5, leg of first pair; c, caput and eyes; d, natural length of Spider. 21. Salticus gambosus 8, p. 323. a, palpus; 4, leg of first pair; c, natural length of Spider. 22, Erigone (Walckenaéra) pavida 3, p. 298. a, Spider in profile; 4, front view of cephalothorax and eyes; ¢, pal- pus; d, natural length of Spider. 1872. ] SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 353 Puate XV. Fig.l. Gnaphosa ripariensis, p. 224. a, genital aperture of female; 4, palpus of male; ec, digital and radial joints of palpus, with palpal organs. 2. Gnaphosa cambridgii, p. 227. a, digital and ery joints of palpus of male from beneath, showing palpal organs; 0, palpus in profile, from outer side; c, genital aper- ture of female. 3. Gaaphosa plumalis, p. 225. a, palpus of male in profile from outer side; }, digital and radial joints from beneath, showing palpal organs; c, genital aperture of female. 4. Gnaphosa excerpta, p. 226. Palpus of male from outer side. . Gnaphosa conspersa, p. 230. a, palpus of male from beneath in front; 4, genital aperture of female. . Gnaphosa kochii, p. 229. Palpus of male from beneath in front. . Gnaphosa lutata, p. 228. Palpus of male ; digital and radial joints, from beneath, showing palpal organs. 8. Giaheon palestina, p. 231. Genital aperture of female. 9. Drassus morosus, p. 232. Palpus of male in profile, from outer side. 10. Drassus tenerrimus, p. 233. a, digital and radial joints of palpus of male, from underside; 4, ditto ditto in profile, from outer side. 11. Drassus mundulus, p. 284. 6, digital and radial joints of palpus of male, from underside; a, apo- physis at outer extremity of radial joint; c, genital aperture of female. 12. Drassus lacertosus, p. 235. a, digital and radial joints of palpus of male, showing palpal organs ; 8, palpus in profile. 13. Drassus senilis, p. 236. Genital aperture of female. 14. Drassus invalidus, p. 237. Digital and radial joints of palpus of male. 15. Drassus nanus, p. 237. Genital aperture of female. 16. Drassus infumatus, p. 238. a, digital and radial joints of palpus of male, from underside; 4, apo- physis at outer extremity of radial joint; genital aperture of female. 16a. Drassus scrutatus, p. 239. a, palpus of male, underside ; 4, ditto, upper side. 17. Drassus omissus, p. 239. Genital aperture of female. 18. Drassus unicolor, p. 240. Genital aperture of female. 19. Melanophora leta, p. 241. a, digital and radial joints of palpus of male, from underside; b, apo- physis at outer extremity of radial joint. bef oO Prats XVI. 20. Melanophora picina, p. 242. Genital aperture of female. 21. Melanophora carbonaria, p. 242. a, digital and radial joints of palpus of male, from underside; 3, apo- physis at outer extremity of radial joint. Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1872, No. XXIII. 354. Fig. 22. 31. 43. ON THE SPIDERS OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA. [Feb. 20, Melanophora tragrea, p. 243. Digital and radial joints of palpus of male, from underside. . Melanophora helvola, p. 243. Digital and radial joints of palpus of male, from underside. . Melanophora scutata, p. 244. a, digital and radial joints of palpus of male, from underside; 3, pal- pus in profile, from outer side. . Melanophora ursina, p. 245. Genital aperture of female. . Melanophora inaurata, p. 246. a, digital and radial joints of palpus of male, from underside; 2, ge- nital aperture of female. . Melanophora caucasia, p. 247, a, digital and radial joints of palpus of male, from beneath; b, apo- physis at outer extremity of radial joint. . Melanophora gracillima, p. 247. a, palpus of male in profile, from outer side; %, digital and radial joints, from beneath ; c, genital aperture of female. . Melanophora carmeli, p. 248. a, digital and radial joints of palpus of male, from underside ; 4, pal- pus in profile, from outer side. . Micaria ignea, p. 248. Genital aperture of female. Micaria ‘rifasciata, p. 249. Genital aperture of female. . Micaria septem-punctata, p. 250. Palpus of male, profile, from outer side. . Micaria nuptialis, p. 250. a, digital and radial joints of palpus of male, from underside; 4, apo- physis at outer extremity of radial joint. . Micaria albimana, p. 251. Genital aperture of female. 5. Phrurolithus flavipes, p. 252. Genital aperture of female. . Cheiracanthium annulipes, p. 254. Genital aperture of female. . Cheiracanthium anceps, p. 255. Genital aperture of female. . Clubiona straminea, p. 252. a, digital and radial joints of palpus of male, from underside ; 4, apo- physis at outer extremity of radial joint. . Clubiona gilva, p. 253. Genital aperture of female. . Clubiona contaminata, p. 254. Genital aperture of female. . Trachelas minor, p. 256. a, palpus of male, profile, from outer side; , digital and radial joints, from beneath ; c, genital aperture of female. . Agreca lycosiformis, p. 258. a, palpus of male, from underside; 4, digital joint, from upperside ; c, radial joint, from upperside; d, palpus in profile, from inner side; e, genital aperture of female. Hecaérge opiniosa, p. 258. Genital aperture of female. 1872.] LETTER FROM MR. W.T. SCOTT. 355 March 5, 1872. John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair. An extract was read from a letter addressed to the Secretary by Mr. Walter T. Scott, C.M.Z.S., dated Vale of Herbert, Cardwell, Queensland, December 4, 1871. Mr. Scott wrote as follows of the supposed “Native Tiger”? of Queensland, concerning which Mr. Sclater had previously communicated the evidence given by Mr. Sheridan (see P. Z.S. 1871, p. 629) :— «‘ Asto the Tiger, I am inclined to think there really is some large carnivorous animal as yet undescribed in this neighbourhood. A Mr. Hull, Licensed Surveyor, was lately at work with a party of five men, surveying on the Murray and Mackay rivers, north of Card- well. They were lying in their tents one night between eight and nine o’clock, when they were all startled by a loud roar close to the tents. They seized their guns and carefully reconnoitred ; but the animal had departed. In the morning they found the tracks of the unknown visitor, of which Mr. Hull took the measurements and a rough sketch. I send yon part of a leaf of Mr. Hull’s field-book, Footprint of ‘‘ Native Tiger,” reduced one half. containing the original sketch—and also his drawing of the track, of the natural size. Mr. Hull assures me that the drawing was a very faithful one, the soft ground having taken the impression with all its details. I have also examined some of the men who were with Mr. Hull. They all tell the same story, and say they heard the animal three nights in succession. I think that I have already mentioned to you that a bullock-driver of ours, as long ago as 1864, came in one day with a story that he had seen a Tiger; but as he was a notorious liar we did not believe a word of it at the time. Yet it is possible he may really have seen the same animal, which must I think, from its claws, be allied to the Tasmanian Thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus).” 356 ON FALCO BARBARUS AND CYPSELUS PALLIDUS. [Mar. 5, The following papers were read :— 1. On the Occurrence of Falco barbarus and Cypselus pallidus on the Continent of Europe. By Howarp Saunpers, F.Z.S. [Received March 4, 1872.] In the excellent account of Falco barbarus given by Mr. O. Salvin in ‘ The Ibis,’ 1859, p. 184 et seg., he recommends that a look- out should be kept for it in Spain; and I have now great pleasure in exhibiting an example of this miniature Peregrine obtained near Granada, Spain, in January 1871. It appears to be a bird of the year, and proved to be a female on dissection. As Messrs. Salvin and Brodrick observe in their ‘ Falconry in the British Isles,’ p. 101, “although smaller by nearly one fourth than the true Peregrine, it has the organs of destruction, such as the beak, feet, and talons, fully as large.” Indeed in the present specimen the middle toe is very nearly as long as that of a magnificent adult female Peregrine, and rather longer than that of an adult male, her mate, shot near Seville, and rivalling in size the largest northern specimens. As Mr. Salvin remarks, the small stature, powerful feet and claws, and ruddy under plumage of Falco barbarus are its best characteristics. In ‘ The Ibis,’ 1870, p. 445, Capt. G. E. Shelley described Cyp- selus pallidus as new, trom a specimen he had obtained in Egypt, where it would appear to take the place of Cypselus apus. He sub- sequently identified with this species specimens brought by Major Irby from Tangiers; and that gentleman further remarked that he had seen it in Spain. I am not aware that he has hitherto been successful in obtaining specimens in the Peninsula, and have there- fore great pleasure in exhibiting a solitary specimen obtained at Granada on the 28th May, 1870, and sent to me along with a number of the common species, trom which it may be distinguished by its lighter colour, white throat, and lighter forehead. From the date, it was probably breeding. 2. Notes on an Ostrich lately living in the Society’s Col- lection. By A. H. Garrop, B.A., Prosector to the Society, and Frank Darwin, B.A. [Received March 5, 1872.] A male Ostrich (Struthio camelus) has been in the Society’s Gardens since April 1869, and was quite healthy until last October, when its appetite began to fail, and it did not take kindly to its food from that time until its death on the 6th ult. In September last the keeper noticed on several occasions that after running about as it was accustomed to do in play, it turned giddy and apparently 1872.] ON AN OSTRICH LATELY IN THE SOCIETY’S COLLECTION. 357 tripped, but never quite fell. For the last four months it had lost flesh gradually. Whenever any fresh food was offered it, it would take a little and then refuse any more, and would do thus, however many new things were presented to it. It had suffered from diarrhcea more or less ever since October, the excrement having a yellowish-green colour. Latterly it had been nearly continually in the sitting position, and would stand very unwillingly, It also frequently rubbed its head and eyes with its foot, as if something was irritating it there. In the post mortem examination very little structural disease was found ; and the cause of death is more probably connected with the contents of the stomach rather than with any other agency. There was more than half a gallon of stones in the stomach: most. of them were about the size of cob-nuts or peas; and they fully dilated the organ and pulled it down abnormally. Mixed up with these stones were numerous copper coins and pieces of coins in a much worn state. There were two pennies and fifteen halfpence ; and very few showed the least trace of the stamp they had previously borne, and those only by an oblique light, the difference in density of the metal, produced by the stamping, having caused them to wear unevenly. Most of them were slightly curved, being meniscoid in form. They were all highly polished and not in the least corroded. Many were in pairs, with a layer of softish green matter, about 1, of an inch thick, interposed. The chips of coins were very numerous and of all sizes below that of the coins themselves. No silver was found, and nothing else except a glove-button and a nut, the latter being at the bottom of the cesophagus. All the contents of the stomach were of a green colour; and two small boluses of hay which it contained were tinged deeply with green. Four more coins, deeply corroded and greenish black, were found in one of the intestinal ceeca, together with a few stones. There were also a few stones in the other cecum; and the mucous mem- brane of both ceca was congested and unhealthy in appearance, which was not the case in the stomach to any extent. There were no symptoms of jaundice, which frequently accompanies copper poisoning. The liver appeared healthy, except that scattered about were a few dense white lumps about the size of peas, mostly near the surface: it weighed 3 lb. 9 oz. No gall-bladder was present. The spleen was very small, and altogether weighed just under 20z. There was very little healthy tissue preserved, it mostly con- sisting of spheroidal dense masses of matter which were about the size of chestnuts, and by protruding beyond the general surface pro- duced an appearance of knobs. These masses, on cutting through the capsule, separated entirely, and were then seen to be rough and altogether very like urinary calculi; they were ofa fawn-colour. The organ was situated nearly in the middle line, just above the kidneys. The heart weighed 1 lb. 7 0z., and gave origin to two carotid arte- ries, one from each main branch, which ran to the head, a dis- tance of about 3 feet 6 inches, side by side, in front of the cervical vertebra, in the groove formed by the anteriorly projecting processes 358 MESSRS. GARROD AND DARWIN ON AN OSTRICH [Mar. 5, of those bones; and they never showed any tendency to unite or cross one another. They were thickly covered by the anterior cer- vical muscles, and sent off symmetrical branches *. Superficially on each side of the neck ran a vein with the pneu- mogastric nerve; but that on the left side was not bigger than a crow-quill, while that on the right had a diameter at the lower part of the neck of two thirds of an inch. This condition is constant in many birds. This right (practically the only) jugular vein, after coursing about half or a little more up the neck, sent two branches to the head, the second running in the middle line, just behind the trachea and in front of the cesophagus, the first being a direct continuation of the main trunk. The intestinal canal was 34 feet long; and the two ceca, each 2 feet long and arranged like a spirally twisted cone, were situ- ated 11 feet from the pylorus, which is very different from their situation in most birds, as has been noticed by Owen. The diaphragm was well marked. It formed a partition which divided the thoracic cavity into two parts, one posterior and small containing the lungs, and the other anterior and large containing the heart and liver. It was a fibrous membrane, concave forwards, with a muscular attachment at erther side to the ribs and intercostal tissues, which it joined in about the middle of their course. This muscular part was formed of transverse fibres in the middle and upper part of the chest, while the lower ones slanted slightly up- wards as they coursed towards the median line. They were about 2 inches long, and formed a thin layer. The pleural cavity was closed above and below by the fibrous diaphragm becoming blended with the first and last ribs. The anterior thoracic cavity, which contained the pericardium- coated heart in its upper part, entirely independent of the pleural cavity, was divided into two by a dense fibrous membrane which sprang from two vertebral crura, much as the human diaphragm, and extended above the line to join the sternum, along the border which articulated with the ribs, leaving the heart entirely in front of it; its concavity was directed downwards and forwards ; and it was separated from the diaphragm proper by very large air-cells. The cesophagus also ran in the interval; but the aorta was included in the pleural cavity, being clearly seen through the membrane of the dia- phragm, along the median line, before its removal. The liver was completely separated from the abdominal cavity by a fibrous membrane, so that when the included viscera had been re- moved it was not at all brought into view. The mesentery was very dense and strong, the vessels, especially the veins, being of large size. * The presence of two carotids in this bird, while there is only one in Rhea, would require that they should be far separated in Nitzsch’s classification of birds according to the number of these vessels—the Ostrich being in his first class, with a carotid from each main aortic branch, and the Rhea in the fourth class, with only the left developed. See Nitzsch’s ‘ Pterylography’ (English edition), App. p- 171. 1872.] LATELY LIVING IN THE SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. 359 Some further points in the anatomy of this bird are not without interest. There are three parietal abdominal muscles as usual, the muscular fibres of the external and internal being nearly parallel and trans- verse, while those of the intermediate one are longitudinal. They each send down a dense fascial attachment to the pubic bone; anda semilunar free margin between the ilium and the superior pubic crest appears closely allied to Poupart’s ligament, the anterior crural vessels and nerves going underneath it to enter the leg. It may be here mentioned that the main vein of the thigh is the internal saphe- nous ; but the main artery is the one that goes through the sciatic notch, therefore the sciatic. These come into relation with one another in the loop for the biceps tendon at the knee. Exactly in the middle of the anterior border of the pubic portion of the innominate bone there is a small thin plate of osseous tissue which is connected with the pubis by strong fibrous bands, and which is continued anteriorly and superiorly by cartilage for some dis- tance, when it becomes continuous with the tendons of the parietal abdominal muscles, being most connected with the external oblique. sll Ptah nim YY), Portions of the external surface of the left pubis and ischium of the Ostrich. The small osseous plate (a) attached to the pubis is represented partly sur- rounded by cartilage. In dry skeletons a slight thickening of the anterior border of the pubic bone indicates the attachment of this ossification in most ; but in one of the three skeletons in the British Museum this bone is anchylosed on one side, and Mr. Gerrard has specimens in which both are still attached. A diagram of the Ostrich’s pelvis in Mr. Haughton’s paper also shows this bone anchylosed, though no men- tion is made of it in his paper. It would be extremely interesting to make out the homology of this small but perfectly independent ossification. Its relation to the 360 MESSRS. GARROD AND DARWIN ON AN osTRIcH [Mar. 5, muscles of the abdominal wall would favour the idea of its corre- sponding to the marsupial bone of the Kangaroo and its allies ; and if that is the case, the whole of the anterior prolongation of the Ostrich’s pubis would correspond to the small ridge of bone on either side of the superior margin of the symphysis pubis in the Mammalia. The obturator internus also arises from the superficial surface of this bone and its cartilage, as well as from the adjacent surface of the ischium and from the pubis, extending so far forward that the muscles of the opposite sides are only separated from one another by an inch or so at the symphysis pubis. Mr. Macalister, in his description of the myology of this bird, has omitted a few of the muscles, some of which from the head will be described, together with those of the leg, which Mr. Frank Darwin has allowed me to introduce in this communication, from his notes and the dissection of that limb in this individual specimen. Pterygoid.—From the inferior surface of the posterior part of the palate-bone, and from the process of bone which connects it with the main portion of it, this is fibrous—also from the whole of the inferior surface of the pterygoid bone, extending inwards almost to the basisphenoidal rostrum. The fibres are all directed backwards, and are inserted in two ways :—the outer, and some of those from the palatine longitudinal process, into the anterior surface of the transverse ridge at the angle of the mandible, which posteriorly receives the insertion of the digastric muscle ; the inner, and others from the palate-bone, into a fibrous band which runs from the side of the median Eustachian aper- ture and its cartilaginous continuation to the prominent ridge behind and internal to the condyloid articular surface for the mandible, thus forming an arch under which run the arteries and veins to the head. This second portion of the muscle acts partly as an opener of the Eustachian aperture, partly as a retractor of the slightly movable pterygoid and palatine bones. Quadrato-mandibular.—From the whole of the longitudinal ridge which forms the superior internal portion of the quadrate bone, and from the surface of the bone external to it. The fibres are directed outwards and downwards to be inserted into the inner surface of the mandible, in front of the articulation, not extending to the inferior margin, nor forwards further than the optic foramen. Quadrato-cranial.—From the back of the orbit, below and behind the origin of the recti muscles and the exit of the nerve, from a surface bounded above by a semicircular line, and extending down in the space between the orbit and the quadrate bone. The fibres are directed outwards to the corresponding, internal surface of the quadrate bone, a slight ridge separating the superior ones from those of the quadrato-mandibular. Gastrocnemius consists of two enormous masses of muscle blend- ing together at their origins round the proximal end of the tibia, and separating lower down into the gastrocnemius anticus, which laps 1872.] LATELY LIVING IN THE SOCIETY’S COLLECTION. 361 round the anterior half, and the gastrocnemius posticus, which sur- rounds the back part of the tibial section of the limb. Gastrocne- mius anticus arises partly from the tibia, partly by blending with gastrocnemius posticus ; the latter arises from the distal extremity of the femur, the tendon of the quadriceps extensor and patella, and from the tibia. At the tibio-tarsal joint the gastrocnemii form a sheath fitting into the trochlea of the tibia for the passage of the flexor tendons of the toes ; this is effected by the tendons becoming very much thickened and semicartilaginous (especially gastro- cnemius posticus), and uniting with each other at their edges, the anterior element of the sheath being formed by gastrocnemius anticus, the posterior by gastrocnemius posticus, Just above the joint, gastrocnemius anticus sends off a slip which passes down in a special sheath along the outer surface of the contiguous heads of tibia and tarso-metatarsal bone, and is inserted into the tendon of flexor perfo- ratus. Gastrocnemius anticus is inserted into the posterior surface of the tarso-metatarsal bone just below the tibio-tarsal joint. Gas- trocnemius posticus is inserted into the external and internal lips of the posterior border of the tarso-metatarsal bone, forming a sheath for the passage of the flexor tendons ; it subsequently forms, with a “sesamoid ”’ cartilage presently to he described, a pulley for the same tendons at the tarso-phalangeal joint, and ends by blending with the fascia covering the sole of the foot. Mr. Macalister* describes the gastrocnemius as ending in one tendon only, which he says forms a sheath for the deeper tendons on the back of the metatarsus. The flexors of the toes are flexor magnus (perforatus), flexor per- forans, flexor externi digiti, flexor interosseus, flexor profundus. Flexor magnus arises (1) by a tendon from the upper part of the external surface of the outer condyle of the femur, the tendon wind- ing over the knee, and then ending in the muscle ; just before it does 80, it receives the insertion of the rectus femoris (Cuvier and Meckel), (the pectineus of Owen) ; (2) from posterior surface of distal end of femur; (3) proximal end of tibia. The muscle ends in a broad tendon, which passes through the gastrocnemial sheath at the tibio- tarsal joint, and is here pierced by the tendon of flexor externi digiti. It passes down the tarso-metatarsal bone in the sheath formed by gastrocnemius posticus, receiving a tendinous slip, already described, from gastrocnemius anticus. At the tarso-phalangeal joint it passes through a sheath formed anteriorly by a “sesamoid”’ cartilage, posteriorly by the tendon of gastrocnemius posticus. ‘This cartilage is ligamentously attached to the proximal end of the first phalanx of the internal digit, and to the synovial membrane of the tarso-pha- langeal joint ; it is deeply grooved posteriorly for the flexor tendons, and has two shallow grooves on its anterior surface, which fit on to the condyles of the tarso-metatarsal bone when the digits are ex- tended ; there is a smaller “sesamoid” cartilage for the external digit. A small muscle arises from the larger cartilage and by a few * Alexander Macalister, L.R.C.S.I., Demonstrator of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons, “On the Anatomy of the Ostrich (Struthio camelus),” Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. ix. part 1 (1865), 362 ON AN OSTRICH LATELY IN THE SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.| Mar. 5, fibres from the smaller one, and is inserted into the anterior surface of the flexor profundus tendon. The flexor magnus is pierced, as it passes through the sesamoid sheath or pulley, by the tendons of flexor profundus and flexor perforans, and ends by dividing into two slips, which are inserted into the proximal end of the second phalanx of the internal digit. Mr. Macalister gives as the origin of the flexor magnus the deep pit above the condyles of the femur, the tendon of the rectus femoris, the external lateral ligaments, and the back of the fibula. In the specimen which I dissected, the tendon of the rectus femoris was much smaller than the tendinous head of the flexor profundus, and was inserted into it, which is an arrangement differing very slightly from its usual insertion in birds, which is, I believe, into the fleshy part of flexor magnus (Owen, Anat. Vert. vol. ii. p. 107). The Rey. S. Haughton* describes the rectus as becoming pro- vided with a second muscular belly (p. 53), which does not at all describe its condition in my specimen. He considers this ‘ digastric rectus femoris muscle’’ to be “the key to the explanation of the complicated muscular apparatus of the Ostrich’s leg” (p. 50). Speaking of it, he says, ‘it acts before the extensor muscles come into full play ; it binds down the two patellz, braces up the heel-joint, and gives the signal for the m. gastrocnemio-solzeus and other asso- ciated muscles to contract, and thus produces what may be regarded as one of the most striking phenomena in nature, viz. that the deli- cate bones and ligaments of a bird’s leg, acted on by muscles equal to those influencing a horse’s hind leg, shall remain uninjured under the sudden action of forces the slightest error in the application of which would break to pieces the machinery on which they act.” This arrangement of the rectus, which Mr. Haughton considers so important, is only a well-developed form of what is found in most birds, and which Prof. Owen says is used in perching, by flexing the toes when the knee is bent (Joc. cit.). Mr. Macalister does not mention the muscle from the flexor profun- dus tendon to the sesamoid cartilage ; but says that the flexor magnus sends a slip to it. The function of this muscle must be to keep the pulley-like sesamoid cartilage firmly in its place when the toes are extended preparatory to their flexion in the spring of the bird. Flexor digiti interni arises from the outside of the tubercle of the tibia, and from the tendon of the quadriceps extensor; the tendon passes through the gastrocnemial sheath and the sesamoid pulley. It pierces the flexor magnus, receiving a tendinous slip from it, and then spreads out and binds the tendon of flexor profundus to the grooved under surface of the second phalanx of the internal digit, and is inserted by two slips into the proximal end of the third phalanx. Flexor digiti externi arises from the posterior surface of the distal end of the femur, and from the tendinous head of flexor magnus. It passes through the gastrocnemial sheath, pierces the tendon of * The Rey. S. Haughton, M.D., “Notes on Animal Mechanics.—No. 3. On the Muscular Mechanism of the leg of the Ostrich,” Proc. Roy. Acad. Dub. vol. ix. part 1 (1865). 1872.) DR. Ww. PETERS ON SMALL ANGOLAN MAMMALIA, 363 flexor magnus, passes through the lesser sesamoid sheaths, and is in- serted into each of the three proximaal phalanges of the external toe. Flexor profundus arises by two heads—one from the posterior surface of distal end of femur, the other from the posterior surface of the upper half of the tibia and part of the fibula. The tendon of the external muscle passes at the tibio-tarsal joint through a canal in the tendon of gastrocnemius anticus. The inner tendon does not enter the gastrocnemial sheath till below the joint ; it passes down the inner surface of the contiguous ends of the tibia and the tarso- metatarsal bone, bound down to them by a special aponeurotic sheath, and joins the outer tendon near the tarso-phalangeal joint. Thecommon tendon passes over the sesamoid pulley, piercing the flexor magnus tendon; it js here much thickened and hardened, and fits into the grooved and thickened tendon of flexor perforans. It is inserted into the fourth phalanx of the internal toe, sending off a short strong slip to the third phalanx, and an elastic slip to the second phalanx, as well as a small but long slip to flex the fifth phalanx of the external digit. Me. Macalister describes the tendon of the flexor profundus as being inserted only into the last phalanges of both digits ; the inser- tion, as it was in my specimen, accords, I believe, with the usual condition of this tendon in birds. The flexor interosseus is a delicate and weak muscle, which con- sists of numerous very short oblique fibres arising from the posterior surface of the tarso-metatarsal bone, and inserted into an aponeurosis stretching the whole length of the muscle ; this aponeurosis ends in a tendon which is inserted into the outer surface of the first phalanx of the external digit. Its action appears to be to abduct and flex the toe. A small muscle which Mr. Macalister does not describe, but merely mentions as probably representing the dorsal interosseus, arises from a small triangular space on the anterior surface of the distal end of the tarso-metatarsal bone, and is inserted into the cap- sular ligament of the tarso-phalangeal joint. There were some dif- ferences between the specimen which I dissected and that described by Mr. Macalister, in the precise origin of some of the muscles, which I have not thought to be worthy of note. The extensor communis digitorum presents no peculiarities ; the very small extensor unguis mentioned by Mr. Macalister was present. 3. Note on a Collection of small Mammalia made by Mr. Monteiro in Angola. By Dr. W. Prrers, F.M.Z.S. [Received February 13, 1872.] Mr. Sclater has sent to me for determination a collection of small Mammals made by Mr. J. J. Monteiro, C.M.Z.S., during his last travels in Benguela and Cambembe. The collection contains ex- 364 DR. HERMANN BURMEISTER ON THE [ Mar. 5, amples of eight species, of which, in the interests of science, I think it advisable to record the names and exact localities. . Pterocyon stramineus, Geoffroy. Benguela. . Epomophorus macrocephalus, Ogilby. Benguela. . Epomophorus gambianus, Ogilby. Benguela. . Phyllorhina commersonii, Geoffroy. Benguela. . Nyctinomus limbatus, Ptrs. Benguela. Mus barbarus, Linné. Cambembe. Mus musculus, Linné. Cambembe. . Georychus hottentottus, Lesson. Cambembe. ABNankwnw— 4, Synopsis of the Lamellirostres of the Argentine Republic. By Dr. Hermann Burmeister, F.M.ZS. [Received January 22, 1872.] The tribe of natatorial birds named Lamellirostres, from the peculiar structure of the sides of the bill, which are furnished at the edges with small perpendicular corneous lamellz, is very numerously represented in the vast territory of the Argentine Republic. As the list of species named in my travels through that country (vol. i. p. 512 e¢ seq.) is not entirely complete, and as I am now, after a residence of ten years in Buenos Ayres, better acquainted with the geographical distribution of many of the species than at the time of my first publication, I have thought it would be useful to prepare a second synopsis, giving additional remarks on most of the species, and correcting some of my former views from new observations. I. PH@NICOPTERINE. 1. PH@NICOPTERUS. 1. PHa@NIcOPTERUS IGNIPALLIATUS, Is. Geoff. Mag. de Zool. - 1832, dves, pl. 2; Burm. Reise, i. p. 512. This Flamingo is common on the lagunes in the southern parts of the pampas of the Republic. I have obtained it at Mendoza and at Buenos Ayres. As I have already stated in my ‘ Reise,’ the colour of the base of the bill is not rose-colour but white, and the legs of young birds are yellowish, with bluish-red articulations, but greenish grey in the old birds, with darker reddish articulations and toes. 2. PH@NICOPTERUS ANDINUS, Philippi, Reise durch die Wiiste Atacama, p. 164, pls. 4 & 5. This well-marked species is found also in the north-western extremity of the Republic, on the lagunes in the eastern valleys between the Cordilleras and the adjacent mountains, and has been observed there by one of my countrymen, Hr, Schickendantz. 1872.] LAMELLIROSTRES OF THE AKGENTINE REPUBLIC. 365 II. AnNaTIN». 2. Cyenus. 3. CYGNUS NIGRICOLLIS, auct.; Burm. Reise, ii. p. 512. A common bird in the southern parts of the Republic near the river Parand and the great lagunes of the interior. It is often brought into the market at Buenos Ayres, and is occasionally to be seen in flocks consisting of from four to five individuals, flying at a great height over the town towards the river. 4. Cyenus coscorosa, Gray; Burm. Reise, ii. p. 512. This bird is more numerous than the preceding species, and is generally seen in large flocks near Santa Fé on the river Salado, and in the south of Buenos Ayres on the same river. It is very common in Patagonia on the rivers Colorado and Negro, and is also to be seen in Buenos Ayres, flying high over the town in flocks which I have never observed to exceed six individuals in number. On the shore these flocks generally unite and form large bodies. 3. SARCIDIORNIS. 5. SARCIDIORNIS REGIA, Eyton; Burm. Reise, ii. pols. This large and beautiful Duck I have found only in the northern province of Tucuman, and never in the southern parts of the Republic near Parana or Buenos Ayres. Azara says the same, and that the bird is common in Paraguay. 4. Bernicua. 6. BeRNICLA MELANOPTERA, Gay; Philippi, Wiegm. Arch. 1863, i. p. 185. Chloéphaga melanoptera, Eyt. Monogr. p. 93; Burm. Reise, ii. p- 913. This bird is found in the valleys of the Cordilleras from 8000 to 10,000 feet above the level of the sea, not descending into the plains. It is nowhere common, at least in the southern districts of the Republic. I only found this bird while on my way from Copacavana to Copiapo on the river Blanco, They were always in pairs ; the sexes are alike in colour. The name given to this well-known bird by the inhabitants is “ Pinquen.”’ There are three other species of Bernicla in the Argentine Re- public, all living in the most southern parts of that country, from Bahia Blanca to the Straits of Magellan, where I have never been. On the approach of winter two of these species remove nearer to Buenos Ayres, where they are found in the vicinity of Tondil and the Laguna de los Padres, but exceptionally. They are more com- mon at Bahia Blanca and El Carmen, on the Rio Negro, from which locality I have lately received both species. The third is an 366 DR. HERMANN BURMEISTER ON THE [Mar. 5, entirely antarctic bird, as its name imports; and its range extends from Terra del Fuego to the inlet of Santa Cruz, where, I have been informed by a friend, this bird is found every year. My distinguished countryman, Prof. R. A. Philippi, of Santiago in Chile, has published (in conjunction with L. Landbeck) in Wiegmann’s ‘ Archiv’ (1863, i. p. 187 e¢ seq.) a valuable synopsis of the Chilian species of Bernicla, to which 1 refer for further in- formation. 7. Bernicita antTArctica, Gmel.; Burm. Reise, ii. p. 514; Phil. Wiegm. Arch. 1863, i. p. 199. This species is never seen in the northern districts of Patagonia, but only in the south near the Straits of Magellan, going in the winter to the inlet of SantaCruz. My former notice (in my Journey) that B. antarctica is found on the Sierra Tinta is an error caused by my having taken the following species (which was known to me at that time only by the description of my son) for B. antarctica. 8. BeRNICcLA DIsPaR, Philippi, Wiegm. Arch. 1863, i. p. 190. 2. Bernicla magellanica, Cassin, Gilliss’ Exped. ii. p. 201, pl. 24. To this species must be referred my notice of a Goose living in the south of Buenos Ayres on the Sierra Tinta, near Tandil, and the adjacent country. The full description of Professors Philippi and Landbeck renders it unnecessary for me to add any thing further. I can only now extend the habitat of the species more to the south, having received both sexes from El Carmen on the river Negro, where this Goose is common in the summer, proceeding to the northern districts in the winter. 9. BeRNICLA POLIOCEPHALA, Gray. Bernicla inornata, Des Murs, in Gay, Faun. Chil. i. p. 444. Bernicla chiloénsis, Phil. & Landb. Wiegm. Archiv, 1863, i. p. 195. This beautiful Goose, the smallest of the species of our country, was described by Des Murs as the female of the Anser inornatus of King, which is, according to the very probable opinion of Philippi and Landbeck, the young of Bernicla magellanica. Therefore they describe the species under the new name of Bernicla chiloénsis. But this name is by no means suitable, because the bird lives also on the continent, and its range extends over the whole of Patagonia, where it is one of the most common Geese. Both sexes are nearly alike in colour and form, but the colours of the males are more brilliant, and the females have numerous black semicircles on the reddish brown colour of the neck, breast, and commencement of the back. The full description of this bird given in Wiegmann’s ‘ Archiv’ renders unnecessary any further remarks from me. I received the bird from El Carmen, Bahia Blanca, in the vicinity of Dolores, where it is not uncommon in the winter. 1872.] LAMELLIROSTRES OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 367 5. Carrina. 10. Carrina Moscuara auct.; Burm. Reise, ii. p. 514. This large Duck I have seen only in the eastern and north-eastern parts of the country, near the river Parana, and occasionally from Santa Fé and Tucuman ; but I have never observed it in the market at Buenos Ayres. 6. DENDROCYGNA. 11. DenpRocyGNaA FULVA auct.; Burm. Reise, ii. p. 514. 12. DeENpDRocyGNaA vipvATA auct.; Burm. J. c. p. 515. The range of both these birds extends from Buenos Ayres to Tucuman ; and they are nowhere rare. They are often brought to the market of Buenos Ayres, where I have frequently purchased specimens of them. The second species is generally seen in the evening; and during the night its presence may be known by its peculiar cry while flying over the town in flocks, bird answering to bird, as has been already observed by Azara. This species is very common in Paraguay. 7. Dariua. 13. Darius BAHAMENSIS (Linn.) ; Burm. Reise, ii. p. 515. In the same parts of this country, but not in the west. Often brought to the market in Buenos Ayres. 14. Darixa spinicaupa (Vieill.); Burm. Reise, ii. p. 515; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 666, pl. 38. This Duck is found in all the southern provinces from Buenos Ayres to Mendoza, and is nowhere rare. As the eastern and western specimens are somewhat different in colour, I thought of separating the species into two, giving to the western form the name of oxyura, after Meyen (cf. Reise, ii. p. 515); but as I have not any western individuals for examination, I will accept the opinion of Messrs. Sclater and Salvin (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p- 157) that these two may be the same. The specimens from Buenos Ayres are somewhat more brilliant in colour, the edges of the tectrices and secondary re- miges being yellow, and not white. This Duck was first described by Azara, who obtained specimens at Buenos Ayres (Apunt. iii. p. 421), and then by Meyen, who brought it from Chili, where the bird is very common. 8. QUERQUEDULA. 14. QueRQUEDULA FLAvrRosTRis (Vieill.); Burm. Reise, ii. p- 516. 15. QuERQUEDULA MACULIROsTRISs (Licht.) ; Burm. ibid. 16. QuERQUEDULA Torquata (Vieill.); Azara, Apunt. iil. p. 452 (male) ; ibid, no. 352, ‘dnas leucophrys, Vieill.”’ (female). This beautiful Duck is rare, and was brought to me by a friend 368 DR. HERMANN BURMEISTER ON THE [ Mar. 5, some years ago, in both sexes, from the river Parana, near Las Conchas, where the bird lives on the numerous branches of the river between the flat islands of its delta. I have never seen specimens in the market of Buenos Ayres, where the two former species of Querquedula are very common, and sold every day during winter (from May to September). Azara has described the sexes of Q. torquata under different names. 17. QUERQUEDULA BRASILIENSIS (Briss.); Burm. Reise, ii. p- 517. Ipecutiri, Azara, Apunt. ili. p. 445. Also a very common bird in the interior and northern provinces. Very numerous near Paranda, Santa Fé, and Tucuman, and likewise in Paraguay and the Brazils, where this Duck is the most common of all species. Rare in the vicinity of Buenos Ayres, and very seldom brought into the market. 9. PreROCYANEA. 18. PreROcyANEA CYANOPTERA (Vieill.); Burm. Reise, 1. p- 514. Common in all the southern provinces from Buenos Ayres to Mendoza; rarer in the north to Parana and Santa Fé. 10. Sparura. 19. SPATULA PLATALEA (Vieill.) ; Burm. J. c. p. 517. Only in the eastern districts of the Republic, from Buenos Ayres on the river to Paraguay, and not rare. 11. Mareca. 20. Mareca cuiLoinsis, King; Burm. Reise, ii. p. 517. On both sides of the Cordilleras, and likewise common on the plains of Patagonia and up to Buenos Ayres, where this Duck may be found every day in the market during the winter. Not abundant in the northern parts of the country, and never seen on the river near Paranda. 12. Meroprana. 21. Merorrana peposaca (Vieill.); Burm. Reise, ii. p. 518; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 666, pl. 37. Likewise on both sides of the Cordilleras, and common throughout the whole of Patagonia to Buenos Ayres and Parana, where I have observed this Duck in large flocks on the lagunes near the river. 13. ErRIsMATURA. 22. ERISMATURA FERRUGINEA, Eyton; Gay, Fauna Chilena, i. p- 458. Anas cyanorhyncha, Licht. MS. 1872.] LAMELLIROSTRES OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 369 This peculiar Duck is also found on both sides of the Cordilleras, and may be seen occasionally in the vicinity of Buenos Ayres, where it has been sometimes killed by my hunter on the Laguna Matanza at the south of the town. As the description given in Gay’s work is very short and only applicable to the summer dress, I think it desirable to give a full description of this bird. The old male in the summer dress is of a dark reddish-brown colour on the back, and somewhat paler, mixed with grey, on the underside. The head and neck are black, or dark blackish grey, mixed in the younger plumage with reddish margins to the feathers. The wings are dark blackish brown with reddish spots ; and the tail is clear yellowish grey ; the bill is blue-grey ; and the legs are black, the iris dark red. The bill, somewhat shorter than the skull, is very high at the base, and the plumes on the front are somewhat produced ; the flat apical half is nearly of the same breadth, and the hook on the tip very small. The small nostrils are placed in the middle, where the flat apical half begins. The much narrower under mandible is whitish, the upper mandible bluish grey, the hook reddish brown. The plumage is of a silky appearance, very soft and very compact ; all the feathers are broad and rounded, and those on the back very large. The wings are short, and do not reach the tail; and the first of the pointed remiges is the longest. The most peculiar organ is the tail, which consists of eighteen small very rigid feathers, succes- sively longer from the outer to the middle, the first on each side being shorter than the half of the middle. This strong rigid tail is therefore cuneated, and passes directly out of the plumage without any tail-coverts, as is the case with many other Ducks, the plumage being transversly cut off at the commencement of the tail on the upper and under parts. The feet are large ; and the outer toe is twice as long as the tarsus, which is much compressed ; the hinder toe is small and furnished with a small membrane ; the whole foot is black. My specimens measure 14 inches long; the bill 13 inch, the closed wings (which have a small tubercle on the. hand-joint) 5 inches, the tail 3 inches, the tarsus 1} inch, and the outer pha- lanx 23 inches. The young male and the female are of entirely different colours, but have the same style of plumage. The whole of the upperside of the body is a blackish brown, each feather having a thin yellowish grey or whitish margin, which gives to the back an undulating ap- pearance. The underside is whitish grey, or yellowish grey, with faint blackish-grey undulations, as every feather is dark grey, but with a large white or yellowish edging, which covers the whole of the grey part so that only here and there the grey ground is to be seen. The wings and tail are blackish grey, the latter being somewhat yellowish. A small whitish or yellowish stripe commences at the sides of the bill, and passes under the eye to the neck, terminating over the ear. This white stripe is lighter in the female; the whole of the throat and sides of the neck are of the same colour, so that Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1872, No. XXIV. 370 LAMELLIROSTRES OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. [Mar. 5, the plumage on the fore side of the neck forms a darker ring under the white throat, between it and the whitish breast. All this whitish colour is more yellowish in the winter dress of the males, and nearly of a reddish colour on the breast. This bird is very ready to dive, and disappears under water imme- diately on observing the sportsman, not coming again to the surface until some distance off. Owing to the shortness of its wings its power of flight is very limited ; so it adopts the expedient of diving in order to escape its foes. All the before-mentioned species of Anatid@ are represented in the Public Museum of Buenos Ayres. Azara describes two other species, which I have seen, but which have not yet reached my hands. These are :— 23. ANAS BICOLOR, Vieill.; Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 443. no. 436. Anas coliaris, Merrem, Ersch. & Gruber, Encycl. tom. xxxv. p. 20. This beautiful Duck I occasionaliy saw on the lagunes near my quinta, when I lived at Parand in the year 1859 ; but I never had my gun, and so could not obtain it. It is not common, and lives in society with the other species there. 24. ANAS MELANOCEPHALA, Vieill.; Azara, Apunt. lil. p. 447. no. 438. Anas atricapilla, Merrem, ibid. p. 26; Gill, U.S. N. Astr. Exp. ii. p. 202, pl. 25. Of this Duck I have only seen one specimen, which was in the possession of a private collector, who killed it on a lagune in the interior ; it seems to be very rare in our province. The Prince Max. of Wied mentions it as having been obtained from Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. I will close this paper with some remarks on the number of the tail-feathers of the Ducks, which varies in different species. Possess- ing a large number of specimens of Hrismatura, I was induced to give this genus a careful examination. Erismatura ferruginea has eighteen rigid feathers, the largest number observed by myself in this group of birds ; and a like number was found by Azara in Catrina moschata. The long-tailed group of Dafila (D. bahamensis and D. spini- cauda) have sixteen tail-feathers, and Azara mentions that he found the same number in Anas bicolor, as also in Spatula platalea. In Sarcidiornis regia, Metopiana peposaca, Mareca chiloénsis, Dafila viduata, D. fulva, Querquedula brasiliensis, and Q. maculi- rostris I have found fourteen tail-feathers. Most of the smaller species have twelve tail-feathers: such are Pterocyanea cyanoptera and the other Querquedule. Azara also gives the same number for Anas melanocephala. 1872.] DR. J. ANDERSON ON PERSIAN ETC. REPTILES. 