4} i 3 Crerrer ee teirie'¢ ea ee eit i PROCEEDINGS OF THE SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON FOR THE YEAR PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, AND SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE. LONDON: MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER, PATERNOSTER ROW. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. LIST OF THE CONTRIB UFORS, With References to the several Articles contributed by each. Apams, Henry, F.L.S. Page Descriptions of two new Land-Shells from Madagascar and Vere entitled... WEG LAY Po nc ds a ades et mnenern sebatisue 389 Aston, Epwarp R., F.Z.S. On Anomalurus, its Structure and Position. (Plate XXI.) 88 Exhibition of a rufous variety of the Murine Dormouse, Graphiurus murinus (Desm.) .... 6.2... 0.0c eeeestec.s 317 Anprrson, ANDREW, F.Z.S. Letter from, giving an account of the eggs and young of the Gavial (Gavialis gangeticus) ..... 2.06. cece eee nee 2 Corrections of, and Additions to ‘ Raptorial Birds of North-western India.” (Plate III.) .................. 16 Aneas, GrorGe Frencu, C.M.Z.S., F.L.S., &e. Descriptions of three new Species of Shells from Australia. ARE BIN a), <5 55a Soh want Soa sea os, SOG BarturetTt, Epwarp, Curator of the Museum and Public Library, Maidstone. List of the Mammals and Birds collected by Mr. Waters pe Madagancar, -( Plate: MIT.) 2 .2ee. 40112. t28.. 0 5.t oehed) 8 iv Page Breppomg, Col. R. H., C.M.Z.S. Descriptions of some new Operculated Land-Shells from Southern India and Ceylon. (Plates LIT. & LIII.)...... 442 Bennett, Dr. Georce, F.Z.S. Letter from, concerning the occurrence of an Indian Beetle (Chrysochrea ocellata) in the Bay of Bengal............ 2 Bippuupu, Capt. Joun. Letter from, addressed to the Secretary, containing re- marks on the Wild Sheep met with during his recent journey to Varkand. on-set se ree 5 Sais Theta ee 157 Buanrorp, W. T., Assoc. Roy. Sch. Min., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.8. Notes on the Figures of Herpestes ferrugineus and Ovis OUI. Sens V vapats sie ioe she ates «swine wine a ty ole 3 eee On some Stags’ Horns from the Thian-Shan Mountains in (entra Vista®: e000. POR Ao Puithes cet eee ee 637 BueeExeER, Dr. P., F.M.Z.S. Notice sur |’ Elopichthys dahuricus. (Plate LX.)...... 534 Bovucarp, ApoupHE, C.M.Z.S. &e. Monographie List of the Coleoptera of the Genus Plw- siotis of America, north of Panama, with Descriptions of several new Species. (Plate XXIII.).............-..-- II7 BoweErRBANkK, JAMES Scott, LL.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S., &e. A Monograph of the Siliceo-fibrous Sponges.—Part III. (Plates KXXXIX. & XL.) .. 1. eee eee eee ee ee ee 272 Contributions to a General History of the Spongiade.— Part VIDS. 06 cies ccs,- oncoage aes oa SR om Coe ren A Monograph of the Siliceo-fibrous Sponges.—Part IV. (Plotes LVI.-&-LYIL,). «0:5 :0chod O08: t2. ce eae ae Vv A Monograph of the Siliceo-fibrous Sponges.— Part V. (Blatespile & LXE.) ek aerate einiee Further Observations on dleyoncellum speciosum, Quoy et Gaimard, and Hyalonema mirabilis, Gray ....... Brapy, GeorGE STEWARDSON, C.M.Z.S. A Review of the British Marine Mites, with Descriptions of some new Species. (Plates XLI. & XLII.) .......... Brazier, Joun, C.M.Z.S. Descriptions of ten new Species of Shells from the Col- lection of Mr. Charles Coxen, of Brisbane, Queensland. (Piste BVa)alaniinad waves: Brooke, Basit, F.Z.S., and Brooke, Sir Vicror, Bart., F.Z.8S. On the large Sheep of the Thian Shan, and the other Asiatic Argali Brookes, Sir Vicror, Bart., F.Z.8. Letter from, correcting an error in his paper on Cervulus (CEU AISS GIL Oy 9 PRR een eae On a new Species of Deer from Mesopotamia. (Plate TOV LETS) a rasntec- tao SE Supplementary Notes on African Buffaloes. (Plate LIV.) Exhibition of original drawings of two species of Koodoo, Tragelaphus strepsiceros and T. imberbis...............+ Brooke, Sir Victor, Bart., F.Z.S., and Brooxe, Basi, F.Z.8. On the large Sheep of the Thian Shan, and the other Asiatic Argali..... Gils © 6 © 2 © 0 « dee wie fe) oleieys, sia « eye d's «© @, 16 Bruin, A. A. Letter from, concerning living examples of Dasyptilus pes- queti and of four species of Paradise-birds .. .. Page 558 . 607 301 31 > 009 509 30 vl * Page Burmerster, Dr. Hermann, Director of the National Museum, Buenos Aires, F.M.Z.S. Description of anew Species of Dolichotis. (Plate LXIX.) 664 Butter, Artuur Garpiner, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Assistant Zoo- logical Department, British Museum. Descriptions of thirty-three new or little-known Species of Sphingide in the Collection of the British Museum. (Plates BG WT: sec us Sos. bae Tease ee eat oe nee. Cera 3 Descriptions of four newSpecies of Protogonius. (Plate V.) 35 Descriptions of new Species of Sphingide. (Plates XXXVI. GE XXKVIL. ) os scsi eus aegs 6c emis oie ee ae cane ages ee Notice of a Memoir on the Heterocerous Lepidoptera of the family SpRUagede ig sce vine 'e\n « as yRla kao Beato ene ee Descriptions of several new Species of Indian Heterocerous Lepidoptera 3.5.6. Wsis nal eS aie e > ements meee ee On a Collection of Butterflies from the New Hebrides and Loyalty Islands, with Descriptions of new Species. (Plate LXVII.) a wicis ot arec eNO On a small Collection of Butterflies from Fiji.. ........ 619 Descriptions of several new Species of Sphingide ...... 621 CaLpweELL, J., C.M.Z.S. Notes on the Zoology of Rodriguez.................. 644 Camsripce, Rey. O. Picxarp, M.A., C.M.Z.8. On some new Species of Erigone.—Part I. (Plates XXVII.-XXIX.) .. SURES. Dy MOS OES 53% SOE ee On some new icant of Erigone.—Part II. che XLIV.) 323 On some new Species of Hrigone from North America. (Plate KL VIDS... ing soles aes ss ale See eee 393 Cranks Wiebe Zs. On the Eared Seals of the Islands of St. Paul and Amster- dam, with a Description of the Fur-Seal of New Zealand, and an attempt to distinguish and rearrange the New-Zealand Oturiide. (Plates LXX.-LXXII.) ...... sale ba deh Be 650 Vil Page D’Avzertis, Lure: Maria, C.M.Z.S. Letter from, giving some account of several excursions into Rauthern New Guinea. > s-29°SYes Peel dh Das, guess 530 Danrorp, Cuartss G., F.Z.S. Notes on the Wild Goat, Capra egagrus, Gm. ........ 458 Dosson, G. E., M.A., M.B., F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., &e. On the Genus Scotophilus, with Description of a new Genus and Species allied thereto ....... cease carte tia 368 On the Genus Chalinolobus, with Descriptions of new or iitle-Iniewn Species” 3.2 ha hh is PO Be a all 381 Descriptions of new or little-known Species of Bats of the Genus’ V espertigo 2: 2253 3 ies. abs oa ss aaks os. cee 470 A Monograph of the Genus Taphozous, Geoff. ........ 946 Dresser, Henry E., F.Z.S. Notes on the Nest and Egg of Hypolais caligata, and on the Egg of Charadrius asiaticus, Pall., together with Re- marks on the latter Species and Charadrius veredus, Gould. 97 Notes on Falco labradorus, Aud., Falco sacer, Forster, and Falco spadiceus, Forster ..:.:.0.060..0.0.sceeeee 114 Druce, Hersert, F.L.S., F.Z.S. A List of the Collection of Diurnal Lepidoptera made by J.J. Monteiro, Esq., in Angola, with Descriptions of some Ba AEGIS By coker see Bada spits cl ony do «ie 314 vant «oe 406 Finscu, Orro, Ph.D., C.M.Z.S. &c., Curator of the Bremen Museum. Notes on the Fruit-Pigeons of the Genus Chryseena .... 557 On a new Species of Crown-Pigeon (Plate LXVIII.).... 631 Notes on Pheenicomanes iora, Sharpe,and Abrornis atrica- UM EVER ch sie. os cise, Ss.5' + ee et. sc, . G40 On Pristorhamphus versteri, a new Genus and Species of Bird from the Arfak Mountains, New Guinea........ ott: 641 Characters of six new Polynesian Birds in the Museum Sodefiroy at Hanibargre2s \,': PAM ING 2 gal Jo Aoloni8 642 Vili Page Frower, Wiiu1am Henry, F.R.S., F.LS., V.P.Z.S., Con- servator of the Museum of the Royal College of Sur- geons, and Hunterian Professor. On the Structure and Affinities of the Musk-Deer (Moschus moschiferus, Linn.) 1. .-.- cere ee eee eee cee eens 159 Garrop, Atrrep Henry, B.A., F.Z.S., Fellow of St. John’s College, Cambridge, Prosector to the Society. On the Kangaroo called Halmaturus luctuosus by D’Al- bertis, and its Affinities. (Plates VII.-IX.) ............ 48 On a point in the Mechanism of the Bird’s Wing ...... 82 On the Form of the Lower Larynx in certain Species of Ducks: 4. oe Pe SOO are oo See ee 151 On the Form of the Trachea in certain Species of Storks and Spoonbills ..........+.--4: chile 4 Siete a ess See OOO 297 On the Disposition of the Deep Plantar Tendons in dif- ferent As eas | es ates aan es SAE wake 339 On the Hyoid Bone of the Elephant ............---- 360 Notes on two Pigeons, Ianthenas leucolema and Erythrenas ULEETURIIE « Fakiyiatesay a aoe a muon epee aimh= Ee «0 eek eee 367 Report on the Indian Elephant which died in the Gardens Gn duly 7th, 1875.) so... sap onyee ved n O8 ays pee a's 5 oe eee Notice of a Memoir on the Structure of the Manatee.... 567 Gopwin-AvsreN, Major H. H., F:R.G.S., C.M.Z.S., Deputy Superintendent, Topographical Survey of India. Supplementary Notes on the Species of Helicide of the Subgenus Plectopylis.... 1... cece eter ee cece ne teee eens 43 Govutp, Joun, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &e. Descriptions of three new Species of Australian Birds.... 314 Guuuiver, Greorer, F.R.S., F.Z.S., late Professor of Com- parative Anatomy and Physiology to the Royal College of Surgeons. Sketches of the Spermatozoa of Petromyzon .......... 336 ix Observations on the Sizes and Shapes of the Red Corpus- cles of the Blood of Vertebrates, with Drawings of them to a uniform Scale, and extended and revised Tables of Measure- ments. (Plate LY.)...... Gtnruer, ALBERT, M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. Notes on some Mammals from Madagascar. (Plates XV. PONE) Pies. of Tesi aia suis oles n+ change Re GOS Faves Mes Second Report on Collections of Indian Reptiles obtained by the British Museum. (Plates XXX.-XXXIV.) ...... Description of a new oe of eh a from South Africa. (Plate XLIII.) . Third Report on Collections of Indian ee sere obtained by the British Museum. (Plates LXIII.—LXVI.) ..... Guppy, R. J. Lecumers, F.L.S., F.G.S., &e. On the Occurrence of Helix coactiliata in Trinidad ; with Remarks on the Distribution of the Land and Freshwater Moliscavot that: Tislandess sactsses ela ae easter et eee omc Note on a Variety of Bulimus constrictus found in Vene- zuelan Guiana .......... RE Sa TA SOO Hi LOR REC Hamitton, Epwarp, M.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S., &. Exhibition of some deformed sterna of the common Fowl. HANLEY, Syivanvus, F.L.S. Descriptions of new Land and Freshwater Shells from Lr eee syne Hartravs, Dr. G., F.M.Z.S. Letter from, relating to a Finch (Lobiospiza notabilis) described in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ ................ Hector, James, M.D., F.R.S., C.M.Z.S., Director of the Geological Survey of New Zealand. Exhibition of a pelvis of Harpagornis moorei, from Otago, New Zealand . Page . 474 78 224 311 567 318 322 47 605 269 470 Page — Horrman, WALTER J. Letter from, describing a horn of an American Prong- horn with adotble prong... >... 0's. vcs neko Se oe ate se ee Hupson, Wituram Henry, C.M.Z.8. On the Herons of the Argentine Republic, with a Notice of a curious Instinct of Ardetta involucris .............. 628 Layarp, Epgar Leoroxp, F.Z.S., H.B.M. Consul for Fiji and Tonga. Ornithological Notes from Fiji, with Descriptions of sup- posed new Species of Birds. 2... wn vb ae sole a rive pine Descriptions of some supposed new Species of Birds from fe Wi WSbness rt os eee anes «ahi Se os so eee aes Moabesyon Wijiao: Birds. o..5. 50 ate ous sie sige s ve. dip oe ee Lecce, W. Vincent, R.A., F.Z.S. On the Breeding of certain Grailatores and Natatores in the S.E. of Ceylon, with Notes on the Nesting-plumages COL EINER ANRE Sores Sienaimn'S a 8 Serie ooW aie Oe, 60g OSs: pa Martens, Dr. E. von, C.M.Z.S.- List of Land- and Freshwater Shells collected by Mr. Osbert Salvin in Guatemala in 1873-74 ................ 647 Meyer, ApoteH Bernuarp, M.D. Letter from, containing remarks upon a new Bird of Para- Gise ges. 6 hae, Gata eaeh storie Shoe Fa eeyseoheieesae bisa ene Letter from, concerning four living species of Birds of . Paradise said to be in the possession of Mr. Bruijn ...... 469 Moressy, Captain J., R.N. Letter from, giving the exact locality of the young Casu- arius uniappendiculatus presented by him to the Society .. 533 Newton, Aurrep, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy in the University of Cam- bridge. Additional Evidence as to the original Fauna of Rodriguez. 39 xi Page Exhibition of two specimens of Ross’s Gull, from Greenland 349 Exhibition of and remarks upon tracings of some unpub- lished sketches of the Dodo and other extinct birds of WORSEN To tio, ao, St.) wo. dp Ae Male oo ew olay sole le, O49 NormansBy, Georce Aucustus ConstTanTINE, Marquess of, F.Z.S. Letter from, relating to an Australian Cassowary intended for thei Seeietys: Collection y:). 1 .)s0 Jia Beate Mieke lo Fe 2 Owen, Prof. Ricuarp, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S8., &c. Note on a new Locality of Dinornithide.............. 88 Notice of the twenty-first of his series of Memoirs on the extinct birds of the Genus Dinornis...........6...+.++. 470 Notice of the twenty-second of his series of Memoirs on the extinct birds of the Genus Dinornis ...........+.... 634 Peters, Dr. Wixuiam, Director of the Royal Zoological Museum, Berlin, F.M.Z.S. Letter from, on a species of Tortoise of the genus Sterno- fT Uae SEES oe) a Se agi B apilek cia) oimimay Aa aes Ta 112 Ramsay, Epwarp P., of Dobroyde, New South Wales, C.M.ZS. Notes on the Original Specimen of Pétilonorhynchus RUNES ICU LaBare ses, odie ra. v-ctelin svars scnvaG ales withers evoke tos ae sk emectl OF Descriptions of some rare Eggs of Australian Birds .... 112 List of Birds met with in North-eastern Queensland, emery i. hackingham. Bay. os, \a<6 eaele ays Pola 6 tise an 578 Description of the Eggs and Young of Rallina tricolor, from Rockingham Bay, Queensland .................. 603 Ramsay, Lieutenant R. Warp.iaw, F.Z.S. Communication from, containing remarks upon his Gecinus CS OW al ha il tA ME sO). 5: ol ee ae a i ema 1 Row tey, Grorce Dawson, M.A., F.Z.S. Exhibition of skins of Nasiterna geelvinkiana.......... 470 xii Satvin, Ospert, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. Abstract of a Memoir on the Avifauna of the Galapagos archipelago Sarvin, Ospert, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S., and Scuater, P. L., M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S. Descriptions of some new akin of South-American Birds. (Plate VI.) On Venezuelan Birds collected a Mr. A. Goering.—Part WV. (Plate RXV.) 2 Ne tec a te icici ne Description of two new Species of Birds from the State of Antioquia, U. S.C. SaunpERS, Howarp, F.Z.S. Exhibition of and remarks upon a Gull obtained by Mr. Gervaise Mathew, R.N., at Magdalena Bay, Lower California ScyaTer, Partie Lutriey, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the Society. Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in December 1874 . Exhibition of a skin and skull of a female Huemul (Cervus chilensis), and remarks on the Deer of Chili and Western Pern... On some rare Parrots ieee in the Society’s Gardens. (Plates X. & XI.).. RR ee es : Report on the additions to the Society’ s nae in January 1875, and remarks on Canis chama. (Plate XVII.) Exhibition of a drawing of a supposed new Rhinoceros from the Terai of Bhootan .. . Exhibition of a living specimen of the Peguan Tree-Shrew (Tupaia peguana) and a Squirrel (Sciurus blanfordi) Further Remarks on the Cassowaries living in the Society’s Gardens, and on other Species of the Genus Caswarius. (Plates XVIII.-XX.) © 0. # 0 63> sie eteunte bo s)eifeu isis isle bite = 0’ elleie)\e Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in February 1375.(Plate XXVIO) age Lo ee ee Page . 269 37 234 541 158 82 84 156 xiii Page Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in WIRTCR LOL ares, 46, waenaea eae A Ge wai Nest oe" te 316 Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in PETE aid 2 wari tinh ales ee dans oes bes sina AS Exhibition of, and remarks on, the skin of a chick of a SUES" Ub gel Ge Ain are ie Se og 0 OTe 349 Remarks on animals seen during visits recently made to several Zoological Gardens in Rotterdam, the Hague, Amster- dam, Asitwerp, and: Ghent), ... 5... hee ame dd ohare 379 Exhibition of, and remarks on, the typical specimen of ae PAGUIETS TUE UR eo ek ego ws deni fs a Sg ud Sis cag i, Ces SEA a On several rare or little-known Mammals now or lately living in the Society’s Collection. (Plates XLVII.—-LI.) .. 417 Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in May Notice of a Memoir on the Rhinoceroses now or lately living in the Society’s Menagerie...................... 470 Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in June, July, August, and September 1875. (Plates LVIII. & LIX.) 527 Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in RRR DOA Die, 3, HAMUN A SO 6, donc un speccavis whims rove v estes + aa 565 Exhibition of, and remarks on, the upper horn of a two- horned Rhinoceros from the valley of the Brahmapootra .. 566 Remarks on the female plumage of Pauais galeata .... 566 Report on the additions to the Society's Menagerie in LEE SBS 7 a nn oe Exhibition of, and remarks on, a skin of Hypocolius am- ER EM Sets. Mand sweats, oi atatay Bie, x oes Weel ae Seal 633 Scuater, P. L., M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., and Satvin, OsBert, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. Descriptions of some new Species of South-American eeisces (Plate WL.) w..2'. | «scat eee odare a nee ae 37 On Venezuelan Birds collected by Mr. A. Goering.—Part Ree G Like SOEKN. Dt os ss crepe tet. See 234 xiv ; Page Description of two new Species of Birds from the State of Antioquia, UW. 8.00. N Marine Mites os. ec cceccccceccviaciewsics sim XLIL\ New Marine Mites 301 XLIII. Chrysochloris trevelyani ........ 60 ce ceeeeeeeeees 311 XLIV. New Species of Brigone .......+.2.c0+seeceeeees 323 XLV. New Shells from Madagascar and Australasia ...... 389 XLVI. New Species of Hrigone ........seeeseeeeecevece 393 XLVII. Macacus speciosus ........ jo Cong od Aen vOeoOUet > moat Ateles melanochir ......... Hobos ospodonsnompoe i L. Hapale melanura ......0.ccesecceeeceseceeseees pali LL ee 1. Cervulus micrurus statatels cot. Seed vaug aon Bt Fig. 2. C. reevesi JUV... eee cece eee cece cece eens J Far New Indian Operculated Land-Shells ............ 442 LIV. Bubalus pumilus 2.0.2.0. cccecccececcsccssccces 454 LV. Red Blood-corpuscles ........ Bann cdo adnoecanece 474 LVI. Alcyoncellum speciosum ....secesveereceeeceeees Figs. 1, 2. Farrea valida..... AOC OC OR ERED TO UC OR. 503 ube Bigs: (3, 4. Fe spimastastn onic sence eee ceeseannes TAVIS (Casuarius ECCT 5 sic ccs stern eieies Wee lee gidtibiets 97 LUX. Gazella granti .... 0... rccecc severe vesccccens \5 ‘ LX. Elopichthys dahuricus .....0s0eeee ee ceeeeerenees 534 Fig. 1. Farrea spinifera .....0..seveeevecesevees + LXI Bi 2&3. F. spinulenta ......0ceeceeees yer | Fig. 4. Alcyoncellum speciosum ....+1+++e00es ese. 2008 Fig. 1. Farrea aculeata ....sssesceeeeeeeeeeenee | pa hee D6. Ne POD USRE 2 ore Sura eda an alain ey ormtte s J ire: A, Ansonia OT MALE, = .)./.[lnantoeie.s, sleleiars's)* «isa ‘i LXIII. ¢ Fig. B. Polypedates beddomit ......++0eeeeeeeeees Fig. C.. Fvalus diplostictus 0.0.00 106s sce resnseae ue Fig. A. Bufo hololius ......0eeeceeseeseeeeevece "eau LXIV. [Be B. Callula olivacea ..........+. plersvevekesofciafaee | Fig. C. Pedostibes tuberculosus ....+..eeeeees rene | 6 Plate LXV LXVI | : LXVII. LXVIII. LXIX. LXX. LXXI. LXXII. Xviil Page Fig. A. Polypedates chloronotus..+..+.+1.e+eerees + Fig. B. P. formosus....secveeeeerereeeees Des hec Fig. A. Ivalus montanus ..+0+eeeee er eere sere eees S567 Fig. B. I. ehalazodes “hiccmenatotas ceed eect | Fig. C. I. stictomerus «0.0.20. ee cee e tere tetera es J New Lepidoptera from the New Hebrides.......... 610 Goura scheepmakeri .... 6.00 ee ee eee eee taeeneeeee 631 Dolichotis salinicola......0ccece cere cseerececeee 634 Right manus of Otaria forsteri ......+0+eeeee rere Right pes of O. forsteri ...sseeeeeeeneeeee ences > 650 Dentition of O. forsteri ....ccseeceeseceeceeeess a PROCEEDINGS OF THE SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. January 5, 1875. Dr. E. Hamilton, V.P., in the Chair. The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of December 1874. The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena- gerie during the month of December was 47, of which 16 were by presentation, 17 by purchase, 4 by exchange, and 10 were received on deposit. The total number of departures during the same period, by death and removals, was 104. The most noticeable additions during the month of December were as follows :— 1. A Campbell’s Monkey (Cercopithecus campbelli), purchased 15th December. This scarce West-African Monkey, which was originally described by Mr. Waterhouse in our ‘ Proceedings’ (1838, p. 6), and sub- sequently figured in Fraser’s ‘Zoologia Typica’ (pl. iii.), is seldom received alive. The present example is a young female. I have only previously seen one other living example of this species. 2. Two Hardwicke’s Mastigures (Uromastix hardwickii), pre- sented by Lieut.-Col. C. S. Sturt, C.M.Z.S., 23rd December. 3. A young pair of the Pampas Deer of the interior of Brazil and Buenos Ayres (Cervus campestris), purchased December 23rd. This Deer is seldom met with in living collections. We have had no examples of it in the Society’s Gardens since 1860. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, No. I. 1 bt LETTER FROM SIR V. BROOKE. Jan. 5, The Secretary read the following extract from a letter addressed to him by Dr. George Bennett, F.Z.S., of Sydney. “ Sydney, October 22nd, 1874. «“T have sent you a Beetle (Chrysochroa ocellata), enclosed in a small box, by this mail. This insect was presented to me by Capt. Payne, of the barque ‘ William Manson,’ by whom it had been cap- tured at sea at a great distance from land. His account of the capture is as follows :— ««The Beetle was caught by me in the Bay of Bengal in lat. 17° N., and long. 90° E., being at that time the distance of 273 miles from the nearest land, namely the west coast of Pegu. The insect lived for ten days after being enclosed in a small box after its capture.’ ” The Secretary exhibited for Mr. Andrew Anderson, F.Z.S., of Futteyghur, an egg and young of the Gavial (Gavialis gangeticus), and read the following remarks on them by Mr. Anderson :— *‘T send for exhibition by the Secretary an egg of Crocodilus gan- geticus (Gavialis gangeticus). I take this opportunity of pointing out that the word ‘ Gavialis’ should properly be spelt with an r, and not with a v, the vernacular for the Long-nosed Crocodile being ‘ Gharial.’ “This egg is one of forty which I dug out of the sand; they were laid in two tiers, twenty below, and twenty above, with a stratum of sand about 1 foot deep between the two layers. Apparently the first batch had been laid and covered over with sand a day or two before the second instalment. «Also a young Gharial about two months old, to which I acted as accoucheur. ‘This is ove of several which were kept alive in a tub ; they ran with amazing rapidity the moment they were hatched. Some of them actually bit my fingers before I had time to remove the shell from their bodies. ‘Length (on exclusion from shell) 15-8 inches; snout, from eye, 1:6; between fore and hind leg 2°8 ; from hind leg to end of tail 9 ; girth 4. Colour greyish brown, with five irregular transverse bands between fore and hind legs; nine more similar marks across the tail.” A letter was read from the Marquess of Normanby, F.Z.S., dated Government House, Brisbane, Queensland, Oct. 10th, 1874, stating that he had forwarded to the Society in the ship ‘ Ramsay,’ under the care of Capt. Cater, a fine living specimen of the Australian Cassowary (Casuarius australis) *. A letter was read from Sir Victor Brooke, Bart., F.Z.S., pointing out that in his paper on Cervulus (P. Z.S. 1874), at page 41, the ninth line from the bottom, the paragraph “ Females hornless ” down * See below, p. 82. a 4 4 }. P. 2.5 ACRE ue | GH Ford Mintern Bros.imp. NEW SPHINGIDA. (e) P. 2. 87S Pie GH Ford NEW SPHINGIDA:. Mintern Bros. inp. — 4 4 1875.] MR. BUTLER ON NEW SPECIES OF SPHINGIDE. 3 to “metatarsals absent’’ should have been transferred to page 38 and inserted after the words “ project inwards,” which occur immedi- ately before “ Cervulus muntjac,” in the eighteenth line from the bottom. The following papers were read :— 1. Descriptions of thirty-three new or little-known Species of Sphingide in the Collection of the British Museum. By Arruur Garpiner Borier, F.L.S., F.Z.8., As- sistant, Zoological Department, British Museum. [Received November 24, 1874.] (Plates I. & II.) I have for some time past been carefully working at a complete revision of the Sphingide, the results of which labour I hope shortly to have the pleasure of laying before the Society. Being naturally anxious to secure as many types as possible to our national collection, and knowing that this section of the Lepidoptera is a favourite one, I have thought it best to publish at once characters of the more striking new forms which we possess. This will still leave to my more important paper all the new genera, several new species in the British Museum, two or three that have been kindly placed in my hands by Mr. Lewis, besides others which I hope to obtain through the kindness of Mr. F. Moore*. I also hope to figure the early stages of several species already known to science. Subfamily MacroGLossin&. Genus Sarraspes, Moore. 1, SATASPES UNIFORMIS, 0. sp. Closely allied to S. infernalis, but differing in the absence of the broad yellow transverse bar at the end of abdomen. Expanse of wings 2 inches 7 lines. Silhet (Séainsforth). Type, B.M. We have two examples of this species, and I have seen others. 2. SATASPES VENTRALIS, . sp. Allied to the preceding and to S. infernalis, but differing from both in the bright bronzy green colour of the basal two thirds of primaries ; abdomen black-brown, with a dorsal series of pale yel- low squamose spots on the posterior area of each segment except- ing the basal one; the four apical segments below bright sulphur- yellow. Expanse of wings 2 inches 7 lines. Hong-Kong (Bowring), Silhet (Stainsforth). Type, B.M. * Since the above paper was read, Mr. Moore has most generously placed the whole of his fine collection at my disposal, thus giving me the opportunity of identifying several of his and Mr. Walker’s species; he has also lent me several most valuable figures of larvee, which have been of the greatest use to me. 1* 4 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW [Jan. 5, Genus Macrocuossa, Ochsenheimer. 3. MacroGLossa FERVENS, 0. sp. (Plate I. fig. 3.) Primaries above red-brown; basal two fifths chocolate-brown; a transverse nebulous wavy discal bar of the same colour; two trans- verse subapical blackish spots; secondaries bright ferruginous, costa testaceous; outer margin dusky: head, thorax, and three basal seg- ments olivaceous; these segments orange-tawny at the sides, edged with dark brown; terminal segments dark brown; last segment edged behind with an unbroken transverse line of snow-white scales; a lateral ochre-tipped black tuft; anal tuft dark brown: wings below bright ferruginous, bright ochreous at the base, crossed by several indistinct darker lines; outer margin rather broadly olive-brown ; palpi, pectus, and basal segments of abdomen cream-coloured ; remaining segments red-brown ; central segment with a smal] lateral white tuft ; two terminal segments with lateral ochre-tipped blackish tufts; anal tuft red-brown. Expanse of wings 1 inch 7 lines. Canara (Ward). Type, B.M. Allied to M. gyrans and M. approximata of Walker ; its position will be between the latter and M. gilia of Walker (walkeri, Butl.). 4. MACROGLOSSA PROXIMA, n. sp. (Plate I. fig. 1.) Primaries above dark chocolate-brown, crossed by two diffused sericeous bars ; a waved dark-brown transverse streak just beyond the cell; secondaries with basal half sordid ochreous, impinged upon at base by two diverging black basal dashes, and diffused externally ; costa broadly bright stramineous, outer margin broadly dark brown: head and abdomen smoky brown; thorax red-brown; sides of abdo- men rusty brown, three basal segments with lateral quadrate spots, black internally, broadly orange externally ; the three penultimate segments with lateral ochre-tipped brown tufts ; last segment but one white-edged externally; anal tuft dark brown, with a broad terminal orange bar: wings below red-brown, ochraceous at base ; secondaries with an orange abdominal streak ; palpi below sordid white; pectus sordid testaceous, brownish at the sides; legs testaceous, irrorated with brown, the tibize of last pair fringed with ferruginous ; two basal segments of abdomen ochreous; remaining segments and anal tuft ferruginous internally, dull ochreous externally. Expanse of wings 2 inches 5 lines. Canara (Ward), Ceylon (Templeton). Type, B.M. Some varieties of M. passalus* nearly resemble this species on the upper surface, but differ in having four distinct transverse blackish lines across the primaries, a much less prominent orange terminal bar to the anal tuft, and an entirely different coloration on the under surface of the abdomen. * It is almost certain that the latter are distinct from MM. passalus, as the typical Chinese form is altogether redder in hue than its Indian representative ; but at present I have not sufficient examples to enable me to separate them with certainty. 1875. | SPECIES OF SPHINGID. 5 5. Macroerossa osscura (Horsfield, MS.). (Plate I. fig. 2.) Allied to M. passalus, but duller in colouring, the primaries more acute and longer, the transverse lines less distinct, the secondaries with a broader, more defined, more irregular, and paler central orange band; the three basal segments of abdomen edged laterally with testaceous instead of orange; secondaries below with a sharply defined internal subtriangular patch, pale yellow at base, but becoming gra- dually orange externally. Expanse of wings 2 inches 7 lines. Java (Horsfield). Type, B.M. 6. MACROGLOSSA TROCHILOIDES, 0. sp. Closely allied to M. trochilus, but altogether brighter in colouring, the primaries much darker, the secondaries with well-defined central orange band; outer margin distinct and black. Expanse of wings 1 inch 5 lines. 4 Sierra Leone (Foxcroft). Type, B.M. This is the Western-African form of M. trochilus. 7. Macroguossa Nox, Newman. (Plate I. fig. 6.) Male. Primaries above black-brown, bronzy greenish in some lights, base and three indistinct wavy bars black ; secondaries with the base and outer margin broadly black, central area very dark gvey, silvery greenish in certain lights: body ashy black, with a lateral bright steel-blue lustre when the tail is turned to the light; basal and three terminal segments with large lateral black spots; all the segments with small lateral white-tipped black tufts, penultimate segment white-edged ; anal tuft black, pale brown at the base, and white at the tip: wings below black-brown, with bronzy greenish reflections, whitish at base; secondaries shot with pale steel-blue towards base, abdominal area bluish white: body smoky brown, thorax paler; prothorax and palpi sordid white. Expanse of wings 2 inches 9 lines. Rockingham Bay (Macgillivray). Type, B.M. Described by Mr. Walker as the female of M. micacea. Genus CatLtiomma, Walker. 8. CALLIOMMA LUTESCENS, n. sp. (Plate I. fig. 5.) Primaries above clay-colour, transversely and irregularly spotted with dark grey in wavy series; an interno-basal dark grey streak : two transverse, angulated, subbasal whitish streaks, beginning on costa and terminating at first median branch, separated by a grey streak, and bounded externally by a zigzag oblique grey bar from costa to inner margin; a subtriangular, whitish, central costal spot, impinged upon by an irregular discocellular silver marking ; a whitish costal patch immediately beyond it, interrupted by indistinct grey liturze ; apex somewhat pale; outer margin with a large, subapical, marginal, lunate, chocolate-coloured patch, bordered internally by a pearly greyish nebula; secondaries orange, shining and whitish on costa, but gradually deepening in tint to abdominal margin ; outer 6 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW [Jan. 5, margin broadly but diffusely ferruginous, irregularly blotched with black, and bounded internally by an undulated blackish line; an elongate, whitish marginal spot near anal angle: body pale clay- coloured ; the pterygodes red-brown, tipped with whitish and dark brown on the shoulders ; second, third, and fourth segments of abdo- men with more or less defined, inverted, V-shaped markings in the middle: wings below altogether paler; primaries with discoidal area dull tawny, internal margin stramineous, external half crossed by transverse series of brown spots, outer margin rather broadly and irregularly pale brown ; secondaries whitish clay-colour, a spot within cell, and five undulated, partly interrupted, transverse lines (the outermost one indistinct and confounded with a sprinkling of scales of the same colour on external area) brown: body clay-coloured, palpi and thorax deeper-coloured ; abdomen with two ventral series of central grey spots. Expanse of wings 2 inches 9 lines. Haiti (Tweedie). Type, B.M. Allied to C. parce. Subfamily Co#RocaMPIN&. Genus PAaNnacra. 9. PANACRA METALLICA, 0. Sp. Allied to P. mydon. Differs in its greater size, longer and more acute primaries, with the outer margin well excavated below the apex; apical half much yellower; transverse lines more oblique, not undulated, the central ones very distinct, four ia number, angulated just before reaching the costa; secondaries longer, more acute at the apex, the ochreous streak less diffused; body longer, thorax more uniform in colouring, abdomen with the lateral golden streak broader, more distinct ; primaries below brown, with the costa and outer mar- gin, a discocellular point, several liturze in a diseal series, one or two more subapical, and a squamose, dentated, subanal patch bright ochreous; disk also varied with red, and clouded at apex and centre with brown; a submarginal series of markings, the two nearest apex white and lunate, one at external angle black and white, ovate, the intermediate ones forming a semi-connected irregular grey streak ; secondaries brown, with the costa, outer margin, a spot at anal angle, and a submarginal anal streak bright ochreous, irrorated with red ; a bright yellow discocellular point ; two irregular, ill-defined, central dark brown lines; disk plumbaginous: body below creamy, speckled with ferruginous; abdomen with a lateral series of black points. Expanse of wings 2 inches 9 lines. North India (Parry). Type, B.M. This is labelled by Boisduval with his MS. name of P. mydon; it is not, however, Walker’s type. Genus Dapunis, Hiibner. 10. DAPHNIS PALLESCENS, n. sp. Allied to D. hypothous, same general pattern; primaries with the 1875.] SPECIES OF SPHINGID. 7 pale rosy whitish bands broader, less distinctly white-edged ; the dark markings paler, more olive-tinted ; external angle slate-coloured ; apical white spot smaller; secondaries whity brown, with a central dark-grey nebula leaving a distinct postmedian in-arched line of the ground-colour; beyond and bounding this is a broad, submarginal, purplish-brown band ; outer margin broadly pale brown, darker exter- nally (the submarginal band and the marginal border both narrowest at anal angle): body, with the collar, base, and sides of abdomen whitish ; pterygodes olive, head and thorax grey; dorsum of abdomen greyish brown; antenne pale ochreous: wings below much like D. hypothous, but paler. Expanse of wings 3 inches 7 lines. Queensland (Janson). ‘ Type, B.M. Genus Percesa, Walker. 11. PERGESA AURIFERA, 0. Sp. Primaries olive-green, base transversely spotted with black; a violet-centred black spot at end of cell, and from it to inner margin a nebulous dusky bar; disk more or less clouded with reddish, crossed obliquely from costa to inner margin by three parallel rows of black spots; three large costal subapical black spots; outer margin pearly, irrorated with black ; fringe dull ochraceous ; secon- daries black-brown, costal area pale brown; an anal, submarginal, cuneiform, dull ochreous fasciole: body olive-green, head margined with whitish; pterygodes grey, black-bordered ; abdomen with two longitudinal series of black dots, a lateral golden-yellow streak from second segment, and a broad, undulated, golden-yellow lateral border, each undulation with a central black dot: wings below nearly as in P. castor, but the black lines and dots heavier. Expanse of wings 3 inches 5 lines. Sikkim (Whitely). Type, B.M. Var. Primaries and body clay-colour, with a slight greenish tinge. North India (Janson). B. Allied to P. castor, but differing (besides colour-characters) in the much more acute falcate form and greater width of the primaries. Genus Cu#rocampa, Duponchel. 12, CHHZROCAMPA MACROMERA, 0. Sp. Nearly allied to C. elpenor, but much larger, the primaries duller in colour, with the outer margin more broadly rosy lilacine ; secon- daries with more than half the wing rosy; body with the dorsal rosy line less defined ; wings below with the costal ochraceous border duller, much narrower, only clearly represented towards base ; trans- verse band converted into two narrow parallel lines. Expanse of wings 3 inches 4 lines. Silhet (Macgillivray), North India (Stevens). Type, B.M. Noted by Mr. Walker as a variety of C. elpenor; I am satisfied, however (from the fact that the more nearly allied Japanese species is now proved by breeding to be distinct), that it is a different species. : S MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW [ Jan. 5; 13. CH#ROCAMPA GRACILIS, n. sp. (Plate II. fig. 2.) Nearly allied to C. eson, about one third smaller; the wings and abdomen, as compared with the size of the insect, longer; the primaries decidedly less distinctly streaked, the streaks also narrower ; secon- daries blacker at base, much whiter at anal angle; lateral streaks of thorax much whiter ; abdomen very indistinctly streaked, not showing the two broad longitudinal central brown bands; wings below less irrorated with brown, central oblique hnes of primaries not extending beyond the middle of the wing from costa; abdomen below not showing the lateral blackish points. Expanse of wings 3 inches to 3 inches 2 lines. Congo (Richardson), Sierra Leone (Morgan). Type, B.M. We have four examples of this species. 14, CHEZROCAMPA ELEGANS, n. sp. (Plate II. fig. 1.) 3 @. Allied to the preceding species (with which it agrees in size) and to C. theylia. The male may at once be distinguished from both by its much more acute and narrow primaries; and both sexes may be distinguished by having a distinct, whity brown, lon- gitudinal band from the back of the head to the end of the abdomen, the pterygodes more brightly coloured, and the anal margin of secon- daries less excavated. In size it exceeds C. theylia by about one half; and the white nebula at anal angle of secondaries is more vivid ; on the underside of primaries the terminal grey border is well marked. Expanse of wings, ¢ 2 inches 9 lines, 2 3 inches | line. 3, Java (Horsfield); 2, Silhet (Stainsforth). Type, B.M. Mr. Walker says that “ C. eson in Asia is very generally of small size, and in Africa of large size, but the latter variety also occurs in Asia,” C. eson and C. gracilis being the large African forms, C. elegans the large Asiatic and C. theylia the small Asiatic form. 15. CH#ROCAMPA ARGENTATA, nu. sp. (Plate II. fig. 3.) General form and markings of C. oldenlandia, wings shorter, inner margin of primaries much more excavated, all the brown markings much darker, the silver lines more vivid, the line down the centre of pterygodes and the lateral streaks of abdomen vivid golden sprinkled with reddish scales; primaries more silvery at base, the pale oblique bar of primaries slightly broader, the outer margin somewhat plumbaginous ; secondaries darker, the pale streak redder in tint: wings below altogether redder, the markings darker, the outer margin more plumbaginous; abdomen with a white ventral streak. Expanse of wings 2 inches 10 lines. Moreton Bay (Gibbon), N. Australia (Elsey), Sydney (Laméert), Australia (Stevenson). Type, B.M This is the Australian representative of C. oldenlandie; it is undoubtedly a distinct species, but may be an insect described by Mr. Walker of which | cannot find the type. A third species also exists in North Australia ; but our example is in such a poor condition that I could not venture to make a type of it. 1875.] SPECIES OF SPHINGIDS. 9 16. CH&ROCAMPA VIRESCENS, 0. Sp. Form, size, and general appearance of C. crotonis, but primaries greener, with only the outer, central, broader streak (running from inner margin to apex) distinct, the other lines scarcely visible; yellow spots of secondaries paler, outer margin greener ; body greener, without the longitudinal central whitish streak ; wings below redder, primaries without the postmedian oblique blackish line; the sub- apical spots smaller ; discocellular spot white; outer margin broadly bordered with reddish grey ; base more broadly suffused with blackish; secondaries with central lines very indistinct, reddish; body below irrorated with ferruginous, abdomen with a longitudinal pink streak. Expanse of wings 3 inches 2 lines. Bogota (Stevens). Type, B.M. Intermediate in some respects between C. crotonis and C. aristor. 17. CHZROCAMPA DOCILIS, 0. sp. 3. Allied to C. amadis; wings above dull green; primaries with an interno-basal black spot; a minute discocellular black spot; a basi-subcostal spot, a transverse oblique streak crossing the middle of discoidal cell, a nebula just beyond discoidal cell, a transverse subapical litura, an oblique streak (edged internally with silver-grey), and a submarginal row of spots, all olive-brown ; a zigzag submar- ginal greenish-grey line, margiued internally with silver-grey ; outer margin from zigzag line silver-grey, irrorated with blackish atoms; fringe pinkish, except at external angle, where it is cream-coloured ; secondaries with the basal three fifths and a broad submarginal band tapering to and not extending beyond first median branch, black ; abdominal area yellowish; head olive-green, whity brown at the sides; thorax olive-green, with a broad central and narrower lateral grey streaks; abdomen clay-coloured, pinkish at the sides, irrorated with black atoms; a double central series of blackish points, as in C. nitidula ; basal segment olive-green, greyish in the centre, with a large lateral black spot; antennze cream-coloured ; wings below brick-red, irrorated with grey, outer margin irregularly sericeous whity brown; a discal series of black points; primaries with the costa yellow; a blackish subcuneiform patch from base through centre of cell to just beyond discocellulars; two subcostal black spots near apex; secondaries with the costa yellowish, abdominal area whitish: body pink, irrorated with blackish atoms; abdomen with a lateral row of black points; thorax at base of wings golden- yellow; legs pale olivaceous, tibiee and tarsi of front pair white. Expanse of wings 3 inches 11 lines. Ecuador (Buckley). Type, B.M. This is a softly coloured and beautiful species. 18. Cua:ROCAMPA HAITENSIS, 0. sp. 3 @. Allied to C. nechus; differs in having the external area of primaries browner, the pale-brown patch towards external angle broader ; the sulphur-yellow spots of secondaries smaller ; the lateral 10 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW [Jan. 5, yellow streak of abdomen replaced by a beautifully shaded, apparently overlapping, series of pyriform yellow and orange spots ; wings below altogether redder, the dark areas more restricted and paler, the yel- lowish markings less vivid, and varied with red; palpi, prothorax, and sides of abdomen irrorated with red. Expanse of wings 3 inches 4 to 6 lines. Haiti (Tweedie). Type, B.M. Easily distinguished at a glance by the colouring of the abdomen. 19, CHHROCAMPA IGNEA, n. sp. (Plate I. fig. 4.) @. Allied to C. scrofa, but primaries and body dull reddish chocolate instead of blackish grey ; primaries with all the markings less prominent ; wings below bright reddish all over instead of only on basal half of primaries, the outer margins broadly clouded with brownish ; body red-brown instead of greyish; palpi and legs varied with white, as in C. scrofa. Expanse of wings 2 inches 8 lines. Moreton Bay (Gibbons). Type, B.M. Although nearly allied to C. serofa, I believe that this species will prove to be constant and therefore distinct; I consider the most important difference to be the coloration of the under surface of the primaries. Genus AMBULYX, Walker. 20. AMBULYX MOoREI (Boisduval, MS.). Q@. Primaries above dark clay-colour; outer margin broadly brownish, bordered internally by a diffused ochreous line deeper externally than internally, becoming silver-grey towards apex, and limited on internal margin by a brown spot (decreasing upwards, excavated on both sides), and on second and third median branches by indistinct brown dots; a nebulous, oblique, pale brownish sub- apical streak ; several very ill-defined, sinuated, transverse, ochreous lines across and beyond the cell; a geminate, grey, white-pupilled discocellular spot ; secondaries testaceous, clouded with clay-colour, especially towards anal angle; costa and abdominal margin creamy ; a greyish streak across the end of the cell ; an arched discal series of six red-brown lunate spots; outer margin red-brown: body bright clay-coloured ; crest, metathorax, and a bar across pterygodes red- brown: wings below ochreous, becoming tawny externally ; primaries with the outer margin grey, with a white external and brown internal line ; an indistinct discocellular brown litura; several very indistinct brownish transverse lines beyond the cell; secondaries with the outer margin brown ; an indistinct discocellular litura and sevaral ill-defined spots beyond the cell pale brown; body below bright ochreous, becoming tawny towards head. Expanse of wings 3 inches 11 lines. Java (Horsfield). Type, B.M. Most like A. strigilis in appearance. 21. AMBULYX MARGINATA, 0. sp. Primaries above whity brown, with a pink tinge; base, two 1875.] SPECIES OF SPHINGID. 11 large spots placed obliquely to each other (one costal, the other interno-basal), encircled at a little distance by a slender line, a very oblique transverse line from middle of costa to basal third of inner margin, a large oval spot near base of first median interspace, three central costal spots (nearly equidistant), a large, subquadrate, sub- apical costal spot, the outer margin broadly, from subapical margin to external fourth of inner margin, a discal nebula on second median interspace, and several indistinct, lunated, transverse lines, olive- brown ; secondaries rosy, costa and base cream-coloured ; abdominal margin broadly creamy, tinted with pink; outer margin, from sub- costal nervure to anal angle, broadly chocolate-brown ; two central, transverse, lunulated, grey lines and a discal series of grey dots; body as in d. gannascus; wings below altogether yellower than above; primaries with the costa, especially at apex, ochreous; all the large spots, excepting the subapical costal one, missing, the latter paler than above; transverse streaks more distinct; outer margin broadly bordered with silver-grey ; secondaries pale clay-coloured ; border, lines, and spots as above, but very pale; body as in A. gan- nascus. Expanse of wings 4 inches 7 lines. Rio Janeiro (Stevens). Type, B.M. Subfamily SpuHinGin =. Genus Ampuonyx, Poey. 22. AMPHONYX RIVULARIS, ND. Sp. 3. Like a large example of A. duponchel 3, but less green in colour, and with a broader transparent area in the secondaries. Expanse of wings 5 inches. Q. Like the female of A. duponchel, but slightly larger, the pri- maries green, not varied with mealy-white patches, and with all the markings distinct as in A. anteus 9. Expanse of wings 6 inches 3 lines. 3 9,-——?; od, Ega (Bates); $ var., ? (abdomen reddish). Type, B.M. I have little doubt that this is the Upper-Amazon representative of A. anteus, as A. medor* is the Mexican. Herr Julius Flohr, of Hamburg (who has collected much in Mexico), tells me that he has a female example of the latter species measuring 9 inches in expanse of wing ; our female only measures 7 inches. Genus Proroparce t, Burmeister. 23. PROTOPARCE FULVINOTATA, N. sp. Primaries above very similar to P. solani, but lighter, the subapical pale patch less dusky and broader, and all the transverse dark lines * Cramer's locality is (almost certainly) incorrect ; we possess both sexes of his species, distinguished at a glance by its blackish coloration. t I adopt this name, rather than Mr. Grote’s émendation of Macrosila, as being one year prior to that genus as first characterized, its type also being in- dicated as P. rustica. For Macrosila, Walker, I have retained M, incisa, Walker, as type. 2 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW [Jan. 5, less oblique towards inner margin ; secondaries bright ochreous, a subbasal lunule, a broad, transverse, central streak, and a broad marginal border dark brown: body—head chocolate-brown ; thorax ferruginous, with posterior black border ; abdomen red-brown, irro- rated with grey, and spotted at the sides with elongated fulvous spots or lituree; antennze whitish above, dull ochraceous below: wings below brown, whitish towards base; fringe white-spotted ; interno- basal area of primaries ochreous ; abdominal area of secondaries whitish ; body below sordid white. Expanse of wings 4 inches 2 lines. South Africa. Type, B.M. 24, PROTOPARCE CONTRACTA, 0. Sp. 3. Allied to P. lucetius ; primaries narrower, secondaries shorter, colouring slightly paler, the oblique lines of primaries much less irregular; submarginal line and apical patch much whiter; secon- daries with the second brown band running independently across the wing instead of losing itself in the third band, marginal band narrower ; orange lateral spots on the body much more rounded, a dorsal blackish line; mesothorax not black; primaries below with the transverse lines more oblique and better defined ; secondaries with the transverse lines wider apart, more dentated; marginal border much narrower. Expanse of wings 4 inches 1 line. Rio Janeiro (Stevens). Type, B.M. Confounded with P. carolina by Mr. Walker. Genus Ditup1a, Grote and Robinson. 25. D1LuDIA BREVIMARGO, 0. sp. Q. Closely allied to D. florestan, but differing as follows :— Smaller ; primaries with the outer margin much shorter, more rounded at apex ; secondaries also shorter, outer margin excavated above anal angle: in colours it differs in having the primaries much greyer in tint, the transverse bands greener, the marginal black lines of these bands more distinct and more strongly dentated; the black bars on median branches less strongly defined; the apical black-edged area narrower, and very indistinctly sinuated externally ; secondaries with the inner transverse black bar very indistinct: body with the head and thorax greenish grey, abdomen less red; marginal black strigze less strongly defined; wings below darker than in D. florestan, transverse bars less distinct and more irregular, the two inner bars of secondaries coalescing. Expanse of wings 4 inches 6 lines. Brazil (Becker). B.M. 26. DILUDIA RUFESCENS, 0. sp. Q. Allied to D. lichenea, primaries altogether redder ; the outer margin shorter, more arched; central band much better defined, its outer edge much more dentated ; apical patch more elongated ; submarginal white streak much more deeply sinuated ; secondaries shorter, pale grey, with two indistinct central whitish bars: body more uniform in colouring, head and collar rather redder; lateral 1875.] SPECIES OF SPHINGID. 13 abdominal black strigz less defined : wings below altogether paler than D. lichenea, the transverse bars less defined, only two on secondaries. Expanse of wings 5 inches 3 lines. Rio (Stevens). Type, B.M. Placed by Mr. Walker with D. lichenea and described in his first paragraph as the female of that species, the true female being de- scribed more briefly in the second paragraph. 27. DiLuDIA MELANOMERA, D. sp. 3. Wings slightly more elongate, altogether much darker; the apical patch black, with a zigzag grey line running longitudinally through it; median band externally bordered and spotted at end of cell with black ; submarginal spots black instead of dark grey ; secondaries black-brown, a slight double nebulous streak from anal angle: body much darker, head and prothorax blackish; abdomen with lateral bars more continuous and blacker: wings below also darker, transverse lines much darker, more dentate; body below rather paler. Expanse of wings 4 inches 10 lines. Silhet (Dale). Type, B.M. This appears to be the northern form of D. discistriga. 28. DiLupDIA VATES, 0. sp. Primaries above light grey, two or three whitish spots on basal half of costa and at centre of discoidal cell, also a double angulated discal series of brownish-edged lunate spots; a small oblique spot towards middle of costa, a less oblique litura crossing the cell near its termination, two parallel streaks within interspaces, a small lunule be- neath them, an irregular streak margining the apical patch, and a series of spots at the end of the nervures upon the fringe black-brown ; an indistinct discal series of brown dots; fringe partly white ; secondaries smoky brown, abdominal area paler; costa testaceous, anal angle grey, crossed by two brown lunules; thorax and head grey; pterygodes margined externally by a black streak; meta- thorax margined behind by a transverse angulated black streak ; abdomen pale brown, with a brownish lateral streak and a dorsal black line : wings below whity brown, external area and a discal bar slightly darker brown ; fringe spotted with blackish; palpi varied with white, pectus white; abdomen whity brown; tarsi of front pair of legs blackish. Expanse of wings 3 inches 6 lines to 4 inches. Ceylon (Templeton) ; Madras. Type, B.M. Var. Slightly darker, a geminate white spot near external angle of primaries. Expanse of wings 4 inches 4-9 lines. Silhet (Sowerby), Moulmein (Clerck). Type, B.M. Our example from Madras has a label on it, bearing the MS. name Sphinx vates. The species is nearly allied to D. incerta of Walker, from China; it was confounded, in the collection, with D. discistriga. 29. DILUDIA NATALENSIS 0. sp. Primaries above snow-white, varied with grey, two transverse 14 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW (Jan. 4, irregular brownish lines crossing the middle of cell; a broad greyish patch, beginning just before end of cell, bounded internally by a blackish streak, and bounded and crossed externally by two lunulated waved transverse lines running from costa to inner margin; two similar discal lines, becoming black below third median branch ; a very irregular black streak bounding the apical patch, and im- mediately below it two interrupted blackish lunules ; a central submar- ginal bifid black-edged grey spot ; an ill-defined submarginal streak ; a white discocellular spot; outer margin black-spotted ; secondaries smoky brown ; abdominal area testaceous ; outer margin dark brown, broadest at apex ; a pyriform dark brown streak on abdominal area, continued laterally as an indistinct brown streak crossing the centre of wing; anal angle white, interrupted by two marginal semicircular blackish spots*and an irregular submarginal grey streak: thorax pale grey, collar dark grey behind, pterygodes bordered externally with black ; metathorax margined behind with blackish ; abdomen whity brown, with lateral oblique dark grey and white strigee on each segment: wings below tinted with ferruginous, a common lunu- late and waved discal streak; primaries with a black costal streak just beyond the end of cell; an interrupted submacular brown streak just beyond the discal streak, an oblique white spot at apex; fringe spotted with brown; secondaries crossed above the middle by an oblique diffused brown bar ; a brown streak at apex and anal angle, fringe spotted with ferruginous ; body whity brown, palpi and pectus white. Expanse of wings 5 inches. Port Natal (Gueinzius). Type, B.M. This species.somewhat resembles the preceding in general appear- ance; but the outer margin of primaries, instead of being convex, is distinctly excavated above external angle. Our example bears a label by the collector bearing the following inscription: —“ Acherontia spei 3. Only two 2 specimens taken in 1857 (one of them lost). I have not observed that peculiar chirping noise; had they chirped I am sure I would have observed. Query, Does the ¢ only chirp? and the 2 not ?’—W. Gzs.” I have not thought the MS. name applicable, and therefore have not used it. Genus NerHe.te, Hibner. 30. NEPHELE ROS, 0. sp. Wings above olive-green ; primaries with the base, a broad trans- verse band leaving a large quadrate costal spot, a small spot between the latter and the base upon inner margin, and an irregular band beginning broad at apex, undulated and narrowed externally to upper radial, then abruptly and deeply excavated to external angle, its inner edge straight and with a pale border, all dark brown; a postmedian squamose snow-white streak bounding the broad subcen- tral transverse band ; a snow-white point on lower discocellular, and two at base; secondaries with the costal area testaceous ; apical half of wing dark brown; fringe testaceous: body olive-green, head greyish brown; abdomen paler at the sides, with five transverse 1875. ] SPECIES OF SPHINGIDE. 15 black bars, the first three broadly interrupted in the middle; anal tuft red-brown; antennze testaceous: wings below altogether paler and browner than above, the transverse white streak and basal points of primaries absent, discocellular point smaller, secondaries crossed by three central brown lines; body below sordid whitish, pectus greyish. Expanse of wings 4 inches 1 line. «Boma, Feb. 1873” (Monteiro). Type, B.M. This handsome new species is allied to N. enopion ; it was the only example taken, and was, I believe, captured by Mrs. Monteiro, after whom I have named it. 31. NEPHELE VARIEGATA, 0. Sp. Primaries—base of wings grey-brown, varied with clay-colour, with two discoidal whitish dots, bounded externally by an irregular transverse grey-clouded whitish band, divided through the centre by a blackish line; a broad central oblique greyish brown band, varied with clay-colour, bounded on each side by two irregular black lines and constricted in the middle; three silver spots at end of cell; immediately beyond the central band is a narrower band, whitish at costa, otherwise grey, intersected and bounded externally by lunated blackish lines; discal area ochreous towards costa, otherwise dark brown varied with clay-colour, a very irregular undulated submar- ginal blackish line bordered externally by a grey line; outer margin reddish brown; secondaries olive-green, outer margin (except at anal angle) with a broad brown border tapering from costa to sub- median nervure; fringe testaceous: body dark brown, pterygodes tipped with pale yellow scales; abdomen with six broad transverse lateral black bars separated by pale yellow lines; primaries below brown, dull olivaceous at base, crossed at the middle by an oblique nebulous dark brown bar, disk crossed by two waved undulated dark brown lines, and an arched undulated submarginal line; a white dis- cocellular point ; secondaries pale olivaceous, with the outer margin brown, three central undulated and a submarginal irregular dark brown lines; body greyish brown, palpi paler. Expanse of wings 3 inches 7 lines. Congo (Richardson), Africa (Milne). Type, B.M. This is Z. peneus (part.) of Walker, Z. funebris, Boisd. (nec Fabricius). Subfamily SMERINTHINZ. Genus LeucorpHuesiA, Westwood. 32. LrEUCOPHLEBIA ROSACEA, n. sp. (Plate IT. fig. 4.) 3. Allied to L. lineata; primaries dull glossy rose-colour, a broad ochreous streak parallel to costa, broadest opposite external angle, and acutely pointed at each end; an oblique submedian basal ochreous streak, median branches silver; fringe golden; secondaries deep ochreous, fringe testaceous ; body—palpi and vertex chocolate- brown, back of head and sides of thorax pale sordid rose-colour ; centre of thorax chocolate-brown ; abdomen pale brown; antennze cream-coloured above, ferruginous below; wings below as in L. 16 MR. A. ANDERSON ON THE [Jan. 5, lineata, but altogether deeper in colour, and with a slender marginal plum-coloured line ; body and legs below chocolate-brown, abdomen with a rosy tint. Expanse of wings 2 inches 7 lines. Coimbatoor (Walhouse). Type, B.M. 33. LevcoPpHLEBIA BICOLOR, n. sp. (Plate II. fig. 5.) 3. Primaries rosy, a broad central longitudinal tapering strami- neous streak from base to apex, nearly straight in front, arched behind, and having three processes along the median branches ; fringe stramineous; secondaries ochreous; costa and abdominal margin stramineous, outer margin rosy, fringe stramineous ; thorax dull rosy, deeper in front than behind, with a central ochreous spot : body whitish ochraceous, rosy at the margins; antenne above creamy whitish, below brownish: wings below stramineous; _pri- maries with discoidal area ochreous; apical costa abruptly and broadly rosy, outer margin with a broad pale rosy border, tapering to apex; secondaries with costa and outer margin pale rosy; body dull pale ochraceous, with a rosy tint, gradually becoming more intense to the head; palpi dull rosy ; legs creamy above, rosy below. Expanse of wings 2 inches 2-3 lines. Almorah (Boys), N. India. Type, B.M. Allied to LZ. emittens, but coloured more like L. lineata. EXPLANATION OF PLATES I. & II. Puare I. Fig. 1. Macroglossa proxima, p. 4. obscura, p. 5. fervens, p. 4. . Cherocampa ignea, p. 10. . Calliomma lutescens, p. 5. . Macroglossa nox, p. 5. Puate IT. . Cherocampa elegans, p. 8. gracilis, p. 8. argentata, p. 8. . Leucophlebia rosacea, p. 15. bicolor, p. 16. Fig. SUR go bo 2. Corrections of and Additions to “ Raptorial Birds of North- western India.” By AnpREw ANDERSON, F.Z.S. [Received November 30, 1874.] (Plate III.) Since the publication of my last paper*, my knowledge of this subject generally has been greatly advanced, not only by furthur re- search, but by the acquisition of European and African specimens of some of the species concerning which comparatively little was known * P.Z.S8. 1872, p. 619. 1875.] RAPTORIAL BIRDS OF INDIA. 17 up to that date. The result is that I, or rather ornithologists gene- rally, have to acknowledge certain errors consequent on a limited knowledge of a most difficult group of birds. At the same time I am glad to be able to introduce several new species as occurring in the country to which my observations have ‘been confined, viz. the deltaic portion of the North-western Provinces, thus making (with the necessary corrections and additions) no less than 48 species of Raptores known to occur in this district. This is the number that have as yet come under my own observa- tion. But further investigation will doubtless enable me to add several more, such as Falco babylonicus, Haliaetus plumbeus, &c. Additions to former lists are indicated by an asterisk, *. 1. VuLtur monacuus, Linn. All the specimens examined by me have alight fulvous nuchal patch, almost white ; but the authors of the ‘ Birds of Europe’ do not al- lude to this peculiarity in the Indian bird, nor is it shown in the plate. 2. VuLTuR caALvus, Scop. On the 15th of July, 1872, my friend Mr. Spry took an egg, flushing the bird off her nest, which also contained an egg of Falco _ jugger. *3 bis. Gyps FULVESCENS, Hume. The large fulvous-coloured Vulture already alluded to I identify as belonging to this species, and not to G. himalayensis of the same author. 5. Gyps BENGALENSIS, Gm. Last cold season I found a small colony of these Vultures breeding on a clump of high cocoa-nut palms (Cocos nucifera), whence I ob- tained four eggs. I have also lately taken three eggs from one nest, and two from another, but of course not the produce of the same birds. The tree on which these nests were built was the rendezvous of a large assemblage of these useful birds, which were attracted to this solitary tree by the carcass of one of the mail-cart horses which had died on the roadside. 6. NEOPHRON GINGINIANUS, Lath. Captain Beagin, of H.M. 105th Regiment, has lately sent me a series of Neophrons from Aden, which appear to be referable to the African form N. perenopterus, Linn. ‘The skins are badly put up, and they are not sexed; so that the minute differences pointed out by Blyth+ cannot be compared with Indianexamples. The series com- prises both black-billed and black-clawed examples, which predomi- nate, as well as white ones, so that this one difference cannot seem- ingly hold good; but the corneous portion of the bill, as well as the claws, when black are certainly of a much deeper black in the Aden t Cf. ‘Ibis’ for 1866, p. 233. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, No. II. a 18 MR. A. ANDERSON ON THE (Jan. 5, than in any Indian-killed examples having the same peculiarity; and in India, according to my experience, the opposite variety, viz. the white-billed ones, predominate. There is no reason why both forms should not intermingle at Aden. The specimens I allude to have their claws quite worn away, caused, no doubt, by the rocky nature of the ground. 8. FaLco PEREGRINUS, Gmel. On the 11th of February last I saw a Peregrine actually hunting by moonlight: the full moon was high up in the sky; and several stars had been visible for fully half an hour. Returning homewards to my camp through a marsh, I was startled by the sudden appearance of some ducks “(Anas pecilorhyneha), which dived simultaneously with their splash into the water. The Falcon towered overhead and then flew backwards and forwards several times over the same ground, almost skimming the surface of the water. The following morning I had several shots at this bird, but without success ; the native fowlers who were engaged in netting wild fowl assured me that they had seen her at that one place for a long time, and that she invariably roosted on a large bough of a mango tree, close to the edge of the jheel. Thecrepuscular habits of this Falcon have not been recorded before, so far as I am aware of. 9. FALCO PEREGRINATOR, Sund. On the 19th of November last I procured another specimen of this beautiful Falcon, making in all three females. This appears to be a fully adult bird: the head, nape, and cheek-stripe are almost black, and only one or two feathers are wanting to make it into “‘atriceps”’ of Hume; upper plumage generally slaty blue, getting lighter towards the tail-coverts, the whole of the feathers being more or less barred with blue of a darker shade; tail unicolorous with the back, and barred with dark slaty blue; chin, throat, and upper breast unspotted white, tinged with buff; from sternum downwards bright ferruginous rufous, barred on the flanks, and spotted on the abdomen with slaty blue; tibial plumes greyish, tinged with laven- der, and minutely barred with blue of a light shade. The Shaheen alluded to in a former paper (P. Z.S. 1871, p. 678) is an immature bird: the whole of the upper plumage generally, including the tail, is dark cinereous or dusky black, the feathers of the back being edged with rufous, and the tail barred with the same colour ; the upper tail-coverts are blue, thus indicating a transitional stage; chin, throat, and upper breast as in the mature bird, but the feathers are dark-shafted ; lower breast, flanks, sternum, and tibials bright ferruginous rufous, the breast and flanks having longitudinal ne stripes, the sternum and tibials slightly barred with light blue. Of the varied country of the Doab the enormous jheels, woods, and plains have each its representative Faleon: the Bhyree affects swamps, the Shaheen wooded regions, especially in the vicinity of 1875.] RAPTORIAL BIRDS OF INDIA, 19 large trees, where Pigeons and Parrots are in the habit of roosting, while the Jugger delights in dry plains. 16. LirHoratco cuicavueEra, Daud. At Jelallabad, in the Shabjehanpore district, I came across three pairs of these Falcons, which were nesting within sight of each other ; two of them had built on trees only a few yards apart. These nests contained one and two eggs each; and although I halted for the express purpose of obtaining full clutches, the Crows forestalled me. One nest escaped from these marauders, and enables me to add some- thing new in the domestic economy of the Toorumptee ; for in this instance she had appropriated an old nest of the Crow. 23. Micronisus sapivs, Gm. In modification of any former experience, I have now to record the occurrence of a slightly marked ege from a clutch of three. Five out of six nests which were taken in my presence this last summer were built on the parasitical shrub (Loranthus globosus 2) which grows to such perfection on mango trees. The branches of this so-called mistletoe radiate sidewards and upwards to a consider- able height above the parent tree, from a large excrescence or knob, thus forming, as it were, the outer structure of a ready made nest. Viewed from below the nest looks about the size of what the eom- mon Crow would build ; but on examining one I had cut down (the parasitical plant was four feet above the tree), it was clear that the nest itself was particularly small, and so clumsily made as to fall to pieces on being removed from the knob which supported it. A better situation for a nest than the centre of a clump of this parasite could hardly be conceived. *25. ACCIPITER VIRGATUs, Temm. On the 3rd of October last a Shikaree brought me a living Hawk, which he had just captured with bird-lime, and which is undoubtedly referable to this species. It is the first capture of this interesting bird that I have heard of in this part of the country. The person from whom I got it tells me that the Besrah is frequently trapped early in the winter. They certainly must pass through the plains on their southward migration, as Wallace gives it from Malacca, J ava, and Sumatra, and Hume has recently recorded it from the Andamans. Not wishing to be too confident of my own identification, I have waited till the acquisition of more examples, and the Opinion of ornithologists who had more experience than myself as regards 4. virgatus, could be brougbt to bear on the subject. A pair kindly sent to me by Mr. Mandelli, of Darjeeling (and in precisely the same plumage as my own), leaves no further room for any doubts. Mr. Hume, too, who expressed a wish to see the birds I called “4. vir- gatus,’ has returned them to me with an expression of opinion to the effect that he fully concurs with me in my identification. ow 20 MR. A. ANDERSON ON THE [Jan. 5, While the long, slender tarsi, diminutive bill, and more game- looking appearance of A. virgatus is sufficient to separate it from its plebeian ally Micronisus badius, the coloration of the upper plumage in the young birds of both species is very similar indeed, being what I should call the rufous-brown stage. All the feathers on the mantle are of a rich brown colour, tipped and edged with dark rufous, the edgings being broader in A. virgatus than in M. badius; the former differs also in having four broad caudal bands, while the latter has five or six narrow ones. The under plumage of the two juvenile birds is very different in A. virgatus: trom the chin to the vent it is a rich buff colour (Jerdon calls it white), the feathers of the neck, breast, and abdomen having longitudinal drops of reddish brown; the flanks and tibial plumes are broadly barred with the same colour; in M. badius the under- parts are white, each feather having a central stripe of brown. The plumage of the adult birds of both species differs in toto: the Darjeeling specimen has the head and back of a slaty black colour, the collar and tail being of a smoky brown; there are four caudal bands of the same hue as the head; the under plumage is white, broadly barred with bright ferruginous: the adult Shikra has the mantle of a light ashy grey ; and the underparts are minutely barred with rufescent or fawn-coloured marks. The bill in 4. virgatus is very dark, almost black, the cere dark greenish yellow; in M. dadius the bill is horny blue, and the cere yellow, without any green; the legs and feet in the former are green- ish yellow, the back of the tarsi and soles being yellow; in the lat- ter these are yellow without any tinge of green. The subjoined ta- ble of measurements of an immature male of each species will be found useful :— Foot, greatest greatest Species. Length. Wing. ‘ail. Tarsus. length. breadth. in. in. in in. in, in Accipiter virgatus 10°5 6°3 5°3 2°1 2°6 2°3 Micronisus badius 12-0 70 6:0 1°8 2°6 2°1 27. AQuILA MOGILNIK, J. G. Gmel. (=A. crassipes, Hodg. MS.*). On the 8th of March last I procured a third example of the Hastern Imperial Eagle in the transitional stage, a huge female of the fol- lowing dimensions:—Length 32°5; wing 23°5; tail 13; expanse 7 feet ; tarsus 4°2, thence to end of mid claw, along the curve, 4:1, outer claw as above 3°2, inner claw 3:8, hind claw 3°6 ; expanse of foot (length) 6°5, (breadth) 5°5 ; bill along curve 3; height of both mandibles at base 1:2, width at gape 2:2. Weight just over 9 lb. This specimen, while yet in the striated stage, has several rectrices of the adult bird, and the breast has assumed a black-brown appearance in patches. In the course of a very short time this bird would have become exactly similar to No. 4 of Mr. Dresser’s series (see his * Cf. ‘This’ for 1873 p. 99. 1875.] RAPTORIAL BIRDS OF INDIA. 21 article on this Eagle), ¢.e. the adult bird minus the white sca- pulars. The first two changing Imperials which proved the key towards the solution of this (hitherto) vexed question* are now in the Nor- wich Museum, and form Nos. 2 & 3 of the series alluded to at p. 2 of ‘ Birds of Europe.’ The Abyssinian Eagle referred to by Dr. Finsch under the term “imperialist is of course A, mogilnik. Very recently an imma- ture example of the same bird was sent to me from Aden; it flew against the telegraph-wire and was captured alive. 27 bis. Aquiua BiFasciaTa, Gray & Hard. On account of the recent discussion that has taken place f relative to the distinctness or otherwise of 4. orientalis from A. bifasciata, I have secured a very fine series of this Eagle. The acquisition, too, of several specimens of this bird from Russia (labelled 4. clanga, by which term it is known to continental naturalists) has afforded Mr. Brooksand myself another opportunity of reexamining the large series at our command ; and we still hold to our former opinion, viz. that as regards coloration in every phase of plumage, including the adult bird with the nuchal buff patch, the two Eagles are identical. It is true that the European-killed examples we examined are a _ trifle smaller, the wing-measurements of the males being Aa/f an inch and in the case of females ove inch less than Indian specimens. But against this (admitted) trivial difference, as regards size, in a bird measuring up to 32 inches in length, it should be borne in mind (1) that no reliance can be placed on the sexing of birds that are ob- tained from dealers (especially in this Eagle, for I have repeatedly found large males running into females), and (2) that in all proba- bility the smallest specimens are sent out to this country, the largest, and consequently the best in the estimation of dealers, being retained for European collections. Colour is another point mooted by Mr. Gurney ; but this really goes for nothing, seeing that in this country we have dark birds as well as light-coloured ones ; and I possess specimens that have been bleached to a rufescent sandy colour. Mr. Gurney has been so good as to inform me that he has reex- amined the type of Aguila amurensis, Swinhoe, and that he has no doubt that it is an adult female of 4. bifasciata. Such being the case, the wing-measurement as given by Mr. Swinhoe §, viz. 26} inches, must surely be wrong; for I have never yet seen more thana 24-inch wing in this Eagle. Referring to the concluding portion of Mr, Gurney’s letter in ‘ The Ibis’ for 1873, page 99, I may mention having recently sent to him a very fine female A. difusciata in the phase of plumage he therein alludes to. The peculiarity observed by Mr. Gurney is more more or less common in all immature birds; and the specimen I have sent to * Cf. P. Z. S. 1872, pp. 620 & 621. + Cf. Trans, Z. 8. vol. vii. p. 201. { Cf. ‘Ibis’ 1873, pp. 422 & 423, and ‘ Stray Feathers,’ vol. i. p. 329. § Cf. P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 338. 22 MR. A. ANDERSON ON THE (Jan. 5, him, though freely “ barred with alternate bands of white and stone- coloured brown, &c.,’’ on the under surface from the sternum to the vent, has the fulvous nuchal patch nearly fully developed, thus show- ing that in Eagles no fixed rule can be laid down as regards the suc- cessive phases of plumage, and that some birds may develop signs of maturity while yet retaining their juvenile garb. 28. AQuiILA N&VIA, Gm. Specimens of this Eagle from Russia, kindly sent to me by Dr. Crowfoot of Beccles (to whom I am also indebted for A. bifascrata), are identical in every respect with Indian birds, In my former papers I alluded to only two stages of plumage, viz. the “spotted,” and the “uniform brown.’ I now find that very young birds (judging from the amount of spots on them) have the under surface striped or lineated in exactly the same manner as the young of A. hastata. I also possess a remarkably fine specimen of 4. nevia without a single spot, which has the head and neck of a pale sandy colour, almost white. 29. Aquita vinputana, Frank, (=A. fulvescens, Gray, apud Jerdon*), This Eagle has now had its proper name restored to it—the term “ fulvescens”’ (by which it has hitherto been known) having been ap- plied to a very different bird, and one with which (until very recently ) the true African A. nevioides had been confounded. I can corro- borate what Mr. Brooks has already written on this subject, viz. that ‘*no two Eagles could be more truly distinct (than A. vindhiana and A. nevioides), though they are closely affine and structurally alike,’ as 1 have recently examined the bird sent to him by Dr. Tristram along with a very fine South-African example which Mr. Gurney has been so kind as to forward to me. Aquila vindhiana and A. fulvescens, according to our present knowledge, are purely Indian, while A. nevioides*(vera) does not occur in India. 29 bts. AQUILA FULVESCENS (vera), Gray, is the bird that has hitherto been wrongly identified with the true Aquila nevioides (Cuv.), and which does not occur in India. The Abyssinian Eagles alluded to by Finsch and Blanford} under the synonyms of ‘‘rapar”’ and ‘‘ albicans”’ (= nevioides,” Cuy.) re- quire further examination with reference to our present knowledge of the subject. Neither of these authors refers to the party-coloured plumage which is so characteristic of this fine bird. Aquila fulvescens is certainly the rarest Eagle in India; and we are in profound ignorance of its summer habitat, nidification, &e. I have not heard of another capture since the ¢en that were recorded in my former paper (P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 688). * Cf. ‘Stray Feathers,’ vol. i. p. 463. + Cf. T. ZS. vol. vii. p. 201, and ‘Geol. & Zool. of Abyssinia,’ p. 295. 1875.) RAPTORIAL BIRDS OF INDIA. 23 30. Aauria wastaTa, Less. (Plate III. figs. 1 & 2.) An account of the nidification of this Eagle has already appeared in ‘The Ibis;’ and the nestlings which I brought down from Saharunpore enable me to supply the missing link as regards the early stages in the plumage of this interesting bird. Besides the three already referred to, I have recently had an opportunity of examining two more which Mr. Brooks has this season taken from their nests; and as the young birds appear to be subject to a good deal of variation in the amount and distribution of their spots &c., I proceed to give general characters instead of confining myself to the description of a single specimen only. Description of fully-plumaged nestling between three and four months old—Length 23-5 inches, wing 16°5, tail 9-5, tarsus 3°7 (bird apparently not fully grown). Bill black, plumbeous blue towards the base; cere and gape bright yellow; feet dull yellow; claws black ; irides dark brown. Above rich glossy brown; feathers on the top of the head and hind neck tipped with fulvous ; upper tail-coverts light brown, barred with white ; scapulars, ridge, bend of wings, and wing-coverts tipped with fulvous spots of a larger size; wing on being opened out shows two, and sometimes three bands, caused (as the case may be) by the greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and tertials being broadly edged with fulyous and greyish white, shaded off in the latter into the darker part of the feathers; primaries uniform black ; secondaries brown, profusely barred with hoary grey; tertials pale brown, similarly barred and broadly edged with greyish white; tail dark brown, broadly edged with greyish white, and barred with dark grey. Beneath brown, the pectoral and abdominal feathers having central and terminal stripes of rich fulvous ; the under tail-coverts and tibial plumes are broadly barred with fulvous of a lighter shade. Description of nestling after the first moult, when about eighteen months old.—Colour of soft parts and dimensions the same; but the primaries and tail-feathers do not appear to be fully grown. With the first moult the bird assumes a much darker colour throughout, and loses a good many of the spots on the wings and scapulars, but not those on the head; these, it seems, disappear gradually; and the “entirely spotless’’ stage (P. Z.S. 1872, p. 623), in all probability, is not assumed before the third or fourth moult. Although the bands on the wings have nearly vanished, the spots on the shoulders have reappeared in a more decided form, being larger, darker, and somewhat confluent along the ridge of the wings; the upper tail-coverts have become darker, and are now free from bars ; the secondaries, tertials, and tail-feathers still retain the bars which are so characteristic of the younger stage; and these, too, may not wholly disappear before several moults. The chief feature, however, in the second stage is the disappear- ance of the striation on the under surface; the colour below is now of a uniform dark brown, with the exception of the feathers between the thighs and the tibial plumes, which still retain a few indistinct fulvous transverse marks. 24 MR. A, ANDERSON ON THE [Jan. 5, The “delicate yellow-brown”’ stage (referred to P.Z.S. 1872, p- 622) is, after all, the plumage of the juvenile or nestling bird; for mine, while in confinement, began to fade, and to assume a very light colour (in the nestling plumage); and under the influence of the sun the change of course would have been far greater. The amount of spots, and even the.striation below, in this early stage, is subject to considerable variation ; it is only the nestling birds which turn « yellow-brown,’’ as they are exposed to the influence of the sun and rain during the trying months of June to October before they are fully fledged ; and in these faded or “ yellow-brown” examples the spots and strize are sometimes nearly wanting. I may mention that I too pronounced the small Danzic bird, sent out to this country as A. nevia by Mr. Dresser, to be a fully adult example of A. hastata, without, at the time, knowing that Mr. Brooks had arrived at the same conclusion. *31. AQUILA PENNATA, Gmel. The capture of a beautiful adult male on the 22nd of January last enables me to throw some more light on the plumage of this little Eagle. The three birds in my collection appear to me to come in the following order :— No. 1 has the whole of the under surface of a uniform rich red- dish brown, all the feathers with the exception of the tibial plumes being dark-shafted. No. 2 has the throat and the upper breast buffy white, the feathers dark-shafted as in No. 1; lower breast and tibial plumes almost white, tinged with buff. No.3 has the throat, upper breast, sternum, and tibial plumes white, tinged with fulvous, the feathers generally broadly centred with rufous. The signs of adolescence in this Eagle evidently show more in the under than in the upper surface ; for no. 2 is certainly an older bird than no 1, and yet the two, laid side by side, back uppermost, are quite inseparable. No. 3, which I take to be fully adult, has the head and neck of arich reddish buff, the feathers on the occiput being broadly centred brown; the upper plumage generally is light brown, the wing-coverts and scapulars being broadly edged with buffy white. No. 2 has some brown feathers on the flanks, clearly indicating that the brown below is the early or first plumage. The following measurements will show the comparative dimensions of both sexes :— 9, length 21°5 inches, wing 16, tarsus 2°38; d, length 18°5, wing 14, tarsus 2°5. 38. Circairus GALLICUS, Gmel. I have lately sent an account of the breeding of this bird to Mr. Dresser. + Cf. ‘Stray Feathers’ for 1873, p. 327. I have had access to Mr. Hodgson’s drawings, and find that while he has figured the adult bird under the name of “ tarsatus,” he does not appear to haye seen specimens in the s/riated or spotted stages. 1875.] RAPTORIAL BIKDS OF INDIA. 25 48. Poxiornis TEESA, Frankl. This Buzzard, as is well known, lays absolutely colourless eggs of the Goshawk type; the occurrence, therefore, of aclutch of coloured eggs will doubtless prove interesting to oologists. One of these eggs is very well marked with reddish-brown blotches at the obtuse end, covering nearly half the surface of the egg; the second is faintly marked with light greyish-brown spots at the small end, somewhat in the form of a zone; and the third has still fainter indications of colouring-matter at the same end. 50. Crrcus cyANEvus, Linn. Admitted into previous lists through an oversight. 51. Crrcus paLLipus, Sykes. I shot a fine male a few days ago in the act of carrying away a live Partridge. This Harrier lives chiefly on small birds, and is more game-like than its congener, the Marsh-Harrier. 56. Mitvus Govinpa, Sykes. 56 bis. Minvus masor, Hume (=. melanotis, Temm.). 56 tris. Mitvus PAaLustRIs, nobis (=juv. M. govinda, Sykes). I take this opportunity of withdrawing the “small Marsh-Kite” described at page 142, J. A. S. for 1873, as it appears to be the young of the common Govinda Kite, which is subject to considerable variation in size as well as in colour. We have, after all, only two species of Kite in India, viz. the large migratory one (JZ. melanotis) and the resident one (M. govinda). Mr. Brooks is of opinion that Sykes’s measurements refer to M. melanotis, and not to M. govinda, and that the term M. affinis, Gould, should be applied to the common resident bird. This may be correct enough ; but I doubt whether this complicated nomencla- ture will be generally adopted. *74, EPHIALTES PENNATUS, Hodg. *74 bis, EpHiaLTes suNrA, Hodg. Until specimens in a transitional stage have been procured, and their identity thus established, it appears advisable to keep these two little Owls distinct for the present. Of each species I have obtained three live specimens; the red ones are most lovely little creatures. They were caught with bird-lime in September and October last, during cloudy weather, when they seemed to sally forth in search of food at all hours of the day. I kept them alive in a large cage for nearly a week, in company with several Ephialtes griseus, feeding them on crickets, mice, and occasionally with raw meat. My first red Scops was captured on 13th of September last, in the Station Park. Some boys, who were in the habit of catching birds for me by means of a long bamboo fishing-rod, the tip of which was forked and smeared with bird-lime, informed me in great haste (one 26 MR. ANDERSON ON THE RAPTORIAL BIRDS OF INDIA. [Jan. 5, of them having remained behind to watch the bird) that they had just flushed a red Owl from the long grass in the park, and that the bird had flown into a tamarind-tree. Before shooting the bird, which I had come prepared to do, I consented, asa preliminary measure, to set their “chow guddee’’ trap, well covered with lime, and baited with a live mouse. Before five minutes had elapsed, the Owl was in my hands; and the little urchins were just as well pleased with their ¢ip of four anas (=6d-) as I was with my prize. As regards size and coloration of soft parts there is in reality no difference whatever between the two species—a fact certainly in favour of their identity, as the following table of measurements (and description) clearly shows :— Sex. Length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Weight. in in nm . in. OZ, ESs8untaeeeise ss oe 2 7-0 5°2 Des 1-0 2 Th PoDeraorns 2 75 5°6 2°6 11 E. pennatus...... 2 7°0 56 2°4 mt 55 Rees 3 70 55 2°4 10 2 * es ee Ae iki oo 2°4 1:0 Remarks.—Wings equal with tail; tarsi slightly plumed, and elbows distinctly visible. In all these specimens the irides are of a golden yellow; bill in same light horny brown, in others a shade darker, the under man- dible being dirty white tinged with yellow; feet pale leaden grey, almost colourless ; claws fleshy white, the tips being light brown. *74 ter. EPHIALTES GRISEUS, Jerdon. I have recently procured a very good series of this Seops, which appears to be as common as the two preceding ones are rare. A pair of young ones were brought to me from a hole in a yack tree, not far from my house, along with one of their parents: in the im- mature birds the general tone of the colour is light fulvous, minutely barred with brown, above as well as below, and there is no indication of the yellow collar, nor of the yellow scapulars which are so cha- racteristic of the adult bird. The following table of measurements may prove useful :— Sex. Length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Weight. in. in in. in. ORME Ane 8-0 6-0 3°2 14 43 oz. DO .3hdajs epee QerEs 5°8 2°6 14 to 42 Ss eran eta 8°5 5°6 2°7 15 oz. all O eyeredteus 8°7 59 3'3 1°5 round Remarks.—The sexes in the EHphialtes group do not appear to differ in size. Irides reddish brown; feet pale greenish yellow; pads slightly more yellow ; claws light greenish white at the base, horny brown at the tips; upper mandible pale greenish brown at the base, brown at the tip; lower mandible horny white. Tarsi well plumed; elbows not visible. 1875. ] MR. E. L. LAYARD ON THE BIRDS OF FIJI. 27 *77, ATHENE RADIATA, Tickell. On the 7th February last, I heard the call-note of a pair of these little Owlets, about 4 o’clock in the morning, from a tree close to my tent. My friend Mr. Russell, who was ready equipped for a shooting-excursioa, shot one of them for me; and on the following morning the female was also shot, as she alighted on the ground to pick up a small black beetle, about an inch long. The Jungle-Owlet is far from uncommon in some parts of the country ; its call is very peculiar and quite distinct from that of any other Owl that I know of. It is a perfect miniature of its hill representative 4. cuculoides. *81. NiNox SCUTELLATUS, Rafiles. Four specimens. A pair, male and female, which I kept alive for some time, measured as follows:— dg, length 11}, wing 73; 2, length 113, wing 8. Although the female is a trifle larger as regards linear dimensions, the male certainly looked the more robust bird of the two in life. The Hawk-Owl breeds here, as do also the three species of Ephialtes ; but I have not as yet succeeded in pro- curing their eggs. EXPLANATION OF PLATE III. Fig. 1. Aquila hastata 2 , from a specimen after its first moult, shot at Saharun- pore, 21st October, 1874. ‘The figure is one fourth of the natural size. 2. Aquila hastata, young 2, from a specimen obtained from the nest at Saharunpore, 28th August 1873, being the youngest of the three birds obtained on the same occasion. This figure is also reduced to one fourth of the natural size. 3. Ornithological Notes from Fiji, with Descriptions of sup- posed new Species of Birds. By E. L. Layarp, F.Z.S., H.B.M. Consul for Fiji and Tonga. [Received December 5, 1874. ] Two birds belonging to the genus Ptilotis are described in the ‘Ornithologie der Viti-, Samoa- und Tonga-Inseln’ of Drs. Finsch and Hartlaub. The first, Pétilotis earunculata, is apparently, from the number of specimens I have seen, pretty common in the Samoan Islands ; the second, P. procerior, I can vouch, from personal ob- servation, is common on the island of Ovalau and about Suva, on the east coast of Viti Levu. I should have said that it was equally common throughout the islands, as wherever I have been (and I have visited most of the chief islands) the loud clear whistle of a Ptilotis was the first sound that greeted our landing. But on the arrival of H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ at Levuka, I was shown the birds that had been collected during their short stay at Kandavu, the most southerly island of this group. I at once detected a new Ptilotis among them, 28 MR. E. L. LAYARD ON THE BIRDS OF FIJI. [Jan. 5, which, at the suggestion of Professor Wyville Thomson, I now pro- ceed to describe as PriLoTIS PROVOCATOR, sp. nov. Male. Above greyish brown, tinged with green, especially on the rump ; back, between the shoulders (interscapulium) marked with narrow, white, indistinct pencillings, caused by the shafts of the feathers being whitish, showing plainer in some specimens than in others ; back of the head (sinciput) indistinctly mottled with white ; forehead (frons) blackish, the colour extending and darkening in front of the eye and under it backwards to the ear, where it bifur- cates ; eye surrounded by a patch of bright yellow, broken imme- diately below the eye by a white spot, and changing into brownish yellow above the eye; eyelid yellow; chin grey; feathers of the neck (jugulum) lanceolate, grey, tinged with yellowish green; breast (pectus) the same; underparts generally pale grey, more or less mottled; vent nearly immaculate; wing and tail-feathers brown ; primaries faintly edged with grey; secondaries deeply edged with yellowish green ; tertiaries and coverts edged and tipped with pale greenish grey, the tips forming two bars; flexure of wing on the inside yellow-brown. Bill black ; legs verditer ; iris brown. Length 7" 3’; wing 4"; tail 3! 7!"; tarsus 1” 2'; bill 1” 1". Female. Less brightly coloured than the male, especially about the eye; but above all she differs remarkably in size, being, length 6" 3!!, wing 3” 6", tail 2” 11", tarsus 11’, bill 11! The want of bare spaces about the eye and the lanceolate shape of the feathers at once distinguish this species from P. procerior ; but in habits and call-note they are similar. Seven specimens, two of which were females, were obtained at Kandavu. They frequented, in considerable numbers, the Hrythrina trees that happened to be in flower; the males preponderated over the females, it being, I fancy, from the sexual development, the breeding-season. I find also that P. procerior is breeding here in Ovalaii, together with many other species. They clung head down- wards to the bunches of the gorgeous flowers, extracting the juices and the minute insects which came there for the same purpose, and with which their stomachs were crammed. While thus employed they were silent, but when among the cocoanut-groves or the leafy forest they were very noisy. My impression is, that several new forms of this genus will be found in these islands. This one seems to be confined to Kandavu; but as I have met with the genus wherever I have been (I have not had time to shoot specimens), I fancy we shall find more than the two known species among the 200 and odd islands of the Fiji group. In looking over Finsch and Hartlaub’s table showing the geo- graphical distribution of species (I regret to say the German text is a sealed book to me), I see he gives the Fiji group as a habitat of P. carunculata without designating the locality. A little Rhipidura has turned up here in Ovalaii, which (as I cannot 1875. | MR. E. L, LAYARD ON THE BIRDS OF FIJI. 29 identify it with R. nebulosa, described by Finsch and Hartlaub, and they do not give a Rhipidura as an inhabitant of this group) I take to be new, and therefore provisionally describe under the name RHIPIDURA ALBOGULARIS, Sp. Noy. Female. Upper parts above very dark black-brown, tinged with a warm reddish brown on the rump and back ; eyebrow, chin, and throat white; underparts greyish, more or less longitudinally striped with black and white, and tinged on the belly and vent with isabella yellow. Primaries dark brown; secondaries faintly edged with red- dish brown ; tertiaries and coverts edged and tipped with the same. Tail-feathers dark brown, all but the four central broadly tipped with white. Bill black ; base of lower mandible orange ; bristles of bill black, and exceeding it in length. Legs blackish; iris brown. Length 6"; wing 3"; tail 3! 6'"; tarsus 10!’ ; bill 6!” The specimen described was shot by my butler on the 11th of August of this year, very high up in the mountains; its stomach contained minute insects; another was seen but not secured, proba- bly the male. It was very restless and continually spreading its tail, jerking it over its back. September 11th.—Another just shot up the mountain. I may as well here indicate the existence of a new Zosterops in Kandavu. I saw several specimens in the ‘ Challenger’ collection, but failed to find it myself in my visit there, though I obtained the common Z. flaviceps, from which it was distinguished by being yel- low from the chin to the abdomen, and without the ash-colour collar. Unfortunately, when Professor Wyville Thomson suggested that I should describe the new species, the specimens had been packed away; a more detailed description must therefore await the advent in England of the ‘Challenger’s’ treasures; meanwhile I suggest the specific name of Z. explorator, as indicating the ‘ Expedition,’ and well illustrating the inquisitive poking-into-everything character of the birds of this genus. ; Drs. Finsch and Hartlaub do not include Tachypetes aquila in their inhabitants of these islands; but I found them very common here during the hurricane-months (January to the end of March) ; during the gales they came to land, and my son shot one from the con- sulate door. I also saw them while cruising about among the islands. This (September) seems about the middle of the breeding-season, though some species breed earlier, e.g. Astur cruentus, young of which I received with the down on them in May. I have eggs brought to me of Ptilotis procerior (hard-set), Artamus mentalis (also young birds able to fly), Astur cruentus (probably a second laying), Zosterops flaviceps, and Ardea javanica. The last-named eggs were obtained by Mr. A. Boyd, one of my kind helpers in my collecting, who also informed me that he knew of Terns and Plovers breeding in some isolated rocks ; but on going for their eggs, he found they had been harried by the natives, two days previously, for a Sunday feast ; the old birds were still frequenting the place, uttering doleful cries. 30 LETTER FROM DR. A. B. MEYER. [ Jan. 19, Another informant tells me Sterna bergii breeds on his rocks in November. While at Suva lately I saw Charadrius fulvus in pairs, the male in full nuptial dress. The testes of Chrysena luteovirens, Columba vitiensis, and Carpo- phaga latrans were also much developed ; but I obtained eggs of the latter two months ago. I have eggs and young of Platycercus splendens and P. personatus, the latter nearly fully fledged. By the way, Professor von Suhm, of the ‘Challenger,’ and I, after going care- fully into the subject, have come to the conclusion that the “Orange Dove” of Savinni and Lanthala (Chrysena victor, Gould) is a phase of plumage of the “Green Dove” (C. luteovirens); the change is hardly more remarkable than the adult change of Ptilinopus perousei, also from green to yellow, though a very light one. The Fiji Islands are very destitute of birds, very few being seen or heard in the forests ; and its shores are equally void of bird-life. An exception there is in the case of the little Swift, Collocalia spodio- pygia, which seems universally distributed, both inland and in the maritime regions. Charadrius fulvus goes up the river a long way, and is sometimes seen in flocks of two or three hundreds, as I saw them on the Rewa. It is very strange, however, to look on the sea, as I do from my house, and not to see the white wing of a Tern for weeks at a time; of Gulls there are none. I have seen a Puffinus (probably P. nugaz) in my cruising ; and Sterna fuliginosa and Anous stolidus (or A. leucocapillus) appear in large flocks; Gygis alba I saw lately on the east coast of Viti Levu (this is not included in the table of distribution) ; and I have detected the tail-feathers of Phaéton rubricauda in the heads of some natives. Anas superciliosa is common on the rivers, and Dendrocygna vagans in the marshes on the west coast of Viti Levu; it is called by the planters the “ Moun- tain Duck ;”” and they say it comes from the interior. Levuka, Ovalaii, Fiji. September 6, 1874. January 19, 1875. Robert Hudson, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. The Secretary called attention to a letter recently received from Ternate, in which the writer (Mr. A. A. Bruijn) stated that he possessed living examples of Dasyptilus pesqueti, and of four species of Paradise-birds, namely Paradisea papuana, Seleucides alba, Diphyllodes speciosa, and Ptilorhis magnifica. The Secretary read a letter received from Dr. Adolf Bernhard Meyer, communicating some remarks on the new Bird of Paradise lately discovered in Eastern Waigiou, and described by Mr. S. C. T. PZ.S.1875.PLIV Harriet Scolt del’ Sowerby lith M&N Honbart imp NEW SHELLS FROM QUEENSLAND. 1875.] MR. BRAZIER ON NEW SHELLS FROM QUEENSLAND. 31 W. van Musschenbroek (Zool. Gart. 1875, p. 29) as Diphyllodes gulielmi III. Dr. Meyer observed :— ** Notwithstanding there are more points of resemblance between the new species and Diphyllodes speciosa and D. respublica than between it and Cicinnurus regius, some features immediately remind one of the latter, e.g. the red colour and structure of the glossy feathers of the upper parts, the webless tail-shafts, at least at the beginning, and chiefly the similar fan, formed by elongated, broad and metallic-green-edged feathers, on the sides of the breast, not quite but nearly of the same colour and size as in Cicinnurus regius. This fan has been hitherto known to exist only in the latter species, except as regards the homologous organization of the large Ypima- chus speciosus. * Diphyllodes gulielmi III. has nearly the same-shaped crest, inserted on the neck, as Diphyllodes speciosa; but the crest seems to be somewhat smaller, and the colour of it differs from that of the latter species, as well as all other colours of the upper surface of the two birds, whereas the form and colour of the bill appear to be very similar in the two species. The new bird shows nothing of the broad line of iridescent feathers extending down from the chin over the breast, and nothing of the light-brown feathers of the shoulders and of the neck occurring in Diphyllodes speciosa. * Diphyllodes gulielmi III. reminds one of D. respublica in the shape of the green velvet feathers of the breast, and especially in the shape of the two elongated tail-shafts, with the single difference that these are webbed in Diphyllodes respublica from the beginning, and that they do not project so far as in Diphyllodes gulielmi III. ; but the breadth of the webs agrees. The colour of the web is between that of the button of Crczrnurus regius, which is more of a green, and that of the web of Diphyllodes speciosa, which is more of a blue. * From this short comparison with the allied species, it follows that Diphyllodes gulielmi III. is a new species with very characteristic features, not to be confounded for a moment with any other hitherto known. These characteristic features are chiefly the shape of the elongated tail-shafts, with their web, the reddish colours of nearly all the upper parts, the violet-coloured belly, and the fan-like tufts at the sides of the breast.” The following papers were read :— 1. Descriptions of ten new Species of Shells from the Collec- tion of Mr. Charles Coxen, of Brisbane, Queensland. By Joun Brazier, C.M.Z.S. [Received December 15, 1874.] (Plate IV.) 1. Hevrx (Hapra) MouRILYANI, sp. nov. (Plate IV. fig. 1.) Shell narrowly perforated, depressedly globose, thin, finely striated, 32 MR. BRAZIER ON NEW SHELLS FROM QUEENSLAND. [Jan. 19, spirally banded with chestnut bands varying in width; spire raised, whorls 6 to 64, moderately convex, last descending a little in front ; aperture lunate, margins rather distant ; peristome reflected, purplish brown; columellar margin thickened and expanded over the per- foration. Diam. maj. 18, min. 14, alt. 12 lines. Hab. Bowen, Port Denison, Queensland. 2. Hexix (HApDRA) JOHNSTONEI, sp. nov. (Plate IV. fig. 2.) Shell deeply perforated, globosely turbinated, rather thick, finely striated, banded with spiral chestnut bands, one very broad at the suture; whorls 63, moderately convex, last whorl large and descend- ing in front; aperture ovately lunate, diagonal; peristome white, moderately reflected, margins approximating, columellar thickened and expanded over the perforation. Diam. maj. 20, min. 16, alt. 14 lines. Hab. Bowen, Port Denison, Queensland. This species somewhat resembles Helix ince in its markings, but is more conical, and has a thick, white and reflected peristome. 3. Hexrx (HapkA) HILLI, sp. nov. (Plate IV. fig. 3.) Shell umbilicated, turbinately globose, thick, dark chestnut, spirally lined with darker lines; whorls 63, convex, the three forming the apex of a light yellow, with a dark broad band below the suture, base convex, lined as above; aperture oblique; peristome thickened and reflected, white ; margins approximating, the right slightly descend- ing, columellar thickened and partly expanded over the umbilicus. Diam. maj. 17, min. 144, alt. 12 lines. Hab. Mount Elliot, Queensland. 4. Hexirx (HapRA) BELLENDEN-KERENSIS, sp. nov. (Plate IV. fig. 4.) Shell deeply umbilicated, globosely turbinated, obliquely striated, and minutely transversely lined with small lines resembling grains, reddish brown, with two spiral chestnut bands, one on the centre and the other above; whorls 6, slightly convex, last large; base convex, striated as above; spire conical, obtuse; aperture oblique, ovately lunate, interior blue-black ; peristome thickened and reflected; margins approximating, right descending a little, columellar broadly expanded and bent inwards, forming a long callous tooth. Diam. maj. 22, min. 17, alt. 17 lines. Hab. Bellenden-Ker Mountains, North-east Australia (Coll. Brazier). This fine shell was only recently obtained at the locality given, which is near to the Endeavour river. The three specimens I have seen are all of the same colour. 5. Heix (HaprA) coxen#, sp. nov. (Plate IV. fig. 5.) Shell umbilicated, somewhat turbinately globose, obliquely striated, 1875.] MR. BRAZIER ON NEW SHELLS FROM QUEENSLAND. 33 minutely granulated, shining, thin, dirty yellow; whorls 6, convex, suture impressed, the last whorl large, obtusely carinated at the periphery, base roundly convex, with the strize running into the deep funnel-shaped umbilicus; aperture oblique, ovately lunate, interior white ; peristome white, thickened, margins approximating and joined by a thin white callus, the right thin and descending below the centre, columellar reflected slightly over the umbilicus. Diam. maj. 144, min. 13, alt. 10 lines. Had. Johnson river, Queensland ; in the scrubs (coll, Brazier). I feel great pleasure in naming this shell after Mrs. Charles Coxen, a lady much interested in Australian natural history. 6. Hexrx (HapraA) MossMANI, sp. nov. (Plate IV. fig. 6.) Shell imperforate, globosely turbinated, very faintly obliquely striated, exhibiting minute spiral lines and granulations (only seen under the lens), reddish yellow, with numerous spiral chestnut lines and bands; spire conical, apex obtuse; whorls 63, slightly convex, suture slightly crenulated ; aperture oblique, ovately lunate; peri- stome black, reflected, margins approximating, the right descending at the upper part, columellar thickened, with a black callus round the umbilical region. Diam. maj. 19, min. 15, alt. 19} lines. Hab, Dawson river, Queensland. This fine species comes near to Heliw fraseri in its markings, but differs in being more turbinated, and in the lip being thinner. 7. Heurx (RuyTIDA) SHERIDANI, sp. nov. (PlateIV. figs. 7, 7a.) Shell umbilicated, conoidly globose, thin, closely, regularly and finely obliquely striated to the periphery, reddish chestnut ; whorls 44, moderately convex, the last large, flattened at the suture, base convex, showing faint, irregular, oblique lines from the periphery to the edge of the umbilicus, where they become more conspicuous ; umbilicus wide and deep; aperture nearly vertical, roundly lunate, bluish within ; peristome acute, margins distant, columellar a little dilated. Diam. maj. 133, min. 11, alt. 8 lines. Hab. Cardwell, Rockingham Bay, N.E. Australia. I have named this species at the request of Mr. Coxen after his friend Mr. Sheridan, of Cardwell. 8. Herrx (XANTHOMELON) DAINTREEI. (Plate IV. fig. 8.) Shell umbilicated, somewhat depressedly globose, very thin, rugosely striated, minutely granulated, pale yellowish brown; spire conical, obtuse ; whorls 53, convex, last large, inflated, base convex, nearly smooth; aperture oblique, lunate; peristome thickened, white, margins approximating, right descending in front, columellar reflected and partly covering the umbilicus. Diam. maj. 12, min. 93, alt. 93 lines. Hab. Muggerbaa, Moreton Bay, Queensland. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, No. III. 3 34 MR. BRAZIER ON NEW SHELLS FROM QUEENSLAND. [Jan. 19, 9. Purina COxENI, sp. nov. (Plate IV. fig. 9.) Shell elongately ovate, rather thin, polished, shining, translucent, quite smooth, pale reddish horn-colour ; spire conical, rather acute, suture distinct; whorls 6, conxex, the body-whorl the largest ; aperture vertical, circular, continuous; peristome and auricles whitish, very much thickened with callus; the right canal-long and narrow, covered with a large, thickened, triangular tongue on the body- whorl; columellar canal long and narrow, and covered with a some- what similar tongue; peristome thickened, with a broad flattened plate below, widening towards the columella. Length, from apex to lip 43 lines, from apex to broad margin below lip 5 lines; breadth 23 lines; diameter of aperture 17 line. Hab. Mount Dryander, Port Denison, N.E. Australia. Of this charming species I have only seen one specimen, and it remains unique, in the collection of Mr. C. Coxen. I take great pleasure in attaching his name to it. It differs from all the other known Australian species of the genus Pupina of the polished class in having two lips, one raised perpen- dicularly for nearly half a line all round, the other forming a margin below. 10, Conus COxENI, sp. nov. (Plate IV. fig. 10.) Shell fusiform, thick, smooth, with twenty deep, spiral, punctated lines on the lower part; above, the shell becomes nearly smooth; at the angle there are three deep punctated lines which run spirally to the apex; whorls 8, flattened posteriorly, with deeply punctated lines next the suture, dotted with brown at the angle ; spire elevated, apex acute; columellar margin nearly straight, curved a little at the lower part ; lip simple, thin, crenated, bluish brown within, the outer surface marked with brown flames and white and brown transverse dots. Length 15, breadth 7 lines. Hab. Moreton Bay. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. Fig. 1. Helix (Hadra) mourilyani, p. 31. 2 : ( ) gohnstonet, p. 32. 3. —— (——) hill, p. 32. 4, —— (——) bellenden-kerensis, p. 32. 5. —— ( ) coxene, p. 32. 6. ) mossmani, p. 33. 7, Ta. (Rhytida) sheridani, p. 33. 8. —— (Xanthomelon) daintreet, p. 33. 9. Pupina coxeni, p. 34. 10. Conus coxeni, p. 34. PZ. Aloe eae A.G.Butler del, et hth. Febr. 1875, VV R Nhntern Bros.imp - NEW SPECIES OF PROTOGONTUS 1875.| MR. BUTLER ON NEW SPECIES OF PROTOGONIUS. 35 2. Descriptions of four new Species of Protogonius. By A. G. Butter, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &c. [Received December 18, 1874.] (Plate V.) Mr. Druce having kindly allowed me to determine the forms of Protogonius * in his collection, I find them to represent the fol- lowing species :— . Protogonius cecrops, Westwood. 2 examples. lilops, Butler. 2 examples. tithoreides, Butler. 2 examples. —— equatorialis, n. sp. 1 example. —— fulvus, n. sp. 1 example. hippona, Fabricius. 1 example. . —— diffusus,n. sp. 1 example. semifulvus,n.sp. 1 example. Go NES gr sD Go to Of the last mentioned species I have seen several specimens, taken by Mr. Buckley. 1. PROTOGONIUS ZQUATORIALIS, n. sp. (Plate V. fig. 1.) Allied to P. dilops. Primaries black, a broad fulvous streak running from base, through the cell, across base of second median interspace, thence (bounded by second median branch) to second third of first median interspace, and thence obliquely to external angle ; inner margin rather broadly black; basal half of costa tawny; a subcostal dot at end of cell, an elliptical spot on upper discoidal interspace, an elongate-lunate spot below it on the lower discoidal interspace, and five large submarginal spots in a semicircle from subcostal nervure to second median branch (the third and fourth spots smaller than the others), all ochreous; secondaries only differing from those of P. lilops in the shorter black border, terminating just above radial nervure, and the larger white spots upon it; wings below much as usual, primaries with a double sub- apical ochreous patch, central band of secondaries unusually an- gular, a well-marked submarginal whitish streak towards anal angle. Expanse of wings 3 inches 8 lines. Curaray, Ecuador. Coll. Druce. Perhaps a mimic of Melinza imitata, but I rather doubt that species ranging into Ecuador; we have it in the British Museum from Guatemala, Mexico, and Honduras only. 2. PROTOGONIUS FULVUs, n. sp. (Plate V. fig. 2.) Allied to P. castaneus. Basal two thirds of primaries tawny ; apical third black ; a broad black streak running from base of costa through discocellulars to apical area, and a broad internal streak running to outer margin at external angle; a broad oblique tawny ochreous band, zigzag internally, irregularly bisinuate externally, * See “ Revision of the genus Protogonius,” P. Z.8. 1873, p. 772. Be 36 MR. BUTLER ON NEW SPECIES OF PROTOGONIUS. ([Jan. 19, running from second third of costa to near the end of second median interspace; four apical submarginal ochreous spots, the two upper ones largest, the first sagittate; secondaries with the costal half tawny, the costa, subcostal vein, and anal half black ; an apical sub- marginal blackish line; four submarginal tawny-tinted white spots : body brown; antennze with the apical three-fifths yellow, base black : wings below very like P. tithoreides; primaries paler, two or three pale stramineous subapical spots; secondaries darker, the costal half of wing suffused with castaneous. Expanse of wings 3 inches 4 lines. Pebas. Coll. Druce. Apparently a mimic of Tithorea megara. 3. PRoroGonivus DIFFuUsus, n. sp. (Plate V. fig. 3.) Wings above tawny; primaries with the apex from costa just beyond end of cell to third median branch dark brown, outer margin from third to first median branch narrowly bordered with brown; a rather broad band from basal costa to end of cell, uniting with an irregular oblique band from end of cell, crossing second median in- terspace near the base ; a broad black internal streak, nearly reaching external angle; a broad subapical ochreous band, diffused and fading away into the” ground-colour below second median branch ; secon- daries with the costa narrowly black ; outer margin broadly bordered with black, tapering from inner margin to second subcostal branch ; three small pale ochreous submarginal spots: body olivaceous, clothed with tawny hairs; antennze with apical two thirds ochreous, base black ; wings below much as in P. @quatorialis, but secondaries with the bands dark brown on costal area, and anal area plumba- ginous. Expanse of wings 3 inches 6 lines. Curaray, Ecuador. Coll. Druce. This species probably mimics Melinga zaneka or Mechanitis fallax. 4, PROTOGONIUS SEMIFULVUS, n. sp. (Plate V. fig. 4.) Primaries above bright tawny; a broad patch at apex, the costa, a streak covering costal area to end of cell and terminating in a large discocellular spot, and a broad internal streak black; secondaries black; a broad patch at apex bright tawny, the base of cell and costal area dull tawny; abdominal area brown: body brown; an- tennee pale yellow, basal joint black ; under surface almost as in P. tithoreides, but without subapical white spot. Villagomes, Ecuador. Coll. Druce. Mimics Melinea methone and parallels Meehanitis decepta, Cera- tinia semifulva, Heliconius bicoloratus, Eresia ithomiola, and Peri- copis hydra, all of which are coloured in the same way and range over the same region. EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. Fig. 1. Protogonius equatorialis, p. 30. 2. fulvus, p. 39. 3. —— diffusus, p. 36. 4, semifulvus, p. 36. lita 4 t, del & Sm iS 1875.] ON NEW SPECIES OF SOUTH-AMERICAN BIRDS. 37 3. Descriptions of some new Species of South-American Birds. By P. L. Scuarer, M.A., Ph.D., F.RS., and Ossert Satvin, M.A., F.R.S. [Received December 21, 1874.] (Plate VI.) 1. MicROCERCULUS SQUAMULATUS, sp. nov. (Plate VI.) Supra fuscus unicolor: subtus fere concolor, gutture albo, pectore et ventre medio albis, plumis fusco undulatis : subalaribus et remigum marginibus tnternis Suscescenti-cineraceis: rostro corneo; pedibus fuscis: long tota 4:2, ale 2°5, caude 9°8, rostri a rictu J. Hab. Venezuela, San Cristobal (Goering). Obs. Aff. M. bamble, sed fascia alari alba nulla, et gutture albo necnon ventre squamulato diversus. A single skin of this apparently new Mierocerculus occurs in Goering’s last collection. It was obtained at San Cristobal in the Venezuelan province of Tachira, on the frontiers of Columbia. In form it seems to be nearest to M. bamb/a, but in plumage is perhaps rather more likely to be confounded with M. marginatus, than which, however, it has much less white below and has a longer bill, The discovery of this bird increases the number of known species of the genus Microcereulus to six *, M. squamulatus should stand next to M. bambla. 2, AUTOMOLUS STRIATICEPS, Sp. Nov. Terreno-brunneus, pileo nigricante ; hoc cum dorso superiore flavido longitudinaliter lineato ; alis immaculatis : uropygio ef cauda tota rubiginoso-rufis: subtus fulvus, lateraliter obscurior, gutturis plumis fusco marginatis quasi squamatis : subalaribus et remigum marginibus internis flavicanti-fulvis : rostro corneo, pedibus fuscis: long. tota 7, ale 3:5, caude rectr. med. 3°5, ext. 2°25. Hab. Columbia int. et Peruv. A Bogota skin of this species has been in Sclater’s collection for some time, having been purchased from a London dealer. Its bill is not quite perfect ; and the general similarity of its plumage to that of Anabazenops subalaris caused it to be passed over when our ¢Nomenclator’ was written. When M. Taczanowski brought M. Jelski’s Peruvian collections to compare with Sclater’s series a second, perfect example of this bird was found, which had been obtained by Jelski at Chilpes in Central Peru ; and M. Taczanowski has inserted it in his list under Sclater’s MS. name f. A. striaticeps is, in fact, a very distinct species, belonging to the more strongly formed Automoli allied to A. cervinigularis, A. ochro- lemus, &c., and is distinguishable from all species known to us by * For a list of the other species, see Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. Av. Am, p. 6. + P.Z.S. 1874, p. 528. 38 ON NEW SPECIES OF SOUTH-AMERICAN BIRDS. ([Jan. 19, its clearly striated head and neck. M. Taczanowski thought that it might be the Anabates melanorhynchus of Tschudi (F. P. Aves, p. 241, pl. xxi. fig. 1); but we believe that that name is a mere synonym of A. subulatus, Spix. Fig. 1. ’ Head of Tigrisoma fasciatum, half natural size. a. Feather-patch on base of lower mandible. Head of Tigrisoma salmoni (half natural size), showing bare space on lower mandible. 3. TIGRISOMA SALMONI, Sp. n. Mas ad. Supra viridescenti-eneo-nigricans, pallido cervino (nisi in pileo) crebre transfusciatum: alis caudaque schistaceo-nigris, illis et alula spuria albo terminatis ; campterio et margine alari albis: mandibula, sicut in T. brasiliensi nuda; gula media alba, plumosa, lateraliter nuda albo circumeincta: cervice media alba rufescente intermixto: abdomine rufescente : hypo- chondriis fusco-nigris ; subalaribus albo nigroque variolatis : rostro fusco-nigro, mandibula margine inferiore flavido : long. fot. 26 poll., ale 10°50, caude 4, rostri a rictu 4°5. Avis hornot. Supra nigra cinnamomeo punctata, dorsi maculis mi- noribus: uropygio fusco-nigro albo transfasciato: alis et cauda schistaceo-nigris, hac fasciis tribus angustis notata, illis albo terminatis ; secundariis albo transfasciatis: gule parte vestita alba: pectore et abdomine albis, maculis fuscis cervino marginatis punctatis ; hypochondriis albo nigroque transfasciatis : camp- terio et margine alari albis: long. tarsi 3°5, dig. med. cum ungue 3°1. Hab, Columbia ad ripas fluv. Cauca (7. K. Salmon). 1875. ] ON THE ORIGINAL FAUNA OF RODRIGUEZ. 39 Obs. Sp. T. fasciato quoad coloribus proxima, sed mandibulee basi nuda, fasciis corporis supra crebrioribus et pileo immaculato dis- tinguenda. This species of Tiger Bittern, of which Mr. T. K. Salmon has sent two specimens from Medellin, one in adult (the tarsi of which are wanting) and the other in immature dress, is certainly quite distinct from 7’. brasiliense, the well-known species found in Guiana, the valley of the Amazon, and on the Isthmus of Panama. From 7’. brasiltense it differs at first sight in the head being black instead of rufous and in having the sides of the neck blackish, banded by numerous whitish bars, whereas in 7’. brasiliense the neck is rufous, mottled with black spots. It agrees, however, with 7’. braszliense in the absence of the patch of feathers which in 7’. fasciatum (fig. 1, p. 38) run forward along the middle of the rami of the mandible (see fig. 2, p. 38). On reexamining the specimen in the British Museum referred by us in ‘ Exotic Ornithology’ to 7. fasciatum (Ex. Orn. p. 183) we find that we were in error in our determination. The patch of feathers already mentioned as existing at the base of the mandible in the true 7. fasciatum being absent in this specimen, it should, we believe, be referred to the bird which we are now describing. Nothing is known concerning the origin of this specimen. A short synopsis of the three species of Tigrisoma hitherto known to inhabit South America will be found in ‘Exotic Ornithology’ (p. 185). This synopsis expanded to include the present bird may stand as follows :— A. Species gula media plumosa lateraliter nuda. a’. Mandibula ad basin nuda. a". Pileo colloque supero castaneiS ............+seeeeseeee T. brasiliense. b". Pileo colloque nigris, hoc albido transfasciato ...... T. salmoni. 6', Mandibula ad basin plumosa .............:seeeeeeeeeeceee ee T. fasciatum. B. Species gula omnino nuda..................cceeeceeeeenseee nese eesees T. cabanisi. 4. Additional Evidence as to the original Fauna of Rodriguez. By Atrrep Newron, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.8., &c. {Received January 15, 1875.] M. Rouillard, a magistrate of Mauritius, having occasion last summer to make some researches among the Archives of the Minis- tére de la Marine at Paris, accidentally came upon a manuscript ‘Relation de Ile Rodrigue,’ * which fact he, with great kindness, immediately reported to my brother, Mr. Edward Newton, offering, if the latter wished, to obtain a copy of it for him. My brother gladly availed himself of the opportunity, and requested M. Rouil- lard to place the transcript in my hands. I now have the pleasure of exhibiting it. It gives in many respects a very precise descrip- tion of the island and its productions; but on this occasion I will content myself with extracting from it what is said * “Tsle de France, Correspondance g!*. Volume 12 (Archives de la Ma- rine), 1760.” 40 PROF. A. NEWTON ON THE [Jan. 19, “ Drs OISEAUX DE TERRE. “ Le Soxirarre est un gros oiseau qui pése environ 40 a 50 livres. Ils ont Ja téte fort grose* avec une maniére de bandeau au front qu’on dirait étre de velours noir. Leurs plumes ne sont ni plumes ni poils ; ils sont d’un gris blanc, le dessus du dos un peu noir, marchant avec fierté, et fort souvent seuls 4 seuls ou deux a deux; ils ajustent leurs plumes ou poils avec leur bec et se tiennent d’un grand propre. Ils ont leurs pattes remplies d’écaille fort dure et courent avec vitesse, principalement dans les roches, ou un homme, quelque agile qu’il puisse étre a beaucoup de peine 4 les attraper. Ils ont un bec fort court, de la largeur de prés d’un pouce, qui est coupant ; ils ne cherchent cependant point 4 faire de mal que lorsqw’il se trouverait quelqu’ un devant eux et qu’ils seraient pressés, ils pourraient le mordre ; ils ont un petit sicot d’ailes qui a comme une maniére de balle de fusil au bout, et cela leur sert de défense. Ils ne volent point, n’ayant point de plumes 4 leurs ailes, mais se battent avec et font un grand bruit avec leurs ailes lorsqu’ils sont en colére, et le bruit approche fort de celui du tonnerre qu’on a un peu de peine a entendre. Ils ne pondent, a ce que je crois, qu’une fois l’année, et ne font méme qu’un ceyf; non pas que j’aie vu de leurs ceufs, car je n’ai pu découvrir oX ils pondent ; mais seulement ai-je vu un seul petit avec eux ; et lorsque quelqu’un voudrait se hasarder d’en approcher ils le mordraient bien dur. Ces oiseaux vivent de graines et de feuilles d’arbres qu’ils ramassent par terre; ils ont le gésier plus gros que le poing, et ce qu’il y a de surprenant c’est qu’on leur trouve une pierre dedans de la grosseur d’un ceuf de poule, faite en ovale, un peu plate quoique cet animal ne puisse avaler si gros qu'une petite cerise. J’en ai mangé; ils sont d’assez bon goit.” The preceding of course relates to Pezophaps solitaria, and con- tains several points of interest, on which I will only now remark that between the time of Leguat and that of the writer the ill-fated bird seems to have learnt to resent injurious treatment by biting, and that the black, velvet-like frontal band is a feature not mentioned by the older author, with whose work, I should mention, the later writer shows himself, in several places, to have been acquainted. The next passage is perhaps more important. «Tl y a une sorte d’oiseau de la grosseur d’une jeune poule qui a la patte et le bec rouges. Son bec est & peu prés comme celui du Courlieu, 4 l'exception qu’il est un peu plus gros et qu’il n’est pas tout-a-fait si long. Son plumage est moucheté de blanc et de gris ; ils vivent ordinairement des ceufs des tortues de terre qu’ils prennent dans la terre; ce qui fait qu’ils sont si gras que souvent ils ont peine acourir. Ils sont fort bons 4 manger et leur graisse est d’un jaune rouge qui est excellente pour les douleurs. Ils ont de petits bouts dailerons sans plumes, ce qui fait qu’ils ne peuvent pas voler, et au contraire courent assez bien. Leur cri est un siffement continuel, lorsqu’ils voient quelqu’un qui les poursuit, et tirent de leurs corps * Tn this and other obyious cases of misspelling I merely follow the copy before me; and, for reasons to be finally given, there is no need to dwell upon them further. 1875.] ORIGINAL FAUNA OF RODRIGUEZ. 41 une autre sorte de voix qu’on dirait provenir d’une personne qui a le hoquet et l’estomac oppressé.”’ From the similarity of coloration we may, I think, without much risk of error, identify the bird of which these particulars are given with the “ Gelinotte”’ of Leguat, named by M. Alphonse Milne- Edwards Erythromachus leqguati*, and, from remains obtained by Mr. Edward Newton, proved to belong to the Rallide—a determination which possibly may explain its unexpected egg-eating propensities. We then have a gleam of light on another extinct species :— ‘Tl y a assez de Burors, qui sont des oiseaux qui ne volent que fort peu et courent parfaitement bien lorsqu’ils sont poursuivis. Ils sont de la grosseur d’une aigrette et faits comme elles.” These Bitterns are no doubt the Ardea megacephala of M. Milne- Edwards + ; and the passage is a remarkable corroboration of that naturalist’s opinion that the species was brevipennate, though it had not entirely lost the power of flight. The paragraph continues :— ee On trouve un petit oiseau qui n’est pas fort commun, car il ne se trouve pas sur la grande terre; on en voit sur l’ile au Mat, qui est au sud de la grande terre, et je crois qu'il se tient sur cette ile a cause des oiseaux de proie qui sont 4 la grande terre, comme aussi pour vivre avec plus de facilité des ceufs de ces oiseaux de péchent qui y pondent, car ils ne mangent autre chose que les ceufs ou quelques tortues mortes de faim qu’ils savent assez bien déchirer. Ces oiseaux sont un peu plus gros qu’un merle et ont le plumage blane, une partie des ailes et de la queue noire, le bec jaune aussi bein que les pattes, et ont un ramage merveilleux ; je dis un ramage quoiqu’ils en aient plusieurs, et tous différents, et chacun des plus jolis. Nous en avons nourri quelques uns avec de la viande cuite hachée bien menu, quils mangeaient préférablement aux graines de bois.” I am at a loss to conjecture what these birds were, unless possibly of some form allied to Fregilupus. With more certainty the next mentioned can be identified. “ Les PERROQUETS sont de trois sortes, et en quantité. Les plus gros sont plus gros qu’un pigeon et ont une queue fort longue, la téte grosse, aussi bien que le bee. La plupart vont sur les iles qui sont au Sud de I’Ile, ot ils mangent d’une petite graine noire que produit un petit arbrisseau dont les feuilles ont l’odeur du citronnier, et viennent a la grande terre boire de eau. D’autres restent a la grande terre ow ils trouvent de ces petits arbrisseaux. La seconde espéce est un peu plus petite et beaucoup plus belle, parcequ’ils ont leur plumage vert comme les précédents, un peu plus bleu et le dessus des ailes un peu rouge, aussi bien que leur bec. * La troisiéme espéce est petite et est toute verte, et le bec noir.” Of these three species of Parrot, the first can without danger be referred to the Necropsittacus rodericanus, some years since deter- * Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, ser. 5, xix. Art. 3, p. 6, pl. 11. figs, 1-le, pl. 12. figs. 3-4. Tt Op. cit. p. 10, pl. 14. figs. 1-14. 42 ON THE ORIGINAL FAUNA OF RODRIGUEZ. [Jan. 19, mined by M. Milne-Edwards from bones sent him by my brother*, and doubtless quite extinct ; the second is unquestionably Palzornis exsul, described by myselft, which has lingered into our own times ; and the third is the species of Agapornis known still to exist in Rodriguez, and thought by my brother to be 4. cana}; but since neither he (so far as 1 am at this moment aware) nor I have ever examined a specimen, the matter must remain an open question at present. It is interesting, however, to have the particulars above given as to the colouring of N. rodericanus and P. ewsul. Continuing my extracts, the next is “Les TOURTERELLES y sont en grand nombre, mais sur Ja grande terre on en voit fort peu, parcequ’elles vont vivre sur les fles du Sud, aussi bien que les perroquets, et viennent boire de méme sur la grande terre.” This adds nothing of importance to our knowledge of the Colum- bide of Rodriguez. We then have a notice of a bird also mentioned by Leguat :-— “On voit un oiseau qui est 4 peu prés comme la chouette, et qui mange les petits oiseau et les petits lézards. Ils demeurent presque toujours dans les arbres et lorsqu’ils sentent le beau temps, ils chantent la nuit et toujours le méme chant ; au contraire, lorsqu’ils sentent du mauvais temps on ne les entend point.” This is evidently the Athene murivora of M. Milne-Edwards§. The concluding notices of birds are :— “Tl y a beaucoup de CHARDONNERETS qui ont un joli ramage. “On voit quelques LAvANDIERES, avec quelques autres petits oiseaux qui ont un fort joli ramage, mais ils sont toujours en garde des oiseaux de proie, qui sont les chouettes, dont j’ai parlé ci- devant.” The “ Chardonnerets’’ may well be referred to Foudia rodericana, discovered by my brother||; and among the other little birds-was probably included Drymeca (?) flavicans§ ; but no trace of the ‘¢ Lavandiéres’’ remains, so far as I know. I have only to add that so soon as I obtained the copy of this document I acquainted M. Alphonse Milne-Edwards with the fact, requesting him to examine the original and let me know his opinion of it. This he, with his usual kindness, has done; and within the last few days he has written me word that the Report is evidently the work of an unlettered sailor (as, indeed, I myself had already con- cluded), but that he has failed to discover the name of its author, Though now bound up with other documents of the year 1760, he considers that it must have been written some years earlier, and most likely in 1729 or 1730. I need not here dwell upon the reasons which have led him to form this opinion, because he intends * Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, ser. 5, viii. pp. 145-156, pls. 7, 8, xix. Art. 3, p. 18, pl. 13. figs. 2-2e; Comptes Rendus, lxv. pp. 1121-1125. + Ibis, 1872, p. 33. t Ibis, 1865, p. 149. § Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, ser. 5, xix. Art. 3, p. 15, pl. 11. figs. 2-2 e. || P. Z. S. 1865, p. 47, pl. i. figs. 1, 2. { Tom. cit. p. 47, pl. i. fig. 3. 1875.] MAJOR H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN ON HELICID#. 43 shortly to make them public. They are no doubt valid; and I shall conclude by observing that this ‘ Relation’ accordingly offers no evi- dence of the later existence of the Solitaire and other extinct birds of Rodriguez than we already had from the journal of Pingré kept in 1761. 5. Supplementary Notes on the Species of Helicide of the Subgenus Plectopylis. By Major H. H. Gopwin-Avsten, F.R.G.S., F.Z.8., &c., Deputy Superintendent, Topogra- phical Survey of India. [Received January 11, 1875.] Since I have been at Calcutta, I have looked over the specimens of Plectopylis in the Museum, and find some additional notes to add to my former paper, as well as a new species, which I now proceed to describe. He ix (PLECTOPYLIS) TRILAMELLARIS, N. sp. Shell sinistral, widely and openly umbilicated, discoid, flat above ; apex slightly raised, solid, covered with a brown epidermis, roughly and obliquely striated. Whorls 7, sides well rounded. Aperture oblique, widely lunate. Peristome white, much reflected and thick- ened, the margins united by a strong high ridge, reflected slightly forward, a slight notch separating it from the lower margin of the peristome. A single simple parietal vertical lamina is situated nearly one half of the circumference from the aperture, giving off from its lower end a long horizontal lamella, which extends halfway to the aperture ; the usual median horizontal lamella is not united to the vertical Jamina, but extends up to, and is united to the apertural parietal ridge, and is strongly developed. A third, thread-like free lamella extends also up to the aperture, having its origin just below the vertical lamina. The palatal plice are simple, six in number, the first and upper very short, the second very long, and the rest moderate and equal. LT ee ae ee an eae aes 0°65 MEI NOPAGIAII Ag eal fk: lpbcabiaud G,. ->h:C, 5>Sp >8.L. 2>1L.C. ; and it reads as follows: —The left lateral lobe (L.L.) is the largest ; it is twice the size of the caudate (C.), which is half as large again as the right central (R.C.), which is half as large again as the Spi- gelian (Sp.), which is larger (very little) than the right lateral (R.L.), which is twice the size of the left central (L.C.). The similarly constructed formula of Macropus melanops is L.L.=C.2>R.C. $>R.L. $>Sp. 3>L.C., and of Halmaturus derbianus L.L. 13 >C=R.C. $>Sp. ¢>R.L. 2>L.C. : they show how great a similarity there is between the different mem- bers of the family Macropide. The gall-bladder is situated in the deep cystic fossa; and the um- bilical fissure is not deep. The Spigelian lobe has its apex directed vertebrally and resting on the left lateral lobe, as in Macropus ; no secondary lobules are connected with it. There is a peculiarity in the liver of the specimen of Dorcopsis luc- tuosa under consideration, which may be individual, or it may be characteristic of the species, genus, or subfamily; at all events, I have not seen itin any other mammalian animal. Looking at the diaphragmatic surface of any multilobate liver, the lateral margins of the mass formed by the right and left central lobes are always seen to overlap, toa greater or less extent, the lateral lobes in an imbricate manner. Similarly the right lateral lobe overlaps or covers the caudate. In the livers of Macropus and Halmaturus which I have by me, this conformation is strictly maintained. But in Dorcopsis luctuosa the caudate lobe overlaps the right lateral lobe (instead of being situated on its abdominal surface), in such a way that the last-named lobe is only seen between the right free edge of the right central lobe and the left free edge of the caudate. This condition is not brought about by any post mortem change in the position of the lobes, because the right lateral fissure is not so deep as to separate them at their vertebral extremity. The uterus is perfectly Macropine, as are the vaginee. No direct communication could be found between the uterine pouch of the vaginze and the common vaginal canal. A gland, as usual, about the size of an almond, with a slender duct, opens on each side of the narrow cavity included between the sphincter ani and the external common sphincter. In conclusion, the comparison of the various organs and structures 58 MR. A. H. GARROD ON HALMATURUS LucTUosuUS. [Feb. 2, of the Macropodidee which have come before me in my study of Dorcopsis luctuosa would lead me to divide up the family in the following manner :— Family MACROPODID. Diprotodont Marsupialia wanting the hallux, the second and third digits of the pes being much re- duced and included in the skin as far as the ungual phalanges, which at the same time have the claws so formed that the inner is convex inwards and the outer convex outwards, at the same time that their contiguous surfaces are flattened. The stomach is elongated and sacculated. Subfamily Macrorop1n#. Macropodide in which the ceso- phagus enters the stomach near the cardiac end; witha Spi- gelian lobe to the liver; with no lateral longitudinal bands to the colic ceecum when it is short, and with radius of nor- mal form. Section 1. Macropus. With the premolars never much larger than the first molar; with a characteristic molar tooth-pattern ; with the stomach but slightly lined with digestive epithelium (?) and with the hair on the nape of the neck directed backwards. Hab. Australia, Tasmania, Aru, and the Ké Islands. Genera or subgenera. Macropus, Halmaturus, Petrogale, Lagorchestes. Section 2. Dorcopsis. With the premolars strikingly large, with a characteristic molar-tooth-pattern, slightly modi- fied upon that of Macropus; with the stomach mostly lined with digestive epithelium, and with the hair of the nape of the neck directed forwards. Hab. New Guinea and Mysol. Genus 1. Dorcopsis. Limbs Macropine in their proportions. Genus 2. Dendrolagus, Protemnodon*, Sthenurus*. Fore limbs much longer than in Macropus. Subfamily HypstprymMNinz&. Macropodide in which the cesophagus enters the stomach near the pyloricend ; with no special Spigelian lobe to the liver; with lateral longitudinal bands to the short colic cecum; with a much-flattened and expanded radius, with a characteristic molar-tooth-pattern, and with the incisors worn down much as in Rodent animals. Hab. Australia and Tasmania. Genus Hypsiprymnus (including H. murinus, H. gilberti, and H. platyops). Auditory bulla somewhat inflated ; palatine foramina, one large one on each side ; ridges on premolars few and perpendicular. Face elongate. * An inspection of the plates in Prof. Owen’s paper on these new genera (Phil. Trans. 1875, p. 245), makes it evident that they are scarcely distinguish- able from Dendrolagus, and must be included in the Dorcopsts section of the family. ‘ ‘ iar aioe ea Ad 4 7 er} | s + ke > = . é é eve ‘ by Ff 3 <= io! * ae A : ‘ i ; y ‘ * & . * @ a <1 - i f ; iG \ id 7 , Tard PZ.S. 1875. Ea JSumnt, del. et lith. M&NHanhart, 2m] CACATUA GOFFINI. fal 11 5 ael & rey a Ome J 1875.] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON SOME RARE PARROTS. a9 Genus Bettongia (including all the others of the group except B. rufescens). Auditory bulla much inflated; palatine foramina as in Hypsiprymnus; ridges on premolars numerous and oblique ; head short. Genus Apyprymnus* (including only Bettongia rufescens of Gould). Auditory bulla not inflated; palatine fora- mina absent; head short; tarsus considerably longer than in the two other genera. It should be mentioned that the visceral anatomy of Apyprymnus rufescens has not been published, and that Mr. Waterhouse divides the genus Hypsiprymnus into three subgenera corresponding exactly with the three genera here defined. My best thanks are due both to Mr. Sclater and to Dr. Giinther for the very kind way in which both these gentlemen have assisted me in my study of this subject. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Prats VII. Lateral superior and inferior views of the skull of Dorcopsis luctuosa, natural size. Prats VIII. View of the inferior surface of the neck of Dorcopsis luctuosa, showing the median gland with four orifices situated in the hyoid region. The positions of the large parotid and small submaxillary glands are indicated by dotted lines. Prats IX. Teeth, twice the natural size, of (figs. 1-5) Dorcopsis luctuosa, (figs. 6-10) Dor- copsis miillert, and (figs. 11-15) Macropus brunti. The upper two rows represent the left upper premolar, the third and fourth rows the upper and lower third left molar, and the bottom row the incisors. 2. On some rare Parrots living in the Society’s Gardens. By P. L. Scrarer, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the Society. [Received January 30, 1875.] (Plates X. & XL) The determination of the Parrots in the Society’s collection, aided by Dr. Finsch’s excellent Monograph, I do not usually find a difficult task. But several of the more recent accessions have caused me some little trouble, and rendered investigations necessary, concerning the re- sults of which, I think, a few notes may be acceptable to naturalists. In the Society’s ‘Proceedings’ for 1871 (p. 490 et segq.) I di- stinguished a new species of white Cockatoo from a specimen living in the Gardens as Cacatua gymnopis +, and took occasion to point out the differences between it and its two allies Cacatua ducorpsi and C. sanguinea, of which living examples were also then in the collection. * This term I propose for Mr. Waterhouse’s first section of Hypsiprymnus, which he has left without any Latin name. : t The type of this species is still alive in the Gardens; and we have also a second specimen, purchased Feb. 15, 1872. 60 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON SOME RARE PARROTS. [Feb, 2, A recent examination of the living specimens of White Cockatoos now in the Society’s Gardens has convinced me that we have at the pre- sent moment examples of a fourth, nearly allied species, which I had not previously recognized. This is the Cacatua goffini described by Finsch* in 1863 from a specimen living in the Gardens of the Zoo- logical Society of Amsterdam. Of this bird we have now three ex- amples alive in the Parrot-house, which have been hitherto wrongly named Cacatua ducorpsit. I also exhibit a skin of the same species from the collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman. This specimen is of great interest, as it was obtained by Mr. J. T. Cockerell at Coomara in Queensland, about 30 miles from Brisbane, and thus fixes the habitat of C. gofini, which was not previously known f. I have no means of pointing out the precise differences between C. gofini and C. ducorpst of the Solomon Islands, no specimen of the latter being accessible. But it would seem that in C. ducorpsi the Fig. ke Fig. 2. Foot of Cacatua goffint. Foot of Cacatua sanguinea. interior of the crest is lemon-yellow, not rosy red as in O. goffini§, * Plictolophus goffini, Finsch, Papag. i. p. 308. + The first is /ahelled as haying been “ purchased in 1864;” but this is proba- bly an error; the second was presented by Mr. C. Turner in June 1871, and the third presented by Mr. 8. F. Deane in October last year. ¢ Mr. Cockerell tells me he shot this bird in December 1873, out of a flock of the ordinary Cacatua galerita, and never met with a second specimen.—P. L. 8S. § I think it possible that the specimen which I spoke of (P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 490) as C. ducorpsi may not have been realiy one of the original pair of this species, but an example of C. goffini. In spite of every care, labels on living birds are occa- sionally misplaced, and confusion thus arises. 1875.] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON SOME RARE PARROTS. 61 and that the rosy tinge at the bases of the neck- and breast-feathers is wanting. From C. sanguinea, with which it has been hitherto generally con- founded, C. goffini is distinguishable not only by the characters pointed out by Dr. Finsch, but also by its much shorter and compa- ratively thicker toes and claws. This will be at once apparent upon comparing the specimen with the original type of C. sanguinea, which Mr. Gould has kindly lent me (see figures, p. 60). It appears, therefore, that there are ¢hree different species of the smaller division of White Cockatoos living in Australia, namely :— 1. Cacatua sANGUINEA, Gould, from North Australia, figured, Gould, B. Austr. v. pl. 3. The only certain locality for this species appears to be Port Essington, where Mr. Gould’s type was obtained. 2. CacATUA GYMNOPIS, Sclater, from the interior of South Aus- tralia*, Of this species I exhibit a beautiful figure of the typical specimen described P. Z. S. 1871, p. 493, which Mr. Gould has prepared for his second Supplement to the ‘ Birds of Australia.’ Both these species are perhaps more correctly referable to Licmetis, with which they agree in their long slender toes (see fig. 2, p. 60), naked skin round the eye, and more compressed bill. C. gymnopis is certainly intermediate between C. sanguinea and Licmetis nasica. It is a larger species than C. sanguinea. 3. Cacatua GorFini (Finsch), from Queensland, of which I like- wise show a drawing by Mr. Smit (Plate X.) from one of our living specimens. Passing to the American Parrots now or lately in our collection, I exhibit the skin of a very fine example of Chrysotis guatemale, Hartlaub, with the blue head well developed+, the only living exam- ple I have ever met with of this species. I also exhibit an accurate drawing by Mr. Smit (Plate XI.) of Chry- sotis bouqueti (Bechst.), one of the rarest and least-known species of this extensive genus, from the individual living in our Gardens. I have noticed the arrival of this specimen on a former occasion (see P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 323) ; but it was then in bad plumage. Edwards’s figure, upon which the species was originally based, was likewise taken from a living specimen; and there is no example of it in any Museum known to Dr. Finsch. Its correct habitat is, as I had pre- viously conjectured (see P. Z.S. 1874, p. 324), the island of St. Lucia, where Mr. Nevill Holland obtained a living example, which is now in his possession. Besides these specialities, we have at present examples of several * As already stated (P. Z.S. 1871, p. 490), there is a specimen of this species in the British Museum, collected by Sturt in the interior of South Australia. It is therefore no doubt the Cacatua sanguinea of the Appendix to his ‘Travels in Central Australia,’ ii. p. 36. In Messrs. Salvin aud Godman’s collection is a Sa of this bird, obtained from Adelaide, and probably from the same district. t Purchased April 21, 1870; died Noy. 10, 1874. 62 MR, E. BARTLETT ON MAMMALS [Feb. 2, other little-known species in our Parrot-house, such as Chrysotis vi- ridigenalis, Lorius tibialis, Eos reticulata, Pyrrhulopsis tabuensis, P. personata, and Coracopsis barklyi. The whole series of birds of the family in the building consists at the present moment of 186 specimens, belonging to 115 species. 3. List of the Mammals and Birds collected by Mr. Waters in Madagascar. By Epwarp Barrterr, Curator of the Museum and Public Library, Maidstone. [Received December 31, 1874.] (Plate XII.) I have the pleasure of forwarding to the Society a list of the Mammals and Birds collected by Mr. Waters in Madagascar, which I have observed from time to time in his collections on their arrival, thinking that it may be useful for reference as regards his specimens obtained in that island. MAMMALS. 1 Lemur varius, Geoffr. Interior of Madagascar. A number of flat skins were in a former collection, and one male and three females are in the present collection, of the black-and-white variety, from the S.E. coast. The sexes are alike in colouring. 2. LemuR MELANOCEPHALUS (Gray). Interior of Madagascar. Male and female of this species in a former collection. They are alike. The head of the male is perhaps alittle blacker than the female’s. 3. HAPALEMUR GRISEUS, Geoffr. Tamatave. A female in the first collection. 4, CHIROGALEUS TyPIcus, Smith. Tamatave. A single skin in the first collection. 5, CHrROGALEUS SMITHII, Gray. S.E. coast of Madagascar. A female in the present collection. 6. PROPITHECUS DIADEMA, Bennett. Tamatave and the interior of Madagascar. Several imperfect flat skins were in the first collection, which varied much in colour, some being iron-grey on the shoulders with pale yellowish fore limbs, and others rich red brown on the fore limbs. In a second collection I received a fine skin in which the red- brown of the limbs was extremely rich, and the grey colour on the shoulders very bright and silvery. TACT ISCAVMCH SNe SNSDHOONVI 1 INV LOd coda al LCht 1875.] AND BIRDS FROM MADAGASCAR. 63 7. PROPITHECUS EDWARDsI, Grand. The two males received from the S.E. coast of Madagascar are brownish black, with the loins yellowish brown, darkish on the middle of the back and belly. 8. PRopiTHECUS CoROoNATUS, Grand. Interior of Madagascar. Male, female, and young in a former collection. The young one was about half-grown, with the black of the head extending down the neck, and intermixed with brown and yellowish white on the shoulders and fore limbs; loins, hind limbs, and tail yellowish white. 9. PROPITHECUS DECKENI, Peters. Interior of Madagascar. Two males in a former collection :—one all yellowish white with a blackish spot on the back of the neck; the second was entirely white without the spot. 10. InpRIs BREVICAUDATUS, Geoffr. East of Tamatave. In a former collection I received a specimen of this species, which was black with the loins white. 11. CuiRoMys MADAGASCARIENSIS, Geoffr. Interior of Madagascar. A male received in a former collection. 12. Preropus vuLearis, Geoffr. Tamatave. 13. Preropus Epwarpsil, Geoffr. Males, females, and young are in the present collection, from the S.E. coast of Madagascar. 14. TapHozous MAURITIANUS, Geoffr. S.E. coast of Madagascar. A single skin of this rare Bat is in the present collection, called “Manave.” Mr. G. E. Dobson has kindly determined the species for me. 15. CryproprRocta FEROX, Bennett. S.E. coast of Madagascar. A fine female is in the present collection, 16. VivERRICULA SCHLEGELI, Pollen. S.E. coast of Madagascar. Several fine specimens of males, females, and young are in the present collection. In my specimens of this species the whole of the palm-pad proper and also the pads of the toes are entirely naked. The skins now before me vary much in colour, some being of a 64 MR. E. BARTLETT ON MAMMALS [ Feb. 2, very pale grey, others of a reddish brown, with the spots less di- stinct. The colours evidently depend upon the age, because the old female (that was suckling the young at the time she was killed) is much larger and paler in colour than the rest. Called by the natives of the S.E. coast “ Alungar.” 17. GaLipiA ELEGANS, Geoffr. S.E. coast of Madagascar. A female and a young one about half-grown are in the preseut collection. The colours of the young are exactly the same as in the adult. 18. ERICULUS NIGRICANS. Tamatave. 19. CENTETES ECAUDATUS, Illiger. One pale-coloured specimen in a former collection from Mauri- tius, and several reddish-brown specimens from the 8.E. coast of Madagascar. 20. PoramMocua@rus EDWARDSI. (Plate XII.) Potamocherus edwardsi, Grand. Rev. Zool. 1867, p. 318; Gray, Ann. N. H. ser. 4, vol. xv. p. 47 (1875). Potamocherus africanus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 206. Sanglier de Madagascar, Daubenton; Buffon, N. H. xiv. p. 396; Flacourt’s Hist. Madagascar, p. 151. Potamocherus , Gray, P. Z.S. 1868, p. 38. Potamocherus madagascariensis, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B.M. p. 344 (1869). Mr. Waters, in a note to me, says:—‘‘I send the skin and skull of a smal! species of Wild Boar found on the lowlands, and called “‘Lamboneive,” differing from the upland Wild Boar, which is much larger and called ‘‘ Lambohava.” The skin and skull now exhibited appear to be referable to the adult of the same animal as that which Dr. Gray described (J. s. ¢.) as the young of P. africanus, from a specimen received through me from the same collector. Mr. Smit’s drawing (Plate XII.) is taken from the skin now exhibited. BIRDS. 1. Burro BrAcHuyprTerRvs, Pelz. S.E. coast of Madagascar. A young female is in the present collection. 2. TINNUNCULUS NEWTONI, Gurn. Andradia, Madagascar. Specimens were in a former collection. 3. POLYBOROIDES RADIATUS, Scop. Kast of Tamatave. : An adult female from this locality in a former collection, an adult 1875.] AND BIRDS FROM MADAGASCAR. 65 male and two young females from Andradia, and a fine adult male in the present collection from the S.E. coast of Madagascar. 4. Buso MADAGASCARIENSIS, Smith. S.E. coast of Madagascar. One specimen of this rare bird is in the present collection, called by the natives of the S,E. coast ‘ Vorong-ong-kong.”’ 5. Srrix FLAMMEA, Pall. In a former collection from Tamatave. 6. Eurysromus GLaucurus, Mill. Tamatave. Many specimens in former collections. 7. CoryYTHORNIS CRISTATA. Tamatave. Several specimens in former collections taken near the above locality. 8. IsPIDINA MADAGASCARIENSIS, L. S.E. coast of Madagascar. Two males and a female of this lovely species are in the present collection, called “‘ Vince-anala”’ by the natives of the S.E. coast. 9. Meropes suPERCILIosUS, L. East of Tamatave. Both sexes in former collections. 10. NEcTARINIA SOUIMANGA, Gm. East of Tamatave. , Specimens of both sexes in former collections; and two immature males are in the present collection, from the S.E. coast of Mada- gascar. 11. ZosTEROPS MADAGASCARIENSIS, IL. Tamatave. In former collections. 12. CisTICOLA MADAGASCARIENSIS (Hartl.). Tamatave. In a former collection. 13. ERoErssA TENELLA, Hartl. Tamatave. In a former collection. 14. Exuista tyrica, Hartl. Tamatave. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, No. V. 5 66 MR. E. BARTLETT ON MAMMALS [Feb. 2, 15. PRATINCOLA SYBILLA, Gm. Interior of Madagascar. Both sexes in former collections. 16. Corsycuvus Pica, Pelz. Interior of Madagascar. Two specimens. 17. GERVAISIA ALBISPECULARIS, Eyd. Interior of Madagascar. A single specimen. 18. HypsipETES MADAGASCARIENSIS, Miill. East of Tamatave. A pair received in the first collection with the nests and eggs. 19. Dicrurvs rorricatus, L. Tamatave. 20. LeprorTrerRvus BicoLor, L. Tamatave. A single specimen in a former collection, and one in the present from the S.E. coast of Madagascar. 21. TcuiTREA muUTATA, Gm. Ankayandra, interior of Madagascar. Male and female in a former collection. 22, CEBLEPYRIS CINEREA, Mill. Ankavandra, interior of Madagascar. One specimen only. 23. VANGA CURVIROSTRIS, Gm. Tamatave. In a former collection. 24. Vanea ? pat, Schl. S.E. coast of Madagascar. Two adults and one young are in the present collection. 25. CoRVUS MADAGASCARIENSIS, Bp. Tamatave. 26. FouDIA MADAGASCARIENSIS, L. Tamatave. 27. AMADINA NANA, Pucher. Tamatave. Eggs pure white. 1875.] AND BIRDS FROM MADAGASCAR. 67 28. Coracopsis nIGRA, L. Tamatave. Skin and skeleton of this species in a former collection. 29. Cova Gicas, Bodd. Ankavandra, interior of Madagascar. 30. Cova C#RULEA, L. Tamatave and the interior of Madagascar. 31. Cova cristata, L. Tamatave and interior of Madagascar. 32. CrenTRopus TouLov, Mill. Tamatave. 33. TRERON AUSTRALIS, Mont. Tamatave. 34. Turtur PicrurAtus, Temm. {Interior of Madagascar. 35. PreRGCLEs PERSONATUS, Gould. Interior of Madagascar. Male and female in a former collection. 36. TURNIX NIGRICOLLIS, Gm. S.E. coast of Madagascar. Four eggs of this species are in the present collection. Ground-colour white, freckled all over with minute spots of pale brown and grey ; a number of large dark brown spots are distributed over the surface. 37. ANGIALITIS TRICOLLARIS, V. Ankavandra, interior of Madagascar. 38. ARDEA PURPUREA, L. Tamatave. One specimen in former collection, and one in the present from the S.E. coast, both young birds. 39. ARDEA ARDESIACA, Wagl. S.E. coast of Madagascar. A single specimen is in the present collection. 40. ARDEA FLAVIROSTRIS, Temm. Tamatave. 41. Arpea rpis, Hasselq. Tamatave. 5 68 MAMMALS AND BIRDS FROM MADAGASCAR. _ [Feb. 2, 42. Arpra comarTA, Pall. Tamatave. 43. ARDETTA PODICEPS, Bp. Interior of Madagascar. “s4 44. BuTorIpES ATRICAPILLA, Afzel. Tamatave. 45. Scopus uMBRETTA, Gm. Tamatave and the interior. 46. FaLcINeELLus IGNEus (Gm.). A single skin of this rare bird (from the S.E. coast) is in the pre- senv collection. 47. GeERONTICUs CRISTATUS (Gm.). Interior of Madagascar. A pair in a former collection, and two males and a female in the present collection. They inhabit the dense forests, living in large trees. 48. Himantopus canpipus (Bonn.). 49. Ruyncn#a CApEnsis, L. A skin is in the present collection from the S.E. coast of Mada- gascar. 50. EvLABEORNIS BERNIERI, Bp. Two males and two females are in the present collection from the S.E. coast of Madagascar, the sexes differing but little in colour or markings. 51. CorETHRURA INSULARIS, Sharpe. Interior of Madagascar. 52. PoRPHYRIO SMARAGNOTUS, Temm. Tamatave. 53. PorpHyRIo ALLENI, Thomps. Tamatave. 54. GALLINULA PYRRHORRHOA, Newt. A pair of this species with the eggs were in a former collection from Tamatave. 55. METopropius ALBINUCHA, Geoffr. Tamatave. 56. Nretrapus Auritus, Bodd. Tamatave. 57. DENDROCYGNA vIDUATA, L. Tamatave. 1875.] MR. RAMSAY ON PTILONORHYNCHUS RAWNSLEYI. 69 58. QUERQUEDULA HOTTENTOTA, Smith. Tamatave. 59. SARCIDIORNIS AFRIcaNA, Eyton. Tamatave. A female from the above locality ; and a fine male is in the present collection from the S.E. coast, with several eggs of a creamy white colour with a dull smooth surface, like the egg of Catrina moschata. 60. GRACULUS AFRICANUS, Gm. S.E. coast of Madagascar. Two males and three females are in the present collection, in dif- ferent stages of plumage. Called ‘‘ Ramangavia ” by the natives of the S.E. coast. 4. Notes on the Original Specimen of Ptilonorhynchus rawnsleyi. By E. P. Ramsay, C.M.Z.S. [Received December 31, 1874.] Having recently had an opportunity of examining the original specimen of Ptilonorhynchus rawnsleyi, I beg leave to offer to the Society a few remarks on this curious bird. The whole of the plumage of this specimen is of a shining bluish black, intermediate in tint between that of the male Regent bird (Sericulus chrysocephalus), and that of the Satin bird (Ptilonorhyn- chus holosericeus). On the primaries is a broad band of bright golden yellow, beginning at 2°5 inches from the upper edge of the shoulder ; this band or patch of yellow extends to the tips of the secondaries ; the outer webs of the feathers from the seventh primary are divided as in the adult male Regent bird. The two outer tail-feathers are mar- gined with pale yellow on their outer edge; the three next on each side are just touched with the same tint, except the centre pair, which are touched with a deeper tint of orange-yellow; the outer tail- feathers are margined on their inner webs with pale brownish yellow. The feathers of the head are short, resembling those of the adult male Regent bird; the feathers on the crown of the head and those extending over the back of the head to the nape have a patch of orange colour near the centre of the end of each.feather ; the outer edge of this spot, where it joins the narrow blackish blue margin, is of a deeper orange tint, some feathers having a line of bluish black down the centre along their shafts, dividing the orange-coloured spot in half; the extreme narrow margin of all these feathers is of a bluish black, of the same tint as the rest of head- and neck-feathers*, * The orange-coloured markings on these feathers do not show conspicuously, unless the feathers on the crown are raised, when, however, they are easily seen. The moment the skin was handed to me, I noticed them, and was greatly sur- prised that this very important mark of hybridism had been apparently over- looked by Mr. Gould (Suppl. B. Austr. pl. 54) and Mr. Diggles (Ornith. Austr, pl. 52), both of whom have figured the bird from this identical skin, 70 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE [ Feb. 2, After a close examination of the specimen, I do not see how any unbiased naturalist can have any doubt of its being a hybrid, it is so perfectly intermediate in form, size, and coloration between the adult males of the Regent and Satin Bower-birds. The shape and contour of the bill, the colour of the iris, the manner in which the bird is marked, and the shape and form of these markings all tend to prove its hy- bridism. Added to this; the fact that the bird was shot out of a troup of Satin Bower-birds, in a neighbourhood frequented by Regent birds, a few miles out of Brisbane, is to my mind quite sufficient proof that it is an accidental hybrid between these species. If Ptilono- rhynchus rawnleyi were really a valid species, surely other examples of it would have been found near the same locality ; butso far as I can learn, up to the present time no reliable evidence has been ob- tained of any more haying been since procured or even seen in any part of Australia. 5. Contributions to the Ornithology of Madagascar.—Part IV.* By R. Bowpier Suarpz, F.L.S., F.Z.8., of the Zoological Department, British Museum. [Received February 1, 1875.] (Plates XIII. & XIV.) Since my last. communication on this subject (P. Z. S. 1872, p- 866) I have examined several Madagascar collections, notably three received by Mr. A. Boucard of Great Russell Street ; but these did not contain any novelties, although some few rarities will be found mentioned in this paper. By Mr. Cutter’s kindness, however, I have been permitted to examine a very fine collection recently sent home by my old correspondent Mr. Crossley, whose investigations in the wonderful island of Madagascar will for ever connect his name with the natural history of that part of the world. This last consignment contained many rare species mentioned by me in former papers—such, for instance, as Brachypteracias leptosomus, Geobiastes squamigera, Atelornis pittoides, Philepitta castanea, Oxylabes madagascariensis, Mystacornis crossleyi, Pseudobias wardi, Corethrura insularis, &c. At present we are unable to state precisely the exact locality where these collections of Mr. Crossley have been made; for the letter which usually accompanies his consignments has, in this instance, miscarried, and all the clue I can find to his whereabouts is the name “‘ Ampasmonhavo” on the tickets of some of his birds. Here he collected the new Afelornis and a Phedina; but I cannot find the place in the map. It is probably between Antananarivo and Mo- roundava, for which place Mr. Crossley was making when we last heard of him. * Of. P. ZS. 1870, p. 384; 1871, p. 313; 1872, p. 866. J.G.Keulemans del ethth. EUTRIORCHIS ASTUR. Mintern Bros imp TAYTSSOUO SINYOTALY * duit Soa Wrayurpy (ML 19 Pp suPuLaney'y - AIX ld SL8U S°Z'd - eS 1875.] ORNITHOLOGY OF MADAGASCAR. 7\ Family Fatconip2. Subfamily AccrriTRinz. Circus MAcrosceLis, A. Newton; Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 73. The British Museum has recently acquired from Mr. Boucard an adult specimen of a Harrier; and this has at last given us some idea of the affinities of C. macroscelis. The discovery of this stage of plumage is of very great interest ; for at present we know of only one specimen of a Circus from Madagascar, the type of C. macroscelis of Prof. Newton, described in these ‘ Proceedings’ more than eleven years ago. Notwithstanding the frequent visits of collectors to the island, no one has before succeeded in getting the Harrier, which, being founded on an immature specimen, has always been difficult of identification ; and when I wrote the first volume of my ‘ Catalogue of Birds’ I had not seen the species (Cat. B. i. p. 73). Its chief peculiarity lay in the long leg, measuring 4 inches in the tarsus; and as the only other Harrier which has such a lengthened tarsus is the Australian C. gouldi, Professor Schegel has recently suggested the identity of the two birds. The arrival of an adult specimen enables us to arrive at the true affinities of the Madagascar Harrier, which, as might have been expected, are with C. maillardi of Réunion; indeed the question now to be solved is whether it is not specifically identical with that bird. It is certainly very close indeed, resembling C. maillardi in the uniform wing-lining, the quills having no bars ; but our example differs in having the upper tail-coverts barred with brown, and the tail with seven bands. Mr. Gurney has most kindly interested himself in the question of these Harriers ; and the authori- ties of the Norwich Museum with the utmost liberality have sent me up for examination a young bird from Réunion, an adult bird from Joanna Island, and the type of C. macroscelis. The Joanna specimen agrees perfectly with our Madagascar bird, and like it has barred upper tail-coverts and tail. Mr. Gurney also informs me that a second Joanna specimen is in the Norwich Museum and likewise has the upper tail-coverts barred. There is, however, to my mind, such a decided appearance of change in these bars that I cannot bring myself to attach much specific importance to them ; for they are not bold and decided cross bands, but rather faintly disappearing bars, not exactly the same on any two feathers, and more strongly in- dicated on the Madagascar than on the Joanna example, the latter being, to my mind, rather more adult. The typical OC. macroscelis I regard either as an old female or an immature bird in its second plumage, intermediate between its brown or “ Marsh-Harrier ’’ dress and the fully adult livery. It must be borne in mind, however, that it was sexed a male by Mr. Edward Newton ; and therefore it is pos- sible that it is an immature bird, as above suggested, though the size gives the idea that probably a mistake took place in the sexing. All the characters, then, that can be brought forward for the sepa- ration of C. macroscelis from C. maillardi are the barred upper tail- coverts and the bands on the tail. Possibly the young birds may be different ; and this will be the case if Madagascar and Joanna never Ca 72 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE [Feb. 2, produce a uniform “ Marsh-Harrier” plumage for their Harrier, while Réunion birds never show the striped breast; but these are characters which only a large series can determine. [ subjoin the measurements of all these Harriers examined by me up to the present time. Total length. wing. tail. tarsus. m. in. im. in. Juv. Réunion (mus. Lugd.) .... 20 13°9 23 3°05 Ad. Réunion (mus. Lugd.)...... 20 14°} 9:3 3°35 Juv. Réunion (mus. Lugd.) .... 22 15°2 10°0 3°5 Ad. Joanna (mus. Norv.) ...... 22 16°8 10°5 3°7 Ad. Madagascar (mus. Brit.) .. 22 16°9 11°0 3°55 Imm. Madagascar (type of C. ma- erascelss) 20, Aa.e dee Sk Se 22 15°0 11:0 3°85 The last three specimens are rather larger, though in measuring the tarsi of all with compasses in exactly the same way I cannot allow the last-mentioned bird 4 inches for his tarsus. The wing is rather abraded in this bird, and may measure longer in a perfect specimen. I subjoin a description of the typical example of Cireus macro- scelis, as well as of the adult bird now in the national collection. Immature (type of C. macroscelis). Above brown, most of the feathers with a faintly indicated paler margin, some of the intersea- pulary feathers slightly tinged with rufous ; head and neck lighter than the back, the crown slightly washed with rufous and streaked with fulvous, the hind neck streaked with white, all the bases to the feathers being of this colour; eyebrow whitish, as also the sides of the face; the ear-coverts streaked with light brown, and en- tirely of this colour on the hinder margin ; cheeks also whitish, nar- rowly streaked with brown; facial ruff fulvous, all the feathers broadly centred with dark brown; throat dull whitish, slightly streaked with pale brown; rest of under surface of body ful- vous, with broad rufous-brown streaks to all the breast-feathers, nar- rower and more indistinct on the under tail-coverts, the central streaks very narrow and linear on the thighs; under wing-coverts coloured like the breast, but the streaks darker and not so rufous, the lower series whitish at base, ashy brown at tip, resembling the inner lining of the quills, which are fulvescent at base, browner towards the tips, with indications. of several ashy brown bars; upper wing-coverts brown like the back, many of them washed with rufous on their margins and haying a whitish spot; primary coverts uniform brown like the quills, the primaries rather darker than the secondaries, which have a slight purplish shade, the inner primaries showing three or four dark bars, principally on the inner web ; upper tail-coverts pure white, many with two and all with a single subterminal spot of rufous brown ; tail-feathers light brown, the centre ones shaded with ashy, the outer ones with rufous and crossed with six bands of darker brown. Total length 22 inches, culmen 1°6, wing 15, tail 11, tarsus 3°85. Adult. Above blackish, the feathers of the crown and hind neck margined with ochraceous buff or whitish, probably the remains of immaturity ; the dorsal feathers with a slight greyish lustre, some of 1875.] ORNITHOLOGY OF MADAGASCAR. 73 them, however, narrowly margined with fulvous ; upper tail-coverts white, banded with brown, the subterminal bars broader and shaded with greyish ; tail silvery grey, whitish at tip and crossed with seven blackish bands, the subterminal ones the broadest, these bands di- minishing in number on the outer feathers, where only five can be counted, the bases of the outer feathers white on the inner web; upper wing-coverts black, a few of the feathers terminally margined with whity brown or white ; edge of wing white, and the outermost of the least coverts broadly margined with silvery grey, mesially streaked with black along the shaft; median and greater series alter- nately barred with black and silvery grey; primary coverts similarly banded ; quills black above and below, the secondaries terminally margined with white and broadly banded across with silvery grey ; lores dusky blackish; eyebrow and sides of face buffy white, very narrowly lined with black ; sides of neck fulvescent, streaked with black like the nape ; under surface of body pure white, the fore neck slightly washed with fulvous, and, like the breast, distinctly streaked with blackish brown, these central streaks disappearing towards the abdomen and under tail-coverts, where they become mere shaft-lines; the flanks streaked with pale rufous; leg-feathers pure white, the upper part of the thigh with a few nearly obsolete rufous shaft-lines ; under wing-coverts pure white, mesially streaked with black like the breast, the outermost of the lower series with a few greyish black bars; inner lining of quills black, the bases of inner webs white, mottled with blackish vermiculations, the secondaries for the most part white below, banded across with greyish black; “‘iris yellow.” Total length 22 inches, culmen 1°45, wing 16°9, tail 11, tarsus 3°55. Subfamily AquiLInz&. Evurriorcuis, gen. nov. Belongs to the group of bare-legged Eagles, and is closely allied to Spilornis and to Dryotriorchis, more particularly to the last, as might have been expected. It differs principally in having a full and rounded crest, all the plumes being rounded and not lanceolate; and it is unlike any of the other Harrier-Eagles in the extreme shortness of the wing, while the tail is inordinately long and equals the wing in dimensions. Just as Urotriorchis macrurus is the longest-tailed form of Goshawk yet known, so Eutriorchis is the longest-tailed Harrier-Eagle yet discovered. From Spilornis, which it resembles in the fulness and form of its crest, it differs in the length of tail and in its feathered lores. The type is EvuTRiorcHIs ASTUR, sp.n. (Plate XIII.) General colour above dark brown, most of the feathers of the head and back with narrow terminal margins of white to the feathers, some of the coronal plumes margined with dull rufous; crest very full and uniform with the back, the lateral plumes narrowly barred with white ; most of the dorsal feathers exhibit bars of darker brown on being examined, these bars being more distinct on the upper wing-coverts, which are otherwise brown like the back; quills 74 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE [Feb. 2, brown, broadly barred with darker brown, the primaries paler on their outer margins; upper tail-coverts brown, very plainly barred across with darker brown ; tail brown, tipped with white and crossed with eight blackish bands; loral plumes and feathers over the eye white, the former with black hair-like bristles overhanging the nostrils ; sides of face dull whitish, streaked minutely with brown, the hinder part of the ear-coverts entirely brown ; sides of neck dark brown, barred with white; chin white, with narrow brown shaft-lines; lower throat whitish, thickly barred with brown in about equal proportions; rest of under surface pure white, regularly banded across with dark brown, the bars becoming wider on the lower flanks and under tail-coverts, the thighs more minutely barred; under wing-coverts white, transversely banded with brown like the breast, the lower series more broadly banded with blackish brown, and more resembling the inner lining of the wing, which is greyish barred with dark brown, the lower surface of the tail being similarly coloured ; bill black, yellowish at base of both mandibles; feet yellow, claws black. Total length 26 inches, culmen 1°7, wing 13°5, tail 13°3, tarsus 3°6. This new species has been discovered by Mr. Crossley in the southern portion of Madagascar. The affinities of the genus have been indicated above; and I have only to add that its general coloration resembles that of a Goshawk, and suggested the specific name to me. MAcHZRHAMPHUS ANDERSSONI (Gurney); Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 343. The late Mr. Lormier shot a specimen of this rare species near Tamatave, which is now in the British Museum. Another example, also from the vicinity of Tamatave, was in one of the consignments sent to Mr. Boucard, and has now passed into the collection of Professor Newton. Fatco concotor, Temm.; Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 405. Mr. Boucard’s collector sent an adult male and a young female from the Forest of Woodoot, both killed on the 10th of March, 1874. CERCHNEIS NEWTONI (Gurney) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 433. Although not sent by Mr. Crossley, the British Museum has secured a good series of this bird, collected partly by the late Mr. Lormier and partly by Mr. Boucard’s correspondent, the specimens sent by the latter having been obtained in the neighbourhood of Tamatave and at Manham in January and February 1874. CERCHNEIS ZONIVENTRIS (Peters); Sharpe, Cat. B. i. p. 447. An adult specimen was sent by Mr. Boucard’s collector from Marancette, North Madagascar, where it was shot in June 1874. Family Coracnip2. ATELORNIS CROSSLEYI, sp. n. (Plate XIV.) IIead rufous bay, iightest on the lores, darker on the ear-coverts, 1875.] ORNITHOLOGY OF MADAGASCAR. 75 and shading off into dull greenish on the hind neck; entire back deep grass-green, as also the upper tail-coverts ; the tail black, more or less washed with green, the centre tail-feathers washed with olive ; the wing-coverts green like the back, the greater series inclining to cobalt-blue at their tips, the outermost ending in a conspicuous white spot; primary coverts and quills black, the latter white at the base, forming a transverse alar bar, the secondaries externally green and thus resembling the back ; chin, sides of face, and fore neck bright bay, the throat with a large triangular patch of black, varied with dilated white shaft-streaks; rest of under surface dull ochraceous, paler in the centre of the body, the flanks and under tail-coverts washed with green ; under wing-coverts black, washed with greenish and having two bars of white across the wing, in addition to the more distinct white band at the base of the primaries; bill and feet black. Total length 10°5 inches, culmen 11, wing 3°75, tail 4°5, tarsus 1°65. The discovery of a second species of Afelornis is an event of great interest, particularly when it has so little resemblance to the pre- viously known representative of the genus. The rufous head and curiously striped throat-patch of the present bird distinguish it at once from A. pittoides. Iris brown. Locality Ampasmonhavo. Family NecTaRINIID&. NEODREPANIS, gen. nov. Allied to Nectarinia aud Cinnyris, but at once to be distinguished by its scimitar-like bill, and nearly obsolete first and sinuated second primary, as shown in the accompanying woodcut. La. Bill of Neodrepanis coruscans. 16. Wing of ditto, 2. Bill of Bernier ia zosterops @. 3%. Bill of female of ditto. 76 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE [Feb. 2, The type is NEODREPANIS CORUSCANS, Sp. 0. Not quite full-plumaged. Entire back, upper tail-coverts, and tail metallic steel-blue, with a slight purple lustre on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; head dull yellowish green, with a few steel-blue feathers appearing, showing that the crown becomes metallic like the back; wing-coverts and quills black, externally edged with yellowish green, some of the coverts becoming metallic but a little greener than the back, the innermost secondaries metallic steel-blue like the back; ear-coverts blackish; entire under surface of body yellowish, mottled with black, all the bases to the feathers being of the latter colour; under wing-coverts, sides of body, and edge of wing bright yellow. Total length 3-7 inches, culmen 1°1, wing 1°85, tail 0°9, tarsus 0°55. It is much to be regretted that this pretty little bird is not quite in full plumage ; but the colour of its metallic upper surface shows that it is not a Mascarene or African Sun-bird, with nearly every one of which Iam acquainted. It is, moreover, evidently the type of an entirely new genus, and undoubtedly distinct from every Sun-bird known to me or represented in the Museum. The single example known was sent by Mr. Crossley. Family TrmeLimD2. OXYLABES XANTHOPHRYS, Sp. nl. Above dull olivaceous brown, the head darker brown, all the feathers of the crown margined with dusky blackish, wing-coverts coloured like the back, the greater series clearer brown and more resembling the secondaries ; quills blackish, washed with clear and somewhat rufous brown, the primaries inclining to olive-brown near the base; upper tail-coverts and tail dull reddish brown, waved with numerous cross bars of dusky brown; lores and a very broad eyebrow bright yellow, extending backwards to the sides of the neck ; feathers in front of the eye blackish ; ear-coverts dull brown, washed with olive like the head; under surface of body bright yellow, the sides of the neck and of the breast washed with brown, the flanks and under tail-coverts olive-brown, as also the under wing-coverts, the edge of the wing bright yellow; bill light yellowish brown, dark brown at the base of the culmen; feet pale fleshy brown. ‘Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0°65, wing 2°75, tail 3-1, tarsus 1°05. A single specimen of this new bird is in Mr. Crossley’s collection. It seems to me to agree well enough with Oxylabes to be placed in that genus, though in cclour it is strikingly different from O. mada- gascariensis, the typical species. BERNIERIA ZOSTEROPS, Sp. n. Above dull olive-greeu, more dingy on the head, a loral stripe and a circlet of feathers round the eye bright yellow; feathers between the bill and the eye black ; car-coverts dark green, with bright yellow shaft-stripes ; entire under surface of body bright yellow, the sides 1875. ] ORNITHOLOGY OF MADAGASCAR. 77 of the body and thighs olive-green; under wing-coverts yellowish buff, the edge of the wing bright yellow; wings and tail brown, mar- gined with greenish olive, the inner secondaries dull olive-brown, the imner webs fulvescent on their interior margin ; bill horn-brown, the lower mandible yellowish; feet light fleshy brown. Total length 6 _ Inches, culmen 0°6, wing 2°65, tail 2-7, tarsus 0°83. I have already (P. Z.S. 1871, p. 314) referred to M. Jules Verreaux’s assurance that Bernieria major and B. minor were sexes ; and of this new species I believe both sexes are represented in the present collection, as the second specimen sent measures as follows : — Total length 6°5 inches, culmen 0°8, wing 2°75, tail 2°7, tarsus 0°87. This species is smaller than B.. madagascariensis and is at once distinguished by its brighter colours and yellow eye-ring (whence the specific name). The woodcut (p. 75, figs. 2 and 3) illustrates the peculiar confor- mation of the eye-ring in this species. Family Corvin. Euryceros prevosti, Less. ; Hartl. Faun. Madg. p. 59. Mr. Crossley has sent several specimens of this unique and curious form. When in England he assured me that the bill of the living bird was pearly and exactly like the inside of an oyster-shell, fading away soon after death. Family ScoLopacipz. TEREKIA CINEREA. Mr. Boucard’s collector sent one specimen from the neighbour- hood of Tamatave. I do not remember having seen this bird noted as an inhabitant of Madagascar. The following notes refer to species already mentioned by me in former papers. ARTAMIA LEUCOCEPHALA (Gm.); Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1871, p. 318. Mr. Crossley has sent a most instructive series of this species, illus- trating the progress from immaturity to the adult stage; and I there- fore give a few remarks on these birds. Artamia bernieri, figured by Schlegel and Pollen, has been stated to be the young of A. leuco- cephala (cf. P. Z.8. 1871, p. 318); but if this be the case it must be the very first plumage ; for the series seems perfectly continuous as represented in Mr. Crossley’s collection. Young. Bill yellowish white; general colour ashy grey, with a brown shade on the back: wing-coverts with slight rufous edgings ; throat and chest greyish, the latter with narrow dusky cross lines ; rest of under surface buff, narrowly waved with dusky grey ; under wing-coverts greyish, More adult. Bill a little more dusky whitish ; upper surface greyish, glossed slightly with metallic greenish ; under surface nearly uniform buffy white, shaded with greyish on the throat and sides of the face; only a faint trace of bars on the flanks. 78 DR. A. GUNTHER ON SOME [Feb. 2, Older. Upper surface metallic geeen, wings and tail included ; head all round, throat, and chest ashy grey; rest of under surface white, with a few remains of dusky bars on the sides of the body ; bill white on the upper mandible except the base, which is horn-blue like the lower one. Fully adult. Metallic green, the entire head all round and entire under surface pure white ; bill horn-blue, only the extreme tip white ; on the hind neck a few greenish bars, evidently remains of imma- turity. PHEDINA MADAGASCARIENSIS, Hartl.; Sharpe, P. Z.S. 1870, p- 388. Two more specimens of this Swallow prove that it is an entirely distinct species from the Réunion bird. It is much clearer grey above, and purer white below, with little narrow shaft-streaks on the abdomen and under tail-coverts. Mr. Crossley gives the bill and feet as black and the iris as brown. 6. Notes on some Mammals from Madagascar. By Dr. Avgert Gintuer, V.P.ZS, [Received February 2, 1875.] (Plates XV. & XVI.) A collection of Mammals just received from Mr. Crossley, and made on his way from Tamantave to Murundava, contains several specimens adding to our knowledge of this fauna. The young of Lichanotus mitratus, 12 inches long, is nearly entirely black, with a white patch in the sacral region, and with the inner side of the arm and the outer margin of the foot whitish. An adult female specimen of Fossa daubentonii represents a variety in which the spots are not defined and more or less confluent. It is also slightly smaller than either of the two examples in the British Museum. A newly born individual of this species is of a light bay colour, with seven narrow continuous black stripes. The following two species appear to be undescribed. CurroGALeus TRICHOTIS. (Plate XV.) Brownish grey ; lower parts grey, with the hairs white-tipped. A triangular spot in front of the eye black ; median line of the snout and lips whitish. Hands and feet grey, with white-tipped hairs. Ears very short, hidden in the fur. The lower part of the concha and the space before the ear covered with a tuft of very long hairs. Tail rather shorter than the body, covered with short hairs, which are only slightly longer towards its extremity. The first false molar nearly as long and of the same form as the canine tooth. All the nails pointed, claw-like. This species is allied to, and nearly of the same size as, Ch. THC (yep jo Wf oy a) xe ; Sgn € a “VONVOIETY SAWNOSHYLAHOVUd HNL? AT THT PAS (SP IOM'L 1875.] MAMMALS FROM MADAGASCAR. 79 smithii, but distinguished by the much shorter ear, tufts of long hairs on the temple, &e. millim, Length (from the tip of the nose to the root of the tail).. 152 re Oftheitallh.; .. so 2a eee Se, wnat 149 Hand of Chirogaleus trichotis (enlarged). Fig. 2. Foot of Chirogaleus trichotis (enlarged). BRACHYTARSOMYS. The affinities of this genus of Rats are similar to those of Nesomys, another rodent from Madagascar described by Prof. Peters in 1870. It differs, however, from the latter by its much shorter legs and by the configuration of the skull, which approaches that of the South- African Ofomys (albicauda, A. Sm.). Upper lip with a median groove, but not cleft. Snout rather short ; ears short, eye small; the hairs of the moustache in five rows. Fur dense, woolly. Tail long, annulated, and sparingly hairy. Four fingers with a rudimentary pollical tubercle; five toes, the fifth rather shorter than the fourth. Foot much shorter than the lower leg. Interorbital portion of the skull much contracted, without supra- orbital ridges. Lower portion of the foramen infraorbitale much narrower than the upper. The incisive apertures extend backwards only to the level of the front margin of the first molar. Bullze osseze moderately developed. Incisors not grooved. Mbolars = the an- 80 DR. GUNTHER ON MAMMALS FROM MADAGASCAR. [Feb. 2, terior largest, the posterior smallest. The enamel of every molar forms two or three open loops on each side; one of these loops penetrates to the other side in each of the upper molars. Fig. 3. Skull of Brachytarsomys (natural size). @. Upper molars (6 times magnified). 6. Lower molars (6 times magnified), BRACHYTARSOMYS ALBICAUDA. (Plate XVI.) Back greyish brown, more rufous on the sides ; lower parts white, in old males light bay-coloured. Head reddish brown, the hairs black-tipped ; nose and lips blackish, the long and strong moustache deep black. Limbs coloured as the neighbouring parts; soles light flesh-coloured. Anterior half of the tail black, posterior white. Ears narrow, shorter than their distance from the eye, naked. The longest hairs of the moustache reach far beyond the ear. Claws moderately. developed ; thumb with a flat nail. Of the size of a common Rat. millim, Thenpth ofhead and bodys. S02 Ge teen oe «wort sw ihn 210 55 Tl Baap ae ante Aide ada Pema ae teh SM Mags By acy 185 9» CRT cae eactousce Aste sss ciate an «te oue ees agte ts O71 Rares 14 Width otieadt ec: cht ae cried sane s Raion che © aetna 9 ent Ob BRE treie oe te upcasce core pi oes 2 ries eel eee 19 53 RETIREE ns es eee a seaweeds ee ee 33 Length of lower lems. oc ree asec oe pe ee pes 38 a foot (from heel to end of third toe) .......... 34 io 7 STril yuppies cated rte oa rte RAS cs Gor, - 42 Distance between incisors and molars.............--++5 12 Length of foramenimeisivaml <2). 22e 0d 6 el. SO Re 6°5 % EDPCF MOMMIES 12. eee Sa. cia abe niet een fee 8 mut del & hte 1875.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 8&1 February 16, 1875. George Busk, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of January 1875. The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena- gerie during the month of January was 75, of which 34 were by presentation, 33 by purchase, 1 by exchange, 2 by birth, and 5 were received on deposit. The total number of departures during the same period, by death and removals, was 74. The most noticeable additions during the month of January were as follows :— 1. A Silver-backed Jackal (Canis chama, Smith), presented by Mr. H. B. N. Good on the 6th of January. Mr. Good informs me that he obtained the animal at the diamond-fields in Griqualand West, from a Dutch Boer, in November 1874. It had heen caught near the Boer’s farm some time previously ; and Mr. Good has seen others of the same species in the same district. This species of Canis appears to be very little known. It was described in 183% by Sir Andrew Smith (South-African Quart. Journ. ii. p. 89*). I have never seen a living example of this species before, and am only acquainted with the specimen in the British Museum, which is one of the types received from Sir A. Smith. It is remarkable for its large pointed ears, resembling those of the Fennec (Canis cerdo) and Syrian Fennec (Canis famelicus), of which we have also living specimens in the Gardens. It is also in other respects a strongly marked and very distinct species, as will be seen by the drawing (Plate XVII.) of the present specimen, made by Mr. Smit. * This work is so very scarce that I think it may be useful to reprint the original description. “ Canis chama, Smith (The Asse). Muzzle, centre of face, and top of head yellowish brown, variegated by an intermixture of bristly hairs annulated black and white; sides of head a uniform whitish yellow; upper lip, towards angles of mouth, lower lip, and ehin blackish brown; whiskers and edges of eyelids black; ears large, outer surfaces yellowish red, immer margined with white hairs, elsewhere bare. Woolly hairs of neck and body abundant, their tips reddish white or yellowish white, elsewhere a dull smoke-colour ; bristly hairs abundant on back of neck and centre of back, on sides, shoulders, and outsides of thighs less numerous, all annulated black and white, the tips black. x- tremities yellowish white, inclined to white on their anterior surfaces; a large brownish-black blotch on the posterior surface of each hinder extremity, about halfway between the feet and base of tail. Underparts of neck and body whitish yellow. ‘Tail very bushy, the prevailing colour yellowish white, the upper surface towards base variegated with bristly hairs annulated black and white ; the black, about three inches from the root, is so disposed as to give an appear- ance of one or two waved transverse black stripes ; from thence to the point the bristly hairs are all tipped with black, and at the very extremity of the tail they are almost entirely of that colour, so that it appears perfectly black. Length, from nose to base of tail, 23 inches ; length of tail 13 inches; height at shoulder 12 inches, at rump 13 inches. TInhabits Namaqualand and the country on both sides of the Orange river. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, No. VI. 6 82 PROF. A. H. GARROD ON THE [ Feb. 16, Dr. Gray (who miswrites the specific name of this animal “caama’’*) has given a figure of its skull. 2. A Banded Cotinga (Cotinga cincta) from Bahia, purchased January 18, being, so far as I know, the first example of any species of this magnificent group of birds that has reached Europe alive. 4. An Australian Cassowary (Casuarius australis) from northern Queensland, presented by the Marquess of Normanby, F.Z.S., Governor of New Zealand, 23rd January, being the specimen previ- ously announced as having been sent off by Lord Normanby before quitting his former government of Queensland (see above, p. 2). Mr. Sclater exhibited a drawing of a supposed new Rhinoceros from the Terai of Bhootan, which had been forwarded to him from Caleutta by Mr. William Jamrach, and read extracts from a letter addressed to him by Mr. Jamrach on the subject. Mr. Jamrach, at the date of his letter (Jan. 16th), was leaving for England with the animal alive. Mr. Sclater exhibited a living specimen of the Peguan Tree- Shrew (Tupaia peguana), which had been presented to the Society by the Hon. Ashley Eden, Chief Commissioner at Rangoon, British Burmah, and had reached the Gardens on the 8th inst., being, as it was believed, the first specimen of a living Tupaia of any species that had reached Europe. In the same cage was a small Squirrel (Sciurus blanfordi) of nearly the same size and colour. The general external resemblance between these two animals, structurally so widely diverse, was very remarkable, and almost amounted to mimicry. The following papers were read :— 1. On a point in the Mechanism of the Bird’s Wing. By A. H. Garrop, B.A., F.Z.S., Fellow of St. John’s College, Cambridge, Prosector to the Society. [Received January 25, 1875.] The beautiful investigations of Borelli, together with those of M. Marey, make it certain that in any organ which is employed as a flapping wing there must be a stiff or rigid anterior margin. In the insect the stout anterior nervure performs this function; in the bird the bones of the arm, forearm, and manus do the same. How, in the latter, this necessary rigidity is developed, considering the presence of the elbow- and wrist-joints, must be, at first sight, a matter of surpise. It depends on a mechanical arrangement by which, when, in the wing, the arm is bent on the forearm, the manus is always similarly bent on the forearm; and when extension of the forearm is made, extension of the manus equally certainly follows. This occurs when all the muscles and tendons are removed, and the ligaments binding the bones together are alone left. * “ Fennecus caama,” P.Z.8. 1868, p. 520, et Cat. Carn. Mamm. p. 207. 1875. MECHANISM OF THE BIRD’S WING. 83 The explanation of this mechanism is not difficult. The arm consists of one bone only, the humerus; the forearm of two, the ulna and radius; the manus of the two carpals together with the metacarpals and phalanges. The mutual relations of these two bones are such that the radius and ulna move one above the other like the two limbs of a pair of drawing-parallels, each being fixed proximally to the humerus and distally to the carpus. The plane common to the radius and ulna is the same as that in which flexion and extension of the elbow is performed, so that one of the two bones of the forearm, the radius, articulates with the humerus at a point nearer the shoulder, or further from the elbow, than its companion, the ulna. At the wrist the radius is consequently superior, articulating with the carpal bone on the pollex side; whilst the ulna articulates with the other element of the carpus. This condition maintaining the parallel movements of the radius on the ulna must necessarily be attended by a parallel movement of the humerus on the manus. When the humerus bends upon the ulna, the manus therefore similarly bends upon the forearm; and the triceps muscle is able, unassisted, to maintain the whole limb in a rigid state during extension. In making a wooden model of these bones to illustrate the above described mechanism, one or two points of mechanical detail sug- gested a reference to the shape of the distal end of the humerus. The wing in the living bird, when at rest, is completely folded; and when fully extended forms but a slightly angular rod. To allow of this considerable range of movement of the bones of the forearm on the humerus, and of their being completely folded up, it is neces- sary to attach a very projecting hinge at the portion of the model of the humerus which represents the humero-ulnar articulation, other- wise, when fully flexed, the model radius would not be able to be included between the then parallel humerus and ulna; especially as the radius, to get in its fully flexed position, must rotate on a hinge which itself projects its semidiameter at least beyond the humerus. These requirements explain the characteristic shape of the distal end of the humerus in birds. It is curved towards its flexor side, and sharply so at its extremity where it comes in contact with the ulna. At the same time the radius articulates with it on a well- developed knob, situated above the similar surface for the ulna, and to its outer side (which allows of a less extensive joint). ‘The similar arrangement required at the wrist-joint is arrived at by the interpolation of the carpal bones between the forearm and consoli- dated metacarpus. In some wings, when all the muscles are removed, this movement is not so manifest as in others, there being a certain amount of independent power of movement in the manus in all positions. This is much reduced in the living bird by the tendon of the tensor pataguvi longus muscle, which runs from the shoulder, along the free margin of the patagium, to the wrist, where, in being attached to the metacarpal mass on the pollex side, it aids the extension of the manus during the extension of the forearm. 6* 84 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE CASSOWARIES [Feb. 16, The mechanism above described is stated by Dr. Alix* to have been first indicated by Bergmann, as far as the anatomical arrange- ment is concerned, although Strauss-Diirckheim, in his ‘Théologie de la Nature,’ was the first to explain it fully. Dr. Alix himself has also} entered into the detail of the movement ‘of elongation”’ of the radius, which is well explained in his large work above referred tot. My object in bringing the subject before the Society is to draw special attention to so important a point, and to illustrate its action by a wooden model, which demonstrates its accuracy in a very striking manner. It may be here mentioned that the movement of the general plane of the wing during both the up and down stroke, which by Borelli and his followers is ascribed to the elastic yielding of the feathers in birds, and of the wing-membrane in insects, appears to me rather to be dependent on the torsion of the bones or main nervure of the wing, the power of lateral flexion in which is proved by M. Marey’s discovery of the figure-of-8 action in the insect. A thin wooden lath employed as a nervure to an artificial wing, if set with its narrow section vertical and fixed to a non-yielding horizontal wing, gives a vertical figure-of-8 when moved up and down, the plane changing exactly as it is described by M. Marey in the insect. 2. Further Remarks on the Cassowaries living in the Society’s Gardens, and on other Species of the Genus Casuarius. By P. L. Scuarzr, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the Society. [Received January 29, 1875.] (Plates XVITI.—XX.) The recent additions to our series of Cassowaries are of great in- terest, and seem to necessitate some further remarks upon a subject to which I have more than once directed the Society’s attention. On the 27th of May last year, we purchased of Mr. Broughton of the ‘ Paramatta,’ who seldom returns from Sydney without bringing some welcome addition to our collection, a not quite adult Cassowary, which, as I am informed, had been brought to Sydney in the month of April, 1873, by Mr. Godfrey Goodman, Medical Officer of H.M.S. ‘Basilisk,’ and had lived some eight or nine months in the Botanic Gar- dens there§. This Cassowary was entered in the register as a Mooruk ; and not being at the time aware of its history, I did not pay special attention to it. Later in the summer, having become aware of its * ¢Hssai sur l'appareil locomoteur des Oiseaux,’ Paris, 1874, p. 230. + Bulletin de la Société Philomathique, 1864. t Loe. cit. p. 330 et seq. § In a letter just received from Dr. G. Bennett he informs me that he has ascertained from Mr. Goodman that this bird was obtained when quite young from the natives at Discovery Bay, in Milne Bay, on the 8.H. coast of New Guinea. Several other specimens of the same bird were subsequently brought on board and purchased, ph A irra: tp JSmit delet tith | CASUARIUS UNIAPPENDICULATUS Z v > Via 50 PA 0b, LOOL. L1G ¢ Soc. Zool. Rotterdam Wi c i 1875.] LIVING IN THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS. 85 origin, I made a careful examination of the specimen in company with the Superintendent, and at once decided that it was not a Mooruk (Casuarius bennetti), although closely allied to that species in form and structure. It, in fact, more nearly resembles Westerman’s Cassowary (C. westermanni, mihi, P. Z.S8. 1874, p. 248*), but is very differently coloured in the naked parts of the throat, as will be seen by the drawings which I now exhibit. In C. westermanni (Plate XIX.) the throat is blue and the hinder part of the neck deep orange-red. In the new species, which I pro- pose to call C. picticollis (Plate XVIII.) the middle of the throat is red, and the hinder part of the neck bright blue. There are, besides, minor differences, which will be evident on comparing the two drawings. Now, so far as I know, these colours in the naked parts of the Cassowaries are quite constant ; and I can hardly doubt there- fore that we have here to deal with different species. In C. bennetti, of which several specimens have lived in our Gardens, the whole throat and hind neck are alike blue. The three non-carunculated Cassowaries known to me may therefore be diagnosed as follows :— 1. C. dennetti: gula et cervice postica ceruleis. 2. C. westermanni: gula ceerulea, cervice postica rubra. 3. C. picticollis: gula rubra, cervice postica cerulea. In order to settle, if possible, the question whether C. papuanus of Rosenberg (a fourth described species of this section) is really dif- ferent from C. westermanni, I requested Mr. Smit, when he visited Leyden in August last, to bring me a coloured figure of the head and neck of the typical specimen of that species in the Leyden Museum. I now exhibit Mr. Smit’s drawing, from which it would seem that, although it is quite evident that the two species are very nearly related, unless the naked parts have been wrongly coloured in the stuffed specimen, C. papuanus may be, as politely suggested by Schlegel + ‘suivant les principes des amateurs d’ornithologie,”’ differ- ent from, althoughit is certainly very nearly allied to, C. westermanni. This may well be the case, if it should turn out, as suggested by Dr. Meyer (Sitz. Akad. Wien, Ixix. p. 217), that C. westermanni is the Cassowary of the island of Jobie, and C. papuanus that of the main- land of North New Guinea. C. picticollis comes, as we know, from the extreme south of New Guinea, and C. bennett: from New Britain. Besides C. picticollis we have recently received two other impor- tant additions to the series of living Cassowaries—namely, a young example of C. uniappendiculatus, presented by Capt. Moresby, of H.M.S. ‘ Basilisk,’ in August last{, and a young Australian Casso- wary (C. australis), just received from the Marquis of Normanby, lately Governor of Queensland. The former bird, as Dr. Bennett tells me, was obtained by Captain Moresby from the natives at Cornwallis Island, in Torres Straits, but was stated to have been originally brought from the adjacent * Figured, P. Z. 8. 1872, pl. ix., as C. kaupi. t Mus. d. Pays-Bas, Struthiones, p. 12 (1873). t See P. Z. S. 1874, p. 495. 86 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE CASSOWARIES' [Feb. 16, coast of New Guinea. It is figured in the sketch which I now exhibit (Plate XX. fig. 1). There is a young example of the same species now living in the Zoological Gardens of Rotterdam, of which I also exhibit a coloured sketch taken by Mr. Smit in August last (see Plate XX. fig. 2). As regards our specimen of C. australis, in its present immature dress it closely resembles the young of C. galeatus, of which a young py | Fig. 1. Side view of head of Casuwarius beccart.. Fig. 2. Front view of same, showing wattles. example has been placed next to it in the Gardens. But it will be observed on comparison that the naked skin on the hind neck of C. australis is orange instead of red, and that the legs are more robust. So much for the Cassowaries now in our Gardens; but I havea 1875. ] LIVING IN THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS. 87 few words to add about a species which we have not yet received, and which appears to be also hitherto unrecognized. When at Genoa last year the Marquis Doria called my attention to a stuffed Cassowary in the Museo Civico, which had been obtained by Dr. E. Beccari in Wokan, the most northern of the Aroo Islands*. By my friend’s kindness I am now able to exhibit co- loured sketches of this bird and also of its head and neck (see figures 1 and 2, p. 86). By these it will be seen at once that this species belongs to the section which contains C. galeatus, but from the highly elevated crest (see fig. 1) would seem to be more nearly allied to C. australis. The neck-wattles, however, are decidedly of a different structure, there being, in fact, only one broad central wattle, which is slightly divided at its termination (see fig. 2). Now the only Cassowary yet known to us from the Aroo Islands is C. bicarunculatus—a very different species. I cannot, therefore, doubt that we have here again to deal with a new species of the genus, which I propose, with the Marquis Doria’s sanction, to designate after its discoverer, CASUARIUS BECCARII, Sp. nov. C. similis C. australi et crista pari modo elevata: sed caruncula cervicis una media, ad apicem divisa. Hab. Wokan, inss. Aroensium (Beccari). Mus. civit. Genoensis. The colours of the naked parts of the head and neck, as given in a drawing which M. Doria informs me has been copied from a speci- men in spirits in good preservation, would appear to show that in this respect also C. beccarit comes nearest to C. australis t. To conclude, I exhibit a revised table which summarizes our pre- sent knowledge of the Cassowaries and their distribution. Indew specierum Generis Casuarii. a. Casside lateraliter compressa; appendicula cervicis aut duplici aut divisa. . C. galeatus, ex ins. Ceram. . C. beccarii, ex ins. Aroensi Wokan. . C. australis, ex Australia bor. . C. bicarunculatus, ex inss. Aroensibus. Be Oboe 6, Casside transversim compressa; apppendicula cervicis unica. 5. C. uniappendiculatus, ex Papua. . ce. Casside transversim compressa ; appendicula cervicis nulla, . C. papuanus, ex Papua boreali. . C. westermanni, ex ins. Papuana Jobie (?). . C. picticollis, ex Papua meridionali. . C. bennetti, ex Noy. Britann. OO O=-1o> * See Mr. Wallace’s Map, Travels in EB. I. Arch. ii. p. 219. t Figured -P. Z. 8. 1872, pl. xxvi. This specimen (the only adult example known) is now in the Cambridge University Museum, to which it was presented by Lord Walden. e ve large figure of the head of this species in Gould’s B. Austr. Suppl. pl 70. 88 MR. E. R. ALSTON ON THE GENUS ANOMALURUS. [Feb. 16, 3. Note on a new Locality of Dinornithide. By Prof. Owen, C.B., F.R.S., F.Z.S. [Received February 1, 1875.] I have been favoured by an esteemed correspondent, Dr. Cough- trey, with the following notice of a discovery in, to me, a new locality, in the province of Otago, New Zealand, of remains of Dinornithide. He writes :—‘‘ It might, perhaps, interest you to know that we got in the Hamilton Swamp remnants of the following species :— “© Dinornis maximus. Dinornis didiformis. robustus. casuarinus. —— ingens. crassus, 2 varieties. —— struthioides. elephantopus, 2 vars. —— rheides. gravis. “Of all the above species we have duplicate leg-bones. Besides, we have almost complete skeletons of ‘ Cnemiornis calcitrans.’” It is satisfactory to find that the authorities in charge of the rapidly rising museum of Otago appear to have no difficulty in di- stinguishing the remains of Dinornis gravis from the varieties referable to Dinornis crassus, my chief difficulty and, for some time, doubt hav- ing beenin relation to the limb-bone characters of the former species. Its cranial characters, however, were decisive ; and as the number of skulls of Dinornithidee now on hand corresponds with the species, or established varieties, of Dinornis, based on characters of the pre- viously found leg-bones, and as the descriptions and figures of these bones in the ‘ Transactions of the Zoological Society’ evidently serve their purpose in aid of the recognition of parts of the skeleton by their discoveries in new localities of New Zealand, one aim of the series of ‘“ Memoirs” which the Society has favoured me by publishing has been attained. 4. On Anomalurus, its Structure and Position. By Epwarp R. Axston, F.Z.S. [Received February 1, 1875.] (Plate XXI.) This genus was established by Mr. Waterhouse in 1842*, and now contains four or five species, all natives of Tropical Western Africa. In external appearance the Anomalures very closely re- semble the larger Flying Squirrels (Pteromys)—their most striking outward distinctions being the double series of large salient scales on the lower surface of the first third of the tail, and the fact that the cartilage which serves to extend the flying expansion has its origin at the elbow instead of at the wrist. They are also described as * P.Z, 8. 1842, p, 124, | mans, lth | ANOMAL URU = | a = M& NHanhart, Tp 1875.] MR. E.R. ALSTON ON THE GENUS ANOMALURUS. 89 having similar habits, climbing lofty trees, and passing by a great sailing bound from the summit to another stem; in ascending a tree the caudal scales are pressed against the trunk and thus serve as “‘climbing-irons.” But Mr. Waterhouse pointed out, in his original description, that the genus differs not only from the Flying Squirrels, but from all the other Sciwride, in many important characters of the skull and dentition—notably in the large size of the infraorbital opening, the almost entire absence of postorbital processes, the contraction and emargination of the bony palate, and the number and appearance of the grinding-teeth. Since its discovery, zoologists have held very various views as to the true affinities of the Anomalure. Mr. Waterhouse regarded it as an aberrant Squirrel, showing an approach to the Dormice*. Dr. Gray took the same view, placing it at the head of the Sciurina, immediately following the Myoainat. Temminck treated Anomal- urus as a subgenus of Pteromys, and first gave some account of the skeletont, which was more fully described by Gervais$, and figured in the posthumous part of De Blainville’s ‘ Ostéographie ’ |]. According to the views which M. Gervais then held, the subfamily Anomulurina had_ uno real relationship to the Squirrels, but should be ranked among the Hystricide, next to Capromyna—an arrange- ment to which Giebel4] and Burmeister** gave their adherence. Brandt first placed the Anomalures as the third tribe of his family Sciuroides, under the name of Anomaluri seu Pteromyoxosciuri, as indicating their relationshipt++, but subsequently proposed another classification, in which they formed the first subfamily, named Anomalurini seu Sciuri Lemuriformes, as showing an-approach to the Lemurs, through Galeopithecus, in the structure of their toes and clawst{. M. Gervais has since withdrawn from his first position as to the hystricine affinities of the animal, but, still holding that it is not a Squirrel, unites it with the Dormice and the miocene genera Theridomys and Archeéomys in his “famille des Myoxidés’’§§. In this he has been followed by Dr. Fitzinger||||. Prof. Lilljeborg placed Anomalurina asa subfamily of Sciuride showing an approach to the Hystricomorpha of Brandt 44]; and more recently he retains this arrangement, but suggests that the form should probably rank as a distinct family***. This last view is shared by Dr. Gill, who makes the Anomaluride a family equal in value to the Sciurida, and places it between the latter and the Haploodontide +++. * Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. x. p. 202 (1842). + List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 133 (1843). t Esquisses Zoologiques, pp. 143-146 (1853). § Ann. Scien. Nat. (3° sér.) xx. pp. 238-246, pl. xiii. (1853). || Atlas, iv. Sczwrus, pl. i. (1855). G Allgemeine Zoologie, p. 485 (1854). ** Thiere Braziliens, Th. i. p. 341 (1854). tt Mém. de l’Ac. St. Pétersb. (6° sér.), Sc. Nat. vii. pp. 298, 299 (1855). tt Compt. Rend. Ac. Scien. xliii. pp. 189-143 (1856). §§ Zoologie et Paléontologie Frangaises (2° ed.) pp. 27-380 (1859). ||| Sitzungsb. Ak, Wissensch. Wien, lv. (erste Abth.) p. 511 (1867). 4/4] Syst. Gifv. de Gnagande Dagedjuren, pp. 38, 40 (1866). *** Sveriges och Norges Ryggradsdjur, i. p. 383 (1874). ttt Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, xi. p. 21 (1874). 90 MR. E. R. ALSTON ON THE GENUS ANOMALURUS. [Feb. 16, Through the kindness of Professor Flower and Dr. Giinther, I have been enabled to examine specimens of two species of Anomal- ure preserved in spirits in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons and the British Museum, and have hence been led to reconsider the question of the nature and affinities of the animal. I have to acknowledge the kind help of my friend Mr. Garrod in the examination and comparison of the very remarkable viscera, which do not appear to have been previously described. STRUCTURE. External characters.—With regard to these little can be added to Mr. Waterhouse’s excellent original description. On examining specimens in spirits, however, one peculiarity is observed which is less striking in dry skins. This is the arrangement and form of the tubercles on the naked soles of the feet. The fore feet have a series of five tubercles at the base of the toes (in A. pelii the second inner tubercle is nearly divided in two); behind these there is a small round isolated one in the centre of the sole, and on each side a Pert. a. Fore foot, b. Hind foot, of Anomalurus fraseri, natural size. larger callosity. In the hind feet there is a series of six at the base of the toes, with a small central, one long internal, and two external tubercles. This remarkable arrangement, which is very similar in all the species, is well shown in the figure. The number of scales in the caudal series varies slightly in different individuals. As already noticed, the cartilage, or chondrified fascia, which supports the flying expansion or patagium, is attached to the olecranon instead 1875.] MR. E.R. ALSTON ON THE GENUS ANOMALURUS. 91 of to the carpus, although the membrane itself springs from the side of the wrist*. Thus instead of extending along the free front margin of the patagium as in Pteromys and Sciuropterus, it passes diago- nally between its folds to the anterior corner. In the one arrange- ment the cartilage may be compared to the yard of a lug-sail, in the second to the gaff of a sprit-sail. Skeleton.—The skeleton of Pel’s Anomalure having been described and figured by Gervais and De Blainville, it will be sufficient to remark on the points which bear more especially on the affinities of the animal. The skulls of A. fraseri, A. peli, and A. beecrofti are very much alike, though the examination of a series of each would probably show constant specific characters. On comparing the skull of 4. pelii with that of Pteromys nitidus, the differences already alluded to are very striking. The postorbital processes of the frontals are rudimentary and almost obselete in the Anomalure, while they are largely developed in the Flying Squirrel; on this point, however, too much weight should not be laid; for in the African Ground- Squirrels (Xerus) and the Chipmunks (Tamias) these processes are comparatively small. The other distinctions are all connected with the function of mastication. The infraorbital foramen is expanded into a large suboval opening in the anterior root of the zygoma, and evidently gives passage to a portion of the masseter muscle, as well as to the infraorbital branch of the fifth pair of nerves, instead of transmitting the nerve only as in Pteromys and the other Sciuride. The glenoid cavity is narrower, the articular surface of the condyle of the mandible is more sloped outwards; and the bony palate is much contracted, convex, and deeply emarginate behind. In all other essential characters the skulls appear to me to agree. The nasals are narrower in the Anomalure (as they also are in Xerus), but of the same general form. The frontals are not more contracted (if the postorbital processes be disregarded), and have the same median depression. The direction of the temporal ridges is the same, as are the position of the foramina of the base of the skull, and the size of the incisive foramina. The structure of the auditory bull is identical, their interiors being partially divided into cells by imperfect bony septa, radiating from the walls towards the cochlea: the external meatus is large in both; but in the Anomalure its margin is less produced+. The form and proportions of the mandible are the same in both animals. The other parts cf the skeleton of the Anomalure differ in no important point from that of the Flying Squirrel, except the number of ribs, of which there are sixteen pairs instead of twelve, and the flattening and breadth of the olecranon, to give attachment to the cartilage of the flying expansion. The vertebre of A. pelii are :— * Temminck was therefore mistaken in stating that the forearm is free in the Anomalure (Esquiss. Zool. p. 145). t Since the above was written, my friend Mr. A. Doran has called my atten- tion to the auditory ossicles of Anomalurus, which arc identical in type with those of the true Squirrels. 92 MR. E. R. ALSTON ON THE GENUS ANOMALURUS. [Feb. 16, cervical 7, dorsal 16, lumbar 9, sacral 4, caudal 28 ; the latter are much elongated. The posterior ridge of the scapula is very salient ; and the humerus has a moderate deltoid ridge. The femur has a crest representing the third trochanter; and the slender fibula is quite distinct from the tibia; in Pteromys these bones are often closely united below, though not truly fused. Dentition.—The grinding-teeth of the Anomalure are four in number on each side above and below, the small anterior premolar of Pteromys being absent; this tooth, however, is lost early in life in many species of Squirrel. Their series converge in front ; and they are placed obliquely ; so that the crowns of the upper teeth look outwards, and those of the lower jaw inwards. These crowns are worn perfectly flat even in young individuals, exposing islands of cement separated by cross folds of enamel, which are .more directly transverse and less twisted than in the more complicated teeth of Pteromys. In the typical skull of A. beecrofti, in the British Museum, the cemental spaces are smaller and more isolated than in the other species. Viscera.—These, like the masticatory apparatus, differ much from those of the Sciuride, and, indeed, present peculiarities not met with in any other family of the order. Fig. 2. Czxeum of A. fraseri, natural size. The tongue resembles that of the Squirrels, but is narrower and more pointed. The circumvallate papille are two in number, and are placed transversely. The cesophagus has a short abdominal course after passing through the diaphragm, extending in 4. fraseri to about half an inch ; its epithelium is not continued beyond the cardiac orifice. 1875.] MR. E.R. ALSTON ON THE GENUS ANOMALURUS. 93 The stomach is perfectly simple and nearly oval, the cardiac and pyloric openings being near one another. The walls are very thin ; and the epithelial lining is smooth and perfectly uniform throughout. A very small external fold or pucker runs transversely across the lesser curvature. In d. fraseri the greatest diameter is 1°75 inch, the lesser about ‘80. The duodenum has the usual dilatation below the pylorus; the length of the small intestine in A. fraseri is 43°50 inches, and in 4. pelw 60 inches. The czecum is of considerable volume. In A. Jraseri its length is about 5 inches, and its greatest diameter *50; in the specimen examined of A. pelii its proportions were similar, but it was too greatly injured by shot to allow of exact measurement. In form and structure it is very different from that of the Squirrels, and, indeed, from that of any of the Glires Simplicidentati with which I am acquainted. It is at first continuous with the colon, irregularly coiled on itself, and sacculated almost to its end by an internal spiral fold, with a free inner edge, as in the Hares; this fold is nearly regular and continuous, but here and there it is interrupted. The extremity is very narrow, perfectly simple, and abruptly reflected on itself. In the figure the cecum is shown uncoiled and extended, in which condition its structure is more plainly shown than when it is in its natural convolutions. The colon is at first marked by the inner fold continued from the ceecum; its first loop after leaving the latter is longer than the second. The length of the large intestine from czecum to anus is in A. fraseri about 16 inches, in A. pelii 47 inches, making the whole length of the intestine about 60 inches in the former and 107 inches in the latter, or rather more than jive times the length of the head and body in each case. Fig. 3. Liver of A. fraseri, natural size. LL, left lateral lobe; uc, left central; Ru, right lateral; rc, right central; 8, Spigelian ; c, caudate lobe. 94 MR, E. R. ALSTON ON THE GENUS aNoMALURUS. [Feb. 16, The spleen is of the same shape as in the Squirrels. The liver has the general proportions shown in the figure. The caudate lobe is long and pointed ; it is proportionally smaller in A. pelii than in A. fraseri. The Spigelian lobe is small and simple, not double or bifid as in almost all known rodents. There is no trace of a cystic notch ; and the gall-bladder lies directly over the umbilical fissure—an arrangement which has never been observed, as far as I know, in any other member of the order. The uterus of the female is long and double. In the male the penis is stated by Gervais to be provided with a bone. SysteMATIC Pos1TIONn. From the above facts it appears to be clear that the Anomalure is an aberrant Squirrel, with no special affinities to any other family, that its peculiarities are all purely adaptive, and that they are all in direct connexion with the functions of mastication and digestion. Thus, in the skull, if we pass the minor point of the reduction of the postorbital processes, we find that it is built on the true sciurine type, ewcept in those parts which are modified by the peculiarities of the masseter muscle and teeth. Mr. Waterhouse, with his usual acumen, remarked in his original description :—‘ The masticating surfaces of these teeth are worn flat by usage, even in the compara- tively young animal, as in other rodents which have a large ant- orbital opening, and have not a tubercular surface such as we find in the molars of the typical Squirrels. These last-mentioned animals, it would appear, have a rotatory motion of the lower jaw, while the Anomalurt have a longitudinal, no doubt combined with the rotatory motion; and this difference is perhaps due to the action of that portion of the masseter muscle which passes through the antorbital opening” (l.c. p. 127)*. The rest of the skeleton, save in the number of ribs, seems also to be that of a true Squirrel; and though the viscera are widely different from those of that group, yet they are also unlike the organs of any other family. The resemblances which have been pointed out to the Dormice and to the hystricine rodents appear to me to be merely superficial and adaptive. Those to the Myowide are only in the size (not the furm) of the infraorbital opening, and the number and general appearance of the grinding-teeth, and do not extend to any more important characters. The points of similarity to some of the Hystricide, in the form of the infraorbital opening, the shape of the bony palate, and the number of ribs, are much more striking, but are at once negatived by the structure of other parts, notably by that of the mandible, zygoma, auditory bulle, and base of tie skull. The teeth, which M. Gervais compares to those of Cer- comys, have not so great a resemblance to the teeth of any of the Hystricide as the dentition of the Beaver has to that of the widely distinct Coypu. Brandt’s comparison of Anomalurus to * Cf. Von Teutleben, Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, 1874, pp. 91-95. 1875.] MR. E.R. ALSTON ON THE GENUS ANOMALURUS. 95 Galeopithecus, founded on the compression of the toes and claws, seems too fanciful to require discussion, though by a curious co- incidence the ceca of the two animals are somewhat similar in appearauce, What may have been the causes of the wonderful modification of the alimentary system and the subsidiary parts of the skull in Anomalurus is more doubtful. The facts seem to point to the effect of a more dry and innutritious diet. Beyond Temminck’s statement that “ils se nourrissent de fruits,” nothing has been recorded of the food of the Anomalures; and the contents of the stomachs of the specimens 1 have examined were unfortunately too well digested to yield much information. That of 4. pelii, however, contained a quantity of long vegetable fibres, which seems not unfavourable to the idea that they may live principally either on dry and stringy fruit or on leaves, | A further question, and one perhaps incapable of a satisfactory solution, remains. Is Anomalurus more closely allied to Preromys and Sciuropterus than to the non-volant genera of the family? or are their resemblances an instance of the independent origin of similar structures? The development of a flying-expansion in itself naturally points to the former view, while the remarkable difference in the attachment and course of its expanding cartilage seems to be in favour of the latter. The geographical distribution of the two groups is worthy of note. As for as we know at present, the Anomalures appear to be confined to a limited region of West Africa, extending from the equator to about 15° north latitude, whereas no species either of Pteromys or Seiuropterus seems ever to have been met with in any part of the /Kthiopian region. If the above views are correct the systematic position of the Anomalures is settled, and their rank will merely depend on the higher or lower value given to the whole sciurine group of ro- dents. If the latter is regarded as a family, then the i" Be ia i : wok! nye; ie A hig N ti Ve ve ‘ 4 . | - eT us hp | eh aa f f . ; : | : : oy Ray ted = ; He i a ; s PY noe ; \ = = ey. | . Ly ~ ; 4 } P | “_ \ P . a \ be . « _ 4 , | c ee ae 7 7 M . ‘a ; . Ae if ; ; aie ' Ue} ‘ua le Ps ea fis _ a. : : N a= i , 1 : ' 1 ¥ ‘ } ” e ly if = ¥ . , he its 1875. CALEDONIA, MADAGASCAR, AND REUNION. 131 apice late nigris, pube tenui pallida et pilis nigris tectis, tibiis quarti paris subter paullo longius et densius nigro-pilosis ; abdo- mine subelliptico, circiter dimidio longiore quam latiore, fusco, subargenteo-piloso, pictura in dorso et in ventre distincta vir ulla. Gad. Long. circa 25 millim. Var. 3. Abdomine supra pallido, testaceo-cinereo. 1799. Aranea edulis, Labill. Relation du voyage a la recherche de La Pérouse, ii. p. 240, pl. xii. fig. 4 (ad partem). 1841. Epeira edulis, Walck. H. N. d. Ins. Apt. ii. p. 93 (ad partem).. Femina. Cephalothorax circa 103 millim. longus, 8 millim. latus, paullo brevior quam patella cum tibia quarti paris, patellam cum tibia tertit paris longitudine equans, longitudinem tibie quarti paris latitudine non equans, frontis latit. 53 millim., lateribus partis thoracice equaliter rotundatis, partis cephalice lateribus rotundatis quoque, hae parte postice tuberculis duobus fortioribus armata, a latere visa elevato-arcuata, primum (ad tubercula) fortius, tum levius adscendenti, ad oculos vero denique paullo arcuato-proclivi ; niger, nitidus, pilis argenteis dense tectus, preter postice hic illic ita detritus, ut ad latera et pone oculos nigris maculis notatus videatur. Tuberculum oculorum mediorum humile, lateralium altius, costam latam, obliquam, duplo longi- orem quam latiorem, antice preruptam formans. Oculi medii, spatiis diametro oculi circa triplo majoribus disjuncti, in quadra- tum dispositi, equales fere ; laterales oculi, tis evidenter minores et subequales, spatio oculi diametro vix triplo majore inter se remoti ; antici eorum plus duplo longius ab anticis mediis quam hi inter se distant ; spatium inter oculos medios anticos et mar- ginem clypei paullo majus quam inter eos et medios oculos pos- ticos. Mandibule circa 43 millim. longa, tibias tertii paris longitudine equantes, longiores quam patelle et tarsi (primi paris tarsis eaceptis, qui mandibulas longitudine equant), duplo fere longiores quam latiores basi, in dorso ad basin geniculato-con- vere, tum recte, subcylindrate, apice intus oblique truncato- angustate, nigre, nitide, nigro-pilose et -setose. Sulcus ungui- cularis antice dentibus trinis armatus, quorum medius reliquis major est, postice dentibus 4. Unguis niger. Maville et labium nigra, ille apice intus anguste pallide; labium non antice elevato- marginatum. Palpi nigri, nigro-pilosi, basi subter pube densa subargentea tecti. Pedes longi, graciles valde, presertim postici : quarti paris femora in medio vix crassiora sunt quam palporum pars patellaris ; femora et tibie apice vir vel parum incrassata ; obscure testaceo- vel ferrugineo-fusci, apice late nigri (metatarsis ad maximam partem et tarsis nigris), coxis nigricantibus ; pube tenui pallida presertim in femoribus tecti, hac pube presertim subter evidenti ; nigro-pilosi, tibiis quarti paris subter paullo densius et longius nigro-pilosis. Aculei pedum parvi et debiles, sat rari in femoribus ; aculei pauci supra in tibiis primi paris Q* 132 DR. T. THORELL ON SPIDERS FROM NEW [ Mar. 2, secundum totam longitudinem earum dispositi, non ad apicem tantum. Pedes primi paris cephalothorace circa 5} longiores : in exemplo, cujus .cephalothorax 103 millim. longus est, pedes primi paris 60 (patella 33, tibia 14, metatarsus 20, tarsus 42), secundi paris 49, tertii 253, quarti paris 43 (patella 33, tibia 81) millim. longi. Abdomen cylindrato-ovatum, circiter dimidio longius quam latius, supra fuscum, pube brevi subargentea minus dense vestitum, pictura distincta nulla (an ita in vivis quoqgue*) ; venter obscurior, subtestaceo-fuligineus, scutis pulmonalibus nigro- fuscis, intus sulcis transversis brevibus profundis inequalibus dense exaratis. Vulva ex area nigra transversa cornea constat, que antice costa recurva limitatur, postice vero, in medio (ad ipsam rimam genitalem), costa breviore, compressa, recta, acuta ; utringue hee area inequalis foveam majorem oblongam parum profundam ostendit. Mas ignotus. ‘ Var. 3. Differt abdomine supra pallidiore, testaceo-cinereo, et paullo breviore, magis elliptico (long. ejus 124, lat. 95 millim.) ; pedes in exemplo unico a me viso paullo breviores sunt quoque quam in forma principali, femoribus basi nigricantibus; primi paris cepha- lothorace tantum 53 longiores. Long. corporis 22, cephaloth. 10, lut. ejus 74, lat. frontis 5}, pedes primi paris 52 (patella 33, tibia 12), secundi paris 44, tertii 233, quarti 40 millim. longi ; patella quarti paris 23, tibia 8 millim. Patria. Nova Caledonia. Duas foeminas adultas, a cel. Vinson ad me missas, vidi. This species is no doubt comprised by Labillardiére, together with the next following, under the name of Aranea edulis; but as his deseription of the abdomen better suits that species, I have retained for it the specific name edulis (Lab.). NepHILA EDuLIs (Labill.). Cephalothorace tibiam cum patella quarti paris longitudine equante, nigro, bituberculato, dense argenteo-villoso, sterno tuberculo pone labium carente, tuberculis lateralibus humillimis, cum limbo antico rufescentibus ; oculis lateralibus spatio diametro sua plus duplo majore disjunctis, pedibus rufescenti-fuscis, apice late nigris, subargenteo-pubescentibus, nigro-pilosis, apice femorum et tibia- rum pedum anticorum inferius et tibiis quarti paris totis pilis nigris paullo longioribus et densioribus subhirsutis ; abdomine fusco, fere duplo longiore quam latiore, plaga vel fascia trans- versa pallidiore in dorso antice notato et pube argentea tecto. @ ad. Long. circa 20 millim. 1799. Aranea edulis, Labill. Rel. du voy. a la recherche de La Pérouse, ii. p. 240, pl. xii. fig. 4 (salt. ad part.). 1841. Epeira edulis, Walck. H. N. d. Ins. Apt. ii. p. 93 (salt. ad part.). - Foemina. Cephalothoraz 83 millim. longus, 63 millim, latus, patellam cum tibia quarti paris longitudine equans, latitudine longitudinem 1875.] CALEDONIA, MADAGASCAR, AND REUNION. 133 tibie ejusdem paris equans saltem, frontis latitudine 43 millim.; lateribus partis thoracice modice rotundatis, partis cephalice lateribus rotundatis quoque, hac parte tuherculis duobus nigris minoribus postice armata, a latere visa primum, pone tubercula, in arcum adscendente, tum leviter modo et secundum lineam parum arcuatam adscendente, denique, ad oculos, leviter arcuato-proclivi; niger, nitidus, pube argentea dense vestitus. Sternum nigrum, tuberculis ordinariis 7 humillimis, parum expressis, cum limbo antico rufescentibus, tuberculo pone labium vir ullo, Tuberculum oculorum mediorum humile, tuberculum oculorum lateralium cos- tam latam, obliquam, antice et postice preruptam, antice altiorem formans. Oculi medii equales, in quadratum dispositi, spatio oculi diametro circiter triplo majore disjuncti; oculi laterales subequales, (antici presertim) mediis paullo minores, et spatio evidenter minore (oculi lateralis diametro circa triplo majore) disjuncti quam quo distant medii inter se; medii antici duplo longius a lateralibus anticis quam inter se remoti. Mandibule nigre, 33 millim. longe (=tibie tertii paris), patellis et meta- tarsis omnibus longiores, latitudine basali fere duplo longiores, in dorse ad basin sat fortiter geniculato-convere, tum directe, nitide, versus apicem transverse striate, intus nigricanti-pilose “et -setose : sulcus mandibularis antice 3, postice 4 dentibus arma- tus; unguis niger, apice piceus. Mazille et labium nigra, apice pallida. Palpi nigri, nigro-pilosi, parte femorali subter argenteo- ~pilosa. Pedes graciles, femoribus et tibiis apice leviter modo incrassatis, rufescenti- vel testaceo-fusci, metatarsis, basi excepta, et tarsis nigris, coxis quoque obscurioribus, femoribus (apice presertim subter nigro-piloso excepto) et tibiis basi late pube argentea tectis, hac pube subter crassiore ; preterea nigro-pilosi, tibiis 4 anterioribus versus apicem subter et in lateribus, infra, tibiisque quarti paris totis pilis paullo longioribus et densioribus subvillosis. Primi paris pedes cephalothorace circa quintuplo lon- giores, 493 millim. (patella 33, tibia 93, metatarsus 144, tarsus 33), secundi paris 393, tertii 213, quarti 32 (patella 23, tibia 6) millim. longi. Aculet pedum graciles, sat rari; aculei pauci supra in pedibus anterioribus non ad apicem tantum, sed secundum totam internodii longitudinem dispositi. Abdomen subcylindra- tum, fere duplo longius quam latius (13 millim. longum, 7 millim. latum), in fundo fuscum, fascia transversa pallida sat lata prope marginem anticum (2), pube sat densa argentea saltem antice tectum, in lateribus infra et postice striis 3-4 transversis sub- obliquis flavescentibus notatum ; venter subfuligineus, in medio flavescenti-maculatus; maculeé 4 parve flavescentes circa mamillas trapezium formant ; scuta pulmonalia nigra, nitida, intus sulcis malts transversis profundis et subundulatis exarata. Vulva ex fovea magna nigra, transversa, plus duplo latiore quam longiore - constare videtur, que fere lunata est, margine elevato antico re- curvo, postico recto. Mas ignotus. Patria, Nova Caledonia. Exemplum unicum fcemineum vidi, a 134 DR. fT. THORELL ON SPIDERS FROM NEW [ Mar. 2, cel. Dr. Vinson amicissime communicatum. Priori speciei, N. /abil- lardierei, simillima est heec aranea, sed certe distincta: differt enim sterni tuberculis vix ullis, femoribus et tibiis anterioribus apice lon- gius pilosis, mandibulis tarsis primi paris longioribus, abdomine duplo fere longiore quam latiore, cet. In his description of the abdomen of Aranea edulis, Labillardiére says (luc. cit. p. 241), “On voit sur les cotés cing 4 six bandes obliques grisAtres et en dessous plusieurs taches fauves.’”” These words very well suit the specimen here described, but not those which I have above called N. labillardierei, and which I received from Dr. Vinson, together with the present specimen, under the name of Epeira edulis (Lab.). These two very closely allied species were no doubt united also by Labillardiére under his Aranea edulis, which is used as food by the natives of New Caledonia (conf. Labillardiére and Walcke- naer Joc. cit.). NEPHILA MADAGASCARIENSIS, Vins. Cephalothorace breviore quam tibia cum patella quarti paris, nigro, bituberculato, pube densa argentea ad maximam partem tecto et setis aculeisque nigricantibus sparso, sterno nigro, tuberculo pone labium tuberculisque sepiem humilioribus ad insertionem covarum instructo, quorum par tertium reliquis majus est ; oculis lateralibus spatio duplam oculi diametrum equante disjunctis ; pedibus breviter et satis equaliter niyro-pilosis, dense uculeatis, rufis, metatarsis basi excepta et tarsis nigris, patellis saltem anterioribus et apice femorum tibiarumque nigricantibus ; abdo- mine subcylindrato, plus duplo longiore quam latiore, nigro, dense argenteo-pubescente, fascia albicante transversa ad marginem an- ticum atrum, tum plaga antica inequali flavescente et denique maculis multis secundum dorsum dispositis flaventibus vel argenteis variato ; laieribus abdominis lineis obliquis maculisque ejusdem coloris piclis ventreque fasciis duabus transversis angustis flavis, altera ad rimam genitalem, altera fere in medio ventris, notato. © ad. Long. 30-45 millim. 1863. Epeira madagascariensis, Vins. Aran. des iles de la Ré- union, Maurice et Madag. p. 191, pl. vii. Foemina. Cephalothorax ad formam ut in N. eduli dixi omnino, sed preter pube densa argentea, qua ad maximam partem (plaga ordinaria postica nuda et parte cephalica in vicinitate oculorum exceptis) vestitus est, setis et spinulis sat longis sparsus, pre- sertim in parte cephalica. Tubercula postice in parte cephalica sat magna et acuta. Oculi laterales paullo minores quam medii, et spatio disjunctt, quod duplam eorum diametrum c@quat: tuber- culum, quo insistunt, ad formam ut in N. eduli, postice declive, antice preruptum. Oculi medii in quadratum dispositi, equales, spatiis triplam oculi diametrum pene equantibus inter se remoti. Sternum tuberculum sat magnum nigrum subucuminatum pone labium ostendit ; tubercula lateralia humiliora sunt, obtusa, tis tamen, que ad covas tertii paris locum tenent, majoribus et al- 1875. } CALEDONIA, MADAGASCAR, AND REUNION. dich) tioribus, ovatis. Mandibule longiores quam tarsi primi paris, breviores quam tibie tertii paris; sulcus unguicularis antice 3, postice 4 dentibus armatus. Mazille et labium apice anguste testacea, preterea ut mandibule nigra. Palpi nigri, parte Femorali rufescente. Femora et tibie versus apicem parum in- crassata, quarti paris femora subter paullo densius nigro-pilosa quam reliqua internodia. Aculei pedum sat breves, in pedibus anterioribus densi, in femoribus horum pedum breves et etiam subter densi, ut in tibiis ; subter in femoribus posterioribus aculet vie ultra ordinem singulam formant. Vulva ex fovea angusta transversa non magna constare videtur. Long. cephalothoracis in exemplo a me viso 123, lat. ejus 94, lat. frontis 62, long. mandibularum 5 millim. Pedes primi paris 65 (patella 43, tibia 153, metatarsus 223, tarsus 43) millim., ideoque cephalo- thoruce plus quintuplo longiores ; secundi paris pedes 553, tertii paris 33, quarti 52% (patella 335, tibia 11) millim. longi ; abdo- men 24 millim. longum, 11 millim. latum (long. totius corporis 31 millim.). (Vid. preterea descr. cel. Vinsonii loc. supra cit.). Patria. Insula Madagascar. Foeminam unicam supra descriptam benigne ad me misit cel. Dr. Vinson. The natives of Madagascar eat this Spider, “en l’accommodant avec de V’huile ou de la graisse”’ (vid. Vinson, ‘ Voyage 4 Madagascar,’ p- 126). EPEIRA CUPIDINEA, nh. sp. (Plate XXV. fig. 3.) Cephalothorace breviore quam tibia cum patella quarti paris, humili, antice fortiter angustato, nigricante vel lurido, pube densa sub- argentea vestito, oculis mediis rectangulum dimidio longiorem quam latiorem formantibus, oculis lateralibus spatio oculi diame- trum pene equante disjunctis, ab oculis mediis spatio duplo majore remotis quam quo distant medii antici vel postici inter se ; pedibus nigricantibus, plus minus distincte subtestaceo-annu- latis ; abdomine ovato, longiore, antice bituberculato, dorso ante tubercula testaceo-albicante, argenteo-piloso, pone ea vero obscu- rius rufo- vel aureo-fusco, maculis argenteis ornato, quarum 4, antice, trapezium antice latius quam postice formant. Q ad. Long. circa 18 millim. Foemina. Cephalothorax inverse ovato-cordiformis fere, in lateribus ample et fortiter rotundatus, antice fortiter sinuato-angustatus, margine postico emarginato ; 73 millim. longus, 6 millim. latus, Frontis latitudine modo 24 millim. 5 brevior quam patella cum tibia quarti paris, tibiam - primi paris longitudine equans, tibie quarti paris longitudinem latitudine paullo superans ; humilis, dorso fere plano et a latere viso recto, fovea centrali ordinaria paullo pone medium sita, sat magna et profunda, postice latior, subgeminata; in fundo nigricans vel saltem hic illic luridus vel sub- testaceus, pube densa cinereo-albicante, subargentea tectus. Ster- num breviter ovatum, tuberculis 7 ad insertionem coxarum, ni- grum, nigro-pilosum, vitta media longitudinali fava. Oculi sub- equales ; medii in tuberculo postice humili, antice prominenti 136 DR. T. THORELL ON SPIDERS FROM NEW [ Mar. 2, positi sunt, aream rectangulam, dimidio longiorem quam latiorem occupantes ; spatium inter oculos medios anticos, ut inter medios posticos, oculi diametro evidenter, pene dimidio, majus est ;. medit antici a mediis posticis spatio ocult diametro pene triplo majore distant, eque saltem longe atque a margine clypeit. Oculi late- rales bini tuberculo sat forti impositi, intervallo disjuncti sunt quod oculi diametrum vix equat ; spatium inter oculos posticos laterules et medios duplo majus quam spatium quo distant hi inter se. Series oculorum postica desuper visa recta vel parum pro- curva; oculi laterales antici paullo longius quam medii antici a margine clypei distant. Mandibule leviter reclinate, femore antico angustiores, tibia antica vix crassiores, pene duplo et dimidio longiores quam latiores, subcylindrate, in dorso versus basin arcuato-convere, tum vero recte, in medio immo subim- presse, 3 millim. longe (patellis primi paris paullo breviores) ; nitide, pilose, picee, macula media testacea notate; sulcus unguicularis dentibus fortibus antice 4 (quorum intimus reliquis minor), postice 3 armatus. Mazxille nigre, apice intus testacee; labium nigrum, apice testaceum. Palpi fuligineo-testacei, nigro- pilosi et -setosi. Pedes sat robusti, lurido-nigri, vix evidenter pallidius annulati, coxis macula obscure testacea notatis, pre- sertim subter pube lurida vel ferrugineo-testacea vestiti, nigro- pilosi, aculeis presertim in tibiis subter longis et subappressis, sat debilibus, nigris et testaceo-fuscis ; tibia quarti paris reli- quis tibiis paullo robustiores sunt paulloque densius pilose viden- tur. Pedes primi paris 313, secundi 30, tertii 19, quarti 28 millim. longi; patella cum tibia primi paris 103, quarté paris 82 millim. Abdomen sat regulariter ovatum, dimidio saltem longius quam latius (12 millim. longum, 73 millim. latum), apice postico rotundato, antice tuberculis duobus subconicis, obtusis, haud ita magnis, circa in 1 longitudinis a margine antico distantibus, non ad ipsa latera, sed paullo magis intus locatis preditum; supra ante tubercula albicans, preterea vero obscure rufo- vel aureo- fuscum, argenteo, maculatum: tubercula postice maculis duabus argenteis occupantur ; pone has maculas due alia magis versus medium site adsunt, cum illis trapezium antice fere duplo latius quam postice, et brevius quam latius antice formantes ; preterea multis altis maculis minoribus argenteis notatum est dorsum, posterius duas series laterales formantibus; latera abdominis presertim antice striis obliquis et maculis parvis argenteis notata; venter niger, serie utringue pallida ex stria vel macula parva cum maculis binis ad latera mamillarum formata notatum. Vulva epigyni caret: constat ex area magna, transversa, nigra, plus duplo latiore quam longiore, margine fortiter elevato cireumdaia, que costa media humili in duas foveas subtransversas divisa est : margo anticus bis sinuatus est vel in medio in formam trianguli brevis retro productus ; postice lamina elevata transversa limi- tuntur he fovee, que in medio incisa est ttaque in duos lobos rotundatos divisa ; margo lateralis fovee latus exterius hujus laming amplectitur. Mamille nigricantes. 1875.] CALEDONIA, MADAGASCAR, AND REUNION. 137 Mas ignotus. Foemina jun., 10 millim. longa, differt cephalothorace et pedibus sordide testaceis, his nigro-punctatis et nigricanti-annulatis, tibiis quarti paris nigris, annulo basali testaceo ; ventre fuligineo-tes- taceo, striis trinis brevibus flavescentibus in utroque latere, punc- tisque 4 vel 6 subargenteis in medio anterius, in duo vel tria paria dispositis. Patria. Nova Caledonia, ubi sat frequens inveniri videtur hee aranea (Vinson in litt.); duas foeminas adultas ibi captas ad me misit cel. Vinson. Foeminam juniorem quoque possideo, a cel. Van Hasselt dono mihi datam, cujus patriam vero ignoro. . maritime, Keyserl.*, sine dubio valde propinqua est pulcherrima heec species, sed verisimiliter diversa: abdomen H. maritime superne sordide album esse dicitur, area obscura nigricante vel rufescente, per totam longitudinem abdominis extensa, maculis paucis albis notata et vitta undulata alba utrinque limitata ; quee in nostram speciem non quadrant. ARACHNURA SCORPIONOIDES, Vins. 1863. Arachnoura scorpionides, Vins. Aran. diles de la Réunion, cet. p. 291, pl. xiii. figs. 1, la. 1864. Hapalochrota caudata, Keys. Beschr. neuer Orbitele, in Sitz.ber. d. Isis zu Dresden, i863, p. 82 (20), tab. iii. figs. 6-11. As this species has already been described and figured, both by Vinson and Keyserling, I shall here only give some few additional remarks, founded on the examination of a female specimen from Réunion which was kindly presented to me by Dr. Vinson. The length of the whole body is 12 millims., of cephalothorax nearly 4, of abdomen 10 (the “‘tail’” about 4) millims. Breadth of cephalothorax 3q, and = length of patella + tibia of the first or second pair of legs; breadth of abdomen about 32 millims. When measured in the usual way, from the margin of cephalothorax, the proportion of the legs appears to be 2, 4, 1, 3, or 2, 1, 4, 3, the second pair being very slightly longer than the first and fourth pairs, which are of equal length (10 millims.) ; but when measured on the underside, from the base of the coxe, the fourth pair are a little longer than the others. Length of third pair of legs nearly 7, of tibia + patella I. (or II.) nearly 33 millims.; tibia 1. is nearly 2, tibia + patella IV. nearly 4, tibia IV. 2 millims. The fore central eyes are larger than the other 6, which are almost equal; the area occupied by the four central eyes is double as long as broad in front, and about half as broad again before as behind. The lateral eyes are separated by an interval evidently larger than their diameter and rather larger than the interval between the fore centrals, this latter interval. being somewhat smaller than an eye’s diameter; the space between the posterior centrals is distinctly smaller than the diameter of these eyes. The femora of the first pair are slightly incrassated on the interior side towards the apex ; they have 1, 1, 1 pale and slender * “Beitrage z. Kenntn. d. Orbitel,” in Verhandl. d. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. in Wien, xv. p. 813 (15). 138 DR. T. THORELL ON SPIDERS FROM NEW [ Mar. 2, spines on the inner, and 1, 1, 1, 1 such spines on the outer side, all towards the apex; also the tibia has 1, | such spines on the inner side; with these exceptions the legs appear to be unarmed. The posterior part of the abdomen, from the anterior mamillee, is en- circled by closely set wrinkles ; the skin of its sides, in front of the mamillee, appears to be folded into closely set, elevated, longitudinal and somewhat undulated wrinkles. The vulva is a tolerably large, blackish, transverse area close by the rima genitalis: it is thrice as broad as long, and its lateral extremities are limited by a short inward curved costa: the anterior extremities of these two costz are united by another costa curved forward and forming with them almost a “—~>, and limiting two shallow foveee. The whole belly behind the rima genitalis is yellow. According to Keyserling, the legs of the fourth pair are the longest, and the first pair slightly longer than the second; and the thighs, patella, and tibice of both first and second pair of legs are armed with spines. His two specimens were from Mauritius. Dr. Vinson tells me that he has found in the isle of Réunion a second species of Arachnura, “ couleur jaune claire, jaune citron.” Is Arachnura really a goodgenus, different from Epeira, for instance? I believe it is so, and consider, with Vinson, its chief characteristic to be the long, transversely wrinkled or annulated flexible tail, into which its abdomen is drawn out behind: this tail, says Dr. Vinson, is “susceptible d’abaissement et d’élévation, et se recourbe égale- ment vers le dos ou vers le ventre.”’ Whether the Australian Spiders described by L. Koch under the names Epeira higginsii* aud HE. feredayi+ belong to Arachaura, is uncertain, as Dr. L. Koch does not state whether the tail in these Spiders is cross-ringed or -wrinkled, as in the typical species. To judge from his figures, the tail is destitute of such wrinkles; but if E. higginsii and E. feredayi should prove in this respect to resemble A. scorpionoides, I should not hesitate to refer them to Arachnura, even though their lateral eyes are separated by a smaller interval than in A. scorpionoides. The small difference in the relative lengths of the legs (1, 2, 4, 3, or 1, 4, 2, 3) does not appear to me to be a hindrance to our uniting them with Arachaura and removing them from Epeira, from which genus they differ in the absence of spines on the legs, also in this respect showing some resemblance to A. scorpionoides, which has spines only on the first pair (or first two pairs) of legs. LATHRODECTUs GEOMETRICUS, C. Koch. (Plate XXV. fig. 4.) Obscurius vel clarius nigro- vel rufescenti-fuscus, patellis et apice tibiarum late nigricantibus, cephalothorace fere dimidio breviore quam tibia primi paris, ordinibus oculorum extremitatibus non divaricantibus ; abdomine secundum dorsum annulis angulatis tribus et vitta postica undulata geminata albicantibus notato, in lateribus fasciis 3-4 obliquis geminatis albicantibus ornato, * Die Arachn, Australiens, p. 120, tab. xi. figs. 1-16. + Ibid. p. 122, tab. xi. figs. 2, 2a. 1875.] CALEDONIA, MADAGASCAR, AND REUNION. 139 quarum apices superiores antice circu suam quisque maculam obscuriorem rotundatam plus minus distinctam curvati sunt ; ventre ad maximam partem plaga flavescente, in medio constricta occupato ; vulve margine antico tuberculum utrinque formante. Q@ ad. Long. 8-105 millim. Var. (6. Pallide fuscus, abdomine cinereo-testaceo, maculis illis ab apicibus superioribus fasciarum lateralium limitatis obscure fuscis vel nigricantibus, series duas laterales in dorso formantibus ; preterea forme principali similis. 1841. Latrodectus geometricus, C. Koch, Die Arachn. viii. p. 117, tab. celxxxiv. fig. 684. Foemina. Cephalothorar 32 millim. longus, brevior quam tibia quarti paris, fere dimidio brevior quam tibia primi paris, tibiam cum dimidia patella secundi paris longitudine equans, 3 millim. latus, latitudine longitudinem tibie secundi paris parum superans; forma in hoc genere solita, fovea ordinaria media magna profunda transversa, sulcisque cephalicis bene expressis ; Serrugineo-fuscus, tenuiter pallide pubescens, antice pilis nigris sparsus. Sternum * subtriangulum, parum longius quam latius, fuscum, linea media pallidiore notatum. Oculi subequales, laterales antici tamen reliquis, presertim mediis anticis, evidenter minores ; in series duas parallelas dispositi, series antica leviter procurva, postica et antica desuperne vise recurve; spatium inter oculos laterales paullulo minus, saltem non majus, quam spatium inter oculos medios anticos et posticos ; oculi laterales, inter se spatio oculi antici diametro dimidio majore disjuncti, a mediis ejusdem seriei intervallo hunc spatium @quante remoti sunt spatioque paullo majore, quam quo distant medii ejusdem seriet inter se. Area oculorum mediorum paullo latior postice quam antice, parum vel vie longior quam latior postice ; spatium inter oculos medios anticos oculi diametrum vir equat, intervallum inter medios pos- ticos ocult diametro evidenter majus est. Clypeus, cujus altitudo longitudine aree oculorum plus dimidio major est, mox sub oculos profunde est impressus, a latere visus subdeclivis et converxus. Mandibule longe et anguste, in dorso basi ipsa paullo convexe, preterea vero recta, longitudine patellarum secundi paris, tibiis anterioribus angustiores, triplo et dimidio saltem longiores quam latiores, nitide, leviter transverse striate et pubescentes, pallide JSerrugineo-fusce ; unguis tenuis, parum curvatus, latitudinem basalem mandibule vix longitudine superans. Maaille fusce, apice intus pallida, in labium fuscum transversum antice rotun- datum inclinate. Palpi testaceo-fusci, nigro-pilosi. Pedes tes- taceo-fusci, tenuiter pallido-pubescentes, nigro-pilosi. Pedes primi paris cephalothorace plus sextuplo longiores sunt, in exem- plo dimenso 234 millim. longi (patella cum tibia 73, tibia 54 millim.) ; pedes secundi paris 16%, tertit paris 12, quarti paris 22 (patella eorum cum tibia paullo plus 6, tibia 44) millim. longi. Abdomen globoso-ovatum, postice subacuminatum, tenuiter pubescens, obscurius vel pallidius rufescenti-fuscum ; utrinque, “~ 140 DR. T. THORELL ON SPIDERS FROM NEW [ Mar. 2, mox supra petiolum, adsunt linee due albicantes inequaliter retro et extrorsum curvate, postice fortiter divaricantes, antice interdum in maculam vel annulum dilatate; secundum medium dorsum extenditur vitta ex annulis albicantibus tribus subequali- bus et vitta geminata ejusdem coloris formata: annulus primus angulato-rotundatus est, secundus et tertius, spatio minuto tantum disjuncti, rhomboides ; tum, cum annulo tertio conjuncta, sequitur vitta sat brevis (secundum circiter quartam partem posteriorem dorsi extensa), posteriora versus angustata, utringue linea albi- cante undulata limitata. In lateribus utrinque adsunt fascie trine vel quaterne oblique longe, albicantes, apice superiore sub- recurvo suam queque maculam obscuram rotundatam antice am- plectentes, mox sub hac macula subito postice dilatate, versus apicem inferiorem (posteriorem) sensim angustato-acuminate et vitta obscura subcuneata geminate. Venter versus latera obscu- rius vel pallidius fuscus, plaga magna flavescente, in medio leviter constricta notatus, que a rima genitali pene ad mamillas exten- ditur ; ad latera mamillarum bine macule parve flave adsunt et (plerumque) inter eas macule trine parve nigricantes, his ma- culis coronam circu anum et mamillas formantibus. Area vulve elevata, transversa, nigro-fusca a latere visa tuberculum subconi- cum format, cujus in apice adest vulva sub specie fovee vel rime transversé sat parve: margo ejus posticus elevatus equaliter procurvus est, integer (non in medio incisus), margo vero anticus in medio rectus, ad utramque extremitatem in lobum brevem retro directum productus, his lobis tubercula duo assimulantibus. Mas ignotus. Pariat (8) pallidior, fusco- vel cinereo-testaceus, abdomine pallide cinereo-testaceo, pictura ut in forma principali quidem, sed magis diluta, parum distincta, maculis illis obscuris exceptis, a quibus initium capiunt fascie@ laterales: he macule utrinque 4 nigro-fusce sunt et in series duas laterales valde manifestas ordinate (conf. figuram C. Kochii, loc. cit.). Vitta media pos- tica in dorso abdominis interdum deest. Patria. Africa, America meridionalis. Exempla pauca foeminea possideo, alia in insula Madagascar (ad sinum Bombeétock) capta et a cel. Vinson communicata, alia ex Surinam, a cel. Van Hasselt missa. Var. (3 nostra eadem forma manifeste est atque L. geome- tricus, C. Koch ; hoc nomen usurpavi, quum nullum aliud certum invenire potuerim ; vix tamen est dubitandum quin sit hzee species etiam sub aliis nominibus descripta. Formam principalem secundum exempla Madagascariensia deseripsi ; var. § (cum forma principali) ex Surinam obtinui. The females of L. curacaviensis (Miill.) may easily be distinguished from the above-described Spider by a darker, black or brownish black colour, by some small differences in the relative position of the eyes and in the form of the vulva, &c. (see Thor. Rem. on Syn. p- 511). The markings of the abdomen are also different, consisting in L. curacaviensis of a long, slightly sinuated, yellowish middle band, often geminated with reddish, and terminating at the anus in = 1875. ] CALEDONIA, MADAGASCAR, AND REUNION. 