371 5. On some Persian, Himalayan, and other Reptiles. By J. Anperson, M.D. [Received January 15, 1872.] CycLEeMyYs OLDHAMI, Gray. I have received a living specimen of this species and a perfect shell from Samagooting in the Naga Hills in Assam, to the east of the Brahmaputra. The first measures 83 inches in length, and the second is 9 inches long. In both specimens the pectoro-abdominal sternal suture is un- anchylosed, conferring, in the living example, distinct mobility on the lobes of the sternum, but of a more limited character than in Cuora. In the dried shell the mobility between the pectoral and abdominal plates is at once demonstrated when the sternum is moistened in water, while before doing so there is but little evident motion. In the living specimen the portion of the abdominal plates over- lapping the line of the pectoro-abdominal joint has become more or less fractured, so to speak, evidently by the motion of the two halves of the sternum on each other ; and in the other specimen (the shell) the fracturing is complete, and the suture or joint is carried through the plates from side to side. Anterior to the outer third of the suture on each side is the separated portion of the abdominal plates, broken up in an area, which Theobald has compared to a curious fossa. Behind the middle third of the joint is a separated piece of each pectoral. The more perfectly fractured character of the portions of the abdominal plates that overlap the suture in the larger, as compared with their imperfect fracturing in the smaller specimen, would seem to favour Theobald’s observation that the suture of the lobes of the sternum becomes more developed with age. If Dr. Gray *, who combats this observation of Theo- bald’s on the ground that it is opposed to the experience of most zoologists and the specimens in museums, had been familiar with the animal in life, or had examined the moistened sternum of a mu- seum specimen, it is questionable whether he would have committed himself to dispute the correctness of the observations of a zoologist who spoke from personal knowledge of the living animal, and who did not confine himself to a crude knowledge gained from museum speci- mens. In connexion with Theobald’s observation it is curious to remark that Dr. Gray did not observe any mark of the transverse suture on the sternum in a specimen which he doubtfully regarded as a younger stage of C. ovata, as compared with another example of the same species, which he regarded as more aged than the former, on which the cross suture of the sternum was much eroded on the edge, doubtless in the same way as I have described in the present species; so that Dr. Gray’s own facts substantiate Theo- bald’s conclusion which he disputes. * Suppl. Cat. Shield Rept. B. M. 1870, p. 23. 372 DR. J. ANDERSON ON PERSIAN, [ Mar. 5, The colour of the body of this species is pale yellowish, the limbs, tail, head, and neck being brownish, with a tinge of olive, the head being unspotted. Cuora AMBOINENSIs, Daud. I have received a male of this species from Samagooting in the Naga Hills, Assam, measuring 7" 8" in length. VARANIDE. Hyprosaurus SALVATOR, Linn. This fine Lizard is not uncommon in Assam. LACERTID. LacertTA stricata, Eichw. Scales oblong, granular, placed obliquely but keeled longitudi- nally. Ventral plates in six rows, the two central lines of scales each about half the size of the one external to it. Small scales along the external margin of the outer row, which has twenty-five scales from the axilla to the groin. Preanal plate large, semicircular, its hinder margin slightly convex; surrounded by two rows of small scales and a rudimentary third. Nineteen to twenty-two femoral pores. Verticils of tail regular, of moderate length and breadth, strongly keeled. Nostril in the Jower hinder angle of the nasal, with the suture of the rostral and first labial touching the middle of its lower margin; two small shields behind it of nearly equal size, the lowest one triangular, with its apex directed downwards and backwards, the shield above it pentagonal. Frontal of moderate size, hexagonal. Postfrontals each about the same size as the frontal, heptagonal, forming a moderately broad suture with each other, but a very narrow one with the anterior loreal and parietal. Vertical broader anteriorly than posteriorly, rounded in front, obscurely pointed ; lateral margins concave ; posterior margins oblique, straight, or slightly concave. Parietals larger than the postfrontals, tri- angular, with the lateral margins convex. Postparietals smaller than parietals, pentagonal, forming a very small suture with the vertical, and one of nearly equal breadth with the parietals and pre- occipitals. One or two small shields behind the postparietals, one before the other. Preoccipitals as large as the postfrontals, penta- gonal, forming a broad suture with each other, the postparietals and exoccipitals and sutures of nearly equal width with the vertical and occipital, which are partially wedged in between them. Occipital rather smaller than the parietal, its anterior margius meeting at an obtuse angle, lateral margins convergent, posterior end truncated. A small truncated conical postoccipital. Exoccipitals larger than any of the other head-plates, hexagonal, external posterior angle rounded. ‘Two temporals equalling the length of the exoccipitals, and forming a suture with them externally, the foremost one being longest and largest. An elongated supraaural placed obliquely 1872. ] HIMALAYAN, AND OTHER REPTILES. 373 across the ear below the hindermost temporal. An area of moderately large and small scales between the temporals and upper labials. Two loreals, the posterior one the larger. Seven upper labials, the one below the eye much larger than the others. Seven lower labials. ar vertically oval. Four pairs of large shields behind the mental, increasing in size from before backwards, the posterior pair about four times the size of the anterior one. The fold, from ear to ear, not prominent. The anterior margin of the neck-fold with ten large scales from side to side. Dark greenish olive-brown above, with five fine bluish-green narrow longitudinal lines from the head to the base of the tail—one from the ear along the side, another from above the ear over the former, and the third from the postoccipital along the middle of the back: the area between these spotted with blackish. Under surface rich green, yellowish about the anal region. Snout to vent 2,4,"; vent to top of tail 4%"; anterior extre- mity ;°;", posterior extremity 1,4"; fourth toe $4”; snout to post- occipital (hinder margin) 43". Hab. Shiraz, Persia. 'Two specimens. Dumérii and Bibron regard this species as a variety of L. viridis ; and in this they are followed by Prof. Filippi, who records it from Tiflis and Senkoran. EREMIAS C#RULEO-OCELLATA, D. & Bib. Erpét. Générale, vol. v. pp- 295, 296. Head much pointed; tail not enlarged at the base, long and slender. Frontal obliquely quadrangular, with an angle in the middle line before and behind, entire or longitudinally divided in two, in contact with two of the nasals, anterior loreal, and the postfrontals. Postfrontals hexagonal, forming a small suture together. Vertical hastate, lateral margins concave, convergent. Preoccipitals tri- angular, with the small wedge-like occipital indenting their line of union posteriorly. , Exoccipitals large, subquadrangular, narrower before than behind. A line of six small linear granuloid scales along their external margin. Temporal region granular. Two large su- praciliaries, together forming au oval surface. Two or four small scales before them, with two rows of small granules along their ex- ternal border. Anterior loreal small, quadrangular ; posterior large, subquadrangular. Five linear scales along the ridge of the eye, the anterior one very much longer than the others. Two small scales above and behind the posterior angle of the eye. ‘Ten to eleven upper labials, exclusive of the inferior orbital plate, which has two small rounded scales behind it; seven to eight lower labials; five pairs of large plates below them, the first and last pairs the smallest. A fold across the throat from ear to ear. The prevertical fold with three rather large scales in its middle. Dorsal scales mi- nute, smooth, ovally rhomboidal, arranged more or less in transverse rows, with a minute granule between each scale posteriorly. Scales of tail oblong, arranged in verticils. Scales on front of thighs and under surface of tibial portion of leg very large, hexagonal. Either 374 DR. J. ANDERSON ON PERSIAN, [ Mar. 5, two moderately-sized preanal plates surrounded by smaller ones, or all the plates of one size and not enlarged. Femoral pores thirteen or fourteen. Ventrals square, smooth, arranged in transverse rows of fourteen to eighteen scales. Yellowish olive-brown above, with a series of yellowish or bluish spots, with black margins along each side of the body, spotted with black on the sides of the head, neck, and body, and on the dorsal surface. Under surface yellowish white. Tail uniform dark olive- green above and below in its two posterior thirds. Tip of snout to vent 2,4’; vent to tip of tail 3,5’; snout to oc- ciput ;’,""; anterior limb 18"; posterior limb 1,4’; fourth toe from base of fifth 55". Hab. Yarkand. I have followed Duméril and Bibron in regarding this as distinct from Pallas’s Lacerta velox and Eichwald’s ZL. argulus, for the reasons stated by the former authors. The specimens before me, although they were obtained in Yarkand, agree in every particular with the description of the types which came from the Crimea. Filippi records £. variabilis, Fitz., as a common species throughout Persia. OPpHIOPS ELEGANS, Ménétriés. Frontal quadrangular, its anterior margins slightly convex or straight, meeting at an obtuse angle with the two upper shields of the rostral, which separate it from the rostral. Postfrontals either trans- versely triangular, with the base directed outwards, or more or less pentagonal ; in the former case they may or may not form a suture behind the rostral, while in the latter instance they invariably meet in the middle line, and the suture is usually broad. Vertical mode- rately elongate, rounded and rather pointed anteriorly, its margins meeting at an obtuse angle; lateral margins concave, convergent ; posterior extremity either slightly pointed or transversely truncated. Preoccipitals small, pentagonal, forming a broad suture together with a small lozenge-shaped occipital behind them, with a tumid disk in its centre. A small triangular postoccipital. Two large pentagonal exoccipitals with two linear temporals along the outer margins, the posterior one the smallest; temporal region below them granular. Three supraciliaries, the anterior one very small, two posterior ones very large, together forming an oval, with a flattened external margin, along which there is a longitudinal row of fine granules. Two or three small almost granular plates behind the posterior one. Two loreals, one before the other, and contri- buting to form the ‘“canthus rostralis ;’’ the anterior one small. Eight upper labials, the fifth forming the lower support to the eye, with three small labials behind it ; one small shield above the last, separating it from the supraaural plate, which is either oval or ob- long. Eight lower labials with six large shields below, three on each side, the fourth pair from the mental the largest. The throat in some (twelve) specimens shows a distinct fold from ear to ear, while it cannot be detected in others. Scales from occiput to 1872.] HIMALAYAN, AND OTHER REPTILES, 375 nearly in a line with the axilla almost granular and small-keeled. Those on the remainder of the body rhomboidal, strongly keeled, imbricate, with their tips directed backwards and upwards. The scales on the middle line of the back larger than the others, and the scales generally on the lumbar and mesial regions larger than any of the rest, and very strongly keeled. Scales on tail arranged in verticils, very strongly keeled above ; those on the anterior fifth of the under surface smooth, on the remaining four fifths keeled. Eight rows of ventral scales, with a lateral line of small scales in- termediate between them and the dorsal scales. The two rows in the middle of the belly are smaller than the row on either side of them. A large transversely elongated preanal shield, with a smaller one before it, surrounded by some still smaller shields. Colour olive, brownish- or even reddish-bronze above, with two whitish longitudinal lines along each side, the lower one proceeding from the snout along the lower margin of the eye over the shoulder to the groin; the other and higher, through the ‘canthus ros- tralis,” over the eye and along the side of the back. Below the former, the sides of mouth (labials), neck, and sides of body are spotted with blackish. The area between these two white lines is either reddish brown, or reddish and black-spotted ; and there is a band of black spots along their upper margins. A short narrow dark-brown line from the occiput on to the neck. A few black spots on the side of base of tail. Limbs dark brown or black- spotted above, most markedly on the hinder limbs. Under surface yellowish. Snout to vent 2! ; vent to tip of tail 3,4, ; snout to occiput 41" ; anterior extremity .8;/'; posterior limb 1;%;"’; fourth toe from base of fifth ;4". Hab. Shiraz, Persia. This species is evidently very variable, both in colouring and in some of the details, chiefly affecting its posterior frontals, which are sometimes quite separate from each other, while in other ex- amples they are contiguous, and form a broad suture. The specimen figured by Duméril and Bibron shows the latter peculiarity. It is evidently, from its peculiar coloration, a form inhabiting a dry country ; and it is probably an inhabitant of arid hill-sides, where its colour will hardly be distinguishable from the soil. Ménétriés’s spe- cimens were from Bahon; it has also been obtained at Smyrna, and Eichwald includes it in his fauna. Four species of this genus have been recognized in India :— O. jerdoni, Blyth; O. theobaldi, Jerdon; O. beddomii, Jerdon ; O. microlepis, Blanford. Eumeces Lapacensis, Gthr. Rept. of Brit. Ind. p. 88. _ This species has a transparent eyelid, no supranasals, four supra- ciliary shields, thirty-eight rows of scales round the body, and fifty- six to fifty-eight transverse series between the fore and hind limbs. The opening of the ear is denticulated, and the subcaudals are broad, and there are two enlarged preanal scales. Giinther states that 376 DR. J. ANDERSON ON PERSIAN, | Mar. 5, the fore limb, when laid forward, reaches to the snout; but in the specimen before me it reaches only to the anterior angle of the eye. The tail of my individual is forked at its middle, the two prongs being of nearly equal length, the longest measuring 1;‘5", and the undivided portion of the tail =%,", total length of the organ being 24", The body is 11" long, the head 4%!", the fore limb te") and the posterior limb +$" in length. Hab. Ladak. Anguis orientalis. ANGUIS ORIENTALIS, n. sp. (Fig. 1.) Rostral triangular. Two supranasals on each side enclosing an azygos quadrangular shield in contact with the rostral in front, and the internasal and postfrontals behind. Internasal triangular, pointed in front, with the fronto-nasals on each side of it. Fronto-nasal pentagonal or elongately oval and pointed at each end, lying be- tween the posterior supranasal, internasal, and frontal, in contact behind with two shields, one of the side of the head, and one of a longitudinal line of eight small shields between the supraciliaries and the eye. Frontal rather large, triangular, broadly truncated in front, with a wavy posterior margin. Three postfrontals in a trans- verse row, more or less quadrangular. Six rather large supra- ciliaries; two small scales behind the eye. Vertical very large, broader in front than behind, lateral margins divergent, and then passing inwards at an obtuse angle to the posterior margin, which is transversely truncated. ‘Two pairs of quadrangular parietals behind the supraciliaries, the external shield the largest, the inner one touching by its internal margins the vertical and parietal. The latter is a long wedge-like pentagonal shield truncated anteriorly, but with its lateral margins convergeut to a point behind. A pair of large oblong obliquely placed exoccipitals, with a triangular pos- teriorly pointed small shield between their posterior margins. Two rows of temporals, three on either side, but each external to the parietals and exoccipitals. A single row of small shields from the. fourth lower labial round anteriorly to the corresponding labial of the opposite side. Two rows of small shields from and below the fourth to the last lower labial. A large azygos chin-shield behind the infralabial line of scales, with four large pairs posterior to it, 1872. ] HIMALAYAN, AND OTHER REPTILES. 377 the shields of the first pair forming a broad suture, the others separated by a number of small scales. Thirty rows of scales around the body, one inch behind the head. Two longitudinal rows of hexagonal scales, with their long diameter set nearly trans- versely to the body ; the rows immediately external to them and on the sides slightly smaller and rhomboidal, and distributed in oblique rows. Ventral scales hexagonal, larger than those on the vertebral line. Vent with four pairs of anal plates, the central pair the largest. The tail contracts rather suddenly a little beyond its middle ; and the remaining portion is slight, turned up, and covered above and on its sides with large brown scales. Scales on under surface of tail larger than on ventral surface of body, with rounded rather pointed margins. Brown above, a dark brown band along the vertebral line of scales, and another one of the same hue along the fourth line of scales external to the former, the four longitudinal lines below shaded with dark brown, which fades away on the sides. General hue of under surface and lower half of sides olive-yellowish. The scales of the side and under surface have each a dark brown centre, with a broad brownish-yellowish or greenish-yellowish margin ; and the predominance of the two last-mentioned colours on the sides and under surface determines the general tints of these parts, the dark centres, however, of the scales being quite distinct. Length: snout to vent 4,%", vent to tip of 7%", snout to oc- ciput 5%". Hab. Rehst, on the Caspian Sea. This species is distinguished from the 4. fragilis, Linn., by the greater number of shields on its head and scales round its body. SEPIDE. GonGyLus OcELLATUS, Wagler. Head much pointed; rostral rounded in front, concave poste- riorly. Two supranasals, separated by a minute prefrontal. Post- nasal pentagonal, in contact with the first and second labials. Two large loreals, the anterior one about thrice as large as the posterior shield, behind which there are three scale-like preoculars, one be- hind the smallest loreal, and two in a line above it. Frontal large and broad, in contact with the prefrontal, supranasal, vertical, an- terior loreal, and anterior supraocular, which rests on the two up- permost preoculars. Vertical large and elongate, exceeding the distance between its anterior extremity and the tip of the rostral. A small azygos shield wedged into its posterior extremity. One pair of occipitals about the same size as the vertical. Mental not quite so large as the shield behind it. Eyelid with a longitudinally elongate transparent disk. Ear round, of moderate size, not den- ticulated. Scales in thirty-two rows round the body. Upper surface (in spirits) of body and tail brown, every alternate line of scales marked by a transverse black band, with a longi- tudinally elongated bluish-white spot in the centre of each scale. 378 DR. J. ANDERSON ON PERSIAN, (Mar. 5, The bands are lost on the head, where their place is taken by black spots with whitish centres. Some of the bands run into each other, so that the transverse arrangement is not perfect. Labials with black margins, and sides of neck and body black, reticulately spotted on a yellow ground. Under surface immaculate. Hab. Bushire, Persia. This Lizard has been figured no less than three times—first by its discoverer, Olivier, afterwards by Geoffroy, and lastly by Gervais in the ‘ Dictionnaire Universelle d’ Histoire Naturelle ;’ and it is doubt- ful whether Geoffroy’s figure excels the first, which certainly the last-mentioned does not. GECKOTID. HeEMIDACTYLUS PERSICUS, 0. sp. (Fig. 2.) Back covered with numerous white, rather large, trihedral tuber- cles, with blackish-brown ones intermixed ; nearly all the tubercles about half the size of the opening of the ear, which is longitudinally crescentic, the concavity being directed forwards. There are no tu- Hemidactylus persicus. bercles on the side of the neck; and those on the nape are less than half the size of those on the loins, where they have a tendency, as in the body generally, to be arranged in longitudinal rows, fourteen such lines occurring before the loins ; all the tubercles are minutely striated in a radiate manner from their heads. A patch of large rounded granules between the nostril and eye, and another behind the nostril. The ventral scales are small, and forty-five to fifty rows 1872.] HIMALAYAN, AND OTHER REPTILES. 379 occur in the middle of the belly; those on the throat are very minute. ‘Ten upper, and eight lower labials. A pair of large chin- shields behind the azygos lower labial, and forming a pretty broad suture behind the latter, succeeded by another pair, the shields of which are widely apart, their anterior extremities only touching the first pair of labials. Two or three lines of largish scales below the remaining lower labials. Tail with regular transverse rows on its upper surface of rather pointed trihedral tubercles, seven in each row. A small preanal region of enlarged scales in the female. Colour pale yellowish brown, with six faint brownish transverse narrow dorsal bands, the tubercles in these areas being almost black ; a darkish brown streak from the nostrils through the eye, above the ear, with a whitish line above it. Lips whitish. From snout to vent 23". Tail imperfect. Hab. Persia. This species appears to be closely allied to H. trihedrus, from which it may be distinguished, however, by its smaller ventral scales and tubercles, and by its peculiar coloration. PENTADACTYLUS KHASIENSIS, Jerdon; Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, 1870, p. 75. Gymnodactylus khasiensis, Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p- 162. I have received seventeen specimens of this species from Cherra Punji in excellent condition. The former examples, which made me first acquainted with the species, had become hardened by too strong spirit, and had the close hood so contracted that they had the facies of a Gymnodactylus. The recent specimens, however, clearly show that Dr. Jerdon was quite correct in referring them to Pentadactylus. The largest specimen measures from the snout to the vent 3” 2'", vent to tip of tail 3 8". It appears to be a com- mon species at Cherra Punji. Evsiepuaris MAcuLARIvs, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. xxiii. pp. 737, 738. Eublepharis_macularius, Theobald, Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus. 1868, p. 32; Jerdon, Proc. As. Soc. 1870, p-75; H. T. Blanford, Journ. As. Soc. vol. xxxix. p. 338. Body covered with moderate-sized, conical, backwardly pointed tubercles, separated from each other by numerous small flat rounded granules, an arrangement that prevails all over the body as far for- wards as on a line with the posterior angles of the eye; before this, the granules narrow in size ; and anterior to the front angle of the eye the upper surface of the snout is covered with pointed tubercles, smaller than those of the rest of the body and arranged in a tessellated manner. Nostril oval, in a single plate over the first labial, with a large shield at its anterior superior margin between its plate and the rostral. Ear large and crescentic, the straight anterior margin with a few pointed tubercles. Tubercles on the loins and thighs larger than on the rest of the body. Three shields of different sizes he- 380 DR. J ANDERSON ON PERSIAN, [ Mar. 5, hind the rostral; ten upper and thirteen lower labials. Belly co- vered with slightly. imbricate rhombic scales, increasing in size from before backwards. ‘Tail thick, conical, and verticillated, co- vered below with quadrangular, rhombic, or almost rounded, slightly imbricate, moderate-sized scales; the upper surface with smaller granular scales, with a median lateral row of rounded or pointed enlarged tubercles. The verticils are defined below by a transverse line of fine granules. Preanal pores in an angular line of thir- teen. Eighty-six small cylindrical conically pointed teeth in the upper jaw, and eighty in the lower jaw. Olive-brown above, covered with numerous deep-black spots, most frequent about the occiput and nape. A black spot from the nostril to the eye. Under surface yellowish. Length: snout to vent 4" 10'", vent to tip of tail 3" 3!, head 1" 2", fore limb 4" 6", hind limb 2". Hab. Salt range, Punjab ; and Amritzur. This species is closely allied to #. hardwickii, from which it is distinguished by the tubercles being separated from each other by flat rounded granules instead of smaller tubercles, and by the ar- rangement of the tubercles on the head, which in LZ. hardwichii present a tessellated appearance all over the head from snout to occiput ; while in H. macularius the tubercles are arranged on the head as on the body, as far forwards as the posterior angle of the eye, and anterior to that they gradually assume the paved arrange- ment. The coloration, too, of these species is markedly distinct ; and EF. macularius is essentially a north-western species, while £. hardwickii is confined (so far as is known) to the eastern side of India. Blyth’s type. now before me, is a half-grown individual, and is so bleached that it shows no trace of colouring beyond a uniform whitish hue. His description of the species is almost exclusively directed to the colouring and to a speculation as to the probable colour of the young. He mentions that Mr. Theobald informed him that the species attains to more than double the size (34 inches) of the specimen from which he drew up his notes, and that it is remarkable, when alive, for the beauty of its prevailing rosy car- neous hue. Dr. Jerdon’s* £. fasciatus, from Hurriana, appears to me to be- long to this species; for he describes the tubercles as “larger and jiner”’ than in this species, and less close and narrower than in £. hardwickii, which is exactly the character which distinguishes 2. macularius from the last-mentioned species. The coloration of his single very young and imperfect specimen was exactly that of the oung of £. macularius as described by Blyth. Although the difference of colour between the young and adult is very marked, as will be gathered from my description and the account given of the coloration by Blyth and Jerdon (who both describe the young as beautifully banded on the body, with a nuchal and three dorsal white bands), still a careful comparison of * Proc. As. Soe. Bengal, 1870, p. 75. 1872. ] HIMALAYAN, AND OTHER REPTILES. 381 my adult with the young type does not reveal any structural cha- racter that would entitle me to separate them. Cyrtodactylus yarkandensis. CyRTODACTYLUS YARKANDENSIS, n. sp. (Fig. 3.) Upper surface uniformly smoothly granular, some of the granules much larger than the others, especially on the hinder part of the body, none tubercular. Two pointed tubercles on the under sur- face of the tail at the side of the vent posteriorly ; three large tubercles on the side of the tail at the base, the external large and pointed. (Tail absent in both specimens.) Ventral scales small, and those on the throat granular. Nostril over the suture of the first labial and rostral defined in front by the rostral, below by the first labial, and behind and above by a semicircle of two or three shields, the upper one of which is the largest. Ten to twelve upper labials, the first sometimes confluent with the rostral ; nine lower labials. Two pairs of chin-shields, the anterior the largest, with the rostral wedged between its plates. (Females, no femoral pores.) Ear small, obliquely oval from above downwards and back- wards. Toes moderately long, slender. Bluish grey, with seven broad blackish waved bands, with a well-marked black posterior margin. Length: snout to vent 2", vent to tip of tail _——?, snout to oc- ciput 35", length of fore limb 9", of hind limb 12", fourth toe from base of fifth +45", fifth toe 53". This species is from Yarkand; but I can give no information regarding the elevation at which it was found. AGAMID&. CALOTES VERSICOLOR, Daud. I have received seven fine adults of this species from Nasrick with a much more elevated crest than occurs in specimens found in the eastern side of India. They are all coloured in the same way : viz. the general colour is light, rather olive-yellow, the head and the anterior half of the trunk being suffused with pink, which is most intense on the crest and throat; the hinder half of the body is speckled with blackish, and the upper surface of the tail is marked with broad dark-coloured bars. The specimens are much larger 82 DR. J. ANDERSON ON PERSIAN, [ Mar. 5, Co than any I have met with on this side of India, constituting a well- marked western race, Cauotres mystaceus, D. & B. I have received twelve examples of this species from Cherra Punji. CALoTEs MARIA, Gray. This is not an uncommon species in the Khasya Hills. The body of the largest specimen in the museum from that locality measures from snout to vent 5 inches; the tail is unfortunately broken; but in another individual measuring in body 4°8 inches, the tail is 143 inches long. The elbow, knee, and heel are marked with white; and a white line runs along the outside of the fourth toe. The back in the largest specimen is ornamented by eleven transverse white bands intermixed with reddish ; they extend only a short way on to the sides. They are continued on to the tail, where they ultimately resolve themselves into pairs of whitish spots, distributed at regular intervals. Hab. Cherra Punji, Khasi Hills. CALOTES JERDONI, Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 779, pl. xlv. fig. A. I have received three specimens of this handsome species, ob- tained at Cherra Punji. A male and a female have a pale red band along the back and on to the base of the tail, and two rows of white spots at regular intervals on the sides between the fore and hind limbs. The other specimen is uniformly coloured green. CHARASIA DORSALIS, Gray. This species occurs as far east as the Rajmahal Hills; and Blan- ford has found it sixty miles west of Raipur, and, he believes, also on the Godavery. In the young the scales of the under surface are all markedly keeled ; but this character is soon all but lost, although traces of it may be detected in adult examples. The cross-rowed character of the scales of the tail is not so marked as on the body, but it can be distinctly detected, although they are imbricate in both localities. STELLIO PERSICUS, n. sp. (Fig. 4, p. 383.) The middle line of the back from between the shoulders covered with eight to nine longitudinal rows of very small, rounded, keeled scales of different sizes, those along the vertebral line very small. All the surface external to this, mcluding the sides, very finely granular, with interspersed large granules, chiefly in the axillar region, no scattered spines on the sides. There is a square area on the middle of the sides, covered with enlarged keeled scales of different sizes, arranged more or less in irregularly transverse series. The largest scales are roundly oval, with a rather strong tubercular-like 1872. ] HIMALAYAN, AND OTHER REPTILES, 383 keel in the centres, whilst the smaller ones, which are the most nu- merous, are also rounded, but more conical or tubercular than keeled. All the surfaces of the neck very finely tubercular, with numerous little patches of rounded, enlarged, and, in some cases, spiny tuber- cles, which occur also above and further back than the shoulder. Fig. 4. Stellio persicus, Large strongly keeled scales on the upper surface of both limbs. A few large spined scales along the posterior upper margin of the thigh. Toes long and tapering (5" 5'”’), clawed, slightly compressed, with transverse plates on the under surface, with a strong spine on the angle formed by the lateral and anterior margin. Throat more coarsely granular than the neck; the rest of the under surface covered with very small rhomboidal, slightly imbricate, smooth scales, in transverse rows, as many as fifty in a row, across the middle of the belly. No femoral or preanal pores. Tail slightly swollen at the base, surrounded with regular verticils of strongly keeled scales. Head rather broad; snout short and moderately pointed. Loreal region concave. Nostril round, in a triangular nasal below the canthus rostralis, nearer the end of the snout than the eye, and separated from the upper labials by three longitudinal rows of scales. Three scales between the nasal and rostral. A line of large, more or less linear, keeled, tubercular scales from below the anterior angle of the eye, under the eye to over the ear, where they form a group of large tubercular-like plates. Area in front of and below the ear very finely granular, with large spiny shields at the anterior and inferior margins of the ear. Upper surface of the head covered with numerous small shields, a group of prominent ones in the middle of the frontal region, and another and more extended series on the occiput. All the scales and shields on the snout and sides of the head have numerous dark-brown dots on their margins. Upper labials 12, low and long; 13 lower labials, which are higher and shorter than the upper ones. Several rows of small shields pa- rallel to the lower labials. Mental shield with a small azygos shield behind it, and an enlarged shield on each of its sides, and in contact with the front labial, with a line of five to six enlarged scales behind each. Skin of neck loose, thrown into numerous folds; a strong fold from below the ear to the shoulder, and another below it again ; small folds on the nape; two transverse folds on the under surface 384 DR. J. ANDERSON ON PERSIAN, [ Mar. 5, of the neck, enclosing short longitudinal folds. The prominent por- tions of these folds bear patches of more or less spiny tubercles. Olive above, marbled on the sides and back by about eight nar- row, transverse, black bands, which scarcely meet in the vertebral line, and enclosing pale whitish round spots. Tail pale yellowish olive above, with narrow dark olive-brown bands that do not extend to the under surface. Throat yellow, finely marbled with narrow reticulate dark-olive lines. Under surface of belly, limbs, and tail yellowish. Length: snout to vent 143”, vent to tip of tail 235”, snout to occiput 6'", fore limb 1” 1", hind limb 1” 8'". Hab. Teheran, Persia. A closely allied species to this is the S. himalayensis, Steind., from which the present specimen is distinguished by the abrupt separation of its enlarged dorsal scales from the lateral granules, which in S. himalayensis, now before me, pass gradually one into the other—and by the presence of the tubercular keeled area on its sides, which does not exist in the allied species. There are othe: points of difference ; but these are among the most prominent, com- bined with the difference in coloration. AGAMA AGILIS, Olivier. I can add nothing to the characteristic description given of this Lizard by Duméril and Bibron, except as far as regards a point in coloration. In the four specimens before me, of all ages, not only the throat but the belly has longitudinal dark lines, which, however, are more indistinct on the latter than on the former. In one adult, the greater part of the throat, and the sides, and under sur- face of the neck and the sides of the belly are deep purplish black. All have a deep spot of a similar colour on the side of the neck before the shoulder. Hab. Shiraz. Length: snout to vent 3” 6'”, vent to tip of tail 4" Si head is fore limb 1” 11'”, hind limb 2” 6”. This Lizard is recorded by Blyth from the Salt range of the Pun- jab, but not included by Giinther in his ‘ Reptiles of British India.’ Filippi describes a new species, 4. Jessone, from Ispahan. TRAPELUS RUDERATUS, Olivier. Scales of different sizes, more or less feebly keeled, with numerous large, rather erect, spiny, tubercular scales scattered over the body, either singly or in groups, more numerous in the males than in the females; some of them, instead of being spinose, are only thickened posteriorly ; they pass on to the root of the tail, but not beyond it. Tail a little less than twice the length of the body and head, covered with rhomboidal keeled scales, dilated at its base in the male, and tapering. A fold across the neck, another from the lower angle of the jaw, over the shoulder. A central group of large tubercular furrowed shields on the frontal region, surrounded by slightly smaller ones of the same character ; a group of similar shields on the occiput, 1872.] HIMALAYAN, AND OTHER REPYILES. 385 and enlarged tubercular, almost spiny, scales on the parotoid region, and numerous spiny tubercles on the nape of the neck. On the sides of the neck the ordinary scales are small and almost granular. A group of large, flattened, furrowed shields on the temporal region, extending forwards to the posterior angle of the eye. ar oval, its upper margin guarded by 3 to 4 dependent spines, with some tubercles on either side of them; 28 to 32 upper labials; 26 to 29 lower shields, excluding the rostral and mental. Ventral scales smooth, but terminating in a very minute but spinose extremity, about 16 oblique rows between the fore limbs. A transverse row of 14 preanal pores, separated from the margin of the cloaca by about a similar number of pores in a broken line of much narrower and more pointed scales, and with another line of 8 larger pores an- terior to the former. No pores in the female. No trace of a crest on the back or neck. Limbs rather slender, digits strong, and armed with long sharp claws, the dorsal ridge of which is black, and the sides horn-yellow. The palms, soles, and under surface of fingers and toes are strongly keeled, each scale terminating in an apical spine. The colour varies considerably, doubtless either due to the animal having the power to change the hues of its skin, or, it may be, de- pending on sexual causes. An adult gravid female is a rich reddish buff tinged with greenish on the head, especially on the parotoids, with six transverse bands of oblong pink spots, situated in groups of large spiny tubercles. A very obscure greenish-buff line along the vertebral ridge, terminating on the base of the tail in a bright yellow line, which runs along its middle to its posterior third, with a series of large reddish-brown spots along each side of it, becoming fainter posteriorly. A narrow, wavy yellow line along the back of the thigh and along the side of the base of the tail, broadly.but inter- ruptedly margined with blackish. Under surface uniform yellow. The male has the same tint as the female, only more yellow; while the other is slightly darker, with an olive hue. In the former, the red spots are the same, but they are separated on the vertebral line by a stripe of elongated bright yellow spots, which is prolonged on to the base of the tail. The yellow line on the back of the thigh is present, but it is crossed by an intensely black spot. In the latter specimen the vertebral spots have the same character and distribu- tion as in the former, but the transverse bands of red spots are darker red; the line on the back of the thigh is very markedly white, with its dark margins very brightly developed. The upper dark margin is continued on to the tibial portion of the leg, which, along with the outside of the foot, is more or less banded with dark olive-brown. The two lateral spots on the side of the base of the tail are reddish or even yellowish, with dark margins. In both the males the axillee are metallic pink. In one male the whole of the ventral scales, nearly as far forwards as the axilla, are of a darker and duller yellow than the general colour of the underparts, but they are not perceptibly tumid. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1872, No. XXV. 386 DR. J. ANDERSON ON PERSIAN, [ Mar. 5, Length: snout to vent 2" 4'", 2” 2", 2" 7’; vent to tip of tail oY hae sah 10’”, 3" [es head aye fn ts 9!" ; fore limb qe? 4", ee BME ihe? 5; hind limb 1% 104 yet 9", 12 Vit Dentition, upper-jaw, m. 13+ 13=26, can.1+1=2, ine. 2+2=4. As lower-jaw, m. 12+ 12= 24, can. 1+1=2, inc. 1+1=2. The external incisor on either side of the upper jaw is much larger than the middle pair, but considerably shorter than the canines, with which they can hardly be classed, although Duméril and Bibron speak of four canines and two incisors in the upper jaw. Hab. Teheran, Persia. Duméril and Bibron state that the tail of the Agama mutabilis is three times the length of the body, which is certainly not the case with the Trapelus figured by Olivier, to which the above-mentioned specimens appear to belong. PHRYNOCEPHALUS OLIVIERI, D. & B. The five specimens of the peculiar-looking Lizard which I refer to this species, agree with the original description in all its impor- tant characters. Duméril and Bibron state, however, ‘‘le dessus des membres est recouvert d’écailles carénées,” a character which is not applicable to the limbs of my specimens, inasmuch as only one individual shows a few faintly keeled scales on the tibial portion of its leg. I observe, however, that those specimens which have lost the hard epithelial covering of the scales and become shrivelled have an appearance that might be taken for keeling. It seems pro- bable that Duméril and Bibron’s specimens may have been in this condition ; for in describing the tail, they state that it is ‘‘semée de petites verrues,” a description applicable to my specimens which have lost their skin, but not to the perfect ones, which have the base of the tail with a few scattered spiny tubercles. These authors describe the scales of the tail as faintly keeled, a character which the specimens before me have as well. The number of the labials is very variable; in one I count 30 upper and 30 lower plates, whilst in others the numbers mentioned by Duméril and Bibron, 27 and 26, prevail. The extent of the va- riation in the upper lip is from 27 to 30, and in the lower from 22 to 30. From an examination of a large series of Lizards, both of this and the Geckoid types, I am convinced that the number of labials is not a reliable specific character, although it may be useful as a generic one in a few instances. There is another point in connexion with this Lizard worthy of notice, and not referred to by original describers, viz. that there is a rounded eminence on each side of the neck, of larger granules than those surrounding it. It is persistent in all my specimens. Those naturalists have also pointed out that what at first sight might strike an observer as an enlargement and flattening of the root of the tail is a character which depends net so much on the tail itself, but on an enlargement of the body before the vent—which, however, to me appears to swell somewhat behind the vent, and then to contract 1872. ] HIMALAYAN, AND OTHER REPTILES. 387 rather suddenly to the tail proper, which tapers to a very fine point. The tail in all the specimens is nearly the length of the head longer than the body, and appears from its character to be more or less prehensile, although the Museum collector informs me that he found them on a grassy hill-side. Snout to vent 1’ 10'”; vent to tip of tail 2" 5’; snout to occiput 6'"; neck (above) 3’; anterior extremity 1"; posterior cxtremity ui 7 ae Hab. Shiraz, Persia. Prof. Filippi (/. c.) records that he obtained many examples of this species. PHRYNOCEPHALUS CAUDIVOLVULUS, Pallas; Gthr. Rept. of India, p- 161. Scales granular on body and tail; those on the lower halves of the limbs slightly larger. Ventral scales scarcely larger than dorsal ones. Nasals separated by an azygos scale and a longitudinal pair on each side of it. Two large scales before the anterior angle of the eye, followed by a row of seven smaller superciliaries. A large rounded scale behind the posterior angle of the orbit, removed from the superciliaries. Three or four large median plates above the nasals, the vertex being occupied by plates larger than those of the supraorbital region, but smaller than those on the occiput. All of those scales or plates are smooth. A rather large plate on the vertex between the posterior angles of the eye, with a tumid centre. Upper labials 27 to 29, the one nearest the corner of the mouth the largest. Lower labials 25. Twelve to thirteen teeth in the upper jaw, the one posterior to the first two incisors elongated like a canine. Twelve teeth in the lower jaw, the one posterior to the incisor of its side canine-like. Ear hidden; a fold below the neck and over the shoulder. No anal or femoral pores. ‘ail slightly dilated at its base, and flattened and rather thick towards its extremity; not prehensile. Darker or lighter olive-grey above, either with some of the gra- nules paler than the others or all uniform. Dark forms reticulated or spotted with blackish; light forms feebly spotted yellowish and blackish, some with rather large reddish spots, with black borders on either side of the mesial line, most distinctly marked on lumbar region and base of tail. Lips more or less barred or spotted with blackish brown and pale yellowish. Under surface either uniform yellowish greyish white with a slight median blackish band, or with a broad black longitudinal area involving the whole of the throat, the centre of the chest, and expanding on the belly, but not extend- ing as far back as the groin. Under surface of the tail yellowish or greyish white, its sides spotted with brownish almost to the degree of being annulated, the posterior fourth deep black, most distinctly seen on the under surface. The peculiar coloration of this Lizard would lead me to believe that the black coloration of the belly is either sexual or seasonal. 388 DR. J. ANDERSON ON PERSIAN, [ Mar. 5, Vent to snout 2”; vent to tip of tail 2” 6’”; snout to occiput 6” ; neck 2’; anterior extremity 1"; posterior limb 1" 7". Hab. Yarkand. I have received ten specimens of this species from the foregoing locality ; and the number would indicate that it is a common species in the high region of Yarkand and Tibet. Mr. Theobald obtained this Lizard on the shores of the Chomorreri Lake. He describes the female as smaller than the male, and the species as monogamous in its habits, a pair occupying a burrow a few inches deep in the sandy soil, the opening of which is often concealed by a stone or tuft of grass. Phrynocephalus persicus. PHRYNOCEPHALUS PERSICUS, Filippi, Viaggio in Persia, 1862, pp. 343, 344. (Fig. 5.) Nostril plates anterior, but separated by five rows of scales. Body covered with small imbricate smooth scales, their tips directed back- wards and slightly upwards; sides granular or nearly so; inter- spersed oval, rather pointed tubercles, either single or in groups of three or five; when more than two or three, one of the tubercles is larger than the others; they are largest on the back and root of the tail, but are not continued on to the tail beyond its basal fourth. Tail with rather small smooth imbricate scales. Two rather flat- tened tubercular scales above the anterior angle of the eye. Upper eyelid with a fringe of twelve rather oblong scales; lower eyelid with ten larger pointed scales. A group of large tubercles above the region of the hidden ear, and continued forwards to below the middle of the eye. Twenty-four upper and twenty-eight lower labials. Nape with a short obscure crest of five small dark brown rounded spines. A fold across the neck to behind the angle of the jaw (more or less distinct on the nape), whence another is pro- longed over the shoulder, marked by two groups of moderate-sized pointed tubercles. Scales on the upper surface of the hinder ex- tremity, below the knee, slightly keeled. Scales of ventral aspect smooth. Rest of tail flattened and laterally much dilated, covered with spiny tubercular scales, rapidly contracting at the anterior 1872.] HIMALAYAN, AND OTHER REPTILES. 