141 a large yellowish or reddish spot ; the sides have each four oblique, yellowish, sometimes geminated bands, of which one, commencing above the petiolum and curved forwards and downwards, is the longest and forms with the corresponding one of the other side, when seen from above, a very large “\, open at the apex ; under this band is another smaller, almost longitudinal, and behind it two bands, tapering at the ends; but these markings are often more or less obliterated *. LATHRODECTUS CURACAVIENSIS, Miill. $ ad. Cephalothorace fusco-testaceo, vitta media et marginibus infuscatis, pedibus fusco-testaceis, apice internodiorum plus minus late nigricantibus, cephalothorace quam tibia primi paris circiter dimidio breviore ; abdomine fusco, pictura flava nigro- marginata : secundum dorsum vitta media longa, supra anum in maculam rufescenti-flavam dilatata, in lateribus fasciis trinis obliquis ; prima earum longa est, foras et retro curvata, et sub ea vitta parva conspicitur ; relique due magis recte sunt ; par primum harum fasciarum desuperne inspectum /\ magnum format ; venter plaga magna flavescente antice truncata im medio leviter constricta notatus est. Long. circa 33 millim. 1776. Aranea curacaviensis, Mill. Linn. Vollstand. Natursyst. Suppl.- u. Reg.-Band, p. 342 (= 9). l8—. Theridion curassavicum, Héring, conf. Ozanam, Etude s. le venin des Arachn. p. 29. 1860. Latrodectus malmignattus, var. tropica, Vau Hass. Stud. over d. z. g. Curagaosche Oranje-Spin, in Tijdschr. voor Entom. iu. p- 62, pl. 5. figs. 1-6 (= 9). 1873. Lathrodectus curacaviensis, Thor. Rem. on Syn. p. 511 c—?)- Mas. Cephalothorax 13 millim. longus, brevior quam tibia primi et quarti paris, tibiam cum dimidia patella secundi paris lon- gitudine circiter equans, paullo longior quam latior, forma in hoe genere solita, fovea ordinaria centrali pone medium locata, magna et profunda, impressionibus cephalicis tribusque sulcis radiantibus utrinque in parte thoracica profundis quoque ; tes- taceo-fuscus, vitta media longitudinali fuliginea, marginibusque late subinfuscatis. Clypei altitudo evidenter, pene dimidio, major quam longitudo aree oculorum mediorum. Sternum ovato-triangulum, antice late truncatum, obscurius fuscum, vitta media longitudinali subtestacea. Oculorum series antica pro- curva, ambe series desuperne vise recurve, extremitatibus non divaricantibus, sed paullo appropinquantibus: spatium inter oculos laterales paullo minus est quam spatium inter oculos medios anticos et posticos, et oculi lateralis diametrum equat. * The female of Z. curacaviensis has been carefully described and figured by Van Hasselt (/oc. infra cit.) ; the male, on the contrary, is still unknown, and a short description of a male example which Dr. Van Hasselt has kindly sent me will therefore probably not be considered out of place here. 142 DR. T. THORELL ON SPIDERS FROM NEW [ Mar. 2, Spatium inter oculos medios posticos diametro oculi non majus est, inter eos et laterales paullo majus. Area oculorum medio- rum pene quadrata, modo paullulo latior antice quam postice ; oculi medii antici reliquis paullo majores, inter se paullo lon- gius, spatio oculi diametrum fere equante, quam a lateralibus anticis sejunctt. Mandibule testaceo-fusce, subreclinate, in dorso recté, versus apicem sensim subangustate, plus duplo longtores quam latiores basi. Mazille apice extus rotundate, testaceo-fusce, apice intus pallidiores, in labium transversum Suscum apice late rotundatum paullo inelinate. Palpi tes- taceo-fusci, breves ; pars patellaris latitudine apicali vix vel parum longior, versus apicem sensim paullulo incrassata, apice oblique rotundata, ut pars femoralis basi metatarsorum anti- corum non crassior ; pars tibialis parte patellari etiam brevior, supra, exterius, in lobum oblongum foras et sursum directum, interius vero in lobum brevem intus directum producta, his lobis parti tarsali arcte adjacentibus et cum ea in clavam maximam, Semore antico plus duplo latiorem, antice latissime truncatam, semiorbiculatam vel campanulatam fere, extus et infra pro- Sunde et late excisam concretis; apex clave helice magna, plana, gyris saltem 3, e seta crassa longissima complanata nigra formata occupatur ; ipsa pars patellaris dimidiam partem clave interiorem et superiorem tantum formare videtur et suleo lon- gitudinali quasi in duas partes dividitur, interiorem majorem testaceo-fuscam, exteriorem angustiorem, obscuriorem, ferru- gineo-fuscam (hec pars interior forsitan non ad partem tarsalem, sed ad bulbum pertinet ?); angulus apicis partis tarsalis in- terior et inferior in procursum longum deorsum et paullo foras directum productus est, cujus apex ut lobus rotundatus et pilosus sub apice clave prominet ; sub hoc lobo procursus tenuis pallidus deorsum curvatus adest. Pedes graciles, testaceo-fusci, patellis apice, tibiis annulo versus apicem et preterea summo apice nigri- cantibus, reliquis internodiis quoque apice anguste et plus minus distincte infuscatis. Tuibie supra setas binas erectas ostendunt ; preterea pedes pube et pilis nigris appressis minus dense vestiti sunt. Pedes primi paris cephalothorace circa 64 longiores, 93 millim. (tibia cum patella 22, tibia paullo plus 2), secundi paris 6, tertii 43, quarti 83 (tibia cum patella 23, tibia 12) millim. longi. Abdomen subovatum, pilis pallidis longioribus sparsum, cinerascenti-fuscum, vitta media longa flavescente per dorsum extensa et supra anum in maculam rufescenti-flavam leviter dila- tata ornatum, in lateribus vero fasciis duabus longis flavis deorsum et retro curvatis, supra petiolum initium capientibus, posteriora versus valde divaricantibus, “~~ magnum, quum desuperne inspi- citur cephalothorax, formantibus, et sub utraque earum, antice, vitta parva fere longitudinali notato, magis vero postice fasciis binis transversis obliquis flavis, omnibus his vittis et fasctis an- guste nigro marginatis. Venter nigricans, plaga magna media flavescente antice truncata, in medio leviter angustata. Foeminee diagn. et descr. vid. in Van Hasselt, /oc. cit. 1875. ] CALEDONIA, MADAGASCAR, AND REUNION. 143 Patria hujus speciei America meridionalis (Curacao, Aruba, Bo- naire, et cet.). Locum, ubi inventus fuerit mas supra descriptus, iguoro, Respecting the habits and supposed venomousness of this Spider, conf. Ozanam, and especially Van Hasselt, locis cit. Heteropopa? viripis (Vins.). 1863. Olios viridis, Vins. Aran. de la Réun. ceé¢. p. 103, pl. xi. fig. 2. “OF this species only one female example (from Madagascar) was received ; it appears to be not fully adult, which may account for a few differences between Vinson’s description and what I have observed. The beautiful pale-green colour of living specimens is, as has been remarked by Dr. Vinson, totally lost when the animal is placed in spirit of wine ; it then becomes of a dull brownish yellow, with the slightly incrassated tarsal joint of the palpi brownish black, only a little paler at the base and apex. The cephalothorax is 4 millims. long and 4 millims. broad ; it is tolerably high and rather convex above, being highest just behind the base of the second pair of legs, sloping gradually and slightly towards the eyes; the hind slope is shorter and more abrupt. The cephalic grooves are faint ; the hind slope has a longitudinal, rather strong, central groove, about as long as the mandibles. The height of the clypeus nearly equals the dia- meter of the fore central eyes. The eye-series are almost perfectly parallel, the anterior nearly straight, very little curved forwards ; the posterior series, seen from above, is straight and longer than the anterior ; the fore lateral eyes are evidently larger, the hind centrals smaller than the other eyes. The area occupied by the central eyes is somewhat larger behind than in front, scarcely shorter than broad behind. The anterior central eyes are separated by an interval about as great as the diameter of an eye, and a little greater than the interval which separates them from the anterior laterals. The eyes of the posterior row are equally distant from each other, their interval being about twice as great as the diameter of the posterior lateral eyes. The lateral eyes are nearly equal ; their interval is about once and a half the diameter of an eye, and little or nothing smaller than the interval between the fore and hind centrals. The mandibles are 13 millim. long (= patella of the fourth pair), double as long as broad, nearly as thick as the fore thighs, rather equally convex lon- itudinally, shining, reddish yellow, with long, rather scarce, pale faite ; the anterior margin of the claw-furrow is thickly ciliated, the posterior armed with about five smali teeth, of which the two inner are the longest. The maxillee are convex, scarcely half as long again as broad, somewhat narrowed towards the base, with both the exterior and interior side of the apex truncatedly rounded ; they are very slightly inclined towards the labium, which is not half as long as the maxillz, at least double as broad as long, with the apex broadly rounded. The first pair of legs are 19 millims. long (patella + tibia 62, tibia 5), second pair 193, third pair 13, fourth pair 16 millims, (their patella + tibia 54, tibia nearly 4 millims.). The legs 144. DR. T. THORELL ON SPIDERS FROM NEW (Mar. 2, are armed with tolerably numerous spines, which are very long and appressed on the underside of the tibize and metatarsi: the thighs of the first pair of legs, for instance, have above 1, 1, before and behind 1, 1, 1, beneath 2, 2 spines; their patella has one spine behind, the tibia and metatarsus before and behind 1, 1, beneath 2, 2 spines, the tibia, moreover, one spine above. The tarsi are fusi- form, convex longitudinally above ; their underside, like that of the anterior metatarsi, is provided with a scopula. This species must probably be removed from Heteropoda (Latr.), Thor.* (of which genus dranea venatoria, Linn., Olios leucosios, Walck., is typical), and should perhaps be made the type of a separate genus. PHRYNARACHNE f FoKa (Vins.). 1863. Thomisus foka, Vins. Aran. de la Réunion, cet. p. 69, pl. xiv. fig. 4. 1865. Thomisus foka, Vins. Voyage 4 Madagascar, p. 186, pl. iv. fig. 3. It is very uncertain whether this species be the true ‘‘foka” or “ fook”’ of the natives of Madagascar ; as to their opinions regarding the venomousness of that redoubted Spider vide Vinson, Aran. de la Réunion, &c. p. 71. But in his letter to me Dr. Vinson says :— « Depuis mon voyage 4 Madagascar, j’ai des doutes sur les qualités vénéneuses qu’on préte a cette araignée. Je l’ai trouvée a la Réunion (la méme) fort inoffensive. La fameuse Foka ou Fouque, comme disent les Malgaches, serait le fameux Hresus guérini qui habite aussi l’Algérie. C’était ma premiére opinion par analogie de contrée et de voisinage géographique, et j’y reviens. Je n’ai pu jusqu’a présent toutefois approfondir cette question.” The specimen sent me by Dr. Vinson, an adult female, is from Madagascar. Its colour is dark reddish brown, with exception of the tibize, metatarsi, and tarsi, and the tibial and tarsal joints of the palpi, which parts are of a bluish black colour. The structural details contained in the following description may in*some degree serve as a complement to that given by Dr. Vinson. Foemina. Cephalothorax pene 6 millim. longus, 53 millim. latus, tibiam cum patella primi paris longitudine saltem equans, lat. frontis leviter rotundate 22 millim., lateribus partis thoracice fortiter et ample rotundatis ; margine postico emarginato ; altis- simus, a medio anteriora et posteriora versus satis equaliter declivis, declivitate postica nitida, fere levi, fovea media rotun- data mediocri, parum profunda ; preterea tuberculis magnis et parvis undique valde inaequalis et scaber, tuberculis majoribus plerisque partis cephalice in ordines longitudinales tres minus equales ordinatis, impressionibus cephalicis parum expressis ; clypeus scaber et tuberculatus, non directus, sed cum mandibulis * On Eur. Spid. pp. 174, 177. + Phrynarachne, Thor. 1869, = Phrynoides, Sim., 1864 (vide Thor., On Eur. Spid. pp. 37, 182). [Pkrynoidis, Fitz. (Reptil.), 1843.] 1875. | CALEDONIA, MADAGASCAR, AND REUNION. 145 proclivis, longitudinem aree oculorum mediorum altitudine non equans. Sternum ovatum, pene dimidio longius quam latws, antice leviter emarginatum, tuberculis minutis suum quoque pilum gerentibus obsitum. Oculorum series antica fortius, pos- tica levius recurva; oculi laterales antici reliquis fere duplo majores, oculi medii posticit evidenter sed non multo minores quam laterales postici et medii antici, qui fere equales sunt. Area oculorum mediorum pene quadrata, paullulo modo latior postice quam antice et eque longa atque lata antice. Oculi antici medi spatiis fere equalibus inter se, a mediis posticis et a margine clypei disjuncti, his spatiis oculi medii antici diametro circiter quadruplo majoribus, et evidenter sed non dimidio majo- ribus quam spatium quo a lateralibus anticis remoti sunt medit antici. Oculi medii postici paullulo longius inter se quam a lateralibus posticis distant ; intervallum inter oculos laterales cir- citer dimidio minus est quam spatium inter medios anticos et posticos, vel inter posticos medios et laterales, sed paullo majus quam spatium inter anticos medios et laterales. Quum oblique a latere et ab antice inspicitur cephalothoraz, oculi laterales cum oculo medio antico ejusdem lateris lineam rectam designant. Mandibule versus apicem sensim angustate, subconice, 24 millim. longe, fere duplo longiores quam latiores basi, a latere vise angulato-convere, latere exteriore ad basin in costam ele- vato, dorso ad basin exterius in formam fere trianguli subplano et tuberculis minutis tantum scabro; preterea vero in dorso tuberculis majoribus et minoribus inequales et scabre sunt man- dibule pilisque brevioribus sparse ; sulcus unguicularis antice dentibus paucis parvis armatus et dense ciliatus ; unguis parvus, longitudine latitudinem apicis mandibule vix superans. Maville parallele, vie in labium inclinate, longe et anguste, saltem duplo longiores quam latiores, in latere exteriore leviter sinuate, apice extus rotundate, apice intus late et oblique truncate. Labium mazillis duplo brevius, paullo longius quam latius basi, ovato-triangulum, apice obluso. Palpi metatarsis anticis paullo angustiores, superficie inequali et scabra, aculeati et pilosi, parte tibiali vie longiore quam paiellari, dimidio longiore quam latiore; pars tarsalis versus apicem sat fortiter angustata, subacuminata, parte priore plus dimidio longior. Pedes valde robusti, preser- tim anteriores, inequales valde et scabri, coxis subter fere levibus, nitidis, aculeis brevibus armati, aculeis subter in tibiis et meta- tarsis paullo longioribus et fortioribus. In tibiis anterioribus aculet inferius utrinque binas series formant. Unguiculi tarsorum versus basin dense pectinati. Pedes primi paris 16 millim. longi (patella cum tibia 54, tibia 3 millim.); secundi paris iis parum breviores ; quarti paris, qui tertii paris pedibus paullo longiores sunt, 103 millim. longi (patella cum tibia 33, tibia 2 millim.). Abdomen subpentagonum, antice subtruncatam, posteriora versus sensim paullo dilatatum, versus anum rursus subito et Sortiter angustatum, subacuminatum, cute dura valde inequali et rugosa tectum: latera ejus in tubercula magna vel quasi mammulas Proc. Zoou. Soc.— 1875, No. X. 10 146 DR. T., THORELL ON SPIDERS FROM NEW [Mar. 2, elevata sunt, que inferius minora sunt quam supra: preterea supra et in lateribus tuberculis humilibus sparsum est, que vel rotunda vel oblonga sunt, sulco suo quodque circumdata, in dorso, ubi pleraque in series duas longitudinales undulatas ordinata sunt, nitida, leviora, in mammulis magnis lateralibus magis scabra et inequalia. Supra anum rugas aliquot transversas ostendit abdo- men. Vulva valde simplex: ex fovea parva constare videtur, que antice callo nitido subprocurvo limitatur. Mamiille postice anticis longiores, articulo primo cylindrato, paullo longiore quam latiore, secundo parvo; mamille antice crassiores sunt quam postice, subconice, articulo primo multo breviore quam latiore basi; media reliquis multo angustiores, anticas longitudine pane equantes. Patria. Inss. Madagascar et Réunion: MISUMENA VINSONII, 0. sp. Cephalothorace rufescenti-fusco, granulato, posterius fortiter ele- vato, longitudine patellam, tibiam et metatarsum quarti paris conjunctim equante; oculis lateralibus tuberculo obtuso impositis ; pedibus cum palpis testaceis, metatarsis apice cum tarsis infus- catis, tantum subter in tibiis et metatarsis aculeis brevissimis armatis ; abdomine subpentagono, flavescente, in lateribus ad longi- tudinem, postice vero transverse rugoso, his rugis nigro-punctatis, supra punctis 5 majoribus nigris notato. 2 adult. (?) Long. circa 10 millim. Femina. Cephalothoraz eque latus atque longus, 43 millim., patellam + tibiam + metatarsum quarti paris longitudine equans, lateribus partis thoracice fortiter et amplissime rotundatis, antice sensim (et stnu levi mox pone oculos) angus- tatus, fronte leviter rotundata, 2} mitllim. lata, margine postico leviter rotundato et in medio paullo emarginato ; pone medium altus valde, pene gibbosus, a latere visus dorso anteriora versus ad oculos secundum lineam leviter concavo-curvatam sensim proclivi, postice secundum lineam pene rectam, modo levissime arcuato- (convexo-) curvatam declivi, hac declivitate postica sat longa et prerupta, fere plana, levi et nitida, fovea media ovata sat magna; preterea granulis parvis nitidioribus sat densis scaber est cephalothorax, impressionibus cephalicis parum expressis, rufescenti- vel testuceo-fuscus, fascia trans- versa clariore subtestacea inter oculos; oculi laterales bint tuberculo obliquo obtuso impositi (hoc tuberculo non acumi- nato neque in spinam producto) ; clypeus fere directus, alti- tudine dimidiam aree oculorum mediorum longitudinem non multo superans. Sternum subovatum, antice leviter truncato- emarginatum, subtestaceum. Area oculorum triangulum antice truncatum format fere; series antica fortiter recurva est, postica, desuper visa, leviter modo vecurva; oculi laterales antici reliquis oculis non parum majores sunt, medii postici paullo minores quam laterales postici, qui pene eque magni sunt atque medii antici. Area oculorum mediorum rectangula, 1875.] CALEDONIA, MADAGASCAR, AND REUNION. 147 circa ¢ longior quam latior ; oculi medii antici vix vel parum longius inter se quam a luteralibus anticis remoti, hoc intervallo oculi medii diametro eirciter quadruplo majore; medii antici longius a mediis posticis quam a margine clypei remoti; oculi laterales intervallo disjuncti, quod paullo minus est quam spa- tium inter oculos anticos laterales et medios, et pene duplo minus quam spatium inter medios anticos et posticos; ocult medit postici paullo longius a lateralibus posticis quam inter se distantes. Mandibule longitudine tibiam quarti paris (pa- tellis anterioribus breviores) basi tibiam primi paris crassitie saltem equantes, versus apicem sensim angustate, tamen apice sat late truncate, non in margine exteriore sinuate, in dorso sat fortiter convere, ipsa basi fere plane, ibique. in latere exteriore subelevato-marginate ; tenuiter rugulose et trans- verse substriate, pilis brevibus sparse, rufescenti-fusce, apice intus longius pilose, marginibus sulci unguicularis dense ciliatis ; unguis brevis, fortiter curvatus. Mazille longe et anguste, plus duplo longiores quam latiores, in latere exteriore leviter sinuate, apice rotundate, testacee, in labium iis pene duplo brevius, oblongum, in lateribus leviter rotundatum, versus apicem rotundato-acuminatum sensim angustatum leviter incli- nate. Palpi breves, crassitie metatarsorum, aculeis brevibus sparsi, pilosi, testacet; pars tarsalis versus apicem obtusum sensim angustata, parte tibiali vir dimidio longior. Pedes testacei, metatarsis apice late cum tarsis infuscatis ; anteriores longi et fortes; omnes granulis parvis, suum quoque pilum brevem appressum gerentibus dense scabris, remanentibus tamen supra in femoribus, patellis, tibiis et metatarsis (saltem ad partem) vittis binis sat latis levibus. Femora et patelle omnes, ut tibie et metatarsi posteriores, aculeis carere viden- tur; tibie anteriores subter versus apicem aculeos paucos, omnium brevissimos, in series binas ordinatos habent, meta- tarsi anteriores subter series duas in medio abruptas aculeo- rum brevium nigrorum ostendunt, circiter 6 in utraque serie. Tarsi anteriores versus apicem late truncatum sensim paullo incrassate. Pedes primi paris 16 millim. longi (patella cum tibia 53, tibia 31 millim.); secundi paris fere 153, tertii 8, quarti paullo plus 9 millim.; patella cum tibia quarti paris 3, tibia pene 1% millim. Abdomen subpentagonum, postice utringue subangulatum; antice truncatum est, tum lateribus subrectis ad circa = longitudinis gradatim paullo dilatatum, deinde lateribus leviter rotundatis angustato-acuminatum, hac parte postica rotundato-declivi; circa 5} millim. longum et latum, in lateribus ad longitudinem, in declivitate posticu trans- verse sat dense sulcatum, his sulcis punctis nigris impressis sat densis, hic illic in lineis confluentibus, notatis ; dorsum puncetis ejusmodi minutis sparsum est, anterius vero et in medio puncta 5 majora nigra ostendit, quarum 4 posteriores in rectangulum subtransversum ordinate sunt; ad ipsum marginem anticum series transversa punctorum ejusmodi purvorum adest. Venter 10* 148 ON SPIDERS FROM NEW CALEDONIA ETC. {Mar. 2, subtestaceus, basi nigricans ; loco vulve callus transversus fer- rugineo-fuscus adest. Mamille postice cylindrate, multo angustiores et paullo longiores quam antice, que crasse et conice sunt; mamille media fere duplo angustiores et breviores quam postice. Mas ignotus. Patria. Madagascar, ubi hance speciem detexit cel. Alf. Gran- dic’ ~ 1s Species is no doubt closely allied to Thomisus tripunctatus, Lucas*; but I do not think that it is identical with that West-A frican species. In Th. tripunctatus, according to Lucas, the cephalothorax is prolonged on either side anteriorly (between the lateral eyes) into ‘*a very sharp spine,” the mandibles are constricted or sinuated on the outer side towards the apex, and the third pair of legs are longer than the fourth pair &c., which is not the case in the above-described Spider from Madagascar, kindly sent me by Dr. Vinson. In naming this Spider after Dr. Vinson I only utter a feeble ex- pression of my respect for his scientific merits and my thankfulness for the kindness he has shown me. PrvucetTiA Lucasit (Vins.). 1863. Sphasus lucasii, Vins. Aran. d. iles de la Réun. p. 35, pl. xiii. fig. 3. The colour of this beautiful Spider is much changed in examples preserved in spirit of wine; the cephalothorax is of a dull and pale olive-green colour, the pars cephalica being limited posteriorly by a large \/ of a paler yellowish tint. The legs are yellowish brown, somewhat paler towards their base, brownish black at the extremity; the trochanters are blackish ; the thighs and patelle have a narrow blackish ring or spot at the apex. ‘The abdomen is greenish, with a brownish band along the middle of the back; this band is limited on either side by a whitish band or line, which anteriorly, towards the base of the abdomen, is continued by a series of about four un- equal, somewhat oblique, whitish spots. The olive-greenish belly shows two longitudinal yellow bands or lines, the space between these bands being of a darker brownish tint. The two small fore eyes are separated from each other (and from the large middle eyes) by an interval equalling their diameter; the interval between the large (fore) middle eyes is evidently greater than their diameter, but scarcely greater than the interval between them and the hind lateral eyes. The area of the four central eyes is about one fourth larger in front than behind, as long as broad in front; the fore central eyes are separated from the hind centrals by an interval about double as great as the diameter of the largest eyes. The hind series of eyes is slightly curved forward; these eyes are nearly of the same size (the centrals, however, slightly larger than the laterals), and are separated by nearly equal intervals, at least as great as the diameter of the hind centrals. The height of the clypeus is somewhat greater than * Descr. d. Arachn. qui habitent le Gabon (Voyage au Gabon), in Thomson, Archives Entomol. ii. p. 24, pl. xii. figs. 3, 3a. 1875. | MR. E. L. LAYARD ON NEW BIRDS FROM FIJI. 149 the length of the whole eye-area. The form of the vulva is very complicated ; this organ consists chiefly of a large, broad, almost triangular or heart-shaped, corneous, slightly elevated, uneven black- ish area, the base of which is directed forwards; this area shows a longitudinal furrow in the middle, and two other shorter and oblique ones on each side: in front the vulva is limited by a raised margin curved backwards ; and in the almost half-moon-shaped space between this margin and the base of the triangular area are two corncous obtuse teeth proceeding from the angles, and directed inwards'T.nd forwards. The two examples seen by me are females. In the larger of them the length of the cephalothorax is 63 millims., its breadth 5 millims., breadth of forehead (clypeus) 3 millims., height of clypeus 13 millim. ; length of mandibles 3 millims. ; first pair of legs 32 millims. (patella + tibia 103, tibia 8), second pair 29, third pair 22, fourth pair 24 (patella + tibia 7%, tibia 6) millims.; length of abdomen 113, breadth 54 millims. From Madagascar. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV. Fig. 1. Nephila labillardierii 2, p. 1380. Cephalothorax and abdomen, seen from above. 2. Nephila labillardierit 2, var. 3. Epeira cupidinea 9, p. 135. 4, Lathrodectus geometricus 2, p. 138. Abdomen, seen in profile. 6. Descriptions of some supposed new Species of Birds from the Fiji Islands. By E. L. Layarp, F.Z.S., H.B.M.C, administering the Government. [Received February 24, 1875.] 1. LALAGE NIGROGULARIS, Sp. Nov. General colour above brown, below cinereous ; top of head cinereous; each feather having a pale edge, presents a slightly scaled appearance ; wing-feathers brown, inner webs darkest, outer webs slightly tinged with greenish yellow on the outer edge; tail-feathers in strong light closely barred ; covering the nostrils is a patch of black extending into a broadish eyebrow : this coalesces with the black of the throat behind the ear, which is covered by a large white patch; above the black eye- brow a faint whitish streak ; chin and upper portion of throat black, this separated from the cinereous of the underparts by a broken, irregular, white band; vent and under tail-coverts whitish, tinged with isabella colour; underside of wing- and tail-feathers paler than the upper, the latter much paler at the tips ; upper edge of the wing inside deep black ; axillaries whitish ; bill and legs blue, changing into black after death ; iris brown. Length 8", wing 4! 1!", tail 3! ol! tarsi 1 1", bill. yt git, This description is taken from a male in full breeding-plumage, testes well developed, shot on the 16th of November, on the hills at the back of Levuka. The natives to whom it was shown did not know 150 MR. E. L, LAYARD ON NEW BIRDS FROM riJt. | Mar. 2, it, and had no name for it. Another, probably the female, was in com- pany with it; but before the gun could be recharged it made off. Its stomach contained insects, which its strong hooked bill eminently fits it to capture and tear in pieces. Its resemblance in this respect is so Shrike-like that Mr. Kleinsmidt, a gentleman whose name is well known in connexion with Fijian zoology, exclaimed, at the first glance, “ It is a Shrike.” I have no description of the genus Lalage, and therefore place it therein with some hesitation ; but I know not where else it can be located, and its general appearance seems to tally with the form of L. banksiana, figured in Brenchley’s ‘ Cruise of the Curacoa.’ 2. TaTare ? viRIDIS, sp. nov. Male. General colour throughout uniform olive-green, tinged with yellow ; inner webs of primaries very dark green, outer webs golden green; shafts of wing- and tail-feathers black above, pale yellow below ; underside of wing pale buff; plumage somewhat lax; tail- feathers pointed ; first quill of wing half the length of third, second quill much shorter than the third, which is shorter than the fourth; fourth, fifth, and sixth equal ; seventh and others succeeding gradu- ated. Bill and legs light orange, the former much curved, the latter strong, broadly scutellated in front, none behind. Length 10"; wing 5! 2! ; bill 1!" 10’; tarst 1 6'. Claws dark horn-colour, much curved. This singular bird, of which the native name is To¢i, was procured in the mountain-regions of Taviuni, one of the Fiji Islands, by Lieut. Liardet, late of H.M. Navy. He describes it as ‘‘ creeping’’ about the trunks of trees. Another was in company, but escaped. Iris deep red; tongue long, brushed at the tip. 3. PACHYCEPHALA TORQUATA, Sp. Nov. Male. Back, wings, and tail very dark, almost black, shaded with green on the outer edges of all the wing-feathers and back ; tip of tail pale ; head above black ; all the underparts of body and flexure of wing bright orange; the gorget crossed by a broadish crescent- shaped black collar ; at the back of the neck or nape an indistinct (specimen badly preserved) orange collar; underside of wings and tail lighter than above, the inner edges of the secondaries buff; tip of tail pale; bill black ; legs horn-brown. Length (circa) 7"; wing SLO! tail oS tare 1s bill 1" Female. Red-brown above, much paler beneath; chin rufous ; edges of wing-feathers and vent rufous. Shot in the mountains of Taviuni by Lieut. Liardet. Described as very quick in its motions and restless, always on the move. Its native name is Kula-oso. P. vitiensis is similar in its habits. 4. PacHYCEPHALA MACRORHYNCHA, Sp. nov. General colour throughout reddish brown, paler on the underside, palest on the chin, reddest about the rump; tip of tail pale; bill very large, black; legs bluish. Length (cirea) 7"; wing 3! 6!; tail 3"; bill 1/2; tarsi 10/". Iris dark brown. Sex unknown. 1875.] MR. GARROD ON THE TRACHEA OF CERTAIN DUCKS. 151 This species was also procured by Lieut. Liardet in the mountains of Taviuni. Native name di-sou. 5. CHRYSG@NA VIRIDIS, Sp. DOV. Male. General colour darkish green; head soiled golden yellow without gloss; under tail-coverts bright chrome-yellow ; thighs, lower part of belly, and vent French grey ; the green of the back and sides of the chest glossed with gold; these feathers have the V-shaped termination as in Péilinopus ; and the first primary shows a tendency to narrowing as in that genus. Primaries edged with yellow, secon- daries brilliant green; the inner webs of both golden yellow, as is the underside of the flexure and the inside of the wing ; underparts less brilliant than the upper, except on the chest, where there is a beautiful green sheen in certain lights; bill blue-black, tip pale livid; legs very dark crimson; iris yellowish. Length 7!; wing 4" 6!; tail 2" 3!; tarsi 10!; bill 10!" Female. Less brilliantly coloured, especially about the head. I obtained this lovely species at Kandavu on the 8th of August, evidently breeding, the testes ot the males being enormously de- veloped. It fed on the berries of a species of banian, and appeared to be not very uncommon. One of the naturalists of the ‘ Chal- lenger,’ Dr. von Suhm, obtained several specimens, but wrongly iden- tified it as C. luteovirens, which he did not procure. I agreed with him at the time, till I obtained specimens for myself, and, finding it in the full breeding-stage, came to the conclusion that my first im- pression of it being C. duteovirens not in breeding dress must be erroneous, The acquisition of C. luteovirens in all stages showed me, beyond a doubt, that it is distinct ; I therefore describe it as an addition to the genus Chrysena. I have been puzzled by the natives identifying the female of this and of C. luteovirens with C. victor of Gould; but I think I may now affirm, from both native and European testimony, that the female and young male of that species are green, as are those of C. luteovirens. C. victor is more widely distributed than I at first thought; it has been obtained at Lanthala, Bua, Ngamea, and Taviuni. The natives call it “Bulindamu;” at Kandavu they called C. viridis *Sokulu;”’ on Ovalau they designate C. luteovirens by the name of “ Buniaco.’’ The Carpophagus and Columba vitiensis they call ‘ Ribé’’ (Rubey), and Phlegenas stairi “ Ngilu’’*. 7. On the Form of the Lower Larynx in certain Species of Ducks. By A. H. Garrop, F.Z.8. [Received March 2, 1875.] The present communication contains descriptions of the condition of the lower larynx in some rare members of the dnatide, which are not referred to in the works of either Mr. Eyton or Mr. Yarrell, * Italian vowels. 152 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE [ Mar. 2, 1. SARCIDIORNIS MELANOTA (Gmm.): Sclater, Rev. Cat. Vert. p. 241. To Mr. Eyton, who established the genus to which this peculiar bird belongs, the visceral anatomy was unknown ; and I am not aware of any subsequent description of it having been published. A pair were purchased by the Society on the 18th of September, 1867, the female of which died on the 10th of March, and the male on the 18th of October last year ; these are the specimens which I have examined. In both sexes the diameter of the trachea diminishes slightly at its lower extremity before it again expands a little to end in the syrinx. As in birds generally, the tracheal rings are complete and notched in the middle line before and behind, in such a way that where they meet the two halves overlap and are overlapped respectively by the rings above and below them. The lower tracheal rings, however, in both sexes are much thinned in front, as is the case in the male of Harelda glacialis*; they are not ossified together. In the male Sarcidiornis melanota (fig. 1) there are 20 anterior, Fig. 2. ‘Fig. 3. ra “4 ail ‘vem - near it~. "a ae = ai ap. = wm Fig. 1. Lower part of trachea of Sarcidiornis melanota 3. Fig. 2. Ditto of Sarcidiornis melanota 9 Fig. 3. Ditto of Rhodonessa caryophyllacea @ . membrane-covered fenestrae, formed in the intervals between these * Vide figs. Eyton’s ‘ Anatide,’ plate opposite p. 65; Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, vol. iii. p. 261, 1875.] TRACHEA OF CERTAIN DUCKS. 153 thinned rings ; in the female (fig. 2) there are only 12 of the same. In the latter there is no lateral ‘diverticulum from the syrinx ; but in the former, from the left side, as usual, one is developed, entirely osseous, irregularly compressed, and very small, not having a di- ameter in any part greater than that of the trachea itself (vide figs. 1 & 2). In as male specimen the ceca are 3 and 23 inches long; in the female not quite 2 inches. Their diameter is inconsiderable, not exceeding $ ofaninch. The whole intestinal canal measures between 43 and 5 feet ; and the gizzard is decidedly small, not being bigger than that of a common Duck (Anas boschas). 2, RHODONESSA CARYOPHYLLACEA (Lath.). Anas caryophyllacea, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 110. This rare Duck is generally placed in the genus Anas; by Mr. Eyton, however, it is considered to belong to the Fuliguline; and that ornithologist puts it, along with Fuligula rufina, in the genus Callichen. A pair purchased by the Society on the 12th of January last year, Fig. 4. Lower part of trachea of Rhodonessa caryophyllacea 3 (front view). Fig. 5. Ditto (side view). died, the female on the 11th and the male on the 15th of March, 1874. From these two specimens I was able to remove the windpipes for examination. The structure of the syrinx of the male is in favour of 154 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE [ Mar. 2, the Fuliguline affinities of the genus ; and the trachea presents points of superficial similarity to that of the last-described bird, Sarev- diornis melanota, as will be seen by a comparison of the accompany- ing drawings (figs. 1-5) of the lower portion of the windpipes in the two. In the female (fig. 3) there is no lateral diverticulum, the syrinx being simple. ‘The lower end of the trachea is hardly con- tracted at all. There is, however, a slight thinning of the anterior portions of some of the inferior tracheal rings, as in the female of Sarcidiornis melanota, though to a less extent—a small, transverse, anterior fenestra being the result. In the Rhodonessa the syrinx proper is nevertheless differently constructed, the last five or six tracheal rings being consolidated together, the fenestration being situated higher up ; whilst in the Sarcidiornis the fenestration of the unanchylosed rings continues as low down as the bronchial bifurca- tion (vide figs. 3, 4, & 5). In the male Rhodonessa caryophyllacea (figs. 4 & 5) the lower portion of the trachea is less capacious than a little higher up, where a slight fusiform dilatation occurs. Above the large syringeal box there are in front 15 transverse fenestree formed between the thinned tracheal rings, as in the Sarcidiornis and Harelda. Below them the syrinx is formed by a considerable dilatation in two directions—one to the left, which is the larger and has semimembranous walls ; the other slightly to the right, inferior in position to the former. This latter is simply osseous, no fenestree being present in it; it intrudes upon the right side as well as the left in front. The last 12 or so tracheal rings are considerably dilated and co-ossified, the two above-mentioned compartments being connected with the cavity formed by their fusion through a single left-sided orifice, the left bronchus springing from the membraniform cavity. The czeca are not quite equal in size, being 24 and 1? inches long ; the whole intestine measured 4 feet. 3. Metop1ana PEeposaCa (Vieill.): Sclater, Rev. Cat. Vert. p. 255. Of this bird Mr. Sclater mentions* that ‘it has a large bulbous expansion in the windpipe.”” This I have found in all the male specimens which I have examined. Its distance above the bifurea- tion of the bronchi is best estimated from the accompanying sketch (fig. 6, p. 155) which is of the natural size. A similar tracheal dila- tation is to be observed in the male of Melanitta fusca, that in Clan- gula histrioniea being much less considerable. Ina male, purchased on the 6th of July, 1870, which died on the 7th of January last, the syringeal box (see figs. 6 & 7) is constructed on the same type as in Fuligula rufina and F. ferina, being mostly composed of membrane, with an intersecting, oblique, simple osseous bar running across near the upper margin of its outer side. There is also some dilatation of the consolidated rings which go to form the lower portion of the trachea; this is to be observed on both the right and left sides, the box being connected with the latter only. In the female no box is developed. The trachea narrows slightly above the syringeal box. * P.Z. 8. 1868, p. 146. 1875.] TRACHEA OF CERTAIN DUCKS. Trachea of Metopiana peposaca g (front view). 0 3) 156 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. | Mar. 16, Fig. 7. Lower part of trachea of Metopiana peposaca 3 (side view). The czeca in this specimen were 53 and 6 inches in length, the whole intestinal canal measuring 43 feet. March 16, 1875. Dr, A. Giinther, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. The Secretary made the following report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie during February 1875 :— The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena- gerie during the month of February was 146; of which 1 was by birth, 20 were by presentation, 112 by purchase, 6 received in ex- change, and 7 received on deposit. The total number of departures during the same period by death and removals was 96. The most noticeable additions during the month were :— 1. A Peguan Tree-Shrew (Tupaia peguana), presented by the Hon. Ashley Eden, C.S.I., Chief Commissioner, Rangoon, British Burmah. This is believed to be the first living Tupaia of any species that has reached Europe. 2. A Blanford’s Squirrel (Sciurus blanfordi), presented by Mrs. Dunn, 8th February. This Squirrel was received in the same cage as the Tree-Shrew, and is so much like it in general external appear- M&N.Hanhart imp J}. Smt del.& lith CHRYSOTIS XANTHOLORA 1875. ] CAPT. J. BIDDULPH ON OVIS POLII. 157 ance as almost to lead to the idea that we have here a case of mimetic resemblance on the part of the insectivorous mammal. 3. Four Quica Opossums (Didelphys quica), a mother and three young, purchased 12th February. These are the first examples of this species we have as yet received. 4, A yellow-lored Amazon (Chrysotis xantholora), purchased 26th February, being the first example of this rare Parrot received alive. Mr. Salvin (Ibis, 1874, p. 327) has lately shown that Yucatan is the true habitat of this species. The only specimens of it in this country are, I believe, those in the British Museum, obtained by Mr. Dyson, upon which Mr. Gray based his description. The accom- panying figure (Plate XX VI.) will serve to make this species better known. We have likewise a living example of the nearly allied Chry- sotis albifrons. The following communication, addressed to the Secretary by Capt. John Biddulph, dated Government House, Calcutta, Nov. 5, 1874, was read :— «‘ While we were in Kashgar, numerous specimens of a gigantic wild sheep were brought in from the Thien-Shan range by Colonel Gordon’s party. This was taken by us to be the O. polit; anda drawing of the animal by Colonel Gordon was sent to the Society, and published in the ‘ Proceedings ’ (1874, p. 425, pl. liii.). “In our trip to Wahhan and back in April and May, numerous specimens of the horns of the O. polti were picked up on the Pamir and brought away. Those of our party who had seen the wild sheep alive on the Thien-Shan, pronounced it to be identical with the O. polii we saw on the Pamir, though it was remarked by us at the time that the Pamir horns ran larger than the Thien-Shan ones—the latter, on fine full-grown animals, not measuring as a rule over 48 inches from base to tip, measured round the curve, whereas on the Pamir any number of horns averaging from 50 to 60 inches could be picked up ; and one head was picked up measuring 65 inches. “ Tt was not till I arrived in Calcutta that I had an opportunity of seeing the two together, when I was at once struck by the great dif- ferences in shape and general appearance. «‘ After a careful examination of the few specimens available, and the photographed animals of the Thien-Shan, I cannot help coming to the conclusion that they differ sufficiently to warrant the idea that they are distinct animals. “«« The accompanying drawings, carefully made to scale, will give a good idea of the two heads. “The chief characteristic of the O. polit head is the bold and elegant sweep of the horns, of which the tips diverge so much in the second curve as to be 48 and 50 inches apart in heads of an average size. «The head of the Thien-Shan Sheep approaches somewhat in ap- pearance the head of the O. ammon, the horns being more massive at the base than the O. polii, and not diverging at the points to the 158 MR. H. SAUNDERS ON A CALIFORNIAN GULL. [Mar. 16, same extent; in fact the second curve is not so decided as in the O. polit; but the first curve is much rounder. “TI am therefore inclined to believe that the wild sheep of the Thien-Shan belongs to a species hitherto not described. It certainly is not the O. ammon of the Himalayas, as it differs not only in the shape of the horns but also in being of a smaller size, having a longer tail and smaller ears. “A full description of the Thien-Shan Ovis was sent to the Zoo- logical Society with the drawing ; but I believe the O. polit has never yet been described in the flesh. “‘The above opinion is not formed from single specimens, but, directly my attention was called to it, I at once remarked that the characteristic differences held good through all the specimens brought away.” A letter was read from the Rev. S. J. Whitmee, C.M.Z.S., dated Samoa, South Pacific, Nov. 17, 1874, giving particulars as to the occurrence of the Palolo (Palola viridis) on the shores of that island in 1874. In that year these singular worms had appeared on Noy. Ist and 2nd, Samoan time, =Oct. 31st and Noy. Ist by Greenwich date. There were very few on the first day ; but the supply was large on the second. Mr. Whitmee had removed the ova, which were well deve- loped, and had endeavoured to hatch them in vessels of sea-water regularly changed, but had only been able to keep them alive four days. Drawings of the ova in different stages accompanied the com- munication. It would appear, therefore, probable that the periodical appearance of the Palolo in such prodigious numbers might have something to do with its reproduction. Mr. Howard Saunders, F.Z.S., exhibited a specimen of a Gull, which he considered referable to Larus fuscus, obtained at Magdalena Bay, Lower California, by Mr. Gervaise Mathew, R.N., of H.MLS. ‘Resolute,’ in November 1873, being the first instance recorded of the occurrence of this species in the New World, and made the fol- lowing remarks :— “In colour of mantle, webs of primaries, feet, and in every respect but one, this specimen appears to be identical with Larus fuscus. The sole difference consists in this—that in LZ. fuscus the tarsus is, so far as my experience goes, longer than the foot, including the middle toe-nail ; but in this Californian specimen the reverse is the case. This may, of course, be an individual peculiarity ; and the example in question is certainly much further off from LZ. occidentalis, Aud., than from true L. fuscus. In the coloration of the webs of the pri- maries it does not agree with L. occidentalis, a branch of the group which has LZ. argentatus for type, but perfectly coincides with L. JSuscus, from which it differs in the size of the foot alone.” The following communications were read :— 1875. | PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. 159 1. On the Structure and Affinities of the Musk-Deer (Moschus moschiferus, Linn.). By Witi1am Henry Fiower, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &c. [Received March 16, 1875.] Almost all our knowledge of the visceral anatomy of the Musk- Deer is derived from Pallas*. It is nearly a century since his clas- sical work was published ; and it does not appear that any other anato- mist has had an opportunity of dissecting an animal of the species, the subject which furnished the material for the following notes having been the first which has ever been brought alive to Europe. Its arrival in the Society’s Menagerie was thus announced by our Secre- tary in the ‘ Proceedings’ for May 13th, 1869 :— ; “A female Musk (Moschus moschiferus), presented by Major F. R. Pollock +, Commissioner at Peshawur, and most carefully con- veyed to this country by Lieut. C. H. T. Marshall, F.Z.S., from whom it was received March 31st. This animal had been captured in June 1867, in the hills of Cashmere, by Major Delmé Radcliffe, of the 88th Regiment, who shot both the parents, and brought it when quite a kid to Peshawur. It was now about two years old, and was believed to be the only Musk ever brought to Europe alive.” A very good figure, drawn from the living animal in a character- istic attitude, appeared in the ‘Illustrated London News’ for April 24th, 1869. I call particular attention to this, as all other published figures of the Musk-Deer appear to have been taken from skins or stuffed specimens, and give but an indifferent idea of the general ex- ternal appearance of the animal. It unfortunately died on October 27th of the same year, of pleuro- pneumonia and acute peritonitis, being then rather more than two and ahalf years old. All the permanent teeth were in place and the epi- physes of the long bones completely united, though those on the bodies of some of the dorsal vertebree and on the pelvis were still separable. The animal measured from the tip of the nose to the root of the tail 33 inches, and (being in an extreme state of emaciation) weighed 14]bs. 80z.f External Characters. Under this heading I have only thought necessary to record such characters as are not readily observed in mounted skins of the animal, which are now tolerably abundant in museums. * Spicilegia Zoologica, fasciculus xiii (1779). t+ Now Sir Richard Pollock, K.C.S.I. { Since the greater part of the following description was written, a male Pudu (Cervus humilis) died at the Society's Gardens; and Mr. Garrod has been so obliging as to forward it for my inspection. I have thus an opportunity of adding some comparisons between the viscera of the Musk and those of another Deer of about the same bulk; for though the former, having longer limbs and neck, has the appearance of being a considerably larger animal, there is but little difference in the size of the trunk. 160 PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. [Mar. 16, There was no suborbital gland or crumen*, no vestige of the abdominal musk-sac of the malet, nor of the gland described by Brandt on the outside of the thighf, nor of the tail-glands described by Hodgson§, in both cases in male animals; nor were there any interdigital glands in either feet, the depressed space between the toes, where the glands usually open, being covered with hair||. The teats were two in number, placed on the hinder part of the abdomen, between the thighs, 1 inch in front of the anterior margin of the symphysis pubis, 35 inches in front of the vulva, and 55; inch apart; each was 3 inch in length, soft, flaccid, slender, cylindrical, slightly tapering, and with a rounded apex. They were placed upon a nearly bare oval space, Zz inches across, and | inch from before backwards, having only a few long fine silky hairs upon it. The space between this and the vulva was covered with hairs resembling those of the remainder of the abdomen, though softer and finer, es- pecially at the hinder part. A heart-shaped patch, ;'; inch in diameter, surrounding the vulva, was covered with soft skin, perfectly bare, beset, especially near its margin and anterior portion, with numerous yellowish-white sebaceous glands. Within, but near the front end of this bare place, is situated the prominent conical eminence, formed by the anterior union of the labia, with a few short hairs upon it. Close behind this is the apex of the clitoris, at the anterior margin of the vulval orifice. The extremely short perinzeum, the margin of the anus, and the promi- nences formed by the tuber ischii, were covered with very short, flattened, adpressed hairs, which pass into those which clothe the tri- angular under surface of the very brief tail. It is not quite correct to describe, as is usually done, the long hairs of the tail as only covering the upper surface and sides of the organ, for they pass under and com- pletely surround the extreme tip. ‘The skin adheres very closely to the end of the very slender, elongated, terminal caudal vertebra. * Tn the Pudu the crumen is a distinct involution of thickened integument, lodged in a deep pit in the bone, with an aperture half an inch in length. The lining membrane is white and corrugated, and has a few short, pointed, black hairs scattered over it. This organ, though generally present in the Cervide, is rudimentary or absent in the Roe and in the South-American Deer of the section Coassus. It is also absent in Hyomoschus and Tragulus. + For an account of this organ and its peculiar secretion, which constitutes the “ musk” of commerce, with references to previous descriptions, see A. Milne- Edwards’s valuable memoir entitled ‘‘ Recherches sur la Famille des Chevrotains,” Ann. des Sciences Nat. 5¢ série, tome ii. (1864), which also contains a description of the osteology of Moschus, and a short réswmé of Pallas’s observations on its splanchnology. aN ; + J. F. Brandt, “Note sur la découverte d'une glande particuliére qui se trouve sur la face extérieure de la cuisse du Moschus moschiferus,” Bull. Scientif. de lAcad. d. St. Pétersb. tom. i. 1836, p. 174. § B. H. Hodgson, “ On a new organ in the genus Moschus,” Bengal Journal Asiatic Soc. x. 1841, p. 795. || In the Pudu there are no distinct pouches in this situation ; but the skin in the depression between the toes on the dorsal surface of all the feet is bare, and evidently has a free sebaceous secretion. This may be considered the most rudimentary or earliest stage of an interdigital gland. € In the male Pudu there wore four. 1875. | PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. 161 The feet of the Musk- Deer, as was well observed while the animal was alive, are remarkable, not only for their size and the great de- velopment of the outer hoofs, but also for their freedom of motion and capability of being widely extended and closed again, so that it seemed to have the power of grasping projecting rocky points . between its four outspread toes—a power which must be of great assistance in steadying itself in its agile bounds among the crags of its native haunts*. BBpgT eng, Anatomy of the Oral and Cervical Regions. The exposed parts of the crowns of the upper canine teeth were 0!"-2 long, conical, compressed, curved, directed inwards and somewhat backwards, with their apices truncated. The papillee lining the cheeks are 0''"15 long, conical, very sharp- pointed, becoming smaller behind. In the floor of the mouth a single row of broad, conical, flattened papille, with prolonged and very delicate points, extends on each side of the root of the tongue, reaching backwards nearly as far as the last molar tooth, and forwards to within 3 inch of the incisors. These were broader and flatter in front, and smaller and more slender behind. The longest measure 0-1 in length. Near the front of the under surface of the attached part of the tongue were a few similar but sma'ler papil, forming a second (upper) line or series. The palate (fig. 1), narrow in front, gradually widens to the canine teeth, where it is 0/9 across. Between the canines and molars it contracts to 0-7. Between the first premolar teeth it is 1/1 and between the last molar 1!-3, The anterior part (two thirds) is covered with callous, retroverted, imbricated elevations, the hinder sharp margins of which are slightly denticulated. These are placed in a double row, one on each side of the middle line, which they touch but scarcely pass across. In the front of the mouth they are arranged in regular pairs; but after the third those of the left’ side are placed a little in advance of the corresponding right ridges; and at the narrowest part of the palate, behind the canine teeth, they regularly alternate. The most anterior are narrowest from before backwards and most strongly elevated. They become broader as well as flatter behind the canines. Between the premolars they gra- dually subside, and are finally lost opposite the commencement of the true molar series. Behind this the palate is perfectly smooth. At its anterior extremity in front of these elevations is a smooth surface, having in the middle line a small somewhat hourglass-shaped prominent pad °2' long from before backwards and narrower from side to side, bordered on each side by the Opening of the duct to the nasal passage. * My friend Mr. F. Jeffrey Bell has dissected the muscles of the feet, and intends shortly to give to the Society an account of their structure and arrange- ment, t In the old male Pudu there were no signs of upper canines—an exception to the general but by no means universal rule in the Artiodactyles, that the tusks are developed in inverse ratio to the frontal appendages, Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, No. XI. 11 162 PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. [ Mar. 16, The number of ridges in front of the first premolar is ten on each side ; and five or six may be counted behind; but the last are very indistinct. The soft palate extends about an inch behind the last molar, roofing over a portion of the fauces, which is much contracted and tubular, and ends by a straight sharp border. Fig. 1. / di da a ) “ft i { \ i The palate, natural size. The general form of the palate differs from that of the Roe, and more resembles that of Tragulus in the widening opposite the canines, evidently in relation with the great development of these teeth in the male. It also differs from the Roe and approaches Tragulus in the ridges being less regularly placed and less strongly imbricated and denticulated. In the last-named animal the ridges, though strongly 1875.] PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. 163 marked, are, as in the Suina, neither overlapping nor toothed on the edge*. The tongue (fig. 2) is 43" long, narrowest (0"°8) at the middle, rather spatulate, widening to 1” near the front, and terminating by a rounded depressed apex. [n the anterior third there is a faint median depressed line. Posteriorly it presents the usual intermolar elevation. Fig. 2. Dorsal surface of tongue, natural size. Minute conical filiform papille cover the whole dorsal surface, except quite at the base. These are much larger and further apart on the posterior median elevation than elsewhere. Small, white, circular, fungiform papille are pretty regularly scattered over the surface ; and posteriorly, close to the lateral margin of the dorsum, * In the Pudu the ridges of the palate are more developed and more strongly toothed than in Moschus, and therefore more typically Cervine, but they are less regular than in the Roe. 11* 164 PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. [Mar. 16, where the other papillze are becoming few and small, is on each side a longitudinal row of five rather small circumvallate papillee, not quite symmetrically disposed and slightly converging posteriorly*. The tongue is attached in front, # inch behind the incisor teeth, by a soft broad fold of membrane without any distinct freenum. The parotid gland is large and straggling, composed of loosely connected acini. It extends from the angle of the jaw, 13 inch backwards and upwards to the top of the neck behind the ear, a small slender branch projecting forwards and upwards in front of the car- tilaginous meatus. The duct leaves the most inferior part of the gland below the angle of the jaw, passes upwards obliquely across the horizontal ramus with the facial artery and vein one inch in front of the angle, and at first following the anterior border of the masseter muscle, then running forwards, enters the mouth quite at the upper part of the cheek opposite the third premolar tooth. An oval patch of buccal glands, nearly an inch from before backwards, is situated in the cheek, around and chiefly below the entrance of the parotid duct. The submaxillary gland lies immediately below the parotid. It is also very large and with large acini, but of more compact form, being triangular, the shortest side or base of the triangle (1'-3 long) being turned backwards and lying against (for its upper half) the transverse process of the atlas. ‘The apex (distant 2 inches from the middle of the base) lies beneath the horizontal ramus of the jaw. The upper border is in contact with the digastric muscle, the lower border with the sterno-hyoid. The gland lies immediately upon the larynx, with the sterno-thyroid, thyro-hyoid, and the constrictors of the pharynx. A smal], detached, oval, glandular piece lay on the upper border of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, on the right side only. The duct leaves the inner surface of the gland, ? inch behind the apex, passes outside the central tendon of the digastric muscle (7. e. between it and the ramus of the jaw), then crosses beneath it and runs forward, surrounded by the long sublingual gland (3 inches in length), to open quite at the fore part of the floor of the mouth, beneath one of the before-mentioned papille, { of an inch behind the incisor teeth. The tonsillar glands open by a pair of large distinct orifices, one in front of the other in the usual situation, without any elevation. The oesophagus is lined with very dense epithelium thrown into longitu- dinal ruge. The larynx did not appear to present any thing specially to distin- guish it from that of other Deer. The epiglottis (fig. 3) is triangular, with a pointed apexf. * The arrangement of the circumyallate papille thus agrees with the Cervide, and differs entirely from that of Zragulus and Hyomoschus (see P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 999). The tongue of the Pudu is rather shorter and thicker than that of the Musk- Deer, and not so spatulate at the anterior extremity. The papille are similarly arranged ; but the fungiform are more conspicuous, especially on the intermolar elevation ; and in the middle of the tongue, near the front, they are conical and recurved, though at the apex and sides perfectly cireular in outline. t Inthe Pudu the epiglottis has a rounded free border. Inthe Wapiti it isbifid. 1875.] PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. 165 Fig. 3. Epiglottis and opening into larynx, natural size. The thyroid body is much flattened and oval and of very loose texture, extending from the top of the first tracheal ring to the bottom of the eighth, 0''"8 long and 0!'-4 across at the thickest part. The number of rings in the trachea, above the part where the branch to the upper right lobe of the lung is given off, is 49, between this branch and the bifurcation 11; total 60*. Some of the rings are single at one side and bifurcated at the other ; thus the third ring is single on the left and double on the right side, and the succeeding ring has the opposite arrangement. These double rings have been counted as two in the enumeration given above. Thoracic Viscera. The hinder margin of each lung is entire. The lower lobes are nearly equal in size (the left. slightly the largest), of the usual trian- gular form, being divided off from the rest of the organ by a nearly horizontal fissure, which does not extend quite to the root of the lung behind, though further on the right than the left side. Near the upper part of the inner border of the right lobe, attached by a narrow neck, is the so-called “ azygos lobe”’ (fig. 4, 4) deeply fissured on its anterior surface. Above the horizontal fissure the arrangement on the two sides is very different. On the right side there are two distinct lobes, the cleft between them extending almost to the root of the lung; the upper one (R UV) roughly triangular, with the apex upwards and sup- plied with air by the upper branch of the trachea. It is constricted across its middle into an upper and lower portion. The lower one, or middle right lobe (R M), is tongue-shaped, with its apex directed forwards, and while connected at its base with both the upper and lower lobes, it receives its main supply of air from a branch from the principal right bronchus. The upper portion of the left lung consists of a single lobe (Z U), but with a short cleft on its anterior border, dividing it partially into a long, narrow, tongue-shaped, inferior portion, with the apex project- ing forwards and corresponding to the middle lobe of the right side * Tn the Pudu the number of rings of the trachea is almost exactly the same as in Moschus. I counted fifty above and ten below the upper right bronchus. 166 PROF, W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. [Mar. 16, (though rather smaller), and an upper triangular portion, very much smalier than the right upper lobe*. The lungs, posterior aspect; half natural size. LU, \eft wpper lobe; ZL, left lower lobe; RU, RM, and RL, right upper, middle, and lower lobes; 4, azygos lobe. The heart (fig. 5) is an elongated cone in form, measuring 22! in length, 1-9 from side to side at greatest breadth, and 13" from before backwards when undistended. A single common anterior arterial trunk is given off from the aorta at its commencement. After a course of 1”°3 in length, and having a diameter of 0!'-27, this gives off the left brachial (Z B) from which the left vertebral is derived (ZV). About a quarter of an inch beyond, the right brachial (R B) comes off ; and immediately after, the trunk bifurcates into the two common carotids (R C and LC). The right vertebral (RV) is given off from the innominate trunk behind the origin of the right subclavian f. * The lungs of the Pudu have the same general arrangement as those of Moschus; but the right middle lobe is very little divided from the right lower. t In the Pudu, the anterior aortic trunk proceeds for 0'"9, then gives off the left brachial, then after a further course of 0'°5 gives off the right brachial and 1875.] PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. 167 Measurements of the red corpuscles of the blood gave an average diameter of ;,/; 5 of an inch, or about the same as those of the Brocket-Deer (Cervus nemorivagus), and considerably larger than those of any Tragulus yet examined*. The heart and origin of the great arteries, two thirds natural size. R B, right brachial; RV, right vertebral; R C, right carotid; Z C, left carotid; L V, left vertebral; ZB, left brachial. Abdominal and Pelvic Viscera. The dissection of the abdominal viscera was somewhat interfered with by the extensive peritonitis which had prevailed shortly before death, all the intestines being glued together by effusion of lymph. On opening the cavity the liver was found to be entirely concealed continues for a shorter distance before it bifurcates into the carotids. The ver- tebrals are given off from the brachials before the internal mammary. The arrangement, therefore, is the same in principle as in the Musk. * See G. Gulliver, “ On the size of the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of Moschus, Tragulus, &e.,” P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 92. 168 . PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. _ [ Mar. 16, beneath the cartilages of the right ribs, scarcely passing beyond the middle line. Next appearéd a small portion of the abomasus emerging from beneath the edge of the liver and passing across to the left side. Beyond this and occupying all the middle part of the cavity from side to side was the large paunch, extending to within 44 inches of the symphysis pubis. The spleen, attached along the left side of the paunch, close to its cardiac orifice, could be seen at the diaphragmatic end of the cavity ; and the left kidney projected from behind the edge of the paunch near its hinder end. The portion of the cavity between the paunch and the pubis was filled up superficially by the coils of small intestines. The great omentum descending from the inferior border of the abomasus, extremely thin and delicate and entirely without fat, passed over the right side of the paunch and small intestines to within 2 inches of the sym- physis pubis. The stomach resembles generally the figure given of it by Pallas, except that the psalterium is not so large as there represented. The drawings of the anterior and posterior surface (figs. 6 & 7), taken after it was removed from the body and moderately distended, are Fig. 6. Anterior or ventral aspect of the stomach, one fourth natural size. O, esophagus; Rv, rumen; 4@, its distal apex; Re, reticulum ; A, abomasus; p, pylorus. more correct. The coats of the organ throughout are very thin com- pared with those of other ruminants which [ have examined. How far this might have been an individual peculiarity, or a consequence of the morbidly emaciated state of the animal, I do not know. The rumen, or paunch (Ru), is about 8 inches in transverse di- ameter. It has the usual form, divided by an oblique constriction 1875. ] PROF, W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. 169 into an upper and lower cavity ; or*perhaps it can be more correctly described as an elongated conical pouch, folded sharply on itself in a sigmoid manner, with constrictions projecting into the interior, at the inner bends of the folds. The lowest constriction, situated on the left border of the organ, is deep, and the projecting pouches above and below it very distinct; and their apices, having different directions, cross each other, the upper one projecting forwards, and the lower or larger one (the fundus or distal end of the whole cavity, figs. 6 & 7, a) turning backwards. Posterior or dorsal aspect of the stomach, one fourth natural size. O, esophagus; Ru, rumen; 4, its apex; Re, reticulum’; P, psalterium ; A, abomasus; p, pylorus. The villi lining the interior of the rumen are slender and cylin- drical and very slightly clavate. They nowhere exceed 015 in length, and are largest at the anterior and lower part of the upper pouch. As usual, they are exceedingly short, though not absent, on the edges of the projecting ridges, and over certain points become very fine and sparsely scattered, as on the posterior surface, a little way above and below the constriction, in two rather distinct patches at each place, and more especially at the apex of the lowest or ter- minal pouch. On the middle of the anterior surface, immediately above the constricting band, where this is subsiding at its left ex- tremity, is a small oval orifice, ;4 inch long, placed transversely, leading into a little (apparently) glandular pouch in the walls of the stomach. The diminished size and concentric arrangement of the villi imme- diately around this opening evidently show that it is a natural struc- ture. In the reticulum (Re), the ridges enclosing the polygonal spaces 170 PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. | Mar. 16, are extremely shallow; they, as well as the intermediate spaces, are thinly beset with small sharp-pointed papille. The psalterium (P) is externally 1/°7 long and 1" wide, of the usual flattened oval or, more properly, kidney-shaped form. It contains within (fig. 8) nineteen deep crescentic lamelle, symmetrically The interior of the psalterium, longitudinally opened along the anterior surface, natural size. A, the opening from the cesophagus ; B, the orifice leading to the abomasus. arranged, the largest, or those at the centre of the free convex border of the cavity, 4 an inch in height, their free edges all projecting equally, and, unlike those of Ruminants generally, without any inter- mediate shorter lamellee. The lateral surfaces and edges of the lamellae are thinly covered with small conical tubercles; but the bottom of each interspace is quite bare. This cavity communicates with the next by a distinct circular orifice *3" in diameter*. The abomasus (figs. 6 & 7 A) is of quite the usual form. Its lining membrane presents parallel, narrow, but much elevated, longi- * The description of the psalterium of the Musk-Deer by Pallas differs so much from the one given above, that I think it is desirable to insert it here, that the attention of future observers may be directed to the subject. “« Psalterium rveniforme, chymo sicco suffertum et durum in omnibus inyeni. Intus foliatum est, /amellis totius cavi fere latitudinem occupantibus, lunatis, 23 ad 25, preter accessorias plicas exiguas. Laminz omnes duriuscule, punctis acutissimis utrinque scabree, ut triturantes diceres, solis cornibus extremis glabrix ; cxterum confertiin parallelee, chymo sicco incrustatee. Tnter majores laminas rug intercalares, vel lamellula accessorix angustiores.” - 1875. | PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. Fert tudinal ridges or folds, about twelve in number, beginning at the fundus (which projects beyond the opening from the psalterium) and gradually subsiding towards the pylorus*. The small intestine was of nearly uniform diameter, *4” inch, when filled with water, and when unravelled 23 feet in length. The colon, when disengaged from its spiral coils, was 13 feet in length, making a total intestinal length of 36 feet, or about thirteen times the length of the animal from snout to root of tail. The colon, commencing at 1 inch in diameter, gradually and slightly increased for the space of 3 feet, then contracted rather suddenly to about half that diameter, and so continued until 2 feet from its termination, where it gradually dilated into a capacious rectum. Its walls throughout were thin and smootht. Fig. 9. The cxcum, half natural size. Z, ileum; Co, colon; Cm, apex of cecum; «, glandular pouch at com- mencement of colon. The cecum (fig. 9) was 6” long and 2” in diameter, straight, cylin- drical, obtusely pointed at the extremity, with very thin coats. The ileum enters very obliquely and is bound closely to it by a mesenteric * The stomach of the Pudu, in general form and in the size of its compart- ments, both absolute and relative, closely resembles that of the Musk-Deer ; but its walls are considerably thicker and its epithelium lining more developed. In the rwmen the villi are not only longer but thicker and more distinctly clubbed, so that they lie close together, completely concealing the intermediate surface from which they grow, which is not the case in the Musk-Deer. In the reticu- lum the divisions between the spaces are nearer together, more pronounced, and beset with more numerous and coarser papille. The psal¢eriwm is almost of exactly the same size as in the Musk-Deer, but differs greatly in structure, inas- much as the lamellz (as in most Ruminants) are of two kinds, large and small alternating ; indeed, in the interspaces are very short ridges, which might be said to constitute a third or smallest order of lamellz. Excluding the latter, the lamelle are altogether of the same number (19) as in the Musk. In accord- ance with the general character of the lining membrane of the stomach, the papilla covering them are larger and coarser than in the latter. The abomasus differs in the greater thickness of its lining membrane, and the irregularity or even re- ticulating character of the ridges. In a Gazella dorcas dissected at the same time, the psaltertwm was rather smaller than in the Musk, and its lamellz less developed, being smaller and somewhat irregular, but without any distinct alternation of small and large plates. The bottom of the intermediate surface, as well as the sides and edges of the plates, were covered with pointed papillz. t The colon of the Pudu forms a very simple helicine coil, composed of two complete circles in one direction and of two in the other, 172 PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. [Mar. 16, band to within an inch of its termination. The attached border of the colon immediately beyond the ileo-czecal valve has an oval dila- tation, 0’':8 in length and 06 in breadth, with thickened glandular walls, which Pallas compares to the similar but more marked glandular dilatation in the Leporide, and which, as he says, he has observed in no other rnminant*. The pancreas is flat, broad, of irregular outline, and of loose texture. Fig. 10. Under surface of liver, half natural size. I, left lobe; R, right lobe; S, Spigelian lobule; C, caudate lobe; VC, vena caya; VP, vena porte ; G, gall-bladder; U, umbilical fissure. The liver (fig. 10) presents the usual simple form of that of the Ruminantst+. Its general outline is an irregular oval, 62 in extreme breadth and 3”*7 in depth. Its diaphragmatic surface shows only the well-marked umbilical fissure about an inch in depth, and dividing it into right and left segments, of which the former does not greatly exceed the latter in size. Extending from the bottom of the fissure to the posterior or attached border, the delicate suspensory ligament (so often completely atrophied in Ungulates) is distinctly seen. There are no traces of lateral fissures. On the under surface the left lobe is simple, with a thin nearly semicircular freeedge. The right is much thickened at its posterior border, and has attached to it very distinct Spigelian and caudate lobes. The former, represented in most Rumi- nants by a mere smooth tract, has attached to it a flattened quadrate * In the Pudu the cecum is not quite so long and of greater diameter than in Moschus, being 5" in length and 2" in breadth. It has the usual obtusely ended cylindrical form, and wants the dilatation at the commencement of the colon observed in the Musk. + See “Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy of the Organs of Digestion of the Mammalia,” Medical Times and Gazette, Sept. 21st, 1872. 1875. ] PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. 175 lobule, connected with the rest of the lobe by a narrow neck arising from its right anterior corner and overhanging the portal fissure. The caudate lobe is narrow, tongue-shaped, with its pointed tip ex- tending just beyond the border of the right lobe. There is no cystic fissure on the edge of the lobe, but a very well-marked fossa on its surface, in which lies a wide pyriform gall-bladder, the form of which and the arrangement of the hepatic and cystic ducts are shown in the figure. The common bile-duct, after a course of 2 inches, passes, somewhat dilated, for > inch through the intestinal wall and opens by a wide aperture guarded by a semilunar fold*. The spleen is attached to the left side of the paunch, close to the cardiac orifice. It is much flattened, 33" long and 2" broad, ob- tusely pointed at its upper and truncated at its lower endf. The kidneys are simple and smooth externally. The right kidney is placed so much in advance of the left that its hinder end is on a level with the anterior end of the former. It is also slightly larger than the left, and more regularly kidney-shaped and flatter. The left is thicker from before backwards, narrow at the front end. The di- mensions of the right kidney are—length 1''-85, breadth at middle 1-2, thickness 0'"95; of the left—length 1°75”, breadth at middle 1-1, thickness from before backwards 1'-1, The suprarenal bodies are close together, the right being in con- tact with the corresponding kidney, lying on its inner border between the anterior extremity and the hilus, the left being 2 inch in advance of the left kidney. Each body is flattened, oval, or somewhat reni- form, about 0'°5 long and 0'-3 broad; the left slightly larger than the rightt. The ovaries are small, flattened, pisiform bodies, 0'*25 in greatest diameter. The vagina and uterus have the usual characters seen in unimpregnated female Ruminants §. * The liver of the Pudu is slightly smaller than that of Moschus; it is more extended transversely, and differs mainly in the greater size and more quadrate form of the caudate lobe, the total absence of any pedunculated Spigelian lobule (as in most if not all other Deer), and the absence of a gall-bladder. There is no suspensory ligament. + The spleen of the Pudu is much flattened and of nearly circular outline, though rather narrower and thicker at the upper than the lower end. Its dia- meter averages 5 inches. { The kidneys and suprarenal bodies of the Pudu closely resemble those of the Musk in form and situation. § According to Pallas, the male Musk has Cowper’s glands, and a small fili- form termination (6 lines in length) to the glans penis. In the Pudu the vasa deferentia are enlarged and flattened for the last inch of their course, attaining a width of a quarter of an inch. The prostate consists of two nearly globular lobes, each of about the size of peas, and a smaller middle lobe placed at the union of the vasa deferentia. The walls of the “ membranous urethra” are very thick. Contrary to what obtains in Deer generally, there is a pair of Cowper's glands with a thick muscular covering, also about the size of peas, but somewhat flattened and triangular in outline. The penis is large and thick, and the glans fleshy and conical, without any terminal prolongation. Tt may be mentioned that in Hyomoschus, Cowper's glands are well developed. the penis is long and slender, and, as in Pigs, hasa spiral or corkscrew-like termi- nation. 174 PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. [ Mar. 16, The Brain. The brain presents the usual characters of that of an ordinary Deer (Cervus mezicanus, Mus. Roy. Coll. Surg. no. 1328 E a, was the species with which I compared it most closely), but, in accordance with its smaller size, much reduced in complexity of surface inden- tations. A natural group like the Cervid@, containing animals vary- ing much in dimensions, is well adapted to demonstrate how closely the amount of convolution bears relation to the bulk of the hemi- sphere, the primitive pattern being exactly the same in all, The Upper surface of brain, natural size. s s, superior external gyrus; 7, middle external us; 72, inferior external , Pp By ’ gyrus; h, hippocampal gyrus. brain of C. tarandus (Mus. Roy. Coli. Surg. no. 1328 E) is far more abundantly supplied with secondary surface-windings (even so as very much to obscure the general outline of the pattern) than is that of C. mexicanus. The latter and C. dama(Leuret & Gratiolet, ‘ Anat. Comp. du Systeme Nerveux,’ pl. x.) are almost exactly alike. C. ea- preolus (ibid.) is more simple, and Moschus moschiferus still more so. The most obvious division of the external surface of the hemisphere is into three longitudinal tracts. The lowest (4), continued from the 1875.] PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. 175 olfactory bulb in front, dilates to form the smooth “ temporal lobe,” and, curving upwards and inwards, appears on the internal surface of the hemisphere, and passes above the corpus callosum to the anterior extremity of the organ. In this part of its course it 1s bounded above by the “ calloso-marginal sulcus”? (Huxley). This gyrus I have previously spoken of as “hippocampal,” because the hippocampus major is formed by the sulcus on its concave surface*. Above this, and separated from it by a very distinct horizontal sulcus, is a broad tract (2), extending from the front to the back of the brain, of nearly equal width throughout. Rather in front of the middle of this is External surface of brain, natural size. ss, superior external gyrus; m, middle external gyrus; 77, inferior external gyrus ; /, hippocampal gyrus; S, Sylvian fissure; O, supraorbital sulcus. the very insignificant Sylvian fissure (8), anterior to which a longi- tudinal suleus (supraorbital, O) marks off, as in the Carnivora, a narrow strip, the supraorbital gyrus of Leuret, which in Proteles appears to be the reflected commencement of the superior gyrus, but in the Deer looks more like a dismemberment of the inferior outer convolution. The remainder of the outer surface of the hemisphere is occupied by a tract, broad behind and narrow in front (s ms), extending the whole length of the hemisphere. In the simpler form of brains of the group this might be considered a single convolution ; but already in Moschus a longitudinal fissure towards the posterior end separates two tracts, which become so marked in the larger species that Leuret considers them two distinct gyri (s and m). However this may be, they always become confluent towards the anterior part of the brain. As regards the convolutions, then, the brain of Moschus is essen- tially a simplified (because small) Deer’s brain. There is, however, one point of importance in which it differs from the other Deers’ brains examined; and that is the very high position of the calloso- marginal sulcus, which in its posterior half becomes visible on the * « Anatomy of Proteles,” P. ZS. 1869, p. 479. 176 PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. [ Mar. 16, upper surface of the brain, together with a narrow strip (fig. 11, 4) of the internal or hippocampal gyrus. In the Mexican Deer the sulcus certainly rises quite to the upper edge of the internal surface of the hemisphere ; but neither in this species nor in the Roe (accord- ing to Leuret’s figure) is any part of the hippocampal gyrus exposed near the middle lines What makes this character interesting is Fig. 13. Internal surface of cerebral hemisphere, natural size. h, hippocampal gyrus. that in Tragulus it is present even to a greater degree, the hippo- campal gyrus bordering the posterior half of the great longitudinal fissure forming a prominent feature in the upper surface of the brain. In other respects the brain of Tragulus, as far as its surface-markings are concerned, is a simplified miniature of that of the Cervide. The inferior external longitudinal convolution is distinctly marked from the superior ; but the latter has scarcely a trace of a division into two, though at first sight the abnormal position of the calloso-marginal sulcus might be taken for one. Whether this is any special evidence of affinity between Moschus and Tragulus, cannot be decided until the brains of other small species of Cervide have been examined. In the mean time, I can only point it out and await future opportu- nities of investigation. The comparison of cerebral convolutions as evidence of affinity is a subject in which, without very careful or extended research upon ample materials, the investigator is apt to be led astray, but one which, under favourable conditions, may lead to valuable results*. * The opportunity of examining the brain of the Pudu Deer has afforded the means of solving the question stated above. It is slightly larger, both relatively and absolutely, than that of the Musk, as the following dimensions show :— Moschus Cervus moschiferus 2 . humilis g . Length of skull from front of preemaxille to occipital in. in. protuberances chess. abort dabeee ebeetamn ene dtied acts 6-1 58 Length of cerebral hemisphere .............00..s.e-02e08: 2:1 2-4 Greatest breadth of cerebral hemispheres............... iN 18 It is chiefly distinguished by the greater breadth of the frontal lobes (see ™s GN 1875. ] PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. J Fig. 14. Upper surface of brain of Pudu Deer (Cervus humilis), natural size. Letters as before. The Skeleton. The skeleton of Moschus has been described by A. Milne-Edwards, though somewhat briefly except as regards the skull. I will only add a remark upon the number of the ribs. He says :—‘‘ D’aprés Pallas, le nombre des paires de cétes varierait de 14 415; tandis que chez les Cerf leur nombre est ordinairement de 13, bien qu’on trouve {chez le Renne, par exemple) parfois 14.” In the skeleton which fig. 14); the general arrangement of the sulci is the same; but they are some- what more complex, almost equalling in this respect those of the Roe. It differs, however, from the latter (if Leuret’s figure can be trusted) in the greater breadth of the anterior part of the superior gyrus, and especially in the appearance of a considerable-sized strip of the internal or hippocampal gyrus on the upper sur- face of the hemisphere bordering the hinder part of the great longitudinal fissure, exactly as in the Musk-Deer. This character thus forms no special approximation to the Tragulina in the last-named animal, but is probably common to all the smaller Cervide. The chief characteristics of the brain of the Musk, as distinguished from the other members of the family to which it belongs, are the simplicity of the surface-markings and narrowness of the anterior lobes—indications of a lower or more primitive type. Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1875, No. XII. 12 178 PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. |[Mar. 16, has been so long mounted in the Museum of the College of Surgeons there are certainly 14 ribs ; but in two others presented by Mr. Bryan Hodgson there are but 13, which is the number in the female subject of the present notice. It is curious that if Moschus sometimes varies in excess of the number of ribs usual to the Cervide, Hydropotes differs in the opposite direction ; for the fine skeleton of a male of that species lately presented to the Museum by Mr. Swinhoe has but 12 pairs. Systematic Position and Affinities of Moschus. Although, in consequence of imperfect knowledge or imperfect reasoning upon such knowledge as we possess, a large portion of our present system of zoological classification can only be looked upon as tentative and provisional, there are certain conclusions which we have good reason to believe no future discoveries will ever change, and upon which we can therefore take our stand and say they are questions of fact and not of opinion. One such is that the Paridigitate Ungulates of Cuvier (the Ar- TropactyLa of Owen, the “ Bisulques” of Gervais) form a definite natural group, all the members of which are more nearly related to each other than they are to any other mammals. Of no large group do we know the past history so thoroughly ; and our knowledge of it has enabled us to fill up almost every important link since the middle of the Eocene epoch, and to show the gradual steps by which its different modifications have been brought about*. Another fact which I think indisputable is that, by the extinction of the various intermediate forms, four distinct modifications of the original Artiodactyle type have been left at present inhabiting the earth’s surface, which fre the Suina (including the Pigs and Hippo- potamus), the Tylopodat (the Camels and Llamas), the Tragulinat or Chevrotains, and the true Ruminants (called also Pecora and Co- tylophora). * Our present state of knowledge on this subject has been very ably and in- geniously expounded by Dr. W. Kowaleysky in his “ Monographie des genus Anthracotherium, Cuy., und Versuch einer natiirlichen Classification der fossilen Hufthiere,” Paleontographica, xxii. 1873, An abstract will be found in a paper by the same author ‘‘On the Osteology of the Hyopotamide,” Proc. Roy. Soe. yol, xxi, p. 147, 1873. See also W. H. Flower, ‘On Paleontological Evidence of Gradual Modifi- cations of Animal Forms,” Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, April 25th, 1873. + Iliger, ‘Prodromus, 1811. Phalangigrada and Digitigrada, proposed sub- sequently, have no advantage over the earlier name. + The known members of this group, constituted of the genera Tragulus and Hyomoschus, are so closely allied as to form a single family, which, accord- ing to the most convenient rules of zoological nomenclature, would be called Tragulide; but I use the above termination as implying that they constitute a zoological division of more than family importance, equivalent, in fact, to the three others mentioned above. Although the French word Chevrotain and the Latin Tragulus may have had originally nothing to do with these animals, it is very desirable, in default of any better designation, to keep them for their ex- clusive use, and never for the future to allow such unfortunate expressions as ““Pigmy Musk-Deer” to remain to convey false notions of zoologicai affinities. 1875.] PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. 179 Any system of classification which ignores these facts cannot pre- tend to be founded upon the teaching of nature. There has seareely been a more troublesome and obdurate error in zoology than that which, based on the observation of certain com- paratively unimportant external characters, placed the Tragulina and Moschus in one and the same genus*. It has been troublesome not only as preventing a just conception of the relations of existing Artiodactyles, but also in causing great confusion and hindrance in paleontological researches among the allied forms; and most obdu- rate, inasmuch as all that has been recently done in advancing our knowledge of both groups has not succeeded in eradicating it, not only from nearly every one of our zoological text-books, either British or continental, but even from works of the highest scientific pretensions. In the admirable memoir of Adolphe Milne-Udwards already referred to, which contains so much solid information about the Musk-Deer and the Tragulina, and in which the distinctions between them are so clearly pointed out, the influence of the old traditions prevailed; and in his final revision of the order of Ruminants (p. 118) the Tragulide constitute only one of the families of the suborder Unguligrada, the Moschide, Cervide, Antilopide, Capride, Bovide, and Girafide (so far more closely allied to one another) being the others, while the Camels are separated as a distinct suborder, Phalangigrada. In a later work, however, published by the same eminent zoologist in conjunction with his illustrious father (‘ Recherches pour servir a histoire naturelle des Mammiféres,’ 1868), in the preliminary sketch of the classification of the Mammals, a complete reformation is made, Moschus being included among -the Pecora or ordinary Ruminants, while the ‘‘ Chevrotains proprement dits’’ constitute an order apart, called “ Tragulides,” placed between the former and the “ Pachydermes bisulques.” Whether or not we give the term “order’’ to these groups+ matters less than that we recognize their natural character, and feel satisfied that the wide separation thus made between animals formerly thought to be so closely allied is justified by our increased knowledge of their structure. I will therefore endeavour, more fully than has hitherto been done, to give the reasons upon which this view is based, which will be the first step necessary for defining the position of Moschus. * Moschus and Tragulus, previously used as synonyms, were first separated by Dr. J. E. Gray, in 1836 (P. Z.S. vol. iv. p. 63), as sections or subgenera of the genus Moschus; but the importance of their distinguishing characters was not recognized, as Memminna was made another section of equal rank, Pucheran first proposed to place Tragulus in a family apart from Moschus, chiefly on account of the different structure of the stomach (‘“‘ Monographie des espéces du genre Cerf,” Compt. Rend. de l'Acad. des Sciences, 1849, t. xxix. p. 773, and Archives du Muséum, 1852, t. vi. p. 285). + I think myself that this application of the term is hardly consistent with its general use among the other Mammalia, and that “suborder” would be preferable. ]o% 180 PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. [Mar. 16, * In the following characters Moschus agrees entirely with all the Pecora and differs from the Tragulina. 1. The placenta is cotyledonous*, whereas in the Tragulina it is diffuse, as in the Suina and T'ylopoda. 2. There is a complete psalterium or third cavity to the stomach. 3. The left brachial artery arises from a common innominate trunk, instead of coming off separately from the aortic arch as in Tragulina, Tylopoda, and Suinat. 4. The odontoid process of the second cervical vertebra is in the form of a crescent hollow above, instead of being a conical tuberosity as in Tragulina and Suina. 5. The auditory bulla is simple and hollow within, instead cf being filled with cancellated tissue as in Tragulina, Tylopoda, and Suina. 6. The outer metacarpal and metatarsal bones are rudimentary, and do not extend the entire length of the middle metacarpal and metatarsals. 7. The distal extremity of the fibula is represented by a distinct malleolar bone of peculiar shape, articulating with the outer surface of the lower end of the tibiat. 8. The molar and premolar teeth of Moschus are truly Cervine, though more compressed throughout the series than in most Deer. In consequence of this, the first upper premolar has the inner crescentic lobe but little developed; but its presence can be distinctly seen in specimens that are not much worn, and there is no tendency to that great disparity of breadth between the two anterior premolars and the true molars seen in the Tragulina, whose teeth retain much of the old Xiphodon type§. It is scarcely necessary for the present purpose to enumerate numerous minor osteological characters (many of which are pointed * For a description of the placenta of Moschus, we are indebted to Pallas loc. cit.). : +t The only recorded exception to the ordinary origin of the left brachial artery in the Pecora is in the Giraffe, where Prof. Owen found that the arch of the aorta, after distributing the vessels to the heart itself, gives off first a large innominate, which subdivides into the right vertebral artery, the right brachial artery, and the common trunk of the two carotids, secondly the left brachial artery, thirdly the left vertebral artery (Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ii. p. 229). But Joly and Lavoeat describe, in the Giraffe dissected by them, a common in- nominate trunk (or anterior aorta) as in the Ruminants generally, giving off both brachials and carotids (“‘ Recherches sur la Giraffe,’ Mém. Soc. dHist. Nat. de Strasbourg, t. iii, 1845, p. 103); and Prof. A. H. Garrod informs me that the same distribution of the great vessels occurred in two specimens which he had examined. t In Tragulus the upper part of the fibula is present as a long slender style, but the lower end ankyloses at an early age with the tibia. The latter is the case with Hyomoschus erassus and H. aquaticus, according to A. Milne-Hdwards ; but in a perfectly adult specimen of the last-named animal in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, the malleolar bone is still free, though not of the very characteristic form it possesses in all true Ruminants. § In all Deer the first upper premolar has three roots, and the crown is formed by an inner and outer crescent. In Tragu/us this tooth has but two roots, and a simple compressed crown. In Hyomoschus, though the crown resembles that of Tragulus, the additional inner root is present. In this respect, as in the condition of the fibula, Hyomoschus comes nearer to the Deer than dues Tragulus, 1875.] PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. 181 out in Milne-Edwards’s monograph) by which the Tragulina differ from the Pecora, including Moschus; but perhaps the absence of a distinct ridge on the lower end of the metapodium and the form of the lower jaw may be mentioned as examples—the coronoid process being much less elevated, not rising prominently above the zygoma, and the posterior and inferior surfaces presenting an even curve, without a distinct projection at the angle. It may, in fact, be taken for granted that, when animals of the same original type have been so far modified as to differ in so many important characters as have been shown above, the closer the scrutiny of their structure, the more differences in details will be revealed*. The question of the near affinity of Moschus to the Tragulina being thus eliminated, I will next proceed to consider its position in the group of which it is really a member. The Pecora or true Ruminants form, as has often been remarked, an extremely homogeneous group, one of the best-defined and closely united of any of the Mammalia. But though the original or common type has never been departed from in essentials, variation has been very active among them within certain limits ; and the great difficulty of subdividing them into natural groups (the ‘‘despair of zoologists,”’ as Pucheran calls it) arises from the fact that the changes in different organs (feet, skuil, frontal appendages, teeth, cutaneous glands, &c.) have proceeded with such apparent irregularity and absence of correlation that the different modifications of these parts are most variously combined in different members of the group. In questions of this kind the absolute certainty of zoological classification referred to above no longer holds, at least in the present state of knowledge, and opinion may be allowed to have sway, and results must be stated with some feeling of doubt and diffidence. It appears, how- ever, extremely probable that the Pecora very soon branched into two main types, the Cervide and the Bovide (otherwise the antlered and the horned Ruminants), the Giraffe being perhaps an early and since much modified offset of the former—though whether this be the case or whether it be regarded as a third distinct type may be left out of present consideration. Although by the general consent of all naturalists the two main groups thus indicated are held to be distinct, and although there is no difficulty in separating them by the character of their frontal appendages, it is by no means easy to find further characters uni- versaily applicable by which they can be distinguished, and which are necessary in the cases in which such appendages are not developed, as in the animal now under discussion. It may be said generally that the Bovide are distinguished from while in the form and greater freedom of the inner metacarpal and metatarsal bones it is further removed from them. In both genera the true molars are much less deeply indented by the enamel inflections, and the characteristic “Ruminant” crescent less distinctly defined than in the Deer. * Dr. J. Chatin has recently described the muscles of the limbs of Hyomoschus, and finds, as might have been anticipated, that they differ much from those of the Pecora and rather resemble those of the Swina (“‘ Observations swr la Myologie de l Hyomoschus,” Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 5° série, t. xv. 1872, p. 1). 182 PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. | Mar. 16, the Cervide by the absence of canine teeth, by the absence of distinct metacarpals and phalanges to the outer (second and fifth) digits, by the presence of a gall-bladder, by the single lachrymal canal placed within the margin of the orbit, and by the presence of Cowper’s glands. But yet, as will be shown presently, it is doubtful if any one of these characters is exclusively characteristic—that is, may not be found in some member of the other groups. There is still another character of some importance, derived from the form of the molar teeth. Although there is nothing in the general mode of arrangement of the enamel-folds or in the accessory columns absolutely distinctive between the two groups, existing species can generally be distinguished, inasmuch as the Deer are what may be termed “brachyodont,” and the Bovide ‘ hypso- dont’”’*: i.e. the teeth of the former have comparatively short crowns, which, as in most mammals, take their place at once with the neck (or point where the crown and root join) on a level with or a little above the alveolar border, and remain in this position throughout the animal’s life; whereas in the other form (the crown being lengthened and the root small) the neck does not come up to the alveolar level until a considerable part of the surface has worn away, and the crown of the tooth thus appears for the greater part of the animal’s life partially buried in the socket, and no part of the root is visible. In this form of tooth (which is always most developed in the posterior molars of the permanent series) the constituent columns of the crown are necessarily nearly parallel, whereas in the other they diverge from tie neck towards the free or grinding surface of the tooth. In the more completely hypsodont forms, the interstices of the lengthened columnar folds of enamel and dentine are filled up with cementum, which gives stability to the whole organ, and which is entirely or nearly wanting in the short crowned teeth. The same modifications from low to high crowns without essential alteration of pattern is seen in an even still more marked manner in some of the Perissodactyle Ungulates, where the tooth of a horse bears to that of Anchitherium the same relation that that of an ox does to the early Selenodont Artiodactyles. As the hypsodont tooth is essentially a modification of, and, as it were, an improvement upon, or specialization of, the other, it is but natural to expect that all intermediate forms may be met with ; and it is not always easy to decide, especially in old and much-worn teeth, in which group any given example should be classed. Even among the Deer themselves, as Lartet has observed, the most ancient have very short molars, and the depressions on the grinding-surface are so shallow that the bottom is always visible, while in the Cervide of the more recent Tertiary periods, and especially the Pleistocene and living species, these same cavities are so deep that, whatever be the state of the dentition, the bottom cannot be seenf. * Terms first used, I believe, by Mr. Boyd Dawkins. ~ + Comptes Rendus, 1868, t. lxvi. p. 1119. + Some existing Deer, as the Axis, are far more hypsodont than the majority of the family; and, on the other hand, many of the Antelopes are far more brachyodont than the more typical Bovid~—Goats, Sheep, and Oxen. 1875.] PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. 183 There is, however, little practical difficulty in deciding, by an ex- amination of the molar teeth of any of the existing Ruminants, to which section it belongs; and, judged by this test, Moschus is decidedly brachyodont, and thereby resembles the Cervine members of the group, though in some details, as has already been mentioned, it has slight peculiarities of its own. The best method, however, of testing the claims of Moschus to a definite position will be to take seriatim all the principal characters in which it shows variation from the average Pecorine type, and con- sider in which direction they severally tend. I. The absence of frontal appendages. This is a well-marked ex- ternal character, but one the significance of which has been much altered by Mr. Swinhoe’s discovery of Hydropotes, which, although its anatomy is not yet fully known, I think may he safely assumed to bea true Deer. It is certainly less aberrant than Moschus*. Even before the existence of other Deer without antlers was known, it might have been suspected that such appendages were really only of secondary importance in a natural system of classification, as they occur among existing Deer in such infinite variety of form and size without correlation with other structural modifications ; and as, more- over, paleontology teaches us that Deer (7. e. animals having all the osteological and dental characters of the group, as Dremotherium) abounded before the antlered forms came into being, it is by no means unreasonable to suppose that some of the recent members of the family might retain this primitive character‘. As one or more species of true Deer are without antlers in either sex, as all (Tarandus excepted) have noue in the female sex, and as, on the other hand, no Bovide are known without frontal appendages in the male and nearly all have them in both sexes, it follows that a ruminant, like AMoschus, wanting these parts is so far more likely to belong to the Cervine than to the Bovine section. The absence of antlers is no indication of special relationship to the T’ra- gulina any more than it is to the Camels, Pigs, or any of the early forms of the order. II. Dentition. The brachyodont character of the molar teeth, as lately mentioned, is some evidence in favour of Moschus belonging to the Cervine section, but not by itself conclusive; for even if we knew of no existing Bovine animal in this case, it would be quite possible to conceive of some member of the group retaining a character once common to all. * The still more recently discovered Lophotragus michianus, Swinhoe (P. Z.8. 1874, p. 452), appears to be another Deer without antlers; but very little is yet known of its structure. + Dremotherium is sometimes placed among the Tragulide, or rather the artificial group in which those animals as well as Moschus were included ; but in the majority of its dental and cranial characters it was a true Deer, of course somewhat generalized and in so far approaching the Tragulina. Gelocus was an older form, and retained the four premolars of the more primitive types. They both appear to belong to the stock from which the Pecora are descended after the ancestors of the Tragulina had branched off from it. The latter, as will be seen in the tabular view of the classification of the group (p. 189), are the lowest and least-modified of all the existing selenodont Artiodactyles. 184 PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. [ Mar. 16, The incisors are of rather peculiar form, the central being straight and awl-shaped instead of expanded and diverging, as not only in most Deer and Antelopes, but also, in a still more marked degree, in the Tra- gulina. But the Reindeer, as Sir Victor Brooke lately pointed out*, has incisors not unlike those of the Musk ; and the same or a closely similar form is not uncommon among the Bovide. This is rather an absence of specialization than a mark of affinity. The great development of the upper canine teeth of the male is a remarkable characteristic of Mosehus, and one on which much stress was formerly laid in separating it from the Deer. Most of the latter, however, have canines; and their great size in the Muntjaks forms a considerable approximation to the condition in Moschus. But Hydropotes offers a crucial test of the value of this character. This singular genus agrees with Moschus in the great size of the canines as well as the absence of antlers (in these cases apparently correlated phenomena). If Mosehus is to be separated from the Cervide on the strength of these two most striking external characters, Hydro- potes must go with it, and the family Moschide will consist of the two genera Moschus and Hydropotes;—an arrangement whieh may satisfy some zoologists ; but, as shown by Sir Victor Brooke in his description of the skull of Hydropoées, these animals differ greatly in many important respects ; in fact, in the form of the base of the cranium, they are as widely removed from each other as are any of the true Deer,— Moschus, with its small rugged auditory bulla, resem- bling the Muntjak and the Roe; while Hydropotes has the same part smooth and inflated even ina greater degree than the Axis and Hog- Deer, and more resembling some of the Antelopes. The question of the affinity of these two forms will receive further elucidation when the visceral anatomy of Hydropotesis known; but there is at present but little reason for supposing them nearly related. As it is a very characteristic feature in the Bovide to have entirely lost the upper canine teeth (very few indeed possessing any, and these always very rudimentary), their presence on such a large scale in Moschus is further corroboration to the evidence derived from the molars that it is not intimately allied to that family. On the other hand, little weight can be attached to this character as showing any very near affinity to the Zragulina. The excessive growth of a particular tooth is an instance of specialization, and occurs so often in forms so remotely allied to each other as Machairodus, Trichechus, &c., that it can only be taken as evidence of relationship between animals otherwise very nearly akin. In the present case it is probably adaptive, and follows the general tendency among all Artiodactyles, Suine as well as Ruminant, to possess either tusk-like canines or frontal appendages, these being, with some notable excep- tions, complementary to each other in development. All the early Artiodactyles had canines, at first of moderate proportions ; but it was not long before the tusks became immensely developed in the * “On Hydropotes inermis and its Cranial Characters as compared with those of Moschus moschiferus,” P. Z.8. 1872, p. 522. + Asin Dr. Gray’s ‘Hand-list of Ruminants in the British Museum,’ 1872. 1875. | PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE MUSK-DEER. 185 males of many species, as Amphitragulusand Dremotherium. These, after a time, became generally superseded by horns or antlers ; but they have either continued from those times or have beenindependently developed by the agency of similar causes in Hydropotes and in Moschus, and to a less extent in Cervulus, Tragulus, and Hyomoschus. The latter supposition seems more likely, as when closely examined the canines of Moschus and Tragulus will be seen to differ much in form and direction. The former are rounded and the latter concave on the external surface; the former tend to approach each other as they grow downwards, the latter to diverge and turn backwards *. The canines of the Musk seem at first sight to differ from those of other Deer in having persistent pulps; but this is only a question of degree. In old Musks, as in old Muntjaks and Hydropotes, the base of the tooth becomes closed, as specimens in the Museum of the College of Surgeons show ; but this takes place at a relatively later age. III. The special characters of the feet are :—(1) the navicular and cuboid united together, (2) the ectocuneiform free, (3) the outer metatarsals entirely absent, (4) the lower extremity of the outer metacarpals fairly developed, (5) well-developed phalanges to the outer toes on all extremities. The first is common to all the Pecora and Tragulina, but separates them from the 7'ylopoda and Suina. The second is found in all Pecora except the Muntjaks and the Pudu, which, in the union of these bones, exhibit a nearer approach to the Chevrotains than does Moschus. The third character is common to all the Pecorat, and separates them from the Tragulina. The fourth Moschus shares in common with One 9 bo E 6. On a new Species of Deer from Mesopotamia. By Sir Victor Brooks, Bart., F.Z.S. [Received March 16, 1875.] (Plate XX XVIII.) Upon his return from the Seistan Boundary Expedition, our Cor- responding Member Mr. Blanford informed me that he had heard 262 SIR VICTOR BROOKE ON A NEW [Mar. 16, rumours of the existence of a Spotted Deer in the countries imme- diately to the north of the Persian Gulf. He expressed at the same time his opinion that the matter was of considerable interest, and recommended me to take active steps to obtain specimens. This I at once did by writing to Capt. Jones, H.B.M. Consul at Tabreez, who was at the time most kindly endeavouring to procure for me specimens of all the Persian Cervidee and Bovidee. Upon the receipt of my letter, Capt. Jones put himself into immediate communication with Mr. Robertson, the English Vice-Consul at Busrah, requesting him, if possible, to obtain specimens of the Mesopotamian Spotted Deer. In his reply, Mr. Robertson wrote, * Please tell Sir Victor Brooke that I have already sent a skull with horns and a skin of the Spotted Deer to Mr. Sclater, Secretary of the Zoological Society, with whom doubtless Sir Victor is well Fig. 1. Head of Cervus (Dama) mesopotamicus 3 , with horns half-grown. acquainted. I shall send Sir Victor the horns and skin of the next buck I shoot.’ Having observed my interest in the matter, my friend Mr. Sclater, with characteristic generosity, handed these spe- cimens over to me upon their arrival, and requested me to lay before the Society the results of my observations. At the first glance the 1875.] DEER FROM MESOPOTAMIA. 263 general conformation of the skull and the markings of the skin sent by Mr. Robertson so closely resembled those of the common Fallow Deer, that I was inclined to believe the Mesopotamian specimens to be referable to this species, the peculiarities in the horns, which were in velvet, and about half-grown (fig. 1), being attributable to abnormality. A closer examination, however, revealed characters which showed me that this first impression was incorrect, and con- vinced me that, though more closely allied to Dama vulgaris than to any other existing Deer, the specimens appertained to a new and very interesting species. Wishing, if possible, to avoid founding the species upon the examination of a single specimen, I considered it better to await the results of Mr. Robertson’s indefatigable exer- tions to obtain more materials before introducing the species to the Society’s notice. A short time subsequently I received a letter from Mr. Robertson, in which he thus writes :—‘“I received your last letter when on the point of setting out for a few days’ shooting on the Karoon, where I hoped to get a good head of the Spotted Deer, but have not suc- ceeded. I only saw one specimen, a doe. At some distance I ex- amined her through a field-glass, and observed that her colour was considerably darker and duller than that of the buck (shot in March), whose skin I sent to Mr. Sclater (Plate XXXVIII.). Her spots, how- ever, were as marked as usual; and I am pretty sure that I have seen Spotted Deer on the Karoon at all seasons of the year. The other Fig. 2. Antler of Cervus (Dama) mesopotamicus, picked up near the Karoon. Deer which I mentioned as inhabiting the same jungles is rather smaller and always brown. I send you two cast horns, which I have marked 1 and 2 (see fig. 2, p. 263, and fig. 3, p. 264). The former was picked up near the Karoon, and is that, I think, of a brown Deer ; the latter I got from a friend, who could only tell me that it came from Shuster. It is, I believe, a fully developed horn of a Spotted 264 SIR VICTOR BROOKE ON A NEW [ Mar. 16, Deer.” These horns, both of which, I think, belong to the same species, decide the matter, and prove that, by his energetic assist- ance, Mr. Robertson has enabled me to bring to light one of the most interesting forms amongst existing Cervide. The following description will, I hope, with the assistance of Mr. Wolf’s beautiful drawing, enable naturalists to recognize the species, which I propose to name : Cervus (DAMA) MESOPOTAMICUS, sp. nov. (Plate XXXVIII.) Hair of moderate length, stiff, and close-set. General colour of neck, body, and limbs bright fawn. Back of the neck, upper parts of the sides, and haunches spotted with white, the spots blending Fig. 3. beeen el Antler of Cervus (Dama) mesopotamicus, from Shuster. together so as to form continuous lines along each side of the dorsal list, on the haunches, and along the sides of the body. Posterior part of the haunches and all four extremities uniform pale fawn- 1875. ] DEER FROM MESOPOTAMIA. 265 colour. Some black hairs form an indefinite dark patch on the base and at each side of the base of the tail. Remainder of the tail and the belly white. Skull broad in comparison with its length, and in general form re- sembling that of Dama vulgaris. Nasals expanded at the superior extremities. Suture between the malar and maxilla equidistant from the lower rim of the orbit and the alveoli of the molars. Praemaxillee reaching the nasals. Horns with a strong massive burr, immediately above which is developed a short brow-antler, rather compressed from above down- wards (a, figs. 2, 3). Expanding gradually from the burrs a fan- Shaped palm is formed, from which are thrown off one inner (fig. 3,6) and two anterior tines (fig. 3, ¢). From the posterior corner of the palm rises a strong cylindrical beam, terminating in three well-developed tines (figs. 2, 3, d). Total length of the horn in a straight line 22”; height of the palm 7”, its width 5”; length of the brow-antler 2"; height of adult male at the shoulder about 40”. Hab. Khuzistan, Luristan (Persia). Tn reference to the habits of the species, Mr. Robertson has sent me the following particulars :—«I fear I cannot tell you much about the habits of these animals; there are very few of them on the Karoon. But I understand they are more plentiful on the Dis and Kerkhah, where the jungles are of greater extent and the feed. ing probably better. The Karoon jungles are of white poplar and tamarisk bushes, From March until November there is abundance of coarse grass, which horses will eat when hungry, but not other- wise. I once watched a doe and her fawn browsing on the young shoots of poplar bushes. These and a kind of moss found in de- pressions in the desert where rain-water has lain, are, I -fancy, their food. Gazelles live chiefly on the latter. These deer are never seen abroad after sunrise. They pass the day in the thick poplar- jungle, which is scarcely penetrable, and where it is impossible to surprise them. Those I have shot I have generally found in the morning and evening twilight near the edge of the cover, If you will indicate any further points upon which information will’ be useful, I will do my best to obtain it.” Comparison with Dama vulgaris. Tn its general cranial structure, palmated horns, and coloration Daria mesopotamica exhibits close affinity to Dama vulgaris, but may be easily distinguished from that species by the following cha- racters :— 1. By its considerably superior size. 2. By the much greater lateral expansion of the superior extre- mities of the nasal bones. 3. By the position of the suture between the malar and superior maxilla. In the new species this suture is about equidistant from the lower border of the orbit and the alveoli of the molars; in the Fallow Deer it is situated much nearer the former. 266 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON A NEW GROUSE. __ [ Mar. 16, 4. By its aborted brow-antlers in the palmated portion of the horns lying inferior instead of superior to the cylindrical portion as in Dama vulgaris, and by the points being developed from the an- terior instead of the posterior aspect of the horns as is the case in the common species. 5. By the spots on the upper parts of the back blending together so as to form two continuous white streaks, one on each side of the brown median dorsal list. 6. By the much smaller extent of the dark markings which border the white of the anal region in Dama vulgaris. In the development from the fan-shaped palm of a definite strong cylindrical beam terminated with points, the new species presents a type of horn which stands unique among existing Cervide. Conclusion. Notwithstanding the fact that the minor groups into which the existing Cervide naturally fall is, in a large measure, indicated by certain peculiarities in the external configuration of the horns of the various species, the strong resemblance between the skulls and general appearance of the new species and the common Fallow-deer, leaves no room for doubt as to their close affinity, whilst in the form of their horns they differ widely. If this view be correct, it follows that, although of great general utility to the zoologist, the external configuration of the horns alone cannot be considered as a crucial test of affinity amongst the Cervide. 7. Description d’une nouvelle espéce de Coq de bruyere. Par L. Taczanowsk1, F.M.Z.S. [Received March 4, 1875.] Je viens de recevoir de Lagodechi (Géorgie Russe) une paire de Tetras différant d’une maniére trés-sensible du Coq de bruyére d’Europe. Cette différence, qui frappe 4 premiére vue, n’est pas moins accentuée que celle qui distingue les deux espéces de Cogs de bois Tetrao urogallus, L., et T. urogalloides, Midd., ou les Tetrastes betulina (Scop.) et la Gelinotte que le Colonel Przewalski vient de découvrir au Tibet septentrional. La coloration du male présente plusieurs détails qui le caracté- risent parfaitement et qui suffiraient pour établir une distinction spécifique; la différence de la femelle est encore plus frappante, car sa nuance est complétement differente ainsi que son dessin, de ceux de la femelle du 7’. tetriz. L’oiseau est d’une taille moins forte ; ses ailes sont en proportion beaucoup plus courtes et remarquables par la briéveté des primaires ; la queue du mile (fig. 1) est tout-a-fait différente, elle est moins profondément fourchue, ce qui provient d’une plus grande longueur des rectrices médianes, qui en consé- quence ne présentent pas d’aussi grande différence en longueur avec les externes que dans l’espéce citée ; toutes les rectrices sont moins 1875.] M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON A NEW GROUSE. 267 larges, et les extrémités des externes sont peu recourbées sur les cétés, mais distinctement fléchies en bas, 4 barbes dressées de maniére a former une sorte de gouttiére assez profonde ; les subcaudales se terminent 4 deux pouces et demi devant les extrémités des rectrices médianes, tandis qu’elles les dépassent d’environ un pouce dans Poiseaud’Europe. La queue dela femelle (fig. 2) est beaucoup plus Fig. |. Bigs 2. i VY / qv, I | hi : Queue du Tetrao mlokosiewiczi 3, Queue de la femelle Tetrao } grand. mlokosiewiczi, 2 grand. longue que dans l’espéce commune, elle est coupée carrément a Pextrémité, les deux rectrices médianes sont seulement un peu plus courtes que les autres. Le bec est moins fort; les pattes et les doigts plus minces. Tous ces caractéres sont suffisants pour con- stituer une bonne espéce, dont voici la description. TETRAO MLOKOSIEWICZI, n. Sp. Mas ex toto nigerrimus, subcaudalibus concoloribus, subalaribus posticis axillaribusque albis. ' Foem. griseo brunneoque subtiliter undulata, abdomine medio atro. Tout le plumage du mile est d’un noir trés-foncé presque uniforme partout, on remarque cependant un éclat bleuatre trés-faible et peu distinct au cou et au croupion, et une teinte brune sur les tarses. Les subalaires externes* sont noires, leurs correspondantes du dernier rang grises ; les postérieurest et les axillaires sont blanches. Les remiges, moins foncées que la couleur générale, sont 4 teinte brundtre a la face supérieure de la barbe externe, et grisatres & la face infé- rieure, sans aucun vestige de miroir blanc. Le bec est noir ; les * Celles du carpe. 1 Celles de l’ayant-bras. 268 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON ANEW GROUSE. _ [ Mar. 16, doigts paraissent étre bruns 4 ongles noiratres. La partie nue ver- ruqueuse au-dessus de l’ceil est aussi développée que dans l’espéce commune et parait étre de la méme couleur rouge. La couleur générale de la femelle est composée de la réunion d’une multitude de raies transversales ondulées et fines* de nuance brune foncée partout, et d’une autre nuance claire variant sur les diverses parties du corps; ainsi la couleur roussatre est dominante au dos, au croupion et sur les couvertures alaires, en prenant un ton blanchatre 4 l’extrémité de chaque plume, tandis que le blanchatre est dominant sur tout le dessous du corps et sur le derriére du cou. Sur la gorge et le devant du cou les raies blanches et brunes sont plus larges et plus distancées entre elles. Les subcaudales sont barrées de larges raies noiratres et rousses, et terminées par une blanche ; toutes ces raies claires sont encore semées de quelques Fig. 3. Fig. 4. VR RA \ Mies Pa / yp | hla Une plume de I’aisselle de la femelle Une plume de l’aisselle de la femelle du Tetrao tetrix, gr. nat. du Tetrao mlokosiewiczt, gr. nat. taches ou de stries transversales foncées. Les subalaires sont blanches. Le sommet de la téte est brun varié de roussatre. Les remiges sont brun-grisatres ; la barbe externe des primaires vari¢e irréguliére- ment de fauve, celle des secondaires de blanchatre, ainsi que le bord postérieur de la barbe interne, et terminées d’un liseré blanc. Les rectrices sont brunes avec de nombreuses raies roussitres fort irré- guliéres et fort ondulées. Le tarse est fauve, finement ondulé de grisatre. Dimensions. 