389 fourth and subconic. Scales of toes serrated ; claws pale yellowish, long and pointed. Uniform olive-grey in spirit, almost pale yellow on the hands and feet. Sides of body and upper surface of extre- mities and of the tail with a few scattered minute blackish spots. A very obscure yellowish spot with a dark blue margin on each side of the neck. Sides of the tail with rather large brownish spots ; under surface whitish. The chin and throat obscurely black-spotted. Labials with black spots. Length from snout to vent 2”; vent to tip of tail 2" 1'’; snout to occiput 5'”; neck (above) 2'”; anterior extremity 11’; posterior extremity 1" 6”. Hab. Awada, seven days north of Shiraz, Persia. Prof. Filippi, who apparently describes the colours from a pale specimen, gives the ground-colour as an earthy, somewhat reddish grey; and the under surface he mentions as a dirty white with somewhat of a rose colour, the throat with vermicular lines forming an azure-grey marbling. He describes the side of the neck with a large indigo ash-coloured spot surrounded by a delicate rusty- coloured band, which the action of alcohol causes quickly to dis- appear. Some brown angulated spots on the sides of the back are also described by its discoverer, and two similar ones at the base of the tail; after these occur other spots more numerous and more rounded ; a few other transverse brown spots on the legs. Prof. Filippi says that the above markings are quite constant, and that the species is profusely spread over the desert countries of Sultanieh and Teheran. It is closely allied to P. helioscopus, Kaup, from which it is dis- tinguished by the shorter and more rounded head, the long fringed scales of its lower eyelid, the five rows of scales between the nasals, the greater size of the tubercles over the auricular region, their an- terior prolongation, along with the more dilated base of its tail. Fig. 6. Phrynocephalus maculatus. PHRYNOCEPHALUS MACULATUS, 0. 8s. (Fig. 6.) Ear hidden. Scales small, smooth, directed backwards and up- wards. A few lines of keeled scales on the lower arms and legs ; 390 DR. J. ANDERSON ON PERSIAN, [ Mar. 5, scales on the first fourth of the tail smooth, arranged in transverse rows, more or less keeled on the remaining three fourths, forming three longitudinal ridges on the under surface. Ventrals of mo- derate size, smooth. Head covered on the mesial line with flat, non-tuberculated scales larger than the others; a large oval one oc- cupying the centre of the occiput, with a tumid centre. Nasals separated by three scales one above the other, and a lateral scale on either side of the inferior one. Upper labials 31, increasing in size towards the angle of the mouth, where the largest occurs. The two corresponding to the rostral are more transversely elongated than the others, which are immediately behind, and which are square, rather rounded at their free extremities. Lower labials 26; a lon- gitudinal line of five enlarged scales behind the mental on each side, separated from the labials by a line of smaller scales. Upper eyelid with a fringe of ten oblong scales; lower eyelid margined with ten long, pointed scales. Upper jaw with 10 teeth on either side, the anterior two separated by a considerable interval ; 20 in the lower. The teeth gradually decrease in size from behind forwards, showing no indication of differentiation into incisors or canines. The nails are yellowish, long, and pointed. The tail is long and prehensile, exceeding the length of the body by half. Pale yellowish brown ; the head pencilled with dark brown and pale yellow; three short, dark- brown longitudinal lines on the nape. Labials minutely punctulated with brownish. The back and sides and upper surface of the limbs with moderate-sized dark-brown spots, and small brown dots of the same colour, with numerous yellow spots either involving one or three scales. Four brown spots, in transverse series, between the thighs. The base of the tail with two transverse brown bands, with a very faint one between them; the rest of the tail with blackish spots along its sides, almost forming rings, but interrupted on the upper surface by small yellow spots nearly constituting a longitu- dinal line. The last fourth entirely black, separated by a yellow band from a black ring anteriorly. The under surface on the an- terior half is rich orange-yellow. Ventral surface generally yellowish white. Vent to snout 1” 8"; vent to tip of tail 2 11'”; snout to occiput 5"; neck 3’; anterior extremity 1” 1’; posterior limb 1” 9’”. Hab. Awada, Shiraz, Persia. This species is distinguished from P. caudivolvulus by its smooth scales and peculiar coloration, and by the number of its teeth. PHRYNOCEPHALUS FORSYTHII, n. s. (Fig. 7.) Scales small, granular, ovally rhomboidal or quadrangular, smooth, arranged more or less in transverse rows, with a very few enlarged white scales occurring at intervals. No tubercles. Two enlarged scales on each side of the occiput, with a rather large tumid one in the mesial line before them, with those on the vertex only slightly larger than the ones external to them. Superciliary scales small. Scales of the lower eyelid forming a moderately pronounced fringe of ten scales with rounded points. Ear hidden. Nostrils anterior, 1872. | HIMALAYAN, AND OTHER REPTILES. 391 separated from each other by three to five longitudinal lines of scales, and widely so from the labial-like ventral by rows of granular-like scales. Twenty-six to twenty-eight upper labials, forming a toothed line. Twenty-six lower labials. A fold across the lower aspect of the neck, continued above the shoulder, and thrown into a number of folds at the side of the neck. Scales of limbs imbricate, almost Bist 7. Phrynocephalus forsythii. granular, partially keeled. Ventral scales of moderate size, some of them internal to the fore limb, showing a tendency to keeling. No femoral pores. Scales of dorsal surface of tail slightly larger than those on the body, and somewhat imbricate, and arranged trans- versely. Scales on under surface like those on abdomen, but in- creasing in size posteriorly, especially on the middle line. Base of tail dilated, with a group of spiny tubercles on the side of the most prominent portion. Tail long and tapering, but not prehensile. A tendency to the formation of a slight crest, by the skin falling into a longitudinal fold in the middle line of the back. Twelve teeth in the upper jaw on each side, with only one incisor, the tooth succeed- ing it being rather long and canine-like; twelve in the lower jaw, with the same characters and arrangement as in the upper. ‘Ihe last three teeth in both jaws are sensibly larger than the ones pre- ceding them. Snout to vent 1” 16’; vent to tip of tail 2" 6'”; snout to occiput 5’"; neck 2’; anterior limb 10’; posterior limb 1” 3'”. Brownish yellow above, with five pairs of dark-brown spots on either side of the mesial line of the back, and a few more obscure ones on the base of the tail. Sides and upper surface of the body generally faintly spotted with brown and yellowish. Cheeks and labials punctulated with dark brown, varying in intensity in different 392 DR. J. ANDERSON ON PERSIAN, [Mar. 5, specimens. Sides and under surface of the tail with brown spots, the under surface of the posterior fourth blackish. Under surface of body yellowish, showing in some a faint blackish line down the centre of the chest and belly. Hab.. Yarkand. (Five specimens.) OLIGODONTID#. SIMOTES RUSSELL, Schleg. Katmandoo, Nepaul. (Two specimens. ) CoLuUBRID. ABLABES Fuscus, Blyth. This has all the characters of this species, but its postfrontal is divided. The anterior pair of chin-shields are twice the size of the posterior pair. Katmandoo, Nepaul. Cyclophis persicus. CycLOPHIs PERSICUS, n. s. (Fig. 8.) Body slightly compressed, tail moderately long. Head distinct from the neck, rather broad across the occipital region. Eye of moderate size. Rostral broader than high. Anterior frontals rounded in front, broader than long. Ventral rather broad, with its lateral margins nearly parallel, its posterior margins slightly rounded. Occipitals large, divergent posteriorly. Nasal much elongated, abruptly truncated in front, and pointed posteriorly, with the nostril in its middle. One anterior and one posterior ocular, the former extending on to the surface of the head. Seven upper labials, the third and fourth entering the orbit, the seventh and eighth the largest. Temporals 1 + 1+ 1=3, the last the longest. Two pairs of chin-shields ; the first pair the largest, oblong, rather broad, and in contact with four labials ; the posterior pair less than half the length of the former. Fifteen rows of smooth rhomboidal scales, with an apical groove. Ventrals 144, slightly keeled, and extending up the sides. Anal bifid. Subcaudals 77. Pale olive-brownish, buff above, greenish yellow below. A large black spot on the surface of the head encircling the greater part of the postfrontals and the other shields behind them as far as the 1872. | HIMALAYAN, AND OTHER REPTILES. 393 posterior half of the occipitals, giving off a fine line to the nostril and a black ring round the eye. A buff band across the last half of the occipitals, followed by a broad black collar, which passes down on the sides, but does not meet below. Length of body 10" 3", tail 3" 2”. Hab. Bushire, Persia. ComrpsosoMa HoDGSONI, Gthr. Katmandoo, Nepaul. (Three specimens.) Pryas mucosuvs, Linn. Katmandoo, Nepaul, and Cashmere. (Eight specimens. ) ZAMENIS PERSICUs, Jan, Iconograph. Gén. des Ophid. 23° livr. plod; fig...1: Zamenis ladacensis, Anders. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. xl. pp. 16, ies Since describing L. ladacensis I have received the part of Jan’s ‘Iconographie’ containing the figure of Z. persicus, with which the former appears to be identical. I have before me three specimens from Shiraz agreeing with Z. persicus in all their structural details, and only differing from Jan’s figure in the absence of the black band between the eyes. The largest measures, body 30” 3", tail 10" 7”. ZAMENIS CAUDOLINEATUS, Gthr. J. ¢. Periops caudolineatus, Gthr., Filippi, Viaggio in Persia, p. 355. Zamenis caudolineatus, Gthr., Jan, Iconograph. Gén. des Ophid. 23° livr. pl. iii. I have received three specimens of a snake from Shiraz and Iswhan, Persia, which I identify with this species, which has been figured by Prof. Jan. The largest individual measures 43” 3'”, of which the tail forms 10” 8”. There are 21 rows of scales in all the specimens, each scale being terminated by two apical pores. ZAMENIS CLIFFORDII, Schlegel. Iswhan, fifteen days’ journey north of Shiraz. TROPIDONOTUS STOLATUS, Linn. Katmandoo, Nepaul. TROPIDONOTUS NATRIX, Linu. Snout moderately pointed. Rostral twice as broad as high, hexa- gonal. Anterior frontals tapering, but transversely truncated ante- riorly. Frontals bent well down on the side of the head, larger than the anterior frontals. Vertical moderately broad, with its lateral margin convergent, straight or more or less concave, most so in the young. Occipitals pointed posteriorly and divergent. Loreal qua- drangular ; one preocular, reaching to the upper surface of the head, 394 DR. J. ANDERSON ON PERSIAN, [ Mar. 5, but not in contact with the vertical ; three postoculars (one specimen out of six has four postoculars on one side) ; one large anterior tem- poral in contact with the two lower postoculars. A pair of posterior temporals touching the upper posterior angle of the last or seventh labial. Upper labials 7; sometimes 8, by the division of the second (this occurs in two specimens out of six). In the normal number, 7, the third and fourth enter the orbit, and in the latter case the fourth and fifth. The fifth labial is by far the largest. Nineteen rows of strongly keeled scales round the body. Scales elongate and leaf- like, and slightly notched at their free extremity. Ventrals vary from 177 to 180; subcaudals from 71 to 77. Adults either uniform dark olive-black above, with indications of two longitudinal pale-coloured dorsal bands by some of the scales at regular intervals being more or less tinged with light brownish, or general colour dark olive-brown, with two longitudinal pale brown bands the breadth of two lines of scales. ‘The bands and sides with rather obscure black spots, a scale’s length, at regular intervals of from two to three rows, the ones on the sides alternating with those on the bands. Under surface yellowish anteriorly, with large bluish-black spots, which become larger and more numerous from before back- wards, till at last the yellow is entirely replaced by the spots, the hinder part of the belly and the whole of the tail being deep black. In the young the confluence of the spots is not so perfect, and the ground-colour on the under part of the body is bluish grey. A transverse pale yellowish brown band from the angle of the mouth to the posterior extremities of the occipitals, very indistinct on the centre of the neck; a large black spot behind each, the small lateral spots being as it were a continuation of them. Upper labials yel- lowish, with black margins, those of the fourth, fifth, and sixth being very intense. Largest specimen measures from snout to vent 38” 3'", tail 10” ; total 48” 3’. Hat. Rehst, on the Caspian Sea. The Caspian specimens belong to a melanoid form of this species, probably the var. atra of Nordmann. TROPIDONOTUS HYDRUS, Pallas. I have received five specimens of this snake—one from Rehst, on the Caspian Sea, another from Shiraz, Persia, and three young specimens from Teheran. The first is not adult. It is dark-olive brown, covered at regular distances with black spots tending to form transverse bands. The last seventh of the belly and the whole under- surface of the tail are quite black. Its prefrontals are pointed ; it has three anterior oculars and four postoculars ; eight upper labials, the fourth only entering the orbit; and nineteen rows of strongly keeled scales. The Shiraz specimen is a light yellowish olive, with black spots, those on the back being placed obliquely ; those on the side alternating with the former, and only distinguished by the black skin and edges of the bases of the scales. Two or three of the scales between each of these dark areas are more or less margined with 1872. ] HIMALAYAN, AND OTHER REPTILES. 395 bright yellow, almost forming a series of yellow transverse bands on the side and between each of those above; one or two of the scales are longitudinally margined with a like colour. The under surface of the posterior five sixths of the body is much finely spotted or punctulated with black, and the last sixth is almost wholly black, as is the under surface of the tail. This specimen has nineteen rows of scales, pointed prefrontals, only two anterior oculars and three postoculars; but it is evident, from the way in which the super- ciliary shield is prolonged down behind the eye, that it is confluent with the fourth postocular ; eight upper labials, the fourth enter- ing the orbit. This species is recorded by Prof. Filippi in his work on Persia. DENDROPHIID. GONYOSOMA DORSAL, n. sp. (Fig. 9.) Rostral rather prolonged on to the top of throat. Head elon- gately oval and rather pointed. Anterior frontal quadrangular, rounded in front, nearly as large as the posterior frontals. Loreal subquadrangular. Two anterior oculars, the upper one large, and reaching the vertical; the inferior ocular evidently a separated portion of the fourth and fifth labials. The fourth labial also divided below the posterior half of the loreal. Fifth and sixth labials entering the orbit, the sixth prolonged backwards before the seventh labial, which is the largest. Two posterior oculars ; vertical rather elongate. Lateral margins rather deeply concave. Fig. 9. Gonyosoma dorsale. Occipitals rather large, and nearly oblong, abruptly transversely truncated behind. Temporals 2+3+4=9. A line of elongated temporals along the occipitals, and another similar line along the labials. The two anterior shields of each of these lines in contact, the remainder of the lines enclosing three other shorter temporals. Scales smooth, long, lanceolate, with an apical groove, in nineteen rows. Ventrals keeled, prolonged up the side, 227; caudals 107. Anal bifid. Pale yellowish green above, with a bright pink longitudinal band from the posterior extremity of the vertical on to the base of the tail, where it disappears. Under surface bright yellow. Area round the 396 DR. J. ANDERSON ON PERSIAN, [ Mar. 5, eye yellowish, with a small black speck below the eye; a faint blackish green one behind the eye, and another at the angle of the mouth, continued more or less into each other. Length of body O38! stake a. Hab. Shiraz, Persia. CHERSYDRUS GRANULATUS, Schneider; Gthr. /. c. p. 336. A specimen of this snake, 36 inches in length, from the sands of the Puri beach. The smaller scales that cover the sides have thin keels, each distinctly terminating in a minute recurved spine. In the Indian Museum, Calcutta, there is another specimen of this snake, from the mouth of the Hughli, so that its distribution is from the southern to the northern extremity of the western side of the Bay of Bengal; and it is probable that it will be found to have a corresponding distribution on the eastern side of the same sea. Hypropuis cuxoris, Daud.; Gthr. /.¢. p. 70. The specimen referred to this species measures 23 inches. The length of the long thin neck is more than one third of the total. There is one postocular ; the third and fourth labials enter the orbit, the former being widely separated from the nasal by the preocular and rather large second labial. Two rather large, nearly equal- sized temporals. Two pairs of chin-shields, in contact with each other. Thirty-three rows of scales round the neck, very fully keeled, with a minute, nearly apical tubercle. Ventrals 495, distant on the neck, where they are about twice as large as the neighbouring seales ; but they are relatively smaller on the thick part of the trunk. Four anal shields, the external scales being large. The dorsal half of the trunk is greenish olive, and the ventral half yellowish. Fifty- three blackish bands encircle the body, their dorsal halves being Very black, broad above and narrowing to the middle line, and the ventral halves very faint on the thick portion of the body, but quite distinct along the ventral line, where they are connected with each other by an obscure black band. On the neck the transverse rings are very black, and so broad that the yellow interspaces are reduced to pairs of round spots, the head and under surface of the neck being quite black. Length 273 inches. HypRopuIs GRACILIS, Shaw. I have received a specimen from Puri, with all the characters of this species as diagnosed by Giinther. It has twenty-one rows of bitubercular scales round the neck ; 232 ventrals, those on the neck nearly twice as large as the adjoining scales, while those on the com- pound limb are divided into two halves, placed opposite each other, each half bearing two tubercles as the ordinary scales. Length 332 inches, of which the tail is 24. Hypropuis Linpsayi, Gray; Gthr. /. ¢. p. 371. With the exception of having only twenty-six rows of scales round the neck, and 455 ventrals, very few of which are divided, a 1872.] HIMALAYAN, AND OTHER REPTILES. 397 Hydrophis which I have received from Puri differs in no other re- spect from H. lindsayi. It measures 27 inches in length. Hypropuis sTRICTICOLLIs, Gthr. Head small, neck long and slender; scales not imbricate ; thirty- seven round the neck, having either one or more tubercles in a straight line, tending to form an obscure keel ; the central tubercle is the largest, the others very indistinct. On the posterior five sixths of the trunk there is one central tubercle to each scale. The ventrals are 385 in number, and on the anterior two thirds of the trunk are twice as broad as the adjoining scales. They show a di- stinct tendency to division, and are marked by a central groove, which nearly divides them ; each half is marked by a central tubercle and a very obscure one behind it. There are six small anal scales, the middle one of the three of each side being the largest. Five upper labials, with a scale-like shield behind the last. ‘The second upper labial is, the largest, and touches the preocular. One postocular, with a single large temporal behind, which is as high as broad, rests on the scale-like posterior labial. Two pairs of chin-shields in con- tact with each other; fifty-one blackish rings round the trunk, broader than the groundwork between them, not confluent on the under surface, but running together on the back from behind the anterior third of the trunk. ‘Tail with eleven vertical blackish bars, confluent on the under surface. Length, snout to vent 36” 6'”; vent to tip of tail 3”. Hab. Sandheads, mouth of the Hughli river; Bay of Bengal. HypRopHIS SPIRALIS, Shaw; Gthr. /. ec. p. 366. I have received what appear to be two young specimens of this species from Pooree, Cuttack, measuring respectively 22 and 161 inches. The former has twenty-nine rows of scales round the neck. The scales are imbricate on the trunk, with a central tubercle. There are 332 ventrals, generally twice the size of the scales adjoining them; and almost all are undivided. The rostral, although it is well prolonged upwards, is broader than high. The third and fourth labials enter the orbit. There is only one postocular; and of the three temporals, the first is much the largest. Two pairs of chin- shields, the posterior bemg only slightly smaller than the anterior pair, and both are in contact. There is a black line from the rostral to the eye; but the rostral and the upper labial margin are yellowish white, and the whole under surface of the chin and throat are of the same colour. ‘The upper surface of the head, from the frontals to behind the occipitals, is blackish, but more or less spotted with dirty yellowish, a spot occurring in the centre of the vertical and of each occipital. A faint, short, blackish line from the angle of the mouth either backwards or slightly upwards ; fifty-nine black rings round the trunk, interrupted on the sides in the greater part of its extent, but perfect on the neck. These perfect or imperfect rings are broadest on the ventral surface, and on the neck they are con- nected with each other by a black line running along the ventrals. 398 DR. J. ANDERSON ON PERSIAN, [ Mar. 5, Where the dorsal and ventral segments are not connected, the latter form rather broad, almost cone-shaped markings; the upper sur- face corresponding to the dorsal segments is dark olive, owing to the basal half of each yellow scale being black. The lower half of the length of the snake is rather bright yellow; after the twelfth ring from the head there is a round black spot on the dorsal surface between the rings, one or two blanks occurring only here and there. The latter half of the tail is black. In the second specimen the shields of the head and scales are as those of the species; but I only count twenty-six rows of the latter round the neck, and 283 ventrals, which on the neck are rather more than twice as large as the neighbouring scales. The ventrals are undivided, and distinct throughout the whole length of the trunk. There is the black line from the rostral along the upper lip, the lower half of which is yellowish white, along with the chin, throat, and greater part of frontals; it is olive over the eye and temporals. From the posterior border of the frontals backwards to the hinder edge of the occiput, and including the two internal temporal shields, is black, with a faint yellowish spot in the centre of the vertical and each occipital. The trunk is encircled with forty perfect black rings, broadest on the back and ventral surface; on the latter region the rings are all connected with each other by a black longitudinal line twice the breadth of the ventral scales. One round, dorsal, black spot occurs between the second and third rings, but it is partially connected with the former. Between the sixth and seventh rings from the tail, another similar but separate spot occurs; and the colora- tion of the part of the body where it is placed represents exactly the coloration of the type of the species. The dorsal half of the body is coloured as in the former specimen ; but its ventral half is not so light in colour—a circumstance which may be due to its greater youth. Hyvropuis cantoris, Gthr. 1. c. p. 374. ° I have received a young Hydrophis (also from Puri, and measuring 202 inches in length) that fully agrees with Giinther’s diagnosis of the above species. The elongated neck is nearly one half of the total length of the snake; the rostral shield is much longer than broad, and produced backwards, its hinder margin being in a line with the posterior upper angle of the first labial. The third labial is in contact with the nasal. The third labial enters the orbit, while the fourth is subocular ; the postocular and two large temporals on each side of the elongated occipitals. ‘Two pairs of chin-shields in con- tact with each other. Twenty-six rows of scales round the neck ; 443 ventrals, those on the neck twice as large as the adjoining scales, and those on the compressed part of the body divided into two, or distinct, each with two central tubereles. Six small anal shields. Ilead and belly entirely black ; the body surrounded with fifty-three black transverse bands, nearly all of which are confluent with the black of the under surface, and many of them with each other on the back, so that the greenish yellow of the ground-colour forms large 1872.] HIMALAYAN, AND OTHER REPTILES. 399 oval lateral spots. The first fourteen black bands of the neck are not confluent aboye, but are separated from each other by light greenish-yellow bands half the width. On the posterior half of the thick part of the body the black bands extend only halfway down the side. The tail has eight black vertical bands; and the tip is black. The coloration is intermediate in this specimen to what Giinther describes it in the adult and young. HypRopuIs NIGRA, 0. sp. Neck but moderately slender, less than two thirds the length of the body. Head broader than neck, but long and oblong, with nearly straight sides, the preorbital breadth equalling the temporal diameter. Snout moderately long, broad and rounded, and rather spatulate. Rostral much broader than high (only feebly notched on its inferior surface), its posterior extremity being in a line with the rostro-labial suture. Nasals broader posteriorly than they are long. The third labial is not in contact with the nasal, and it enters the orbit, from which, however, it is almost excluded by the fourth labial. One postocular. The fifth and sixth labials are divided transversely. ‘Two temporals, of which the anterior is the largest. Two pairs of chin-shields, the anterior in contact, the shields of the posterior pair separated by an azygos scale. Thirty-two rows of scales round the body, slightly imbricate, and elongately hexagonal, smooth. Ventrals 248; the first twenty-five or so sometimes as large as the adjoining scales, which are rather small. They diminish in size as they are traced backwards, but nearly all remain distinct and undivided. Three pairs of anal shields, of which the outer are the largest. Uniform intense black, without any true markings. Length 19 inches, of which the tail is 2 inches; length from vent to occiput 7/5; breadth at angle of mouth zz; breadth before eyes +4; ; breadth in a line with nasal suture ;°;; snout to eye 53;; eye to angle of mouth 23 lines; angle of jaws to tip of snout 8 lines. Hab. Puri, Cuttack coast, India. Hypropuis crassicouzis, Anders. Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1871, p. 19. I have received another specimen of this snake from Puri. It measures 573 inches, and is slightly lighter-coloured than my first specimen, and with the transverse bands much narrower. The upper surface of the head is coloured as in the type; but the chin and labials have a clear gamboge-yellow tint, and from the angle of the mouth there is a distinct similarly coloured yellow line passing backwards to the yellow longitudinal area of the side. The under- surface, except where the transverse black bands occur, is a clear, warm, yellowish white. I count 326 ventrals, and twenty-six rows of scales round the neck. HypROpPHIS STEWARTII, 0. sp. The neck moderately long and slender, and the head rather short 400 DR. J. ANDERSON ON PERSIAN, (Mar. 5, and not much broader than the neck; the remainder of the body much compressed. Rostral considerably broader than high. The nasals as broad posteriorly as their common suture is long. The third and fourth labials enter the orbit, the former not being in contact with the nasal. Three temporals, the anterior being the largest. Two postoculars. Vertical much pointed behind. Occi- pitals long and narrow. Two almost quadrangular chin-shields in contact with each other. Thirty-three rows of scales round the neck. The scales hexagonal, not imbricate, with a feeble central tubercle. Ventrals 387, smooth, the first forty on the neck being about four times as large as the adjoining scales, those behind them becoming small and narrow as they are traced backwards, and hardly discernible on the last 6 inches of the trunk. Two pairs of small scale-like anals. Tail broad and markedly dilating from its root. Lips yellowish; upper surface of head, upper half of neck, and dorsal two fifths of compressed portion of body greenish olive ; undersurface of head and all the remaining portion of the neck and body salmon-coloured. Fifty-seven very obscure darker olive, al- most black rhomboidal bars on the dark dorsal area, and not extend- ing on to the light-coloured sides. The tail pale greenish olive, mottled and tipped with black. Length 38” 3’, of which the tail constitutes 2" 8"; girth round neck 2 inches, behind head 2” 5'” ;~greatest depth of body (5 inches before tail) 1’ 8'"; greatest thickness at last-mentioned point 6'” ; thickness at upper margin of lower third in same locality 3°" ; thick- ness at ventral margin 3” 2’; snout to occiput 11’; breadth across gape 7". Hab. Puri, Cuttack. HypROPHIS VIPERINA, Schmidt; Gthr. J. ¢. p. 378. I have received a specimen of this snake, also from Puri, with thirty-two rows of scales round the neck and with 268 ventrals. The first thirty-five or forty ventrals are six times as large as the adjoming scales. Beyond these the ventrals decrease in size, and ultimately are not much larger than ordinary scales. The third labial does not reach the orbit, below which are the fourth and fifth lip-shields. The latter labial and the sixth and seventh are trans- versely divided, as is also the first large temporal on the right side. The nasals are broader posteriorly than they are long; and the dimensions of the vertical in these directions hold a similar relation to each other. Two posterior temporals. Scales keeled. The upper surface of the head and of the body generally is dark olive, without any trace of spots or markings of any kind ; and the sides, upper lips, and under surface are yellowish. Length 293 inches, of which the tail is 3 inches; snout to occiput € inch; breadth across gape = inch; breadth in a line with posterior margin of nasals 4 inch. I have received another specimen, which appears to be the young of this species. It measures 134 inches, of which the tail forms 1872. ] HIMALAYAN, AND OTHER REPTILES. 401 1 inch. It has, however, thirty-two rows of scales round the neck, 240 ventrals, and three preeanal shields on one side and two on the other. It has twenty-six black rhombic spots on the back, continued as vertical bars on to the sides, and confluent on the ventral shields, which are wholly black and six times as large as the neighbouring scales, which are smooth. It has on either side a minute detached preeocular. I have received from Muscat, Areh'a, another specimen of this Species, measuring 27 inches, of which the tail forms 28, with 238 ventrals and twenty-six rows of keeled scales round the neck. Two other specimens from Puri have been sent to this Museum since the above was written; and I am inclined to regard both as forms of H. viperina. They are young, and measure respectively 133 inches, of which the tail forms 2 inch, and 118, of which the tail is 13 inch. The first specimen has twenty-eight rows of scales round the neck and 267 ventral shields, while the second has twenty- nine cervical rows and 255 ventrals. Both have three pairs of anal shields ; but as the condition of these shields in the above-mentioned young specimen would appear to indicate that these structures are variable in their number, too much importance cannot be attached to their numerical increase in the specimens under consideration as compared with the type. The third labial does not enter the orbit. On one side in one specimen there are two preoculars. The first tem- poral, on both sides in one specimen and on one side in another, is considerably higher than broad; while on the remaining side of the last and on both sides of the former a narrow temporal, longer than high, is separated, as it were, from the great anterior temporal. These three young specimens were caught at one haul of a net, which would appear to indicate that the young of this species swim in shoals. When adult Hydrophides are caught in the net, there are, as a rule, always two or three of a species. As one of these young snakes killed a chicken that it was made to bite, the species would appear to be endowed with an active poison. HyprROpuIs JERDONI, Gray; Gthr. J. c. p. 362. I have received a specimen from Puri measuring 38 inches in length, the tail measuring 4 inches. ENHYDRINA VALACADYEN, Boie. One specimen, from Puri, with a divided postocular on one side. CROTALID. TRIMERESURUS MONTICOLA, Gthr. Katmandoo, Nepaul. Hatys armarayanus, Gthr. I have received a Pit-viper from Goduk which may be provision- ally referred to the above species. It has, however, its anterior frontals in a straight transverse line, as in H. pallasi, and only the Proc. Zoou. Soc.— 1872, No. XXVI. 402 DR. J. ANDERSON ON PERSIAN, [ Mar. 5, second large temporal confluent with the sixth labial. In these characters it is intermediate between the two species. I have another specimen before me with the divergent anterior frontals of HH. himalayanus; but it has only the sixth labial confluent with the middle temporal. In the first-mentioned specimen the anterior are nearly as large as the posterior frontals; but in the second they are considerably smaller than the hinder frontals, which are more or less pointed anteriorly. If this individual had had its small anterior frontals in a straight transverse line, with only one temporal entering the lip, it might with equal propriety have been referred to one or other of the two species. The bearing of these variations is appa- rent. The colouring is as described in the ‘Reptiles of British India.’ BATRACHIA SALIENTA. RANA ESCULENTA, Linn. Vomerine teeth in a transverse row between the inner nostrils. These specimens have the membrane reaching to the extremity of the outer margin of the first, second, and third toes and to the end of the inner margin of the fifth. The third and fifth toes are nearly equal, the last being, if any thing, longer than the first-mentioned ; but to all practical purposes they may be regarded as equal. The fourth is one third longer than the third and fifth. The internal tubercle is oblong and laterally compressed, and of moderate size ; the external tubercle round and obscure. The lateral glandular fold is never pale-coloured ; and the dorsal white line occurs in four out of twelve specimens. The dark band along the cauthus rostralis and over the tympanum can be faintly detected in a few. There are no true dorsal glandular folds; but the back is covered with rounded, not prominent, glandular spots. General colour dark olive, profusely or sparsely covered with black spots; the limbs either banded or black-spotted. Some spe- cimens have the under surface of the hind limbs with one or two black spots ; while others have a much larger number, and the spots of the side extending on to the belly, while the whole of the under surface is more or less very obscurely apparently reticulated with blackish, but so faintly that it is hardly noticeable. These specimens are larger than the European examples of the species, seven out of the twelve exceeding 3 inches, the largest mea- suring 4” 1" from the snout to the vent, and the hind limb 6" 7'". Hab. Shiraz, Persia. RANA CYANOPHLYCTIS, Schneid. Hab. Katmandoo, Nepaul. RaNA GRACILIS, Wiegm. Hab. Katmandoo, Nepaul. Buro vrripis, Laur. I have received seven specimens of this species from Shiraz, 1872.] HIMALAYAN, AND OTHER REPTILES. 403 Persia. The largest is a very characteristically and highly marked specimen, measuring 3" 11" in length, and the hind limb 4” 3’”. The coloration is exactly that of Laurenti’s figure*. The others are young, and their colours are comparatively dull, the spots fewer and even proportionally smaller than in the adult. The Museum collector also gathered, in the Himalayas, on his way to Ladak, seven specimens of a toad agreeing in every way with the young specimens from Shiraz. This species, however, had been previously obtained at Simla by Dr. Stoliczka. Hy orana ERYTHRA, Schl.; Gthr. U. ¢. p. 425. I have received a young specimen of this frog from the Garo Hills, to the east of the Brahmaputra. The area between the two glandular lines is deep black; and there is a narrow black band along the dorsal margin of the uppermost glandular fold from above the eye to the side of the vent. The posterior surface of the fore and hind limbs marbled with deep brownish, a light line from the vent along the back of the thigh. In all its other characters it agrees with the characters given by Giinther. Length of body 1" 3'"; vent to heel 112’”. This species appears to extend as far west as Eastern Bengal, the fauna of which is decidedly much more Malayan than Indian pro- perly so called. PoLyPEDATES ANNECTENS, Jerdon, Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1870, p. 83, 84; Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 210. I have received twelve specimens of this handsome species from the southern slopes of the Shillong plateau of the Khasia hills. The largest specimen measures as follows :— Snout to vent 1 7'"; vent to tip of fourth toe 2” 63'"; vent to knee 83'"; knee to heel 83’"; heel to tip of fourth toe 1" J"; length of fourth toe 8'". These measurements of the hind limb show the difference of only 7 of a line between the dimensions of it and of the specimen formerly described by me. RHACOPHORUS MACULATUs, Anders. Rhacophorus reinwardtii, Jerdon, Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1870, p. 84. Rhacophorus maculatus, Anders. Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xl. po 2s: This Museum has received seven other specimens of this frog from Shillong, on the Khasia hills. They in no way differ from the ori- ginal specimens from which the species was described. Hya ArsoreA, Linn. The specimens from the undermentioned locality have the dark lateral streak narrow and margined by a broader yellowish-white line. A dark transverse band over the vent, margined above with a pale band similar to the former. A pale dark streak from the knee * Syn. Rept. p. 111, pl i. fig. 1. 404 MR. £E. W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [ Mar. 5, along the outer side of the leg to the fifth toe, margined posteriorly with pale yellowish. No spots. The membrane of the fingers very rudimentary ; the toes two thirds webbed. Hab. Rehst, Caspian Sea. EpicriuM GLUTINOSUM, Linn. There is a median longitudinal fold from the symphysis of the lower jaw backwards as far as the length of the gape behind the angle of the mouth, abruptly defined posteriorly by a transverse fold separate and distinct from the body-folds but only reaching the sides. About halfway between it and the angle of the mouth there is another permanent fold that nearly encircles the body, but is inter- rupted behind the occiput. Anterior to this fold there is a short indistinct transverse fold on the throat, slightly posterior to the angle of the mouth. The upper and under parts are not black, as described by Giinther, but a rich slaty blue, the lateral line, however, being yellow. When- ever the specimens are removed from spirit they become dark brown, almost black. I have received this species from Goalpara, Assam, and from Shillong, in the Khasia hills. 6. Catalogue of the Birds found in Ceylon; with some Remarks on their Habits and Local Distribution, and Descriptions of two New Species peculiar to the Island. By E. W. H. Hotpsworty, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c. [Received February 21, 1872.] (Plates XVII.-XX.) In the following Catalogue I have endeavoured to give a correct account of what is known at the present time of the birds resident in and visiting Ceylon. I have included no species about which there appears to be any doubt, except in a few cases; and in those cases I have mentioned the grounds on which their reported occurrence seems likely to be true. The latest original list of Ceylon birds is that comprised in Mr. EK. L. Layard’s valuable and generally trustworthy ‘‘ Notes on the Ornithology of Ceylon” published in the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for 1853-54. Since that time there has been hardly any one in Ceylon who has given systematic attention to the avifauna of the island; and in the preparation of this Catalogue the considerable collection of birds made by myself and Mr. Layard’s ** Notes”? have been the principal materials I have had at my command. I have been able, however, to make use of the extensive knowledge of eastern birds possessed by Lord Walden, the President of this Society, and his large collection of specimens, both of which J.Smit hth M&N Hanhart imp A 6 Jus Po hoale7 2 PL AV J. Smit lith . M&NHanhart imp T] BRACHYPIERYX. PALRISGERT, Smt hith MAN Harihaxt amp PZ.S.1872.PL.XX. J.Smit lith M&N Hanhart imp 1.ZOSTEROPS PALPEBROSUS ee ai er 8 aa CEYLONENSIS. 1872.] MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 405 have been most kindly placed at my service; and they have been of great assistance to me in determining questions of species and nomen- clature. I am glad also to acknowledge the help I have received from Mr. J. H. Gurney, Mr. Edmund Harting, Mr. Howard Saunders, and others, in the different groups of birds to which those gentlemen have given their special attention. Mr. Layard’s industry during his eight years’ residence in Ceylon resulted in more than doubling the number of birds known in the island ; and he did not leave much for his successors to find out in the low country, where he principally worked. His list included 315 species ; but I have found it necessary to omit a few which appear to have been wrongly identified or to have been recorded by the late Dr. Kelaart on doubtful evidence. I have added 25 species which have been met with during the last few years, and among them two birds hitherto undescribed, making altogether 325 species which apparently have a good claim to be regarded as belonging to the avifauna of Ceylon. The number of birds not hitherto recognized out of Ceylon is remarkably large considering its small extent of country (equal to only five sixths of the size of Ireland). A few species at one time thought to be peculiar to the island have since been recognized, or are believed to be found, in India or Malacca; but, so far as is known, the following 37 species are exclusively confined to Ceylon, and are pretty evenly divided between the low country and the hills, most of them, however, being found only in the southern half of the island. They form one ninth of the known Ceylon species. BIRDS PECULIAR TO CEYLON. Athene castaneonota. Geocichla layardt. Tockus gingalensis. Merula kinnist. Paleornis calthrope. Oreocincla spiloptera. Loriculus indicus. Aleippe nigrifrons. Chrysocolaptes stricklandi. Drymocataphus fuscocapillus. Brachypternus ceylonus. Pomatorhinus melanurus. Megalaima zeylanica. Layardia rufescens. flavifrons. Garrulax cinereifrons. Xantholema rubricapilla. Rubigula melanictera. Centropus chlororhynchos. Drymoipus validus. Pheenicophaés pyrrhocephalus. Zosterops ceylonensis. Prionochilus vincens*. Cissa ornata. Eumyias sordida. Temenuchus senex. Erythrosterna hyperythra. Lulabes ptilogenys. Buchanga minor. Munia kelaarti. leucopygialis. Palumbus torringtonia. Dissemurus lophorhinus. Gallus stanleyt. Brachypteryx pallisert. Galloperdix bicalearata. Arrenga blighi. * Recently discovered by Mr. Legge, R.A. A notice of this species is given in a postscript to this Catalogue. 406 MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 5, Excepting Phenicophaés and Prionochilus, which are quite Malay forms, all these peculiar Ceylon species belong to genera found in India. Most of these genera range from India more or less to the countries east of it; and the nearest allies of Cissa ornata are almost confined to Eastern Asia. I have not included Batrachostomus moniliger or Kelaartia pent- cillata among the species peculiar to Ceylon, as they are believed to be found also in South India; and I have likewise omitted Malacocerecus striatus, as I much doubt its distinctness from M. malabaricus. Geographical distribution.—In this Catalogue I have given ap- proximately the geographical range of most of the species found m Ceylon, from which it will be observed that all those not peculiar to the island are, with very few exceptions, known in India ; the majority of them extend to Burmah, many of them to some of the Malay islands and China, and a few to Australia. Goisachius melunolophus is a remarkable example of a common Malaccan species having four times been found in Ceylon, and, strangely enough, only on the west side of the island, although it has not yet been observed on the adjoining Indian continent. A converse example exists in Hirundo hyperythra, of which one or two specimens have been brought from Malacea, that species being otherwise considered quite peculiar to, as it is abundant in, Ceylon. The Ceylon birds which range to the westward of India belong to species of generally wide distribution, and consist principally of Raptorial, Grallatorial, and Natatorial forms; the exceptions being examples of Hirundo, Cypselus, Halcyon, Ceryle, Cuculus, Cisti- cola, and Pyrrhulauda. Of the species which extend to Australia those belonging to Calo- bates, Strepsilas, and Terekia are of very wide distribution ; the Ceylon species of Haliaétus, Excalfactoria, Charadrius, Aigialitis, and Mycteria have a considerable range east and south-east of India ; and Attagen minor and Sterna gracilis seem alone to be, so far as is known, especially Australian. Indian families absent from Ceylon.—The Vulturide, Eurylai- mide, Pteroclide, Otidide, Glareolide, Gruide, and Mergide, all families included in the Indian avifauna, have no recognized repre- sentatives in Ceylon. Of the Vultwride, one species breeds so far south as the Neilgherries ; but Ceylon agrees with the Indian archi- pelago and the countries south of continental Asia in having no Vulture. The Zurylaimide have their stronghold on the eastern side of the Bay of Bengal and in the Malay islands; and a repre- sentative of this family may yet be found in Ceylon. It is also not improbable that stragglers of the common South-Indian species of Pteroclide and Otidide may one day be met with in the north of the island. Glareola may likewise be looked for ; but the Gruide and Mergide are not likely to range so far south. Position and Character of the Island.