3 2 millim. millim. Longueur de l’aile pliée................ 200 205 Distance entre l’extrémité des primaires et celle des tertiaires ..........00...... 40 40 Longueur de la queue.................. 230 170 * Quatre bandes foncées sur une plume de la femelle du 7. Zetriz et une vingtaine sur une plume correspondante de la femelle de cette espéce nouvelle. 1875.] ON THE AVIFAUNA OF THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO. 269 i) 9 millim. millim. Distance entre l’extrémité des _rectrices médianes et celle des externes ...... . 55 15 Longueur du bec depuis la commissure. . . . 29... 29 ah MUL SARC toate fectaAia Seon ee 305.) 51 as du doigt médian sans ongle .... 48 48 ee de longle médian ...... miasevaphte 16 §=612 5% TT ie ia ARE el 5S 5 14 14 si de Vongle postérienr.._......:. 11° 10 Cet oiseau se tient sur les hautes montagnes de la contrée*, habitées aussi par le Megaloperdir caucasicus. Il nous reste mainte- nant a étudier ses habitudes et son aire de dispersion. Je saisis avec plaisir cette occasion pour rendre hommage 4 mon ami Louis Mlokosiewicz, qui avec une persévérance digne d’admi- ration ne cesse de recueillir dans la Géorgie Russe, au milieu de mille difficultés, tout ce qui peut enrichir le domaine de Phistoire naturelle, et qui a si justement apprécié, aprés l’avoir découvert, les caractéres spécifiques du bel oiseau que je viens de décrire. April 6, 1875. Dr. E. Hamilton, V.P., in the Chair. A letter was read from Dr. G. Hartlaub, F.M.Z.S., in which he stated that Dr. Finsch and he had come to the conclusicn, from the study of additional examples, that Lobiospiza notabilis (the supposed new Finch from the Navigator Islands), described and figured by them in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ for 1870 (p. 817, pl. xlix.) from a single specimen in spirits, was probably only the young bird of Amblyura cyanovirens. Mr. A. G. Butler, F.Z.S., read a “ Revision of the Heterocerous Lepidoptera of the family Sphingide.” This memoir will be printed in the Society’s ‘ Transactions.’ Mr. Osbert Salvin, F.R.S., read a memoir on the Avifauna of the Galapagos archipelago, of which the following is an abstract. The Galapagos archipeiago consists of a group of fifteen islands, together with a number of outlying rocks. Of the former, seven are considerably larger than the rest, one of them, Albemarle, being as large as all the others put together. The group is situated about 600 miles from the west coast of Ecuador, and lies under the equator. All the islands are of volcanic origin, the number of craters being computed to be as many as 2000. ‘The most western of the islands, * Montagne de Bogosch aux environs de Zakataly, non loin de la route de Tiflis a Derbent, 42° lat, bor., 111° long. de Ferro. 270 MR. O. SALVIN ON THE AVIFAUNA OF [Apr. 6, Narborough, as well as Albemarle, is frequently the scene of violent volcanic eruptions—Narborough being from this cause almost entirely devoid of vegetation, itssurface presenting vast fields of lavaand volcanic scorie. The vegetation in these islands is nowhere dense, but is more luxuriant in the eastern and central islands, especially in the higher grounds inland. These, being usually enveloped in clouds, are damp, and thus foster a richer vegetation than the low-lying lands adjoining the sea-coast. The climate of the archipelago is mild, owing to the influence of the great south polar current which passes through it. Little rain falls except during the months of November, December, and January ; consequently there is a great scarcity of water during the rest of the year—so much so, that water is only to be found, near the sea, during the whole year, in one place in Chatham Island. In the interior of the islands perennial pools exist. The islands appear to have been first discovered by the Spaniards in the 16th century ; but the exact date is not known. The name Galapagos Islands, derived from the abundance of Tortoises found on them, is that under which they appear in a map bearing the date 1592, and under which they are mentioned in the voyage of Sir Richard Hawkins in 1593. There is no reason to suppose that the Spaniards ever frequented them to any extent. To the buccaneers, who cruised along the western shores of America towards the close of the 17th century, they were a place of constant resort—the great Tortoises, as well as the quantity of Turtle and Fish, providing them with fresh food, of which they often stood in need, The same abundance of food also attracted the whaling-ships after the buccaneers had disappeared from these coasts. The number of whalers requiring refreshments suggested the attempt at colonizing Charles Island; but with the decline of the Whale-fisheries, both ships and colonists have almost disappeared, and, at the present time, these islands appear to be only visited by a few vessels from the coast of the mainland, some for fishing, others for collecting Orchilla or Archil. The effects on the birds of the Galapagos Islands of the visits of vessels and the attempts at colonization do not appear to have re- sulted at present in any great diminution in their numbers; but as pigs and goats, as well as cattle, cats, and dogs, are now established in several of the islands, these can hardly fail ultimately to affect the indigenous avifauna. As regards the Tortoises, the appearance of mau in these islands has been very destructive. These animals in some of the islands have been wholly extirpated ; and in all the large islands old individuals have been killed off, leaving only smaller indi- viduals to represent them. The earlier writers on this archipelago make few allusions to the Birds. Some of the larger sea-birds are sometimes mentioned, and the Pigeon seems, from its tameness and from its excellence as food, to have usually attracted attention; but no collection of Birds was made until Mr. Darwin visited the islands during the surveying- voyage of H.M.S. ‘Beagle’ in 1835. A collection of some extent 1875. | THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO. 271 was then formed; and from the account given of it by Mr. Gould in the Zoological Society’s ‘ Proceedings,’ and by Mr. Darwin in ‘ The Zoology of the voyage of the ‘ Beagle,’ we have the first introduction to the Birds of the archipelago. Two other considerable collections have been subsequently made—one by the officers of the Swedish frigate ‘ Eugenies,’ and the other by Dr. Habel. A few specimens were also obtained during the voyage of the French ship ‘ Vénus,’ as well as a few by Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood in the ‘ Herald’ and ‘Pandora.’ I also suppose that Prof. Agassiz, during the ‘ Hassler’ expedition, collected birds on these islands; but of them, if they exist, no account has ever yet been published. Fifty-six species of Birds have been recorded as inhabitants of the Galapagos archipelago: of these about two thirds are peculiar to the group ; the remainder are species of wide range and belong chiefly to families of Sea-Birds and Waders. The affinity of the Birds of the islands lies entirely with those of the adjoining continent of South America, whether viewed as regards families, genera, or species. The distribution of the Birds in the different islands still requires investigation. Few species, however, are restricted in their range to one island; and further research will, I think, tend to show that, so far as the Birds are concerned, hardly any indigenous bird will be found ultimately to inhabit one island alone. One singular feature is especially worthy of notice with respect to the genus of Finches (Geospiza) which frequents the islands. I re- fer to the remarkable variation observable in the size of these birds, especially as regards their bills. Mr. Darwin was much struck with this circumstance. Individual birds vary to such an extent that I fully believe that a gradual series could be gathered to show that these birds’ beaks vary from the size of that of a Hawfinch (Coccothraustes) to that of a Bunting (Eméberiza). Several species have been characterized from the different sizes of bills of these birds ; but were the difference once shown to be capable of being destroyed by the interposition of intermediate specimens, our usual means of defining species would fail, and the result would compel us to unite all under one specific denomination. As Dr. Habel’s notes, however, rather tend than otherwise to show that individuals group themselves to some extent with regard to their size, I have thought it best to adhere for the present to the plan adopted by Mr. Gould, and endeavour to differentiate the species described by him. In doing so, however, I feel that I have assigned rather arbitrary specific cha- racters, based on size alone, to some of the so-called species. Under favourable circumstances for the maintenance of these birds, coupled with a tendency to vary considerably as regards size, natural selection seems to have acted with great laxity in eliminating inter- mediate forms. Lastly, I have drawn up a few suggestions to guide future explorers, and have endeavoured to point out as to which islands our knowledge of the avifauna is incomplete or totally wanting. The large island of Albemarle remains practically unexplored. Nothing 272 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON [Apr. 6, is known of the birds of Narborough Island, though little can be ex- pected here from the extreme barrenness of this island. Hood Island offers a better prospect; and Tower Island ought certainly to be visited. Nor ought the smaller islets, such as Barrington Island and Duncan Island, to be omitted when the collector is in search.of new ground. The islands already explored are well worthy of further investigation. Of the whole archipelago, Indefatigable Island is the only one where a really extensive series of birds has been obtained, though Dr. Habel’s collections from Bindloe and Abingdon islands are by no means small. ‘In conclusion, I would recommend any one visiting the Galapagos to call at Cocos Island, in N. lat. 5° 33’, long. 86° 58’ W. At present we only know of one land bird from this well-wooded and well-watered island ; and that is a peculiar Cuckoo of an American genus, Coceyzus Jerrugineus. A collection made here cannot fail to be of high interest. Mr. Salvin’s Memoir will be printed entire in the Society’s ‘Trans- actions.’ The following papers were read :-— 1. A Monograph of the Siliceo-fibrous Sponges. By J. S. Bowersank, LL.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S., &e.—Part I1.* [Received March 12, 1875.] (Plates XXXIX. & XL.) Farrea Gassioti1, Bowerbank. Sponge cup-shaped, expansive, parietes very thin; pedicel short. Oscula, pores, and dermal membrane unknown. Skeleton siliceo- fibrous ; fibres cylindrical, furnished more or less with short acutely conical spines; rete rectangulated ; areas mostly square; central canals large and very distinct, not always confluent, frequently two in each fibre. Interstitial spicula rectangulated sexradiate ; radii cylindrical, smooth, few in number. Sarcode, dried, dark amber- brown. Colour, in the dried state, brown? Hab. West Indies (Capt. Hunter, R.N.). Examined in the skeleton state. The type specimen is 9 lines in height. The pedicel does not exceed 2 lines. The cup is partially compressed ; it is 1 inch in its greatest marginal diameter, and 8 lines in its smallest breadth. I could not detect the slightest indication of either dermis or oscula. The primary series of skeleton-fibres radiate from the basal portion of the cup, the secondary ones having a circumferential direction at about right angles to the primary ones; they each appear to be as nearly as possible of the same diameter, and to have the central canals and the spination of the fibres equally apportioned. There * For Part II. see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 323. P Z.8.1875.P1. XXxXIxX. 3. F pocillum 4-8. Farrea Gassioti 1— W. West &C° ump. cae Amore vey ope ede. ie Farrea fistulata 3—4:. F levis 5-6. Deanea virgultosa 1-2. F parasitica 7. I. Dintkel delet lith. W. West £C2 imp. a) Pariien UE ¥ gull eatal oe ’ . 1875.] SILICEO-FIBROUS SPONGES. 2738 are three or more layers of the skeleton-structure. The fibres of the interior of the cup have the greatest number of spines upor them; those of the outer surface appear to be nearly spineless. The spines are acutely conical; their greatest height rarely exceeds their basal diameters. The fibres and the central canals within them both vary to a considerable extent in their diameter. One of the largest fibres measured ;1,; inch and one of the smallest =4, inch in diameter. The average of three that were measured was 54, inch. One of the largest canals measured 5;1,; inch in diameter; and a very small onein connexion with the large one was >; inch, and the average ;,),; inch in diameter. There does not appear to exist any definite proportion between the fibre and its central canal, a large canal frequently occurring ina small fibre, and a very slender one in a stout fibre. In their course threugh the skeleton they usually coalesce at each angle of the rete; but it not unfrequently occurs that large fibres have two canals running parallel to each other, as if each had originated at opposite angles of the rete ; and occasionally one or both terminate ina spherical dilatation. A few of the inter- stitial spicula fortunately remain entangled in the skeleton-rete. They are small, rectangulated, sexradiate forms, with smooth cylin- drical radii, and are all of about the same size. Some portions of the skeleton-fibres were covered by a very thin layer of sarcode of a bark-brown amber-colour. The sponge was apparently a skeleton when brought up from the bottom of the sea; but although so many important characters are absent, those available are sufficiently striking to render its discrimi- nation from other nearly allied species satisfactory. I have named the species after Dr. Gassiot, through whose kindness I have had the opportunity of examining and describing it. The specimens were dredged on the 22nd July, 1872, lat. 14° 8" N., long. 77° 38" W., 800 to 1000 fathoms; and Dr. Gassiot in his letter to me states, “ Reliance can be placed on statement of locality, depth &c., as the specimens were put into bottles and marked by Capt. Hunter, who is a most energetic officer and careful observer. FarREA POCILLUM, Bowerbank. Sponge cup-shaped, contracted ; pedicel short; parietes thin. Oscula, pores, and dermal membrane unknown. Skeleton siliceo- fibrous ; fibres cylindrical, furnished more or less with short acutely conical spines ; rete’ more or less rectangulated, rather irregular ; central canal very slender, often terminating abruptly in a cecoid manner. Internal defensive organs rectangulated sexradiate, rather large, based on the sides of the fibres; radii attenuated, abundantly spinous, and also furnished rather abundantly with rectangulated sexradiate spicula, small and slender; radii attenuating, incipiently spinous. Sarcode dark and opaque. Colour, in the dried state, very faint rose-pink. Hab. West-Indian seas (Capt. Hunter, R.N.). Examined in the dried state. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, No. XVIII. 18 274 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON [Apr. 6, I am indebted to my late friend Mr. Henry Deane for two speci- mens of this interesting species ; neither of them exceeds 8 lines in height and 5 in greatest diameter. From their form and other external characters they might readily have been mistaken for specimens of Farrea gassioti; but a microscopical examination readily separates them from that species. As was the case with F. gassioti, the characters derivable from the dermis, oscula, and pores were not available; so that the discrimination of the species was in a great measure dependent on the structural peculiarities of the ske- leton ; and the resemblance of the two species in size, form, and mode of arrangement of the spicula is very close; but they differ very strikingly in the characters afforded by the central canals of the ske- leton-structure. In those of P. gassioti, when examined beneath the microscope in Canada balsam with a power of 108 linear, they are strikingly large and distinct, while in F. pocillum, although the fibres of the two species are as nearly as possible of the same size, they are remarkably slender, and in some cases nearly obsolete ; and this was the case in portions taken from both of the specimens in my possession. These distinctive characters are quite sufficient to separate the two species; but there are fortunately others that aid materially in their discrimination. Thus in F. pocil/um there are numerous internal defensive organs of a rectangular sexradiate form, based on the sides of the skeleton, and projected into the areas of the rete. These organs are comparatively large and strong; and are abundantly furnished with large conical spines. Sometimes the primary central portion of these organs is destitute of the four lateral radii ; and occasionally the lateral radii are doubled in number, a second set of them being projected beyond the first ones. In addition to these internal defensive organs there are numerous unat- tached rectangular sexradiate spicula, occasionally grouped together in considerable numbers on the areas of the skeleton-rete. These spicula are very distinct from those organs of the same form which are based upon the skeleton-fibre ; they are very much smaller, and their radii are slender and usually spineless.. All are alike acutely terminated, and have evidently never been based upon the skeleton- fibres, as the organs first described always are. The presence of these organs in the one species and their apparent complete absence in the other strongly confirms the propriety of their separation, not- withstanding the close resemblance they bear to each other in external form. The specimens were dredged July 22, 1872, in lat. 14° 8'N., long. 77° 38' W., 800 to 1000 fathoms, by Capt. Hunter, R.N. Deane, Bowerbank. Skeleton siliceo-fibrous. Fibres canaliculated ; canals continuous. Rete symmetrical ; areas rotulate, confluent. This genus is intermediate between Iphiteon of Valenciennes and Farrea. The skeleton has the confluent rotulate structure of the former, but differs from it in having the fibres distinctly canalicu- lated. It agrees with the latter genus in the canaliculation of the 1875.] SILICEO-FIBROUS SPONGES. 275 skeleton-fibre, but it differs essentially from it in the form of its reticular arrangement. I have named the genus after my late friend Mr. Henry Deane, to whom I am indebted for my knowledge of the sponge. DEANEA VIRGULTOSA, Bowerbank. Sponge sessile (?), virgultose, solid, irregularly cylindrical. Surface even. Oscula, pores, and dermis unknown. Skeleton symmetrical ; fibre cylindrical ; central canals large and very distinct. Colour, in the dried state, amber-brown. Hab. West-Indian seas ? Examined in the skeleton condition. All that remains of this interesting sponge is unfortunately its well-washed skeleton, so that little more can be said of it than what apertains to its generic characters; but these are fortunately very distinctive. The specimen is 17 inch long, and of an average diameter of about 2 lines. Which has been its basal end cannot be determined, as both are broken terminations. The substance of the Sponge is very compact, there being no central cavity. There are no indications on its surface of oscules, and not the slightest remains of either dermal membrane or sarcode. When a section of the sponge is made at right angles to its long axis, mounted in Canada balsam and viewed with a power of 100 linear, its structure is beautifully displayed. Its singular confluent rotulate rete is as regular as that of Iphiteon, described and figured in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society for May 1869, p. 323, pl. xxi. figs. 1 & 2. No other form of structure occurs in the skeleton; and whether we view a transverse section, a longitudinal one, or the surface of the sponge, the same rotulate structure is presented to the eye. The canaliculated structure is very strongly produced. The canals radiate from the axis of each rotulum, and usually appear to be con- tinuous through the whole of the skeleton-structure ; occasionally, but not frequently, a single ray will be entirely destitute of the central canal ; but this is the exception, not the rule. The skeleton- fibres vary in diameter from ;3; inch to z4,; but the general average is about =}, inch. The central canals are large in pro- portion to the size of the fibres; their range in diameter is from To oo ch to 35/55 inch, but their average diameter is about 7-55 inch. They are not always in proportion to the size of the fibre, the largest canals being frequently in the smallest fibres. Since the above description was written I have received a small fragment of another specimen of the sponge. It is a piece of a similar small cylindrical mass, about 3 lines in length and rather less inits diameter. In this specimen there are remains of sarcode thinly coating some of the skeleton-fibres ; andin many of them the canals are lined with a sarcodous membrane of a dark amber-brown colour, a strong evidence that the sponge was in a living state when taken. No spicula of any description could be detected in any part of the 18* 276 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON (Apr. 6, specimen. The confluent rotulate form of skeleton-structure is not confined to the siliceo-fibrous sponges ; it also occurs in the dermis of arare British sponge, Desmacidon rotalis. In this case it does not occur in the internal skeleton of the sponge, but in the reticulated dermis only. I have figured this beautiful dermal tissue in vol. iii. pl. xe. fig. 9, ‘Monograph of the British Spongiade.’ The specimen of Deanea virgultosa figured was presented to me by my late friend Mr. H. Deane, along with those of Farrea gassioti and pocillum; and I presume it is from the same locality as those species. FarREA FISTULATA, Bowerbank. Sponge fistulous, orifices both terminal and lateral, very large, parietes thin. Surfaces, exterior and interior, even, but rough to the touch, each abundantly armed with a single series of harrow-like teeth, based on the angles of the skeleton-tissues, and projected outwardly from their respective surfaces. Oscula and pores un- known. Dermal membrane thin, abundantly spiculous; tension- spicula acerate, variable in size, rather numerous ; retentive spicula simple and contort, bihamate, numerous, dispersed. Skeleton-fibre cylindrical, smooth and even; canals large and very distinct ; rete symmetrically quadrangular, areas usually square. Internal de- fensive spicula attenuato-acuate, basally spined, based on the skele- ton-fibres, projected at about right angles into the areas of the rete. Sarcode dark amber-colour, thinly coating the skeleton-structures. Colour, dried state, dark amber-brown. Hab. West-Indian seas ? Examined in the dried state. - This remarkable sponge consists of a single thin stratum of skele- ton-tissue in the form of a compound pipe about four lines in dia- meter. It has all the appearance of being only a portion of a more perfect specimen. It is but an inch in length, but in that short space it has six open terminations of what has apparently been as many ramifications of its fistulous structure; and none of these orifices have a natural or an even margin. The general surface of the specimen is even, and no indications are apparent of either oscula or pores. The dermal membrane is in an excellent state of preserva- tion on the surface of the sponge; and from its present condition it was evidently in a living state when taken. It is a thin translucent structure, abundantly spiculous. The tension-spicula are slender and acerate, not very numerous ; they are variable in size and irregu- larly disposed on the surface of the membrane. The bihamate retentive spicula are rather numerously dispersed on the membrane ; they are slender and very equable in size. The skeleton isa remark- ably beautiful structure. The fibre is perfectly smooth, very equable in its diameter, and it is arranged as nearly as possible in a regular quadrangular network. The central canals are moderately large and very distinct, and are as equable in their diameter and mode of distribution as the rete of the skeleton is. The thin stratum of 1875. | SILICEO-FIBROUS SPONGES. 277 skeleton-structure appears to consist of two and sometimes three layers of this beautiful network. The outer and the inner layers are powerfully armed by a single series of stout harrow-like teeth pro- jected from the angles of the network at right angles to the surface ; and each of these teeth is furnished with numerous imbricated scales, like the similar organs in Farrea occa, described in the ‘ Proceed- ings of the Zoological Society of London,’ for May 13, 1869, p- 339. These organs in the species under consideration differ from those in F. ocea in being longer and more slender in their proportions. If the specimen be examined by direct light with a power of 50 linear, these structures are exhibited in a very beautiful manner, projecting outwardly from the angles of the dermal layer of the quadrangular network at right angles to its surface, and from the internal skeleton- layer in like manner into the interior cavity of the sponge, while the intermediate layer or layers of the skeleton are entirely destitute of these organs; but in place of them they are abundantly furnished with attenuato-acuate entirely spined internal defensive spicula, which are based on the sides of the skeleton-fibres, and are projected at various angles into the areas of the rete: These internal defen- sive spicula are very numerous where the fibre is well coated with the dark amber-coloured sarcode ; but when the sarcode is absent not a single spiculum is to be seen on the fibres. The skeleton- fibres of the interior surface do not appear to be furnished with in- ternal defensive spicula; but those of the outer and intermediate layers are abundantly furnished with them. These spicula vary to a considerable extent in size, the longer being frequently twice the length of the shorter ones. The basal half of both is abundantly spinous, while the distal half is usually entirely spineless. The spines are short and acutely conical. I could not detect any interstitial membranes ; but a few large acerate spicula were observed in the in- terstitial spaces ; but whether they belonged to the sponge or were adventitious I could not determine, as several other forms of spicula were observed on both the outer and the inner surfaces of the sponge. On examining the interior of the sponge with a lens of two inches focus through one of the large terminal orifices I observed a small patch of flocculent-looking sponge-tissue ; and on removing a portion of this and mounting it in Canada balsam, it proved to be a very young Hymedesmia johnsonia in an excellent state of preservation, with numerous specimens of that remarkable form of spiculum, the trenchant contort bihamate, dispersed among the acerate skeleton- spicula of that sponge, and closely resembling the portion of the type specimen represented in vol. i. plate xviii. fig. 293, ‘ Monograph of British Spongiade.’ The occurrence of this well characterized sponge parasitical within the Farrea is a remarkable circumstance, and it seems to indicate that the open tubular structure of that sponge is probably its normal condition. Beside Hymedesmia johnsonia, naturally parasitical on its inner surface, there were two other small groups of sponge-spicula that were evidently adventitious. One consisted of numerous short entirely spined cylindrical spicula dis- tributed irregularly over the fibres of three or four areas of the skele- 278 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON [Apr. 6, ton of the Farrea. Theother groups consisted of two small densely compacted masses of very minute cylindro-stellate spicula with acutely conical radii: one of these groups just filled a skeleton-area ; the other, of a similar size, was not entangled in the skeleton-struc- ture, but adherent to it externally ; and within the little mass were a few spiculated biternate spicula, like those found in Farrea occa, figured in vol. i. plate ix. fig. 199, ‘Monograph of British Spon- giade.’ A few minute anchorate spicula of different forms were also observed among the skeleton-fibres. These occurrences would seem to indicate that the locality whence this sponge was obtained would be a very prolific ground for scientific dredging. I received this sponge from my late friend Mr. H. Deane, with the specimens of Farrea gassioti and pocillum ; and I therefore presume it is from a West-Indian locality. Farres Lavis, Bowerbank. Sponge-mass unknown. Dermis furnished with a quadrilateral siliceo-fibrous network. Rete armed at the angles oppositely exter- nally and internally with smooth elongate-conical attenuated spicular defences. Fibre smooth and spineless ; central canals large and very distinct, confluent at the angles, frequently two, rarely three, in each fibre. Dermal membrame thin, aspiculous. Sareode amber- brown. Colour, in the dried state, brown ? Hab. West-Indian seas ? Examined in the dried state. I am indebted to my friend Mr. Henry Lee for my knowledge of this species. He found it on some sand dredged up by Mr. Marshall Hall during his voyage in the ‘ Norna.’ The sand was preserved by Mr. W. Saville Kent, and was presented by him to my friend. Mr. Lee sent me the specimen for examination. It is a fragment of a very fragile tubular sponge, which consists of only one layer of siliceo-fibrous tissue. It is five lines in length, and does not exceed three lines in diameter. The form of the fibres and their mode of arrangement very closely resemble those of the dermal tissue of Farrea ocea; but they differ from those of that species in being smooth and quite destitute of spines, and also in being furnished abundantly with central canals. The conical spicular external de- fences at the angles of the rete differ also from those of F’. occa, as, instead of being imbricated as in that species, they are quite smooth and each is furnished with a well-developed central canal. The canals in the fibres of the rete form a very prominent feature in this sponge; they are large and well developed, and are confluent at the angles of the network. There are frequently two in each fibre, one appearing to emanate at each end; when they meet they do not unite, but run parallel to each other to their opposite angles. The dermal membrane is preserved in a few of the areas of the network. It is thin and transparent, and is well coated with sarcode, but I could not detect a single spiculum in any part of it. The 1875. ] SILICEO-FIBROUS SPONGES. 279 smoothness of the skeleton and the well-developed system of canals in the fibres at once distinguish this species from either F’. occa or Ff. spinulenta. It is remarkable that the sponge appears to con- sist of a single layer only, as I could not find the slightest trace of any other siliceo-fibrous structure on any part of the specimen. Mr. W. Saville Kent has evidently mistaken this species for Far- rea occa in the description he gives of that species in the ‘ Micro- scopical Journal’ for Nov. 1870, p. 248, plate Ixiv. figs. 12-18; and he has correctly figured the central canals in the dermal net- work of his specimen (fig. 13), whereas in the corresponding organs of Farrea occa no such canals are visible. The description of the sponge represented in the same plate by fig. 12 is quite in accord- ance with the small fragment of the species F’. devis that I re- ceived from Mr. Lee. Mr. Kent writes, “The skeleton of this sponge is composed of a series of infundibular netted tubuli branch- ing out from one another and occasionally coalescing.”’ The branch- ing fistular form represented by Mr. Kent in fig. 12, plate Ixiv. ‘ Microscopical Journal’ for Nov. 1870, occurs also in F’, tubulata, very much in the shape represented by Mr. Kent; but the other specific characters differ to a very considerable extent from those of F. levis. I received this sponge from my late friend Mr. H. Deane, along with the specimens of Farrea gassioti and pocillum ; and I presume it is from the same locality as those species. FARREA PARASITICA. Sponge parasitic, coating. Surface irregular? Oscula, pores, and dermal membrane unknown. Skeleton-rete irregular; fibres depressed, occasionally confluent, very irregular in breadth ; canals distinct, variable in diameter, not always confluent, but usually so. Colour translucent as glass. Hab. West Indies (Captain Hunter, R.N.). Examined in the skeleton state. During the course of my examination of the beautiful little speci- men of Farrea gassioti, I observed on the inner surface of the sponge several small thin patches of siliceo-fibrous tissue, very much finer in structure than the skeleton of the sponge to which they were attached. On removing small portions of these tissues and mount- ing them in Canada balsam I found them to be strikingly different in all their specific characters from the sponge on which they re- posed, and especially so in the size of their skeleton-fibres—the average diameter of those of F. gassioti being 74,5 inch, while those of F. parasitica was +3\;s inch ; and the canals in the former species averaged ;/,, inch in diameter, while in the latter one their average was y;/5 inch. These discrepancies, if there were none other, di- stinctly separate them as species, although in such close contact in their natural condition. I could not, with a power of 100 linear, detect any indications of a natural dermal surface, nor could I by any means find portions of dermal or interstitial membranes or of sarcode ; our sole dependence, therefore, is upon the structural pecu- 280 DR. BOWERBANK ON SILICEO-FIBROUS SPONGES. [Apr. 6, harities of the skeleton; and in these fortunately there are very sufficient distinctive characters to assist us in the description of the species. In some of the little patches of this parasitical sponge there are several layers of the skeleton-structure, while in other cases it spreads like a single network over the surface of the sponge upon which it is parasitical. There is no definite arrangement in the skeleton-rete, and the areas assume a great variety of forms. The skeleton-fibre is always more or less depressed ; and in some cases two or more fibres coalesce, forming small broad plates of siliceous structure in which two or three canals may be seen running in parallel lines. The fibres in their normal condition vary to a considerable extent in their diameter : the largest measured was =}, inch, whilst the smallest was =j55 inch m diameter; the average diameter of four measured was +34; inch. The central canals of the fibres also vary in their diameter; the largest was =;1, inch, and the smallest => inch in diameter. Their course through the fibres is not always continuous; and fre- quent cases occur in which they terminate abruptly before reaching the angle of the network towards which they are progressing. The specimen described is the only ‘one I have yet seen; but it is probable that it will be found parasitical on other species of siliceo- fibrous sponges beside Farrea gassiati. The locality is the same as that of F. gassioti, lat. 14° 8'N., long. 77° 38' W., in 800 to 1000 fathoms. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Puare XXXIX. Fig. 1. Farrea gassioti, natural size. 2. A small portion of the outer surface of the skeleton of F. gasstoti from the distal margin of the specimen represented by fig. 1, x36 linear. 3. A small portion of the piece of the skeleton represented by fig. 2, ex- hibiting the mode of the canaliculation of the fibre of the skeleton, x 80 linear. 4 & 5. Two specimens of Farrea pocillum, natural size- 6. A portion of the skeleton of F’. pocillwm from the specimen represented by fig. 5, exhibiting the more or less irregular mode of its reticulation, 36 linear. 7. Asmall piece of the skeleton of the specimen represented by fig. 4, exhibiting the spination of the skeleton-fibres and the numerous rec- tangulated sexradiate defensive organs 7 sttu, X 80 linear. 8. One of the rectangulated sexradiate defensive organs, exhibiting the mode of its spination, * 150 linear. Piate XL. Fig. I represents a specimen of Deanea virgultosa, natural size. 2. A portion of the skeleton of the specimen represented by fig. 1, exhibit- ing the rotulate mode of arrangement of the skeleton-rete and the large central canals within the fibre, x 36 linear. 3. Farrea fistulata, natural size. 4. A small piece of the skeleton of the specimen represented by fig. 3, exhibiting the quadrangular form of the rete and their large central canals, X 36 linear. 5. A portion of a specimen of Farvea levis, natural size. 5. A fragment of the specimen represented by fig. 5, exhibiting the form of 1875.] DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIAD. 281 the dermal rete with its central canals, and the smooth elongate-coniecal defensive organs, x 36 linear. Fig. 7. A small portion of the siliceo-fibrous skeleton of Farrea parasitica, x 80 linear. 2. Contributions to a General History of the Spongiade. By J. S. Bowrrsann, LL.D., F.R.S., &e.—Part VII. [Received March 12, 1875.] When my friend Commodore Parish went out to China to take the command at Hong Kong, he kindly promised to render me any assistance in his power in the collection of Sponges and other speci- mens of natural history; and I am pleased to say he has performed his promise in a most effective and liberal manner. By far the greater number of specimens of Sponges sent home to England are so carefully and effectually washed instead of being dried immedi- ately in the condition in which they come from the sea, that the greater portion of their most valuable specific characters are com- pletely destroyed. This destructive process has been carefully avoided in the preservation of the specimens which form the subjects of the present communication ; and the descriptions of these speci- mens are the more valuable to science as they lead us to the conclusion that the species at that distant portion of the earth are in reality very closely allied in their generic and other anatomical characters to those of our Northern European seas. Microciona TUBEROSA, Bowerbank. Sponge massive, sessile, tuberous; tuberous projections corrugated, minutely spinous, more or less fistulous. Oscula simple, small, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane pellucid, spi- culous; tension-spicula acuate, slender, dispersed, rather few in number. Skeleton-columns rather stout, anastomosing, forming a coarse, open, aud somewhat complicated rete; skeleton-spicula acuate, rather long and slender ; internal defensive spicula attenuato-acuate, small, entirely spinous. Interstitial membranes spiculous ; tension- spicula slender, acuate, few in number. Colour, in the dried state, dull pale green. Hab. Straits of Malacca (Commodore Parish, R.N.). Examined in the dried state. This very remarkable sponge was sent to me by my friend Com- modore Parish with several other interesting and valuable specimens collected in the Straits of Malacca. It is based on the surface of another species of sponge, a unispiculous Halichondria, which it almost entirely covers, and with which it is so intimately incorporated, and so closely resembles it in colour, as to render it very difficult to discriminate the two without a microscopical examination of their structures. Its external form is singular and very characteristic. It is 23 inches long, 14 broad, 1} inch in height; and its external 282 DR. J. S: BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIAD#. __[ Apr. 6, surface is entirely composed of tuberous projections, the surfaces of which are minutely corrugated. They vary from a 7 to 3 an inch in height, and in diameter from 2 to 4 or 5 lines. Their distal termi- nations are slightly convex or nearly flat, with a simple orifice frequently on the summit, and when in this condition they are more or less fistulous. The oscula are simple perforations, seldom exceed- ing the size of one of the skeleton-areas. 'The dermal membrane is pellucid. Itis rather sparingly furnished with slender acuate tension- spicula, which are of the same form as those of the skeleton columns, but rather shorter and more slender; and intermixed with the tension-spicula there are numerous minute grains of sand and other extraneous matters adherent to the outer surface of the membrane. The skeleton in this species is more complicated in its structure than it is in the greater number of the known species of the genus, the skeleton-columns anastomosing more frequently and more regularly than is usual; so that the skeleton assumes the form of a rudely constructed reticulation. The skeleton-columns are stout and strong, abounding in keratode, in which their long, slender, acuate spicula are somewhat loosely distributed ; and along with them there are frequently minute grains of extraneous matter imbedded. The columns are abundantly supplied with internal defensive, attenuato- acuate, entirely spined spicula; they are projected at nearly equal distances and at right angles to the surface into the interstitial spaces, so as to present an exceedingly formidable series of weapons of de- fence against the attacks of any intrusive annelids or other enemies. These defensive spicula require a linear power of about 300 to render their forms and spination distinctly to the eye. The interstitial membranes are furnished with a few tension-spicula and extraneous grains of sand in a manner very similar to that of the dermal membrane. The spicula of this species have their nearest alliance in form to those of our British species M. fallaz ; but the structural characters of the sponge in other respects are very strikingly different. In the spicula prepared by boiling in nitric acid and mounting in Canada balsam there were numerous adventitious forms of spicula, which the peculiarities of the structure of this sponge is especially liable to collect and retain; but of these very few, comparatively, could be detected on the insterstitial membranes of the sponge. HyMERAPHIA SPINULARIA, Bowerbank. Sponge coating, very thin. Surface even, strongly hispid. Oscula simple, minute, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane pellucid, sparingly spiculous ; spicula same as those of the skeleton. Skeleton and external defensive spicula subfusiformi-spinulate, long and rather slender, very numerous. Internal defensive spicula subfusiformi-spinulate, comparatively short and stout, numerous. Colour, in the dried state, light ochreous yellow. Hab. Coast of Corea (Commodore Parish, R.N.). Examined in the dried state. 1875. DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIADE. 283 This sponge is parasitical on the shell of a large specimen of Spondylus spathuliferus (?), which measures from the hinge to the front of the shell nearly 3 inches. It completely covers every part of the shell and all its spines, many of which exceed 1 inch in length ; and in no part does it appear to exceed in thickness a stout sheet of paper. The surface is abundantly but minutely hispid by the pro- jection of the skeleton-spicula through the dermal membrane for about half their entire length, thus performing the offices of external defensive spicula as well as those of the skeleton. ‘The oscula are simple orifices, so minute as not to be readily detected even with the aid of a lens of 2 inches focus. In the specimen under description there are appearances very liable to deceive an observer in search of these organs, as they assume a form very likely to deceive the eye, that of little conical elevations terminating in small circular orifices. These fallacious appearances are thus produced. Before the shell was covered by the sponge a considerable number of small Balani had built upon its upper valve and also upon some of the spines; and these shell-parasites have become so completely covered by the sponge as to leave only the terminal orifice of each visible, simula- ting in a remarkable manner what might readily be mistaken for the oscula of the sponge. The dermal membrane is pellucid; it is situated about midway between the bases of the skeleton-spicula and their apices; and a few spicula of the same size and form as those of the skeleton are distributed on its surface. The skeleton- spicula all spring from the basal membrane of the sponge, and are projected through the dermal one for about half their lengths: they vary to some extent in length; a fully developed one measured =; inch in length ; and as they pass for about half their length through the substance of the sponge, its entire thickness will be about ~}, inch. The skeleton-spicula are all more or less fusiform, and in many of them the spinulate base is very slightly produced; their greatest diameter is 5,),~ inch. The internal defensive spicula all spring from the basal membrane : their average length is ;+; inch; and their diameter is rather less than that of the skeleton-spicula; some of the largest of them reach very nearly to the inner surface of the dermal membrane. This species is closely allied to the British Hymeraphia simplez ; but it differs from it in having the skeleton-spicula much more slender and delicate, and in their fusiform shape, and also by the total absence of attenuato-spinulate incipiently spinous defensive spicula. RAPHIODESMA PARISHII, Bowerbank. Sponge sessile, coating thinly, even, minutely hispid; spicula acuate, same as those of the skeleton, visibly reticulated. Oscula simple, dispersed, small, rather fewin number. Poresinconspicuous. Der- mal membrane abundantly spiculous, reticulated ; rete multispicu- lous, strongly developed ; areas rather irregular in form, but nearly equal in size ; spicula of rete acuate, same size and form as those of the skeleton; tension-spicula biclavate cylindrical, very slender, dispersed or loosely fasciculated, and tricurvate acerate, small and 284 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIAD&. [Apr. 6, very slender. Retentive spicula inequidentato-palmate anchorate, congregated in circular groups or dispersed, large and strong ; and very minute palmato-inequianchorate, dispersed ; also very minute, bidentate, equianchorate, dispersed; and also bidentate, equian- chorate, rather large and stout, few in number; also bihamate simple and contort large and strong, and the same form very minute and slender. Skeleton-fasciculi more or less multispi- culous; bases and apices of the component spicula coincident, irregularly disposed ; spicula acuate, stout, moderately long; basal membrane stout, somewhat coriaceous, abundantly armed with atten- uato-acuate entirely spined internal defensive spicula; interstitial membranes spiculous ; spicula same as those of the dermal membrane, rather sparingly dispersed. Colour dull cream-white in the dried state. Hab. Straits of Malacca (Commodore Parish, R.N.). Examined in the dried state. I received six specimens of this very interesting sponge from my friend Commodore Parish, who obtained them from the Straits of Malacca. The largest measured 33 inches in length by 1? broad, and its greatest thickness does not exceed about § of an inch. It entirely covers a mass of Cellepora about a j of an inch in thick- ness. The surface appears smooth to the eye, but it is really minutely hispid. The hispidation is produced by the projection of about half the length of the spicula of skeleton-fasciculi; the distal ends of each of them separate divergingly, forming an infinite number of minute external defensive groups ; as the amount of their projection does not exceed +}, inch, this character is only to be ob- served in sections at right angles to the surface mounted in Canada balsam. This radiating expansion of the skeleton-fasciculi at the surface of the sponge, so as to form an efficient system of external defence, is on the same principle as the expansion of the distal ter- minations of the primary fibres of the skeleton of many species of the genus Isodictya, thus exhibiting in a very different mode of the construction of the skeleton the same economic design in the pro- duction of a series of organs of external defence. In other genera where this beautiful mode of adaptation is inapplicable, especial systems of spicula are provided to achieve the necessary defences of the dermal surface. The dermal membrane and the interstitial tissues are remarkably rich in defensive and retentive spicula; and I have never found in any other sponge so great a number of forms and so much variety of size as in this species. The dermal rete is very strongly and com- pactly constructed; but the spicula composing it have not their ter- minations coincident as in the skeleton-fasciculi. Both forms of tension-spicula are small and slender, The hiclavate cylindrical ones are ;4, inch in length and ;,}5» inch in diameter; the greater number of them are collected into fasciculi containing from five to eight or nine spicula ; and others are singly disposed among the rest of the spicula. The fasciculi have no especial mode of distribution. 1875. ] DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIADE. 285 The tricurvate acerate tension-spicula are also very small and slender ; one of the largest of them measured =4, inch in length: the curves of these spicula are not very strongly produced, and some of them exhibit but faint traces of curvature ; they are not very numerous. The retentive spicula are especially remarkable for the great variety of their size and form. The largest of the retentive spicula, the inequidentato-palmate anchorate ones, are congregated in rosette- shaped groups, a few only appearing singly located. The groups of these spicula so characteristic of the genus Raphiodesma are not very numerous, nor do they contain so many spicula as those we observe in some other species of the genus; the usual number is about eight or ten in each. They are situated on the basal mem- brane as well as on the inner surface of the dermal one, just as simi- lar groups of such spicula are dispersed on the inner surface of our British species R. lingua, in which they are frequently crowded together in considerable numbers. The spicula in the species in course of description are strongly produced ; an average-sized one measured 1, inch in length, and the breadth of the broad spatulate distal end was ;,/;, inch. These dimensions contrast strongly with those of the numerous small inequipalmate anchorate ones dispersed on the surface of the membranes, the average length of which is ~),, inch; and the contrast is still greater with the yery minute palmato- equianchorate ones, two of which measured respectively 5,5 and 3050 inch in length ; so that a considerable number of the latter ones might be shovelled up as in a scoop by one of the large form of these spicula which compose the large rosette-like groups. One of the stout bidentate equianchorate spicula measured ;4; inch in length. A similar difference in size occurs between the two sorts of bihamate spicula. The larger of the two measured =}, inch in length, with greatest diameter of the shaft ~,; inch, while the length of one of the smaller description of this form was +=4,5 inch. The fasciculation of the skeleton is very variable ; some of the bundles contain numerous spicula, while others consist of two or three only; and the mode of disposition of the fasciculi is also very irregular. The spicula in all the bundles appear to have their bases and apices coincident. The length of an average-sized skeleton- spiculum is =; inch, and the diameter 5,457 inch. The basal membrane is abundantly armed with numerous attenuato- acuate entirely spined internal defensive spicula projected at right angles to its inner surface. In the basal portion of the sponge a thin stem of a Tubularia was imbedded ; and this was closely sur- rounded by basal membrane, from all parts of which numerous internal defensive spicula were projected. This curious habit of the sponge to surround included extraneous matters with membrane, and then to project defensive spicula from their surfaces, I have several times observed in some of our British sponges. On the surface of another sponge from the same locality I found a very young specimen of the sponge under description not exceed- ing a of an inch in diameter and as thin asa piece of paper. The dermal membrane was in a fully developed condition; the basal 286 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIADE. _[ Apr. 6, membrane was present as a very thin film; and the skeleton was indicated by a few straggling spicula only; so that in this state the specimen might have been readily mistaken for a Hymedesmia. I have named this remarkably interesting species after my good friend Commodore Parish, to whom I am indebted for it and many other interesting sponges, and also for numerous other interesting and valuable specimens of natural history. HaticHONDRIA ELEGANTIA, Bowerbank, Sponge massive, sessile. Surface variable but smooth, or but slightly rugose. Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane pellucid, in parts slightly coriaceous, furnished with a rather irregular unispiculous network of short acerate spicula, of the same form and size as those of the skeleton, and also with numerous simple and contort bihamate retentive spicula. Skeleton- rete rarely more than unispiculous, somewhat irregular; spicula acerate, rather short and stout. Interstitial membranes furnished rather abundantly with very minute simple and contort retentive spicula. Colour, in the dried state, pallid green. Hab. Straits of Malacca (Commodore Parish, R.N.). Examined in the dried state. I received this interesting and elegantly constructed species of Halichondria from my friend Commodore Parish, who obtained it from the Straits of Malacca. The sponge is, in a great measure, covered by the specimen of Microciona tuberosa described in this paper. Its length is about 23 inches, and its breadth about 17 inch. The dermal membrane is smooth and pellucid, and it is furnished with a beautiful unispiculous rete, the areas of which are somewhat unsymmetrical. The reticulated structure of the skeleton accords very closely with that of the dermis: it is mostly unispiculous, but occasionally it is bi- or trispiculous, and is characterized by the same irregularities in the reticulation that exist in the dermal structure, so that the whole structure is light and elegant. The form and size of the spicula are the same in all parts of the sponge; they are rather short and stout. The retentive spicula of the dermal and interstitial membranes are especially characteristic of the species ; they are rather abundantly distributed on some parts of those tissues and but sparingly so on others, and they are so minute as to require a power of about 400 linear to render them distinctly to the eye. The nearest allied species to this sponge is our British Halichon- dria couchii. In size and external form they are very different from each other ; but structurally, as regards the dermal and skeleton- tissues, they so closely resemble each other as to render it very difficult to separate them. Fortunately the abundance of bibhamate retentive spicula in H. elegantia and their complete absence in H. couchii renders the discrimination of the two species easy and certain. 1875.] DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIADS. 287 HALICHONDRIA ASPERA, Bowerbank. Sponge massive, sessile; surface uneven and very rugged. Oscula simple, large and numerous, dispersed. Dermal membrane pellucid, abundantly spiculous; tension-spicula biclavate cylindrical, loosely fasciculated; and long and slender acerate,. dispersed; retentive spicula bidentate equianchorate, stout and comparatively large, few in number; and the same form very minute and rather numerous ; also bihamate, comparatively large and strong, few in number; and the same-form very minute and slender and much more numerous. Skeleton-rete more or less multispiculous, rather regular; spicula short and stout, acuate, occasionally subflecto-acuate. Interstitial membranes sparingly furnished with the same tension- and retentive spicula as the dermal membrane. Colour, in the dried state, pallid green. Hab. Straits of Malacca (Commodore Parish). Examined in the dried state. I received this sponge among others from my friend Commodore Parish, who obtained it from the Straits of Malacca. It is 23 inches long by 2 in breadth; and the thickness is rather more than an inch. Its form is very irregular, and its surface exceedingly rugged and uneven, abounding in minute ridges and asperities, so much so that it is difficult at the first sight to distinguish the oscula. The dermal membrane is abundantly furnished with spicula. There are two distinct forms of the tension ones; the most abundant of the two are the biclavated cylindrical ones, which are usually gathered together in loosely formed fasciculi of from two or three to six or eight ; and a few of them are dispersed singly among: the others. The fasciculi are disposed without any approximation to order. The second form of tension-spiculum is very slender acerate or fusiformi-acerate; they are longer than the biclavated cylindrical ones, but less in their greatest diameter, and they are distributed singly in considerable number among the others. The occurrence of two distinct forms of tension-spicula and two different modes of their distribution is very rarely seen in the dermal membrane of the same sponge, and thus it is very characteristic of the species. The retentive spicula are also very remarkable in this species. There are two distinct sorts of bidentate equianchorate ones, and also of bihamate spicula. The largest sort of bidentate equianchorate ones are more than twice the size of the smaller anchorate ones ; compara- tively they are stout and strong; but they are very few in number, while the smaller ones are comparatively numerous. A full-sized large one measured +155 inch in length, while the average length of smaller ones was /;y inch in length. The same difference in size exists between the two sorts of bihamate spicula. The largest sort measured 71, inch in length, while two of the smaller ones measured respectively +1,, and ;,';5 inch in length. They are also compara- tively very numerous, while the larger ones are of very rare occur- rence. No gradational sizes exist between the large and small forms of either the anchorate or bihamate spicula. The small 288° DR. J.S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIAD. _[ Apr. 6, description of both of these organs require the application of a power of at least 400 linear to render them distinctly to the eye. Their minuteness is such that they do not exceed in length the diameter of a skeleton-spiculum, +=,5 inch. The skeleton-rete is strongly developed, and the spicula are com- paratively short and very stout. The nearest alliance to this sponge among our British species is Halichondria forcipis. Its general habit, the forms and modes of disposition of the spicula of the dermis, and the form and propor- tions of the skeleton-spicula exhibit close resemblances ; but in other important characters the two species are essentially different. HA icHonpDRIA FRONDIFERA, Bowerbank. Sponge branching from the base numerously; branches rather compressed, frequently dividing, distal terminations spinoid. Sur- face minutely rugose. Oscula simple, minute, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane abundantly spiculous; tension- spicula acuate, rather long and slender, dispersed ; retentive spicula bidentate equianchorate, very minute and few in number. Skeleton- rete multispiculous, compact, rather close and strong, areas small ; spicula acuate, rather stout and short. Internal defensive spicula attenuato-acuate, entirely spined, short and stout, uniform in size, rather numerous. Colour, in the dried state, dull grey. Hab. Straits of Malacca and Gaspar Straits (Commodore Parish, R.N.). Examined in the dried state. I am indebted to my friend Commodore Parish for this remark- able sponge; he obtained it with many others from the Straits of Malacca. It is attached to the shell of a small Spondylus, nearly the whole of the valve of which is covered by the thin basal portion of the sponge, from which numerous slender compressed branches are given off, some of them nearly two inches in length; each of these branches resembles in form a stag’s horn, but with many more divisions than would be possessed by the horn. The oscula are simple and minute, a few only near the distal terminations of the branches being visible with the aid of a lens of two inches focus. The.tension-spicula of the dermal membrane are exceedingly nume- rous, so much so as almost to present a felted appearance ; they are quite as long as those of the skeleton, but not more than half their diameter. The bidentate equianchorate retentive spicula are very minute and slender, and very few in number: I could not detect them én situ; but amidst the spicula prepared by the action of nitric acid [ found them on some of the fragments of the dermal mem- brane and a very few among the other spicula; one of the largest of them measured 5;/5y inch in length. They require a power of about 400 linear to render them distinctly to the eye. The atten- uato-acuate, entirely spined, internal defensive spicula are uniform in size and rather numerous; they are based on the skeleton-rete, and 1875.] DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIAD&. 289 are projected at right angles to the fibre into the areas, frequently in considerable numbers ; a power of about 300 linear is required to exhibit them in situ in a satisfactory manner; their length rarely exceeds =, inch. The acuate skeleton-spicula are distinctly different in their pro- portions from those of the dermis; their diameter is twice that of the dermal ones. A full-sized one measured 5,155 inch in diameter. Since the above description was written I have examined another specimen of this species, sent to me from the Straits of Gaspar by Commodore Parish. It is, in its external and anatomical characters, very like the type one, but rather larger and more strongly deve- loped. A remarkable circumstance attending this specimen is that it has two very interesting radiate animals seated upon it, the small or basal arms of which are so interwoven amidst the branches of the sponge as to render it impossible to disentangle them without the destruction of the radiate animals, while the larger and longer arms for entangling their prey are thrown out above in every direction. Their mode of anchoring themselves on the sponge is an interesting fact in their natural history. HALICHONDRIA RIGIDA, Bowerbank. Sponge massive, sessile. Surface very rugged and uneven, full of ridges and depressions. Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores incon- spicuous. Dermal membrane pellucid, spiculous; tension-spicula acuate, the same diameter and nearly the same length as those of the skeleton ; retentive spicula bihamate, simple, and contort, rather numerous ; and bidentate equianchorate, small, but rather stout, not numerous. Skeleton-rete multispiculous, very wide and open, ir- regular ; areas very variable in size; spicula purely acuate, rather short and stout. Interstitial membranes sparingly spiculous ; spicula same as those of the dermis. Colour, in the dried state, dull green. Hab. Straits of Malacca (Commodore Parish, R.N.). Examined in the dried state. I obtained this sponge from my friend Commodore Parish, It is from the Straits of Malacca. It is 23 inches long, 1 inch wide, and rather exceeds half an inch in average thickness. _ The dermal membrane is rather sparingly furnished with tension- spicula. There is very little difference between these spicula and those of the skeleton; the latter are rather the longer of the two ; their diameter is about the same. In consequence of the open structure of the skeleton-rete there are a considerable number of surreptitious spicula of various forms amidst the tissues of this sponge ; and fragments of some of these are occasionally incorporated in the skeleton-fibre, as in a Dysidea. The spicula in the fibre are numerous and closely compacted, and the areas very wide, but by no means equal or regular in either form or size. The bihamate retentive spicula are not very abundant ; they are rather slender ; and the simple and contort forms are about equal in number, and Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, No. XIX. 19 % 290 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIADZ. __[Apr. 6, they are about as numerous on the interstitial membranes as on the dermal one. The bidentate equianchorate ones are rather rare ; they are not readily found in stu amidst the numerous minute grains of sand adherent to the membranes; but they are readily found among the spicula prepared by the aid of nitric acid, but they require the application of a power of about 400 linear to render them distinctly to the eye; they are stout and short in their proportions. The interstitial membranes are usually rather sparingly spiculous ; but occasionally the spicula are clustered together in considerable quantities. HALICHONDRIA CRASSA, Bowerbank. Sponge massive, sessile. Surface uneven and very rugged, with numerous irregular thin ridges and elevations, coarsely reticulated. Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane spiculous ; tension-spicula acuate, same size and form as those of the skeleton, not very numerous ; retentive spicula, two descriptions of bihamate, simple and contort, large and small, and bidentate equi- anchorate minute, and few in number. Skeleton-rete multispicu- lous, coarse, and strong; areas large and irregular ; spicula acuate, rather short and stout. Interstitial membranes spiculous ; spicula same as those of the dermis. Colour, in the dried state, dull pale green. Hab. Straits of Malacca (Commodore Parish). Examined in the dried state. I received a single specimen of this sponge from my friend Com- modore Parish, who obtained it from the Straits of Malacca. Itisa rough-looking mass, very irregular in form, about 13 inch in dia- meter, and half an inch in thickness, and it has several specimens of Balanus imbedded in its substance. Its surface is full of sharp, thin, elevated ridges and deep depressions ; and all parts of its surface are coarsely reticulated, the reticulation being more or less visible to the unassisted eye, and very apparent by the aid of a lens of 2 inches focus. This coarse reticulation arises in the dried specimen from the very coarse and open character of the skeleton-structures imme- diately beneath the dermis. The oscula are rather numerous; and some of them exceed a line in diameter. The dermal membrane is in some parts rather sparingly, and in others profusely, furnished with its respective spicula; the tension ones, like those of the skeleton, are purely acuate. Of the bibamate retentive spicula there are two distinct sizes—one com- paratively large (that is to say, measuring on an average ;1, inch in length), while the minuter set of these forms measured only 55; inch in length. These minute forms could not be detected in situ ; but in the remains of the membranes rendered transparent by the action of nitric acid and mounting in Canada balsam, and with a power of about 700 linear, they were distinctly visible. The bidentate equi- anchorate retentive spicula were also minute ; they varied in length from yo; inch to <4, inch, and required a power of about 400 1875. ] DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIADE, 291 linear to define their forms distinctly ; proportionately they were rather stoutly and strongly formed. The structural peculiarities of the skeleton form a very striking specific character in this species. The rete is strongly and compactly formed, and the number of spicula in any part of it is far greater than can be counted. The areas are unsymmetrical and rather variable ; and the interstitial membranes filling them are frequently abundantly supplied with the same description of spicula as those of the dermal one. HALICHONDRIA COMPRESSA, Bowerbank. Sponge branching irregularly and abruptly ; branches compressed. Surface more or less rugose or spinous. Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane spiculous ; tension-spicula subclavate acuate, variable in form, dispersed or more or less fasci- culated ; retentive spicula bidentate, rarely tridentate equianchorate, comparatively large and very stout, rather few in number ; and the same form minute and slender, numerous. Skeleton-rete multi- spiculous, very irregular; areas large and variable in form ; spicula acuate, rather short and stout. Interstitial membranes sparingly spiculous; spicula same as those of the dermis. Colour, in the dried state, dark green. Hab. Straits of Malacca (Commodore Parish, R.N.). Examined in the dried state. I received this remarkable sponge with others from my friend Commodore Parish, who obtained it from the Straits of Malacca. It is rather less than 2 inches in height, and less than an inch wide at its greatest expansion. The external form is remarkably singular. It rises from a very small base, and immediately branches abruptly in every direction and at every possible angle. The branches are nearly all of the same size, and are all more or less compressed, and their surfaces rough and irregular. The dermal membrane is comparatively stout, and in most parts it is abundautly spiculous. The tension-spicula are occasionally sub- fasciculated, or so numerous as almost to appear felted together ; while in others they are dispersed singly, and rather sparingly distributed, crossing each other at various angles. These spicula are subject to considerable variation in form: all of them are more or less subclavate at the base, but their shafts exhibit the greatest amount of variation ; some are quite attenuato-acuate, while others terminate so obtusely as to closely approach the cylindrical form ; and gradational forms between the two extremes are of frequent occurrence. ‘lhe bidentate equianchorate retentive spicula also exhibit very remarkable characters. There are two very distinct sorts of them—one comparatively large and of very robust struc- ture, the other very minutely slender and delicate; both have their shafts semicircular. The larger ones average ;}y inch in length, with a diameter of shaft of ,);5 inch; the smaller series never appear to exceed ;34,5 inch in length, and the shaft fee of the 19 292 DR. J. 8, BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIAD&. __[ Apr. 6, largest of them measured 5355 inch in diameter. In these smaller ones there also exists another peculiarity; and that is that the terminal teeth are given off at nearly right angles to the axis of the shaft. These peculiarities of the tension and retentive spicula of the dermal membrane, combined with the eccentric and singular form of the sponge, afford excellent specific characters to discriminate this from any other nearly allied species. HaLICHONDRIA VARIA, Bowerbank. Sponge massive, sessile, variable in form. Surface smooth or rough and rugged. Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane spiculous, reticulated ; rete unispiculous ; spicula acerate, stout, same size and form as those of the skeleton ; retentive spicula bihamate, simple and contort, minute and slender, very numerous. Skeleton-rete compact, uni- or bispiculous ; areas un- symmetrical ; spicula acerate, short and stout. Interstitial mem- branes—retentive spicula bihamate, simple and contort, slender and minute, numerous. Colour, in the dried state, dull ochreous yellow. Hab. Straits of Malacca (Commodore Parish). Examined in the dried state. The external characters of this sponge are exceedingly variable. Sometimes it appears as a rough and irregular mass, full of small ridges and promiuences ; at other times it assumes the form of short cylindrical branches, with a surface comparatively smooth, and with the oscula well developed and evenly distributed. Notwithstanding these striking variations in form, the structural characters are exactly the same in every specimen. The most striking specific characters are exhibited in the dermal membrane, the unispiculous rete of which is a very beautiful object when mounted in Canada balsam. ‘The rete is seldom more than one spiculum in width; and the areas vary to a very considerable extent in form; and the mem- branes filling the areas are in many cases crowded with the minute slender bihamate retentive spicula. These spicula are very small and slender, and require a power of about 300 linear to define them in a satisfactory manner. Their length does not exceed twice the diameter of a skeleton-spiculum. The skeleton-rete is compact and strongly constructed, with but slight approaches to symmetry. The areas are very variable in form, and each side rarely ever exceeds one spiculum in length. The short stout acerate spicula of which it is formed are the same in length and form as those of the dermal rete. Within the mass of the sponge there are frequently to be seen interstitial cavities of comparatively considerable size; and in the lining membranes of these the minute bihamate retentive spicula abound to quite as great an extent as in the dermal membrane. I received several small specimens of this sponge from my friend Commodore Parish, who obtained them from the Straits of Malacca. 1875.] DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIAD#. 293 HALICHONDRIA PURPUREA, Bowerbank. Sponge massive, sessile. Surface very rough and rugged. Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane spi- culous ; tension-spicula fusiformi-acuate, rather slender, longer than those of the skeleton, very numerous; retentive spicula bidentate equianchorate, very minute, equable in size, numerous. Skeleton- rete very coarse and open; fibre multispiculous, very stout and com- pact; spicula fusiform acuate, short and stout. Interstitial mem- branes spiculous ; spicula same as those of the dermis, dispersed, numerous. Sarcode dark purple. Colour, in the dried state, dark purple. Hab. Straits of Malacca (Commodore Parish). Examined in the dried state. Among the sponges from the Straits of Malacca which I received from my friend Commodore Parish, there was a specimen of a Ser- tularia, on which there were four species of parasitical sponges located, and among them the one in course of description. It is a small mass about half an inch wide at the base, gradually decreasing in size, and terminating acutely at the height of 17 inch, of a deep- purple colour. The surface is remarkably rugged, full of deep pits and sharp elevations. The dermal membrane is very characteristic of the species ; it abounds in spicula ; the tension ones are frequently nearly twice the length of the skeleton ones, while they are very little more than half their diameter. They are very numerous, in some parts forming flat wide fasciculi, and in others they are scattered indiscriminately over the surface of the membrane. The retentive bidentate equianchorate ones are also very characteristic; they are Hes and delicate in form, very equable in size, and very minute ; they Uo not exceed ;4; inch in length, or twice the diameter of a fully developed skeleton-spiculum, which measured == inch in diameter. Nearly the whole of these spicula, seen in situ, were firmly attached to the surface of the membrane by the middle of the convex back of the shaft. They were very numerous on some parts of both the dermal and interstitial membranes. Occasionally a few also of the short stout skeleton-spicula were mingled with the tension- spicula of both the dermal and interstitial membranes. The skeleton-structure is remarkably coarse and strong, the fibre containing a far greater number of spicula than is usual in skeletons of the genus Halichondria, and the areas are wide and irregular in their form. These peculiarities of structure seem to indicate that this species attains a much greater size than the specimen under de- scription. The whole of the internal sarcode, as well as the external portions of the sponge, ‘axe of a dark purple colour. IsopicryA RuDIS, Bowerbank. Sponge massive, sessile. Surface rugged and very uneven. Oscula simple, dispersed, numerous. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal mem- brane abundantly spiculous ; tension-spicula acerate, long and slender, numerous, dispersed. Skeleton—texture coarse and irregular ; pri- 294 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIADE. __[ Apr. 6, mary lines multispiculous ; secondary lines very irregular, mostly unispiculous, occasionally bi- or trispiculous ; spicula acuate, stout, and rather short. Interstitial membranes sparingly spiculous; spicula same as those of the dermis. Colour, in the dried state, pale ochreous yellow. Hab. Straits of Malacca (Commodore Parish). Examined in the dried state. The external characters of this species are by no means prepos- sessing. It is a rough and very uneven mass, 2 inches in length and about | inch in greatest diameter, full of ridges and depressions. Sections cut at right angles to the surface do not readily illustrate the characteristic structure of Isodictya, in consequence of the coarse and irregular nature of the skeleton; but on a more careful exami- nation the presence of the stout continuous primary lines of the skeleton unmistakably lead us to a correct determination of the genus. The dermal membrane is very characteristic of the species. It is abundantly supplied with long, slender, acerate tension-spicula, irregularly distributed and crossing each other in every direction, These spicula are quite as long, and frequently longer, than those of the skeleton, while their diameter varies from half to one third of those of the last-named organs. The skeleton-structure is very open and irregular, and the spicula in the primary fibres are very numerous; they are acuate and com- paratively stout and short. The secondary lines are very irregularly distributed and rather numerous; so that when a section of the sponge is hastily examined, it is very liable to be mistaken for that of a Halichondria. I received this species from my friend Commodore Parish, who obtained it from the Straits of Malacca. IsopICTYA VIRGATA, Bowerbank. Sponge virgultose, more or less fistulous. Surface smooth. Oscula simple, dispersed, rather large. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane spiculous ; spicula acerate, same size and form as those of the skeleton, reticulated ; rete rarely more than unispiculous or bi- spiculous, areas irregular in form ; retentive spicula bihamate, simple, and contort, rather numerous, minute. Skeleton diffuse and irre- gular; primary lines multispiculous, spaces between them varying from one to two spicula in width, rarely wider; secondary lines bi- or trispiculous, irregular. Interstitial membranes furnished abun- dantly with minute simple and contort bihamate retentive spicula, same as those of the dermis. Colour, in the dried state, pale ochreous yellow. Hab. Straits of Malacca (Commodore Parish). Examined in the dried state. This sponge consists of two short branches based on a small frag- ment of stone or coral; the tallest of the two does not exceed 2 inches in height, and about 2 lines in diameter; for a portion of its length there is a central fistulous cavity, but it does not appear at the 1875.] DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIAD#. 295 distal extremities of the branches. The skeleton-structure of this Species appears to be very irregular; but the well-produced primary lines of the skeleton unmistakably stamps it as an Isodictya. The rete of the dermal membrane is more or less irregular, and is, with its retentive spicula, very characteristic of the species. Its areas frequently exceed in width the length of a spiculum, and they vary to a considerable extent in form. The retentive spicula within them are in some of them rather numerous, while in others they are very sparingly distributed ; they are very minute and slender, requiring a power of about 500 linear to render them distinctly to the eye. In the interstitial membranes the retentive spicula are very much more numerous than they are in the dermal one ; and they are especially so in the linings of the fistulous cavities. It is very probable that hereafter this species will be found to attain a much greater altitude than the specimen in course of descrip- tion. I am indebted te my friend Commodore Parish for my know- ledge of it. He obtained it from the Straits of Malacca. DESMACIDON FOLIOIDES, Bowerbank. Sponge ramous, branches inosculating. Surface smooth, but more or less spiniferous. Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane pellucid, spiculous, furnished with a leaf-like reticulation of minute acerate spicula. Skeleton—reticulating fibres compact and strong; areas wide and irregular. Spicula acerate, rather small and short. Interstitial membranes spiculous ; tension- spicula dispersed, same form and size as those of the dermis. Colour, in the dried state, dull ochreous yellow. Hab. Straits of Malacca (Commodore Parish). Examined in the dried state. This sponge and a small specimen of Geodia carinata are based together on a little sandy mass; they are so closely incorporated, aud so nearly resemble each other in size, colour, and form, as to be readily mistaken by a hasty observer for one species only. The sponge-stem has an irregular expansion of 43 inches length, and has an average diameter of about 4 lines; one portion of the branches is comparatively smooth, while another portion abounds in spinous projections. The most strikingly distinctive character in this sponge exists in the dermal membrane. When a portion of it is mounted in Canada balsam and viewed with a linear power of about 100, it exhibits an appearance exceedingly like that of a portion of the skeleton of a macerated leaf of Populus nigra. There are a series of veins or long fasciculi composed of numerous minute acerate spicula meandering for considerable lengths on the inner surface of the membrane; and the spaces between each of these are occupied by a very delicate uniserial network of minute spicula, simulating in a remarkable manner the leafy skeleton. The skeleton-rete is very open and irregular, and the fibre of which it is composed is very closely com- pacted ; the acerate spicula of the skeleton are very much larger 296 DR. J.S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIADE. _[Apr. 6, than those of the dermal membrane; but the whole of the spicula are rather small, requiring a power of about 300 linear to render their forms and proportions distinctly. The interstitial membranes are abundantly supplied with acerate spicula irregularly dispersed, and of the same size as those of the dermis. I am indebted to my friend Commodore Parish for this interesting species. He obtained it from the Straits of Malacca. DESMACIDON vENUSTA, Bowerbank. Sponge sessile, fistulous; fistule comparatively large and open. Surface smooth and even. Oscula simple, within the fistulee. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane pellucid, abundantly spiculous, reticulated ; rete unispiculous, very regular and beautiful; areas mostly triangular, rarely quadrangular ; spicula acerate, short and stout, same size as those of the skeleton. Skeleton-rete very diffuse and irregular; fibres slender and compact; spicula small, short, and stout. Interstitial spaces filled with beautiful masses of unispiculous reticulated structure; spicula same as those of the fibrous skeleton ; areas same size and form as those of the dermal membrane. Colour pale ochreous yellow in the dried state. Hab. Straits of Malacca (Commodore Purish). Examined in the dried state. This sponge consists of four short stout fistule, not quite an inch in height, the whole mass averaging about 1} inch in breadth, and the parietes of the fistulze are about } of an inch in thickness. The structural peculiarities of the dermal membrane, when a small por- tion of it is mounted in Canada balsam and viewed with a power of about 100 linear, are remarkably regular and beautiful, and espe- cially characteristic of the species. The rete consists of an elegantly symmetrical network of single spicula, with nearly the whole of the areas of a triangular form, a quadrangular one being of rather rare occurrence ; and as the component spicula are very equal in their lengths and diameters, the result is a remarkable degree of sym- metry and beauty. The whole of the interstitial spaces within the fibrous skeleton are filled with masses of a similarly regular and beautiful unispiculous reticular structure, closely simulating that of the dermal structure ; and amidst this beautiful tissue the long, slender, fibrous skeleton meanders in various directions. Although the structural characters of this species are few and simple, the regularity and beauty of the modes of their disposition afford ex- cellent specific characters for its identification. The only species of Desmacidon with which it might possibly be confounded is D. fo- lioides, from the same locality ; but, independent of the differences of external form, the last-named species differs in the dermal mem- brane being furnished with the peculiar leaf-like arrangement of its rete, and in the interstitial spaces; the spicula are only sparingly dispersed on the membranes. In both species the spicula are of about the same length ; but those of the species in course of descrip- tion are twice the diameter of those of D. folioides. 1875.] ON THE TRACHEA IN STORKS AND SPOONBILLS. 297 3. On the Form of the Trachea in certain Species of Storks and Spoonbills. By A. H. Garrop, B.A., F.Z.S., Prosector to the Society. [Received March 15, 1875.] No account of the peculiarities of the windpipe in Tantalus ibis and in Platalea ajaja has yet, to the best of my knowledge, appeared in print. They cannot but interest ornithologists; I therefore append descriptions of them from specimens which have passed through my hands as Prosector to the Society. In the Transactions of the Linnean Society * there is a paper by Mr. Joshua Brookes, F.R.S., “On the remarkable Formation of the Trachea in the Egyptian Tantalus.” The author does not mention the sex of his specimen, and does not refer to the existence of any intrathoracic or any other loops; he draws attention only to the existence of a lateral compression of the portion of the trachea which is contained within the thorax; and he incidentally refers to the similarity of the arrangement of the windpipe in the Spoonbill and Tantalus ibis, but does not hint at the points in which they agree. In most species of Ciconiide the only peculiarity of the windpipe is that the bronchi are longer than in other birds, the bifurcation of the trachea occurring at, or even a little above, the superior aperture of the thorax. This condition I have observed in the female Ciconia boyciana which died on January 15th, 1874, as well as in examples of C. maguari and C. alba. In the male of C. nigra the bronchi are known to be peculiarly long, and to form an w-shaped curve enter- ing the lungs. No other peculiarities have been described among these birds. A specimen of Tantalus ibis was purchased by the Society on the 26th of May, 1873, which died on the 12th of March, 1875. It proved to bea male. The following is the arrangement of the convo- lutions of its trachea (see figure, p. 298). The windpipe descends the neck in front of the cesophagus without any peculiarities being observable, the rings which go to compose it being exactly like those of other allied birds, circular, complete, elastié, notched in the middle line before and behind, and of ordinary depth. Directly it reaches the superior aperture of the thorax, between the two rami of the furcula, a sudden change occurs. The succeeding rings are inelastic, from being ossified ; and they are ossified together in pairs, so that their apparent depth is more than double that of the cervical rings, the intermediate membrane being included in the double rings. The depth of the unmodified rings is hardly more than zz of an inch, that of the intrathoracic modified ones being as much as q of an inch. The diameter of both is about 3 of an inch; those in the chest are further peculiar in developing a slight median longitudinal ridge along their posterior surface. The two musculi depressores trachea, after running down the * Vol. xvi. p. 499. + Naumann’s Naturgeschichte der Vogel Deutschlands, vol. ix. p- 229. 298 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE [Apr. 6, Fig. 1. (Metis): WS cn Y im Gina, = Mi) ! Intrathoracie convolutions of the trachea in Tantalus ibis. e, coracoid; f, furcula; p, proventriculus; 7.), right bronchus; 1.4, left bronchus; s7, sternun. 1875. TRACHEA IN STORKS AND SPOONBILLS,. 299 windpipe as long as it is in the neck, leave it together as it enters the chest to run to their insertions behind the sternal articular ends of the second complete ribs, the left one crossing in front of the upper of the two loops described below. There are no special lateral muscles running to the syrinx. The trachea, modified in the manner above described, continues its normal course downwards as far as a horizontal plane cutting the base of the heart, when it makes a fairly gradual turn through half a circle, directly forward, to consequeutly ascend with the posterior keel above mentioned, running along the middle of its convex sur- face. On reaching the level of the symphysis furculze it makes a second semicircular turn to the right, to again descend nearly as far as on the former occasion, and making a third similar turn to the left whilst in the fold of the first loop, ascends a third time as high as the line joining the two sides of the furcula—in other words, to the very top of the thoracic cavity. Here it turns backwards to descend again, in contact with the first part of the intrathoracic tube, to its right side, as far as the level of the apex of the heart and the com- mencement of the proventriculus ; where, making a short very abrupt turn forwards, it bifurcates into the two bronchi, which therefore, uniquely, run from their origins upwards and outwards to their re- spective lungs. In this third and last descending portion of the windpipe, which has a length of 53 inches, the lower 3 inches are considerably flattened in what would be the lateral direction, which, through the convolutions it has been called upon to make, is twisted, so that the flattening appears to be nearly antero-posterior, the median ridge, developed posteriorly, being placed considerably on the right side. About an inch above this flexure, in which the bronchi bifurcate, the previously deep double rings suddenly cease to be developed as such, and return to their normal condition just before the peculiarly situated and simple syrinx is reached. There are altogether 82 of the ossified double rings in the modified _ portion of the windpipe. The earlier bronchial rings are peculiar in being deep, the fibro- cartilaginous rings being ossified and thickened above and below for a certain portion (the external) of their circumference. Platalea ajaja.—The peculiar convolution, within the thorax, of the trachea in Platalea leucorodia is well figured by Mr. Yarrell *. The arrangement in Platalea ajaja is, however, quite different. A pair of these birds was purchased by the Society on the 13th of August, 1870. The female dying on the 27th of July, and the male on the 13th of October, 1873, have given me the opportunity of ex- amining the windpipe in both sexes. The trachea is simple, straight, of uniform calibre, and peculiarly short, extending only two thirds down the length of the neck, where the uncomplicated syrinx is situated and the bifurcation of the bronchi occurs. The usual pair of muscles, one on each side, runs to this syrinx from above, and ceases there. The bronchi are fusiformly dilated at their commence- * British Birds, vol. ii. p. 504. 300 ON THE TRACHEA IN STORKS AND SPOONBILLS. [ Apr. 6, Fig. 2. Cervical bifurcation of the bronchii in Platalea ya. a, trachea; }, syrinx; d, cesophagus; @, cervical muscles and vertebrae ; 7b, right bronchus ; 1.b, left. bronchus. Bel ag oy A ee \ ollick lith. ~~ NEW MARINE MITES. nt oe 1875.]| MR. G.S. BRADY ON BRITISH MARINE MITES. 301 ment, where the rings which encircle them are not complete, a mem- brane taking their place in that portion of each tube which is con- tiguous to its opposite neighbour. Each bronchus, lower down, is composed of complete cartilaginous rings (vide fig. 2, p. 300). By many ornithologists Tantalus is arranged along with Platalea and Jéis, instead of with the Storks. Nitzsch, in his ‘ Pterylo- graphy,’ places it with Ciconia in his group PELARGI, separating off Platalea and Ibis to form the Hemietorripes. In the “ Revised List’ of the Animals in the Society’s Gardens, Mr. Sclater adopts the same arrangement. In my paper “On the Nasal Bones of Birds”’ *, it is mentioned that Platalea and Ibis are schizorhinal-— that is, have the external osseous nares split up in a manner there described, in which point they differ from the rest of Prof. Huxley’s Pelargomorphe, and therefore from Tantalus. There are many other structural peculiarities which make it per- fectly certain that 7’antalus is a member of the Ciconiidz, and not an aberrant one either. out of place to mention here. Some of the most important it will not be They will be most easily appreciated in a tabular form, as thus represented :— In Ibis and Platalea. The skull is schizorhinal. The angle of the mandible is produced and recurved. The pectoralismajor muscle is simple, not being separable into distinct layers. The accessory femoro-caudal muscle is well developed. The semitendinosus muscle is muscular throughout. A small muscular belly is sent from the biceps cubiti to the tendon of the tensor patagii longus muscle. In Ciconia and Tantalus. The skull is holorhinal. The angle of the mandible is truncated. The pectoralis major muscle is in two layers, a superficial and a deep, easily separable one from the other. The accessory femorc-caudal muscle is absent. The semitendinosus muscle is tendinous for its distal half. No slip leaves the biceps cubiti muscle to join the tensor patagii longus. 4. A Review of the British Marine Mites, with Descriptions of some new Species. C.M.Z.S. By Grorce Stewarpson Brapy, [Received March 16, 1875.] (Plates XLI. & XLII.) The marine Mites hitherto described either by British or foreign authors are very few in number ; and the descriptions seem for the most part to have been based on the observation of but few indivi- duals, often only one or two for each species. The animals have * P. Z. S. 1873, p. 33. 302 MR. G. S. BRADY ON BRITISH MARINE MITES. [Apr. 6, usually been detected creeping on the stems of seaweeds or zoophytes or on the sides of marine aquaria; and to catch them in this fashion has doubtless the great advantage of presenting the creatures alive, so that their motions and habits, as well as the anatomical details of such delicate organs as those of the mouth, which are of course in active operation during life, may be more readily observed. My own knowledge of the Mites however, is, derived almost entirely from the examination of dead specimens ; for though I have often found them living plentifully under stones and in the crevices of rocks on the sea-shore, the method of capture which I adopt has always killed them. The little animals are very active, running with great agility ; and as a sudden nip of the forceps would most likely mutilate them so much as to render them useless for examination, I have usually when collecting dropped a little spirit from a full camel’s hair pencil over the retreating speck and so brought its movements to a stand-still for a time sufficient to allow of his imprisonment: pos- sibly if put into sea-water at once he might in some cases recover the temporary shock of the spirit bath, inasmuch as I have seen one species (Pachygnathus seahami) retain its vitality even after an im- mersion of many hours in a pretty strong arsenical solution, and I have also noticed that two or three drops of proof spirit does not always suffice to arrest the movements of the Acari over stones or sea- weed. The great majority of my specimens, however, have been obtained from the washings of material dredged in depths of several fathoms, and have not been observed until after prolonged immersion (in spirit) and death. In some dredgings made off the coasts of Durham and Yorkshire, the number of individuals was very considerable, almost leading one to the belief that they must in favourable spots colonize the mud almost as thickly as their better-known relatives a decaying cheese. The only British naturalists who have written on the marine Mites are, so far as I know, Allman, Gosse, and Hodge. The first-named author described a species (Halarachne hali- chert) parasitic in the nostrils of a Seal. Mr. Gosse, in the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ described and figured, with his characteristic accuracy and fidelity, three species, Halacarus rhodo- stigma, H. ctenopus, and Pachygnathus notops. More recently Mr. Hodge named and described, in the ‘Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club,’ species which he believed to be new, but some of which must, I fear, be considered spurious ; his species were Pachygnathus seahami and P. minutus, Leptognathus falcatus, Halacarus granulatus and H., oculatus. I have myself taken all these in greater numbers than fell to the lot of Mr. Hodge, and have likewise been able to examine the type specimens, which, with the rest of his collection, are now preserved in the Newcastle Museum. ‘The additions which I have been able to make in this paper are the following :—TZrombidium fucicolum, Pachygnathus sculptus, Gamasus marinus, and Cheyletus robertsoni. Mr. Gosse mentions that Fabricius has described two Norwegian marine mites, dearus zostere and A. fucorum; but these seem to 1875.] MR. G.S. BRADY ON BRITISH MARINE MITES, 303 be distinct from any thing at present known to us in Britain. The same author says also, on the authority of M. Paul Gervais, that M. Dujardin “had described a marine Oribates in the ‘Journ. de Institut,’ for 1842,” but he was unable to verify the quotation. Besides these, the only marine Acari of which I have found notices are Thalassarachna verrillii, described by Dr. A. S. Packard in the “American Journal of Science and Arts,’ vol. i. 1871, and Ponta- rachna punctulatum, Philippi, in Wiegmann’s ‘Archiv,’ vol. vi. p. 191, 1840, pl. iv. figs. 4, 5. I have not thought it necessary to reproduce in extenso the descriptions of previously known species, but have contented myself with noting their more important characters, combining my own observations with those of prior authors. Class ARACHNIDA. Order AcCARINA. Fam. TROMBIDIADZ. Genus Tromsinivum, Fabr. TromBIDIUM (?) FUCICOLUM, nov. sp. Length ;'> of an inch: colour very dark brown, opaque ; body tumid, tapered and pointed in front, broadly rounded behind, produced laterally into two angular promontories at the origins of the first and second pairs of legs; surface corrugated. Mandibles consisting of two triangular plates (?) opposing each other in the median line ; palps small, obtuse, 4- or 5-jointed, the penultimate joint bearing a small appendage something like an obsolescent unguis. Thighs not distant, all the pairs of legs having origin toward the front of the body. Legs 5-jointed, stout, opaque ; second and fourth joints much the longest, first and third shortest ; last joint terminating in three falciform claws, one of which is more slender than the rest, bearing near the extremity of the inner margin two short and stout spines, and beset with several (10-12) long slender hairs. One adult and one young specimen of this species were washed from among the roots of Algz gathered between tide-marks in Roundstone Bay, Ireland, by Mr. David Robertson. I am not sure that it is rightly referred to the genus Trombidium ; but it seems to agree with Dugés’s definition in most respects. The animal was so much mutilated in the process of examination that I have not been able to give a perfect figure, nor have I succeeded in getting a satis- factory view of the mouth-apparatus. Genus Pacuyenatruus, Dugés. . Pacuyenatuus norops, Gosse, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. xvi. (1855), pl. 8. figs. 1-4. “Body flat, sinuated, pointed behind, black ; one eye on the back ; legs equal, the first and second remote from the third and fourth, hairy ; the last joint the longest. “Length ;!; of an inch. Body lozenge-shaped or somewhat 7- 304 MR. G. S. BRADY ON BRITISH MARINE Mites. [Apr. 6, acs Trombidium fucicolum. Fig. 1. Right half of animal, magnified about 100 diameters. @, palp; , man- dibular plates. 2. Palp, more highly magnified. 3. Extremity of foot, more highly magnified, 1875. ] MR. G. S. BRADY ON BRITISH MARINE MITES. 305 sided, with sinuations at the origin of the limbs; it is hyaline and colourless at the margins; but the interior is almost filled with a flesh of deep blue-black hue, perfectly opaque, and of defined, sub- regularly sinuous outline. In the centre of the back, just behind the head, is a bright ruby-like round eye, placed in front of the opacity and between the first legs. ‘‘ The head, formed by a great lip, projects in front and carries two small palpi, thick at the base, conical and pointed. Below, the lip is divided longitudinally, each half being slightly incurved and pointed, the two divisions approaching in a pincer-like manner. Under slight pressure there were projected between the palpi two slender styles, which doubtless represent the mandibles ; and hence I am not sure whether the species should not range under the genus Raphignathus of Dugés. “The legs are about equal and alike ; the fourth and sixth joints are large and swollen; the seventh is the largest and tapers abruptly at the middle like a claret-bottle ; the tip forms a little round disk, whence diverge a pair of curved hooks, with plain edges, but two- toothed at the tip, or rather having a prominent tooth over the tip. “All the joints are well furnished with straight bristles, the sixth having one much longer and stouter than the rest. The limbs are set in two series, the first and second originating close together, but remote from the third and fourth, which are also contiguous to each other.” Not having seen any undoubted specimen of this species, I have transferred Mr. Gosse’s description, which was drawn from specimens taken at Ilfracombe. Mr. Norman notes it as being “ abundant on weeds in rock-pools, Balta Sound, Shetland.” PACHYGNATHUS SEAHAMI, Hodge, Trans. Tyneside Nat. F. C. vol. iv. p. 319, pl. xvi. figs. 1 a, 6, c. This species agrees in every respect with the foregoing, except in the structure of the claws, which are angularly bent and finely cilio- pectinate on the inner margin. _ It may perhaps be doubted whether it ought to rank as a distinct species, though Mr. Gosse appears to have been disposed to think so, after having seen Mr. Hodge’s specimens. The type specimens were taken on the Durham coast ; and I have myself found it plentifully on weeds between tide-marks at Sunderland, in the Scilly Islands, and on the west coast of Ireland. PacHYGNATHUS MINUTUS, Hodge, Trans. Tyneside Nat. F. C, vol. iv. p. 301, pl. xvi. figs. 10, 11. Length ;}, of an inch: colour reddish brown ; shield truncate at insertion of first legs. Rostrum a stout bulb, tapering abruptly, and terminated by two lip-like organs ; legs short and stout, the third and fifth joints swollen, sixth tapering abruptly and terminating in two falcate claws, which have a small tooth on the outer edge ; between the claws a small hook. LEye single, situated behind the rosttum. Body minutely corrugated and pitted. Legs three pairs, Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, Ne. XX. 20 306 MR. G. S. BRADY ON BRITISH MARINE MITES. [Apr. 6, The single specimen on which Mr. Hodge founded this species was taken on a stem of Coryne eximia from between tide-marks ; and there can be little doubt, from the fact of its possessing only three pairs of legs, that it is merely the young of some other species. The specimen, moreover, which is now in the Museum of the Natural-History Society at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, has in other respects the appearance of immaturity, the surface-markings and different areas of the body being very imperfectly defined. I strongly suspect that it may prove to be an early stage of the fol- lowing species. PACHYGNATHUS SCULPTUS, nov. sp. (Plate XLII. figs. 1-6.) Length ~. of an inch: colour reddish brown. Body oblong- ovate, deeply indented at the origin of the limbs. The head forms a wide bulbous projection, from which springs a rather short and thick mucronate rostrum. The mandibles and palps are both poorly developed, the Jatter being short, thick, and terminating in small claws, the former consisting each of a short, slightly curved stem, which is furnished with two small setze and a wart-like tooth on the concave margin. The two hinder pairs of legs are rather longer and more slender than the rest; thighs distant, being in- serted near the margins of the body; second and fourth joints of the legs very small and constricted; third and fifth (especially in the first two pairs) larger and much swollen; first joint small in the two anterior pairs, rather longer in the two posterior ; last, or sixth, joint of moderate length, suddenly tapering from the middle and ter- minating in two falcate claws, each with a small tooth on its convex margin. The dorsal surface of the body is mapped out into several distinct areas, characterized by pitted and corrugated systems of sculpture: the head and rostrum form an area bounded by a convex line, which stretches between the origins of the first pair of feet : immediately behind, and separated only by a lateral indent, is a sub- quadrate plate, broad in front and rather narrowed at its posterior extremity, which coincides with the middle of the body ; behind this plate again, and separated from it by a narrow isthmus of corrugated epidermis, comes another elongated shield-shaped plate, which stretches quite to the hinder extremity of the body, increasing in width posteriorly: these three areas are all covered with closely set circular pittings, and are divided from each other by spaces of wrinkled epidermis, the lines of which are somewhat waved and ir- regular, but run generally in a concentric manner round the dotted shields: on the lateral aspects of the body also are two pitted areas, one vaguely defined and embracing the origins of the first and second pairs of legs, chiefly on the inferior surface of the body, the other having very distinct boundaries and extending almost equally on the upper and lower aspects of the body, from midway between the second and third pairs to the origin of the fourth pair of legs. The ventral surface of the body is chiefly corrugated, the head, however, being distinctly pitted as on the dorsal aspect; a space corresponding with the dorsal thoracic shield has no perceptible 1875.] MR.G.S. BRADY ON BRITISH MARINE MITES. 307 sculpture, as also a similar space situated posteriorly and surrounding the anus. The first, second, third, and fourth joints of the legs are also marked with pitted sculpture. Several specimens of P. seulptus were dredged in 25-35 fathoms, in various localities off the coasts of Durham and North Yorksnire. Genus Rarnicnatuus, Dugés. (Leptognathus, Hodge.) RaPHIGNATHUS FALCATUS (Hodge). (Plate XLII. figs. 7-10.) Leptognathus falcatus, Hodge, Trans. Tyneside N. F. C. vol. v. p- 302, pl. 16. figs. 6, 7. Length 54 of an inch: colour orange-brown, Body truneate above insertion of first legs. Head forming a broad subtriangular bulbous projection, from the front of which stands out a long, slender, bifid rostrum, between the valves of which, by pressure or dissection, may be discovered two slender, curved, unguiculate and protrusile man- dibles. Palps very long and slender, extending beyond the tip of the rostrum, and bearing towards the extremities a few fine sete. Legs of moderate and nearly equal length; the joints not much dif- fering in size, except the last, which is long, thin, and terminated by two simple claws ; thighs remote. Eyes three, one behind the base of the head, the others near the origin of the second pair of legs, Upper surface of the body divided by delicate furrows or striz into four symmetrically arranged areole—two lateral, one anterior, and one posterior. I have not been able thoroughly to satisfy myself as to the anterior eye spoken of by Mr. Hodge. I can find no trace of it in his type specimen ; but I think I can detect something like it in one of my own. However, Hodge’s description is so circumstantial that I conclude it must have been plainly visible in the fresh state of his specimen. I think there can be little doubt that the species is properly referable to the genus Raphignathus of Dugés. Mr. Hodge’s specimens were taken on the Durham coast in depths of from 20 to 30 fathoms. Several examples have been more recently dredged by Mr. David Robertson and myself on the same coast and also amongst the Scilly Islands in a depth of 10-12 fathoms. Fam. GamMasiIpz&. Genus Gamasus, Latreille. GAMASUS MARINUS, nov. sp. (Plate XLI. figs. 5-7.) Length +4; of an inch: colour yellowish brown. Body regularly oval, beset with scattered hairs; thighs contiguous, springing from near the median line. The palpi are large and thick, 6-jointed, obtuse, recurved at the extremity, the last joint thickly beset with rather long hairs: the mandibles are (in the adult) longer than the palps, and end in two strong denticulated nipping-claws like those of the hand of a lobster; externally, between them and the palps, 308 MR. G.S. BRADY ON BRITISH MARINE MITES. _[ Apr. 6, there is a styliform appendage (fig. 6, 6). The first three pairs of legs are of nearly equal length, the last pair distinctly longer, all gradually tapering from the base and having subequal joints, except the third and penultimate joints, which are short, and the last, which is long, slender, and tapering, and terminates in two delicate claws. The limbs, as well as the body, are beset with stout hairs, the last joints of the legs being rather thickly tufted. Eyes two, lateral, at the base of the second pair of feet. There is a good deal of diversity in the proportions and develop- ment of the mandibles and palps in different individuals of this species, probably dependent upon age (or sex’). The more highly magnified figure (fig. 6) seems to me to belong probably to the adult, while the state of the parts shown in the drawing of the entire animal (fig. 5) may be supposed to be characteristic of youth. In some specimens the lower joints of the legs are lable to run out into irregular subspinous processes. G. marinus occurs pretty commonly in crevices of magnesian limestone rocks, between tide-marks, near Sunderland ; and | have a specimen which was washed from amongst the roots of Algze dredged off Cumbrae in the Frith of Clyde. Genus Curyuetus, Latreille. CHEYLETUS ROBERTSON], noy. sp. (Plate XLI. figs. 1-4.) Length {5 of an inch; pellucid, smooth, almost colourless. Body broadly ovate, constricted in front of the origin of the first pair of legs, the head and rostrum forming a triangular prominence, the lateral angles of which are much produced; from the front of these angles spring two very tumid, imperfectly jointed palps, which reach beyond the tip of the rostrum, and terminate in a large curved claw and several long sete, two of which are beauti- fully pectinated on their inner margins with long, tooth-like cilia: the swollen base of the palp bears a single long hair, which reaches much beyond the point of the terminal claw. The rostrum consists apparently of two opposing triangular plates, from the tips of which spring two small sete. The two hindmost pairs of legs are of nearly equal length, the second somewhat shorter, all bearing a few long scattered hairs, and having long and slender terminal joints which are armed with delicate, doubly curved claws (figs. 3 and 4). The legs of the first pair are much longer and more slender, anten- niform, the joints gradually tapering and increasing in length from first to last: the thighs are moderately remote. Two long lateral hairs spring from near the middle of the body between the second and third pairs of legs; and there are two lateral tufts of three hairs each near the posterior extremity. One specimen only of this remarkable mite was dredged off Haw- thorn, on the Durham coast, ina depth of 27 fathoms. I have named it after my valued friend Mr. David Robertson of Glasgow, who was my companion on the dredging-expedition when it was taken. The mouth-organs are so like to those of Cheyletus erudi- 1875. ] MR. G. S. BRADY ON BRITISH MARINE MITES. 309 tus, Latreille, as figured by Dr. Johnson in his monograph of the Acarides of Berwickshire*, that I cannot doubt the propriety of re- ferring it to the same genus. Genus Hanaracuneg, Allman. Halarachne halicheri, Allman, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xx. 1847, p. 47. Parasitic in the posterior nares of a Seal (Halicherus gryphus). Fam. Or1BATID&. Genus Haxacarus, Gosse. Havacarus r#opostTiemA, Gosse, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. xvi. (1855), pl. 3. figs. 1-5. Halacarus granulatus, Hodge, Trans. Tyneside Nat. F. C. vol. v. p. 299, pl. 16. figs. 4, 5. Halacarus oculatus, Hodge, Trans. Tyneside Nat. F. C. vol. v. p- 300, pl. 16. figs. 8, 9. “Body divided above and below; claw of palpus slender, little curved ; legs nearly equal; thighs of first pair ventricose ; claws all simple; whole surface minutely punctured. “Length 7 of an inch from anus to tip of rostrum: colour pel- lucid whitish, stained with pale red on the anterior half; above and below studded with punctures, which under a high power take the form of rosettes or the spots on a panther’s coat; the punctures are conspicuous on the first thighs, but are searcely visible on the other limbs; the haunches are moderately distant at their origin, springing from the margin of the body, the shield being notched to give them exit; the third joint of the legs is the largest, much swollen in the first pair; the fifth is also large; and the sixth is long but slender, tapering abruptly from the middle; the claws are simple hooks, much curved, neither pectinated nor tipped with an accessory piece, but the joint from which they spring is tipped with two nearly parallel styles: the legs are equal in length. “The shield of the body above is subtruncate in front, but projects im a small median point, long-oval, with a transverse sulcus at the origin of the second legs. Below, the body has two transverse divisions—one at the origin of the first legs, another at the origin of the third. “The rostrum forms a thick bulb, tapering to a point, from which, during life, I observed two apparently soft, flexible, filiform, diver- gent organs (mandibles?) protruded and retracted. Palpus of four joints, of which the second is by far the largest ; terminal joint slightly curved, pointed, and furnished near the base with two strong bristles on the inner side and one on the outer. All the joints of the legs are armed with a few short bristles. The vulva occupies a large oval area at the hind part of the venter; and the anus is terminal.” * Transactions of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Field-Club, vols. ii. & iii, 510 MR. G. S. BRADY ON BRITISH MARINE MITEs, [Apr. 6, The foregoing description (though not copied verbatim) comprises all. the more important particulars noted by Mr. Gosse; and, allow- ing considerable margin for individual variation, it applies perfectly well to such examples of the species as have come under my notice. Mr. Gosse found it not uncommon among seaweeds from low-water mark at Weymouth; Mr. Hodge dredged it in a depth of 20 fathoms off the Durham coast ; I have myself taken it abundantly in pools of brackish water at the side of the Burn, Seaton Sluice, Northumberland, and have also found it in great numbers in almost all dredgings from the coasts of Durham and Yorkshire, as well as in the Frith of Clyde. It is with no little regret that I feel quite unable to draw any specific distinction between the forms described by my old friend Mr. Hodge (H. granulatus and H. oculatus) and the prior species H. rhodostigma, Gosse. H. oculatus is, I think, without doubt only the young ; and, excepting some trivial distinction of surface- markings, I cannot find out on what Mr. Hodge relied to distinguish his supposed species. Haacarvus CTENOPUS, Gosse, loc. cit. pl. 3. figs. 6-10. Body smooth, granulated, divided below only; length .J; of an inch ; colour variable, dark red or yellowish brown, often with a white line down the centre; nearly oval, pointed in front, excavated at the insertions of the legs; transversely sulcate beneath, opposite the origin of the third pair of legs. The rostrum is more attenu- ated than in H. rhodostigma; but the palpi are stouter, the last joint being a short hook, and both it and the preceding joint bear a small spine upon the inner margin. The legs are of nearly equal length ; thighs remote (laterally), those of the first two pairs and last two pairs of each side respectively originating close together ; the joints diminish gradually in length and width to the last, which bears two falcate claws: each of these has an accessory piece near the extremity of the convex margin, and is strongly pectinated along the conave.edge. Eyes two, large, situated near the base of the second pair of legs, and one much smaller near the base of the bulb of the rostrum. The feet of the first pair are often armed on the middle of the inner edge of the third, fourth, and fifth joints (or one or more of them) with a single stout spine ; but this is very variable, as also is the length and strength of the setiferous armature in general. Mr. Gosse described this species from one specimen found in company with the foregoing. It seems, however, to be of common occurrence, and generally distributed round the British coast. I have taken it on weeds between tide-marks and a little below low- water mark at Cullercoats (Northumberland), Westport and Bir- terbuy Bays (Ireland), Little Cumbrae (Frith of Clyde), Isles of Aran (Galway Bay), and amongst the Scilly Islands; Mr. Robertson and myself have also dredged it in depths of 7-29 fathoms off Portin- eross (Ayrshire), in 20-35 fathoms off Red Cliff, Yorkshire, and in 10-12 fathoms off the Scilly Islands. Mr. Norman says it is “INVATSASML STUOIHOOSAMHD — . SSS dunt «so. LOVUAL Del SASS Zua 1875. | DR. A. GUNTHER ON A NEW MOLE. - aul common among weeds in the littoral and laminarian zones in Shet- land. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Priate XLI. Fig. 1. Cheyletus robertsoni, seen from below. 2. Ditto, palp. 3. Ditto, extremity of first foot. +} More highly magnified. 4. Ditto, extremity of third foot. 5. Gamasus marinus, seen from below. 6. Ditto, mouth-organs, more highly magnified : a, mandible ; 4, styliform appendage; ¢, palp. 7. Ditto, extremity of foot. -Puate XLII. Fig. 1. Pachygnathus sculptus, seen from below. 2. Ditto, seen from side. 3. Ditto, body seen from above. 4. Ditto, mandibles. 5. Ditto, palp. | sor highly magnified, 6. Ditto, extremity of foot. | 7. Raphignathus falcatus, seen from above: a, palp; c, mandibular sheath. 8. Ditto: a, palp; 4, protrusile mandible ; c, mandibular sheath. | More highly 9. Ditto, protrusile mandible. magnified. 10. Extremity of foot. | 5. Description of a new Species of Chrysochloris from South Africa. By Dr. Atsrert Gintuer, V.P.Z.S. [Received April 3, 1875.] (Plate XLIII.) Mr. Herbert Trevelyan has presented to the Trustees of the British Museum the skin of a new species of Chrysochloris, which is distin- guished by its gigantic size, being nearly-double the size of any of the other species known. He obtained it from a Kaffir who accompanied a shooting-party in the Pirie Forest near King William’s town (British Caffraria), and believes that it must be very scarce or local, as none_ of his companions had ever seen another specimen. Unfortunately the skull has not been preserved; otherwise the skin is in a most perfect condition. I name this species after its discoverer, and cha- racterize it as follows :— CHRYSOCHLORIS TREVELYANI. Nine and a half inches long. The colour and quality of the fur reminds one of that of an Otter; it is moderately long, rather stiff, and of a deep chocolate-brown colour, with a dense whitish under- fur. Margin of the lips white. On the abdomen the fur is less dense and shorter ; and patches of the whitish under-fur are visible in the posterior parts of the abdomen. Muffle flat, projecting as in the other species, but comparatively narrower. Claws whitish; the inner and 312 | MR. C. A. WRIGHT ON THE WEASEL OF MALTA. [Apr. 6 outer of the fore foot very conspicuous, the third twice as strong as the second. No trace of an opening for the eye or ears, or of the “tail can be discovered. millim. Total length... is 22 nomen stesso: ss ptereee§ 243 Width of the muffle, 22 t:2322 Oe Blak i 9 Length of first-front.claw: 25.7).-.$ai..-:\ us! eee 4 3» -Second..*:",, an tetelfutohs, os. 8..6 Gioysteeaeeeioes 12 4 third 5512) dais arch ce. oun apes) jo oR OMEER: (Nt kek Reet tekes ccna 5 Length of fourth (and longest) hind claw........ 10 Had. Pirie Forest, British Caffraria. 6. On the Specific Identity of the Weasel found in Malta. By Cuas. A. Wricut, C.M.Z.S. [Received April 5, 1875.] The animal, of the order of Carnivora, a specimen of which I have the honour to exhibit to the Society this evening, inhabits the islands of Malta and Gozo in a wild state, and is by no means uncommon in the neighbourhood of farmyards, where it not unfrequently com- mits ravages on the poultry and other small inmates. It is also partial to eggs. It is well known to the country people under the name of Ballottra. It has been usual with writers on the natural history of Malta to refer to this animal as Mustela vulgaris, or the Common Weasel of Europe. That they are mistaken a glance at the specimen will show. It will be noticed that it is very much larger than the Weasel, even exceeding in size the Stoat (Mustela erminea), to which perhaps it bears most resemblance. Again, the tail is pro- portionally longer than in the Weasel ; but instead of the end being black, as is the case with the Stoat or "Ermine at all seasons, the ter- mination is scarcely perceptibly darker. The colour of the Maltese species is generally chestnut, more or less dark in different indivi- . duals, and sometimes mixed’ with grey, especially in examples in winter. The underparts of the body, neck, and throat, as well as the toes and margin of the upper lip, are creamy white. The speci- men I now exhibit does not show the natural colour, it being very much bleached by exposure to the rays of the sun penetrating through a glass case in which the specimen. was kept. Its length from root of tail to tip of snout is about 13 inches, and the tail 47 inches, making a total length of 173 inches. I have frequently met with this species while out shooting, and on one occasion saw one making off across a field with what looked like a young one in its mouth. It takes refuge, and brings up its young, in the loose stone walls which everywhere traverse the country. This animal appears to come very close to the Boccamele, which was first discovered by Cetti, in Sardinia, about a century ago, and 1875.] MR. C. A. WRIGHT ON THE WEASEL OF MALTA. 313 afterwards named Mustela boccamela by Bechstein. It is said to take oe place of the Common Weasel (Mustela vulgaris) in that island*. In the ‘ Rendiconti dell’ Accademia Scientifica di Napoli’ for 1865, pp- 32-33, Professor Costa described a variety of the Common Weasel from Southern Italy, which he names var. meridionalis ; it is said to be intermediate between M. vulgaris and M. boccamela as regards the length of the tail, which is two fifths of that of the body in the Sardinian Weasel, two ninths in the common species, and two sevenths in the variety mentioned+. Dr. Giinther, however, thinks that Costa, in making this statement, has confounded M. erminea with M. vulgaris ; and it is well known that not much dependence can be placed on the relative length of the tail as a distinctive feature, as it varies much in this group of animals. Doderlein does not include Mustela boceamela in his observations on the Vertebrates of Sicily, but alludes to a white-footed variety of the Common Weasel (Mustela vulgaris), which approaches the Boccamele in character ft. It has been said that Mustela boccamela is found in Southern Europe and Northern Egypt. On the other hand, Professor Cor- nalia, in his recently published Catalogue of the Mammalia of Italy, states that this species is only met with in the island of Sardinia. It is said to emit no bad smell (but, in my experience, this does not always hold good with the Maltese species), to be excessively fond of honey (as its name implies), to be lively, vivacious, and very easily domesticated §. Cetti is of opinion that the Mustela boccamela is the Ictis of Aristotle, and gives very convincing reasons for thinking so ||. In Malta there is no tradition of its having been introduced, and it is never met with in a semi-domesticated state, as in the island of Sardinia. Professor Cornalia, in the work above cited, gives the dimensions of the Common Weasel found in Italy (Mustela vulgaris) at 20 centi- metres, and tail 5 centimetres ; of M. boccamela 35 centimetres and tail 10. - Dr. Giinther informs me that the British Museum does not con- tain a specimen of Mustela boccamela. The species which had been bought for it is nothing but an example of Mustela erminea from Algeria. * Vide Cetti, ‘Hist. Sard. Quadrup.’ i. p. 211, tab. 5; Bechstein, ‘ Naturg. Deutschl.’ p. 819. t Vide Zool. Rec. 1865, p. 37. + Vide Aleuni Generalita intorno la Fauna Sicula dei Vertebrati, per Pietro Doderlein, Direttore del Museo di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata nella Regia Universita di Palermo, 1872, p. 4. Vide ‘Fauna q’ Italia, parte prima, p. 33. || Vide Aristotle, Hist. Anim. lib. ix. cap. vi. 314 MR. J. GOULD ON NEW AUSTRALIAN BIRDS. _ [Apr. 6, 7. Descriptions of three new Species of Australian Birds. By Joun Goutp, F.R.S., V.P.Z.8., &e. [Received April 6, 1875.] Family Psirracip&. 1. APROSMICTUS INSIGNISSIMUS, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 499. Head emerald-green, excepting the centre of the crown and a patch on the nape, these parts being scarlet, the green forming a narrow frontal line between the nostrils and the crown; round the hind neck a narrow collar of emerald-green ; back, including the mantle and scapulars, deep grass-green, each feather obscurely edged with darker colour ; lower back and rump shining blue ; upper tail-coverts bright grass-green ; all the tail-feathers above deep grass-green, with in- distinct narrow bars of darker colour on every one of them ; the underside of the tail uniform purplish black ; wings green, with a broad longitudinal patch of yellow; many of these feathers edged with scarlet, this mark being very distinct and similar to that seen in the male of Ptistes ; under wing-coverts greenish blue; inner lining of quills purplish black, like the lower surface of the tail ; under sur- face of body scarlet, with dashes of bright green on the flanks ; under tail-coverts green, fringed with scarlet, both mandibles of the bill bright red as in Péistes, the tips lighter; legs blackish. Total length 154 inches, wing 9, tail 73, tarsus {. Hab. Queensland. At the meeting of this Society held on the 3rd of November 1874, Dr. Sclater exhibited a painting of a new Parrot from Queensland on my behalf, as I was too unwell to attend the meeting: for this bird I proposed the name of Aprosmictus insignissimus. Since then, through the kindness of the authorities of the new Zoological Museum at Brisbane, I have received the actual specimen of this bird, and Dr. Sclater has again been kind enough to bring the bird before the notice of the meeting. As before supposed, this bird is directly intermediate in form between Aprosmictus and Ptistes. In size it is still larger than the well-known King Parrakeet (Aprosmictus scapulatus), while in co- loration it is very different, as will be seen by the above description and measurements taken from the bird itself. That the specimen was killed before it had quite completed its plumage is pretty evident from the incomplete colouring of the crown of the head and nape: in the other parts no difference is likely to occur. I take this opportunity of returning my hearty thanks to Mr. Waller, of Brisbane, and to Mr. Coxen, of the same town, for the interest they have shown in the matter of this newly discovered bird, and especially for the opportunity they have given me of introducing it to the notice of European ornithologists. 2. CYCLOPSITTA MACCOYI, nN. sp. Male. General colour green, the face having all the fantastic 1875.] MR. J. GOULD ON NEW AUSTRALIAN BIRDS. 315 colours of the Harlequin ; on the forehead a band of bright scarlet, surrounded by cobalt, a shade of the same colour encircling the latter, narrow above, broader below ; on the cheeks, from the base of the bill to the tips of the ear-coverts, a band of scarlet like that on the forehead; and below this is an obscure band of purplish blue, gradually fading off into the green of the neck; flank-feathers tipped with bright lemon-yellow; quills externally blue, the inner secondaries green, with the usual tiny patch of scarlet adjoining the back ; tail green; under wing-coverts green, the outer ones washed with blue ; quills blackish below, diagonally crossed near the base with a yellow band. Total length 54 inches, wing 33, tail 1, tarsus 3. Female. Differs from the male in wanting the scarlet cheeks: in other respects similar. Hab. Rockingham Bay, Queensland. This pretty little species is quite different from all the Cyclopsitte known, and finds its allies in C. coreni and C. diophthalma. It is one third less in size than C. coreni, and about equal to C. dioph- thalma in dimensions; it is, however, even more beautiful than the latter in the colours of its face. I gladly accede to the suggestion of Mr. Waller that this species should be named after Professor M‘Coy, who has done so much for Australian science. Family MeLipHaGip2. 3. PriLoTIs FLAVOSTRIATA, Sp. nl. Head and hind neck dusky blackish, with a distinct shade of olivaceous on the crown, leaving a pure black patch on each side of the occiput ; hind neck distinctly marked with triangular spots of dull white; mantle straw-yellow, the bases to the feathers dusky brown ; scapulars brown, with large triangular whitish spots; lower back and rump brown, with dull olive margins to the feathers ; upper tail-coverts and tail brown, paler at tip, the feathers narrowly mar- gined with olive ; wing-coverts brown, with large triangular whitish spots as on the scapulars, the greater series dark brown, tipped with whitish and margined with whity brown; quills dark brown, externally edged with olive and slightly tipped with whitish ; region of the eye bare and yellow ; the few feathers on the ear-coverts hoary ; cheeks dull olivaceous buff, running into a distinct tuft of bright yellow ; throat greyish white, washed with olive on the lower part; chest olivaceous, distinctly streaked with shaft-lines of bright yellow, the breast paler, the feathers being brown with broad triangular longi- tudinal spots of white; flanks and under tail-coverts light brown, washed with olive ; under wing-coverts yellowish buff; the lower sur- face of the wings and tail ashy brown, with broad rufous buff mar- gins to the inner webs. ‘Total length 73 inches, bill 13, wing 33, tail 3, tarsus 1}. Hab. Rockingham Bay. 316 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, [Apr. 20, April 20, 1875. R. Hudson, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of March 1875. The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena- gerie during the month of March was 96, of which 58 were by presentation, 24 by purchase, 4 by exchange, 4 by birth, and 6 were received on deposit. The total number of departures during the same period, by death and removals, was 95. The most noticeable additions during the month of March were as follows :— 1. An Indian Wild Dog (Canis primevus, Hodgson, sive C. ruti- lans, Temminck), from British Burmah, presented March 3rd, by Lord Northbrook, the Governor General of India. We have only twice before * received living examples of this rare animal, which is said to be becoming very rare in all parts of India. 2. Three Black-crested Kites (Baza lophotes, Temm.) from India, purchased 5th March, being the first examples of this peculiar bird of prey ever received alive. 3. A Himalayan Magpie (Pica bottanensis, Delessert, Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 100) from Bootan, purchased 6th March. This represen- tative of our well-known Magpie is likewise new to the Society’s collection t. 4, A Hamadryad Snake (Ophiophagus elaps, Schlegel), purchased of Mr. W. Jamrach, 5th March. This specimen is about eight feet long, and is the first living example of this large and deadly Serpent received in Europe. Mr. Jamrach states that he obtained this speci- men at Dhappa near Calcutta, along with some ordinary Cobras. 5 A Bearded Falcon (Falco biarmicus, Temminck), presented by Capt. Parry, of the barque ‘Isabella Blyth,’ March 15th. This Falcon was captured by Capt. Parry at sea about 100 miles west of the Cape of Good Hope. I am not aware that this southern form of our Peregrine has been previously alive in the gardens. 6. Two Silky Hangnests (Amblyrhamphus holosericus, Scop.) from the Argentine Republic, received in exchange. This form is also a new addition to our aviaries. 7. A Blue-faced Amazon (Chrysotis bouqueti, Bechstein), depo- sited by Mr. Neville Holland, March 25th. We obtained by purchase an example of this rare Parrot some time since (see P. Z. 8. 1874, p- 323, and 1875, p. 59, pl. xi.) ; but the present specimenis of special interest, as it was obtained by Mr. Holland in the island of St. Lucia, West Indies, and thus solves the question of the true patria of this scarce species. * See Rev. Cat. Vert. (1872) p. 47. + Mr. Dresser, in a recently issued part of the ‘Birds of Europe,’ proposes to unite this species to Pica vulgaris ; but, as far as I can tell from an examina- tion of the living bird, the Indian form is recognizable not only by its much larger size, but also by the different colour of the wings. 1375.] MR. W. B. TEGETMEIER ON TWO HYBRID PHEASANTS. 317 Mr. Edward R. Alston, F.Z.S., exhibited a rufous variety of the murine Dormouse, Graphiurus murinus (Desm.)*, from West Africa, which had been sent to him for examination by Professor Young, of the University of Glasgow. He observed that this species varied much in the grey of the back, being more or less tinged with brown, and in the way in which the white of the lower parts sometimes passes into rufous. Hence it had been described under the various names Myoxus coupei, F. Cuvier +, M. erythobronchus, A. Smitht, and M. cineraceus, Riippell§ ; but these species had all been reunited by Smuts|| and by Dr. Peters§. None of the descriptions, however, agreed with the coloration of the present specimen, which was of a nearly uniform dull pale rufous, passing beneath into a dark yellow- ish grey. It agreed perfectly, however, in all other characters with normal individuals of G@. murinus, and was doubtless merely an extreme example of the rufous variation. Mr. Alston also remarked that the type of @. elegans, Ogilby **, now in the British Museum, seemed to be only a young specimen of G. capensis, F. Cuvier, and that consequently only two species of this genus appear to be well established. A communication was read from Lieut. R. J. Wardlaw-Ramsay, F.Z.S., dated ‘ Tonghoo, British Burmah, Nov. 22nd, 1874,” con- taining the following remarks on his Gecinus erythropygius tt (P.Z.S. 1874, p. 212, pl. xxxv.) :—“ I have just obtained a pair of specimens of Gecinus erythropygius, in which the yellowish facial streak is en- tirely wanting. My original description was taken from a pair (¢ and 9) in which the streak was strongly marked in the former and absent in the latter—on which ground I considered it to be a sexual distinction. Mr. Hume, in his description of this bird as G. nigri- genis (‘Stray Feathers,’ 1874, p. 446), tells us that among his specimens there is one only, and that a 2, which has the streak ; from which it would appear that both sexes are sometimes found with it, but that it is not constant in either.” Mr. W. B. Tegetmeier, F.Z.S., exhibited two specimens of wild- bred hybrid Pheasant between Phasianus colchicus and Euplocamus nycthemerus, lately shot in Surrey, and made the following re- marks :— “The two hybrid Pheasants exhibited resulted from the escape of a Silver Pheasant hen from confinement, and her association with the common Pheasant in a preserve. * Mammalogie, Suppl. p. 542 (1820). + Hist. Nat. des Mamm. iii. pl. 251 (1822). t Zool. Journal, iy. p. 438 (1829). airthe § Mus. Senckenbergianum, iii. p. 136 (1845). || Enum. Mamm. Capensium, p. 34 (1832). 4] Reise nach Mossambique, p. 136 (1852). ** 1P°Z.S. 1838, p. 5: tt It appears that this species had been previously described and figured by Mr. Elliot, in Nouy. Archiv. du Muséum (Bulletin), 1865, p. 76, pl. iii., as Gecinus erythropygius (cf. Walden, ‘Ibis, 1875, p. 148). 318 MR. R. J. L. GUPPY ON HELIX CoacTILtaTA. [Apr. 20, «They were apparently male and female; but their sex was not determined by the preserver. «‘The cock is distinctly spurred, the general colour of the plu- mage being green and brown with bright metallic reflections. He has no sign of crest nor any trace of the pencillings of the Silver Pheasant. ‘ the single upper premolar large, close to the canine ; fur generally light grey or cream-colour at the extremities ; head and shoulders lighter than the posterior parts of the body; integuments white or light brown ... Glauconycieris. Hab. Southern and Equatorial Africa. e. Internal basal lobe of the ear commencing in a long narrow lobule projecting backwards. e: A distinct postcalcaneal lobule .......00.....:sceseceeeeeenee G. poensis. d'. No postcalcaneal lobule; lower incisors not crowded... G. argentatus. d. Internal basal lobe of the ear commencing in a short blunt lobule. e'. No postcalcaneal lobule; lower incisors crowded ...... G. variegatus. In the species included under the first section (subgenus Chalino- lobus) the tragus reaches its greatest width above the middle of the inner margin, as in Vespervgo noctula; and there is either no lobule near the base of the outer margin, or its position is occu- pied by a slight convexity. In the species included under the se- cond section (subgenus Glauconycteris) there is a distinct, acutely pointed, triangular lobule near the base of the outer margin of the tragus, which reaches its greatest width about the middle of the inner margin. CHALINOLOBUS GOULDI. ' Scotophilus gouldii, Gray, Appendix to Grey’s Journ. of two Expe- ditions of Discovery in Australia, p. 405. Head short, crown of the head very slightly raised above the face- line: muzzle broad, obtuse ; glandular prominences on the sides much developed, adding to the breadth of the muzzle in front ; nostrils prominent above, separated on each side by a small sulcus from the 384 MR.G.E. DOBSON ON THE GENUS CHALINOLOBUS. [June 1, glandular prominences. Lars similar in general outline to those of Miniopterus schreibersii ; inner margin of the ear very convex forwards in lower half, then sloping almost horizontally backwards to the tip, the position of which is determined only by a slight flat- tening of the upper third of the outer margin; the lower two thirds of the outer margin is slightly convex, and terminates in a conspicuous lappet of skin hanging vertica!ly downwards, placed at a short distance behind the angle of the mouth, Tragus broad above, reaching its greatest breadth above the middle of the inner margin; the outer margin hasa slight convexity near the base, above it a concavity from which the tragus expands considerably outwards, so that the superior part of the outer margin nearly equals the whole inner margin in length: the inner margin is straight or slightly concave. Lower lip with a distinct fleshy lobe, as in C. tubercu- latus. ’ Feet small; wings to the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe rounded, well developed, at a distance equal to the breadth of the foot from the end of the tibia; extreme tip of the tail pro- jecting. On the upper surface the fur extends upon the wing-membrane as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee, and the base of the interfemoral is occupied by a triangular patch of moderately long hairs. Beneath, the hair extends more densely somewhat beyond a line drawn from the elbow to the knee-joint, a few hairs passing outwards behind the elbow and posterior to the forearm and carpus, ranged along part of the oblique parallel lines traversing the wing-membrane from the forearm backwards, as in Vesperugo noctula. This band of hairs posterior to the forearm is found in almost every species of this genus. On the upper surface the fur covering the head, neck, and shoul- ders is black, with a very faint reddish tinge; posterior to the point of origin of the antebrachial membrane the fur is dark at the base, the terminal half of the hairs yellowish brown, at the base of the tail and upon the interfemoral membrane yellowish brown throughout. Beneath, on the breast, the bases of the hairs dark, the terminal half reddish or ashy, on the abdomen the extremi- ties of the hairs yellowish white, while on the sides of the body and on the wing- and interfemoral membranes the fur is pale yel- lowish white throughout. Inner incisors unicuspidate and long: outer incisors very short, close to the outer and anterior sides of the bases of the inner incisors. Lower incisors trifid, crowded. First upper premolar exceedingly small, so minute as to be seen only with the aid of a lens, wedged in between the inner parts of the contiguous edges of the bases of the canine and second premolar, as in V. noctula; the second premolar is closely approximated externally to the canine, and the minute first premolar cannot be seen from without. The first lower premolar equals half the second in vertical extent. Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol): head and body 24; tail 2-2; head 0-75; ear 06x 0"'45, tragus 0!''"28 x 1875.] MR. G. E. DOBSON ON THE GENUS CHALINOLOBUS. 385 0"-15; forearm 18; thumb 0'-3; second finger 3'°3; fourth finger 2'-15; tibia 0-75 ; foot and claws 0'°35*. Hab. New South Wales ; Tasmania. CHALINOLOBUS NIGROGRISEUS. Scotophilus nigrogriseus, Gould, Mamm. of Australia, vol. iii. pl. 44. Head short, slightly elevated above the face-line; muzzle broad, shortly conical; nostrils prominent on the upper surface of the muzzle, projecting slightly by their inner margins in front, opening sublaterally, emarginate between, and closer together than in other species of this genus. Ears very rhomboidal in outline ; the outer and upper angle, forming the tip, rounded off ; the lower half of the euter margin slightly reflected backwards at the edge; emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating in a distinct rounded lobe close to the angle of the mouth, not hanging vertically down- wards at its termination as in C. gouldi; tragus expanded outwards above, reaching its greatest width above the middle of the inner margin, the breadth of the summit equal to the length of the inner margin, which is straight or slightly concave. On the whole, the form of the tragus is very similar to that of C. gouldi. Wings to the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe rounded, well developed, about the breadth of the foot from the tibia; last rudi- mentary joint of tail free. Above deep black, the tips with a slight brownish or greyish tinge ; beneath similar, the tips ashy and generally of a lighter shade on the pubes and along the sides of the body. Distribution of the fur and dentition quite similar to those in C. goutdii. Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol): head and body 1"°75; tail 1-35; head 0"°55; ear 0:5, tragus 0'°2x0"'12; forearm 1°35; thumb 0:28; second finger 2"°6; fourth finger 1'"7; tibia 0°55; foot and claws 0-28. Hab. Australia, northern and eastern coasts, Port Essington, Moreton Bay. CHALINOLOBUS ARGENTATUS, Ni. Sp, The crown of the head is abruptly elevated above the face-line as in Miniopterus, but to a much less extent ; muzzle short, very obtuse in front, broad and flattened above ; nasal apertures wide apart in front, separated by a slightly concave space, opening sublaterally, bounded laterally by the front margins of the labial glandular pro- minences which are separated from the nostrils above by a sulcus on each side, as in the other species of this genus. Beneath, on each side of the chin, below the under lip, a smooth broad rounded ele- vation exists separated from its fellow of the opposite side by the * The original description of this species scarcely occupies two lines, and applies equally well to at least twenty different species; and the fact that all subse- quent descriptions have been based on this and on the imagination of the de- seriber, and were not derived from an examination of the types, will explain my reasous for giving so lengthened a description. Proc. Zoor. Soc.—1875, No. XXV. 25 386 MR. G. E. DOBSON ON THE GENUS CHALINOLOBUs. [June l, small naked space on the lip in front of the lower incisors. These elevated sides of the chin are covered with short hairs and enclose a hollow space between. Ears very like those in Miniopterus, short and rather sloped backwards ; the inner margin commences ina long lobule directed backwards ; the margin of the ear is almost regularly convex all round from the commencement of the inner margin to a point in the outer margin opposite the base of the tragus, where it becomes slightly emarginated, and immediately beyond abruptly convex, forming a short erect lobe connected by a low band with a wart in front at the angle of the mouth, which is continuous with a horizontal lappet of thickened skin extending forwards along the lower lip almost as far as a point opposite the lower canine. With this lappet of the lower lip the outer margin of the ear is thus directly continuous. Tragus semilunate, the inner margin slightly concave, the outer regularly convex, at the base a rather large equilateral triangular lobule very acutely pointed. First phalanx of longest finger short, intermediate in length be- tween that of Miniopterus and that of Vesperugo, terminal pha- lanx very long, flexed forwards on the under surface of the first phalanx in repose; in this position it extends nearly to the middle of the metacarpal bone. Feet small; wings to the base of the toes ; calcaneum long and straight, extending quite three fourths the dis- _ tance between the ankle and the tip of the tail; no postcalca- neal lobule. Tail as long as the head and body, wholly contained within the interfemoral membrane, The ears and the face are nearly naked, a few short hairs only appearing on the glandular prominences between the eyes and nos- trils; the fur of the body above and beneath extends upon the wing- membranes as far asa line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the middle of the femur; the interfemoral membrane above and beneath is quite naked, except where a small triangular patch of hair appears at the root of the tail. The fur is tricoloured, the basal third of the hairs black, the middle third white, and the terminal third a beautiful dark silvery grey. This is the arrangement of the colours about the middle of the body; but the grey is more prevalent towards and on the head, while the dark shades prevail slightly over the grey towards the tail. The integument of the ears and face pearly white; wing- and interfemoral membranes dusky white, translucent, traversed by well- defined reticulations and parallel lines. The teeth are very peculiar, The inner upper incisors very long, remarkably slender and acute ; the outer incisor on each side fills up the space between the inner incisor and the canine by its broad base ; but its unicuspidate vertically directed summit is very. short, and scarcely exceeds the cingulum of the inner incisor. The canines are extremely long and slender, and are directed almost ver- tically downwards and slightly outwards ; the lower canines are also very slender, but scarcely more than half the length of the upper ones. The upper premolar is very acute and close to the canine ; 1875.] MR. G. E. DOBSON ON THE GENUS CHALINOLOBUS. 387 the posterior upper molar little more than half the size of the second molar. The lower incisors are distinctly trifid, some even appearing to have a fourth lobe; they are not crowded, and form a regular semi- circle across the wide space between the canines. The lower premo- lars are also, like the canines, very slender and acutely pointed, the first premolar about half the size of the second. Length (of an adult 2 preserved in alcohol): head and body 2”°0 ; tail 2-0; head 0°55; ear 0:5, tragus 0°22 x 0'"1; forearm 1’"7 ; thumb 0:25; first finger 1"°7; second finger—metacarp. 1"*7, Ist ph. 3'°6, 2nd ph. 1"°3; third finger—metacarp. 1°55, Ist ph. 0""45, 2nd ph. 0""5; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'°35, Ist ph. 07*4, 2nd ph. 03; tibia 0°72; foot and claws 0'"3. Hab. Cameroon Mountains, western equatorial Africa. This species has a general resemblance to Miniepteris schreibersi in the shape of the head and ears, in the shortness of the first pha- lanx and great length of the terminal phalanx of the longest finger, in the long and slender tail wholly contained within the interfemoral membrane; added to which the grey colour of the fur and corre- sponding size would cause specimens of this species to be readily con- founded, on a superficial examination, with specimens of the Euro- pean grey-coloured M. schreibersi. CHALINOLOBUS POENSIS. Kerivoula poensis, Gray, Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. x. p. 258(1842). Ears very similar to those of C. argentatus; inner and outer mar- gins convex, without a distinct tip, the outer margin forming a con- vex lobe m front of the base of the tragus, and terminating close to the angle of the mouth, the internal basal lobe forming a narrow lobule projecting backwards. Tragus similarly semilunate, even more curved inwards; the outer margin to the lip forming an arc nearly equal to two thirds of the circumference of a circle ; the inner margin slightly concave ; immediately above the base of the outer margin a prominent, acutely pointed, triangular lobule. So far as can be perceived from an examination of the dilapidated specimen which forms the type of this species, the lower lip has a horizontal lobe extending from the angle of the mouth to a point opposite the lower canine tooth, as in C. argentatus. Nostrils wide apart, sepa- rated by a slightly concave space nearly one tenth of an inch wide, and opening almost directly laterally. Thumbs and feet as in C. argentatus, and similarly black at the extremities, with black claws. Postcalcaneal lobe long and narrow, triangular, the apex of the triangle (which is placed about the middle of the lobe) supported by a small cartilaginous projection placed at right angles to the caleaneum. The tail appears to be wholly con- tained within the interfemoral membrane. Fur above dark at the base of the hairs, the extremities grey on the head and neck, and grey with a yellowish tinge on the back and sides; beneath similarly dark at the base, with greyish yellow extremities. The fur of the body extends upon the wing-membrane as far as a 25* 388 MR. G. E. DOBSON ON THE GENUS CHALINOLOBUS. [June 1, line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the middle of the femur, and upon the interfemoral triangularly as far as the end of the third caudal vertebra. “Beneath, the wing-membrane is covered as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee-joint, and a few thinly spread hairs are ranged in short parallel rows on the mem- brane posterior to the elbow and forearm. Teeth similar to those of C. argentatus, but not so slender, and the upper incisors are more inclined inwards and have the small pro- jection on their outward sides near their extremities. Length (total) about 3 inches, of which the tail appears to mea- sure half; ear 0-4, tragus 0°16 x0'-08; forearm 1'°5; thumb 0"-23; second finger—metacarp. 1'°5, Ist ph. 0!"5, 2nd ph. 1/0; third finger—metacarp. 1''"4, 1st. ph. 0!"35, 2nd ph. 0°45; fourth finger—metacarp. 1/25, 1st ph. 0-3, 2nd ph. 0'"3; tibia 0/63 ; foot and claws 0!'-28. Hab. Fernando-Po Island, west coast of Africa. This species resembles C. argentatus, but is at once distinguished by the presence of a postcalcaneal lobe, and by its smaller size. CHALINOLOBUS VARIEGATUS. Scotophilus variegatus, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 36*. Closely allied to C. argentatus, which it resembles in general form, in size, and in the colour of the fur. It is, however, readily distin- guished by the shortness of the lobule at the base of the inner side of the ear-conch, and by the lower incisors, which are crowded between the canines and placed at right angles to the direction of the jaw. The teeth are similar to those of C. poensis, not slender and extremely acute as in O. argentatus; and this condition is present in immature specimens also, so that the comparative bluntness of the teeth is not due toage. The head is also longer, the ears larger, and the face is covered with hair to within a short distance from the end of the nose. The lobes of the lower lip are smaller, and the under surface of the lower jaw not raised on the sides as in C. ar- gentatus. The calcaneum is quite similar to that of C. argentatus; and there is no postcalcaneal lobe. I have examined the type specimen of this species, and find that the postcalcaneal lobe described by Tomes has been produced by distortion in drying. Length (of a ¢ preserved in alcohol) 1-9; tail 1’"8; head 0°65; ear U6, tragus 022; forearm 1°55; thumb 0'"3; 2nd finger— metacarp. 1'4, Ist ph. 0'°6, 2nd ph. 10; 4th finger—metacarp. 1-3, Ist ph. 0°3, 2nd ph. 0'"3; tibia 0-7; foot and claws 0:3. Hab. Otjoro, S.W. Africa. * The type of this species from Mr. Tomes’s collection (and also a duplicate in alcohol) is preserved in the Berlin Museum, which I have lately visited ; and Prof. Peters has most kindly afforded me every opportunity for examining the invaluable collection of Chiroptera, which has been brought together from all parts of the world by his unwearied exertions. M&N.Hanhart imp ROM MADAGASCAR AND AUSTRALASIA Lt A U2 el py Hr] a () = rah 1875. ] MR. G. F. ANGAS ON NEW SHELLS. 389 2. Descriptions of Two new Land-Shells from Madagascar and New Guinea. By Hznry Apams, F.L.S. [Received April 27, 1875.] (Plate XLV.) EuRYCRATERA FARAFANGA, sp. nov. (Plate XLV. figs. 1, 1a.) E. testa imperforata, depresso-ovata, solida, rugis obliquis irregu- laribus sculpta, pallide fulva, fasciis plurimis rufo-castaneis, nonnullisque latis ornata; spira brevi, subconoidea; anfr. 4, convexiusculis, rapide accrescentibus, ultimo inflato ; apertura obliqua, ampla, ovali, intus margaritacea, fasciis perlucenti- bus; perist. albo, incrassato, breviter expanso, marginibus callo crasso junctis, columellari dilatato. Diam. maj. 60, min. 45, alt. 50 mill. Hab. Madagascar ; on a sandy plain in the south-west, near the Farafanga river. PUPINOPSIS ANGASI, sp. nov. (Plate XLV. figs. 2, 2a.) P. testa perforata, pupeformi, solida, rugoso-malleata, non ni- tente, rubida vel pallide fulva; spira medio tumida, in conuni depressum terminata; anfr. 7, superis convexis, penultimo lutere aperture planato, ultimo angustiore, antice descendente, basi juxta perforationem cristato ; apertura verticali, circu- lari, bicanaliculata ; perist. incrassato, flavido vel albido, re- Jflexo, margine dextro sursum producto, canali levi a parietali separato, margine columellari medio inciso, canalem apertum extus dilatatum callo circumvallatum formante. Long. 20, diam. 12 mill. Hab. Louisiade archipelago, south-east of New Guinea. This species is closely allied to P. grandis, Forbes, but differs from it in being very much smaller, in having a narrow umbilicus or perforation, and in the first four whorls of the spire being more depressed. 3. Descriptions of Three new Species of Shells from Australia. By Georce Frencu Aneas, Corr. Mem. Z.S., F.L.S., &e. [Received April 27, 1875.] (Plate XLV.) 1. HELIX FORRESTIANA, n. sp. (Plate XLV. figs. 3, 3u.). Shell narrowly perforate, globosely trochiform, rather thin, ob- liquely striated, very finely transversely granulated ; from the apex to the middle of the Jast whorl fulvous chestnut, with an indication of a band of a lighter colour between the periphery and the suture of the last whorl, below the periphery pale yellowish brown; spire obtusely conical ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last rather inflated, 390 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON NEW SHELLS. [June 1, descending in front, a little contracted behind the aperture ; aperture very oblique, ovate, purplish brown within ; peristome not thickened, widely expanded, the margins approximating, joined by a thin callus ; the right margin slightly flexuous, brown ; the columellar margin white, dilated and refiexed, nearly concealing the perforation. Diam. maj. 10, min. 7, alt. 7 lines. Hab. North-west Australia. This shell differs from the other Australian Helices to which it is allied, in having the outer lip thin and very widely expanded. I have named it after Mr. John Forrest, whose recent explorations in Western and Central Australia have added to our knowledge of a hitherto unknown portion of that island continent. 2. Hexix BROUGHAMI, n. sp. (Plate XLV. figs. 4, 4a.) Shell narrowly perforate, conically globose, rather thin, obliquely striated and obscurely minutely granulated, very pale brown above, white below, with three narrow reddish brown bands—one at the suture, one above, and one below the periphery of the last whorl ; spire obtusely and depressedly conical; whorls 53, slightly convex, the last rounded, descending in front ; aperture oblique, circularly lunate ; peristome slightly expanded and reflexed, the margins ap- proximating, the columellar margin almost straight, dilated above, and nearly covering the perforation, Diam. maj. 12, min. 10, alt. 10 lines. Hab. Port Lincoln, South Australia. Allied to H. cassandra, Pfr., but differs in having the spire con- siderably more elevated, and in the columellar margin being straight- ened and dilated and reflexed, nearly concealing the perforation. 3. EuryYTA BRAZIERI, n. sp. (Plate XLV. figs. 5, 5a.) Shell somewhat narrowly fusiform, the spire a little longer than the aperture, white, shining, ornamented with three broad transverse sharply defined bands of irregular descending olive-brown lines here and there passing into blotches, the central band the broadest ; apex olive-brown ; whorls 7, slightly convex, longitudinally plicate, the last whorl more narrowly and finely plicate, with the interstices crossed by fine lire, the plicee ceasing above the central band, faintly trans- versely sulcate at the base; aperture narrow; columella slightly subflexuous and covered with a thin callus; outer lip simple, acute. Long. 6, lat. 14 lines. Hab. Dredged off Port-Jackson Heads, in 25 fathoms. A prettily marked shell, quite distinct from any of the other Australian species of this genus hitherto described. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLY. Figs. 1, la. Eurycratera farafanga, p. 389. 2, 2a, Pupinopsis angasi, p. 389. 3, 3a. Helix forrestiana, p. 389. 4, 4a, Helix broughami, p. 390. 5, 5a. Euryta braziert, p. 390. 1875.] | MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 391 4. Descriptions of several new Species of Indian Hetero- cerous Lepidoptera. By Arruur G. Butter, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e. [Received May 4, 1875.] The following species have recently been added to the National Collection :— Family SpHineip2. Genus Panacra. PANACRA PERFECTA, 0. sp. Form of P. vigil, but pattern and coloration of P. metallica. Head, palpi, collar, pterygodes, and thorax above olive-brown; a lateral line on the vertex of the palpi, along each side of the head, collar, and pterygodes lilacine; a central spot on the crest, and another in the middle of the collar, of the same colour ; a whitish line along the inner margins of the pterygodes; abdomen greyish brown in the centre, tinted with lilacine at the base, and with a dorsal double series of indistinct blackish spots, two on each segment; sides of the abdomen mahogany- brown, with a broad paler streak, ferruginous on the basal segments, but golden mottled with ferruginous on the posterior segments ; primaries above olivaceous, varied on discoidal area with lilacine streaks, and longitudinal blackish and grey lines on the nervures ; a black dot at end of cell surrounded by a lilacine zone ; a piceous streak, followed by three blackish parallel oblique lines from internal margin to upper radial nervure ; apical and ex- ternal areas (including the central portion of the interstices between the oblique lines) buff, varied with olivaceous ; an irregular disco- submarginal brown line from apex to external angle, margined by a brownish diffused streak at its extremities and between the radials (at which point the external area is dark olivaceous); an exterior submarginal line parallel to the last, but not reaching the apex ; outer margin olivaceous ; secondaries rosy brown, clothed at base with greyish olivaceous hairs, external area dark brown, a double submarginal ochreous streak from just beyond the third median branch to the anal angle ; fringe yellow, spotted with black at the ends of the nervures: palpi below white, ferruginous at the sides ; pectus bright golden, varied in front with ferruginous, and at the sides with silver scales; coxee and trochanters sordid white, fringed with ferruginous, anterior femora and tibiz brown, tarsi white ; second pair of legs pale brown, the femora fringed above with orange, below with gold; third pair rosy whitish, the femora fringed below and the tibize above with golden scales; venter ferruginous, sprinkled all over with golden scales, a silvery lateral patch on the basal seg- ments, a whitish central streak; a lateral row of black dots; pri- maries below with the basal half dark greyish brown, costa ochra- ceous; external half ochre-yellow, a broad red streak tapering from the end of the cell to the apex ; the oblique lines of the upperside red, the submarginal lines blackish, with white interstitial line at 392 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. [June I, apex; secondaries grey, costa yellow, subcostal, abdominal, and disco-anal areas carmine-red : the disco-anal area mottled with yellow ; three central brown lines diverging upon costa, and traversed by a waved transverse series of seven black dots upon the nervures; a golden spot in the cell ; two submarginal brown lines, the inner one only extending along the margin of the discal carmine area ; margin ferruginous, fringe as above ; expanse of wings 2 inches 6 lines. Darjeeling, June 1874 (Sadler). Type, B.M. Genus LEUCOPHLEBIA. LEUCOPHLEBIA DAMASCENA, 0. sp. Allied to L. bicolor, altogether darker, with narrower silky ochre- ous streak on primaries. @. Head and thorax deep dull plum-colour, a dorsal ochreous thoracic streak ; antennze whity brown; abdomen greyish rose-red, with central longitudinal buff. streak ; segments margined behind with deep ochreous, with a whitish fringe; primaries deep plum- colour, a broad streak of silky ochreous, tapering towards base and apex, and throwing out spine-like streaks along the median branches and radials ; fringe near external angle pale stramineous ; secondaries deep ochreous ; outer margin rosy, fringe and costal area strami- neous; wings and body below nearly as in L. dicolor; expanse of wings 2 inches 5 lines. Sikkim (Whitely). Type, B.M. The most richly coloured, and consequently the most beautiful species in the genus. The two preceding species having been obtained subsequent to the reading of my papers on the Sphingidz, I have thought it best to send them to the ‘ Proceedings,’ as they can thus be added with greater brevity to my revision of the family. Family Lirnosip&. Genus AGALOPE. AGALOPE PRIMULARIS. Allied to 4. basalis, but the entire ground-colour of the primaries in the male lemon-yellow, and the basal orange spot brighter ; _pri- maries of the female without the basal orange spot; the primaries yellowish, with the base and a diffused streak below the median nervure lemon-yellow ; expanse of wings, ¢ | inch 6 lines, 9 1 inch 8 lines. 3,2. Darjeeling, May 1874 (Sadler). Type, B.M. There were only two examples of this species in the fine collection recently sent home by Mr. Sadler. I believe, however, that two other examples exist in the collection of Dr. Anderson. The species is a very beautiful one. Genus CADPHISES. CADPHISES MOOREI, hi. Sp. Wings black, with purplish reflections, the entire surface covered a a ey A re RAS: 16 (Sere : : 1 O.P Cambridge delt : AT. Hollick ‘bith. W. West « C2 imp. NEW SPECIES OF ERIGONE. from North America. 1875.] REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW SPECIES OF ERIGONE. 393 by innumerable cream-coloured spots, which towards the base are arranged in parallel longitudinal rows, about seven in primaries, and six to seven in secondaries ; body greenish black; the head, collar, pterygodes, and thorax spotted with silvery white; abdomen spotted with white at the base and sides; palpi and pectus spotted with white, basal segments of venter margined with white, anal segments covered by a wax-like testaceous plate; expanse of wings 3 inches 5 lines. Darjeeling (Sadler). Type, B.M. Easily distinguished from C. maculata by its greater size, the more purplish colour of the wings, and the absence of the ochreous colouring on abdominal area of secondaries. I have named it after the author of the genus. Family Liparip&. Genus Dreara. DREATA TRISERIATA, 0. Sp. 3. Nearly allied to D. subcurvifera, but larger, altogether yel- lower in colour, and with scarcely a trace of the two submarginal rows of black spots in secondaries. Above, head and thorax densely hairy, bright straw-coloured ; antennze brown ; primaries straw-coloured, with a subcostal, a bent central, and an arched submarginal series of larger black spots, the last two series meeting near the apex; abdomen and secondaries golden testaceous, the latter with two indistinct disco-submarginal parallel squamose blackish lines: body and wings below sordid ochra- ceous ; sides of pectus and fringe of wings bright stramineous; ex- anse of wings 2 inches 6 to 9 lines. Pulni Hills, S. India 8000 feet (4. F. Sealy). Five examples, B.M. Mr. Sealy informs me that this species is not at all rare, and is easily captured, as it flies into the house; all the examples taken by him are males, The allied species, D. subcurvifera, Walker, is an inhabitant of Ceylon. 5. On some new Species of Erigone from North America. By the Rey. O. P. Camsripexr, M.A., C.M.ZS. [Received May 4, 1875.] (Plate XLVI.) Since the publication of descriptions of new species of Erigone from North America (P. Z.S. 1874, p. 428, pl. lv.), Mr. J. H. Emerton has kindly sent me another small collection, containing nine addi- tional species ; one only of these (Z. viaria, Bl.) is identical with any known European form, though several of the others are very closely allied to species found in England and France. One of the chief points of interest attaching to the present collection is in regard to two of the species (2. ornata and £, pictilis): in these an un- 394 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON {June 1, usual character is furnished in the very distinct and strongly marked pattern on the upperside of the abdomen ; very few European species, discovered hitherto, present any thing like a regular pattern, while the majority have a merely unicolorous abdomen. I take this opportunity of again returning my kind thanks to Mr. Emerton for allowing me to describe and figure portions of these very interesting little Spiders, and I also make bold to express a hope that through his exertions I may soon have the pleasure of making known other new forms of the same genus. ERIGONE PERSIMILIS, sp.n. (Plate XLVI. fig. 1.) Erigone atra, Cambr. P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 429 (exclude synonym there quoted). Adult male, length 14 line. This Spider is very closely allied to Z. atra, Bl. (2. vagabunda, Westr.), resembling it (as well as some other kindred species) in size, colours, general form, and structure. Its distinctness was overlooked l.c. supra; it may, however, be distinguished from that species, on a closer examination, by the caput having a median longitudinal row of three distinct tooth-like tubercles, each of which is-furnished with a short bristle; the form also of the fore extremity, on the upper- side of the radial joint of the palpus, differs slightly, but characteris- tically (see fig. 1 e, fig. 2g, representing that of . atra from a similar point of view) ; on the middle of the underside also of the radial joint in Z£. atra is a very slight, indeed, but perceptible, rudi- mentary tooth, or tubercie, while no trace of it appears to exist in the present Spider; the denticulation also of the humeral joint differs, the teeth not being so even in size or distribution as in #. atra; the palpal organs appear to be very similar; but probably a lens of higher power than that under which I have been able to examine them would show some important structural differences. An adult male was received in June 1874 from Mr. J. H. Emerton, by whom it was found at Swampscott, Boston, Massachusetts, under a stone; and a comparison recently made of the present Spider with that recorded as L. atra(P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 429) proves the two to be ‘identical. ERIGONE DENTIGERA, Cambr. (Plate XLVI. fig. 2.) Erigone dentigera, Cambr. P. Z.S. 1874, p. 42y. Adult male, length 1+ line. This species is exceedingly nearly allied to EF. persimilis, as well as to E, atra (Bl.); but it may be distinguished by its shorter legs and palpi, the cubital and radial joints of the palpus being much shorter in proportion; the latter (radial) joint has also a distinct conical tooth near the middle of its underside; the form also of the fore extremities on the upperside of this joint differs, being narrower and more pointed, though still obtuse ; and the denticulation of the humeral joint differs, the teeth in the present species being fewer and blunter ; the palpal organs also differ when viewed under a strong 1875. | NEW SPECIES OF ERIGONE. 395 lens; figure 2d represents those of the present species, and 1 ¢ those of E. persimilis ; these two figures are taken from a sketch of each in a similar position, under a high power, by Mr. Emerton. The caput has a central longitudinal row of tuberculiform denticulations, like those of FZ. persimilis, but of a smaller size. Mr. Emerton remarks upon the darker and peculiar colour of this Spider when compared with F. persimilis ; but this character, as far as it has yet been ascertained, is no certain specific criterion in the Spiders of this group; a long series of two well-known species (£. dentipalpis, Wid., and E. atra, Bl.), will furnish every variety of depth of colouring. In regard to the present species, other minor differences are ob- servable on a careful comparison with Z. persimilis and other, nearly allied, species. These differences will have to be carefully noted when the numerous Spiders of this group come to be monographed ; but for the present purpose the differential characters detailed above and in P. Z.S. 1874, p. 429, will be found sufficient for specific deter- mination. An adult male was received from Mr. Emerton, by whom it was found at Troy, near Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. A.; and a compa- rison of it, lately made, with the example*described P. Z. S. 1. c. shows the identity of the two. The present description notices the difference from £. persimilis (Cambr.), while that in P. Z.S. l. e. differentiates it from EH. longipalpis, Sund., and some other species. ERIGONE ORNATA, sp.n. (Plate XLVI. fig. 3.) Adult male, length 14 line. This species is very closely allied to Hrigone pictilis (p. 396), re- sembling it very nearly in the pattern on the abdomen; the darker portion of it, however, is more mottled and marked with pale yellow, and an uninterrupted oblique and slightly curved stripe traverses each side. It may also be at once recognized from L. pictilis by the absence of the occipital elevation; the occiput being only a very little, and uniformly, gibbous, or rounded, and, when looked at from above the caput, is less compressed laterally near its lower margins. The cephalothorax is glossy, and of a deep yellow-brown colour; and the caput has a few erect hairs on its upper part, as well as some others, directed a little backwards, on the ocular area; the height of the clypeus is half that of the facial space. The eyes are of moderate size, and relatively not greatly different from each other ; they are in the ordinary position; those of the hinder row are equidistant from each other, being separated by spaces equal to the diameter of one of the hind centrals, those of each lateral pair are obliquely placed and contiguous to each other, the fore lateral eye being larger than the hind lateral; those of the fore central pair are the smallest and darkest-coloured, near together, but not coutiguous to each other, and each of them is separated from the fore lateral eye on its side by an interval equal to its diameter ; the front row of eyes is much the shortest, and, looked at from above, straight. The /egs are not very long, but tolerably strong; their relative 396 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON [June }, length appears to be 4, 1, 2, 3; they are of an orange-yellow colour, and are furnished with hairs and two or three short fine spines; one of these latter, on the outer side, near the middle of the tibia of each of the fourth pair, is much less strong than the corresponding one in L. pictilis. The palpi are short, and similar in colour to the legs; the cubital and radial joints are very short, but of about equal length, the latter being the stoutest ; a single, rather upturned, slender bristle issues from the fore extremity on the upperside of the cubital joint ; and the radial joint has its fore extremity, rather on the outer side, pro- duced into a short apophysis, whose extremity is obtuse and bifid, or emarginate ; the digital joint is large, and the palpal organs com- plex, very similar to those of EH. pictilis, but the spines and spiny processes are not so strong. The falces are tolerably strong, but not very long ; they are similar to the cephalothorax in colour, and armed with fine teeth on their inner margins, towards the extremity. The mazille and labium are slightly paler in colour than the falces ; but their form is normal. The sternum is heart-shaped, convex, and glossy, of a very deep reddish yellow-brown colour, and thickly clothed with longish hairs. The abdomen is oval, and projects over the hinder slope of the cephalothorax ; its colour is blackish, with a pattern similar to that on the abdomen of LF. pictilis, differing slightly, as above observed. About the middle of. the upperside are four small reddish impressed spots, forming a quadrangular figure, whose fore side is slightly shorter than the three others; the surface of the abdomen is thinly furnished with short hairs, and there are two or three rather strongly marked transverse curved folds just above the anal prominence ; the spinners are very short and of a pale yellowish hue. Two adult males of this Spider were received from Mr. J. H. Emer- ton, by whom they were found under leaves at Providence, Massa- chusetts, U. S. A., in November 1871. ERIGONE PICTILIS, sp.n. (Plate XLVI. fig. 4.) Adult male, length nearly 13 line. The cephalothoraz is of a yellow-brown colour, and of ordinary general form, but the caput has its occiput a little elevated, the hinder slope of the elevation, looked at in profile, rounded and gra- dual, while the front slope is rather abrupt, forming (in profile) with the fore part of the caput a somewhat angular hollow ; the height of the clypeus, which is full, rounded, and slopes a little forward, ex- ceeds half that of the facial space; the upper part of the caput is clothed with numerous bristly hairs directed forward, others of a similar nature occupying the ocular region and directed upwards and rather backwards. The eyes are not very large, nor very unequal in size; they are placed in four pairs, or two transverse rows, of which the hinder one (looked at from the front) is strongly curved, and the foremost much the shortest and nearly straight ; those of the hinder row are about 1875. NEW SPECIES OF ERIGONE. 397 equidistant from each other, the hind centrals being each placed im- mediately in front of a round shining pale-coloured tubercle ; those of each lateral pair have a round shining tubercle behind them, they are contiguous to each other, and obliquely placed ; and from behind each of these pairs a longitudinal narrow indentation, fringed with a row of bristly hairs, runs backwards and obliquely upwards towards the hinder part of the occiput; the eyes of the fore central pair are smallest of the eight, near together, but not contiguous to each other, and each is separated from the fore lateral eye nearest to it by nearly the diameter of the latter. The Jegs are moderate in length and strength; their relative lengths appear to be 4, 1, 2, 3; they are of a pale dull yellow colour, furnished with hairs and one or two fine black spines. The palpi are short and similar in colour to the legs, except the digital joint, which is suffused with brown; the cubital and radial joints are very short; the latter is a little roundly produced at the fore extremity on its outer side, where it has a not very large pointed apophysis ; the digital joint is very large, and has a strong lobe to- wards the fore extremity on the outer side; the palpal organs are well developed and complex, a strong black tapering spine issues from their midst, and curving round inwards, almost encircles their fore extremity, and within its curve is a smaller spine coiled in a cir- cular form. The falces are rather paler in colour than the cephalothorax ; they are tolerably long and strong, a little rounded in their profile-line, and divergent towards their extremities when looked at from the front ; they are furnished with a few minute teeth towards their extremities on the inner margin, and close above them three bristles in a single row directed downwards. The maville are of normal form, similar to the legs in colour, and furnished with some long and strong bristles towards their outer sides. The dadium is also of normal form, and (with the sternum, which is heart-shaped, convex, and bristly) is of a dark brown colour. The abdomen is oval, tolerably convex above, and projects but very slightly over the base of the cephalothorax ; almost unique hitherto among the numerous species of this genus, it has, like the foregoing Species, a strong well-defined pattern on its upperside, very nearly resembling that of Amaurobius feror (C. Koch); its colours are black and dull yellow, tinged (in four examples) with a slight reddish hue ; and according as one or the other of these colours prevail, either may be described as the ground-colour. In the example now figured and described (Plate XLVI. fig 4), the ground-colour of the upper- side is black, the fore half has two large yellowish patches on either side, followed by a series of slightly oblique spots or blotches of a similar colour, arranged in pairs, and diminishing in size as they approach the spinners ; the sides are black, divided by an indistinct oblique yellowish gap ; and the underside is dull yellowish, the central longitudinal line being clouded with a dusky hue. When the yellow prevails, the black forms a central longitudinal bar, from the hinder half of which a series of several oblique lateral bars issue on either 398 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON [June l, side, diminishing in length towards the spinners; the abdomen is thinly clothed with short hairs. The female resembles the male in colours and markings; but the occiput wants the bristly elevation so characteristic of the male. Adults of both sexes of this fine and very interesting Spider, found on pine and juniper trees, were received from Mr. J. H. Emerton, by whom they were captured at Beverley, Swampscott, Boston, Massa- chusetts, U. S. A., in May 1874. ERIGONE PROVIDA, sp.n. (Plate XLVI. fig. 5.) Adult female, length rather more than 1 line. The cephalothorax, falces, and sternum of this Spider are of a rather dark yellow-brown colour; the legs are brightish orange-yellow, the palpi, maxillee, and labium dull yellow, suffused with brown; and the abdomen blackish yellow-brown, tinged with olive. The form of the cephalothoraz is of the ordinary type ; the profile- line from the eyes to the thoracic junction almost level, with a slight dip or hollow close behind the occiput; the normal grooves and in- dentations are distinctly but not very strongly marked; and the height of the clypeus, which is a little impressed just below the eyes, is equal to half that of the facial space. The eyes are on black spots in the usual position, of tolerable size ; and although closely grouped together, they occupy the whole width of the fore part of the caput; those of the hinder row are equidistant from each other, being separated by an interval not much, if any, greater than half the diameter of one of the central pair; those of each lateral pair (of which the foremost is the largest of the eight) are obliquely placed on aslight tubercle, aud contiguous to each other ; the foremost one is also contiguous (or as nearly so as pos- sible) to the fore central eye nearest to it, the fore centrals also being contiguous to each other, and the smallest of the eight; the two pairs of lateral eyes thus form, with the fore central pair, a continu- ous curved line; and the interval between each of these last and the hind central eye nearest to it is equal to the diameter of the latter. The degs are moderate in length and strength; their relative length appeared to be 4, 1, 2, 3; and they are furnished with hairs and slender bristles. The falces are strong and of tolerable length, a little inclined to- wards the labium, and (as far as could be ascertained, though not with absolute certainty) armed with small teeth on the inner mar- gin towards the extremity. The palpi, maxillz, labium, and sternum present no unusual or distinctive feature in form or structure. The abdomen is of rather an elongate oval form, and not very con- vex above, nor projecting much over the base of the cephalothorax ; it is of a dull greenish-black yellow-brown hue, marked (like many others) with pale lines and spots on the upperside, probably not visible except through spirit of wine ; the form of the genital aper- ture is simple but characteristic. Two examples of this species, which is nearly allied to #. cornu- 1875. NEW SPECIES OF ERIGONE. 399 palpis, were received from Mr. Emerton, by whom they were found under leaves at Swampscott, Bostun, U.S. A., in March 1874. ERIGONE PERTINENS, sp.n. (Plate XLVI. fig. 6.) Adult male, length very nearly 13 line. The cephalothorax, falces, maxille, labium, and sternum of this Spider are of a yellow-brown colour, the sternum, however, being rather more suffused with brown ; the colour of the legs and palpi is yellow, the digital joints of the latter yellow-brown, and the abdo- men dull brownish black, with an olive hue. The cephalothoraz is of ordinary general form; the profile line forms an almost uniform curve, of which the highest part is at the occiput; the normal in- dentations and grooves are not strongly marked, and the lateral con- striction of the lower margins of the caput is very slight; the cly- peus projects forwards, forming a continuous portion of the profile- curve, and its height equals half that of the facial space. The eyes are in the ordinary position, of moderate size, and rela- tively not greatly different, those of the fore central pair being, as in most other species, the smallest ; those of the hinder row are equi- distant from each other, the intervals separating them being equal to about an eye’s diameter; those of the fore central pair are near together, but not contiguous to each other, and each is slightly over its own diameter’s distance from the fore lateral on its side, and is separated from the hind central nearest to it by an interval equal to the diameter of the latter; those of each lateral pair are obliquely placed and contiguous to each other, the fore one being apparently the largest of the eight. The legs are not very strong, but rather long; their relative length is 4, 1, 2, 3; they are well furnished with bairs, bristles, and longish, slender, bristle-like spines. The palpi are short; the radial and cubital joints are of equal length, the former is the strongest, and has a curved spine-like pointed apophysis at the middle of its fore extremity, pointing down- wards, outwards, and rather backwards; the outer side of the radial joint is furnished with some long bristly hairs; the digital joint is rather large, and has a small, pointed, somewhat spine-like apophysis near its base on the inner side, its point having the same direetion, and not far removed from the point of that at the extremity of the radial joint; the palpal organs are prominent and complex, with corneous and spiny processes. The falces are of moderate length and strong; each is armed with a strong tooth in front on the inner side, with apparently a small tubercular prominence underneath, near its base; they are also fur- nished with teeth along the inner margin of the fore half. The form of the maxillz, labium, and sternum is normal. The abdomen is oval, moderately convex above, and projects fairly over the base of the cephalothorax; it is of a dull black-brown colour, tinged with olive-green, and js pretty well clothed with longish coarse hairs. The female resembles the male in form and colours; the falces, 400 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON [June 1, however, are destitute of the single characteristic tooth on the inner side of their front surface; and (in spirits of wine) the abdomen is pretty distinctly marked with various lines and mottlings of dull yellow, very faintly indicated in the male; the sexual aperture is furnished with a short prominent process of a characteristic form, impossible to describe clearly, and not easy to delineate certainly ; fig. 6d is an attempt to represent its appearance slightly in per- spective. : This species is allied to Z. livida, Bl., as well as to EZ. subtilis (Cambr.) and others, but cannot be confused with them if the pro- tile of the cephalothorax, the armature of the falces, and the form of the radial joint of the palpus and the palpal orgaus be carefully observed. An adult of each sex was received from Mr. Emerton, by whom they were found under a stone, below high-water mark, at Peaks Island, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. A., in August 1873. ERIGONE PERSOLUTA, sp.n. (Plate XLVI. fig. 7.) Adult male, length rather over 1 line. The cephalothorax, falces, and maxille of this Spider are of a yellow-brown colour, the margins of the cephalothorax being blackish ; the legs and palpi (except the digital joints of the latter, which are yellow-brown) are of a dull orange-yellow colour; the labium and sternum are suffused with blackish brown; and the ab- domen is dull black, with a strong olive-green tinge, marked (in spirits of wine) with fine pale spots and lines. The form of the cephalothoraz is of the ordinary type; looked at in profile, the line from the foremost eyes to the thoracic junction is a gentle curve with a very slight hollow at the occiput ; the height of the clypeus, which is a little prominent at its lower margin, rather exceeds half that of the facial space. The eyes are of tolerable size, and in the usual position, on black spots, but rather closely grouped together; those of the front row are very nearly contiguous to each other; those of the hind central pair are separated by an interval not quite equal to an eye’s diameter, and each is separated from the hind lateral eye on its side by an interval rather less than that which divides those of the hind central pair ; those of each lateral pair are obliquely placed, contiguous to each other, and apparently the largest of the eight; each of the fore centrals is separated from the hind central eye nearest to it by a space equal to its own diameter. The legs are of tolerable length and strength, their relative length being 4, 1, 2, 3; they are furnished with hairs, bristles, and a few fine spines. The palpi are not very long, the radial and cubital joints very short, the former being the strongest ; it is largest at its fore extremity, but has no apophysis ; and among other, finer hairs it has several longer and stronger bristly ones issuing from its fore extremity, near the outer side ; the cubital joint has a single slightly sinuous bristle at its fore extremity, a little towards the outer side; the digital joint 1875.] NEW SPECIES OF ERIGONE. 401 is large, and has its hinder extremity produced into a curved horn- like projection, its point being red-brown, apparently of a corneous nature, and directed outwards. The palpal organs are highly deve- loped, prominent, and complex ; two bright red-brown strong corne- ous processes are most noticeable, one of them curved or folded in a circular form at their base on the outer side; the other, longer and stronger, issues from their inner extremity, and, running backwards, curves round their base. The falces are moderate in length and strength ; they are directed backwards towards the labium, and are armed with a few minute teeth on their inner edge near the extremity. The mazville, labium, and sternum are of normal form. The abdomen is oval, tolerably convex above, and projects fairly over the base of the cephalothorax ; it is of a greenish black colour, mottled and lined with pale yellowish (when seen through spirits of wine) and thinly clothed with hairs. The female resembles the male in colours and general characters ; and the genital aperture is rather complex in its form. This species is very nearly allied to the European form, H. cont- gera (Cambr.), but may, among other characters, be easily distin- guished by the less strong and more curved process at the base of the digital joint, as well as by a quite different structure of the palpal organs. Examples of this Spider were received from Mr. Emerton, by whom they were found under leaves at Swampscott, near Boston, U.S. A., in March 1874. ERIGONE CORNUPALPIS, sp.n. (Plate XLVI. fig. 8.) Adult male, length 17 line. The cephalothorax, falces, and maxille of this Spider are of a yellow-brown colour ; the legs and palpi dull orange-yellow, tinged slightly with brown; the labium and sternum dark yellow-brown ; and the abdomen dull blackish, tinged with olive-green, The form of the cephalothoraz is of the ordinary type; a very slight dip or hollow is observable in the profile-line just behind the occiput ; and the normal grooves and indentations are distinct, but not strongly marked ; the height of the clypeus, which slightly pro- jects, is equal to half that of the facial space. The eyes are rather large, on black spots, and closely grouped together in the usual position; those of the hinder row are separated by as nearly as possible equal intervals of half a hind central eye’s diameter ; those of each lateral pair are placed obliquely on a tubercle, the foremost of these pairs are the largest of the eight, and each is separated from the fore central eye on its side by an interval not much exceeding half the diameter of the latter ; those of the fore central pair are smallest of the eight, very near, but not quite con- tiguous to each other, The falces are strong and of tolerable length ; they are very nearly vertical ; and each appeared to have, on the outer side of its front surface, a longitudinal row of minute fine tooth-like spines ; there are Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, No. XXVI. 26 402 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON [June 1, also several of the ordinary teeth on the inner margin towards the extremity. The legs are tolerably long and strong; their relative length ap- peared to be 4, 1, 2, 3; and they are furnished thinly with hairs, bristles, and a spine on each of the genual and tibial joints of those of the fourth pair. The palpi are rather short, tolerably strong, similar to the legs in colour, except the digital joint, which is of a yellow-brown hue ; the cubital joint is short, and has a single, strongish, sinuous, prominent, tapering bristle at the fore extremity of its upperside; the radial joint is of the same length as the cubital, but much stronger, being rather gibbous at its fore extremity almost all round, but most strongly in front, though there is no distinct apophysis; the digital joint is large, and has its hinder extremity produced into a longish and strong, tapering, but obtusely pointed, curved horn-like projec- tion, the point directed outwards; there is also a large obtuse lobe- like prominence on the outer side, divided into two or three lesser lobes ; the palpal organs are prominent and complex, a strong, some- what folded, crescent-shaped, corneous process being placed at their base on the outer side; this process has a black, sharp-pointed, tooth- like prominence at the middle of its strongest part. The mazille, labium, and sternum are of normal form. The abdomen is oval, pretty convex above, and projects slightly over the base of the cephalothorax; it is of a dull greenish black hue, marked with pale lines and mottlings (probably not visible ex- cept in spirits of wine), and thinly clothed with hairs. A single example was received from Mr. Emerton, by whom it was found at Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S. A., in 1870. It is very nearly allied to Hrigone retroversa (Cambr.), a French species, but is quite distinct. It is also allied to Z. cornigera, Bl., and £. persoluta, Cambr. (ante, p. 400). ERIGONE MULTESIMA, 0. sp. (Plate XLVI. fig. 9.) Adult female, length 14 line. ¢ The whole of the fore part of this Spider, including the legs and palpi, is of a bright orange-yellow colour, except the sternum, which is somewhat suffused with brown, and the abdomen is black. The form of the cephalothoraz is ordinary, and its profile-line de- scribes a slight curve; the normal grooves and indentations are distinct, but not strongly marked; the thoracic junction is indicated by a curved blackish line, the convexity of the curve directed back- wards ; the clypeus is a little impressed or hollow (in profile) just below the eyes, and its height is equal to half that of the facial space. The eyes are of moderate size and in the usual position, on black tubercles ; those of the hinder row are equidistant from each other, the intervals being equal to the diameter of one of its central pair ; the fore laterals are largest of the eight, and are, with the hind laterals, placed obliquely on a strongish tubercle ; those of the fore central pair are smallest of the eight, very near, if not quite con- tiguous, to each other, and each is separated from the fore lateral eye 1875.] NEW SFECIES OF ERIGONE. 403 on its side by an interval equal to its own diameter, and from the hind central nearest to it by an interval equal to the diameter of one of the fore laterals. The /egs are tolerably long, shed and furnished with hairs, bristles, and a few longish fine spines on those of the fourth pair ; their relative length is 4, 1, 2, 3. The falces are long and strong, slightly hollowed on the outer sides (when looked at from the front), and a little divergent at their extremities; they are armed on their inner edge, towards the ex- tremities, with a double row of teeth, those of the front row rather long and strong, of the hinder row minute. The mazille are strong, a little curved, and inclined, but not very strongly, towards the labium. The abdomen is large, oval, very convex above, and projects fairly over the base of the cephalothorax ; it is black, thinly clothed with fine hairs, the spiracular plates and corpus of the epigyne (which is prominent and of characteristic form) dull yellow-brown; the ex- tremity of the genital process is bright red-brown. A single example of this Spider, which appears to belong to the group characterized (and probably rightly) as a separate genus by Menge, under the name Bathyphantes, was received from Mr. Emerton, by whom it was found under a stone at Brighton, Boston, U.S. A., in April 1873, ERIGONE VIARIA. Neriene viaria, Bl. Spid. Great Brit. & Ireland, p. 255, pl, xviii, fig. 171. Erigone quisquiliarum, Westr. Aranez Suecice, p. 277. Adults of both sexes of this Spider were received from Mr. Emerton, by whom they were found under leaves at Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S. A.,in March 1874. These examples present no variation what- ever from the English and continental examples of this species. ERIGONE FLORENS, sp.n. (Plate XLVI. fig. 10.) Adult male, length 13 line. The cephalothorax of this pretty and very distinct species, as well as the palpi, falces, maxillee, labium, and sternum, are of a bright shining orange-yellow colour ; the femora of the legs are of a similar colour, the genual, tibial, and metatarsal joints being strongly suf- fused with brownish black, while the tarsi are of a dusky yellowish hue, and the abdomen black. The caput has a large strong eminence, broader at the top (when looked at from the front) than at its junction with the caput itself, and divided into two large well-rounded lobes by a longitudinal depression ; immediately behind each lateral pair of eyes is a large and deep indentation, or excavation, running longitudinally backwards, and running out to a point near the occiput; at the larger or fore end of this excava- tion is a small, round, shining, eye-like fovea or impression; the clypeus is broad, bold, and well-rounded, and prominent at its lower side, its height being about half that of the facial space ; the fore 267 404 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON [June I, side of the eminence on the caput, as well as the upper part of the fore extremity of the caput itself, is clothed with a few short hairs, directed forwards and downwards. The eyes are small, placed in the usual four pairs, on black spots ; those of the upper or hind central pair are placed on the fore side of the summit of the cephalic eminence, each being rather more than a diameter’s distance from the longitudinal line which divides its two lobes from each other; the other three pairs (looked at either in front or sideways) form a transverse straight line at the fore ex- tremity, on the upperside of the caput, rather exceeding in length that formed by each lateral pair and the hind central eye on its side ; those of each lateral pair are placed a little obliquely on a-slight tu- bercle ; those of the fore central pair are near together (but not. con- tiguous to each other) on a tubercle. The legs are long and slender, coloured as described above, and furnished with hairs, and some fine spines beneath the tibie of the first and second pairs; their relative length is 1, 4, 2, 3. The palpi are tolerably strong and moderate in length ; the cubital joint has some short spine-like bristles on its outer side, it is slightly bent downwards, and about double the length of the radial, which has its fore extremity on the upperside prominently produced into a moderately long tapering apophysis, curved downwards, and its mar- gins fringed with hairs; the digital joint is large, and of an irregular form, and suffused with brown; it has a strong, prominent, some- what keel-like lobe at its base on the outer side, furnished with a single row of very short, but strong, closely set, curved, spine-like bristles ; the palpal organs are highly developed, prominent, and complex ; a large corneous process projects from their extremity, and a strong, black, tapering spine issuing from its base curves in a circular form backwards on their outer side; in connexion with this spine, quite to its point, there is some yellowish diaphanous mem- brane; above the spine just noted, at the base of these organs, on their outer side, are two other large irregular corneous processes. The falces are tolerably strong, but not very long; they are of a conical form, directed backwards towards the labium, and furnished with a few very minute teeth on the inner margin near their ex- tremities. The mawille, labium, and sternum are of normal form. The abdomen is large, of a roundish oval form, tolerably convex above, and of a glossy black colour, the spiracular plates being yel- low ; it projects a little over the base of the cephalothorax, and is clothed thinly with very short hairs, its surface being thickly covered with very minute puncture-like impressions, four of a larger size forming on the middle of the upperside a rectangular figure whose fore side is shortest. The female resembles the male in colours and general characters ; but the cephalothorax is devoid of the cephalic eminence, the abdo- men is more convex above, and the spines on the tibie (and meta- tarsi as well) of the first two pairs of legs are of a more marked cha- racter; the palpi have, among other hairs and bristles, a row of 1875. ] NEW SPECIES OF ERIGONE. 405 spine-like bristles round the fore extremity, on the upperside of the radial joint, forming a kind of chevauw-de-frise ; the genital aperture is of a simple but characteristic form. An adult male and twelve females were received from Mr. J. H. Emerton, by whom they were found at Ipswich, near Boston, Mas- sachussetts, U.S. A., in June 1874. ed og ci — _ bo 10. SO Or Sh tO LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED. . Erigone persimilis, sp. n., 3, p. 394, Plate XLVI. fig. 1. ornata, sp.u., d, p. 399, Plate XLVI. fig. 3. — pictilis, sp.n., 6 & 2, p. 396, Plate XLVI. fig. 4. — provida, sp.u., 2, p. 308, Plate XLVI. fig. 5. —— dentigera (Cambr.), d, p. 394, Plate XLVI. fig. 2. 3 pertinens, sp. 0. . 099, Plate XLVI. fi persoluta, sp. 1. cornupalpis, sp. 6. 7. &Q,p S- & Q, p. 400, Plate XLVI. fig. 3, p. 401, Plate XLVI. fig. 8. p n., —— multesima, sp.n., 2, p. 402, Plate XLVI. fig. 9. viaria, Bl., 6 & 2, p. 403. florens, sp.u., d & 9, p. 403, Plate XLVI. fig. 10. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVI. . Erigone persimilis 3. a, part of right palpus, from the outer side ; ¢, palpal organs, very highly magnified ; ¢, radial joint of right palpus, from above and behind. . Erigone dentigera (Camb.) 3. b, part of right palpus, from outer side; d, palpal organs, very highly magnified ; f, radial joint of right palpus, from above and behind ; g, radial joint of right palpus of Erigone atra, Bl., also from above and behind. . Erigone ornata 3. a, Spider in profile; 6, caput and falces, from the front; ¢c, upperside of Spider; d, left palpus, from outer side, rather in front; ¢, ditto, from inner side, also rather in front; f, natural length of Spider. . Erigone pictilis 3. a, Spider in profile; 4, upperside of cephalothorax and abdomen ; ¢, caput and falces, from the front; d, right palpus, from outer side, rather underneath ; e, natural length of Spider. . Erigone provida 2. a, profile of Spider; 6, caput and falces, from the front; ¢, genital aper- ture; d, natural length of Spider. . Erigone pertinens § & QD. a, profile (3); b, caput and falces (¢), from the front ; ¢, right palpus (2), from the front; d, genital aperture (2); e, natural length of Spider. , Erigone persoluta 5 & QO. a, profile (¢); &, caput and falces (3), from the front; ¢, left palpus (¢), from the front, on inner side; d, genital aperture (Q ); e¢, natu- ral length of Spider. . Lrigone cornupalpis 3. a, profile; 6, caput and falces, from the front; ¢, left palpus, from the ront; d, right palpus on outer side in front; e, natural length of Spider. . Erigone multesima ° . a, profile; 6, caput and falces, from the front; c, genital process; d, ditto, in profile; e, natural length of Spider. Erigone florens 6 & Q. a, profile (¢); 5, caput and falces (¢), from the front; ¢, left palpus (3) on outer side; d, genital aperture (2); e, natural length of Spider. 406 MR. H. DRUCE ON DIURNAL [June 1, 6. A List of the Collection of Diurnal Lepidoptera made by Mr. J. J. Monteiro, in Angola, with Descriptions of some new Species. By Hersert Drvcz, F.L.S., F.Z.8. [Received May 10, 1875.] The kindness of Mr. Monteiro has enabled me to compile the following list of his Butterflies, and to add examples of all the species to my collection. The collection was a rich one, containing one hundred and sixty-six species, many of which ‘were new to science. So far as I know the Butterfly-fauna of Angola, it is more nearly allied to that of the Cape and Natal than to that of the west coast, though many species are common to both localities. Subfamilia I. Danarn, Bates. Genus Danats, Latr. D. teonora, Butl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 51. Genus Amauris, Hiibn. A. nya.ires, Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 209 (1874). Ambriz (J. J. M.). Of this distinct species Mr. Monteiro only obtained three speci- mens, one of which, the type, isin the B.M. The other two are now in my own collection. Genus Mycauesis, Hibn. 1. M. sarirza, Hew. Gen. D. L. p. 394. n. 10, note. 2. M. vuuearis, Butl. Cat. Sat. B. M. p. 130, t. 3. f. 2 (1868). 3. M. sanaos, Hew. Ex. Butt. ili. Myc. t. 8. f. 51, 52 (1866). 4. M. asocuis, Hew. l. c. t. 7. f. 46, 47 (1866). 5. M. extasis, Hew. Ex. Butt. iii. Myc. t. 7. f. 44, 45 (1866). Ambriz (J. J. M.). 6. M. porotHEa, Cram. Pap. Ex. ii. t. 204. f. E, F. (1782). Genus Yptuima, Hiibn. 1, Y. asterope, Klug, Symb. Phys. t. 29. f. 11-14 (1832). 2. Y. PHILOMELA, Joh.? Ameen. Acad. vi. p. 404 (1764). I cannot be sure that this Butterfly is rightly named ; the collection contained a single specimen in very bad condition. a 1875. ] LEPIDOPTERA FROM ANGOLA. 407 Subfamilia III. Exymniuna, Herr.-Schaff. Exymntias, Hiibn. E. samMMakoo, Westw. Gen. D. L. p. 405. n. 12, note (1851). A very distinct species, and nothing to do with HZ. phegea, Fab., with which it is frequently placed in cellections. The sexes of both species are in my collection. Subfamilia VI. Acra1n, Bates. Genus Acr#a, Fabr. 1. A. NEOBULE, Doubl. Hew. Gen. D. L. t. 19. f. 3 (1848). Boma (J. J. M.). A fine series of this species was in the col- lection. 2. A. uycrA, Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 464 (1775). 3. A. appERa, Hew. Ex. Butt. i. der. t, 1. f. 1, 2 (1852). One specimen only. 4, A. zeTss, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 766 (1756). Of this species there are several very interesting pale-coloured varieties. 5. A. pseupotycia, Butl. Cist. Ent. p. 213 (1874). Quanza (J. J. M.). A very distinct species. 6. A. serena, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 461 (1775). Quanza (J. J. M.). 7. A. BonastA, Fabr. J. c. p. 464. 8. A, epontna, Cram. Pap. Ex. iii. t. 268. f. A, B (1782). Banana, January 1873 (J. J. M.). 9. A. RauTRA, Boisd. Faune Mad. p. 33, t. 5. f. 4,5 (1833). 10. A. nycoa, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 239 (1819). Bonny, July 1872 (J. J. M.). 11. A. cARMENTIS, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. D. L. t. 19. f. 1 (1848). 12. A. rurytTa, Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 221 (1764). 13. A. MonrerRontIs, Butl. Cist. Ent. p. 211 (1874). Ambriz and Bembe (J. J. JZ). 14, A. MeTapROTEA, Butl. J. c. p. 211. Ambriz (J. J. M.). . 15. A. arcriraseiA, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 427. 408 MR. H. DRUCE ON DIURNAL [June 1, 16. A. pseupopTeRA, Butl. 1. ¢. p. 428. n. 2. 17. A. AMPHIPROTEA, Butl. 7. c. n. 3. The above five species are very closely allied ; and had not Mr. Butler and myself been able to find the sexes of each, I should have preferred considering them as all varieties of one variable species. I have a long series of most of them in my collection. 18. A. eGrna, Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 39. f. F, G (1776). 19. A. rormosa, Butl. Cist. Ent. p. 213 (1874). Cabinda (J. J. M.). 20. A. pseupEGINa, Westw. Gen. D. L. p. 531 (1852). The specimens are brighter-coloured than ee from Sietra Leone ; but the markings are just the same. 21. ACREA LYGUS, 0. sp. Upperside orange-brown. Auterior wing with the base, the spot at the end of the cell, two small spots below, and a short band of four spots near the costal margin, the apex and the outer margin black; posterior wing with the base and outer margin broadly black, a small black spot at the end of the cell, and a large pinkish white patch in the middle of the wing nearest the abdominal margin. Underside, anterior wing pale orange, a large black spot in the cell and one close to the base, the other spots as above, the black outer margin much narrower ; posterior wing pinkish orange, almost pink at the base, crossed from the costal margin to the inner margin by two rows of black spots, the row nearest the base the largest, the outer margin broadly black, with a submarginal row of white spots. Exp. 2 in. Angola (J. J. M.). Type, Mus. Druce. Subfamilia VIII. Nympnain2, Bates. Genus ATELLA, Doubl. A. PHALANTA, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. i. t. 21. f. 1, 2 (1773). Genus Junonra, Hubn. 1. J. cLevra, Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 21. f. E, F (17735). 2. J. ceEBRENE, Trim. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 353. Ambriz (J. J. M.). Genus Precis, Hiibn. 1. P. ocravia, Cram. Pap. Ex. ii. t. 135. f. B, C (1779). 2. P. ceryne, Boisd. Voy. Deleg. ii. p. 592 (1847). 3. P. ARCHESIA, Cram. Pap. Ex. iii. t. 219. f. D, E (1782). Banana (J. J. M.). 1875. ] LEPIDOPTERA FROM ANGOLA. 409 4. P. waratica, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. iv. p. 106 (1860). The specimens of this species are smaller than any I have seen from Natal. 5. P. cLoanrsa, Cram. Pap. Ex. iv. t. 338. f. A, B (1782). Genus Satamis, Boisd. S. anacaRpI!, Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 236 (1764). The specimens of this species are smaller than those from Natal, with a much deeper pink gloss over the wings. Genus Kutumma, Westw. K. rumia, Westw. Gen. D. L. p. 325. n. 5, t. 52. f. 2 (1850). Genus EuryTe.a, Boisd. 1. E. pryopr, Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 78. f. E, F (1779). Both sexes of this species were in the collection; the female is much paler-coloured than the male. 2. E. a1arsas, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. ii. t. 14. f. 1, 2 (1782). The specimens from Angola have the white band of the posterior ‘wing much wider than those from Natal. 3. E. opH1one, Cram. Pap. Ex. ii. t. 114. f. E, F (1779). Banana (J. J. M.). Genus Ercotis, Boisd. E. ENoTREA, Cram. Pap. Ex. iv. t. 236. f. A, B (1782). ; Genus Hypants, Boisd. H. wiruyia, Dru. Ill. Ex. Ent. ii. t. 17. f. 1, 2 (1773). Avery variable species, common to the whole of Southern Africa. Genus D1apema, Boisd. 1. D. misrppus, Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 264 (1764). 2. D. saumaces, Dru. Ill. Ex. Ent. ii. t. 8. f. 1, 2 (1773). 3. D. monrerronis, Druce, Cist. Ent. p- 286 (1874). The collection contained two specimens only of this fine new species, both of which are females. 4. D. pusius, Beauv. Ins. Afr. Amér. p. 238, t. 6. f. 2, a, 6 (1805). 5. D..ANTHEDON, Doubl. Ann. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 181 (1845), 410 MR. H. DRUCE ON DIURNAL [June 1, Genus Gopartia, Lue. 1. G. ansexuica, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 525. The specimens of this species are small. ‘‘ Found inland in open ground” (J. J. M.). 2. G. rRasanus, Ward. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. viii. p. 36 (1871). Three specimens only of this fine insect were taken by Mr. Mon- teiro, in the deep shade of the forest, about fifty miles inland. Genus Psreupacraa, Westw. 1. P. semire, Cram. Pap. Ex. iii. t. 194. f. B, C (1780). 2. P. ruryTA, Linn. 3. P. meTapranema, Butl. Cist. Ent. p. 215 (1874). Ambriz (J. J. M.). 4, P. rutvaria, Butl. J. c. p. 214 (1874). 5. P. porspuvaxit, Doubl. Ann. Nat. Hist. xvi. p- 180 (1845). A rare species in Angola. Mr. Monteiro only obtained two or three specimens. Genus Neptis, Fabr. . sucLAVA, Boisd. Faune Mad. p. 49 (1833). . MELICERTA, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. ii. t. 19. f. 3, 4 (1773). . NICOTELES, Hew. Ent. Mo. Mag. p. 206 (1874). . NEMETES, Hew. Ex. Butt. iv. Nep. t. 1. f. 1,2 (1868). m oF be 22224 Genus EuRYPHENE. 1. E. sopuus, Fab. Syst. Ent. ili. 1, p. 46 (1793). 2. E. marpania, Fab. J. c. p. 249. The collection contained many specimens of both sexes of this species. 3. E. pHantastA, Hew. Ex. Butt. iii. Hur. t. 2. f. 9-11 (1865). The female of this species was in the collection ; it is nearly twice the size of the male, with the apex of the anterior wing white. 4, E. puautitya, Hew. Ex. Butt. iii. Zur. t. 3. f. 14 (1866). 5. E. prisronax, Hew. Ex. Butt. v. Hur. t. 9. f. 38, 39 (1874). Mr. Monteiro only obtained a single specimen of this remarkable species, which is now in the collection of Mr. Hewitson. « . 1875.) LEPIDOPTERA FROM ANGOLA. 411 Genus Romatrosoma, Blanch. . Ruspina, Hew. Ex. Butt. iii. Rom. t. 2. f.6, 7 (1865). - INANUM, Butl. Cist. Ent. p. 158 (1873). . XYPETE, Hew. Ex. Butt. iii. Rom. t. 2. f. 8-10 (1865). . THEMIS, Hiibn. Samm. ex. Schmett. (1806-1816). . LOSINGER, Hew. Ex. Butt. iii. Rom, t. 1. f. 5 (1864). Baan nt ww . EUPALUS, Fabr. Spec. Ins. ii. p. 54 (1781). R. mMEpDoN, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 753 (1767). The specimens of this species are very fine. ot See “ashe 8. R. COPRATES, D. sp. Upperside dark chestnut brown, glossed with green; anterior wing with the costal margin and the apical half glossy greenish black, crossed near the apex by a white band, which is crossed by the black nervules, two distinct black spots in the cell; posterior wing with the outer margin broadly greenish-black, traversed by a band of seven greenish-white spots, the fringe of both wings alternately black and white, the nervules of both wings all black. Underside greenish brown, darkest on the outer margin of the wings; anterior wing with the white band as above, and three black spots in the cell ; posterior wing with the costal margin greenish white, a black spot close to the base, and one in the middle of the cell, two white spots at the end of the cell, and the submarginal band of white spots, the same as above. The female the same as the male, only larger. Exp. ¢ 22in., 9 33 in. Angola (J. J. M.). Type, Mus. Druce. This species is easily distinguished from R. eleus by its greener colour, and having black spots in the cells of both wings. Genus ATERICcA, Boisd. 1. A. AreR, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. iii. t. 36. f. 1, 2 (1782). The collection contained the males only of this species. 2. A. ctorana, Druce, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 157. Ambriz, not common (J. J. M.). 3. A. cupavia, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. t. 193. f. E, F (1780). 4, A. MELEAGRIs, Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 66. f. A, B (1779). The specimens of this species are very pale-coloured, with the white spots much smaller than the specimens I have from Old Calabar. Mr. Monteiro tells me that the species of this genus always fly in the dense forest. : 412 MR. H. DRUCE ON DIURNAL [June 1, Genus Hara, Westw. 1, H. rHropo.a, Hew. Ex. Butt. iii. Har. t. 1. f. 3,4 (1864). This species I believe to be the male of deckeri; all the speci- mens I have examined of that species are females, and they agree in most respects on the underside. In all the collections that I have seen containing the one species the other is always with it. 2. H. nesropus, Hew. Ex. Butt. iv. Har. t. 4. f. 15-18 (1869). A fine series of both sexes of this species was in the collection, with a very dark variety of the male, the black extending nearly over the whole of the wing. * Rare in Angola, but abundant at Cabinda, North of the Congo” (J. J. M.). 3. H. ruripa, Butl. P. Z.S. 1871, p. 80. Both sexes of this species were in the collection. 4. H. pecxert, Herr.-Schaff. Ex. Schmett. f. 81 (1852-1858). 5. H. sancaris, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 384 (1823). Rare in Angola (J. J. M.). 6. H. apetrna, Hew. Ex. Butt. iv. t. 3. f. 9, 11 (1869). 7. H. corsanpRA, Druce, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 158. One specimen only in the collection. 8. H. rHEoBENE, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. D. L. t. 40. f. 3 (1850). 9. H. canis, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. ii. t. 19. f. 1, 2 (1819). Very common in the woods about fifty miles inland. Genus CHaraxes, Ochs. 1, C. potiux, Cr. Pap. Ex. i. t. 37. f. E, F (1776). 2. C. sarurnus, Butl. P. Z.S. 1865, p. 624, t. 36. f. 1. 3. C. castor, Cr. Pap. Ex. i. t.37. f. C, D (1776). 4. C. srutus, Cr. l. c. iii. t. 241. f. E, F (1782). 5. C. canpiore, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 357 (1823). 6. C. epnyra, Godt. J. ¢. p. 355. Males only of this species were in the collection. 7. C. TrRwarteEs, Cr. Pap. Ex. ii. t. 161. f. A, B (1779). 8. C. BonEMaANI, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. iii. p. 321, t. 6. f. 3 (1859). A fine series of this rare species was in the collection. 1375.] " LEPIDOPTERA FROM ANGOLA. 413 9. C. NEstorg, Hew. Ex. Butt. i. Nymph. t. i. f.5, 6 (1854). Mr. Monteiro only obtained two or three specimens of this species. 10. C. eupaue, Dru. Ill. Ex. Ent. iii. t. 6. f. 3 (1782). Genus PuHitoGnoma, Westw. 1. P. pecius, Cram. Pap. Ex. ii. t. 114. f. A, B (1779). 2. P. vARANES, Cram. /. c. t. 160. f. D, E. Very common always in the woods (J. J. .). Familia II. Lemonup. Subfamilia II. Nemrosrn.s, Bates. Genus Apsara, Feld. 1. A. GERoNTES, Fabr. Spec. Ins. ii. p. 117 (1781). 2. A. TanTAus, Hew. Ex. Butt. ii. Sosp. t. 1. f. 1 (1861). Familia III. Lycazn1p, Steph. Genus Pentixa, Westw. P. amenaipaA, Hew. Ex. Butt. v. Pent. & Lipt. ii. f. 4-7 (1873). Only a few specimens of this species come in the collection. Genus Mimacra, Butl. M. parwiniA, Butl. Lep. Exot. p. 104, t. 38. f. 8 (1872). Two specimens only (¢, 2), in the collection, mixed up with Acrea pseudoptera, which it closely resembles. Genus Lierena, Doubl. & Hew. 1. L. acraa, Doubl. & Hew. G. D. L. t. 77. f. 6 (1852). 2. L. unpuaris, Hew. Ex. Butt. Pent. & Lipt. f. 7 (1866). 3. L. uisyssa, Hew. /. c. f. 5, 6 (1866). A very variable species. Genus ZErITIs, Boisd. Z. HARPAX, Fab. Syst. Ent. App. p. 809 (1775). Genus Curipo, Schrank. 1. C. evorea, Fab. Ent. Syst. ii. 1, p. 191 (1793). 2. C. cauice, Hopff. Ber. Verh. Ak. Berl. 1855, p. 642. 3. C. osrris, Hopff. /. ce. p. 642 (1855). In this genus are several small species that I cannot with cer- tainty determine. 414 MR. H. DRUCE ON DIURNAL [June 1, Genus Hyrotycana, Feld. 1. H. purirprus, Fab. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 283 (1793). 2. H. tesona, Hew. Ill. D. L. p. 51. n. 9 (1865). Quanza (J. J. M.). 3. H. antiraunus, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. D. L. t. 75. f. 1 (1852). Only two specimens of this species. 4. H. watiza, Hew. Ill. D. L. p. 51, t. 23. f. 21-24 (1865). 5. H. raunus, Drury, Il. Ex. Ent. ii. t. 1. f. 4, 5 (1777). 6. H. eveata, Hew. Ill. D. L. p. 52, t. 23. f. 25-27 (1865). Genus Lyca#nestuHes, Moore. 1. L. uarypas, Cr. Pap. Ex. iii. t. 282. f. H (1782). 2. L. teGureEs, Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 349. 3. L. ryzanrus, Hew. Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. xi. p. 36 (1874). Only two or three specimens in the collection. Genus Joxavus, Hibn. J. Bowker, Trim. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. ii. p. 176 (1864). The collection contained a fine series of this species. Genus Loxura, Horsf. L. stLeNus, Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 531 (1775). Familia TV. Parrnionip#, Leach. Subfamilia I. Prertn#, Swains. Genus Pontes, Fabr. P. aucresta, Cram. Pap. Ex. iv. t. 379 (1782). The specimens of this species are very small. Genus Trertas, Swains. . 1. T. sricirra, Cram. Pap. Ex. iv. t. 331. f. B, C (1782). 2. T. puLCHELLA, Boisd. Faun. Mad. p. 20, t. 2. f. 7 (1833). 3. T. SENEGALENSIS, Boisd. Sp. Gén. 672 (1836). Genus Mytoruris, Hiibn. M. voppea, Cr. Pap. Ex. ii. pl. 110. f. D (1779). Genus Bexenors, Hiibn. 1. B. catyrso, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. ii. pl. 17. f. 3, 4 (1773). Mr. Monteiro obtained a beautiful orange-coloured female of this species. 2. B. sasina, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 167 (1865). 3. B. sotriucts, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soe. 1874, p. 433. 1875.] LEPIDOPTERA FROM ANGOLA. 415 4, B. ruysa, Hopffer, Ber. Verh. Ak. Berl. p. 639 (1855). 5. B. tara, Boisd. Sp. Gén. i. p. 524 (1836). Pieris eapricornus, Ward, Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. vii. p. 59 (1871), is only a variety of the above. 6. B. syiv1a, Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 470 (1775). 7. B. rocwata? var., Boisd. Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 508 (1832). Genus Herpaznra, Butl. H. erreur, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 157 (1819). Genus Eronta, Hiibn. 1. E. area, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 470 (1775). 2. E. suquett, Boisd. Sp. Gén. i. p. 607 (1836). Genus Ipmats, Boisd. 1. T. HEw1Tsont, Kirb. T. chrysonome, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. D. L. t. 7. f. 5 (1847). Mr. Monteiro obtained a long series of this insect. I quite agree with Mr. Kirby that it is very distinct from T. chrysonome of Klug, both sexes of which are in my collection from Nubia. 2. T. DYNAMENE, Klug, Symb. Phys. t. 6. f. 17, 18 (1829). Loanda, Quanza, Ambriz (J.J. /.), 3. T. erts, Klug, Symb. Phys. t. 6. f. 15, 16 (1829). The collection contained a pale yellow variety of the female of this species. Genus CaLtosumeE, Doubl. 1. C. eviere, Linn. Mus. Ur. p- 239 (1764); Clerek, Icones, t. 40. f. 5 (1764). Ambriz and Loanda (J. J. M.). 2. C. 1nrerRvptus, Butl. P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 724. Loanda, August 1872 (J. J. M.). 3. C. HrvGLINI, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. iii. p. 272 (1859). Ambriz, October 1872 (J. J. M.). 4. C. epuyta, Klug, Symb. Phys. t. 6. f. 9, 10 (1829). Subfamilia II. Parrnionin, Swains. Genus Parruio, Linn. 1. P. poticeNes, Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 37. f. A, B (1776). 2. P. anrueus, Cram. 76. t. 234. f. B, C. One very broken specimen. 416 ON DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA FROM ANGOLA. [June l, . CORINNEUS, Bert. Mem. Bologna, 1849, p. 9, t. 1. f. 1-3. . LEONIDAS, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iti. 1, p. 35 (1793). . BRastDas, Feld. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. xiv. p. 307 (1864). 6. P. r1pLEYANUS, White, Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. 262 (1843). Three specimens only. ; 7. P. pemoxeus, Linn. Mus. Uir. p. 214 (1764). 8. P. menestuevs, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. ii. t. 9. f. 1, 2 (1773). The variety figured by Mr. Trimen in his Rhop. Afr. Austr. p- 320, t. 2. f. 1, seems to take the place of the typical form in South Africa. 9. P. nrrevus, Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 217 (1764). 10. P. merope, Cram. Pap. Ex. ii. t. 151. f. A, B (1779). 11. P. cypraarita, Butl. Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p. 60 (1868). 12. P. cynorta, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 37 (1793). 13. P. utprocoon, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iti. 1, p. 38 (1793). aN rg ho Familia V. Hesperip#, Leach. Genus IsMENE, Swains. IsMENE LIBEON, Ni. sp. Form of 7. ramantek, Bd. Upperside dark-purplish brown, the inner half of the hind wing clothed with a few pale brown hairs ; the fringe at the anal angle almost white. The underside pale brown glossed with purple, with a small indistinct white spot near the anal angle. Exp. 12 in. Angola. Type, Mus. Druce. Mr. Monteiro only obtained a single specimen of this species. Genus Carystus, Hibn. C. LAUFELLA, Hew. Ex. Butt. iv. Hesp. t. 2. f. 28-30 (1867). The Angola specimens of this species are much smaller and darker-coloured than those from Old Calabar. Genus Pampui.a, Fabr. P. mackENu, Trim. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1868, p. 95, t. 6. f. 8. Genus Pyreus, Hiibn. PyRrGuUS COLOTES, 0. sp. Upperside black ; anterior wing clothed with a few grey hairs at the base, three white spots in the cell, and a band of five white spots crossing the middle of the wing from the costal to the middle margin; a submarginal row of very minute white dots; posterior JG Keulemans, lith. MACACUS SPECIOSUS PP 7Z,.S.1875, Pi XLV ie M&N Hanhart imp. j.GKeulemans lith. ATELES MELANOCHIR PAS (exer i J GKeulemans, hth i‘ M&NHanhart imp. HAPALE MELANURA a UAT WO sp ws 1875.] ON RARE MAMMALS IN THE SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. 417 wing with a white spot close to the base, crossed at the middle by a band of four white spots and a submarginal row of minute white spots; the fringe of both wings alternately black and white. The underside the same as above, except that all the white spots are a little larger. Exp. 32 in. Angola (J. J. M.). Type, Mus. Druce. A beautiful little species allied to P. diomus, Hopff. Genus AstictrorTerus, Feld. A. LEPETETIERII, Latr. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 777 (1823). Genus CycLoripeEs, Hiibn. C. metis, Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 325 (1764). Genus ParDALEODES, Butl. 1. P. saror, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. D. L. t. 79. f. 4 (1852). 2. P. raronta, Hew. Desc. Hesp. p. 35 (1868). A single specimen of this species was in the collection. Genus Tacriapes, Hiibn. TAGIADES HEREUS, NR. sp. Upperside, anterior wing dark brown, palish at the anal angle, four minute semitransparent spots on the middle of the costal margin, two below them, and six near the apex; posterior wing yellowish white, the base and the costal margin dark brown, with three brown spots on the hind margin close to the apex. Underside the same as above, except the costal margin of the posterior wing, which is not nearly so brown as above. Exp. 13 in. Angola. Type, Mus. Druce. Mr. Monteiro only obtained a single specimen of this insect ; it is quite unlike any other with which I am acquainted. 7. On several rare or little-known Mammals now or lately living in the Society’s Collection. By P. L. Scuarer, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the Society. [Received May 12, 1875.] (Plates XLVII.-LI.) The difficulty of determining living animals accurately, especially where the species is of rare occurrence or belongs to a genus imper- fectly known, must be obvious to every naturalist. I need hardly, therefore, apologize for finding it necessary to make occasional revi- sions of the terms employed in the lists now printed every month of Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, No. XXVII. 27 418 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON RARE MAMMALS [June 1, the additions made to the Society’s Menagerie. On the present oc- casion I have several such rectifications to offer, and have, moreover, additional remarks to make on certain of the rarer species which now are, or lately have been, exhibited in our Gardens. 1. Macacvus sreciosus. (Plate XLVII.) Macacus speciosus, G. St.-Hil. et F. Cuv. Hist. Nat. Mam. i. t. 46. On the 2nd of March last year Capt. Nutsford, of the ship ‘ West- bury,’ brought home for us, from the east, a young female Ape, which was entered in the register at the time as a “St. John’s Mon- key,’’ and as having been presented by that gentlemen. The Ape, growing more mature, began to show its red face; and upon reexamin- ing it in the autumn, I came to the conclusion that it was a Japanese Ape (Inuus speciosus of the ‘Fauna Japonica’), and so entered it in the Appendix to the volume of Proceedings for last year*. This specimen, now nearly adult, is still thriving in the Monkey-house. The fur is generally of a more olive tinge than is given in the figures hitherto published, and the face not perhaps quite so carneous, as will be seen by Mr. Keulemans’s drawing. I also now find that the real donor of the animal is Mr. Abel A. J. Gower, H.B.M. Consul at Hiogo and Osaka in Japan, to whom we are also indebted for a specimen of the rare Pteromys leucogenys and other rare animals. Mr. Gower informs me that he obtained this Monkey at Kioto, some thirty miles from Hiogo, where the spe- cies is common on the hillst. According to the ‘ Revised Catalogue of Vertebrates’ (p. 16f), it will be noticed that we have previously received, in 1864, a Monkey considered to be Macacus speciosus. But Dr. Ginther has called my attention to the fact that this specimen, which is now in the British Museum, is really an example of MJacacus melanotus§—a species established by Ogilby, founded on a specimen also formerly living in the Society’s Menagerie and now in the British Museum. This Macaque, of which the habitat is still unfortunately unknown, is at once distinguishable from M. speciosus by its minutely punc- tulated fur, whereas that of M. speciosus is quite uniform. 2. Macacus RHESO-SIMILIs, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 495, pl. XXV. : This was a provisional name based by me on a single female spe- cimen brought by Mr. Jamrach from Calcutta in 1872. The indi- vidual died on the 9th of the following December ; and I exhibit its skin and skull, which I now propose to transfer to the British Mu- seum. The specimen agrees best with the imperfectly known M. * See P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 685. t Dr. J. J. Rein (Zool. Gart. 1875, p. 55) tells us that this Ape is found all over the island of Nippon up to 41° N. lat., and has consequently a further northern range than any other existing Monkey. t Sce also P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 709. § Papio melanotus, Ogilby, P. Z. 8. 1889, p. 31. 1875. ] IN THE SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. 419 assamensis, or at any rate with the specimen which I determined as such (P. Z. 8S. 1871, p. 222), aud which is the type of M. proble- maticus, Gray (Cat. Monkeys, p. 128), and is now in the British Museum. The fur is rather more reddish in tinge, and the tail is rather shorter*; but I am on the whole of opinion that the two specimens belong to the same species. 3. ATELES MELANOCHIR. (Plates XLVIII. & XLIX.) The Black-handed Spider Monkey, as we call it, is now the com- monest species of the genus which we receive alive, our correspondents of the West-Indian Mail Service bringing many specimens from the Central-American Ports. They exhibit great variations in colour, as will be seen from the skins now before us, and from the drawings by Mr. Keulemans of four individuals living in the Monkey-house in January last, which I exhibit. They seem to vary between the form designated 4. ornatus by Dr. Gray, of which I have already given a figure (P. Z.S. 1871, pl. xv.), and the nearly uniformly grey form with black hands and feet, which Dr. Gray (Cat. Monkeys, p. 44) has called A. albifrons. The problem is whether these different forms are confined to different localities, or whether they occur together in the same dis- trict. To settle this a large series from different localities in Central America should be examined, which as yet I have had no opportu- nity of doing. But all the light-grey specimens with black hands and feet (such as that figured Plate XLVIII. fig. 17) are, so far as I can ascertain, from Nicaragua or Panama; and the dark form (Ateles ornatus) alone, as Mr. Salvin tells me, occurs on the Pacific coast of Guatemala. I am inclined to believe, therefore, that we have here to deal with a series of local forms of a ‘‘ not yet differentiated ”’ species. 4. Hapate MELANURA. (Plate L.) Tacchus melanurus, Geofir. Ann. d. Mus. xix. p. 120 (1812). Hapale melanura, Wagner, Saugeth. i. p. 127 et v. p. 127. Mico melanurus, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, p. 64. On Nov. 9th of last year we purchased of a dealer a Marmoset in bad condition, which at the time I took for Hapale argentata (Linn.), _and so entered it in the register. It turns out, however, now that it has got clean and in good trim, to belong to the-nearly allied and almost equally rare H. melanura, of which we have never previously received a living specimen. Mr. Keulemans’s figure (Pl. L.) gives a correct likeness of this peculiar species{. 1 likewise exhibit a skin of it obtained by Natterer in October, 1826, at Matogrosso in the interior of Brazil, from my own collection. * Long. corp. 18 poll., caudze 7. + This and a similar specimen received at the same time (both females) were obtained by the late Mr. Richard Avery Rix, Medical Officer to the Chontales Mining Company at St. Domingo, near Libertad in Nicaragua, in 1873, and were presented to the Society by his father, Mr. S. W. Rix, in July 1874. They are still living in good health in the Society’s Monkey-house (P. L. S., July 1st, 1875). + Wagner's figure (Saugeth. y. pl. 13) is not at all good. an 420 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON RARE MAMMALS [June I, 5. Canis FAMELICUS, Cretzschmar (?). Canis famelicus, Cretzschm. in Ripp. Zool. Atl. p. 15, t. 5. Fennecus dorsalis, Gray, List of Carn. p. 207. On the 11th of June last year we received from Mr, Edwin San- dys Dawesa young Large-eared Fox, or Fennec, which he had obtained from the neighbourhood of Bushire, on the Persian Gulf. The animal unfortunately lost its tail from exposing itself to the attack of an evilly disposed neighbour shortly after its arrival ; but with the exception that that organ has been restored from recollection, I be- lieve Mr. Smit’s sketch of it, which I now exhibit, is fairly accurate. The determination of this animal is a matter of some difficulty. It appears to be somewhat similar to the specimen presented to us by the Sinai Survey Expedition in 1869, which I determined as Canis famelicus*, only larger. But Riippell’s figure of Canis famelicus does not show any black tip to the tail, which our present specimen certainly possessed, and I have much doubt whether it has been cor- rectly referred to that species. Our Persian-Gulf animal is about two feet long, with long, pointed snout, and large, erect ears. It is generally of a greyish sandy colour, paler below ; the upper back darker ; the lower back and face rufes- cent. The ears are black behind; and there is a distinct black patch before each eye. The feet are pale rufous. The tail is stated to have been long and bushy, with a dark streak along its upper surface and terminated by a black tip. In answer to an inquiry respecting the exact locality and habits of this Fox, Mr. J. L. Oswald, of the same firm, was kind enough to send me the subjoined particulars :— ‘In answer to your note to Mr. Dawes relating to the young Per- sian Fox sent by him to the Society, I am sorry I can give you but little information of the habits of this animal in Persia. «Tt was captured within a short distance from the town of Bushire, where they are very numerous. The ground is rocky close to the sea-shore ; and the animals retreat into rocky cavities. They are, of course, predatory, and commit depredations in the hen-roosts of ad- jacent villages. The natives do not hunt near the sea-coast; but in the interior sport is very common. The Foxes are easily captured with the aid of dogs; and Europeans resident in the neighbourhood of Bushire frequently amuse themselves in the evening ferreting out * these animals, which often take to the sea, seeking safety from the dogs. I conclude they are herbivorous, but often felt curious to ascertain their mode of subsistence. ** Should you wish for another specimen, I shall be happy to be the means of obtaining it.” Mr. Dawes and his friend promise me to obtain some more spe- cimens of this interesting animal, which will, I trust, serve to enable me to distinguish the species accurately. Meanwhile it is as well to record the existence of a Fox of this form on the Persian Gulf. * See P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 149, et Rev. Cat. Vert. p. 49. 1875.] IN THE SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. 421 6. Procyon CANCRIVORUS. Ursus cancrivorus, Cuv. Tabl. El. d’ H.N.des Anim. p. 113 (1798). Procyon cancrivorus, Wagner, Saugeth. i. p. 160. Of this southern form of Procyon we have certainly two very di- stinct kinds now living in the Gardens, which we call the Red-footed and Black-footed Crab-eating Raccoons. Of the former we have an adult male, being one of the two purchased of Dr. Ridpath, October 1, 1870, and stated to have been obtained at Colon, and a pair of young ones lately presented by Mr. J. R. H. Wilton, by whom they were brought from Demerara. Of the latter we have an adult male purchased of Mr. J. Simon in May, 1870, and probably from S.E. Brazil. On comparing these animals together, it will be at once remarked that the red-footed animal is easily recognizabie by its pale reddish feet, which are almost denuded of hairs, and its yellow body under- neath. In the black-footed form the feet are more hairy and are of the same grey colour as the legs, and the body beneath shows no tinge of yellowish, although paler than the back. The paws and claws are black or nearly so, and the ears are much darker. I exhibit a skin of the red-footed animal, being that of the second male, received in October, 1870. Of this form we have also had an- other individual, brought by Mr. A. M. Sandbach from British Guiana in June 1872. Ali other examples of this animal previously in the Gardens have belonged, I believe, to the black-footed form, Upon these facts I come to the conclusion that there are two forms of Procyon met with in South America—the red-footed, from Guiana and Columbia, up to Colon, and the black-footed, probably from S.E. Brazil and Paraguay. As Cuvier’s Ursus cancrivorus is founded on the animal of Cayenne, the northern red-footed animal must retain the original specific term, and the southern black-footed form will probably require a new name. 7. CERVULUS MICRURUS, sp. nov. (Plate LI. fig. 1.) The series of Muntjacs (Cervulus) in the Society’s Collection has been largely augmented during the past year ; and we have now living in the Gardens no less than 12 specimens of the different forms of this animal. I will say a few words on each of the species, taking them in the order given by Sir Victor Brooke in his excellent article on this genus*. (1) Cervulus muntjac—Of this species we have a male obtained from the Jardin d’Acclimatation in November last, and a pair pur- chased in March last. It will be observed on comparison, how much larger and brighter in colour the Burmese male (from Saigon) is than the male of the pair subsequently purchased, which probably repre- sent the ordinary Indian form of this species. This leads me to believe that Sir Victor Brooke’s suspicions as to the specific distinctness of the Indian and Burmese forms are very likely to turn out to be correct. * P, ZS. 1874, p. 33 e¢ seqg. 422 ON RARE MAMMALS IN THE SOCIETY’S COLLECTION. [June I, (2) Cervulus sclateri.—Of this large Chinese species we have two males, both purchased of Mr. Edward Bartlett in May, 1874. These animals were sent to Mr. Bartlett from Ningpo by Mr. A. Michie. (3) Cervulus reevesi.Of this smaller Chinese form we have a male purchased of Mr. L. Fraser in 1867, which was originally ob- tained in Formosa by Mr. Swinhoe, and a female presented by Mr. A. Michie in September, 1873, which that gentleman assures me came from Ningpo. The pair bred in the Gardens last year ; and a young one was born July 13, which is now consequently about a year old. They bred again this year; and a young one was born on May 27th, of which I exhibit a sketch by Mr. Smit (Plate LI. fig. 2) taken on June the 6th, when the animal was about ten days old. This drawing shows that the young C. reevesi is spotted, a point hitherto undecided. More recently we have received a young pair of this species from Formosa, presented by W. P. Galton, Esq. (Nov. 17, 1874) ; so that we have now 5 specimens of it. (4) Cervulus micrurus, sp. nov.—Under this name, as’a tempo- rary designation at all events, I am compelled to separate two Munt- jacs, both received from China last year and purchased of Mr. E. Bartlett. The female (received Feb. 27) was sent from Ningpo by Mr. Michie ; and the male (received May 29) was, as that gentleman informs me, transmitted by him from Hong-Kong. But he believes that this individual or its parents came originally from Formosa. ‘This Muntjac is of nearly the same size as Reeves’s Muntjac, and generally resembles that species, except as regards its very short and almost rudimentary tail. At first I suspected this appendage might have been clipped; but, so far as we can tell from examining the living specimens, this is not the case; and Mr. Michie is likewise of opinion that the present state of the tail is natural. There are likewise several minor differences which distinguish these animals from Cervulus reevesi, such as the slightly smaller stature and white rings round the feet. But I am far from considering the species satisfactorily established until an anatomical examination of the speci- mens has been made. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Prats XLVI. Young female of Macacus speciosus, presented by Mr. Abel A, J. Gower, Puate XLVIII. Fig. 1. Light-grey variety of Ate/es melanochir, from one of two female speci- mens from Nicaragua, presented by Mr. 8. Wilton Rix, July 31, 1874. (A. aibifrons, Gray ?) 2. Rather darker variety of ditto, from a specimen purchased October 18, 1874. Puasate XLIX. Fig. 1. Still darker variety of 4. melanochir, from a specimen presented by Mr. H. Campbell, January 4, 1875. 2. Dark variety, with rufous front and belly (approaching to A. ornatus of Gray), from one of two male specimens deposited by Mr. H. B. Whit- marsh, August 14, 1873. 1875. | MR. E. L. LAYARD ON FIJIAN BIRDS. 425 Puate L. Hapale melanura 3, from a specimen purchased November 9, 1874. Prats LI. Fig. 1. Cervulus micrurus g, from the specimen received May 29, 1875. 2. Young female of Cervulus reeves?, born in the Gardens May 27, 1875, from a sketch taken by Mr. Smit, June 4th. [P.S. On June 28th the spots were nearly obsolete. | 8. Notes on Fijian Birds. By Enear L. Layarp, F.Z.S.* [Received May 18, 1875.] The following notes on the birds of Fiji are offered to the Society, not as contributing any thing very new, but as the result of one year’s residence in the group. Continued and harassing official duties, in the difficult and trying position in which I have been placed, have prevented me from doing more than to devote a moment here and there to ornithology as a relief to the mental strain on me. No one but he who has experienced it can appreciate the relief to turn from official squabbles and the pettinesses, heartburnings, and jealousies of a small community to the tranquil study of Nature. Small and infrequent have been my chances here ; and I am indebted to one of my servants for the majority of the specimens I have obtained, and for much of the information I have acquired. My visits round the islands have always been official, and per- formed in a man-of-war, the routine of which prevents collecting to any extent. Moreover I find that age is creeping on me, and I cannot now scale the hills as I used to do without fatigue; and on Ovalau we have nothing but hills, among which dwell the only birds really worth seeking. The whole country, however, is sin- gularly destitute of birds. My butler, who was very active, would start before daylight, so as to reach the summit of the island by the earliest dawn, and then descend about eleven or twelve o’clock. He never brought down more than fen birds on any occasion, and assured me he shot all he could. Pigeons may be heard all round, but they are very difficult to see; they are the commonest of all our birds. I have gone up once or twice, and sat at the foot of a tree in full flower or fruit ; and in an hour perhaps two or three birds would come to it, chiefly Zosterops! Our seaboard is the same. As I write I look over a waste of waters unbroken by the white wings of the lovely and graceful Terns or snowy Gulls of the Cape, or India, or Europe. No strings of black Cormorants break the brilliant green of the circling reef; the shrill call of the Curlew and the pipe of the Plover are sounds unknown on our shores ! One would have thought that “ Amid the green islands of glittering seas” * [See, for previous papers on this subject, “ Ornithological Notes from Fiji, with Descriptions of supposed new Species of Birds” (P.Z.S. 1875, p. 27), and “ Descriptions of some supposed new Species of Birds from the Fiji Islands” (PR. Z.8. 1875, p. 149).—Ep. | 424 MR. E. L, LAYARD ON FIJIAN BIRDS. [June I, myriads of seafowl would find a congenial home; such, how- ever, is not the case here, and I have never yet resided on a coast so utterly desolate. The avifauna, as given by Finsch and Hartlaub in their ‘ Orni- thologie der Viti-, Samoa- und Tonga-Inseln,’ comprises sixty species found in the Fijis. I have added several to this list, and Lamprolia victorié and Chrysceena victor must be included. I suppose seventy species may be set down as the number inhabiting an area of 7400 square miles, but scattered over a space five times as large as Wales! Compare it with the island of Jamaica, which has an area of 6490 square miles in one block, and its known species amount to at least 220. It is probable that a few new species may turn up, now that the mountainous interior will be opened to travellers. Taviuni also has not been well worked; nor have some of the small islands, such as Moala and Totoya to the south-west: but I do not expect much from these latter; they are too small. AsTuR CRUENTUS, Gould; F. & H. op. cit. p. 3. This Hawk is not uncommon, and widely distributed through- out the islands. It feeds chiefly on Lizards and Mantide, but will not disdain a bird occasionally. Finding that the young of our domestic poultry are easy of capture, it often makes raids on the planters’ homesteads, till vengeance overtakes it in the shape of a charge of shot. It builds in large trees, making a coarse nest of twigs, and lays two to four eggs, axis 1! 9", diam. 1" 5!", of a dirty white colour, more or less clouded, blotched, or spotted with dark dry blood-coloured marks. They vary considerably, some being only clouded, others generally spotted, others spotted in a ring round the major diameter; some are almost pure white, with very tiny freckles of colour sparsely distributed. They seem to breed over several months ; or else the same pair have two broods. Fresh eggs have been brought to me in February and May, and hard-set ones in the same months. I have reared nestlings from the downy stage by feeding them on raw meat; they uttered a shrill stridulous cry, similar to that of the adult birds, but not so loud. Iris, legs, and cere of the bill in the adult a fine bright orange; tip of bill and claws bluish. In the young the iris is brown. Circus assimiuis, Jard. et Selb.; F. & H. op. cit. p. 7. Frequents open grassy lands and swamps, and, I am told, mostly feeds on grasshoppers and such like, though it will occasionally carry off a young chicken. I have seen it abundantly at Suva, Naudi, and Ba-river district; also on the sugar-plantations on the Kewa, on Wakaia, and very sparingly on Ovalau. Beats its ground like the English Harriers. STRIX DELICATULA, Gould; F. & H. op. cit. p. 11. _ Not often seen, but, I am told, widely distributed. A single spe- cimen in my possession was sent me from the Kewa, on which river 1875.] MR. E. L. LAYARD ON FIJIAN BIRDS. 425 my son saw it hunting over grassy land, like the English Barn-Owl. I also have it from Ovalau. Puatycercus TABUENSIS (Gmel.); F. & H. op. cit. p. 17. Non vidi. PLATYCERCUS SPLENDENS, Peale; F. & H. op. cit. p. 20. Common on Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, Kandavu; none on Soma, Loma, Mango, Thithia*, Munia, Naitamba, Ovalau, Wakaia, and Mokauai. I am inclined to think the Taviuni bird is either distinct or a local variety. It has more drown in its colour, some that I have seen being almost of a chocolate-crimson. Breeds in holes of trees, and lays two eggs, white, or so much stained as to appear reddish. I am not sure how this stain arises, whether from the parent bird or the bark with which the nest is lined. It occurs also in eges of P. personatus to such an extent that I mistook some eggs sent me for those of Astur cruentus, until assured by my corre- spondent that he had only taken those of the Parrot, Axis 1” 5’, diam. 1” 2'", They are very noisy in their flight, and generally ramble about in small companies from five to-ten in number, feeding on wild fruits and berries; in some places they do much harm to the fields of maize and sugar-cane. The natives account for the want of Parrots on Ovalau, Wakaia, and Mokauai, by a tradition that a god in the shape of a large serpent dwelt on the latter island, and wandered about, serpent-fashion, during the night. Of course he slept during the day, and his early morning slumbers were dis- turbed by the cries of the “early birds”? among the Parrots; he therefore issued an edict that they were all to die off these islands ; and die they did! He exempted the “Kulas” (Lorius solitarius, Lath.) from the ban, as their voices are not so loud; and therefore “here they dwell unto this day.” The native name of boih is “‘ Kau-kau,” or “ Kaka,”’ and on the Kewa “ Ka-Ndamu,” according to Mr. Storck. PLATYCERCUS PERSONATUS, G. R. Gray; F. & H. op. cit. p. 21. The same remarks as to distribution may be made with this species as with the last, except that since the anuexation of these islands my butler, who has been collecting for me in the upper ranges of this island (Ovalau), tells me he has several times seen a small party of these birds, evidently “quite at home.’ Perhaps they are aware that the old days have passed away, and that under the British flag “liberty”? aud “ equality ”’ flourish ; and so they have determined to set their old enemy the serpent at defiance, and come to reinhabit the homes of their ancestors. It will be inter- esting to note if the little new colony flourishes. * I spell the names of these places as they are pronounced, and not in the absurd fashion introduced by the missionaries when reducing the language to writing. According to it, every D and G@ has an N before it, more or less sounded ; and Th is represented by C. Thus, Mang-o (the g belonging to the first syllable) is written Mago, and Thithia = Cicia. All the yowels in Fijian haye the Italian sound: k stands for the hard e¢, as in “ cat.” 426 MR. E. L. LAYARD ON FIJIAN BIRDS. [June 1, This species is characterized by possessing a musky smell, resem- bling that of a he goat. I supposed it originated from the trees in the holes of which they breed; but having obtained some very young birds, I noticed they did not smell. Since, however, that they have attained their full plumage the odious scent has come to them. They are easily reared, become very tame, and may be trusted with their liberty, foraging for themselves in the forest, and returning to roost to their old nursery. A young lady of my acquaintance has two which thus fly at liberty ; and my own birds keep to the house, and never dream of flying away. In certain lights their plumage is shot with a beautiful golden sheen, which becomes dim in a dead specimen. The iris changes from brown in the nestling to a brick-red with a dash of orange in it in the adult ; the bill is dark horn-colour, with a whitish tip; the feet livid black. In habits they resemble the former species, and keep to the same description of country, forest and wooded river-banks. Breed in holes of trees, and lay two eggs; axis 1” 6’, diam. 1” 3’. Called “ Vanga”’ at Bua (Holmes). The nestling of this Parrot is green above, feathers here and there tipped with white down; black on the face scarcely showing. Body covered with black down, with a row of bright yellow feathers changing into orange on the belly and vent on each side ; outside the yellow cere a few green feathers appearing. Bill horn-colour, with the edges, tips, and bases of mandibles orange. Thighs nearly naked. Tarsi livid. Iris brown. Lorivus souitarivs (Lath.); F. & H. op. cit. p. 23. This lovely little bird, called “Kula” by the natives (and solt- tarius by Latham, ‘‘ because it is never seen alone” ), is found through- ~ out the islands, its favourite food being the flowers of the Erythrina when in bloom, or those of the cocoa-nut when others fail. The collector, if he wants these little beauties, need only seek some tree in flower on which they feed, and sooner or later every flock in the district will visit it. JI have heard of sixteen being killed off one tree in a morning’s shooting. They are trapped in great numbers by the natives for sale to the Tongans and Samoans, who periodically pluck them, their crimson feathers being much used for ornamenta- tion. Europeans find much difficulty mn keeping them alive, even for a short period; but I am told the native girls chew sugar-cane and berries, and allow the birds to feed from their lips. Cucuuus stmus, Peale; F. & H. op. cit. p. 28. This rare Cuckoo was obtained (a single specimen) by the ‘Challenger’ Expedition at Kandavu early in August; two indi- viduals were killed on Taviuni by Mr. Liardet in November; and Mr. Storck procured for me a pair consisting of a young male and a female in January 1875. He says they frequent the darkest, densest portion of the forest, and only betray their whereabouts by their whistling notes. 1875. ] MR. E, L, LAYARD ON FIJIAN BIRDS. 