—Without entering into the question of whether Ceylon was originally a continuous portion of India or formed part of a lost Malay continent, as believed by the late Sir J. Emerson Tennent, it may be desirable to point out the 1872.] MR. E. W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 407 principal features of the country as it now stands. Its position (be- tween 6° and 10° N. lat.) is almost equatorial. Practically it is an island about 35 miles (at its least distance on the extreme north) from India, increasing to nearly 60 miles at the connecting sandbank of Adam’s Bridge, and to about 150 miles between Colombo and Cape Comorin. It possesses the character of a true oceanic island in having deep water (no bottom at 150 fathoms) within a very few miles of the land all round the coast, excepting only between Adam’s Bridge and Point Pedro, the parts of the island nearest to India. The water shoals abruptly on the south side of Adam’s Bridge, and has only a depth of a few fathoms north of it until it passes the line between the north point of Ceylon and the nearest part of India, whence it gradually deepens into the Bay of Bengal. Adam’s Bridge, the narrow connecting-link between Ceylon and India, and said to be of comparative recent formation, consists of sandstone covered with loose sand, which is alternately beaten up on and removed from the north and south sides by the sea and wind during the successive north- east and south-west monsoons. It terminates on the Indian side in the island of Ramisseram, between which and the continent is the well- known Paumben Channel. On the Ceylon side the bridge ends in the island of Mannar, which is separated from the mainland by a consider- able expanse of shallow water or mud banks, according to the state of the tide, with a narrow winding channel deep enough for the passage of small native vessels. The bridge itself has also several narrow openings or “‘scours”’ at different parts, so that, although Ceylon is virtually connected with India by means of Adam’s Bridge, it may be regarded as practically distinct, and, as might be expected, it has species peculiar to itself in all the great divisions of the animal king- dom. Its length is 271 miles and its greatest breadth 137 miles. For ornithological purposes Ceylon may be divided into two parts —the northern and southern halves, the northern portion being, with the exception of a few isolated hills, entirely low country; this is continued throughout the maritime districts of the south; and the whole coast is surrounded by a narrow belt of sandy beach. The low country generally is extensively laid out with paddy-fields; but there are large tracts in the northern half of the island which are still in the normal condition of forest, or, from the poverty of the soil or the scarcity of rain, are only occasionally cultivated, and support a scattered growth of bushy jungle rarely attaining the character of forest. This last was the nature of the country round Aripo, where I spent a good deal of time and obtained a great number of the commoner birds. At the north and on the north-east side there are large lagoons or backwaters, the resort of countless Waders ; and there and on the inland lakes or tanks (as they are generally called) Ducks and Terns of various kinds are abundant in winter, and many other birds at all seasons. The avifauna of the northern half of the island is quite Indian in its character. The east and south-east parts also contain a good deal of wild country ; they are thinly populated, and are visited the least by Europeans. One district is the home of the few remaining Veddahs, the supposed aborigines of Ceylon, who, 408 MR. E. WwW. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 5, although almost savages compared with the rest of the natives, are said to retain the honourable distinction of high caste. The extreme south and south-west are generally well cultivated ; and paddy-fields and cocoa-nut plantations are general in that part of the country. The mountain-districts lie almost in the centre of the southern half of the island; and in this half, at various elevations ranging from sea-level to 8000 feet, are found by far the greater number of the peculiar Ceylon birds. A conspicuous feature of the Ceylon hills is the luxuriant vegetation which clothes them from their foot to the tops of the highest ranges ; and although masses of rock may be seen here and there projecting from the mountain-sides, even these are largely covered with ferns and creeping plants. The mountain region may be divided ornithologically into the lower and upper hills. The country up to between 1500 and 1600 feet, the elevation of Kandy, is only partly cultivated ; and its diversified character provides suitable habitats for a great variety of birds. This is particularly the case in the neighbourhood of Kandy, where there is some really wild jungle, in which some of the rarer hill species as well as low- country birds are found at certain seasons. From the elevation of Kandy to about 5000 feet are the coffee- districts ; and where this cultivation is general the number of birds is small, and they are found mostly at the higher and lower boundaries of the estates. If, however, the soil be unsuited for coffee and the jungle remain uncleared, birds are numerous, and many of the pecu- liar kinds, Athene castaneonota, Paleornis calthrope, &c., may be met with. These lower hills are the great resort for the passerine immigrants; and birds of prey abound there. From 5000 to 8200 feet (the highest point in the island) constitutes what I shall have frequent occasion to speak of as the upper hills. They are almost entirely covered with tree jungle, with a dense undergrowth of “‘nilloo” (Strobilanthes), small straggling bamboo, tree ferns, and a variety of other plants. These hills are the great stronghold of the Sambur Deer; and Elephants and Leopards mount to their summits. Nuwara Eliya, the sanatorium of the island and a place where I have collected largely, is at an elevation of 6000 feet, and lies in a narrow plain, the houses being mostly scattered along the sides at the foot of the sur- rounding jungle-covered hills. The birds found in this locality and the neighbouring district are not numerous in species ; but they are mostly of kinds peculiar to the island, and include Chrysocolaptes stricklandi, Brachypteryx palliseri, Cissa ornata, Zosterops ceylon- ensis, and several others, whose range does not generally extend far below the upper hills. Migratory Birds.—The migration of birds within and into Ceylon is a subject about which there is still a great deal to be learnt ; but, owing to the absence of observers, there is little reason to expect much trustworthy information will be gained for some time. The migra- tions take place at the changes of the monsoons. The S.W. monsoon blows steadily and for the most part strongly from April to October on the west side of the island. In October there is a lull for a few days between the two winds. It is the season for cyclones in the 1872.] | MR. E. W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 409 Bay of Bengal; and then very often there is stormy weather on the Ceylon coast. At the first decided indication of the N.E. monsoon setting in, the true migratory birds begin to appear; they are gene- rally first seen in the north and north-west of the island, and gra- dually extend over the western side and to the hills. At the same time there is a large influx of resident species to these parts of the country, which during this N.E. monsoon are less exposed to the violence of the wind than in the other season. There is no positive evidence whence these birds come; but I think there can be little doubt that it is from the eastern side and some parts of the central districts. Many of them are certainly found there during the S.W. monsoon; but no continuous observations have been made on the eastern side, and there is little known of what resident Ceylon species are to be met with there at any particular season. It being a great game country, Europeans who visit the eastern jungles devote their time more to sporting than to natural history. I may give an instance showing that there must be a good deal yet to be done in certain parts of the country. In February 1871 I obtained at Nuwara Eliya two specimens of a Flycatcher (Lrythrosterna hyperythra) of which the type specimen in the Berlin Museum, obtained in 1866, was the only one known; it came from the Ceylon hills; but that species is certainly not found in the hill districts during a great part of the year, and yet it has not been observed elsewhere*. Towards the close of February the N.E. monsoon comes to an end, and is followed by five or six weeks of fine calm weather before the usually stormy burst of the S.W. monsoon. The migratory birds now take their departure, and many species resident in the island leave its western side. A Tern, however, in immature plumage and believed to be Sterna gra- cilis has only been observed on the Ceylon coast in summer; but as the Ceylon summer is at the same time as the Australian winter, the fact of this Tern being found at Colombo in July is an additional reason for believing it to be that Australian species. I have also only seen Frigate-birds during the summer; but Mr. Layard has recorded their occurrence in February. With respect to the breeding-season for Ceylon birds it is difficult to fix any definite rule. The climate in the low country is always hot and damp, and birds of some species or other are nesting throughout the year. In many cases the breeding-time appears to depend on the monsoons ; but I believe it often varies with the same species in different parts of the island. On the upper hiils, where there is the nearest approach to a cold season of any part of Ceylon, and where the midday tropical heat is succeeded by cold nights and, in January and February, by severe frost, the breeding-season follows the rule in temperate climates and usually begins about April; in other parts of the country either nesting or moulting appears to be always going on. From what I have said of the character of the country it will be evident that Ceylon possesses, in its swamps, jungles, forests, rivers, and coasts, the conditions suitable for the existence of a great variety * See No. 127, footnote. 410 MR. E. W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 5, of birds; the waters on the coast and inland swarm with fishes ; the country is alive with insects and reptiles ; and vegetation is most luxu- riant in its growth; food of all kinds abounds ; and there is no winter in the low country. It is no wonder, therefore, that species and individuals are numerous; but although I have, I believe, been able to add something to the good work done by Mr. Layard, the subject is yet. far from being exhausted, and much remains to be done in examining the eastern side of the island generally, in discriminating many of the wading birds, and in working out the Terns and other birds found on the coast. In this Catalogue I have followed Jerdon’s arrangement of the species as given in his ‘ Birds of India,’ and have adopted the names he uses, except in a few cases where older titles may be more pro- perly employed. 1. FaLco PEREGRINUS, Gmelin. Europe, Asia. 2. FALCO PEREGRINATOR, Sund. Ceylon, India, W. Asia. 3. Hyrorriorcu!s CHICQUERA, Daud. Ceylon, India. These species are recorded by Layard as found in Ceylon ; but they have not come under my notice. 3 bis. HyporriIoRcuis SEVERUS, Horsf. In a collection of birds sent home by Mr. S. Bligh, and consisting entirely of hill species shot by himself in one of the coffee-districts, is an undoubted specimen of the Indian Hobby, an unexpected addi- tion to the list of Ceylon birds. It was killed whilst hawking after dragonflies. Ceylon, N. India, Malacca, Java, Philippines. 4, TINNUNCULUS ALAUDARIUS, Gmel. The Kestrel is widely distributed in Ceylon; I have seen it, how- ever, most frequently in the northern part of the island, and a pair of these birds for many weeks frequented a small clump of cocoa-nut palms near my house at Aripo. I have also observed it at Nuwara Eliya during winter ; and it is often met with in the coffee-districts. Although probably a migrant, it certainly spends several months in Ceylon. Europe, Asia. 5. ASTUR TRIVIRGATUS, Temm. This is a hill species, and not very uncommon. I have examined specimens of the bird in Ceylon, and have now before me a very good one killed by Mr. Forbes Laurie. Mountains in Ceylon and India. 1872.) MR. E. W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 411 6. Micronisus BADIus, Gmelin. Said by Layard to be very common and widely distributed in Ceylon. I have identified several specimens of it. Ceylon, India, Burmah, Malaya, Hainan. 7. ACCIPITER VIRGATUS, Temm. I have a specimen of this Sparrow-Hawk from the lower hills. Layard does not mention this species ; but it may possibly have been the one recorded by Kelaart as 4. nisws, which I have no reason to think has been found in Ceylon. Bul dark bluish ; irides yellow; feet yellow. Ceylon, India, Burmah, Malaya, Formosa. 8. AQuILA PENNATA, Gmelin. Recorded by Layard. Ceylon, India, W. Asia, N. Africa, S. Europe. 9. NEOPUS MALAIENSIS, Reinw. Tolerably numerous in the hill country, and well known in the coffee-districts. I have seen several skins in different states of plumage, which were obtained from the hills around Kandy. Ceylon, India, Burmah, Malaya. 10. NisaETUS BONELLI, Temm. Recorded by Layard as having been obtained by the late Dr. Templeton, R.A. Ceylon, India. 11. LimMNAETUS CRISTATELLUS, Temm. This noble bird, mentioned by Layard under the name of Spi- zaétus limnactus, Horsf., is well known in the hill country, and not unfrequently visits the poultry-yards of the coffee-planters. I have seen it on many occasions at Nuwara Eliya, and listened to its squealing cry as it soared in wide circles over the plain. In the beginning of 1871 I procured a fine living specimen, and shipped it at Colombo for the Society’s Gardens; but it died soon after the vessel sailed. The feet and claws in this species are very powerful. Mountainous parts of Ceylon and India. 12, LiMNAETUS NIPALENSIS, Hodgson. Recorded by Layard as having been procured by the late Dr. Kelaart on the hills, at an elevation of 4000 feet. It is remarkable that this species should be found in Ceylon, as in India it is only known from the northern hills; but Mr. Blyth tells me that he identified Dr. Kelaart’s specimen, and has no doubt of its being the true L. nipalensis, Hodgs. No other example of this bird has been recognized in Ceylon. Ceylon, N. Indian hills, Formosa, Japan. 412 MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 5, 13. SprtorNis BACHA, Daudin. Generally distributed over the island, frequenting trees on the margin of tanks and marshy places in the low country, and near open grass-land among forest-jungle on the hills. One specimen, which I shot near Aripo, disgorged a Tree-snake (Passerita) more than 3 feet long and nearly uninjured. Another, obtained at Nu- wara Eliya, fell to the shot as if mortally wounded, although only slightly injured in one wing; it soon recovered, and became suffi- ciently tame to feed from my hand. I was fortunately enabled to bring the bird with me to England; and it is now alive in the Society’s Gardens. S. spilogaster, Blyth, from Ceylon, is now recognized as the im- mature condition of S. dacha; and there is no doubt that the Hematornis cheela, recorded by Layard as common in Ceylon, may also be referred to the same species. Bill dusky ; irides golden yellow; cere, legs, and feet dull yellow. Ceylon, 8. India, Andamans, Malaya. 14. PaANDION HALIAETUS, Linn. Rare in Ceylon, and I have only seen it on one occasion ; it was perched on a buoy in Galle Harbour; and I was able to watch it from a short distance for a considerable time. Lord Walden has two specimens of it from Ceylon. Europe, Asia, Africa. 15. PoLioaérus 1cHTHYAiTUS, Horsf. This Eagle I have only seen in the north of the island, where it is not uncommon near the coast. I shot an immature specimen at Aripo in November 1866. The irides were brown, but Jerdon states (App. B. of Ind. iii. p. 869) that in the adult bird they are pale yellow. Bill black ; “rides pale yellow ;” feet yellowish white. Ceylon, India, Burmah, Malaya. 16. Haurairus (CUNCUMA) LEUCOGASTER, Gmelin. This is the common Sea-Eagle of Ceylon, and is probably found all round the island, although I do not remember having observed it at the extreme south. It may occasionally be seen soaring over Colombo Harbour and the adjoining lake; but further north, in the neighbourhood of Aripo and Mannar, several pairs of these noble birds may generally be found, each generally in its own district, and rarely wandering far away. In the strait separating the island of Mannar, at the east end of Adam’s Bridge, from the mainland of Cevlon, the narrow channel for the passage of boats in the midst of the expanse of shallow water around is marked here and there with stakes ; and on these may generally be seen perched one or two pairs of this Eagle, and sometimes a pair of Polioaétus ichthyaétus. As the receding tide lays bare the extensive banks of soft mud on each side the Eagles keep a sharp look-out for the crabs, which are abun- dant just at the edge of the water, and, pouncing on their prey, sail 1872.| MR. E.W.H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 413 off to some favourite tree, where the hard shell of the crab is broken up and the animal devoured. One of these stations, further down the coast, was on the cross-trees of a government flagstaff at Aripo ; and the ground below was always littered with crab-shells and fish- bones, the remains of many a meal provided from the refuse of the fishermen’s nets, which were hauled in on the beach close by. Sea- snakes (Hydrophis) are said to be a favourite food of this species ; and these reptiles are abundant on the Pearl-Oyster banks nine or ten miles off the Aripo coast ; but I have never observed the Eagles so far from the land. A curious instance came to my knowledge of this bird having apparently thriven on most unnatural food. My friend, Dr. Boake, the late Principal of Queen’s College, Colombo, once pointed out to me an example of this Eagle of full size, but in immature plumage. It had been recently brought to him by a native, who said he had reared the bird in his own hut. In answer to an inquiry as to what he had fed the bird on, he said “rice and curry.” This is the universal food of the natives; and dogs and cats appear to thrive as well upon it; but that a Sea-Eagle should have been reared on such food seemed incredible. However, the matter was soon tested by a supply of rice and curry being given to the bird; and the statement of the native was quickly confirmed by the rapid disappearance of the whole of the food. The next day some fish was given, and the Eagle, once having tasted it, could never afterwards be induced to touch rice and curry. In a male example of this Sea-Eagle which I shot at Aripo I found the liver of an enormous size, covering the whole of the pec- toral and a great part of the abdominal regions. Bill dusky blue; cere yellow ; irides brown ; feet yellowish white. Ceylon, India, Burmah, Malaya, Australia. 16 dis. BurEo DESERTORUM, Daudin. Lord Walden has received a single specimen of this Buzzard from Ceylon. Ceylon, India, Persia, S. Europe, Africa. 17. Circus swarnsontl, A. Smith. Common in the Aripo district throughout the year; and I have frequently seen it at Nuwara Eliya in July and August. The pale rump of the brown birds attracts attention as they hunt backwards and forwards over the open country. Bill black ; irides yellow ; feet yellow. Asia, Africa. 18. Crrcus cINERACEUs, Montagu. I have only identified this species on one occasion; it was killed near Colombo. Although probably not uncommon in Ceylon, it is certainly not so numerous there as the last species. Bill black ; irides yellow; feet yellow. Europe, Asia, Africa. 414 MR. £E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [ Mar. 5, 19. Crrcus MELANOLEUCOs, Forster. This species was first described from, and has since been identified as a visitor to Ceylon; but I have never met with it. Layard pro- cured it on the west coast. Ceylon, India, Tientsin. 20. Circus ZRuGINosus, Linn. This Harrier is probably only an occasional visitor to Ceylon. I observed a pair of these birds near Aripo in January 1870; and after several ineffectual attempts to get near them, I at last suc- ceeded in shooting the female, a handsome specimen, with grey wings and tail. Layard does not appear to have met with this species ; but it is included doubtfully in the list of birds in Tennent’s ‘ Natural History of Ceylon.’ Bill black ; irides and cere yellow; feet deep yellow. Europe, Asia. 21. Haxrastur inpvus, Bodd. Common on the coast, especially on the northern half of the island. Specimens in various states of plumage were obtained at Aripo. I have also seen it at Colombo and Trincomalie. Ceylon, India, Borneo. 22. Miivus GovinpaA, Sykes. This bird has very much the same habits and distribution in Ceylon as the last species. Neither of them, however, frequents the towns so much as they both do in India. In early morning at Aripo I have seen a flock of fifty or sixty Pariah Kites, in company with about a dozen of the other species, eagerly clutching at and feeding on the winged Termites which were rising in a cloud from an ant- hill not far from my house. The Crows were busily engaged on the same work, but kept at a respectful distance, apparently not liking to join in the general scramble going on among their more powerful neighbours, the Kites. Ceylon, India, Burmah, Malaya, Andamans, China, Formosa, Hainan. Note.—There are two, perhaps three, closely allied species of Kite found in India, the smallest of which, Mr. Gurney tells me, is iden- tical with M. affinis of Australia; and there is some doubt as to which is best entitled to the specific name of govinda. As it is not quite clear to which of these the Ceylon birds belong, the above geographical range may not be strictly correct. 23. PERNIS PTILORHYNCHUS, Temm. Given by Jerdon as P. cristata, Cuvier. I had an opportunity of seeing this bird alive in Ceylon; and Mr. Forbes Laurie has recently shown me a good specimen which he shot on the hills. Lord Walden has also received examples of it from Ceylon. Mr. Laurie’s spe- cimen agrees pretty closely in dimensions with those given by 1872.] MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 415 Jerdon ; but Mr. Gurney tells me that the birds from Ceylon are usually larger than those from India. Although this bird is well known from Ceylon, it appears not to have been hitherto recorded from that island. Ceylon, India, Burmah to Malaya. 24. Baza LoPHOTEs, Cuy. Not very numerous, but has been found both in the low country and on the hills. I have seen specimens from the Kandy district. Ceylon, India. 25. ELANUS MELANOPTERUS, Daud. I have only seen specimens of this handsome bird from the hills, where locally it is not uncommon. Layard obtained it in the low country. Ceylon, India, part of Africa, S. Europe. 26. Srrrx mnpica, Blyth. Formerly included in S. javanica, De Wurmb., which Jerdon has recently (Ibis, 1871) stated to be more nearly allied to S. candida, Tickell. §. indica is very local in Ceylon, and is entirely confined to the north of the island. Layard gave the fort of Jaffna as the only locality for it; but I have since obtained it at Aripo, where a pair of these Owls were resident. They frequented a government storehouse in my compound, each regularly perching in a dark corner under the roof, at opposite ends of the long building, and apparently living in harmony with the hundreds of Bats which hung from the roof and walls around. I have never observed these birds out of doors until some time after sunset. Bill horny yellow; irides black ; feet yellowish brown. Ceylon, India. 27. SyRNIUM INDRANEE, Sykes. This bird is found in the low country in the northern half of the island and on the lower hills; but although well known to and dreaded by the natives as a bird of ill omen, it does not appear to be anywhere numerous. Doubts have been expressed as to whether the so-called “ Devil-bird”’ is really an Owl; but I have frequently questioned the native hunters about the bird, which is so notorious in Ceylon for its horrible cries; and they have described it in such terms as to leave no doubt in my mind about its being an Owl, and probably of this species. I have only seen specimens of it from the Kandy district ; but it has been found in several parts of the island, and I once had an opportunity of hearing the bird under very favourable circumstances near Aripo. I was lying out in wild jungle about eight miles from my house, and five from the nearest native village, watching for Bears. It was bright moonlight; the Nightjars had long ceased their churring notes, and there was an almost unnatural stillness around—the midnight silence of the jungle, only occasionally broken 416 MR. £.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [ Mar. 5, by the distant roar of the surf. For several hours I had been watching the small drinking-hole in front of me; and it was now time tor the Bears to come if they meant to visit the pool at all that night. I was eagerly scrutinizing the openings among the bushes, when piercing cries and convulsive screams suddenly issued from a small patch of bushy jungle about thirty yards on the left of my hiding- place. My hunter at first thought a Leopard was there, and told me to keep quiet; but the cries increased, and became so horribly ago- nizing, that it was difficult to believe murder was not being com- mitted ; so, jumping up with my double rifle in my hand, I ran cautiously down to the patch of jungle, my trusty servant following with asecond gun. Before I reached the place all was as silent as before, and the idea of the Devil-bird flashed across my mind. This was afterwards confirmed by the hunter, who, however, did not apparently care to talk much about it. A careful examination of the sandy ground among and around the bushes when daylight ap- peared resulted in no evidence of any tracks of Leopards or recent traces of other quadrupeds. I have no doubt, therefore, that it was this dreaded Owl which had disturbed our night watch ; and although my sport was spoilt for the night, I did not regret having heard for once the really appalling cries of this ill-omened bird. The dimen- sions of a Ceylon specimen are :—Length 20 inches, wing 13, tar- sus 2. Ceylon, S. India, Malacca, Formosa (Swinhoe). 28. Hunwvua PECTORALIS, Jerdon. Some three or four years ago, whilst I was in Ceylon, Mr. Samuel Bligh brought to me for identification some specimens of a Horned Owl, which appeared to us, after examination, to be identical with Huhua nipalensis, Hodgson, except in being smaller, but agreeing in that respect with the measurements of a bird from 8. India described by Jerdon as H. pectoralis. Considerable confusion has existed between H. nipalensis, Hodgs., from Nepal, H. pectoralis, Jerdon, from 8. India, and H. orientalis, Horsfield, from Java; and the subject is referred to by Jerdon (B. of Ind. vol. i. p. 132) asa matter on which ‘ materials are wanting to form a just conclusion.” Jerdon has since (Ibis, 1871, p. 346) stated his opinion that the Nepal species will stand, and has united the other two under H. orientalis—but, I understand, in the absence of a specimen from S. India for direct comparison. A comparison of one of the Ceylon birds with specimens of true H. orientalis and H. nipalensis in the British Museum has satis- factorily shown, however, that they are three very distinct species, and that the Ceylon bird is very probably the same as H. pectoralis from S. India. In this conclusion I am supported by Mr. Gurney and Lord Walden. H. pectoralis may be described as like H. nipalensis, but very much smaller, both of them wanting the closely barred plumage of H. orientalis. It is, 1 think, evident from Jerdon’s measurements of H. nipalensis that they were taken from a Malabar specimen of 1872.] MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 417 what was supposed to be that species ; but he says in his description, the brown bars of the under parts ‘in some tending to coalesce and form a pectoral band.”’ In his figure of H. pectoralis in the ‘ Ma- dras Journal’ great prominence is given to this band; but in the Ceylon bird it is not very distinct; and, as Mr. Gurney has pointed out to me, this difference appears to be owing to the light intervals between the dark transverse bars on the pectoral feathers being not so light in the plate as in the Ceylon bird*, The following are the comparative measurements of the three species :— Length. Wing. Tarsus. in, in. H. nipalensis, from Nepal (B.M.) .. 28-29 18°5 2°5 H. pectoralis, from Ceylon ........ 22 16 2 H. orientalis, from Java (B.M.).... 20 12 15 H. pectoralis is not uncommon on the lower Ceylon hills, and has probably been mistaken, without much critical examination, for the common Ketupa ceylonensis. Bill yellow ; irides brown; feet dull yellow. Ceylon, S. India. 29. KreTrupa CEYLONENSIS, Gmel. Generally distributed over Ceylon, but perhaps more common in the low country than on the hills. I have frequently met with them near Aripo. Large trees overhanging a tank are a favourite resort of these birds, and I have often found them in the early morning perched day after day on the same branch. They are frequently captured and kept alive by the natives. Bill dusky yellow; irides yellow; feet dirty yellow. Ceylon, India, Burmah, China; Palestine (Tristram). 30. EPHIALTES BAKKAMUNA, Forster. Some difficulty exists in determining how many species of small Tufted Owl are found in Ceylon, partly on account of the con- fusion there has been among the species or races found in India, and variously named by different naturalists, and partly because there is some doubt about the correctness of Dr. Kelaart’s identifi- cation of the species he records. There is, I think, no question, however, that the very common and widely distributed species is that given by Jerdon as Ephialtes lempigi, Horsf., but described from Ceylon in 1781 by Forster as Striz bakkamuna, an unfortu- nate name, as it is evidently meant for “ bakha muna”—lit. ‘ Fish- Owl,” and the Singhalese name for Ketupa ceylonensis. Forster’s plate, however, shows that his bird was the common Epjzaltes. E. bakkamuna is very common in most parts of the low country, and is also found about Kandy and on tlie lower hills. It was a * Since the above was written Mr. Bligh has sent home a specimen of this Owl for the Norwich Museum. It is generally rather darker, and probably more mature than the one in my possession; and the pectoral band is very di- stinct, leaving no doubt of the validity of Jerdon’s species. Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1872, No. XXVII. 418 MR. £E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [ Mar. 5, constant evening visitor to the trees surrounding my house at Aripo ; and its single call of whock, repeated at short and regular intervals, was frequently to be heard far into the night. It is a bird of rapid flight. A young bird of this species was completely tamed by Mr. Bligh in Ceylon; it would fly to his finger, and delighted in being stroked and played with ; and this tameness continued undiminished after the bird had become adult. I have often had this amusing little pet in my hands. The dimensions of a Ceylon specimen, a female, are :— Length 8 in., wing 6°5, tarsus 1-4, tail 3. Bill dusky ; irides yellow; feet greyish. 31. EpwtALtes sunta, Hodgson. Kelaart mentions, under this name, “a very small reddish-yellow Eared Owl, occasionally seen in the very highest parts of the island.’ I have some recollection of seeing a specimen from the hills, which I believe was the bird he referred to, and I think the species may be included in the Ceylon list. It is probably the ru- fous phase of LZ. pennatus, Hodgs. I have no evidence of any other species of Lphialtes in Ceylon than the two I have here given. 32. ATHENE CASTANEONOTA, Blyth. Peculiar to Ceylon. It is probably confined to the southern half of the island, and has been killed on the hills and in the low country, but is by no means common. I obtained two specimens that were killed in the neighbourhood of Kandy. It is admitted as distinct from A. castanoptera from Malaya. Bill yellow; irides ?; feet greenish brown. Ceylon. 33. Ninox uirsuta, Temm. Rare in Ceylon; I have only seen one specimen, which was ob- tained in the central district. Layard also only met with it once in the course of eight years. Bill green; irides yellow; feet dingy yellow. Ceylon, India, Borneo, China, Japan. 34. Hirunpo rustica, Linn. Referred to by Layard under H. gutturalis, Scop., the Indian representative of the European species; but the grounds for sepa- rating them appear to be of the slightest description, and I shall adopt the now general opinion that they are the same. This bird is a winter visitor to Ceylon, and generally distributed, but especially abundant in the low country. Most of these birds are young ones, without the long tail-feathers. Asia, Africa, Europe. 35. Hirunpo pomico.a, Jerdon. Confined to the upper hills in Ceylon. It is a very familiar bird, 1872.] MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 419 commonly nesting in the verandas at Nuwara Eliya and in the district. Ceylon, Neilgherries, Malaya. 36. ? Hirunpo paurica, Linn. Layard records having obtained a single specimen at Point Pedro. It is more probable, however, that this bird was H. erythropygia, Sykes, the S. Indian species, which had not at that time been distin- guished from H. daurica, a northern bird and having a wide range to the eastward. They both have the under plumage streaked. Ceylon, 8. India. 37. Hirunpo nyreryTura, Layard. This Swallow was discovered by Layard in 1849, and until re- cently was considered peculiar to Ceylon; but I have seen a spe- cimen lately received by Lord Walden from Malacca, and it has been otherwise recorded from that country. It is abundant in the central and, at times, in the western and southern districts of the island, both in the low country and on the lower hills; but I have not observed it at Nuwara Eliya or in the north. Its distinguishing character consists in the whole of the underparts being deep chestnut. Bill black ; irides brown; feet black. Ceylon, Malacca. 38. ACANTHYLIS GIGANTEA, Temm. This bird is said to be well known at Nuwara Eliya; and Layard mentions hearing of the native report that it breeds in hollow rhodo- dendron trees ; but there is probably some mistake, as I could hardly have failed to notice the bird under such circumstances. I have only seen it from the coffee-districts ; and although specimens have undoubtedly been obtained at Nuwara Eliya, I expect it will be found to be only an occasional visitor there. Ceylon, S. India, parts of Malaya. 39. CypsELUS MELBA, Linn. Probably a winter visitor to Ceylon. It is found in some abun- dance on the hills at that season, but is rather local in its distribution. I have seen it at Nuwara Eliya in the cold season; and it remains there several months, particularly frequenting some precipitous cliffs overlooking the plain on which the little town is built. In the afternoon fifty or sixty of these birds might any day be seen on the wing dashing past the hill-sides in pursuit of insects, or sweeping in wider circles at a considerable elevation. Hill-regions in Ceylon, India, W. Asia, Africa, Europe. 40. CypsELus AFFINIS, Gray. Layard speaks of this bird as migratory, and breeding in April in large numbers about the rocks at Damboul. I have also found it nesting, but in August, under the rocks overhanging the entrance to the famous temple at Damboul ; and as it breeds in Ceylon during 420 MR. E,W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [ Mar. 5, the summer months, I have no doubt it is a resident species. It has been met with in other parts of the island, but is local. I have not observed it on the upper hills. Ceylon, India. 41. CypsELUS BATASSIENSIS, Gray. Very common in the low country and particularly abundant in the north, where the palmyra is the common palm, on which it builds its nest. I have not observed this bird at Nuwara Eliya, but have known the following species sometimes mistaken for it there. Bill black ; irides brown; feet brownish. Ceylon, India, Assam, Burmah. 42, CoLuocaiA FuctPHAGA, Thunberg (1772). There are several localities in Ceylon in which this little Swift has been known to breed ; and Layard has given a good description of one which he visited. These breeding-stations are at various elevations, from close to the sea to the highest hills. Kelaart states that he has “heard from very good authority that some years ayo baskets of the edible nests were obtained from a cave on the Pedrotallagalla hill. Very nutritious soup was made of them for the invalids who at that time resided at Nuwara Eliya.” This hill is the highest (8200) in Ceylon and overlooks the still all-important sanatorium ; but I could not ascertain the situation of the cave. The birds, however, are numerous at Nuwara Eliya in winter; and I have obtained specimens there, as well as in the low country between Colombo and Kandy. Bill black ; irides dark brown; feet purple-brown. Ceylon, N. and S. India, Assam, Malay islands. 43. DENDROCHELIDON CORONATUS, Tickell. Layard says this species is generally distributed ; but I have only seen it between Colombo and Kandy and in the south. I shot a pair of these birds near Colombo at the end of May, and have seen it in abundance in Kandy itself in March. I think there is little doubt that it is a resident, although perhaps migrating from one part of the island to another. I have neither seen nor heard of it at Aripo or Nuwara Eliya. Bill black ; irides dark brown; feet bluish black. Ceylon, S. and Central India, Pegu. 44, BarRACHOSTOMUS MONILIGER, Blyth. I have only seen one skin of this curious bird. It was procured by Mr. H. Nevill close to Amblangodde Lake, a few miles north of Galle. I was shown the spot where it was killed—a small piece of recently cleared land nearly surrounded by rather low jungle. The species has been but rarely met with, and, so far as is known, is con- fined to the south-west of the island, in the country lying between Adam’s Peak and Galle. Mr. Blyth tells me that Jerdon’s description of this species was 1872.] MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 421 taken from a Ceylon specimen, but that the one from S. India is probably the same. Ceylon, S. India? 45. CAPRIMULGUS KELAARTI, Blyth. This species, first discovered in Ceylon, is entirely confined to the hills, ranging from about 2000 feet upwards, and common in the Nuwara Eliya district. It is very noisy during March and April, at the commencement of the breeding-season, appearing with great regularity a few minutes after sunset from its accustomed hiding-place in the thick jungle. I have reason to think this Nightjar leaves the upper hills during the cold season and descends to a more temperate climate. Bill dusky ; irides dark brown; feet fleshy brown. Ceylon, Neilgherries. 46. CAPRIMULGUS ATRIPENNIS, Jerdon. Tolerably common near Colombo and in the south; I have also obtained it in the interior, about twenty miles from Trincomalie. It is, I believe, a low-country bird; and I have not met with it above the foot of the hills. The specific distinctness of this Nightjar was hardly ascertained when Layard published his “ Notes on the Ornithology of Ceylon;” and when he speaks of so rare and remarkably coloured a species as C. mahrattensis, Sykes, being ‘abundant in the vicinity of Colombo and throughout the southern province,”’ and that bird has not been met with in Ceylon by any subsequent collector, it is not unreason- able to conclude that the species intended is that which I have since identified as C. atripennis from the same localities. Bill dusky ; irides brown; feet pale brown. Ceylon, S. India. 47. CAPRIMULGUS AstATICUS, Latham. Commen in the low country, especially in the northern half of the island, where it is resident. I have found it breeding in September at Aripo, its two eggs being deposited on a bare sandy spot under the shelter of a bush. At Colombo it is numerous in the cinnamon-gar- dens during at least part of the year, hiding during the day at the foot of the bushes ; but 1 have no recollection of seeing this bird in the south of the island. Ceylon specimens are very grey compared with those from India, a good series of the latter which I have examined having all a conspicuous rufous tinge on the upper sur- face. This is only observable in Ceylon birds in young specimens. There is another point in connexion with this species to which I wish to direct attention ; and it may be desirable to extend it to other species of Caprimulgide. Jerdon and other authors have been accustomed to group the species of Caprimulgi in accordance with the number of tail-feathers which have a white terminal spot, this spot being sup- posed to be found only in the male. I need hardly say that it is only too common for collectors to omit any notice of. the sex of the birds 422 MR. E,W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 5, they shoot ; and this frequent omission has no doubt led to the over- looking of the fact that in C. asiaticus the female has the white tail- spot as well as the male, although about one fourth shorter. This is not a peculiarity of birds from Ceylon, as in a series of Indian specimens of unknown sex in Lord Walden’s collection I was able to separate them at once into two groups agreeing on this point pre- cisely with the known sexes of the birds of my own collecting. I first noticed the presence of the spot in the female in a specimen I shot at Aripo in 1866, and I made a note of it ; but the skin was de- stroyed by rats; I have since obtained two more examples showing precisely the same character, so that the first could not have been an accidental variation. I have not been able to ascertain whether the same character is found in the two other Ceylon species, as all my specimens of them are males. : Bill dusky, tip darker ; irides very dark ; feet brownish flesh. Ceylon, India, Burmah. 48. Harpactes FAsciatus, Forster. Only found among wild tree-jungle in the southern half of the island. I have seen it about twelve miles from Colombo, in a wild uncultivated district in the low country, and also at Nuwara Eliya, in February ; but it is not very commonly met with, and is perhaps somewhat local in its distribution. In its manners it resembles the Flycatchers, and has generally a peculiar fluttering mode of flight. Bill dark blue; cere smalt ; irides brown ; feet lavender. Ceylon, South and Central India. 49. Merrops viripis, Linn. Exceedingly abundant in the northern part of Ceylon, where it is aresident. It is also found sometimes at Colombo and on other parts of the coast. Whilst living at Aripo I had constant opportunities of observing these birds closely, as the railings of my veranda were a favourite perching-place for them, and they would allow me to ap- proach within a few feet without showing any alarm. Forty or fifty of these beautiful birds generally roosted in a small bushy tree only a few yards from the house. This species seems to prefer a low sta- tion when looking out for its prey, frequently perching on a small stick only a few inches from the ground. The Ceylon birds gene- rally have the blue throat which is found in the variety described as M. torquatus by Hodgson. Bill black ; irides blood-red ; feet lead-colour. Ceylon, India to China. 50. Meroprs puILippinus, Linn. A migratory bird; generally distributed over the low country, but, like the preceding species, very numerous in the north. I have first observed it at Aripo at the end of September; and it remains there till the change of the monsoon in April. It is a noisy bird, with a lofty, dashing flight, successfully pursuing the dragonflies, and then 1872.| MR. E,W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 423 sailing back on outstretched wings to its favourite station on the dead branch of some neighbouring tree, where the insect is killed and swallowed. In the early mornings of March, when there has been but little wind stirring, and the sea was as smooth as glass, I have frequently observed these Bee-eaters hunting for insects close to the surface, and a quarter of a mile from the shore. I have noticed this bird frequently at Colombo, but only in small parties. At Aripo I have often seen sixty or seventy on the same tree; in fact, during its stay in Ceylon, it is more numerous there than the resi- dent species. Bill black ; irides blood-red ; feet lead-colour. Ceylon, India, Burmah, Malaya. 51. MrRops QUINTICOLOR, Vieill. This is a hill-species, and a resident in Ceylon. I have shot it in August at the foot of the hills in the south, and I have frequently seen it on the lower hills in the neighbourhood of Kandy ; but it is nowhere so numerous as either of the preceding species, and is ge- nerally seen singly or in pairs. I have not observed it on the upper hills. Of two Ceylon specimens, with the chestnut border to the black throat-band, one has the tail entirely green, and the other with the central feathers blue. Bill black ; irides blood-red ; feet lead-colour. Ceylon, India, Burmah. 52. Coractras rnpica, Linn. This bird, although undoubtedly locally common in the north of Ceylon, has never come under my notice in the jungly district of Aripo; nor have I seen it in the south of the island. In the country between Colombo and Kandy, however, I have frequently met with it ; and its often noticed habit of perching on the top of a bare pole or the stem of a dead tree is also characteristic of the bird in Ceylon. Its flight is regular and crow-like ; but when perched its head is sunk on its shoulders, giving the bird a remarkably clumsy appearance, as is also the case with the Bee-eaters when not on the wing. Bill blackish ; irides dark brown; feet fleshy yellow. Ceylon and the greater part of India. 53. EHURYSTOMUS ORIENTALIS, Linn. Layard met with three examples of this bird; but it has never come under my notice. Ceylon, northern half of India, Burmah, Malaya, China. 54. PELARGOPSIS GURIAL, Pearson. The synonymy of this bird has been much confused. It is men- tioned by Layard under the name of Halcyon capensis, Linn., and is described by Jerdon under the heading of H. leucocephala, Gmel. Mr. R. B. Sharpe (P. Z. S. 1870), however, has worked out the 424 MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 5, question of identity, and has restored to it Pearson’s original name of gurial (1841), by which it should be known. I have seen skins of this species, but have not met with the bird alive. Layard speaks of its frequent occurrence on the east side of Ceylon, and also of its being found about Caltura, on the west coast. The latter locality is, I have heard, a good one for this bird ; and I have reason to think it is also sometimes met with on the lower hills. Bill red; irides brown; feet dull red. Ceylon, India eastward. 55. HaLcyon SMYRNENSIS, Linn. H. fusca, Bodd., is now admitted as identical with the old Lin- nean H. smyrnensis. In Ceylon this Kingfisher is abundant in the low country wherever there is water, frequenting alike the neigh- bourhood of paddy-fields and the banks of rivers. It is perhaps less numerous in the north than elsewhere, but it was not uncommon at Aripo. Ceylonese specimens are generally more brightly coloured than those from other countries. Bill deep red ; irides brown; feet vermilion. Ceylon, India to China, Asia Minor. 56. Hatcyon prueata, Bodd. Recorded by Layard, under H. atricapilla, Gmel., as having been killed by him in the north of the island. It appears to be an eastern species, and rare both in India and Ceylon. Ceylon, India, Burmah, Malaya, China. 57. CreyYxX TRIDACTYLUS, Pall. Widely distributed in Ceylon, but nowhere common, and only to be procured with difficulty. I have never seen the bird alive, but at various times obtained three specimens, which were killed in the central district. Bill coral-red ; irides brown; feet red. Ceylon, India, Malaya. 58. ALCEDO BENGALENSIS, Gmel. Common everywhere in Ceylon. It is always to be found at Nuwara Eliya, as well as in all parts of the low country. Bill reddish, with the upper part dusky; irides brown; feet coral-red. Ceylon, India to China, Malaya. 59. CEeRYLE RUDIS, Linn. This is a common species, frequenting rivers more than tanks or paddy-fields. I have frequently met with it at Aripo; and it is particularly abundant on the southern rivers. Bill black ; irides brown; feet brown. Ceylon, India to S. China, Malaya, W. Asia, 8. Europe, Africa. 1872.] MR. E.W.H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 425 60. Hyprocissa coronaATA, Bodd. Confined to wild forest jungle in the central and northern parts of the island. I have seen it occasionally a few miles from Aripo ; and whilst travelling through an extensive tract of forest on the road between Kandy and Trincomalie, small parties of these birds were frequently observed on the tops of the trees, or slowly sailing across the road from one part of the forest to the other. In the early mornings their harsh cries mingled discordantly with the howlings of Monkeys (Presbytes), the call of the Jungle-fowl, and the more musical notes of the Long-tailed Robin (Kittacinela), almost the only sounds to be heard in this primitive jungle, far from the borders of cultivation, and only disturbed by occasional travellers or the bell of the light-stepping postal runner. Ceylon, S. India. 61. Tockus GINGALENSIS, Shaw. Considerable confusion has existed between this species and 7’. griseus, Latham ; and it is desirable to mention that the species pro- perly known as 7. gingalensis is only found in Ceylon. Under the above heading Jerdon has inadvertently spoken of both in his ‘ Birds of India,’ but he has since corrected the mistake (Ibis, 1872, p. 5). Tockus gingalensis is, according to Layard, not uncommon in certain districts; and Lord Walden has received several specimens of it. It keeps, I believe, mostly to the forests; and I have only once obtained it at Aripo, where its harsh cry betrayed its presence on a low tree close to my house. The colour and shape of the bill in this bird vary a good deal with age. Bill yellowish, more or less marked with black; irides reddish brown ; feet slate grey. Ceylon. Tockus griseus, Lath., is said by Jerdon to be also found in Ceylon; but I cannot hear of any well authenticated specimens. 62. PALHORNIS ALEXANDRI, Linn. Bill red; irides buff; feet slate. Ceylon, India, N. Burmah. 63. PaLZornis ToRQuATUS, Bodd. Bill red; irides buff; feet slate. Ceylon, India, W. Asia, Tropical Africa? These two species are exceedingly abundant in the north of Ceylon ; but I have not seen them on the hills or in the south. 64. Patzornis rosa, Bodd. I have only met with this species in the southern parts of Ceylon, where it is very destructive to the grain crops; but it is also found at times on the lower hills generally. I have seen a flock of fifty of these birds fly down one after another to a field of paddy ; and each biting off a ear of the green corn, return to a neighbouring tree to 426 MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [ Mar. 5, devour the plunder; and this has been repeated again and again. The above three species are constantiy caged by the natives; and few native dwellings are without one or other of these favourite pets. Bill yellow above, black below; irides buff; feet greyish. Ceylon, India. Note.—There is some doubt about the further range of this species, a closely allied form, with yellow under wing-coverts, having probably been confounded with it. 65. PALZORNIS CALTHROP, Layard. Peculiar to Ceylon. It was first obtained by Layard at Kandy, where it is frequently numerous; and it is said to be generally dis- tributed over the hills. Although recorded by Kelaart from Nu- wara Eliya, I suspect this beautiful bird is only a rare visitor to that cool region, as I have never seen a Parrot of any kind at that eleva- tion, and I have always been on the look-out for this species in particular. The colouring in the sexes is alike, except that in the female the green on the side of the head is less distinct, and the bill is black instead of red. Bill, gred, 2 black ; irides buff; feet slate. Ceylon. Note.—As some confusion has existed with regard to the correct spelling of the specific name of this species, I may mention, on the direct authority of Mr. Layard, that it was given from “ Calthrop,” a family name. 66. LoricuLus rnpicus, Gmel. Peculiar to Ceylon. The history of this species has been fully discussed in a paper by Lord Walden (Ibis, 1867, p. 467), from which it appears that, although Edwards first figured and described the bird, it should stand as L. indicus, Gmel., according to the rules of zoological nomenclature. The name is unfortunate, as it is cer- tain that the species is not found out of Ceylon; but it was not known by the earlier writers from what part of the Dutch settle- ments the bird described by Edwards was obtained. This little bird is common in many parts of the southern half of Ceylon, and particularly quite in the south. It frequents cultivated ground and large native gardens; and I have sometimes seen it on the cocoanut-trees busily biting off and apparently eating the chip- like flowers. I believe it is confined to the low country. It is often caged by the natives, and, like allied species, sleeps suspended from the top of its cage by its strong curved claws. There is little differ- ence in the colouring of the sexes ; but individuals vary a good deal in the extent and brilliancy of the golden gloss on the back. Bill reddish orange above, orange below; irides white; feet dull yellow. Ceylon. 67. Prcus MAHRATTENSIS, Latham. Common in the Aripo district, and, so far as I know, only found 1872.| MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 427 in the north of Ceylon. It appears to frequent low jungle, and I have rarely seen it except on dead wood near the ground and old fences. It is a resident species. Bill slate ; irides dull red; feet lead-colour. Ceylon, India. Picus macei, Vieill., has been recorded by Dr. Kelaart as being found in Ceylon; but I think its occurrence is very doubtful, in which opinion I am strongly confirmed by Mr. Blyth. 68. YUNGIPICUS GYMNOPHTHALMOS, Blyth. This little Woodpecker was discovered in Ceylon by Layard, and it is said to have been since found in S. India. It frequents the upper branches of large trees, and, although generally running over the bark in true Woodpecker fashion, may sometimes be observed perched across the smaller twigs. I have only obtained it in the neighbourhood of Colombo ; but it is also found in the south. Bill greenish slate; irides pale buff; orbital skin purple; feet greenish slate. Ceylon, S. India? 69. CHRYSOCOLAPTES FEsTIVUS, Bodd. By the kindness of Lord Walden, I am enabled to include this handsome Woodpecker in my list of Ceylon birds. The two speci- mens, male and female, in his collection, are labelled ‘“‘ November 1865, Cocarry.”’ ‘The name is probably that of a small native village in the north-west of the island, not far from the Aripo district, as I have reason to know that the birds collected at that date for Lord Walden were procured not many miles from where I was afterwards residing. Future collectors in Ceylon, who are not familiar with this species (described by Jerdon under the name of C. goensis, Gmel.), may recognize it by its black back and golden wings, the underparts being coloured much as in C. stricklandi, Layard. Ceylon, parts of South and Central India. 70. CHRYSOCOLAPTES STRICKLANDI, Layard. Peculiar to Ceylon, and confined to the hills. It is abundant at Nuwara Eliya and in all tree-jungle in that district, ranging from the forest-clad Pedrotalagalla (8200 feet), the highest point in the island and overlooking the Nuwara Eliya plain, through the coffee- districts, to the Kandy country. The female has the whole top of the head and crest black, spotted with white; and a young bird of that sex had the lower part of the back black, faintly barred with white, with crimson feathers appearing among the others: the bill in this bird was only two thirds the length of that in the adult. Layard states that the irides of this species are red-brown; but I think he must have been mistaken, as in four specimens I obtained at Nuwara Eliya, and which I myself prepared, the irides were buff, those of the young bird being rather paler than the others. Bill greenish white ; irides buff; feet greenish slate. Ceylon hills. 428 MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 5, 71. CHRYSOPHLEGMA CHLOROPHANES, Vieill. I have only procured this species at the foot of the hills in the south; but it has been also obtained in other places much nearer Colombo. When not feeding, it is in the habit of stationing itself on the highest branch of a dead tree, and there repeating its peculiar note, which has little of the harsh sound so generally characteristic of the Woodpeckers. Bill slate, with the base yellow; irides dull red; feet dull green. Ceylon, S. India. 72. MicrorTERNUS GULARIS, Jerdon. Two specimens of this Woodpecker were procured by me a few miles from Colombo. Although decidedly a scarce species, and I shot these two birds in January and July, they were both killed in native gardens not a quarter of a mile apart. Layard met with it in the south; and I have seen one or two skins from the central district. Ceylon specimens have the lower parts rather darker than those from India. Layard gives this bird under the name of M. phaio- ceps, Blyth. Bill lead-grey ; irides red-brown; feet slaty brown. Ceylon, S. India. 73. BRACHYPTERNUS AURANTIUS, Linn. Recorded by Layard as very abundant in the Jaffua peninsula in the north of the island. I occasionally saw at Aripo what may have been this species, and heard its remarkable cry, but failed to procure a specimen. 73 bis. BRACHYPTERNUS PUNCTICOLLIS, Malh. A specimen of this bird has been quite recently received by me from the western side of the island. A further examination of the Golden-backed Woodpeckers found in Ceylon therefore appears de- sirable, as the species generally met there is more likely to be B. puncticollis, common in Southern India, than B. aurantius, which has a more northerly range. B. puncticollis may be recognized by its white-dotted throat and under neck. Ceylon, S. India. 74. BRACHYPTERNUS CEYLONUS, Forster. Peculiar to Ceylon; not uncommon near Colombo, but very nu- merous in the south. Dr. Kelaart* says it is “ found in great abun- * The results of my own collecting at Nuwara Eliya and in the neighbouring jungles during almost every month in the year oblige me frequently to receive with suspicion the notices by the late Dr. Kelaart of the occurrence of birds, and of their abundance, in that district. The subjects to which Dr. Kelaart gave his special attention were mammals and reptiles, and in these he did good work ; but ornithology was a very subordinate study with him, and he rarely, if ever, used a gun. 1872.] MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 429 . dance at Nuwara Eliya ;”’ but I have never seen it on the hills, and I have no doubt that Chrysocolaptes stricklandi, another red-backed Woodpecker already noticed, was mistaken by Dr. Kelaart for this species. This bird especially frequents the cocoanut-trees, and is a conspicuous object as it works its way by rapid jerks up the slender trunks of these palms. The natives in the south call it the “‘ Toddy- bird,” and say it visits the palms for the sake of the toddy, which is largely collected in that and some other parts of the island. The insects feeding on the toddy are no doubt the real attraction. Its principal food is ants, as is the case with all the low-country Wood- peckers, their stomachs being always found more or less crammed with these ubiquitous and troublesome insects. Both sexes have the red occipital crest ; but the male has the top of the head sprinkled with the same colour, whilst the female has that part spotted with white. Bill slate; irides red; feet pale greenish. Ceylon. 75. MEGALAIMA ZEYLANICA, Gmel. Peculiar to Ceylon. This bird is closely allied to M. caniceps, Franklin, and is noticed under that name by Layard; but it is a smaller bird, with the anterior portion of its plumage much browner, and the lighter markings reduced in size and distinctness. It is common in the low country, except inthe north. I have never seen or heard it in the Aripo district ; and it does not ascend above the lower hills. The flight of this bird is straight, but rather heavy. It feeds on berries, aud may be often seen clinging to the smaller twigs on the outside of a tree whilst eating the fruit which grows at their extremities. Bill dull orange ; irides brown ; orbits yellow; feet yellow. Ceylon. 76. MmrGALAIMA FLAVIFRONS, Cuvier. Peculiar to Ceylon. It is not confined to the hills, as stated by Layard, but is exceedingly abundant even close to Colombo, and ranges from near the coast to an elevation of 5000 feet. It is the only Barbet I have seen so high; and I have not observed it there except during the N.E. monsoon, a time at which there is a great influx of migratory birds and of low-country species to the hills. I have not seen it in the north; and it is not so numerous as the last species in the extreme south of the island. At the village of He- neratgodde, about 17 miles from Colombo, in a district abounding with native gardens, cocoanut-topes, and paddy-fields, and where I have collected a great variety of birds, the air used to resound with the lond notes of this and the preceding species of Barbet, a partial silence only occurring for an hour or two during the extreme heat of the day. M. flavifrons is a more sprightly bird than M. zeylanica, and can be readily distinguished from it when on the wing. Bill horny yellow ; irides red-brown; feet dark grey. Ceylon. 430 MR. E. W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 5, 77. XANTHOLEMA INDICA, Lath. Layard speaks of this bird under the name of Megalaima philip- pensis. Itis confined tothe north. I have only met with it at Aripo, where it is found throughout the year. Perched on some dead branch near the top of a tree, with its throat swelling and its head bowing at the utterance of each note, this handsome little Barbet repeats its monotonous cry of poohp, poohp, poohp for half an hour at a time, with only occasional intervals of a minute or so. Whilst thus en- gaged it changes the direction of its head with every note; and to this I think is mainly due the often noticed variation in the sound ; but the range of direction is a full semicircle ; and after often listen- ing to the bird from different positions, I have no doubt that the voice is also dropped a little when the head is turned quite on one side. In Ceylon, as in India, this bird is known by the name of “ coppersmith ;” and that title is also applied about Colombo to the following species. Bill black ; irides red-brown; feet pink. Ceyion, India, Burmah, Malaya. 78. XANTHOLZMA RUBRICAPILLA, Gmel. Peculiar to Ceylon, and common in the low country in the southern half of the island. I have also frequently seen it at Trincomalie ; and Layard has procured it at Jaffna; but I have never met with it in the Aripo district. It is very common about Colombo. The note of this bird is very much like that of X. indica, but is not nearly so loud, and is repeated quickly four or five times without a pause; then resting for three or four seconds, the bird goes on as before. The call of X. indica sounds like distinct heavy blows of a hammer on a copper vessel heard in the distance ; that of X. ru- bricapilla like a series of light taps on the same metal. Bill greyish black ; irides red-brown; feet pink. Ceylon. In a young bird I obtained in July near Colombo the bright colours about the head and neck were not developed, except a small patch of orange below the eye and a tinge of yellow on the forehead. The bill was dark grey ; irides pale brown, and feet dusky flesh. 79. Cucuuus canorvs, Linn. Recorded by Layard as found in Ceylon. He obtained one ex- ample of it near Colombo}; but I have not met with it. Asia, Africa, Europe. 80. CucuLUS SONNERATII, Latham. Kelaart procured several specimens; and I have seen it from near Colombo and the lower hills. Ceylon, S. India. 81. CucuLus MicroPpTeRus, Gould. This Cuckoo was recorded by Dr. Kelaart as a mountain species ; 1872.] MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 431 but the only two examples I met with were obtained in half-cultivated land in the low country near Colombo. To this species may probably also be referred a bird closely resembling C. canorus which I watched for some time in an English garden at Colombo a few days after my arrival in Ceylon. Bill yellowish, dusky above ; irides pale yellow; feet yellow. Ceylon, India, Burmah, Malaya, China. Layard has described a Ceylon Cuckoo under the name of C. bartletti; but there is some doubt about what the bird is. Jerdon places it under C. poliocephalus, Lath., which, however, has not been recognized in the island; it may be C. sonneratii. 82. Hirrococcyx varius, Vahl. This bird is probably a migrant from India. Layard procured it near Colombo ; but I have only met with it on the hills at Nuwara Eliya, in the beginning of the year. Bill greenish yellow, dusky above ; irides yellow ; feet yellow. Ceylon, India, Burmah, Malaya. 83. PoLYPHASIA PASSERINA, Vahl. Referred to by Layard as Cuculus tenuirostris, Gray, and by Jerdon (B. of India, vol. i. p. 333) as P. nigra, apud Blyth. Jerdon has lately, however (Ibis, 1872, p- 14), gone more into the nomenclature of the species, and placed it under the above heading. It is migratory to Ceylon, but appears much later than most of the other visitants. Layard gives February for its arrival about Jaffna ; but I have first seen them at Aripo in the beginning of January, and then they all at once became abundant, frequenting low bushes in the jungle, and ranging in colour from dark grey to completely rufous on the upper parts. No two specimens were exactly alike ; but all were of some shade of grey beneath, and more or less barred. The rufous-bellied species is an eastern bird, and unknown in Ceylon. Bill black above, red-brown below ; irides hazel; feet dull yellow. Ceylon, India. 84, SURNICULUS DICRUROIDES, Hodgson. Resident, but rather a scarce bird in Ceylon. It has been found on the lower hills, near Kandy ; and I have obtained specimens in immature and adult plumage in the low country near Colombo, and in the extreme south of the island. Although at first sight this Cuckoo may be readily mistaken for a King Crow, having the same general colour and remarkable shape of tail, it is not difficult to dis- guish it when within a moderate distance. It usually perches lower and alights more frequently on the ground, besides having little of the Flycatcher-action so common among the Dicruri. Bill black ; inside of mouth deep orange ; irides dark brown; feet black. Ceylon, India, Burmah. 432 MR. E. W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 5, 85. Lamprococcyx MACULATUS, Gmel. This beautiful Emerald Cuckoo was first made known from Ceylon, and appears to be the one given by Kelaart and Layard in their Catalogue (1853) under the name of Cuculus wanthorhynchos, Horsf., a Malay species. I have seen no specimens of it; and it is un- doubtedly rare. { Ceylon, India. 86. CoccysTES sACOBINUS, Bodd. C. melanoleucos, Gmel.; Jerdon, B. of Ind. no. 212. Common in the north of the island. These birds are always numerous in the Aripo district, frequenting bushes and low trees, and usually perching on the highest branches. In December and January (the commencement of the breeding-season with many birds in Cey- lon) they are very noisy and incessantly flying from one place to an- other, one or more males apparently chasing the female, and uttering their clamorous cries. Layard mentions finding a young Cuckoo of this species under the care of a pair of Mud-birds (Malacocercus) ; and, from the frequent battles I observed between this Cuckoo and a pair of Malacocercus striatus which were nesting in a low tree close to my house, I have no doubt that the Black-and-white Crested Cuckoo frequently lays its eggs in the nest of that common Babbler. Bill black ; irides red-brown ; feet lead-colour. Ceylon, India, Africa. 87. CoccysTEs COROMANDUS, Linn. I believe this handsome Cuckoo is very scarce in Ceylon. I have only seen two specimens, both from the Kandy district. Bill black ; irides reddish brown; feet lead-colour. Ceylon, India, Burmah, Malaya. 88. EupyNAMIS HONORATA, Linn. Formerly known as £. orientalis, Linn. Layard says of this bird in Ceylon :—‘ Wherever Crows are found, there the Coél is found also.” I have only seen this bird, however, during the N.E. monsoon, from November to April. During this period it is very common in the Aripo district; and I have also found it numerous near Colombo. After April, I have never met with the species until towards the end of the year. I believe it is a true migratory bird. Among the specimens I have shot in January and February is a young male in the spotted plumage, but having the top of the head rusty brown ; in other respects the colours are the same as, but purer than, those in the female. These Cuckoos are very noisy in the morning and evening. Bill dull green ; irides crimson ; feet slate-colour. Ceylon, India, Burmah, N. Malaya, S. China. 89. ZANCLOSTOMUS VIRIDIROSTRIS, Jerdon. This is a low-country species, and, so far as I know, not extending 1872.] | MR. E. W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 433 to the south of the island. It is found abundantly throughout the year in the north; and I have occasionally met with it near Colombo. It is skulking in its habits, creeping rapidly through the low bushes, and rarely exposing itself when it has once been alarmed. Bill apple-green ; irides deep red, orbits cobalt; feet dark leaden. Ceylon, 8. India. ; 90. PH@NICOPHZUS PYRRHOCEPHALUS, Forst. This Cuckoo has hitherto been found only in Ceylon. It inhabits tree-jungle in the low country near the foot of the hills. One spe- cimen, alive but injured, was brought to me by some natives who had caught it only a few miles from Colombo. I saw a second flying across a road in the Central Province, and followed it for some dis- tance through the jungle, but failed to obtain it. Its flight was weak ; but it moved rapidly through the trees, half flying and half hopping from branch to branch. Layard says the irides of this Cuckoo are white; but in the living bird (a male) I had they were brown, and they are marked as of that colour in specimens in Lord Walden’s collection. Bill light apple-green above, bluish green below; irides brown ; orbital skin crimson; feet dark leaden. Ceylon. 91. TaccocuaA LESCHENAULTH, Less. I am indebted to Mr. Forbes Laurie for the opportunitity of exa- mining a male specimen of this fine Cuckoo, hitherto unknown in Ceylon. He tells me it was obtained in the Doombera valley (1800 feet), not far from Kandy, that it came into his hands immediately after it was shot, and he himself prepared the skin. Asa S.-Indian species it is likely to occur in Ceylon; and the Doombera valley is a wild district, from which I have known many of the rare and pecu- liar Ceylon birds to have been obtained. Bill red, tip yellow ; irides reddish ; feet lead-colour. Ceylon, S. India. 92. CENTROPUS RUFIPENNIS, Illiger. Common generally in the low country. It was very abundant at Aripo, feeding very much on the ground, where there was always a large supply of grasshoppers. Bill black ; irides red; feet black. Ceylon, India, Burmah, Malaya. 93. CENTROPUS CHLORORHYNCHUS, Blyth. Peculiar to Ceylon, and, I believe, almost confined to the lower hills in the Central district. I have only seen this bird alive on one occasion, and then in thick jungle under trees. It is either very scarce or escapes notice from its skulking habits. From C. rufipennis it may always be distinguished by its green bill, if Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1872, No. XXVIII. 434 MR. E. W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [ Mar. 5, not by the very rich purple gloss over the anterior portion of its plumage. Bill pale green; irides red; feet black. Ceylon. 94, NECTAROPHILA ZEYLONICA, Linn. Common in the low country. I have frequently seen it in the gardens at Colombo; but have not met with it at Aripo. Layard speaks of it as abundant in the southern and midland districts. Ceylon, India. 95. NECTAROPHILA MINIMA, Sykes. I do not remember seeing this bird in the Aripo district, although Layard states that it is common in the north of the island. It is occasionally seen at Colombo. Ceylon, S. India. 96. ARACHNECHTHRA ASIATICA, Latham. This species was very common at Aripo, and was found there at all seasons. I have also seen it in the south. At a Government rest-house in the extreme south of the island, where I was staying in August 1869, a pair of these birds had a nest in the veranda; it was fastened to the end of an iron rod hanging from the roof and once used for suspending a lamp. The birds showed very little fear, although I was for several days sitting within a few feet of the nest, engaged in the preparation of specimens. I have obtained this species at Nuwara Eliya in October. Bill black ; irides red-brown; feet black. Ceylon, India, N. Burmah. 97. ARACHNECHTHRA LOTENIA, Linn. This is a very common species at Colombo, and is said by Layard to be plentiful in the southern and midland districts. I have no note of its occurrence at Aripo. Some specimens have the bill very much curved. Bill black ; irides brown; feet black. Ceylon, S. India. 98. Diczum MINIMUM, Tickell. I have procured this little bird in all parts of the island; and spe- cimens obtained at Nuwara Eliya were precisely the same as those from Aripo and elsewhere. Bill flesh-colour ; irides brown ; feet fleshy brown... Ceylon, India, Burmah. 99. PrprisoMA AGILE, Tickell. Layard records having obtained a pair of these birds on the Central road. Ceylon, India. 1872.| MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 435 100. DenpDROPHILA FRONTALIS, Horsf. Layard speaks of this bird as “abundant about jack-trees,” which are only found inthe low country. Although I have known it killed in such parts of the island, I have always considered it a hill species, as it is one of the common birds at all seasons at Nuwara Eliya and on the upper hills. Jerdon states that in India it is most abundant on the Neilgherries—a situation corresponding in a remarkable manner with the higher hills in Ceylon, the birds and plants of the two ranges being in most respects the same. These little Nuthatches appear to keep in small parties at all times of the year, and are very active in examining the branches of any trees they may happen to visit. The colours of this bird soon lose their brightness after death; and the peculiar delicacy of the tints can hardly be discovered in a cabinet specimen. Bill coral-red ; irides golden ; feet yellow-brown. Ceylon, India, Assam, Burmah, Malaya. 101. Upupra n1GRrirPennis, Gould. Very abundant in the Aripo district during the winter months, and occasionally in the summer. Some of these birds are no doubt resi- dents in Ceylon ; but their numbers in the north are largely increased about October, either by migrants from India or from the east side of the island. Layard speaks of it under the name of U. sene- galensis, Sw., and says he “shot young birds, not fully fledged, in August.” This would agree with the breeding-time of the Hoopoe in Burmah, of which Jerdon says :—‘‘ I found it breeding in holes of trees in June and July.” If Layard’s birds, however, were bred in Ceylon, as might be supposed from his statement that they were not fully fledged, then there are two distinct breeding-seasons for this species in the north of the island, as in January 1870 I found, in my compound at Aripo, a nest of the Hoopoe in a hole in a small mustard-tree (Salvadora persica). I caught the old bird as it was leaving the nest ; and after enlarging the hole, came down to three young birds, just hatched, and resting on a bed of rotten wood. These nestlings were quite naked, and their bills were barely a quarter of an inch long. The Hoopoe was found by Layard on the east and south-east coasts, and once at Colombo. I have also had a specimen from the neighbourhood of Kandy. The flight of this bird is easy and undulating ; and its note is re- peated whilst it is on the wing, as well as when perched on the top of a tall bush. There is some variation in the colours and dimensions of the Hoopoes found in Ceylon, the tendency being towards the characters of the Burmese variety described by Jerdon. Of three specimens shot at Aripo, one has the bill at front 1-9 inch, the closed wing 5 ; first primary entirely black, chin whitish, and the feathers of the posterior half of the crest white between the black and rufous, The last characters have been regarded as specially belonging to 436 MR. E.W.H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. | Mar. 5, U. epops ; but in this specimen there is no white spot on the first primary. This bird was killed in December. In a second specimen, shot in February, the bill is 2°25 inches, closed wing 5:1, the general colour of the bird very rufous, and a white spot on the left first primary, but only a very minute speck on the right. A third, a male killed in December, agrees generally with the Indian form, has no spot on the first primary, but has the bill at front 2°15 inches, and the closed wing 5°25. The last and largest of these specimens did net exceed 10°8 inches in length; and they may all doubtless be re- ferred to U. nigripennis, if that form be really distinct from U. epops. Bill black, base flesh-colour ; irides brown; feet dark leaden. Ceylon, India, Burmah ? 102. Lanrus ERYTHRONOTUS, Vigors. Very common in the Aripo district and in other parts of Northern Ceylon. I have also seen it occasionally in the Cinnamon Gardens at Colombo ; but it does not appear to visit the hills. A cup-shaped nest of this species was built in a thorn-bush close to my house at Aripo; but the young birds had left it before my arrival there in the beginning of April. Ina subsequent year I obtained young birds able to fly as early as the middle of February, and older ones nearly full-grown in March. These young birds were all very rufous, with the head, upper back, and flanks closely barred, the lower part of the back more broadly marked, and the secondaries rufous with their centres dusky. Layard says “‘the young are fledged in June ;” but they are out some months earlier than that in the Aripo district, These birds feed very much on dragonflies and grasshoppers, Bill black ; irides dark brown; feet black. Ceylon, India, Central Asia. 103. Lanius cristatus, Linn. Referred to by Layard as L. superciliosus,-Linn. This bird I have found common in the north, west, and central parts of Ceylon during the winter months. It remains about Aripo from October to April, and is tolerably common at Nuwara Eliya during the same period. Layard mentions their being particularly numerous at Hambantotte, on the south-east coast, but does not say at what time of the year. There is probably a migration of this species from the east to the west side of the island at the beginning of the N.E. monsoon, at which time no doubt many of these birds also come from India. A specimen obtained at Aripo in October is of a much richer brown than others I shot at Nuwara Eliya in February. These birds are fond of perching on the extreme top of a bush. Blyth (Ibis, 1867, p. 304) refers the birds described by Layard to “ L. lucionensis, Scopoli (?),” a race of L. cristatus, “ distinguished by its prevalent ashy-brown hue.’ This character is not uncommon in Ceylon specimens which have old, worn plumage ; but I have not seen it in newly moulted birds. Bill dusky ; irides dark brown; feet dark leaden. Ceylon, India, Andamans, Malacca. 1872.] MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 437 104. TrEpHRODORNIS PONDICERIANA, Gmel. A careful comparison of a series of 7. affinis, Bl., from Ceylon, with a number of 7. pondiceriana from India, has satisfied me that there is not sufficient ground for separating them specifically. The Ceylon birds appear to be smaller; but the depth of the general ashy brown of the upper surface varies in both, and to much the same extent. The supercilium also varies in distinctness in the birds from the two countries, but in those from India the maximum development is perhaps greater than in specimens from Ceylon. These birds are common in the north and west of the island during the winter months, and probably migrate from the eastern side. They breed early in the year; and the young birds in their spotted plumage have been procured by Mr. Legge, in April, from the cinnamon-gardens at Colombo. Birds of the year are paler than in the following season. This may not have been known to Mr. Blyth when he described the Ceylon species as greyer than those from India. Bill dusky ; irides dull yellow ; feet dusky lead-colour. Ceylon, India, Assam, Upper Burmah. 105. Hemipus picatus, Sykes. This bird is rare in the low country, and seems to be chiefly found on the upper hills. It is a common bird at Nuwara Eliya throughout the year, frequenting high bush jungle or low trees. Young birds have the colours less decided than adults. Bill black ; irides yellow ; feet black. Ceylon, S. India. 106. Votvocrvora syKEstI, Strickl. Generally distributed over the low country; it is resident in the Aripo district, and I have found it common near Colombo and in the extreme south. Although I have shot a great many of these birds, I have never obtained a female with any other than the barred under plumage and the grey head, and I cannot confirm Blyth’s statement that the adult female has a black head and neck asin the male. The black in the young male first appears in spots on the top and sides of the head. Bill black ; irides brown ; feet black. Ceylon, India. 107. GRAUCALUS LAYARDI, Blyth. Graucalus pusillus, Bl. A smaller bird than the N. Indian G@. macez, Less., with which it has been confounded. It differs also (Jerdon, ‘Ibis,’ 1872, p. 117) in having the under wing-coverts strongly barred, the abdominal bars absent in the adult male, and the outer tail-feathers only slightly tipped with white. I have not seen this species alive; but it is occasionally found in 438 MR. E. W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [ Mar. 5, the Kandy district and, according to Layard, who speaks of it as G. macei, in the S. and W. provinces. Ceylon, S. India. 108. PERICROCOTUS FLAMMEUS, Forster. Widely distributed, but nowhere very common. I have not met with it at Aripo, but have obtained it near Colombo ; and it is tole- rably numerous in the cold season on the hills. I have seen it more abundantly at Nuwara Eliya than elsewhere. It is generally in pairs, and perches high up on the trees. Bill black ; irides brown; feet black. Ceylon, India, Assam. 109. Prericrocorus PEREGRINUS, Linn. Common all over the island. It is resident in the Aripo district, and is found at Nuwara Eliya in the cold season. It does not fre- quent trees so much as bush-jungle ; and I have never observed it perching very high, as is the marked habit of the preceding species. Bill black ; irides brown; feet black. Ceylon, India, Andamans, Burmah. 110. BucHANGA MINOR, Blyth. This bird has been separated from the common Indian species (B. macrocerca), which it resembles in colouring, but from which it differs in all its dimensions. My finest specimen of B. minor is 10°5 inches total length instead of 12; wing 5°25 instead of 5°75 or 6; and other parts in proportion. The tail of the Ceylon bird is always less deeply forked than in the Indian species ; and the small white rictal spot is frequently absent. Whatever may be thought of the value of these differences, they are constant ; and I have not heard of the larger B. macrocerca of India being found in Ceylon. B. minor is abundant in the north; it is very common at Aripo, and is the only species of Drongo Shrike I have seen there. It is also found about Colombo, but by no means commonly within my experience. Its place there and in the south is occupied by another species. None of the Drongo Shrikes in Ceylon go above the lower hills, and for the most part they are confined to the low country. Bill black ; irides red-brown; feet black. Ceylon. 111. BucuanGa LoneicaupatTa, A. Hay. I have seen this species on the tops of the trees in forest-jungle between Kandy and Trincomalie, and shot one specimen in a small wood about sixteen miles from Colombo. Layard says it is common in the Jaffna peninsula, and that ‘‘it frequents open lands, and perches on the backs of cattle to seek for ticks, on which it feeds largely.” There must surely be some mistake about the species to which Layard here refers. His account agrees precisely with the habits of B. minor; and Lord Walden, who first described B. long?- caudata, from India, where it is well known, tells me it is strictly a 1872.] MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 439 forest species, frequenting high trees, and is never seen on the backs of cattle. Bill black ; irides red-brown ; feet black. Ceylon, India. 112. BuCHANGA CHRULESCENS, Linn. Layard speaks of having procured one or two specimens of this species at Point Pedro, in the extreme north; but it is not otherwise known from Ceylon. Ceylon, India. 113. Bucnwanea LEvucoryGiALIs, Blyth. Peculiar to Ceylon. Allied to B. cerulescens ; but differing from that species in being smaller and having the dark grey of the breast continued (but gradually becoming paler) towards the vent, with the white confined to the under tail-coverts. In the immature bird the whole of the abdominal region is very dark grey, and the under tail- coverts have three or four broad dark bands on a paler ground. This is the common species about Colombo and in the southern district. I have never seen it in the north. Bill black ; irides brown; feet black. Ceylon. 114. DissEmMURUS LOPHORHINUS, Vieill. Peculiar to Ceylon. D. edoliiformis, Blyth, is apparently the same species. The typical character consists in having the head subcrested, with the simple form of tail found in Buchanga. In Lord Walden’s large collection of Dicruri from Ceylon, there are many examples showing an apparent gradation in the form of the tail between this species and D. malabaricus ; but as the true D. lophorhinus is found in localities where the racket-tailed species is unknown, I shall keep them distinct, and in my notice of the next species refer to the appa- rent gradations between them. D. lophorhinus is found on some of the lower hills, and in wild districts in the low country in the southern half of the island. It appears to be quite a jungle bird. Bill black ; irides brown; feet black. Ceylon. 115. DissemMuRUS MALABARICUS, Scop. This is no doubt the species referred to by Layard under Edolius paradiseus, Linn., as it has been obtained in abundance in the dis- trict where Layard procured his specimens. It is quite confined to the jungle, and frequents the forests in the northern and central parts of the island. An immature specimen I shot in very wild country between Kandy and Trincomalie has the outer tail-feathers three inches longer than the next; no part of the stem is bare; but the inner web is very much narrowed just on a level with the tip of the adjoining feather. Lord Walden has received many similar speci- mens and others with the long racket-fedthers in different stages of 440 MR. £E. W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 5, growth, one example showing a difference in the intermediate length of bare stem in the growing feathers on the two sides of the tail. The short tail-feathers in some specimens appear to me to be possibly a character of youth; but they are regarded by Lord Walden as in- dividual variations ; and the attention he has given to the Dicrurt en- titles his opinion to considerable weight. Bill black ; irides brown; feet black. Ceylon, S. India. 116. Arramus Fuscus, Vieill. Generally distributed over the low country, but is locally abundant at certain seasons. It is very common at Aripo and in the neigh- bourhood of Colombo during the N.E. monsoon. I have always found it in small parties and easy of approach. Bill pale blue; irides dark brown; feet dark slate. Ceylon, India, Burmah. 117. Tcuirrea PARADISI, Linn. Generally distributed over the low country, and, at certain seasons, not uncommon on the lower hills. It is, however, a great wanderer, and very uncertain in its movements. At Aripo they have at times been very numerous ; and then I have not seen one for several weeks. They seem to be of a fearless disposition, and used sometimes to fly up under the roof of my veranda after spiders when I was standing within a few yards of them. I have procured specimens in all states of plumage at different times, and two examples showing the change from the red to the white feathers—one of them at Aripo, the other at Colombo, and both in January. Layard obtained one in February in which the change was far advanced. They are common about Kandy towards the end of the year. Bill leaden blue ; irides brown; feet pale blue. Ceylon, India. 118. MyraGra azure, Bodd. Widely distributed, according to Layard, who, however, speaks of this bird as M. cerulea, Vieill. I have only seen it from the western province, where it is locally not uncommon. Ceylon, India to China, Malaya, Andamans?, Philippines. 119. LevcoceRCA AUREOLA, Less. Leucocerca albofrontata, Frankl. Layard records the occurrence of a Leucocerca in Ceylon which was described by Blyth as L. compressirostris, from its differing from the above species in having the bill more compressed. Mr. Blyth tells me, however, that he believes now it was only a variety and that it should come under the above heading. I have examined a Ceylon specimen of L. compressirostris ; and the character of the bill is very decided, so much so as almost to justify the separation of the bird from the Myiagrine, if in other respects it did not agree so closely with L. albofrontata. That species, however, has been received from 1872.] MR. E. W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 441 Ceylon ; and L. compressirostris may perhaps best be considered a variety of it. Ceylon, India. Leucocerca ? Mr. Hugh Nevill (J. R. A.S., Cey. Br., 1867— 70, pt. i. p. 138) records the occurrence in the country round Nuwara Eliya of a Flycatcher which he calls Leucocerca fuscoventris, Franklin. The characters he gives of the species are evidently taken from a description of L. pectoralis, Jerdon; and from what I know of the circumstances I believe 1 am quite justified in saying that Mr. Nevill never saw the Nuwara-Eliya bird except alive in the jungle. It is not unlikely, however, that a Leucocerca, probably L. pecto- ralis, may be found on the Nuwara-Eliya hills, although it has not yet been clearly identified. 120. MyIALESTES CINEREOCAPILLA, Vieill. Resident and very common in the Nuwara Eliya district. It fre- quents the lower branches of trees and is very bold and familiar, so much so as to be rather a pest when one is collecting in the jungle, from its habit of following one about or flitting from branch to branch just in front of one. I believe that in Ceylon it is almost entirely confined to the upper hills. Bill dusky ; irides brown; feet fleshy brown. Ceylon, India to Burmah and Tenasserim, China. 121. ALSEONAX LATIROSTRIS, Raffles. A winter visitor to Ceylon, arriving early in October at Aripo. It is common there until April, and is also found about Colombo at the same season. Its manners are precisely the same as those of the European B. grisola, to which species it is closely allied. Bill black, base yellow; irides brown; feet black. Ceylon, S. India, China. 122. ALSEONAX TERRICOLOR, Hodg. Butalis muttui, Layard, described by him from a single specimen obtained at Point Pedro, agrees with Hodgson’s 4. terricolor from India. It is very rave in Ceylon. Ceylon, North and Central India. 123. OCHROMELA NIGRORUEA, Jerdon. Jerdon says of this Flycatcher that ‘it has hitherto (1862) only been found on the summit of the Neilgherries and highest mountains of Ceylon.” I can find no record, however, of this species occurring in Ceylon except that by Layard, who says he saw a drawing made by Mr. E. L. Mitford from a specimen he obtained at Ratnapoora. This is in the low country and probably not a hundred feet above the level of the sea. 124. Eumy1as sorpipa, Walden. This species, distinguished and described by Lord Walden (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1870, p. 218), is very common at Nuwara Eliya. I have 442 MR. £E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 5, observed it there at all seasons ; but it appears to have been mistaken for E’. melanops, Vigors, by both Kelaart and Layard, who evidently refer to it under that name in their catalogues. A specimen sent by Layard is in the British Museum, and is given in Gray’s ‘ Hand-list’ (4897) as E. ceylonensis, n. sp.? The general colour of the head, back, and outer edges of the quill- feathers is a dark bluish grey; throat and breast more dingy, and becoming paler towards the vent; forehead and chin bright blue; wings and tail dusky. Bill black ; irides brown; feet black. Ceylon. 125. CyorRNIS RUBECULOIDES, Vigors. Probably only an occasional visitor to Ceylon. Layard records having obtained a few specimens in the north of the island in October 1851; and I have examined specimens from Ceylon in Lord Walden’s collection. Examples of this species from Ceylon and Burmah differ from Indian birds in having the orange colouring of the breast running up the centre of the throat, a peculiarity pointed out to me by Lord Walden. Ceylon, India, Burmah. 126. Cyornis JeERvDONI, G. R. Gray. This species was at one time considered identical with C. banyu- mas, Horsf., from Java, and is given under that name by Jerdon in his ‘ Birds of India ;’ but it has been separated by Mr. G. R. Gray as distinct. It is a resident in Ceylon and not uncommon in the low country between Colombo and Kandy, but has not been recognized as being widely distributed. I have obtained specimens a few miles from Colombo in July. Mr. Legge describes the female as being brighter on the upper surface than the male, but this is not in ac- cordance with what I have observed. Bill black ; irides brown; feet lavender (brown in dry skins). S. India and Ceylon. 127. ERYTHROSTERNA HYPERYTHRA, Cabanis. (Plate XVII.) This Robin Flycatcher was described in 1866 by Cabanis (Journ. f. Orn. p. 391) from a specimen sent from Ceylon by my friend Mr, Nietner ; and that example (in the Berlin Museum) was, I believe, the only one until now which had been brought to Europe. I was fortunate enough to obtain two specimens of this species at Nuwara Eliya in February 1870, and I have no doubt that it is not uncom- mon on the hills at that season. Mr. Nietner probably obtained his bird on his estate about 2000 feet below Nuwara Eliya; and further inquiries may perhaps lead to its discovery on the Neilgherries*. * Since the above was written, a specimen of this Flycatcher has been sent home from Goona, Central India. It is in full breeding-plumage, and was sup- posed to be £. parva. It is very probable that these two species have been confounded when not in full plumage, and that 2. hyperythra is not 80 rare or so local as appears to be the case at present. 1872.] MR. E.W.H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 443 The distinguishing characters of the species are the rich orange- brown of the throat and breast, and the black stripe running from the bill down the sides of the neck to the breast and terminating below the bend of the closed wing. The specimens I obtained were both males, adult and immature; and the above characters are di- stinct in both, but much more so in the older bird. These birds frequented low thin jungle; and I did not hear them utter any note. Bill dusky above, yellow beneath ; irides dark brown ; feet purplish brown. Ceylon, Central India. Jerdon mentions that Z. lewcura is found in Ceylon; but I cannot find any special record of its occurrence there. It may have been confounded with BE. hyperythra. 128. BracHypreryx (?) PALLISERI, Blyth. (Plate XVIII.) Peculiar to Ceylon. The generic position of this bird is not very clear. It was placed by Blyth doubtfully in Brachypteryz, but differs from the birds of that genus in the sexes being alike in colouring and in the well-developed tail. I believe it will require generic distinction ; but for the present I shall leave it in Brachypteryz. It is a species confined to the upper hills, and is by no means un- common in the Nuwara Eliya district ; but, from its habits, it is not an easy bird to watch or to obtain. It frequents the low brushwood in the true jungle, creeping about the stems of the underwood close to the ground, and may sometimes be seen busily examining the dead branches of some fallen tree. Frequently it betrays its close neigh- bourhood by its “‘cheep”’ once or twice repeated; and it will show itself for a moment within two or three yards of one; then it is lost again in the thick jungle. By giving up a good deal of time I suc- ceeded in obtaining a few specimens; but I have often been out for many hours without being able to get a shot, although I have occasionally heard the bird close to me. It will sometimes show itself on a jungle-path ; but it then keeps close to the side, turning over the dead leaves in search of insects, and disappearing on the slightest alarm. When on the ground it often jerks its tail up after the manner of the Robins; but I have not observed this habit when it has been on the stems of the jungle plants or creeping about the dry sticks. The sexes are alike in colouring. I have one specimen which on dissection proved to be undoubtedly a male; and it could not be distinguished by any external character from the female. Two other birds, of different sex and evidently young, were also alike, and differed from the adults only in the absence of the rusty throat and dark grey cheeks, and in having the tail shorter. I have been unable to ascertain any thing of the nesting-habits of this species; and the bird itself is exceedingly rare in collections. The whole upper surface is of a dark olive-brown, the wings, rump, and tail being of a richer brown tint; chin and throat pale rusty, beneath the eye and the ear-coverts dark greyish; the underparts pale olive, becoming brown at the flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts. 444 MR.E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 5, Bill dusky above, dark grey below; irides pale buff; feet dark flesh. Ceylon (upper hills). 