427 Cucu.us 1nruscatus, Hartl.; F. & H. op. cit. p. 31. A single specimen of this sombre-coloured Cuckoo was shot on “« Brewer's Rock,”’ a large mass of pudding-stone at the back of my residence, in the month of February. Mr. Kleinsmidt captured a specimen in his garden in January. Both these Cuckoos are migratory, arriving in these islands at the end of the year. They are considered very rare; but I suspect this is owing to their retiring habits, and their frequenting the depth of the forest. EvupyNAMIS TAITIENSIS (Sparrm.). Non vidi. CHALCITES, sp. inc. Mr. Henry Thurston, a gentleman who has devoted some atten- tion to birds both in Australia and Fiji, assures me that he has shot the little “‘ Bronze Cuckoo”? of Australia on Taviuni. He knows the species well, having skinned many of them. Hatcyon sacra (Gmel.); F. & H. op. cit. p. 32. This Kingfisher is one of the commonest birds in Fiji, being found along the whole seaboard, and inland up the rivers. It feeds on crabs, fish, lizards, locusts; in fact, few living things that can go down its throat are rejected. It perches equally on the stones left bare by the retreating tide, and on the topmost branches of the tallest forest-trees. I have often, when in the latter situation, mis- taken its cries for those of Astur cruentus on the wing. The natives call it ‘“‘ Sé-sé,”’ and declare that it builds in ants’ nests on the trees, laying four to six eggs (pure white, axis 1” 1'", diam. 1"), chiefly in November and December. The white ants of this country construct nests in hollow trees; and it is in these scooped out that these birds are said to breed. Kleinsmidt says in Ovalau it is called ‘* N’lé-sé.” _ Hatcyon cassint, F. & H. op. cit. p. 40. I obtained a single specimen of this Kinghunter on the Waimanu branch of the Rewa. It was on a tree in the forest at the back of Mr, Thomas’s plantation. CaPRIMULGUS, sp. inc. I have been assured by the natives on Koro that a bird exists on their island “which has the power in the evening of turning itself into a stone, and lying in the footpath till-you almost tread upon it, when it flies up into your face. It has large eyes and a huge mouth, for the purpose of catching the rats on which it feeds.” Divest this of the miraculous and the misconception as to the use of the “huge mouth,” and you clearly have a Goatsucker indicated. I asked if they knew the Owl. “Yes; they knew that bird, but it was not that.” 428 MR. KE. L. LAYARD ON FIJIAN BIRDS. [June 1, Cottocauia spopiopycia (Peale); F. & H. op. cit. p. 48. This little brown Swift is about the commonest bird throughout the islands, frequenting equally the seaboard and the whole of the inland country. Wherever I have been I have seen it whirling about in pursuit of the tiny insects on which it feeds. It rarely comes within gun-shot, except towards the evening ; and then in the uncertain light it often dashes past singly, never in flocks. I never heard it utter a sound. My son Mr. L. Layard, while on a collecting-trip to the wind- ward islands of this group, heard of several caves in the limestone that prevails there, in which these birds were reported to breed. He writes as follows :— * Before I left England for Fiji in September 1873, I had heard a rumour that the edible-nest-building Swift was found in a cave on one of the islands, and determined to verify the truth if ever I had the chance. In November last I made a trip to the ‘ Windward Islands,’ for the purpose of obtaining some specimens, and to see if the country was suitable for the growth of sugar-cane, which a good many of our unfortunate planters are trying, now that the cotton market has failed them. While at Loma Loma, Mr. Hennings asked me to visit a small island of his, named ‘ Katafango,’ on the extreme outer edge of the Fiji group, where, he said, was a large cave, inhabited by a number of ‘small Swallows,’ and he was anxious to know whether the nests were the edible ones or not. Of course I was eager to start at once; but as no vessel was going that way just then, I went to another island named Cicia, where a second ‘ Swallows’ cave’ was reported to be. “‘I found this cave in the face of a great ridge of limestone cliffs, which formed a sea-wall several miles in length on the estate of Mr. Lennox. ‘There were two entrances to this cave, the one on the ground-level being a deep groove parallel with the sea-shore, and terminating in an immense dome-shaped chamber, tenanted by the birds I was in search of. This chamber was almost circular, about 90 feet high and 120 feet across—with a small round hole, about 6 feet in diameter, halfway towards the roof, looking to the sea, which was the only entrance used by the Swifts, but inaccessible to man. There were a great number of birds flying about the roof, and in and out of their entrance. They kept up a continual low twittering note, such as I had never heard before; and I noticed that they did not venture more than a few yards beyond the mouth of the cave. The ground was thickly covered with guano, like fine black flour, the depth showing that the birds must have frequented the place for along period.. Not having a gun, I could not obtain any specimens; neither could I get any nests, though I fancied I could dimly discern some on the roof by the light of the old cocoa- nut-leaf torches we carried. I saw the birds were new to me, and asked Mr. Lennox to shoot some, and send them to us in spirits at his earliest convenience. “In the middle of December I visited an island named Mango, the property of Messrs. Ryder brothers, and within sight of Cicia. This 1875. ] MR. E. L. LAYARD ON ‘FIJIAN BIRDS. 429 island is an enormous mass of crystallized limestone, and has also a cave in which the Swifts breed. Like Cicia, this cave is in the lime- stone cliffs running parallel to the sea. In the face of these cliffs is a small ravine, just a series of sharp-pointed blocks of stone, and a tangled mass of immense ‘ lianes’ and monkey-ropes. Up this place, in company with Mr. T. Ryder, I had to make my way, and almost cut a new pair of shoes to pieces doing so. The mouth of the cave is about 100 yards up this ravine. It is small, not more than 10 yards in diameter, but opens at once into an immense hall, exactly like a theatre. On either side are the galleries, with pillars, composed of stalactites extending from roof to floor. Below is the pit, and opposite the entrance a level-platform for the stage. The setting sun shone in at the entrance, and filled the whole place with a beautiful bright green light reflected from the limestone walls around. This place had evidently been used as a fortification during the troublous times of ancient Fijian history, as the mouth of the cave had been consider- ably lessened in width by carefully piled up walls of stones. Indeed ten years ago, a little after Mr. Ryder took possession of the island, and before he was aware of this cavern, a band of predatory Fijians from another island, whom he was pursuing, escaped him by taking refuge in it. One of them afterwards told him that as he and his men passed down the ravine, they lay behind the stone wall, with their muskets cocked and pointed. But to return to my subject. Descending from the galleries, we crossed the pit, ascended the stage, and passed into a low and narrow passage, along which it was frequently necessary to go on all fours. The twittering of the Swifts, roused by our torches, now became audible, as they dashed past us; and the ground was covered deep with guano. Occasion- ally, too, a gaping black cleft would appear across our road, com- pelling us to travel very circumspectly. After about 40 yards of this work, the passage suddenly opened into a second immense circular hall, with stalactites hanging in every direction. This was evidently the main home of the Swifts; and I could see their nests all about, with the birds sitting on them apparently dazzled by the light. It was the height of the breeding-season, and from most of the nests two little bare heads and necks were hanging out, com- pletely bewildered by their first sight of light. Balancing myself on one foot on the sharp point of a stalagmite, and supporting myself with one hand against the cavern-side, I managed to secure my first nest. Below me, over which I reached, was a black chasm, very narrow but very deep, and which I did not care to look into too particularly. Taking the bird off, to my great delight I found two glistening snow-white eggs. The bird, a female, I then killed. By some alpine scrambling about damp and precipitous ledges, we got into several little chambers close by the roof of the big hall, which contained numbers of nests. In only one more nest, how- ever, did I find any eggs; every one contained two callow young. If I had arrived a fortnight before, [ should have made a great haul. The nests were composed of the long stringy leaves of the iron-wood tree (Casuarina) gummed together, and fastened to any slight pro- 430 MR. E. L. LAYARD ON FIJIAN BIRDS. {June l, jection of rock. One nest only did we find in which the leaves, after completing the circle, had been allowed to hang from the front, forming a complete ‘beard.’ The nests of these Swifts at one place must have been fully 150 yards underground. Mr. Ryder assured me he had penetrated for another 100 yards, till he dared not go any further, as he arrived at a shelf with a very steep incline down- wards to an unknown depth; the Swifts were still nesting as far as he went. I was too much occupied in skinning doves to make another visit to the cave ; but I believe that these Swifts are night- fying birds, as I never saw any outside the caves until we disturbed them, and then they never ventured further than a couple of yards from the entrance. Mr. Hennings told me also that a bird he caught in the Katafango cave, when let loose in the house, kept flying against the furniture, as if blind. The neighbouring planters, too, say that they never saw the bird anywhere except in the caves. ‘I did not visit Katafango, as I had found the same bird on two islands, and I did not consider it likely there would be another species on an island within sight of the other two. Moreover I had had enough of Fiji ‘ten-ton cutters’! There were also some very small bats in the cave. On Mango Island I procured specimens of Carpophaga latrans and C. pacifica, Columba vitiensis, Ptilinopus perousei, and P. fasciatus.” Mr. L. Layard’s notion of their being “ night-flying”’ birds is, of course, erroneous to a certain extent, as I see them every day flying in the sunshine ; but what instinct guides them to their nests in the dense darkness of the vast underground caverns in which they breed ? Mr. L. Layard brought two nests, composed entirely of the thread- like leaves of the Casuarina agglutinated together; diam. 2” 3", depth 1". They have evidently been glued on to shelving rocks, and in one the long filaments have only been fastened at one end, the other hanging down some 8 or 10 inches, like a “beard.’”’ The eggs are pure white, of an obtuse oval; axis 8”, diam. 6”. CoLLOCALIA VANICORENSIS(Quoy et Gaim.); F. & H. op. cit. p.47. Non vidi. Hirunpvo Tauitica (Gmel.); F. & H. op. cit. p. 51. This Swallow is very local, but, I think, widely spread throughout the islands. It is said to nest in rocks ; and I feel confident a pair nested this year in the cracks and crannies of ‘‘ Brewer’s Rock,”’ as they were visible almost every evening during my residence in my present house, flitting over the little point of land on the other side of the creek, and in front of my veranda. They are very crepus- cular in their habits. I saw them in the hills as far up the Rewa river as Naruku-ruku, mingled with the Swifts also at Kandavu, Loma Loma, and Taviuni. Bill black ; legs black. Ivis dark brown. Feed on minute insects. ZOSTE”.OPS FLAVICEPS, Peale; F. & H. op. cit. p. 52. This little ‘‘ White-eye,” called “‘Gingi”’ by the natives, is gene- 1875. ] MR. E. L. LAYARD ON FIJIAN BIRDS. 431 rally distributed. It nests in low bushes; and many of its “ pro- creant cradles” have been brought to me, but never any thing like that wonderful structure figured by Finsch and Hartlaub in their ‘Ornithologie.’ That must be quite abnormal, I should fancy. All I have seen resemble those of the species inhabiting Ceylon and the Cape of Good Hope, being composed of moss, fine fibres, cobweb, &c., and lined with the fine black rootlets of some plant. They are usually placed in the upright fork of two or more twigs, and vary in depth outside according to the angle of its supports. ‘The eggs, three to four, are turquoise blue; axis 8”, diam. 6”.- In habits it resembles the “‘ White-eyes”’ of other countries. Mr. Storck writes, “‘very destructive to imported as well as native fruit.” Bull and legs very pale livid brown; lower mandible almost white. Iris pale grey brown. ZOSTEROPS EXPLORATOR, Layard, P. Z.S. 1875, p. 29. Resembles Z. flaviceps, but is yellow, not grey, on the chest. One specimen only was obtained; and before I could obtain a detailed description of it, it was packed away for transmission to Europe. Kandavu (H.42.8. ‘ Challenger’). Myzometa sucutaris, Peale; F. & H. op. cit. p. 54. This little bird replaces in these islands the Nectarinia of India. Any person conversant with the one would, on first seeing and hearing these birds, fancy he had before him some of his old friends. They abound about the cocoanut-trees, eagerly searching their flowers for minute insects; they are also found in the forest region, at the greatest altitude that I have been. Like their prototypes, they are very quarrelsome, chasing each other with shrill cries, darting and turning about among the foliage, often grappling in the air, and falling a considerable distance before they disengage from their struggle. Young birds want the red on the head and rump. The natives call them “ Dreui-n’dela-kiela.”’ Bill black ; legs dark livid ; soles of feet yellow; iris grey brown. , full breeding, 1°175 inch. Native name “ Keri-keri-sai.” MyYZoMELA NIGRIVENTRIs, Peale; F. & H. op. cit. p. 56. Non vidi. PriLotis pRocERior, F. & H. op. cit. p. 62. Common on some of the islands, viz. the north of Viti Levu, Ovalau, and Waikaia; on Kandavu mingled with the next species, sparingly ; on Loma Loma replaced, as far as I yet know, by what I take to be Ptilotis carunculata, or a new species. In common with the others it has a loud clear ringing whistle, which is chiefly heard in the early morning or the afternoon. It is very partial to the cocoanut-trees, hunting for insects amid the flower-sheaths; but it is also found on the Iri trees and others, though not commonly in the forest proper. . 432 MR. E. L. LAYARD ON FIJIAN BIRDS. [June 1, Nests composed of coarse rootlets slightly woven, so that the eggs may be seen through against the light, and lined with finer rootlets, and even the hair of animals; generally placed in the fork of a branch. Diam. 3", depth 2". Eggs three to four, axis 1", diam. 9”, delicate pink (fades rapidly), speckled, chiefly on the obtuse end, with dark pink spots. It breeds in October, November, and De- cember, in each of which months eggs have been brought to me*. Bill black ; legs dirty green; inside of feet yellow; iris dark brown. Male considerably larger than female: in full breeding- storgy 1 to 1°75 inch. PTILOTIS CARUNCULATA (Gmel.); F. & H. op. cit. p. 58. This Ptilotis is, as far as I yet know, confined to Loma Loma, where my son shot it in the middle of December, showing no signs of breeding. He was for some time on Mango and Thithia, and neither saw nor heard it; neither did I in my flying visit in the early part of the year, though I heard a species on Loma Loma, and indeed in most of the other places at which we touched; but my time was too limited, and otherwise engaged, to enable me to collect any thing. Myson found it frequenting the flowers of the “ Ndilo”’ trees, extracting minute insects. PriLotis PprovocarTor, Layard, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 28. This new species seems confined to the island of Kandavu, the southernmost of the group. In habits, call, &c. it resembles P. procerior. I found it fre- quenting the Erythrina trees, in flower during my visit there, hanging about the blossoms in every conceivable position for the purpose of probing the flower-tubes in search of honey and insects. TaTare? vrripis, Layard, sp. nov. General colour throughout a uniform olive-green, tinged with yellow. Inner webs of primaries very dark green ; outer webs golden green ; shafts of wing- and tail-feathers black. Underside of wing pale buff; plumage somewhat lax ; bill and legs bright orange ; bill 1” 10’, much curved. Tarsi 1” 6’; legs strong, largely scutellated in front, none behind ; claws dark, hook-curved, and sharp. Total length 10"; wing, 5” 2’. Tail-feathers pointed. First quill of wing half length of third; second quill much shorter than third, which is shorter than fourth ; fourth, fifth, sixth equal; seventh and eighth graduated. Tail 5”. Found at Taviuni by Mr. Liardet. Said to “creep” on trees. I know nothing of it personally. Lampro.ia vicrort&, Finsch, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 735, pl. lxii. This singular bird is confined to a mountain-range on the north of Taviuni. Mr. Liardet, in a late expedition, procured several speci- mens. From his description of its habits I should be inclined to * Mr. Kleinsmidt had a nest of young ones in his garden, fully fledged in the first week in February. z 1875.] MR, E. L. LAYARD ON FIJIAN BIRDS. 433 place it near the “Chats” (Sasxicoline), the eurious white upper half of the tail helping me to this idea. Mr. Liardet says the natives call it “‘ Wali-na-koli,” which means “ the dog cannot catch it,” in allusion to its habit of running on the ground, and, when pursued by the dog, flying up just out of reach. It is only known to the natives in its immediate vicinity. MyiouesveEs vitiensis, Hartl.; F. & H. op. cit. p. 71. This bird frequents the forest, never coming near the haunts of men. It ranges high up in the mountains, being found about the summit of Ovalau (2000 feet). It feeds on insects, which it tears to pieces, like a Shrike (not, however, spiking them). Iris brown ; bill black ; base of commissure yellow ; legs blue. MYIOLESTES MACRORHYNCHA, Layard. This bird was shot on Taviuni by Mr. Liardet. I know nothing of its habits, except that it frequents the forest, and feeds on insects. PaCHYCEPHALA GRAEFFE], Hartl.; F. & H. op. cit. p. 72. If I am right in the identification ot these birds, the species inhabits the forest, i in high mountain-ranges. It is oftener seen than shot, being of a most “restless disposition, ever on the move, and never remaining quiet ona branch for a moment. It feeds on insects, darting at them on the branches, leaves, or in motion with equal success. PacuyCepPuaLa vitigensis, G. R. Gray; F. & H. op. cit. p. 73. A single specimen ( @ ) of this bird only, obtained near the summit of the mountains on Ovalau. PacHYCEPHALA ToRQUATA, Layard, n. 8. Upper part back, wings, and tail very dark, almost beck, shaded with dark olive-green on the outer edges of all the wing-feathers and back, the tips of the tail-feathers being pale. Head above black. All the underparts of the body bright orange; the gorget crossed by a broadish crescent-shaped black collar. At back of the neck (nape) an indistinct orange collar (specimen badly preserved). Undersides of wings and tail lighter than above ; the inner edges of the secon- daries buff ; tip of tail much paler. Length cirea 7"; wing 3” 10"; tail 3”; tarsi 1”; bill 11’". Bill black; legs horn-colour. Tavinni. Tiseaet (Q red brown, paler below): “ Kulu-oso” of the natives. A bird answering to this description pretty well was shot by Pearce on Ovalau, December 28th, 1874. Iris dark brown; bill black ; legs brown. Length 6" 6; wing 3! 10"; tail 3”; tarsi 1”; bill 10'". Pearce’s specimen, however, is not so yellow, nor is the collar so broad; the colour of the back also differs. LavaceE TEerRat (Bodd.); F. & H. op. cit. p. 80. The bird that I take to be this species I have only found in the state described by Drs. Finsch and Hartlaub as being immature. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—13875, No. XXVIII. ‘28 434 MR. E. L. LAYARD ON FIJIAN BIRDS, [June 1, Nevertheless, I have procured it all the year round, and from all parts of the group. It is called by the natives ‘‘Manu-sa.” It frequents the Iri and Ndilo trees near the beach, and low scrub or high trees in the forest. Upper mandible bluish black ; lower pale yellow with dark tip; legs bluish ; iris dark brown. The natives declare it assumes no other phase of plumage ; and I have certainly killed it all the year round, and found it with largely developed testes, but never saw any other. ARTAMUS MENTALIS, Jard.; F. & H. op. eit. p. 84. This “ Wood-Swallow’’ is so eminently like a Martin (Hirundo urbica) in its appearance and manner of flight that, in my first ac- quaintance with it on the wing, I shot it under the full impression that it wasa Hirundine. Great was my astonishment, therefore, to pick up a “ Wood-Swallow.” It is very local, a pair frequenting a favourite tree, and suffering no rivals near their throne. Even their young ones are driven off after a certain time. A pair at the Dépot at Thawathi attacked a Cockatoo from the Solomon Islands (that flew at large about the house) in a cocoanut-tree, near whieh they built, and pecked out his eyes. I have been credibly informed they will attack and kill small half-grown fowls. The natives call it “‘ Ndree,”’ and on the Rewa “ Vutiasé.”” RuIPIDURA ALBOGULARIS, Layard, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 29. Q. Upper parts above very dark black brown, tinged with a warm reddish brown on the rump and back; eyebrow, chin, and throat white ; underparts greyish, more or less longitudinally striped with black and white, and tinged on the belly and vent with isabella colour. Primaries dark brown ; secondaries faintly edged with red- dish brown; tertiaries and ecverts edged and tipt with the same. Tail-feathers dark brown, ali but the four central broadly tipped with white. Bill black; lower mandible white at the base, with dark tip; bristles of bill black, and exceeding it in length. Legs blackish brown. Iris brown. Length 6”; wing 3”; tail 3” 6!; tarsus 10!'; bill 6’”. This pretty little “‘ Fantail’? Flycatcher is found in the forest that clothes the island of Ovalau; elsewhere I have not seenit. It gene- rally hunts in little families of three or four individuals, and darts at insects at rest on the leaves or twigs. I fancy also I have seen them dart upon and capture insects on the wing, when near them on the bush; but their actions are very quick, and I am not sure of it. They frequently elevate and spread their tails, and are pugnacious little fellows, fighting fiercely with their companions. Monarcua tessoni (Homb. & Jacq.) ; F. & H. op. cit. p. 88. This little bird, clothed in quiet grey, like a demure Quaker girl, is an active bustling little body, roaming about in flocks, busily scouring branches and leaves for its favourite food, small insects. I found it commonest at Ngaloa Bay (Kandavu), but came across it in almost every other part of the colony. Iris brown ; bill and legs blue. 1875.] MR. E. L. LAYARD ON FIJIAN BIRDS. 435 MYIAGRA CASTANEIVENTRIS (J. Verreaux); F. & H. op. cit. p- 95. This Flycatcher is common throughout the islands; and its shrill note may be heard in every situation. Nests said to belong to this bird have been brought me from many localities; they precisely resemble that figured by Drs. Finsch and Hartlaub as the nest of Ptilotis carunculata, being beautiful compact cup-like structures made of fibres and rootlets (horsehair and cowhair being even used in some localities for lining), and covered outside with pieces of lichen most beautifully stuck in, so as to resemble a knot on a branch. They are generally placed on a drooping branch, or in a fork, and are about 2 inches in diameter, and 1} deep. One nest was placed in the bend of a drooping bough, and from below looked a mere excrescence. They build in bread-fruit trees, Casuarina, aud, in fact, on almost everything suitable. Mr. Storck writes that they are capital watchers, giving warning of approaching hawks. Eggs said to be blue. ERYTHRURA PEALEI, Hartl.; F. & H. op. cit. p. 99. This queer little Amadavat has not occurred to me personally, but has been sent me by my kind contributors, Messrs. Storek and Abbot, from the Rewa. The former writes, “ Feeds on grass and other seeds, and minute insects. Native name ‘ Sithi.’ Tris and bill black ; feet and legs a dull pink. Z. pealei occurs sparingly at Bua, on the north coast of Vana Levu; was procured there by Mr. Tempest.” Kleinsmidt says, “called there Nrisi.”” I saw on the plantations on the Navua river, Viti Levu, a small Amadina? in flocks, that may have been A. optata; but that is not as yet known from any island in the Fiji group. APLONIs TABUENSIS (Gmel.); F. & H. op. cit. p- 103. This sombre-coloured bird seems pretty generally distributed. I obtained it at Randavu and Suva; Messrs. Storck and Abbot on the Rewa, my son on Loma Loma, Mr. Liardet on Taviuni. It is said to nest in the mangrove scrub; and a nest with slightly hard-set eggs, brought me from Wakaia (December 26th, 1874), was a loose structure, composed entirely of the fibre-like frond of Casuarina. Internal diam. 3", external 5’; depth 1 9'”. Eggs blue (pale), and generally spotted with purple-brown spots. The natives on the Rewa call it ‘‘ Kikaw.” MERULA VANICORENSIS (Quoy & Gaim.); F. & H. op. cit. p. 97. Unless my memory much deceives me, this bird was shot on Kandavu by Dr. Goode, of H.M.S. ‘ Dido,’ in August 1874. PrILINOPUS PEROUSEI, Peale; F. & H. op. cit. p. 110. This most lovely Dove, called by some the “ Nutmeg Dove,” seems pretty generally distributed, as I have seen it in, and received it from, Kandavu, Rewa (on Viti Levu), Ovalau, Wakaia, Mango, and Bua (on Vanua Levu). I obtained eggs of it hard-set on October 7; 1874, aud young birds just beginning to assume the purple of the 23* 436 MR. E. L. LAYARD ON FIJIAN BIRDS. [June 1; forehead in December. The eggs are pure white, rather pointed at one end; axis 1! 4", diam. 11!". The natives say the two eggs are always male and female. Its favourite food, as in others of the genus, is the seeds of the Banian; but it will swallow fruits of very large dimensions ; I have, in fact, seen hard seeds bigger than nut- megs taken from its crop. The young bird and the female are green, with the vent-feathers magenta-coloured; the edges also of the wing-feathers and secondaries are yellow. It appears to me that Drs. Finsch and Hartlaub have figured the young male or a female of the next species for the young of this. I have never seen Pt. perouset with yellow vent-feathers and a barred tail. Mr. Storck writes from the Rewa that the native name is Sanakulu or Kuluvotu. ‘Feeds on the berries of the Banian tree, the Loxanthus, or rat- mistletoe, and the unripe seeds of the Mavu tree (Huphorbia), and is more or less gregarious.”” Mr. R. L. Holmes, of Bua, gives the native name of the bird as “‘ Bune-solove.” PriLinopus FASCIATUS, Peale; F. & H. op. cit. p. 115. This beautiful Dove is very abundant in Wakaia, breeding there in December. The eggs are pointed at one end, like those of the pre- ceding species; axis 1! 4!, diam. 11''. Like them also they nest in low trees in the forest, making a rude structure of twigs. The voice of this bird is just like that of the Turtledove, and at once attracted my attention. My son, too, hearing it on Mang-o (where it seems equally common), at once recognized its likeness to the voice of Turtledoves at the Cape. It must be local in its distribu- tion, none having come from the Rewa; nor did we get it on Kandavu ; nor in the course of my visit to Viti Levu or Taviuni did I hear of it. The female exactly resembles the male, the dark purple spot on the stomach being perhaps less prononcée. The birds of this species are of a yellow buff colour, and the legs crimson, the bill green. CHRYSGNA LUTEOVIRENS(Homb.& Jacq.); F. & H. op. cit. p. 134. The “Golden Dove” of the settlers is an inhabitant of the forest- covered parts of the island of Ovalau and the Rewa. It is in full breeding-plumage during the months of October, November, and December, the testes of the male being enormously developed. The female and young males are green. Eggs brought to me by the natives as belonging to this species are, axis 1! 2'", diam. 1. The voice of this bird is a bark, like the short “yap” of a puppy. This is peculiar to the three species of the genus found on these islands, and at once betrays their presence ; but they are far oftener heard than seen, being most difficult to distinguish amid the foliage. The iris is yellow buff, the naked space round the eye, the bill, and legs being in life of the most brilliant emerald green; this rapidly fades after death; tip of the bill yellowish. Like the others, it is capable of swallowing very large seeds, but it also feeds on a small purple berry ; and its droppings stain a deep black, like ink, and equally indelible. On the Rewa it is called “ Bora-bora-tana.”” On Ovalau 1875.] MR. E, L. LAYARD ON FIJIAN BIRDS. 437 it goes by the name of “ Buni-a-ko,” or ‘ Buniko.” Mr. Storck, on the Rewa, tells me it is-fond of the berries of Araliaceous trees, and creepers of the genus Melastoma (the purple berry, I suppose, Ihave named). Curys@na victor, Gould, P. Z. 8S. 1871, p. 642. The ‘Orange Dove” of planters is found chiefly on Taviuni (especially on the north end), on the little island of Ngamia, at the island of Lauthala, and at Bua on Vanua Levu. The female and young male are dull green. I have an orange bird with many green feathers still remaining in it, shot at the end of November by Mr. Liardet on Taviuni, where it is called “ Bulindamu”’ by the natives. Mr. Kleinsmidt, a gentleman in Levuka much addicted to natural history, has preserved one of these birds alive for more than a year, feeding it on wild berries fetched daily from the forest. In uttering its bark it opens its lower mandible wide, and then closes it with a snap, jerking its head at the same moment. It is very fond of the sun, preening its feathers, and ‘“ shaking itself together.” If kept in the shade it mopes, and sits with feathers all puffed out, and looking wretched. Some Europeans declare they have had young birds unable to fly in the orange plumage ; and they tell me the natives say they have taken them from tue nest, male and feinale being thus coloured. I cannot credit this, and have offered £1 reward for a pair of nestlings in the orange garb. This aloe will convince me ; and I shall then come to the conclusion that this is an abnormal race that is being propagated, like the white race of Procellaria gigantea ot the south- west coast of Africa. CHRYSENA VIRIDIS, Layard, P. Z.S. 1875, p. 151. This new Dove was discovered by the ‘ Challenger’ expedition at Kandavu. I also obtained it there at the same time. Prof. Vou Sohn wrongly identified it with C. luteovirens in the early, or green, stage of plumage. On my dissecting the specimen I obtained after their departure, I at once saw that the full breeding “‘ sropy))”” was on, and that the Professor was mistaken, especially as he insisted on the identity of C. victor with it likewise. He assured me the German text of the ‘ Ornithologie’ confirmed this ; and that being a ‘sealed book” to me, I gave way. ‘This bird, however, proves a permanent green form of Chrysena ; and for that reason I give it the name of “viridis.” It is not uacommon in certain localities, but most difficult to see in the dense green foliage wherein it hides. CotumBa vITIENSIs, Quoy & Gaim.; F. & H. op. evé. p. 137. This large Pigeon is rather abundant on Ovalau and Kandavu, on the Rewa, and is, I fancy, very generally distributed. In common with the next two species it utters a hoarse barking note, which constantly reveals its whereavouts, and causes it to fall a prey to the fancier. Dr. Brower, the owner of Wakaia Island, opposite Levuka, and about 9 miles away, told me that on one occasion the three large 438 MR. E. L. LAYARD ON FIJIAN BIRDS. [June 1, Pigeons were in such abundance that the captain of a merchantman and another, over there for a holiday, killed upwards of 100 between their landing one morning and departure next day on their return home. In common with the two next it is called ‘‘ Rubé,” or *« Ruvé,” by the natives. It lays two large white eggs, in December, axis 1!" 7!" diam. 1! Q!"", CARPOPHAGA LATRANS, Peale; F. & H. op. cit. p. 140. The “ Barking Pigeon’’ of the settlers is generally distributed. To give some idea of the gastronomic powers of these large Pigeons, I annex the size of two seeds found in the crop of one, axis 4”, circum. 3” 6’; axis 5", circum. 3”. This was only the hard woody part, the pulp had been digested ! This bird is called “ Sonki,”’ or “‘ Songi,” by some natives, espe- cially about Taviuni. It has fourteen tail-feathers. Mr. Storck writes from the Rewa that it feeds largely on the wild nutmeg, the . large drupe-like seeds of some Laurinaceous forest trees, and the fruits of both the Kaufia Pakus. : I have received eggs laid in April, pure shining white, axis 1” 10", diam. 1" 3'". Some natives say they only lay one egg; but this I doubt. Carpopnuaca pacirica (Gmel.); F. & H. op. eit. p. 142. This large Fruit-Pigeon is not nearly so common as the two pre- ceding; but it frequents similar places, and cannot be distinguished from them by voice or appearance when at any distance. It breeds in December ; and its eggs, sent me from Wakaia, are pure white. Puiecenas starri (G. R. Gray); F. & H. op. eit. p. 147. This singular but beautiful Ground-Dove is found at Ovalau, Wakaia, and Taviuni, and probably elsewhere, though it has not come under my notice in other places. The wonderful purple-copper sheen of the back and wing-coverts of an adult male are most beau- tiful, and excite the admiration of all beholders. Unlike any other Pigeon of these islands, it seeks its food entirely on the ground. Here it runs as quickly as a Quail, springs to its wings on the least alarm, and glides through the underwood to a place of safety with the rapidity of lightning. Mr. Kleinsmidt has kept it in captivity for a long period ; but it is so timid that on the approach of any one to its large cage it instantly runs into a corner, and crouches down, just as a Quail or other game bird would do. The natives call it Ngilu (written in the missionary jargon “Qilu’’). It breeds in low bushes, making a flimsy nest, never out of the reach of a man’s hand, and lays two eggs, white ; axis 1" 3'", diam. 10’. Raina Pa@ci,opTers, Hartl.; F. & H. op. cit. p. 156. Generally distributed ; inhabits the thick Taro beds and swamps. It is very shy, and rarely seen, but is, I believe, easily trapped by the natives, who call it ‘‘ Mbidi.” It lays six eggs (in a nest made 1875.] MR. E. L. LAYARD ON FIJIAN BIRDS. 439 of sedges), of raspberry-and-cream-coloured ground, speckled chiefly at the obtuse end with light purplish and dark dry blood-coloured spots; axis 1" 6'", diam. 1" 2°’. They nest in November and De- eember, and, I think, also about March. Bill rich salmon-colour; tips of both mandibles pale greyish. Legs and feet darker than the bill. Iris hair-brown. Ratuus prctTora.is, Less.; F. & H. op. cit. p. 157. Found in the same situations as the former, but in greater numbers. This is also called “ Mbidi’’ by the natives; in fact, I find that native names vary very much in different localities. ORTYGOMETRA QUADRISTRIGATA (Horsf.); F. & H. op.ctf. p. 164. Non vidi. OrTyGOMETRA TABUENSIS (Gmel.); F. & H. op. cit. p. 167. This minute Water-Rail is found far in the interior, my specimen having been captured at Naruku-ruku, our furthest point on the Rewa river, on the edge of the cannibal-country. I also saw another in the rushes hy the river-side as I floated down in a canoe; and Mr. Boyd sent me one caught on Ovalau, where it was called “Mo” by the natives. Porruyrio viTiensis, Peale; F. & H. op. cit. p. 172. The Blue Gallinule, or “Tiri” of the natives, is pretty common, and generally distributed wherever there is suitable dwelling fer it. It devours small fish, crabs, insects, sugar-cane (in too much abun- dance te please the planter), and berries, perching on trees readily to procure the latter, and is esteemed very good eating in its turn. It lives well in confinement, but is a dangerous neighbour to any other pets in the aviary. A pair I gave Mr. Kleinsmidt being placed too near the cage of some young Parrots (Platycercus personatus), drew them one by one through the bars, and picked out their brains with evident relish. Limosa vropyGrA.is, Gould; F. & H. op. cit. p. 177. The “Godwit ”’ is found sparsely scattered over all our sea-board, which is singularly devoid of waders. We often rode or walked for a whole day along the shore without seeing any thing but a solitary Heron (Ardea asha). ACTITIS INCANUS (Gmel.) ; F. & H. op. cit. p. 182. This sombre-clad Sandpiper is found solitary, or in little knots of three or four, on the shore-reefs of most of our islands, but is no- where common. It runs quickly about along the edge of the pools, probing with its long bill in quest ef worms or small crustaceans, and turning about very rapidly. In some places it is very shy; in others it will allow of easy approach within 15 or 20 yards. I have seen it, off and on, at all times of the year. Bill greenish (livid), base of lower mandible pale yellow. Legs livid greenish ; soles of feet yellowish. Iris brown. 440 MR. E. L. LAYARD ON FIJIAN BIRDS. {June I, CHARADRIUS FULVUS, Gimel. I first met with the Golden Plover on the Lower Rewa, on a grass flat belonging to Mr. Page; here a fluck of several hundred afforded some warm work to our guns, and an addition to our bill of fare. I subsequently found them all the way up the river, and on every other river we visited on Viti Levu; also on the coast at Loma Loma, Taviuni, and Vanua Levu. They are fond of sitting on the top of the stakes of the fish-kraals, waiting for the receding tide ; off these I have often shot them. I saw them in full adult plumage, with black breasts, at Suva at the end of August. STREPSILAS INTERPRES (Liun.); F. & H. op. cit. p. 197. I saw one shot at Navua, on Viti Levu. ARDEA JAVANICA, Horsf.; F. & H. op. ez. p. 207. Not common. I shot it in young plumage at Kandavu in August. Breeds in the mangroves in October ; the eggs are pale blue-green, axis 1'°9"", diam. 1” 2". ARDEA sacra, Gmel.; F. & H. op. ect. p. 201. Common all over the country among the mangroves. DENpROCYGNA vaGaNs, Eyton; F. & H. op. eit. p. 211. The “ Mountain-” or “Red”? Duck of settlers is very local, and said by the planters at Naudi (on Viti Levu), where we saw it in some abundance, to come down from the mountains during the rainy season, December till March. I heard of it also as appearing from the mountains about the head-waters of the Waimann. ANAS suPERCILIOSA, Gmel.; F. & H. op. cit. 213. The “ Black Duck,’’ Ngaloa of the natives, is common on all our rivers, marshes, and even sea-board. According to its habitat, so are its edible properties ; but it is at all times a welcome addition to the traveller’s bill of fare. Sterna BerRGIt, Licht.; F. & H. op. eit. p. 216. This Tern is found on our coasts all the year round, but is no- where common. As the coast-line is bare of waders, so are our seas bare of sea-fowl. STERNA LONGIPENNIS, Nordm.; F. & H. op. cit. p. 220. . Non vidi. STERNA MELANAUCHEN, Temm.; F. & H. op. et. p. 224. I think I saw this Tern at Navua, on the eastern coast of Viti Levu. SreRNA PANAYA, Gm.; F. & H. op. cit. p. 228. Seen in small flocks out at sea in company with the next species. It rarely approaches the land; and only one specimen has been 1875.) MR. E. L, LAYARD ON FIJIAN BIRDS. 441 secured, driven into Levuka by a hurricane which swept over the neighbouring sea. Eggs have been brought me, said to be of this species, from the island of Wailangilala, to the N.E. of the group. They vary in size, shape, and coloration; a good average specimen is, axis 2”, diam. 1”5"". Dull white, more or less speckled, but chiefly in the form of a ring at the obtuse end, with reddish brown and light purple spots. ANOUS CINEREUS (Neb.); F. & H. op. cit. p. 239. I fancy I have seen this species up to windward ; and eggs have been brought from an island to the N.W., called Nuku Levu, of a bird the men on it call the “ Snowy Petrel,” said to be this species. Colour a pale cream, profusely dotted with dark red-brown and lighter purple spots; axis 1" 5!, diam. 1", rather pointed at the small end. Anous LEUCOCAPILLUS, Gould; F. & H. op. cit. p. 237. Found in flocks on the open seas between the islands. During gales it approaches the land; and several have been brought to me picked up exhausted on the beach in Ovalau. One was seen by me, very tired and hardly able to fly, the day after the hurricane of January 7th, 1875; and one was brought in by Mr. Winchcomb on the 9th, picked up on shore, very thin and exhausted. Bill black ; legs and webs dirty orange and black; iris brown; tongue yellow. Eggs, from Wailangilala, are like those of S. panaya, only smaller (axis 1° 9'", diam. 1” 3'”), and spots fewer and larger. THALASSIDROMA MACGILLIVRAYI, G. R. Gray; F. & H. op. cit. p- 242. Purrinus nueax (Solander); F. & H. op. cit. p. 242. PROCELLARIA CHRULEA, Gmel.; F. & H. op. cit. p. 246. Neither of these three species has been seen by me during my residence here. PHAETON £THEREUS, Linn.; F. & H. op. cit. p. 250. I have seen tails of P. rubricauda in the hair of the natives on the Windward Islands (Loma Loma) ; but they may have been brought from Tonga. I fancied, however, I saw a Phaeton at a distance, far out to sea, when we were on the north coast of Vanua Levu. Dysporus suta (Linn.); F. & H. op. cié. p. 260. Seen about Mango and the Windward Islands. A young bird driven on shore at Levuka during the hurricane that swept over the Jasawas. TACHYPETES AQuiLa (Linn.); F. & H. op. cit. p. 265. Seen about the Windward Islands in February and October. During gales it is invariably seen about Levuka; and during the hurricane which prevailed in the New Hebrides, and of which we felt the tail here in November last, the Frigate-birds sought the 442 LIEUT.-COL. BEDDOME ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. [June l, shelter of the island. January 10th, 1875: During the hurricane that has just prevailed here, the Frigate-birds again came in. Drs. Hartlaub and Finsch do not include this bird in the Fijian avifauna. It is, however, I find, a constant resident, though I cannot hear of its nesting. 9. Descriptions of some new Operculated Land-Shells from Southern India and Ceylon. By Lieut.-Col. Beppome. [Received May 19, 1875.] (Plates LII. & LIII.) DipLOMMATINA CANARICA, 0. sp. (Plate LII. fig. 1.) Shell dextral, broadly ovate, scarcely or very inconspicuously rimate, flesh-coloured; whorls 63, convex, all except the apical obtuse one closely, regularly, and sharply costulated; interstices smooth ; spire conical; the fifth whorl much the largest, and pro- jecting much more than the penultimate; the penultimate with the constriction just in front of the centre of the circular aperture ; peristome shining, continuous round the penultimate whorl, slightly canaliculate in its free portion below; columellar margin much incurved; the tooth prominent, slightly deflexed: total length 5 inch. North Canara, in moist forests about Yellapore, 2500 feet eleva- tion, 14° N. lat. Allied to D. earneola (Stoliczka); but the columellar margin is very different, and it is a stouter shell. DIPLOMMATINA GRACILIs, n.sp. (Plate LII. fig. 2.) Shell dextral, narrowly ovate, straw-coloured, not rimate; whorls 63, all except the apical or 2 upper ones rather distantly and pro- minently costulated, interstices smooth; spire rather slender, the fifth whorl the largest and projecting a little more than the penulti- mate, the penultimate with the constriction over the centre or right centre of the aperture, aperture reniform; peristome continuous round the penultimate whorl, prominently angled, below the tooth double, the outer lip expanded and reflexed, columellar margin nearly straight, the tooth prominent, a little deflexed: total length 3 inch. Gudam hills, Vizagapatam, 3000 feet elevation, 17° N. lat. DiPLOMMATINA MINIMA, 0. sp. (Plate LII. figs. 3 and 4.) Shell dextral, cylindrical, straw-coloured, not rimate; whorls 54, convex, all except the two upper ones minutely costulated, sutures deep; spire blunt and tapering very slightly, the antepenultimate whorl not larger than the penultimate, the latter very slightly con- stricted ; the position of the operculum over the centre of the aper- ture, aperture circular; peristome shining, continuous round the 2 ) & Smith hth. f Mintern Bros. imp. NEW INDIAN OPERCULATED LAND SHELLS. P20 1875. PL LO. Mintern Bros.imp NEW INDIAN OPERCULATED LAND SHELLS. 1875.| LIEUT.-COL. BEDDOME ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. 443 lower portion of the penultimate whorl, double in its lower free portion, the columellar margin semicircular, the tooth small but plainly visible under the lens: total length ,}, inch, 2} times the breadth. Gudam hills, Vizagapatam, with the preceding, but very rare. This is the smallest known species of Diplommatina true ; it is quite a connecting link between Semper’s genus Moussonia (Pupa pro- blematica, Mousson) and true Diplommatina. These are the first species of Hudiplommatina discovered in Southern India; the genus does not apparently occur on our western ghats south of 14° N. lat., where its place is taken by Nicida. Large tracts of the mountainous country in the Vizaga- patam and Ganjam districts are conchologically quite unexplored ; and other species will no doubt be some day discovered, particularly as Nicida is not found. On the Nallay-Mallay mountains, Kurnool district, 15° N. lat., I could not detect either Diplommatina or Nicida, though Opisthostoma was discovered; these hills, however, have been only superficially searched, and Diplommatinas will I think yet be found there. Dierommatina (NicIDA) ANAMALLAYANA, 0. sp. (Plate LII. figs. 5 and 6.) Shell scarcely rimate, oblong, the apex suddenly contracted, thin, whitish, shining; whorls 5, convex, the apical one small, obtuse, the second much larger, the three lower all equal in breadth (giving the shell a very oblong form), all smooth except the last, which has a very minute transverse striation, and is furnished with a basal keel; aperture circular ; peristome double, externally expanded, and reflexed: total length ;4 inch. Anamallays, in dense moist forests on the banks of the Perin- goonda river, 2090 feet elevation, rare. It is easily distinguished from all the other species by its very oblong form. Drietommatina (NicipA) suBovaTa,n.sp. (Plate LII. fig. 7.) Shell not rimate, conico-ovate, smooth, thin, shining, yellowish white, furnished with a subobsolete, very minute, oblique striation ; whorls 6, convex, the penultimate the largest, the four upper ones gradually tapering, the apical one obtuse, the lowest whorl furnished with a rather prominent basal keel; aperture obliquely oblong ; peristome single, not continuous round the penultimate whorl: total length 54, inch. South-Canara ghats, moist forests, 1000-3000 feet elevation. Allied to Nicida nitidula, Blanf., but differing in its single peri- stome and more prominent basal keel. DirtomMatTina (NIcIDA) PEDRONIS, 0. sp. (Plate LIT. fig. 8.) Shell subcylindrico-ovate, prominently rimate, thin, smooth, of a pale dull olive-colour; whorls 7, convex, the antepenultimate the largest, the four upper ones gradually decreasing, the seventh or 444 LIEUT.-COL, BEDDOME ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. [June |, last whorl suddeuly ascending a:d touching the antepenultimate, inconspicuously keeled at its base; aperture oblique, subcircular, white within ; peristome continuous, single, black externally, slightly reflexed and expanded: total length + inch. Ceylon, near the summit of Pedrotalle Galle, the highest mountain in the island, rare. Dretommatrina (Nicrpa) CeyLANIcA, n.sp. (Plate LII. fig. 9.) Shell not rimate, subcylindrico-ovate, thin, smooth, white, rather shining ; whorls 7, convex, the antepenultimate the largest, the four upper ones gradually decreasing, the last whorl ascending slightly on the penultimate, keeled rather conspicuously at its base ; aperture vertical, oblique; peristome continuous, single, scarcely expanded : total length +!) inch. Ceylon; on Pedrotalie Galle, about halfway up from Newera Ellya, abundant. These two latter were the first species of this genus detected in Ceylon ; and at the same time (1870) I found two other species about Rambaddi, at a much lower elevation—one the common Indian N. liricincta, and the other a species allied to my N. anamal- layana, and which I refrain from describing here as I have since received it from Mr. Neville under the name of N. chrysalidea (Neville), and do not know whether he has already described it or intends doing so. That gentleman has also forwarded me a single specimen of a very slender distinct species under the name of J. depauperata ; and more will, no doubt, be discovered in Ceylon and the western chain of ghats in the Madras Presidency. OpiIsTHOSTOMA DECCANENSE, b. sp. (Plate LII. figs. 10 and 11.) Shell irregularly rhomboidal, pale pink, with an oblique rather distant costulation, prominent on the lowest whorl, but less so on the others; whorls 5, excentric, the two apical ones very small and depressed, and only visible as a single small speck from a side view, the third much larger, convex, the fourth, or penultimate, convex, very large, and much dilated, lowest whorl coustricted as usual and in front of the constriction deflected inwards, but not concealing the umbilicus; aperture reversed, circular, quite vertical and parallel with the penultimate whorl; peristome touching the centre of the penultimate whorl, double, both lips slightly dilated, with a broad channel between them: total length 5 inch, breadth +; inch. A smaller shell than O. fairbanki (Blanf.), and the costulation less prominent ; the two apical whorls are much more depressed, the penultimate whorl is much larger, the deflection in front of the con- striction is less sharp, and not, or only partially concealing the umbilicus; the peristome is more completely double, with a wide space between the two lips; and the aperture 1s quite circular. Nallay-Mallay hills, Kurnool district, common on the Yerra Chalma, about 3000 feet elevation. 1 have also a single specimen collected on the Sivagherry hills, Tinnevelly district. ~~ 1875.] LIEUT.-COL. BEDDOME ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. 445 OpiIsTHOSTOMA DISTORTUM, 0. Sp. Shell irregularly rhomboidal, pale-coloured, with an oblique rather distant costulation ; whorls 4, excentric, the upper one very minute and depressed, not visible from a side view, so that the shell appears as with only three convex whorls, second whorl moderate, third or penultimate much larger than the second or fourth, lowest whorl constricted as usual, and in front of the constriction deflected upwards, but not concealing the umbilicus; aperture subangularly circular, pointing upwards, its apex in a line with the apex of the shell; peristome touching the upper part of the penultimate whorl, double, the lips not much dilated and with little space between them: total length 54 inch, greatest breadth 5+; inch. Golcondah hills, Vizagapatam, 174° N. lat., elevation 3000 feet, rare; by far the smallest species yet known. Only one specimen was found, and this is now with Mr. Blanford, or has been mislaid ; and the description is from notes and a rough drawing made at the time it was collected. CyaTHopoMa (JERDONIA) NITIDUM, n. sp. (Plate LII. fig. 12.) Shell inconspicuously umbilicated, pyramidal, turreted, smooth, shining, of a yellowish olive tint, apex rather obtuse, sutures deep, a very minute oblique striation is generally visible under the lens; whorls 5, convex, smooth, the lowest scarcely descending towards the aperture; aperture circular; peristome continuous, single, thin ; operculum double, thick, surrounded by a sulcate margin, exter- nally very slightly concave; the nucleus very large, half the diameter of the circle, very thin, transparent, shining, destitute of whorls, the outer portion externally shelly, internally membrana- ceous, furnished with an exquisitely close spiral sculpture: length of shell varying from 4, to 1 inch, breadth of lowest whorl 4, inch. Anamallay mountains, 6000 feet elevation. South-Canara ghats, 4000 feet ; a shell of very simple structure, closely allied to Cyclo- stoma trochlea, Bens. (Jerdonia, Blanford), but without any carina- tions, and a much smaller umbilicus; the operculum is very similar, but with a larger transparent nucleus and much more closely wound. The operculum of Cyathopoma wynadense, procerum, and kolamal- liense, is very similar to that of this shell, only differing in being a little more concave externally ; so I propose that these species should be referred to Jerdonia, which, however, can, I think, only be kept up as a subgenus. The operculum of Mychopoma hirsutum and limbiferum is quite that of C. wynadense and its allies, and only thicker in proportion to the size; there is the same transparent nucleus destitute of spiral whorls, and the same outer calcareous texture ; and they must, I think, also be referred to the Jerdonia section of Cyathopoma. The operculum of filocinctum, the type of Cyathopoma and its allies (i.e. deccanense, kalryenense, malabaricum, and conoorense), is at first sight very different; the margins of the outer shelly portion are much dilated and partially arched over, leaving a wide 446 LIEUT.-COL. BEDDOME ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. [June l, gaping mouth, so that it is externally very concave; they have otherwise the same structure and the same diaphanous nucleus as in Jerdonia, and the two are only modifications of the same structure. Further on I describe three species of this section, in which the outer shelly portion is completely arched over, leaving only a small hole in the centre, so that the operculum is very convex, or papilliform, externally. CyaTHOPoMA (JERDONIA) BLANFORDI, n. sp. (Plate LII. fig. 13.) Shell thin, umbilicated, pyramidal, turreted, straw-coloured, apex attenuated and subacute; whorls 6, sutures prominent, all the whorls, except the two small apical ones, prominently carinated ; carinations two to three on the third whorl, three to five on the fourth, five to seven on the lowest, those about the umbilical region rather distant; umbilicus pervious; aperture circular; peristome thin, single, continuous, inconspicuously crenulate ; operculum as in the last species: length 4 inch, greatest diameter =; inch. Tinnevally mountains, 4000 feet elevation. I have a closely allied species from Ceylon, Jerdonia dickoyensis (Nevill, MS.); it is rather smaller, with a finer carination, and much smoother about the umbilical region ; and I think specifically distinct. CyaTrHoroma (JERDONIA) ALBUM, n.sp. (Plate LIT. fig. 14.) Shell widely umbilicated, depresso-turbinate, furnished with a chalky white or whitish brown epidermis, having a minute vertical striation, which is early deciduous, or only present in patches, the shell beneath being of a peculiar shining white horny texture; spire conoidal, apex subacute; whorls 4—5, spirally lirate, the lowest with four to five, the penultimate with three ribs or lines, more promi- nent before the loss of the epidermis; the umbilicus prominently spirally ribbed within; aperture circular, oblique ; peristome thin, simple, continuous, slightly angled at the inner base at the termina- tion of the first rib round the umbilical region; operculum exter- nally very concave, with the margins of the outer shelly layer much raised but straight and not at all arched, multispiral, with a small transparent nucleus: length =; inch, breadth +4, inch. Yellagherry mountains, Salem district, 2500 feet elevation; Siru- mallay hills, Dindigal, 3000 feet elevation; also, I believe, in Ceylon, as I have several poor specimens of what appears to be quite the same shell, collected at Dimbola, in the central provinces. This shell is evidently allied to Cyathopoma kalamalliense (Blan- ford), which I have not seen; and I think that I should have con- sidered it that species, only Mr. Blanford, who has seen my speci- mens, pronounced it distinct. CyaTHorpoMA (JERDONIA) ANAMALLAYANUM, 0. sp. (Plate LI. fig. 15.) Shell umbilicated, turbinate, with a conical apex, glabrous, with a 1875.] LIEUT.-COL. BEDDOME ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. 447 very inconspicuous vertical striation; epidermis yellowish, with broad, oblique, bright chestnut, vertical bands, white beneath the epidermis; whorls 6, convex, with deep sutures, and very faint spiral lines, generally visible on the two to three lower whorls under a powerful glass; the lowest whorl somewhat flattened below and keeled round the umbilical region, which is white and striated within, and less open than in C. malabaricum; aperture a little oblique, oblong; peristome, when adult, double, not dilated, con- tinuous, before maturity simple, thin, and a little interrupted at the apex, where it touches the penultimate whorl; operculum a little retracted, a little concave externally from the slight elevation of the margin of the outer shelly portion, closely multispiral, with a moderate transparent nucleus: length + inch, greatest diameter 4 inch. Anamallay hills, 6000 feet elevation, in the evergreen woods or sholas; Pulney hills, 6000 feet elevation, a rather smaller variety. This is a glabrous species, with the same markings as malabari- cum ; it, however, ts very much larger and more conical, not at all de- pressed, less prominently striated, has a differently shaped umbilicus and a different operculum: the spiral liration is very inconspicuous ; and I did not detect it till I was very carefully comparing this with ceylanicum. CyaTHOPOMA (JERDONIA) OVATUM,n.sp. (Plate LII. fig. 16.) Shell umbilicated, ovate, spirally lirate, furnished with a light-, bright brownish, obliquely striated, thread-like epidermis, and a few hairs along the spiral costulations, white beneath the epidermis ; spire conical, apex subacute; whorls 5, the lowest with about eleven spiral costulations continuous down to the umbilicus, the four upper lines nearest the suture less conspicuous, or subobsolete ; the penultimate with three to four spiral lines, umbilicus moderately open, spirally lirate within ; aperture oblique, oblong, the vertical and spiral lines clearly visible on the inside of the whorl; peristome continuous, or a little interrupted at the apex on the penultimate whorl, double, except on its inner or left margin; the outer lip expanded and reflexed on its outer margin, contracted at its base and again prominently expanded at the base of the columellar margin, the inner one white, shining, and minutely crenulated on its outer and lower margins; operculum as in C. wynadense, with a moderate transparent nucleus: length 4 inch, greatest breadth +4, inch. Yellagherry hills, Salem district. The epidermis and spiral costulations are very similar to those of filocinctum and wynadense ; it is, however, a smaller species, and ovate, not turbinate in form, and with a different operculum. C. filocinctum has the inner lip of the peristome furnished with large, prominent, obtuse, white crenations ; and the spiral ribs or costulations on the base of the lowest whorl are always continuous up to the umbilical region, there being no intervening smooth space. C. wynadense has the inner lip of the peristome smooth ; and the spiral costulations on the lowest whorl are generally interrupted by a smooth space 448 LIEUT.-COL. BEDDOME ON NEW LAND-SHELLS, [June 1, before the umbilical region is entered ; but this latter character is not constant, as some of my specimens have the costulations continuous up to the umbilical region, as in filocinctum, so that it cannot, in the absence of the operculum, be looked to as a characteristic to distin- guish them; but the peristome, where the shell is adult, is a safe character. CYATHOPOMA (JERDONIA) SIVAGHERRIANUM, 0. sp. (Plate LI. fig. 17.) Shell pyramidal, turreted, thin, umbilicus very small and obscure, straw-coloured, glabrous, spirally lirate, apex attenuated, obtuse ; whorls 5, convex, the two lower with five spiral lines scarcely raised, antepenultimate with 2—4 lines, aperture vertical, circular ; peristome simple, thin, continuous or slightly interrupted at its apex ; opercu- lum double, with a sulcate margin, internally membranaceous, ex- ternally shelly, but only a little concave, as the margins are only slightly raised, nucleus central, transparent, moderate: length 4, inch, greatest diameter 51, inch. Sivagherry mountains, 3000 feet elevation. This comes nearest to J. blanfordi, but is very much smaller. CyaTHoroMa (JERDONIA) ATROSETOSUM, n. sp. (Plate LIL. figs. 18, 18a.) Shell umbilicated, ovate to subturbinate, spirally lirate, thin, semitransparent, whitish, furnished with a deciduous brownish vertically but inconspicuously striated epidermis, subobsolete, on some specimens; spire conical; whorls 5, rounded, furnished with numerous close, rather inconspicuous spiral lines, along which are numerous, rather distant, patent or suberect long black lines; umbi- licus more or less open, with a more or less prominent keel at its entrance, inconspicuously ribbed or smooth within; aperture sub- vertical, circular; peristome single, subdouble or double, entire or with the outer margin beautifully crenated; operculum subdouble, externally white and shelly, and a little concave from the margins being raised, multispiral, with a large central transparent nucleus, internally membranaceous, convex, yellowish, shining: length +, inch, greatest diameter /y to =; inch. South-Canara ghats, 3000 feet elevation; Anamallays, higher ranges. The peristome, the umbilical region, and even the shape of the shell are very variable, both in the 8. Canara and Anamallay specimens. CYATHOPOMA (JERDONTIA) ELATUM, n.sp. (Plate LIT. fig. 19.) Shell narrowly umbilicated, ovato-pyramidal, spirally lirate, epi- dermis brownish, furnished with distant prominent vertical strize and a fine very minute striation also present between them; spire conical, apex subacute, sutures deep; whorls 5, rounded, furnished with numerous rather close spiral costulations, continuous down to the ribbed umbilical region; aperture vertical, circular; peristome double, the inner one continuous, quite entire or very inconspicuously crenate, outer more or less expanded and reflexed, continuous all round except at the left apex, where it comes into contact with the 1875.] LI®UT.-COL. BEDDOME ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. 449 base of the penultimate whorl; operculum as in C. procerum &c.: height 3 inch, greatest breadth +/; inch. Golcondah hills, Vizagapatam district, 3000 feet elevation. Very near C. procerum, but with rather a different epidermis and more ovate, having a broader base. On the higher ranges of the Anamallays (6000 feet elevation) I collected three poor specimens of a species nearly allied to this and C. procerum, but without an umbilicus ; it is probably quite distinct. CyaTHopoMa (JERDONIA) VITREUM, 0. sp. (Plate LIII. figs. 21 and 22.) Shell openly umbilicate, depresso-turbinate, or rather subdiscoidal, the spire scarcely raised, whitish, of a shining glass-like texture, with- out any epidermis; whorls 4, the lowest terete, not descending angulari- convex, with three spiral prominently raised costulations round the region of the periphery, and one between them and the umbilical region, the upper portion nearest the suture non-lirate, or sometimes a fifth line is there present, penultimate angulari-convex, bilirate, the two apical whorls very small; umbilical region spirally lirate within ; aperture a little oblique, subcircular ; peristome single, thin; oper- culum double, with a very small central transparent nucleus, a little concave externally from the margins being slightly raised, outer layer less shelly than usual: greatest diameter ;; inch, height 54 inch. Sivagherry mountains (Tinnevelly district) 1000 feet elevation. This comes nearest to C. album; but numerous specimens of all ages show no signs of any epidermis, and it is of a more depressed form, and of a glassy rather than a horny texture; the operculum is much less concave and scarcely shelly. CyaTHOPOMA (JERDONIA) SETICINCTUM, n.sp. (Plate LIITI. figs. 23 and 24.) Shell moderately umbilicate, turbinate, rather solid, spirally lirate, furnished with a brownish epidermis, which has a minute vertical striation, very hairy along the periphery, and slightly so about the sutures, but otherwise glabrous, white beneath the epidermis; spire conical (not convex or depressed, as in C. hirsutum); whorls 6, convex, sutures deep, the lowest terete, descending a little rather suddenly im front, with 12-15 continuous raised spiral costulations between the suture and the keel of the umbilical region, two of which at the region of the periphery are more raised than the others, and furnished with very long patent dark brown hairs, and between these two there are one or rarely two less prominent beardless costu- lations, penultimate with six to seven costulations, the upper and lower sutures slightly hairy, antepenultimate with five or six, and the whorl above it with two or three less prominent lines, the two apical whorls small and nearly smooth ; umbilicus pervious, exhibiting all the whorls, not surrounded with a hairy fringe outside (as in C. hirsutum), spirally ribbed within, and there furnished with a strong raised thread-like sinuate or curved sculpture (more promi- nent than that in the same region of C. hirsutum); aperture oblique, Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, No. XXIX. 29 450 LIEUT.-COL. BEDDOME ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. [June 1, subcircular ; peristome thick, double, the inner one pearly white in- side and crenated (but less prominently than in C. hirsutum), outer _ one dilated on its outer and lower margins, particularly at its right apex and left base, and somewhat reflexed, more or less sinuate (but not with prominent crenations as seen in C. hirsutum); operculum double, externally concave, shelly, with a small transparent central nucleus: height 3 inch, greatest diameter °; inch. Anamallay mountains, moist woods on the banks of the Sholayar, a large river, 2000 fect elevation. Nearly allied to Mychopoma hirsutum, but not furnished with the same curious, raised, thread-like epidermis, except within the umbili- eus, and without any umbilical fringe; it is, besides, a smaller, dif- ferently shaped shell, and differs in other minor points, as indicated above. It has exactly the operculum of MV. hirsutum, which, as before stated, does not differ from that of Cyathopoma wynadense; and some other forms that I refer to this Jerdonia section of Cyathopoma and Mychopoma cannot be kept up. CyaTHOPOMA (JERDONIA) CEYLANICUM, n. sp. (Plate LII. fig. 20.) Shell prominently umbilicated, turbinate, with a conical blunt apex, inconspicuously spirally lirate, epidermis glabrous, yellowish, with obliquely vertical bright chestnut bands and a very inconspi- cuous vertical striation; whorls 5, convex or subangular, the lowest with two inconspicuous lines or ribs along the region of the peri- phery, and sometimes a third still more obsolete between them and the suture; penultimate with two carinations, the lower one almost touching the suture and sometimes obsolete, antepenultimate incon- spicuously unicarinate ; umbilicus somewhat angled at the entrance, smooth within; aperture nearly vertical, circular; peristome sub- double, continuous, inconspicuously angled or crenated at the exit of the two carinations of the lowest whorl; operculum as in C. ana- mallayanum: length + inch, greatest diameter j inch. Ceylon, common in woods about the Rambaddi waterfalls. Very like C. anamallayanum, but distinguished under the lens by its much more prominent though still inconspicuous carination ; it is also of greater diameter with refereuce to its length. CYATHOPOMA LATILABRE, n. sp. (Plate LIII. figs. 28 and 29.) Shell deeply and prominently umbilicated, turbinato-globose, glabrous or subglabrous, epidermis of a pale yellowish brown colour, with oblique vertical dark chestnut-coloured bands and a minute vertical striation, white beneath the epidermis; spire conical, apex subacute ; whorls five or six, the lowest smooth in its upper half near the suture, in the region of the periphery surrounded with three rather prominent carinations with a smooth space between them and the umbilical region, the penultimate and antipenultimate with generally two less prominent lines or ribs; lowest whorl cylin- drical, slightly descending with an inconspicuous swelling followed by a slight contraction just in front of the reflexed peristome; the 1875.] LIEUT.-COL, BEDDOME ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. 451 umbilicus furnished with very prominent spiral ribs up to the very _ apex of the shell; aperture a little oblique, subcircular; peristome half-double ; the inner lip dilated and much angled on its outer mar- gin, small and continuous round the inner margin, outer lip irregu- larly angled on its outer margin, and much dilated at the inner basal margin, where it suddenly terminates, not being continued round the inner portion of the aperture; operculum externally milky white, shelly, papilliform, smooth, flattened at the apex, where it is furnished with a small circular aperture, inner layer membranaceous, slightly concave externally, with a central diaphanous nucleus, multispiral, the edges of the whorls raised: height of shell ;3; inch, the greatest diameter equalling the height. South-Canara ghats, 2000-3000 feet elevation. The operculum is an exaggerated form of that of the typical Cyathopoma filocinctum, the margins of the outer shelly layers are arched over and almost meet in the centre, forming a papilla with only a small hole in the centre. CyATHOPOMA TRAVANCORICUM, nu. sp. (Plate LIII. figs. 30 and 31.) Shell deeply and prominently umbilicated, turbinato-globose, glabrous, with rather obsolete vertical chestnut markings, spirally lirate, but not striated vertically ; spire conical, apex subacute ; whorls 6, the lowest with seven to eight carinations, commencing near the suture and generally but not always interrupted by a small space in front of the umbilical region, the same swelling and contraction is present near the mouth as in C. Jatilabre, the penultimate and antepenultimate with two to four carinations; the umbilicus fur- nished with very prominent spiral ribs up to the very apex of the shell; aperture a little oblique, subcircular; peristome double, inner lip continuous, dilated and crenated on its outer and lower margins, outer lip irregularly angled on its outer margin and reflexed, much dilated at its inner basal margin, subobsolete round the inner mar- gin; operculum as in C. latilabre: greatest breadth + inch, extreme height about the same. Travancore mountains, 3000 feet elevation. Very similar to C. latilabre, but rather larger, and with many more carinations on the lowest whorl, and the inner peristome cre- nated instead of simply angled; the swelling near the aperture is peculiar to those two species, and somewhat as in Alyceus, but in a much less marked degree. CyaTHOPOMA SHEVAROYANUM, n.sp. (Plate LIII. figs. 32 and 33.) Shell prominently umbilicated, turbinate, a little depressed, spirally lirate, epidermis dark fuscous, scarcely hairy, but with numerous very minute vertical striations, and a few larger prominent distant ones ; spire conical; whorls 5, the lower one with four rather inconspicuous costulations round the region of the periphery, smooth in the upper portion near the suture, and with a broad —- space 29 452 LIEUT.-COL. BEDDOME ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. [June 1, in front of the umbilical region, the upper whorls with inconspicuous costulations ; umbilicus lirate within, but not very conspicuously ; aperture oblique, subcircular; peristome double, not dilated, and quite smooth ; operculum as in C. filocinctum and C. malabaricum ; but occasionally the outer whorl is completely arched over, leaving only a very small hole in the centre (as in C. latilabre): greatest diameter 51; inch, height scarcely as much. Shevaroys and Yellaghirry hills (Salem district). This species comes nearest to C. kalryenense (Blanf.), but wants the crenated aperture and is considered distinct by Mr. Blanford. “1 Cycrornorus SUBPLICATUS, n. sp. (Plate LIII. figs. 25, 26, 27.) Shell broadly umbilicated, depressed, solid, of a dark chestnut brown and covered with a dusty fuscous epidermis when young, closely striated obliquely and inconspicuously, spirally lirate, and and ornamented with oblique rather inconspicuous scarcely raised folds or plications which are angled above the region of the peri- phery on the lowest whorl and again run backwards; spire slightly elevated, apex obtuse, sutures deep; whorls 4, convex, the last descending slightly towards the peristome ; aperture oblique, subcir- cular, angled at its left apex; peristome double, both lips continuous, the inner white, the outer scarcely expanded except at its left apex ; operculum of a single horny thin layer, subconcave externally, with 6 spiral whorls: diameter 1,1; inch, height 3 inch. Ceylon, on the Hayeock mountain, 40 miles from Galle. Very like C. layardi (Adams), but with the spiral lines much less prominent and furnished with peculiar oblique folds, and the peri- stome less reflexed. CyYCLOPHORUS BILIRATUS, n.sp. (Plate LIII. fig. 34.) Shell umbilicated, turbinate, furnished with a thick dark epider- mis, which is soon obsolete on the fourth or fifth upper whorl, but always present on the lowest one, where it forms an oblique, coarse, hair-like striation most prominent round the periphery and at the suture of the two lower whorls, and generally round the umbilicus, where it forms quite a fringe ; colour below the epidermis dull olive ; spire conical, apex subacute; whorls 6, the five upper ones smooth, convex, or sometimes the fifth (or fourth and fifth) with a slight rib round the centre ; lowest whorl with two prominent raised ribs round the periphery, with a broad flat space between them, below convex, smooth or with several raised striee, the whorl descending slightly near the mouth ; aperture oblique, subcircular, slightly angled at the termination of the ribs at the peristome; umbilicus more or less striated within; peristome single, thin, continuous, or slightly inter- rupted on the penultimate; operculum of a single layer, thin, horny multispiral, concave externally, nucleus small, central: height of shell 35 of an inch, slightly more than the breadth of the lowest whorl. Sonth-Canara range of ghats, 2500 feet elevation. This shell is closely allied to Cyclophorus cuspidatus, Bens. (Craspedotropis, Blanf.); it has exactly the same operculum (the 1875.] LIEUT.-COL, BEDDOME ON NEW LAND-SHELLS. 453 two not being in any way distinguishable), which, however, seems scarcely to differ from that of many typical species of Cyclophorus, except, perhaps, in being more closely wound, certainly not enough to constitute a subgenus, and Craspedotropis cannot be kept up; the epidermis is much the same in both, but less fringed in this species ; the ribs or keels are the same; but this wants the acuminate form and the concave sides of the spire so peculiar in C’. euspidatus. CycLOPHORUS SALEMENSIS, n.sp. (Plate LIII. fig. 35.) Shell moderately umbilicated, turbinate, with the spire rather acuminate, of a dull olive-green, furnished with a dirty dark brown, obliquely striated, thread-like epidermis, which is early deciduous on the upper whorls, but always present on the lowest, and round the umbilicus, where it forms a fringe; whorls 6, the upper five gene- rally smooth, convex, or the fifth more or less bilirate towards its termination ; lowest whorl a little descending in front, convex below, furnished with five prominent spiral costulations above the region of the periphery, and four to five below it, which latter are only con- spicuous towards the termination of the whorl; umbilicus spirally lirate within; aperture oblique, subcircular, angled at its apex; peristome single, continuous, angled at its apex, and suddenly con- tracted a little below the apex of its right margin, and slightly angled at the centre of the same margin (at the exit of the lower or most prominent of the costulations round the periphery); oper- culum as in C. biliratus and cuspidatus: length ~% inch, and the greatest diameter equalling the length. Shevaroy hills, Salem district, very rare; only two specimens were procured. Nearly allied to C. diliratus and cuspidatus. Typical specimens of all these species, except Opisthostoma distor- Zum, have been deposited in the British Museum. EXPLANATION OF PLATES LII. & LIII. Fig. 1. Diplommatina canarica, p. 442. | Figs. 18,18a. Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) 2. —— gracilis, p. 442. atrosetosum, p. 448. 3, 4. minima, p. 442. 19, (——) elatum, p. 448. 5, 6. ——(Nicida) cqcpaiian and, 20. —— ( ) ceylanicum, p. p. 443. 450. a ) subovata, p. 443. 21, 22. ( jvitreum,p.449. 8. —— (——) pedronis, p. 443. 23, 24. —— (——) seticinctum, ) ceylanica, p. 444. 10, 11. Opisthostoma deccanense, p. 444. 12. Cyathopoma (Jerdonia) niti- dum, p. 445. 13. am blanfordi, p . 446. 14. —— ) album, p. 146. 15. a anamallayanum, p- 446. 16. —— (——) ovatum, p. 447. 17. -— (——) sivagherrianum, p. 448. p- 449. 25, 26, 27. Cyclophorus subplica- tus, p. 402. 28, 29. Cyathopoma latilabre, p. 450 30, 31. : travancoricum, p. 451. 2,33. ——shevaroyanum, p.451. 3 Cyclophorus biliratus, p. 452. 35, ——- salemensis, p. 453. 454 SIR VICTOR BROOKE ON AFRICAN BUFFALOES, [June I, 10. Supplementary Notes on African Buffaloes. By Sir Vicror Brooxg, Bart. F.Z.S. [Received June 1, 1875.] (Plate LIV.) Since the publication of my paper on African Buffaloes in the Society’s Proceedings for 1873 a large mass of material has passed under my observation, enabling me in some degree to confirm, and in some degree to modify the opinions expressed in that communica- tion. In my former paper I grouped my observations under two heads :—first, as to the identity of the Bos pumilus of Turton with the Bubalus brachyceros of Gray ; second, upon the possible identity of the smaller species of Buffalo of Eastern Africa mentioned by Heuglin and others with Budalus pumilus. For the convenience of comparison and reference, I will adhere to the same order in the remarks which follow. First, as to the identity of the Bos pumilus of Turton with the Bubalus brachyceros of Gray. My conviction of the specific identity of the types upon which these names were conferred rested in 1873 chiefly upon the two following facts :—first, that the skulls of the FEMALE. Buffaloes brought by Dr. Baikie from his Niger expedition resemble in every important particular the specimens brought from Central Africa by Captain Clapperton, which latter are the types of Bubalus brachyceros ; and, second, that a small Buffalo’s skull and horns in my own collection (P. Z. 8S. 1873, p. 475. figs. 1 & 2) pre- sent characters exactly intermediate between the type of Budbalus pumilus and the skulls and horns of the MALE Buffaloes brought by Dr. Baikie from the Niger, and Pel from the Gold Coast. It there- fore appeared to me natural to conclude that the specimen named Bos pumilus by Turton represented the male of the same species as that on which Dr. Gray 30 years subsequently conferred the name Bubalus brachyceros, upon an examination of female specimens. The localities from which both the type of Bubalus pumilus and my own specimen were obtained being unknown, however, constituted a serious gap in my chain of facts. This gap Iam now, through the kindness of Mr. Walker, enabled in large measure to fill—he having lately sent me from the Gaboon the skull and horns of a Buffalo, which so exactly resemble my specimen as to leave no doubt that both are referable to the same species, namely the small Buffalo of Western Equatorial Africa. In addition to this I have lately seen in the Zoological Gardens at Antwerp a very fine living female of the West-African Buffalo, which was sent about a year ago, direct from Sierra Leone. A comparison of Mr. Wolf’s beautiful coloured sketch of this spe- cimen (Plate LIV.), and of the detailed description of it which I shall give presently, with M. Du Chaillu’s description of the “ Niaré” of Equatorial Africa (Expl. Eq. Afr. p. 175), proves beyond doubt the specific identity of the Buffaloes of Sierra Leone and of that country. dear qarqmrery N > yy HHL IST LP JPME aie aye t ui” Tae , } i Nad heey Wl eT Pears A aed ts) te mI Spe tee Ay “I y ua Ve y TE AT Oe ta 1875.] SIR VICTOR BROOKE ON AFRICAN BUFFALOES. 455 The specific identity of this West-African Buffalo with that ob- tained by Captain Clapperton in Central Africa appears equally cer- tain, as Dr. Gray* in his remarks on the living Buffalo in the Surrey Zoological Gardens, states that it resembled Captain Clapperton’s specimen in being of “a nearly uniform pale chestnut-colour.” We are, I think, therefore justified in concluding that there is but one species of Buffalo in Western, Western Equatorial, and Central Africa, and that the oldest name for this species is that given by Turton. Now, as to the possible identity of the smaller species of Buffalo of Eastern Africa mentioned by Heuglin and others with Bubalus pumilus :— During the last three years a large number of specimens of the N.E.-African Buffalu have been brought to England by collectors and sportsmen, all of which I have had the opportunity of examin- ing. I have also again seen the living animals in the Berlin Zoo- logical Gardens, of which the male’s head is figured in my former paper (P. Z. 8. 1873, plate 42). I am therefore at present in a much better position than I was upon that occasion to define clearly the characters of this eastern form and to estimate correctly the amount of difference which exists between it and the true Budbalus pumilus. As will be seen from the descriptions which follow, the external differences are very much greater than the examination of the skulls alone had led me to apprehend, and I have no longer any doubt of the practical expediency of regarding the two forms as specifi- cally distinct. Notwithstanding, I am still unable to find any im- portant distinctive cranial or cornual characters serving to separate the two forms which are not shown to be fugitive upon the comparison of a large series of specimens. At the time of writing my former paper, I was under the impression that Bubalus caffer extended from Southern Africa into Abyssinia. I now find that this southern form is unknown in Abyssinia, its place being taken by its smaller representative, Bubalus caffer, var. equinoctialis, of Blyth. I will now give the descriptions and dimensions of the three forms of African Buffaloes; for the full synonymy of Bubalus pumilus 1 would refer to my fermer paper, BuBALUS PUMILUS. 1781. The Dwarf, Penn. Quadr. p. 30. no. 10, pl. 27. fig. 3. 1806. Bos pumilus, Turton, Transl. Syst. Nat. p. 121. 1837. Bubalus brachyceros, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. i. (n. ser.) . 587. : 1861. Bos brachyceros, Du Chaillu, Expl. Eq. Afr. p. 175 &e. 1863. Bubalus reclinis and B. planiceros, Blyth, P. Z. 8. pp. 157, 158, figs. 3 & 4. Female about three years of age, all the permanent incisors ex- cept the two external teeth being in place (Zoological Gardens, Antwerp, received from Senegal) :— * Ann. Nat. Hist. 1889 (1st ser.) p. 284, t. 13. 456 SIR VICTOR BROOKE ON AFRICAN BUFFALOES. [June l, Hair harsh, on the body and limbs of moderate length, longer on the withers and upper and underparts of the neck. General colour bright yellow. On the shoulders and anterior parts of the body there is a strong tinge of brown, caused by an intermixture of brown and yellow hairs. On the flanks and belly the yellow shades gradually into deep rufous. Upper parts and sides of the head and neck pure yellow, lower surface of head and neck paler. Entire upper and lower lip, fore limbs from above the carpi, and hind limbs from below the tarsi downwards black. Ears about 10" in length and 6" in breadth, narrowed gradually towards their tips, which, from their flexibility and length, curl back upon the ear-conches. Internally the upper rim of the ear-conch is covered with pure yellow hair of about 5! length, hair of similar length and colour forming two marked lines along their inner surface. Hair on the lower rim of the ear-conch and on the tip black. Tail bare, excepting the terminal tuft, which is black. Height at the shoulder about 42”. Horns slightly compressed at their bases, and directed upwards. The head is remarkably long in patie to the body, which is compact and powerful, the limbs short. Male, adult. Generally darker than the female (Du Chaillu). Horns greatly compressed from above downwards and broad at their bases, which are traversed in unworn specimens by numerous sharply marked irregular ridges. Beyond these ridges the horns are sud- denly contracted into round smooth points, which are directed upwards and sometimes boldly backwards. The basal portion of the horn in most ADULT specimens rises slightly but decidedly from the horizontal upon leaving the skull; in other specimens, however, as for example in the type, the entire horn is directed upwards. Length of horns round the curve about 21", their diameter at the base 7”. Female, adult. Inthe female the horns are much less compressed at the base than in the male. As in the male, the direction of the points of the horns is very variable. Length of horns round the curve 17", their diameter at the base 43". Range. Western, Western Equatorial, and the northern parts of Central Africa. Typical specimens of Bubalus pumilus may be distinguished from typical specimens of Bubalus equinoctialis:— ~ 1. By their much smaller size. 2. By the general colour being yellow instead of brown. In Bu- balus pumilus the black of the nose and limbs contrasts strongly with the yellow ground-colour of the rest of the animal. In Budbalus equi- noctialis the entire animal is, as stated below, uniform dark brown. 3. By the horns rising much more from the horizontal than is the case in Bubalus equinoctialis. 4. By the long hair hanging from the ear-conches being pale yel- low instead of dark brown, as is the case in Bubalus equinoctialis. The principal figure of Plate LIV. represents the female in the Antwerp Gardens, above referred to. The side figure represents the head of a young male, the skull of which is in my collection. 1875.] SIR VICTOR BROOKE ON AFRICAN BUFFALOES. 457 BuBALUS ZQUINOCTIALIS. 1866. Bubalus caffer, var. equinoctialis, Blyth, P. Z. S. p. 371, figs. 1 & la. 1872. Bubalus centralis, Gray, Cat. Rum. Mamm. Brit. Mus. alal: 4 1873. Bubalus pumilus b. stirps orientalis, Brooke, P. Z. 8. pp. 480, 483, pl. xlii. Hair coarse and scanty, longest along the ridge of the back and under surface of the head, general colour of the entire animal uniform blackish brown, slightly tinged with rufous on the sides and flanks. Tail bare, terminal tuft black. Ear-conches fringed with long brown hair, longest in females. Horns short, not greatly exceeding the skull in length, separate at their bases, which are very much flattened, spreading almost horizontally outwards, and retreating but slightly from the plane of the eyes. Height at the shoulder 50". General range. North-eastern Africa. Typical specimens of Bubalus equinoctialis may be distinguished from typical specimens of Bubalus caffer :— 1. By the smaller size of the former. 2. Adult specimens of Budalus caffer are much blacker than simi- lar specimens of Bubalus equinoctialis. 3. The horns of Bubalus equinoctialis are flattened at the base and short ; those of Bubalus caffer are boldly convex and of great size. 4. In the very different direction of the horns in the two species, BuBaus CAFFER (Sparm.). Hair scanty, general colour of the entire animal black. Horns very large, their length exceeding twice that of the skull, declining greatly from the horizontal and dipping boldly downwards and back- wards ; their basal anterior surfaces raised into immense convex bosses. Height at the shoulder about 59". General range. Africa south of the Equator. Conclusion. In conclusion I would simply say that although for the present it seems to me decidedly advisable to regard the three forms of African Buffaloes as distinct species, each known by a separate name, I am fully aware of the slender basis upon which their distinctive characteristics rest. I have, indeed, already seen specimens of Buffaloes from the Upper Zambesi of strikingly intermediate characters between Bubalus caffer and Bubalus equinoctialis. Between this latter form and Bubalus pumilus the difference of external characters appears to signify a wider breach ; but that these superficial differences may be found deceptive is, I think, rendered probable by the very remarkable gradation of characters exhibited in a large series of skulls, the gra- dation of characters taking place more or less step by step with the gradual spread of the animals over their geographical range. 458 MR. C. Ge DANFORD ON THE [June I, 11. Notes on the Wild Goat, Capra egagrus, Gm. By C. G. Danrorp, F.Z.8. [Received May 29, 1875.] During a recent visit to Asia Minor, made principally with the view of studying the ornithology of that country, an opportunity was afforded of observing the habits of the Wild Goat (Capra egagrus), some specimens of which are now submitted for the inspection of members of the Society. The following remarks pretend to convey but little, if any, new information on the subject, and are merely intended as a slight contribution to the history of the animal and as a corroboration of the statements of some authors respecting it. The range of the Capra egagrus seems to be, with the exception of the northern side of the Caucasus, entirely confined to Western Asia and certain islands of the AZgean. There is no authenticated instance of its having been found in other parts of Europe; for, although many authors have asserted that it existed in the alpine regions of Switzerland and Greece, and though Goats from these localities have even been figured as C. egagrus by Cuvier and Schinz, yet all these reports and instances may be referred to hybrids between the Ibex (C. tbexv) and the tame Goat, or to tame animals which have in certain localities become semi-wild and have more or less reverted to the appearance of the supposed original stock. Early writers generally assign Persia as its habitat, particularly the pro- vinces of Lar and Khorasan. Dr. Brandt mentions (Tchihatchef, ‘Asie Mineure,’ p. 684) that it was found by Méneétriés on the northern.side of the Caucasus, was reported rare in the mountains of Ahalzik by Mr. Norman, and that many specimens were sent from the neighbourhood of Tiflis by Mr. Hohenacker. Pallas (Spic. Zool. fase. xi. p. 43) extends its range to the Kirghiz steppes—an extension, however, which seems to want further proof. Mr. Low says (Breeds of Domest. Animals, The Goat, p- 3) “the Aigagrus inhabits Western Asia, from the Caucasus eastward by the countries of the Caspian to an unknown distance, and southward through the highlands of Persia and Cabul to Hin- dostan.”’ Tchihatchef, in his fine work on Asia Minor, writes:—‘ This animal is not very rare in the mountains of Cilicia which border the plain of Tchukurova, and in the mountains of Marach; but their favourite regions are the mountains of Aladagh, Boulgardagh, and Hassandagh.”” At the Bereketli Maden (mines), in the first-men- tioned of these ranges of the Taurus, M. Tchihatchef collected in 1848 a series of skulls and horns, which he presented to the Imperial Museum at St. Petersburg. According to Herr Kotschy, who has given a very interesting account of this species (Verhandl. d. zool.-bot. Ver. in Wien, 1854, p. 201, and Reise in d. cilicischen Taurus, p. 249), it is found in all Asia Minor, Kurdistan, Armenia, 1875.] WILD GOAT OF ASIA MINOR. 459 Caucasus, and north and south Persia, being most abundant in the latter ; he found them numerous on the Kuh Daena, near the old city of Susa, and on the plateau of Persepolis. Mr. Hutton (Cal- cutta Journal, vol. ii. p. 521) reports it common in Afghanistan, in the Soolimaun and Pisheen hills, and in the Huzzareh and western ranges. Fitzinger (Sitzungsber. d. k. Akad. vol. xxxvi. p. 741) says it occurs in the island of Scarpanto. Erhard (Fauna d. Cycladen, p. 29) considers the Goats of Joura and Skopelos to be true Aigagri, and identical with those of Crete. He distinguishes, however, as a different species, or at least as a well-marked variety, an animal which is found in small numbers on the little rocky island of Antimelos, and which he describes under the name of 4igoceros pictus. He also remarks that the Goats of Joura are now rare—though, according to Von d. Mihle (Ornith. Griech. p. 2), they were so common in 1839 that a party of Greek soldiers who were stranded on that island killed many of them with their bayonets. Mr. Blanford remarks (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 248) :—*“ It appears probable that the Wild Goat of Northern Persia, Asia Minor, and Crete is the same as that of Southern Persia and Sind ;” and Sir Victor Brooke has informed me (7m tt.) that ‘“ C. egagrus extends from Samothrace and Crete, through Asia Minor and Persia into Sind.’ He adds that ‘many modifications of the species no doubt occur through this great and varied range: for instance, the smooth-horned or Sind Capra egagrus is considerably smaller than the Wild Goat of Asia Minor; it is also somewhat different in its coloration, the ground-colour of the body being very much paler, and the facial markings more intense and sharper-defined.” These differences he attributes to the effects of climate and locality, but has no doubt that it is the same species. Without attempting to investigate the early history of C. egayrus, we may observe that this species is alluded to by some of the ancient writers. Varro mentions the Wild Goats of Samothrace under the name of ‘ Rote”? (lib. ii. cap. i.); and those of Crete are referred to by Cicero (De Nat. Deor. lib. ii.). Bochartus (Hierozoic. cap. xxiii. p. 918) thinks that Oppian means a particular species by the term atyaypos, “as, after speaking of the pugnacity of a certain kind of Goat, he passes to the Augagrus as to a race of Goat distinct from all others.” According to Cuvier (Desmarest, Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. vol. vi. p. 422), “‘ Le Paseng paroit etre l’Hippélaphe d’ Aristote et le Tragélaphe de Pline, dont la patrie indiquée par ces auteurs est la méme que celle de cet animal, et dont les descriptions lui convenien- nent également.” It seems to have been tolerably well known among the earlier authors of more recent times as the Paseng, which inhabited Persia, and is evidently the same animal which Albertus refers to as the “caper montanus”’ of Crete (see Gesner, C. ‘ Hist. Animal.’ p. 332), “Nullum animal cursu et agilitate tantum pollet et simul tam ingentia cornua habet quam caper montanus.’’ It is chiefly in con- nexion with the celebrated Bezoar stones that mention of the animal 460 MR. C. G. DANFORD ON THE [June 1, is made. The most efficacious of these concretions were generally admitted to be those which came from Persia, and which were found in the stomach of the Wild Goat of that country. It is doubtless of this species that Monardes writes (see Clusius, ‘Simp. Med.’ ed. 3, lib. iii. p. 41), although he is inclined to make it a link between the Deer and Goat, and to extend its range to Africa. He describes it as having the size and agility of the Stag, ‘Sed cornibus in dorsum reflexis et corporis forma capreis fere simile, quam ob causam, ab incolis capra montana vocatur, tametsi meo indicio cervi-capra potius dici debeat.’’ Garzias also says (see Clusius, ‘ Aromat. et Simp. Med. lib. i. cap. xiv. p. 164), ‘‘Est in Corasone et Persia Hirci quoddam genus, quod Pazan lingua Persica vocant rufi aut alterius coloris (ego rufum et preegrandem Goze vidi) mediocri altitudine, in cujus ventriculo fit hic lapis Bezahr.”’ These accounts are con- firmed by Acosta (see Clusius, ‘Aromat.’ &c. p. 59) who states that the hunters are able to tell what animals are suffering from these concretions, which he says are sometimes so large as to cause death *. The above authors are quoted by Aldrovandus (Quad. Bisule. Hist. p. 755) and Bauhinus (Monog. de Lap. Bez. cap. xvii. p. 97), and Bontius (De Lap. Bez. p. 165); the latter adds, ‘It is not dissimilar to the goat of Europe, but the horns are longer and more erect.” In Ray (Syst. Animal. p. 80), Charleton (Exercitationes, p. 69), and others, we find little but repetition on this subject until we come to Kempfer, who (Ameen. Exot. fase. ii. p. 396, p. 406. fig. 2) describes the animal which produces the Bezoar stones as “fera quedam montana caprini generis, quam incole Pasen, nostrates Capricervam nominant.”’ The description which he gives of this Capricerva agrees pretty well with the Aigagrus; but he makes the since often repeated mistake of assigning to the female no horns, or even traces of them. Dr. Brandt (Tch. Asie Mineure, vol. ii. p. 671) considers that the animal which Kempfer has figured represents a species of Ibex; but it is hard to say what so rude an illustration really stands for. Brisson (Reg. Animal. p. 44) has introduced confusion into the matter by identifying with the Pasan of the above authors some species of Antelope, though he gives it a beard like a Goat; of the horns he says, ‘‘ Cornua ipsi teretia sunt, recta, sat longa, ab imo ad summum fere annulata, apice tantummodo levi.” He also refers to the Wild Goat of Crete as Capra cretensis or the Cvis of most other authors. The animal figured by Houttuyn (Nat. Hist. p. 206, pl. xxiv. fig. 2), who quotes Kempfer, also belongs to the Antelope tribe, though called by him Cervicapra, or the Bezoarbock. Linnzus has identified the Hircus bezoarticus of Aldrovandus, the Capra bezoartica of Ray, and the Capricerva of Kempfer with an animal which lives in Persia and produces the Bezoar stone, and * The word Bezoar, Bezahar, Pasahar, &c., is, according to some authors, derived from the Persian Pa, against, and Zahar, poison; while others say that it is merely a corruption of Pasen or Pasan, the Persian for Goat. 1875. ] WILD GOAT OF ASIA MINOR. 461 which he describes as ‘‘ Hircus cornibus teretibus arcuatis, ab imo ad summum fere annulatis” (Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 96). Of this description Mr. Blanford says (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 248), “It cannot be identified with any known Persian ruminant.” D’ Aubenton has figured as the Gazelle du Bezoard, Pasan of the Orientals, some species of Antelope; he gives, however, a skeleton- figure of, and describes (tom. xii. p. 195, pl. 15) under the name of Capricorne, an animal which he considers intermediate between the Goats and Antelopes, and which Cuvier thinks is certain to have been a young Algagrus. Pallas, in his earlier writings (Misc. Zoog. p.8; Spic. Zool. fase. i. p- 14), was misled into identifying an animal which he calls Antilope bezoartica, and which he admits was only known to him by its horns, with the Pasen and Pasan of Keempfer and Buffon. We now come to S. G. Gmelin, who (Reise d. Russ. Th. iii. p- 473) rescued the subject from the utter confusion into which it had fallen by describing trom actual inspection specimens of the Mgagrus, called by him “ Ziege welche den Bezoar liefert.”” His description, however, though good of the male, is curiously incorrect regarding the female, of which he says, ‘‘ Several females have been brought to me; but I have not been able to find a trace of horns among any of them.” Pallas, in his next notices on this subject (Spic. Zool. fase. xi. p- 43), avails himself of Gmelin’s information, gives to the animal the name of 4yagrus, and considers it to be the same as that described by Monardus, Garcias, and Acosta, and identical with the Paseng of the Persians and the Capricerva of Kempfer, and quite distinct from the Antilope bezoartica before described by himself. Zimmerman (Spec. Zool. p. 662) has no doubt that it is the Aigagrus which is meant by Gmelin and Kempfer; and Erxleben (Syst. Reg. Animal. p. 261) speaks of it as an animal much con- fused with the Ibex, and first of all well distinguished by Pallas. The description which Pennant has given (Hist. Quad. vol. i. p. 57) of the Caucasan most probably refers it to this species. The name Capra egagrus, which is the generally accepted one, was first given to this species by J. F. Gmelin in his edition of Lin- nexus (Syst. Nat. p. 193); he describes it as ‘‘cornibus carinatis arcuatis, gula barbata,” and identifies it with the Zyagrus of Pallas, the Goat of S. G. Gmelin, the Capricerva of Kempfer, Steinbok of Ridinger, Chévre sauvage of Tavernier, and Caucasan of Pennant. The animals figured by F. Cuvier under the name of C. egagrus are, as has been already remarked and as he himself suspected, not Aigagrus at all, but either bastard or semi-wild Goats. They differ in colour, in the formation of the horns, and in having the hair of the face long instead of short. Pallas, in his later writings (Zool. Ross.-As. vi. p. 227), gives it the name of 4goceros egugrus, quoting Gmelin’s descriptions, and mentioning that he found among his (Gmelin’s) effects an unfinished sketch of the animal, and also the skull and horns. Tilesius (Isis, 1835, p. 668), while remarking on the mistakes 462 MR. C. G. DANFORD ON THE [June 1, made by Linnzeus and Buffon, has himself fallen into the error of confounding the Agagrus with the Ovis tragelaphus and the Bart- schaf of Pennant. Wagner (Suppl. to Schreber, pt. iv. p. 502) says, ‘‘ Although these Goats are in their native countries (Persia, the Alps of Asia Minor, and the Caucasus) by no means rare, yet the imperfect de- scriptions which Gmelin has left, have not, up to this time, been corn- pleted.’ This completion he proceeds to make from a specimen in the Museum at Vienna, which was originally sent there by Dr. Brandt, to whose excellent article, which forms the bulk of M. Tehi- - hatchef’s chapter on C. egagrus, I will refer the reader for detailed descriptions of the animal. In the winter of 1873-74, while on an excursion up the valleys of the Meander and Harpasus, we made many inquiries respecting this species, but could obtain no evidence of its existence among the mountains of that district; and it was not until our next visit in December of last year that we met with it in the southern part of the country near Adalia. The picturesque town of Adalia is situated at the head of the Gulf of the same name, and is the principal place in the once popu- lous district of Pamphylia. It is surrounded on its landward sides by a wide brushwood-covered plain, bounded on the north and north- east by the Gok and other mountains of the Taurus, and on the west by the Solyman, a lofty spur of the same range, in which latter the present specimens were collected. These mountains, the principal summit of which, the Ak-dagh (white mountain), attains a height of 10,000 feet (Hoskyn), rise abruptly from the plain and sea, and are of very imposing and rugged forms. The pure grey tints of the marble and marble-limestone of which they are principally composed show beautifully between the snowy summits and the bright green of the pines and darker shades of the undergrowth of oak, myrtle, and bay, which clothe their lower slopes. The Wild Goat is here found either solitary or in small parties and herds, which number sometimes as many as 100; the largest which I saw contained 28. It is called by the natives Kayeek, which word, though applied in other parts of the country to the Stag, and sometimes even the Roe, is here only used to designate the Aigagrus, the Fallow Deer of this district being properly known as Jamoorcha. The old males of the Aigagrus inhabit, during sammer, the higher mountains, being often met with on the snow, while the females and young frequent the lower and easier ridges; in winter, however, they all seem to live pretty much together among the rocks, scattered pines, and bushy ground, generally preferring elevations of from 2000-5000 feet. Herr Kotschy says they never descend below 4000 feet in Cilicia; but his observations were made in summer. Mén¢triés mentions (Voy. Catal. Rais.) that in the Caucasus they are not found under 1000 feet unless when: driven down by hard weather. In the neighbourhood of Adratschan, at the southern extremity of the Solyman range, where the species is 1875.] WILD GOAT OF ASIA MINOR. 463 abundant and the mountains are low, they often come down even in fine weather almost to the sea-level. Gmelin (Reise d. Russ. Th. iti.) mentions that the Hegagrus lives in company with the Eastern Sheep (Ovis gmelini’?). Like all the Ibex tribe the Aigagrus is extremely shy and wary at ordinary times, though, as is the case with many other animals, they may be easily approached during the rutting-season. I was told that they were often brought within shot at that time by the hunter secreting himself and rolling a few small stones down the rocks. When suddenly disturbed they utter a short angry snort and make off at a canter rather than a gallop. Though their agility among the rocks is marvellous, they do not, according to Mr. Hutton (Calcutta Journ. vii. p. 524), possess sufficient speed to enable them to escape from the dogs which are employed to hunt them in the lowlands of Afghanistan. It is interesting to see how, when danger is dreaded, the party is always led by the oldest male, who advances with great caution and carefully surveys the suspected ground before the others are allowed to follow. Their food consists principally of mountain-grasses, shoots of different small species of oak and cedar, and various berries. The young are dropped in May, and are one or two (Kotschy says sometimes three) in number. The horns appear very early, as shown in a kid of the year procured in the beginning of January. It is to be regretted that we were not able to ascertain the sex of this specimen, the body having been partially eaten by Vultures before we could secure it. No doubt many of the young are destroyed by the larger raptores, and a certain number by the Bears, Panthers, Lynxes, and Wolves; in addition to these ordinary foes, the Wild Goat suffers much from ticks and from an insect pest in the form of a peculiar bot, which locates itself in the frontal sinuses and the cavities of the horns, one of which, when cut open, was discovered to be entirely filled with these larve. Dr. Cobbold, to whom I forwarded some of these insects, writes, ‘‘The (sérus larvee placed in my hands for examination appear to be totally distinct from any form which has come under my notice ;” he also thinks that great distress must be caused by the ingress and egress of the bots in question. Herr Kotschy says that the Wild Goat is also infested by another parasite (Reise in cilisch. Tau. p. 258), which he describes as “not a tick; it was 3 lines long, brown in colour, and with a rounded abdomen, and escaped quickly from the dead animal into the beard of the hunter who was skinning it’’*. The external characteristics of the Hgagrus having been already so well described by Dr. Brandt and others, I will only remark that its general colour undergoes the change usual to that class of animal, becoming lighter in summer, that there is a considerable variation in the depth of the ground-colour and the markings and the extent of the latter in various individuals, that the markings of the females and young are always much fainter than in the adult males, and that the females are always quite beardless. It is * The existence of (strd larvee in C. egagrus is recorded by Dr. Murie (Proce, Zool. Soe. 1870, p. 80). 464 MR. C. G. DANFORD ON THE [June 1, necessary to mention this, as both Fitzinger (Sitzungsb. d. k. Akad. in Wien, xxxvi. p. 471) and Blasius (Siugeth. Deutsch. p. 485) say, ‘‘both sexes carry a strong beard.” Its size, Herr Kotschy remarks (Reise in cil. Tau. p. 441), ‘‘exceeds in every respect that of the European Ibex ; and it attains not unfrequently a length of 64 feet.” This is quite likely to be correct, as a male of six years measured by myself was 5 feet 54 inches from nose to tip of tail, and stood 2 feet 94 inches at the shoulder; while a female of the same age was 4 feet long, and 2 feet 3 inches at the shoulder. The development of the horn takes place, as has been shown, in the first year, and progresses in well-marked annual growths, the sizes of which are naturally regulated by the robustness of the animal and the supply of food. The yearly growths seem to be greatest from the third to the sixth year, the subsequent additions being successively smaller. The first well-developed knob may be generally taken to denote the termination of the third year. The greatest age attained in the present series seems to be (by the showing of these divisions) twelve years; but this is not the maximum, as Herr Kotschy mentions that ‘“‘two splendid pairs of fifteen-year old Ibex were brought to him” (Reise in cil. Tau. p. 244). The specimens now exhibited form part of a series of twenty-two pairs, eight of which I obtained from animals in the flesh. The finest head is that of a twelve-year old, and has the following measurements :—Superior curve 474 inches, chord 224, spread 2, basal circumference 93, weight 10; lbs. The greatest length which I find recorded is that in a living specimen possessed by Mr. Hutton, which had horns 404 inches. A specimen in the St.-Petersburg Museum was 40 inches, and another 39 inches. The latter had the great girth of 12 inches (Tch. Asie Min. vol. ii. p. 679). There is, however, in the British Museum the horn of a twelve-year old, which measures 481 inches on the curve; and even this I do not believe to be by any means the greatest length attained, having often been told by the native sportsmen of the Taurus that they had seen horns of six and seven spans, which, taking the largest pair before us roughly at 5} spans, would give the enormous length of 5 feet. The spread of the horns varies much in the male; but the direction of the points in specimens from the Caucasus and Asia Minor is almost invariably inward. When exhibiting some horns of Capra egagrus from Shiraz and Ispahan in Persia, Mr. Blanford remarked that they did not curve so much inward as those figured by Blasius in his ‘‘ Wirbelthiere Euro- pa’s”’ (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 248); and in some pairs, said to have come from Sind, which I examined, the direction of the points was decidedly outward; and Mr. Hutton’s Afghanistan head had a width of 222 inches. In the present series the horns in one case absolutely cross (fig. 1, p. 466), in another they meet, and all curve inwards with one exception. This latter specimen (fig. 2, p. 466), killed thirty years ago on the Mountain of Chander in the Solyman range, is further remarkable in that, though only the head of an eight-year 1875. WILD GOAT OF ASIA MINOR. 465 old, it stands second both in length and weight, while the distance between the points, viz. 27 inches, is the greatest width with which I am acquainted. There seems also to be a slight tendency to a spiral form, which makes me doubt whether it is the head of a pure /Egagrus. Horns are probably produced during the first year in the female as wellas in the male; but their development is comparatively slight, vas Capra egagrus, typical form, male. very little keel is formed, and the yearly growths are not nearly so distinct. Old female horns measured by Dr. Brandt and Mr. Hutton were 13 inches long, and the largest horn of my collection, from an animal about six years old, is 12 inches long, with a girth of 4 inches. The inward tendency of the points seems to be generally less in the female than in the male (figs. 3, 4). Regarding the use of the great horns carried by the Ibex family, the general idea among the older authors was that they were employed to break the animals fall in leaping from a_height. Pennant relates (Hist. Quadr. vol. i. p. 57) that Monardes was witness to the wild Goat saving itself in this way; and Gesner says (Hist. Animal. p. 332), “cadens ab alto totum corpus inter cornua protegit a collisione et ictus lapidum magnorum excipit cornibus.” This view is confirmed by Mr. Hutton, whose tame Aigagrus re- peatedly used his horns for this purpose (Cale. Jour. vol. ii. p, 524). Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, No. XXX. 30 —_ 466 MR. C. G. DANFORD ON THE { June Capra egagrus. Figs. 1, 2, male; figs. 3, 4, female. 1875. WILD GOAT OF ASIA MINOR. 467 I made many inquiries among the native hunters; and they all agreed in saying that the horns were never so used, or for any purpose except fighting ; and the result of my own observations is, that during the leap the head is carried as far back as possible, though it may be that the situations in which I observed the animals did not neces- sitate the employment of the horns in the way referred to. The flesh of the wild goat is very good, tastes very much like venison, and has none of the unpleasant characteristics of the tame species. It is much esteemed among the Turks; and Belon relates (Paulus, Reisen in den Orient, Th. iv. p. 27), that the Greeks of Crete were accustomed to bake the Ibex whole, and that he fre- quently saw such entire dried animals hanging up in the mountain- huts. The skin is in request for praying-mats and a variety of pur- poses, while of the horns are made powder-flasks, drinking-cups, and even ramrods. Most naturalists agree in considering the C. egagrus to be the principal original stock of the ordinary domestic goats, while some go so far as to say that all our varieties are derived from it. Berchem, however, considered the Aigagrus itself to be a variety of the Ibex, which he believes to be the real original stock of the tame breeds (‘ Betracht. u. d. wild. Ursprung d. Hausziegen,”” Hoepfners Mag. 1718, Bd. ii.) and (‘ Beschr. d. Nat. d. Steinbocks, d. Savoy. Alp.,” 16.1789, Bd. iv.). Sundevall thought that C.falconeri, Hugel, from Cashmere and Thibet, approached nearer to the domestic goat than C. egagrus. Giebel (Allgem. Zool. pt. i. p. 29) says that the certainty of C. e@gagrus being the origin of the domestic goat is not based upon suf- ficient grounds. Mr. Hutton, in his interesting paper (Calc. Journ. vol. ii.), seems to hold the same opinion. He has tried in vain to procure a breed from two hybrids ; and in crosses got from a hybrid by domestic goats he finds that the beard, which he says is possessed by the female of the Persian and Afghanistan tame breeds, is retained to the third generation ; and arguing from the tendency of tame animals, when crossed by the wild stock, to return to their original condition, he says, ‘‘1f the domestic breed is derived from the wild one, the fermer one being crossed by the original stock should revert to it, and the tendency to do this would appear in the absence of those peculiarities which were unnatural. Yet this is not the case; for although the beard is unnatural in the wild female, yet the half-breed and even the third generation of the cross retain it, thus showing it to be a na- tural characteristic in the tame goat, and that the breeds are distinct.” I may remark that in a tame female goat which I examined the other day, and which was said to be of a pure breed, the hair was short and the ground-colour and markings almost identical with those of the /Egagrus, but the horns were absent, and the beard was present. Belon (Bemerk.; see Paulus, Reisen, Th.iv.) states that the Wild Goat of Crete breeds freely with the tame; and many hybrids have been produced in the Gardens of the Society by a female obtained in that island, which crossed freely both with the domestic breeds and with the Markhore (C. megaceros). According to Guldenstadt (Pen- 30* 468 MR. DANFORD ON THE WILD GOAT OF ASIA MINOR. [June l, nant, Hist. Quad. vol. i. p. 59) the mountaineers of the Caucasus have never observed it to mix or couple with the common goats ; and in that part of Asia Minor which we visited we neither saw nor heard of such crosses, all the tame goats being very dissimilar in appearance to the wild species. Having, however, heard of a man who had a tame AXgagrus a year old, I sent for him; but he refused to part with it for even what must have been to him a large sum, saying that he wished to try and breed from it. This shows that even in a country where they abound to such an extent that hunters number their’slain by hundreds, interbreeding is by no means com- mon. Dr. Brandt, who considers the Mgagrus “ exclusively and incontestably the source of the domestic goat’ (though he afterwards adds, not of all the breeds) (Ich. Asie Min. vol. ii. p. 687), adduces in favour of his opinion the strong argument that the skulls of the wild and tame males are almost identical, and there is absolutely no difference between those of the females. He also considers that the fact of the Augagrus inhabiting those regions which are supposed to have been the earliest centres of civilization, is an additional proof. Though, from my very limited knowledge of the Goat family, I am not myself capable of forming useful opinions on this vexed subject, I may say that while considering the Aigagrus to be the principal stock of the western breeds, there are certain points of difference, such as the presence of a beard among the tame females, and the very common tendency to a flattened and spiral form in the horns in both sexes, which induce me to think that the Mgagrus is not the sole source from which they spring, but that they have some connexion with such species as the Pyrenean, Caucasian, and Alpine Ibexes. In- stances of interbreeding between the Alpine lbex and the tame Goat have been recorded; and although there does not seem to have been any record of such a race having been perpetuated, yet the fact of the Goats procured from the Alps and figured by Cuvier, and which were themselves hybrids, having inte: bred (though, it is true, the young did not live) seems to show that such a descent might be possible. With regard to the form of the horns, though I do not pretend to say that those of the semi-w‘ld Goats may not in some instances closely resemble the Aigagrus, yet, in all horns of this class which I have been able to examine, an inclination to a spiral form and an outward directing of the points have always been exhibited, and not a reversion to the true Agagrus-type. They do, however, sometimes attain almost as large a size; for a pair from Wales 41 inches long is mentioned by Pennant (Hist. Quad. vol. i. p. 60), and there is an account in the ‘ Field’ (Feb. 20, 1869) of two semi-wild goats shot by Lord Kennedy near Haverford West, in Wales, one of which had horns 363 inches long, 39 inches across, and 7? in girth; while those of the other, whose head more resembled the Augagrus, were 34? long, 134 across, and 7} in girth. In conclusion, I would observe that the study of the original sources from which the Goat as well as others of our domestic animals have been derived seems to be one of great interest, and at the same time of still greater difficulty, and will require from any one who may attempt it much clear insight and patient investigation. 1875. | LETTER FROM DR. A. B. MEYER. 469 June 15, 1875. Prof. Newton, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of May 1875. The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena- gerie during the month of May was 165. Of these, 100 were acquired by presentation, 34 by purchase, 4 by exchange, 18 by birth, 1 by hatch, and 8 were received on deposit. The total number of depar- tures during the same period, by death and removals, was 113. The most uoticeable additions during the month of May were as follows :— 1. A Hairy Tree-Porcupine (Cercolabes villosus, F. Cuv.) from South-East Brazil, and 2. A Rock-Cavy, ¢ (Cervdon rupestris, Max.), from the saine country. Both of these Rodents, which were purchased on May 5th cf a dealer in Liverpool, are new to the Society’s collection. 3. A fine example of the King Penguin (dptenodytes pennanti) from the Falkland Islands, presented by Mr. Frederick E. Cobb, Manager of the Falkland-Islands Company at Stanley, Falkland Islands, received May 18th. 4, An example of an apparently new species of Monkey allied to the common Macaque (Macacus cynomolgus), presented by Dr. Marfels, Conservator of Forests to the King of Burmah, Mandalay, Burmah, and brought home by Dr. J. Anderson, F.Z.S., May 19th. Dr. Anderson will give us a complete description of this Monkey. 5. A small Wallaby of a species new to the Society’s Menagetie, purchased May 28th. It appears to be, as kindly suggested by Mr. Gould, an example of the Agile Wallaby (Halmaturus agilis), Gould’s ‘Mammals of Australia,’ ii. pls. 24 & 25, from North Australia. 6. An about half-grown Australian Cassowary (Casuarius aus- tralis), from Queensland, presented by E. P. Ramsay, Esq.,C.M.Z.S., May 28th, making the second example of this hitherto little-known species now alive in the Gardens. 7. Two Jameson’s Gulls (Larus jamesoni), from Sydney, N.S.W., presented by C. Moore, Esq., C.M.Z.S., May 28th, being the first example of this beautiful species we have received alive. A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Dr. A. B. Meyer, stating that he had made inquiries of Mr. Van Musschenbroek, of Ternate, as to the truth of the statement of Mr. Bruyn (P. Z.S. 1875, p. 30) that he had specimens of four species of Birds of Paradise living in his possession, and had ascertained that this was not the fact, and that the only living Birds of Paradise in Mr. Bruyn’s possession were two examples of Paradisea papuana. The only foundation for the story was that Mr. Bruyn eapected to get specimens of other species. 470 MR. G. E, DOBSON ON NEW SPECIES OF Bats. [June 15, Sir Victor Brooke exhibited original drawings by Mr. Wolf of the two species of Koodoo, Tragelaphus strepsiceros and T. imberbis*, and pointed out the distinctions between these two animals. The figure of the latter was taken from a specimen received by Sir Victor Brooke from the Juba river, Somali Coast, which was, no doubt, the true habitat of this species. Mr. Sclater read a memoir on the Rhinoceroses now or lately living in the Society’s Menagerie. ‘This will be published in the Society’s ‘ Transactions.’ Prof. Owen, C.B., F.R.S., read the twenty-first of his series of memoirs on the extinct birds of the genus Dinornis of New Zealand, and their allies. ‘The present paper contained an account of some bones of Harpagornis moorei, found in the turbaries of Glenmark, near Christchurch, New Zealand. Dr. James Hector, F.R.S., exhibited a specimen of the pelvis of Harpagornis moorei of Haast, which had been found on the surface of the ground under a rock, in the province of Otago, New Zealand, by Mr. A. Low. It had been figured in Trans. N.Z. Inst. vol. vi., and was the property of the Colonial Museum, Wellington, N. Z. Mr. G. Dawson Rowley, F.Z.S., exhibited skins of Nasiterna geel- vinkiana, S and @ , which, as far as he knew, were new to this country; also an example of NV. pygmea ¢, to show the difference between the two species. It appeared that NV. geelvinkiana was a trifle smaller than NV. pygmea. The following papers were read :— l. Descriptions of new or little-known Species of Bats of the Genus Vesperugo. By G. E. Dosson, M.A., M.B., F.L.S., &c. [Received May 28, 1875.] Genus VESPERUGO. Vesperugo, Keys. & Blas. Wiegm. Archiv, 1839, p. 312. a. Ears broad, rhomboidal; tragus expanded above and curved inwards ; phalanges of third and fourth fingers short; a band of hair on under surface of the wing-membrane posterior to the forearm; wings not extending to the base of the toes; cal- neh 2.2 caneum distinct ; premolars 5. Subgenus Vesperugo. 1. VESPERUGO STENOPTERUS, 0. Sp. Crown of the head very slightly elevated, almost level with the face-line ; muzzle broad and flat, labial glandular prominences largely * Strepsiceros imberbis, Blyth, P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 51. 1875. ] MR. G. E. DOBSON ON NEW SPECIES OF BATS. 471 developed, the upper lip symmetrically thickened. Ears short; the distance between the base of the inner margin of the ear-conch and the termination of the outer margin near the angle of the mouth is equal to the distance from the base of the inner margin to the summit of the ear; integument forming the conch very thick, especially the lower half of the outer side; tragus short, broad above, narrow opposite the base of the inner margin. Feet wholly free from the wing-membrane, which is attached to the tibia a short distance above the ankle; this and the shortness of the phalanges of the third and fourth fingers cause remarkable narrowness of the wings. Postcalcaneal lobe small, termination of caleaneum indistinct ; tip of tail free. Fur dark brown throughout ; integuments and wing-membrane dark brown or black. The muzzle in front of the eyes, both above and beneath, is almost naked ; and the distribution of the fur upon other parts is similar to that in V. noctula. The upper incisors are similar to those of V. noctula; but the second upper premolar is separated by a small space from the canine, through which the small first premolar may be seen from without. Length (of an adult male preserved in alcohol), head and body 2"-35; tail 1:7; head 0”:75; ear 0-6; tragus 0-25 x 0'°15; forearm 1°55; thumb 0-32; second finger 2'°6; fourth finger 1°65; tibia 0'°55; foot and claws 0'"45. Hab. Sarawak, Borneo. Type in the collection of the British Museum. 6. Ears longer than broad, triangular; tragus reaching its greatest width below the middle of the inner margin, longer than broad ; no postcalcaneal lobule; wings from the base of the toes; pre- molars 2s Subgenus A/lodus, Ptrs. 2. VESPERUGO PULCHER, D. sp. Crown of the head slightly elevated above the face-line; muzzle shaped more like that of some species of Vespertilio (V. emarginatus, e.g.),and the glandular prominences between the nostrils and eyes less developed than in most species of Vesperugo. Lars about four fifths the length of the head, the ascending inner margin straight or faintly convex, the upper half of the outer margin slightly concave, terminating in a line directly below the eye, but on a lower level than the angle of the mouth; tragus nearly half the length of the ear, shaped like that of V. serotinus. Posterior margin of the interfemoral membrane festooned with distinct papille arranged like the teeth.of a comb. Fur above sienna-brown, with shining tips, beneath wholly pure white; the dark-coloured fur of the back does not pass beyond a line connecting the angle of the mouth (when the head is extended) and the under surface of the humerus. Interfemoral, antebrachial, and wing-membranes between the humerus and femur white; the remaining parts of the wing-membrane pale brown. 472 MR. G, E. DOBSON ON NEW SPECIES OF Bats. [June 15, Inner upper incisor long, with a secoud cusp on its outer side near the extremity. Outer incisor short, lying close to the base of the inner incisor. Second premolar in the upper jaw separated from the canine by a short interval, through which the small first premolar is distinctly visible from without. Lower incisors not crowded. Length (of an adult male preserved in alcohol), head and body 20; tail 1”°6; head 07; ear 0'"6; tragus 0°25; forearm 1°35; thumb 0°28; second finger 2-6; fourth finger 1'-9 ; tibia 0-52 ; foot and claws 0'°3. Hab, Zanzibar. Type in the collection of the British Museum. This species resembles V. (Alobus) temminckii, Riipp., but may be at once distinguished by the form of the tragus, which is narrowed towards the tip and subacutely pointed, by the deeply fimbriated margin of the interfemoral membrane, by its much greater size, &e. ce. Ears triangular, the outer margin terminating in a distinct well-defined round lobe midway between the base of the tragus and the angle of the mouth; lobule at base of outer margin of tragus very small or absent ;~ postcaleaneal lobe distinct ; wings from the base of the toes; base of the thumbs and soles of the feet with fleshy pads as in Tylonycteris ; premolars — Sub- genus Glischropus. 3. VESPERUGO NANUS. Vesperugo nanus, Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, i. p. 63. Resembles V. pipistrellus in the general form of the muzzle and ears; but the ears are narrower, and their outer margin distinctly angularly emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, terminating in a sharply defined, projecting round lobule; the inner margin is regularly slightly convex from the base to the tip, which is shortly rounded off; the upper half of the outer margin distinctly concave. Tragus without triangular lobule or projection at the base, narrowest opposite the base, broadest opposite the upper fifth of the inner margin, the outer margin sloping inwards above to join the inner margin, and form with it a narrow rounded terminal projection curved slightly inwards. Base of the thumb swollen, rounded, the surface marked with deep wrinkles; the sole of the foot similarly swollen aud wrinkled, but flat, or slightly concave as in Tylonycteris pachypus ; toes short, about half the length of the whole foot. Postcalcaneal lobe distinct, rounded, placed on the calcaneum at a distance equal to about three fourths the length of the foot from the end of the tibia. Tail as long as the head and body, the extreme tip projecting. Above dark brown or black, with shining tips; beneath brown or black at the base, with ashy extremities. Upper incisors nearly equal in length, inner incisors bifid at extremities, outer unicuspidate. Lower incisors distinctly trifid, and not crowded. Second upper premolar separated from the canine by 1875.] MR. G. E. DOBSON ON NEW SPECIES OF BATS. 473 a narrow interval, through which the small first is visible from without. Length, head and body 1'"6 ; tail 1-6; head 0-55; ear 0-45; tragus 0'"22; forearm 1'°2; thumb 0!