129. ARRENGA BLIGHI, n. sp. (Plate XIX.) In the adult, or perhaps nearly adult, male the whole head, nape, and throat pure black ; back, wing-coverts, and breast black strongly glossed with indigo; carpal joint dark smalt-blue; wings, tail, rump, flanks, and abdomen dusky brown, the two last slightly rufous. The upper tail-coverts, rump, and flanks are tinged with blue; and it is not improbable that in an older bird these parts may become of the same colour as the back and breast. In the young the whole bird is brown, darker on the upper surface and more rufous below, the feathers of the forehead, throat, and breast centred with yellow- brown, and there is an indication of blue on the carpal joint. The dimensions of the adult male are :—length 8 inches, wing 4°4, tail 3°5, tarsus 1°4, bill at front 0°6. Bill black ; irides greyish; feet black. An adult female, shot by Mr. Bligh, but almost knocked to pieces, had very much the character of a young bird of the same sex I obtained at Nuwara Eliya (fig. 2); and the wing-spot was brighter, but not of so deep a blue as in the male. The only example of this new species of Myiophonus I saw in Ceylon was the immature bird I obtained at Nuwara Eliya in July 1870; and the tinge of blue on the wing led Mr. Samuel Bligh of Ceylon to the opiaion that it was the young of a species he had shot on the hills two or three years before, and which had been sent with other skins to Mr. Master of Norwich. By the kindness of that gentleman I have been able to examine his specimen and compare it with the one I myself obtained. There is no doubt of their belonging to the same species; and as it has hitherto been unknown I have named it after my friend Mr. Bligh, who procured this first specimen of what is entirely a new form in the island. Some credit is due to Mr. Edward Blyth for his remarks on the absence of certain birds on the Ceylon hills. He says (‘ Ibis,’ 1867, p- 312) “That Myiophonus horsfieldi (or a specialized representative of this bird) has not been observed in the island is worthy of notice ; but I have before expressed an opinion that the higher regions of Ceylon have not yet been sufficiently explored.” At the time Mr. Blyth wrote this the first specimen of the Ceylon Myiophonus was probably on its way to England; and its true character has only now been. recognized. Its nearest ally is 4. cyanea, Horsf., from Java. The habits of the Ceylon bird correspond, so far as is known, with those of the other Myiophoni. The young bird I procured at Nuwara Eliya was killed on a low branch of a jungle tree close to a little mountain-stream ; and Mr. Bligh, who obtained his specimens at an elevation of between 4000 and 5000 feet, told me he had never met with the bird excepting in the immediate neighbourhood of water- courses. He writes me that although he has seen this species several 1872.] MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 445 times it is very difficult to obtain. The bird frequently perches on a rock in the midst of some mountain-torrent, but is very impatient of observation. On these occasions it ‘gives utterance to a pecu- liarly long-drawn, plaintive though loud whistling note; at the same time the body is dipped and the tail slightly raised.”” It soon seeks shelter under the dense jungle foliage. 130. Pirra pracuyuRA, Linn. Generally distributed in Ceylon during the winter months, and at that time very abundant at Aripo.- Although most of these birds seen in Ceylon are probably visitors from India coming in October, I have reason to think some of them are residents, as I have frequently heard and more than once seen them at Nuwara Eliya in August. My house at Aripo was surrounded by Suriya trees, the branches of many of them touching the roof of the veranda; and to these trees the Pittas used to come every evening shortly before sunset, perching about six or eight feet from the ground and continually repeating their cry of “ A-vitch-i-a”’ (the name given to the bird by the Sin- ghalese), which was frequently followed by a low hissing scream. On being alarmed by my too close approach they would fly direct to the hedge about thirty yards distant and hide themselves under the darkest and thickest part of it. A frequent attitude of this bird when perched on a stout branch of a tree was with the head and body stretched up to the full height, the legs straight, and the tail turned upwards. Bill orange, tip dusky ; irides brown; feet flesh-colour. Ceylon, India. 131. GrocicHLa LAYARDI, Walden. Peculiar to Ceylon. A single example of this Thrush was sent to Lord Walden in a collection of birds from the island. From what I heard in Ceylon from the person who made the collection I have no doubt this bird was obtained on the hills on the south-east side of the island, a part of the country which has not yet been properly examined and is likely to produce more novelties. This bird is described as more nearly allied to G. citrina of North and Central India than to G. cyanota of Malabar, with the orange colour of the underparts brighter and richer than in G. ecitrina, but not nearly so deep as in G. rubecula of Java. The colours of this specimen are rich orange on the head, neck, and underparts, bluish grey above, and a white spot on the wing. Ceylon. 132. TurRDULUS WARDII, Jerdon. Generally a rare bird in Ceylon ; but Mr. Laurie tells me it is not uncommon during the north-east monsoon in some of the hill-forests. I have seen specimens collected by that gentleman and others from the Kandy district, but have not met with the bird alive. Ceylon, India. 446 MR. £E. WwW. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 5, 133. Meruta krnnisi (Kelaart), Blyth. Peculiar to Ceylon, and, I believe, confined to the upper hills. It is very common at Nuwara Eliya, frequenting alike the edges of the jungle and the gardens of the English houses, and often building in the stables and outhouses. It has the habits generally of the English Blackbird ; but its song is by no means so fine. The male has the whole upper surface black with a bluish-grey tinge, the underparts more dingy; the female has the upper colour less intense, and is dark ashy brown below. Young birds have the head and back brown, with the throat and breast mottled, the feathers being pale-centred and with dark brown tips. Bill bright orange (adult), yellowish brown (young) ; irides brown ; orbits yellow; feet yellow. Ceylon. 134. OREOCINCLA NILGIRIENSIS, Blyth. This handsome long-billed Thrush was described by Layard under the name of Zoothera imbricata from a specimen received from Mr. Thwaites, who probably obtained it on the hills. It has since been recognized as the above species. I have examined two skins sent home by Mr. Bligh, and Layard’s specimen now in the British Mu- seum ; and the scale-like appearance of their plumage, arising from the black border to each feather, is well marked. ‘ Bill corneous; legs brown” (Layard). Ceylon; Neilgherries. 135. OREOCINCLA SPILOPTERA, Blyth. Peculiar to Ceylon. This is quite a jungle bird and not very un- common in suitable places on the hills. Many specimens have been procured in wild country not far from Kandy, and in the forest-land adjoining the coffee estates between 2000 and 5000 feet high. I have not met with it at Nuwara Eliya. Bill black ; irides brown; feet pale brown. Ceylon. 136. Pycroruis SINENSIS, Gmel. Layard observed this bird in widely separated localities in the low country, but does not speak of it as numerous. I have seen a spe- cimen in the possession of Mr. Legge, R.A., at Colombo, which I believe he told me was killed near his house ; and I have seen others from the Kandy country. Ceylon, India to Burmah and China? 137. ALCIPPE NIGRIFRONS, Blyth. Peculiar to Ceylon. This little bird is well distinguished from the allied species A. atriceps by the greater part of the head being brown, the black being confined to the forehead, and a broad streak through the eye to the ear instead of covering the whole top of the head. I have not seen this bird in the north of Ceylon; and Layard does 1872.] MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 447 not say where he discovered it ; but it is abundant in the central and probably in the southern districts. It is, however, somewhat migra- tory within the island, and it is difficult to say to what cause its irregular movements are due. I have shot it both near Colombo and _at Nuwara Eliya in January, and have fonnd it abundant at the latter place in July, August, and September; then it has entirely dis- appeared. It is an amusing little bird, usually found in small parties and frequenting underwood and low thick bushes, or creeping among the stems of the taller jungle-plants, occasionally coming to the edge of a path and betraying its presence by an angry hissing note, evi- dently intended to warn off intruders. Bill dusky above, pale flesh-colour beneath ; irides golden; feet purplish flesh. Ceylon. 138. Dumetia atpocuuaris, Blyth. This species is said by Layard to be confined to the vicinity of Colombo ; and although it is unlikely to be so purely local, I certainly never saw the bird alive until I became a resident close to the cin- namon-gardens in which he observed it. Like the following species it will probably be found in bush jungle in the interior as well as in the immediate neighbourhood of Colombo. Ceylon, S. India. 139. DryMocaTAPHUS FUSCICAPILLUS, Blyth. Peculiar to Ceylon and rarely met with. I only know of three * specimens having been obtained—two of them by Layard in Colombo and in the central road leading from Kandy northwards, and one (a male) by myself also from the latter part of the island. I found this bird among thick underwood in forest-jungle by the side of the road on which I was travelling ; and it was perched within two feet of the ground when I had my first fair view of it as with outstretched neck and swelling throat it poured forth a torrent of babbling notes. I have restored this bird to its original position in the genus Dry- mocataphus, as its bill does not agree in form with that of Pellorneum, and the fifth quill-feather is the longest, the fourth and sixth being equal and slightly shorter. The colour of the back, wings, and tail dark olive-brown, the last tipped rufous ; wings and tail in some lights showing distinct transverse striee; crown rich dark brown, the feathers slightly pale-shafted ; lores, cheeks, sides of neck, and all the underparts pale rufous brown, the breast being rather darker. Bill dusky above, fiesh-colour below ; irides red; orbits yellow; feet pale flesh. Ceylon. 140. PomarorHINuUs MELANURUS, Blyth. Peculiar to Ceylon ; rather local in its distribution, but generally numerous where it is found. It is very abundant at all times of the * T have since seen a fourth, which was procured a few years ago by Mr. Bligh from the hills. 448 MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [ Mar. 5, year at Nuwara Eliya and in the surrounding district, frequenting the primitive jungle with which the upper hills are covered. It is also found occasionally in wild country near Kandy, and was first seen by Layard “in low, scrubby, and almost impenetrable brushwood ” a few miles from Colombo. It was probably not far from this last , locality that IT also met with it, in the low country, a wild district of no great extent, to which I have referred in my notice of [arpactes fasciatus. Like its congeners, however, this Scimitar-bill is essentially a hill bird. It creeps about underwood and the lower branches of trees, half opening and closing its wings, and assuming various kinds of strange attitudes. It is at all seasons noisy; and just about the pairing-time in February the cries of a party of these birds remind one more of a concert of Cats than any thing else. It is to this species the name of Gamut-bird is often applied, from the powerful notes of the male beginning very low and running up the scale; they have a very striking sound when heard amid the silence of the deep jungle. ; The colour of the sexes is alike. The back, wings, flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts rich olive-brown with a rufous tinge, especially on the flanks ; from the base of the upper mandible to the nape black, extending to the mixed olive-brown and black on the top of the head : throat, breast, middle of abdomen, and a conspicuous supercilium pure silky white; tail blackish brown. The young bird is much more rufous generally, and has the ear-coverts and the sides of the neck and breast quite rusty. Lord Walden has a series of specimens of Pomatorhinus the localities of which are not very intelligible on the labels ; but the birds were probably obtained in the south or south-east of the island. All these have the upper surface quite rufous, extending also to the tail. This colouring is not found in one of the many specimens I have from Nuwara Eliya, and is so marked as almost to justify a specific distinction. Bill yellow, with the base dusky above ; irides dark red ; feet lead- colour. Ceylon. 141. GaRRULAX CINEREIFRONS, Blyth. Peculiar to Ceylon. This species is confined to the southern half of the island, frequenting the lower hills, and, according to Layard, “it much resembles the Malacocerci, hunting in small parties and incessantly calling to each other.”’ It is not uncommon in the Kandy district and in the hilly country between that and Galle. I have examined a great number of specimens of this species, and have found them agree very closely with each other ; but they differ so materially in dimensions from those given by Blyth that I can only suppose he had but one example before him, and that an immature bird. This impression is confirmed by the specific name cineretfrons, given by him, and agreeing with his description ‘forehead and cheeks pale ashy ;”? whereas the birds I have examined have the whole top of the head ashy, that colour often extending over the nape, as well as 1872.] MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 449 the cheeks, which are paler than the rest of the head ; chin albescent, becoming rufous on the throat; in other respects the colours agree with Blyth’s description. The dimensions of a specimen I obtained at Kandy, and which is not at all unnaturally stretched out, but fairly represents an adult bird, measures fully 10 inches instead of 8°5 ; the other comparative dimensions are :—wing 4°75, 4°5; tail 4°5, 4; bill to gape 1°3, 1°25; tarsus 1°5, 1°25. Bill black ; irides buff; feet dusky. Ceylon. 142. MaLacocERCUs STRIATUS, Swains. A comparison of specimens of M. striatus I obtained in Ceylon with M. malabaricus in the Caleutta Museum left me in great doubt as to the reason for separating them specifically, and I cannot but think they will ultimately be included under the same name. The depth of the striz in M. striatus varies with age; in a well-grown young bird there is not a trace of striee on the tertiaries, and they are very indistinct on the tail. In a fully adult bird now before me the striation exactly agrees with Jerdon’s description of that character in M. malabaricus: “ the tertiaries are but very obscurely striated, but the tail is distinctly so.” The distinctive character of M. striatus has hitherto been shown by comparing it with M. terricolor; but it should have been placed by the side of the Malabar species. The Ceylon bird is universally distributed over the low country, frequenting alike the jungle, half-cultivated ground, and the gardens and compounds in Colombo. Its manners are the same as those of the common Indian species. I have found it nesting at Aripo in January. Young birds are slightly rufous. Bill pale yellow; irides pale buff; feet pale yellow. Ceylon, S. India? The only record I can find of the occurrence of M. griseus, Gmel., in Ceylon is in the ‘Appendix’ to Kelaart’s ‘Prodromus Faun Zeylanice’ (p. 45), where, in a report by Mr. Blyth on a collection of Ceylon Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, and Fishes, and, I presume, made to the Asiatic Society of Bengal, the following appears among the list of birds :— ** Malacocercus griseus (Lath.), var.—Resembling the species of S. India, except that the head is concolorous with the rest of the upper arts.” I have neither seen nor heard of the true M. griseus in Ceylon. 143. LayarDIA RUFESCENS, Blyth. Peculiar to Ceylon, and tolerably common in the wilder parts of the low country in the southern half of the island. It was formerly considered a hill species; but I believe it only visits the upper hills during the cold season. I have only found it at Nuwara Eliya at the beginning of the year; but it is at all times to be met with a few miles from Colombo where there is jungly or half-cultivated land. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1872, No. XXIX. 450 MR. £E.W.H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 5, It keeps in small parties, and has generally the habits of the other Malacocerci. Bill dull orange ; irides white ; feet yellow. Ceylon. 144. HypstPeTes GANEESA, Sykes. As H. neilgherriensis, Jerdon, is now united with H. ganeesa, Sykes, the Ceylon birds will come under the latter title. This species in Ceylon is, I believe, confined to the hills, and is most abundant at a moderate elevation. I have only seen it at Nuwara Eliya in February ; but it is tolerably common in jungle from the Kandy country to about 5000 feet. I have generally found it in small parties on rather low trees. Ceylon, S. India. 145. CRINIGER ICTERICUS, Strickland. Layard says of this bird that it ‘abounds in the mountain zone.” This probably means the lower ranges, as he tells me he has never visited the Nuwara-Eliya district, and he does not profess to know the hill birds. Kelaart, on the other hand, who specially collected the birds of the upper hills, says it is ‘a common species in the low country.” I have no doubt Layard was right in suggesting that Kelaart mistook the common Jvos luteolus for this species ; and this is confirmed by Mr. Legge’s observation that Criniger ictericus “is strictly a jungle bird” (J. R. A. S., Ceylon Branch, 1870-71, p. 43). Mr. Legge, however, whose knowledge of the low country at the time he wrote was confined to the western province, says “ Kelaart wrote correctly of this bird ;”’ but ‘‘a strictly jungle bird’’ can hardly be described as common in a district principally consisting of paddy- fields and cultivated land. I have only obtained this bird once in the neighbourhood of Colombo, among trees in a native village; it is most numerous in forest country on the lower hills, as is the case with this species in India. Bill black ; irides red; feet dark leaden. Ceylon, Malabar. 146. Ixos LtuTEo.LUvS, Less. This bird, the Pycnonotus flavirictus of Strickland, is one of the commonest species in the low country. It is eqnally abundant at Aripo and Colombo wherever there are low bushes, and has a hurried twittering song of a few notes, loud and frequently repeated. Bill black ; irides red; feet blue-black. Ceylon, South and Central India. 147. Kevaartia PENICILLATA, Blyth. Very abundant at Nuwara Eliya and on the upper hills, frequenting low bushes and thin jungle. The general colour of this bird is dark olive-green above and greenish yellow below, brighter yellow on the throat, middle of 1872.] MR. E.W.H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 451 abdomen, and under tail-coverts; head black in front and shading into olive-green at the nape, with the feathers tipped paler or white ; chin and a narrow vertical stripe on each side of the forehead white ; lores and cheeks black, paling to leaden grey behind, with a yellow spot below the ear and a tuft of bright yellow feathers springing from immediately behind the eye and directed backwards. These tufts stand out from the sides of the head when the bird is alive, and add much to its generally handsome appearance. This species was described from Ceylon specimens ; but is believed by Jerdon to be “identical with one procured from the Mysore country below the Neilgherries, which was accidentally destroyed, ” but from which a coloured sketch was made. Bill black ; irides red-brown; feet leaden. Ceylon, S. India? 148. RusiGuLA MELANICTERA, Gmel. Peculiar to Ceylon, and tolerably common in the low country and lower hills of the central and southern portions of the island. I have obtained specimens near Colombo and close to Kandy. The colour of the upper surface is olive-brown, and of the under parts bright yellow, with the flanks tinged with dull olive ; top and sides of the head black ; quills brownish black, with the outer edge olive, and tail dingy black, with all but the central feathers tipped white. Bull black ; irides red; feet purplish black. Ceylon. 149. Pycnonotrus HZMoRRHOUS, Gmel. Very common all over the low country, and less so on the lower hills. I have never seen it at Nuwara Eliya or above 5000 feet, and Tam inclined to think it is only a seasonal visitor to that elevation. I have found this species breeding in December at Aripo; its cup- shaped nest was placed under the eaves of my bath-house out of doors, and supported by the sticks of which the rough framework was con- structed. Bill black ; irides dark brown; feet leaden black. Ceylon, South and Central India. 150. PayLiornis seERDONI, Blyth. Common in the low country. I have obtained it on several occa- sions at Aripo, near Colombo, and quite in the south. It generally keeps among the upper branches of the trees. Bill slate; irides brown; feet lavender. Ceylon, India. 151. PHyLLoRNis MALABARICUS, Lath. Recorded by Layard and Kelaart from the hills; and I have seen a specimen obtained by Mr. Laurie. I believe it is rather rare in Ceylon. Ceylon, South and Central India. 452 MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 5, 152. IorA zEYLONICA, Gmel. This species is well known in the lowcountry ; it is very abundant at Aripo at all seasons, and almost as common about Colombo. It breeds at Aripo at the end of the year; and I have obtained it in November with hardly a trace of green on the black back. Its notes are very much varied ; and some of them sound as if uttered at a considerable distance when the bird is really within a few yards. Iregret that I did not know whilst I was in Ceylon of the question as to I. typhia, Linn., being found in the south of India and Ceylon. As I brought home no male specimens of Jora which were not in such a state of plumage as to leave a doubt about their belonging to I. zeylonica, I shall not include I. typhia among the Ceylon species; but I have a very strong impression, partly based on my recollection of a pair of birds with dull green backs which for several days frequented some shrubs close to a house where I was staying, a tew miles from Colombo, that I. typhia is found in Ceylon. I had no doubt of it at the time, as the male of I. zeylonica should then (February), according to my observations, have the back nearly or entirely black. In case this paper should fall into the hands of any one collecting in Ceylon, but who is not familiar wlth the distinctive characters of the two species of Zora, I may mention that the females are at all times practically alike. In the breeding-season the male of I. zeylo- nica has the back entirely black or, more frequently, black and green irregularly mixed, the colours being in patches and not generally blending with each other; at the same season the male of J. typhia has the back wholly green, contrasting with the black wings, which in both species have two white bars. A further distinction is said to exist in the colour of the irides (this would hold good at all seasons), those of I. zeylonica being grey and those of I. ¢typhia light hazel ; I can answer for the former being correct. Bill slate ; irides grey ; feet dull leaden. Ceylon, S. India. 153. IRENA PUELLA, Latham. Layard and Kelaart have each recorded an example of this species, both from near Kandy. Specimens of this bird from Ceylon are much desired for com- parison with those from India. The male has the whole upper parts and under tail-coverts bright cobalt-blue; wings, tail, and lower plumage deep velvet-black. The female is of a dull, slightly mottled Antwerp blue throughout. (Jerdon.) Ceylon, Malabar, Assam, Arracan, Burmah. 154. Ortouus 1npicus, Jerd. T include this species of Oriole on the authority of Layard, who speaks of a pair of these birds having been shot near Colombo, and coming under his notice. Ceylon, India. 1872.] MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 453 155. OR1OLUS CEYLONENSIS, Bonaparte. Generally distributed in the low country. Ihave met with it com- monly at Aripo, Colombo, and in the south ; but I have no reason to think it ascends above the lower hills. The young bird has the back pale dirty yellow, purer on the rump; top of the head brownish black, becoming streaked on the cheeks and strongly so on the throat and under neck; quills margined externally with whitish, and the colours generally very much less pure than in the adult. The bill in the young is black. Bill deep flesh-colour ; irides red; feet leaden. Ceylon, S. India. 156. Corpsycuus savuLaAris, Linn. Abundant in the low country, and rarely found far from native villages or the houses of English residents. The familiarity of the ** Magpie Robin” makes it a general favourite ; and whether when perching on the roof of the house (a frequent station for it when singing) or furiously attacking some intruding rival, there is always something attractive in this showy and well-known species. During the last hour before sunset these birds become very noisy and frequent fights take place between the cocks, two or three of them going through a sort of tournament before the hen bird which has taken up her quarters in the neighbourhood. It is at this time the cocks put themselves in such strange attitudes, turning back the tail till it almost touches the head, as Layard mentions ; but Jerdon says he has never observed these performances, which from my own observation I should say are regularly gone through every after- noon ; the birds frequently utter a harsh kind of scream ; and this goes on until the sun disappears and the quickly following darkness puts an end to the proceedings. Good specimens of this Robin are very difficult to obtain at Co- lombo, unless immediately after moulting ; as the birds soon become discoloured with the red soil, and the tails rapidly worn out at the end. Females of this species from Ceylon have the back darker than those from Burmah, and perhaps from India generally, but they do not differ from a Madras specimen in the British Museum. The young birds are greyish brown above, with the throat and breast mottled with dark brown on a paler gronnd, and the bill dusky. Bill black ; irides brown; feet dark leaden. Ceylon, India, Arracan, Tenasserim, S. China, Hainan. 157. KirracincLa MACRURA, Gmel. This bird is confined to wild jungly districts in the low country and on the lower hills. In such localities it is numerous and its fine song may be constantly heard in the morning and evening. It is abundant in the wilder parts of the northern road from Kandy ; and I have also heard it occasionally in a piece of thick jungle close to 454 MR. E,W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 5, Kandy itself. It usually perches low ; and from its habit of frequenting dense jungle, it is often difficult to obtain sight of. Bill black ; irides brown; feet flesh-colour. Ceylon, India, Assam, Burmah, Malacca, Hainan. 158. THamMNnosiA FULICATA, Linn. Common about houses and outbuildings, and, I believe, generally distributed through the lower parts of the country. I have seen them more numerous in the north than elsewhere ; and they were always about my house at Aripo, frequently coming into the veranda, and generally very tame. Bill black ; irides brown; feet black. Ceylon, S. India. 159. PRATINCOLA CAPRATA, Linn. Layard and Kelaart both mention having obtained this species on the lower hills ; but I have never met with it, either alive or as a skin. Ceylon, India, Burmah, Malaya, Philippines. 160. Pratincoua arrata, Blyth. Very common at Nuwara Eliya and on the upper hills. It frequents gardens rather than jungle ; and the top of a rhododendron bush is a favourite station for the male, which always chooses a conspicuous position when it sings its short Robin-like song. Young males at first have the general brown plumage and rufous rump of the female ; the change tothe pure black and white of the adult male is very gradual, the quills and rump being the last to assume the mature colours. Bill black ; irides brown ; feet black. Ceylon hills, Neilgherries. 161. Larvivora cyana, Hodgson. This bird is a winter visitor to Ceylon. Layard obtained speci- mens in October in the extreme north ; and I procured adult and immature examples of both sexes at Nuwara Eliya in January, Feb- ruary, and March. It was at that time tolerably common on the hills ; but I have not met with it at any other season. The female is olive-brown above; underparts rufous, paler on the throat and centre of abdomen; under tail-coverts white. These particulars, taken from one of my Ceylon specimens, agree with Hodgson’s last description of the colours in the female. Bill dusky ; irides brown; feet flesh-colour. Ceylon, India (generally on the hills). 162. Cyanecuua suecica, Linn. Layard obtained this species in March in one of the coffee-districts. I have not met with it. Ceylon, India, N. and W. Asia, N. Europe. 1872.] MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 455 163. ACROCEPHALUS DUMETORUM, Blyth. This is apparently the bird given by Layard as Phyllopneuste montanus, Blyth. Generally distributed ; it is a winter visitor and numerous in Ceylon at that season. I have killed it at Aripo, Colombo, and Nuwara Eliya. All my specimens have the greenish shade on the upper sur- face mentioned by Blyth as found in the birds from Ceylon. Bill dusky above, pale flesh below; irides brownish yellow; feet in different specimens pale brown to purplish flesh. Ceylon, India, Nepal, Assam. 164. OrTHOTOMUS LONGICAUDA, Gmel. Common in all parts of the island, but especially frequenting gardens and the neighbourhood of habitations. It is as abundant at Nuwara Eliya as at Aripo or other parts of the lowcountry. I have examined many of these birds from different localities, and have found them to agree in all respects with Jerdon’s description of this species, except in the length of the tail; this in Ceylon birds I have never found to exceed 2} inches. Bill dusky flesh ; irides yellow; feet flesh. Ceylon, India to Burmah, 8, China. 165. Print socratis, Sykes. Layard found this species in the extreme north; and I believe Mr. Legge discovered it nesting in a patch of Guinea grass close to his house at Colombo. It will probably be found in suitable situations in other parts of the island. Ceylon, S. India. 166. CistrcoLA SCcH@NICOLA, Bonap. Cisticola homalura, Blyth? I place these two species together as it is difficult to speak of them separately, in consequence of the confusion existing between them, if they are really distinct. Layard says of ‘“C. cursitans, Blyth” (? =C. schenicola, Bonap.) that it “is much less common than C. ho- malura ; and though found in the same locality, it frequents trees and jungle.’ This bird surely cannot be a Cisticola. Kelaart says of C. cursitans :—“ frequents the grass-plains ; very common at Trinco- malie.” I can confirm this statement and say precisely the same of it at Colombo ; it is common there wherever there is a patch of long Tass. : C. homalura was discovered by Layard in paddy-fields near Galle ; he ‘subsequently found it sparingly about Colombo, and abundantly in fields of gingelle (Sesamum orientale) at Pt. Pedro.” Kelaart says it ‘‘is found in great abundance on Horton Plains and Nuwera Ellia,” these last localities resembling each other in being elevated grass-plains surrounded by forest-jungle. I am almost ashamed to think of the number of specimens of Cis- ticola I have shot at Nuwara Eliya in the hope of getting one of 456 MR. E. W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [ Mar. 5, C. homalura, which Blyth says (‘ Ibis,’ 1867, p. 302) “ differs from C. schenicola in having a stouter bill, the whole upper parts much darker, and the tail almost even, except that its outermost feathers are ‘25 inch shorter than the next ;”’ but, except in some considerable variation occasionally in the depth of the general rufous tint, there was nothing to distinguish them from the grass-frequenting species at Colombo. Mr. Layard tells me that the fine collection of Ceylon birds he brought to England is now in-such a state as to be useless for scientific purposes ; and as I can obtain no specimens of C. homa- lura for examination, I must regard that species as very doubtful until further evidence is procured from the localities whence Layard obtained his birds. C. schenicola from Ceylon agrees with the European bird in size, and is larger than the Indian representative; it has, however, the same decided markings as the latter form, and they are even more conspicuous. The dimensions given by Jerdon are greater than those of any of the Indian specimens I have examined. Bill dusky above, flesh below; irides pale yellow; feet flesh- colour. ' Ceylon, India to Europe, Africa, China, Hainan, Formosa. 167. Drymoipus tNornatus, Sykes. The difficulty in determining the species of Drymoipus is so well known that it may prevent additional confusion if I mention that the three species included in this list of Ceylon birds have been compared with specimens in the British Museum, and satisfactorily identified with the species there labelled with the names I have given. The identification of at least one of the two Colombo species by myself and Mr. Legge whilst I was in Ceylon was not correct ; and it is un- certain to which of them Mr. Legge’s observations (J. R. A.S., C. B., 1870-71, p. 50) refer. I believe D. cxornatus is not uncommon about Colombo; but the only specimen I brought to England came from Kandy, and agreed with those in the British Museum in having the lores, throat, and cheeks whitish, the whole under surface and flanks very light, with a dull yellowish tinge, and a rather broad subterminal dusky band of uniform tint on the under surface of the tail-feathers. The bill is rather slight and black, with the base of the under mandible abruptly pale (dried skin). The wing exactly 2 inches. Jerdon says of this species, “in no case does the wing ever come up to 2 inches, more generally 13.’ I cannot think, however, there is any doubt about this specimen being D. inornatus. Layard says the eggs of this species are “ verditer, with purplish blotches and wavy lines ;” Mr. Legge gives ‘‘ ground-colour clear blue-green, clouded here and there, or blotched mostly towards the obtuse end, with sepia.’ It is doubtful to which species either of these gentlemen refers. 168. Drymorpus seRDonI, Blyth. The common Ceylon species, of which I have obtained speci- mens close to Colombo, agrees perfectly with D. jerdoni, Blyth, in 1872.] MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 457 the British Museum, where there is a specimen named and sent by Dr. Jerdon himself, In the ‘ Birds of India,’ vol. ii. p. 180, Jerdon mentions that Blyth described this species from specimens he sent him from Southern India; but he afterwards absorbed it into D. lon- gicaudatus in the belief that the specimen he described was in im- perfect plumage. Jerdon further says:—‘“It appears to me very similar to some Ceylon birds which Mr. Blyth doubtfully considered identical with D. inornatus.” My Ceylon birds are greyish brown on the upper surface, rather paler on the head, cheeks, and neck; lores pale and much less con- spicuous than in D. inornatus ; under surface pale fulvous, and flanks rather dusky ; the upper surface of the tail-feathers distinctly striated, the striz showing as faint narrow bars on the under surface, which has a narrow dark subterminal band, generally darker in the centre, and giving the appearance of a spot. In fresh specimens the bill is dusky above, fleshy below ; irides pale yellow; feet flesh-colour. Length 5-5 inches, wing 2°3, tail 2°5, tarsus °8, bill at front -4, Ceylon, S. India. 169. Drymoipus vauipvs, Blyth. This species, at first called D. robustus by Blyth, is peculiar to Cey- lon, and, according to Layard (who discovered it), rather a rare bird. Mr. Legge and I were both mistaken in believing it common about Colombo, as I now find I did not see the species in Ceylon. A spe- cimen in Lord Walden’s collection, agreeing with another in the British Museum, has the bill entirely black, stouter and considerably deeper than I have seen in any other Ceylon species; top of the head, lores, and general upper surface dark greyish brown ; beneath whitish, with a pale fulvous tinge; cheeks, sides of the breast, and flanks dusky. Length 6 inches, wing 2°4, tarsus 1, bill at front °5. The dry specimen has the bill black ; tarsus yellow-brown (pro- bably flesh-colour when alive) ; irides “light red-brown” (Layard). Ceylon. 170. PuHyxiuoscorus nitipvus, Lath. This bird is common at Nuwara Eliya in the cold season ; and I have seen it also at Aripo. Bill dusky above, flesh below ; irides dark brown; feet pale brown. Ceylon, India. 171. PHyLLoscopus viripaNnus, Blyth. Recorded by Layard, who also gives Phyllopneuste montanus, Blyth, which is probably a synonym of Acrocephalus dumetorum, Blyth. 172. Syivia avrinis, Blyth. I obtained one specimen of this species at Aripo in December. Layard also appears to bave only met with it on one occasion. Bill, base slate, tip dusky; irides pale yellow; feet dark leaden. In this species and very many others Jerdon has apparently given 458 MR. £E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 5, the colour of the bill and legs from their appearance in dried spe- cimens. Ceylon, Central India. 173. MorTaciILLA MADERASPATENSIS, Gmel. Layard mentions having seen one specimen in a private collection in Ceylon. Ceylon, India. 174. CALOBATES SULPHUREA, Bechst. I have obtained this bird at Nuwara Eliya in the beginning of the cold season ; it is. better known on the hills than in the low country. Asia to Australia, Africa, Europe. 175. BupytTes viripis, Gmel. This is the common Wagtail in Ceylon, appearing with other mi- gratory birds in October. Ceylon, India, “N. Africa, S.E. Europe, and W. Asia” (Jerdon). 176. LimontpROMUs INDICcUS, Gmel. I have only seen this bird on wild jungle-roads between Kandy and Trincomalie ; but Layard has apparently met with it in other localities. Ceylon, India, Arracan, Burmah, and part of Malaya, China. 177. CoRYDALLA RICHARDI, Vieill. This species is numerous in winter on the “Galle face”—the esplanade at Colombo, and a great place of resort for Pipits, Wag- tails, and small Sand-Plovers at that season. It is no doubt, as Layard states, widely distributed ; but I do not think it is a resident in Ceylon. Ceylon, India, and Asia generally, Africa, Europe. 178. CoRYDALLA RUFULA, Vieill. Resident and very common in Ceylon; I have found it at Aripo, Colombo, and Nuwara Eliya; and I believe it is generally distributed throughout the island. Bill dark brown above, yellowish below ; irides brown; feet light fleshy brown. Ceylon, India, Assam, Burmah. 179. CorypDALLa stRIoLATA, Blyth. This bird is also common at Colombo in the winter. I have com- pared and identified specimens of this and C. richardi from Ceylon with birds in the Indian Museum at Calcutta. Ceylon, India, China. 180. ZosteRoPS PALPEBROSUS, Temm, (Plate XX. fig. 1.) Common in the central and southern parts of Ceylon, but only ascending the hills to about 2000 feet. It frequents trees and 1872.] MR. E,W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 459 flowering shrubs, and, Mr. Legge says, is often to be seen on the tulip-trees in the principal street of the Fort at Colombo. It is common about Kandy and the surrounding district ; but I have never met with it in the north or on the upper hills. Specimens of this Zosterops from the low country in Ceylon vary somewhat in size, but have been identified in England and Calcutta with Z. palpebrosus, and agree with Jerdon’s description of that species except in being generally smaller and in the colour of the bill and legs. He says, * Bill blackish, horny at the base beneath; legs reddish horny ;” but I find in freshly-killed birds the following colours :— Bill dark leaden, paler at the base beneath; irides light brown ; legs and feet lavender. Ceylon, India, Assam, Arracan, Tenasserim. 181. ZosTEROPS CEYLONENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XX. fig. 2.) Upper surface dark olive-green, deeper on the head and paler on the upper tail-coverts ; a circle of small white feathers round the eye ; lores and below the eye dusky, but not very conspicuous ; chin, throat, and centre of breast greenish yellow, shading at the sides of the neck and breast into the colour of the back, and giving the appearance of an incomplete pectoral band ; the rest of the underparts bluish white, darkest on the flanks, and sometimes tinged in the centre with yellow ; under tail-coverts yellow ; quills and tail dusky brown, both margined externally with olive-green, and the latter faintly marked with trans- verse striz. Sexes alike. Length 4°75 inches, wing 2°4, tail 1°8, bill at front °5, tarsus *7. Bill dark leaden above, paler below; irides light brown; feet lavender. This is at all seasons one of the commonest birds at Nuwara Eliya and on the upper hills. It is, I have no doubt, the one recorded by Kelaart as Z. annulosus, Swainson, an African species, Layard, in speaking of this bird in his ‘ Notes on the Ornithology of Ceylon,’ says: “Dr. Kelaart writes, ‘we fear that the Nuwara Eliya Zosterops is wrongly identified; it is of a darker green than the common Z. palpebrosus.’”? He then adds, “I, however, much doubt the di- stinctness of this and the preceding species.” A comparison of the two birds, however, leaves no doubt that there is a marked difference between them, both in colour and in the form of the bill. The bird from the Ceylon hills cannot be identified with any recog- nized species ; and Mr. A.OQ. Hume, to whom I showed specimens of it when I was at Calcutta, told me he had never seen it in any of his many collections from the Neilgherries, a district (as I have before mentioned) agreeing closely in character and productions with the Ceylon hills. Mr. W. T. Blanford, in a paper on the Birds of Western India (J. A. S. B. 1869, vol. xxxviii. p. 170), says, in speak- ing of Z. palpebrosus, ‘the Nilgiri race is a little larger and appears to bea little darker in colour.” He gives as the measurements of a speci- men, ‘‘ beak *4, wing 2°2, tail 1°75, tarsus *7,” and says “the black lores appear more developed in the Nilgiri bird.’’ These observations evidently refer to Z. palpebrosus ; but it appeared to me desirable to 460 MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 5, mention them in my account of Z. ceylonensis for the purpose of showing the difference between the hill species of the two countries. I believe Dr. Jerdon is under the impression that he has seen Z. ceylonensis in India; but he has no record of it. Z. ceylonensis differs somewhat in habits from Z. palpebrosus. It frequents hedges and bush-jungle rather than trees, clinging Tit- like to the stems, and often covering its forehead with pollen from the flowers which it busily examines for insects. As these birds are very common and constantly flying in small parties from bush to bush, uttering their lively chirp, they attract attention ; and the little ** White-eye”’ is familiar to most Europeans who visit Nuwara Eliya. In the winter the males associate in flocks of fifteen or twenty ; and it is then rare to find a female im their company. I believe the latter are for the time solitary, as, with one exception, the numerous spe- cimens I have shot from different flocks have proved to be males. The breeding-season is probably about April or May; but I have been unable to obtain any particulars of their nesting. The distinction between the two species of Zosterops found in Ceylon will be readily seen on reference to Plate XX. 182. Parus CINEREUS, Vieill. Very abundant at Nuwara Eliya and on the upper hills at all seasons, and found occasionally on the western coast, around Colombo and not far from Galle. Layard says it is “ not uncommon through- out the island,’’ but I have never seen it in the Aripo district or in the extreme south. Like many hill birds it is often met with near Kandy ; but I expect its appearance about Colombo and in some other parts of the low country is exceptional, as when found there it is by no means numerous. It has the usual habits of the Titmouse family. Bill black ; irides black ; feet leaden. Ceylon, India (except Bengal), Malaya. 183. Corvus LEVAILLANTI, Less. Corvus culminatus, Sykes. General in the low country, and especially frequenting native vil- lages and the more uncultivated districts in the interior. It is rare at Colombo compared with C. splendens, and was not so numerous as that species at Aripo. I believe Crows are unknown on the upper hills ; but I have heard of their having been occasionally seen for a a day or two on coffee-estates 3000 or 4000 feet high. Bill black ; irides dark brown; feet black. Ceylon, India to the Malay peninsula. 184. Corvus SPLENDENS, Vieill. This well-known bird is much more numerous on the coast gener- ally than inland, and is found in great abundance in all the large towns, but is not met with in native villages so much as the last spe- cies. It was common at Aripo;and at Colombo it is very abundant, not confining itself to the shore, but boarding the vessels as soon as 1872.] MR. E.W.H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 461 they are anchored in the harbour or roadstead, paying frequent visits while they remain there, and only reluctantly leaving them at their departure when they are two or three miles away. It is unnecessary to say more of the well-known inquisitive, thievish habits of these birds than that in Ceylon they fully keep up the character they have obtained elsewhere. From the comparative localization of this bird in the larger towns in the south-west of Ceylon, Mr. Hugh Nevill has stated (Journ. Roy. Asiat. Soc., Ceylon Branch, 1870-71, p. 33) that “there is no doubt it is not indigenous to the south of the is- land, having been introduced by the Dutch at their various stations as a propagator of cinnamon, the seeds of which it rejects uninjured.” I have been unable to discover on what evidence this statement has been made. This Crow has certainly been in Ceylon long enough to spread over every part of the island if its habits or inclinations had led it to do so; but on both sides of the island it is comparatively local ; and whilst on a coasting voyage from Ceylon to Calcutta, and calling at numerous places on my way, I found on the Indian coast the same localization of this bird in the larger ports as is the case in Ceylon. The Ceylon birds are smaller than those in India, and, according to Blyth, are darker, but I have not had an opportunity of comparing a sufficient number of specimens from the two countries to be able to judge on this point. Jerdon says nothing of the neck changing from ashy to a dull fawn-colour in old birds in India; but this is the case in Ceylon. The young birds are very dark on the neck ; and these may possibly have been the subjects of Blyth’s observations. Specimens of this Crow from Ceylon and India are now, however, in the Gardens of the Society, and will afford ready means of comparison of any changes that may take place. Bill black ; irides brown ; feet black. Ceylon, India, Assam, Burmah ? 185. Cissa onNATA, Wagler. Peculiar to Ceylon. This remarkably handsome species has at- tracted some attention since it was described by Blyth as C. puedla from specimens forwarded by Layard; but it had been previously made known by Wagler. It is, so far as is known, essentially a hill bird, found most abundantly at about 5000 feet and upwards, but at certain seasons descending as low as 1500 feet. This is about the elevation of Kandy ; and the jungles in the immediate neighbourhood of that city, nearly in the centre of the island, appear to be the lower limit of the range of this and many other hill species. In the cold season, which is only really perceptible on the hills, these birds are numerous at Nuwara Eliya, frequenting the dense bushes growing under the trees in forest-jungle. They are very noisy, continually uttering a harsh Jay-like scream, both when perched and flying. There is consequently little difficulty in finding them out when they are in the neighbourhood; but from their keeping so much to the dense jungle 1 have on several occasions worked my way quietly through the bushes to within a few yards of the birds without being 462 MR. E,W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 5, able to get sight of them. The specimens I obtained were appa- rently not quite mature, as the blue of the underparts was not uni- formly developed ; otherwise they were in good feather, and enable me to give a description of the species. Whole head and neck rich deep chestnut; back, tail, and under- parts (in adults) bright cobalt-blue, the tail-feathers tipped and more or less margined externally with white; quills light chestnut on the outer webs, black on the inner. Bill red (adult), tipped black (young) ; irides light brown; feet coral-red. Ceylon hills. 186. AcRIDOTHERES TRISTIS, Linn. Very common in the low country, and generally distributed. They were very numerous at Aripo; and a young bird brought to me by some natives soon became tame enough to be allowed its liberty in the house, sometimes escaping through the window to the adjoining trees, but always allowing itself to be caught, or gomg into its cage when held up to it. It became rather troublesome at last from its fondness for standing on the top of my head or perching on my hand when I was writing or engaged in some other work at the table. Ceylon specimens are much darker than those obtained in India. Bill yellow ; orbits yellow ; irides dark brown ; feet pale yellow. Ceylon, India, Assam, Burmah. 187. TEMENUCHUS PAGODARUM, Gmel. Obtained by Layard in the north of the island, and by Kelaart at Trincomalie. Ceylon, India. 188. TeMENUCHUS SENEx, Temm. Peculiar to Ceylon ; described by Layard as 7. albofrontatus, as it was believed to be new; it has since been recognized as 7’. senez, Temm., erroneously described by Bonaparte as from Bengal Several specimens have been received by Lord Walden, of which, however, only one has the head entirely grey, the true character of T. senex. Layard gives the following description of his bird, which is now in the British Museum :— “«‘ General colour of back, tail, and wings black with a green gloss; forehead albescent ; hinder feathers of crest brownish black with albescent shafts; general colour of breast, throat, vent, and under tail-coverts albescent, the shafts of the feathers on the throat shining white.” It is, I believe, from_the lower hills, and appears to be rather a local species. Ceylon. 189. Pastor rosEevs, Linn. Layard “found large flocks of these birds’ quite at the north of the island in July, but did not see them afterwards. They have also . 1872.] MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 463 been obtained at Putlam, on the west coast ; and I have little doubt that I saw a flock at Aripo in 1866, but I could not get near them. It is rather remarkable that this bird is not better known in Ceylon, as in India, according to Jerdon, it is most abundant in the south and south-west. Ceylon and India westward. 190. EuLABES RELIGIOSA, Linn. Recorded by Layard as common on the west coast. I have never met with it at Aripo, and believe it is more frequently seen in the south. There are many Ceylon specimens in Lord Walden’s collec- tion, most probably procured in the south-east of the island. Ceylon, South India. 191. EvLaBEs pTILOGENYS, Blyth. This well-marked species of hill Myna is peculiar to Ceylon, and is found in flocks on the upper hills chiefly, but sometimes met with in the neighbourhood of Kandy. It frequents the tops of the trees ; and at Nuwara Eliya, where it is often numerous, I have found it wild and difficult of approach. I have heard, however, of large numbers having been killed on some of the coffee-estates in the early morning or evening. Its call is constantly repeated when on the wing, and sometimes when perched on the tops of the trees. This species may be readily distinguished by the yellow lappets at the back of the head, and the absence of any naked skin about the eye and cheeks. Bill deep orange, base black; irides brown, lappets yellow; feet dull yellow. Ceylon. 192. PLocevus Baya, Blyth. This bird, called by Layard P. philippinus, is said by him to be mi- gratory and to breedin June. It was, however, generally to be found at Aripo; and there they used to build their curious nests in December on the trees close tomy house. A young bird was brought to me in February which was just ready to leave the nest. I have never seen the nest of this species in any other than ordinary branching trees; but Layard says it builds on palms and other trees indiscriminately. Ceylon, India, Assam, Burmah, Malaya. 193. Piocxrus striatus, Blyth. I have not met with this species at Aripo or on the west side of Ceylon ; and Layard, who found it on the east side, thinks it is con- fined to that part of the island. It is rather remarkable, however, that this bird should not change its quarters according to the season and, like many other species, migrate from one side to the other at the change of the monsoons. This is the species most probably given by Layard under P. manyar, Horsf., which is a Javan bird. Ceylon, North and Central India, Burmah, parts of Malaya. 464 MR. £E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 5, 194. Munta matacca, Linn. 195. Munta RuBRoniGRA, Hodgs. 196. Munia unputata, Latham. 197. Munta stTRiaTA, Linn. 198. Munia MALABARICA, Linn. With the exception of M. rubronigra, which I have not seen, and was recorded by Layard only from Galle, the above species are more or less abundant in the low country—WM. undulata and M. malabarica being the most numerous, and the former perhaps the most widely distributed. I have seen many nests of M. undulata at Aripo and near Colombo, and have often watched the birds biting off the grass- stems and taking them to the nest, which has been generally a large structure, sometimes placed near the end of a branch, but more com- monly in a thick bush. These species are more or less distributed through India and the neighbouring countries eastward of it. 199. Munta KELAARTI, Blyth. Peculiar to Ceylon, and confined to the upper hills. Itis abundant at Nuwara Eliya at all seasons, frequenting the gardens and cultivated ground, and may often be seen on the roads feeding, like the Spar- rows, on what it can find there. I have specimens in all stages of plumage. The adult bird may be distinguished from M. pectoralis, Jerdon, with which it was at first confused, by its having the rum and underparts, from the breast downwards, brownish black, with each feather centred, barred, and margined with white, producing a mottled effect ; the under tail-coverts are only centred white; and the extremity of the upper tail-coverts is tinged with glistening yellow. Young birds have the throat speckled brown and white, and the under- parts faintly mottled with two shades of light yellowish brown. Bill lead-colour, very dark in adults ; irides brown ; feet leaden. Ceylon. 200. EstRELDA AMANDAVA, Linn. I have seen specimens of this bird which were procured by Mr. Legge from a grass-field adjoining his house at Colombo. It had not been previously observed in Ceylon ; and it may be, as Mr. Legge suggests as possible (J. R. A. S., C. B., 1870-71, p. 53, note), that some of the many birds of this species imported into Ceylon have escaped from confinement and become acclimatized. The occurrence of Munia rubronigra (a North-Indian species) only about Galle may perhaps be accounted for in the same manner, if no mistake was made in its identification. Ceylon, India, Assam, Burmah. 201. Passer 1npicus, Jard. & Selby. Found in Ceylon wherever there are human habitations. It is 1872.] MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 465 abundant at Nuwara Eliya, but I was told by old residents that they remembered the time when the now common Sparrows and Musquitos were unknown at that elevation. Ceylon, India, eastward to Siam. 202. MrirRaArra AFFINIS, Jerdon. I have found this species common at Aripo; and Layard has re- corded it from the north also. I am not sure that it does not also occur at Colombo. Bill dusky above, pale brown below; irides brown ; feet fleshy brown. Ceylon, South India, Upper Burmah. 203. PyRRHULAUDA GRISEA, Scop. Confined to the northern part of the island. Layard believed it was migratory ; but I have seen it at Aripo at all seasons, in pairs durivg the summer, and in flocks during the winter months. Bill pale brown ; irides brown ; feet fleshy. Ceylon, India westward to Arabia. 204. ALAUDA GULGULA, Frankl. Very common in the low country ; but I have no recollection of seeing it on the hills. It has, however, been recorded, I believe, from the upper country by Kelaart. It was abundant at Aripo. Bill dusky above, paler below ; irides brown ; feet fleshy brown. Ceylon, India. 205. Crocorus cHLoROGASTER, Blyth. I have obtained this Pigeon near Aripo ; and it is said by Layard to be confined to the north of the island. Ceylon, South and Central India. 206. OSMOTRERON BICINCTA, Jerdon. This species is also found at times in wild jungle south of Aripo. I have likewise met with it a few miles from Coombo; but it is recorded as more numerous further south. Ceylon, India eastward to Tenasserim. 207. OsMOTRERON POMPADOURA, Gmel. The description of this species given by Gmelin was from a draw- ing of a Ceylon bird. Layard believed it to be a variety of O. ma- labarica, Jerdon ; and Blyth has since given it the name of flavo- gularis ; but the difference between Blyth’s species and O. pompa- doura can only be traced in the under tail-coverts, and there is a variation in this difference. O. pompadoura and O. flavo-gularis agree precisely in differing from O. malabarica in having the head less grey and the throat more yellow, and in not having the under tail-coverts cinnamon ; this colour, however, Mr. Blyth tells me is only found in the male of O. malabarica. Specimens of O. pompa- Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1872, No. XXX. 466 MR.&.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 5, doura and flavo-gularis in Lord Walden’s collection are undistinguish- able, except in having the under tail-coverts green margined with white, entirely white, or white margined with yellow. Lord Walden’s opinion that these differences are due to season or age appears to me likely to be correct; if not, the number of species founded on the colour of these particular feathers will have to be increased. Ceylon, South India. 208. CARPOPHAGA SYLVATICA, Tickell. Recorded by Layard as mostly found on the mountain-zone. He mentions it under the name of C. pusilla, Blyth; but the difference in size of this Pigeon from Ceylon and parts of India is not generally recognized as of specific value. Ceylon, India to Burmah, and Hainan. 209. ALtsocomus PUNICEUS, Tickell. This Pigeon, known to the Singhalese by a name literally trans- lated ‘* Season Pigeon,” is recorded by Layard only as a rare visitor ; and, according to the natives, “‘it appears during the fruiting of the cinnamon-trees.” I have never seen it. Ceylon, Eastern side of Central India, Assam, Arrakan, and Te- nasserim. 210. PALUMBUS TORRINGTONIA, Kelaart. Peculiar to Ceylon. It is found in great abundance on the hills, but changes its locality according to the season and the time at which the fruit of particular trees ripens. I have found it nume- rous at Nuwara Eliya at the end and beginning of the year; and it is occasionally found there at other times. It is allied to P. elphin- stonei, Sykes, but differs essentially from it in having the back and wings dark slaty, and the underparts strongly vinaceous. It is known on the hills as the ‘‘ Blue Pigeon.” Bill dusky, tip pale green; irides dark yellow ; feet fleshy red. Ceylon. Macropygia macroura (Gmelin). With reference to the occur- rence of this species in Ceylon, as stated by Bonaparte, Lord Walden has been good enough to send me the following note, with permis- sion to make use of it :— “The titles Columba macroura, Gmel. (1788), and Columba mace- rona, L. S. Miller (1776), were founded on the Tourocco of Butfon (Hist. Nat. Ois. ii. p. 553, and Pl. Enl. 329). Buffon figured this Pigeon from a Senegal example, presented by Adanson under the name of Tourterelle a large queue du Sénégal. But he afterwards (Hist. Nat.) substituted for Adanson’s title that of Tourocco, because, as he says, while Adanson’s bird possessed many of the characters of the European Turtledove, it carried its tail like ‘le Hocco’ (Craz). Tourocco may therefore be translated Turtledove-Curassow. Buffon is most circumstantial in his account of the locality whence his bird was obtained ; and the fact that the specimen bore a title given 1872.] MR. E.W.H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 467 by Adanson strongly corroborates the Senegal origin. Yet Bona- parte (Consp. ii. p. 57) says ‘ex Ceylon, nec Senegal.’ The Prince was also (J. c.), I believe, the first who referred C. macroura, Gm., to the genus Macropygia. Still it is doubtful whether he ever saw an example of the bird, and the diagnosis given by him of the species only contains the prominent characters discernible in the plate quoted.” 211. CoLUMBA INTERMEDIA, Strick]. There are two stations on the Ceylon coast which “ Rock-Pigeons”’ are known to frequent. The principal one is Pigeon Island, a large mass of isolated rocks well known on the east coast, and about eighteen miles north of Trincomalie. I have visited this locality ; and I have no doubt that Pigeons, probably of this species, are found there at a particular season of the year, according to the general report of the natives on the adjoining mainland ; but I did not see any when I was there. Layard mentions their having been killed about fifty miles inland from Trincomalie. The other station is off Berberyn, not far from Galle. Ceylon, India to Burmah. 212. TurtTuR RUPICOLA, Pall. Layard records having shot a young bird of 7’. orientalis, Lath. This may be the above species ; but I am disposed to think his iden- tification doubtful, as his only specimen was a young bird. 213. Turtur suRATENSIS, Gmel. Very common in the low country, and abundant at Aripo. Ceylon, India. 214, Turtur risoria, Linn. Very numerous in the north, and, I believe, not uncommon throughout the low country. Ceylon, India. 215. Cuaucopuaps 1npica, Linn. This handsome Dove is found in all parts of the island except the north. I have met with it in cultivated districts near Colombo and in the extreme south, on the road through the forest between Kandy and Trincomalie, and at Nuwara Eliya, where at the end of the year it frequents the jungle in great numbers. It has a low rapid flight, and a peculiar moaning coo, more like the note of some Owls than that of a Dove. Ceylon, India, eastward to Tenasserim. 216. Pavo crisratus, Linn. Common in all jungly districts within a moderate distance of the coast. So far as my observations and inquiries have gone, it is un- known in the hill-country ; and it is more numerous in the eastern 468 MR. E. WwW. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 5, and northern parts of the island than in the more cultivated south and west. Ceylon, India. 217. GALLUS STANLEYI, Gray. The Ceylon Jungle-fowl is remarkable not only for being peculiar to the island, but also for being common in all parts of it where the country is uncultivated and there is jungle of a moderate height. Although especially abundant in the low country, it is often very numerous even on the upper hills, and is attracted to the particular localities where the ‘‘xzlloo,” the native name for some species of Strobilanthes growing at 5000 feet and upwards, is at the time in seed. I have entirely failed to discover that any thing is known among botanists of the seeds of the Acanthacee possessing narcotic or other poisonous properties ; but it is well known that the Jungle- fowl after feeding for a time among the nz//oo become partially blid or stupified, so that they may frequently be knocked down with a stick. This stupefaction is generally attributed to the nilloo-seeds, which are so largely eaten by these birds; but in the absence of any known poisonous properties in these seeds, it appears possible that the birds may really suffer from devouring some fungus or other plant found in the damp woods where the nilloo grows. At daybreak the crow of the Jungle-cock is first heard ; and for an hour or two after sunrise, if the birds are at all numerous, they may be heard challenging each other on all sides. On these occa- sions a successful shot may sometimes be obtained by remaining perfectly still between two birds which are challenging and gradually approaching each other. Some of the native hunters are very ex- pert in calling the Jungle-cocks, by beating on a loose fold of their cloth, so as to produce an imitation of the sound of a bird’s wings just as it is alighting: no time must be lost with the gun on these occasions, as the cocks discover the deception the moment they get sight of you, and instantly run off with drooping tails like Pheasants. It is not difficult in favourable jungle to approach a calling bird within easy shot; and under these circumstances I have generally found the cock strutting up and down a low horizontal branch of a tree, raising and lowering its head, and every now and then giving utterance to its peculiar crow, which has been likened to the sound of ‘George Joyce.” When the bird is tolerably close, the syllable “ek” is heard preceding those two sounds, which are so familiar to persons who have been wandering in the jungles of Ceylon. In some of the wilder jungle-roads, a cock and hen may sometimes be seen feeding together; but generally the hens are very shy, and not many of them are killed. Mr. Layard tells me that there is no doubt about this Jungle- fowl sometimes breeding with the domestic poultry in the native villages. I have seen young Jungle-fowl, which had been hatched under domestic hens, running about with the other chickens; but they were always rather wild and invariably roosted out of doors ; and those which were not sooner or later killed by some accident, 1872.] MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 469 ultimately took to the jungle. Some others, which, however, were reared in an aviary at Colombo by my friend Dr. Boake, became quite tame, and were in good feather when he kindly allowed me to send them to London for the Society’s Gardens ; but they all died when they were almost within sight of England. Mr. Blyth can hardly be correct in his description of the head and appendages in this species. He says (Ibis, 1867, p. 307), “The cock has a yellow comb with a red edge, and the cheeks and wattles (as I remember them in the living bird) are chiefly yellow.” His description of the colour of the comb is approxi- mately correct, as the extent of the yellow varies in different spe- cimens; but I am too familiar with the appearance of the living or freshly killed bird to have any doubt about the cheeks and wattles being red. These parts assume a dark livid appearance a few hours after death ; but the yellow in the comb remains, and is evident even in old dry skins. The size of the comb and wattles varies, and pro- bably depends on age. The following details were taken from a fine adult cock I killed at Aripo, and were noted down on the spot :— Bill brown, front of the lower mandible pale yellow ; irides buff ; comb, wattles, and naked skin about the head purplish red, the comb having a large wing-shaped spot of yellow occupying the middle of the posterior half, very bright at its origin immediately over the eye, and shading off at its margin into the colour of the comb; feet and legs pale yellow. Ceylon. . 218. GALLOPERDIX BICALCARATA, Forst. Peculiar to Ceylon; abundant on many parts of the hills, and frequenting also jungly places in the low parts of the southern half of the island. During the winter months it is numerous in the coffee- districts and upper hills, and is trapped in large numbers by the natives. It is skulking in its habits and difficult to flush, usually seeking concealment in the thicker parts of the jungle when it is dis- turbed. They bear confinement well in Ceylon ; but some specimens I brought to England, although apparently strong and well on their arrival, all died within three days after the ship entered the Thames. Bill red ¢, dusky 9; irides brown; feet fleshy red. Ceylon. 219. Francouinus pictus, Jard. & Selby. The occurrence of this species, said to have been well identified, was noticed three or four years ago in one of the Colombo news- papers. I did not see the specimens, and I cannot now give the precise date or particulars of where they were obtained. Ceylon, Central India. 220. ORTYGORNIS PONTICERIANA, Gmel. Common in the north of Ceylon, and found also in the cinnamon- gardens at Colombo. These birds may have escaped from confine- 470 MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [ Mar. 5, ment, as large numbers of them are brought alive to the Colombo market from Tuticorin on the Indian coast ; Mr. Legge, however, has also seen the bird at Galle. This species is indigenous in the north, and is always very abundant at Aripo. The large compound surrounding my house at that place was virtually nothing but a con- siderable piece of jungle fenced in, and was frequented by many kinds of wild animals and birds. Partridges were very numerous there ; and they might be seen or heard at all hours of the day, and often within a few yards of the house. They roosted in low bushes. Bill dusky ; irides brown ; feet dull red. Ceylon, South, Central, and North-west India, Persia? 221, PerpicuLa ASIATICA, Lath. Layard mentions having seen a pair of these birds which were caught alive near Colombo. He speaks of it under the name of P. argoondah, Sykes. Ceylon, South India. 222. EXCALFACTORIA CHINENSIS, Linn. I have seen this bird from Kandy and the cinnamon-gardens at Colombo; and Layard says it is common in the south. Ceylon, India, eastward to China, Malaya, Australia. 223. 'TurNrIx Tarcoor, Sykes. Common in all parts of the low country. I have found its eggs at Aripo in February. Bill lead-colour ; irides pale yellow ; feet pale leaden. Ceylon, India. 224. CursorIuS COROMANDELICUS, Gmel. I believe the Indian Courser is resident in the north of Ceylon, as I have seen it in almost every month of the year at Aripo. It is more numerous, however, in the winter months, being then in small parties of six or eight. Its flight is heavy and flapping, like that of the Lapwings ; but it runs lightly and fast ; and when separated from its companions, I have more than once seen it running along behind the bund of a dry paddy-field, with head lowered and wings trailing on the ground, presenting a most curious appearance, as the colour of the back resembled that of the dry mud, and there was nothing to attract attention but the drooping black primaries. Layard ap- pears to have occasionally met with this bird, but only in April. Bill black ; irides dark brown; feet cream-colour. Ceylon; Central and West India. 225. CHARADRIUS FuLVus, Gmel. Charadrius longipes, Temm., apud Jerdon. The Ceylon birds have the ash-coloured axillary plume charac- teristic of this species; they are migratory, appearing at Aripo in August, many of them then having some remains of the black 1872.] MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 471 breeding-plumage. Throughout the winter they are abundant in the north, and are occasionally seen as far south as Colombo, fre- quenting the esplanade with some of the smaller Plovers. Bill black ; irides brown; feet dark leaden. Ceylon, India, Eastern Asia to Australia, and Polynesia. 226, ANGIALITES MONGOLICUS, Pall. Mr. Edmund Harting, in a series of exhaustive papers “On rare or little known Limicole ” (‘Ibis’ 1870), has worked out the synonymy of this species, among others, and identified the bird _given by Jerdon under &. pyrrhothorax, Temm., with that de- scribed by Pallas. It is doubtless the one mentioned by Layard as Miaticula leschenaultii, Less., as I have no reason to think the much larger 4. geoffroyii, Wagler, is found in Ceylon. 4G. mongolicus is a winter visitor to Ceylon, and is then very abundant on the coast, commonly associating with 4. cantianus. All the specimens I have examined have been in winter dress. Bill black ; irides dark brown; legs grey, feet dark grey. Asia to North Australia. 227. ANGIALITES CANTIANUS, Lath. Mr. Harting has been good enough to examine my specimens of this and the preceding species, and he tells me that a small Plover which I had been unable to identify is the young of 4. cantianus. I obtained specimens of this species in different states of plumage ; but the greater number of these birds found in Ceylon are young ones, and apparently diminutives of 4. mongolicus. I have occasionally got specimens in nearly, if not quite, full plumage. Bill black ; irides dark brown ; feet dark grey, legs paler (in the young). Europe, Asia. 228. ANGIALITES DUBIUS, Scop. Aigialites philippensis, Scop., apud Jerdon. This well-known little Plover is common in Ceylon, and, I believe, resident there, as it is certainly found during a great part of the year at Aripo. Although associating to some extent with the other Sand-Plovers, it does not always keep with the party, but wanders off to some distance when feeding. It is particalarly fond of stand- ing on any little natural elevation of the ground or heap of rubbish on the beach. Bill black ; irides dark brown ; feet yellow. Ceylon, India, eastward to China and Japan. 229. CHETTUSIA GREGARIA, Pall. I have identified a single specimen of this Plover shot by Mr. Bligh on the Galle face at Colombo. It has not been before observed in Ceylon. Ceylon, parts of India, West Asia, and South-east Europe. 472 MR. E. W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 5, 230. LoBIvANELLUS INDICUS, Boda. Lobivanellus goensis, Gmel., apud Jerdon. Found in all open parts of the low country, and generally in pairs. Resident in Ceylon. Ceylon, India. 231. SARCIOPHORUS MALABARICUS, Bodd. Sarciophorus bilobus, Gmel., apud Jerdon. Distribution much the same as that of the last species, but it is more numerous in the north. It was always abundant at Aripo, and was found in large flocks during winter. Jerdon, in his description of this - species, has omitted to mention that the chin and upper part of the throat are dull black. This appears as soon as the young are well able to fly, and remains at all seasons. It is present in all the Indian spe- cimens I have seen. Bill yellow, tip black; irides pale yellow; wattles yellow; feet yellow. Ceylon, India. 232. Esacus RECURVIROSTRIS, Cuv. I have only seen this bird occasionally in the Aripo district. It was usually in pairs on the banks of the Aripo river. I have shot this bird in August, from which it would appear to be a resident. Bill greenish yellow, tip black ; irides pale yellow; feet yellow. Ceylon, India. 233. CADICNEMUS CREPITANS, Temm. Common in the north at all seasons. J have also flushed it in the cinnamon-gardens at Colombo. Asia, N. Africa, Europe. 234. STREPSILAS INTERPRES, Linn. I obtained one specimen in August on the coast a few miles north of Aripo. Layard also met with it in the north, and once at Colombo. It is rather a scarce bird in Ceylon. World-wide distribution. 235. Dromas arpeota, Paykul. I have never seen this remarkable bird ; but specimens were ob- tained by Layard—at sea, with one exception. He follows Blyth in placing it near the Terns. Ceylon, India, Red Sea. 236. HamatTorus ostRALEGUS, Linn. Layard records having seen one or two of these birds near Jaffna. Ceylon, Indian and European coasts. 237. SCOLOPAX RUSTICULA, Linn. The occasional appearance of the Woodcock on the Ceylon hills 1872.] MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 473 has been reported on “sportsman’s authority ;”’ and it is now con- firmed by Mr. 8. Bligh, who writes to me that he has just examined a specimen quite recently killed at Nuwara Eliya. 238. GALLINAGO NEMoRICOLA, Hodgson. 239. GALLINAGO STENURA, Temm. 240. GALLINAGO scoLoPACcINA, Bonap. 241. GALLINAGO GALLINULA, Linn. Of these four reputed Ceylon species G. stenura appears to be the only one which has been positively identified. It is the Common Snipe of sportsmen ; and I believe there are but few persons in the island who are aware of the peculiarity in the tail-feathers by which it can be at once distinguished from G. scolopacina, which it is generally believed to be. G. stenura is found all over the island in the winter months ; and although of course much more abundant in paddy-growing districts, it is also numerous in swampy plains on the upper hills. G. nemoricola was recorded from Nuwara Eliya b Mr. Hugh Nevill as new to the island (J. R. A. S., C. B., 1867-70, p- 138); but although he, I believe, examined the specimen, the skin was not preserved, and he himself told me that he identified the bird, after he had left the hills, by the coloured figure in Jerdon’s ‘Tllust. Ind. Ornith.,’ from which work he has evidently taken his description of the species. Although neither Layard nor Kelaart mentions this bird, Jerdon speaks of it as being found on the “ ele- vated regions of Southern India and Ceylon,” but does not give any authority. In the case of G. gallinula, Layard thought that “‘sportsman’s authority’’ might be trusted, as the “Jack” would not be easily confounded with the other Indian Snipes, and he had been informed by a person likely to be acquainted with it that it was not uncommon in the north a few years previously. None of these species is unlikely to occur in Ceylon; but, except in the case of G. stenura, the evidence in their favour is not quite as clear as could be wished. 242. RHYNCH#A BENGALENSIS, Linn. Not uncommon in the low country during the winter. Layard says some remain to breed, “the season of incubation being from May to July.” He tells me that he obtained many eggs of this spe- cies. Jerdon also gives June and July as the breeding-time of this bird in India. It apparently varies, however, as a bird caught near Colombo, and sent alive to me on the 3]st of December, was found to have laid an egg in the basket in which it was packed. This egg has been identified by Mr. Layard as that of the Painted Snipe, al- though its ground-colour is rather paler than usual. Ceylon, India, Burmah to S. China, Africa. 243. LimosA #GOCEPHALA, Linn. Recorded by Layard. I have not met with it. Ceylon, parts of continental Asia and Europe. 474 MR. E,W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [ Mar. 5, 244, TEREKIA CINEREA, Gmel. I obtained one specimen in winter plumage, out of a flock of five, in April 1869; they were in a small swamp near the sea at Aripo. It appears to be new to Ceylon. Bill dusky, base yellow; irides brown; feet pale orange. Europe, Asia to Australia. 245. NuMENiUS ARQUATA, Linn. ? The Ceylon Curlew requires further examination ; it may prove to be WN. lineatus, Cuv., which Mr. Blyth tells me is commonly found in India. 246. NuMENIvs pHopus, Linn. This and the preceding species are common on many parts of the coast, and were often found at Aripo, but never in flocks. Europe, Africa, Asia. 247. TRINGA SUBARQUATA, Gmel. I have obtained this bird in May at Aripo with the breeding-plu- mage far advanced. 248. TRINGA MINUTA, Leisler. This was the common Stint on the shore at Aripo, yet it appears doubtful whether it is found in India (Jerdon, Birds of India, App. p- 875). Bill black; irides brown; feet leaden-black. 249. TRINGA SALINA, Pall. Tringa subminuta, Midd. I obtained two of this species at Aripo, in January 1870, for the first time. It is new to Ceylon, although Blyth, as quoted by Jer- don (ut supra), states that it is the common Little Stint of India. My specimens of these two Stints have been carefully examined and identified for me in Eugland. Bill black ; irides brown; feet dull olive. 250. TRINGA PLATYRHYNCHA, Temm. This appears to be rare in Ceylon. Layard only obtained one two specimens quite in the north. 251. AcCTITIS GLAREOLA, Gmel. Exceedingly abundant in all wet places. I have counted twenty round a small pool in my compound at Aripo during the rains. 252. AcTITIS ocHROPUS, Linn. Numerous, but less so than the last species. 253. AcTITIS HYPOLEUCOs, Linn. Very common in all parts of the low country, and less so on the 1872.| MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 475 hills. I have seen it as high as Nuwara Eliya in February. It is probably resident in Ceylon. 254. Toranus GLortis, Linn. 255. ToTANUS sTAGNATILIs, Bechst. Both very common at Aripo, and generally so in the low country. 256. Totanus Fruscus, Linn. 257. Toranus CAuipRis, Linn. These species were considered common by Layard ; but I have not seen them. 258. HimMANTOPUS AUTUMNALIS, Hass. Himantopus candidus, Bonn. Not uncommon at Aripo during the rains. 259. RECURVIROSTRA AVOCETTA, Linn. Two of these birds, killed near Jaffna, are recorded by Layard. Almost all these small Waders are, I believe, winter visitors to Ceylon after breeding in Northern Europe or Asia. 260. HypRopHASIANUS CHIRURGUS, Scop. Very common in the neighbourhood of Colombo. Beautiful spe- cimens in varions states of plumage are sometimes brought in for sale by the Singhalese, who walk through the flooded marshes and wait patiently, with the water often above their waists, till they can make sure of a successful shot. I have not seen this bird in the north ; but, as Layard mentions, it may be sometimes observed walking on the lotus-leaves in the lake at Colombo. Bill bluish, tip green ; irides red-brown ; feet leaden. Ceylon, India, China. 261. PorPHYRIO POLIOCEPHALUS, Lath. Common in suitable situations, but shy and fond of concealment. They are numerous in the neighbourhood of Colombo. Ceylon, India. 262. GALLICREX CRISTATUS, Lath. This bird is also common about Colombo and in marshes in the south. Ceylon, parts of India, Burmah, Malaya, China. 263. GALLINULA CHLOROPUS, Linn. Layard met with one specimen of this bird in the north; but I have not heard of any others, although it appears to be general in India. Europe, Asia, Africa. 476 MR. E.W.H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 5, 264. GALLINULA PH@NICURA, Forster. This well-known species was first described and characteristically figured by Forster (1781) from a Ceylon specimen. It is very com- mon in suitable situations throughout the low country ; but I am not aware that it is found on the hills, except near their foot. In what appears to be rather an old bird the upper part of the back is irregularly barred with grey, and the chestnut is confined to the sides of the rump and under tail-coverts. This was a male, and when shot was in company with a presumed female and a small black chick. Jerdon does not mention the characteristic white face and forehead in his description of this species; and I observe in the British Museum a specimen from Malaya labelled G. phenicura in which the white is confined to the underparts. It appears to have rather a stouter bill, and may be a distinct race or species, possibly the one from which Jerdon took his description, in which he says “‘irides blood-red, legs green.”’ These chraacters do not agree with the following in true G. phenicura from Ceylon :— Bill green, ridge dull red; irides brown; legs and feet light yellow- brown. Ceylon, India to Malaya, S. China, Formosa. 265. PorzaAna pyGmxA, Naum. Layard records having obtained one specimen. Ceylon, India, China, Japan. 266. Porzana Fusca, Linn. Recorded by Layard as rare. Ceylon, India, E. Asia. 267. RALLINA CEYLONICA, Gmel. This bird arrives in Ceylon in October, just at the change of the monsoon, and takes refuge in the first place of concealment it can find, often entering the houses and hiding amongst the furniture. I have caught the bird under these circumstances at the hotel at Colombo. Although this Rail is only a winter visitor to Ceylon, specimens of it from India appear to be rare, and the North-Indian race has been separated by Blyth under the name of R. wmauroptera. The dis- tribution of the true R. ceylonica appears to be uncertain. Bill dusky above, green below ; irides red-brown (‘‘carmine, with an inner circle of yellow,’ Layard) ; feet leaden brown. Ceylon, S. India. 268. Rauuus striatus, Linn. Ceylon, India, Burmah to Malaya, Formosa. 269. Ratius rnpvicvs, Blyth. Ceylon, India, Tientsin. These two species have both been recorded by Layard, but are said to be rare. R. indicus is very close to R. aquaticus of Europe, but 1872.] MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 477 has been separated by Blyth; I have not had an opportunity of comparing them. 270. Lerrorriuos JAVANICA, Horsf. I have seen this Stork close to Aripo and a few miles from Trin- comalie, on both occasions in small parties. I believe it is a winter visitor and that it is only found in the northern half of the island, although by no means uncommon in particular districts. Ceylon, India, Burmah to part of Malaya, Hainan. 271. MycTERIA AUSTRALIS, Shaw. Layard mentions having seen this bird near Jaffna; but I have never met with it. Ceylon, India to Australia. 272. CicontA EPIscopus, Bodd. Ciconia leucocephala, Gmel. Described by Layard as common in swampy lands; and although I have not met with the bird, it appears to be well known in suitable situations. Ceylon, India to Malaya. 273. ARDEA CINEREA, Linn. This Heron, considered by Layard to be very rare, is not at all uncommon in Ceylon. I have seen it in many parts of the island, and have had an opportunity of examining young birds on more than one occasion. Asia, Africa, Europe. 274. ARDEA PURPUREA, Linn. More common than the last species; it is very numerous in the south, and breeds near the Amblangodde Lake, a few miles from Galle. Asia, Africa, Europe. 275. Heropias ALBA, Linn. 276. HeropiAS EGRETTOIDES, Temm. Ardea intermedia, Wagler, apud Layard. 277. HERODIAS GARZETTA, Linn. 278. Demireretta asua, Sykes. 279. BupHus coromanoDws, Bodd. These five species are all said by Layard to be common, and to breed in Ceylon. I have no doubt he is quite correct. Egrets of different kinds are abundant in the swamps throughout the island ; but as I brought home no specimens with me, I cannot be sure of the correctness of my identifications. I have occasionally seen spe- 478 MR. E.W.H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 5, cimens of one species at Nuwara Eliya, in October, with a black bill aud greenish feet, probably H. garzetta; but these birds are mostly found in the low country. They appear to be all widely distributed. 280. ARDEOLA GRAYII, Sykes. Ardeola leucoptera, Bodd., apud Jerdon. Exceedingly common in Ceylon. 281. BuroripEs JAVANICA, Horsf. Common, and resident in the north. I have occasionally seen it near Colombo. Bill black above, yellow below ; irides yellow; feet yellow-green. Ceylon, India, Burmah to Malaya, China. 282. ARDETTA FLAVICOLLIS, Lath. 283. ARDETTA CINNAMOMEA, Gmel. 284. ARDETTA SINENSIS, Gmel. Of these three species 4. cinnamomea is the commonest. They appear to be confined to the southern half of the island, and are all found in the neighbourhood of Colombo. They range from India more or less eastward. 285. Nycricorax GRisEvs, Linn. Not uncommon in suitable places. Asia, Africa, Europe. 286. GoISACHIUS MELANOLOPHUS, Raffes. I was fortunate in getting a specimen of this purely eastern Bittern at Aripo, in November 1866; it was hiding among some low bushes a few yards from my Houde; and was a fomdlet in imma- ture plumage. My shot disabled but did not kill it, and it struck at me furiously with its bill as I endeavoured to extricate it from among the thorns, the neck-feathers being erected in true Bittern fashion. Layard first observed this species in Ceylon, and obtained two or three specimens near Colombo. It is remarkable that this common Malay species should not yet have been observed in India, as the birds obtained by Layard and myself (no others are recorded from Ceylon) were all found on the west coast, and my specimen was from that part of the coast where migrants from India generally ap- pear first. Ceylon, Malaya, Japan, Philippines. 287. TANTALUS LEUCOCEPHALUS, Forster. Ceylon, India, Burmah, Amoy. 288. PLATALEA LEUCoROpDIA, Linn. Asia, Africa, Europe. 1872.] MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 479 289. ANAsTOoMUs osciTANs, Bodd. Ceylon, India. 290. THRESKIORNIS MELANOCEPHALUS, Linn. Ceylon, India, Burmah, Arrakan, China? These four species are resident in Ceylon, and abundant in many localities, but, I believe, more numerous in the south and south-east than elsewhere, except, perhaps, the last one, which Layard says is common in the north and north-west. I have only seen it on two occasions near Aripo. 7’. leucocephalus was first described from a Ceylon specimen. 291. FaucrInELLus 1GNEus, 8. G. Gmel. Not uncommon near Aripo, and apparently confined to the north. World-wide distribution. 292. PH@NICOPTERUS ANTIQUORUM, Temm. Phenicopterus roseus, Pall., apud Jerdon. I have seen this species occasionally at Aripo in October and No- vember; they were in flocks of from twenty to thirty, and pre- sented a remarkable appearance as they flew in single file, with outstretched head and legs. Layard speaks of having seen them in very large numbers on the north and east coasts. Parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe. 293. SARKIDIORNIS MELANONOTUS, Forster. Ceylon, India, Burmah. 294. ANSERELLA COROMANDELIANA, Gmel. Ceylon, India, Burmah, Malaya. 295. DENDROCYGNA JAVANICA, Horsf. Dendrocygna arcuata, Cuv. Ceylon, India, Burmah, Malaya. 296. SPATULA CLYPEATA, Linn. Asia, Europe. 297. ANAS P@CILORHYNCHA, Penn. Ceylon, India, Burmah. 298. Dariua acuta, Linn. Asia, Europe. 299. QUERQUEDULA CRECCA, Linn. Asia, Europe. 300. QuERQUEDULA criRciA, Linn. Asia, Africa, Europe. 480 MR. £E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [ Mar. 5, These eight species are all recorded by Layard ; and S. melano- notus was first obtained in Ceylon. The only one commonly dis- tributed throughout the island is D. javanica; it breeds in many localities, and is known among Europeans as the “Teal.” 4. coro- mandeliana is tolerably numerous in the north and east, and, I am told, breeds near Battacaloa; it is sometimes found near Colombo. The others are mostly found in the north, where, according to Layard, Q. crecca and circia are very abundant in winter. Layard also mentions having seen on several occasions, through a telescope, what he believed to be Branta rufina, Pall.; but that species has not been yet identified from Ceylon. 301. Popicrrs PHILIPPENSIS, Bonn. Very common on all large pieces of water, and often associated in flocks. I have counted thirty-eight together on the Colombo lake. Bill black, tip white, base of lower mandible dull green; irides dark yellow; legs and feet blackish green in front, black below (Q killed in July). Ceylon, India, China, Formosa, Hainan. ? 302. THALASSIDROMA A species of Stormy Petrel is often seen in Colombo harbour and on the west coast in the bad weather during the south-west mon- soon, but no specimen of it has yet been obtained ; it has appeared to me to be entirely black, with the exception of the white rump. 303. CroicocEPHALUS ICHTHYA:TUS, Pall. Layard mentions having seen a pair of these birds at Pt. Pedro after a severe storm. It appears to be only occasionally seen on the Indian coast. 304. XEMA BRUNNICEPHALA, Jerdon. This is the only true Gull commonly found in Ceylon. It is very abundant in the north, and is seen at times on all parts of the coast. Ceylon, India, Pekin ? 305. SyLocHELIDON CaspPi1A, Lath. 306. GELOCHELIDON ANGLICA, Montagu. 307. HypROCHELIDON LEUCOPAREIA, Natt. Hydrochelidon indica, Stephens. These species I have found common in Ceylon, and I have no doubt of their being resident there. S. caspia may be seen at all times of the year, almost invariably in pairs, flying along the shore just outside the line of beach. I have shot G. anglica in April, July, and December, but have not met with one in the full breeding- plumage. 308. SrENA AURANTIA, Gray. Said by Layard to be common. I have not actually identified 1872.] MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. 481 this species, but believe I have often seen it near the Aripo pearl- banks. 309. STERNA MELANOGASTER, T'emm. I have frequently seen this Tern near Aripo, and occasionally at Colombo. Layard found it common on some of the inland lakes as well as on the coast. 310. STERNA NIGRA, Linn. Sterna leucoptera, Temm. I shot one of a pair of these birds in May 1866. They were fly- ing about over a small tank, not very far from the shore, about six miles from Aripo, and were in rather imperfect plumage, the head and neck being speckled. The characters of the species, however, were unmistakable. My specimen is now in the Colombo Museum. This is the only occasion of this Tern having been recognized in Ceylon ; and it has only been recently added by Mr. Hume to the Indian avifauna. Ceylon, India, China, North Africa, South Europe. 311. Srerna GRACILIS, Gould? I include, with some doubt, under this heading a Tern shot in July 1869, on the Colombo beach; others of the same kind were killed at the time; and they were all in rather immature plumage. This specimen has been examined by Mr. Howard Saunders and Mr. Gould, and is believed by those gentlemen to be S. gracilis, and in that case a visitor to Ceylon during the Australian winter. It had the bill reddish black, irides black, and feet dull fleshy red. S. gracilis is allied to S. hirundo, but has the bill slighter, the upper tail-coverts grey as on the back and tail, and the whole under surface white. 312. STeERNULA SINENSIS, Gmel. ? - There is, I think, some doubt about the species to which Layard refers under the name of S. minuta, and which he speaks of as fre- quenting the inland lakes, though “most common on tanks and still waters near the sea-shore.”” I have never succeeded in obtaining a specimen of true 8. minuta; and Mr. Legge, who has collected many of the Ceylon Terns, has been equally unsuccessful; but we have both frequently met with a small species in winter dress which may have been mistaken for it. This bird agrees in measurements and general colouring with S. sinensis, Gmel. (S. sumatrana, Raflles), and differs from S. minuta in having a black bill and the shaft of the first primary white. It was also collected by Mr. Jesse during the late Abyssinian expedition. 313. THALASSEUS CRISTATUS, Stephens. This Tern is not uncommon on the west coast during summer. I have identified a specimen killed on the beach at Colombo in com- pany with smaller species. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1872, No. XXXI. 482 MR. E.W. H. HOLDSWORTH ON CEYLONESE BIRDS. [Mar. 9, 314. THaLassEeus MEDIUvs, Horsf. Thalasseus bengalensis, Less., apud Jerdon. A Tern apparently of this species is very common. 315. ONYCHOPRION ANZSTHETUS, Scop. I do not know this Tern; but Layard mentions having obtained three specimens. 316. PHAETON RUBRICAUDA, Bodd. During my annual cruises on the Ceylon coast, I have seen this bird sufficiently near to identify it with certainty, as it hovered over the vessel. All the Tropic birds I have seen there, however, have had white tails; and, as I find among my notes mention of one in- stance of the bill being red, I conclude that bird was an immature example of the above species. I am very confident I have also seen the yellow-billed species, P. flavirostris, Brandt, but I have no special record of the colour of the bill. I shall therefore only call the attention of future observers to that species. 317. Suva FIBER, Linn. In February and March 1868 I had many opportunities of watch- ing a pair of Boobies which frequented the neighbourhood of the Aripo pearl-banks, about ten miles from the land. They used often to perch on a large iron buoy close to my usual anchorage at night. I only saw them during that one season; and they have not been otherwise recorded. 318. ATTAGEN MINOR, Gmelin. Attagen ariel, Gould. Frigate-birds have been killed in several localities on the west coast ; and I have observed them on many occasions at Aripo during the strength of the south-west monsoon. They were generally in parties of five or six, and at a considerable height above the shore. Their action, as they hung as it were against the gale, slowly sway- ing, first on one side, then on the other, strongly reminded me of the behaviour of a large paper kite when it has mounted high in the air. Without any perceptible movement of their partially extended wings, these birds remained as if suspended in the air, but very slowly working against the wind, and gradually advancing along the line of beach. Layard mentions these birds under the name of A. ariel, Gould, a species from the Australian seas, but which also has been recorded by Swinhoe from Amoy. A, aquilus, Linn., is found in the Indian seas ; and it is not un- likely that some of the Frigate-birds seen on the Ceylon coast may belong to that species. 319. PrELECANUS PHILIPPENSIS, Gmel. I have seen Pelicans near Trincomalie, and at the entrance to Kokeley Lake, on the north-east coast. Their breeding-stations re a ‘due ‘soagr Ero, a IDOGla LST S 2 d 1872. } DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW TAPIR. 483 are in that part of the island ; and they do not appear to wander far away. Ceylon, India eastward. 320. GRAcULUS SINENSIS, Shaw. Recorded by Layard; I have not identified it. Ceylon, India, Eastern Asia. 321. Gracuxus sAvanicus, Horsf. Very numerous in backwaters along the coast and in lakes inland. It may be seen in dozens perched on the stakes of the fishing- kraals, and will generally allow a boat or canoe to approach within a short distance. Ceylon, India, Malaya. 322. PLorus MELANOGASTER, Forst. I have seen this bird frequently at Aripo; and it is common on some of the large inland tanks. It is also sometimes found near Colombo. This species was first described and figured from Ceylon, Ceylon, India, Burmah, Malaya. Addendum. 323. PRIoNOCHILUS VINCENS, Sclater*. Discovered by Mr. Vincent Legge, R.A., at the foot of the hills in the south of the island. It is described as frequenting the creeping plants entwining the trunks of the trees. The discovery of this new species in Ceylon is of considerable interest, as it is quite a Malay form, and no representative of the genus has yet been found in India. Diceum is its nearest ally in Ceylon. * Bill black, paler below ; irides reddish ; feet brownish black.” Ceylon. 7. Notes on a New Species of Tapir (Yapirus leucogenys) from the Snowy Regions of the Cordilleras of Ecuador, and on the Young Spotted Tapirs of Tropical America. By Dr. J, E. Gray, F.R.S. &c. [Received February 21, 1872.] (Plates XXI. & XXII.) The British Museum has lately received the skins and skeletons of seven Tapirs collected by Mr. Buckley in Ecuador, as under :— 1 & 11. An adult female and a nearly adult male with rather long hair, from Sunia, part of the snowy range of the Cordilleras. * See below, P. Z. 8.for June 18.—P. L. 8. 484 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW TAPIR. [ Mar. 5, 9. A very young, brown-cheeked, many-spotted, white-throated Tapir from Sunia. Mr. Buckley says that this specimen was in the company of the above adult female (No. 1), and he was enabled to capture it because she would not leave the young one, which he con- siders to be the young form of the grey-cheeked species. I am sorry to doubt this account, because, on comparing the skulls, the brain- case is globular and the line of the upper surface over the brain-case is arched as in Tapirus terrestris, very unlike the flat-topped skull of the grey-cheeked species. The spots are much more numerous and very differently disposed from those of the half-grown specimens with the grey cheeks ; and the cheeks are brown, very unlike the cheeks of all the other older specimens of the grey-cheeked species. It would imply that the colour of the cheeks and the form and position of the spots alter as the animal increases in age. 3, 5, & 7. An adult male and female and a half-grown grey- cheeked specimen from Asuay, to the north-west of Macas. 13. A young striped male from Macas, on the river Macas or Maron, one of the branches of the Upper Amazons. The restricted genus Tapirus may be divided into two sections according to the shape of the skull :— I. The brain-case of the skull flattened, with a straight top, and gradually raised above the plane of the nose. 1. Taprrus prncHacus. Blackish. ‘ Young many-spotted and striped; cheeks brown.” 2. Taprrus LEUCOGENYS. Cheeks and underside of the head ashy white. Young with three or four interrupted stripes on the sides. Il. The brain-case of the skull convex, rounded, the upper line arched, suddenly raised above the plane of the nose (cheeks brown). Q 5. TAPIRUS TERRESTRIS. The young specimens of this division, I think, indicate that there is more than one species confounded under this name, which I am inclined to separate. TAPIRUS PINCHACUS. M. Roulin discovered, about 1828, a species of Tapir on the Parana ou Quindiu and Suma Paz, during his residence at Bogota in New Granada, He sent a specimen of the skull to Paris, which is figured by M. Blainville. M. Roulin sent a paper to the Academy of Sciences, on which M. Cuvier made a report, which is published in the Ann. Sci. Nat. vol. xvii. p. 107, 1827. “La téte differe deja a l’extérieur de celle du Tapir connmun par la forme générale, son occiput n’est pas saillant, sa nuque est ronde et n’a point cette créte charnue si remarquable dans l’ espéce ordinaire ; 1872.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW TAPIR. 485 tout le corps est couvert d’un poil trés-épais d’un brun noiratre plus foneé 4 la pointe qu’a la racine; sur la croupe on voit de chaque cété une place nue large comme deux fois la paume de la main, et au-dessus de la division des doigts une raie blanche dégarnie de poil. Le menton a une tache blanche qui se prolonge vers la bouche et revient jusqu’a la moitié de la lévre supérieure.” (Ann. Sci. Nat. xvii. p. 109, 1827.) Cuvier, in his report, observes :—‘‘ Mais les caractéres distinctifs les plus frappans de cette espéce (le Pinchaque) ne se voient bien que dans son squelette. Les crétes temporales sont beaucoup plus basses, et ne se rapprochent pas pour former, comme dans le Tapir commun, une créte unique et élevée, le bord inférieur de sa machoire est beaucoup plus droit, les os du nez sont plus forts, plus allongés et plus saillans ; Sous ces divers rapports ce Tapir des Andes ressemble davantage & celui de Sumatra, et toutefois indépendamment de la couleur il en différe par moins de hauteur proportionnelle de la téte. “La téte du Tapir des Andes ainsi que celle du Tapir Oriental, ressemble plus que celle du Tapir ordinaire au Paléothérium.”’ (Ann. Sci. Nat. xvii. p. 109, 1827.) M. Roulin’s memoir, read at the Academy, entitled “ Mémoire pour servir 4 histoire du Tapir et description d’une espéce nouvelle appartenant aux hautes régions de la Cordillére des Andes,” illus- trated with figures of the animal and its skull and of the skulls of the Cayenne and Simatran Tapirs, is printed in the 18th volume, p. 26, of the ‘Annales,’ under the name of Tapir pinchaque. The animal is figured in t. 1, and its skull in t. 2. f. 1, 2, 3; and he sent the skull of the specimen to Paris. In his memoir he merely observes he saw only two males, one adult and the other rather older, nearly the same size. He adds, “J’aurais desiré en faire transporter un A Bogotdé pour pouvoir 4 le décrire a loisir, mais on refuse de me les vendre ; ainsi je dois me contenter d’en faire sur la place une description abrégée et d’en prendre au crayon un simple trait. Cependant j’obtins la téte et les pieds du plus grand, et le lendemain, 4 aide de ces piéces je pus terminer ma premiére esquisse. C’est la figure que j’ai ’homneur de mettre sous les yeux de Académie, elle est fait aux =; de la grandeur naturelle (pl. 1).”’ “* Afin de reproduire plus correctement le profil de la téte je me suis servi pour en déterminer le contour, de la camera-lucida de Wol- laston, ; “On voit que cette téte difftre de celle des Tapirs communs par Pensemble des lignes, aussi bien que par les détails. Le mufile est de forme un peu différente, et la trompe ne présente point des deux cétés ces rides qui montrent que l’animal la tient habituellement contractée. Le menton a une tache blanche qui se prolonge 4 langle de la bouche, et revient jusqu’a la moitié de la lévre supérieure. L’oreille manque du liseré blanc qu’elle présente dans le Tapir commun ; on ne voit point non plus cette créte si remarkable quicommence sur le front, 4 Phauteur des yeux, et se prolonge vers Je garrot. Le cou de la nouvelle espéce est parfaitement rond, et les poils n’y ont, sur la ligne médiane, ni plus de longueur que dans les autres parties, ni une 486 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW TAPIR, [ Mar. 5, direction différente. Le poil par tout le corps est trés-épais, long, dun brun noiratre, plus foncé a l’a pointe qu’a la racine, et il donne a la robe cette couleur qu’on nomme zain chez les chevaux. ‘*Sur la croupe dans la région correspondante a la fosse iliaque, on voit de chaque cété une place nue, deux fois large comme la paume de la main; cette place n’est pas calleuse; le jeune la présentait aussi symeétrique que le vieux, et d’une grandeur proportionnée. “‘ Au-dessus dela division des doigts on voit, comme dans l’espéce commune, une raie blanche dégarnie de poils.”” (Ann. Sci. Nat. 1827, vol. xvii. p. 30.) The figure represents the anterior part of the face and head to just behind the eyes much paler than the rest of the body, and differs in that respect most decidedly from the Grey-cheeked Tapir, which has the back of the head to the upper part of the temples paler than the rest of the head. It also represents the two large naked spots on the side of the upper part of the rump which in both specimens of the Grey-cheeked Tapir in the museum are entirely absent, these parts being covered with hair like the rest of the body. “‘Comparée aux tétes des deux Tapirs la nouvelle ressemble plus 4 lespéce de Sumatra qu’a celle de Cayenne. Cette ressemblance se montre surtout dans la direction du front, dans sa largeur, dans le défaut de saillie de la créte bi-pariétale, dans la dimension des os du nez, enfin dans la forme de Ja machoire inférieure, dont le bord inférieur est droit dans l’un et dans l’autre, tandis que dans le Tapir de Cayenne il est fortement arqué.” (Ann. Sci. Nat. vol. xviii. p. 29 & 32.) M. Justin Goudot obtained a young female Tapir at an elevation of about 1400 métres, nearly up to the snow-level, on the Peak of Tolima in New Granada about 1843. He sent an account of the animal to the Academy of Sciences, Paris. MM. Geoffroy and Milne- Edwards prepared a report on his paper, which was published in the ‘Comptes Rendus,’ Paris, 1843, vol xvi. p. 381. M. Goudot sent the skull of the young female to the Paris Museum ; and it is figured in Blainville’s ‘Ostéographie,’ along with the skull sent by M. Roulin, under the name of Tapirus pinchacus. “C’était un jeune individu femelle qui portait encore a la partie postérieure du corps, les restes de sa livrée ot l’on distinguait plu- sieurs bandes et taches oblongues d’un blanc sale ; le pelage, trés-fourni sur le corps, était d’un brun tirant sur le noir; les quatre jambes offraient des poils blancs clair-semés, surtout entre les cuisses; sous le ventre on en voyait aussi quelques-uns; des poils blancs autour Porgane femelle ; il y avait aux quatre pieds une raie blanche sans poil ; le bord des lévres aux deux michoires était garni de poils gris avec Vextrémité brun ; la trompe avait 80 millimétres depuis son extrémité jusqu’aux dents; Panimal la tenait inclinée ou pendante, la téte avait 54 centimétres de lextrémité de la trompe jusqu’au bord interne de Voreille; 80 millimétres de distance entre les deux oreilles; 38 centimétres du bout de la trompe jusqu’a la nuque; l’oreille longue de 115 millimétres avait son bord supérieur liseré de poils blancs, une petite touffe de poils blancs se voyait aussi en bas de son bord postérieur prés la conque, le cou était rond, il n’y avait point, A la 1872. | DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW TAPIR. 487 croupe d’espace denué de poil. Les chasseurs qui avaient tué depuis peu d’années un grand nombre de ses animaux (plus de 30 ou 40) m’assurent que l’espace nu de la croupe varie suivant les individus et qwil se voit plus grand ches les vieux; ils croyaient que lanimal acquiert cette callosité par le frottement en glissant souvent sur un sol trés-fortement incliné. Quoi qu'il en soit, plusieurs de ces peaux que j’ai vues conservées pour l’usage domestique (on s’en sert comme de couchettes) m’ont offert ces mémes plaques plus ou moins étendues. “‘Mes observations établissent aussi quelques points sur lesquels M. le Dr. Roulin n’avait pu offrir que des conjectures, savoir, 1° que la nouvelle espéce habite la Cordillére centrale aussi bien que la chaine orientale ; 2° que la livrée de la femelle est noire comme celle du male ; 3° que le jeune porte la livrée comme celle de l’espéce commune ; 4° que la place nue de la croupe qui parait constante chez les adultes n’est point une disposition congénitale. M. Roulin avait fait remarquer Yabsence du liseré blane au bord de l’oreille des deux individus males qu’il avait observés ; ma jeune femelle présentait ce liseré, mais la différence dépendait-elle du sexe ou del'age? C'est ce que je ne saurait décider.’’ (‘Comptes Rendus,’ vol. xvi. 1843, p. 334.) These seem to be the only descriptions taken from the Columbian animal ; and, indeed, these authors appear to be the only ones who have ever seen it in its perfect state. Fischer, in his ‘Synopsis Mammalium’ published in 1829, changed the name Roulin gave to it to Tapirus roulini. Wagler, in his ‘ Syst. des Amphib.’ published in 1830, gave the name of Tapirus villosus to this species ; but these authors are only compilers, and only knew the animal from Roulin’s description; they never saw it. And I cannot conceive why it was called vil/osus ; for Roulin’s figure cer- tainly represents the animal with very short close hair. The name vil/osus (or Hairy Tapir as it has been called by one) is not applicable to the specimens of Tapirus leucogenys brought by Mr. Buckley from Ecuador, which have the hair quite short and rigid as that of T. terrestris, but more abundant and closer, except in one nearly full-grown male from Sunia, which had the hair rather longer and softer. It is also probably the Tapir mentioned by Mr. Robert B. White as seen on the Volcano of Puracé in the Central Cordillera, in the southern part of Columbia. He only saw it through a telescope at half a mile distance, and says it is greyish black ; he says it is never found lower than 350 metres above the sea-level, and sometimes ascends to 400 metres (see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p.51). Dr. Sclater considers it the same as T'apirus roulini of Fischer. It is remarkable that all the specimens described by the French writers under the name of T. pinchaque came from Columbia, while the specimens of the White-cheeked Tapir (7’. Jewcogenys) were obtained in Ecuador ; and it would be curious if they should be distinct, as the French descrip- tions lead us to suspect. It would be curious to know what is the species said to be found in the Cordilleras further south in Peru. Tschudi, in the ‘Fauna Peruana,’ p. 213, says this species of Tapir 488 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW TAPIR. { Mar. 5, is found in Peru on the eastern slope of the Cordilleras, at an elevation of 7000 or 8000 feet, which is above the snow-line. He had never been able to see it, but thinks it is probably Tapirus roulint. De Blainville, in his monograph of Tapirs in the ‘ Ostéographie,’ gives a figure of the skull sent to the Paris museum by M. Roulin and of the younger one sent by M. Goudot, under the name of 7’. pinchacus. In my monograph of the Tapirs in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoolo- gical Society’ for 1867, p. 884, I used this name, and gave an abstract of M. Goudot’s paper as the only one derived from a personal exa- mination of the animal. I am not aware that any other remains of this animal but the two skulls in Paris exist in any museum in Europe or America. It is very desirable that specimens should be obtained from Columbia for the purpose of comparison with the specimens brought home by Mr. Buckley, to discover if the differences are real or only rest on the inaccuracy of the French observers: therefore it is much to be regretted that Mr. White failed in obtaining specimens for the Zoo- logical Society. Since we obtained Mr. Buckley’s specimens I have been offered for sale a skin from Ecuador; the writer informed me he had two skins, one of which he intended to present to the Smith- sonian Institution; so that we may hope for more specimens from Ecuador ; but as yet we have received none from Columbia. If this species is from Columbia, which is yet to be determined by the comparison of specimens from that country, it will bear the following synonyma :— TAPIRUS PINCHACUS. Tapir “pinchaque,”’ Cuvier, Ann. Sci. Nat. xvii. p. 107 (1829). Tapir pinchaque, Roulin, Ann. Sci. Nat. xviii. (1829), p. 206, t. i. (animal), t. ii. f. 1, 2, 3 (skull) ; Goudot, Comptes Rendus, tom. xvi. p: 331 (1843). Tapirus roulini, Fischer, Synops. Mamm. Add. p. 406 (1829) ; Wagner, Schreber’s Siiugethiere, vi. p. 392; White & Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 51. Tapirus villosus, Wagler, Syst. des Amphib. p. 17 (1830). Tapirus pinchacus, Blainville, Ostéog. Ungul. t. i. f. 5; Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 884; id. Cat. Carn. Pach. et Edent. p. 259. Hab. Cordilleras of Columbia. Taprrus Leucocenys. (The Grey-cheeked Tapir.) (Plate X XI.) The adult is black, covered with close harsh hair, slightly grizzled at the tip; the head rather paler; the sides of the temple, cheeks, from the back of the eye to the base of the ears, and upper part of the sides of the neck, and whole underside of the head, ashy white varied with black ; upper and lower lips pure white ; ears with scarcely any indication of white edges, and covered with hair like the top of the head, but paler. The rump in the old and younger specimens is uniformly covered with hair similar in colour, abundance, length, and texture to the rest 1872. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW TAPIR. 489 of the body, neither of them presenting any worn appearance or bare spot on the hinder part of the back. A young female specimen which has a flat forehead is of a nearly uniform dark brown colour ; it has three nearly continuous, pale ash- coloured, longitudinal lines, which are formed of more or less separate, oblong, elongated spots, and has a series of more obscure spots between them, which are larger and more distinct upon the underside of the belly ; the side of the head and upper part of the neck, from the back edge of the eye, including the base of the ear, and the whole of the underside of the head, is ashy white, varied with brown hairs; the upper edge and the base of the outer edge of ears and lips white. The hinder part of the back in all the specimens is covered with hair like the rest of the animal. Hab. Ecuador, on the Cordilleras at Sunia and Asuay. The skull of this species agrees very well with the figures that De Blainville gives of the skulls brought home and presented to the Paris Museum of the Tapir Pinchaque, figured as Tapirus pinchacus in Blainville’s ‘Ostéographie;’ but the description given by these authors of the external appearance of the adult and young of that species is so different from the specimens brought from Ecuador by Mr. Buckley that I am induced to regard them as a new species, quite different trom the T. pinchacus of Columbia or New Granada. The lower jaw of the old and young specimens of 7. leucogengs brought by Mr. Buckley differs from the figure of the specimens brought by M. Roulin in the upper part of the hinder edge, which is more prominent than the lower part, which is most produced in Blainville’s figure. They much better agree with Blainville’s figure of the skull brought by M. Goudot, but have the upper a little more produced. The difference between the two skulls of Blainville may only be that of varieties. I may observe the necks of the skins appear to be as much crested as that of Tapirus terrestris, and the brown hairs of the body with minute grey tips; the whole underside of the head, the cheeks, and sides of the temples are greyish white, which appear to be darker than the rest of the head in M. Roulin’s figure. One of the specimens brought by Mr. Buckley from Sunia, a male, had the hair longer and softer than the rest, but did not otherwise differ. The adult female said to be the mother of the young specimen called 7’. enigmaticus has very distinct white borders to the ends of the ears, and the whole of the hinder part and underside of the head is greyish black, the pale cheeks and throat not being so distinctly marked and defined as in the other specimens. This may be the character of the adult female; but the grey cheek in the younger female is quite as defined as in the male. The front of the face and the top of the head are considerably darker than the cheeks, very unlike the figure of the Pinchaque. In this specimen the hair on the hinder part of the back is shorter and more sparse, and there are two elongated irregular patches, which have the hair more or less worn off, separated from each other by a 490 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW TAPIR. [ Mar. 5, narrow hairy band, very unlike the round naked spots in the figure of the Pinchaque. TAPIRUS LEUCOGENYS, jun., or T. aniematicus. (Plate XXII. fig. 1.) Fur rather soft, abundant, and rather woolly, dark blackish brown, with grey tips to the hairs, which are more abundant on the sides of the face and front of the body. Back pale-spotted; the spots on the middle of the back small, oblong, forming two interrupted straight lines ; the spots on the upper side of the back more elongate, and forming a rather curved line, terminating before it reaches the haunches. The shoulders, hams, sides of the body, thighs, and ramp marked with irregularly disposed white spots, some of which are more or less perpendicular; those on the hinder part of the body and thighs larger and more elongate, and irregularly disposed ; the lower part of the legs spotless, blackish brown. The upper lip, the gullet, lower part of the cheeks, throat, and chest white, varied with small, darker spots. The upper edge and base of the outer sides of the ears white. Hab. Sunia, on the upper parts of the Cordilleras. Mr. Buckley declares that this young specimen was obtained along with its mother, an adult female of the Grey-cheeked Tapir, from Sunia. This was secured because it would not leave its young; and therefore they were more easily caught. If there is not some mistake in this account, which one can hardly doubt, it must be the young of that species ; but it is so exceedingly different that I think it better to give it a provisional name, as the difference between the young and the rather older specimen of this species is so great that I do not believe such has ever been observed in any group of species of Mammalia. Thus, for example :— 1. The temple and cheeks are brown like the rest of the body ; whereas in the half-grown but spotted specimen they are, including the ears, as in the adult, pale whitish. 2. The back has two straight lines of spots ; sides with an upper series of spots, forming a rather irregular line from the back of the shoulders to the front of the haunches, and very numerous spots which are placed below the lines in irregular series, and placed in very different directions ; the fore legs have an irregular perpendicular stripe above, and the hind legs are marked with irregularly disposed oblong spots ; whereas in the half-grown grey-cheeked specimen they are brown, with only three series of spots on each side, forming more or less irregular lines, the second one from the top being most irregu- lar, the two upper ones being continued over the thighs towards the rump. 3. The upper lip, the whole underside of the head and throat, the lower part of the side of the head, and the whole chest white, more or less clouded with brown spots; whereas in the young with stripes, and the adult 7’. leucogenys, the white of the cheeks only extends to the back of the under part of the head; the throat, underside of neck, and the chest are brown like the rest of the animal. 1872.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW TAPIR. 491 I know no such transformation in the disposition and form of the colour in any other mammal in passing from youth toage. The spots are obliterated ; and sometimes the coloured part becomes altered or obliterated ; but I know no instance of the disposition and character of the colour being changed as occurs in these two specimens. If Mr. Buckley’s account is correct and this is the very young state, it is an entirely new fact in the study of Mammalia. BERJEAU, Dev. Skull of Tapirus leucogenys. The skull of this young specimen has a very short face, and a glo- bular brain-case, which is rather convex on its upper surface in the central line, and raised above the plane of the nose, much more like the skull of 7. terrestris than that of 7. leucogenys. The skull of the half-grown lined specimen has a small brain-case with a flat upper surface, very like the skull of the adult of that species, which is also the case with the young spotted specimen of 7’. pinchacus in the Paris Museum, brought by M. Goudot and figured by Blainville. I do not lay much stress on this difference in the form of the young and adult animal from the half-grown and adult specimen of 7’. leucogenys, as I have not been able to form a series showing the changes the skull of Tapirs undergoes during growth from the very young state to adult age; but certainly the form of it and the half-grown are so exceedingly different that I think it well they should be described. 492 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW TAPIR. [ Mar. 5, If this specimen should be proved to be the proper young of 7. leucogenys, it shows that there is less difference between the two sections of the genus in the very young than in the half-grown and adult animals. Mr. Buckley brought a young male striped specimen from Macas (No. 13). This animal evidently belongs to the same section as 7. terrestris, but it is so different from the young of that species that it is certainly a very distinct local variety or else a distinct species of that animal. It may be thus described :— TAPIRUS ECUADORENSIS. (Plate XXII. fig. 2.) Young blackish brown; throat, lower part of cheeks, chest, and belly yellow. Back with two interrupted lines, or narrow longitu- dinal stripes, rather diverging from one another, and near together on the shoulders and rump. Sides with four more or less interrupted yellowish streaks, the uppermost one with two oblique, elongated stripes in front, and a much longer, longitudinal stripe behind. The second one with one oblique, elongated spot in front, and with a very long streak ascending across the thighs to the base of the tail, with an oblique streak from the former, at the front of the thigh, continued to the rump. The two lower series of spots on the sides and thighs formed of very unequally long spots, those on the shoulders being very obliquely placed. The fore legs with one or two oblong transverse spots on the upper part, and the hinder ones with unequal, different- sized spots to the base of the toes. The edges of the ears and a few small spots under and behind the eyes white. Hab. Ecuador, Macas, on the river Macas, one of the branches of the Upper Amazons. The nose, the whole upper part of the head, and the back of the neck are dark brown like the rest of the body, very unlike the many- spotted head of the young 7. ferrestris ; and it looks like a bigger animal than that species. TAPIRUS TERRESTRIS. (Plate XXII. fig. 3.) The young of 7’, terrestris in the British Museum, which has no particular habitat, is very differently marked. It has two nearly con- tinuous stripes on the middle of the back, which are united and arched behind on the loins, with some transverse spots above and below it. There are two longitudinal stripes on the upper part of each side, which unite behind and are continued in a single line to the upper part of the base of the tail. The whole head, the upper part of the neck, the sides, the outside of the fore and hind legs, and the inside of the feet are covered with very differently sized, shaped, and disposed white spots, those on the shoulders and thighs being elon- gate, those on the lower part of the sides being elongate and obliquely placed, and those between the upper lateral stripes and on the head and neck very small as compared with the others on the chin, the throat, the whole chest, and the under part and the inner side of the fore legs. 1872.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 493 March 19, 1872. John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. The following report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of February 1872 was read by the Secretary :— The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of February 1872 was 127, of which 6 were by birth, 24 by presentation, 92 by purchase, 2 by exchange, and 3 were received on deposit. The total number of departures during the same period by death and removals was 121. The principal arrival during the month was that of the female Hairy-eared Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros lasiotis), which was announced to the Society at the last meeting*. This animal was captured in January 1868 near Chittagong, in the manner described in the following extract from a Calcutta news- aper :— i The quiet station of Chittagong has been lately enlivened by the presence of a Rhinoceros. It appears that about a month ago some natives came into Chittagong and stated that a Rhinoceros had been found by them in a quicksand, and was quite exhausted with the efforts to release herself. They had attached two ropes to the animal’s neck, and with the assistance of about 200 men dragged her out, and keeping her taut between two ropes they eventually made her fast to atree. The next morning, however, they found the Rhinoceros go refreshed and making such efforts to free herself that they were frightened, and made application to the magistrate of Chittagong for protection. The same evening Captain Hood and Mr. H. W. Wickes started with eight Elephants to secure the prize, and after a march of about sixteen hours to the south of Chittagong they came up with the animal. She was then discovered to be a Sumatran Rhinoceros, rather more than four feet in height, with a smooth hairy skin some- what like that of a Pig, and with two horns (one up high, almost between the eves and small, the other rather larger and just above the nose), and the upper lip almost coming toa point and protruding a little. “The Elephants at the first sight of the Rhinoceros were very much afraid and bolted one and all, but after some little exertion they were brought back and made to stand by. A rope was now with some trouble attached to the animal’s hind leg and secured to an elephant ; at this juncture the Rhinoceros roared, the Elephants again bolted ; and had it not been for the rope slipping from the leg of the Rhino- * See anted, p. 185, where it is spoken of as R. swmatrensis, But an example of the true R. swmatrensis from Malacca having been subsequently received (v. infr. P. ZS. Noy. 1872), it became obvious that this Rhinoceros was quite distinct ; and I have proposed to call it R. /astotis.—P. L. S., Aug. 28, 1872. ‘494 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [ Mar. 19, ceros, that limb might have been pulled from the body. ‘The Rhi- noceros was, however, eventually secured with ropes between Ele- phants and marched into Chittagong in perfect health. Two large rivers had to be crossed :—first, the Sungoo river, where the animal was towed between Elephants, for she could not swim and could only just keep her head above water by paddling with the fore feet like a Pig; and secondly, the Kurnafoolie river, when the ordinary cattle ferry-boat was used. Thousands of natives thronged the march in, which occupied. a few days, the temporary bamboo bridges on the Government road invariably falling in with the numbers collected thereon to watch the Rhinoceros crossing the stream below; and sometimes the procession was at least a mile in length. The ‘Begum,’ as the Rhinoceros has been named, is now free from all ropes and kept within a stockade enclosure, having therein a good bath excavated in the ground and a comfortable covered shed at- tached. She is already very tame, and will take plantain-leaves or chuppattees from the hand, and might almost be led about by a” string.” The fact of a Two-horned Rhinoceros being in captivity in Chitta- gong having become known to the Council of the Society, various en- deavours were made to come to some arrangement with the owners for its acquisition for the Society’s Menagerie. These, however, never came to any definite result. Mr. William Jamrach being in Cal- cutta last November was more successful in his negotiations, aud on his return to this country last month was fortunate enough to bring with him the animal in perfect health and condition. This animal has been so well described by Dr. Anderson in his communication to the Society on this subject read on the 6th of February last (see anted, p. 129), that I have but few particulars to add to what he has said. The drawing by Mr. Keulemans now exhibited (Plate XXIII.) will give a good idea of its external appearance. As far as I have been able to make out by examination of its mouth, there are at present no upper incisors, but a pair of lower incisors only, of which the right is furthest up. I suppose, therefore, that the upper incisors are not developed until late in life, as our animal must be at least six years old. Some other animals of great interest were obtained from Mr. Jam- rach along with this Rhinoceros, namely :— 1. A female of the Macaque recently described by Dr. Anderson as Macacus brunneus (see anted, p. 203 and Plate XII.). Two other examples of this Monkey likewise arrived from Calcutta under Mr. Jamrach’s care—a male presented by Mr. Oscar Fraser, Assistant in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and a female presented by Lieut. Burne. We have now, therefore, in the Gardens three specimens of this Burmese Monkey, which is a species of great interest, and quite new to us. But, as I have already stated (antea, p. 203), it seems to be the same species as that origmally discovered by Diard in yay wRuLeeys): iu L OK : - - Veal 3 a e a ee i a ee! P°Z 3. L872 Fey. MA&N Banhart amp 1 C Keni L Aeulemans 4 M.&N Hanhart imp PZ... 1877 FR J.G.Keulemans. lili CASUARIUS BICARUNCULATUS 1872.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 495 Cochin China, and described and figured by Is. Geoffroy as M. arctoides. 2. Along with the examples of Macacus arctoides Mr. Jamrach brought a single male specimen of another closely allied, but ap- parently distinct, species of Macaque, which he obtained in the Cal- cutta market. Having the same general structure and short tail as M. brunneus, it differs in the general reddish colour of its fur. For this animal I adopt the temporary name (Macacus rufescens) sug- gested by Dr. Anderson (anted, p. 204). I hope hereafter to be able to give a complete account of it. Meanwhile the accompanying figure (Plate XXIV.) will render it easily recognizable. 3. Mr. Jamrach also brought from Calcutta a single female speci- men of a third Macaque, likewise apparently distinct from any other known species. On this species (Plate XXV.) I have conferred the the temporary designation Macacus rheso-similis. It is most nearly allied to M. rhesus and M. radiatus ; and Mr. Blyth has suggested to me that it may even be a hybrid between those species. 4. Another prize secured by Mr. Jamrach in Calcutta, and obtained from him on the same date, is a fine adult specimen of the Double- wattled Cassowary (Casuarius bicarunculatus). I first established this species in 1860, on an immature specimen living in the Society’s Gardens **. A second, likewise immature ex- ample was obtained in 1869 +, but, like the former, unfortunately died before attaining the adult stage. The specimen now obtained is of the highest interest, as showing how very distinct this Cassowary is from all its congeners. Referring to the arrangement of the genus which I gave in my last notice on this subject (see P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 150) Casuarius bicarunculatus belongs to the group with the compressed casque, containing C. gale- atus and its allies, and is more nearly allied perhaps to C. galeatus than to any other known species, but, putting aside the obvious distinction of the two lateral widely separated neck-wattles, may be at once distinguished, as will be seen by the accompanying figure (Plate XXVI.), by the smaller casque which rises from a much smaller basis on the vertex, and by the very different colouring of the head and neck. 5. A female Prongbuck (Antilocapra americana) purchased from a dealer in Liverpool on the 21st of February. The only individual of this species hitherto ever possessed by the Society is the male received in 1865+, upon which Mr. Bartlett’s observations upon the shedding of its horns and Dr. Murie’s notes upon the anatomy of this animal were based§. A male example of this animal was subsequently received by the Zoological Gardens of Antwerp, but has since died. So far as I know, our present specimen * See P. Z. 8. 1860, pp. 211, 248; and Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. iv. p. 358, pl. cdi. T See P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 149. } See P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 60, pl. iii. § See Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 718, and Murie, P. Z. 8. 1870, p- 334. 496 MR. SCLATER ON THE YELLOW-BILLED CucKOoO. [Mar. 19, is the third which has reached Europe alive. The only appearance of horns that our animal possesses consists of two small protuberances just elevated above the skin. Except in the absence of these ap- pendages, it exactly resembles the male of the species. Mr. R. B. Sharpe, F.Z.S., exhibited some specimens of Blue Rock- Thrushes (Petrocossyphus). Referring to an article in the tenth part of the ‘ Birds of Europe’ for full details and proofs of the conclusions at which he had arrived, Mr. Sharpe pointed out that the female of the Blue Rock-Thrush of Europe did not always remain in a spotted plumage, as was stated by authors, but ultimately got blue like the male, though she took a much longer time than the latter in assuming the maturelivery. Inthe same way, P. solitarius of China ultimately passed from the blue-and-red stage (P. manilla of authors) into a fully blue plumage, in which state it was only distinguishable from P. cyanus of Europe by its smaller size. It was shown that the change from a spotted plumage to the blue-and-red dress was very gradual, as was also the gradation from the blue-and-red plumage to the full blue garb of the adult. P. affinis of Blyth was stated to be nothing but the intermediate stage of the last gradation, and that the variation in this supposed species was caused by the more or less ad- vanced character of the plumage. Mr. Sharpe exhibited specimens (chiefly from the collection of Mr. Swinhoe), tracing all the stages through which the species passes, from the spotted nestling to the fully mature blue bird. Mr. Sclater exhibited a skin of the Yellow-billed Cuckoo of the U.S. of America (Coccyzus americanus), which had been shot by Mr. W. H. Hudson, C.M.Z.S., at Quilines, Buenos Ayres, April 21, 1870, and was stated by that gentleman to be the only specimen of this species he had ever obtained. Except in its slightly larger dimen- sions, Mr. Hudson’s bird did not differ from other examples of this widely wandering species, of which Mr. Sclater exhibited specimens from Jamaica, Mexico, and the U.S. of Columbia. Mr. Sclater re- marked that there could be little doubt that the bird obtained by Natterer in S. Paulo, Brazil, and referred by v. Pelzeln to Coccyzus bairdi*, was also an accidental visitor of this species, which had so often strayed even into Europe. Major Godwin-Austen, F.Z.S., exhibited a skin of Ceriornis bly- thii, and called attention to the differences between this species and C. satyra, C. melanocephalus, and C. caboti. Certornis blythii had been first obtained in Upper Assam by Dr. Jerdon, having been brought from the neighbouring hills. Its exact locality and range to the west, however, were doubtful. The specimen exhibited had been shot by Mr. Roberts, of the Topographical Survey, in the Naga Hills, * Orn. Brasil. p. 274. 1872.] ON THE BROAD-HEADED WOMBAT. 497 near Sima- Gooding, at about 7000 feet alt., and was of great interest as settling the question of its exact habitat. The following papers were read :— 1. Notes on a Specimen of the Broad-headed Wombat (Phas- colomys latifrons). By ALEx. Macauister, M.B. (T.C.D.), Professor of Zoology in the University of Dublin, Pre- sident of the Royal Geological Society of Ireland. [Received February 23, 1872.] Some time ago I obtained from Mr. Gerrard, for the Dublin Uni- versity Museum, a skin of this rare Wombat; and as there was a skull attached to it I caused it to be removed, and have made on the specimen the following notes. It was a young male; and its mea- surements, as compared with the two other recorded examples of the species, are as follows :— Dr. Mrity | T.-C. D. | Murie’s. | Angas’s. | in. lin. | in. lin. | in. Iin. | Length from tip of nose to root of tail ............ 33 6 | 37 0 | 37 0 | LEGLECLPS Oe een a i 1,0 LO 1 O | ipiieiat shoulder. sciccctsnivs.ssscoseneeecces...... YO 7 13: 6-112" @] SEPM IGIES,... 0 aceite... TO | 150-10) The name P. latifrons was based by Professor Owen in 1845 on a skull of a Wombat which he described (P. Z. S. 1845, p. 82). Another individual was afterwards described by Mr. Angas in 1861. The exact identity of the species, however, has been a matter of difference of opinion, Mr. Gould, Dr. Gray, and Dr. Murie having expressed varying views on the subject. As Dr. Murie says con- cerning this species (P. Z. S. 1865, p. 839) that “it at present remains uncertain whether the P. latifrons of Qwen is yet deter- mined—that is, as regards the identification of the skin or living animal with the skull first described and demonstrated by him to belong to a distinct species,” I have therefore thought that the facts derived from my specimen might be interesting as a con- tribution towards the final settlement of the question of specific identity. Dr. Murie (loc. cit.) describes the typical P. latifrons (Gould’s P. lasiorhinus) as being of a lightish grey tinged with brown. My specimen is of a rather dark mottled grey; not like the light sand buff of Mr. Gould’s P. lasiorhinus, or the nearly uniform blackish brown of Dr. Gray’s P. angasii. In my individual the roots of most of the hairs are of a dark brown, the extremities whiter or grey, the Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1872, No. XXXII. 498 PROF. A. MACALISTER ON [Mar. 19, anterior two thirds are much darker than the posterior third, and the hairs in the latter area have not the dark roots that those in front exhibit. The tips of the hairs on the sides are much lighter than on the back, and the roots of the lateral hairs are darker than the median. Dr. Murie’s description of the wavy lines seen here and there, where a preponderance of the dark or light tints run side by side, is perfectly applicable to my specimen. The rufous tints noticed by him in the hairs of the rather truncated posterior ex- tremity of the body, as well as the description of the hairs in this region, are also true of the individual under notice. The hairs of the underside of the neck are white and silvery, diverging from the rather darker median line ; and there are one or two blackish spots on the side of the abdomen. The facial surface agrees with Dr. Murie’s specimen in having the dark spots at the inner and outer canthi, the former being much the larger; there are also the whitish-grey spots above and below the eye, the lower being of the two the better defined. There is, however, no blackish or dark spot in the centre of the forehead and between the eyes, as Murie found in his specimen. All the strong hairs of the eyebrow, eyelash, and whiskers are black; there are no whitish ones inter- mingled. The tip of the nose is covered with silvery-white adpressed hairs ; the left nostril is margined on its inner side by a large spot of brown hairs, the right is surrounded by whitish hairs. ‘The dark spot under the chin noticed by Murie is well marked; and the ears have also the white tufts on their outer sides. The head-measure- ments also correspond, as follows :— Dr. Mr. T. C.D. Murie’s. | Angas’s. in. lin, in. lin. | in. lin. Length from snout to occiput ..............ceeeeee ee 8 6 9028) 10"6 Length from nose to root of ear. a0 8 0 Girth) above eyes ¥ccscsret-+.-cu tenner mess 15°.5 | 186-1, 18 6 Breadth between inner canthi................2.e0000- 3 0 3 11 S40 Breadth between outer canthi.................00.0005 4 6 6 0 Breadth between roots of ears.............000.e0e00ee | 4 6 5 0 TRAY AB resid th OMEAEA Mec cseee cc concen een tore here nent nee he 2 0 Breadth ‘olmizzlo. 9-4. foe etree ance a, somceateoee 2 0 2 6 Beng th opears ates... epee sea tas anes aeseeee ee eee: 3.2 3 0 3 8 From these considerations it will be seen that my specimen is in the main identical with Dr. Murie’s Wombat, and that slight varia- tions in colour are not of great importance in this species. The skull varies in some particulars from the descriptions given either by Professor Owen (T. Z. 8. vol. iii. p. 303) or by Dr. Murie (Joc. cit. p. 842)—which is interesting, as these two hitherto de- scribed skulls do not precisely agree with each other in all particu- lars. I have therefore given an account of the divergences. Like Dr. Murie’s, my specimen was young—apparently still younger than his; and all the sutures are particularly distinct, not oblite- rated as in Professor Owen’s. The following are the measurements 187 2.] THE BROAD-HEADED WOMBAT. 499 of the skull contrasted with those of Dr. Murie and Professor Owen :— Dr. Prof. T.C. D. Murie’s. | Owen’s. in. lin in. lin. | in. lin. ae eri piv Obievana ipo: ecusewscuscs>ssss.seeuss 6 cd reatest width at the posterior part of the zy- gomatic arch ........ a & 3 mae ae Width behind orbits when contracted by tem- ieee Th 5H) De WARAUHONSSE IOs.) pa ccsatasas ccna ace0ss s0.ccses «aman Width at anterior part of zygomatic arch......... 3 10 4 0 Length from occipital crest: to temporal fossa ...| 2 0 2 14 Month of nasal HONCS ccc .c.sscscess.caceeenesteccenoee 2 0 2.2 2 0 Width of same behind (both together) ............ 2 0 24 aD) Width of same anteriorly .........s0csscsseeeeeeeres 0 11 ie 1 2 Length of frontal bones .........00...ssssesecseeeeses 2 2 2 4412 5 Width of same between orbits.............c0eeeeeeeee 2 5 2 7%4%|29 Width of intermaxillary .............-sceesereeeeeeee 0 5 0 3 onptwofspalate siageseacs:s.cs+sacesasenecceseees se oo 3 6 3 8 3.7 Width between anterior molars ............se000e0- 0 5 0 34 | O 54 Width between posterior molars............+..0:.06- 0 9 0 9 O 10% Width of both upper incisors ............10eeeeeeenee ORSSieat lie « seg NE 121. Acrochordus javanicus (Hornst.) .......cscceeseeeeseeeeenen eee 8. 122. Hamadryas elaps (Schleq.)........s.:cccssscecseseseneeceesens W. #123. Bungarus annularis (Daud.) .........csccssceecseeeeeeseeeees W. 124. Bungarus flaviceps (227k.) ..........ccscesccsecsecrereeceecens Wien dase N. 125. Naja tripudians (Merr.)..........00ccssccccssecsecssscecsences Wee S5or fo, Ne 126. Callophis intestinalis (Lawr.) $ .........cseceeseeeeeeeneenees W. 8. EH. N. 127. Callophis bivirgatus (Boze) $ ...........s0cssecesceeceeseeeeee W. 128. Trimeresurus wagleri (Schleq.) ......:.csccseepeneeececeeeees W. N. 129. Pelamys bicolor (Schz.). 130. Hydrophis brookii (Gthr.). 131. Hydrophis loreata (Gray). 132. Hydrophis schistosus (Daud.), according to Bleeker. AMPHIBIANS. 133. Epicrium glutinosum (L.) .........0..:secesseceeceeeeteeeenes W. 134, Epicrium monochroum (BIA?r.) .........ccceeceeeeeseneeneees W. 135. Rana conspicillata (Gthr.) ...........ceccsececeeenseecscecees W. 136. Rana ‘pracilis\( W2eqm.)".<..0:ss0c25:0-ss-sagsseeseescsacncere: Wievgae N. 137. Rana tigrina (Daud) ............cccsccseccdosccssceeceesseenee W. 8. N. 138. Leptobrachium gracile (Gthr.) ........ceceseeceeceeqecnecees W. 139. Megalophrys montana (Kwhl) .......cccceceececeeeeeeeeneese Vig Misi 140. Calophrynus pleurostigma (M. LZ.) oc... cceeceeceeeeeeeee aes 8. *141. Calophrynus punctatus (Ptrs.) .......ccccsecceecnececaeenes W. 142. Bufo melanostictus (Schi.) .........ceccscseceeeeeseeeeeeees Wrens: tS, Bato aspen! (MPH) tous on dso vive ssoocaceaseeeeccseractendevste W. S. N. W44, “Batotbiporcatiss (M75 L:.) is. secs