*22; second finger 2!'25 ; fourth finger 1!'-65 ; tibia 0'-5 ; foot and claws 0!-22. Hab. Africa; eastern and western coasts. 4, VESPERUGO TYLOPUS, 0. sp. Muzzle broad and evenly rounded in front ; nostrils opening on a level with the glandular prominences on each side, and without intervening emargination ; glands of the upper lip greatly developed, forming smooth, almost naked prominences, causing a furrow along the centre of the face behind the nostrils. Ears triangular, narrowed above, with rounded tips, the ascending part of the inner margin very faintly convex, nearly straight; the upper third of the outer margin straight, succeeded by a considerable convexity, causing the upper third to appear concave, then distinctly angularly emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating in a well-defined lobe midway between the base of the tragus and the angle of the mouth, but on a lower level than the mouth. This angular emar- gination and round terminal lobe are even better-defined than in /. nanus. ‘Tragus faintly concave along inner margin, outer margin slightly convex, tip obtusely rounded off; a minute very acutely pointed projection slightly above the base of the outer margin. Thumb rather long ; the whole of the lower surface of basal half occupied by a naked rounded callosity of a pale yellow colour (in alcohol), with transverse wrinkles ; the sole of the foot is similarly formed, but the surface is flat, or slightly concave. The light yellow colour of these callosities or elastic and adhesive pads of the thumbs and feet contrasts remarkably with the very dark colour of the integument of the surrounding parts. Postealcaneal lobe distinct ; extreme tip of tail projecting. Inner upper incisors long, bifid, the smaller cusp placed posteriorly and externally near the extremity ; outer incisors very short, but in transverse diameter equal to the inner ones, placed in a plane slightly anterior, the single cusp sloping inwards and lying against the cingulum of the inner incisors. Lower incisors trifid, not crowded. First upper premolar internal, but visible from without. Length, head and body 1°55; tail 1'°5; head 0:55; ear 05; tragus 0-2; forearm 1''"2; thumb 0:26 ; second finger 2'"4 ; fourth finger 1'"65; tibia 0-55 ; foot and claws 0':26. Hab. North Borneo. Type in the collection of the British Museum. The peculiar structure of the sole of the foot and of the inferior surface of the thumb has not been previously noticed in V. nanus, and has hitherto been described in the genus Tylonycteris only. Among other Mammalian orders an homologous condition of the sole of the foot is found in Hyra (in the arboreal species especially) by which these animals are enabled to run up the smooth faces of rocks and climb to the summits of lofty trees. As these animals have no 474 PROF. G, GULLIVER ON [June 15, prehensile claws, it would be impossible for them to mount trees without this special provision for climbling. In Tylonycteris and Glischropus the fleshy foot-pads without doubt perform similar functions, probably enabling these Bats to cling to the under surfaces of large leaves and fruits, perhaps not so effectively, however, as the much more highly specialized peduncu- lated sucking-disks of Thyroptera tricolor enable that animal to adhere to smooth surfaces.as securely as a fly. 2. Observations on the Sizes and Shapes of the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of Vertebrates, with Drawings of them to a uniform Scale, and extended and revised Tables of Measurements. By Gurorce Gututver, F.R.S., late Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Physiology to the Royal College of Surgeons. [Received May 31, 1875.] (Plate LV.) No physiologist is likely at the present day to undervalue, as John Hunter did, the importance of the red blood-corpuscles. They often afford valuable characters which, though regularly ignored in the books of systematic zoology, should always form a part of the de- scriptions of the orders, and sometimes of the species, of each class of vertebrate animals. Higher still is the physiological significance of the corpuscles; their relations of individual size and of aggregate proportions to the other constituents of the blood, and to the eco- nomy of the species (in which we now kuow that the corpuscles per- form an important function intimately connected with their size and number), have become questions of much interest and moment which still require further investigation. But such inquiry would be foreign to the present purpose, which is to give simply the averages, with brief explanatory comments, of numberless measurements, all made by me, in the hope that they may be useful towards further researches of the same kind. And so many are the facts either suggested or shown by my Tables, in relation to the significance of the comparative sizes of the corpuscles, that I can here make no attempt to consider or develop this branch of the subject, It has been admirably treated by Professor Milne-Edwards in his ‘ Legons sur la Physiologie et l’ Anatomie Comparée,’ and was summarily noticed in my ‘ Lectures on the Blood, Lymph, and Chyle,’ delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons, and reported (with en- gravings) in the ‘ Medical Times and Gazette,’ 1862-3. On the taxonomic import of the nucleus of the red corpuscle, my observa- tions (illustrated by woodcuts drawn to a scale) are published in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society (P. Z. S. 1862, p. 91, et 1870, p. 92) ; MAN QUADRUMANA. CHEIROPTERA. 200000 OOQOUQVEdiony 29 30 «63! 32 RODENTIA. 37 38 39 40 +1 EDENT. TATA. MAR SUP. me | Ol | 000 10001) 1200909 00ee||5 CETACEA. | __—s PACH YDERMATA. = 0001 OO 992 Olf3 ayateae : : AVES. : erat ale ( REPTILIA ET BATRACHIA. ae Gymmopodus. Lissotriton. Crocodil. Lacert. Anguis. Coluber. Python. Bufo. Sieboldia. Amphi uma. @)\Ce = \ce( @ ) Perca., =) Salmo. Esox. Gmynotus. Squalus. Ammoccetes. Rae Sees Mies Thee of gee ay ak 400o% oF AN INCH. G Gulliver debt MbNHarharl lth RED BLOOD-CORPUSCLES. VIVUGATLUIA ‘VIVNYNIUA 1875.] RED BLOOD-CORPUSCLES. 475 the significance is intimated of the comparative minuteness of the corpuscles in the small species of single natural orders or families of Apyrenzemata and throughout the class of Birds. Since the publication, upwards of a quarter of a century ago, of my Tables of Measurements, I have made so many additions and revisions by new observations, several of which have never been pub- lished, that nothing short of the present paper will suffice to give such a fair view of the whole series of averages as will be most useful for future reference, in relation to questions, often arising and likely to increase, concerning the import, whether taxonomic or physiological, of the sizes of the red corpuscles of the blood. The original Tables, which appeared in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society (P. Z.S. 1845, p- 93) and in the Sydenham Society’s edition of Hewson’s Works, 8vo, 1846, followed my extensive observations on the same subject in the ‘ Lond. and Edin. Phil. Mag.’ January 1840 to August 1842, and in the Appendix to the English version of Gerber’s Anatomy, 8vo, Lond. 1842. Those measurements have been added to piecemeal up to the present year; and the tables from Hewson’s Works were converted into French millimetres and transferred by Milne-Edwards to the first volume (8vo, Paris, 1857, pp. 84-90) of his great work already cited. Of course, as linear measurements only are used, all my remarks as to the sizes of the corpuscles are to be understood accordingly. The measurements now recorded show the results of the labours of many years, and are far more copious than any others known to me, and, with the observations connected therewith originally, proved sundry facts, such as, e. g.: —the singular minuteness in the Tragulidze of the red blood-corpuscles, their largeness in the Edentata and pin- niped Feree, and batrachian character in Lepidosiren; the compa- rative sizes of the corpuscles in several of the subsections of the vertebrate subkingdom ; the relation of those sizes to the sizes of the species in the orders or families of Apyrenzemata and throughout the class of Birds; the essential difference between the Pyrenzemata and Apyrenzmata, with the conformity of the Lampreys to the former and of the Camels to the latter type, and the identity of the corpuscles in placental and implacental Mammalia. On some points the engraved page in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ Feb. 25, 1862, contains such errors of omission and commission, caused by strange accidents, and is so deficient in later observations, that it is now given with the needful corrections and additions in illustration of the present paper. Specimens of the corpuscles in the different classes and orders are all drawn side by side to a uniform scale, of which each one of its ten divisions stands for >) of an English inch, and the whole length of the scale for =}¢ of an inch. The same design will be adopted, with unimportant modifications in the arrangement of the corpuscles and divisions of the scale, in the next edition of Pro- fessor Beale’s excellent work on the microscope. Historical notices of the observations of my predecessors and contemporaries are given in the memoirs cited above, and in the notes to the edition of Hew- son’s Works already mentioned. 476 PROF. G. GULLIVER ON [June 15, The present Tables, though so extensive, show how numerous are the Vertebrates of which we still require an examination of the blood- corpuscles. The sum of the facts at this time known on the subject is so far imperfect, that we are ignorant of how svon new ones may turn up to subvert even our most cherished theories or generaliza- tions. Hence the remarks or deductions on the present occasion, being confined to the measurements given in the Tables, must be considered as provisional, subject to modifications or corrections to suit the advance of knowledge, especially as regards Fishes, Batra- chians, Cetaceans, Sirenians, and some other Vertebrates. It is desirable, too, that my measurements should be subjected to expe- rimental examinations by independent observers. To rigorous accuracy these Tables, of the averages of a far greater number of measurements, have no pretension. In this respect all that can be candidly said is, that, though they have been carefully deduced from innumerable and generally correct observations of the corpuscles, the size of these is by no means invariable in a single species, and that, even were they ever so constant in magnitude, seeing how much they usually differ among themselves in every field of vision, commonly to the extent of one third larger or smaller than the mean, their average dimensions could not be easily determined with sure precision. Upwards of a third of a century has passed since Dr. Bowerbank, experimenting with a cobweb micrometer at one of his delightful and instructive entertainments, found a remark- able difference in the size of the red blood-corpuscles obtained from the fingers of three gentlemen among his guests then present toge- ther. In the human subject I have often observed similar diver- sities, though to a less extent than appeared in Dr. Bowerbank’s experiments ; and I have notes of results to the like effect of obser- vations, long since made by me, on single and on different individuals of one and the same species of all the Vertebrate classes. But such variations (in Man, see further p. 484), whether in a single individual or in different individuals of one species, are confined within such limits as not to prevent good approximations to the truth in the measurements. It should also be borne in mind that small organisms, even when each of them has a fixed diameter, vary so much among themselves that it would be difficult, if not impossible, to determine with abso- Inte precision their mean dimensions, however easy it may be to measure truly a single blood-disk or a spore of a cryptogam. For example, let any person make trials with several portions of one and the same sample of spores or little seeds of a plant, when the results of numerous true measurements will fail to afford precisely the same average diameter. How, then, can this be expected of objects so variable in size and shape as the red blood-corpuscles? Those of Mammalia, when dried slowly, are apt to become misshapen and more or less irregularly contracted ; but when dried instantaneously in single or very thin layers on a glass slide, their form is admirably preserved, and their size is a shade larger than in the wet state, especially when prepared in summer. The pyrenzematous corpuscles, 1875. | RED BLOOD-CORPUSCLES. 477 on the contrary, are generally somewhat contracted by similar drying. The complete and permanent preservation of their form by drying seems to be a characteristic of the red blood-corpuscles ; other soft bodies, such as lymph-corpuscles or pale blood-globules, lose their shape, however carefully dried. Of both kinds of the red corpuscles I have many specimens thus prepared more than a third of a century since, and they are still as beautifully perfect as ever, though they are naked, as at first, on the glass slides, protected only by wrapping paper, and have often travelled about, with military baggage and otherwise, both by sea and land. The blood prepared in this simple manner only requires to be kept dry. And thus it would be easy for voyagers to preserve and bring home specimens of red blood- corpuscles quite suitable for mensuration. Special circumstances, too, of which we have not yet sufficient knowledge, may affect the value of any series of such measurements as those recorded in these T'ables. When a bird is much excited, and the circulation quickened by attempts at its capture in an aviary, the oval figure of its red blood-corpuscles may be more elongated than in the same bird when quietly at rest. In Batrachians and Reptiles the corpuscles are so large as easily to admit of a perception of variations in their size; these I have found surprising in Proteus and Steboldia; and my attention was sometimes arrested by like diversities in other Vertebrates at different times or seasons, though not in so many observations and with such notes as would be needful for satisfactory conclusions. But the facts are sufficient to show that exact and extensive investigations are yet necessary on the compa- rative magnitude of the red corpuscles, and their aggregate propor- tion to the other parts of the blood, in one and the same animal at different seasons and under various circumstances :—for example, whether minute diversities in the corpuscles may not be found in man at the tropics and frigid zone; in animals at rest and during violent exertion ; in hibernating animals during winter and summer ; in species subject to periodic increase of temperature, as observed by Dr. Sclater in the Python during incubation (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 365, and 1870, p. 97); in males and females; in the arterial and venous systems, and in their different parts; also in relation to the ever-varying state of the liquor sanguinis. Such delicate inquiries, indeed, would require much care and labour, but might be rewarded with valuable results. Pathological or septic changes are out of the present question ; but to it belongs the fact that in a single healthy species the corpuscles are so prone to minute variations of size that of these no two observers, or even one observer, can be certain of obtaining precisely the same average measurements. No wonder, then, that those obtained by such an excellent micro- grapher as Dr. J. J. Woodward (Month. Micros. Journ., Feb. 1875) should not exactly agree with the results recorded by other observers. Nor need errors be suspected in measurements which differ little more than the objects measured, and which differences, though limited in degree, are sufficient to prevent an exact concordance in divers obser- vations, especially as regards the mean sizes of the blood-disks. 478 PROF. G. GULLIVER ON | June 15, Considering therefore all the fore-mentioned disturbing circum- stances, perfect agreement and precision in measurements of the corpuscles, and deductions of completely unexceptional averages therefrom, by various observers, or even by one observer, will appear hopeless. Accordingly, as already hinted, my Tables cannot pretend to absolute exactness, and are only offered for what they may be worth ; and in the estimation of their value, allowance should be made for errors, whether instrumental or personal, more or less inevitable, notwithstanding the greatest care, in observations so extensive. But the relative value of the measurements, though probably not unexceptionable, may be entitled to more confidence as fair approx- imations to the truth. They were all made by me, under the same conditions and by the same means as described in former papers ; and by any valid micrometry, in spite of little mistakes or of vari- ations in the dimensions of the corpuscles of this or that species, the comparative results will appear sufficiently uniform. Thus, if we compare the red blood-corpuscles of species of one order or family, e.g. Tragules and other Ruminants, the corpuscles in the former animals will constantly prove the smallest—so, too, in Paradoxurus and Canis, in Hippopotamus and Elephas, in Mus and Hydrocherus, in Dasypus villosus and Orycteropus capensis, in Rhea americana and Casuarius javanicus, in Zootica vivipara and Anguis fragilis, in Bufo viridis aud Bufo vulgaris, in Osmerus eperlanus and Salmo salar. And in like manner the facts are equally clear in a com- parison of the different orders; so that the corpuscles are smaller in Ruminantia than in Rodentia, in Marsupiata than in Edentata, in Granivoree than in Rapaces, in Anura than in Urodela, in Sturiones than in Plagiostomi. PyRENZMATOUS VERTEBRATES. Tn every animal, without any known exception, of this great division the red blood-corpuscle is characterized by the presence of a mucleus, which is plainly demonstrable in the majority of the corpuscles when examined on the object-plate under the microscope. Nor is the tax- onomic value of this fact at all affected by the old and still vexed question, as to whether the nucleus exists distinctly or at all in the corpuscle while it circulates within the living blood-vessels, or is formed only after its exposure to the atmosphere or chemical re- agents. Many years ago De Blainville, Valentin, Henle, and others, and more recently Savory, supported the latter view; and the former was adopted by Mayer and K@lliker, to which Brunke has lately conformed. The subject cannot be entertained here; only it may be noted that I have satisfied myself of the substantial accuracy of Mr. Savory’s observations on the blood-disks of some British Batrachians, but not of the validity of his conclusion therefrom, and that I have plainly seen in certain fishes the projections on the cor- puscles, indicative of a nucleus, while they were flowing within the living blood-vessels. In Pyreneemata the thickness of each of the red blood-corpuscles is commonly about one third of its short diameter; they are oval, 1875. ] RED BLOOD-CORPUSCLES. 479 except in the Lampreys; largest in the tailed Batrachians and Lepi- dosiren; and then follow, in the order of the size of the corpuscles, Rays and Sharks, Frogs and Toads, Reptiles, Birds, and osseous Fishes, with certain exceptions, which may be seen in the Tables of Measurements. Among the oval corpuscles, whether in Pyrenzemata or Apyrenzemata, a few may deviate by gradations to the circular shape. Of these terms Pyreneemata and Apyrenzemata, here applied to the two great sections of the Vertebrate subkingdom, an account is given in my Lectures cited above, also in the second volume of the ‘ Journal of Anatomy and Physiology,’ in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoo- logical Society,’ Feb. 25, 1862, and in the ‘ Hunterian Oration,’ 1863. FIsHEs. In no other vertebrate class are the red blood-corpuscles so diffi- cult to measure as in this, wherein they are prone to rapid septic con- ditions, are singularly delicate in outline and substance, and hence most liable to changes of shape ; in all of which points the corpuscles of Fishes contrast remarkably with those of Reptiles and Birds. Form of the corpuscles.—Throughout the Vertebrates this is a disk, like a cake or coin; and hence the term blood-disk ; but it is never so thin proportionally as a coin, and in fishes the thickness is about one third of its short diameter. The corpuscles are circular in the Lam- preys, as figured with details in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoclogical Society,’ Dec. 6, 1870, p. 845; but in all other fishes more or less oval, so far as we yet know. If we consider the short diameter of _ the corpuscle as 1, the long diameter will usually be between 14 and 12; and the nucleus has much the same figure, and is often nearly or quite globular. But these proportions are variable, since the corpuscles are frequently suboval ; and in such cases several of them assume, by gradations, a circular shape, while those of the suboval form predominate. This may be plainly seen, for example, in the Anacanthini, especially a few hours after the death of the fish ; and then, in other orders besides that, the corpuscles are apt to present angular, fusiform, lanceolate, erescentic, oat-shaped, and still more irregular forms, all of which commonly exist in the blood of Gadidze and Clupeidze obtained from fishmongers. In some Acanthopteri and Malacopteri, as Scomber, Caranz, Lophius, and Salmo, and the great Eels of Rodriguez, good examples occur of well-defined oval corpuscles. In the Pike most of them are somewhat pointed at the ends. In the osseous fishes there is generally, but not always, a rounded projection on each broad surface of the corpuscle, caused by the nucleus and a groove between it and the margin of the disk. And in no Pyrenzemata has the regular red corpuscle that concavity, gradually deepening towards the centre (Plate LV. fig. 2), which is characteristic of the regular corpuscle in Apyreneemata, and has often been mistaken for a nucleus. Size of the corpuscles.—In the osseous fishes the largest corpuscles are those of the Salmonidze, as figured in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ Nov. 19, 1872, p. 835; but though this large- ness is plain in Salmo, Trutta, and Thymallus, it disappears in 480 PROF. G. GULLIVER ON [June 15, Osmerus, in which the corpuscles are much smaller than in certain Apodes. The smallest corpuscles occur in some of the little species of Acanthopteri and Anacanthini, and in the Sprat and Herring, while their congener the Pilchard has slightly larger corpuscles. They are somewhat larger in the river-Eels than in the Conger. In no single order of fishes are the corpuscles twice as large in one spe- cies as in another; they are quite as large in the osseous Salmon as in the cartilaginous Sturgeon, and in the Sharks and Rays so much larger as to adumbrate a distinct class. Lepidosiren has the corpuscles of such still greater magnitude as to depart in this respect from any regular fish to reach the saurobatrachian character. BaATRACHIANS. Form and size of the corpuscles.—On each broad surface they are generally flat or somewhat vaulted; and their outline is regularly a well-defined oval figure, mixed occasionally with a few of a suboval or even circular shape, as indeed is the case among all regularly elliptical blood-disks, though this is rarer in Birds than in the lower classes and in the Camels. In Batrachians, the short diameter of the corpuscle being taken as 1, its long diameter would vary com- monly between 14 and 1?. The thickness of the corpuscle is about one third of its short diameter ; and the nucleus may be either sub-- rotund, or more commonly liker in shape to the envelope. The largest red blood-corpuscles of Vertebrates occur in the tailed Batra- chians, of which Amphiuma, a cauducibranchiate species, has the largest of all, so that these are visible to the naked eye, and the perennibranchiate Proteus the next in size; and in Sieboldia, which has deciduous gills, the corpuscles are larger than in Siredon, which has permanent gills. In Amphiuma and Proteus the corpuscles are at least thrice as large as in some Frogs and Toads—an amount of difference of which there is no example either in the class of Birds or Reptiles, though it is exceeded among Apyreneemata. The cor- puscles in the anurous Batrachians are not always bigger than, and sometimes not so long as, in a few reptiles and in some Sharks and Rays. The size of the corpuscles in Batrachians may differ in the same individual at different seasons. A few more observations on the corpuscles in this class are given in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ Feb. 4, 1873. REPTILES. Form and size of the corpuscles.—They are oval, flattish, little tumid on each broad surface—much of the same shape as, but gene- rally rather longer in proportion to their breadth than, in Batrachians, as is the case, too, insome birds. Andas in such elongated shape of the corpuscles in a few species (e.g. Anguis fragilis and Crocodilus lucius, Syrnea nyetea and Columba migratoria) Reptiles and Birds agree, so they differ from the other classes. Of Reptiles the largest corpuscles occur in some Crocodiles and Tortoises, and the smallest in the little Saurians and larger Teiws and Monitor; the reptilian corpuscles are smaller than those of the batrachian Urodela, but in 1875. | RED BLOOD-CORPUSCLES. 481 a few species longer, and in more smaller than in some of the Anura. Thus in most Tortoises and Croeodiles and the Slow-worm the cor- puscles are longer than, though not so broad as, in the Green Tree- Frog and in some exotic Toads, but are smaller in Python, Teius, Zootica, Lacerta, Plestiodon, and Iguana tuberculata than in any Batrachians ; and of this Iguana, which has the smallest known reptilian corpuscles, it is remarkable how much smaller they are than those of Iguana cyclura. Nor are the corpuscles in Reptiles, though regularly larger than in Birds and Osseous Fishes, ever quite so large as in Rays and Sharks; and in some Ophidians and Saurians the corpuscles are smaller than in certain Salmonide. There is more uniformity of the corpuscles throughout the class of Reptiles than in some single orders of Apyrenzemata; in no Reptile are the corpuscles twice the size of those in other reptiles, and the corpuscles are oval in every species. Here, again, there is a conformity of Birds to Rep- tiles, and a divergence of both these classes from Mammalia, each of those pyrenzematous groups being in these respects more like an order than the class of Apyreneemata. But Reptiles, unlike Birds, present no relation between the size of the corpuscles and that of the species ; they are as large in the little Viper and Snake as in the huge Pythons and Boa, and in the small Anguis and Chameleon as in the large Teiws and Monitor. Differences in the size of the cor- puscles probably occur at certain seasons, Brrps. Form and size of the eorpuscles. —They are oval in all birds, genes rally flat, with a slight tendency to be gibbous on the broad surfaces, altogether of much the same shape as in reptiles; taking the short diameter of the avian corpuscles as unity, the long diameter would usually vary between 13 and 2. But, as in Reptiles so in Birds, there are remarkable deviations from the regular proportions ; thus, e. g., in Columba migratoria (fig. 60), Lanius excubitor (fig. 56), and Syrnea nyctea (fig. 58) the length exceeds twice the breadth of the corpuscles, while in Columba rufina (fig. 59) and a few more pigeons, Dolichonyz oryzivorus (fig. 61), in species of Loxia and certain other Granivoree, the corpuscles have a much shorter oval figure. A mere glance at the Tables of Measurements will show how nearly the short diameters of the blood-disks of Birds agree with the diameters of the blood-disks in Apyrenzemata ; so that there is no bird in which such coincidence with some mammals is not obvious. Regularly the nucleus is more oblong than the entire corpuscle, so that the length of the nucleus is about twice, and occasionally nearly or quite thrice, its breadth. Hence this elongated shape exceeds that of the corresponding nucleus of other Pyrenzemata, and is cha- racteristic of Birds; but there are exceptions, as may be seen in some gallinaceous species, in which the nucleus is suboval or nearly glo- bular. Though in Birds the red corpuscles are regularly smaller than those of Reptiles, a few exceptions occur ; for example, the corpuscles are quite as large in the Cassowaries as in certain Saurians. And while Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, No. XXXI. 31 482 PROF. G. GULLIVER ON [June 15, Birds almost always have the corpuscles larger than those of Mam- malia, here, too, are a few irregularities, as will appear on a compa- rison of the corpuscles of Linaria, Dolichonyz (fig. 61), and Trochilus (fig. 66) with the largest apyreneematous corpuscles (figs. 14, 23, and 47). In Birds the largest corpuscles belong to the Cursores (fig. 53), the next in size to the Rapaces (fig. 58), Palmipedes (fig. 65), Gral- latores, and the Hornbill (fig. 62); the smallest corpuscles occur in some of the little Granivore (fig. 61) and Insectivore, in the Hum- ming-bird (fig. 66) and other Anisodactyli. Throughout the class of Birds there is so far a relation between the size of the species and the size of the corpuscles, that no instance is known of the largest corpuscles in the small species, or the smallest corpuscles in the large species. And herein this entire class rather resembles an order or family than the class of Mammalia ; and so, too, as regards the con- stant oval figure of the avian corpuscles. In some single apyrene- matous orders there are greater diversities in the size, and in a few instances in the shape, of the corpuscles than in the entire class either of Birds or Reptiles ; in neither of these two pyrenzematous classes is there any exception to the elliptical form of the corpuscles, nor are the corpuscles ever twice as large in one species as in another of the same class. APYRENZMATOUS VERTEBRATES. As already described, in all the oviparous or pyrenzematous Verte- brates there is a nucleus distinctly demonstrable in the red corpuscles. And now we come to the Mammalia or Apyrenemata, in which, on the contrary, no such nuclei can be made visible by the very same treatment which plainly displays them in the Pyrenzmata; that is to say, a nucleus cannot be disclosed in the majority of the red blood- corpuscles of Apyrenemata. The oval blood-disks of the Camels (figs. 37-41) conform in this respect, and in smallness of size, to the circular corpuscles of other Apyreneemata ; in no pyrenzematous vertebrate are the corpuscles so small as in the Camels. Of course we are not dealing now with the large temporary red corpuscles which have nuclei in the early mammalian embryo, nor with phases of de- velopment and decay in the adult, but with the majority of the regular corpuscles. Neither are we concerned with Mr. Wharton Jones’s valid doctrine as to their origin, nor with any speculations as to their real nature. So far as is yet known this is peculiar; for the free apyrenzematous corpuscles have no known homologue, and are devoid of the true characters of nuclei. Form of the corpuscles.—This is regularly a circular biconcave disk (figs. 1 and 2), the concavities very shallow and deepening to- wards the centre ; and this is characteristic of Apyrenemata. At the circumference the thickness is between a third and a fourth of the diameter of the corpuscle. But a body so soft, so readily affected by osmosis and other causes, is liable to assume many odd shapes which may be seen to occur during the examination. Thus appear such forms as plano-convex, biconvex, crenate, puckered, granulated, dinted, cup-shaped, and several others. Sometimes their circum- 1875.] RED BLOOD-CORPUSCLES. 483 ference is swollen, so as to produce triangular, oval, or formless pits towards the centre. In the Tables of Measurements only the regular blood-disks are noted. Of the Apyrenzemata the Camels (figs. 37- 41) alone have oval red blood-corpuscles ; but these, as before men- tioned, conform in all other respects to the apyreneematous type; and a few subrotund or circular disks may occur among the prevailing oval ones. In some Cervide the corpuscles (fig. 42) assume fusiform, lanceolate, crescentic, and irregularly polygonal and other angular forms, as originally figured on page 329 of the ‘ London and Edin- burgh Philosophical Magazine,’ Nov. 1840; but with these are mixed a few red corpuscles of the usual circularity, which only were measured for the Tables. Size of the corpuscles.—They are the smallest in the vertebrate subkingdom ; and the smallest of all occur in the Ruminants (figs. 29- . 34), especially in the Tragulide (figs. 29-31) ; and thus this family may be distinguished from all other Vertebrates, not even excepting Moschus (Proc. Zool. Soc., Feb. 10, 1870, fig. 2), which was formerly confounded with Zragulus, and of which the anatomy has been de- scribed by Professor Flower in the ‘Proc. Zool. Soc.’ March 16, 1875. Comparative views of the corpuscles of these two genera are engraved to a scale in the same ‘ Proceedings,’ Feb. 10,1870. Since then, using Powell and Lealand’s ;4, objective, I could detect no difference between these red blood-corpuscles of Moschus moschiferus and Cervus nemorivagus (fig. 32), while the comparative smallness of those of Tragulus (figs. 29-31) was remarkable and significant. The largest corpuscles in the class belong to the Elephants (fig. 23), great Edentates (fig. 47), and pinniped Fere (fig. 14); in some of which, as the Walrus (fig. 14), the Elephants (fig. 23), the Great Anteater (fig. 47), the Two-toed Sloth (fig. 48), and the Ardvark (Proc. Zool. Soc., Feb. 10, 1870, fig. 4), the corpuscles are as large as in a few Birds (figs. 6] and 66). The Monotremata (fig. 52), Marsupialia (figs. 50 and 51), and Rodentia (figs. 43-46) have some- what large corpuscles, which in some Cetacea (fig. 20) are larger. Sometimes two sets of corpuscles occur in nearly equal proportions, one set about a third smaller than the other; this fact, though rare in most mammals, is not uncommon in the Squirrels. Of the Pachy- dermata the Elephants alone have the corpuscles larger than those of Man, and the smallest occur in the Horse (fig. 26); their com- parative largeness in such a small species as Hyraz (fig. 28) proclaims it, though arranged here, but an irregular member of this order. In the Fere or Carnivora there are great irregularities: while some of the largest apyrenematous corpuscles occur in this order, they are in many of its species smaller than in several Ruminantia. The families of Carnivora, according to the sizes of their red blood- corpuscles, would stand thus :—Seals (fig. 14), Dogs (fig. 15), Bears (fig. 11), Weasels (fig. 16), Cats (fig. 17), Viverras, Paradoxures (figs. 18 and 19). These sizes differ so much that by them alone Seals or Dogs may be easily distinguished from Viverras or Para- doxures ; while the same kind of diagnosis would be difficult, unless under the most favourable circumstances, and in some cases impos= 31% 484 PROF. G. GULLIVER ON [June 15, sible, between members of the first two families and Man. In the largeness of the corpuscles the Hyznas are more like Dogs than Viverras. The Fox has the corpuscles smaller than those of the common Dog and Dingo (fig. 15). Cercoleptes (fig. 13) in the smallness of the corpuscles resembles a Viverra, thus hardly appear- ing to be a regular member of Plantigrada or Urside ; but, on the other hand, I have found the muscular sheath of the cesophagus (Proc. Zool. Soc., May 12, 1870) of Cercoleptes more like that of a Bear than of a Civet. Bassaris (fig. 12) in the size of its corpuscles agrees with the Urside and differs from the Viverride. Of the In- sectivora (fig. 10), excepting the curious and surprising deviation in Sorex indicus, the corpuscles are somewhat smaller than those of Plan- tigrada (fig. 11). In that species the corpuscles are hardly, if at all, distinguishable from those of Man, as was shown to me by my son, who brought the blood from the Mauritius. In that country this Shrew is called the Musk-Rat, and, as it is very common, the fact of the size of its red blood-corpuscles might become one of the many objections to the identification by micrometry of human blood- stains. In the Bats (figs. 7-9) the corpuscles are just appreciably larger in the frugivorous than in the insectivorous species. In the Monkeys (figs. 4 and 5) the corpuscles are somewhat larger still, with a tendency to a diminution of size in the Lemurs (fig. 6), but generally so nearly approaching in the higher species to the human corpuscles as to be scarcely distinguishable therefrom. In Man (figs. 1 and 2) the red blood-corpuscles are not always distinguishable from those of the Dog, but are regularly larger than in avy British land Mammals, and are not known to be exceeded in size in more than eight or nine foreign species of this class, though closely approximated, or even surpassed, in some Marsupials, Eden- tates, Rodents, Cetaceans, Ferze, and most Monkeys. As before noticed (p. 476), the magnitude of the corpuscles in a single species, not excepting the human, is liable to variations within certain limits ; and there commonly appear in one field of vision of the same cor- puscles differences amounting to at least one third larger and smaller than the average. Hence as regards the medico-legal question, how- ever truly a careful observer (Dr. Joseph G. Richardson, Month. Micros. Journ., Sept. 1874) may have distinguished, by comparative measurements of the corpuscles, stains of human blood from those of the Sheep or Ox, this kind of diagnosis, as Dr. J. J. Woodward observes (Month. Micros. Journ., Feb. 1875), would be ineffectual in some probable and more possible cases (see before at p. 477). It should be borne in mind, too, that in the Apyrenzemata the mem- branous bases (fig. 3) of the blood-disks, when deprived of their colour by maceration in water, are about a third smaller than the unaltered corpuscles. Much larger red blood-corpuscles than those of the human species may be expected in the most gigantic marine Fer and Cetacea. The largeness of the corpuscles in Orycteropus was truly predicted long before they were ever examined ; and we may well suppose that they were larger in the huge extinct Edentates than in any existing 1875. ] RED BLOOD-CORPUSCLES. 485 Mammal. It would be very interesting and probably instructive to examine the corpuscles of the Sirenia. Reverting summarily to a few points throughout the whole apyre- neematous class, we shall find several plain facts which, though long since demonstrated, are still ignored iu the current treatises of com- parative anatomy and histology. For example, while the smallest corpuscles occur in the Ruminants, there’ are some species of this order in which the corpuscles are larger than in certain Fere ; the Edentates, on the other hand, are eminently characterized by the largeness of the corpuscles; commonly the diameters of the apyre- neematous corpuscles agree remarkably with the short diameters of the corpuscles in Birds. The corpuscles in a few Apyrenemata are five times as large as in others; and even in the single order of Ruminants the corpuscles, besides aberrations in their shape, are thrice as large in several Cervidee and Bovidee (fig. 35) as in some Tragulide (figs. 29 and 30). In the Feree the corpuscles are more than twice as large in some species as in others, in this order the largest corpuscles (fig. 14) being larger than those of Man (fig. 1), and the smallest (figs. 18 and 19) smaller than in some Ruminants (figs. 35 and 36). Hence, on the whole, there are greater diversities in the size of the corpuscles than in any other class ; so that in this point of view a single apyrenzematous order would appear equal to an entire class either of Birds or Reptiles, and each of these two pyre- neematous classes only equivalent to an order of Mammalia. But com- paring the largest with the smallest batrachian corpuscles, and those of Lepidosiren and some Rays and Sharks with the smallest corpuscles in osseous fishes, differences of size appear almost or quite as great as in Apyrenzemata. From this class selections might be and have been made to show that there is no relation between the size of the species and the size of the corpuscles. These are quite as large in the tiny Harvest-Mouse (fig. 46) and Shrew (fig. 10) as in the great Giraffe (fig. 36) and Horse (fig. 26). But if, instead of thus comparing such widely different animals, and excepting some little irregularities already noticed, we confine the observations to small natural groups of the class, such a relation will plainly appear in a rule that the largest corpuscles occur in the large species and the smallest corpuscles in the small species of a single order or family. This relation is well shown by the Ruminants, Rodents, and Edentates ; and even in the Ferze, which offer some exceptions, the largest corpuscles are found in the big Seals (fig. 14), and the smallest corpuscles in the little Viverras and Paradoxures (figs. 18 and 19). In fine, though this rule is applicable only to single orders or lower sections of Apyrenze- mata, it extends to the whole class of Birds, but neither to Reptiles, Batrachians, nor Fishes, except in some partial instances, which seem to be rather indeterminate or accidental than regular. In the following Tables the measurements are all in vulgar fractions of an English inch, and express only the average diameters of the red blood-corpuscles or their nuclei. The numerator, being invariably 1, 486 PROF. G. GULLIVER ON [June 15, is omitted throughout, and the denominators only are printed. Of the corpuscles the long diameter is denoted by L.D., the short diameter by 8.D., and the thickness by T. VERTEBRATA PYRENAMATA. PISCES. CycLostomt. ines < ae ote : + att] rinus rutilus...... Petromyzon fluviatilis. .. “ig oa We phoxinus.. ., 2000 2900 Nucléus ...- 6400 : cephalus .... 2133 38555 is marinus ...... 9134 ” ZONIO ...6es 2133 2900 5 MANLET IH eo biel viel 2134 i slic nnaene BIG! ACANTHINI. Adah Rik gee Oo: Secs: Ren ave 2133 3555 Maacorrert. » eglefinus...... 2460 3200 Apodes. ,.D. SD. Pye LESCHS seis «++ 2460 3200 Gymnotus electricus .. 1745 2599 Merlangus peter ret se ee Anguilla vulgaris .... 1745 2842 | 74” 003 igeich cee “morata .. 1895 2900 | 2 erluccius vulgaris .. 2133 3000 Peupoae “pe Motella mustela...,.. 2400 3200 amblyodon .. 1777 3000 Plat Fi 2666 3000 Conger vulgaris ...... 2286 3000 * pies foe Se 2666 3000 E <4 y VUIPATIS. ce eee Ammodytes lancea.... 2000 3555 , eae iain 9900 3200 Abdominales. Pleuronectes rhombus. 2460 3200 Clupea sprattus ...... 2666 3555 | Solea vulgaris........ 2400 3200 » harengus . 2666 3555 jy ep eaerenea se ore 2666 3555 ACANTHOPTERI. 5» pilchardus.... 2286 3200 | Perca fluviatilis...... 2099 2824 Engraulis encrasicholus 2286 3000 . 8700 JG) bh Ae 5 Atos 2286 3000 Nucleus 7482 8830 T. 8888 Pen sitiru sel. see eet 2960 4000 SALMO SIRT ao.» sJaua sa) 1524 2460 PRI E eh eRe 2666 3200 A MO Pn ensSS 1524 2900 ay COLA Bi meeitesc coy 2461 3000 pee TAL OL ee ieee cts 1524 2900 T. 8000 T. 8000 Nucleus 6000 8000 » fontinalis...... 1455 2286 | Dules, sp. .......... 2400 2900 Thymallus vulgaris .. 1684 2900 | Sparus centrodontus .. 2286 3200 Osmerus eperlanus.... 2286 3000 | Mullus surmuletus.... 2286 3000 T. 8888 » barbatus...... 2286 3200 Nucleus 6400 8888 | Trachinus draco...... 2400 3000 SOX LUCAS. «ance silos 2000 3555 | Mugil capito ........ 2400 3200 Nucleus 5333 8000 | Scomber scomber .... 2286 3200 Belone vulgaris ...... 2286 3000 | Thynnus communis .. 1600 2666 Cobitis barbatula .... 2286 3200 » pylamides .. 2000 3000 Cyprinus carpio...... 2142 3429 | Zeus faber .......... 2000 2666 . 8000 Caranx trachurus .... 2000 3555 Nucleus 6400 8000 | Xyphias gladius...... 2461 4008 ee Pinte Pda 1895 2400 | Trigla hirundo ...... 2666 3555 T. 8000 ACU CULES tase ster: 2460 3200 Nucleus 8000 9600 5) gurnardus . 2286 3000 ” auratus .... 1777 2824 | Cottus gobio ........ 2000 2900 T. 10666 8000 + brama...... 2400 3555 3) Bubalissseet). 2000 2900 o: erythrophthal- ld Sggtl SCOrplustomn ir 2000 2900 TOUGH sei 2000 3200 Gasterosteus leiurus .. 2666 3000 1875. ] RED BLOOD-CORPUSCLES. 487 L.D. S8.D. L.D. 8.D. Gasterosteus pungitius 2666 3000 Squalus centrina ..,, 800 1000 Gunellus vulgaris 2460 3000 | Scyllium canicula .... 1000 1542 Blennius pholis ....., 2460 3000 Nucleus 3000 4000 Callionymus lyra .... 2286 3000 » Stellaris .... 1000 1777 Lophius piscatorius .. 1895 2666 Aiyepertiee, Sp, ss sais. ive 1185 1777 T. 8000 Lamna cornubica .... 923 1500 Cyclopterus lampus .. 2000 2666 | Mustela levis........ 1090 1500 LoPHOBRANCHH. Squatina angelus .... 1032 1455 Syngnathus typhle.... 2286 2666 Feetus 1000 1333 ; PLECTOGNATHI, Batides. Diodon, SBeei rete. ce 5 2286 3000 Torpedo oculata...... 800 1000 GANOIDEI, Raia batis ...., eee. 970 1455 Acipenser sturio...... 1600 2666 » Clavata .....,.. 1090 1600 PLAGIosTomM1. Selachii. sito oe an Spinax acanthias SABIE | ot. ee astern: 1455 2900 Nucleus 3000 4000 Fetus 1000 1333 | BATRACHIA, Amphiuma tridactylum 363 615 | Lissotriton punctatus.. 800 1280 Nucleus 1143 2000 Nucleus 1778 2667 Proteus anguinus .... 400 727 | Rana temporaria .... 1108 1821 Nucleus 1600 2666 . 7112 Siren lacertina ....., 420 760 Nucleus 3114 6297 Nucleus 1142 2007 » Tadpole(3in.long) 1098 1650 Menopoma alleghani- » esculenta ...... 1000 1445 CLES Conte, ieee eee 563 1000 | Hyla viridis.......... 1391 1895 Nucleus 1333 2286 Pelodryas czeruleus 1280 2000 Siredon humboltii .... 571 1000 | Bufo vulgaris ........ 1043 2000 Nucleus 2000 3000 T. 5627 Sieboldia maxima .... 450 800 Nucleus 2802 5261 Triton bibronii ...... 848 1280 pie VINIGiseer ec. 1333 1895 Nucleus 1901 3000 pie CulamILa). 5. ae 1533 1895 . a CTIstatus ...... 848 1280 | Bombinator igneus .. 1333 1895 REPTILIA, OpHIpia Morelia(?) spilotes .. 1545 2400 Coluber berus......., 1274 1800 gy aLOUS ees: 1371 1685 Nucleus 3227 4986 | Ceelopeltis lacertina .. 1500 2400 Heterodon madagasca- Chilobothrus inornatus 1391 2286 TT a oe ei 1455 2460 Sanaa Coronella Phocarum .. 1455 2286 Anguis fragilis ....... 1231 2666 Ery x Johnii SAREE ee 1455 2286 Euprepes suistralia .... 1524 2666 Natrix torquata ...... 1371 2157 Pseudopus pallasii.... 1524 2460 T. 8341 3995 Gg]7 | Zootoca vivipara . 1600 2460 ee | daeelmta ee 1555 2743 Boa constrictor ...... 1440 Pees Teius teguexin ...... 1455 2666 perenne 6... tO 3400 | Monitor niloticus |... 1524 9666 Jot gerne fee mee Iguana tuberculata.... 1600 2900 » tigris........ De oa Aghia egies oe 1230 2985 Nucleus 3555 7468 Nucleus 5333 6400 488 L.D. 8.D. Chameleon vulgaris .. 1391 2400 Gecko TP ssve io tnatebsks 1333 2158 Trachidosaurus rugosus 1391 2900 Plestiodon auratus.... 1455 2400 Champsa fissipes .... 1259 2315 Alligator Fy a ehaene 1324 2122 1231 2286 Crocodilus acutus .... At . 8000 Gymnopodus gypti- ~ lucius .... 1124 2215 CUS iatyte lovers lolelveateaste 1148 2000 CHELONIA. Emys caspica ........ 1148 2000 AVES. PALMIPEDES. Ciconia argala ...... 1728 3555 Phalacrocorax carbo... 2005 3765 » marabou.... 1859 3460 Pelecanus onocrotalus 1777 3369 | Ardea cinerea ...... 1913 3491 Nucleus 3200 9600 » hycticorax.... 1780 3555 Larus ridibundus.... 2097 4000 » IMminuta ...... 1993 3827 go cans 2 satis 1973 3839 | Balearica regulorum.. 1858 3478 Nucleus 3555 10666 » pavonina .. 1859 3777 Somateria mollissima. 2000 3200 T. 9597 Anas galericulata.... 1987 8424 __ Nucleus 4000 9750 Querquedula crecca ., 2062 4592 Anthropoides virgo... 1884 3740 “ acuta .. 1993 38389 T. 11280 si circia .. 2088 3839 » Stanleyanus 1909 3529 Mareca penelope .... 1873 4885 Psophia crepitans.... 1883 3488 Tadorna vulpanser .. 1925 3839 | Hamatophus ostrale- Dendronessa sponsa... 2001 4079 eo 1895 4000 Dendrocygna viduata. 1789 3555 _ Nucleus 8200 9000 ei autum- Vanellus cristatus .. 1964 3310 nalis. 1916 3764 | CGidicnemus crepitans. 2157 4000 - arborea. 1931 3724 | Dicholophus cristatus. 1884 3364 Cygnus atratus...... 1806 3692 Beata magellanica,. 1866 3839 D Cunsonne » sandivensis.. 2866 3839 Otis’ bards et sas «apes 1811 3200 Cereopsis nove hol- ae SHOUDAN Ds i225 eee 1811 3200 Tendiss c sceeeee 1722 3692 | Casuariusemu...... 1455 2800 ° Chenalopex egyptiaca 1866 3839 » _ Javanicus.. 1455 2800 Dromaius nove hol- PINNATIPEDES. Pda 2 cst chtieak 1690 3031 Podiceps minor 2001 3200 | Rhea americana .... 1898 $273 ulies atta’ ganpep me 1895 3200 | Struthio camelus .... 1649 3000 T. 9166 GRALLATORES. Nucleus 8200 9166 Gallinula chlorophus. 2055 3889 ». porzana .. 2000 3555 GALLINE. Rallus philippinensis . 2097 3389 Tinamus rufescens ,. 1752 3338 Scolopax gallinago .. 2170 3622 | Tetrao urogallus .... 2248 3836 Limosa melanura.... 1937 3764 SP 2105. aeaionienic 2376 3728 Numenius pheeops .. 1846 4465 » caucasica .... 1923 3456 Thigiruber $22: ses >= 1948 3153 Nucleus 4570 9166 Platalea leucorodia .. 1859 3600 | Ortyx virginianus .. 2215 4000 Ciconia alba ........ 1755 3489 » meoxenus ». 2305 38836 Ca SIT ne omuchatie 1806 3403 | Coturnix argoondah.. 2847 3470 PROF. G. GULLIVER ON [June 15, : L.D. 8.D. Emys trijuga ........ 1333 1909 Chelonia mydas...... 1231 1882 Nucleus 4000 6000 Testudo graeca 1252 2216 Pe mmadiataa nes 1241 2197 » m™auritanica.. 1280 2000 » tabulata . 1143 2000 eeeeee 1875.] RED BLOOD-CORPUSCLES. 489 EDs S:Ds || ANISODACTYLI. Perdix longirostris .. 2054 3801 ’ LD. SD. » bonhami ..., 1933 3282 | Certhia familiaris.... 2305 4000 Nucleus 4570 10666 | Sitta europea ...... 2213 4188 Francolinus vulgaris . 2106 4041 | Nucleus 4572 11000 Numida rendalli .... 2054 4415 Trochilus, sp. ...... 2660 4000 Meleagris gallopavo.. 2045 3598 Gallus domesticus .. 2102 38466 ZYGODACTYLL. Nucleus 6400 8000 | Picus minor........ 2170 3892 Phasianus pictus .... 2213 3615 | Psittacula pullaria .. 2097 4174 » nycthemerus1887 3470 iP cana .... 2101 4174 Nucleus 4000 8000 | Psittacus mitratus .. 2029 3892 i superbus .. 2128 3587 fe melanoce- lineatus .. 1855 3488 phalus .. 2005 . 3892 Nucleus 4570 9166 3 menstruus.. 2115 3708 * colchicus .. 2168 3646 $ badiceps .. 2165 8617 Nucleus 5647 7111 > leucocepha- Pavo cristatus ...... 1835 3589 Lusi s3%.: 2050 3727 PRIMNDICUS NS yi. 1835 3589 . amazonicus. 1800 38832 » javanicus...... 1884 3491 % dufresnii .. 2278 3374 Ourmax mith dene. ce. 2005 3490 - reculus.... 2037 3764 Crax globicera...... 1985 3425 © americanus. 2115 3600 Pee LILO, aa ALSATIAT YS 1993 3664 + augustus .. 2085 3606 om yartellit °.2...3, 2000 3456 “p albifrons .. 1931 8692 Penelope cristata.... 1902 3607 erithacus .. 1898 4000 9 leucolophus 1902 3607 Tanyenathus macro- Nucleus 8555 9166 | rhynchus ........ 2106 3829 ater ee Lorius domicellus .. 2093 4133 : ceramensis .. 2115 4000 Columba mystacea .. 2100 3512 i amboynensis.. 2045 4133 ” leucocephala 2132 3646 » coccineus .... 2165 4000 » coronata .. 1954 3491 sinensis ...... 2115 3692 ” migratoria.. 1909 4626 Palzornis alexandri.. 2115 38892 - zenaida.... 2203 3571 torquatus.. 2174 3892 ” montana .. 2239 3692 i ben oalensis 2278 4000 Nucleus 5333 12000 Finish oboecus captatie: » aurita .... 2822 3519 | tus... i... 22038 3892 ” corensis.... 2193 8643 | Psittacara virescens .. 2097 4175 » guinea .... 2165 3839 » solstitialis. 2133 4000 a nicobarica.. 2133 3692 fe viridissima 2029 4190 » chalcoptera. 2208 4062 ‘4, patachonica 2155 3977 » ftufina .... 2314 3429 » tourina,... 2133 4081 + tigrina .... 2088 3615 leptorhyn- a turtur .... 2005 3369 2 cha .... 2067 3931 5 risoria .... 2133 3523 Nymphicus nove hol- » palumbus.. 1973 3643 | ‘landie .......... 2160 4174 CHELIDONES. Platycereus niger .... 2133 3892 Cypselus apus ...... 1982 8850 ” scapulatus 2000 4042 Nucleus 4000 10666 ” vasa .... 2045 3892 Hirundo rustica .... 2133 4000 op flaviventris2118 3892 Nucleus 4570 8000 yo, Hmuntue, + aia TeeeS urbica. ..... 2170 4000 of pacificus. . 2118 4174 2 y 5 pennanti. 2106 3931 eee cememai tas 1804 “6200 Macrocercus severus.. 2165 8801 ALCYONES. AS macao .. 1902 4762 Alcedo ispida ...... 2124 3693 | o ararauna.. 1961 4128 Dacelo gigantea .,., 2110 3555 3 illigeri .. 1924 4335 490 L.D. Macrocercus aracanga 1902 Plictolophuseos . 1981 ay sulphureus 2203 + rosaceus.. 1842 Nucleus 4000 oe galeritus . 1880 “ phillipina- trum .. 1974 Cuculus canorus .... 2028 Corythaix buffonii .. 1902 GRANIVORZ, Vidua paradisea .... 1998 Nucleus 3555 Loxia malacca...... 2359 » cerulea ..... 2290 eof SSETIE. cece ereis 2275 » javensis .....- 2286 yy enucleator .... 2247 » curvirostra.... 2365 5, coccothraustes . 2042 T. 9141 Nucleus 4570 Plectrophanes nivalis. 2133 Emberiza citrinella .. 2286 Nucleus 4000 * cristata.... 2310 Alauda arvensis .... 2125 Nucleus 4000 Parus ceruleus...... 2313 » caudatus...... 2136 Nucleus 4800 yy MAjOr...seees 2135 Fringilla linaria . 2286 » cannabina.. 2341 » celebs .... 2253 » Spinus ...- 2140 » Chloris .... 2282 » canaria .... 2232 » amadava .. 2243 ¥ carduelis .. 2243 cyanea .... 2144 Pyrgita domestica .. 2140 Nucleus 4364 » . Simplex .... 22738 Amadina fasciata...- 2001 By punctularia. 2183 Cardinalis cucullata.. 2140 es dominicana 2140 Ploceus textor 2218 Dolichonyx oryzivorus 2400 INSECTIVOR®. Vanga destructor..., 2019 Lanius excubitor.... 1989 > ecollurio.c act 2230 8.D. 4041 3728 3399 3547 12000 3600 4041 3600 3764 3740 10666 4167 3740 4740 3677 4083 4000 3790 10666 4740 4000 12000 4167 4128 12000 4128 4570 10666 3892 PROF. G. GULLIVER ON [June 15, L.D. ~8.D. Muscicapa erisola.... 2179 4173 Orpheus polyglottus.. 2228 98732 Putusi) glama...{ $1)" Good L.D. 3123 Camelus bactrianus.. : S.D. 5876 T. 15210 L.D. 3254 » dromedarius ' 8.D. 5921 T. 15337 Tragulus javanicus........ 12325 Sy PIMETNING «ate chase ie’ 12525 » stanleyanus...... 10825 Moschus moschiferus...... 7060 Cervus nemorivagus ...... 7060 yy NOV. SP. vee e ees eee 7125 pa MU OIDLUD cu elarete ayccsicae ore 4138 £5 hippelaphus Sa soutien 3777 a) GRAS aera Picucacuncac ne 5088 CeO A SBS aha Scns 4515 Fetus (5 in. long) 3478 > «alice 3938 re 3), barbarlis\se es... 4800 ay, © Olaphuss ior. Seen 4324 » macrurusP........ 5074 oy). Wexienrias sgt ee ve 5175 yy» Maral ............ 4978 » porcinus.......... 5391 yas) LECVESM ores et a's 6330 » capreolus ........ 5184 virginianus........ 5036 Camelopardalis giraffa .... 4671 Antilope cervicapra ...... 5108 os OLCAR Lia ee eas 4922 T. 16000 Sh eee ay wies sta) are state 4800 oy) BELS-SINO’ 9 e535 sie 5150 5» Pphilantomba 5116 ‘A PIGiLY fas oie sees 4875 Ss ebubalig, Bee ee res 5600 PROF. G. GULLIVER ON | | | | ) [June 15, Capra caucasica.......... 7045 pote NATCUS t's on sia Seater 6366 50) HIRCUS, Var. Sansone 6430 Ovis musimon .......... 5045 oe ALLEN? lS Ae taieto eeeet 5300 » tragelaphus .:..2... 6355 Bosstauras! 2... se Roe 4267 9p TAURUS) Vari. ss eratnyes 4571 aR DISOLS) RHA ee there te 4062 sp. UTUS:. ...yAvteberepatene eierette 4070 By Dubalus | Py ee so se 5 Ec 4586 T. 14000 Spmcafler Russ PHO 4703 trontalis .);, Asia aeee 4299 » Sylhetanus. ...52 00.0% 4222 PACHYDERMATA. Sus babyrussa............ 4516 NS SECLOL 5 7 Rta toe 4230 Dicotyles torquatus ...... 4490 Tapirus indicus .......... 4000 Elephas indicus .......... 2745 3) | pp BULIGAMUIS® Se eee 2745 Hippopotamus amphibius.. 3429 Rhinoceros indicus........ 3765 Equus caballus .......... 4600 T. 13422 jp COSINE “Spek ak eae 4000 93, - burchellii. cv sia 4360 jy REMIONUSs. dae 4421 Hyrax capensis .......... 3308 CETACEA. Delphinus phoceena ...... 3829 3 globiceps ...... 8200 Balena boops............ 38099 CARNIVORA. Paradoxurus leucomystax.. 4256 a bondar ...... 5693 a by PUS/ riers > 5693 — binotatus ..,. 4660 fr pallasii...... 5485 Otocyon lalandii.......... 3600 Canis familiaris.......... 3542 jr GINO... 3), .hesre ae 3395 se vulpes... stesterempreer 4177 », bengalensis ........ 3338 Fm tULVUS,... - gievtarderetele 8920 4) argentatus «.. sche. 3888 9) LA@Opls envaiereciere te 38838 » cinereo-argentatus .. 3761 Foe DP AUTCUS a5, cra ere ole eel 3860 T. 14000 »» Mmesomelas ........ 38645 lupus... s,s esses 3600 Lyc caon tricolor .......... 3801 1875.] Hyena vulgaris.......... 3735 Be CFOCULA. «oe hae 3820 Herpestes griseus ........ 4662 » Jjavanicus? 4790 os fasciatus ...... 4565 a i015 1 a 4466 Be urinatrix ...... 4236 Maver civetia, ....... 4. 4274 a ne 5365 CS Ee ae 4322 Ppp COLCOLGOE. oo, 6 5 apsvopaysy ans 4465 PO MMENECOLOE a6. 6.5 5.3) sia1ss,2 4481 te RESTS ee 4206 ne CeOpErdnS) . 2... Tos, 4319 pe ubatay .:, Sevan ree 4220 PER DALOMINSY. ote) Moc 4616 yp Gdomesticaye.....2. 5. 4404 T. 16000 Foetus (4 in. long) 2223 Nucleus...... 4600 » bengalensis ........ 4419 pe, Caracal’. * eee 4684 pe COLVATI aM sie yee ae: 4220 ee Sekval Se eee me 4129 Galictis vittata ........., 4175 Mustela zorilla .......,., 4270 PM MIED For Se csccl cp eh 4134 Rome STIS hoi ran ges 4205 ae, WEDUCONIUGS ote aaa 4167 Galera barbata .......... 4167 Lutra vulgaris .......... 3502 Trichechus rosmarus ..... . 2769 Phoca vitulina .......... 3281 Otaria jubata ..........., 3000 Plantigrada. Meles vulgaris ...., bs 3940 Arctonyx collaris ........ 3609 Ursus maritimus ........ 3870 By AL CLOSE al os Secon heels 3723 » americanus ........ 3693 »» americanus, var. .... 3782 2 ne ae 3530 PA DIRGUS eo ace. 3728 Helarctos malayanus...... 5562 Mellivora capensis........ ~3824 Ailurus fulgens ......, ... 3764 Beneyon lotor.. 2000. t.. 8950 Wasia/fusea 2s)... 0. co 3789 Jovy UU ae ee eee 387 Bassaris astuta .......... 4033 Cercoleptes caudivolyulus.. 4573 Insectivora. Talpa europea .......... 4747 Krinaceus europeus ...... 4085 Centetes ecaudatus ........ 4085 RED BLOOD-CORPUSCLES. 493 | Sorex tetragonurus ...... 4571 Spek ANGIGUS 64, 3h IS 0.) 3369 CHEIROPTERA. Plecotus auritus.......... 4465 Vespertilio murinus ...... 4175 i noehula . cine. 4404 _ pipistrellus.... 4324 Cynonycteris collaris...... 3880 Pteropus formosanus...... 4000 és poliocephalus.... 4000 7 mediusweeie iden #- 4000 QUADRUMANA. Lemuride. Loris tardigrada.......... 3691 De PTACIIIS: Sake... MOO tare 3461 Lemur albifrons........., 3976 sje GaULR Se. he eee 3892 » anjuanensis ....., 4003 a) DeTifrons; aes «2 4440 Sime platyrrhini. Midns Toshi. oo ens ctu 3510 Jacchus vulgaris.......... 3624 Callithrix sciureus......... 37138 Cebus capucinus.......... 3454 99, apellaanyey ei ae 3467 Ateles belzebuth ........ 3589 Gre) SELLCDS« cesn ta. Bee ti 3602 » Subpentadactylus .. 3602 Simie catarrhini, Cynocephalus anubis...... 3461 “ leucocephalus 3555 Macacus radiatus ........ 3563 > | mhesus* 25... 3429 mf Riper, 44°; Rake 3583 » Cynomoleus...... 3429 Spmve SOD US ay keh. co cra 3430 io) HOMeSHING Sora. 5493 35 sylvanus ........ 3338 », _ Melanotus ...... 3589 Cercopithecus maurus .... 3468 of sabeeus 3842 T. 12000 8 fuliginosus.. 3530 5 PUEDE svete cee 3395 53 pileatus .. 3578 53 pyrethrus .. 3401 “: petaurista .. 3478 * griseoviridis 3429 ethiops.... 3454 Semnopithecus mona...... 3515 s maurus .... Hylobates hoolock......., 3368 494 PROF. G. GULLIVER ON RED BLOOD-coRPUSCLES. [June 15, Hylobates leucogenys .... 3425 Biorana. » Tafflesii........ Sapo | Homies). anette 3200 Pithecus satyrus........+- 3383 T, 12400 Simia troglodytes ........ 3412 Foetus (5th month) 3000 EXPLANATIONS OF THE FIGURES ON PLATE LY. All the objects are red blood-corpuscles done to one and the same scale, which is at the foot of the drawing. The whole length of the scale represents 34, of an English inch, and each one of its ten divisions ,4,, of an inch, as described at page 475. Only corpuscles of the average sizes and quite regular shapes are given; and they are all magnified to the same, or nearly the same, degree—to wit, about 800 diameters. VERTEBRATA APYRENEMATA,. Homo. 25. Tapirus indicus. 1. Corpuscle lying flat. 26. Equus caballus. 2. The same on edge. 27. Dicotyles torquatus. 3. Membranous base of the same, | 28. Hyrax capensis. after remoyal by water of the PE RRO Ruminantia. & ; 29. Tragulus javanicus. Quadrumana. 30, Tragulus meminna. 4. Simia troglodytes. 31. Tragulus stanleyanus: 5. Ateles ater. = aa nemorivagus. : ra . Capra caucasica. 6. Lemur anguanensis gl Oo APE Cheiroptera. 35. Bosurus, 7. Cynonycteris collaris. 36. Camelopardalis giraffa. 8. Vespertilio noctula. pa eee vicugna. 9, Vespertilio pipistrellus. by A UCHOXE® /Pacgs Seek e Sate A Aa 39. Auchenia glama. Fere. 40, Camelus dromedarius. 10. Sorex tetragonurus. 41. Camelus bactrianus. 11. Ursus labiatus. 42. Cervus mexicanus (see page 483) 12. Bassaris astuta. Rodenéia. 13. Cercoleptes caudivolvulus. 14. Trichechus rosmarus. 15. Canis dingo. 43. Hydrochcerus capybara: 44, Castor fiber. 16. Mustela zorilla. 45. Sciurus cinereus. 17. Felis tigris. 46. Mus messorius. 18, Paradoxurus pallasii. Edentata. 19. Paradoxurus bondar. 47. Myrmecophaga jubata. Cetacea. 48. Bradypus didactylus. 20. Balena boops. 49. Dasypus villosus. 21. Delphinus globiceps. Marsupialia. 22. Delphinus phocena. ‘50. Phascolomys wombat: Pachydermata. 51, Hypsiprymnus setosus. 23. Elephas indicus. Monotremata. 24, Rhinoceros indicus. | 52. Echidna hystrix. VeRTEBRATA PyrENZMATA. Aves. 59. Columba rufina. 53. Struthio camelus. 60. Columba migratoria. 54. The same, made round and de- | 61. Dolichonyx oryzivorus. prived of colour by water. 62. Buceros rhinoceros. 55. Vanga destructor. 63. Psittacus augustus. 56. Lanius excubitor. 64. Phasianus superbus. 57. Bubo virginianus. 65. Pelecanus onoecrotalus. 58, Syrnea nyctea. 66, Trochilus, sp. 1875.] REV. S. J. WHITMEE ON THE HABITS OF DIDUNCULUS. 4995 Reptilia et Batrachia. Pisces. Gymnotus xgyptiacus. Perca cernua, one corpuscle lying flat, Crocodilus acutus. the other on edge. Lacerta viridis. Tinca vulgaris. Anguis fragilis. Salmo fontinalis. Coluber berus. Esox lucius. Python tigris. Gymnotus electricus. Bufo vulgaris. Squalus acanthias. Lissotriton vulgaris. Ammoceetes branchialis. Sieboldia maxima. Lepidosiren annectens. Siren lacertina. Proteus anguinus. Amphiuma tridactylum. 3. Ona Change in the Habits of the Didunculus strigirostris. By 8S. J. Witmer, C.M.Z.S., F.R.G.S. [Received May 31, 1875.] Two or three months ago, in writing to Mr. Sclater on the Didunculus strigirostris of the Samoan Islands (P. Z.S. 1874, p- 183), 1 mentioned that the bird was evidently increasing in numbers, and I thought this increase might be accounted for by a change in its habits in feeding, roosting, and building. I have long known that it feeds now chiefly (I think I may say almost exclu- sively) upon high trees, instead of upon the ground as it formerly did. But I did not attribute much importance to that fact, because, the bird being wary, I thought its destruction by wild cats to be chiefly in the night when roosting, or when on the nest during the process of incubation, while rats would also destroy the eggs or young in the nest. Hence I did not see how a change in the place of feeding could alone account for the increase of the bird. I there- fore made particular inquiries from natives who shoot birds for me as to its roosting. From the information procured on this point I believe the Didunculi almost invariably roost now upon the high branches of trees instead of upon low stumps as formerly. The nest of this bird is so rarely found that few opportunities occur of learning where it builds. In 1871 I procured an egg which was taken from a nest on the ground; but last year I purchased an unfledged bird which was taken from a nest on a tree; and this morning I have received further information on this point which will, I think, be sufficiently interesting to naturalists to be worth sending. I was asking a native to procure some birds for me, and also to look out for eggs, when he said, “I found an egg of the Manu-mea (the native name of the Didunculus) the other day and threw it away.” To this I replied, “ What a pity! Why did you not bring it to me? I would have bought it. What was the egg like? and where was the nest?’? He answered, “ The egg was white like that of the Inpe (the Carpophaga pacifica) ; and the nest was in the fork of a tree. I frightened the bird off, but could not shoot it. The Manu- mea seems to build on trees now-a-days ; I suppose it is on account 456 REY. §. J. WHITMEE ON PALOLA ViRIDIS. [June 15, of the wild cats and rats, is it not? It used to make a nest any- where on the ground formerly, just like a fowl.” This remark about a change in the place of building the nest was given exactly as I have translated it, without any “ leading question”’ on my part, or any remark which could have suggested it; and I have full confidence in the truthfulness of the native who made it. From my own observation of living Didunculi, I think these birds manifest a considerable amount of intelligence: e.g. the young one which I procured last year (which I forwarded to Sydney in Decem- ber last to be transmitted to the Zoological Society of London) very early recognized persons. I caught it one day to transfer it to a large cage. From that time it took a great dislike tome, which was manifested in the most unmistakable manner whenever I approached it. This intelligence seems to have enabled the bird to change its habits for self-preservation. It has probably been frightened when roosting or during incubation by the attacks of cats, and has sought safety in the trees. Learning, from frequent repetition of the fright, that the ground is a dangerous place, it has acquired the habit of building, roosting, and feeding upon the high trees ; and this change of habit is now operating for the preservation of this interesting bird, which was a few years ago almost extinct. Samoa, March 13th, 1874. 4. On the Habits of Palola viridis. By 8S. J. Wuirmer, C.M.Z.S., F.R.G.S. [Received May 31, 1875.] From the article “ Helminthology”’ in the ‘ Encyclopedia Bri- tannica’*, I see anotice of this annelidis in the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Society for March 9th, 1847. A paper on it has also appeared in vol. xxii. of the Linnean Society’s ‘ Transactions’ by Dr. Macdonald. I have not seen either of these papers; but I presume the worm is fully described in them. Very good magnified figures of the head and the posterior extremity of the Palola are copied from Dr. Mac- donald’s paper in the late Dr. Seemann’s ‘ Mission to Viti’ f. I shall confine the present paper to an account of the time of the Palolo’s appearance during several years, and some observations on its habits which I made in 1872 and 1873. The Palolot appears regularly at the time of the moon’s last quarter in October and November. I am indebted to the Rev. George Brown, of the Wesleyan Missionary Society (who resided several years at a place on the island of Savaii, where it is very abundant) for the following dates of the worm’s appearance :— 1862. Oct. 15th. A small number only. »» Oct. 16th (day of moon’s quartering). Pa/olo plentiful. * Enc. Brit. xi. 297. + Mission to Viti, p. 62. + Lemploy this form in both the singular and plural number, according to Polynesian usage. 1875. ] REV. S.J. WHITMEE ON PALOLA VIRIDIS. 497 1862. Nov. 14th (day of moon’s quartering). Plentiful. » Nov. 15th. Plentiful. No observations were made in 1863. 1864. Oct. 22nd. None. »» Oct. 23rd (day of moon’s quartering). Palolo obtained, but quantity unknown. » Oct. 24th. None. » Nov. 2lst. Very few obtained. » Nov. 22nd. None. 1865. Oct. 12th (day of moon’s quartering). Abundant. », Oct. 13th. Plentiful. No observations made in November. 1866. Oct. 31st (day of moon’s quartering). A few appeared. » Nov. Ist. Plentiful. No other observation made this year. 1867. Oct. 21st (day of moon’s quartering). Very abundant. » Oct. 22nd. None appeared, 1868. Oct. 8th. Plentiful. » Oct. 9th (day of moon’s quartering). Plentiful. » Nov. 8th (day of moon’s quartering). Abundant. » Nov. 9th. None appeared. The Palolo is not found at any place within several miles of my residence ; and I had no opportunity of visiting a place where it appears until 1872. The moon quartered that year on the 24th October ; and on that day the Palolo were expected ; but I was at the place on the evening of the 22nd. Two hours before sunrise on October 23rd I went with some natives in 4 canoe to a part of the reef where they are usually found; but we only obtained a single specimen. During the day I had some blocks of both living and dead coral taken on shore from a spot where the natives said Palolo appeared. These I carefully broke up to search for the worm. As I was breaking one block of dead coral I found a single living Palolo in one of its interstices. This was the only one I found, although I broke several blocks. Before daylight on the morning of the 24th I went out again. About a hundred canoes with natives were already on the spot, and the Palolo were beginning to appear. Putting my hand into the water as my canoe was paddled along, every now and again one of the little creatures passed between my fingers or twined itself about them. Half an hour after reaching the place, they had become so abundant that I could take them up by the handful. The first point to which I gave my attention was the places where they appeared. I found them thickest in certain spots just on the edge of the reef, and especially in an opening where there was a depth of water of about two fathoms. They were scattered over a consider- able surface of the smooth water inside the reef, but only in small quantities, and the number decreased the further I went from the edge of the reef. Over the spot whence I had taken coral blocks for exami- nation on the previous day they were very sparsely distributed. The next thing I-observed was their mode of progression through Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, No. XXXII. 32 498 REV. S.J. WHITMEE ON PALOLA viriDis. [dune 15, the water. They move rapidly, and with considerable elegance, in a spiral manner, like a screw. ‘The shortest, which were about 6 inches long, had generally two coils, while the longest, which were fully 18 inches long, had as many as five or six coils. The best representation of their appearance I think of is the tendril of a climbing plant, with a coil to about each three inches of its length. In places where the Palolo were plentiful they seemed to be entangled in an inextricable mass. The worms were of two colours, green and light brown*. Taking a green one into the palm of my hand with alittle water, I subjected it to slight pressure with my finger, when it broke into pieces of from half an inch to an inch and a half in length, and each piece wiggled about until it subdivided once or twice. From each frac- ture there immediately flowed out an immumerable quantity of minute green eggs, until nothing was left of the pieces into which the worm had broken except thin transparent cysts. Next, taking one of the light-brown worms into my hand, it ruptured exactly as the green one did, and from each end of the pieces a whitish fluid freely flowed, leaving, as in the green worm, only thin transparent cysts. It was evident these were the two sexes, and that, while the females were filled with ova (a small portion of each extremity excepted), the males were as completely filled with the seminal vesicles. - The question now was, how are the ova of the female fertilized ? I saw no sexual contact. But the secret of the appearauce of the Palolo seemed solved: by this time the sun had been half an hour above the horizon; and the worms were rapidly breaking to pieces in the sea just as those had broken which I took into my hand. Where they were thickest the sea was discoloured with the milky seminal fluid which was escaping from both ends of each piece-of the brown male worms; and by taking a small quantity of sea-water into the palm of my hand, I found it to be full of the minute green eggs which had flowed from the ruptures of the green female Palolo. Hence this breaking-up appeared to be a natural process by which the species is propagated, the eggs being fertilized by contact with the semen while floating in the sea. I felt fully convinced this was the mode of propagation of the Palolo, and that this fully accounted for its regular appearance, but resolved to wait and make another observation before communicating my opinion to the Society. I therefore visited the same place on the 11th November, 1873, hoping to have another opportunity of seeing * In the late Dr. Seemann’s ‘ Mission to Viti,’ p. 61, it is said, “‘ They are of various colours, green, red, brown, and sometimes white.” Although I have had Palolo brought to me by the natives for several years, I have never seen more than two colours; but some of the brown ones are of a lighter shade than others. Ihave occasionally found specimens of another annelid, which was red, mixed with a mass of Palolo. When preserved in alcohol or Goatby’s solution, the brown worms get stained with the colour of the green ones. Hence the origin of the specific name. As will appear further on, the green colour is confined to the eggs of the gravid female. Hence, except when they are full of eggs, and the brown ones are stained by the green colouring-matter, this name is inappropriate. : 1875.] REY. S. J. WHITMEE ON PALOLA VIRIDIS. 499 the Palolo on the morning of the 12th, when the moon quartered. In this I was not disappointed. ‘They were more abundant this year than they had been the previous one. I confined my attention almost entirely to the contact of the worms with each other, and to their breaking into pieces. Early in the morning I caught three green and three brown ones, and placed them in a large glass vessel which I had provided for the purpose. While observing the worms which were swimming freely in the sea, I also kept my eye upon my captives. I saw no sexual contact either between those in the vessel or those in the sea. They all went gyrating about until a little after sunrise. Then I observed those in the vessel begin to break, first into long pieces, each example separating into two or three parts, while these pieces continued to subdivide into minute portions. I observed those in the sea divided in the same manner and at the same time. This continued till about 8 o’clock a.m., by which time those in the sea had nearly disappeared. The six worms in the vessel were also completely broken up, the water (about half a gallon) being rendered somewhat turbid, as if a dessert-spoonful of milk had been mixed with it. The green ova were floating in all parts of the water, but were gently settling towards the bottom. The empty cysts of the defunct worms were lying on the*bottom of the vessel. I brought them home with me, and emptied the whole into a small aquarium, which I am leaving undisturbed to see if the eggs will develop there*. By the time I reached home, about 1 p.., all the ova had settled to the bottom of the vessel, notwithstanding the constant agitation of the water by the motion of the boat in which I brought it. I wish specially to direct attention to the following interesting fact respecting the appearance of the Palolo. Although it comes only at one particular state of the moon (the time of the last quarter), it still keeps solar time in the long run. As far as I have certain information, it has only heen seen in October, November, and occa- sionally, but very rarely, in December. Nowit is evident that if the intervals between its appearance were regularly 12 lunations, the months during which it is found would be constantly changing, since it would appear about 11 days earlier each year. If, on the other hand, the intervals were regularly 13 lunations, it would come about 18 days later every year, and the months of its appearance would change still more rapidly. Having only lately given any attention to this matter, it was with considerable surprise I discovered, from the dates of its appearance, that in each period of three years there are two intervals of 12 luna- tions each, while in one interval there are 13 lunations. Unfor- tunately the observations given in the early part of this paper were not all consecutive, so that I cannot say positively that the length of the intervals proceeds in regular order, two years of 12 lunations being invariably followed by one of 13 lunations ; but the rule holds good in the aggregate of 12 years over which the observations extend, there being 8 years of 12 lunations each, and 4 years of 13 lunations each. This will appear from the following table, in * P.S. They did not develop in the aquarium.—March 17, 1875. 32* 500 REV. S. J. WHITMEE ON PALOLA ViRIDIS. — [June 19, which I include the notice of the appearance of Palolo in Fiji in November 1861, given in Dr. Seemann’s work already mentioned. From Nov. 25th, 1861, to Nov. 14th, 1862, 12 lunations. ,, Oct. 16th, Oct. 23rd, ae oe raat scab rgltl New. ener iSGestee os 5 Oct. 23rd, 1864, to Oct. 12th, 1865, 12 3 , Oct. 12th, 1865, to Oct. 31st, 1866, 13 = 5» Oct. 31st, 1866, to Oct. 21st, 1867, 12 a Oct. 2st, 1867, to Oct.” 9th, ~ 1868, 12 = » Oct. 9th, 1868, to Oct.24th, 1872, 50 om Se leks be 4 ae Oct. 12th, peg o, Noy Dade (rane { coke LEAS SLRS seta From the above table it appears that either in 1862-1563 or 1863-1864 there were 13 lunations; I believe it was in 1862-1863, for the following reason. If there were only 12 lunations that year, then the Palolo appeared on the 4th of October, 1863, a date earlier than any I have heard of. Inthe interval between Mr. Brown's obser- vation on Oct. 9th, 1868, and my first observation on Oct. 24th, 1872, there were 50 lunations—2 seasons of 12 lunations each, and 2 of 13 each. I believe the long periods of 13 lunations occurred in 1868-1869 and 1871-1872; for if there were only 12 lunations in these years, then the Palolo appeared on the 28th and 24th of September respectively ; and these dates are, according to all our information, too early for the appearance of the worm. Hence I believe the periods of 13 lunations to have been regularly every third year, as follows :—1862—1863, 1865-1866, 1868-1869, and 1871-1872. But the regular addition of one lunation every third year would still lead to a change in the months of the Palolo’s appearance. ‘The 37 lunations of a three years-cycle are rather more than 3 days less than 3 solar years*. Hence to keep the season from changing from October and November to September and October, &c., an extra lunation would need to be intercalated about every 30 years or rather less +. If this were not done, the season would still change more than * The above is a rough estimate ; the following is the exact time :— CL Aa EE Three mean solar years = ......seeeeeseeee0see L095 18 27 27 Thirty-seven lunations = ......:.-..essseeeeee ees 1092 15 19 14 Excess of 3 solar years above 37 lunations... 3 3 8 13 + The intercalation of 2 lunations in 57 years would be required, making a large cycle of two unequal periods, viz. one of 28 and the other of 29 years. This will be seen by the following :— The excess of 34 3h 8™ 13s every third year d. h m 3. would amount in 57 years t0..........6....6-. BON Md She? Two intercalated lunations (one 28 years and aril nee OA) Saeed. Bagseevesde Licceseny Oe Ol 28 Leaving an excess in 57 years of only ......... OS Mame 3) This is less than one day in an entire century. [These notes I add March 17th, 1875.—S. J. W.] 1875. | REY. S. J. WHITMEE ON PALOLA VIRIDIS, 501 three months (trom October and November to July and August) in a single century. That such a change has not taken place I believe is | certain. It is now twenty-seven or twenty-eight years since the Palolo season was carefully observed by the missionaries then resident in Samoa, and their observations recorded in Europe *. That no change has taken place since then the dates given in this paper prove. I think it probable that there will be an extra intercalation of one lunation during the present year. If I am correct in my theory of 13 lunations every third year, and that the last period of 13 luna- tions was 1871-1872, the present interval ought (according to the smaller cycle) to be one of 12 lunations. This would bring the time of the worm’s appearance to October 2nd of the present year (1874). But, as I have already stated, that date would be earlier in the month than any appearance of which we have certain know- ledge. Hence I am inclined to predict the next appearance of Palolo on the 31st of October (local time), after an interval of 13 lunations from the corresponding October season in 1873 f. In Dr. Seemann’s work it is said the Fijians “ expect a heavy shower of rain”’ after the Palolo have been cooked, ‘ to put out the fires of their ovens. Should there be: no rain a bad yam season is predicted.” The Samoans have no such superstition as that of the Fijians connected with the Palolo; but they have from time imme- morial recognized the fact that this worm makes its appearance at the time when a change of seasons takes place. Hence the time when the prevailing trade-wind changes from 8.E. to N.E. at the commencement of the summer, or rainy season, is called the vdi- palolo, which means the space or time of the Palolo. The opposite season, when the trade-wind changes from N.E. to S.E. at the commencement of the dry season, is in like manner called the vdi- to’elau, meaning the space or time of the change from the north wind. This is, in my opinion, very positively in favour of the absolute identity, as to the time of year, of the present with the past Palolo seasons for a very long period. The vdi-palolo is as much an integral part of the Samoan dialect as is our word spring (with which it corresponds) an integral part of the English language; and its origin is not modern. From the foregoing it is evident that a most remarkable com- pensation for the difference between lunar and solar time is made by some natural process in the development of this little annelid. I ain not at present prepared to give an opinion as to how this can be effected. N.B. Since writing the preceding, I have explained to an intel- ligent Samoan the occurrence of 13 lunations between the appearance of the Palolo every third year. After thinking a minute or two, he said, ‘‘ That is the reason why so many mistakes have been made by Samoans in predicting the moon during which the Palolo will appear. * Vide Ene. Brit. xi. p. 297, and P. Z. 8. March 9th, 1847. + This has since proved to be correct. See P.S. of March 17th, 1875. 502 REV. S. J. WHITMEE ON PALOLA VIRIDIS. [June 15, We usually know the day, but often are in error as to the moon, and expect it one too early.” In their old mode of reckoning the Samoans knew when the season was approaching by the flowering of certain plants. They found the day by the position of the moon. The tenth morning on which the moon is seen above the western horizon at dawn of day is the morning on which the Palolo appear. The Samoans always call the Palolo a fish (?«=ika in other Polynesian dialects, and ikaw in Malayan). This is the origin of a mistake made by one of the former missionaries, mentioned in the ‘ Encyclo- peedia Britannica.’ Upolu, Samoa, March 20th, 1874. P.S. March 17th, 1875. The preceding paper was forwarded to the Zoological Society of London by the mail vid San Francisco in March, 1874 ; but having heard from Mr. Sclater that it had not reached him on October 30th last, I now forward another copy, to which I have added a few notes under the present date. In a note dated Nov. 17th, 1874, I have already informed Mr. Sclater that the Palolo appeared in these islands on October 31st and November lst, G. M. T.,=November Ist and 2nd local time, thus proving the correctness of my opinion that that season would be one of 13 lunations. I sent a copy of the foregoing paper to Mr. E. L. Layard, F.ZS., now Administrator of the Government in the colony of Fiji, in order that he might check my observations in those islands. I am sure he will excuse me for giving the following interesting quotation from his letter, dated Levuka, Dec. 9th, 1874, communicating his own observations :— «I studied your paper with much interest, and anxiously awaited the time of the worm’s appearance. ‘The date assigned by you was very rough aud stormy. ‘The natives here laughed at the date—‘ Oh, it will be later!’ Time came; no balolo! I was out, one among thirty boats. ‘Oh, we have missed it by three days ; it will be later.’ Meanwhile news came from Loma-loma that they had them on the very day you name, the biggest take of balolo ever known. I now have my laugh at the people.” Mr. Layard obtained half a dozen specimens, and he says, « All took place as youobserved. With my high-power glasses I found the eggs to be spotted; and I fancy the spots were the orifices by which the seminal vesicles of the male enter. These are very active in the water, gyrating in a singular manner. One male | inch long was enough to dim the transparency of 8 oz. of water. I saw no worm longer than 13 inch, but received one 18 inches long from Loma-loma.” J.Dinkel del. et bith. PZ. S16 75 sei Aleyoncellum speciosum. W.West &C° uw P.Z.5.1875. PL LVI. 2 SRN valida. 1.2, Farrea 3,4, spinosissima. i Be 8 = = ” J.Dinkel del. et lith. = 1875.] DR. BOWERBANK ON SILICEO-FIBROUS SPONGES. 903 5. A Monograph of the Siliceo-fibrous Sponges. By J.S. Bowersank, LL.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S., &c.—Part IV. [Received June 8, 1875.] (Plates LVI. & LVILI.) Further observations on the anatomy and physiology of ALCYONCELLUM SPECIOSUM, Quoy et Gaimard. (Plate LVI.) Euplectella aspergillum, Owen, Trans. Zool. Soe. iii. p. 203. Euplectella cucumer, Owen, Trans. Linn. Soe. xxii. p. 17, pl. 21. In my former observations on the anatomy and physiolog y of this singular and very beautiful Sponge, published in the Society’s ‘ Pro- ceedings’ for 1867, p. 351, and for 1869, p. 346, I have stated that I had tried in vain to obtain a knowledge of the dermal structures of this sponge. In my paper of May 13, 1869, I detailed my exami- nation of a very small fragment of what appeared to me to be the dermis ; and subsequent examinations of other minute pieces of a similar description have confirmed the opinion I had then formed. Since 1869 I have made every possible effort to solve the problem of its dermal structure, but without any satisfactory result. What my best efforts could’ not attain, the good fortune of my friend Dr. John Miller, F.G.S. &c., has achieved by the acquisition of a spe- cimen in which the skeleton of the dermal organization is in a per- fect state of preservation ; and [ am much indebted to him for having kindly presented me with part of this beautiful and valuable specimen for examination and description. No portion of the sarcodous structures remain on any part of the specimen. These tissues ap- pear to have been removed from the dermis by gradual undisturbed decomposition, leaving its siliceous skeleton iv situ in a remarkably perfect state of preservation; and not only so with regard to the dermal skeleton, but the rigid skeleton of the sponge appears to be precisely in the same state as when living, every portion of it ap- pearing to occupy its appropriate position, so as to enable us to render a much more correct account of its general structure. Hitherto the only specimens available for examination have been in such a well-washed condition as to render it extremely difficult to deter- mine the true positions of the unattached spicula found among those of the rigid skeleton; and in many cases the rectangulated sex- radiate spicula of the dermis and the floricomo-sexradiate ones have evidently been washed into the interstices of the rigid skeleton. On examining a portion of the sponge presented to me by Dr. Miller, mounted in Canada balsam, with a power of 100 linear, we find that at the inner surface of the specimen the large primary fibres of the skeleton are strikingly distinct ; and in the irregularly shaped interstices of their reticulation there were numerous stout rectangulated sexradiate spicula, and a large number of the same form of various degrees of tenuity ; their positious were mostly un- 504 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON [June 15, conformable, both as regards each other and the large primary fibres of the skeleton; and I could not detect a single floricomo-sexradiate one among them. The simple rectangulated sexradiate spicula, when immersed amid the skeleton-fibres, usually had the whole of the six radii developed; but those at the inner margin of the great incurrent areas were frequently deficient of the distal axial ray, so that the four lateral rays were presented in the same plane as that of the inner margin of the great incurrent areas. On examining the outer surface of the specimen we find a mar- vellously beautiful compound reticulated dermal skeleton elevated slightly above the general surface of the sponge-structures beneath. This exquisitely beautiful tissue is composed of a single layer of slender, simple, rectangulated sexradiate spicula, conformably ar- ranged in the same plane, the long proximal ends of the central shafts being all pointed downwards towards the skeleton beneath, while the lateral radii of each spiculum glide over those of their next neighbours until the distal ends of their respective rays closely approach to the central shafts of each other, thus systematically interlocking with each other, and forming a beautiful quadrangular network in the dermal stratum. The distal portion of the central shaft of each simple rectangulated sexradiate spiculum has a single floricomo-sexradiate spiculum cemented to its apex, forming a uni- form stratum at regular distances of these beautiful objects imme- diately beneath the outer surface of the dermal membrane. The interstices of the quadrangular network are filled by a thin translucent membrane on which there are occasionally found, closely adhering to the membrane, groups of five or six minute quadrifurcate sexradiate stellate spicula, very similar in general structure to those of Iphiteon Ingalli, figured in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ for 1869, plate xxiii. fig. 2, p. 331—but with this difference, that the radii of those of I. Ingalli are spinulate, while those of 4. speciosum are at- tenuated to exceedingly sharp distal terminations. These spicula are very slender and delicate in their proportions, and require a power of at least 400 linear to render them distinctly to the eye. A fully developed one measured as follows:—extreme diameter z}z inch; diameter of the sexradiate basal portion =, inch; length of the furcating radii +755 inch; and the diameter of the thickest portion of fureating radii =3},5 inch. Thus these beautifully constructed and elaborately arranged organs form most effective defences against minute annelids or other insidious enemies who may attempt to prey upon the soft gelatinous tissues of the sponge. A single mouthful of the minute sharp-pointed spicula of which their beautiful floral terminations are constructed would effectually deter these predacious little enemies from any further attacks upon the soft tissues of the sponge. A more complete or more effective mode of disposition of these wonderful defensive organs cannot possibly be conceived. These structures are amazingly beautiful to our eyes; but their admirable adaptation to their especial purposes infinitely surpasses their beauty in our estimation. To re- turn to the peculiar mode of construction of the rectangulated net- 1875.] SILICEO-FIBROUS SPONGES. 505 work of the dermis, we at once perceive that the spicula when thus united form a strong and elastic rectangulated network. This mode of combination of the simple sexradiate spicula is perfectly adapted to the power of dilatation and contraction that it appears should neces- sarily exist in all siliceous sponges, whatever their form may be, which have a rigid skeleton. We find these powers existing in all the species of Dactylocalyx, as represented in plates v. & vi., P. Z. 8. 1869. But in these cases the expansion of the dermis is effected by various forms of ternate spicula, connected by the apices of their terminal radii, while their shafts are directed towards the body of the sponge, so as to allow, not only of a great amount of lateral expansion and contraction of the dermal membrane, but also of the separation of the dermis from the body of the sponge beneath it to a very considerable extent. In all the species of Geodia and Pachymatisma we find the same principle existing under various modifications. The expansile powers of the dermal tissues are also provided for, in the reticulated structures of {sodictya and Halichon- dria, by the conjunction and elastic adhesion of the terminations of the spicula forming the dermal rete, whether that organ be mono- spiculous, as in many species of Isodictya, or multispiculous, as in numerous species of Halichondria and several other genera; and where no such structures exist the dermal membrane alone is abun- dantly elastic, as exhibited in the protrusion of the large excurrent orifices in Spongilla, as figured in plate i. in the “ Report on the Vital Powers of the Spongiade,” in the Reports of the British Asso- ciation for 1857. All these beautiful appliances appear to be com- bined in the structure of the dermis of Alcyoncellum; and in addi- tion we have the floricomo-sexradiate forms terminating the distal apices of the dermal expansible arrangement of spicula, as defences of the external surface of the dermal membrane against the minute enemies, while the chevaua-de-frise forms beneath are an ample and effective defence against the more powerful depredators. The spicula of the expansile dermal tissues vary in structure to a considerable extent in the different species of sponges in which they occur. In Geodia Dysoni they assume the form of simple patento-ternate spicula, their distal terminations being all in the same plane, their radii meeting and overlapping each other more or less, as represented in figs. 4 & 5, plate iii., P. Z.S. 1873; or they occur as bifurcated patento-ternate ones, as represented in figures 3 & 4, plate ii., P. Z. S. 1873, inthe dermis of Geodia perarmatus. In the similar organs of Daetylocalye Pratti their terminal radii are flattened and contorted to a considerable extent, as shown by figs. 9, 10, 11, plate v., P. Z. S. 1869; and in the same plate the radii of these spicula are expanded into beautiful foliations in the dermis of Dactylocalyx M‘Andrewii, as represented in figures 2, 3, & 4. But however different their forms may be, their office in the expansile dermis of each sponge is precisely the same, and their long basal shafts are pendent, as represented in the section at right angles to the surface of Dactylocalyx Prattii in plate v. fig. 6a, P. Z. S. 1869. In all these cases the same design, with variations adapted 506 DR. J. S. BOWEKBANK ON [June 15, to the particular species, is apparent—that of allowing a considerable amount of expansion and contraction in the dermal system of the animal, so that, if the skeletons are rigid, the necessary expansions of the dermal organs of the animal may achieve inhalation and exhala- tion, as necessary to the sponge as to the higher classes of animals, of marine or land-living creatures ; and this is precisely what takes place in the dermal system of Alcyoncellum speciosum, but in a more complicated and beautiful manner than in any other siliceo-fibrous sponge with which I am acquainted. There are several other varieties of form of the remarkably con- stricted compound floricomous spicula which are figured in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society’ for 1857, plate Xxvil., and also in plate viii. vol. i. ‘ Monograph of British Spongiade ;’ but none of these forms are elevated on the distal portion of the shaft of a simple rectangulated sexradiate spiculum, as in Aleyon- cellum speciosum. In the portion of the specimen mounted in Canada balsam in the cabinet of Dr. Miller I found a considerable number of gemmules dispersed amidst the tissues ; some were on the skeleton-fibres, while others were attached to the interstitial membranes. They were membranous and aspiculous, closely resembling the same descrip- tion of organs in Dactylocalyx pumicea, as represented in the ‘ Philo- sophical Transactions of the Royal Society’ for 1862, plate xxxiv. figs. 17 & 18, and also in ‘ Monograph of British Spongide,’ vol. i. plate xxv. figs. 340 & 341. They varied in size to a much greater extent than those of Dacty/ocalyx. The largest one measured =4, inch in diameter; another was =}; inch in diameter; and the speci- mens ranging between these two sizes were comparatively numerous. Others, equally well developed, measured 5,1; inch; and the smallest well-defined one was but 5,5; inch in diameter. Thus we have, by the aid of Dr. Miller’s beautiful specimen, ob- tained a much more correct knowledge of the anatomy and physi- ology of this beautiful sponge than we previously possessed ; and, in addition to these interesting facts, a letter published in the ‘Times’ April 30, 1875, from Her Majesty’s ship ‘Challenger,’ contains some interesting information regarding its habits in its natural state. “The regaderas,” as the Spaniards call them, ‘‘ are found at a depth of about 100 fathoms. The/Indian lets down his bamboo arrange- ment with a strong fine line of Manilla hemp, and pulls it slowly over the ground. Every now and then he feels a slight tug; and at the end of an hour or so he pulls it in, with usually from five to ten ‘regaderas’ entangled on the hooks. Huplectella has a very dif- ferent appearance, under these circumstances, from the cones of glossy network in the British Museum. Its silver beard is clogged with the dark grey mud in which it lives, buried to about one third of its height ; and the network of the remainder of the tube is covered with a pall of yellowish fleshy matter, which gives it a heavy look, and greatly diminishes its beauty. he layer of flesh is not so thick as we expected, and only slightly masks the form of even the de- tailed sculpture of the sponge.” 1875.] SILICEO-FIBROUS SPONGES. 507 In my description of A. speciosum, in P. Z. S., May 13, 1869, p- 346, I described a small fragment of what was probably the dermal membrane of the sponge, beneath which the elaborate and beautiful defensive arrangement of spicula described in this paper would be situated. The account of this little fragment foreshadows the description of the investing animal tissues of the sponge de- scribed by the correspondent from the ‘Challenger,’ quoted above. Farrea vauipA, Bowerbank. (Plate LVII. figs. 1 & 2.) Sponge-mass unknown. Dermis furnished with a stout, quadri- lateral, smooth or, rarely, slightly tuberculated siliceo-fibrous net- work, armed at the angles externally and internally with short, stout, imbricated, conical spicular defences; areas square or slightly ob- long, very regular, sides of the areas abundantly armed with rectan- gulated sexradiate defensive organs; radii spinous; spines acutely conical ; fibres of the dermal rete cylindrical, very stout, eqnable in size, canaliculated ; canals regular, strongly produced, confluent at the angles. Skeleton-rete quadrangular, areas larger than those of the dermal network.’ Fibre smooth, not more than one third the diameter of those of the dermis; canals large and well developed. Dermal membrane obsolete. Colour, in the dried state, dark amber-brown. Hab. Unknown. Examined in the dried state. All that I know of this sponge is a piece of the dermal network a quarter of an inch in length by one eighth of an inch in breadth. It is mounted in Canada balsam. Beneath the dermal rete there is a small portion of the true skeleton-rete in situ. The specific characters derivable from the dermal structures are remarkably striking. The fibres of the dermal structure are com- paratively very large; their average diameter measured 51, inch, while those of the true skeleton averaged -1, inch only, and the central canals in both measured 3,55 inch. The fibres of the dermal structure are spineless; but there are occasionally a few low rounded tubercles dispersed on their surfaces. The mode of the reticulation is exceedingly regular; and the areas are all square or, to a slight extent, oblong, slightly curved at the angles. The conical spicular defensive organs at the angles are short, but very stout, and the imbricated scales are strongly produced. The most strikingly distinctive characters are the numerous rectangulated sexradiate de- fensive organs, based on the dermal fibres, and projected into the areas frequently to the extent of half their breadth. Their number is very considerable ; and four or five are not uncommon in a single area. They vary in size and form to a very considerable extent, some being exceedingly stout, and abundantly and strongly spinous, while others are slender and delicately spinous. All these organs appear to be furnished with a central canal; but it is frequently ren- dered indistinct by the profusion of spines on the surface of the organ, The small portion of the true skeleton does not present 508 DR. BOWERBANK ON SILICEO-FIBROUS SPONGES. [June 15, any remarkable characters. The fibres are usually quite smooth ; occasionally, however, there are small and very immature rectangulated sexradiate defensive organs; but I did not see a single well-produced -one. ‘There were a few small portions of the dermal membrane in a good state of preservation, upon which there was a rather thick layer of sarcode; but I could not detect in it any thing in the shape of spicula. The specimen from which the above description has been made was in the possession of my late friend Mr. Henry Deane, who kindly obliged me with the use of it for description ; and his son, Mr. James Deane, has kindly given me the specimen. FarrEA SPINosissiMA, Bowerbank. (Plate LVII. figs. 3 & 4.) Sponge cup-shaped? Dermis, oscula, and pores unknown. Skeleton rectangulated, composed of three or four layers; fibres of the ex- ternal ones of rather greater diameter than those intervening, more regularly disposed; areas variable in size and form, abundantly armed with very long, slender, defensive prickles, projected in various directions, more or less incipiently spiuous, spines acutely conical— and also sparingly with rather small rectangulated sexradiate in- ternal defensive organs. Skeleton-fibre rather slender, usually smooth, occasionally furnished with a few acutely conical spines ; central canals variable in size, usually slender, occasionally obsolete. Sarcode, in the dried state, dark amber-brown. Colour, in the dried state, dark amber-brown. Hab. Unknown. Examined in the skeleton-state. I am indebted to my late friend Mr. Henry Deane for the only specimen of this species with which I am acquainted. It is a plate of skeleton-tissue 8 lines in diameter. It is curved to such an extent as would seem to indicate that it had formed part of a cup- shaped sponge two or three inches in diameter. In some parts of the structure there are as many as four layers of the skeleton-tissue; but the number most frequently seen is three. The prominent and most distinctive character is the long slender prickles projecting from the skeleton-fibres at right angles to their long axis; sometimes one only is thus produced, but more frequently two in opposite directions, or three are thus projected at about equal distances from a line encircling a fibre. They are always very slender; but they differ in length toa considerable extent: in some cases their length is about equal to the diameter of the fibre on which they are based; but they are fre- quently three or four times that length. I could not detect the slightest indication of dermal or interstitial membranes with a power of 80 linear; nearly the whole of the skeleton-fibres were more or less covered by a thin coat of dark amber-coloured sarcode; and the long defensive prickles were much more thickly coated with the sarcode than the skeleton-fibres; and this coating of the prickles was mostly thin at their proximal ends, and gradually increased in its thickness to their distal extremities, frequently becoming slightly clavate. 1875.| sir VICTOR AND MR. B. BROOKE ON ASIATIC SHEEP. 509 A few such prickles as described above occur in F. spinifera; but the greater size of the skeleton-fibres and their more compact and regular mode of arrangement, their large and very distinct canals, at once distinguish that species from I’. spinosissima. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. Puate LVI. Fig. 1 represents a portion of the skeleton of the dermal system of Alcyon- cellum speciosum, as seen in situ ona piece of Dr. Miller’s specimen of the sponge mounted by him in Canada balsam, exhibiting the mode of arrangement of the slender rectangulated sexradiate spicula, with the floricomo-sexradiate defensive ones attached to the distal termina- tions of each of the reticulating spicula, x 36 linear. In plate xxiv. P.Z.S. for 1869, fig. 11 represents one of the floricomo-sexradiate spicula X 666 linear; fig. 10 one of the dermal simple rectangulated sexradiate spicula to which the floricomo-sexradiate ones are attached, x 108 linear; and fig. 9 represents one of the slender attenuated rect- angular sexradiate spicula of the skeleton interstitial structures, x 175 linear. Fig. 2. Two of the slender rectangulated sexradiate dermal spicula as seen iz situ, showing the mode in which the lateral radii pass freely over each other, so as to allow of the expansile action of the dermal system, x80 linear. Fig. 3. A small piece of the skeleton-fibres of the sponge immediately beneath the dermal system, with numerous gemmules in various stages of deve- lopment, attached either to the fibres of the skeleton or to the trans- lucent interstitial membranes, x 80 linear. Puate LVII. Fig. 1 represents a small portion of the stout and beautifully regular dermal reticulation of Farvea valida, with its numerous rectangulated sexra- diate defensive organs based on the fibres, with a portion of the slender reticulated skeleton beneath it, x 61 linear. Fig. 2. A small portion of the dermal reticulation, exhibiting more distinctly the structure and mode of disposition of the rectangulated sexradiate defensive organs, X 80 linear. Fig. 3 represents a small piece of the skeleton-structure of Farrea spinosissima, with its numerous attenuated defensive spinous prickles, x 36 linear. Fig. 4. A small portion of the fibre of the sponge, more highly magnified, ex- hibiting the mode of disposition of the spinous defensive prickles coated with sarcode, x 8() linear. 6. On the large Sheep of the Thian Shan, and the other Asiatic Argali. By Sir Vicror Brooks, Bart., F.Z.S., and Basin Brooke, F.Z.S. [Received June 14, 1875.] Captain Biddulph having shown (antea, p. 157) appreciable points of distinction between the large Wild Sheep obtained by the officers of the Yarkand Mission on the Thian Shan, described by Dr. Stoliczka as Ovis poli (P. Z.S8. 1874, p. 425), and the true Ovis poli of Blyth from the Great Pamir, we have been indueed to study 510 SIR VICTOR BROOKE AND MR. B. BROOKE [June 15, all that is known of the large Argali Sheep of Central Asia, in the hopes of determining the Thian-Shan species, and of ascertaining what may be regarded as established facts respecting the differentia- tion and distribution of the allied forms. This study has convinced us that our knowledge of the physical geography and fauna of Central Asia is as yet far too inexact to admit of any thing more than a mere statement of bare facts. We have therefore concentrated our efforts upon the task of placing all the facts that we have been able to gather in as easily accessible a form as possible, without attempting to estimate the exact value of characters of the origin and extent of which we at present know but little. Many of the specimens collected by the Yarkand Mission are now in London, and we have had the fullest opportunity of examining them. ‘To Mr. Edwin Ward our best thanks are especially due for the many facilities which he has offered to us, at, we fear, consider- able inconvenience, for studying the specimens committed to his charge. By far the most important recent contribution to our knowledge of the subject before us is due to the laborious and careful researches of Mr. N. A. Severtzoff, the results of which are published in the ‘Transactions of the Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow,’ vol. vili., and also in a separate work entitled ‘ Vertikalnoe e Goro- yontalnoe Raspredalenie Turkestankie Jevotnie’ (Moscow, 1873). Unfortunately both Mr. Severtzoff’s works are written in Russian, a Janguage which is utterly unintelligible to the larger number of Euro- pean and American naturalists. We feel, therefore, that no excuse is necessary for laying before the Society a more or less full abstract of all that touches the subject of this paper*. Almost all we know respecting the Turkestan species being con- tained in Severtzoff’s work, we shall, in treating of these species, adhere as closely as possible to Mr. Severtzoff’s own words. At the end of the account of each species we will add any observations which may suggest themselves to us as worthy of notice. In the case of the species not found in Turkestan, we shall give original descriptions of specimens personally examined in either British or Contiuental museums; and finally we shall append a table of all the specimens which we have examined, with their measurements, followed by a list containing remarks on the individual peculiarities of each specimen, and the name of the Museum, public or private, in which it may be found. Before describing the different species of Sheep met with by him in Turkestan, Mr. Severtzoff defines clearly the terms used by him in his descriptions of the horns of Sheep; and, although we are unable to agree with Mr. Severtzoff in the value which he attaches to the characters afforded by the horns, we fully appreciate the practical utility of Mr. Severtzoff’s definitions. We propose, there- fore, following his example, to define as exactly as possible the fea- tures observable in an adult typical Sheep’s horn, giving to each a * Mr. Severtzoff’s descriptions have been translated for us by Mr. F. Craemer. 1875.] ON ASIATIC SHEEP, 511 distinct name that will not only render intelligible Mr. Severtzoff’s descriptions, but may also be used in future in the comparisons and descriptions of these parts. The horn of an adult typical Sheep is divided by three more or less distinct edges into three surfaces. Of these latter (speaking of the basal portion of the horn), one is anterior (fig. 1, @), one exterior (fig. 1, 6), and one interior (fig. 1,¢). The first-mentioned of these surfaces we propose naming the frontal surface, the second the orbital surface, and the third the nuckal surface. These terms a. Frontal surface. d. Fronto-nuchal edge. b. Orbital surface. e. Fronto-orbital edge. ec. Nuchal surface. f. Nuchal edge. appear to us preferable to the terms anterior, exterior, and interior, as, owing to the spiral twist of the horns, the relative position of the surfaces is reversed in their basal and terminal extremities. Of the two edges which border the frontal surface, one (fig. 1, 2) is interior, forming at its origin the nearest approach of the horns; this we shall refer to as the fronto-nuchal edge, the other, the exterior (fig. 1, e), as the fronto-orbital edge. The remaining edge (fig. 1, f) we shall term the nuchal edge. Further, the entire spiral of the horn may be divided into three curves :— 1. The basal curve ascends. 2. The median curve descends. 3. The terminal curve varies in direction according to the length of the horn. The angles formed by the axes of these curves, both with each other and with the vertical axis of the skull, have been used by Mr. Severtzoff as characters for distinguishing the different species. These we shall refer to as the basal, median, and terminal axis. . 512 SIR VICTOR BROOKE AND MR. B. BROOKE |June 1d, We now proceed to give abstracts of Mr. Severtzoff’s descriptions of the species observed by him in Turkestan, “Qvis KARELENI. (Figs. 2 and 3.) “‘[ have named this species after the worthy explorer of Central Asia, who was also the first to obtain specimens of the species in the Ala Tau, near Semiretchinsk, about 1840. ‘The specimens have up to the present been considered identical with Ovis argali (Pallas). Ovis karelini (specimen 6 in list). I have, however, upon a comparison of my two perfect specimens and the three specimens obtained by Karelin, separated this form from the true East-Siberian Ovis argali of Pallas. Of this latter species there are three skulls and a perfect specimen in the Moscow University Museum.” Description.—“The horns are moderately thick, with rather 1875.] ON ASIATIC SHEEP. 513 rounded edges ; frontal surface very prominent ; orbital surface rather flat, narrowing only in the last third of its length. The horns are three times as long as the skull.” The basal and terminal axes of the horn rise parallel with each other; . . . the median axis is parallel with the axis of the skull. ... The neck is covered by a white mane, shaded with greyish brown. The light brown of. the back and sides is separated from the yellowish white of the belly by a wide dark line. The light brown of the upper parts gets gradually lighter towards the tail, where it becomes greyish white, but does not form a sharply marked anal disk. On the back there is a sharply marked dark line running from the shoulders to the loins. I did not find any soft hair under the long winter hair in October. . . . Height at the shoulder 3 feet 6 inches, length of the horns from 44” to 45”.” Range.—“ Ovis karelini inhabits all the Semiretchinsk Altai, and also the Sapliskey Altai, but is not so common there as in the mountains between Tamgali (?) and Kaskelen; but it is partly driven from this latter locality by the Cossack sportsmen, and has gone to a higher elevation, namely the Kebin Steppe, above the range of trees. East of Tamgali (?) (Turgeli?), on the bare moun- tains and plains near the rivers Chilik and Kelen, Ovis karelini is very abundant, but not on the mountains covered with trees; it extends from this locality as far as Santash. Further it inhabits all the neighbourhood of Issik Kul; is rather rare on the northern parts of the Thian Shan, which are thickly wooded. I also met with numerous flocks in the steppes of the Narin, where they find abun- dance of food and shelter at an elevation of about 12,000 or 13,000 feet above the level of the sea. This species is also met with on the mountains separating the Narin from its tributary the Atpash, as far as the plains between the rivers Kurtka and Chatir Kul; but from the eastern sources of the Atpash as far as the Chatir-Kul it is found only in company with Ovis polit.” Habits. —“ Ovis karelini, like other Sheep, does not live exclu- sively amongst the rocks, as is the case with the different species of Capra. It is not satisfied, like the latter, with small tufts of grass growing in the clefts of the rocks, but requires more extensive feeding-grounds ; it is therefore more easily driven from certain districts than is the case with Capra. In the neighbourhood of Kopal, for instance, the Goats are abundant in the central parts of the steppes of Kara, whilst the Sheep have been partially driven from these places, only visiting them in autumn. “Qn the southern ranges of the Semiretchinsk Altai, in the vicinity of the river Ili, wherever good meadows and rocky places are found, Ovis karelini occurs at elevations of from 2000 to 3000 feet ; at the sources of the rivers Lepsa, Sarkan, Kora, Karatala, and Koksa it goes as high as 10,000 feet, and even to 12,000 feet in the neighbourhood of the Upper Narin. In winter it is found at much lower elevations.” We have no hesitation in referring the specimens obtained by the Yarkand Mission to the south of Chatir Kul, on the Thian Shan, to Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1875, No. XXXIIL. 33 514 SIR VICTOR BROOKE AND MR. B. BROOKE [June 15, this species. Colonel Gordon’s specimen (specimen a of list) shows avery much greater extent of white on the lower sides and haunches than appears to have been the case in either of Mr. Severtzoff’s specimens ; the white anal disk is strongly defined from the rosy fawn colour of the upper parts of the back by a distinctly darker shade. “Ovis Poti. (Figs. 4 and 5.) ‘«This species was founded upon specimens obtained by Wood at the sources of the Amu Daria, on the high plains near the Lake Siri Kul, at an elevation of about 16,000 feet, consequently about the same locality as that mentioned by Marco Polo.” Description.— The horns are very large, pressed in from the sides, the edges, with the exception of the fronto-nuchal edge, being Fig. 4. Fig. 4a. Ovis poli, smaller example (specimen g in list). rounded. The orbital surface is pressed in, and commences to get natrower only during the last third of its length. The horn is more than four times the length of the skull. The basal and terminal axes of the horns are not parallel, the latter being directed more horizontally. . . . All round the neck there is a pure white mane ; 1875.] ON ASIATIC SHEEP. 515 and there is a dark line along the spiral column from the shoulders to the loins. The light greyish brown of the sides shades off into white towards the belly: A pure white anal disk surrounds the tail ; above this disk is bordered by a rather dark line; but below it extends largely over the hinder parts of the thighs, shading gradually nto the brown colour of the legs. I did not discover any soft short hair under the long winter hair during the month of October. Height 46", length of horns 57"... . Ovis poli, smaller example (specimen ¢ in list). ‘Such is the coloration of Ovis poli in winter. The specimens seen by Mr. Semenoff on the Khan Tengri in summer appeared to be dark brown.”’ Range.—*‘‘ Ovis poli was met with by Mr. Semenoff on the high plains near the snow-covered summits of the gigantic mountains of Khan Tengri, at the sources of the rivers Karkara, Tekes, and Sari- 33* 516 SIR VICTOR BROOKE AND MR. B. BROOKE’ [June 15, jaws. These places form the most northern limits of its range, which to the south-west extends as far as the Narin, the upper Sir Daria, and the tributaries of the Kashgar Daria. I found skulls of Ovis poli within a distance of 10 or 12 versts north of these rivers, at Ulan, on the mountains of Atpash; here it lives, mixed in very limited numbers with Ovis karelini, this locality constituting the narrow district where the two species are found together. On the high plain of Aksai only Ovis poli is to be met with, where it is very abundant. Here it usually keeps in the mountains of Bos-adir, on the north shores of the Aksai, and feeds on the hilly meadows close - to the river. It has, as yet, not been obtained further north. *©On Khan Tengri, on the hills of Karkara and Tekes, Ovis poli is not met with below an elevation of 10,000 feet; but it is here rather rare, as it prefers the grass-covered plains near the level of the eternal snow. These plains are about 11,000 feet above the sea. On the Aksai the limits of its range are formed by the river of the same name between the mountains of Kokkia and Bos-adir. It is here, as on the Atpash Mountains, found as low as 9000 feet, ranging from this altitude to that of the eternal snow.” Habits. —* This animal is not a regular inhabitant of the moun- tains and rocks, but of high-situated hilly plains, where Festuca, Artemisia, and even Salsolee form its principal food. It only takes to the mountains for the purposes of concealment, avoiding even then the more rocky localities, as, for instance, the Kok-kia, near the Aksai, where I only met with Capra skyn. Wherever Ovis poli has been met with, it has been found inhabiting the same localities during the summer and winter; the latter season, though cold, is remarkably free from snow, the winter clouds being intercepted b the lower mountains before reaching the elevations inhabited by the Sheep. I saw this species on Khan Tengri and Aksai in small scattered flocks of from five to ten individuals—unlike Ovis harelini, which species I have seen in flocks of hundreds in the neighbour- hood of the Narin. The speed of Ovis poli is very great; but the difficulty in overtaking wounded specimens may be partly attributed to the distressing effect of the rarefied air upon the horses, which has apparently no effect whatever upon the Sheep. The weight of an old specimen killed and gralloched by me was too much for a strong mountain-camel, the animal requiring 4 hours to accomplish 4 versts, and being obliged to lie down several times during the journey. At low elevations a camel can carry 17 poods with ease, but in these lofty plains not more than 11 or 12 poods; the entire weight of a male Ovis poli will therefore be not less than 16 or 17 poods; the head and horns alone weigh over 2 poods.” As may be seen by a comparison of the measurements of the Ovis polt obtained by Mr. Severtzoff on the Aksai Plain with those of the specimens from the Pamir examined by us, the horns are of about equal length in the Thian-Shan and Pamir Ovis poli, but they are of considerably wider span in the specimens from the Pamir. It may, however, be possible that specimens exhibiting a much wider span are procurable in the Thian Shan than those 1875.] ON ASIATIC SHEEP. 517 obtained by Severtzoff. The fact of Ovis poli and Ovis karelini inhabiting the same area on the Upper Narin seems to us to indicate the probability that the difference between these two forms is not so superficial as might be at first supposed. “Ovis HEINSI. *‘T have thus named this species, the first specimen having been sent me by General Heins from Tokmack.” Description.“ The horns are not massive; they are pressed in from the sides, and have three sharp edges ; the inner spiral would fit on an inverted cone with the base turned toward the skull. . . . A section of the base of the horn shows the nuchal surface to be a little narrower than the orbital surface, each of these surfaces being 14 times as wide as the frontal surface. The basal axis of the horn and the vertical axis of the skull form an angle of about 40°, the basal with the median axis an angle of about 31°; the latter and the terminal axis form a right angle... . The height, judging from the skull, would be a little less than that of Ovis karelini. . . .” Range.— This species is only known from the skulls of middle- aged specimens with incompletely developed horns. . . . . These specimens were, as above stated, found in the Tokmack district, without, however, any more exact particulars as to locality. The geographical distribution of the species is therefore unknown. Some greyish brown Sheep seen by me in the Alexandrovski district, near Merke, belong, I think, to this species. They were seen at an eleva- tion of about 8000 feet, near the rivers Katchara and Chu. Mr. Semenoff was also told by the Kirgees about these Sheep; and they could hardly, I think, be Ovis poli. “The horns of Ovis heinsi are not much smaller than those of Ovis poli of the same age. The skull of a specimen of Ovis heinsi, aged 5 years, measured 11" 4'"; the length of the horns is 33! 2!", and the span between the tips is 31! 4/". The same measurements in Ovis poli of the same age are respectively 12" 6!, 37", and 35"... . The Kirgees people might easily mistake this species for Ovis poli.” ‘© OvIs NIGRIMONTANA. “IT have thus named this species on account of its having been first met with in the Karatau or Black Mountains.” Description.—‘‘ The horns are not massive ; the fronto-nuchal edge is very sharp, the other two edges are also not much rounded ; the frontal surface is narrow, but prominent ; the other two surfaces pressed in, rendering the edges sharp, especially the fronto-nuchal edge. A section of the base of the horn shows the orbital and nuchal surfaces to be nearly equal in width, each of them being about 1} times as wide as the frontal surface. The axis of the skull and the basal axis of the horn form an angle of about 38°, the median and basal axes an angle of 23°; and the angle of the terminal axis of the horn and the vertical axis of the skull is 63°. The ridges of the horn are sharp, straight, and regularly parallel with each other. .. . 518 SIR VICTOR BROOKE AND MR. B. BROOKE [June_15, “This species is, like Ovis heinsi, only known from skulls; amongst these is one of an adult male. Through a telescope I saw that the colour of the animal is light greyish brown, with a white belly and rump. It is considerably smaller than Ovis karelini;” indeed it is “fone of the smallest and weakest of all the Central- Asiatic Sheep.” Range.—* This species inhabits the entire Karatau, with the exception of a few localities. It is abundant on the summits of the Buguni, on the rocks near Marnin-sas, and on the western portions of the Teranisk hills, where the numerous steep rocks and clefts near Boroldai afford them excellent security. They also occur on the summits of the Chayan Mountains ; further to the west I met with the species on the rocks of the Turlansky-pereval ; and, according to the statements of the people there, they are abundant also on the Min-Dielki, the highest point in the Karatau, where they ascend as high as 7000 feet. To the north-westward they are found all over the Karatau, and even at their feet, where the steppes commence, namely on the Kara-Murun hills, which are not more than 1000 feet above the level of the steppe, or 1500 feet above the sea-level.’ Habits.—“ Ovis nigrimontana keeps in very small flocks con- sisting of three or four individuals; they are found also sometimes single.” Mr. Severtzoff attributes this to the rocky nature of the ground to which the animals have been driven by the wandering tribes of the Kirgees. Part of Mr. Severtzoff's Table of Measurements of the Wild Sheep of Turkestan. Ovis poli, | O. karelini,, O. heins?, Gq ie adult ¢. | adult ¢. |5-years ¢. adult 3. in. lin, | in. lin, | in. lim. | im. lin. Length from nose to tail .... 79 O | 71 O ee ie Height at the shoulder ...... PA le, et? Sal hgh hag 34 0 Hength Of horn’ \.....0chese.s- bf OF "aa" 0 33 2 38 «0 mee between tips of 42 0 SO" ne antbelai fe 29 6 HOMME EN hes keer ars Width of temple side of 2 horn (orbital Bie pra a Dek | ae pier Width of nape side (nuchal | BUPA CE NE ee vcerosttantts er Sa | 5 ria ‘ Length of skull .............4. 140 HPSS oS ll 4 10 8 The height and length of Ovis nigrimontana has been calculated from the size of the skull. We will now give descriptions of the Asiatic Argali not found in Turkestan. Ovis AMMON. 1766. Capra ammon, Linn. Syst. Nat. edit. xii. p. 97. 1875.] ON ASIATIC SHEEP. 519 1766. Ovis argali, Pall. Spice. Zool. fase. xi. p. 20, tab. 1, 2. 1862. Ovis argali, Radde, Reis. im Siid. v. O.-Sib. p- 238. Adult 3, summer?, in Mus. Brit., received from Brandt, Mus. St. Petersburg. Locality given, Siberia (specimen x of list). Hair soft and close-set, about an inch in length ; the same length on neck and body. General colour of the head; neck, body, belly, limbs externally as far as the carpi and tarsi rufous brown, tinged with grey. On the face the grey predominates greatly. There is also a strong shade of grey on the upper parts of the neck and shoulders. On the lower parts of the body the rufous becomes more intense. The upper part of the tail is fawn-colour. There is no sign of a white disk round the tail, the brown of the haunches becoming merely paler on the infra-anal parts. Limbs from the carpi and tarsi downwards dirty white, clearest on the inside. Horns massive, their points of moderate length, and turned boldly outwards. (For further particulars vide list, specimen n.) Adult 3, winter?, Mus. Lugd., received from Brandt, Mus. St. Petersburg. Locality given, Siberia (specimen o of list). The general colour of this specimen is much the same as that last described, perhaps rather brighter. A pure white disk surrounds the tail, and runs down the haunches posteriorly, The hair of the neck is slightly lengthened, but of the same colour as that of the body. The white of the anterior parts of the face, lower limbs, and posterior part of the belly is much purer than is the case in the former specimen. The horns are very massive and deeply sulcated (vide list, spec. 0). Adult 2, season?, Mus. Brit. from St. Petersburg. Darker than the male in the same collection. An indistinct pale disk surrounds the tail. Horns 203" long, 7" in circumference. Adult 3,autumn?, Mus. Amsterdam. Locality given, Northern Asia (specimen p of list). Centre of back hoary ; lower parts of body brownish grey. The rump is white, but the white does not surround the tail so as to form a disk. Hair on the neck not longer than that-on the body. Range.—The range of this species appears to be of great extent ; but its boundaries are as yet most uncertain. Radde, in his ¢ Reisen im Siiden von Ost-Sibirien,’ published in 1862, p- 239, thus writes :— “ Since the winter of 1831-32, the Argali has not been met with on the Daurian frontier, and it is also extinct in East Siberia.’ And again, at p. 241 :—“The Argali avoids damp wooded mountains; it is wanting in the Kentei and Southern Apfel Mountains. This latter, as well as the adjoining Chingan and Bureja ranges, and indeed the greater part of the Stanovoi Mountains, appear to possess no representative of the genus Zigocerus. . . . To the Birar Tun- guses, as well as to the Daurians, who possess information of Eastern Mongolia as far as Dalai-nor, was the Argali Sheep known only by name. In entire Russian Dauria, as well as in the Baikal Mountains, the hunters could tell me nothing of the occurrence of either the Argali or Aigocerus sibiricus. To the far south of Kenteiis the Argali first met with, from which place the Cossacks of the frontier stations 520 SIR VICTOR BROOKE AND MR. B. BROOKE [June 15, Altansk, Bukukun, and Kirinsk sometimes obtain skins by barter. This is also the case in Eastern Sajan. The Cossacks of Tunkinsk exchange with the Darchates the skins of Antilope gutturosa and of the Argali, of which species I saw skins at Schimki. It is also known to the Sojotes and Burjates of the Upper Irkut.” According to Severtzoff the Argali does not occur in Turkestan ; but he believes that it ranges “‘to the east of the desert of Gobi over the mountains of the Upper Salenga, Higan, where it has been met with, and probably further south over the Inshan, and about the * sources of the two great Chinese rivers. ‘his will either be proved or negatived by Mr. Prjevalsky, who is now exploring this part of the country.” Mr. Severtzoff appears to be uncertain as to whether the Sheep bearing the name of Argali which inhabits the low hills of the Siberian Kirgees steppes of Karkalinsk, Orkatsk, and Aldgan-adersk belong to this species or not. Ovis Hopesonit, (Figs. 6 and 7). 1833. Ovis nayaur or argali, Hodgs. Asiat. Res. vol. xviil. part 2, p. 133 (part). 1840. Ovis hodgsonii, Blyth, P. Z.S. p. 65. 1841. Ovis ammonoides, Hodgs. Journ. Asiat. Soc. p. 230, pl. 1. 1860. Ovis hodgsonii, Sclat. P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 129. Adult 3, winter, Colebrooke collection. Obtained within 30 miles of Leh in the winter of 1873 (spec. x of list). Hair of body about 2 inches in length, coarse and close-set. On the sides and lower surface of the neck the hair is lengthened into a long rich ruff-like mane of a snow-white colour. Along the median line of the upper neck there is a narrow band of rather shorter hair, Fig. 6. Ovis hodgsoni (specimen « in list), which, however, is about twice as long as that on the body, and, being continued as far back as the withers, forms a short dorsal mane. General colour of the body dark brown, mixed with grey. Anterior parts of the face, belly, limbs below the carpi and tarsi 1875.] ON ASIATIC SHEEP. 521 internally, and a small anal disk surrounding the tail and rump dirty white. Cheeks and forearms darker than the rest of the body. Ears and tail short, the latter with a narrow dark line along its upper surface. Horns massive and rather short, their terminal curve being but slightly developed (for further particulars vide list, spec. w). Fig. 7. Ovis hodgsoni, side view (specimen « in list). @. Much paler than the male, with littie or no mane. No distinct anal disk. Range.—Little Thibet (Kinloch, Sc.); Cachar region, Nepaul (Hodgson). Ovis BROOKEI. Ovis brookei, Ward, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 143. This species is based upon a skull and horns in our own collection. The locality from which the specimen was obtained is not so certain as could be desired ; but we have strong reasons for believing that the animal was shot in the vicinity of Leh, in Ladak. In its much smaller size it differs from Ovis hodgsoni; and in its deeply sulcated horns, the angles of which are very much rounded, and the terminal curve but very slightly developed, it differs as decidedly from Ovis karelini. It is not improbable that the species will be found to inhabit the Kuenluen Mountains. Dimensions of the Specimen. Length of skull measured from the highest point between the _ in. homnsyti3.~ Seip foils. wee awissib. 4. crahionnaet acc: 11 Smallest breadth between orbits............0ccese cece 45 Length of horns, round the curve ......-.4--. ssseueues - 334 WrcuMPerencesOL. HOLNS: «.< oieas, <<. ccote sacle s dogo Sale eeie eke 133 Ovis NIVICOLA. 1829. Ovis nivicola, Eschsch. Zool. Atlas, p. 1, Taf. 1. 1851. Ovis montanus, Midd. Reise, Zool. p. 116, Taf. xii. figs. 1, 2. Adult 3. (winter) Mus. Lugd. Kamtschatka. Hair very long and woolly, and not lengthened into a mane on the 522 SIR VICTOR BROOKE AND MR. B. BROOKE [June 15, neck. General colour grizzly brown. An indefinitely bounded patch on the face below the eyes, and all four limbs anteriorly rich uniform dark brown. Space round the muzzle, upper and under lip, rump, and posterior part of the haunches, centre of the belly, and the limbs posteriorly pure white. The white on the posterior parts of the limbs gives place very suddenly to the brown of their anterior surfaces. ‘The white of the rump does not surround the tail, which on its upper surface is darker than the back. Lars and tail very short. Horns in form closely resembling those of Ovis montana. Frontal and nuchal surfaces convex. Orbital surface flat. Fronto-nuchal and nuchal edges very greatly ronnded. Fronto-orbital edge strongly defined, a deep groove lying between it and the orbital surface. The terminal curve of the horns well developed, and directed upwards and outwards. Skull remarkably short and broad, and strongly anchylosed. A shallow anteorbital fossa. Length from between horns to end of premaxille 10", its greatest width across the orbits 63/; height at the shoulder 37"; length of horns round curve 33", their circum- ference 123". S Adult &. Mus. Strassburg. Only differs from the former in being considerably paler in colour. Length of horns 27"; their. circumference 132!'. . Adult 9. Mus. Lugd. Is darker than the male, and has short compressed horns about 9” in length. The distribution of colour is the same as in the male. Range.—Kamtschatka (Lschscholtz) ; Stanovoi Mountains, as far south as the sources of the Utschur (Middendorf’). Besides the above locality, Middendorff convinced himself of the occurrence of a Wild Sheep at about 67°N. lat., eastward from Yenisei, in the Sywerma Mountains, near the sources of the river Cheta; and doubtless referring to the same species, Mr. Severtzoff writes (/. e. p- 86) :—* Very near to Ovis nivicola is another, as yet not properly identified, Sheep from North Siberia, from the mountains which separate the basins of the rivers Nyjnaya and Tungasca, tributaries of the Yenisei, from that of the Hatanga and Piascina. Several perfect specimens of this animal were obtained by Mr. Schmidt’s expedition for the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences.’’ This species has by many naturalists been considered identical with Ovis montana of North America. We have, however, no hesitation in considering it distinct from that species. In the extra- ordinary breadth and shortness of its skull Ovis nivicola differs most markedly from all the allied species. List of specimens examined. a. This specimen was brought by Colonel J. E. Gordon “ from the Thian-Shan range towards Russian Turkestan” (in litt.). It represents a remarkably fine adult male in winter coat. The fronto- orbital and fronto-nuchal edges of the horns are definite, the latter the most marked. All three surfaces very flat. 523 ON ASIATIC SHEEP. 1875.] Dimensions of Specimens of Asiatic Argali examined by us in British and Continental Museums. Length of horn round the curve .........00.-- Circumference— at base .. Ab Lh fOOtiE was. coes Geo nyes Bb er LOBU cieteram aieheeee eyo AbD LOCH ceeseee seme cee Ab A feet caste ces aces, weer in a straight line .... Width of orbital surface— Bt DASE hi See aii stewns's Git UW TOOL sae sns aus - 050 at 2 feet.......... ie ee at B fbb. ....cencunpoeses Length of skull............... Height at shoulder ......... (All the measurements are in English inches.) O.7 karelini. O. poli. O. ammon. O. hodgsoni. @ 2b") Se3) alee WF ik ge ee eee ma a Sze a Ce letara | ear | ON) 70 I ee 7a ae | cog | cele cee cee V7 423] 46 | 50 | 483) 433|| 63 | 543] 54°) 223) 49 | 56 | 55 | ... |) 483) 45 | 49 | ... |. | ee |... | 87 | 86 | 419) 42 | 37 | 453) 14 | 15 | 143) 158) 15 || 163) 45 | 15 | 103) 143) 143) 14 | ... |} 19 | 193) 183) ... |... | oe |. |] 163) 173) 17 | 178) 172) 173 13 | 143) 183) ... | 134] 153} 183) 14 | 7 | 184) 133) 13 |... |] UTR we | wee | ee | cee | cee | eee |] 14H) 149) 16 | 162) 15 | 16 | 104) 113) 113) ... | 102); 143) 11 ; 114) ... | 113) 113) 123) ... |) 142 2. | ase see | ooo |] LOZ) 93} 113) 123) 93) Le G3} 73) 92)... | 63]| 123) 83) 82) .. Th BH OD] ce LO |... | see “Dols Bl econ) weg (ORS Ge Be canllBvcokltescetl ee? |geech|| ces al|| rhc gepsed eseeenn Boer Boo 31 | 31}... | 36 | 343)) 54 | 48 | 493) 24 493 45 | 434)... | 31]... | 82] .. peel] exe HEIT cl tee lamest peice | hae | | i cy i B ie OB OF ey TS BS Gala Say Moan Dei ilese| eee] we pe sie see | vee | 6 | 63] 63) 62 4a) 5 | 43)... | 48) 43) 43) 43) .. AO SB Boece eed ate nae leak |B oral oe S| eh eee fee Pa vera pe = a 3} 3} 4]... | dR] 43} de 42 .. 3d} 44) 4]... 5 esc (OL crc S| ceelpanooe ||| oS" thea 33] 44) 33) 5) 12?| 13? STON as WS eel sce [LOM dl ee Mb cee aera ss se aco!) 2 ee eee | tre a [bec MRE cert ein LE gecko 14 | 4A 2) | ABE ee lll tae) HPSoeR' |icaame |oeeas |e eal emcee eratieedT ACagps sce h Gs | ieee! Bed lp ceeletaes) | mrss al leacelllpromtiall seni reveal ligesstallesihl| ines 524 SIR VICTOR BROOKE AND MR. 8B. BROOKE [June [3, 6. Sent home by Captain Biddulph from the Yarkund Expedition. It is also a male in winter coat, but is a darker-coloured specimen than a, the snow-white mane so strongly marked in the former being in this specimen much tinged with rufous. The horns are more battered, but the edges appear to have been similar. The orbital surface slightly convex. In both this and the preceding specimen the tail is entirely surrounded by pure white, its dorsum having a very thin dark line. c. A single horn in the College of Surgeons (No. 3773 in cata- logue, type of O. seulptorum, Blyth, P. Z.S. 1840, and Annals and Magazine Nat. Hist. 1841, pl. 5. figs. 3 & 4), which we, with some hesitation, follow Mr. Severtzoff’s example in referring to O. karelini. Median axis directed sharply inwards; terminal axis running at first parallel with the basal axis, its extremity, from the unusual length of the horn, directed downwards. Fronto-orbital edge rounded for its entire length, although the frontal and orbital surfaces are well defined ; nuchal edge rounded at the base, becoming much sharper at the tip. Frontal surface slightly convex for its entire length ; orbital surface convex for about half its length, and then becoming gradually concave ; nuchal surface flat for about half its length, then becoming also gradually concave. The horn is curved so tensely as to cause the nuchal edge to form one complete circle, and part of the segment of another. d. A mounted specimen at Berlin. e. A perfect skull and horns, brought home by Dr. Bellew from the Yarkund Expedition. All the surfaces are remarkably flat, the edges rounded, but distinctly marked. Jf. This magnificent pair of horns on the frontal bones was sent home from the Pamir range by Colonel J. E. Gordon, who writes :— ‘TI brought the specimen myself from the Pamir range. I could have got a perfect new head of Ovis poli, 61 inches; but I preferred to take the old head, 653 inches, believing that no one would credit me if I merely told of the latter. I could not carry both.” The edges of the horns are rounded for the first half of their length, especially the fronto-orbital. The surfaces are all slightly convex along the basal curve of the horns, but become flatter in the median curve, the nuchal surface becoming concave in the terminal curve. g. This specimen (frontlet and horns) was also sent home by Colonel Gordon from the same locality. It belongs to a younger animal than the preceding. The fronto-nuchal edge is very pro- minent, the fronto-orbital edge rounded, and the nuchal edge sharply defined. The nuchal surface is concave, the frontal surface flat, and the orbital surface slightly convex. h. Imperfect skull and horns, brought home by Captain Chapman during the Yarkund Expedition, also from the Pamir range. It represents an animal about the same age as g, and agrees with it in every particular. a. Perfect skull (excepting lower jaw) and horns of a young male, probably about 2 years and 3 months old, procured through our 1875.] ON ASIATIC SHEEP. 525 brother Captain Brooke, 92nd Highlanders, direct from the Pamir range. j- Frontlet and horns in the College of Surgeons (no. in catalogue 3773 a). They were presented by Mr. Sclater, who gives the fol- lowing particulars (P. Z. 8S. 1860, p. 443) :—* This is one of several pairs of horns brought back by Lieut. Wood in 1838, on his return from his journey to the sources of the Oxus, when detached from Sir Alexander Burne’s mission to Cabool. Having been unaccount- ably neglected, and thrown out into the open air at Loodianeh to perish, they were rescued by Col. Stedman in 1843, and presented to Major W. E. Hay, who brought them home in 1858.” k. This specimen, an imperfect skull and horns, formed the original type of O. poli, Blyth (P. Z. 8S. 1840; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1841, pl. v. figs. 1&2), and is now preserved in the collection of the East-Indian Museum at Kensington. The orbital surface of the horns is convex at the base, becomes flat and more or less concave towards the extremity; the frontal surface is flat, and the nuchal surface flat at the base, becoming gradually concave. The tronto-nuchal edge is sharp, the fronto-orbital edge rounded, and the nuchal edge sharp; all three edges are strongly marked towards their extremities. i. Frontlet and horns sent home by Sir Douglas Forsyth, and now in the East-Indian Museum, Kensington. It agrees in all particulars with the preceding specimen (4). n. Stuffed specimen in the British Museum, received from Brandt, the only locality given being Siberia. The horns are very massive, with deep annulations, their frontal and nuchal surfaces rounded, and the fronto-orbital edge almost obsolete. The terminal curve strongly developed, and turning boldly outwards. o. Mounted specimen in the Museum at Leyden. p- Mounted specimen in the Museum at Amsterdam. u. Perfect specimen, skin, skull, and horns, in Colebrooke Collec- tion. It was brought home by Captain Chapman, and was killed within 30 or 40 miles of Leh, during the winter of 1873. Frontal and orbital surfaces slightly convex ; nuchal surface convex at the base, becoming gradually flatter towards the extremity. All three edges rounded. A slight groove runs along the orbital surface immediately below the fronto-orbital edge. v. A perfect skull (except lower jaw) in the British Museum. w. Skull in the College of Surgeons (no. 3772 in catalogue). a. A remarkably fine specimen in the collection of Lady Mayo. The annulations in the horns are very strongly marked; the fronto- orbital edge is rounded, the fronto-nuchal edge very definite. Orbital surface convex, frontal surface flat, nuchal surface convex at base, becoming gradually concave towards the extremity. y. Skull and horns in the East-Indian Museum, presented by Mr. Hodgson. The orbital surface is flat, the frontal surface slightly coneave, and the nuchal surface convex. The three edges are di- stinetly marked, the fronto-orbital and fronto-nuchal ones rounded. The median axis is directed inwards; the terminal axis very short, and directed forwards. 526 ON ASIATIC SHEEP. [June 15, z. Skull and horns in East-Indian Museum, presented by Mr. Hodgson. The orbital surface slightly convex at base, but becomes gradually flat ; frontal surface slightly convex ; the nuchal surface convex. The fronto-nuchal and nuchal edges strongly marked; the fronto-orbital edge rounded. Terminal axis directed upwards, out- wards, and forwards. Conelusion.—M. Alphonse Milne-Edwards, in his ‘ Recherches pour servir 4’ Histoire Naturelle,’ has indicated the probability of the Himalayas having been the birthplace of the Caprine Antelopes ; the same conclusion has suggested itself to our minds with reference to the Argali in studying their present distribution and differentiation. Taking the outlying forms of the group as regards geographical distribution, we find that we are led, either through intermediate or allied forms, to the great mountain-chain which forms the water- shed between the Indian region and Central Asia. Ovis poli of the Pamir, separated from Ovis hodgsoni of Thibet by the impassable glacier system of the Karakorum, which stretches over three degrees of longitude, from Hunza Nagar on the west to the Karakorum Pass on the east, is connected with that species by species of intermediate characteristics, which are distributed over intermediate ranges. The succession would be as follows :—Ovis poli, Pamir; Ovis karelini, Thian Shan as far eastward as Tengri Khan; Ovis ammon, the Altai from Tengri Khan as far as the Sea of Baikal on the east, and then southward over the great ranges at the sources of the Hoang-ho and Yang-se-kiang, its exact range in this latter direction being as yet very imperfectly known ; Ovts hodgsoni, Nepaul and Little Thibet. With reference to the three imperfectly known species, Ovis brooke, Ovis heinsi, and Ovis nigrimontana, nothing at present can be conjectured. Ovis nivicola of the Stanovoi Mountains and Ovis montana of North America, the two most isolated forms as to distribution, possess characters in common in which they differ markedly from all the other species; and this fact, the facts of peculiarity of form and isolation of distribution being found side by side, appears to strengthen the probability of the hypothesis that these two species are the offshoots of the group whose early home and birthplace was in the Himalayas. The probability of this hypothesis is also strengthened by its applicability to the differen- tiation and distribution of the smaller forms of Sheep. Ovis musimon of Corsica and Sardinia, and Ovis ophion of Cyprus, are undoubtedly very closely allied to Ovts ymelini (= Ovis orientalis) of Asia Minor, and appear to us to be nothing but insular derivatives of that species. Ovis gmelini, on its part, so closely resembles Ovis vignei of Ladak that the horns of the two species cannot be distinguished apart. The exact distribution of this form is not perfectly known; but we possess a very fine specimen from Ararat, and Mr. Blanford’s col- lection contained a male specimen from the Elburz Mountains, south of the Caspian Sea. Lastly, the sharply triangular-horned Sheep, of which Ovis cycloceros is the type, are distributed from the moun- tains of Southern Persia and Beloochistan, through the Sulimani and Salt ranges, as far north as Thibet; and we possess specimens from these different ranges. 1875.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 527 November 2, 1875. Dr. E. Hamilton, V.P., in the Chair. The Secretary read the following reports on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the months of June, July, August, and September 1875 :— The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena- gerie during the month of June was 162, of which 49 were by birth, 54 by presentation, 45 by purchase, and 14 were received on deposit. The total number of departures during the same period, by death and removals, was 116. The most noticeable additions during the month of June were as follows :— 1. A not quite adult Cassowary, received June 7th, having been brought from New Zealand by Dr. Hector, and presented to the Society by The Right Honourable Sir James Fergusson, Bart., F.Z.S., lately Governor of the Colony. This bird was obtained in 1873, when quite young » along with another similar specimen by the officers of H.M.S. «Basilisk from the natiyes-of Touan or Cornwallis Island, a small island in Torres Straits, four miles distant from the south coast of New Guinea, and seventy miles from the opposite coast of Cape York. The natives are said to have captured the birds on the coast of New Guinea. The present specimen was conveyed in the ‘ Basilisk’ to Wellington in July 1873, and had remained there ever since. When brought to Wellington it was supposed to have been about nine months old. It appears to be most like the Australian Cassowary (Casuarius australis), but differs in its strouger legs and stouter form, as also in the throat-wattle being single and mesial, but divided at the extremity, as shown in the accompanying figure (Plate LVIIL.). I believe it to be probably of the same species as that of the Aroo Islands, which I have lately described as Casuarius beccarii (anted 87). * 2. A Black Wood-Hen (Ocydromus fuscus) from sates Island, south of New Zealand, presented by Dr. G. Hector, F.R.S., C.M.Z.S., June 7th, being the first example of this species of Ocydromus which we have received. 3. A young male brown Indian Antelope of the southern form; in which the front pair of horns are barely apparent (Tetraceros subquadricornutus, Elliot *), purchased June 8, 1875. Dr. Jerdon does not distinguish this animal from the northern 7’. quadricornis ; but Sir Victor Brooke tells me he thinks Me the two forms must be kept separate. 4. A female Grant’s Gazelle (Gazella ol le Brooke) from East Africa, presented by Dr. John Kirk, C.M.Z.S., June 10th. The arrival of a living example of this fine Gazelle, which has * Antilope subquadricornutus, Elliot, Madras aCurD x. p. 225, pl. 4. fig. 2; Tetraceros subquadricornutus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1850, p. 117. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, No. XXXIV. 34 528 THE SECRETARY’ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [Nov. 2, only recently been described by Sir Victor Brooke from drawings *, is of great interest. Unfortunately the animal was in a very feeble state when received, and died very shortly. I now exhibit the mounted specimen (Plate LIX.). The height of this animal at the shoulders is 28 inches, the length of the horns 7°25 inches. I have also to call attention to the breeding of the Spotted-billed Duck of India (Anas pecilorhyncha) in these Gardens, which took place for the first time in June last. We received our first males of this beautiful species from the Babu Rajendra Mullick in August 1868 (see P. Z.S. 1868, p. 649). In May 1872, five females were presented by Mr. E. Buck (see P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 729). The pairs thus formed, however, never bred until the present year, when two young birds were hatched by one female on the 2nd of June, and seven by another on the 14th of the same month. The male and female of this duck are so much alike that (as I am informed . by Mr. Clarence Bartlett, the Assistant Superintendent, who has charge of the breeding Anatidze) the only certain means of distin- guishing the sex is by the note. The nest and number of eggs also much resemble those of Anas boschas. The young are undistin- guishable from the young of the same species. J exhibit specimens of the eggs. The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of July were 202 in number; of these, 37 were acquired by presentation, 113 by purchase, | by exchange, 30 by birth, and 21 received on deposit. ‘The total number of departures during the same period by death and removals was 94. The most noticeable additions during the month were :— 1. A pair of Giant Tortoises (Testudo indica) purchased July 6. These Tortoises are originally from Aldabra Island in the Indian Ocean, but have been kept (the male, it is said, for upwards of 70 years) in captivity in the Seychelles, and have been forwarded thence by Mr. C. S. Salmon, the Chief Commissioner for the Tslands, under the care of Dr. Brooks, Government Medical Officer. The shell of the male measures about 4 ft. 1 in. by 3 ft. lin. ; and his weight is estimated at 800 lbs. We have to thank Dr. Giinther (who arranged with Mr. Salmon for the transmission of these last relics of an extinct race to this country) for allowing them to remain, so long as they live, in our Garden. When they die they are to be trans- ferred to the British Museum +. 2. A female Sumatran Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sumatrensis) deposited July 14 by Mr. C. Jamrach. This animal seems to re- semble very nearly the individual of the same species formerly in our Gardens, which died in 1872. It is stated to have been cap- tured in the territory of Johore, Malay peninsula. 3. A collection of small birds from 8.E. Brazil, purchased July 19, amongst which are specimens of two beautiful little Tanagers * See P.Z. 8, 1872, p. 601, pl. xli. + See Dr. Giinther’s remarks on these Tortoises and their allies. Ann, Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xiv. p, 311 (1874), and Nature, xii. pp. 288 & 259. 1875.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, 529 (Calliste festiva and Euphonia pectoralis) new to the collection, and, so far as I know, never previously received alive. 4. A very fine male Chimpanzee (Troglodytes niger), presented by Captain Lees, Governor of Lagos, July 19. The first set of teeth have been already shed, which is rarely the case in examples of the Chimpanzee brought to this country. 5. An Electric Silurus (Malapterurus beninensis) from West Africa, purchased July 21st, being the first example of this singular fish brought to our Gardens. On touching its belly with the finger a slight electric shock is at once given forth. The fish is about 5 inches long. 6. A young female Tora Antelope (Alcelaphus tora) from Upper Nubia, purchased July 22nd, being the first example of this eastefn form of the Bubal which has reached us alive. The colour and shape of the body appear to be nearly identical with those of the Bubal; but the horns of the adult male (as I have shown, P. Z.S. 1873, p. 762) are very different. 7. A young male Wild Sheep, apparently Ovis cycloceros, pre- sented July 28th, by Commander Edmund St. J. Garforth, R.N. of H.M.S. ‘ Philomel,’ who writes to me that-he obtained it in Mus- cat, on the shores of the Persian Gulf, which I should not have sup- posed to be within the range of this species. The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena- gerie during the month of August was 94; of these, 52 were acquired by presentation, 12 by purchase, 13 by birth, 1 by exchange, and 16 received on deposit. The total number of departures during the same period by death and removals was 94. The most noticeable additions during the month were :— 1. A young female Manatee (Manatus americanus), deposited August 6th by Mr. R. Swain, of Demerara, and subsequently pur- chased for £150. This animal was conveyed to England, on board the 8.S. ‘Blenheim,’ Captain Robinson, in a large wooden tank slung upon a horizontal pole, and was fed during the voyage on the leaves of a large aquatic plant resembling the water-lily (Nymphea), shipped for the purpose. It was about three weeks on the voyage. On its arrival in the Gardens, it was placed in one of the shallow concreted ponds near the Sea-lion’s basin, and fed on lettuce and vegetable marrow. It lived in apparently good health until Septem- ber 7th, when it died very suddenly. Mr. Garrod is preparing some notes upon this interesting animal, which is the first of the species that has actually reached us alive, although Mr. C. Bart- lett nearly succeeded in bringing us one from Surinam in 1866 *. 2. Two young Gannets, probably the young of the Brown Gan- net or Booby (Sula fusca), but still partly in the down plumage, and therefore not certainly determinable. These birds were obtained from Port Lemon, Costa Rica, by J. C. Hussey, and presented by that gentleman August 16th. 3. A Woodford’s Owl (Syrnium woodfordi) from Natal, presented * See Trans. Zool. Soe, viii. p. 192. 34* 530 LETTER FROM M. L. M. D’ALBERTIS. {Novy. 2, August 16th by Mr. W. E. Oates, being the first example we have received of this scarce bird. The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena- gerie during the month of September was 104; of these, 43 were acquired by presentation, 22 by purchase, 16 by birth, 8 by exchange, and 15 were received on deposit. The total number of departures during the same period by death and r2movals was 111. The most noticeable additions during the month were as follows :— 1. A White-faced Owl (Sceloglaux albifucies) from New Zealand, purchased 3rd September 1875, new to the collection. 2. A wild Dog, presented by Mr. Mumford, 7th Sept. 1875. This animal was formerly in Manders’s Travelling Menagerie, and was sold when that collection was dispersed by auction in the Agri- cultural Hall in Angust last, to Mr. Mumford, who has obligingly presented it to the Society. Its origin is unknown; but, as far as can be ascertained from examination of the living specimen, it would appear to be an adult male of the Wild Dog of Sumatra (Canis ruti- luns, Temm.). It has been placed in the same cage along with its near elly, the female Indian Wild Dog (Canus primevus), received from Lord Northbreok in March last. 3. An American Darter (Plotus anhinga), from South America, purchased 30th September, 1875. The Society now possesses two living examples of this interesting bird. The first une, obtained 28th December, 1872 (sce P. Z.S. 1873, p. 2, where there is an excellent drawing of this bird), is now in adult plumage; the last arrival is in immature dress. The following translation of a letter addressed to the Secretary by M. L. M. D’Albertis, C.M.Z.S., was read :— ‘ “Yule Island, May 24, 1875. “Since the 14th of March I am on thisisland, at the south of New Guinea, from which it is divided by a few miles of sea only. I have already made several excursions on the Papuan coast, and succeeded in penetrating a little way inland—not really far, it is true, but far considering the circumstances of my situation, and the country in which I am. “ First of all, I may observe that the general aspect of the country resembles that of the north of Australia much more than the nerth of New Gninea. On the coast the beautiful forest-trees are wanting, and Lucalypti abound in their place, and there are large open spaces covered only with long grasses and small shrubs or “scrub,” as you eall it. There are also lagunes. The climate is dryer than in the north. When I ascended the mountains a little and penetrated the interior, the Australian plants disappeared, and those more specially Papuan were again found. In the same way as the flora, the fauna of the coast shows much affinity to that of Northern Australia; and in ove of the lagunes I have seen in abundance Parra gallinacea, Por- phyrio melanotus, and a species of Lodivanellus, of which I cannot tell 1875. | LETTER FROM M. L. M. D ALBERTIS. d31 the name certainly, as I have not yet obtained specimens. Moreover, at early dawn and after sunset I have several times heard the notes of a Dacelo which might be D. leachi; and in this island for some time Scythrops australis was common, while on the opposite coast of New Guinea I obtained good examples of Chlamydodera cerviniventris. I could add the names of many other Australian species. On the other hand, on the mountains, besides Paradisea raggiana, there are to be found Cicinnurus regius, Pitta nove guinee, Eupetes cerules- cens, and Campephaga aurulenta. Of the last I obtained the female, which ‘differs from the male in having the throat cinereous. But these are not the only species which give a Papuan tint to the mountain- birds ; for there is also to be met with Lophorina atra, of which I have seen many feathers used by the natives for ornament, as also of Serv- culus aureus, called by the natives ‘“‘ Horobora.” Certainly along with the Sericulus and Lophorina would be found the other Paradise- birds that in the north inhabit the same localities as these species. **Serpeats [ find much more numerous here than in the north of New Guinea, especially the venomous ones, and not only of Australian genera, but even of Australian species. Of dcanthophis antarctica 1 have obtained two examples, which differ slightly from each other, and very much from the Australian forin ; but I take it for the same species. The Coleoptera and Lepidoptera are, like the birds, near the coast more Australian than Papuan ; and the reverse is the case in the in- terior. But Pieris aruna, which is so common at Cape York, I have found also on the mountains. “Up to the present time [ have not formed an exact idea as to the Mammals, but am inclined to believe that they are very scarce. I have only obtained a Cuscus (probably one of many varieties of C. maculatus), a Belideus, a few species of-insectivorous Bats, a Ptero- pus, two Bats, and the so-called Sus papuensis, of which last I have not seen two alike amongst a hundred. The Halmaturus luctuosus is very common, inhabiting the mountains as well as the plain—but always where the forest is most dense. It abounds on the lower hills, and forms one of the principal sources of food for the natives, who capture it in nuinbers in strong nets. I have had the opportunity of examining a large number of this species, and find them identical with the individual described by me in the ‘ Proceedings’ *, which, I hope, is still living in the Society’s Gardens. But upon further ex- amination I find thatthe canine teeth, which did not exist in the indivi- dual described by me at the time of my description and even subse- quently, are, on the contrary, always present in examples of every age which I have recently examined here. Consequently, after consider- ing its dentary system, I have come to the conclusion that this species is not correctly placed in the genus Ha/maturus, but ought to be re- ferred to the genus Dorcopsis, to which, as it appears to me, its prin- cipal generic characters assimilate it rather than to any other genus of Macropodidee. The Kangaroos which Dr. Beccari sent from the Aroo Islands to the Museo Civico of Genoa may also belong to the genus Dorcopsis, but are certainly distinct from D. /wetuosa, as I think * P.Z.S. 1874, p. 110; see also P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 247, pl. slii. 532 LETTER FROM MR, W.J. HOFFMAN. [Noy. 2, the present animal should now be called. I have also obtained a second species of Kangaroo, which I believe to be new, but have not been able to determine accurately, from the specimen being immature and its dentition imperfect *. ‘The adult animal, of which I have seen several individuals in the forest, is larger than D. luctuosa. “In the river, along which I penetrated into the interior some way, Crocodiles were abundant. In two hours I saw nine, large and small, but only one of really considerable size. Here also near this island on calm days I have often seen them; and, judging from their heads, which they thrust out of the water, they must be of large size. They seem to have fixed places in which they pass many hours of the day ; for passing many times I always see them at the same posts. “Twas rather fortunate in my excursion into the mountains; for I found Paradisea raggiana, and obtained some beautiful specimens in full dress. In its voice, in its movements, and in its attitudes, it per- fectly resembles the other species of the genus. It feeds on fruit; and I could find no trace of insects in the seven individuals which I pre- pared. It inhabits the dense forest, and is generally found near the ravines—perhaps because the trees on the fruit of which it feeds prefer the neighbourhood of water. The female is always smaller in size than the male; and I find this sex less abundant, because, as I believe, it is the season of incubation. The female is more like the same sex of P. apoda than that of P. papuana. The young male is like the female, but often recognizable by having distinguishable traces of the yellow collar which in the old male divides the green of the throat from the breast-feathers. |The irides are of a rather bright yellow, and the feet lead-colour with a reddish tinge. The long flank- feathers in individuals recently killed have a very bright tint, which they lose in a few days—even in a few hours. The two middle tail- feathers are filiform, as those of P. apoda and P. papuana, and in no stage of development resemble those of P. rubra. These two feathers are not so long as in P. apoda, and about equal to those of P.papuana. Like its sister species, P. raggiana is an inquisitive bird, and often approaches from branch to branch within a few yards of the hunter, and remains motionless for some seconds to observe its pursuer, stretching out its neck, flapping its wings and emitting a peculiar cry, upon the sound of which other individuals come forward to join it. When one is wounded and cries out, many others come forward as if to protect it, and approach quite near, descending to the lowest boughs. The adult males frequent the tops of the highest trees, as Mr. Wallace observed in the other species, and as I also remarked in my former expedition. As regards the nidification I have as yet obtained no information.” A letter was read from Mr. Walter J. Hoffman, dated Reading, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., July 15th 1875, containing a sketch of a horn of an American Pronghorn (dntilocapra americana) with a double prong. * [Probably Macropus papuensis, lately described by Peters and Doria from M. d’Albertis’s specimens, Ann. Mus. Gen, vii. p. 344.—P. L. 8.] 1875. | LETTER FROM CAPT. J. MORESBY. 533 The sketch had been taken from the original at the Grand-River Indian Agency, Dakota Territory, while Mr. Hoffman was stationed there as Surgeon in 1872. The horn had been used as a charm by one of the chiefs of Sioux Indians; and Mr. Hoffman had been in- formed by him that both horns of the animal were alike. The one in Horn of Antelocapra americana, with double prong. a, perforation for cord; 4, artificial edge, cut by wearer. question had been perforated and attached to a buckskin thong, and in this manner worn about the neck. The specimen had been after- wards purchased by the Hospital Steward, who had it in his collection still when Mr, Hoffman wrote. Mr. Sclater read a letter from Captain J. Moresby, R.N., stating that the young example of Casuarius uniappendiculatus presented by him to the Society on the 25th August, 1874, had been obtained on the 29th of May, 1874, on the western extremity of New Guinea, at a place called ‘Threshold Bay” in lat. 1° south and long 132° east (ap- proximately), about 20 miles to the north of the island Salawatti. The statement respecting the origin of this bird given on Dr. Ben- nett’s authority (P. Z. S. 1875, p. 84) was therefore incorrect, the bird there alluded to by Dr. Bennett under the name Casuarius uniap- pendiculatus having been the example of Casuarius beccarii above referred to (p. 527), which had been obtained by the ‘ Basilisk’ on a previous occasion, The following papers were read :— 534. DR. P. BLEEKER ON ELOPICHTHYS DAHURICUS. [Nov. 2, J. Notice sur PElopichthys dahuricus. Par P. Bierker, F.M.ZS. [Received June 22, 1875.] (Plate LX.) M. le docteur G. E. Dobson a bien voulu avoir l’obligeance de me faire parvenir, par l’entremise de M. Francis Day, un poisson de Chine, provenant du fleuve Yang-tse-kiang, et faisant partie des collections du Netley Museum of the Army Medical Department. Le poisson avait été étiquetté “ Opsariichthys,” et M. Dobson me pria d’en faire la description. Le poisson est sans aucun doute un Elopichthys, et de Vespéce figurée par Basilewski sous le nom de Naseus dahuricus. L’espéce du poisson du Netley Museum n’est donc pas inédite, mais il reste incertain si le Naseus dahuricus, Bas., soit spécifique- ment distinct ou non de lElopichthys bambusa ou du Leuciscus bambusa, Rich. M. Giinther cite le Naseus dahuricus comme synonyme du Leu- ciscus bambusa, mais seulement avec un point de doute. Ce point de doute me semble bien justifié et je pense qu’on ait affaire ici a deux espéces bien distinctes. Les figures publiées par Basilewski et Richardson présentent une physionomie fort différente. Celle du Leuciseus bambusa montre la michoire inférieure plug longue que la supérieure, et la queue beau- coup moins haute que celle du Nuseus dahuricus, mais étant prise sur un individu adulte et empaillé, il est probable qu’elle ne rende pas exactement la forme de la queue. Les formules des nageoires aussi sont différentes pour les deux formes, mais il est probable que les rayons n’aient pas été comptés exactement. Les formules données par Basilewski, Richardson et M. Giinther ne cadrent pas entre elles, ni aussi avec celles que je trouve sur individu du Netley Museum. M. Giinther a examiné le type méme du Leuciseus bambusa. 11 en donne la formule des écailles: L. lat. ca. 100, L. transv. 72, en y ajoutant, dans le texte de la diagnose, ‘‘ there are nine longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and ventral fin.’”’ Cette formule est tout différem- ment rendue sur la figure du Leuciscus bambusa; mais si celle de M. Giinther est exacte le dambusa ne peut pas étre de la méme espéce que le dahuricus. Quant au Basilius (Opsarius) bambusa, Kner, Yauteur en dit expressément que les individus de Shanghai qu’il en aeus sous les yeux avaient plus de ressemblance avec la figure du Naseus dahuricus qw avec celle du Leuciscus bambusa. En attendant qu’une comparaison de lindividu du Netley Museum au type Richardsonien puisse faire juger positivement, je considére le dahuricus et le bambusa comme espéces distinctes. On verra par la figure ci-jointe, et parfaitement exacte, quelle répond beaucoup mieux A la figure du Naseus dahuricus qu’a celle du Leuciscus bam- husa. SOOTHNAVG SAH LHOIGOTY dmx 4rereqy PW “UL Furs CAR COKER SI A ay POOL cotite SO RAO , y AQ AX Y Oy, XA BOY ‘ ee ORR oh . Oe OK f XTIdS481'S' Z d eee — a 1875.]. DR. BP. BLEEKER ON ELOPICHTHYS DAHURICUS. 535 ELoPICHTHYS DAHURICUS. (Plate LX.) Elop. corpore elongato compresso, altitudine 6 cire. in ejus longi- tudine absque, 73 circ. in ejus longitudine cum pinna caudali ; latitudine corporis 1% circ. in ejus altitudine ; capite acuto 3? cire. in longitudine corporis absque, 45 cire. in longitudine corporis cum pinna caudali; altitudine capitis 2 cire., latitudine capitis 3 cire. in ejus longitudine ; oculis diametro 6 circ. in longitudine capitis, diametro 13 cire. distantibus ; linea rostro- Srontali rectiuscula ; rostro acuto cum maxilla oculo duplo cire. longiore, apice ante medium oculum sito, multo longiore quam basi lato ; naribus ante oculi marginem superiorem perforatis, septo gracili valvuliformi separatis; osse suborbitali ante- riore oblique pentagono apice sursum spectante ; ossibus sub- orbitalibus ceteris gracilibus longioribus quam latis; mawillis subequalibus acie scabriusculis; maxilla superiore non pro- tractili, sub oculi dimidio anteriore desinente, postice curvata, parte intermaxillari prerostrali conica dimidiam rostri totius longitudinem effictente ; maxilla inferiore superiore viz breviore, symphysi processu conicoelevato subhamata ; labiis gracilibus, su- periore sulco longe ante apicem maxilla desinente, inferiore sulco symphysim subattingente, praeoperculo subrectangulo, angulo obtuse rotundato, limbo postero-inferiore poris conspicuis uniseri- atis ; operculo levi minus duplo altiore quam longo, margine inferiore rectiusculo ; osse scapulari triangulari obtuso ; dentibus pharyngealibus triseriatis, compressiusculis, leviter uncinatis, 2, 4, 5/4, 4, 2, longioribus ; facie masticatoria concava gracili ; dorso humillimo; cauda parte libera postanali minus duplo longiore quam alta, parte gracillima altitudine 4 circ. in longi- tudine dorsalem inter et basin pinne caudalis ; squamis non vel vix striatis, 100 circ. in serie longitudinali angulam aper- ture branchialis superiorem inter et basin pinne caudalis, 22° cire. in serie transversali basin pinne ventralis inter et dorsalem, quarum 15 vel 16% lineam lateralem inter et dorsalem ; linea laterali singulis squamis tubulo simplici notata, mox post seapulam valde descendente, linee ventrali triplo magis quam lineeé dorsali approximata; cauda postice sursum curvata et media basi pinne caudalis desinente; pinna dorsali medio aper- turam branchialem inter et basin caudalis inserta, capite plus duplo breviore, corpore non humiliore, acuta, emarginata, antice quam postice plus triplo altiore; pectoralibus linee ventrali approxvimatis, subhorizontaliter insertis, capitis parte postoculari non vel vir longiaribus ; ventralibus paulo ante dorsalem in- sertis, anali quam basi pectoralium paulo propinquioribus, acutis, pectoralibus paulo brevioribus? ; anali longitudine et forma dorsali equali sed ea humiliore ; caudali profunde incisa, lobis acutis, capite paulo brevioribus ; colore corpore superne viridi, lateribus et inferne argenteo ; iride argentea vel flaves- cente, pianis flavescentibus vel ex flavescente roseis. Budge o/ LL vel 3/12. PLS vel 1/20 5 ON ol a. A. 3/12 vel 3/13. C. 9/17/8 lat. brev. incl. 536 MR. E, A. SMITH ON A NEW CARINIFEX. (Nov. 2 Naseus dahuricus, Bas. Ichth. Chin. bor., Nouv. Mém. Moscou, x. p. 234. Naseus dauricus, Bas. ibid. tab. 7. fig. 1 Elopichthys dauricus, Blkr. Act. Soc. Se. Ind. Neerl. vii. Cyprin. p. 286. Basilius (Opsarius) bambusa, Kner, Zool. Reis. Novara, Fisch. p- 357. Hab. Sina, in flumine Yang-tse-kiang (test. clar. Dobson). Lon- gitudo speciminis descripti, 235". La Haye, 20 Juin, 1875. 2. Description of a new Species of Carinifex from California. By Envear A. Smiru, F.Z.S. [Received June 23, 1875. ] A very peculiar form of Planorbis, from California, was described by Mr. Isaac Lea in the Proceedings of the Academy of Philadel- phia, 1854, p. 51, under the name P. newberryi. Subsequently Mr. G. Binney deemed this so remarkable a shell as to merit generic rank, and consequently he proposed to distinguish it by the name Carinifex (see Cat. North-American Pulmonata, Dec. 9, 1863). The same idea appears to have occurred to Mr. Lea himself; for in January of the succeeding year (Proc. Acad. Philad. Jan. 1864) he describes his species with the generic title of Megasystropha. In neither instance is a diagnosis given; but in the American Journ. Conchol. i. 1865, p. 50, Binney describes Carinifex and figures C. newberryi on pl. 7. figs. 6, 7. He also mentions the existence of a second species, C. breweri of Newcomb, and observes, “the latter (C. breweri) may prove but a variety of the former” (C. newberryi). Whether this be the same as the following species or not I cannot say ; but all search to find the description of any species entitled C. éreweri has been in vain. CaRINIFEX PONSONBIT, Sp. nov. Testa subdiscoidalis, tenuis, latissime et profundissime umbilicata, corneo-alba, epidermide fugaci tenuissima pallide olivacea in- duta; anfractus 5, convexiusculi, rapide accrescentes, superne paululum suturam infra obsolete angulati, incrementi striis per- arcuatis exilissime sculpti, sutura profunda discreti ; spira parum supra anfr. ultimum elevata; anfr. ult. maximus, su- perne late sed minime profunde excavatus, infra excavationem aliquanto carinatus, infra carinamleviter convexiusculus, inferne - circa umbilicum subobtuse carinatus ; apertura magna, trian- gularis, inferne subcanaliculata, superne leviter ascendens ; = 1875. ] MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE GENUS ALABA. 537 peristoma continuum, ad margines superiorem labralemque ali- quanto expansum. Diam. max. 20 mill. Diam. min. 15. Alt. 16. Hab. California. This very remarkable species was collected in California by Lord Walsingham ; and two specimens were presented to the British Museum by Mr. J. H. Ponsonby—a most enthusiastic conchologist, with whose name I feel much pleasure in associating the species. It has but one relation of any proximity, namely C. newberryt, Lea. From this it differs in being of a thinner and lighter build, in Carinifex ponsonbii. the more rapid increase of the whorls, and consequently in the pro- portionally much larger size of the last in comparison with the penultimate. C. newberryi has the upper surface of the whorls broadly flattened and then acutely keeled and angulated, whereas in the present species they are rather convex, lack the carination, and display but the faintest approach to an angulation, and this is situ- ated near the wpper and not the dower suture. Again, the mouth of the latter species ascends a little on the body-whorl; in the former it descends a trifle. Finally, Lea’s shell is much more coarsely striated, and clothed with a strong yellowish-olive epidermis, whereas that which invests the present species is very thin and of a very pale olive tint. On each side of the rounded keel, encircling the umbilicus, there is a shallow depression. 3. Remarks on the Genus Alaba, with the Description of a new Species. By Enear A. Samira, F.Z.S. | Received June 23, 1875.] The genus Alaba was first characterized by Messrs. H. and A. Adams in the ‘Genera of Recent Mollusca,’ p. 214, and there con- sidered as a subgenus of Cerithiopsis. Subsequently it was raised to the rank of a separate genus and removed by A. Adams (see Annals & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1862, x. p. 294) to the subamily Litiopine. Here the shells included in the group are described ‘ anfractibus plicatis seu varicosis, vertice submammillato. Apertura ovata, labio szepe vix truncato.”” No mention is made of the nature of the oper- culum, 538 MR. &. A. SMITH ON THE GENUS ALABA. [Nov. 2, Of the species which he enumerates, 4. picta, A. cornea, A. felina, A. inflata, and A. phasianella, Angas (since described), have whorls smooth and not plicate or varicose, and the labium exhibiting, in A. picta only, but the faintest approach to a truncation, the colu- mella in the remaining species being rather straight, and generally blending into the labrum, which is slightly effuse at the base. Thus it will be seen that the characters assigned to the genus are not quite accurately applicable to all the species which have been included therein; and therefore I would propose the following divi- sions, which may somewhat facilitate their identification. Those species which have the whorls strengthened with varices (generally tumid) and the columella more or less (for this character is variable) truncated, will constitute the genus d/aba proper; and those devoid of the varices and wanting the columellar truncation may form the subgenus Diala, A. Adams, J. c. 1861, vill. p. 242, and 1862, x. p. 298. The subgenus Styliferina, A. Adams, J. ec. p- 299, is closely associated with the preceding group ; indeed there scarcely appear characters sufficient to warrant a separation. The chief peculiarity mentioned as distinguishing this form is in the apex *‘vertice mucronato ;”” but it does not differ to any material extent from that of several of the typical species. ALABA, Whorls tumidly varicose; columella more or less truncated ; labrum thickened in the adult state. A. vibex, A. Ad.; A. tervaricosa, C. B. Ad.; A. melanura, C. B. Ad.; A. supralirata, Carpenter; A. zebrina, A. Ad.; A. leu- costicta, A, Ad.; A. blanfordi, A. Ad.; A. puncto-striata, Gould. Subgen. Drara. Whorls not varicose (sometimes noduled around the middle ; columella straightish, not truncated ; labrum not thickened. D. lauta, A. Ad.; D. suturalis, A. Ad.; D. varia, A. Ad.; D. sulcifera, A. Ad.; D. picta, A. Ad.; D. pulchra, A. Ad.; D. im- bricata, A. Ad.; D. monile, A. Ad.; D. pagodula, A. Ad.; D. phasianella, Angas; D. (dlaba) tenuis, Smith ; D. cornea, A. Ad. ; D. simplex, Smith. Diala rufilabris, A. Ad., differs essentially from this genus in that the peristome is continuous, very much thickened everywhere, and the aperture oblique, the columella being consequently oblique also, and not more or less perpendicular as is the case in all the species in this group. Thus it will be seen that it should be removed to the genus Hydrobia. With the exception of A/aba puncto-striata, Gould, all the species above enumerated are represented in the British Museum, as are also those species described by P. P. Carpenter in the ‘Catalogue of Mazatlan Shells.’ But these, with one exception, I have purposely omitted ; for the mutilated condition of the specimens is such that it is impossible to say to what genus they (when perfect) may have belonged. 1875. MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE GENUS ALABA. 539 And here | cannot refrain, although always averse to censuring criticism, from condemning most energetically that pernicious prac- tice of describing fragments of minute specimens and assigning spe- cific names to them. It merely results in burdening science with a mass of literature almost useless ; for it is simply an impossibility for any one to identify their specimens from the description of those miserable fragments characterized in the Mazatlan Catalogue. De- scribe them and welcome, for no harm is thereby done, albeit but little good; but for the sake of others let us not name them. Diala leithii. DIALA LEITHII, sp. nov. -Testa imperforata, ovato-fusiformis ; spira acuminata, tenuis, *parum nitida, sordide flavida, fasciis spiralibus angustis rufis parumconspicuis ornata, unacircamedium anfr. superiorum, dua- bus inultimo, alterapaululum supra, altera paululum medium in- Sra; anfractus 9, convexi, medio levissime angulati, spiraliter equidistanter striati, striis in anfr. superioribus circiter 8, in ultimo ad 18; sutura parum obliqua, profundiuscula; apertura ovata, ad basin acuminate effusa, longitudinis totius ad 53; equans, fasciis externis bifasciata ; columella arcuata leviterque incrassata ; labrum tenue, simplex. Operculum corneum, tenue, paucispirale, nucleo subcentrali. Long. 73 mill. Diam. fere 3. Hab. California. The angulation of the whorls is very slight in most specimens, and in some altogether absent. The spiral reddish bands are not very observable, but are more distinctly observable within the aper- ture; indeed that which encircles the middle of the upper whorls is so faint as to be scarcely visible. The operculum consists of about three volutions; and its nucleus is situated at about one fourth the entire length from the inferior margin. Dr. Leith, who has kindly presented a good series of this species to the Museum, enclosed with them the following notes, which he made respecting the animal when observing it alive. *« Lip somewhat proboscidiform, not used in progression, and not usually projecting beyond the edge of the foot. 540 ON HERPESTES FERRUGINEUS AND OvIS POLIT. [Nov. 2, « Tentacles two, long, subulate or filiform, bearing the eyes on their outer side near the base. « Foot much expanded in front and rounded, gradually attenuated posteriorly and caudated. “« Reptation not by alternate movements of right and left sides, but by uniform, undulating, progressive motion of the foot on the sides of the vessel in which it was captive. «It moved also in an inverted position along the surface of the water, as Planorbis and Lymnea do,” as does also Diala picta. Notwithstanding this species does not altogether agree with Diala, both as regards the shell and animal (thatis, of D. pieta), I deem it unadvisable af present to form a distinct subgenus for its reception. The differences in the shell consist in the columella being more ar- cuate than is usual, and the aperture more than ordinarily acumi- nately effuse at the base. The animal varies from that of D. picta in having the tentacles of equal (and not unequal) length, the foot not auriculate, and in the four long tentacular filaments attached to the operculigerous lobe being wanting. These peculiarities in the animals certainly appear to be sufficient to dissociate them; but until more complete and accu- rate investigations have been made on these and other species of this genus, I shall refrain from adding to the already superfluous number of genera one so ill defined. 4, Notes on the Figures of Herpestes ferrugineus and Ovis poli. By W. T. Buanrorp, F.Z.S. [Received July 5, 1875.] In the plate of Herpestes ferrugineus published in the ‘ Proceed- ings’ for 1874 (plate Ixxxi.) there is a slight error, to which, however, it is as well to call attention. The animal is represented on a tree. Now all the Indian and African species of Mungoose with which I am acquainted (H. griseus, H. malaccensis, H. persicus, and others) are thoroughly terrestrial in their habits, and rarely, if ever, climb trees. The plate was, of course, drawn after I left England, and is, I think, a good representation of the animal. There are, however, some very serious errors in the figure of Ovis polit * (pl. liii.). 1 have examined a series of skins brought from Kashgar ; and I find that none possesses a trace of the mane along the neck, represented in both sexes in the plate ; there is some long hair behind the horns, and a little between the shoulders, but none on the back of the neck. In the plate, too, the male standing up has a long bushy tail, and the female lying down has a black line down the back. Both these peculiarities, I regret to say, are due to the artist: the animal has really a very short tail, so short that in life it can * T think this, and not O. poli, is the correct mode of spelling this animal's name, 1875. ] ON TWO BIRDS FROM ANTIOQUIA. 541 scarcely be seen in general; and there isno trace of a dark line down the back. The general colour of the animals, as figured, is too rufous ; the lower parts are not sufficiently white; and the horns in the male are poorly drawn. It is only due to Dr. Stoliczka to point out that the drawing from which the plate was taken was not sent by him, and that he is only responsible for the description, p. 425, in which it will be seen that no mane or dorsal stripe is mentioned, and that the length of the tail is given as only 4 inches. The drawing was by Col. Gordon, who ef course isnota naturalist ; but I can hardly suppose that the mistakes men- tioned were made by any one having the animal before him. In any case it is essential to point out these errors before somebody invents a new genus for this long-tailed and maned type of the genus Ovis. 5. Description of two new Species of Birds from the State of Antioquia, U.S.C. By P. L. Scrarer, M.A., F.R.S., and Ospert SaLvin, M.A., F.R.S. [Received July 9, 1875.] Mr. T. K. Salmon, who has now returned to his former quarters at Medellin, the capital of the the Columbian State of Antioquia, has sent us a new collection of birds, formed in the neighbourhood of that city. Amongst these are single examples of two species which appear to be new to science*, and which we propose to describe as fol- lows :— CATHARUS PHXZOPLEURUS, Sp. nov, Supra olivaceo-brunneus : dorso, collo postico et capite toto, nisi in gula, fusco-griseis: subtus in gula et abdomine medio albus, illa plumbeo variegata: pectore et hypochondriis griseo-plum- beis: rostro et pedibus flavis: long. tota ale 6°3, caude 2°3, rostri a rictu, 0°85 poll. Angl. Hab. in Statu Antioquiensi reipublicee Columbianz. Obs. A C. mexicano capite griseo et pectore hypockondriisque ma- gis plumbeis, a C. fuscatro dorso olivaceo-brunneo et capitis colore, necnon a C. griseicipite dorso obscuriore et coloribus corporis infe- rioris diversus. Mus. .P. L.S. This species of Catharus, of which Mr. Salmon sends but a single specimen, resembles several distinct species of the genus, being some- what intermediate in its characters between the black-headed group represented by C. mewxicanus and C. fuscater, and the grey-headed C. griseiceps, which belongs more properly to the group represented by C. melpomene. ~ The discovery of C. pheopleurus raises the number of species of this genus now known (i. e. if we allow C. maculatus to be di- * The species described as new from Mr. Salmon’s former collection from this district were Chlorochrysa nitidissima, Sel. P. Z.S. 1873, p.728, Grallaria ruficeps, Sel. P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 729, and Tigrisoma salmoni, Scl. et Salv. P.Z.8. 1879, p. 38. 542 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE INDIAN ELEPHANT. [Noyv. 2, stinct from C. dryas, a question open to doubt) to eleven, all of which are found either in the north-western districts of S. America or in Central America. AUTOMOLUS HOLOSTICTUS, sp. nov. Supra niger, usque ad medium dorsum flammulis longis pallide cer- vinis ornatus: alis et dorso inferiore brunneis, scapularium scapis cervinis: uropygio et cauda tota rubiginoso-rufis : subtus cervi- nus, in ventre magis brunnescens ; plumarum marginibus fuscis, et harum scapis clare cervinis: rostro saturate corneo, pedibus fuscis: long. tota 8°5, ale 3°3, caude@ rectr. med. 3°7, ext, 24, tarsi 1°1. Had. in Statu Antioquiensi reipubl. Columbiane. Mus. P.L. S. This fine large species at first sight resembles in plumage Thripa- dectes flammulatus, but has not the peculiarly formed bill of that species, and belongs to the true dutomoli, being nearest perhaps to the newly described A. striaticeps (P. Z 8. 1875, p. 37). s é 6. Report on the Indian Elephant which died in the Gardens on July 7th, 1875. By A. H. Garrop, M.A., Prosector to the Society. [Received July 15, 1875.] On May Ist, 1851, the Society purchased of Mr. Batty (then of the Cireus, Westminster Bridge), for £800, an adult female E/ephas indicus with its female calf. The specimens had been deposited in the Society’s Gardens on the 19th of the preceding month. In the spring of the year 1850, John Stimpson, now keeper in the Society’s service, left the E.I. Company’s military service, and when at Cawnpoor, on his way to Calcutta, met an animal-dealer, Mr. Wallace, who was on his way to Calcutta with the female and calf in question as well as another Elephant. Stimpson is sure that the calf was born after the female had been captured, and thinks that it was three months old when he first saw it. He assisted in taking charge of the animals till they arrived in this country: they were five months on the voyage. Of the two specimens purchased by the Society the mother was sold on April 28th, 1854, to the Zoological Society of Brussels, the calf contiuuing to suckle until that date, ¢. e. until upwards of four years of age. It is this calf of 1851 which died on July 7th, 1875 (25 years old). The Superintendent, the head keeper, and the Elephant-keepers are of opinion that it continued to grow until within a year of its death. Its height at the withers at the time of its death was just eight feet. For the last four years at least the animal has lost the power of ex- tending its trunk, from paralysis of the anterior intrinsic muscles of of that organ. It has thus not been able to throw its trunk over its 1875.] REV... J. WHITMEE ON THE GENUS ANTENNARIUS. 543 head, or even the least forwards. When it took food it flexed the trunk so as to present the orifice forwards. This symptom is one of decay. For the last two years of its life it exhibited marked signs of rheumatism, varying in severity, very considerable at times. This was most manifest on its kneeling down to be saddled. The animal during the last three years of its life looked preter- naturally aged, and worn out. It has never suffered the least from cough, and has not become strikingly thin. It carried its saddle and visitors 36 hours before its death, apparently without discomfort, and ate well on the evening of the 6th inst. For about six months the animal did not, as it was formerly wont to do, lie down at night. Onthe night of the 6th of July it fell on its left side, and did not subsequently make any powerful attempt to rise. The breathing was, when down, unusually rapid (about 25a minute); and no marked symptoms of pain manifested themselves, general disecom- fort being evident. It died during the night of the 7th, having at 8°30 p.m. had a large dose (over 100 grs.) of strychnia given it by the mouth. Whether the poison was the cause of death is uncertain. With the exception of one of the lungs, all the organs, the brain included, were perfectly healthy. The lung in question was almost entirely infiltrated with tubercular deposit, not more than one sixth being competent for the respiratory function. The tubercular infiltra- tion was uniform or nearly so, being of a lighter colour and nearly ina condition to break up in the centre of the organ, forming a dark grey solid mass in the more recently affected portions near the margins. It may be mentioned that the teeth just coming into wear had, in both jaws, 23, 24, or 25 plates; they were therefore the sixth molars. The epiphyses of the long bones were firmly united. No entozoa were found. As to the duration of the disease it is not easy to decide. It, no doubt, was of considerable standing; probably it had commenced with the first signs of decrepitude, about three years ago. As to the cause of the tuberculosis, that was probably connected with the animal having been born and bred in captivity in a cold climate. A wild-caught animal 4 or 5 years of age would probably have thriven better. 7. On the Habits of the Fishes of the Genus Antennarius. By the Rev. S. J. Wurrer, of Samoa, C.M.Z.S. [Received August 24, 1875.] A few days ago a native brought mea living Antennarius which I at first thought was an undescribed species. Dr. Giinther says of this genus, “there is scarcely another genus of fishes which offers so much difficulty in the discrimination of the species’ *. He has * Cat. of Fishes in British Museum, vol. iii. p. 184. Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, No. XXXV, 35 544 REV. S.J. WHITMEE ON THE GENUS ANTENNARIUS. [Noy. 2, kindly determined the present individual, which I have sent to the British Museum, as A. coccineus (Less.). The fish is found sticking to corals and stones on the reefs of Upolu, and is very difficult to distinguish from the coral or stone. Its Samoan name is La’ otali. As this fish was brought to me alive, I kept it in an aquarium in my study for a few days to observe its habits. It was brought in a cocoa-nut shell with very little water; and its stomach was greatly distended with air. When put into the aquarium it was some minutes before it could sink. It struggled hard to get down, and as the air was discharged it went down, and immediately attached itself, in a vertical position, toa block of coral by means of its pectoral and ventral fins. These were distended, and looked very much as if they served the purpose of sucking-disks (like the united ventrals in some of the Gobiide) as well as answering in place of feet. When attached it held on very firmly, and I had a difficulty in disengaging it. Natives have told me that they have taken up a block of coral with this fish attached, and have had great difficulty in shaking it off. After being in the water a few minutes my fish moved from its first position and, apparently, sought one better adapted to its . habits. It cut _a poor figure when attempting to swim, and prepared to walk where it could. It again fixed itself, in a vertical position with the head up, in an indentation in a coral block which pretty well matched its size. When attached it looked much like the block itself, the cutaneous tentacles and ocellated spots greatly resembling the fine seaweed and coloured nullipores with which the dead por- tions of corals and stones are more or less coated in these seas. As I watched it I could not help thinking that this fish presents us with what we now call (since Mr. Bates introduced the term) “mimicry.” Being a slow swimmer and ‘carnivorous, it has to get its food by stratagem. Hence the advantage of those characteristics which make it so grotesque in appearance—wide vertical mouth, rough and spotted skin with cutaneous tentacles, and the anterior dorsal spine modified into a soft tentacle. T had positive evidence that the example in question was carni- vorous. A short time after it had been put into the aquarium it vomited a slightly decomposed fish 1 inch 5 lines in length. This was one of the small fishes always seen in great abundance about the coral patches, nibbling at the fine seaweeds and the growing points of the corals. The capture of such fishes when unconsciously approaching it would, I believe, be greatly facilitated by the strong current produced when this Antennarius sucks the water into its capacious jaws. From its vertical position when fixed on a stone, the jaws open horizontally ; and they are very wide. When examin- ing the fish I placed it in a basin with about a pint of water. So much water was drawn into its jaws and expelled with such force through the foramina, which are directed backwards behind the pectorals, that a rapid rotatory motion was produced in all the water. This, I imagine, would be sufficient to engulf many a small fish or crustacean within its stomach. 2 1875.|. REV. S.J. WHITMEE ON THE GENUS ANTENNARIUS., 545 The natives frequently get “stung” by the third dorsal spine of this fish, when they happen to pick up a block to which it is attached, before they are aware of its presence. It causes very great agony, which usually lasts several hours, and sometimes two or three days. Another fish, which I believe is also an Antennarius, but which I have not yet examined, produces effects much more alarming than this one. I have seen the hands and feet of natives swollen and greatly inflamed by a prick from the larger species, and have seen strong men weeping and groaning like children with the _ agony it caused. Sometimes the effect produced by a prick from this lasts for weeks. Two or three weeks after procurimg the fish described above, another living Antennarius was brought to me by one of my col- lectors. This, which has been likewise sent to the British Museum, is, as I am told by Dr. Gunther, 4. multioceilatus (Cuv. et Val.). I had this example alive in my aquarium for several days. It was brought to me out of the water, and had been out several minutes. It seemed somewhat exhausted, but soon recovered when placed in the water. It affected a singular position. It moved occasionally from one place to another, and evidently preferred a position between two coral blocks near together. Here it planted its ventrals firmly on the sand at the bottom of the aquarium, while it fixed its pectorals, in the manner of disks, on the sides of the blocks of coral between which it was stationed, and raised its posterior extremity at an angle not far from the vertical. In this position it reminded me of the antics of “city Arabs’’ who walk on their hands with their legs in the air; its posture was almost exactly that assumed in such an exercise. The caudal fin was bent over towards the dorsal and in a line with it, while the anal was brought almost into line with the major axis of the body, occupying the position belonging to the caudal. When- ever it fixed itself for any length of imal it was always in this posi- tion; and in that attitude it angled with the ciliated anterior dorsal for some of the small fish in the aquarium. I hoped to see it catch one; but they were too wary. There were seven fish not too large for the Antennarii ; but they had been some months in captivity, were quite at home in every nook and corner, and knew too well the nature of the new inmate to allow themselves to be taken off their guard. I am accustomed to feed these with bread-crumbs, and I tried to entice them to the neighbourhood of the Antennarius by dropping some so as to fall immediately in front of it. But it was to no purpose ; they kept at a safe distance. When one ventured to dash at a falling crumb rather nearer than usual, it immediately darted away again in evident fear. The way in “which these little creatures showed their anger at the intruder amused me. They never approached it from the front, but always behind, and invariably backwards. As the Antennarius was protected behind by the coral blocks they had to approach it through the interstices of the coral ; and: only small fish could do this. When sufficiently near to suppose they could annoy their enemy, by a rapid motion of the caudal fin they lashed the water and then 30” 546 MR. G. E. DOBSON ON THE GENUS TAPHOZOUS. [ Nov. 2, darted away. But I never saw one actually strike the Anten- narius. This mode of attack, no doubt, explains why this fish chooses such a position as that observed by my example. Being very slow in its movements, it protects its posterior parts. Did it not do this it might be seriously injured by an Acanthurus. I have frequently observed my fishes fight by approaching backwards and lashing at each other with the tail. This will doubtless furnish a good reason for the formidable lateral armature of the tail in the Acronuride and some other families of fishes. 8. A Monograph of the Genus Taphozous, Geoff. By G. E. Dozson, M.A., M.B., F.L.S., &e. [Received September 1, 1875.] In 1872 I published some notes on the Asiatic species of Taphozous, giving a short synopsis of the species, in which they were divided into two groups. Since that time I have examined the types and large collections of specimens of the species of this genus in the British Museum, in the Museum of the East-India Company, in the Leyden, Berlin, and Paris Museums, also the collection in the Liverpool Museum and that of Sir Walter Elliot (most kindly forwarded from Scotland for my examination), as well as some private collections. Adding to these the large collection in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, I have thus examined a great number of specimens of the species of this genus, including the types, and am enabled to remove some nominal species from the list, to describe in detail, and to exhibit, in tabular form, according to their natural affinities, all the species of Taphozous. TAPHOZOUS. Taphozous, Geoffroy, Descript. de l Egypte, i. p. 126; Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. il. p. 277 (excl. Tuphozous lepturus, Geoff. et Temm.); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Saugeth. v. p. 684. Muzzle very conical, broad behind, very narrow in front, terminated by the slightly projecting inuer margins of the valvular nostrils. Crown of the head very slightly raised above the face-line: a deep frontal excavation between the eyes; ears separate, the inner margin of the conch arising by a short band from the side of the frontal con- cavity, the outer margin of the conch commencing in a small lobe close to the angle of the mouth but on a lower level; tragus short, narrowest opposite the base of its inner margin, expanded above; lower lip as long or slightly longer than the upper lip, terminating in front in two small triangular naked spaces separated by a more or less deep groove ; eyes rather large, a distinct horizontal groove on the face beneath ; thumb with a small but very acute claw; first phalanx of middle finger folded (in repose) on dorsum of metacarpal bone ; foot long and slender, the outer toe as long as the middle toe, the inner 1875.] MR. G. E. DOBSON ON THE GENUS TAPHOZOUS. 347 toe shortest ; tail perforating the interfemoral membrane and appear- ing on its upper surface, capable of being partially withdrawn. Dentition.—Inc. =; C. SS; Pm. 3 M. = Premaxillaries cartilaginous, supporting a pair of small weak inci- sors often absent in adult animals; canines rather close together, much curved forwards, separated from the second premolar by a wide space in which the first minute premolar scarcely appears above the level of the gum; second upper premolar exceeding the molar in vertical extent; last molar consisting of a narrow transverse bony lamina; mesopterygoid fossa very narrow, the pterygoid plates ter- minating in long hamular processes ; immediately behind, the basi- sphenoid is deeply excavated on either side of a narrow longitudinal bony ridge which connects the roof of the mesopterygoid fossa with the basioccipital, the excavations forming corresponding elevations on the floor of the brain-case ; postorbital processes very long, con- nected by ligament with the zygoma, and thus completely circum- scribing the orbit. : Fig. 1. 3 Taphozous longimanus. 2 Most of the species of this genus have a peculiar glandular sac (see fig. 1) placed between the angles of the lower jaw—a sexual character ; for, while always more developed in males than in females, in some species while distinct in the male it is quite absent in the female. The width of the opening of the sac is nearly equal to half the distance between the angles of the jaw; and the direction of the opening is anterior. This open gular sac is quite absent in both sexes in 7’. melanopogon, but about its usual position the openings of small pores may be seen, the secretion exuding from which probably causes the hairs in this situation to grow very long, forming the black beard found in many male specimens of this species. In the greater number of species, also, a small band of integument passes from the inferior surface of the forearm near its distal extremity to the proximal extremity of the fifth metacarpal bone, forming a small pouch with the wing-membrane—the radio-metacarpal pouch. This genus is limited to the tropical and subtropical regions of the Eastern Hemisphere, in which it is widely distributed. The dis- tribution of the species is shown as follows :— Attricamangtits Aslands © beceal- a nal recsecetie coe 3 North-eastern Africa and South-western Asia.. 1 Asiatond: Malayana': pean, vy a. Logs, rie. weer ee : we atts - y a) i 4 i preg _ a f ; ey - J Ok t ed ‘ os. Sie A ; f > 4 ri ats wy iy >. ° Fai » , nat Z eh Sao - ‘ t ; > pee oe 1; b. og ae "f Re Se aes a ae’ ‘ # voy ony, de ae ‘ hai ithe ee Ciel a ; 4 Ly ne. | a yey 4 el See . i . ot Pe es) yu ' 1875. SILICEO-FIBROUS SPONGES. 559 it to Farrea until further information on the subject enables us to assign it more correctly to its proper place among the siliceo-fibrous sponges. The primary skeleton-fibres are large and cylindrical, but of un- equal diameter, and mostly have the appearance of transparent lon- gitudinal striation from their strongly marked lines of growth, and they are more or less minutely spinous; their course is irregular, not running in straight lines, but in meandering ones, branching at intervals and again anastomosing with each other. Their large conical defensive organs are not all systematically projected outwards at about right angles to the dermal surface; some are so disposed, while others have a lateral direction, or are projected at various in- termediate angles. The central system of canals in the primary fibres is subject to considerable irregularity. Sometimes they are regularly confluent ; at others they are produced in opposite directions, and their distal: ends pass each other, and each has a cecoid termination. It is net an unusual circumstance to see a short sexradiate arrangement of canals within one of the large fibres, as if the process of the produc- tion of new branches was first, the development of the canals within the parent fibre, and then the projection of the young offshoots in accordance with the nascent canals. In some cases there is not the slightest indication on the surface of the large fibre of the coming offshoot, while in others there is a very slight elevation on its sur- face immediately above the nascent canal; or the young shoot, in the form of an acutely conical projection, is unmistakably present with the continuation of the canal in its centre to its apex, where it usually appears to be open in the early stage of its development, with extremely delicate margins; but in a more advanced stage of its growth the apex becomes solid. These projections of young branches are readily to be distinguished from the conical external defences by their canals, while the defensive organs appear to be per- fectly solid. The inner external surface has the same characters as the outer one, but the dermal skeleton-fibres seem to be rather more slender. The intervening skeleton is more regular in its construction than the external layers. The reticulation is more regularly quadrate and the areas smaller. The fibres are also smaller and more profusely spinous; and the central canals are more continuous and confluent than those of the fibres of the external surface, and in some parts they are densely coated with dark-coloured opaque sarcode. I could not detect the slightest traces of any detached spicula amidst the struc- tures. This interesting specimen is in the cabinet of my friend Mr. H. Deane, who, I believe, received it with other specimens from Captain Hunter, R.N. Since the above description was written, I have received another specimen of this species from my friend Mr. Deane. It is about four lines square, and is closely attached by one of its broad surfaces to the side of a small fragment of a Vermetus, and does not exhibit Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, No. XXXVI. 36 560 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON [Nov. 2, traces of any pedicel. In every anatomical character it is in close accordance with the type specimen. A portion of this specimen is is quite obscured by a crowd of Foraminifera and Polycistina entan- gled in the areas of the skeleton-rete. The decease of my friend Mr. Deane does not allow of my deter- mining the locality of this species with certainty ; but I am strongly of opinion that it was collected by Captain Hunter in the West Indies, along with Farrea Gassioti and other similar specimens. FARREA SPINULENTA. (Plate LXI. figs. 2 & 3.) Sponge-mass unknown. Dermis furnished with a quadrilateral siliceo-fibrous network, armed at the angles oppositely externally and internally with imbricated elongate-conical spicular defences. Fibre solid, without canals, minutely spinous; spines acutely coni- cal, rather numerous, symmetrically disposed. Dermal membrane thin, translucent, abundantly furnished with spinulo-quadrifurcate sexradiate stellate retentive spicula dispersed. Interstitial spicula large, simple, rectangulate, sexradiate; radii acerate, more or less spinous. Sarcode light brown. + Colour, in the dried state, light brown. Hab. Tripoli (Captain C. Tyler). Examined in the dried state. The portion of the sponge representing this very interesting spe- cies is not quite the eighth of an inch in diameter. It was presented to my friend Captain Charles Tyler by Mr. Deane. It was found off the coast of Tripoli. The specimen is but a minute portion of the dermis of a sponge the mass of which is unknown to us; but the nature of the structures displayed by its microscopieal examina- tion unmistakably indicates that it belongs to the genus Farrea. The quadrilateral siliceo-fibrous network of the dermal rete accords in form very closely with that of Farrea occa. ‘The fibres in each species are solid ; and, as in F’, occa, the angles of the tissue, both externally and internally, are armed with imbricated conical spicu- lar defences; but these organs are longer and more slender in their proportions than in thoserof F’, occa. Thus far they agree very closely in their structures. They differ from each other in other important characters. The fibres in F. occa are quite smooth, while those in the species under consideration are regularly and systematically spinous, forming a very important specific character. These spines are not irregularly dispersed ; they are disposed in equidistant parallel lines, in accordance with the long axis of the fibre, the spines in each line being also at about equal distances from each other and opposite the middle of the in- tervening spaces of those in the lines on each side of them, so that their mode of disposition on the fibre is remarkably symmetrical and very characteristic. Other essential differences occur in the dermal membranes of the two species. In the quadrilateral, smooth, sili- ceo-fibrous network of the dermis of F. occa, described in the Pro- ceedings of the Zoological Society of London for March 13, 1869, 1875.] SILICEO-FIBROUS SPONGES. 561 p- 339, plate xxiv. fig. 7,there are some very small portions of the der- mal membrane on parts not represented in the figure zz situ on some of the angles of the rete, in which there were fragments of extraneous spicula of various forms embedded in the sareode ; but I could not detect any form among them that could be assigned with any degree of probability as belonging to that dermal membrane, while in that of that of the species under description the dermal membrane abounded with them. The form of these spinulo-quadrifurcate sexradiate stellate spicula is slender and very beautiful; and they are so numerous in some parts of the tissue, and so closely packed together, that their forms are completely obscured; but in other parts, where a few only occur, they may be frequently seen in a very perfect condition. They are very minute: one of the largest that was measured did not exceed in its extreme diameter 75, inch; and the quadrifurcate terminal spicula measured 5,}>55 ch in diameter. The large, simple rectangulate sexradiate interstitial spicula with spinous radii, a few of which are entangled in the inner surface of the dermal rete, also form efficient specific characters, none such having hitherto been found in Farrea occa. Farrea ACULEATA. (Plate LXII. fig. 1.) Sponge—form, dermal membrane, oscula, and pores unknown. Skeleton—primary fibres cylindrical, stout, branching, and anasto- mosing, furnished profusely with acutely conical spines irregularly dispersed, and with numerous long, slender defensive prickles pro- jected in various directions, covered with minute spines, and also with numerous rectangulate sexradiate defensive organs, radii slender, entirely spinous; canals very slender, confluent, frequently obsolete. Secondary fibres the same as the primary ones, short and less in diameter. Colour, in the dried state, dark amber? Hab. West Indies (Captain Hunter, R.N.7). Examined in the skeleton state. The specimen, a portion of which is represented by fig. 1, Plate LXIL., is 10 lines long, by 6)wide. It has apparently formed part of a rather large-sized cup sponge. From the flatness of the specimen and the uniformity of the two surfaces, it cannot be determined with certainty which of the two was the outer orinhalant one; but I am inclined to believe that the figure represents a part of the outer surface ; nor can its locality be accurately determined. The speci- men was presented to me by my late friend Mr. Henry Deane, with * several other siliceo-fibrous ones, including those from the West Indies collected by Captain Hunter, R.N.; and I am strongly inclined to believe the locality to be the same as that of Farrea Gassioti, lat, 14° 8! N., long. 77° 38! W., West Indies, 800 to 1000 fathoms. The reticular skeleton of this species is very regular, by far the greatest number of the areas being square, and the fibres in both directions being of about the same diameter, There appears gene- 36* 362 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON Nov. 2, rally to be two layers of skeleton-structure; and occasionally a por- tion of a third layer may be seen between them; and this inter- mediate one appears to be very much less regular in its structure than either of the other two. The acutely conical spines on the fibres are not equally dispersed ; on some parts they are very nume- rous, while on others they are much less in number. The aculei are very characteristic organs. They are of unequal length, and ir- regular in their mode of disposition. On some fibres a single one is projected ; on others there are two on opposite sides of the fibre; and sometimes there are three or four developed in direetions op- posite to each other. ‘hey are rather slender, and attenuate gra- dually from the base to the distal extremity, which is frequently very slender and acnte. The rectangulate sexradiate defensive organs are numerous ; they are of nearly equal size, and are disposed irregularly among the fibres ; but they are mostly projected into the square areas of the skeleton-rete. The canals in the skeleton-fibres are very slender, and in many of the large ones they are partially or entirely obsolete. I know of no other species for which F’. aculeata might be readily mistaken except F’. spinifera. The former species differs from the latter in the smallness and very much less-developed state of the canaliculation of its fibres, and in the far greater development of the minute spination of its skeleton—also in the abundance in the former species of the rectangulate sexradiate internal defences, while in the latter they appear to be totally absent. FarreEa rosusta. (Plate LXII. figs. 2-6.) Sponge—form cup-shaped? surface minutely hispid. Oscula and pores unknown. Dermal membrane thin and pellucid, abundantly spiculous ; tension-spicula long and very’ slender, subclavate, cylin- drical, very few in number; retentive spicula simple and contort, bihamate, small and slender, dispersed, rather numerous, and biden- tate equianchorate small and few in number ; furnished also with numerous internal defensive spicula of subspinulate, attenuato- acuate forms, entirely incipiently spinous, projected at various angles from the inner surface of the membrane. Skeleton—fibres very large and strong, cylindrical, sparingly spinous or aculeated ; aculei short and slender, dispersed ; armed abundantly with rectangulate sexradiate defensive organs, radii slender, attenuated, incipiently spinous. Rete more or less quadran- gular, areas frequently very little more in breadth than the diameters of the skeleton-fibres. Central canals small. Colour, in the dried state, dark amber. Hab. West Indies (Captain Hunter, R.N.?). Examined in the skeleton state. I have seen only a single specimen of this remarkable sponge. It was given, with other specimens, by the late Mr. Henry Deane to my friend Captain Charles Tyler, who kindly presented it to me for de- scription and publication. It consists of a thin plate of siliceo-fibrous 1875.) SILICEO-FIBROUS SPONGES, 563 structure of an irregular form, of an average diameter of half an inch. It is constructed of two, and in some parts of three, layers of rete, the intermediate laver, when present, having its fibres more slender and more irregularly disposed than the two external ones. The fibres of the outer structures are remarkably large and strong; an average- sized one measured ;4-~ in. in diameter; and the rete is more than usually close and compact; in many cases the areas do not exceed in breadth the diameter of the surrounding fibres. The form of the rete is mostly either square or oblong; and its strength is greatly increased by the interior angles being replaced by curves, so that the areas are to a great extent either circular or oval. The external layer of tissue is sparingly spinous, and is also furnished with short and slender aculei, and abundautly with rectangulate sexradiate defensive organs, based most frequently on the sides of the fibres and projected thence into the areas of the network ; and the aculei are apparently the nascent state of these organs. There are strong appearances of the specimen having been part of a cup-shaped sponge; at one portion of it the skeleton-rete is closely and irregularly as it were crushed together; from this part the primary skeleton-fibres radiate in a fan-shaped mode, the secondary ones assume the state of a series of concentric curves, and the reticulation increases in regularity of structure as it approaches what has evidently been the distal-portion of the cup-shaped struc- ture; and here it is that we find the dermal membrane and its cha- racteristic spicula in the finest state of preservation. The dermal membrane is extremely pellucid, and would scarcely be visible if it were not for the numerous retentive spicula adhereut to its surface. The bihamate retentive spicula are numerous, uniform in size, and very slender; their curves are about three fourths of a circle; and they are equably dispersed over the surface of the membrane. They do not exceed =4+,inchin length. The minute bidentate anchorate ones are very few in number; one of the largest of them measured S006 inch in length: they vary in their mode of development to some extent; and occasionally there is a third, small tooth, more or less produced, between the two large lateral ones. The attenuato-subspi- nulate internal defensive spicula are also very numerous; they vary somewhat in size, and are entirely incipiently spinous; one of the largest measured ;}, inch in length; they are based on the inner surface of the dermal membrane, and are projected inwards at various angles, while others are seated on the sides of the dermal skeleton-rete, and are projected into the areas at various angles. The whole three forms abound, not only on those parts of the mem- brane covering the areas of the reticulations of the fibres, but they also occur on the parts attached to the skeleton-fibres, so that no part of the dermal membrane is left unprotected. The central canals of the skeleton-fibres are small ; they vary to a slight extent in some parts of the rete, and in some of the largest of the fibres they are entirely obsolete. The rectangulate sexradiate organs are not very numerous near 564 DR. BOWERBANK ON SILICEO-FIBROUS SPONGES. [Nov. 2, the external surface of the sponge, but they occur in considerable numbers on the more deeply situated portions of the skeleton-fibres, whence they are projected into the areas of the skeleton-rete. They vary considerably in the amount of their development : some are comparatively short, and have their lateral radii widely spread ; and these are abundantly spinous; while others are taller and have slender and nearly smooth radii. The dimensions of one of the stouter forms was 51, inch high, with a lateral spread of 34,5 inch. There is no species among those whch are most nearly allied to the one in course of description with which it is likely to be econ- founded. ‘The robust form of its skeleton, aud the peculiarities of its membranes and its other organs strikingly distinguish the species. The abundance and variety of the forms of defensive spicula in this sponge present a striking evidence of the futility of attempting to arrange the Spongiadz by the forms of their auxiliary spicula, ag it has been suggested by some imaginative naturalists. Systems founded on such bases look very learned and imposing upon paper, but when applied to the accurate discrimination of species they prove quite inadequate to their proposed purpose. In such sponges as the one under consideration, which have exceedingly thin parietes, and but comparatively small portions of soft tissues, it becomes necessary that those vital parts should be taken especial care of ; and hence the profusion and variety of these minute defensive spicula to protect the vital parts, otherwise so much exposed to the numerous minute predatory creatures that exist so abundantly around them; and hence it is that nature has in each case provided the defences most suitable to the various species, without reference to any particular type of sponges, and those only most appropriate to the purpose of the preservation of the mem- branous and sarcodous organs so essential to the individual’s exist- ence. In the species in course of description, we have not only the usual rectangulate sexradiate organs of defence common to so many siliceo-fibrous sponges, but we also have, in addition to them, those which are so frequently appropriated to Halichondria and many other genera differing widely in their structures from each other, to render the preservation of the delicate membranous organs of this species completely certain. In other species of siliceo- fibrous spouges of similarly delicate structure we have the floricomo-sexradi- ate stellate forms, as in Farrea spinulenta, which are so plentiful in several species of Geodia, a genus differing widely in its structural peculiarities from Farrea and other kindred genera. A slight doubt exists as to the true locality of this sponge, which the decease of my late friend Mr. Henry Deane does not allow us to clear up. When Captain Tyler received the specimen from Mr. Deane, he received others of a similar description from the coast of Tripoli; but he is strongly of opinion that this species was among those that were brought up on the cable by Captain Hunter in lat. 14° 8'N,, long. 77° 38’ W. from 800 to 1000 fathoms depth. 1875.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 565 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Prats LXI. Fig. 1 represents a view of a portion of the external surface of the late Mr. Henry Deane’s specimen of Farrea spinifera, X 61 linear. Fig. 2 represents a portion of the dermal surface of Marrea spinulenta, with its numerous quadrifurcate spinulo-sexradiate stellate retentive spicula, x 80 linear. Fig. 3. One of the quadrifurcate spinulo-sexradiate stellate spicula, x 666 linear. Fig. 4. A sexradiate stellate spiculum with attenuated radii, from Aleyoncellum speciosum, to compare with those of Farrea spinulenta, x 666 linear. Puate LXTI. Fig. 1. A portion of the skeleton-rete of Farrea aculeata, exhibiting the general structure of the sponge and the characteristic mode of disposition of the aculei, x 61 linear. Fig. 2 represents a portion of the outer or inhalant surface of Farrea robusta, with the dermal membrane in a fine state of preservation, with its numerous retentive and defensive spicula 77 siz, X 80 linear. Fig. 3. One of the contort bihamate retentive spicula, x 666 linear. Fig. 4. One of the minute bidentate equianchorate retentive spicula, x 666 linear. Fig. 5. A fully developed subspinulate attenuato-acuate internal defensive spi- culum, entirely but incipiently spinous, x 666 linear. Fig. 6. One of the rectangulate sexradiate internal defensive organs, entirely but incipiently spinous, based on a portion of the skeleton-fibre, and projected into one of the areas of the skeleton-rete, x 666. November 16, 1875. Dr. Giinther, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of October 1875. The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena- gerie during the month of October was 73, of which 39 were by presentation, 16 by purchase, 2 by exchange, 5 by birth, and 11 were received on deposit. The total number of departures during the same period, by death and removals, was 130. The most noticeable additions during the month of October were as follows :— 1. A Scolopaceous Courlan (Aramus scolopaceus) from South America, purchased 6th October, 1875. This bird was in a very weak condition when received, and did not live long, but is of inter- est as being the first example of this aberrant form yet received alive. 2. A Binturong, from Malacca, presented by Capt. A. R. Ord, October 19th. We have likewise now in the Gardens a Grey Bin- turong (Arctictis albifrons, F. Cuv.) from Borneo, presented by Sir Harry Ord in 1873; so that we may hope eventually to solve the question whether this and the Black Binturong (4. dinturong) are really different species, as considered by F. Cuvier, or mere varieties. 566 EXHIBITION OF BIRDS’ EGGS FROM N.E. RUSSIA. [Nov. 16, Mr. Sclater exhibited the upper horn of a two-horned Rhinoceros that had been shot in March last by Lieut.-Col. C. Napier Sturt, F.Z.S. in the valley of the Brahmapootra, about 40 or 50 miles north-east of Dohbree, when in compauy with Mr. Archibald Campbell, Deputy-Commissioner of Dohbree, and Mr. Williamson, Governor of the Towra Hills. The place where the Rhinoceros was found was near the gorge where the Sunkos river issues from the Bhotan range, and is actually within the old boundary of Bhotan. Mr. Sclater remarked that this seemed to prove conclusively the existence of a two-horned species of Rhinoceros in Assam, which would probably turn out to be the same as that from Chittagong, now living in the Society’s Gardens. Mr. Sclater read an extract of a letter addressed to him by M. le Dr. N. Funck, Director of the Zoological Garden, Cologne. Dr. Funck stated that the bird figured in Mr. Sclater’s article on the Curassows, recently published in the Society’s ‘ Transactions’ (vol. ix. pl. 53) as Pauxis galeata, var. rubra, was the true female of P. galeata. Dr. Funck had traversed the district inhabited by this species from Puerto Cabello in Venezuela, to Valencia and Truxillo *, and had killed upwards of 50 individuals ; amongst these were many females, shot at the side of the males, coloured exactly as the above- mentioned figure. Under these circumstances, Mr. Sclater was now inclined to believe that the case of the female resembling the male in plumage, of which two instances were given in the article above mentioned, was abnor- mal, corresponding to that known to occur occasionally in the females of other birds. Mr. Seebohm, F.Z.S., exhibited a series of rare and interesting birds and eggs from the tundras and deltas of the Petchora river, North-Eastern Russia, collected there by Mr. J. A. Harvie-Brown and himself during the present year. The following were the chief objects :—The eggs and young in down of the Grey Plover (Squa- tarola helvetica) ; the nest, eggs, and young in down of the Little Stint (Tringa minuta) ; the eggs of Bewick’s Swan (Cygnus be- wickii) ; skins, nest, and eggs of Phylloscopus tristis (new to the European fauna); skins, nest, and eggs of a new species of Anthus, which Mr. Dresser has named A. seebohmi, after its discoverer ; skins, nest, and eggs of theYellow-headed Wagtail (Motacilla citre- ola) ; skins of Parus kamsckatkensis ; skins of a Herring-Gull, dif- fering specifically from Larus argentatus and L. leucopheus, and probably identical with Larus cachinnans of Pallas. Eggs and down of ten species of Ducks, including the Smew (Mergus albellas), obtained in the valley of the Petchora were like- wise exhibited. * Dr. Funck states that Pawxis galeata is abundant in the forests from San Estevan (one league from Puerto Cabello) up to the Cumbre of Valencia, i. e. from 1000 to 3000 feet in altitude, and likewise in the mountains of Noigua and Montalban in the same province. G.HFord A.ANSONIA ORNATA. B.POLYPEDATES BEDDOMII C. PZ Sele eer boaie Mintern Bros. mp. IXALUS DIPLOSTIGTUS: A.BUFO HOLOLIUS G. PEDOSTIBES B TUBERCULOSUS CALLULA P'Z.5.. 167a 0 ane Minter Bros imp, OLIVACHKA Polo. 167 ap ree a a ame Mintern Bros .imp. -OLYPEDATES CHLORONOTUS 3 POLYPEDATES FORMOSUS eo sti‘ e:;‘;t;~:::CSY Pi Zo LS sere KV: A.TXALUS MONTANUS B.IXALUS CHALAZODES Mintern Bros. mp. C.IXALUS STICTOMERUS. 1875.) DR. A. GUNTHER ON INDIAN REPTILES. 567 Mr. A. H. Garrod read a paper on the structure of the Manatee (Manatus americanus) lately living in the Society’s Gardens. Mr. Garrod drew attention to a peculiarity in the mechanism of the upper lip, by which that structure is capable, through the combined transverse movements of the lateral pads which compose it, of em- ploying the lips as an independent prehensile organ. ‘The size of the blood-disks was also given, together with drawings of the external and internal conformation of the brain. This paper will be printed in the Society’s Transactions. The following papers were read :— 1. Third Report on Collections of Indian Reptiles obtained by the British Museum. By Dr. Atsert Ginter, VPs, V.P.Z.S. [Received October 19, 1875.] (Plates LXIII.-LXVI.) In my second Report (see above, p. 224) I have treated of Lizards and Snakes collected by Lieut.-Col. Beddome and the late Mr. Jerdon. The present paper is a continuation of the account of these collections, and treats of the Batrachians. Rana Graciis (Wiegm.). I consider Rana agricola (Jerd.) and Rana nilgirica (Jerd.) varieties of this species, which is remarkable for the amount of variation in the length of the limbs and toes. Rana TIGRINA (Daud.). A specimen named by Mr. Jerdon, and representing his “‘ Rana crassa’’ belongs to this species. Rana Liesieis (Gthr.). I regard Rana sikkimensis (Jerd.) as not eee Cnenlly distinct from Rana lebigit.. Rana Vennncoes, sp. n. Snout of moderate length, somewhat pointed, with indistinct canthus rostralis; tympanum rather small, smaller than the eye. Inner nares not quite so wide as the Eustachian tubes. Vomerine teeth in two oblique series, each commencing from the front margin of the inner nostril. Upper parts covered with numerous larger and smaller warts, tubercles, and short folds. ' Limbs well dev eloped, the distance between vent and heel being equal to the length of the hody. ‘Tips of the fingers and toes scarcely swollen ; the fourth toe one third longer than the fifth. Toes completely webbed ; but the web does not extend to the extremity of the fourth toe. Meta- tarsus with an elongate inner and a minute outer tubercle. 568 DR. A. GUNTHER ON INDIAN REPTILES. [ Noy. 16, Brownish, marbled with darker, sometimes with a broad yellow vertebral band. Limbs with cross bars; hinder part of the thighs black, with white vermiculated lines and spots. Lower parts whitish, throat sometimes marbled with brown. Several specimens were collected by Lieut.-Col. Beddome in Malabar. The body of the largest is 60 millims. long ; length of hind limb 103 millims. RaNA PYGMAA, Sp. 0. Similar in habit to a young Rana kuhlii. Head much depressed, with very short, rounded snout; canthus rostralis absent; eyes prominent, obliquely directed forwards. Skin smooth, with a few irregular folds behind the head. T'ympanum hidden ; inner nares and Eustachian tubes small. Vomerine teeth in two short groups close together, behind the inner nostrils. Limbs short ; fingers and toes short, the latter half-webbed. One metatarsal tubercle. Upper parts nearly uniformly black or blackish brown, the lower dull yellow.. A minute species, the body of an adult female with mature ova in the oviduct being only 25 millims. long; length of hind limb 31 millims. Several specimens were collected by Lieut.-Col. Beddome in Malabar. RANA HEXADACTYLA (Less.). The specimens named Rana vittata by Lieut.-Col. Beddome are the young of this species. Three other young specimens were pre- sented to the Museum by Mr. Jerdon under the name of “ Py«i- cephalus pluvialis, Jerd.” XENOPHRYS MONTICOLA (Gthr.). « Xenophrys gigas, Jerd.,” is the adult of this species. DIrPLoPeLMA. In Mr. Jerdon’s collection there are specimens which he has iden- tified with the two species formerly named by him “ Engystoma rubrum”? and “ Engystoma carnaticum.” Those to which he has applied the former name are, in my opinion, the same as D. orna- tum (D. and B., Gthr.). The others, four in number, are from Assam; and two of them I am inclined to refer likewise to D. orna- tum, whilst the other two are identical with D. pulchrum (Hallow.). NANNOPHRYS CEYLONENSIS (Gthr.). Trachycephalus ceylanicus, Ferguson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1875, vol. xv., is identical with this species. ANSONIA ORNATA, sp. n. (Plate LXIII. fig. A.) Anterior half of the back finely tubercular, the remainder smooth. Tympanum very distinct, about half the size of the eye. Fingers free, the first much shorter than the second. Toes short, broadly 1875.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON INDIAN REPTILES. . 569 webbed; two small metatarsal tubercles, no tarsal fold. Black ; upper side of the head generally grey or with some greyish spots. Throat, abdomen, and the lower side of the legs with large bright yellow spots. Several specimens were obtained by Lieut.-Col. Beddome from the Brumagherries. millim Henehh: Of DOG. a tos0 «2/00 « «canarias Gam 30 “ff TAO, 2, 93d Fores eye eos ake ee ms LATSUSi cis barcrenocs atk bees 8 BS fOUTEMALOER. 2c etc fatwa tetas NS; Buro BEDDOMII, sp. n. Crown broad, flat, without bony enlargement. Snout short, pro- jecting, with well marked canthus rostralis. Limbs of moderate length. The first and fourth fingers a little longer than the second. Toes broadly webbed. Metatarsus with two small callosities; no fold along the tarsus. All the upper parts covered with rough tubercles ; parotoid ovate ; about twice as long as broad. Tympa- num very small; Eustachian tubes much narrower than choane. Above dark brown, with some indistinct black spots ; the two inner fingers and the three inner toes whitish above. Lower parts whitish, densely marbled with black. One specimen was obtained by Col. Beddome in Malabar ; it is 43 millims. long; hind limb 61 millims. Boro HoLo.tius, sp.n. (Plate LXIV. fig. A.) Crown broad, flat, without bony enlargement. Snout short, de- pressed, projecting, with well marked canthus rostralis. Limbs and fingers rather short; the fourth finger a little longer than the second. Toes short, webbed at the base only. Metatarsus with two small callosities ; no fold along the edge of the tarsus. Back with very flat, smooth, small glandular patches; also the parotoid is flat, scarcely raised above the level of the smooth skin. Tympa- num perfectly circular, very distinct, not much smaller than the eye. Inner nares and Eustachian tubes narrow. Upper parts olive- coloured, marbled with brown ; lower parts whitish. One specimen was found by Col. Beddome in Malabar ; it is 38 millims. long; hind limb 45 millims. Hyborana TEMpPORALIS (Gthr.). Specimens collected by Col. Beddome in the Anamallays, and de- termined as “ Hylorana jlavescens” by Mr. Jerdon in 1870, prove to differ from H. temporalis only by having the brown teniporal band extended on to the sides of the body. There is no evidence whatever that this is the frog “with the yellow sides” named ‘© Rana flavescens”’ by Mr. Jerdon in 1854. POLYPEDATES CHLORONOTUS, Sp. n. (Plate LXV. fig. A.) In habit somewhat resembling a Hylorana. 570 _ DR. A. GUNTHER ON INDIAN REPTILES. [ Nov. 16, Snout of moderate length, somewhat pointed, with distinet can- thus rostralis, and vertical, concave loreal region. Eye large. Tympanum one third the size of the eye in females, but larger in males. Limbs strong; disks well developed, those of the fingers rather larger than those of the toes. Fingers not webbed, the first rather longer than the second, and equal in length to the fourth, the third being the longest. Toes completely webbed; a single elongate metatarsal tubercle. Skin quite smooth, not adherent to the surface of the head ; no indication of a curved osseous crest. Choanz and Eustachian tubes of moderate width ; vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choane. Tongue without free papilla. Male with an external vocal sac behind each angle of the mouth. Upper surface of the head and back green (sometimes with some irregular black spots) ; sides of the head and body and the limbs dark brown, this colour being sharply defined towards the green of the back ; lower parts whitish, with the throat and chest brownish. A white line along the upper lip towards the axil. Loins and hind part of the thighs marbled with whitish. Legs with dark cross bars above. Male. Female. millim. millim. Leneth of Ned ¥oj:-sesireisee ped ei HDL 93 fs Inn tank .. 2-605 <3 aml Ie 175 i LASS 2. SS 3 2 s/S-Forciote 15 28 e TOUTEGLOE: > a5 ones Sf ee / 50 Several specimens were brought by Mr. Jerdon from Darjeeling. This is the frog mentioned by Mr. Jerdon (Proc. As. Soc. 1870, p- 83) and described by Dr. Anderson (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 208) as Polypedates smaragdinus of Blyth; but there is no evidence what- ever that Blyth had this species before him; he merely says (Journ.As. Soc. Beng. xxi. p. 355):—“ A tree-frog from the Naga hills, Assam (P. smaragdinus, nobis). Length of the body 33 inches, hind limb 53 inches. Wholly green above, changing in spirit to livid blue, underparts white.” This vague diagnosis may apply to very different species, and certainly better to some than to the present frog from Darjeeling. PoLYPEDATES FORMOSUS, sp. n. (Plate LXV. fig. B.) Habit similar to that of P. afyhana. Snout flat, short, rounded, with distinct canthus rostralis. Loreal region subvertical, with a very slight impression. Eye of moderate size ; tympanum very small, only as large as the disk of the third finger. Limbs slender; fingers exceedingly long: the second longer than the first, but shorter than the fourth, the third exceed- ing the others in length; fingers not webbed, with large disks, larger than those of the toes. ‘Toes fully webbed; metatarsal tuber- cle indistinct. Skin guite smooth. Choanz and Eustachian tubes narrow ; vomerine teeth in two very short groups between the choane. Tongue without free papilla. Upper parts green, mar- 1875. DR. A. GUNTHER ON INDIAN REPTILES. 571 bled with black, the black spots enclosing a number of small whitish dots. Legs and toes with black white-dotted cross bars. Lower parts light greenish, irregularly marbled with brown. millim Beneth of bodys... «1/46 gases en ack, 64 8 cithird tamgen co. 2. eens he siete aL 5 AA Lina .s2 9 se a nage ener Wee 115 8 TALSUS easiaicie'eokcs Sha ee 19 “3 Poamkiidibe’ tot ia! se ta: ee 37 One specimen from Khassya in Mr. Jerdon’s collection. POLYPEDATES JERDONII, Sp. n. Snout broad, depressed, extremely short and obtuse, with indi- stinct canthus rostralis, and flat, slanting loreal region. Eye of moderate size ; tympanum very small, much smaller than one of the digital disks. Limbs of moderate length; disks large, nearly equally large on the fingers and toes. Fingers conspicuously webbed at the base: second and fourth equal in length, a little longer than the first, and shorter than the third. ‘Toes two thirds webbed ; one ovate metatarsal tubercle. Skin nearly smooth above, granular below. Choanze and Eustachian tubes narrow; vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choane. No free papilla on the tongue. Upper parts brownish grey; forehead and an irregular broad band on each side whitish. Whitish below, throat with some brownish spots ; anterior and posterior sides of the femur nearly colourless. Dark bars across the legs irregular and sometimes con- fluent. millim. Reveth Gt bday Over i208 2: erie? st 48 Ke Trigg deg a Ee | FR 68 ry EALSUS, a Seresertioen eee ee ee 11 a fourth! tae sis. er: Mitte Gerke 22 Two specimens from Darjeeling, in Mr. Jerdon’s collection. PoLYPEDATES BEDDOMII, sp. n. (Plate LXIII. fig. B.) Habit similar to that of P. maculatus. Snout flat, moderately long, rather obtuse, with distinct canthus rostralis. Loreal region flat, slanting. Eye rather large; tympa- num at least half as large as the eye. Limbs strong and rather long; second finger rather shorter than first, which nearly equals the fourth; third longest of all. Fingers without any web, but with the disks well developed. ‘Toes two thirds webbed, the cutaneous fold reaching to the disks, exeept in the fourth toe, in which it extends to the antepenultimate joint only. Metatarsus with an indistinct, elongate tubercle. Skin of the back with short longitudinal folds; a glandular curved fold from behind the orbit above the tympanum, to the armpit. Choanze and Eustachian tubes rather small; vomerine teeth in two short, scarcely oblique series, between the choane. A long, free, pointed, conical papilla on the 572 DR. A. GUNTHER ON INDIAN REPTILES. [Nov. 16, middle of the tongue*. Upper parts light brownish olive, or pinkish, with some very obscure spots; a dark cross band between the eyes ; a black band along the canthus rostralis, widening behind the eye, so as to cover the whole tympanum ; legs obscurely barred ; anterior and posterior sides of the thighs finely mottled with black. Spec. A. Spec. B. millim. millim. Lenethor DOWy se ans’ = ss sane 55 45 Fe hind limbe 2222... 115 85 a3 farsne, Fok. sel. <8 seis 6 11 13 = fourth toe............ 30 24 Lieut.-Col. Beddome has collected specimens of this frog in Malabar and Travancore, in the Anamallays, and at Sevagherry. PoLYPEDATES BRACHYTARSUS, Sp. N. Closely allied to P. beddomii, but with a much shorter tarsus. Snout flat, somewhat pointed, with indistinct canthus rostralis ; loreal region flat, slanting. Eye rather large; tympanum not quite half as large as the eye. Limbs of moderate length. Fingers with- out any web, and with moderately developed disks: the first, second, and fourth nearly equal in length, the third being the longest. Toes two thirds webbed, the cutaneous fold reaching to the disks, except in the fourth toe, in which it extends to the antepenultimate joint only. Metatarsus with a small indistinct tubercle. Skin of the back with short longitudinal folds; a glandular curved fold from behind the orbit, above the tympanum, to the armpit. Choane and Eustachian tubes of moderate size ; vomerine teeth in two short oblique series. A free, pointed papilla in the middle of the tongue. Upper parts brown, mottled with darker; a broad, whitish, well-defined longitudinal band along the middle of the back to the end of the snout; an interocular brown band slightly en- croaches upon the white band. Upper sides of the legs barred as usual; anterior and posterior sides of the thighs finely mottled with brown. Spec. A, Spec. B. millim. millim. Lenethtofibndy siasists< sucticn + wank 55 38 ee hindlimb . acc te sey 5 99 58 is CATSUS Es sca cis) s enteTonen® 30s 15 10 Sy lapel OUBULELOG site on crer cies 26 17 Two specimens from Lieut.-Col. Beddome’s collection—one from the Anamallays, the other from Sevagherry. POLYPEDATES BREVIPALMATUS, Sp. 0. Habit similar to that of P. maculatus. Snout short, flat, obtuse, with indistinct canthus rostralis; loreal * T do not find that the presence of this papilla has been noticed before, although it is present in some cf the other species of Polypedates and Lvralus ; it is absent in P, maculatus. I do not know its function. 1875. DR. A. GUNTHER ON INDIAN REPTILES, 573 region flat, slanting. Eye of moderate size; tympanum about one third the size of the eye. Limbs of moderate length; disks rather small. Fingers without any web: the second rather longer than the first, and equal to the fourth, the third being the longest. Toes long, with a very short web. Metatarsal tubercle elongate. Skin of the back more or less tubercular, or nearly smooth. Choanz and Eustachian tubes rather narrow; vomerine teeth in two very short series between the choane. A free, pointed papilla in the - middle of the tongue. Upper parts brownish olive, mottled with brown; a dark interocular cross band; legs barred as usual. Lower parts more or less marbled with brown, sometimes brown with white dots, sometimes uniform whitish ; anterior and posterior sides of the thighs mottled with brown. Spec. A. Spec. B. millim. millim. Aenea OF DOD: oly. ois face fe ntne anew 6. aS 34 <% indi Dees. ois, isisunsitate 7 OO 64 ae VALAIS «hen sey oct okel cistiave elayels 14 ll SS fourthy-GOe.. sien s,c50 Saag ey 19 Several specimens were collected by Lieut.-Col. Beddome in Mala- bar, and one in the Anamallays. IxXALUS VARIABILIS (Gthr.). This species is not confined to Ceylon, but occurs in various parts of Southern India; it is common at Pycara. The variations of colour are endless, and frequently render the determination a task all the more difficult, as some of them approach closely the distribu- tion of colours in other species. There are specimens with sub- crescentic brown bands on the back as in Polypedates microtympa- num ; others have round, milk-white spots about the lips, or on the sides, or all over the back. One variety has the back of a nearly uniform chocolate-brown, and a light-coloured band along each side. A whitish line along the canthus rostralis and superciliary margin is very frequent. It is possible that the specimens which Mr. Jerdon noticed as Phyllomedusa(?) wynaadensis belonged to this species. But in a genus in which the distinction of closely allied species is most diffi- cult for the zoologist with the specimens before him, it is impossible to say to which of them a short, insufficient note, penned 25 years ago, refers. IxaLUS GLANDULOsus (Jerd.). The specimens we have received from Mr. Theobald of this spe- cies were identified by him as the Ivalus (2) glandulosa of Jerdon— and, as I think, very properly, the sides of the specimens being largely glandular. On the other hand, Col. Beddome has collected specimens of the same species, which were determined by Mr. Jer- don himself as his Phyllomedusa (?) tinniens. It will be difficult to decide from the original notes with which these names are accompa- 574 DR. 4. GUNTHER ON INDIAN REPTILES. [Nov. 16, nied which of the two names ought to be applied, or whether they are synonyms. IxALUS MONTANUS, sp. n. (Plate LXVI. fig. A.) Snout short, as long as the eye, obtusely rounded in front, with distinct canthus rostralis. Tongue with a free, pointed papilla in the anterior part of the median line. ‘Tympanum hidden below the skin. Skin nearly smooth, only in adult examples with some indi- stinct tubercles. The length of the body is more than the distance between vent and heel. No fold along the tarsus ; metatarsus with a small, indistinct tubercle; fingers quite free; toes with a very short web ; disks of moderate size. Old examples are nearly en- tirely of a dark purplish brown above, with scarcely any markings, the posterior side of the femur being marbled with black. Other specimens are of a lighter colour, with more Gr less symmetrical brown markings, the forehead being light-coloured. Abdomen sometimes uniform whitish, sometimes more or less reticulated with black. Lieut.-Col. Beddome obtained this species on the Kudra Mukh, at an elevation of 60U0 feet. One of the largest specimens is 38 millims. long, the length of the hind limb being 55 millims. IxaLus pipLostictus, sp. n. (Plate LXIII. fig. C.) Snout of moderate length, rather pointed, with distinct canthus rostralis. Tongue with a free, pointed papilla in the anterior part of the median line. Tympanum distinct, not quite half the size of the eye. Skin of the back with some longitudinal folds. The length of the body equals the distance between vent and heel. A cutaneous fold along the tarsus, commencing from the single meta- tarsal tubercle; fingers quite free; toes slender, with a very short web. Disks small. Pinkish olive-coloured, with a black line along the canthus rostralis, broader behind the eye, and continued over the tympanum. Symmetrical black spots on the sides—one in front of the axil, another on the middle of the side of the trunk, a third above the loin; one or the other of these spots may be absent. Legs with dark cross bars ; anal region and soles of the feet black. Abdomen light-coloured ; throat sometimes mottled with brown. Several specimens were collected by Lieut.-Col. Beddome in Malabar. One of the largest is 27 millims. long, the length of the hind limb being 46 millims. IXALUS CHALAZODES, sp.n. (Plate LXVI. fig. B.) Snout short, as long as the eye, obtusely rounded in front, with indistinct canthus rostralis. Tongue with a free, pointed papilla in the anterior part of the median line. Tympanum covered by the skin. Skin smooth ; but in the inguinal region there are several series of white, smooth tubercles; several smaller similar tubercles in the anal region and along the tarsus; the length of the body is equal to the distance between vent and heel; no fold along the tarsus ; meta- tarsus with a small indistinct tubercle; fingers quite free ; toes half- 1875. ] DR. A. GUNTHER ON INDIAN REPTILES. 575 webbed; disks large. Upper parts uniform greenish, the tubercles mentioned showing like white dots. Lower parts yellowish white. The anterior and posterior sides of the femur yellow, slightly mar- bled with green. One adult female was obtained by Lieut.-Col. Beddome from Travancore ; it is 26 millims. long, the length of the hind limb being 42 millims. IXALUS JERDONII, sp. n. Snout very short, somewhat pointed, with distinct canthus rostra- lis. Tongue with a free pointed papilla in the anterior part of the median line. Tympanum extremely small, but distinct. Skin smooth. The length of the body is rather more than the distance between vent and heel. No fold along the tarsus; metatarsal tubercle small, indistinct ; fingers with a rudimentary web ; toes short, half-webbed. Disks moderately developed. Reddish olive, with indistinct darker markings on the back. Femur colourless in front and behind. Lower parts whitish. Length of body 43 mil- lims., of hind limb 63 millims. A single specimen from Jerdon’s collection ; on the bottle it was marked as coming from Darjeeling ; but it is possible that this is the same specimen mentioned by Jerdon as having been found by him ‘in the Khasis,”” Proc, As. Soc. Beng. 1870, p, 85. IXALUS BEDDOMII, sp. n. Allied to Izalus femoralis and I. pulchellus, but with a distinct canthus rostralis. Snout short, as long as the eye, obtusely rounded in front. Tongue without free pointed papilla in the middle. Tympanum very small, covered by the skin. Skin on the back smooth. The length of the body is nearly equal to the distance be- tween vent and metatarsal joint. No fold along the tarsus; meta- tarsus with a small indistinct tubercle ; fingers quite free ; web be- tween the toes very short ; disks well developed. Upper parts uni- form green, the lower whitish. The anterior and posterior sides of the femur are perfectly colourless; and only a narrow stripe along its upper side is green. Several specimens, collected by Lieut.-Col. Beddome in Malabar, are 23 millims, long, the length of the hind limb being 35 millims. IXALUS STICTOMERUS, sp. n. (Plate LXVI. fig. C.) Snout of moderate length, rather pointed, with distinct canthus rostralis. Tongue without free pointed papilla in the middle. Tympanum very small, distinct. Skin smooth. The length of the body is less than the distance between vent and metatarsal tubercle ; a cutaneous fold along the tarsus, commencing from the single small metatarsal tubercle ; fingers with rudimentary web; toes of moderate length, half-webbed. Disks moderately developed. Olive-coloured, with indistinct symmetrical markings on the back, an interocular cross bar being darkest. A dark streak along the canthus rostralis is continued over the tympanum. Femur with three very indistinct Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1875, No. XXXVII. 37 576 DR. A. GUNTHER ON INDIAN REPTILES. [Nov. 16, cross bars above, its anterior and posterior sides being blackish mi- nutely marbled with white. Lower parts whitish. A single specimen was obtained by Lieut.-Col. Beddome in Ceylon ; it is 34 millims. long, the length of the hind leg being 48 millims. Hy.a ANNECTENS. The frog mentioned by Mr. Jerdon as Polypedates annectens proves to be a species of Hyla closely allied to H. chinensis. CALLULA TRIANGULARIS, Sp. N. Closely allied to C. obscura. Back nearly smooth, with some flat tubercles in the middle. Fingers quite free, with the extremities truncated; toes free, of moderate length, not dilated at the ends. Tarsus without fold; metatarsus with two small tubercles. Olive-coloured above, with a large tri- angular black spot occupying nearly the whole length of the back, commencing from the occiput. Sides of the head and body, legs, and lower parts black, with olive-coloured spots. Several specimens were obtained by Lieut.-Col. Beddome in Mala- bar. The largest are only 31 millims. long, the length of the hind limb being 40 millims. and of the free part of the fourth toe 8 mil- lims. CALLULA OLIVACEA, sp. n. (Plate LXIV. fig. B.) Snout short, not very obtuse. Skin of the back nearly smooth, with scarcely any tubercles. Limbs of moderate length. Fingers long, quite free, with broad, truncated disks. Toes with a rudimen- tary web only, and not dilated at the ends. Tarsus without fold; metatarsal tubercles two, small. Olive-coloured above, marbled with black ; lower parts white. millim Leneth Of DOGY eres oak. ns eee Oe % HET! CTL © a Se aR Mis ceet 4:5 Pere a Vii irl Oye ae Sie ie See =. ,08 33 [LT cle eee: s Hs Ge iran Be 6 a4 fOUTED LOC: