HARVARD UNIVERSITY

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LIBRARY

OF THE

Museum of Comparative Zoology

Proceedings of the

Indiana Academy

of Science
^ 1902

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

Indiana Academy of Science

1902.

EDITOR,

C. A. Waldo,

C. H. ElGENMANN,

V. F. Marsters,
M. B. Thomas,

- - Donaldson Bodine.

3CIATE

EDITORS:

W. A. NOYES,

Stanley Coulter,

Thomas Gray,

JOHN S. Wright,

INDIANAPOLIS, IND.
igo3

INDIANAPOLIS:

Wm. B. Burforu, Printer

1Q03.

TABLE OF CO]S'TE]S[TS.

PAGE.

An act to provide for the publication of tlie reports aud papers of tlie

Indiana Academy of Science c

5

An act for tlie protection of birds, their nests and eggs 7

Otiicers, 1902-1903 ^

Committees, 1902-1903

Principal officers since organization 11

In Memoriam

Constitution

By-Laws

_^ 15

Members, Fellows ... ,„

lo

Members, non-resident

Members, active

17

List of foreign correspondents 2i

Program of the Eigliteenth Annual Meeting 29

Report of tlie Eighteentli Annual Meeting of the Indiana Academy of

Science

Report of tlie Field Meeting of 1902 39

The President's Address „"

Papers presented at the Eigliteentli Annual Meeting ^ . 53

Index ....

206

(•5)

AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE PUBLICATION OF THE REPORTS
AND PAPERS OF THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

[Approved March 11, 1895.]

Whereas, The Indiana Academy of Science, a cliartered

Pre 1- 111 1)1 6
scientific association, has embodied in its constitution a pro-
vision that it will, upon the request of the Governor, or of the several
departments of the State government, through the Governor, and through
its council as an advisory body, assist in the direction and execution
of any investigation within its province, without pecuniary gain to the
Academy, provided only that the necessary expenses of such investiga-
tion are l)orne by the State, and,

"Whereas, The reports of the meetings of said Academy, with the sev-
eral papers read liefore it. have very gTcat educational, industrial and
economic value, and should be preserved in permanent form, and.

Whereas, The Constitution of the State makes it the duty of the Gen-
eral Assembly to encourage by all suitable means intellectual, scientific
and agricultural improvement, therefore.

Section 1. Be it enacted bn the General Asscmbli/ of the t, ,,. ,■ ^

'' • ' Publication of

^tate of Indiana, That hereafter the annual reports of the the Reports of

meetings of the Indiana Academv of Science, beginning with . , ' V
" . • » o Acaderaj' of

the report for the year 1894, including all papers of scientific Science,
or economic value, presented at such meetings, after they shall have l)een
edited and prepared for puiilication as hereinafter provided, shall be pul)-
lished by and under the direction of the Commissioners of Public Printing
and Binding.

Sec. 2. Said reports shall be edited and prepared for pub-
lication without expense to the State, by a corps of editors to Editing

Reports,
be selected and appointed by the Indiana Academy of Sci-
ence, Avho shall not, by reason of such services, have any claim against
the State for compensation. The form, style of binding, paper, tjqiography

and manner and extent of illustration of such reports, shall

Number of
be determined by the editors, subject to the approval of the printed

Commissioners of Public Printing and Stationery. Not less Reports.

(5)

6

than 1,500 nor iiioie than 'A.WO copies of each of said reports shall be pub-
lished, the size of the edition within said limits, to be determined by the
concurrent action of the editors and the Commissioners of Public Print-
ing and Stationery: I'roridrd, That not to exceed six hundred dollars
(ip<JO0) shall l)e expended for such publication in any one year,
and not to extend beyond 189(i: ProiUhd, That no sums shall
be deemed to be approjji'iated for the year 1S94.

Sec. .'!. All except thi-ee hundred copies of each volume

Disposition „f ^.^j,| reports sliall l)e placed in the custody of the State
of Reports.

Lilirarian, who shall furnish one copy thereof to each public

library in the State, one copy to each university, college or normal
school in the State, one copy to each high school in the State having a
library, which shall make application therefor, and one copy to such other
institutions, societies or jiersons as may be designated by the Academy
through its editors or its council. The remaining three hundred copies
shall be turned over to the Academy to l)e disposed of as it may deter-
mine. In order to ])rovide for the preservation of the same it shall
be the duty of the Custodian of the State House to provide and place at
the disposal of the Academy one of the unoccupied rooms of the State
House, to b(> designated as the ()t1ice of the Indiana Academy of Science,
wherein said c()pi(>s of said reiiorts belonging to the Academy, together
with the original iiianiiscripts. di-awings, etc.. thereof can lie safely kept,
and he shall also ('(piij) t\w same with tlic nec(>ssary shelving and
fui'uiture.

Sk( . 4. An emergency is hereliy declared to exist for the
Emergency, j,;,,,,,,,] j_.,,,. taking effect of this act. and it shall therefore take
effect and lie in f(ji-cc Ij-oui and after its passage.

AN ACT FOR THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS, THEIR NESTS

AND EGGS.

[Approved March 5, 1891.]

Sfx'tion 1. Be it cnavtrd hij the General Assemhly of the
State r)f Indiana. That it shall be unlawful for any person to
kill any wild l)ircl other than a game bird, or purchase, offer for sale any
such wild bird after it has been killed, or to destroy the nests or the eggs
of any wild bird.

Sec. 2. For the purpose of this act the following shall
be considered game birds: the Anatidte, commonly called
swans, geese, brant, and river and sea ducks; the Rallida\ commonly
known as rails, coots, mudhens, and gallinules; the Limicolai, commonly
known as shore birds, plovers, surf l.)irds, snipe, woodcock and sand-
pipers, tattlers and curlews; the Gallina?, commonly known as wild tur-
keys, grouse, prairie chickens, quail, and pheasants, all of which are not
intended to be affected by this act.

Sec. 3. Any person violating the provisions of Section 1
of this act shall, upon conviction, be fined in a sum not
less than ten nor more tlian tifty dollars, to which may be added impris-
onment for not less than five days nor more than thirty days.

Sec. 4. Sections 1 and 2 of this act shall not apply to

any person holding a permit giving the right to take birds

or their nests and eggs for scientific purposes, as provided in Section 5 of

this act.

Sec. .5. Permits mav be granted by the Executive Board „ ., ,
^ •' Permits to

of the Indiana Academy of Science to any properly accredited Science,
person, permitting the holder thereof to collect birds, their nests or eggs
for strictly scientific pui'poses. In order to obtain such permit the ap-
plicant for the same must present to said Board written testimonials
from tAvo well-knovx'u scientific men certifying to the good character and
fitness of said applicant to be entrusted with such privilege and pay to
said Bt)ard one dollar to defray the necessary expenses atttending the
granting of such permit, and must file with said Board a
properly executed bond in the sum of two hundred dollars,
signed by at least two responsilde citizens of the State as sureties. The

bond shall l)e forfeited to the State and the permit become „ ,

^ Bond

Aoid upon proof that the holder of such permit has killed forfeited.

auy bird or taken the nests or eggs of any bird for any other pnrpose than

that named in tliis section and sliall furtlier be snbjeet for each offense

to the penalties provided in this act.

Sec. 0. The permits authorized by tliis act sliall be in
Two vGRrs

force for two years only from the date of their issue, and

shall not be transferable.

Sec. 7. The English or European House Sparrow (Passer

Birds of prey. i . ■ , i i i ^i i ■ i ^.

domesticus), crows, hawks, and other Im-ds ot prey are not

included among the birds protected by this act.

Sec. 8. All acts or parts of acts heretofore passed in con-
flict with the provisions of this act are hereby repealed.

Sec. 9. An emergency is declared to exist for the imme-
diate taking effect of this act, therefore the same shall be
in force and effect from and after its passage.

OFFICERS, 1902-1903.

PRESIDENT,

WILLIS S. BLATCHLEY.

VICE-PRESIDEXT,

CARL L. MEES.

SECRETARY,

JOHN S. WRIGHT.

ASSISTANT SECRETARY,

DONALDSON BODINE.

PRESS SECRETARY,

G. A. ABBOTT.

TREASURER,

W. A. McBETH.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

W. S. Blatchley,
Carl L. Mees,
John S. Wright,
Donaldson Bodine,
G. A. Abbott,
W. A. McBeth,
Harvey W. Wiley,
M. B. Thomas,

D. W. Dennis,
C. H. Eigenmann,
C. A. Waldo,
Thomas Gray,
Stanley Coulter,
Amos W. Butler,

W. A. NOYES,

J. C. Arthur,

J. L. Campbell,
O. P. Hay,
T. C. Mendenhall,
John C. Branner,
J. P. D. John,
John M. Coulter,
David S. Jordan.

CURATORS.

BOTANY J. C. Arthur.

ICHTHYOLOGY C. H. Eigenmann.

HERPETOLOGY )

MAMMALOGY - Amos W. Butler.

ORNITHOLOGY i

ENTOMOLOGY W. S. Blatchley.

.10

COMMITTEES, 1902-1903.

PROGRAM.
Mel. T. Cook, Glenn Culbertson.

MEMBERSHIP.
A. W. Butler, Donaldson Bodine, G. A. Abbott.

NOMINATIONS.
Thomas Gray, M. B. Thomas, C. H. Eigenmann.

AUDITING.
W. S. Blatchley, F. M. Webster.

STATE LIBRARY.
A. W. Butler, Stanley Coulter, C. A. Waldo, J. S. Wright.

LEGISLATION FOR THE RESTRICTION OF WEEDS.
Stanley Coulter, John S. Wright, M. B. Thomas.

PROPAGATION AND PROTECTION OF GAME AND FISH.
C. H. Eigenmann, A. W. Butler, W. S. Blatchley.

EDITOR.
Donaldson Bodine, Wabash College, Cra-\vfordsville.

DIRECTORS OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY.

C. H. Eigenmann, J. C. Arthur,

M. B. Thomas,
Donaldson Bodine, Stanley Coulter.

RELATIONS OF THE ACADEMY TO THE STATE.
C. A. Waldo, W. J. Karslake, R. W. McBride.

GRANTING PERMITS FOR COLLECTING BIRDS AND FISHES.
A. W. Butler, Stanley Coulter, W. S. Blatchley.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE PROCEEDINGS.
A, W Butler, J. S. Wright, Donaldson Bodine, H. L. Bruner.

11

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JOSEPH EASTMAN,

BORN

Fulton Coiinty, New York, January 29, 1842.

Indianapolis, June 6, 1902.

13

CONSTITUTION.

ARTICLE I.

Section 1. This association shall 1)0 called the Indiana Academy of
Science.

Sec. 2. The objects of this Academy shall he scientific research and
the diffusion of knowledge concerning the various departments of science:
to promote intercoiu-se between men engaged in scientific work, especially
in Indiana: to assist by investigation and discussion in developing and
making known the material, educational and other resources and riches
of the State; to arrange and prepare for pul)lication such reports of in-
vestigation and discussions as may further the aims and olgects of the
Academy as set forth in these articles.

Whereas, the State has undertaken the i)ublication of such proceed-
ings, the Academy will, upon reiiiiest of the Governor, or of one of the
several departments of the State, through the Governor, act through its
council as an advisory body in the direction and execution of any investi-
gation within its province as stated. The necessary expenses incurred in
the prosecution of such investigation are to be borne by the State; no
pecuniary gain is to come to the Academy for its advice or direction of
such investigation.

The regular proceedings of the Academy as published by the State
shall become a public document.

ARTICLE II.

Sectiox 1. Members of this Academy shall be honorary fellows, fel-
lows, non-resident members or active members.

Sec. 2. Any person engaged in any department of scientific work, or
in original research in any department of science, shall be eligible to
active membership. Active members may be annual or life members.
Annual members may be elected at any meeting of the Academy; they
shall sign the constitution, pay an admission fee of two dollars, and there-

14

after an annual fo. of one dollar. Any person who .hall at one time
contribute fifty dollars to the funds of this Academy, may be elected a
hte member of the Academy, free of assessment. Non-resident members
may be elected from those who have been active members but who have
removed from the State. In any case, a three-fourths vote of the mem-
bers present shall elect to membership. Applications for membership in
nny ot the foregoing classes shall be referred to a committee on applica-
tion for membership, who shall consider such application and report to
the Academy before the election.

Sec. 3. The members who are actively engaged in scientim- work who
have recognized standing as scientific men, and who have been members
Of the Academy at least one year, n.ay be recommended for nomination
tor election as fcllo.s by three fellows or n.embers personally acquainted
with their work and character. Of members so nominated a number not
exceedmg hve in one year may. on reconnnendation of the Executive
Committee, be elected as fellows. At the meeting at which this is
adopted, the members of the Executive Committee for 1894 an.l fifteen
others Shall be elected fellows, and those now honorary members shall
become honorary fellows. Honorary fellows may be elected on account
of special prominence ii, science, on the written recomn.endation of two
members of the Academy. lu any case a three-fourths vote of the mem-
b(n-s present shall elect.

ARTICLE III.

Section L The officers of this Academy shall be chosen by ballot
at the annual meeting, and shall hold ofiice one year. They shall consist
ot a President, Vice-President, Secretary, Assistant Secretary, Press Secre-
tary, and Treasurer, who shall perform the duties usually pertaining to
then- respective offices and in addition, with the ex-Presidents of the
Academy, shall constitute an Executive Committee. The President shall
at each annual meeting, appoint two members to be a committee which
shall prepare the programs and have charge of the arrangements for
all meetings for one year.

Sec. 2. The annual meeting of this Academy shall be held in the city
of Indianapolis within the week following Christmas of each year un-
less otherwise ordered by the Executive Committee. There shall also be
a summer meeting at such time and place as may be decided upon by the

15

Executive Committee. Otlier meetings may be called at the discretion
of the Executive Committee. The past Fresidents, together with the
officers and Executive Committee, sliall constitute tlie Council of the
Academy, and represent it in the transaction of any necessary l)usiness
not specially provided for in tliis constitution, in the interim between
general meetings.

Sec. o. This constitution may be altered or amended at any annual
meeting by a three-fourths majority of the attending members of at least
one year's standing. No question of amendment sliall l»e decided on the
day of its presentation.

BY-LAWS.

1. On motion, any special dci)artment of science shall be assigned to a
curator, whose duty it shall l)e. with the assistance of the other members
interested in the same department, to endeavor to advance knowledge in
that particular department. Each curator shall report at such time and
place as the Academy shall direct. These reports sliall include a l)rief
summary of the progress of the department during the year preceding the
presentation of the report.

2. The I'resident shall deliver a public address on the morning of one
of the days of the meeting at the expiration of his term of office.

3. The Press Secretary shall attend to the securing of proper news-
paper reports of the meetings and assist the Secretary.

4. No special meeting of the Academy shall be held without a notice
of the same having ))een sent to the address of each member at least
fifteen days before such meeting.

5. No bill against the Academy shall be paid without an order signed
1)y the President and countersigned by the Secretary.

(>. Members who shall allow their dues to remain unpaid for two
years, having been annually notified of their arrearage by the Treasurer,
shall have their names striclKcn from the roll.

7. Ten members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of
business.

It;

MEMBERS.

FELLOWS.

R. J. Aley *1SUS Bloomiugton.

J. C. Arthur ISO::! Lafayette.

George W. Beutoii 18!)0 Indianapolis.

A. .T. Biguey 18!)7 Moore's Hill.

A. \Y. Bitting ISltT Lafayette.

Donaldson Bodine ISM!) Crawfordsville.

W. S. Blatcbley ISO:! Indianapolis.

H. L. Bruner 1899 Irvington.

Severance Burrage 1808 Lafayette.

A. W. Butler 1893 Indianapolis.

J. L. Campbell 1893 Crawfordsville.

Mel. T. Cook 1902 Greencastle.

.Tohn M. Coulter 1803 Chicago, 111.

Stanley Coulter 1803 Lafayette.

( ilcnn Culbertson 1800 Hanover.

I). W. Dennis 189.5 Richmond.

C. R. Dryer ISO" Terre Haute.

C. H. Eigenmaun 1803 Bloomington.

T'ercy Norton Evans 1901 Lafayette.

A. L. Foley IS'.IT Bloomington.

Katherine K. Golden lSO."i Lafayette.

.M. .1. Golden 1800 Lafayette.

W. F. M. Goss lS!t3 Lafayette.

Thomas Gray 1803 Terre Hauie.

A. S. Hathaway 180."> Terre Haute.

W. K. Hatt 1002 Lafayette.

Robert Hessler 1809 Logansport.

H. A. Huston 1893 Lafayette.

Artliur Kendrick 1898 Terre Haute. "

Robert E. Lyons 189(5 Bloomington.

V. F. Marsters 1893 Bloomington.

C. L. Mees 1894 Terre Haute.

W. .1. Moenkhaus 19(tl Bloomington.

Date of election.

17

Joseph ^loore isoi; . Kiehmond.

D. M. Mottiei- IS:>:; P.loomiugton.

W. A. Noyes ISO:! Terre Hauti'.

J. H. Ransom I!»it2 Lafayette.

L. J. Rettger 1S0(> Terre Haute.

J. T. Scovell 1804 Terre Hante.

Alex. Smith 180:5 Chicago. 111.

\y. E. stone 180:^ Lafayette.

.loseph Swain *1S08 Swarthniore, Pa.

M. B. Thomas 180:^ Crawfordsville.

C. A. Waldo 180:5 Lafayette.

F. M. Webster 1804 Champaign, 111.

H. W. Wiley 1805 Washington, D. C.

John S. Wright 1804 Indianapolis.

Xo X- /.' ESIDEX r M EM !1 K R S.

George H. Ashley Charleston, S. C.

:\I. A. Brannon (irand Forks, N. D.

J. C. Branner Stanford University, Cal.

D. H. Campbell Stanford University, Cal.

A. Wilmer Duff Worcester, Mass.

B. W. Evermann Washington. D. C.

Charles H. Gilbert Stanford University, Cal.

C. W. Green Stanford University. Cal.

C. W. Hargitt Syracuse, N. Y.

O. P. Hay Washington. D. C.

Edward Hughes Stockton, Cal.

O. P. Jenkins Stanford University. Cal,

I). S. Jordan Stanford University. Cal.

J. S. Kingsley Tufts College, Mass.

D. T. MacDougal Bronx Park.NewYorkCity

T. C. Mendenhall Worcester, Mass.

Alfred Springer Cincinnati, Ohio.

L. jNI. Underwood New York Cit3^

Robert B. Warder Washington. D. C.

Ernest Walker Clenison College. S. C.

•■' Date of election .
2— Academy of Science.

,1 CTI I 'E MEMBERS.

(i. A. Abbott Imlinnnpolis.

Frederick AV. Andrews IJloomiiigton.

George C. Ashman Frankfort.

Edward Ayres Lafayette.

Artlinr M. Banta Franklin.

Edwin M. Blake Lafayette.

J. W. Beede Bloomington.

Lee F. Bennett Valparaiso.

William N. Blancliard Greencastle.

Charles S. Bond Richmond.

Fred J. Breeze Pittsburg".

E. M. Bruce Weston, Oregon.

A. Hugh Bryan Indianapolis.

E. J. Chansler Bicknell.

Howard W. Clark Culver.

Otto O. Clayton Pleasant Mills.

George Clements Springfield. 111.

Charles Clickener Tangier.

U. O. Cox Mankato, Minn.

William Cliffoi'd Cox Columlms.

J. A. Cragwall Crawfordsville.

Albert B. Crowe Ft. Wayne.

M. E. Crowell Franklin.

Edwai-d Roscoe Cumings Bloomington.

.Mida -M. Cunningham Alexandria.

Lorenzo E. Daniels Laporte.

II. J. Davidson Baltimore. Md.

Charles C. Deam P.luffton.

:\Iartlia Doan West Held.

.1. I*. Dolan Syracuse.

Herman B. Dorner Lafayette.

Hans Duden Indianapolis.

E. G. Eberhardt Indianapolis.

I'^rank K. E'ldred Indi.inapolis.

M. N. Elrod Columbus.

Samuel G. Evans Evansville.

19

Carlton G. Ferris Big Rapids, Mifh.

H M. Fisher Urmej^ville.

Wilbur A. B^'islie Richmond.

W. B. Fletcher Indianapolis.

Austin Funk New Albany.

Charles W. Garrett Logansport.

Robert G. Gillum Terre Haute.

Vernon Gould Rochester.

Walter L. Hahn Bascom.

Victor K. Hendricks Indianapolis.

Mary A. Hickman Greencastle.

John E. Higdon Indianapolis.

Frank R. Higgins Terre Haute.

John .1. Hildel)randt Logansport.

J. D. Hoffman Lafayette.

Allen D. Hole Richmond.

John N. Hurty Indianapolis.

Lucius M. Hubbard South Bend.

Alex. .lohnson Ft. Wayne.

Edwin S. Johonnott, Jr Terre Haute.

Ernest E. Jones Kolvomo.

Chancey Juday Boulder, Col.

O. L. Kelso Terre Haute.

Charles T. Knipp Bloomington.

Henry H. Lane Lebanon.

V. H. Lockwood Indianapolis.

Dumont Lotz Indianapolis.

William A. McBeth Terre Haute.

Robert Wesley McBride Indianapolis.

Rousseau McClellan Indianapolis.

Richard C. McClaskey Terre Haute.

Lynn B. McMullen Indianapolis.

Edward G. Mahin West* Lafayette.

James E. Manchester Vincennes.

W. G. Middleton Richmond.

John A. Miller Bloomington.

H. T. Montgomery South Bend.

20

Walter P. Morgan Terre Haure.

Fred Mutcliler Terre Haute.

J. P. Naylor Greencastle.

Charles E. Newlin Irvington.

John Newlin West i^afayette.

John F. Newsom Stanford University. Cal.

R. W. Noble Chicago. 111.

D. A. 0\Yeu Franklin.

Kollo J. Peirce Logansport.

Ralph B. Polk Greenwood.

James A. Price Ft. Wayne,

Frank A. Preston Indianapolis.

A. H. Purdue . - Fayctteville. Ark.

Kyland Ratliff IJlooniington.

Albert B. Reagan Pdoomington.

Claude Riddle Lafayette.

Giles E. Ripley Decorah. Iowa.

George L. Roberts Greensbui-g.

D. A. Rothrock Bloomington.

John F. Schnaible Lafayette.

E. A. Schultze Ft. Wayne.

John W. Shepherd Terre Haute.

Claude Siebenthal Indi.mapolis.

J. R. Slonaker Bloomington.

Richard A. Smart Lafayette.

Lillian Snyder Rockville.

Retta E. Spears Elkhart.

Charles F. Stegmaier Greensburg.

William Stewart Lafayette.

J. M. Stoddard Indianapolis.

William B. Streeter Indianapolis.

Frank B. Taylor Ft. Wayne.

J. P. Thompson Richmond.

A. L. Treadwell Oxford, Ohio.

Daniel J. Troyer Goshen.

A. B. Ulrey North Manchester.

W. B. VanGorder Worthington.

21

Artlinr C. Veatch Rockport.

H. S. Voorhees Ft. Wayue.

J. H. Voris Huntington.

B. C. Waldemaier West Lafayette.

Daniel T. Weir , , Indianapolis.

Jacob Westlund Lafayette.

Fred C. Whitcomb Delphi.

William M. Whitten South Bend.

Neil H. Williams Indianapolis.

William Watson Woollen Indianapoli.s.

J. F. Woolsey Indianapolis.

Fellows 47

Non-resident members 20

Active memliers 118

Total . 185

2£

LIST OF FOPvEIGIN' CORRESPONDE^'TS.

AFRICA.

Dr. J. Medley Wood. Xatal Botanical Gardens, Berea, Durban. Snuth

Africa.
South African I'hilo.sopliieal Society, Cape Town. South Africa.

ASIA.

China Branch Koyal A.siatic Society, Shanghai. China.

Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, India.

Geological Survey of India, Calcutta, India.

Indian Museum of India, (.'alcutta, India.

India Survey Department of India, Calcutta, India.

Deutsche Gesellschaft, fiir Xatur- und N'iilkorkunde Ostasieus, Tokio,

Japan.
Imperial University, Tokio, Japan.

Koninklijke Xaturkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch-Indie, Batavia,
Java.

Hon. D. D. Baldwin, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands.

EUROPE.

V. R. Tschusizu Schmidhoffen, Villa Tannenhof, Halle in Salzburg,
Austria.

Herman von Vilas, Innsbruck, Austria.

Ethnologische Mittheilungen aus Ungarn, Budapest, Austro-Hungary.

Mathematische und Naturwissenschaftliche Berichte aus Ungarn, Buda-
pest, Austro-Hungary.

K. K. Geologische Reichsanstalt, Vienna (Wien), Austro-Hungary.

23

K. U. Naturwissenscluiftlichc (.ifst'llschnft, Budapest, Aiistro-Hungary.

Naturwissenschaftlic-li-Medizinisclier \('i(>iii in Iiinsbrnek (Tyrol). Aiistro-
Hungary.

Editors "Termeszetrajzi Fuzetk," Hungarian National Museum, Buda-
pest, Austro-Hungary.

Dr. Eugeu Dadai, Adj. am. Nat. Mus., I'.udapest, Austro-Hungary.

Dr. Julius von Madarasz, Budapest. Austro-Hmigary.

K. K. Natiu'historisehes Hofmuseum, Vienna (Wien), Austro-Hungary.

Ornithological Society of Vienna (Wien), Austro-Hungary.

Zoologische-Botanisclie Gesellscliaft in Wien (Vienna). Austro-Hungary.

Dr. J. von Csato, Nagy Enyed, Austro-Hungary.

Botanic Garden, K. K. Universitat, AVien (Vienna), Austro-Hungary.

Malacological Society of I>elgium, Brussels, Belgium.

Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts. Brussels, Belgium.

Royal Linnean Society, Brussels, Belgium.

Societe Beige de Geologie, de Paleontologie et Hydrologie, Brussels,

Belgium.
Societe Royale de Botanique. Brussels, Belgium.
Societe Geologique de Belgiijue. Liege, Belgium.
Roval Botanical Gardens, Brussels, Belgium.

Bristol Naturalists' Society, Bristol, England.

Geological Society of London, London, England.

Dr. E. M. Holmes, British Pharm. Soc'y, Bloomsbury Sq.. London. W. C,

England.
Jenuer Institute of Preventive Medicine, London. England.
The Librarian. Linnean Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W.,

England.
Liverpool Geological Society, Liverpool, England.

Manchester IJterary and Philosophical Society, Manchester, England.
"Nature." London, England.
Royal Botanical Society. London. England.
Royal Kew (xardens. London. England.

Royal (xt'ological Society of Cornwall. I'enzance. England.
Royal Microscopical Society. T-ondon, p]ngland.

24

Zoiilogicjil Society, T^ondon. England.

Lieut. -Col. John Biddnlph, 4.*! Charing Cross, London, England.

I>r. (1. A. Ronlenger, British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London, England.

F. iHiCane Godman, 10 Chandos St., Cavendish Sq., London, England.

Mr. Howard Sainidci's, 7 Kadnor Place, Hyde Park. London W., England.

Philli]) L. Sclater, :> Hanover S(i., London W., England.

Dr. Kicliard P.o\\ider Sliarpe, British Mns. (Nat. Hist.), London. England.

I'rof. Alfred Kussell Wallace, Corfe Mew, Parkstone, Dorset, England.

Botanical Society of France, Paris, France.

Ministerie de I'Agricnltnre, Paris, France.

Societe Entomologique de France, Paris, France.

L'Institut Grand Ducal de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Lux., France.

See. de Horticulture et de Botan. de Marseille, Marseilles. France.

Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, Fx'ance.

La Soc. Linneenne de Normandie, Caen, France.

Soc. des Naturelles. etc., Nantes, France.

ZcxHogical Society of France, Paris, France.

Baron Louis d'Hanionville. Meurthe et Moselle. France.

Pasteur Institute, Lille. France.

Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. France.

Botanischer Verein der l*roviiiz P.randenl)urg. Berlin. Germany.

Deutsche Geologische Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany.

Entoniologlscher Verein in Berlin. Berlin. Germany.

.roui'ii.nl fiir Drnitliologie. Berlin, Germany.

Prof. Dr. .lean Calianis. Alte .Tacol) Strasse, 108 A., Berlin. Germany.

Augsl)urger Naturhistorischer Verein. Augsbm'g. Germany.

Count Hans von Berlsi)sen. Miinden. <iermany.

Braunschweiger Verein fiir Naturwissenschaft. Braunschweig. Germany.

Bremer Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein, Bremen, Germany.

Ornithologischei". Verein Miinchen. Thierschstrasse. 37il>. Miinchen. Ger-
many.

Royal Botanical (Jardens, Berlin W.. Clermany.

Kaiserliche Leopoldische-Carolinische Deutsche Akademie der Naturfor-
cher. Halle Saale. Wilhemstrasse 37, Germany.

On

Kciniglich-Siiehsisclie (lesellscluift der Wisseiisclmften, Mathematiscli-

Physische Classe, Leipzis", Saxony, Germany.
Naturhistorische Gesellscliaft zu Hanover, Hanover, Prussia, Germany.
Naturwissenschaftlieher Verein in Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
Verein fiir Erdkunde, Leipzig. Germany.
Vei'eiu fiir Naturkunde, Wiesbaden, Prussia.

Belfast Natural History and Pliilosophical Society, Belfast, Ireland.

Royal Dublin Society, Dublin.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, County Dublin, Ireland.

Societa Entomologica Italiana, Florence, Italy.

Prof. H. H. Giglioli. Museum Vertebrate Zoology, Florence, Italy.

Dr. Alberto Perngia, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genoa, Italy,

Societa Italiana de Scienze Naturali, Milan, Italy.

Societa Africana d' Italia, Naples, Italy.

Dell 'Academia Pontifico de Nuovi Lincei, Rome, Italy.

Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, Rome, Italy.

Rassegna della Scienze Geologiche in Italia, Rome, Italy.

R. Comitato Geologico d' Italia, Rome, Italy.

Prof. Count Tomasso Salvadori, Zofilog. Museum, Turin, Italy.

Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences, Tliroudhjem, Norway.

Dr. Robert Collett, Kongl. Frederiks Univ. Christiania. Norway.

Academia Real des Sciencias de Lisboa (Lisbon), Portngal.

Comite Geologique de Russie. St. Petersbm-g. Russia.
Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
Imperial Society of Naturalists. Moscow. Russia.
Jardin Imperial de Botanique, St. Petersburg, Russia.

26

The Botanical fc^oeiety oi" E'diiihurgli. Edinburgh, Scotland.

John J. Dalgleish, Brankston Grange, Bogside Sta., Sterling, Scotland.

Edinburgh Geological Society, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Geological Society of Glasgow. Scotland.

John A. Harvie-Brown, Duniplace House, Larbert, Sterlingshire, Scotland.

Natural History Society, Glasgow, Scotland.

Philosophical Society of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.

Royal Society of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.

IJoynl iniysical Society, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Koyal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Barcelona Acadeniia do Cieucias y Artes. Barcelona, Spain.
Uoyal .\cadeniy of Sciences. Madrid, Spain.

Institut Royal Geologique de Suede, Stockholm, Sweden.
Societe Entoniologique a Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
Royal Swedish Academy of Science, Stockholm, Sweden.

Xaturl'oi-st liciidc Gesellschaft. liasel, Switzerland.

Xaturforscliende (Jesellschaft in Berno, Berne, Switzerland.

I>a Societe Botani([ue Suisse, Geneva, Switzerland.

Societe Helvetiquc dc Sciences Naturelles, Geneva, Switzerland.

Socicle dc Pliysiiiue ot d" Ilistorie Nntiu'clle dc Geneva, Geneva, SwlTzer-

land,
('(inciliuni I'.ibljdgrniducuni. Ziirich-( )b('rstrasse, Switzerland.
Xaturforscliende Gesellschaft, /iirich, Switzerland.
Schweizerische Botanische Gesellschaft, Ziirich, Switzerland.
Prof. IIerl)ert H. Field, Ziirich, Switzerland.

AUSTRALIA.

Linnean Society of Xew South AVales, Sidney, New South Wales
Royal Society of Xew South Wales. Sidney, New South Wales.
Prof. Eiveridge, F. R. S.. Sidney, Xew South Wales.
Hon. Minister of Minos. Sidnev. X'ew South Wales.

27

Mr. E. P. Ramsey, Sidney, New South Wales.

Royal Society of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland.

Royal Society of South Australia, Adelaide. South Australia.

Victoria Pub. Library, Museum and Nat. Gallery. Melliourne. Victoria.

Prof. W. r>. Buller, Wellington, New Zealand.

NORTH AMERICA.

Natural Hist. Society of British Columbia, Victoria. British Columl)ia.

Canadian Record of Science, Montreal, Canada.

McCill University, Montreal, Canada.

Natural Society, Montreal, Canada.

Natural History Society, St. Johns, New Brunswiclc.

Xova Scotia Institute of Science, Halifa.K. N. S.

Manitoba Historical and Scientific Society. Winnipeg, Manitol)a.

Dr. T. McIl^^Taith. Cairnbrae, Hamilton. Ontario.

Till- Royal Society of Canada. Ottawa. Ontai'io.

Natural History Society. Toronto. OntaiMo.

Hamilton Association Library. Hamilton. Ontario.

Canadian Entomologist. Ottawa, Ontario.

Department of Marine and Fisheries, Ottawa. Ontario.

Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. Ontario.

Canadian Institute. Toronto.

Ottawa Field Naturalists' Cluli. Ottawa. Ontario.

Univtrsity of Toronto, Toronto.

Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa. Ontario.

La Naturaliste Canadian, Chicontini. Quebec.

La Naturale Za, City of Mexico.

Mexican Society of Natm-al History, Cit.v of M(>xicc.
Museo Nacional, Citj' of Mexico.
Sociedad Cientifica Antonio Alzate. City of Mexico.

Sociedad Mexicana de Geographia y Estadistica de la Repulilica Mexicana.
Citv of Mexico.

28

WEST INDIES.

Botanical Department, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British West Indies.

Victoria Institute, Trinidad, British West Indies.

INInseo Nacional, San Jose, Costa Rica, Central America.

Dr. Anastasia Alfaro, Secy. National Museimi, San .lose, Costa Rica.

Rafael Arango, Havana, Cuba.

Jamaica Institute, Kingston, Jamaica, Vv'est Indies.

The Hope Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica, West Indies.

SOUTH AMERICA.

Argentina Historia Natural Floicntinc .\in('gline. Buenos Ayres, Argen-
tine Republic.
Musee de la Plata, Argentine Republic.

Nacional .Vcadcmia des Ciencias, ('ordoba. .Vi'gciitinc' Republic.
Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, Buenos Ayrcs.
Museo Nacional, Rio de .Janeiro. Brazil.
Sociedad de (Jeogi-aphia, Rio de Janeiro, lirazil.

Dr. Ilernnin von Jhering, Dii-. ZoiU. Sec. Con. Ocog. e CtCoI. de Sao Paulo,
Rio (Jrandc do Sul, Brazil.

Deutscher Wisscnscliaftlicher N'crein in Santiago. Santiago, Chili.

Societe Scientiflciue du Cliili. S.-intiago. Cliili.

Sociedad Guatemalteca de Ciencias. (hialcniahi. (Tualcinala.

OF THE
OF THE

Indiana Academy of Science,

STATE HOUSE, INDIANAPOLIS,
Decem^ber 26 airid 2 7, 1902.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

H. ^X. Wiley, President. A\'. S. Blatchley, Vice-President. John S. AVricht, Secretary.
Donaldson Bodine, Asst. Secretary. J. T. Scovell, Treasurer.

M.B.Thomas, Thomas Gray, J. C. Arthur. John C. Branner,

D.W.Dennis, Stanley Coulter, J.L.Campbell. J.P. D.John,

C. H. Eigenmann, Amos W. Butler, O.P. Hay, John M. Coulter,

C.A.Waldo, W. A. Xoyes, T. C. Mendexhall, David S. Jordan.

The sessions of the Academy will be held in the State House, in the rooms of the State
Board of Agriculture.

Headquarters will be at the English Hotel. A rate of 82.00 and upwards per day will be
made to all persons whc. make it known at the time of registering that they are members of
the Academy. M.B.THOMAS,

M. E. CROWELL,

Committee.

GENERAL PROGRAM.

Friday, December 26.

Meeting of the Executive Committee at Hotel Headquarters ■ 10:45 a. m.

(ieneral Session, followed by Sectional Meetings 2 p. m. to 5 p. m,

President's Address, Shortridge High School 8 p.m.

Saturday. December 27.
General Session, followed by Sectional Meetings 9 a. ni.tol2m.

(29)

LIST OF PAPERS TO BE READ.

ADDRESS BY THE RETIRING PRESIDENT.

DR. HARVEY W. WILEY.

At 8 o'clock Friday evening, at Shortridge Higli School.
Subject: "Ye Shall Know Thoni by Their Fruits."

The following paper,* will be read in the order in which they appear on the program,
except that certain papers will be presented "pari passu" in sectional meetings. When a
paper is called and the reader is not present, it will be dropped to the end of the list, unless
by mutual agreement an exchange can be made with another whose time is approximately
the same. Where no time is sent with the papers, they have been uniformly assigned ten
minutes. Opportunity will be given after the reading of each paper for a brief discussion.

y. D.—By the order of the Academy, no paper can be read until an abstract of its contents or
the 'critlen paper has been placed in the hands of the Secretary.

GENERAL.

J. Tran.siiiissililo Diseases iii College Towns. S m. .. .Severance Burrase
2. Sewase Disposal at the Indiana State Reformatory at

Plainfield. 10 ni Severance Barrage

;!. Some Recent Mound Investi.uations in .Jefferson Coimty, In-
diana. S m Glenn Culbertson

4. The Water Sii])ii]y of Havana. Cuba. 10 m C. H. Blgenmann

5. Results of the Indiana T'uivci'sity Expedition to Cuba,

1"' "1 C. H. Eigenmann

G. Naezhosh, or the Apache Pole Game, 8 m Albert B. Reagan

MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS.

7. Geodesic Lines on the Syntractrix of lievolution. S m. .E. L. Hancock
S. Coiniiarisou of Gauss" and Cayley's I'roofs of the Existence

Theorem, 10 m O. E. tilenn

'.». Motion of a Bicycle on a Helix Tfack, 8 m O. E. Glenn

in. A Generalization of Fermat's Theorem, 8 ni Jacob Westlund

11. On the Class Number of the Cyclotomic Numberfield

k r,i--
p

12. Photographic Observations of Comet c 1902, 10 m J. A. Miller

'' ('^*1 ' ^ ^ J-'^^ob Westlund

BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY.

1.'!. The (ienus I'uccinia, 10 m j. q_ Arthur

1-1. Forestry Conditions in Montgomery f'ounty, Indiana,

10 m S. .T. Record

lo. Notes on the Cleavage Plane In Stems and Falling Leaves,

S ™ Mary A. Hickman

31

Ki. On the Veins of the Head of the Snake (Tropidonotiis).

15 m H. L. Bruner

17. On the JNIaxiUary Veins of Lizards, 15 m H. L. Bruner

IS. Some Rare Indiana Birds, 10 m A. W. Butler

19. The Catalpa Sphinx, Ceratomia eafalinr. Destroyed by the

Yellow-Billed Cuckoo, Cocci/zus americanus, in South-
ern Indiana, 10 m F. M. Webster

20. NT)tes on Reared Hymenoptera from Indiana, 10 m. .. .F. I\I. Webster

21. Preliminary List of Gall-Producing Insects Common to In-

diana, 0 m Mel T. Cook

22. Notes on Deformed Embryos, 5 m Mel T. Cook

2:;. The Lake Laboratory at Sandusky, Ohio. 12 m Mel T. Cook

24. The Individuality of the Maternal and Paternal Chromo-

somes in the Hybrid between Fimdulus heteroclitus

and Mcnidia noUita, 8 m W. .7. ^loenkhaus

25. An Extra Pair of Appendages Modified for Copulatory Pur-

pose in Camhanis rlridis, S m W. J. Moenkliaus

2G. Description of a NeAv Species of Darter from Tippecanoe

Lake, 5 m W. J. ^loeidvliaus

27. The Mj'xomycetes of Wiuoua Lake, 10 m Fred Mutchler

28. The Plankton of Winona Lake, 10 m Chancy Juday

20. The Birds of Winona Lake, 15 m Clarence (4. Littell

.'10. A List of the Dragonflies of Winona Lake, 5 m. .Clarence H. Kennedy
ol. A New Diagnostic Character for the Species of the Genus

Argia, 10 m Clarence H. Kennedy

CHEMISTRY AND GEOLOGY.

82. Investigation of tlie Action between Manganese Dioxide
and Potassium Cldorate in the Production of Oxy-
gen, 10 m Edward G. Maliin

33. The Action of Heat on Mixtures of Manganese Dioxide

with" Potassium Nitrate and with Potassium Bichro-
mate, 5 m .1. H. Ransom

34. Criticism of an Experiment Used to Determine the Coml)iu-

ing Ratio of Magnesium and Oxygen, 5 m J. II. Ransom

35. An Apparatus for Illustrating Charles's and Boyle's Laws.

.T. H. Ransom

36. Some A2 Keto-R-Hexeue Derivatives, o m J. B. Garner

37. Action of Hydrogen Peroxide on Cuprous Chloride, 10 m.

W. M. P.lancliard

32

38. Geology of the Jemez-Albuquerque Region, New Mexico,

8 m Albert B. Reagan

39. The Jemez Coal Fields, 10 m Albert B. Reagan

40. Ripple Marks iu Hudson Limestone in .Toft'erson County,

Indiana, 5 m Glenn Culbertson

41. Some Topographic Features in the Lower Tippecanoe Val-

ley, S m F. J. Breeze

THE EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE
INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

The eighteenth annual meeting of the Indiana Academy of Science was
held in Indianapolis, Friday and Saturday, December 2G and 27, 1902.

Friday, 11 a. m., the Executive Committee met in session at hotel head-
quarters. At 2 o'clock p. m. President Harvey W. Wiley called the Acad-
emy to order in general session in the room of the State Board of Agricul-
ture, State House. The transaction of routine and miscellaneous business,
occupied the first part of the session. Following this, papers of general
interest were read and discussed. On the disposition of these, special tech-
nical subjects occupied the time until adjournment at 5 p. m.

Tlie addi-ess of the retiring President, Harvey W. Wiley, was delivered
in tlie auditorium of the Shortridge High School at 8 p. m. before the
members of the Academy and a number of invited guests; subject, "Ye
Shall Know Tliem l)y Their Fruits."

Saturd:iy 27, 0 .-i. m.. the Academy met in general session, befort' wliich
tlie remaining jiapcrs of the program were read and discussed. Following
the disposition of the papers unlinislied l!usiness was considered.

Adjournment, 12 m.

THE FIELD MEETING OF 1902.

The field meeting was appointed for Madison and Hanover, May 22, 23
and 24. The President and some of the members assembled, but owing to
the heavy rains and the inclemency of the Aveather all attempts to do field
work were necessarily abandoned.

3S

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

H. W. Wiley.

Ye Shall Know Them by Their Fruits.

Members of the Indiana Academy of Science, Ladies and Gentlemen-
It perhaps marks a sad epoch in the history of a man when he delili-
erately chooses a period of reminiscence for a public address. It is one of
the privileges of the old to review the preceding years and draw from them
siich lessons of wisdom or of folly as may happen to be the case. I have
therefore, chosen on this occasion to look back over the scientific history
of Indiana during a period of a third of a century. Strange as it may seem,
that sliort period covers practically all the progress Avhich has been made
in applied science in this great State. I do not foi'get the early days of the
Owens and their associates, and the great contributions which came to
the intellectual and scientitic development of our people from the center
first established at New Harmony. l)ut I speak of the actual accomplish-
ments for the good of the community from the application of the principles
of science to mining, manufacture, commerce, agricultui'e and pul)lic
health.

It was my foriune to enter upon the period of my education immedi-
.itely following tlie great Civil War. This fratricidal struggle for four
ytars liad engaged every energy and consumed every resource of our
country. The end of the war left our people in a remarkably susceptible
condition— ready for the purpose of re-establishing tlieir industries and of
utilizing every availalile means thereto. In the very midst of the period
of the Civil AVar were laid deep and sure, by wise congressional action,
the foundations of tlie system of agricultural and technical education,
which has since grown to l)e the admiration of the world. I refer to the
:\Iorrill Act of 1802, setting apart portions of the public domain for the
purpose of promoting instruction in agTicidtural and mechanical arts and
military tactics. Every State in our Union received grants of public lands
in pi'oportion to size, popidation and representation in Congress. It is
ti'ue that some of the States invested this muniticent endowment more
wisely than otliers. Imt all have received from it substantial aid. This
munihcent gift to technical education was sui>plemented twenty years
later Ijy the Hatch Act, Avhereby there was established in each State and

3— Academy of Science.

34

T(>ri'it(u-y of the riiiun at least one Agricultural Experiment Station with
an annual .yrunt of .fl.j.CWio. Still later Congress added to the income of
each of the agricultural and technical colleges by a money grant -which
now amounts to .$25,000 annually. I recall briefly the condition of scien-
tific instruction in the State of Indiana in the five years immediately fol-
lowing the Civil Wai-. I can illustrate these years by brief allusions to
the system of instruction in use in our higher institutions of learning.
By these I mean especially the colleges and universities then existing
rather than the high schools. Beginning with the oldest institutions of
learning, I will say that in the State University during the period noted,
instruction in the sciences was given bj^ Professors Owen, Kirliwood and
Wylie. These three names are intimately associated with the beginnings
of scientific instruction in our State. They were all men of remarkable
intellectual power. Professor Owen devoted himself chiefly to the so-
called natural sciences (I wonder what are unnatural?), Pi'ofessor Kuk-
wood to astronomy and Professor Wylie to physics. It should not be for-
gotten that Professor Richard Oavou was chosen as the first president of
Puj-due, but never actively entered on the duties of the office. His tastes
and training were not in llie line of executive work, and in addition, his
advancing years precluded tlie possibility of tiiat strenuous service which
even in tliose early days M-as looked for, perhaps under another name, in
the executive office. As tiicre were beautiful women before the days of
Helen, so the lives of these pione(n-s in scientific work remind us thiit
there were great men in Indiana before the days of Jordan and Coulter.

The next oldest institution is the one I am most familiar with in the
State, namely, Hanover College. In that institution instruction in the
sciences at the time mentioned was given, with the exception of the matlie-
matics, exclusively by Dr. John AV. Scott. Having studied for four years
with this illustrious man I can speak with knowledge of the great work
which he accomplished; work, I am sure, which was only a type of that
done by other teachers of science in colleges at that time. Dr. Scott had
never received any special training in science more than was given in the
old colleges existing in our country between the years 1820 to 1825. He
was l)orn Avitli the l)eginning of the last century and happily lived almost
to its close. He was educated for the ministry and devoted practically his
whole life to the church. During the period of his professorship he was
pastor of the village church, associating these onerous duties with those
of the classroom. Doctor Scott tauglit many sciences, viz., botany, geol-

35

ogy, biology, entomology, chomistry and physios. In addition to these he
often had a class in Latin and occasionally other branches. Doctor Scott
was a man of wonderful strength of body and mind, and hail a capacity
for continued work whicli was notliing less than astonishing. During the
day, after the end of the recitation, he would spend the hours in his
lal)oratory preparing for the experiments and recitations for the follow-
ing day. The lamp in his study window would often be found bvu'uing at
iiiglit u]) to 12 and even 1 o'clwclc. preparing for his sermons on Sunday,
lie was acH'Ustomcd to liave in his pre]!aratory work in his laboratory the
assistance of one of liis students, and during my time at Hanover I espe-
cially remember the enthusiasm with which Mr. M. L. Amick, now a
prominent physician in Cincinnati, displayed in the preparation of the
kctures. Witli a laboratory outfit of the most meager description Dr.
Scott was able to give in chemistry a series of experimental lectures which
would have done credit to many of the elaborate lecture rooms of to-day.
Tliere was absolutely no provision for the students' work in the laboratory
wliereby the fundamental principles of cliemistry could be illustrated by
appropriate experimental work. Some of these experiments were very
difficult, and at least one of them I have never seen performed in an ex-
perimental lecture anywhere else in the world, namely, the preparation
of the highly explosive chloride of nitrogen. The preparation of this
compound is one of such danger that it should only be attempted with
those most skilled, yet every year for three years I saw Dr. Scott perform
this experiment in a most successful manner. The small quantity of the
e.xplosive made was placed in a safe place out of doors and exploded by
means of a long stick, the tip of wliich liad Ijeen dipped in turpentine oil.
By reason of this devotion to his profession and the success attending his
efforts, he made chemistry, whicli was at that time one of the dry book
studies, a most attractive science. In like manner he would conduct liis
classes in botany to the neighboring woods and fields and teach them not
only the principles of botanical classifications, but the means of identify-
ing the various species of plants groAving in the vicinity. The hills of the
Ohio River, rich in magnificent trilobites and other reminiscences of early
geological life afforded a magnificent opportunity for teaching the practi-
cal principles of geology as illustrated in those lofty hills and deep ra-
vines. Since those days, when I have seen practically all the magnificently
equipped laboratories of the world, the wonder grows more and more in
my mind at the great work which this great man could accomplish with

36

so few material appliaiiees to help biiu. I shall nevei- forget the last
rime he visited my laboratory in Washington. After leaving Hanover he
iiad come to Washington and taken a position as a clerk in the I'ension
Othee. At the time I speak of he was 90 years of age, but still clear of
mind and firm of step. It Avas soon after the inauguration of Benjamin
Harrison as President of the United States. One morning Doctor Scott
stepped into my otiice. He seemed uneasy and wore a worried look.
When I in(iuired in regard to his health, he said it was most excellent,
but he added, "Strange to say, I have become a victim of the Re-
publican administration. (General Harrison has insisted on me com-
ing to the White House to live with him and has dismissed me from my
position in the Pension Oltice." He continued. "I am a gentleman of
leisure now. aisd I think I would likt- to come and study chemistry with
.vou." It is only when we can look back on a life-work such as that done
by Doctor Scott that we can realize the inestimable blessing of his career
to humanity. Two years after that the end came peacefully to his exist-
ence. I can not help thinking that the feeling of love and interest taken
in him by the I'resident, expressing itself in the desire that he should pass
his last days in the comfort and honor of the White Houi-e. may have
shortened his life. If he could have kept at work, which was his nurm.il
condition, he might have rounded out the century.

Scientific instruction given during the period I speak of at Wabash
College was in cliargc of Professors Campbell and Hovey. Professor
Campbell is still in the harness — possibly almost the only one of tlie old
guard that still wears his armor.

At the present tini(> chenii.stry, biology, Itotany. njatluunatics. physics
and astronomy are all sejiarate departments. The change at Wabash
has taken place gradually and progressively, so that it is not possiide to
designate these segregations by any particular i)eri(;d. It will be sutHcient
to say that it lias been the constant effort at Wabash to keep up with tlie
new without disparaging the old. Wabash is anotlur of the so-called
small colleges which has established for itself a i)lace and a reputation
of the highest character. AVe have so many illustrations of institutions
of this kind in Indiana that the sneering remarks which are often made
about the small colleges of Indiana meet Avith a merited rebuke AAhen one
takes the trouble to investigate the great work which has been accom-
plished by them.

At Earlham College instruction in science was given by Professors

3Y

Erastiis Test. "William B. Morgan and Joseph Moore. In the period from
1865 to 1870 the text-books vised at Earlham in chemistry was Stock-
hardt's; in Iiotany. Gray's Structural. Herschel's work on astronomy was
the one used in the classroom, and Dana's was, of course, the one used
in geology. Two of these Aeteran instrvictors I have had the pleasure
of knowing personally, namely, Professor Test and Professor Morgan.

Earlham College enjoys the distinction of having been one of the fore-
most among the educational institutions of the West in the promotion of
advanced practical instruction in science. In the year 1853 it made the
tirst beginning in Indiana toward a permanent collection of material in
geology and natui-al history for purposes of college instruction. The pres-
ent Earlham College museum, with its n^ore than 14.oiH> specimens, is the
outgrowth of that beginning.

About the same time the tirst astronomical observatory in the State
was established at Earlham. A room in Earlham Hall, adjoining the
present quarters of the Christian Associations, was the location of the
first cliemical lal oratory for the use of college students in Indiana.

At present Earlham offers courses in science as follows, a year's high
school lalioratory work in some one science being required for matricula-
tion: Chemistry, six terms' work: physics, six terms' work; biology, ten
terms' work: geology, four terms' work; astronomy, three terms' work;
psychology, two terms' work.

Earlham now has a complete set of latioratorics devoted to chemistry,
biology, physics and psychology. These laboratories are equipped with
all modern appliances, and although not as large as those in many insti-
tutions, they are complete in every respect for the prosecution of re-
scarcli and for piu'poses of instructio)i.

At Butier College, at that time known as Northwestern Christian Uni-
versity, ins! ruction in science was given by that distinguished geologist
and chemist, Dr. R. T. Brown, assisted part of the time by Professor
Falrchild. During the years of 1869 and 1870 I learned to know Doctor
Brown intimately, for during that period I served as instructor in Latin
and Greek in the Northwestern Christian University. Interested, as I
was, at that time, in scientific studies, I accompanied Doctor Brown on
some of his geological excursions. I remember particularly the trip which
was taken in the spring of 1860 down as far as Spencer. It was at the
time Ihat the railroad from Indianapolis to Vincennes was building and
it was finished practically all the way to Spencer, and part of this trip

38

was made on the railroad, and then the rest on foot, several days being
spent in studying the geological formations. Doctor Brown was a man
of practically the same type as Doctor Scott, full of enthusiasm, a won-
derful capacity for work, a magnificent physique, and a faculty of inter-
esting his students in tl)e subjects under consid^n-ation. These two men,
whom I knew so well, were typical teachers. They had the genius
doeentis. Mr. Brown's services to tlie State are written in its Geological
Reports of tlie coal fields and in tlio pronuitidu of Its industries. Like
Doctor Scott, he was also a preacher, and tlicre was rar(>ly a Sunday that
he did not deliver at least two sermons. He was i)nrticularly fond of
walking, and thought nothing, even at tlie age of si'xcnty, of a tramp of
ten or fifteen miles to fill an appuintnient. 1 remcmher a story which he
told in regard to one of his trips when lie w;is a young man and soon after
he entered the ministry. He was too poor to have a liorse and was in
the hal)it of going from one appointment to anollier on foot, inasmueli as
the railroads were tlien not in vogue. One morning after a long tramp
he stopped at a farmhouse witli the expectation of being entertained at
dinner. Tlie fai-mer happened to be a (piaker, and, of coiu-se, devoid of
any ceremony. Doctor Brown was a modest young man and was not quite
accustomed to the directness of tlie quakei-s" hospitality, and when the
liour for till' meal arrived the liost said, "Tliy diiuK^r is ready; will tliee
come in to dineV" He very politely said, expecting to lie invited a second
time, "I thank you. liut I am not very hungry:" to which came the reply,
"Very well, 11h(> c.-m sit fliere until we liave finished." Whereuiion tin-
dinner was served M'itli all the good tilings which a quaker farmer can
put u])on a table, while the young ])i-eaeher was left to regale himself with
all the delicious odors from llie fable and the thought of what he could
do Avith all the excess of peptic ferments which the odor of the dinner
were producing. After that experience he learned never to decline the
first invitation from a quaker.

Instruction in Franklin College in science at the time I mention, was
given by Professor Hougham. Professor Hougham was also a remark-
al)le man in industry and in alulity. I afterward liad tlie good fortune to
know him quite intimately when he was one of the professors in the
early days of Purdue. In his laboratory work he was the perfection of
neatness and order. In fact this was one of the predominating character-
istics of his character, and his great success in life was, in a large meas-
ure, due to it, Professor Hougham was particularly interested in physics

39

and had charge of that branch of science in the early days of rnrduo. He
had a happy constrnctive faculty and could make a very modest collec-
tion of appliances serve for extended illustrations. Frofessor Hougham
was a manufacturer of philosophical apparatus, and Franklin College had
the benefit of many of the pieces of apparatus which he built. He took
post-graduate work at Brown University, and the first chemical laboratory
built at Purdue was constructed on the exact plans of the laboratory at
Brown. The Civil War had a depressing effect upon Franklin College, and
I believe it was the only institution of higher learning which was closed
for a period as a result directly or indirectly of that conflict. There w^as
an interregnum at Franklin from 18(!5 to 1869. When the institution
opened again in 18G9, President Stott took temporary charge of chemistry,
physics, physiology, botany and geology. The text-books used then were
Youman's in chemistry; Ganot and Olmsted's in physics; Dana's in geol-
ogy; Gray's in botany; and Hitchcock's in physiology. At the present time
there are four large rooms devoted to chemistry, one to physics, and three
to liiology. There are tAvo full jirofessors giving instruction in these sci-
ences and the laljoratories are well supplied with apparatus and Avith
working libraries. Franklin has also an excellent biological collection,
mostly the gift of Mr. (;or))y. at one time State Geologist.

DePauw University, in tliose days, was known as Asbury, and perhaps
the only science teach( r in the institution was Joseph Tingley. 1 never
had the good fortune to know Professor Tingley very well, I)ut met him
on one or two occasions. One of these I should like to recall. It was, I
think, in the winter of 1870, when he gave an illustrated lecture on elec-
tricity in Indianapolis. This was the first occasion on which I ever saw
an electric light produced by the current passing between two carbon
points. This current was generated by a battery of a great many cells
(I have forgotten just now how many) composed of the elements of carbon
and zinc. It was not a very big light, but very intense, and I imagine that
none of the audience present, and it was a large one, had ever seen an elec-
tric light before. I have no douljt I address some here who were students
of Professor Tingley, and they, without question, can say the good things
of him which I, from my personal acquaintance, have said of Doctors
Scott and Brown. In connection with the exhibition of the electric light
which is now so universal in all our cities and towns, I might call atten-
tion to the fact that the first electric light generated by a dynamo seen in
Indiana was at Purdue University. During the Centennial Exposition of

40

ISTG there were exhibited three or four dynamos maiuifactiired by
Gramme, of Paris. One of these was purchased for the physical hibora-
tory of Purdue University and one by Professor Barker for the pliysi.-al
laboratory of the University of Pennsylvania. Professor Barker, doubt-
less, got his apparatus before Purdue, since it was nearby. As soon as the
exposition was over tlie machine belonging to Purdu(> was sent to Lafay-
ette and early in November, 1876, the first modern electric light ever seen
in Indiana blazed forth from the tower of the Purdue chemical laboratory.
It was one of the wonders of the age and was the talk of the newspapers
and the town for many weeks. It seems almost incredible to think that
twenty-seven years ago one electric light would cause such a commotion
in a community. But this fact should fully illustrate to the young people
how much more keenly we of advanced age can understand the progress of
science in our State. Prof. Joseph Tingley. at Asbury University, had a
room 20x:30 feet as a lectui'e I'oom and oiw Uxl2 feet for his store room. At
tlie present time tluM-e are four departmiMits of science teaching at De-
Pauw. namely, chemistry, physics, botany and zo.-Jlogy. Those depni-t-
nients are in cliai-ge of In-. W. M. Blanchard. clicmistry: Prof. .1. P. May-
lor, physics, and Prof. M<-]. T. Ciok, liiology. Eacli professor has an
assistant and tlieir ro<.ms. taken in tlie aggregate, amount to more 11., or
space than tlu> entiiv old college building of Asliury T'niversity. One of
the latest ac(juisitions at l>ePauw is the .Minshnll l.-ihoratory. siixb-tn feet,
three stories, constructed of stone, brick ami in.n, lirepro.f. and with the
most modei-ii ;ippliaii<-es for leaching chemistry ;ind physics. Plans are
now practically comi)l(>ted for the depart iiients of botany and zofilogy.

One of the earliest contributicms to the ni,iteri;il in-osperity of Indiana
from the sciences was m;nle by geology. I h.-ive no time here to review
the voluminous geological reports which have been made from tinu' to
time in the history of our State. There are a few snlient points, however,
in the liistoi'v of economic geology which may prove of interest.

I have already made allusions to the services of Dr. B. T. P.rown to
the geological develoi)ment of our State. 1 have now to speak of a period
in om- geological development of most i-emarkable significance. I refer to
the services of that distinguished scientist. Prof. K. T. Cox. Trained un-
der the Owens, he had imitated their zeal and their industry, and was
active in all his habits, both bodily and mental. lie i)uslied with utmost
vigor the investigations of a geological nature into the extent and charac-
ter of the coal deposits of the State. He early saw the importance of

41

utilizing the assistance of cliemistvy in this worlv, and established the
tirst chemical laboratory for research. I suppose, ever built in the State
of Indiana. I remember well this Inltoratory in one of the dingy lOoms
of the old State House as I first saw it in 1S09 or 1S70. Professor Cox had
associated with him a chemist of slvill and great industry, Dr. G. M. Levette.
Doctor Levette was not only a sldlled chemist, but had also a worlv-
ing knowledge of other sciences, and, therefore, his aid in developing some
of the phases of the Geological Survey was of the greatest helpfiduess. It
was in this lal)oratory that I first saw a quantitative determination, and
I remember tlie feelings with which I used to watch Doctor Levette, who
patiently permitted me to hang around his laboratory and probably greatly
interfere with his Avork Avithout exhibiting any signs of petulance or re-
sentment. All the different varieties of coal which were then known in
the State were submitted to the most careful chemical examinations. He
also erected and operated a small apparatus by means of which 1)itumin-
ous coal could be heated under pressure, making, as he termed it, an
artificial coke or anthracite, illustrating prol)aT)ly some of the methods
by Avhich nature has secured the deposits of hard coal from those of a soft
or bituminous nature. I shall never cease to be grateful for the interest
which these two distinguished men took in my visits to their laboratories,
which, I fear, were all too freciuent for the even march of official business.
Tbe personal friendship wliicli I formed for Professor Cox at that time.
I am glad to say, has continued until the present. He is uoav an old man
letired from work and spending the evening of his life in the grateful
climate of Florida. The services, however, wliich he rendered to the
economic development of Indiana will be more and more appreciated as
the years roll by. It Avas also my good fortune to knoAv one of tlie suc-
cessors of Professor Cox personally and intimately, namely, Mr. John Col-
lett, who was first an assistant to Professor Cox and l)ecame State Geol-
ogist in 1880. Mr. Collett had a Avonderfully keen insight into the nature
of scientific problems and great ability in developing them. His chief
Avork toward the economical development of the State was directed to the
building-stone industry. He called attention to the remarkable character
of the deposits in LaAvrence County, and it was during his incumbency of
the office that the present State House Avas constructed of the stone of
that locality and the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument begun. INIr. Collett
was chiefly active as a geologist, though contributing in many other Avays
to the development of applied science in the State. He Avas the author

42

of tlie fii'st fertilizer control l;i\v wliich was enacted in this State, a law
which did so nnich to protect tlie farmers from fraud, and in its applica-
tion to point out to them the fundamental principle of applying artificial
fertilizer. This is another remarlcahle instance in which the geological
development of the State was associated with the chemical. Mr. CoUett
had a strong personality. His snow-white beard and hair, his bright blue
eyes, and liis ruddy complexion made him a striking figure everywhei-e.
The end of Mr. Collett's administration of office was followed by a re-
markable innovation of a scientific nature. A distinguished poet and nov-
elist, James Maurice Thompson, was elected to succeed Mr. Collett as
State Geologist. INIr. Thompson has shown in liis writings an intimate
acquaintance with nature, but it was a poetic rather tlian a scientific
knowledge wliicli lie iiosscssid. Kvidciitly the courses of scientific re-
senrcli were not found comjiatible with his efforts so signal and success-
ful in the fields of poetry and fiction. After two years he resigned his
office. There was perhaps little loss to geology in his resignation, but
evidently a marl\ed gain to literature, for li;id he remained as State Geol-
ogist that delightful romance, "Alice of Old \'iiicennes."' would probably
not have been written. ^Ir. Thompson was succeeded liy Mr. S. S. Gorby,
wlio hold tlie position until llie present incumbent assumed control of the
office. We ai'e so familiar with the valuable worlc which Mr. Blatchley
has accomplished that it will not Ite necessary for me to dwell long upon
it. One of the innovations which h;is been of distinct value in the prose-
cution of the geological survey of the State by Mr. Blatchley was the
abolition of the method of county surveys formerly in vogue. In their
stead he adopted the plan of taking ui> each of the natural resom'ces in
detail, and preparing a monograph or special report thereon, accompanied
by maps, cuts, engravings and tables of chemical and physical tests. An-
other successful application of economic science to industry has residted
from a study of the clay deposits in the State. The description of the char-
acter of these clays, with their chemical and physical composition, has
become valuable to intending investors and more than twenty large fac-
tories have been established in Clay, Vigo, Fountain, Vermillion, Parke,
Morgan and other counties for the manufacture of clay products. The
total value of the output of these factories in 1!>00 was Jj^o.o.'kS.ouO. Another
result of the geological studies of Indiana was the discovery of petroleum
oil deposits. The output of oil in the State of Indiana in 1901 was 5,749,-
975 barrels, of which the market value was only a little less than .$1.U0

43

per barrel. The magnitude of the building-stone industry which has
gi-own as a result of geological investigations, has raised Indiana to the
first rank in the States of the Union in the output of limestone for build-
ing purposes, as shown by the following statistics: The quantity mined
in 1901 was 7,781,320 cubic feet. Five vState capitol buildings, namely,
those of Indiana, Illinois, Georgia, New Jersey and Kansas, have been con-
structed wholly or partly from it. Numerous custom houses and public
buildings of the United States have also been made of this stone, and
twenty-seven court houses in the State of Indiana are built of it. Mr.
Blatchley has also taken up again the study of the coal fields of the
State, as little has been done in that line since the time of Professor
Cox, and the output of coal in Indiana has almost doubled in the last few
years, amounting in 1901 to 7,019,203 tons. In conjunction with chem-
istry the Geological Survey of the State has also developed the resources
for the manufacture of marl and cement. As a result of these investiga-
tions a large output of cement similar to that known as Portland is now
credited to Indiana. It is estimated that the output of this cement for
1902 will be fully equal to 000,000 barrels. The adaptability of the oolitic
and other limestones of Indiana as suitable material to be used in the
manufacture of cement has been described, and, as a result of this, fac-
tories have already been able to make use of these materials. It has been
shown that Indiana has the raw materials to supply not only the United
States, but the whole world with a first-class article of cement for hun-
dreds of years to come. The mineral waters of our State are justly cele-
brated for their medicinal and curative properties, and their development
is the joint work of geology and chemistry. There are now known in
the different parts of the State eighty-six wells and springs whose waters
are valued for therapeutic purposes. The natural gas industry has also
added hundreds of millions of dollars to the development of the State, and
this development is largely associated with the work of the Geological
Survey. It is hard in so brief a time to do anything like justice to what
geology as a science has done for the industries, and also to recognize the
services of the distinguished men who have been connected with this
work. It is enough for our purpose hero to call attention to the leading
characters of the work done by geologists in the development of our in-
dustries.

The contributions made by botany, entomology and zoology, and ani-
mal and vegetable pathology, to the material welfare of the State are no

44

less striking in eliaracter, Ihoiigh perhaps less in magnitiule, than those
which have been rendered by the science of geology. Botanical studies,
which have ever been far advanced in Indiana, have disclosed the nature
and character of our various forests and have especially been concerned
with the improvements of economic plants for agricultural and horitcul-
tural purposes. The study of economic botany is one which lies near to tlie
welfare of many of the fundamental industries, chief among them being-
agriculture and pharmacy. Especially the study of the development of
special characteristics of plants useful in the arts is one of the phases to
wlnVli botany in this State has made large contributions. Without discrim-
inating against the other botanical laboratdrics in the State. I can best illus-
trate the useful character of this work by what has been done at Purdue
University, the work of that institution being more familiar to me in ap-
plied botanical science than of the other institutions of the State. From
the botanical laboratories of Purdue University there have been, from 1884
to 1898, fifty bulletins published on botanical subjects of practical im-
portance to the industries of our State. Tliese were chiefly from the fer-
tile pens of Arthur and Coulter. It will, of course, be impossible to even
give a brief review of this magnificent work. I must confine myself
merely to quoting the titles of some of these important contributions in
order to show how closely allied they are to the industries of the State.
Anu)ng these titles I miglit mention the following: "What Is Common
Wheat RustV "A New Factor in the Improvements of Crops." "I'.lack
Knot and Other Excrescences," "Living Plants and Their Properties,"
"The Forest Trees of Indiana," "Science and the State." "Forest Fruits,"
"The Flora of Indiana," etc.

If you add to the contributions which have been made from Purdue Uni-
versity those which have been made from other centers of botanical stud-
ies and investigations you have a sum total of most important practical
results. In general, it may be said, that by reason of the activity of the
botanical science in tlils state and the application thereof to our indus-
tries we have a far more accurate knowledge of those plants which are
most intimately related to our industries. In the second place, we have a
systematic and scientific conception of the methods of treating these plants
in order to produce the greatest economic results. Third, avi' liave a more
advanced knowledge of the proper distribution of these plants in such a
manner as to take advantage of the natural qualities of the soil or topo-
graphical features of the State and the meteorological environments. In

45

the fourth place, we have an advanced knowledge of the nature of the
diseases which affect the vahie of plants and the methods of successfully
combatting them. What has been said of botany is true, also, to a large
extent, of the science of entomology, although perhaps Indiana has not
I)een so prominent in entomological as it has Ijeen in botanical studies.
Nevertheless, most valual)le contribnlioiis liave been made l)y the ento-
mologists of our institutions of learning to the general store of knowledge.
In regard to animal diseases, we tind also that science has been of im-
mense use to our industries. The State has been well mapped in regard
to the plague of hog cholei-a and other animal diseases. Cttreful studies
have been made of the causes of these diseases and their distribution
coupled with the regulations for the restriction of these diseases and their
suppression. These studies have come largely from Purdue University
and the reports issued by Doctor Bitting of that institution upon animal
diseases have been of the highest utility. The health of the human ani-
mal has also not been neglected in the application of science to the public
welfare. The Indiana State Board of Health, Avhich is charged with the
general oversight of the hygiene of this commouAvealth, has been estab-
lished on a truly scientific basis. The State Board of Health is composed
of eminent physicians in active practice and its executive officer is a chem-
ist and pharmacist of national reputation. You are so familiar Avith the
coutril»utions whicli tliis distinguished body has made to the Avelfare of
yotir people that I can not enlighten you to any extent upon the subject.
There is one thing that I ought to say in reference to this work, and
that is, it should be supported more generously by the people. What the
State Board of Health needs from Indiana is a fund for the enlargement
of the activities, and to make its Avork more useful, a laboratory of hygiene
is necessary for the study of the foods and Avaters and a control of the
pathogenic germs therein.

The execution of the pure food laAA' Avhieh Avas enacted, I believe, by
the last Legislature or the one before, is of prime importance. No one
Avill doubt the benefit which the pure food laAv gives to the people and
its helpfulness to the prosperity of agriculture and the honesty of com-
merce in foods. There is perliaps little lacking in the letter of the laAV
AA'hich has been carefully prepared and Avorded. I must say, hoAvever, that
from a careful study of the facilities at the disposal of the health office
I fear the law can not lie administered to the full measure of its letter
and spirit. The population of Indiana in round numl)ers is 2,ToO,(X)0 at

46

the present time. There must be at least 500,000 wage earners in the
State, and statistics show that the avera.^e amount earned bv each wa<^e
earner is about eighty cents per day. This enormous sum of from $400-
OIMJ to mmiO is paid daily in wages to the workers. It is safe to say tha't
fully three-fourths of the wages earned per day are spent for agriru'ltur-U
products, that is. foods and clothing, so that the average amount spent
each day for these necessities of which food is the chief, is not far from
.'F;J50,000. Researches of chemists in all parts of the country show the
enormous <.xtent of food adulteration resulting in selling at the high price
of the genuine cheaper and inferior articles. The wage earners are the
principal victims of these frauds, not perhaps in actual magnitude of ex-
pended money, but in proportion to their income. A very conservative
estimate would place the magnitude of the iinancial fraud practiced upon
the wage earners of the State in the matter of adulterated foods alone at
from .?15,000 to $20,000 daily. Not only is this condition of affairs repre-
hensible by reason of this enorm.nis tax upon the daily wages of hard
working men, women and children, but it is a moral crime of a still more
heinous nature. Twenty thousand dollars a day for fraudulent foods, mean
a tax of r, per cent, on all wages of all work,>rs. When a fraud of this
magnitude is considered it does not seem unreasonable to ask the Legis-
lature for an endowment which will support the hygienic laboratory in^its
investigations of the nature and character of these fraudulent foods and in
order that the evil effects of these can be properly ascertained. Great as
have been the contributions of the Board of Health to the welfare of
tlie State in securing imnnmily from disease. fretMlom from plagues and
from contagious :nul epidemic diseases, we look forward to a still more
nseful career of this institution when it is fully equipped for the hygienic
^york outlined above. An admirable hi.storical sketch of the Indiana State
Board of Health and a statement of the benefits it has conferred upon our
people is found in a paper coiitributed to the Indiana State Medical So-
ciety by J. N. Hurty, read at the Lafayette meeting. May 6, 1898. and pub-
lislied in the proceedings for that year. In that paper Dr. Hurty gives
an admirable summary of the progress of sanitary science in Indianl

Tlie d.'velopnient of medical education of the State must not be for-
gotten when speaking of the public liealth. I attended the first lecture of
the Indiana Medical College, given in the Senate Chamber of the old State
House. Later I was one of the first students in the laboratory estab-
lished by Dr. Thaddeus Stevens, where students really worked at the desk.

47

Doctor Stevens had a real enthusiasm for chemical studies connected with
medicine, and 1 believe suuported his laboratory chieliy from his own

funds.

Y,.u now have in the city at least two, probably more, thoroughly
equipped schools of medicine, with commodious and well-appointed lab-
oratories of chemistry, physiology and pathology, and these institutions
are doing a great work for the public welfare.

Intimately related with the benefits which could be conferred upon the
State of Indiana by its Board of Health are those of a somewhat similar
nature which have come from the State Board of Charities. This acad-
emy is also honored in having among its leading and most industrious
members the Secretary of the State Board of Charities. It is hard to
speak in an unbiased manner of any of these contributions to the State
hecause of my intimate personal acquaintance with the men who are most
active in the work. It is hard even for scientilic men. and one who
has lived so long away from the home of his youth, to banish from his
heart a very affectionate and praiseworthy prejudice in favor of his
friends. For that reason it is pretty ditticult for me to find fault with
what such men as 11. A. Huston, Stanley Coulter, J. N. Hurty, W. F. M.
Goss. A. W. Butler ct id omne finim do. When I knoAV that they have
done something I am convinced without further investigation that that
something is good for the State. There are some features of the work of
the Board of Charities which perhaps are not fully comprehended even by
those who have read its reports. They have introduced into the study of
the public charities of the State a truly systematic method of investiga-
tion. In their studies of causes and effects they have endeavored to use
everv means of securing accuracy. They have striven to get at the indi-
vidual and family history of every person who is an inmate of these insti-
tutions. The results of these endeavors have been the collection and
tabulation of the most accurate and complete set of sociological statistics
in this country. Mr. Butler developed one phase of this work in his vice-
presidential address before the section of Anthropology of the American
\ssociation for the Advancement of Science at its Denver meeting. In
this address he took up tlie study of the heredity effects of feeble-minded-
n.'ss. This study of feelde-mindedness had been pronounced by competent
exp.>rts to be one of the most exhaustive and thoroughly scientific of any
that has ever appeared. Its excellence has been recognized across the
water and it has been reprinted in Great Britain for public distribution.

48

A t H i.has. .. t,.,s wo... is the .tud. of the p.oblen. in those recoMs
-'-•I'l^ave IKM.„ se-uivd in unlev to detennino those conditions which nro
Pn'ventive of dependency. delin,uency .uul d<.;.enc,.acy. The chan.nhU.
.nst,tut,ons of on. Stnte have h.n, been the adnnn.ti.u. of ,hc whoh- conn-
tO-. Ihe great work of the State Board of Charities looUin,- to the pre-
vention of crin,e .vill perhaps hrin, nu-re lasting benetU to onr people than
the institutions themselves over which this board has control. The snc-
c-essfnl efforts of this board in bettering the condition of onr people has
been seen especially in the enactment of the Child Labor Law. the Child
Saving Law. the Poor Relief Law. the Indeterminate Sentence and Parole
i-w. the Conipnlsory Edncation Law and the law for the cnstodlal care
of feeble-minded women. It is evident, theivfore. that in enacth.- ,h.
nws providing for the State Board of Cha.ities by the Legislatnre, inlNSO
-l-.a took a great step forward, both in a sc-ientihc direction and also
"■"■" -' — -ni.- sfand,:oin,. There is no institution of o„r State more
worthy ot support and encouragement than the State Board of Charities
^ml no one. if properly supported, will do more for the honor and welf-.re
ol oui- people.

As a direct efiVcl of the establishment of this Acadcnv wc n.av point

to the law regarding the protection of i.irds and gan,c. Birds n.av be

^'l-H r.r scicniili.. p„,.p„s.s only by p.„.s„ns having p.^nits thnni.i: the

ln.!.a..a Acadcn.y of Science. The bird law is .ell supplcucntcd bv the

f"'" ''" "'^'"■'"" "^- ''"■ '-^ r-o^islatu,-c. There still ..e,...in. however

;' '""'■" ^•""" "'■^'■•"'''" '••-'-■- "'• <•-. or these laws. a,.d that is"

;- -'■ae„..e.,t of a p,•o^ ishm for the taking of ,ish. The ( •on.,uissio..er of
l-sh a,.d (;an.e has the oversight of hsh an I ga.ne p.-oteetio... buf it

nn.h, i.e well to have the law cha..ged so as ,0 have this otiieialiu o.-.anic
comieclK.n with tji,. .\c;i(leiiiy.

^^ ' """■ '"'•"""^- """"'"l '" -'■"- -'■ '1- -.-vi.-es of chemisti-v to the
Mate ot Indiana in co..nec,io., with the develupn.ent of its geological re-
-.u.-ces and also in its services to the State Board of Health. The chief
value, h.nveve,-, ..f the science of chemistry to the State of I..dia..a has
^«-n „. ,ts applieation ,., our agrie,.ltu,-al i..dus.,.ies. The ena<-tment of the
^Inrrill Law. ah-ea<ly ,-efer.-ed to. in 18(^2. .-esult..! in th. establish.nent <.f
lur,lue University, an institution devoted to the- study of a^.-icultu.-al and
mechanical a.-ts ami n.ilita.-y sc-ience. The foundation thus provided was
^one.-o,.sly increased by a gift of Mr. Purdue, and with the assistance of
^•.t.zens ol Lafayette, a commodious home was secured for the institu-

40

lion, and tho work based upon the foniidatious llius ,i,avon has bocn gen-
erously sustained ))y the Stat'?" l)y annual appropriations. The enaetnient
of the Ilateli Law, already mentioned, about twi'iify years afti'r the Mor-
rill Act, nave a magnificent impulse to agricultural rt-seareh. P>y the terms
of the Hatch Law there were established in each State at least one Agri-
cidtnral Experiment Station charged with the investigation of the prol)-
lems relating to agriciiltui'e. horticidture and forestry. As a result of
these generous endowments no other country in the world has a system
of agricultural research which can compare in maguiticence of endow-
ments, number of workers and practical results obtained. Avith the agri-
cultural institutions of this country. The services which have been con-
ferred upon the State ))y these endowments have already been pretty fully
exploited in this address.

But I must be permitted still to call attention to the fundamental place
wliich one of the sciences, viz.. Chemistry, holds in these investigations
relating to the progress of agriculture. Before the estalilishment of the
Agricultural Experiment Station of Indiana Mr. John Collett, State Geol-
ogist, as previously mentioned, secured the enactment of a law ])y the
Legislature establishing the otHce of State Cliemist. I, as most of you
know, had the honor of being the first incumbent of that office. A pecu-
liar feature in the histozy of the enactment of this law Is the way in
wliicli Mr. ("ollett secured it. He did not consult, in so f;ir as I know.
any of the officials connected with Purdue Lniversity. The first intima-
tion that I had of the enactment of tlie law was ;i commission signed by
tlie (iovernor sent liy tlie Secretary of State a|ipointing nie to tlie place.
On looking into tlie law I found that the duties of the State Chemist were
]iarticularly contlned to the fei'tilizer control, and thus there was estab-
lislu'd in 1SS2 at Pindue the first halioralory fcr the control of fertilizing
products sold in the State. The laws Ijefore this were crude and power-
less to laotect the farmers of our State against liarefaced frauds. At that
time any kind of mixtui'e could be sold as a fertilizer for a fa:u-y iirice
and tliere was no otticial method of detecting a fraud and no jirovision
for its punishment. I'nder the provisions of the law the farmer is now
completely protected in the character of the goods whicli lie liuys. This
lias been a saving in hard cash to our farmers in sums difticidt to esti-
mate, but tliis is not the most valuable result whicli lias been obtained by
the establisliment of tliis othce. In addition to analyzing the fertilizers
offered for sale the State Chemist commenced a study of (lieir elTects
4 — Academy of Science.

50

npdii till' crops to wiiicli tlu-y wcrr ;ipi>Ii<'<l- 'I'liis led iintiirally to au ex-
amination also of the soils for tlic imrpose of determining their needs in
fertilizin.i;- materials. The result of all this is that the farmer at the
present day is enabled not only to purchase his fertilizers in a fair and
honest market, but also to have them so balanced in respect of the plant
food they contain as to give the most economic results in the crops. If
the farmer of Indiana at the present day adds phosphoric acid, nitrogen
or potash to the soil when it is not needed, he simply does so because he
does not take advantage of the facilities which the State affords him of
learning the true method of fertilizing his farm. Thus the coutribiitions
which chemistry has made Avith the assistance of the sister science of
geology, and through the medium of the Board of Health to the welfare
of our people have been vastly increased by its solution of some of the
agricultural problems which confront us. "With this aid and the effoi'ts
of agricultural chemistry the exhaustion of the virgin soils of our State,
which are among the most fertile of our country, has been checked, and
a start has been made on the up-grade toward the restoration of that
fertility wliich our early settlers found. It would have been glory enough
to liave cliccked the deterioration of our soils, but it is an additional glory
to our science when it has commenced to Iniild them up again. AVe can
consistcMitly look forward to the near future when fields and farms which
liaxc Ix'cn iiraetically abandoned l)y reason of exhausted fertility will ))e
again brouglit into cultivation and made to produce al)un(laiit .•ind profit-
able croijs. The investigations wliicli chemistry has made have also
sliown to a large extent, how our agricultural crops could be distributed
witli tlie greatest advantage. In this respect chemistry collaborates with
her sister science, botany, which study I have already referred to. As
a marked illustration are seen the investigations which have pointed out
tlie fact that the beet sugar mdustry in Indiana could only prove profit-
alile in its northern part and that it would be economic waste to try to
establish it, for instance, in the southern third of our State. Similar
studies in connection witli liotanical science Avill aid in marking the areas
most suitable for other agricultural crops, such as Indian corn, tobac-
co, etc.

As a liiial result of all these scientific investigations, the f.-irmers of
our Stat3 will eventually giow only those agricultural crops winch are
best suited to the environment and therefoi-e most profit al)le. Tlius agri-
culture Avill be made more productive and profital>le l\v such specializa-

51

tions as render great manufacturini;- iudnstries most useful. As the skilled
worker in a great manufacturing establishment is placed at that task
Avhich he can do best, so the farmer will utilize the field for that which
it can best produce.

These brief surveys of the contributions which science has made to
the industries of our State would be incomplete without some tribute to
the wonderful work which technical education has accomplished. 1 mean
by technical education, that instruction in the mechanic arts which was
practically unknown a third of a century ago, and which has now ad-
vanced to such a degree as to place Indiana in the front rank of states
hi developing this branch of applied science. We have in this State two
great centers of technical education, namely, the Mechanical and Eligi-
neering Laboratories of Purdue University and the Rose Polytechnic In-
stitute. In addition to these, attention should be called to the splendid
courses given in manual training in many of our high schools and other
institutions of learning. The Hoosier of fifty years ago was the butt of
every jibe. His agricultural skill Avas supposed to be confined, to the
growth of pumpkins, and his mechanical genius was occupied with the
manufacture of the svelt hoop pole, but his State is now the home of the
most famous poets, novelists, statesmen, engineers and scientists.

My friends from other institutions will, of course, pardon me if I
speak particularly of the wonderful work at Purdue developed first of all
i)y Professor Goss, who is now assisted liy a large corps of mechanical
and electrical engineers. It is evident from the activities of Purdue and
other institutions that we are in the progress of educating as engineers at
least 1.000 of the sons of the State. During the past five years from 50
to 100 have been graduated each year from the engineering classes of
Purdue University, and this great influx of men has been absorbed by the
industries of tliis and other states. Purdue has already a thousand grad-
uates in engineering. "Without stating in detail the influence of this great
institution upon the material prosperity of Indiana, the fact that so many
of its young men iiave been prepared for this useful life work is in itself
signiflcanr.

Tlie whole industrial activities of the State of Indiana have derived
their life and vitality from the instruction which I have outlined. It
would increase to an undue size an address of this kind to go into a minute
detail. This technical instruction of our State is touching every branch
of our industries. Without speaking specifically of what it may be doing

52

for each of the iucUistrial iiitorcsts of the State, we may say that
wherever there are waterworks recently designed, or street railway lines,
or electric lighting stations, or a mannfactnring plant of any kind, and
in general, wherever the people are enjoying the benefits of modern en-
gineering, mechanics and ehn-trical devi'lopment. there yon will lind the
representatives of the technical education of which I have spoken. The
gradnates of these technical schools are everywhere. Whatevei- progress
the State is making in indnstrial lines they ari' instigating and condncting
it. They are in charge, or assisting in tlie management, of the great
mannfactnring plants of tlie State. They are superintendents of motive
l)()\vers and machine sliojts. They arc found in smaller corjiorations in
charge of the macluncry or of the teclmical processes. Wlierevei' indus-
try is progressing and wliere manufacturing is growing and wliere tech-
nical skill is adding to the prosiici-ity ;ind welfare of the people, tlie grad-
nates of these technical schools are found.

It is a good old proverb tliat you should judge the tree liy its fruits.
In this free land of oin-s we judge a man for what he is and from what he
does, and therefore, we are justiticd in .applying this sanu^ rule in esti-
mating the value of the sciences in tlie material development of our State
by what they have accomiilislied. I have given in merest ourlines some
idea of the services of science to our industrial development. Industrial
dev(>loi)m(Mit is .ilw.ays intimately .associateil witli intellectual advance-
ment, moral welfare .-md siiii-ilual well-lieing. The tirst stone in the founda-
tion of a national editice is material in-ospei-ity. No n.ition. no matter
how p(>rfect its ancestry may he and liow lofty its iiui-posi's. couhl tiourish
in a desert, or on .-in iceberg. The insistent demands of humanity are
for food and clothing and C(nnl'ort. He who would elevate his HUxW must
begin by ministering U) these iirimeval wants. It is useless to try to
educate tlie boy who is stai'ving and to preacli religion to a man wlio
is sliivering. The inventions which increase the power of man io do
things, along mechanical lines, the d(>velopment of those forces of nature
which give power such as heat and electricity, the discovery of l.-iws wliicli
increase the fei'tility of soil such as are disclosed by chemistry and bot.-iny.
the mastery of those sciences wliicli reveal thi» wealth of the earlh. sucli
as geology, mineralogy, and mining, ilie utilization of thosc^ scienct's wliicli
pi-event disease, such as serum therapy and inoculations, the application
of the principles of biology to the common alfairs of life, as in economic
entomology and zoology, all these underlie and sustain not only our in-

53

tliistrinl life but form the basis on which to Ituihl our mnguificent systems
of education, morality and politics. As human knowledge advances the
realm of superstition and bigotry contracts because there can Ije no super-
stition where knowledge is and no bigotry where broad views of things
exist. Science shows that all processes of nature are based on immutal)le
laws. Many of these are known, others are foreshadowed by the brilliant
conceptions of the scientific imagination, while some are still unknown
and belong to the category which was once regarded as supernatural, but
which is now relegated to the undiscovered. If science in its comparative
infancy has thus been able to make such magnificent contributions to
those elements which make life worth living, what may we not expect of
the fntiu'e years, when the knowledge which we have to-day will seem
only as ignorance to our descendants? We judge science by what it has
already accomplished. We knoAV it 1)y its results. AVhen these wonder-
ful contributions to human v.-elfare shall have been made in the future,'
the words of our text will be no less true: "Ye Shall Know Them by
Their Fruits."

Transmissible Diseases in College Towns.
Severance Burrage.

The college town of moderate size is unique in some respects, unique
in the possession of certain opportunities for the contraction and dissem-
ination of various diseases. College students, as a class, are looked upon
as healthy to an unusual degree, and in many respects this view is a
correct one; and yet when looked at from the standpoint of sanitary
science, we find them exposed to many dangers that are oftentimes over-
looked. Many of these dangers do not exist in other communities.

The herding together of a lot of men or boys into unhygienic quarters
in unsanitary dormitories is one of the features of the student's life that
must be looked upon as a danger. It is also an added responsibility to
the college authorities. When the dormitory fulfills all the requirements
of the rules of hygiene and sanitary science; and when there are good
hospital facilities for students living in the dormitory who may become
ill with a contagious or an infectious disease, then the above statements
might be somewhat modified.

54

But when the dormitory system does not exist, and the students are
distributed about the community in private and fraternity boarding houses,
then dangers to the students as a mass are greatly reduced, while on the
other hand there are dangers added to the community at large.

In many of the college towns as we hud them in Indiana, there is no
such thing as a detention hospital or a pest-house, and under these con-
ditions the question arises as to the disposition of the sick student, and of
the other occupants of the same house. If the whole house is quaran-
tined, as the rules of the Board of Health require, and I believe rightly
so. then the inmates are or seem to be needlessly exposed to the disease
imless extraordinai-y precautions be taken by each one who finds himself
at that time a member of the unfortunate household. And under such
conditions, it is difficult not to be in sympathy with the student or students
who break quarantine and go to their homes. I am not giving my sanc-
tion to any such actions, however, unless every preventive measure be
taken before each one departs. I refer to such measures as vaccination,
disinfection of body, clothing, and any articles taken away as baggage.

Another feature that is of vital interest to the student is the matter
of procuring food. The usual method when there is no general dining
hall for the students, is to form clubs, the main feature of wliicli in most
cases is to get the meals for very little money. The consequence is that
by paying their .$1.50 to .?3.00 per week the students are fed three times
a day on something. It is possible that we have here in our college towns
some experiments on adulterated foods and improper dietaries on a larger
scale than our President Wiley is conducting at Washington, but we have
no one to keep record of them.

Now there are two features about this food that I desire to call at-
tention to:

First. Are not the students who are subjected to such diet— I can not
go into the details of the diet here,— are not the students who are sub-
jected to this diet, more prone to come down with a transmissible disease
than those who get a more wholesome diet?

And second. Is there not a gi-eater chance of coming in contact with
infected food at these low-priced boarding tables? Certainly these two
factors working together, form a feature of student life that is worth con-
sideration, as one of the dangers existing in a college community. To
emphasize this last point. I take this opportunity to describe a recent

55

epidemic of scarlet fever amoug the students at Purdue University, and
it is tliis that I consider the feature of this paper.

About the first of December, 1902, it was reported to the authorities
of Purdue University, that there Avere a few cases of suspicious sicli:ness
among the students. One instructor, also, was found to be quite ill, and
during the illness had a well defined rash, and later had the characteristic
"peeling"' of scarlet fever. This case was not reported at first as being
scarlet fever.

Six cases were confined in tlie hospital (St. Elizabeth's) and twenty-
nine others, most of whicli were not well defined cases, were at large
among the other students. Some few cases were purposely concealed by
students and physicians, so that other students rooming in the same houses
would not lie quarantined, and thus lose time from their classes. At
first, no common source of infection could be traced, the boys not eating
at the same places, and in some cases not even knowing the other patients.
Tlie thirty-five cases, it was foimd. were fed at eleven different boarding
houses or clubs, all of which were supplied with milk from the same
dairyman.

Interesting, too, in this connection was the fact that the boy who
assisted in delivering the milk, came down with a severe case of "ton.si-
litis"' at the same time as the students, and had to give up his work tem-
porarily. Five private families, supplied with milk from this same man,
had one or more cases of genuine scarlet fever among their children at the
same time. It is not likely that the boy who delivered the milk spread
the disease, but that he contracted it by drinking the milk as did the
students.

An investigation of the dairy, and the dairyman's family, did not re-
veal anything that could have caused the epidemic. There was no sick-
ness in the family, nor in either of the other two families that supplied
the dairyman with additional milk. The probable explanation of the
source of infection lies in the fact that last March the dairyman's family
ran through a course of scarlet fever, and this being about the time that
the winter clothing Avas abandoned for the thin summer clothing, that
Avinter clothing would again haA*e to be put on but a short time prior to
the outbreak among the students at Purdue. As it is IvUOAvn that the
scarlet fCA-er infection may remain Airident for a considerable time in
clothing, it is not unlikely that it was through this means that the milk
was infected. There is one other possibility, aMz., that there might have

56

been another family supplying the (lairynian with milk in addition to the
two families that he named, and he miijht have concealed this fact, know-
ing there was some sickness there. In this case the dairyman would he
far more culpable.

This is one of the few s<-arlet fe\er (epidemics traced to infected milk
that have been ri'ported in this country.

SEWA(iE Disposal at the Indiana State Reformatory at

Plainfield.

Severance Burrage.

The problem which recently presented itself to the authorities at the
State Reformatory, at riaintield, was a pretty one. An appropriation of
."i;* ;..")< 10 was availalile for the purpose of seem'ing a certain amount of

MM ('csspcxil, showing method of ibspopal of sewnge prior to new system.

plnmiiini;- in each of the so-eallcd "family" l)uildings and to install a
system of sewage disposal that first, would be sanitary, and second, wordd

57

bt' ol' use in I'rrtiliziny and irriyntin.L;- the Hclds on whicli crops aro raisi'd.
Until tlio present year tlio sewage from the large ont-bnilding had been
carried in a southeasterly direction to an open settling tank or cesspool,
situated on the edge of the river bottoms. This cesspool in the summer
time became a mass of fermenting tilth, ol)noxious and nnluvalthful. More-
over, it could not be utilized in any way. Now, witli the introduction of
plumbing into many of the buildings there would arise an appreciable

Site of Septic- lank north of the grounds, looking toward field to be irrigated and fertilized
by the effluent from the tank.

increase in tlie amount of sewage and it would l)e out of the question to
continue the old method of disposal. Up to this time practically all of the
sewage came from one large out-building, which was nothing but a com-
bination of closets and urinals, and while this made a considerable amount
of sewage, both solid and licpiid, tliere would be a considerable increase
with the introduction of plumbing into all of the "family" buildings. This
plumbing, including water-closets, wash-basins, and perhaps an occasional
bath-tulj.

58

There wwo two possible methods of sewage disposal that could be
considered as praclical in this instance, one l)eing- the system called
"irrigation," which simply depends upon the distril)ntion of the sewage
directly on the fields (iu this case on the river bottoms) that are being
cultivated, and the other method was the septic tanlv system. After a
very careful consideration of all the conditions, it was finally concluded
to adopt a system which was a combination of both tlie septic tank and
irrigation. This conclusion was .-irrived at because, sliould the raw sewage

Site of tlie Septic Tnnk north of grounds, as seen from main drive.

be thrown directly upon the fields in question it was feared by some that
the odor from this i-aw sewage would be offensive, if not uuhealthful, at
certain times, and in view of the fact that these fields were adjacent to
the main drive to the Reformatory, should any obnoxious odors arise,
they would be noticed bj' everybody, and might be the cause for critical
comment. In all probability th(>re would not have been sufficient sewage
at any one time to cause anytliiiig rliat would be called a nuisance iu the
manner just described, but it was tlionght better to err on the side of
safety, and consequently the present plan includes a septic tank in which

59

the sewage receives preliminary treatment before being distributed on
the fields.

A casual survey of the Reformatory grounds showed at once that the
lay of the land was so favorably arranged that the sewage could be col-
lected and distributed by gravity. At no point Avould there need Ite any
pumping; and yet when it came to make an accurate survey, including
the levels, it was found that there were a number of quite dilticult points
to settle as to the best lines for the sewers to take in order to collect the

Field to be iriig:ited ami fertilized by effluent from Peptic Tank, as seen finin main drive.

material from all the family buildings, and it was finallj^ thought ad-
visaljle to make tAvo main lines of sewers, one leading to the fields north-
east of the Reformatory, and the otlier following in general tlie line of
the old sewer from the out-building in a southeasterly direction. Each
one of these sewers ends in a septic tank in which the sewage undergoes
a certain fermentation, and only the clear, or comparatively clear efHuent
passes out of the septic tank as an inoffensive liquid, very useful in irri-
gating the fields. Of course, this effluent from the septic tank is not as
rich in fertilizing properties as the raw sewage would be, but it is fvee

60

from any of the objections wliieli might arise should the raw sewage be
distributed upon the fields. The main problem in connection with the
designing of the sewage disposal plant, furnished the material for the
graduation thesis of two students of Purdue University, Messrs. Beuhler
and Armstrong, who graduated in 11)02. Their tliesis work was done

.Agar IMate, .«li(nving colonies of bacteria in 1-500 cu. centimeter of sewage as entering Septic

Tank.

under the <lirection of Mr. C. V. Seastone of the Civil Engineering De-
partment of the University, and the writer. The lines for the sewers
were laid Ity .-uiotlur student of tlie T'niversity. ]\Ir. Alva I'.ayiies, who
spent a large part of his summer vacation on the grounds. AVlien it caii'c
to actually do the work it was found advisable, for one reason and another,

61

to (lopjii't somewhat from the lines as designed by the gentlemen men-
tioned above in their thesis work, and it was also found advisable to
depart somewhat from certain points in the specifications as set down by
these same gentlemen. For example, the original thesis design called for
but one main sewer collecting the material from all the family buildings'

Af?ai' Phite, showing colonics of Ijaeteria in 1-500 cu. centimeter of effluent from Septic Tank.

and tlie lios[iital. etc. leading in a northeasterly direction toward the so-
called garden, but the system as now existing includes the two main
sewer lines as described above, one leading in a northeasterly direction,
and the other in a southeasterly direction, and each ending in a septic
tauK,

62

All of the work of laying the pipes and bnikling the septic tanks, etc..
was done by the boys of the Reformatory, and thus the expense of the
whole system was very much smaller than it would ordinarily be. The
trenches for the pipes vary in depth from two to seventeen feet, and at
■ many points considerable difRcnlty was encountered by running across
springs or currents of luidcrground water, which interfered very mate-
rially with the progress of the work. At the time of writing the paper,
the sewer and septic tanks were all ready for reception of the material.
The plumbing, however, has not yet been completed, but as soon as tliis
is done the sewage can be tm-ned into llie pi])es and the result of Uie
method of disposal instalhd will lie watched with nuicli interest. II is
practically the lirst experiment of tliis kind attempted 1>y any institutinn
in this State: and if successful, and there is no reason why it should not
be. it slinuJd serve as a type or an examiile for many of the State institu-
tions, and even for manv of tlie smaller towns of the State.

Sd.ME liECENT MorXD rxVESTI(iATI0N8 IN JeFFERSON CiHTNTV,

InDIANxV.

GleXX ClLBERTSOX.

During tlie summer of l".l(i:J. tlirougli tlie interest, and under tlie direc-
tion, of Miss 1). L. Cravt-ns. of .M.-'dison. Indiana, several munnds loi-ited
in Jefferson County were exannned, and two were explored. Tlie writi'r
was asked to assist in the investigation.

Tlie pur] lose of this iiaper is. in part, to give a record of tlie contents
of tlie mounds opened, and iu part to call attention to the fact tliat. in
many ]p;irts of our State, and especially along the Ohio River ami its
larger ti-ilmtaries, there are mounds and other evidences of the existence
of a prehistoric people of which no record has been made, and which
should be of great interest to science. Manj- of the mounds have been
opened by curiosity or treasure seekei's, or destroyed by cultivation, and
the contents scattered or lost, and no record has been, or can be made.

As an example of the ruthless destruction of valuable anthropological
material, a case may be cited of a Jefferson County farmer, who, in grad-
ing a plot of ground for building purposes, ploughed up at least twenty
skeletons, many of which were said to be in a fair state of preservation.

63

Some of the boiics were c:u-rietl off by neighbors, others Avere scattered
iiliout, and no record whatever preserved. This occurred some six or seven
j'ears ago, and similar cases probably occur every year in different parts
of the State.

The first mound opened in Jefferson County, in 1902, is known locally
as the '"Lawson Mound." It is situated in Milton Township, T. 4, R. 11,
Section 14, one mile east of Manville, on the narrow ridge between Brushy
Fork and Indian Kentucky creeks, and approximately 300 feet above
the level of the latter stream. The mound has been, until recently, cov-
er(-d with forest or underbrush growth, and is well preserved. It is es-
sentially circular, sixty-five feet in diameter, and approximately nine feet
high. The materials of which the mound was made are of local origin,
and are made up of the ordinary surface soil of the vicinity. They include
a few limestones, biu-nt and unliurnt, and a few pebbles and pieces of
chert. A thorough investigation of the contents of the mound could not
be made, since tlu' central poi'tion was preoccupied by graves of the
former owners of the prnpei-ty. When these graves were dug a skeleton
was found some three feet l)elnw the surface of the mound. Along with
the human l)ones nine arrow heads, placed in a circle, and a stone ax
were found so situated as to lead to the opinion that they had been placed
on the breast of the burird l)ody. Tliese articles were not preserved,
according to Mr. Frank ^^'olf. who was present when the graves were
dug and whose statements I have recorded above.

The excavation of this mound consisted in opening a ditch four feet
wide and to the depth of the original soil, from the east side toward the
center, and siu-faee excavations to the depth of three feet on the north,
west and south of tlie graves mentioned. At a point some live feet east
of the center of the mound, and three feet below the surface, an unglazed
earthenware vessel of approximately one and one-half gallons capacity
was found. In shape, this vessel was similar to the ordinary Chinese
rice pot, and was without markings of any kind. It contained two mussel
shells, such as could be obtained from the surrounding streams. The
vessel was cracked and had probably seen considerable service before
being placed in the monnd, as the lower portion showed the reddening
influence of the fire.

Within a foot or fifteen inches of the earthenware vessel, and to the
east, there were obtained the fragments of a skull and the larger bones
of the arms and lower extremities, a))d one rib. All were greatly de-

64

Ciiyod. Tlic iKisition of tho bones !ni.tiht indicate ))nrial of the Ixxly on
its side witli arms and le.i;s folded to,t;'i'tlier, l)nt tliis eonld not be decided
definitely. The sknil was so badly decayed that no definite idea of its
sliape conld lie obtained. Tlie bcnn^s were those of a medinm-sized pei-son.
On tlie west side of tlie nionnd. in line with the two slceletons already
mentioned, and at aliont tlie same depth as the others, another deposit
of human bones was obtained. This deposit consisted of a slvull and the
larger bones of the upper and lower extremities. These w(>i'e also greatly
deca.yed. The position of these bones precludes the idea of their l)eing
the I'esnlt of an oi'dinary burial. The long bones had tlu' appearance of
having l>een piled in. vei'y much as a liundle of sticks or stove wood
would lie placed. The slvull A\'as jilaced directl.v on top of tlu' other bon(\s.
These bones \ver(> those of one body of large bnt not luuisnal statui'e. The
relics olitained fi-om tliis mound ;iie at present in the Hanover ("ollege
]Mnsei'ni.

The reputed •'Indian Mound"' in llu' village of Lancaster, in l.ancester
Towiisliip. T. ."). i;. '.). Section ;!.'!, was next examined. It was found to
give every evi(h'nce of being a natm-al I'ormation. Tlie so-called •indiaii
.Mound" on the ^Vainscott Tlace, near Middle Fork Station cm llie I'. (".
(". \- SI. 1,. K. It., was also closi'ly examined. Evidence of its human
origin. iinuc\(i-. was entirely wanting. Tliis i)eculiar mound is, in all
prolialiilily, liie result of strtam erosion.

.\ mound situated on tlie second liottom of the Ohio Kiver. a short
dist;ince lielow Hanover banding, in Hano\'er Township, T. .".. U. li>.
Section IS. was next exca\atcd. 'i'his mound had lieen explored in iiart
by .Messrs. C. S. Taylor and W. \\'. Walker, some fifteen years ago.
As rei>orted liy Mi-. (i. S. 'i'aylor. now Superintendent of Schools of Jeffer-
son County, this mound w;is then some twelve or fourteen feet higli and
of conical sliape. At a dei)tli of al)ont three feet from the original top of
the nionnd these gentlemen found five copper beads from one-half inch
to t hree-(iuarter inch in di.ameter and of I'ougli rtuish. arranged in a circle,
as though originally forming a necklace. A considerable quantity of char-
coal and ashes was also found, but no human bones.

Last July a trench eight feet wide was opened through the mound
from east to west, and extending to the depth of the mound. All the
excavated material was closely searched. At a point approximately three
fi'ct above the bottom of the mound two stones, each aliout 15x7x1^2
inches, were found in an erec-t i)osition and al)out foiu" feet apart. Two

65

nnd a half feet to one side of these stones a copper bead one-half inch in
diameter and thickly encrusted with the green carbonate of copper was
found. No bones were found at this level. On the original soil, at the
bottom of the mound, a large quantity of charcoal and ashes, and one or
two bone fragments, prol)ably non-human, were obtained. With these
there were fragments of burnt lime-stone. The failure to find human
bones in this mound may be due to its great age, or it may be accounted
for by the partial destruction of the mound by cultivation, since such
material may have been ploughed out and no record made of the fact.

The "Water Supply of Havana, Cuba.

C. H. ElGENMANX.

Until recent years the water supply of Havana came from the Almen-
dares River. During the nineties the present waterworks, deriving the
entire supply from a large spring at Vento, on the south bank of the
Almendares River, was completed. The Vento Springs and the covered
aqueduct leading its waters under the Almendares River and into Havana
are the pride of the city of Havana, which has erected an imposing monu-
ment to the engineer by whom the work was conceived. The Vento
Springs are surrounded by masonry with walls sloping outward from the
springs, except on the side nearest the Almendares River, where they are
vertical. The surface water running down the slopes of the masonry are
caught in a gutter which discharges it into the Almendares. At the top
of the masonry, and some distance removed from its margin, another
gutter catches the surface water of the region sloping toward the springs,
and discharges this also into the Almendares. The spring water flows
direct from the basin into the covered aqueduct. The provisions for
maintaining the water in its original purity from the time it issues from
tlie ground till it is discharged either into the reservoirs near the city, or
direct from the faucets in the city, seem ideal.

There has been some speculation as to the origin of the water issuing
from the spring at Vento. The water is beautifully clear and rather
warm, having a temperature of 26°C. at the time of our visit. The Almen-
dares River, flowing but a few feet away, also has clear water except
after heavy rains, and its water at the time of our visit was slightly colder
than that of the springs. It is possible that the Vento Springs derive
5— Academy of Science.

66

their water from the npiier coni-ses of the Almeiuhires. though this is so
highly iiiiprolialih' tluit tlie su.^.uh stiou may lie h'ft out of consideration.
Tlie sjirings lieing situated on tlie south side of tlie lower course of tlie
Almendares tlie region aci'oss the river— that is the region north of the
river— may he excluded as a possible* contriliuting source of the siipply of
the Vento Springs. The region about the springs is composed of corral-
line rock. In such porous material conditions under which territory on
one side of a river may contribute to springs located on the opposite side
of a river ai-e impossible.

The most probable origin of the Vento water supply can best be
understood after a general statement of the conditions of the surrounding
region.

The southern slope (-f tlie iiroviiices Guanajai, Havana and Matanzas
is largely drained ]>\ uiidcrgrouiKl streams. The streams arising in the
hills and mountains, forming tlie Avatei'shed l)(>twcen north and south
drainage, run above ground for a distance and then disappear under-
ground. The Ariguanabo Kiver thus runs into a. bank at San Antonio de
los I'.ahos and disaiiiie.irs among fallen rocks. A few yards away from
its "sumidero" tlie water can lie seen running in its underground channel
through an opening in the thin roof of the channel. A few yards further
on a dry cave leads down lo tlie water, whicli. at the end of tlie dry cave
disappears among fallen rocks. Otlier rivers disappear in a similar man-
ner. They can not be followed in tlieir underground courses because they
completely lill them. Tlie midi rground waters and the ( lianiiels in which
they run can, liowevei'. be i-eaclied in places through sink-holes. The
streams reaiiiieai". in part, at least, in a number of "ojos de agua." some
near tlie coast south of Saii .\iit(Uiio. The region drained liy underground
streams is comparatively Hat with frequently no indications of surface
streams and their erosion, and extends westward to near San Cristobal,
wliere the hrst permanent sui-face stream is observed. At Artimisa and
Candalaria stream beds contained pools of water at the time of my visit.

From San Cristobal to Pinar del Rio there are many small perennial
streams. Eastward from San Cristobal the cave region has an unknown
extent. Poey limited it to the jurisdiction of (iuanajay, but it certainly
extends as far east as the meridian of Matanzas, and from reports prob-
alily beyond Cienfuegos. East of Kincon there are. liowever, frequent
river beds, all but one of which were dry during the time of our visit.
This main ca\e region tielonging to the southern slope sends a tongue

67

iKii'lliwaid Iroiii Kiiicon to Vciitu on tlit' Aliii<'ii(l;ir<'s Uiver in tlio northern
watershed. Aside from the "ojos do agua" along tlie edge of tlie cienegas
sl\irting tlie southern coast there are tAvo notable places where under-
gi-ound rivers find an exit. The one at Vento, as already mentioned, sup-
plies the entii'e city of Havana with its water, the otlier serves to make
the region al)out Guines a garden, its waters being used for irrigation.
Other snl)terranean rivers in all probal)ility have a sub-aqueous exit to
the south.

The large spring at Vento is the only one on the northern slope as far
as I know. The origin of tlie supply Issuing from the Vento Spring has
not been traced. P.ut the region iioitli of tlie Alniendares River, being
shut out from a possible contributing source, it undoubtedly derives its
water from the tongue of the system of underground sti-eams thrust into
the northern slope. An examination of the best available map and the
levels of the Western and United Havana Railroads make it seem quite
certain that the Vento S])rings derive their water from the region imme-
diately south of Vento and north of Rincon and Be.jucal. This region
contains vai-ious sinks, without surface outlets, as well as dry sink-holes.
A notable sinkhole in tills region is that at Aipiada on the United Havana
Railroad. This Is very broad, shallow and dry during the dry season, but
the water rises to stand over ten feet deep on the railroad tra<-k during
sonie of the wet seasons. All of these pi'ol)ably drain Into the Vento
Spring.

It behooves the health authorities of the city of Havana to exer-
cise the strictest guard over the region between \'ento on the north and
Rincon and Bejucal on the south. .\ny contamination of sink-holes in
these regions is sure, during tlie wet season at least, to contaminate tlie
underground streams leading to A'ento. An examination of the under-
ground channels in the Uost River region of Indiana has shown the main
undci'ground cliann(>ls to lie jirovlded with minierous smaller tributary
channels which in ordinary weather do not carry Avater Ijut Avhich do
carr.v water Into the main stream after a long rain. At such a time any
tilth that may have accuiiiulated In any of the sink-holes over one of the
tributary streams is sure to tind its way into the main stream. The same
is very probabl.v true of the Vento supply, although on account of the
nature of the region It is not possible to follow the underground channels.
At present some of the sink-holes 1)etween Rincon and Vento are used as
cesspools and receivers of scAvage.

68

ISTaezhosh ; or. The Apache Pole Game.
Albert B. Reacian.

[Abstract. Original in possession of Bureau of Anieriean Ethnology. Illustrations used
by permission of Bureau.]

Naozbosli is the Apache tribal game. It is phiyed most every day
from early moniiug till late in the afternoon by the men; iu fact they do
but little else, except hunt horses iu the hills and drinli Indian whiskey.
This game is sometimes played to pass time; but most always for gain.
The Indians often bet all they have on its outcome, and then having
suffered reverses, they brood over their losses in sullen silence. Below
is a description of the game; and the requisites-the pole-stick, the pole-
hoop, and the pole-ground:

Fig. 1.

DiAf;B.\M ()!■' Pole Sticks anu Pole Hooi>.
i'ig. 1. Pole Stick. The grooves b, c, d,g,h: the

si.accs e, f, i, and the point a arc points used in

the game.
Fig. 2. The Pole Hoop, etc. The spaces 1-4 and

6-11 and the gr ove5are the points on the hoop

used in the game.

The Pole-Stick.-The pole-stick is a willow pole one and one-half
inches in diameter at the larger end. It tapers to a point at its smaller
end. Its length is about fifteen feet. It is made in three sections, the
sections being spliced together with sinew. The larger end of this pole
is called the counting end. On it are several transverse grooves. These
grooves together with some of the intervening spaces are the points on
the pole used in the game.

The Fole-hoop.-The pole-hoop is about a foot in diameter. It is made
of a willow withe, the ends of which are tied together with sinew. A
buckskin cord forms a diameter to it. On this cord are strung one hun-
dred and one beads, one large center bead and fifty smaller ones on each
side of it. These beads are counts used in the game. In addition to the
bead counts, the hoop rim has several counts on it. They are its trans-
verse grooves, together with certain intervening spaces.

09

The Pole-gi-ound.— The pole-gi'ound is a leveled spot thirtj^-six yards
in length, by six yards in width, laid ofE in a north and south direction.
At its center is the base, usually a rock, from which the pole-hoop is
rolled and the poles, tAvo in number, are hurled. Nine yards both to the
north and also to the south of this base, are three hay ridges, the
center ridge being on the north and south center line of the pole-ground.
These ridges are three yards long and the distance from the outer edge
of the east ridge to the outer edge of the west ridge is five feet. The
furrows between the ridges are narrow. It is into one of these fuiTows
that the hoop rolls, under which the poles are slid before the points are
counted.

Rolling the Pool-hoop.— In rolling the pole-hoop it is held with rim
vertical between thumb and second finger of the right hand, it resting on
the extended front finger over which it rolls when sent on its mission of
chance. If the hoop, v.hen rolled, fails to enter either of the furrows, a
break in the game is declared, and it is brought back and rolled again.
On entering one of the furrows, the loose hay retards its speed, and It
soon falls, to be slid under by the well guided poles. The hoop is always
rolled twice to the south and once to the north, and so on for hours, till
the game is finished.

Hurling the Pole-stick.— The pole-stick, when being hurled, is held so
as to slide through the left hand. The propelling power is the right hand,
the index finger being placed against the rear end. The pole being dex-
teriously hurled, slides into the furrow, and stops with the larger end
beneath the hoop. The counting then begins.

Counting the Points.— All points on each pole that fall on or within the
rim of the hoop are counted as are also all points on the hoop-rim, and
all the beads on the transverse cord Avhich fall within the edges of either
pole. The points being counted, the players again proceed to the base
and play again as before. This playing is continued for hours till one of
the contestants gets the number of points agreed upon by the players to
constitute a game. A transfer of the staked property follows. Then the
betting begins for a new game.

70

T^

■^ %^

f

m

m 1

»-

' V"^

^Ml

_Jr^,

.'•^

1

V „ «.

.

The pole field.

Starting the pole hoop. The beginning of
the game.

Hurling the imlc;

lliirliug the pules.

The polei^ speeding on their way.

he hoop rolls wide of the counting field. A
break in the game.

71

Hoop and poles entering the counting field.

Hoop and poles after motion has ceased.
The hoop overlies the counting ends of the
poles. The counting now begins.

Counting the points in the pole game.

Picking up the poles in the counting field.

Returning to the base.

I he jjaiui- liL'sins anew.

T2

Geodesic Lines on the Syntractrix of Revolution.

E. L. Hancock.

The syntractrix is defined as a curve formed by taking a constant
length, d npon the tangent c to the tractrix*. Tlie surface formed by re-
volving this curve about its asymptote is the one under consideration. We
shall call it S.

Being a surface of revolution it is represented by the equations
x^u cos V
y = u sin v

z = — v/d2 — uM-§log

2 '^d — v/d2 — u2
Using the Gaussian notationf we find:

^^u^(d^-2cd)+cM2 ^^ ^^^, __^I^g^^^^^ B = -

U2(d2 — U2) ' lVd2 — U2

Ti" — cd . u2(d2 — 2cd)+cd3 -r,, ^ -n./ u(u2 — cd)

7== U Sin V C = U, D r=r } L^ , D ^ O, D ' =: 7^=

U/(i2_u2 U(d2 — U2)| l/d2— U2

_ 1 _ DW—W^ _ (u2 — cd)[u2(d — 2c) +cd2]
^ = R^~ EG — F2 — (d2 — u2)[u2(d — 2c)-t-c2d

In tlie particular surface given by d=:2c the Gaussian ciu-vature be-
comes 9. o d2i

d2 — U2

Here d is positive, and since d > u, the denominator is always positive.
We get tlie character of the curvature of ditferent parts of the surface by
considering the numerator. When u2= d2 2, K = 0, i. e., the circle u = d/2

-y=: is made up of points having zero-curvature. When u2 > d2/2, K> O,

and when u2 < d2/2, K < O.
For tliis particular sui'face

,14 • 2u2--d2

E = ~ , F = o, G = u2, A = — ^-v==„ u cos v, B = —

4u2(d2_u2) 2u-/(i2 — U2

2u2 — d^ i\\ u(2u- — d2
usinvC = o, D=^ -^ ._, D' = o, D'^=^

2u/d^Zr^ " ^'" > V.-U, ^_— ^__^-, ^ _., 2/0^3.-^

To get tlie geodesic lines of the surface we make use of the method of
the calculus of variations according Weierstrass§. This requires that we
minimize the integral :

'" Peacock, p. 175.

t Bianehi, Differential Geometric, pp. 61, 87, 105.

l Osgood, Annals of Mathematics, A'ol. II (1901), p. 105.

73

I ==/t2 i/E du2 -I- 2F du dv + Gd.v2.dt

Denote i/E u'^ _[- 2 F u' v' + G v^^ by p. Then the first condition for

d
a minimum of I is Fv — ^ Fv' = o|l

d
Now, in this case Fv ^ o, so that tt Fv' = o

Hence Fv' = i\ or substituting the values E, F and G this becomes
u2 v^

J^^^ +U2V-

\4u2(d'^— U2) ^

When (^ = o, \^=zo, hence v = constant, i. e., tJie meridians are geodesic
lines.

When (5 = 0

r s d^ ui

^^^ ^^-^ 2uV(d2— u2) (u"2^^^^d2y + '
Making the substitution u = l t, (1) becomes

r—dd'' t2 dt
(2) v= s — -- — 4- J^

^ ' '^2,/(t2 d2— 1) (1—^2 t2) ^

We have for the reduction of tlie general elliptic integral
*R(x) = A x-* + 4 B x3 + 0 C x2 -^ 4 B' X + A'

g2==AA' — 4 BB' + 3 C-

g3=AcA' + 2 BcB' — A'B2— AB'2_c'5.

These become in the present case

R(t) = (t2d2— 1)(1— rS2t2)— _rf2(i2t4-^ (Cl2_^j2^t;2 — 1

(d2+(52)
g3=<12d2+^-^r

f52d2(d2 + J2) rd2 + J2-] 3

-]

^3— 6 16

We get also

R'(t) = — 4 f52d2t3 + 2(d2+<S2) t

R'(t) = — 12 d2d2t2 + 2 (d2 + fS2 )

Making the substitution

_ 1 R'(a) ,

(3) t-a + ^^^^_^i^ j^,,(^^^t

Where a is one of the roots of R(t), say Id, we get

i(d2-,;2)

p u — p V where j^ v := ^V ( d2 — 5^2 )

II Kneser, Variationsreehnung. Fv denotes function v.
•'■' Klein, Ellip. Mod. Functionen, Vol. I, p. 15.
t Enneper, Ellip. Functionen, 1890, p. 30.

74

Now, since -= i/R(t) we ^et from (2)

dii

(^) ^ = -¥/^^^" + '^' = 2;i

Noting that in the present case

and remembering tliat

-Ai^-i— = p(u + v) -p)u -V) — 2 p V ^-

(4) becomes

^ = 2aS^ — '^' + P(ii + V) — p(u — V) — 2pv]du + '5'

The functions -^ may be expressed in power series. We have then the
geodesic lines given by the equations

v = f(t)+r5'
1

The constant iV being additive lias no effect upon the nature of the
geodesies. It determines their position. All lines given by rf' may be
made to coincide by a revolution about the z-axis. Tlie curves may be
completely discussed when iV^^o.

Since the parameter lines of the surface consist of geodesic lines
tlirough a point and tlieir ortliogoual trajectories E may be taken equal to
unity.* E du^ ^ du'^

Hence - A log ['^ + /d-^-uO ^^ ^^, ^^. ^^^^^ ^^^.j^ 2u:
2 ^ I, u J ' d

Because of tlie relations of the surface to the pseudo-sphere it may be
represented upon the upper part of the Cartesian planet. The relation be-
tween the surfaces is given by the equations

v=v'

c /
u = -^ u
d

•■■' Knoblauch, Krummen Fliichen, p. 49.
t Bianchi, Differential Geometrie, p. 419,

75

wliere u and v are co-ordiuates of points on the pseudo-sphere and u' and
v^ co-ordinates of points on S. The equations of transformation from S to
the plane are

v = x
— u

"d

c e =y

The real part of the surface heing represented on the strip included
between y = c and y^c, e.

Comparison of Gauss' and Cayley's Proofs of the Existence

Theorem.

O. E. Glenn.
[By title. ]

Motion of a Bicycle on a Helix Track.
O. E. Glenn.

The equation of tlie helix surface may be conveniently expressed in
surface co-ordinates, thus:

X = r cos u = fi (ru)

y = r sin u = f-i (ru)
z^-- — f3(ru)
in which r represents the distance of a point from the z axis, and u the

Ye

angle between the x axis and tlie projection of r upon the (xj) plane; b
being a constant.

It will be assumed here that there is a force of friction equal and
opposite to tlie centrifugal force, of a particle (or wheel) moving down the
surface, under the action of gravity (g). If these equal and opposite vec-
tors be introduced, tlie problem reduces to that of determining the motion
of a particle (or wheel) on a fixed smooth surface.

The general equation of kinetic energy* is,

where m represents tlie mass, v the velocity and X, Y and Z the axial com-
ponents of the impressed forces.

Denoting the angle between the [xy] plane and the tangent plane of
the surface by a there results :

sin 2 a

(2) X = mg sm a cos a cos u i:: mg — ~ — cosu.

sin 2 a .
Y^mg sin a cos a sm u — mg „ — sin u.

Z=mg.
And equation ( 1 ) reduces to

, , , , r sin 2 a ., , sin 2 a . „ 1 ,

d ( Jmv2 ) = g — - — cos^ u + g — ^ sin2 u j m dr.

r sin2a . , siii2a . , gb | ,

-|- — g — - — r sm u cos u + g — - — r sm u cos u -|- -^ j mdu ; or,

r sin 2 a f , , mg b ,

(3) d(J mv2)=m!g— 2— J dr + ^-du.

But the angle a equals,

27rr
a = cos~^ — 7= —

l/47r2r2 + b2

„^ sin2a . 27j-rb , „ ,r,.

Wlience — -„ — = sinacosa=. „ „-r^r:i and from (3).
2 4 TT^ r^ -|- b''

, , „ r 2 TT b mg r 1 J , r mg b i ,

(4) d(^mv^):z. l47^YM?b^Jdr+ hVJd"-

Tliis, upon integration, gives.

eb
(5) v2 = |^log

b^

' 4 71-2

l^»~^47r2 J

-}- — u, the initial conditions being v— 0

and r^To when u^O.

■• Ziwet Mechanics, p. 103, Vol. III.
t These are partial derivatives.

77

Now v^^

f * df 1 dr ^ df 1 du 1 ' , f clf^ dr df ^ dn
du dt J "^ I dr dt "^ "du dt

I dr dt
in wiiicli t represents the time and v tlie velocity

fdfgdr df^dui
■^ I dr dt ^ du dt J

(6)

dr

dt"

du )
dt i

dr

Therefore,
dui 2

+ lsinu-+reosu^^

+

b du I

2^ dtj

dri
dt.
Frc

^l ^4;r2j [dtJ •
)ni (5) and (6).

(7)

f-''"^

2 1 ^'

11 + 4^2

+?-

IdtJ ^l ^iTT^-i

fdul 2

IdtJ

This is the differential equation of the motion.
Its integral furnishes solutions of the following:

1. Wliat is the time of descent?

2. What is the equation of the curve of quickest descent?

3. What is the space passed over in a given time?

4. Wliat is tlie velocity at any instant?

5. What is the normal pressure on the surface?

Problem: A wheelman rides down a lielix surface along the line of
pitch 30°, keeping liis wheel at a constant radial distance of 30 feet. Find
tlie time of descent and his velocity upon reaching the ground; the helix
making one complete turn.

Since r is constant and e(iual to r,j, we have:
(«) r = ro = 30.

b = 2 TT r tan 300 = 3. 1416 X 60 + i v/"3 = 108.824.
g = 32.
Equation (7) now becomes,

I b2 1 rdui =

^"+4^2] latl

Substituting from (8)
du_ f 32 X 108-82
dt

13.1416X1199-982
2 /— l2T _200
~ 96
From equation (4).

•••^=.i6^-I

j -l/u = .96l/u.

1/2 X 3.1416 = 5.2 seconds

time of descent.

^,^^/82X 108-824.^-

3.1416

i/64 X 108.824 = 83.4 ft. per second = velocity

at bottom.

■Partials.

78

It may be observed tliat the velocity is the same as that acquired by a
body falliiiK tlirougli the lieight b, and is iiulependeut of tlie radial dis-
tance, r. Tlie time of descent is directly proportional to r; and both are
independent of the weights. That is, we liave the tlieorem:

Motion ou the h'lix surface /.v equlrnlent to that on the inrliue plane, when r is
constant.

A Generalization of Fermat's Theorem.

Jacob Westluxd.
Consider the function

n(A) n(A)

<» F(», A ) = ;;'■"_,„»'■'■'+.... +„°'^'))

-^-M- n(A1

+(""'^'^-V....)-.... + ,-:;„^^^'^^^^^,

where « is any algebraic integer and A any ideal in a given algebraic
number field, Pi, . . . P^ are tlie distinct prime factors of A, and n(A) de-
notes tlie norm of A. The tlieorem whicli we shall prove is that F( « , A)
is always divisible by A.

For tlie case when a and A are rational integers several proofs of the
divisibility of F(«, A) by A have been given*.

When A is a prime ideal the function F(«, A) reduces to n^^^) — n,
which, as we know, is divisible by A.

Let us first consider the case when A = pf', where Pi is a prime ideal
of degree f, and pi the rational prime divisible by Pi. Then

fs, 1(S,-1).

F(., P^)=r^ _ „'"
But

f(8l-ll

Pi (Pit— 1)

n = 1, mo d P^'

and

fai l(s,-l)

P. Pi „

a = a , mod P,'

hence

(2) F(«, P^)e:-o, modP^

Now, suppose A^B.Pf- where B is any ideal not divisible bv Pi.
Then we can easily derive the following relation:

f(s.-l)

F(a\ B)-F(", B.Ph = F(/' , B),

Dickson, Annals of Mathematics, 2d Series, Vol. 1, 1899, p. 31.

f(si-i;

(3) F(«, BP^)^F(«''\ B) — F(«'' , B).

If we let BzziPj' we get from (3)

fiBi— ll

FC", p'=p'')=:F(« , p'^)-F(« , p'=)

and hence by (2)

(4) F(«, P^P^)=eO, modP^
By a similar reasoning we also get,

(5) F(o, P'r p! )EEOmodP^and hence by (4) and (5).

(6) F(", P^ P^) ^OmodP^^P^.

We now assume that for an arbitrary a the function F (", A) is divis-
ible by A, then if P be any prime ideal not contained in A we have by (3)

ts t(3 — 1)

F ( «, A P-^) = F ( «'' , A ) — F ( "'' , A) and hence,

(7) F(«, AP-^)— OmodA.

Now let A^CQf where Q is a prime ideal and C prime to Q. Tlien,
It t'(t-i)

F{n, APO = F(« '^ ,CP^)— F(« , GP^) wliere q is the ra-
tional prime divisible by Q and t the degree of Q, and since by our assump-
tion tlie two terms on the right side are divisible by CP" it follows tliat,

(H) F(", AP-) ^0 mod CP% and hence,

(9) F(«, AP^)=OmodAP^

Hence if F( ", A) is divisible by A when A contains n distinct prime
factors it is also divisible by A when A contains n-fl distinct prime
factors. Making use of (4) we then find that F( «, A) is divisible by A
for any A.

On tee Class Number of the Cyclotomic Xumberfield

2 7r/ !

K

e

p" J

Jacob Westluxd.

[By title.]

[Will apiiear in Transactions American Mathenintical Society, Vol. lY: 2.]

80

PnoTo*fiRAPHic Observations of Comet C, 1902.

John A. Miller.

Comet c (Perriiie) 1902, was photogra plied here on every clear night
from October 5 to October 22, clouds preventing either earlier or later
ones. With few exceptions two photographs were made on each night.
One photograph being made with a portrait lens built on the Petzval
system, but afterward refigured by Brashear. This lens had an aperture
of twelve centimeters and a focal length of fifty-five centimeters. The
other photograph was made with an old "tintype" lens which Mr. W. A.
Cogshall rescued from a photograph gallery here and which performs
surprisingly well. This lens has an aperture of 5.5 centimeters and a
focal length of twenty-two centimeters.

The tail of this comet was exceedingly faint, so faint that it was witli
difficulty that it could be photographed at all. Each of the photographs
showed two streamers, a long one nearly straight and a shorter one more
sharply curved. The greatest length of the short tail was shown on the
photograph of October G. It was then l.°S long, while on October 22 it
did not exceed one-half degree in length. On October 5 the long streamer
subtended 3.°2. Each succeeding photograph showed the streamer longer
until on October 22 it subtended an angle of S.°4. In the following table
I have shown the results obtained by measuring five of the photographs,
which represents fairly well the behavior of the comet.

In tliis table T is the central time of oxi)Osure; L, the length of the
long tail in degrees; S, the length of the short tail in degrees; N, the num-
ber which when multiplied by the cosine of the angle between the direc-
tion of tlie comet's tail and the radius vector from the sun to the comet
gives the length of the long streamer in terms of the mean distance of
the earth from the sun:

T.

L.

S.

N.

h.m. h. m.
October 5,8:10— 9:00

:^.2

3.2

3.8
6.1
8.4

1.0
1.8
1.5
1.2

.0294
.0383
.0323
.0686
.0966

October 6, 8:00 — 11:45

October 7,6:00— 7:20

October 20, 6:00— 7:20

October 22, 6:15— 7:45

81

The Genus Puccinia.
J. C. Arthur.

The present paper Is a continuation of two previous attempts to bring
to the notice of this society something of the efforts that are being made
to devise a worlvable method that will eventually lead to a stable nomen-
clature for plants. The necessity for having one authoritative name for
each species and genus of plants is conceded by all botanists. The
methods proposed for arriving at this desirable state are various. It is
evident that nomenclature will never become stable if left to itself, that
is, to the judgment of the individual. There must be rules of procedure
which most botanists, if not all, will feel bound to respect.

The wise formulation of such rules and the impress of authority,
which they must necessarily bear, are difficult to secure. Were there an
international organization of recognized competency to take up the matter,
the way would seem easy. In the absence of such a body, suggestions
and attempts must be expected from various sources, which may finally
crystallize into a form which the botanical world at large will accept.

American botanists, acting through the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, promulgated the Rochester-Madison rules of
nomenclature in 1892-93. These rules, after the test of a decade, have
been somewhat modified and extended, and today represent the most care-
fully considered and most practical scheme for securing uniformity of
procedure in naming plants that has yet been brought forward. What-
ever may be thought of these rules, or of any other, it is certainly the
part of wisdom to test their applicability, and lend a hand to their im-
provement.

In order to illustrate the American rules I propose to take the very
interesting case of the genus Puccinia. As the name is generally used it
embraces about one thousand species of plant rusts, which are character-
ized by having free, two-celled telentospores. In my paper* of four years
ago I pointed out, that according to the Kuntzean rules of nomenclature
this generic name should be transferred to the cedar apple rusts, to re-
place Gymnosporangium, a name that has been in use since 1805. In my
second paper,t presented two years later, I showed that if we accept the

'■'Indiana plant rusts, listed in accordance with latest nomenclature. Prcjceedings
Indiana Academy of Science for 1898:174-186.

t Generic nomenclature of cedar apples. Proceedings Indiana Academy of Science
for 1900:131-136.

6— Academy of Science.

82

first species piiblislied luuler a new .t;emis as the type species to Avliicli
tlie genus is to lie iiivarialily ancliored, and from wliicli its essential cliar-
acters are to l)e drav/n, tlie cedar apples must Ite listed under the Linn;x>au
genus Trcindla, while the fate of the name Piicciiiia was left in doul)t.

In the meantime the amended rules of nomenclature by the American
Committee have been distril)uted, and although these recognize the great
value of types, a specimen used by the author as type of the species, and
a species as type of the genus, they provide other ways of determining
the type of a genus than always taking tlie first specu's named under it.
The new rules reipiire flint the intent of the aufhdr. or if tliat is not
ascerfainalile. the usage of liis followers, sliall lie resiiected.

If we examine the status of the three genera, 'rmurlld. di/iiniosixnvni-
(jiiiin and I'licriiiiti, under the present rules, we will Hiid tliat the first
becomes a genus of alg;o. not longer to be included among the fungi, the
second is restored to tlie position it has long occuiiicil. wliile the third
is well nigh lost in the toils.

The name I'liccinia was introduced into liotanicjij literature by [Nlicheli
in 172!>, and is coiisecnientl.v pre-I.inna'an. It was eniploycd by ITaller
in two different works prior to IT.").'!. t]i<" initial date for the oiicration of
the law of priority, and by the same author in liis Histitria slirjiiiun iinli-
(jciiunim /l(ir<ii<f 'lui-hduld ( \'oi. Ill, \k VHU of 17(iS. The last work, how-
ever. dO(>s nut eiiiiiloy liiiiomiai names. ;iiid is not to lie iiscd in establish-
ing modern noiiienclafiii-(>. Another early :iutlior, who cites the name
I'iK-riiiid. is Adaiison in his J'diiiilhs ths I'laiilc.s ( \'o]. II, p. 8) of lHV.i. He
adopts both the n.-iiiie and the desciiptioii of flie genus from Micheli, but
does not mention ;iny species. There is ;i failure, therefore, to establish
the genus on iiccounf of the Inck of a type species.

Tlie next oldst author to emiiloy the name is Willdenow in his FIor(C
lU rnlhiinslx, of ITS". A\'ill(lenow characterizes liis genus I'liccin'id as fol-
lows: "Corinis fi/rni(]rdc(inii scininilnis cdiiddfis nnJidlnu posifis, cldsficc
crsiliciitiliKs fd ret mil/' Under this genus he places a single species,
I'liccinia siiiijilcr, whicli is described as "/'. carparc ci/Iindrico simplicissimo
ohiiiso.'' It is s.-iid to occur on the trunks of jilum trees (Pniiiiis
(ii-niciiidcir) in autumn, and to lie rare in the vicinity of Berlin.
Alfhougli reference is made to Micheli. yet careful comparison shows con-
clusively tliat Willdeiiow's plant was different from tli.'it of the Italian
antlior. Moreover, if could not have l)eeu one of the cedar apples

83

(Giimnnsporanyinm), as pointed out by Masnus,* for they neither grow
upon the plum nor produce their spores in autumn. Further confirmation
of this is found in Ilotli's Flonr Genua nicer, the first volume of wliicli was
issued tlie year following the appearance of Willdenow's work. In this
volume (p. 547) Pi/cciiiia siintplcx is given, and credited to Willdenow, with
no reference to Miehcli. while a few pages farther on in the volume the
common cedar apple of P^urope is listed as TrcmcUa jiiniprrina. The two
were evidently considered by the author to be distinct fungi.

There seems to be no doubt, that according to our present form of
procedure, we must consider that the genus I'uccinia was established by
Willdenow in 1787, with the single species, P. simpler, a species that does
not belong to the IreiVuinr. What fungus Willdenow had in hand, I am
not prepared to say. The description fairly well applies to Coniularia
Pcrsicw (Schw.) Sacc, but that is a North American fungus, common in
America l)ut not yet reported from E'urope. So far as our present pur-
pose is concerned, however, it is enough to know that the type of the
genus Puccinia is not uredineous. Therefore, the lai-gest and best known
genus of plant rusts, the one that includes the chief economic species,
drops entirely out of the extensive family of the Vvcdinar. Probably
Doctor Kuntze is to be folloAved in placing undei' Dic;eoma the species
that have heretofore been listed under Pncviuin. as I have already pointed
out in my preceding paper i)efore the Academy.

AVhether this is the final word regarding the genus Puccinia, and the
fungi which it has been used to cover, yet remains to be seen. It may
appear foolish to some to relegate to ol)Scurity a well known and long
established name, upon what seem to lie technical grounds. But the
loss of a familiar name should not stand in the way of the introduction
of definite rules which will lead to a reasonaldy permanent nomenclature.
What is most desired is that the period of trial and transition shall be as
short as possible, and to assist in bringing this about the study of the
genus Puccinia is herewith presented.

Bot. Centr.. Vol. LXXVII, p. 5.

84

Forestry Conditions in Montgomery County, Indiana.
Samuel J. Record.

The recent interest in forests and forestry problems in Indiana malces
it very important that every one collecting accurate information regard-
ing the forestry conditions in any part of our commonwealth, present in
as complete a manner as possible everything that may be of general
importance in arousing public interest and at the same time serve as a
basis for intelligent work in that pai'ticular part of the State.

The writer has studied with some degree of thoroughness the condi-
tions in Montgomery County, Avhich conditions, as revealed by the follow-
ing facts, demonstrate the very serious nature of the problems we are
confronting and the lines for future work.

Montgomery County is located in the middle western part of the State
and contains 504 square miles, or 322,500 acres. Owing to its large size,
its prominent location and the diversity of its surface and soil it may
well be considered as a typical section of the central part of Indiana.
Hence, what may be said of the forestry conditions and the plans and
possibilities of its reforestation may in a general way be considered true
of the whole central portion of the State.

The surface of the county is pleasantly diversified. The western and
central part near the principal streams is hilly and broken, in the north
central it is gently undulating and at the east and southeast flat and level.
The northern part of the county is notably a prahie region, level or gently
rolling.

The drainage takes direction from the dip of the underlying rocks
generally a little west of southAvest. The main stream is Rock River or
Sugar Creek, which enters south of the northeast corner and traversing
the central area, passes out six miles north of the west corner of the
county. Its tributaries from the north ai-e Black and Lye creeks; from
the south, Offield, Walnut and Indian creeks. The southern and south-
eastern parts are drained by Big and Little Raccoon creeks and at the
southwest by Coal Creek, which flows directly into the Wabash.

The early settlers found the county one vast forest, broken only by
the wind swept streak of the cyclones or the marshy land of the prairies.
So dense was the wilderness that their way had to be cut with the axe.
Trees and saplings were cut and tluMr trunks made into corduroy roads.

Hchjht to
<^imt Liiiihs.

Total

72

160

GO

150

75

165

9-1

181

74

155

91

190

G2

120

85

Everywhere were the most vahiable varieties of forest grow^th, such as
the oali, walmit, ash, poplar, cherry, maple, elm, hicli;ory, beech, mulberry,
buckeye, locust, willow, sycamore, cedar, and some hemlock, each tower-
ing and climbing and ever contesting for the necessary light of the sun.
The lower branches were of little use in the shade and soon died away,
thus by the natural pruning leaving the stem of the tree smooth and
unbranched.

To appreciate something of the size of these giants of the forest we
need but note the following:

Common N((iii('. Didiiicti-r.

Burr Oak 7

White Oak 6

Black Oak 6.5

Red Oak 7

Black Walnut 7

Poplar 8

Sugar Maple 5

All the ground was covered with imderbrush and litter which had
been accumulating for ages, producing a deep, rich loam which is still
evident in the richness of the cultivated fields. Here were myriads of
birds making their homes in the kindly shelter of the trees, and in turn
destroying the multitude of insects which threatened the life of the forest.
Thus when Ave closely examine the natural conditions we find the forest is
a unit, a natural community in which each factor plays its part. An
equilibrium is established, the result of the adaptation of each element
to its environment; and when this equilibrium is disturbed the result is
an undue development of one factor and consequent suppression of others.
In this instance thoughtless man has destroyed the equilibrium, and the
drying up of the wells and streams, the decrease in fertility of the fields
and loss to our crops are a few of the disastrous results.

Now but little remains to remind us of the luxuriant forests of this
county sixty years ago. Here and there are scattered patches of wood-
land standing like islands in a wide sea of clearing, and most of these so
thinned and mutilated that they can scarcely be called forests at all.
To the student of such affairs the destruction of this once mighty forest
has all the features of a long continued tragedy. It is a crime against
the past, present and future, a crime which may never be forgiven nor

86

forgotten. Thouyli iiiulonl)tedly requirod liy the necessities of civilization
and popnlation, it lias been carried too far, and future generations may
have to curse the wanton waste of the past. Our fathers had a constant
grudge against trees. The best were cut iuto rails or hewed into sills,
or used for tirevrood. Regular logging bees were held and tree after
tree was cut, rolled together and burned. There is not a farm iu the
county today but would, if left in timber, have been worth six times its
present value. And worst of all, this same policy is being continued.
Every year forest owners, either through carelessness or ignorance, are
wasting valuable property. Concerning the market value of the various
(•i'oi)s which the farm produces the farmer is usually posted, but concern-
ing the market value of the various trees making up his timberland he is
usually ignorant. The amount of timber that has been allowed to go to
utter waste in the past history of the county, liecanse of the failure to
appreciate the true value of forests. Avould have been sufficient, had it
been preserved and sold at current prices, to have paid for every acre
of land in I lie county. Save for occasional groves, almost all the ))l;ick
walnut has been removed ])ecause of its great value, and yet on every
farm in the county, rows of rail fences l)uilt of lilack walnut and poplar,
imncheon floors, rnftci's of old barns ;ind sheds attest to its reckless use
in the past.

In this country whci-e all the land is in the liands of private owners,
nothing can be done save tlu'ougli tlic intelligent co-operation of land
owners.

No land in tlie county has l)een reforested by ai'titicial means. A num-
l)er of farmei-s, however, maintain groves of catalpa and black locust
which furnishes material for posts and poles. Numerous instances could
be cited where a few acres of black locust furnish a constant supply of
posts for the fencing of farms containing linndreds of acres each. Such
groves are easy to i)ropagate and furnish the best of posts, which can
not be purchased on the market for less than thirty cents each line post.
The catalpa groves have not proved so successful, owing in some instances
to the planting of catalpa l)ignonoides which is of small growth, crooked
and seldom forming a well-shaped tree. The A'aluable variety to plant
is C. speciosa, which is a very rapid grower and furnishes wood valuable
for posts, ties, telegraph poles and luml)er.

Not only has there been no planting of forest tracts, but there has

87

been a constant cuttin.u off of the reniaiuinu tinil)erhuul. The following
tigures from the statistician's report shows this condition:

1881 07,574 acres timl)erlaud.

1882 (i2,9S3 acres timberland.

1883 G0,31K) acres timberland.

1884 a0,451 acres timberland.

1885. 4(i,508 acres timljerland.

1880 44,183 acres timberland.

liXlO 7,184 acres timberland.

Tlio discrepancies in the early returns are due to inaccurate data; the
later reports are more reliable. They are sntficient to shoAV the vast
decrease in oiir forest ai-ea. In fifteen years 30,324 acres of timber Avas
removed at the rate of 2,(;21 acres per year. If this rate were kept np all
the remaining- timl)erland would be deforested in 2.7 years, but, of course,
the decrease in the amount and value of the timlter would tend to lessen
the annual rate of removal.

The census report for 10(10 states that the numl)er of acres in timber
l>ut not in pasture land in Union Townslnp is 2,240. Much of this, how-
ever, is in small lots or groves and has had most of its best timber re-
moved. This 2,240 acres is but 3.1 per cent, of total area of the township
and is divided into IWj tracts or lots, only thirty-seven of which contain
twenty acres or more. Of this latter number only eighteen contain as
much as forty acres, and only one of 100 acres.

Ripley Township is rugged and brolcen toward the south and has re-
maining a larger proportionate acreage of forest. There are twenty-six
tracts of twenty or more acres reported, mailing a total of 1.273 acres,
comprising 59 per cent, of the total area. Much of this land is covered
with beech, which, however, is not a very profitable timber. The soil,
especially toward the southern part, is generally poor clay, and if stocked
with young trees would soon l)ring much more than can l)e realized from
the same ground at present.

Brown Township is also much broken along the course of Sugar Creek.
Only fifteen tracts of over twenty acres were reported, but most of these
areas are large, giving a total of 950 acres or 2.7 per cent. Much of this
timber is beech, though white oak is also abundant. The region near
the mouth of Indian Creek, known as Pine Hills, is covered with pine and
hemlock. JSome of these trees are very large with straight, towering

88

stems reaching to lofty heights. Hundreds of seedlings are growing
everywhere and if left alone will perpetuate the excellent forest condition
now prevailing. Farther down the stream are the "Shades of Death," an
area of 200 acres in virgin forest, especially noted for its beautiful scenery.
The sides and slopes of the sharp hills and promontories are covered with
a thick growth of evergreen hemlocks and cedars and the tip-top heights
with pines which lift their foliage 200 feet above the brook, averting the
sun's rays and tilling the deep chasm with a gloom typical of the "Valley
of the Shades." Here one sees typical forest conditions, the forest litter
holding the moisture and feeding gradually the many pure, cold springs.
This land, if deforested, would l)e worth practically nothing, but under
proper management a large return could be secured annually from the
timber gi-owing there. This area, however, has been recommended by the
State Forester as a forest reserve with the purpose of increasing its effi-
ciency as a park. Dr. Henry Moore, of Irvington, Indiana, was chosen
president of the board of control. No other recommendations have been
made.

Walnut Township reports fifty-eight forest tracts containing a total
acreage of 4,493 acres of 20 per cent. Avhole area. These forest tracts are
comparatively large, thirteen of them containing 100 acres or over.

Franklin Township reports eleven forest tracts, of twenty acres or
over, making a total of 420 acres, or 2 per cent. The areas are small and
most of the good timber has been removed. The boulder trail passes
through the western portion of the township and the land in its vicinity
would be worth much more if properly covered with timber than it is in
its present condition; the large number of boulders making cultivation
of crops very ditlicult.

Sugar Creek Township reports seven tracts or 302 acres, 1.4 per cent,
of total area. Most of the region is black prairie land and the timber is
mostly in groves which have grown since the settlement of the country.
The prevailing species are shellbark hickory and white oak.

Madison is also a prairie region and its condition of soil and forest
closely resembles Sugar Creek. Seven tracts are reported, giving a total
of 458 acres, though the total acreage of the township, including smaller
tracts, is reported as 501 acres or 21 per cent.

Coal Creek reports but two tracts of more than twenty acres, though
the total acreage amounts to 201 acres or .6 per cent, of the total area
of the township.

so

Clark Township returns indicate four forest tracts contaiuiug over
twenty acres. Only one tract contains over forty acres. The total area
is 135 acres or .6 per cent.

Wayne has but eleven forest tracts, malving- a total of 399 acres or 2
per cent, of the total area. The tracts are small, only one containing as
much as sixty acres.

Scott Township reports no forest tract containing as much as twenty
acres. The total area of the timberland in the township does not exceed
ninety-five acres or .4 per cent.

From this glance at the townships it will appear that the amount of
available timber is very limited and most of the forests now remaining
are so small, open and scattered, that the benefit derived from them is
but a small per cent, of that accruing from well regulated forest areas.

The General Assembly of the State of Indiana enacted, in 1899, a
forest reservation law, whereby upon any tracts of land a portion, not
exceeding one-eighth of the total area, could be selected as a permanent
forest reservation which should be appraised for taxation at one dollar
per acre. The land to be exempted must contain 170 trees per acre, either
naturally or artificially propagated. The act makes further specifications
as to the maintenance of the tract, and designates what trees shall be
known as forest trees within the meaning of the act. The law w^as a step
in the right direction and has resulted in 284 exemptions covering a total
area of 5,312 acres in the State. In Montgomery County, however, not a
single exemption has been tiled. This condition in this county is largely
due to the lack of information on the subject, and succeeding years will
no doubt witness a large number of exemptions.

Deforestation of the headwaters has produced a marked effect in the
size and value of the county's streams. In its early history Sugar Creek
was navigable for good-sized boats and was much used as a means of
transportation. In 1824 William Nicholson came from Maysville, Ken-
tucky, to Crawfordsville in a keel boat of ten tons bvu'den which landed
at the mouth of Whitlock's Spring branch. It floated down the Ohio to
the mouth of the Wabash and thence was rowed up to the mouth of
Sugar Creek, finally, after a long voyage, reaching its destination. After-
ward two men took the same boat down to Terre Haute for a load of
corn. Other instances could be cited, but these are sufficient to show the
extent of the navigability of the stream which at present would scarcely

90

float an old time tlatboat. Miu-h of this is due to tlie tilling in of the
channel with the products of the denuded tields above.

Records show that Sugar Creek has furnished a motive power for at
least nineteen mills situated along its course in Montgomery County. At
the pi'esent time the number does not exceed four and these are ol)liged
to use steam during most of the summer season. As is well known, a
constant water supply furnishes a most economical and reliable motive
power which would tend to lessen the co.st of any manufactured products.
The owner of the Siierry iNIill, at CraAvfordsville, asserts that the cost of
running the mill one day by steam power, including coal, fireman and all
expenses, is $5; while the total cost of water power for one year, including
repairs to the dam and wheel, is .$40. In other words, the amount required
to run the mill one day by steam would pay the cost of running the same
mill by water for nearly forty days.

The amount of power exerted by the stream in its course would, if
utilized, be sufficient to turn every wheel in every factory within the
county. This would be of especial importance in fui-nishing an econom-
ical motive power for concerns luider nuuiicipal ownership, thereby
greatly reducing the expense of operating. But while the volume of water
carried by Sugar Creek in a year has probaljly remained constant since
the county was discovered, yet the fiow is so irregular and uncertain that
it is no longer of great economical importance.

Deforestation has also had a very disastrous effect upon the fish
supply of our streams. In the e.irly settlement of the country Sugar
Creek was full of edible fish. It is related by an old settler that during
one night in 1S24. 'JUO fisli. consisting of pike, salmon, bass and perch,
were caught in a large fish ti'ap. The settler often carried them l)y skiff
loads from the fish trap and placed them in a pond to be retaken later
and sold or used for food. Now this condition has entirely changed and
Init few food lishes remain in oni- stre.-uns. It is true that stream pollution
and illegal fishing are responsil)le for much of this, but the decrease in
the volume of water, rendering it .stagnant during the siunmer months,
is almost directly the result of deforestation of the headwaters. The un-
usiudly high water at the season of spawning seriously interferes with
the reproduction of the species. This sudden rise of the stream is pre-
vented by the forest. The litter receives the I'ain. ;in<l. owing to its loos-
ness and lack of capillarity, prevents rapid evaporation. The relatively
low temperature of the forest is also a factor in lessening the rate of

91

evaporation. The uuevenuess of the forest floor, with sunlveu logs and
piles of debris, prevents the formation of gullies and consequently the
water sinks into the ground instead of running off on the surface. It can
not wear away the soil upon steep slopes, nor form sudden and disastrous
freshets as in a naked and ti'eeless region. The streams rising in wood-
lands may swell after a rain, but more gradually, and they will subside
again more slowly. If they rise in Avoodland swamps, they are scarcely
liable to floods at any season and tend to an even flow throughout the
year.

The soil of Montgomery County is generally very rich and the disas-
trous effect of the removal of the forest Avill not be evident for many
years. The land is especially adapted for agi'icultural pursuits, and ra-
tional farming and rotation of crops is doing much to maintain its pro-
ductiveness. Yet some tracts have been cleared which are of very little
use for farming purposes, and fail to yield a profit for the labor exerted
upon them. We have seen large areas of good timljer cut down, much of
it wasted and destroyed, merely to add to the farm land an area almost
worthless for ciiltivation. Such land should l)e immediately reforested
with the most profitable kinds of timl)er, since by this means the most
profitable returns can be secured.

An examination of our corn ci'op yields since ISTo shows the follow-
ing gains:

1873-1877 24 Ijushels per acre.

1878-1882 31 bushels per acre.

1883-188.S 37 bushels per acre.

1889-1893 32 bushels per acre.

1894-1900 42 bushels per acre.

In considering these figures we must renieml)er that much neAvly
cleared land, rich from forest litter, has Iteen added yearh' and tends to
increase the average yield per acre.

Our wheat crops have not fared so fortunately and the averages for
five year periods since 1872 show the following decrease:

lS72-187(i , 21.18 bushels per acre.

1877-1881 15.45 bushels per acre.

1882-1886 14.21 bushels per acre.

1887-1891 13.10 bushels per acre.

1892-1890 13.30 bushels per acre.

1897-1900 11.60 bushels per acre,

92

The exact cause of this decrease is not known, but to the student of
foi'estxy conditions, it seems that deforestation, is, in part at least, re-
sponsible.

By far the most susceptible of our crops to the changed condition is
the apple. Though our statistics on this subject are very limited, yet the
memory of every person of mature years will testify to the great decrease
in our apple crop. The raising of perfect apples in this county is very
difficult and yields such poor financial returns that the growers have al-
most entirely abandoned the pursuit. However, the decline in yield is by
no means proportional to the decline in the number of trees. The follow-
ing figures are taken from the statistician's reports for Indiana and ex-
press approximately this condition:

1879 42,007 bushels apples.

1880 37,781 bushels apples.

1881 20,476 bushels apples.

1885 14,544 bushels apples.

1886 08,03.3 bushels apples.

1897 3,084 bushels apples.

The yield has so decreased that at the present time we are com-
pelled to import almost all of our apples. The immoderate ravages of
hordes of insect pests is mainly responsible for this condition, though the
apple rust is also very inj;n-ious. The disastrous effect of the latter,
however, is probably no greater now than at previous times and will not
account for the remarkable decrease in our apple crop.

Besides a decrease in our soil productiveness, the county has also lost
many valuable wood industries. Until recently there was located at Craw-
fordsville a heading anTl stave factory which used large quantities of
timber and furiiislied employment to many men. The scarcity of avail-
able timber made furtlier operation unprofitable and the concern was
moved to Arkansas. At one time the county was liberally dotted with
sawmills, but now scarce a half dozen remain, and these are compelled
to import a large proportion of their logs, in some cases nearly one-half.

Crawfordsville at present has but two important wood industries. The
Indiana Match Company iiscs large quantities of cottonwood and bass-
wood and the supply of this county was soon exhausted. For some time
past the company has purchased these woods in different districts, chiefly
in lower Illinois, but the new Chicago drainage canal has flooded so much

93

of the timber country that the wood cau not be gotten out. The company
is in a difficult position and the scarcity of any material may cause it to
close down or to be removed. The Casket Company uses annually $38,000
worth of material, turning out a finished product worth $58,500. The
factory furnishes employment to forty persons, paying annually in wages,
.$18,000. Most of the material is shipped here. There are prospects of
another industry for the manufacture of wooden novelties for which there
is claimed an excellent market. In order to have the desired capacity,
about thirty men would be employed at first and if the venture proved
successful the capacity and working force of the plant would be doubled.
The principal woods used are the maple and beech, and the county still
has a good supply of the latter.

Such industries contribute largely to prosperity of the county and
whatever would tend to foster them in a proper way is promoting the
general welfare. The reforestation of a sufficient area would make good
timber available and not only prevent the removal of our present indus-
tries but invito new ones as well.

KOTES ON THE ClBAVAUE PlANE IN StEMS AND FALLING LeAVES.

Mary A. Hickman.

Adaptation to climate and environment is nowhere better illustrated
than in the forest. Especially is this true of the temperate regions where
adaptation is in response to the winter cold. The deciduous trees, instead
of protecting their delicate leaf structures from the severe cold of winter,
have formed the habit of dropping them and again putting out new leaves
when the warm season returns. The deciduous trees have developed the
working powers of their leaves to such an extent that the great surface
exposure and delicacy of structure make it impossible to carry them
through the winter, therefore, the necessity of the deciduour^ habit.

However, this habit of shedding is not confined to the leaves only, for
many trees annually shed twigs and branches. The dropping of twigs
and branches is probably to prevent too great a density of foliage. This
last habit is not restricted wholly to the deciduous trees, for some of the
conifers have the same trait.

94

This dropping is due, not to l.reaking, ),nt to growing;- off by the forma-
tion of a cleavage plane between both the twig, petiole and the parent
stem. Thus the reason for the scars left by the shedding

In the shedding of stems, the cleavage plane is graduallv developed
across the flbro-vascular system separating the stem from the parent
stem with the exception of the bark and a few layers of wood cells which
are easily broken. The scar is virtually formed before the falling of the
stem. Marked illustrations of this habit from the deciduous trees are

fouud in the family Salicacen« L. Tlu- brauHus and twigs begin to fall
before the shedding of the leaves and c-ontinu. tln-oughout the period of
leat fall. The twigs shed are green, m.any bearing large winter bnds
upon their tips. Of the conifers, the Ts.,,, ,UnunIn,sis Carr., illustrates
llHs habit very m.arkedly. However, their twigs, wlien shed, are dead.*

m the shedding of leav(-s. we find the form.ation of the cleava-e
l.lane the same as in the stem. The most common method is that of
a separation between the petiole and stem, as shown by the scars on the
stems.

■ The Self-pruning of Woody Plants.-John H. Scliaffner, Ohio Nat. I., 1902, pp. 17M47

05

This fall the attention of the writer was called to a peculiar case of
variation found in the vine \ inpc^opsis leitcliie L., native of Japan, but
whieli Ims been introduced into America for ornamental purposes. It
clings to tlie walls by its very numerous disk-tipped tendrils. The leaves
on the younger branches of Use vine are small and entire with dentate
margins, but those on the older ))ranches are sharply three-lobed or some-
times three divided.

In this plant we tind a second cleavage plane formed between the
petiole and leat blade so that instead of the leaves falling in the usual
way the blade is shed and the petiole remains attached to the stem until
late in the winter.

Due to the difference in density of structure in the stem and petiole,
it is difficult to secure satisfactory results in the formation and structure
of the cleavage plane of that region. But when, as in this plant, there is
a second cleavage plane formed lietween the petiole and blade, it is com-
paratively easy to trace. There is a breaking down and spreading of
the tracheary tissue and the formation of a layer of small cells, causing
a complete disconnection between the traclieai'y tissue of the leaf and
petiole, as is demonstrated by the illustration.

Some Rare Indiana Birds.
Amos W. Butler.
The following notes are supplemental to those presented at the meet-
ing of the Academy in 1800, which were printed in the proceedings for
that year:

niALArROCORAX DILOrillJS FLORIDANUS (Aud.).
FlorhJa Coniiorant.—X bird of this species was killed September 28,
1002, at Morris Street bridge over White River, in the city of Indianapolis.
It was obtained liy Fletcher M. Noe.

TELECANUS ERYTIIRORIIYXCHOS ihwel.
^yhitc I'clican.^Two were killed on White River April 25, 10C»2, by
Harry Sappenfield. The locality is given as betAveen the farms of Frank
C. Lory and A. H. Taylor, in Knox County. It is reported the birds will
be mounted. (E. J. Chansler.)

90

Flotc-hei' M. Noe iuforms me he saw a specimen ■which was killed Oc-
tober 12, 1902, near Martinsville, but Avas unable to obtain it.

C. K. Muchmore wrote me that a flock of thirty-seven White Pelicans
"stopped over" at the pond of the Cincinnati Ice Company, two miles
south of Laurel, September 29, 1902. Two of them were killed by a boy.
Earl Masters, who brought them to my informant. The next morning he
received a third specimen frora Earl Bossert, of Brookville.

From another source I learn that the bird last mentioned was one of
two, possibly from the same flock previously noted near Laurel.

TANTALUS LOCULATOR (Linn.).

Wood Ibis.—Though the Wood Ibises were formerly found irregularly
in some numbers in southern Indiana, and doubtless were summer residents
and bred, they have not been reported for several years. These peculiar
birds, sometimes called "gourd heads" from their odd, naked heads and
long heavy bills, were formerly found in the lower part of the White
Water and Wabash valleys. To the latter they occasionally recur. With
the increasing warfare upon our larger birds especially and the rapidly
diminishing area of suitable range, they lessened in numbers for years,
and more recently none have been observed by anj^ one who noted them.
Through the most of August and September last they were found in con-
siderable numbers in suitable places in the lower Wabash Valley. The
earliest date reported was August 10, near Montezuma, Indiana, when a
single specimen was seen. The latest occurrence was from the same
vicinity September 28.

The following data from Mr. D. W. Overman, of Montezuma, is inter-
esting:

"On August 10 I saw a single specimen iu a dead elm at the Coose
Pond about two miles north of this place, in the Wabash bottoms. On
12tli saw ten or twelve more. The 17th an old flsherman brought me a
specimen, and another the ISth. From tlie 14th they were of daily occur-
rence and were seen passing north along the Wabash in flocks varying in
number from four to 150 or 200. The one whose head I sent you was
taken the 18th, by Mr. Clias. Doss, from a flock of twenty-ttve or thirty,
and was 'using' along the Wabash just south of town. The specimen
brought me by Mr. Tombs, of Arcadia, was taken the 18th near the town.

"I killed one August 24 at Goose Pond from a flock of thirty-five or
forty. They were last reported as being seen September 28."

So we have it summed up: First seen August 10. became common
about 14th, last secu September 2S. stragglers from the 20th to 2Sth.

Wood Ibises were also reported as numerous along the AVabash River
in Posey County. Paul J. Hartman. New Harmony, has very kindly re-
ported to me such information as he has been able to collect in that
county. He says: "In regard to the AVood Ibis, I will say that I have
seen it. On August 12 about sundown, I saw ten. I was positive of their
identity. They came down the river flying rather low, and alighting in
a large willow thicket, went to roost. The next evening I saw another at
the same place, but it flew on down the river. On the 15th I saw twenty.
They went down the river. On the 16th, at the same place, I saw more
than I could count, certainly more than a hundred. I saw all at the same
point of observation, and at the same time of day, about sunset. With
the exception of the first ones, they did not stop.

I find the Wood Ibises were quite common at Hodge's Landing, about
six miles below New Harmony, during the middle of August. They were
very tame and a number were killed. The skins were not preserved.

FLORIDA aT]RULEA Linn.
Little Blue Heron.— A specimen of this southern species which as been
known to breed in suitable restricted localities in southwestern Indiana,
has been received by the State Museum. It is an immature bird in the
white plumage, and was killed by John Michaels near Bainbridge, Put-
nam County, Indiana, August 10, 1902. A few other Avhite herons have
l)een reported from different localities, including Posey, Knox and Kos-
ciusko counties. Possibly some of these were of this species, but the
chances are they were American Egi-ets, Herodias cgrctta (Gmel.) or per-
haps some of them Snowy Herons, Egrctta candidissima (Gmel.).

PHALAROPUS LOBATUS (Linn.).

'Northern Phalarope.—A specimen of this rare bird was taken at Millers,
Indiana, September 1, 1900, by R. S. Turtle, according to information re-
cently received from Mr. Frank M. Woodruff, of the Chicago Academy of
Sciences. This is the fourth specimen reported as taken in the State.

The gathering of peculiarly maritime species of birds along our great
lakes each fall is a very interesting fact. They begin to appear about the

7 — Aenileiuy of Poience.

98

comnK'iict'niciit of the .second quarter of August, are most luiinerous be-
tween the middle of that month and mid-September, and generally are
scarce after October 1. Some, however, occasionally linger until cold
weather. Reference has elsewhere been made to this hut attention is
called to it again because of information received of Die occuri'ence of
some rare species since the last report.

NUMEXIUS HUDSOXICUS Lath.
Hiid.'ioniiiii ('Hilrir.—Mv. V. M. Woodruff states a tine Iludsonian Cur-
lew was taiccn at Calumet lleiyiits. Indi.-iiia. August :'.. 1I1II2, by II. S.
Turtle. It is a very rare niigrani in Indiana.

TUIXCA CAXITrS Linn.
7i'«o/.— ^Ir. I". -M. ^^■()odruff reports the <'aptui-e of a specimen of this
world-wide sea-side wanderer near Millers, Indiana, in T.iiH. lie has
kindly i)laced in my collection a specinu'u t;ik(Mi at the same place to verify
the 1 iidiana record.

AUENAKIA IXTLIM'KLS (Linn.i.
'riini-<li)iir.~'Mv. Woodruff also obtai:ied one of tliese liirds near the
sanie jdace August !>, T.ntLI. Lliis is early for these seasliore species. They
are said to lie in t'xce]»tionally rich i)himage.

M1CU()I'ALA.M.\ IlLMAXrol'CS (I'.p.).
Stilt S(niili)ii)cr.—A specimen of this rare Sandpiper Avas taken at Mill
i'ond, near Creencastle, April 10. ISIIO, liy Alexander I'.lack. This is tlie
second record of which I know tor Indiana. ^Ir. I'.lack lias kindly de-
posited the specimen in my collection to verify tlie record.

ECTOl'lSTES MICUATOUirs iLinn.i.
J'(isxi'n<j(r I'iyion. — The oidy record of the AN'ild I'igcon I liave been
able to ol)tain since that of June 10, 1899, was received last spring through
the kindness of Mr. Fletcher M. X'oe of this city. From him I learned
that Mr. ("has. K. Muchmore. of Laiu'el, Indiana, had ol)tained a si^eci-
inen of this vei'y intei'esting bird whicli was taken near tliat place last
spring, April .".. I!iii2. Of tliis Mr. ^Muchmore says:

99

"The bird, which is a iHautifiil male, was taken by a young man
named Crowell, near his home, about two and one-half miles southwest
of this place. He reported tliat there Avere two. He heard the bird cooing
and shot it and brought it to me. having concluded that it was something
new. Yon can imagine how we almost took it away from him when he
uni-olled it out of a bloody old newspaper and began to inquire if we knew
what it was. I was convinced that I saw a flock of five Passenger Pigeons
one day in the spring of 1901, but had never said much about it as I only
saw them flying ;nid at a distance and it seemed rather improbable. I
used to see them occasionally in Iowa aliout 1882-3, and although I was
then very small, the specimen was not new to me, and I, of course, at
once recognized the same."

Mr. Muchmore in a recent letter says he heard of a small flock near
Laurel last fall (1002).

The Catalpa Sphixx (Ceratomia Catalp.e) Destroyed by the

Yellow-Billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus American us)

IN Southern Indiana.

F. M. Webster.

This paper was suggested by the receipt of a letter from Mr. A. W.
Butler, calling attention to a statement made by Mr. John B. Elliott, a
verj' observing farmer of New Harmony, Indiana, who stated that the
catalpa trees in his neighborhood had, until recently, been defoliated by
a large worm, but, recently, this worm had nearly disappeared, having
been eaten by the Cuckoo or Piain Crow, as they are termed in the South.

There did not appear to be any doubt about the food habit of the bird,
though there is but one other similar observation on record, the only
question being as to the identity of the worms. Now, the catalpa, like
the ailanthus, and the China tree of the Gulf States, has very few ene-
mies, and there is no chance of mistaking the larva? of the catalpa sphinx
for any other insect. On the other hand, there is no data whatever in
possession of the division of Biological Survey of the United States De-
partment of Agriculture, showing that this bird ever attacks the catalpa
sphinx, though the stomachs of ninety birds have been examined. Several
other species of Sphingida? do not fare so well. Two, DcilepJiila lined fn

100

aud rhlajctliontiiis scrta, are frequently taken by these birds. There hardly
seems a doubt about the correctness of Mr. Elliott's observations, and I
give these facts in order to show their value. The catalpa is planted as
far north as extreme northern Indiana and Illinois, but the catalpa sphinx
does not occur north of about the latitude of Vincennes, in this State,
Flora, in Illinois and extreme southern LaA\Tfence County, in Ohio. On
the Atlantic Coast it is steadily working its way northward, being now
seriously abundant about I'hiladclphia, wliicli is in the latitude of Colum-
bus, Ohio, and almost that of Urbana, Illinois. It was abundant at Flora,
Illinois, as far back as 1875, but seems to have progressed no farther
northward. The insect has this peculiarity: The female will deposit to
the number of 1,000 eggs in a mass on a single leaf alid the young are for
a considerable time after hatching thoroughly gregarious, so that while a
single tree or a row of trees may lie defoliated by the larva^, other trees
in the neighborhood may entirely escnjie. This gives the enemies of the
larvae an opportunity to literally exterminate a colony In short order.
Mr. W. H. Edwards, a lepidopterist of Coalburgh, West Virginia, some
years ago, recorded the sudden aiiiH-arancc of this insect in his locality
for the first in 1S90. and the as sudden disappcnrance tlie following year.

The catalpa sphinx is like its food plant, a southern species; the
Sphingidse are a tropical family for tliat matter, and it is interesting to
note that Judge Lawrence Jolnison observed the attacks of the Cuckoos,
both species, on these larvai in 1SS3, in Alabama. The Cat Bird and the
Baltimore Oriole are both known to feed upon them.

Besides the birds there are several insect enemies of the catalpa
sphinx, two being species of Tachinid flies, Eiiphoroccra daripennis and
Front iiKi frcuchii. A Hymenopter, A pantries (■oii(/)-nj(itiis also destroys a
large numl)er of the larva^. As I found many of these caterpillars on
catalpa trees about Princeton, Indiana, late in August, 1902, with nu-
merous eggs of the Tachinid flies attached to their bodies, there is no
doubt but what they are doing their full share in keeping the insect in
check.

I might say. in addition to tlie foregoing, that this Cuckoo is exceeding-
ly fond of another caterpillar. IiataiKi (iiiiiiisii. Avhich so frequently de-
foliates the walnut and hickory trees in midsummer. Here, too, we have
the work of the Tachinid flies previously mentioned, and while at Purdue
University, several years ago, I observed a case of excessive parasitism,
on the larvfc of a closely allied species, Datanu contructa, Ou four of the

101

catci-pillar.s of the lattt'i" species I cuiuited respectively, 115, 131, 213 and
228 eggs of these parasites. I mention this, seemingly disconnected cir-
cnmstances, because the same species of Cuckoo is fond of all these cater-
piUars, and we are met with that perpetual puzzle to economic ento-
mologists, viz., to determine the exact economic value of an organism.
If the bird ate only the unparasitized caterpillars, it would bo wholly bene-
licial, but, on the other hand, if it devours parasitized caterpillars, it has
done no good, because these would have died in any case, and has done
actual harm, because it has destroyed beneficial insects.

Notes on Reared IlY^rENi^PTERA from Indiana.
F. M. Webster.

The material upon which this list is based was ol>tained during two
trips to southern Indiana, the first late in August and the last late in
October, 1002. while in the employ of the United States Department of
Agriculture, and making some special investigations of certain insects
attacking gi'owing wheat. 3\Iy first intention was to present a paper that
would include only such species as were new to science, but I have in
addition to such, found so many forms that are new to the State, and
others discovered by me aliont Lafayette, years ago, l)ut of Avhose habits
nothing was known, have been farther investigated, throwing new light
on their life history and habits, that I later decided to include all of the
Hymenoptera reared by me, but not previously reported as inhabiting
Indiana. I may add that the nature of my investigations required that
consideral)le quantities of Avlieat stubble, and the stems of Elymus can-
adensis and E. rirginicus, Tn'rxspis sesli'wides and Bromvs secalimis, the
latter being the common cheat of the wheatfields, be collected and the
Tsosoma and other insects inhabiting these stems secured. The stems
of these grasses and the wheat stubble were collected and placed in paste-
l)oard boxes so that everything developing within them was thus secured.
It will be observed, then, that the prime ol)ject of my rearings was to de-
termine the food plants of the Isosoma, the parasitic species, though of
much importance, were of secondary signification in these studies.

IsiiKdmd graiide, which I reared about Lafayette, during the years 1884
to 188(;, and established the fact of a dimorphism and alternation of

102

generations befure unknown among these insects in tliis country, was
represented in my rearings from wlieat stubble, collected from about
NeAV Harmony and Princeton, by tlie spring form miiiKfiiiu.

Isosoma tritici Fitch was also reared from wheat straw from these
localities. Specimens of the latter occurring among the former are quite
strongly contrasted, the latter being quite large for tliese insects and pos-
sessing fully developed wings, whereas tlie former are much smaller and
wingless. Reared also from EUjnnis ciryiiiiviis, an entirely new food plant
for the species.

LsosoiiKi iiKicHliifinii Howard was reared in considerable numbers from
the stems of clieat, liromiis srriiHiins. 'J"hi' si)('cies was described from
Individuals collected l)y me about Lafayette during .lune, ISSo, and May,
188G, but the food plant has up to tliis time remained unknown.

Isosomd albomacvlatii/i Ashmead, origina.lly described from AVest Vir-
ginia, was reared from lirnniiia scciiliiiiis in great nniiiliers, ;ilso to a lesser
extent from tlie stems of Kli/iinis riri/'micKs.

Isosoiint cli/ini Frencli was rc-ired in in'ofnsion from Kli/iim.s. This
species, at one time supposed to lie a wlieat ins(>ct, confines itself strictly
to the grasses. I liave iie\ci- rcai-cd it from whe.it straws and liave never
reared Ixohoiiki iiniiKU ri-om anything else except wheat.

Isitsoiiiii I fliiripi's) liordii Harris was reai'cd fi'oni steins of Kli/nnis cdii-
(i(h')isls and in such niunl)ers as to give economic importance to the fact.
The rearing of the .Joint Woi'in species. /. lionlri. and one of the wheat
straw worm species, /. frilici. fi-oiii Elininix. lioth of wliicli are wlieat in-
sects, shows very jilainly that though the farmer may overcome these in
his cultivated fields, unless he is careful to destroy tliese grasses growing
along roadsides and in unciiltivalcd ti(>lds. ;i continual rcinfestjition will
be going on, and he must tight his foes in the grasses as well as in his
cultivated grains. Besides these, thei'e is a species of Isosoma, of which
I have only been aide to rear the male, Init the larvic of which infest the
stems of Triciispis scslo-oiticx. and I have r(>ared tliese from stems col-
lected near Orleans, Indiana. There is probably still another species of
Isosoma. at present not distinguishable from /. lihiifntiis Howard. Tliis
last had until now been known '>nly fi'om rye straw in California. I did
not rear this from Indiana, but in Illinois the common cheat, Bromus
secdJiiiiis, appears to he its sole food plant. The larva:" are found in the
stems, and as the stems of cheat in Indiana contain an abundance of

io;3

birvH' it is not unlil^cly that those of this species are amons' tliem. It is
not nnlikely to be fonnd infesting rye also.

Tori/iint.s spV This is parasitic on the Isosoma hirvo? infesting the stems
of Tri€iisi>is.

Another species of parasitic Hymenoptera has been determined as a
new species of a new genus of the family Enc\irtidu\

Eiiriitoina nov. sp. This was reared from the stems of Eli/iniis cdii-
(idciisis, the adults emerging in late August.

J'draptcromaliis iso.snniatis Ashmead, nov. gen. et. sp. This is parasitic
on a cell inhaliiting Isosohki. affeeting EJijiiivs. The adults appear in late
summer and at once proceed to oviposit in the occupied cells of the
Isosomas. That is to say, they have developed in the bodies of their
liosts while the latter have l)een in tlie process of development and. now.
oviposit in the fully grown larv;i\ there being tluis two broods of the
parasite to one of the host.

Coccideiirj/rtiis [hinis Ashmead. nov. sp. This is doubtless connected
in some manner with a coccid that inhabits the stems of Eli/iiiiif!.

OHyosita (oiicricaiia Ashnu-ad, nov. sp. This is an egg parasite and
l)elongs to a genus not before reported from America. A single species
is known from Europe and three from the island of Ceylon.

Elasuiii-s irclislcri Aslimead, nov. sp. Reared from either the stems of
Elymus or from the stubble of wheat, in either case it is probably in some
way connected with some species of Isosoma.

Xfiufhov)ie!j)tiix iitfirocldnm Ashmead, nov. gen. et. sp. Reared from
stems of Ehjiiuts. )»ut not proliably in connection with the Isosomas.

The following were reared in considerable numbers from leaves and
stems of grasses about Champaign and Urbana, Illinois, within which the
host insects were feeding, and doubtless are to be found in Indiana also.

Poh/iicin-d citriprs Ashmead, nov. sp. Reared from stems of Eraijrostis
poaoidcs. an egg parasite Avhose exact host is unknown.

I'cdohiiis wehstcri Ashmead, nov. sp. Parasitic on a dipterous leaf
miner affecting I'diiirinii prolifdriii l»y mining in the tips of the leaves.
As I have found the same leaf attack in various localities in Indiana,
presumably done liy tlie same dipteroiis insect, it is not at all unlikely
that tlie parasite is also found in Indiana, as I have reared them in great
numliers from about T'rliana, Illinois. Only one othei- species of this
genus is known, and it is also a dipterous parasite.

104

Prelimixary Llst (IF (tall-I^roducing Insects Common to

Indiana.

Mel T. Cook.

For the past two yenrs the writer has beeu very much interested in
gall-producing insects and in the structures produced by Vhem. Among
other very interesting phases of this problem is the question of dlstrilni-
tion. We know very little of the distribution throughout the country and
nothing of tlie distribution in Indiana.

My collection ot galls includes over 200 species, collected in the states
of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio. Those collected in Indiana are all from
Putnam County and about seventy species are included. Of this number,
I have accurately determined forty species. These forty species represent
five orders (including Acarina) and eighteen genera. The host plants
represent ten orders, twelve families and fourteen genera.

The order and families of the host plants are the following:

Orih'ri<. Familioi.

Salicales, Salicaceae.

Jiiglandales, Juglandaceae.

Fagales, Fagaceae.

Urticales, Ulmaceae.

( Hamanielidaceae.

Resales, ■[ Rosaceae.

t Caesalpinaceae.

Sapindales, Aceraceae.

Rliamuales, Vitaceae.

Malvales, Tiliaceae.

Gentianales, Oleaceae.

Campanulales, Compositeae.

The following is a list ol llie insects and host plants Icnown positively
to occur in Indiana:

HEJIIPTERA.

1. Hormaphis hamamelis. Fitch — Hamamelis Virgiuiana L.

2. Colopha ulmicola, Fitcli — Ulmus Americana L.

3. Pemphigus ulmi-fusus, Walsh — Ulmus Americana L.

4. Scliizoneura Americana, Riley — Ulmus Americana L.

10(

5. Phylloxera caryae-avenae, Fitch— Hicoria alba (L) Britton.

6. Phylloxera caryae-glohuli, Walsh— Hicoria alba (L) Britton.

7. Pliylloxera caryae-fallax, Riley— Hicoria alba (L) Britton.

8. Phylloxera caryae-caulis, Fitch— Hicoria alba (L) Britton.

9. Phylloxera caryae-depressa, Shimer— Hicoria alba (L) Britton.

„, , f (Vitis ^^llpina L.

10. Phylloxera vastatrix, Planchon-|^^,.^.^ ^.^^^^^. LeConte.

11. Pachypsylla celtidis-mammae, Riley— Oeltis occidentalis L.

LEPIDOPTERA.

12. Trypeta solidaginis, Fitch— Solidago Canadensis L.

13. Gelechia gallae-solidaginis— Solidago Canadensis L.

DIPTERA.

14. Cecidomyia verrucicola, O. S.— Tilia Americana L.

15. Cecidomyia pilulae, Walsli- Quercus sp. (many species).

16. Cecidomyia salicis-strobiloides, Walsli— Salix sp .

17. Cecidomyia salicis-semen, Walsh— Salix sp .

18. Cecidomyia salicis-siliqua, Walsh— Salix sp .

19. Cecidomyia salicis-aenigma, Walsh — Salix sp .

20. Cecidomyia gleditschae, O. S.— Gleditsia triacanthos L.

21. Cecidomyia solidaginis, Loew— Solidago Canadensis L.

22. Cecidomyia pellex, O. S.— Fraximis Americana L.

HYMENOPTERA.

23. Andricus seminator, Harris— Quercus alba L.
21. Andricus petiolicola, Bassett— Quercus sp .

25. Andricus palustris, O. S.— Quercus palustris Du Roi.

26. Andricus clavula, O. S.— Quercus alba L.

27. Andricus papillatus, O. S.— Quercus sp .

28. Amphibolips inanis, O. S.— Quercus rubra L.

29. Amphibolips confluentus, Harris— Quercus sp .

30. Callirhytis tumifica, O. S.— Quercus alba L.

81. Holcaspis centricola, O. S.— Quercus palustris DuRoi.

32. Holcaspis globulus, Fitch— Quercus alba L.

33. Biorhiza forticornis, Walsli— Quercus alba L.

34. Acraspis erinacete, Walsh— Quercus alba L.

35. Rhodites bicolor, Harris— Rosa sp .

lOG

ACARIXA.

36. Phytoptus abnonuis, Garman— Tilia Americana L.

37. Phytoptus acerieola, Garman— Acer saccharinum L.

38. Pliytoptus quadripes, Sliimer— Acer saeeliarinum L.

39. Pliytoptus ulmi, Garman— Ulmus Americana L.
•40. Erineum anomalum — Juglans nigra L.

From the Ml.ove lists it will be seen that we have reiiivscutatives from
every orJer of insects which produce galls, except Colcoptera.

r)oul»tless the number ,,f -all-producing hisecfs in Indiana will far
exceed 300 species. I sliould b,- vitv glad if members of tlu' Academy
will send specimens to me. Specimens may be sent either fresh or dry
or in formalin. Always send enough of the host plant to enable deter-
mination.

Notes on J)eformei» K.mhrvos.

Mf.l T. Cook.
It is well l<nown tli;it cMremes of tenipcr;itniv will proiluce malformed
embry.ts. but it is also pr..bal>le tliat ni:ill'onna1 ions may result from
other causes.

La.st spring the students in n.y class in embi-yology found a very large
number of deformed clii,-i< eniliryos. The most .•ouunon malformation
was two or more blastoderms, but in many c.-ises the emlirvos did not

/

develop beyond the formation of the jirinutive streak. The farthest
developed and most remai'kable defornuty was in the case of two embryos
.so placed that anterior ends wei-e joined and the posterior ends extending
ui opposite directions. .Judging from the mesoblastic somites, the em-

lot

bryos were about forty-eight hours of hicubatlon, there being eleven well-
defined somites in one and sixteen in the other. The neural canal was
partially closed, but only one brain vesicle in each case was developed.
Between the two anterior ends was a mass of much distorted structures
and apparently including several gill arches.

The eggs were secured from relial)le parties, and I have every reason
to consider them fresh and that they had been properly cared for. My as-
sistant assures me that the temperature of the incubator was regular and
that all conditions were normal.

The slide from which tlie drawing was made was prepared V)y Mr.
Charles Sudranski.

The Laice Laboratory at Sandusky, Ohio.
Mel T. Cook.
The past few years has v\'itnessed a wonderful increase in facilities
for biological worl^. Among the most noticeable features has been the
estal)lislnnciit of summer laboratories especially adapted for biological
research until we now have six marine and a larger number of inland
laboratories. Since the character of l)iological work is so dependent upon
the locality, and since each locality presents certain problems peculiar to
itself, each of these laboratories has certain advantages over its friendly
rivals and the itinerant biologist has the opportunity of reaping the bene-
fits from all. He meets his fellow-worker and studies the varied fauna
and flora under the most favorable conditions.

Among the earliest of these laboratories was the Lake Laboratory at

Sandusky, Ohio, which was first opened in 1895, under the direction of

Professor Kellicott, of the Ohio State University. In ISDS Professor

Kellieott died and the laboratory came under the direction of his successor.

Prof. Herbert Osboru, the present director.

The laboratory was at first intended for investigation only, and for
the first four seasons was used by only three or four workers. In 1899
there were fourteen investigators and it was then decided to offer regular
courses; this was done in 1900 and eacli succeeding year. For the past
three seasons the increase in interest has been very pronounced. In 1902
there were twenty-four students and six instructors; of the twenty-four

log

Upper Floor, Lake Laborator

Proposed Site.

109

students, sixteen ^vore graduates and eight of these were engaged in

investigations.

The laboratory is nnder the control of the Ohio State University and
under the direct management of the President of the University and of
the director. The equipment consists of three boats and the necessary
dredges for working on the aquatic fauna and flora. The microscopes,
microtomes, other apparatus and library are supplied from the Ohio State
University laboratories.

Thus far the work has been conducted in the building of the Ohio

Cedar Point Beach, Looking West.

State Fish Commission, but appropriations have been made for the erec-
tion of a new building especially for this work. It is expected that tlus
building will be ready for use in mK^. This will give more and better
facilities to meet the increasing demands. Ample arrangements will be
made for the general courses, both for students and for teachers in the
secondary schools. Special elTorts will be made to accommodate advanced
students in graduate courses and to provide opportunities for independent
research by investigators in the many fields of biology.

While the control of the laboratory will probably remain with the
Ohio State university, other institutions will be invited to cooperate and

110

• ■very effort will l.e iimde to ui.-ikc tlic Inl.onitovy of spoeial service to
the biologist of the inland states.

The location is accessible from all parts of the Central West. The
climate is healthfnl and conducive lo summer work.

The flora is one of the ridiest in the country. Accordiui;- to Mosely's
"Sandusky Flora" it contains 3tK» moi'e species tlian have been reported
from any other locality of like dimensions in the State of Ohio. The flora
is also more extensive than that reported from other parts of North
America. Most plants native to Ohio, with tlie I'.xception of those charac-
teristic of the Ohio River couutit>s and Si)ha!;num swamps, are found
Avithin the range of the Sandusky I'lora. It also includes Kr, species not
reported in the Canadian catalogue and si.xty-seveu .species not known in
Michigan, and many species cliaracleristic: of wi'stt-rn and southern re-
gions.

This wonderful tloi'a is due largely to the climate and geology, the
lake i)r(»lecting the south shore from the cold winds of the north and thus
allowing many southern plants lo extend their northern limits.

The lake, tlie liays. the mai-shes. the rivers, Ihe deep ravines, the rocky
sliore line, tlu- mud and sand bea<-hes. tiie sand dunes, the various kinds
of soil, the pr.-iirie. and th(> woods, all tend to give desirable conditions
for tills very I'ich and sti'iking tiora.

All of tlie .above conditions, together with the varied food supply
'"•■"'^'"•'l ^'y "'*' '■'«•'' •••'' .-'ve an e.imilly varied and remarkable fauna.

Ill

KEPOKTS FROM THE INDIANA UNIVEKSITY P>10-
LOGICAL STATION AT AVINONA LAKE*

(1. The Individuality of the Maternal and Paternal Chromo-
somes IN the Hybrid Between Fundulus IIetero-

CLITUS AND MeNIDIA NoTATA.
W. J. MOEXKHAUS.

[Abstract.]
In the hylirid l.rtw*"on F,ni<IiiUis Inirrnrlitus aiia Mnmiia untafa it is
possible to distinguish the chroinosoines that come from earh parent.
The chromosomc^s of FumJuhis hcta-oclitus are long and straight Avhlle
those of MrnMia nntuta are short and slightly enrved. This difference
thev maintain in the hybrids. They ean best be distinguished during the
anaphases. They can not be distinguished in the resting stage. During
the Hrst two <-leavages each kind of chromosome remains grouped biUit-
terallv upon the spindle. After the second cleavage they become mingled
npon the spindle, but the two kinds still retain their iudividuality and
can readily be identitied They have been thus traced to a late cleavage
stage, as far as was attempted.

6. An Extra Pair of Appendages Modified for Copulatory
I'URPOSES IN Camisarus Viridis.

W. J. MOENKHAUS.

Among the crayfishes used for dissection in the laboratory we came
npon a specimen that had three pairs of abdominal appendages modi-
tied for copulatory purposes. This is the lirst time I have ever seen such
abnormality and. furthermore, have not been able to find mention ni
literature of a similar occurrence. I have, therefore, thought it worth
while to make a nole of it.

The specimen belonged to the species viridis and was about three
inches in length. Unfortunately the specimen had been so much mu-

^T^^^^nlnbuHmi's from the /oologicnl Laboratory of Indiana Iniver.ity un.ler the direc-
tion of C. 11. Eigenmann. No. 53.

112

tilated in th. <lisse.tiou hy the timo tho .•.hnonualit.v ums nnticed that it
wns out of tlu> question to s^t a i.kotoyraph of alJ th. appeudagos in
position. I. therefore, preserved the appendages and give herewith a
drawing of the posterior view of Ijoth.

The first and second pairs of appendages were modified in the usual
way and in no way differed from the coi-responaing appendages in the
"ornial males of the same species. The additionally modified third pair

Fig. 1.

.vsenil.le in plan almost exactly the second pair.. The exopod and the
segmented fiabellum of the endopod are much less reduced and much more
extensively provided with feathered seta> tluui the second p.-Ur They «re
of about the same size and in positional. verge and fit against the second
pair Of appendages mnch In the same manm.r that these do against the
hrst. AMiether they were in any way fuuelional I am. nf eourse, umiblo
to sav.

r. Description of a New Species of Darter from Tippecanoe

Lake.

W. J. MOENKHAUS.

During the summer of ISDC. while collecting large quantities of Per-
cina caprodes in Tippecanoe Lake, a single large specimen of darter was
taken which could not be identified with any described species. I thought
then and since, until recently, that it might be a hybrid betw(.en Perchia
caprodes and Hadropterus aspro becaWe of evident intermediate charac-
ters. After holding the specimen for six years with the hope that other
specimens might be taken, I last year published a note in the Proceeding's
of the Imlmna Academy* under the title "An Ab..rrant Ethcstoma" in

'■■ For 1902, pp. 115-116,

ii;]

Avliicli I briettj' described the specimen and compared it with Perciua
caprodes and Iladropterus aspi'o. Last summer the sandbars on the
sontli side of the east end of the lalce were again extensively seined and
among some 500 or 600 Percina caprodes two small specimens— probably
that summer's brood— Avere taken which, beyond a doubt, are similar to
the specimen which had been taken six years previously in a part of the
lake three or four miles distant. Among a peck of darters from a part of
Tippecanoe Lake that the labels do not indicate, collected in 1898 by some
students of the Indiana University Biological Station, I found three simi-
lar specimens, making in all six specimens of this tj'pe from different
parts of the lake. There can no longer be any doubt that we have to do
with a distinct species and, so far as I can determine, the species is un-
described. This new species is among the most beautiful and largest of
the darters. It gives me the greatest pleasure to name the species for Dr.
Barton Warren Evermanu, icthyologist, of the U. S'. Fish Commission,

HADUOI'TEKU8 EVEUMANNI Moenkhaus.
(New Species. )

Head 4; depth G.IO; D. XVI, 14; A. II, 11; scales 8- 70-9.

The form of the body is much like that of II. aspro, rather elongate,
fusiform, somewhat compressed posteriorly, but less pointed anteriorly.
;\Iouth moderately large, maxillary reaching to the pupil; the cleft of
mouth almost horizontal, lower jaw included; eye large, about equaling
snout; interorbital rather broad, flat; gill membranes free from isthmus
and separate; opercular spine and flap well developed; preopercle entire.

All scales ctenoid; nape with fewer, smaller, embedded scales; median
ventral line in one specimen provided with a row of closely set, slightly
enlarged scales, a second specimen has three or four such scales, the re-
maining specimens are without scales; the breast naked; opercle with
closely set ctenoid scales slightly smaller than those on the body; cheeks
with fewer still smaller, embedded ctenoid scales; lateral line complete,
slightly arched over pectorals.

Pectoral and ventral fins about equal in length, measuring one and
one-third in head; origin of spinous dorsal one-third the distance between
the snout and base of caudal; origin of tlie soft dorsal and the anal equi-
ilistant from the snout, one and one-half in Ixidy length; the spinous dor-

8— Acadi'iny of .Sciem/c.

114

Sill sdiiicwliiit lunger tluin llic sdl'l ddrsal and tiic latter than tlic anal;
these three tins are al)ont the same heiiiht. the order of tlieir heiuht in
an aseeudiny series being spinous dorsal, soft dorsal, anal: th.eir height
equals two iii head.

The color patterns suggest -.xn intermediate type between I'crchui
<-a[)V()(Jcs and Hadroijtcnis UKpro. Sides \\ itli aliout iiineceen large, distinct
black blotches which, especially along the middle region, alternate with
smaller ones, these often being the ventral ends of more or less well
developed transverse bars. The dorsal side with a series of large quad-
rate blotches alternating and anastomosing witli variously (IcncIoixmI
transverse bars. The color pattern is of the ti'ansverse tyi)i" I'atlier tlian
the longitudinal characteristics of //. (i^in-n and nni'-riitciiJidhiiii. In tlie
older specimen this dorsal patti>ru becomes more dilTuse and less regular.
I>orsal two-thirds of opercle and llie iqipcr part of clieek, lilack. A dis-
tinct Idaclc band extends downward :ind .-inotlier. more diffuse, forward
from the eye. I'.oth dorsals ;ind the caudal lin, liarrcd. pectorals indis-
tinctly so; ventrals and anal, plain. .\ Idadc siiot at th;- liase of the caudal.

lAin.i; OK MKASrHE.ME.XTS .\\l) (OIN rs OK .\[.L TUK SI'I ;(I M KXS.

Numlier of specimen- 1 1^ :'> 4 o (» Av.

Length of body TT.IIO 4'.l.ili) 7,iUM .j."'..(>0 4;i.(io TAMi) ....

Head in length A.iC, ?,.H2 3.84 3.93 :'..1»2 3.i»2 :'..!»1

D<>pth in length 0.1(1 T.dO f).25 O.ll ('..30 .... (;.3(i

i:yc in head 3.Sl) ?,X,7> :>,.42 3.71) 3.'.>0 4.30 3.81

Snout in head 3.!V. 4.(M> 3. 82 4.(;(; 4.17 4.:'..", 4.14

IMa.xillary in head 3.r.8 IS.C.j 3,71 4.(;(; 4.17 4.1i:'. 4, no

Interorbital in head 4,(« 5.13 5.20 4.(;a 4.17 r..20 4.83

Pectorals in head 1.3(3 1.28 1.30 1.21 l.r.O 1.3(> 1.33

Ventrals in head ...... 1.31 1.42 1.32 1.40 1..3i) 1.44 1.38

Spinous I), from snout. 3.20 2.88 2.02 3.23 3.0(5 3.18 3,08

Soft dorsal from snout. l.CO 1.58 l.Gfi 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.59

Anal from snout l.Cl 1..-.8 1.01 1.(52 1..58 1..59 1.00

Dorsal fin— XVI. 14 XIV. 14 X\M4 XIV,i:; XIV, 15 XI V,!.'.

Anal fin-II,ll 11.10 11,10 11.11 11,11 11.11
Scales-7-79-9 9-84-12 9-84-11 S-S2-11 9-S2-12 8-84-11 82

The species is most closely related to llddrdittvni^ iispro and Ihidroi)-
tcnis nKicrocritJidliim. From the formei- it differs most sti-ikingly in tiie
color i)attern. especially that of tlie dorsal side, which is transverse in

115

type rather than loiigitiuliiial, and hi the greater nnmlier of scales, which
hi tliis species are ctenoid instead of cycloid, ou the cheeks and opercles.

Type No. 9785. Museum In.diana University.

Cotype No. 07SG. Museum Indiana T'nivt'rsity.

Cotypes have also been deposited in the U. 8. National Museimi, U. S.
Fish Commission, INIuseum of Stanford Universitj' and British Museum
of Natural History.

d. Myxomycetes of Lake AVinona.
Fred Mutchlek.

With the advice and consent of Dr. C. A. King, I decided to take the
time not required in teaching during tlie Station Session of 1902 in mak-
ing a systematic study of tliC Myxomycetes of the lake neighl)orliood
and this report shows tlie result of the work.

The season was one especially I'avoralile for such a study, inasmuch
as tilt' frecjuent warm lains were very conducixe to a luxuriant growth
of all kinds of fiuigi.

This list is Iiy no means i-omplete, though I feel sure that it contains
the majority of the forms indigenous to tlie region. Had it l)een possilile
to continue the study for another month I feel siu-e that the list Avould
have been very materially increased, for myxomycetes were as plentiful
at the close as they were at the opening of the station work.

Quite a numlter of specimens were collected on special excursions to
Turkey Lake, Tippecanoe River, and North Manchester. I have included
in this list species found on rhose trips that I did not I'lnd at "NVinona.
The locality of such species is indicated in every case. All others were
collected in the immediate neighborhood of the lake.

Di<hjuiiinii )ti(jriprs I found gTOwing Octol)er 20, on Sphagnum that
I brought to Clark University from the lake. On November 21 I noticed
the same species growing on rabbits' dung that I had also brought from
there.

My first attempt Ava>i to follow the classification and nomenclature as
given in Lister's ^Nlycetozoa. I soon found, however, that there are species
here not given in that work, and I therefore used McBride's Myxomy-
cetes of North .America in connection with it.

IIG

The list including eighty-six species belonging to twenty-ohe gehei'rt
is as follows:

1. Ceratomyxa porioides (Alb. anil Sclnv.) Schroeter. Very common on
decayed wood from July 1 to August 10. Frequently found covering
almost the entire surface of decaying trunks.

2. I'hijsarum viride Pers. Collected at least on three different trips,
June 27, July 13, and July 20. On bark of fallen trees.

3. P. iJiiJchripcs Peck. Found in one collection, July 3. On bark of
an old oak stump.

//. 1'. nutans Pers. Collected in considerable quantities from bark of
fallen elm, July '.).

5. P. poJinnorphum. Found spreading in large patches over bark of
a beech stump and on lilades of grass and leaves of briars nearl)y, July
14. Turkey Lake.

G. P. vcfroideum Rost. Brought into the laI)oratory several times.
Collected from bark of fallen Cottonwood, July 17.

7. P. (/albeinn Wingate. On oak bark, July IS.

S. P. iiurisculpium Cooke. On decaying leaves. Turkey Lake, July 14.

,9. P. niicleutum Rex. Not common. Bark of fallen ash, July 20.

10. p. macidatum McBr. On decaying wood in considerable quantity,
.inly 24.

//. /'. didcrmoidrs Rost. A single specimen collected on a decaying
sycamore stump, .Inly 21.

l.i. P. n<)diil(jsinit Cooke and P.alfour. On fallen trunks, July 15.

/.)'. y. (jlohiilifci-inn Pers. July ;'>1. Decayed wood.

J'j. P. ohrusscum Berk and Curtis. Collected from a fallen poplar
trunk near North Manchester, August 3.

J 5. P. melleum Mass. Found in small quantity on decaying leaves
in woods near North Manchestei", August 3.

]C). ]'. cilriiniiii Schumacher. Collected along with 7*. fiirllniiii. Noi'th
Manchester, August 3.

17. P. ciiicrciiiii Pers. Found on a growing fern frond in woods near
Tii)pecanoe River, August 5.

IS. J'lij/sdnlld )iiir(ihilis Peck. Found literally covering the inside of
a liollow sycamoi'e stump near the biological laboratory, July 7.

I!). TihiKidoclic conipactd. AVingate. One specimen collected on oak
bark, .Inly :!0. Does not seem to !)•• plentiful.

IIY

20. Si)uiiiiiri(i iiIIki I). C. Very foniinon on stems jiiul leaves of herb-
aceous plants througliont the month of Julj-.

21. Fvligo scptica Gmelin. Alost common of any species collected.
Could be found any day throughout the season.

22. F. violacea Pers. Rare, collected from decayed oak stump, July 19.

23. LcocariJKS reniicosits Link. Only a small quantity collected from
the bark of an oak log, July 29.

2Jf. Tuhiiliiia fnKjifonnis Pers. Quite common on decaying wood dur-
ing the month of July.

25. T. stiiutata Rost. Only a single specimen. Collected from decayed
oak stump, July IS.

26. Craterinin leucoccphaliim Ditmar. Found frequently on bark of
twigs, July 20 and 29.

27. ('. 711 ill nil II III Berk, and Curt. Found only once. Blades of grass,
July 31.

28. Didijmiitm cnistaceiiiii Fries. On green blades of grass and leaves.
Turkey Lake, July 14.

29. D. nifjripis Fries. Found growing on Sphagnum and rabbit dung
collected at Winona Lake.

30. atcmonitis fusca rarictii (/cniiiiKi, Roth. Collected in abundance
from decaying Avood, July 4.

31. *S'. fvsca variety rufesccnii Roth. A single specimen from dccnye(l
oak stump, June 2o.

32. S. spJetidois Rost. Quite common on all kinds of decaying wood.
June, July and August.

33. 8. Siiiithii jNIcBr. Found in great tufts at l)ase of decaying oak
stump, June 2U.

34. S. iiiaxima Schweinitz. Quite common. July.

35. S. pallidd Wingate. Collected in small quanlKy cm liai'k of fallen
oak, July 10.

■ ii). S. Miinjaiii Peck. Collected in plentiful (iiiantities on decayed
oak trunk, .Inly Ki.

37. S. C(troHuciisi.i INIcKr. Found growing, July IT. on the stump
where aS'. Siiiifhii had been collected June 20. S. Siiiitliii was not found
at this time.

3.S. S. hcrhatica Peck. Single specimen. Blades of grass. July 17.

3d. H. yinjiiiiciiisis Rex. Collected from oak bark along with »S'. ni-
ijreiicens, July 14. Turkey T-ake.

118

.'lO. S. nUjrescens Rex. Turkey Lake, July 14.

J,1. S. Wehhcri Rex. On fallen elm. July 14. Turkey Lake.

42. S. conflue)is Cooke and P^llis. Collected in consideraltle quantities
from bark of fallen oak trunk. .Tuly 20. Probably rare.

J/S. Comatricha stciuonitis .Sheldon, (^uite common on decayins wood.
Collected frequently during July.

.'/). C. irregularis Rex. On fallen cottonwood trunk, July 17.

J/o. C. Subsdorfil Ellis and Everliardt. Single specimen collected July
30. on an old rail fence.

.'iG. C. ti/phoidcs Rost. Found quite itlentiful on dead wood near North
IManchester, August 3.

J/J. C. cquuHs Peck. Not common. Collected from a l)oai'd fence
July 30.

.'/.S. Dirtijdiion iimhllicdtjiiii Schnulcr. Collected in great abundance
on varloiis kinds of decaying wood dm'ing tlie month of July.

J/O. CrihnirUt teiiella Schrader. Collected in large (luantities on very
badly decayed wood. June 25 to July 2S.

50. C. (licti/dioides Cke. and Balf. Very common. Quite a large de-
caying oak trunk was found l)y the elementary students, wliih- collecting.
July 17, that was literally covered with this species.

r>L C. microcdrim Pers. Taken in sulist.-intial (innntities from decay-
ing wood at Turkey Lak(\ July 14. Also near Tippin-anoc River, Au-
gust ."..

52. C. umrrociirixi Schradci'. On rotton wcod, July :10.

.')■]. ('. niuiiitissinni Scliweinit/.. This species taken only once but in
consideralile (luantity then. On a lichen covered oak trunk, July 20. On
account of its smaljness it is pi-o))al)ly often overlooked by collectors.

.<'/. Arcyria incarnata Pers. Very common. Collected many times on
all kinds of decayed wood, June 2(5 to August 20.

55. A. cincrca Pers. Found abundantly diu'ing July on decayed wood.

56. A. flara Pers. On decaying inajile. July 4.

57. .4. iniuicca Pers. Perhaits tlie most common of the Arcijrias.
Collected on almost every trip during tlie entire time the station work
was going on.

5S. A. fcrnniiiira Saut(>r. Found growing on old decaying cornstalks.
July 4.

59. A. uicanKifii iiodiiJoxa Mcl'.r. On decaying birch, July 10.

119

GOj A. (lifntiitd Vers. Quite common on docMving maple. The spoi-;in-
gia are usually eolhctcd in tufts of from four to twelve. July 10.
Gl. A. poiiiifoniiis Itost. Found along with A. di<jitata, July 10.

62. A. vitclUna Phillips. Turkey Lake. July 1^.

63. A. CErstcdfii Rost. Growing on decayed wood maple and cotton-
wood, July 2.").

G'l. A. Diiiijini liex. On decaying trunks. Tippecanoe River, August 5.

65. A. alhidd I'ers. A'ery common on dead wood of various kinds.
July, August.

66. Uriiiitricliiii i-l(tnil(i Rost. Collected from decaying watery trunks,
July :j.

67. //. ruhijOniiis Lister. \'cry common. T'sually found growing on
the watery decaying wood under the hark of fallen trunks. Sporangia
are often sessile.

GS. H. hitortd Listei". On decaying oak. .luly 17.

6!l. II. .slipiliitd Mass. Onlv a small specimen collected from water
soaked wood, July 21.

70. H. scrpiihr Rost. Found in al)undance in the iimer hark of water
soaked wood. Tippecanoe River. August 5.

77. Ophiothccd cliviimsprnnd {'wvvvy. Collected .Tuly 2(1 and 2S. on inner
hark of fallen willow trunks.

7.?. 0. Wri(i]itii Berk, and Curt. Collected in consi(R'ral»le quantit.v
on inner hark of fallen elm trunks Jul.v 2."!.

7;?. Olii/oiiriiid )iifr)is Rost. Collected in small (luantit.v in decaying
wood near Noi-tJi ^Manchester. August :!.

7'/. <>. pdiidiiin ^Mass. Found along with <>. nifnis. North Manchester.
August ;j.

7.5. ro'iclidciia cdrticdli.^i Rost. Collected in small (]uautity on fallen
elm trunk under outer hark. July :'>0.

76. P. rariahilis Rost. On inner l)ark of willow trunk, July 30.

77. TricJiid coiifdiid Rost. Collected only in small (juantity, July 8,
in decayed wood of oak stump.

7N. 7'. (iffinis DeBary. Found in ccmsiderahle (juantity in decaying
maple, July 8.

79. T. fdlld.r I'ers. (,)uite common on various decaying woods, July 10.

SO. T. fardiiiiird I'ers. Collected ([uite frequently on various woods
during the month of August. More alunidant than any other memher of
the genus.

120

81. T. scdhra Kost. Collected froiii decayed wood near Tippecanoe
River, August 5.

82. T. pcrsiiiiUis Karst. Single specimen collected July 20. Decayed
elm.

S.3. T. lowensis McBr. Found growing in rotten wood near Tippe-
canoe River, August 5.

84. Lijcogala erujiiinn Morg. Not common. Collected only once.
June 26.

85. L. flaro fiiscuiii Rost. Several specimens collected from water
soaked decaying wood. Turkey Lake, July 14.

86. L. miniaUim Pers. Very common on all kinds of decaying trmiks.
This species was found on almost every collet-ling trip.

e. The Plankton of Wixona Lake.
Chance Y Judav.

Winona Lake is one of the numerous lakelets found in northern In-
diana. It is located in Kosciusko County about one mile (l.G kilometers)
southeast of the city of Warsaw. Concerning the physical features of
the lake but little need be said as two hydrographic maps showing many
of these points, have been published; one by Large in 189G (Proc. Ind.
Acad. Sci., 1S9G) and another by Xorris in 1901 (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci.,
1901). The lake is irregular in ouUine and has an average length north
and south of al)out one and an eighth miles (1.8 kilometers) and an aver-
age widtli east and west of al>out seven-tendis of a mile (1.1 kilometers)
witli a large bay extending westward from the north end. It has an
area of about 0.9 of a square mile (2.3 square kilometers) and a maximum
depth of eighty-one feet (twenty-five meters). Two small creeks flow
into the southeastern portion of the lake and there are several large
springs along the east side.

The data for this paper were collected at the Indiana University
Biological Station during the summer of 1901. I wish to acknowledge
my indebtedness to Dr. C. H. Eigenmann, Director of the Station, for
many courtesies shoAvn me. I am also much indebted to Mr. Clarence
Kennedy and Mr. Heilman C. Wadsworth for their valuable assistance
both in making the observations and in the tedious work of counting the
material.

121

T U A X Sr A R E'XC Y.

The transparency of the water was determined by means of a Seechi's
disk, abont iifteen centimeters in diameter. The depth at which this disk
just disappeared from view varied from 2.1 meters as a minimum to 2.5
meters as a maximum.

TEMPERATURES.

The tliermophone and deep sea thermometer were not in Avorkiug
order so that the temperatures had to be tal^en bj^ means of a pump and
hose. Tliis metliod, of course, is subject to considerable error and the
results were found to be of comparatively little value except to determine
the location and extent of the thermocline, so that the distribution of the
plankton with regard to this region, might be studied.

The temperature observations were made in the deepest part of the
lake, and they consisted of eight sets in July and ten sets in Aiigust.
During July there was very little wind so that the upper stratum of water
was not disturbed to any great extent. As a result this stratum accu-
mulated considerable heat dm-ing this period. The surface temperature,
taken at a depth of eight or ten centimeters, averaged 28.0° C. for the
eight sets of observations, with 31.2° C. as a maximum.

During August, however, the wind was much stronger and the upper
stratum of water was much more thoroughly stirred up. As a result, the
average surface temperature for the ten sets of observations was 25.0°
with a maximum of 2G.0.°

Tlie thermocline consisted of a stratum of water three meters in thick-
ness. The difference in temperatiire between the top of this stratum and
tlie bottom of it varied between 9.0° and 12.0°. In July it extended
from four meters to seven meters, and in August from five meters to eight
meters. The downward movement was doulitless due to the stronger
winds prevailing in August.

The change in liottom temperature during the two months was very
slight, 7.5° being the minimum and 8.0° the maxinuun.

METHODS.

The plankton observations as well as the temperature observations
were made in the deepest part of the lake and by the pump method. An
ordinary pitcher pump, 1-inch garden hose, and a plankton net whose

122

straining part was made of Dnfonr's No. 2(i lioltiiiii- cloth, were used.
Tlie quantity of water strained for a catch was the amount produced by
forty strokes of the pumi*, which averaged 2'2.~) liters.

The counting method was used to determine the relative abundance
of the various plankton forms. In most cases 20 per cent, of the material
obtained in a catch was coimted, and the results thus obtained for the
various forms were multiplied l)y live in onb'r to determine the numl)er
of individuals in a whole catch, ^^'henl•ver a catch contained a compara-
tively small number of individuals, for example, the catches near the
surface in day time, the whole catch was counted. Also, ;\11 the indb
viduals of the hirger forms, such as p]pischin-a and Leptialoi'a, which are
readily recognizable with tlie naked eye. were counted.

The sets of observations may li(> divided iiili) five groups:

1. Twenty sets of day catclies which wvvr made not earlier than '.)
a. m., nor later ttian 4 p. m.

2. Six sets of night catches which, wilh one exception, wei'c niadi'
between 9 i). ni. and midnight. On Septembci' 2. a sei-ies was macb' as
early as 8 p. m.. Iiut this, however, was an hour and ;i h.ilf after sunset.

3. Four sets of evening catches were ma(b'. These were begun short-
ly before sunset and continued ;it lialf liour intervals .-in hour or more
after sunset.

4. The morning obsei'vations were begun one and a half to two hours
before sunrise and were continU(Ml at thirty minute interv,\ls until after
smu'ise. Six sets of these were made.

5. In Aiignst there were two sets of observations in which catches
were made at the surface at regular intervals during the entire night.
Both series were begun before sunset and continut'd until after sunrise.
Catches Avere nuule at half hour intervals until S and '.) p. m., respective-
ly, then every hour until ■"> and 4 a. m.. respectively, and again at half
Ikhu- int(>rvals mitil after s\nu-ise. The residts of these observations are
sliov.n in Figs, 1 to 4.

The tirst and second groups covered the entire depth of tlu^ lak(>
(twenty-five meters), while the catches of the third and fourth groups
were contined to the upper four meters. The fifth gioup consisted of
surface catches.

123

THE PLANKTON FORMS.

PHYTOPLANKTON.

The phytoplanktoii was made up of three forms, Ciathrocystis, Coe-
losphaerium and Oscinaria. Chithrocystis was much more abundant than
the other two forms as it made up about 75 per cent, of the total quan-
tity of phytoplanlcton.

CRUSTACEA.

Cope pod (I. —My thanlvs are due Prof. C. Dwight Marsh for his deter-
mination of the following- copepods:

EpiscJiiim hiciistris Forbes.

Diaptoiiuis orvgoncnsis Lillj.

Diapfoiniis hirgci Marsh.

Cyclops pidchelliis Koch.

Cyclops hrevispinosKS Herrick.

CycJops leiickarti Sars.

Cyclops alMdus Jurine.

Cyclops prasiinis Fischer.

Cyclops sernilatiis Fischer.

Ergasiliis.
The following concerning Diaptomus birgei is quoted from Professor
Marsh's letter: '"The finding of D. birgei is of great interest to me. I
described the species some years ago from a few specimens from New
Lisbon, Wisconsin, and have never seen a specimen since. I had begun
to fear tliat I had described a freak form and that the species would not
stand; )>ut here comes the creature in the proper proportions. It is a
little (pieer that I should have found it only in two such widely separated
localities, but doulitless it lives at some intermediate locations."
Clad or era. —The following linmetic forms were found:

Daphnia hyalhia Leyd.

Daphnia pulene De G. var. pulicaria Forbes.

Daphnia retrocurva Forbes.

DiapJiaiiosonia Jtydchynntm Sars.

Ccriodaphnia laciistris Birge.

Lcptodora hynlina Lillj.

Clii/donis.

Bos mi)} (I.

124

Littoral forms:

I'lriira.nis proctirvaiits liirge.

ricnro.riis dciificiilnfiis Birge.

Enryccrciis Unnellatus O. F. JM.

Acroijcms harpae Baird.
The following- genera were represented by at least one species each.
Alalia, Gniptohbcris, and Siniocrphaliis.

Cypris and CorciJira larvic were fonnd in some of the catches.

KCniVFAiA.

Vowv lucinlMM-s (if tJiis gi'oup wei-e specifically identified, Triarthrd
IdiKjisctd, [inirai (-(jchlrai is. Aiiiinii aciilcdtd. and Noflioica Inngispinii. The
other mcmlicrs of the gronp liclongt'd to the genera AKplniicliiKi, I'oli/aiflini,
and \l(isti<i)t<-trcii.

CHANGE IN (H'ANTITY OF PLANKTON.

These ohsci-xations covered too l>ri<'f a period, .inly 10 to September .3,
to sliow mnch concerniug tlic increase nr (h'crease of the varions plankton
constif ntents. In general, it may lie said tliat tliei-e was comparatively
little change. There was ajiparently a slight in( re.-ise of the phytoplank-
ton, dne mainly to an increase of Clatlii-oeystis. Only two forms of the
Crustacea showed any change. Dnring August, tliert' was a perceptible
increase of Diaptomus and Cyclops. They were found to be tAvice as
numerous the fii'st of SeiUember as the last of .Tidy and first of August.

DIURNAL MOVEMENT.

Kpisclnird /(/c/rs-Zz/.s'. -Tliis form was not found regularly in the day
catches as it was iiresont in oidy six of tlie twenty day series. On these
six occasions it was confined to the thermocline, that is, between five and
seven meters. It was taken, however, in the surface catches of the six
night series. The time of its appearance at the surface varied from half
an hour to an hour and a half after sunset and it disappeared from the
surface about an hour before sunrise. In the all-night series of August
5-0, it was found in only one catch. This was ;it 1) p. m., live individuals
per 100 liters of surface water. In the all-night series of August 2T-2S,
it reached a niaxinuuu of l-tO per llXi liters at 8 p. m.

125

DifiptoiiiKn.—As uotcfl above, two species were present, but they were
not counted separately. For the most part, Diaptonuis remained in the
upper ten meters of the lake as those found below this depth constituted
less than 5 per cent, of the total number of individuals taken in either a
day or a night series. They were found at the surface in sixteen of the
twenty day series, but, with two exceptions, there was a marked increase
in the number of individuals at the surface at night. This increase varied
from five to twenty-five fold. The two exceptions were surface catches
made on cloudy days. These differed l»ut little from the night surface
catches. The increase at the surface usually began about sunset and the
gi'eatest decrease occiu'red half an hour to an hour before sunrise.

Fig. 1 shows the surface conditions for Diaptomus in the two all-night
series. The vertical spaces represent the numlter of individuals per hun-
dred liters of surface water and the horizontal spaces represent the time
between 0 p. m. and G a. m. The curves show a striking similarity of
conditions although the observations were separated by a time interval
of three weeks. They show that the maximum number was found at
the surface at 7:30 p. m. on both occasions. Both also show a decided
decrease during the next linlf lunir. a second l>ut smaller rise at midnight,
a third near morning, and a fourth is indicated for the period immediately
following sunrise. Diaptomus was not found in the surface catch on
August 5 at 11 a. m. and there were IGU i>er 100 liters on August 27 at
9 a. ni.

C i/clops.—fiexeval species were present but no attempt was made to
count them separately. They were distribiited through the entire depth
of the lake. Thej' were found at the surface in all the day catches. In
general, the night increase was comparatively small as it did not exceed
five fold. There Avas little or no difference between the surface catches
made on cloudy days and tliose made at night.

The curves of Fig. 2 represent the status of Cyclops in the two all-
night series. The early evening conditions differ a great deal as there is
no maximum in the curve for August 27-28 corresponding to the 7:30 p. m.
maximum of August 5-0. Beyond this, however, the curves are very
similar. The surface catch on August 5 at 11 a. m. showed a total of 160
Cyclops per 1(X» liters and there were 200 on August 27, at 9 a. m.

NaiipUi.— They were found throughout the entire depth of the lake
and showed no evidence of a movement.

12G

Er</a><iltts. — This form \v;is in'r,i;iilarl.v distributed in tlic upyer six
meters and showed no movement.

Daphnia liyaUna. — In tliis si)ecies, the yoimg and tlie adults were
counted separately. The ratio l)etween them was vei'v varialde. Tlie
young constituted frtnn 10 per cent, to 78 per cent, of tlie entire number
of individuals of a series. The young predominated near the surface on
bright sunny days and the adults predominated in the deeper strata.. In
all but one set of observations. 70 per cent, to 95 per cent, of the total
nunibci- (if />. lii/dliiia. were found in the uiiper seven meters and in this
one instance (iO per cent, were in tliis region.

Usually a few young were found at the surface in tlie daytime. Lilvc-
wise adults were found at the surface on two cloudy days Imt, on clear
days, they were at a depili of one to two meters. In tliree sets of ob-
servations, adidts appeared at the surface aliout half an hour after sun-
set, and on a fourth occasion about sunset. In Hve sets of morning ol)ser-
\atioiis, Ihe tinu' of tlieir disappearance from the surface varied from
nearly Iwd lionrs before sunrise as a maximum to tliirly minutes Itcfore
sunrise as a minimum.

I-'igs. :! and \ r(>present Iiolli young and adult in (lie all niglit sei'ics.
It will be noted that tlic curves for young and adull in each series cross
and recross each other, sho\\iiig thai the ratio between them was vei'y
variable. The two curves for adults do not show the similarity that tlie
curves foi- ]>iaptomus .iiid Cydoiis do. In fact, if plotted together, they
cross each other se\eral times, one cur\'e showing an increase of iudi-
^■iduals at the same hour that tli(> otliei- shows a decrease. In the lii'st
series, .\ugust .'i-O. the adults readied a iironoimced maximum at S ji. in.,
while in the series of August •_'7-'JS. two e(iii,il maxima were observed, one
at 7:."'.o p. m. and the otlier ;it lo ]). ni.

There is the same la<-k of similarity between tlie curves repi'eseiiting
the young. The tirst series showed a iiiaximum of young at S p. in. ami
tile second at 4:.".0 a. m.

IhijiJiiiid imliciniii. — It occuiiied tlie region lietween the middle of the
thermocliue and tlie bottom. It was usually most numerous within one
to three meters of the bottom. Ther(> was practically no diurnal move-
ment. Adults were found at the surface in one evening catch and at a
depth of only one meter in a night catch. These were th(> only indica-
tions of a movement,

127

DdpJniia rdrociina. — It was rnrely found at a gTeater depth thau
seven meters. liotli youn.i;' and adult were one to three meters below the
surface on clear days. Both appeared at the surface in the evening about
half an hour after sunset. In tiie morning-, however, the adults left the
surface before the young. The young usually disappeared about siuirise
wliile the adults moved down from tlie surface an hour or more before
sunrise. The surface maxinnun of young and adults combined, was found
three-quarters of an hour after sunset in the first all-night series and
lialf an liour later in the second, aliout S p. m. in eacli case.

l)i(il)h(innsi)iii(i Jtrdclii/uniiii. — A (■(unitaratively small number of this
species was found. It was rather irregular in its movements but, in gen-
eral, it appeared at the surface thirty to forty-five minutes after sunset
and left the siu'face an hour or more liefore sunrise. It was found at a
dei)th of one meter, usually, in the da.\ time, and rarely occurred in catches
lielow a depth of seven meters.

C'erioddphiiia hicustris. — This form was confined to the upper four
meters and was present in very small numlK'rs. Tliere was no diurnal
movement shown by it.

Lt'ptodiim hyalina. — Only a small number were found. It occurred in
only Hve of the twenty day series. In tliese five instances, it was con-
iined to the region of the thermocline, that is, between four and eight
meters. Botli young and adult appeared at the surface in the evening
from tliirty to forty-five minutes after sunset. The young left the surface
al>ont an hour l)efore sunrise and the adults half an hour or more earlier.

Chiidunis and Bosmiiia were found in very small numbers. No diurnal
movement was noted.

r///>//.s-.— Tliere was. apparently, an extended horizontal migration of
Cypris as it was found in a third of the morning and evening series, and
these observations were made in tlie deepest part of the lalie. In the day-
time. lidwcNcr. Cypris was never found in the limnetic region of the lake
)>ut in file littoral region.

A few Coirtlira larv;t> were found in and below tlie thermocline in the
daytime. In a few instances they came to the surface at niglit.

Jx'oti [cm. -The rotifi-rs showed no diurnal movement. With respect
lo their vertical dlstriliuiion, they form three groups:

1. Maxti(/()C('rrn, Pal ijarthm , and A-'<j)iaiir]iin( were confined to the upper
five, six and seven meters respectively, or the region in and above the
thernKtcline.

128

2. Annri'ii nciih'iitd and TfiiirtJint occupied the region below a depli
of ten nu'tei-s. They Avere usually most abundant -within two or three
meters of the bottom.

.S. A II urea cocJiUaris and Xnthnlca Jmuiisjiina were found tlirougli the
entire depth of the lake.

MAXIMUM NUMBER AT SURFACE.

This diurnal migration nmst not he taken to mean that the individuals
of the various species concerned, congregate at the surface at night in
such numbers as to form what might be called a "swarm," for no such
aggregation was noted. This is shown by the fact that Dlaptomus, Cyclops
and Daphnia hj/dHiia. in a majority of the night ol)servations. were more
numerous at a depth of one or two meters or even deeper, than at the
surface. It simply means that the upper stratum, one or two meters in
thickness, is sparsely populated on briglit, sunny days, liut that this r(^gion
is more or less densely populated at. night.

Blanc (1898) and Fordyce (lOOO) found the greatest number of Crus-
tacea at the surface at 4 a. m. IXIy observations do not agree with their
results. Figs. 1 to 4 do not show a morning maximum with the exception
of young Daphnia hyalina in the second series. On the. other hand, Diap-
tomiis reached a maximum at 7::)0 jx m., adnlt 7). hiialina at 7:.')0 and 8
p. m., and Cyclops at 7:no p. m. and midnight. Also, each of the other
forms showing a diurnal nioveinent, i'c;ulied its maxinnim aliout S p. ra.

CAUSES OF DIURNAL MOVEMENT.

Various theories have been advanced to account for this pheimmenon.
It has been ascribed to various factors such as food, temperature, light,
gravity, and in some cases chemical stimuli. Experiments on several of
the Crustacea whicli show diurn;il movement, seem to show that light is
the primary factor. But generally, there are other factors involved which
may modify the effect of light to a very considerable degree, thus making
the phenomenon complex instead of apparently very simple.

The migrating forms of Winona Lake may be separated into two
groups. The first groiip includes those whose day position bears a more
or less direct relation to the intensity of the sunlight. DiijJiuid }u/aliiia
and rclrocitrrd, l>i(ij)tii)iiii.f, and ('i/rlojtK belong to this group. The Daphnias

129

desert the upper meter or two on bright, sunny days and the other two
members occupy this region in rather limited numbers. But, on cloudy
days, all are foiuid in this region in nearly as large numbers as at night.
This seems to shoAV that light is the primary factor controlling their move-
ments. They move down to avoid intense light and then move up into
this region again as soon as the intensity of the light is sufficiently de-
creased.

Epischura, Lcptodora, and Corethra larvre belong to the second group.
The depth to which these descend in the daytime did not depend, appar-
ently, upon the intensity of the sunlight as they were found at the same
depth on cloudj- as on clear days. Besides, it does not seem probable
that sunlight alone would cause them to descend to so great a depth, that
is, five to seven meters or more, especially since the transparency of the
water was so low, 2.1 to 2.5 meters. Therefore, it seems reasonable to
suppose that some other factors are verj- largely responsible for their
movements.

Daplinla ptilicaria might also be added to this gi-oup. While it showeil
only a very slight tendency toward diurnal movement in Winona Lake, it
did show distinct and regular migrations in one of the Wisconsin lakes
upon which the writer made observations. In the latter lake the same as
in Winona Lake, it remained in and below the thermoeline in the daytime
and in neither case was its day position affected by the intensity of the
sunlight. In general, the diurnal migration of all the members of this
group, seems to be much more akin to the "nocturnal habits" of many
other animals, than are the movements exhibited by the members of the
first gi'oup.

Some Crustacea upon which experiments have been performed, have
shown that they are attracted by diffuse light. If this were true of all
Crustacea, and if it were to hold true for them in their natural haunts
as well as in the laboratoi-y, then one might suppose that there would
be morning and evening surface increases of about equal proportions.
Furthermore, it would not be unreasonable, perhaps, to expect moonlight
to produce an appreciable effect, if the Crustacea were attracted by diffuse
light. For the most part, however, the truth of this supposition is not
confirmed by the Crustacea of Winona Lake. With the exception of the
young Daphnia hyalina in the second all-night series, there was no morn-
ing surface increase comparable in every way to that of the evening.

9 — Academy of Science.

130

Didjilniini.s was tlu> mily other form tluir siunvcd any tt'iuU'ncy towant ;1
considerable surface increase after midniglit, but its morning increases
were much smaller than those of the evening-. Then. too. moonlight had
no appreciable effect upon the diui'nal movement of any of the Crustacea.

1. There was c()m]>ai'ati\(>ly little chan.iie in tlie (luantity of plankton.

2. IMui'iial movenieiil was sliown liy Kii'ischniii, IHa ii/oiiiiis. ('j/vloitii.
Ddplnini lii/aliiKi and rclrociirni hinnlnniosuniu. Lcptodai'ii. and ('ontJird
larvie.

3. These various forms reaclu'd a maximum at the surface al)out S
p. m.

4. Tight is a very important factor in tlie movement of nidptniuiis,
Ci/clops. and Ihi/iliiiiu Innirnid and rctnii-itrni. It is, apiiarently, not so im-
]M»rtant a factor in liie movement of ilplxvlntni. DdjiJuiid iniUcdfid. Lrptd-
(lard. and Cnnlliid lar\a'.

5. Diin-n.MJ movement was not alfected by moimliglit.

LlTKUATruK (TTED.

lUanc. ISilS. Le I'lankton nocturne du Leman. II. I'danc. Arch, des sci.

])liysi(|. et nal.. '1'. d, ISPS.
Fordyce. lPni>. Tlie Cladocera of Nebraska. Cliarles Fordyce. Trans.

Amer. Micro. Soc. \dl. XXll. p]). lT.l-174, li)(K>.

131

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133

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Fig. 1. Diaptomus. Scale, one vertical space equals 100 individuals
per hundred liters of surface water.

— August 5-6.

- August 27-28.

Fig. 2. Cyclops. Scale, one vertical space equals 50 individuals per
hundred liters of surface water. .

August 5-6.

- August 27-28.

Fig. 3. DapJniia hyalina. Scale, one vertical space equals 50 individ-
uals per hundred liters of surface water.

Adult. 1

r August 0-6.
Young. J

Fig. 4. DapJinia liyaUna. Scale, one vertical space equals 50 individ-
uals per hundred liters of surface water.

Adult. )

\ August 27-28.
- Young, j

134

/. The Birds of Winona Lake.
Clarence Guy Littell.

During the summer of 11)02, from Juue 21 to August 28, wliile a stu-
dent at the Indiana University Biological Station I devoted all of my time
to a tield study of the birds about Winona Lalce. I present here my notes
on the occurrence and habits of the birds observed.

The region about Winona Lake was fully described in the Proceedings
Indiana Academy of Science for IDOl and a detailed description is not
necessary. Suffice it to say that the lake is surrounded by swamps,
flooded in times of extreme high water, and by hills reaching a height of
forty feet. The vegetation varies from the aquatics in the margin of the
lake to swamp-grasses and l)ushes in the marshes, and to oalv forests on
the hills.

Observations on birds were- all made within a radius of one mile from
the lake shore. In the following list the numbers in brackets refer to
the A. O. U. Code and Check-list.
I G] Podili/inhKS podiceps (Linn.), ried-billed Grebe.

This Grebe is not common around Winona Lake. I have only seen it
twice, both times near the reedy shores of the western side.
[190] BotauruH lentUjino^m (Montag.). American Bittern.

I have flushed this bird several times in a small swamp at the south-
eastern corner of the lake, but have been unable to find a nest.
[191] Ardctta exilii^ {Gruel.). Least Bittern. Fig. 3.

This bird is ratlier common in the small swamps bordering on the lake,
but owing to the lateness of the season when I arrived, I was able to find
but one nesc which contained at the time three pure Avhite eggs. I found
this nest on July 23, in the middle of a swamp. It was a platform of
grasses set in the swamp grass.
[194] Ardca hnvdldn Linn. Great Blue Heron.

This bird has been identified flying over tlie lake several times. I have
never flushed it.
[201] Ardca vircsrem Jjinu. Green Heron.

This species is common aroiuid the lake and undoubtedly nested in the
vicinity in numbers in the spring. I foiind several old nesis tliat I believe
Avere built hv this bird.

135

[214] Porzana (■(iroliitu (Linn.)- Soru.

I flushed three of these rails in a cornfieUl near a swam]), in the latter
part of July. After a short fliglit they di'opped into a marsh, and I failed
to find them a.aain.

* «> ':5# '^■y^^ ^'^U^ ?®

[256] Totamis solltarin.^ (Wils. )• Solitary Sandpiper.

This bird is prol)ably not rare aroimd the lake although I Hushed it
but three times. It stays in rather removed places. Twice I saw it on a
sandbar on the western side of tlie lake.

13G

[268] Arfitis macidaria (Liun. ). Spotted Sandpiper.

The most common wader around the lake.
[273] JiJgicditis vocifera {Liinn.). Killdeer.

Common. Often seen along railroad and on golf linlis.
[289] Colinns rirginiamis {Jjinri.). Bobwhite. Figs. 1 and 2.

Very common.
[316] Zcnaidum macwura (Linn.). Mourning Dove. Fig. 4.

Very common around the lake, nesting all through the summer hi all
sorts of places. It seems to prefer places near lake shore. I found oiu-
nest on a brush pile, about twenty feet from the lake in a very exposed
position; another in a tree overhanging the lake, in a small hollow, where
the limb joined the trunk. The nest in the latter case consisted of tAvo or
three dead leaves.
[325] Cathartes aura {Ltiim.). Turkey Buzzard.

Common.
[331] Circus hndson ins {Jjinn.). Marsh Hawk.

Common around the lake. Nests in marshy places near small inlets.
[333] Accipiter cooperi (Bonap.). Cooper's Hawk.

Not common. I have identified one specimen while flying.
[337] Buteo homdis (Gmel.). Red-tailed Hawk.

Not rare. I have identified it several times. It is, however, much
more common farther south.
[360] Falco sparverius Linn. Sparrow Hawk.

Not rare. I have identified it several times, but it is not common.
[368] Sifrnium nehuJosinn (FoTst.). Barred Owl.

Rare. One specimen was shot here in the summer of 1901. Personally,
I have never seen it here.
[373] Megascops asio CLinn.). Screech Owl.

Common. Breeds in numbers although all young were out when I
arrived.
[376] Bubo virginianus (Gmel.). Great Horned Owl.

I have heard this owl twice during the summer. Probably not very
common.
[387] Coccyzus americanus (lAnn.). Yellow-billed Cuckoo.

Very common. Breeds commonly all during summer.
[388] Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wils.). Black-billed Cuckoo. Figs. 5, 6,

7 and 8.

138

Common, but iiol easily seen. I found one nest on the side of a rather
steep hill, the female Avas sitting on the nest. I took a negative of her
just as she was. I then scared her off the nest and found that she only
had one egg. This was on. the morning of July 13. I came back every
morning and made negatives of her on the nest in different positions,
afterwards scaring her off, but I found only one egg until July 17. At
three o'clock in the afternoon of the 17th I found two eggs. The eggs
were smaller than those of the Yellow- billed Cuckoo and did not have
the bhiish cast. The nest is a much better affair than the Yellow-billed
Cuckoo builds. By the ISth I could approach my hand within eighteen
inches of the cuckoo before she left the nest. AVhenever she left her nest
she generally flew about" thirty feet and then sat perfectly motionless until
I left. She hardly ever uttered a sound. Her positions on the nest were
at times rather acrobatic. This is illusti-ated to some extent by the photo-
graphs. On July 24 the first egg was hatched into one of the ugliest young
birds I have ever seen. On July 20 ogff number two had disappeared but
the young cuckoo Avas thriving. On July 27 fi-alhcrs were pretty well
started. On July 28 everything was as usual, on the afternoon of the 30th
the bird had disappeared. It did not seem re.uly to leave the nest but
probably the mother coaxed it off early on account of my visits,
[390] Ccrijle ale i/on (hinn.). Belted Kingfisher.

Yery common. I found one nest in a raili'();Hl Imiik. Anotlier in a
steep bank along a creek.
[393] Drifubati's viUoxuK (Linn.). Hairy Woodpecker.

Four individuals of this species were seen this summer.
[394] Dryobates pubesccns (Jjinn.). DoAAniy Woodpecker.

Very common.
[402] Sphyrajm'us varlus (Linn.). Y^elloAV-bellied Sapsucker.

Common.
[406] Melanerpci^ rn/thwcejilialu-'^ (Linn.). Red-headed Woodpecker,

Very common. These Woodpeckers have become very tame, especially
on the Winona Assembly ground. They frequently hop around in the road
like English Sparrows.
[412] Culaptes auratus CLinn.). Flicker.

Very common.
[417] Ayitrostomiis vocifems (Wils.). Whip-poor-will. Figs. 9, 10, 11, 12, 16.

Common. Often heard, but rarely seen. I found one nest on June 27.
I was cx'ossing an old and rotten rail fence at the top of a Avoody embank-

130

140

ment wliicli sloped off sharply to Cherry Creek. The hill was covered
with young willows, weeds and old dry leaves. Large red oaks were
scattered plentifully here and there. The top rail on the fence broke with
my weight and I dropped with a crash on the other side. It seemed that
at almost the same time, I heard a loud chuck. About five feet in front
of me a female Whip-poor-will was lying; she looked as if I had fallen
upon her. She lay with outspread wings, with head and tail up, the middle
part of her body sagging down as if her back were broken. Somewhat
deceived, I started toward her but she edged away, still going through
various contortive tricks. I looked around and stepped cautiously in the
direction from which I thought she came, the frightened bird, all the
while, giving a series of angry chucks. Finally in a bunch of poison ivy,
I found an elliptical brown and lilac spotted egg in the least indentation
in the dry leaves. About six inches away was the shell of another egg.
But where was the young bird? At last I saw it; not only saw it but
comprehended that it was a young Whip-poor-will. It lay close to the
egg, and looked something like a piece of mouldy earth. A few feet away
it seemed to fade right into the ground. It was perfectly helpless and
was apparently not more than an hour old. I took a negative of it and
left immediately so as to allow the mother to go back on the nest. When
I stole back softly, in live minutes, she was brooding. She resembled
perfectly the dead loaves around her. If she had not been frightened by
the breaking rail, I would never have discovered her. I left at eleven
o'clock (June 21) and returned at four o'clock that afternoon and the un-
hatched egg was chipped in one place. I reached the nest next morning
at eight o'clock and young Whip-poor-will No. 2 was just out of the shell.
There was still a piece of shell sticking to the down on its back. I judged
that No. 2 was about twenty-one hours younger than No. 1. 1 took a neg-
ative of the two young ones and left. I had read that a motlier Whip-poor-
will carried her young aw;iy a distance if they are handled. I resolved,
therefore, although I did not put much faith in the statement, to luiild a
pen around the nest. This I did on the afternoon of June 28. When I
went up softly I could now put my hand within two feet of the old female
before she would move. When she did go she jumped up in a hurry,
kicking the young several inches apart, where they lay very still. She
would fall within three or four feet of me and go through the broken back
performance, giving at the same time hoarse but vigorous chucks. After

142

a tinn' she wduM My off twonty (ir lliirty feet and sit t'itlior (Hi a stumi) oi'
lengtlnviso on a Uw.h vv h;,™. !~'l.o a'vrays sat h'li.utlnviso with lier liead
toward me and appai-ontly did not inovo an eyelid while 1 was there. I
wonld scarcely leave the nest until she Avonld l)e Ijack brooding. Her
tli.ylit was always perfectly noiseless. In leaving the nest the bird never
eniittetl a sound, but as soon as she f(>ll to the ground she always gave the
same rapid series of hoarse chucks.

Her large full eye was always very noticealde at such times. I re-
tiirned at 0 a. m. .Tune 2!>. The yoimg ime Xo. 2 was just about two-thirds
the size of tlie older one. Tlie day was cold and raw and the older bird
commenced to utter a shi'ill peet. Tills sound was i)erfectly indistinguish-
able to nu^ at a distance of ten feet. However, it reached the ears of the
mother who sat thirty feet away. She immediately became restless and
commenced to fly from one object to another until I took the hint and
left. I was scarcely foity feet away wlien I saw the mother fly to the
nest.

1 returned at 4 o'clock in tlie afternoon of the sam(> day (.[uly 29). The
older of the young ones could now toddle around some and was not quite
as helpless. The mother bird in rising kicked the two little birds about
two feet apai-t. Tlie younger lay perfectly still where she kicked it, but
the older one toddled on aliout one foot farther and hid under a leaf where
it Avas perfectly indistinguisliabl(>.

On the next day, .Tune :'>(►. tlie older bird could run (luite livel.v for a
short distance. It ran with extended wings, as a (juail does. The younger
was still helpless. On this day I searched the entire neighborhood to see
if I could scare up the male 'oird. I had never seen him yet. I limited
in vain. I returned to the nest and Avhile gazing at the mother bird brood-
ing I saw to my astonishment a large mosquito light on her head near the
base of her bill. The mosquito probed around awhile and then crawled
out to the very tip of her bill, stayed there meditating for a minute and
then flew away. All the while the mother bird never moved a muscle.

I returned to the pen on the morning of July 1 and found the birds
where I had left tliem. The j'ounger bird could now move around pretty
lively, l)ut was much smaller than the other. The old bird was getting
accustomed to ni.v presence now, so that I could photograph her with the
lens of the camera not more than three feet from her, without scaring her
from the nest. After taking the negative I approached my hand within
six inches of her before she C[Uietly but quickly flew away. She still per-

143

144

sisted in laer acrobatic tricks to try to draw me away from the nest and
she did in fact go tlirougli this same performance every time I visited her.
On the next day, July 2, I scared the mother from the nest by touch-
ing her on the head and the two little Whip-poor-wills both ran and hid
nnder a leaf. It took some little time for me to find them again. The
older now had promise of future feathers. Nothing was visible on the
younger but down.

July 3, when I attempted to scare the mother bird from the nest she
liew around my head quite fiercely, touching my ear once with her wing
and then fell to the ground in her usual attitude of broken-back misery.
The older of the tuo young ones now had the beginning of some mottled
feathers.

At 9 o'clock on the following morning, July 4, I arrived at the pen.
Imagine my surprise and chagrin to find the enclosure empty. Appar-
ently I was wrong and AVhip-poor-wilLs did carry their young away. 1
decided she could not carry them very far away so I commenced to "beat
the bushes around the pen. About ten feet north of the pen -I flushed the
mother bird. I looked down just in time to see young Whip-poor-will No.
1 run under a leaf but did not see No. 2 at all. I looked around under the
leaves for a few minutes and finally discovered No. 2 sitting calmly on an
old leaf right before my eyes. I brought them together and photographed
them. It was a warm day and they were directly in the sun's rays. In a
short time I noticed that their throats began to vibrate rapidly and each
uttered a few shrill peets. Both. then, almost simultaneously toddled off
■•md stopped in the shelter of a little weed. I left them and examined the
pen. I found several places where ev(>n tlie old Whip-poor-will could get
(hrough. I therefore decided that she had coaxed them to follow her
instead of carrying them. So, to prove it, I brought a l)ox with the bottom
knocked out and about one and one-half feet high, and placed this over
tlie nest. I reasoned that if she carried them she could carry them out of
that box without any trouble; if she coaxed them they could not get out
as one and one-half feet was too much for the young ones.

I returned three days later, July 7. The family were still there just as
1 liad left them. Whip-poor-will No. 1 now had a much better coat of
feathers, and quills were beginning to appear on No. 2. I made a visit to
the nest once every day now for four days and after scaring the Whip-
poor-will off would retire to a distance and then slip back softly. I found
that the mother bird invariably lit on the edge of the box before going to

145

10— Acadoiny of Science.

14G

the iiest. She always lit on the uiR'th side of the box. No new develop-
ments appeared until four days later, on July 11. When I arrived at fif-
teen minutes of nine on the following morning, I set my camera down and
wallved l)oldly up to the nest to inspect. A little noise never scared the
old bird. When I got about five feet from the box a liird sprang out. but
not the liomelj' little female. This was a AVhip-poor-will luidoubtedly, but
it had a white ring around its neck and also displayed two dazzling white
tail feathers. At last I hod found the male lirooding. lie did not fall at
my feet as did the female but flew to a log about thirty feet away, eyed
me with evident disapproval, uttt'red a few protesting chucks and then
witli a flirt of his white tail featliers vanished among tlie liushes. 1 now
turned to the nest and to my surprise found only one l)ird there and that
was AVhip-poor-Avill No. 2. It was all made plain now. The mother had
succeeded in getting the older one to fly over but the younger was not
able to do so. Therefore, she had si)irited the older awa.v, leaving hi'r
mate to lirood tlie younger. I relri'ated about thirty feet and sat down to
watch developments. In about ten minutes the male Whip-poor-will ap-
peared, lit on till' edge of the liox opposite to the sid<> that the female al-
ways lit on. sat there tv.o or tlu-ee minutes and then di'opped in. I ap-
lirnached and tried to get a photograph of him liut he absolutely refused 1o
sil fnr me and so 1 left. I i-eliu'ued twice the next day. July 12. to get a
negative, but he was just as wilil as ever. When 1 arrived at the box at
S::',() till' following morning. July b"!, the liox was emiity: the last bird had
flown. Tims is the history of the family for sixlccii days, that being the
time re(|uir('d for them lioili to lly. Tlicy would have iiroli;il>ly remained
near tlic old nest several d.iys longer if tliey liad Iieeii uiidistiu'bed.
[420] < 'lionh'ilcs rir[iininnti!< (Gmel.). Night Hawk.

Not rare. I saw it three times during the summer.
[428] Cliufiini jit'hK/icd (Linn.). Chimney Swift.
[428] Trorhihix colnbrifi Linn. Ruby-tliroated Humming bird.

Rather common. I have been miable to find a nest but have seen this
bird vei-y often.
[444] Tiiriniiiii.'i.fiinninux (Linn.). King Bird.

Very common. One of the liveliest and cinunionest birds around the
lake.
[452] MjiiarchitK rriiiH>ii< (Linn.). Great Crested Flycatcher.

Common.

147

'■, «f

1-*:%*

"fS

?^

l;¥fi >, J

[458] Sai/nrnix pliahr (Lath.). Plia'be. Fig. 17.

("(;iiniiuii. lU'etdiiig- all tlirou.ii'li the siiiiuiK-r. I found one ncsl nndor
the veranda id(.f' of one of the hotels. 1 took the neiiative shown in Fi.i;-. 17
on .luly 7. The nest was luider a small liridge near the station. It con-
lained four yonny almost ready to hy.
[461] Coiitdpiis riri'us (Liuu. ). Wood Pewee.

Very common. These birds are very common in the Assembly grounds
and have become tame. I found several nests; one with fresh eggs ou
July 21.

14,^

[±6")] KnipiddiKi.r rircsceiix (Vieill.). Acadian Flycatcher.

I shot one of these July 7, the only one I have identitk-d during the
summer.
[477] Cyanontta rn'.^tata CLiTni.). Blue Jay.

Very common. These birds have become very tame in the park, eating
remains of lunclies, etc. I have often seen one take a bath in a certain
little trough of running water; crowds of people passing within eight or
ten feet. I found, one nest under the porch roof of one of the cottages.

149

[488] Corrus amerkanua And. Orow.

Commou. These birds' lives seem to be a 1)iu'den to them around the
hike on account of the numerous Kingbirds who attacli them at every
opportunity.
[494] DolicJiony.r orhirorm (Limi ). Bobolink. Fig. 13.

Common. These birds are to be found in hirge flocks around the hike
in boggy meadows. I have found several nests. Fig. 13 represents a nest
in a clump of swamp grass on the edge of a small swamp.
[iQb] ^Moth)•lts ater (Bodd.). Cowbird. Fig. 14.

Common. These birds seem to have a preference for the nest of the
Maryland Yellow-throat. It is an exceptional thing to find a nest of this
little warbler without its young Cowbird or Cowbird eggs. The negative
of the two cowbird's eggs in the nest of a Maryland Yellow-throat Avas
taken July 1.
[497] Xantlincepludus .mntliocepltulua (Bouap. ). Yellow-lieaded Blackbird.

Rare. I have seen. only one of these birds this summer. It was sitting
on au old fence post in a dense swamp.
[498] Agelaius phceniceus (Linn.). Red-winged Blackbird.

Verj' common. These birds nest in large numbers around Winona
Lake.
[501] Sturnclla nuKjim CLinn.). Meadow Lark. Figs. IS and 19.

Very common. Numerous nests were found on the golf links near
the lake until the middle of August. The photographs of the Meadow
Lark's nest were taken July IT. On .Tuly 25 the young had left the nest.
[506] Icterus spurins (Liuui.). Orchard Oriole.

Not common. I have only seen three pairs this summer.
[507] Irfenis r/aUnila (Linn.). Baltimore Oriole.

Common.
[511b] Quiscalus qniscKla {vncux (Ridgw. ). Purple Grackle.

Very common. This bird is quite common in the park. It is found
extensively also in meadows a mile or so back from the lake.
[529] Spinus tn'sti.'< (Jjinu.). American Gold Finch.

Common. These beautiful birds are quite common around the lake.
I have often seen them taking a bath at a certain sandy beach on the
southeast shore of the lake.
[540] Pooaeti's grarnincH!^ (Gmel.). Vesper Span'ow.

Not rare. This sparrow is fairly common in the higher meadows back
of the lake.

150

[ ] I'lis^ir (liniiis/iciix (Linn.). Enfjlisli Spiirrow.

Vvvy (•(inimon.
[542ci] Animoihriniiis xandirirhciixlH sunnuin (Wils. ). Savanna Sparrow.

Xdt (•(inundu. I slidt two of these simrrows in a bnsliy pasture, rather
lii.iilier than surroundint;- fields. Tliey are very difficult to see as they
run tlu'on.uh tlie gra.ss and will i-ise only as a last resort.
[546] AinuuifJnirnus mvannariiin passenniix (Wils.). Grasshopper Sparrow.

Kare. I shot one of these sparrows in a clover field. It is the only
one 1 have identified liere this sunimeiv
[547] Anniiddniiiiitx lii'iixhiirii (And.). Henslow's Sparrow.

Kare. \ have succeeded in takini-' one of these si)arrows in aj wet
meadow. It arose from a tuft of yrass and dived into a willow bush.
[560] Sj)i:f'lla socialis {'Wils.)- Chipping Sparrow.

ConinHin. This spariow does not seem to l»ret~d here as commonly as
in most ])laces in tliis Stat(>.
[563] Spizrilii iinsiUii (Wils.). Field Sparrow. Fig. 15.

Yi'vy common. Tlie pliolo.m'aiih w;is taken .July 11. The nest was
situated ahoul six indies aliow.lhe uidimd in a dumii of urass.
[581] Mi'lii^iiiyi f<isi-iiitn (Gmel.). Song Sparrow.

\'ei'.\' common. Alwa.\s to lie seen, i-ain or sliine. sittint;' on the toj) of
small willow trees near tlie hike on the c;isrern side. The photo.yraph
of its nest was fakcm .luly S.
[584] Mi-l(n<i>i:(i (jiin-iiiann (Lath.). Swamp Sparrow.

Not I'are. 1 have seen only Hve or six of these dark colored sparrows
this summer.
[587] Pijiilo n-i/tJirojilifJiahiDis (Linn.). Towhee.

A'ery common. A bird whose power of song is of no mean order.
Always to lie found among the hazel liushes around the lake scratching
among the dead leaves. I found a nest with eg,gs as late ns August 2t>.
They keep singing tlirougliout August. With the exception of the Wood
Pewee this is the most almndant species seen aliout the lake in .\ugust.
[593] ('iirdiiKilis cdrdinallx (Liuu. ). Cardinal Grosbeak.

Common. To be heard at all times of day from some lofty perch.
[595] Ihihia hidoricldna (Linn.). Rose-breasted Grosbeak.

Not rare. I have seen this Iveantifnl bird several times and heard it
much oftener. It is generally flitting around in a double row of old wil-
lows in the [lark.

152

[598] Pass^erina cyanea (Linn.). Indigo Bunting.

Very common. Its song is one of tlie most persistent all tln-uugh the
snmmer.
[604] Spiza americana (Gmel. ). Dickcissel.

Not common. This bird is not as common as in southern and central
Indiana. I have only seen ten or twelve individuals this simimer.

[608] Piranga erythromelas Vieill. Scarlet Tanager. Fig. 20.

Common. I have succeeded in tinding l)ut one nest of this bird this
summer but they are doubtless fairly eduimoii. I photographed the nest
on August 2. It then contained three eggs. The nest was on the horizon-
tal limb of a red oak. about six feet from the trunk and twelve feet from
the ground.
[610] P i ra I i(j( ( rub !■(( CLinn.). Snmmer Redbird.

Rare. I have seen but one individual of this species.
[611] Prague suhis (Tuimi.). Purple Martin.

Common.
[612] Pctrorhrlklimlunifrom (Seij). Clitt" Swallow.

Not rare. This bird is not often seen. It is more eommun inland than

near the lake.

[613] Clii'lidoa rrifthrugaster (Bodd. ). Barn Swallow.

Common. Often seen skimming the air near and over the lake.

[614] Tdcliijciticta hicolar (Vieill.). Tree Swallow.

Common. Living in dead trees close to the lake. Often seen skimming
over the surface of the lake seemingly witliin threa or four inches of the
water.

[616] Clirii-dl I rijuiria (Linn.). Bank Swallow.

Common. Found nesting in tlie l);ink uf tin- railroad and \;ii'ious
places.

[619] Ampdi.f cedrornui (Vieill.). Cedar Bird.

Not common. 1 have seen three pairs tiiis summer. On August 10 I

found a pair of these birds in a swamp with two young. They had left

the nest.

[622] Lanius ladun'ciauus Linn. Loggerhead Shrike.

This bird is not very common around the lake. I have seen two indi-
viduals. Their nesting time is so much earlier than when I arrived that
all that did nest here had left to wander over the country.

154

[()24] ]\'n'f) (ilinicfiis CLinn.). Red-eyed Virco.

Cnniiiioii. ri())ialil.v imich more common than they seem, as they are
rather hard to identify if they do not sinj?. A most cnrious bird. I have
seen one of these little birds follow iiio over one luindred yards from pure
cm'osity apparently.
[627] 17/ro y/7/'».s- (Vieill. ). Warbling Vireo.

Fairly common. This little liird is nineli oftener heard than seen. It
prefers lofty perches, generally around damp places. I have in nnnd a
very large willow near the lake shore, in swampy ground, that often offers
a perch for one of these songsters.
[628] Yircd Jhirifrons Vieill. Yellow-throated Vireo.

Not common. At least 1 have not often recognized it.
[636] MniutiUa raria (Linn.). Black and White Warbler.

Rare. I have seen but one specimen of this war1)ler. It was picking
industriously at an old gn.-irled root of a white oak. The tree was on the
li.inlc of Cherry Creek, al>out one half a mile up from the mouth. I
searched all around the tree but could lind no signs of a nest.
[652] Dendro/ca ;rstlra (Gmel.). Yellow Warbler. Fig. 21.

N'ery common. This liird's nest is very often found in young willows
and in rose bushes around tlie lake. In this region they seem to pi'efer
swampy iilaces for nesting. I have fre([uently seen males of this sjiecies
w ith Ilie cliestnut stripes few oi' wanting entirely. The nest in the jihoto-
grapli w;is t.aken on .Inly 1. It was situ;ited in a wild rose l>ush on the
rdiH' of a swamp.
[658] 1 >ni<h'< ura ram (WilH.). Cerulean Warbler.

Itare. I h;ive noted two of tliis s])ecies. I shot one of them. It was
hunting over the bark of an old oak. up in the topmost branches. The
other one was in the top of a lai'ge sye.-iinore.
[674] Seiunis (lurocfq/illm (Linn.). Oven Bird.

Kare. The rather damp forests do not seem to lie adapted to this bird.
I secured one specimen and recognized it at another time.
[675] >Seliinis'norrhoraeensi)i (Gniel.). Water Thrush.

Not rare. This is a hard bird to identify and is perhaps more common
than it seems. I have found one nest on the liank of Cheri'y Creek.
[676] Sriiirux moUicilla (Vieill.). Louisiana Water Thrush.

Not rare. To be seen at times along Cherry Creek and the lake shore.
They are verj- quick in their movemeids and hard to see.

155

[677] Geothly2nsf ormosa (Wils.). Kentucky "Warbler.

Not rare. These birds inhabit the Ioav wet woods so abnndaut in this
region. I liave fonnd one nest here.

[681] Gcothbjpis trichas (Linn.). Maryland Yellow-tliroat. Figs. 22, 23,
24, 25.

This is the most common warliler around Lalvc Winona. In fact it is,
probably, excepting the song-sparroAV, the most common songster here. I
liave found numerous nests; generally in rather damp ground at the bot-
tom of a clump of weeds, about foiu- or five inches up. Wlieu you ap-
proach the nest of eggs the female will noisily drop over the side and
run away tlirough Ih.e weeds, from Avhich it is almost impossible to flush
Iier. "When their young are liatclied they resent intrusion, often flying
by you within three or four fei't.

On the morning of July 23, I found a nest containing three eggs of
the Maryland Yellow-throat and one of the Cowbird. It was in a bunch
of Aveeds within six inches of the ground. The place was rather damp
and about twenty yards from the lalie shore. It was so cleverly con-
cealed I would never have found it had not the female jumped iip. I
tooli a negative and left, coming baclv tAvice a day till July 20. On my
first trip in the morning the eggs were still unhatched but at 3 o'clock in
the afternoon I found the Cowbird and one Maryland Yellow-throat
liatched and anotlier almost out as the shell Avas chipped considerably.
I came back at 5 o'clock and tlie second Maryland Yellow-throat was out.

On coming back next morning things Avere the same; tAVO birds and
one egg. The young ^Maryland YelloAV-throats kept their mouths open all
the time Avhile the CoAvbird never opened its mouth. The young Mary-
land YelloAA--throats were continuously struggling to maintain their place
and keep tlie C'oA^bird from smotliering them.

On the 28th the extra egg had disappeared and AA'as not to be seen
around the nest.

On tlie 29th things Avere as usual and on the 30th they AA'ere also the
same. On the 31st the last born Maryland YelloAV-throat had disappeared
and was not to be seen around the nest. The Cowbird and the remaining
Maryland YelloAV-throat had feathered out pretty Avell by this time. On
August 4 the Cowbird Avas occupying the entire nest and the Maryland
YelloAV-throat Avas sitting on the edge. They were both ready to leave.
In the afternoon at 4 o'clock the nest Avas empty. The vociferous cries

156

of the old birds assured me that they were in the weeds tliereabouts, and

so I left them.

[683] Icteria vircns CLinn.). Yellow-breasted Chat. Fig. 26.

Not common. I found only one nest of this bird. It was in a bush three
feet up on a steep bank sloping down Cherry Creek from Chicago Hill.
I photographed it on July 13. It then contained three eggs.
[687] Sclophaga ruticiJhr CLiim.). American Redstart.

Common. This little bird is often seen flashing from some perch after
an insect and then returning to its lookout again. I found one nest in
the fork of a sapling about eight feet up.
[704] GnleoscojAes carolinenxis (Linn.). Catbird. Fig. 27.

Very common. Nesting in damp -thickets largely. The nest in the
photograph was discovered July 2. It was situated in a bush in swampy
ground near the lake shore.
[705] Harporhijnchus nifui< (Linn.). Brown Thrasher.

Very common. A bird having, as a rule, extreme devotion to nest and
seemingly without fear when disturbed.
[718] Thnjothonis liidovlcianus (Lath.). Carolina Wren.

Rare. I have seen but one specimen of this wren and that was about
four miles away from the lake, near an old abandoned log hut. I hunted
diligently for a nest but failed to find one or to see the mate.
[721] Troglo(h/tes aedon Vieill. House Wren.

Not common. I have seen but nine specimens of this wren during two
months of summer. I can not account for it as twentj^ or thirty miles
from hero they are common. The large number of Jays in the park and
around the lake may have something to do with it.
[724] Cistothorm ffteUarlti (Lislit.). Short-billed Marsh Wren.

Rare. I noticed one of these birds sitting on a reed in a marsh, sing-
ing. The marsh was full of the long-billed wren, but I have only seen
the short-billed wren once in this locality.
[725] Cistothorus jMlut^lris (Wils. ). Long-billed Marsh Wren.

Common. They are confined to the little swamps around the lake.
I found tAventy-six nests within twelve square feet in one swamp. The
nests are globular with a very small entrance in one side which often
takes quite a search to find. They are generally lined with vegetable
down or moss.

15Y

[727] Sitta carolincnsis Lath. White-breasted Nuthatch.

Common. These birds are often seen around the lake. I have watched
a pair hunt over a -willow within four feet of my window.
[728] Sitta canmlcnsis Linu. Red-breasted Nuthatch.

Rare. I have seen one specimen in company with a pair of White-
breasted Nuthatches. These were hunting on some large oaks near Tippe-
canoe River, a few miles away from the lake. They worked within twenty
feet of me at one time.
[731] Farm biculor Linn. Tufted Titmouse.

Common. Generally to be heard and then seen.
[735] Pariis atricapillua Linn. Chickadee.

Very common. To be seen about the first of August in large flocks
among the trees. Noted by their wheezy note and industrious tapping.
[761] Poliojitila r;crtdra (Linn.). Blue-gray Gnatcatcher.

Not common. I have seen only four individuals.
[755] Tardus mnKtelinus Gmel. Wood Thrush.

Common. Their music is often heard around the lake.
[761] Menda mi(/raioru( (Linn.). Robin.

Very common.
[766] Sialia skd is {hinn.). Bluebird.

Not common. Bluebirds seem to avoid this locality for some reason.
I have not seen over thirteen or fourteen specimens this summer.

DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES.

Figvu-e 1. Nest of a Bob White just as found.

Figure 2. The same nest with the grass which concealed it pushed aside.

The eggs tliemselves were not touched.
Figure 3. The nest and eggs of a Least Bittern. It is a mere platform

of swamp gi-ass about two feet above the water. The water was

about three feet deep.
Figure 4. The nest of a Mourning Dove. The nest was in a very exposed

position on a brush pile. It was about twenty feet from the lake shore.
Figure 5. The nest and eggs of a Black-billed Cuckoo. It was on the

hanging limb of an oak about five feet from the ground.
Figm-e 6. The same nest with one young bird.
Figure 7. A back view of the Black-billed Cuckoo sitting on her nest.

158

Figure 8. A side view of the Blacli-billed Cuckoo on hor nest.

Figure 9. Nest of Whip-poor-will with a young Whip-poor-will, of part of

the shell it en me from and of an unhatched egg.
Figure 10. A view of the two young Whip-poor-wills, showing difference

in size, caused by about twenty-one hours difference in age.
Figure 11. Female Whip-poor-will brooding in a pen place around the

nest.
Figure 12. Whip-poor-will lengthwise on a log. resembling a knot.
Figure 13. Bobolink's nest in a clump of swamp grass. One side of the

clump of grass is cut away to expose the nest.
Figure 14. Nest of a Maryland Yellow-throat with two Cowbird eggs.
Figure 15. Field Sparrow's nost and eggs.
Figure 16. Female Whip-poor-will brooding. The two young have their

heads out in front. They ai-e in a box placed around them after she

had coaxed the young away from the first pen.
Figure 17. Phoebe's nest with young.
Figure 18. Nest of a Meadowlark.
Figure 19. The same nost with the grass pushed aside so as to expose

the eggs.
Figure 20. The nost of a Scarlet Tanager. It was on a horizontal limb

of a red oak, placed al)out six feet from the trunk of the tree and

about twelve feet from the ground.
Figure 21. The nest and young of a Summer Warbler. The nest was in

a wild rose bush.
Figure 22. The nest and tln-ee eggs of a ISIaryland YelloAV-throat and one

of a Cowl)ird.
Figurt; 23. One yomig Cowbird, two young ^laryland Yellow-throats and

one egg of the Maryland Yellow-throat.
Figure 24. One surviving young Maryland Yellow-throat and the young

Cowbird. Same nest as in Fig. 22.
Figure 25. The young ^Maryland Yellow-throat pushed upon the edge of

the nest by the Cowbird, while the Cowbird comfortably fills the nest.

Same nest as in Figs. 22 and 24.
Figure 26. The nest and eggs of a Yellow-breasted Chat. The nest is

situated in the fork of a bush about two and one-half feet from the

groimd.
Figure 27. The nest and eggs of a Catbird. The nest was in :i Inish at

the edge of a swamp.

169

g. A List of the Dragonilies of AVixo^^a Lake.
Clarence Hamilton Kennedy.

The dragoiiflu's in tlu' list below were collected by the writer during
the summer of lOOO and by Mr. PI B. Williamson and the writer dnriny
the summer of YMM. The writer is especially indebted to Mr. E. B. "Wil-
liamson for assistance and encouragement in the work.

The region indicated in this paper by the term "Winona Lake" includes
not only the present body of water of that name but also the lowlands
surrounding it, which, together with the present lake-bed once formed
the bed of a much more extensive body of Avater. There are thus included
the two short tributaries of the present lake. Cherry Creek and Clear
Creek, and also alxiut a quarter of a mile of the present outlet down as
far as the old glacial dam. This gives a small, well-defined region in
which, with the exception of the surroundings att'orded by larger streams,
are included nearly all types of dragonfly environment, swamp, meadow,
woodland, lake and stream.

Consequently the number of species foimd is relatively large. The
list, if we count Hinnjictnun assimUatnm as a distinct form, now numl)ers
forty-flve species. It is fairly complete for the smaller kinds but will
probably have several additions yet from among the larger, swift-tiying.
rarer species.

The outlet as far as the old glacial dam should be well worked. Here
will proliably be found several stream inhabiting species not at present
included in the list. Thorough collecting during May and June might add
a species or two not found later in the season. Practically no collecting
has been done previous to June 25.

1. ('iiJitpti'rijx mdcnldtd (Beauvois).

This species is extremely abundant in the heavy shade along the banks
of Cherry Creek during the early and middle summer. In 1!>00, after a
fcAV heavy rains al>out the 1st of August their numliers were greatly
diminished.

2. Het:rriii(t aiiieriranfi (Fabricius).

Common in the old outlet below the first wagon bridge. A male was
taken at the mouth of Cherrj' Creek a.l>out the first of August, 1900.

IGO

3. Le-^tcs di-yuuctu-'^ Selyti.

A male and female taken by Mr. E. B. Williamson in the swamp south
of the lake on July 13, 1900. One female taken by the writer south of the
lake .Tuly 23, 1900.

4. lA'xtcti rectanguIan'K Say.

Four males taken l)y Mr. E. P.. Williamson in the swamp south of the
lake, Julj' 13, 1900. One male taken by the writer at the same place,
July 6, 1901.

5. Lpiftcs riijilax Hagen.

One female was taken August ITi, 1900, south of the lake.

6. Lextf's inc(jaalix Walsli.

One female was taken in the spatterdock beds on the south shore of
the lake, July 8, 1901.

7. Argla ptifrt'da (Hagen).

Occasional on the sand t)ank and pier at the mouth of Cherry Creek.

8. Argla viol area (Hagen).

Fairly common about the water. This species is especially abundant
a Ions' the banks of Cherry Creek during August.

9. Argla Hcdala (Hagen).

One specimen, a male, was taken July 8, 1901. along the south shore of
the lake.

10. Argia fibidlix (Rambur).

Three males of this species were taken south of tlie lake, July 13, 1900,
E. B. Williamson.

11. Argiit (ipiciih's (Say).

Two males were taken by Mr. E. B. Williamson, south of the lake,
July 13, 1900. One female was taken by the Avriter July 2G, 1901, in the
same swamp.

12. Xchahiniid jiosita (Hagen).

Common in the grass about tlie laboratory.

13. Xi'hiih-nnia ircne (Hagen).

One specimen, a male, was taken l)y Mr. E. B. Williamson near the
Biological Station, June 22, 1901.

14. Enallagma hageni (Walsh).

This species is common in the vegetation along the shores of the lake
until the middle of July.

161

16. Eivdlagma caviincitlatum Morse. :

Common everywhere about the hike. Next to En. sigiKitiDii this is the
most common species of Enatlagma about the hike.

16. EiKtlUigiim (Mpermm (Hagen).

"A single female was taken June 27, 1901, in the woods on Chapman
Hill, near Winona Lake. The female of this species of Euallagma is so
distinctively colored that I do not hesitate to record the species for the
State on such scanty material."*

17. EivtUagma trariatum Selys.

This species is common on the willows and in the sedges about Winona
Lake until the middle of July.

18. Enallagmd geminatum Kellicott.

.Very common on the willows near the lalioratories until the middle of
July. They have generally become rare by August 1.

19. EnaUagma e.rsuluns (Hagen).

This species occurs with En. tninatinn. En. geininatnni and En. carun-
ciildtinn. It is common until August 1.

20. EnaUagma antt'nttat urn (Say).

This species is common about the lalxiratories during June. One male
.was taken, July 0, 1901, along the south shore of Winona Lake.

21. EnaUagma ■•iignatum (Hagen).

This is the most abundant form of EndUagma. It is especially abun-
dant over the lily beds where it reaches its maximum abundance during
the latter part of the summer after most other EnaUagnuis have disap-
peared.

22. EnaUagma jtoUatani (Hagen).

This species is . common on the lily beds along the south shore of
Winona Lake during July Avhere it appears only at dusk, probably re-
maining secreted in the dense vegetation of the adjoining swamp during
the daytime. One specimen, a male, was taken on the lily beds at the old
outlet August 17, 1900, by Dr. Howe.

23. hchnura utiicali.^ (Say).

This is common about the sedges and lily beds. The females are ap-
parently much more abundant than the males, especially is this so among
those found in the sedges and grasses.

E. B. Williamson, Proceedings Indiana Academy of Science, 1901, p. 119.

11— Academy of Science.

162

24. P,v;iniiii>liii^ ,,l,srnnis (Raiiibur).

Taken along the shore in front of the hiboratories (hning the hatter
part of Jnne. lOm. E. B. ^^'illiamson.

25. DrnmonoiniiJiii-f ><j)l))osiis Selys.

Taken clnring Jnly several times at Winuna Lake. E. B. Williamson.*

26. Iloijcriii riiiiixn (Say).

Occasional in the woods abont the lake, where they are generally
found flying slowly in and out among the 1 tushes hunting small di])tera.

27. Baslat'scJiiKi jdiDitn (Say).

One si»ecimen. a female, was taken August 5. 1900, in the bacteriolog-
ical tent liy :Mr. i^howers. The specimen is not at hand. The late date
makes us doubt the identitication.

28. Anaxjiiniiix (Drnry).

This species is common din-ing the early sumnu'r aliout the shores and
over the lily beds. .V few badly frayed individuals remain the entire
season.

29. Ejiininhila i>riiicf}ix (Hagen).

Conimon dui-iug the entire summer along the shores of the lake, over
the lily lieds. and liack over the swamps and meadows. It is a very strong
flier and is on the wing from dawn to dark, never being seen to alight,
and s; Idom seen in copulation.

30. Tnniica lacerata Hagen.

This is conimon abcnit the shores and over tlie lily pads the entire
summei-. It is a liigli. swift tlier and. tliougli common, is seldom taken.

31. I'rnllii'iiiix (l(i))iiti<i (Drury).

This little dragonfly is common over llu' lily and potamogeton beds, Of
the two sexes tlie males are much the more abundant.

32. Cclclhcmix epimiiia (Drury).

\-ery common over the lily and potamogeton beds during the middle
and latter p.-ut of summer. Constantly pairing.

33. Crlcthi'tiii-^ cJi-'"! (Hagen).

This very pretty sjiecies is moderately common in the swamp south
of Winomi Lake during the middle and late summer.

34. Sipiijirtriuii niliioindidxm (Say).

This species is very common in the meadows and Hi'lds about the lake
during the latter part of summer. It is especially common south of the

ProeecUngs Indiana .\eaclemy of Science, 1901, \>. r2L

163

lake. Though a good flier it spends most of its time alighted on some weed
or fence. A niale of Var. (issimilatiim IJhler was taken July 'iO, 1900, by
Mr. Cyrus Rutor.

35. Syinpt'triDii obtnt.'^um (Hagen).

One specimen, a female, taken July 13, 190<X was doulitfully referred
to this species by Mr. E. B. AVilliamson. This species should l)e fairly
common.

36. Sympctriim ricinitiit Hagen.

Two females were taken during the summer of 1900, one by Dr. J. R.
Slonaker, and one by the writer.

37. Symprtnim covniptnra (Hagen).

"Near AVinona Lake, August 10, 1901, one male. Miss N. O. Harrah."*

38. Mesodieiiiia ximpltrirollix (Say).

Common during the entire summer over the lily beds, along the sandy
shores and over the sloughs and swamps.

39. P-dcltjidiplax Ionglpeimi>< (Burmeister).

(Jenerally associated with Md'sotheiuis siniiJlicicoHis. but very much
less abundant.

40. Libelhdd ha}«(ll.'< Say.

This is the most conspicuous species of dragonfly about the lake, and
of the larger forms the most abundant. It is found everywhere over the
meadows and swamps, along the shores and over the lily l)eds.

41. LilifUiila lin-t'xta Hagen.

Seldom. One male was taken on the lily lied at the outlet, July 28,
1900. Another was seen earlier in the season flying slowly ui) and down
Cherry Creek.

42. LihelhtJa cijanea Fabricius.

Occasional. Associated with MesofJiriiiix xiuiplicicoUis and PacJnj-
diplo.r loiH/iixiinis over the lily beds.

43. LlhiHnU, i„ilrheJk( Drmy.

Next to fjlirJIiiln hasalis this is the most abundant of the larger species.
Common in nearly all situations.

44. Flathcmis h/did (Drury).

This species is common about the drain ditches in the fields south of
the lake. An occasional specimen is seen near the mouth of Cherry Creek.

A Tnunrit. either Carolina or oiiiista. was seen in lODl several times aliout
the laboratories. Also in the field just back of Chapman Hill a J'aiitala,

AVilbaniPon.'Proceedings InJiaiia Academy of Science VM, p. 120.

164

proliiilily Injiiii'iKKii. yave ilie collectors several wild chases. Both Cele-
ihemis fasfinfa aiul J.ihtlhihi ><emif(iseiitt(t are almost certain to be taken
sooner or later.

//. A New Diagnostic Character for the Species of the

Genus AR(iiA.

Clarence Hamilton Kennedy.

The following- paper was undertaken at the suggestion of Mr. E. B.
Williamson, to whom the writer is also indebted for other suggestions
and for much of the material examined.

The paper is the result of an attempt to find some character, if possi-
ble structural. l)y which the females of the five species of Argia found
In Indiana could be separated.

The characters generally used in the classification of Odonata are the
venation of the wings, the shape of the prothorax, the shape of fhe ab-
ddminal appendages, and the color pattern. A distinction upon the basis
of venation has not been attempted. The color pattern i.s notoriously
inadequate, and after careful comparison 1 find that the structure of the
prothorax and al>dominal appendages is equally so.

After a close study of the thorax a structure was discovered rarely,
if eAer, used in classification. Avhich in the case of the five Indiana species
is sufficiently different to separate the females readily. This is the pecu-
liar shield-shaped structure on the anterior end of the mesepisternum.
I can find no mention of this very peculiar structure except in Selys'
"Synopsis des Agrionines." Here, just as I was finishing this paper, I
found the following, in which Selys recognizes the diagnostic value of
this character in the case of the females of the genus Argia: "De grandes
diflScultes se presentent pour donner les diagnoses des quarante-six especes
(Argia) Americaines, dout plusieurs sont tresvoisines les unes des autres.
Les appendices anals des males et les lames du devant da thorax des fem-
elles fournissent. il est vrai. pour la plupart, des caracteres positifs; mais
ils eussent rendu les diagnoses tres-longues. et ces organes ne pouvant
etre bien vus qu" avec un certain grossissement, j'ai cherclie dans les di-
agnoses de ce Syno]isis, a. me passer de ces caracteres, qui serout reserves
pour une monographie speciale."*

■•' De Selys-Longchamps, Synopsis des Ag:rioninos, Bulletins de rAcadeniie roynle de
Belgique, 2me s?rie, tome XX, No. 8, p. (9).

1G5

As far as I know the "iimiiot/niphic spccidJc'' was ni'ver published.

Calvert, too. in a paper wliieh has just appeared on the genus Arc/i'i,
recognizes this structure.*

This structure occurs.' as far as 1 have examined, in all the native
genera of the Zygoptera. l)ut it is lacking entirely in the Anisoptera or
possibly is replaced there by the low transverse carina across the extreme
anterior end of the mesepisternum. It is found on the same general plan
in the diffei'ent genera, consisting of a heart-shaped enlargement of the
mid-dorsal carina, on either side of which is a triangular wing with its
apex running down to the mesinfraepisternum.

ArtXer.or bordei cf \ J
rr.;i3;jist<?.num.

J- -^.ad.-rsj/cd

In the genus Argia a more or less oblong depression (cavity— see figure
al)Ovei, bounded on either end l>y the high basal carina of either wing
(see tigure aljove) occurs in front of the heart-shaped end of the mid-
dorsal carina. The basal carina of each wing ends in front in a horn,
and behind, in the case of the females of four of the five species, in an
ear-like lobe (the ear— see tigure above). In the male no elaborate ex-
pansion into an ear occurs. The most striking differences in this structure
are those of the size and shape of the ears. As these ears are absent in
the males, for them the structure loses most of its diagnostic value. How-
ever, for interest in comparison, figures of this structure as it occurs in
the males of the five species are shown in the plate (see Plate II, Figs.
1. o, ."), 7 and !>i. By reference to them it will be seen at once that, in the
male, this structure is of a more generalized type than in the female. The
structure as found in the male is nearer the general type found in related
genera.

The above would seem to indicate that this structure is a sexual organ
functioning in the female and merely iiassively present in the male. One
would ;it once juniii at the conclusion tliat it is the organ iiy which tlie
male holds the feinal,' during Tlie act of copulation. Tlu' cavitv would

^Calvert, Bull, Mus. Cump. Zool Nov. 1902.

inn

seem espet-ially titted for the insertion of tlie abdominal appendages of
the male. But from direct observation it is l<:no\Yn tliat tlie male holds
tlie female \>\ the prothorax, probably by the encirclini;- juroove at its
anterior end. Moreover, because this structure is covered liy the posterior
lobe of the prothoi-ax. it would be impossible for the male to reach it.
See Plate II. Fis;. 2.

Nevertheless this structure must in some way be involved in the act
of copulation. It is interestinn' to note that in the Anisoptera where the
male holds the female by the head instead of by the thorax this peculiar
structure is not developed at all.

I'.ut whatever its function, or wiiether it has a function or not, its
f(irm is sutHciently different in the females of the different species of
Arnia, and sutflciently constant among those of any given species to
warrant its use in classification. How far this structure is good in show-
ing relationships, it is ditficult to say. According to it putrida would fall
in a very distinct group by itself. AipcaJis would fall by itself. Violacea,
f<r(U(la. and tibialis would fall in a group by themselves, in which violacea
and scdiiln would be much more closely related than either to tibialis.

A key to females may be constructed as follows:

A. The ear-; entirely al)sent. The whole structure wide l.-Uerally and

narrow from front to back aiiiralis.

AA. The posterior edge of each wing produced into a ))road rectangular
lobe. The median longitudinal fossa of the base broad and

shallow putrida.

AAA. The posterior diHile of each wing produced into an ear. The median
fossa relatively deep.

li. The apex of each ear pointing forwards and upwards.
The entire structure relatively deep from front to l)ack.

tibialis.
Bli. The apex of each ear i)ointing upwards and backwards.
('. The cavity very narrow. The ears broad and tlat,

riolaeea.

CC. The cavity of usual width. Tlie jjosterior edge of

each ear turned up sediila.

167

„-.-rvv

HW'

v1E5? /

Nk

T^

f \ Y<=

168

3

"^

/

r/

./

\U "^

u-f^.

I

/^^^

\ /

/o

169

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Plate I.

The drawings were made with a camera lucida, using a Bausch and Lomb }(-, objective
with the lower lens removed and a 2-inch eyepiece.

Fi^. 1. Jiyi'i aoindh (Say). Blufftou, Lid., August 18, 1900, E. B. Wil-
liamsou. Dorsal view of head, protliorax, and mesothorax of fj', disjointed.

J— Head. CE, compound eye.

r> — Protliorax. PL, posterior lobe. AG, anterior groove.

C — Mesothorax, the metathorax showing underneath. AM, anterior
end of mesepisternuni. MIX', middorsal carina. MES, mesepisteniuni.
Mf, mesinfraepisternum. IIW, liindwing. F]V, forewing.

Fig. 2. Argid apicalis (Say). Blutfton, Ind., August IS, 1900, E. B. Wil-
liamson. Lateral view of protliorax, and mesothorax.

.l»S' — Articulating surface for liead. Other lettering as for Fig. 1.

Plate H.

The drawings were made with a camera lucida, using a Bausch and Lomb % objective
and 2-inch eyepiece.

1. Argia tibial!.^ (Kamliur). Bluffton, Lid., June 17, 1901, E, B. Will-
iamson. Anterior end of mesepisternum of (J".

2. Argla tlliiallx (Ramlnir). Bluffton, Lid., June 17, 1901, E. B. Will-
iamson. Anterior end of mesi'pisternuni of ^ .

8. Arglo xrdnhi (Hagen). Fort Wayne, Ind., July 18, 1901, E. B. Will-
i imson. Anterior end of mesepisternum of (J'.

4. An/ui sol,il<i (Hagen). Fort Wayne, Ind., July 18, 1901, E. B. Will-
iamson. Anterior end of mesepisternum of 9-

5. ^irgia riohicen (Hagen). Tippecanoe River, Lid., July 2, 1901, E. B.
Williamson. Anterior end of mesepisternum of (J".

6. Argin riolareit (Hagen). Pittsburg, Pa.., June 15, 1899, E. B. Will-
iamson. Anterior end of mesepisternum of ^

7. Argia apirrdis (Say). Bluffton, Ind., June 2, 1901, E. B.William-
son. Anterior end of mesepisternum of cP.

8. Argia (tpicalis (Say). Blutfton, Ind., June 2, 1901, E. B. William-
son. Anterior end of mesepisternum of 9 ■

9. Argiii jiutrida (Hagen). Bluffton, Ind., June 17, 1901, E. B. Will-
iamson. Anterior end of mesepisternum of (^.

10. Argia pvtrida (Hagen). Fort Wayne, Ind., July 18, 1901, E. B.
Williamson. Anterior end of mesepisternum of 9 •

170

Investioation ()F Till-; AriroN I^KTWEEN' Man(;anese Dioxide and

I'OTASSrU.M CilEORATE I.V THE 1*R0DUCTI0N OF OxY(;E.V.
Edwakd G. Mahin.

The method for preparing oxygen by heating mixtures of potassium
chlorate and manganese dioxide lias lieen used ))y ch.'mists for some time.
Since, howevci'. the manganese dioxide comes out uncliaiig<'d at the end
of the process, yet consideralily lowers the tem])erature necessary for de-
composition of potassium chlorate, its exact function has been and is yet
imperfectly understood.

There is not inly a practical, bul also a vci'v interesting theoretical
(pU'stion inyolve<l in tlic cxplaiialion of tlic i-eaclion taking place in this
jirocess. and it was tlie desire for obtaining fintlier liglit on certain
points that led I'rofesscu' Kansom and the writer, at the suggestion
of the fornuM-. to jointly undei-taice a study of the facts. Some questions,
the settienient of wliicli was to 1ie attempted, \\-ere: 1. Doi's variation in
proportion of potassium chlorate and manganese dioxide affect the tem-
l>eratui'e at which oxygen is evolved, and. if so. what ndxture yields it at
the lowest temjierature? 2. Is tlie action continuous wlien the mixture
is heated for a long period at or .just above tlie decomposition tempera-
ture, and what are the products? '.\. Heating foi' .i period just below this
temperature, are any intermediate products foi'iued and what are they?
4. To notiic any new facts Iircnight out by tlie experimental work.

Search of tlie literature sliows that tlu' men who have performed the
most imjiortaiit work uixui this part iculai' phase of the subject are INIc-
I-eod. P.runck and Sodeau. .Mcl.eod li.nj noticed the well-known fact that
a gas resembling chlorine was evolved with oxygen, and in 1S80, pub-
lished a statement of experim.Mital work, deducing the following reactions:

2 Mn O2 + 2 K CI Or, = K2 Mn2 Os + CI2 -|- ()2.
K2 Mn2 Ok = K2 Mn O4 -f Mn O2 + O2.
K2 Mu O4 + Cl2 = 2 KCl I Mn O2 f O2.

T'pon this basis he explained the sujiposed fact that free chlorine is
evolved only at the beginning of the process, since chlorine is liberated by
the first reaction and at the lowest temperature, and that corresponding to
this free chlorine, there was a certain amount of undecomposed potassium
mansanate at the end. In IS!).". Brunck argued that if these reactions

171

took i)lace, the residue should either be alkaline or contain potas-
sium inanganate, or pernianganate. and that he could obtain no evidence
that either was the case. He brought forward experimental evidence to
prove that the evolved gases did not contain more than a mere trace of
chlorine and affirmed liis l»elief that the odor and the property of bluing
starch and potassium iotlide paper was due to ozone. In 1894 McLeod
stated that when the gases were led through alkaline silver niti'ate solu-
tion, and this later aciditied. a precipitate was obtained which corresponded
in (luantity with the alkalinity of the residue in the generator. He could
obtain no evidence of ozone. Some further work was done by these men
but they did not apparently succeed in settling the point at issue.

Sodeau. in 1901. proved that the action of manganese dioxide, barium
siilphate, sand, and other supposedly inert bodies increased the evolution
of oxygen not mechanically, but chemically.

EXPERIMENTAL.

The apparatus used in the experimental part of the present investiga-
tion was very simple. Hard glass test-tubes five inches in length, with
side necks, were used for heating the mixtures, these being placed in a
bath of Wood's fusible metal, heated in a thick cast-iron cup large enough
to accommodate five tubes. A thermometer was also placed in the metal.
Short delivery tubes, with ends drawn to a narrow aperture, led to a ves-
sel for collecting the evolved gases in test-tubes over water.

The manganese dioxide used was Merck's "Artificial Pure," and pre-
vious to using was heated for several hours in an open dish over a free
flame, in order to remove moisture; it was then placed in a glass stoppered
bottle for keeping. Eimer and Amend's potassium chlorate was dried
for six hours at 105°-110° for this purpose. It was not labeled "C. P."
but tested free from chlorides both before and after drying.

The first mixtures were made in the following molecular ratios of
manganese dioxide to potassium chlorate: 10:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:10. These
were ground together, placed in the tubes, and slowly heated. At 150°-
165° a gas was evolved from all. showing the presence of oxygen by means
of a glowing spark, and giving a strong odor of chlorine or chlorine oxide.
This odor is certainly not that of ozone and may be either chlorine or
chlorine oxide, or both. In this paper it will be provisionally called
chlorine. It was noticed that considerable moisture collected upon the

iTi'

ujiiier parts uf the generator tubes, iiulicating' that at least one of the
substances still containetl moistiu'e.

Other portions of the same mixtures as above were di'ied in their tubes
for several hours at lOO^-lOS". Chlorine Avas evolved upon heating- to
122° Imt no oxygen was evidenced by a spark. At i:>j° the rate of evolu-
tion of oxygen was approximately in direct proportion to the amount of
manganese dioxide used, this being the reverse of the case when the ma-
terials were not dried. This, however, is not stated as a definite law.

Four other mixtures were more carefully dried, then heated in the
bath. Chlorine was evolved at 140°, oxygen at lt;8°.

It was early seen that no relial)le results rould l)e obtained so long as
the manganese dioxide held moisture. To determine whether this sub-
stance was hygroscopic, and if so, roughly the amount of water taken up,
some freshly dried material was weighed in a closed bottle, then allowed
to stand open for definite periods, weighing after each period. In tAventj'
minutes its weight increased approximately 1 per cent.; after one and a
half hours. :! per cent.: after forty-tive hours, c. per cent.

To determine the difference in biiiavior due to this moisture, two mix-
tures were prepared: In (X) the manganese dioxide was dried over a
free tiame, weiglicd in ;i glass-stopjiered iiottle and llie weighed potas-
sium chlorate .-iddcil. The other mixture (Y) was of potassium chlorate
and ordinary undried manganese dioxide; both were molecular mixtures.
In this ;ind future exix'i-inients chlorine was tested for by starch and
potassium iodide paper. At 125° (X) gave no chlorine or oxygen. (Yi gave
large quantities of chlorine but no oxygen. Much moisture collected in
(Yi. At 148° a steady stream of oxygen came from (Yl. continuing as long
as heated. No trace of chlorine or oxygen came from (X).

More manganese dioxide Avas purified by digesting in cold distilled
water, then Avashing until free from chlorides. The Avash Avater contained
small amounts of manganese and calcium. The washed mass Avas dried
for two and a half hours at 20n°-210°.

i'our tubes AA'ere now filled wifli mixtures in molecular pi'oi)orTions,
transferring the ni;ing:uu sc dioxide ([uickly at 2(Mi' to tlu' hot weigliing
bottle. co(.)ling. Avcigliing. adding tlie ground and weighed potassium
chlorate, and mixing. The mixtures Avere quickly transferred to the tub?s,
the deliA^ery tubes of AA'hich were in this case guarded AA'ith granular
calcium chloride. A tube of dry potassium chlorate Avas heated Avith the
others, in order to judge the amount of expanding air forced over.

173

The tubes were kept at lo5°-]40° for four aud a half hours: uo gas was
over beyoud that due to simple expausion. aud uot the slis'htest trace of
either chloriue or ozone Avas found in any generator tulie. No oxygen
could lie discovered. The mixtures upon testing were found to contain a
considerable amount of chlorides. The temperature was raised to and
kept at iri(>° for three hours and no chlorine or oxygen was produced.
The quantity of chlorides seemed to be increased. At 173° all of the tubes
began to evolve oxygen and so long as this temperature was maintained
a steady but slow stream of oxygen was produced. No trace of chlorine,
chlorine oxide or ozone was produced as high as 18(t°.

At this point the Avork was stopped for lack of time. Thus far a few
conclusions may be provisionally advanced:

The conditions under which oxygen is ordinarily produced are not
ideal, and the moisture always present materially intluences the reactions.
This moisture makes possible the production of oxygen at a lower tempera-
ture than in the case of dry materials, also the formation of chlorine or
chlorine oxide, or both, as Ioav as 125° and before oxygen is evolved. This
may be due to hydrolysis of the potassium chlorate or chloride, thus allow-
ing oxidation by the manganese dioxide. It is possilile and even pix)bable
that no chlorine would be evolved at any temperature within the ordinary-
range of heating, if the materials Avere entirely free from moisture. In
such a case, McLeod's explanation must fail, since if it be true, the forma-
tion of free chlorine is a necessary step in the CA-olution of oxygen.

This point. Avith others mentioned, Avill lie more fully investigated by
future work, and it is hoped that some facts of interest may l>e brought
out during the investigation.

Action of Heat ox MrxTiiREs of Mang.4nese Dioxide With
PoT.ASSiu.M Nitrate and With Potassium BniHROMATE.

J. H. Raxsoai.

The fact that different mett^llic oxides mixed with potassium chlorate
cause the latter to evolve oxygen at considerably loAA'er temperatures than
Avhen heated alone has long been knoAvn, though the nature of the chemi-
cal action involved is not Avith certainty established. No work has been
done, so far as I am aAvare, to see what the effect of these oxides might
be on other .sub.stances decomposable by heat.

174

_ It seemed, therefore, of interest to investigate the sublect. and espe-
cially the action of manganese dioxide on various substances, as the re-
sults might throw .ome light on the action between it and the chlorate

The substances chosen for the preliminary work were potassium ni-
trate and potassium bichromate. AMu-u potassium nitrate is heated to
a high temperature it loses one-third its oxygen and forms the nitrite
It molecular proportions of the nitrate and manganese dioxide are mixed
and heated in a metal bath, little if any evolution of oxygen occurs below
2So C. Between that temperature and .350° C. there is a constant, though
not rapid, evolution of a gas which give-s the usual test for oxvgen The
amount, however, is not large, and during the heating there are formed
brown oxides of nitrogen. In the same bath was a tube containing the
same weight ..f pure dric.l potassium nitrate bur there was no evidence of
<iuy decomposition. Dnring the heating some moisture collected in the
<^older part of the tube, but whether this had any effect in causing the
decomposition of the mixture, as is found in the case of the chlorate,
has not yet been determined.

When potassium bichromate is heated alone in a fn'o bunsen tiame
little or no oxygen is evohed even at the highest temperature obtainable.
When mixed with manganese dioxide, however, a steady stream of gas
is evolved at a comparatively low temperature. The decomposition begins
at 285° but does not increase greatly in i;,pi,nty up to 850°. The tempera-
tures at which the nitrate and the bichromate decompose are so nearly
the same that a similarity of action is suggested. A^'hether the oxyo-en
comes from the oxide, the other substaiH-e .)r from I,oth has not vet been
determined. That the oxide has some effect in producing the evolution
of oxygen is certain. The investigation will be continued along this and
related lines and the nature of the acti..ns will be thoroughlv studied as
soon as time permits. It will also be of interest to know whether such
oxides as the one used will lower the temperature at which substances
ordinarily decompose, but without the evolution of oxygen. 8uch a sub-
stance would be ammonium nitrate. This subject will also be inquired
into. In the meantime I wish to reserve this field of investigation.

175

Criticism of an Experiment Used to Determine the Com-
bining Ratio of Magnesium and Oxygen.

James H. Ransom.
In some of the modeni laboratory manuals for use in general chem-
istry work an experiment is described whereby a weighed amount of
magnesium powder is oxidi/.ed in a covered crucible until a constant
weight is oI)tained. The increase in Aveight has been assumed to be due
to oxygen, and thus the ratio of the two elements in the oxide easily

calculated.

My students have performed this experiment during the last two years
but have not been able to secure sufficiently concordant results to make
it appear to them as illustrating the law of constant composition.

f-'ome observations are readily made in performing the experiment.
The product, except perhaps at the surface, is not white, as is mague-
sium oxide, but of a gray color, due evidently to a mixture of substances
of different colors. Also tlie crucibles at the end of the experiment are
coated within with a black substance which can not be removed even ou
scouring with sand: and the crucibles lose in Aveight.

Examination of the product of l)urning shows that on treatment with
small amounts of water ammonia is evolved, thus indicating that mag-
nesium nitride is one of the substances present. As in this compound
the ratio of the elements is 1:388 Avhile in the oxide it is 1:007 it follows
that from this standpoint the increase in weight must be less than the
theory. Again, on treating the product with fairly concentrated hydro-
chloric acid a disagreealdy odorous gas is evolved which at times is spon-
taneously combustilde. It is. witliout doubt, hydrogen silicide from mag-
nesium silicide formed by the action of magnesium on the crucible ma-
terial. On treating with acid as above described there always remains
a black insoluble amorphous residue mixed with white particles which
under a hand-lens look like silica. The black mass when heated ou
platinum foil changes to a white powder whicli resembles silica. Appar-
ently the black portion is silicon. It is conceivable that a part of the
silicon after being formed, and during the heating, is oxidized by the air;
and as it unites with nearly twice as much oxygen as does the same
weight of magnesium, it might equalize the loss of the oxygen content
due to the causes already indicated. Thus can be explained the nearly
theoretical results so often obtained. But at l)est these results must re-

176

main a matter ot chance and the experin:ent. seemingly so simple but
m reahty so complicated, can not well be put into the hands of students
doing then- tirst work in chemistry.

Modiflcations of the experiment which will avoid these sources of
error are in the mind of the writer, but have not been subjected to test
for lack of time. Should they prove successful I shall be pleased at some
future time to communicate them to the Academy.

An Apparatus for Illustrating Gharles\s and
Boyle's Laws.

James H. RAxsoii.
Some difficulty having been experienced in making clear to students
the changes in the volumes of gases due to the simultaneous changes in

temperature and pressure, it seemed that a clearer notion could be given
by having a single piece of apparatus to illustrate their laws. Such an

177

niiiiaratus. a cut ol' which is presented, was devised to overcome the diffi-
culty. It consists of an ordinary graduated gas burette connected with a
reservoir for mercury and surrounded l)y a water jacket which In turn
Is connected witli a fiask contahiing water. The flask and jacket are so
ari'anged that water of any desired temiHrature can Ite siphoned from
the former through the latter, thus heating the gas in the burette to any
temperature lietween (i° and ]00° C. A thermometer inserted In the jacket
indicates the tempei'atiu'e of the water. At the beginning of the experi-
ment the water in the jacktt should be at the room temperature, and
the flask should hold several times tlie volume of the jacket. By the
metliod of siphoning the change in tcmpeature is so gradual that the
gas is heated to thf water temperature almost as rapidly as the latter
passes through, and there is no danger of breaking the burette. With the
apparatus each law may be deduced separately with a fair degree of
accuracy. Then the two laws united and the results compared with those
found mathematically from a combination of the two. The idea of ab-
solute zero is illustrated in a very clear and convincing way. If desirable
the burette may be filled with different gases, and thus it may be shown
that all obey (practically) the same laws.

Some Ao-Keto-Iv-Hexene Derivatives.

James B. Garner.

A study of the reactions wiiicii might be brouglit about between ben-
zoin and unsaturated aldehydes, ketones, and esters through the agency of
cold (15° C ) alcoholic sodium ethylate, was begun several years ago^ At
that time it was found that beuz(')in is added to benzalacetone giving rise
to a 1.5 diketone whicli by loss of water and ring formation, is converted
into 8-4-5-tripheuyl-4-oxy-_2-keto-R-hexeue. This substance Iiad previ-
ously been prepared by Professor Alexander Smith^, using potassium cyan-
ide as condensing agent''. When sodium ethylate is used as condensing
agent, the yield is much givater, the reaction takes place more smoothly
and the product formed is purer than when potassium cyanide is used.
Kuoevenagel has made an exliaustive study of the ^s-keto-R-liexene de-

^ Dis.sertation, Chic-ngo, 1897, p. 17.

= Berichte, 26, 65.

^ Amcr. Chem. Jour. XXFI, 250.

12— Aciidemy of Science.

178

rivatives. He has fouiicl, (1) that substances of tlie type of acetoaceticether
and aliphatic aldehydes^, and aromatic aldeliydes^, condense in the pres-
ence of diethylamine or jiiperidine to form 1.5 diketones, and that these
diketones, with loss of water and ring formation, are converted into
2-keto-R-hexene derivatives; (2) that desoxybenzoin adds itself to sub-
stances of the type benzalacetylacetone forming 1.5 diketones, whicli, by
loss of water and ring formation, yield . 2-keto-R-hexene derivatives.

Recently the study has been extended to include the reactions wliich
might take place between the ketols — benzoin, cuminoin, furoin, anisoin
and piperonoin — and the unsaturated ketones-benzalacetoue, cuminalacet-
one, p-methoxy-benzalacetone, and piperonyleuacetone. In all the re-
actions, /\2-keto-R-hexene derivatives are formed, except in those in which
furoin is used. Under no conditions has it been possible to bring about
any interaction in any of the experiments in which furoin is used. All of
the other reactions progress smoothly and excellent yields are obtained in
each case. It has been ascertained also, tliat in place of the unsatured
ketone, a mixture of the corresjionding aldehyde and acetone may be used
and the course of tlie reaction is in no way changed, but tlie yield is ma-
terially increased. To insure tlie completion of tlie reactions, however, it
is necessary to boil tlie mixtures for tifteen minutes on the water-bath.
E(iual volumes of a ten per cent, solution of sodium hydroxide may be
used instead of the alcoholic sodium ethylate and the same reactions will
take place but tlie yields are very much poorer.

In tlie i)resent paper the study is limited to the consideration of only
those cases, wliich will in a general way, indicate, (1) the nature of the
products formed and, (2) the extent to which the reaction is applicable.

I. ADDITION OF BENZOIN TO OUMINALACETOXE.

.i-4-(lii>ht'iiiil-')-ciniuil-4-().ni-^,^-k('t()-R-h'.n'a('.
CU.CoH, .ClI . (CHa).

C«H5. C.(OH).

CeH« . C

' Ann. iSl, 25. Ann.
= Ann. 30S, 223.

55,321.

CH,

CO

CH

179

For tlie pi-eparatiun of this _\2-keto-R-liexeue derivative, one mole-
cule (6 gr. ) of benzoin is dissolved in boiling absolute ethyl alcohol
(l(X)cc. ), and to this solution is added one molecule (5.32 gr. ) of cuniinal-
acetone. This mixture is treated witli an alcoholic solution (4cc. ) of
sodium-ethylate (.5 gr. sodium in 30cc. absolute ethyl alcohol). The mix-
ture becomes deep red in color and upon standing in a cool place for two
hours deposits clusters of needle-like crystals. Tlie crystalline mass is
filtered off and after washing with absolute ethyl alcoliol is recrystallized
twice from glacial acetic acid. Clusters of long, fine, white needles result
whicli melt at 231°. It is insoluble in ligroin (40-60), ether, and cold alco-
hol, but dissolves readily in liot beuzeiie, glacial acetic acid and chloro-
form .

Calculated as CoyHaiOo.

Found

C 84.80

84.67

H 6.81

6.92

If a mixture of one molecule each of cuminol (4.2 gr.) and pure acet-
one (1.7 gr. ) is used instead of the cuminalacetone, it has been established
by several comparable experiments that it is necessary that the reaction
shall be carried on at the temperature of the water bath for fifteen min-
utes. Upon the cooling of the mixture, the /^2-keto-R-hexeue derivative
separates in a relatively pure condition. By repeated additions of 4cc. of
sodium ethylate at a time, additional quantities of the substance are ob-
tained which make the yield almost quantitative. Experiments were
made using the total quantity of sodium ethylate solution (12cc.) required
for the quantitative completion of the reaction, and it was found that the
reaction took an entirely different course, resulting in the formation of
the sodium ethylate addition product of benzoin".

The condensation takes place readily when 15 grs. of a 10% solution of
sodium hydroxide are used in place of the 4cc. of sodium ethylate solution.

O.ii'in of o-4-(h'i>Iu'iiiil-5-rumifl-4-<>ry-j\2-l':<'fo-R-lie.ir)}r.
CH .CbH^ .CH. (CHa)^

CeBs. C.(OH)

Cells . C

^ Dissertation, Chicago, 1897, p. 4.

CH,

C = NOH

CH

180

This oxiiu is ol)t;iiii'_'d by boiling a luivlure of one niokcnle (1 gr. ) of
the /^'j-Leto-R-liexeiie d'jrivativo willi tlircc mol'.cules (.oBgr. ) of hvdroxyl-
aniiic livdrcchloride and one and one-half molecules (.56 gr. ) of sodium
carbouale dissolved in ethyl alcohol (140cc. ) for forty-five minutes, using
a return condenser. Ono-lialf of tlie alcohol is distilled off and tlie residue
on cooling d( posits white crystals, which, when they have been recrystal-
lized from a mixture of benzene and ligroin, melt at 221-3°. Tlie sub-
stance is easily sokible in liot alcohol, cold ether, acetic acid, and ii()t ben
zenc, but very sparingly soluble in hot ligroin (40-()0^).

Calculated as C-.tHi^tOsN. Found.

N. 8. 5:5 8.72

,;-/f-ili j:li( inil-.'>-<-ii iiiijl-iilii i(<il-(;c( tdti .
C. CJI,. (■II.CII,),

CJI, .c

CoH, .C

(11

c .0 .cociic

CII

This body is prepared by boiling th" ■j-keto-R-hexene derivative witli
excc ss of eitlier acetic anhydride or acetyl cidoride for thirty mini.t( s. The
mixture assumes a yellowish-red tint, and yields a solid substance only
when it is poured into a large excess of water. The white amorphous mass
recrystallizes from liot ligroin (40-00") in bunches of long needles, melting
at 98°. It is soluble in cold glacial acL'ticacid, benzene, ether and alcohol,
but is sparingly soluble in ligroin.

Calculated as Ci;'.iH2b02. Found.

C 85.72 85.50

H O.-IO 6.02

J-Zf-flillllCIUll-.l-l'lllill/l-JlllI'lKll.

V . C.II, . Cll (CII:,)-,

Colin

CII

C II, .c

Cll

C .011

181

The acetate is boiled upon a water-bath witli alcoliolic potassium liy-
droxide for fifteen minutes. The mixture resulting is poured into excess of
dilute hydrochloric acid, and a white mass is obtained. The amorphous
phenol is recrystallized from hot alcohol. It forms white needles, which
melt at 155°. It is readily soluble in cold chloroform, benzene and ether,
but sparingly soluble in hot ligroin (-10-60°).
Calculated as C27H240. Found.

C 89.00 8S.96

H 6.60 6.87

II. ADDITION OF BEXZOIX TO AXISYLIDEX ACETONE.

,j-4-(l']iliiii/il-'>-a)i'xi/l-4-0-rj/-^2 I'lcto-R-hcrcuf.

CH .CeH.lOCHa)

CHs .C. iOH)

CbHr . c

, CH,

. CO

.CH

The 3-4-diphenyl-5-anisyl-4-oxy- ^ o-keto-R-hexene is prepared by
the condensation of one molecule (6 gr.) of benzoin, either with one mole-
cule (5 gr. ) anisylidenacetone, or with one molecule each of anisaldehyde
(3.9 gr.) and of pure acetone (1.7 gr. ) under exactly the same conditions
whicli were used in the preparation of 3-J:-dipheuyl-5-cumyl-l-oxy-/\2-
keto-R-hexene. The substance crystallizes in bunches of needles, either
from hot glacial acetic acid, or absolute alcohol, and melts at 233.5°.
Ho.wever the amount of alcohol required is large — for each gram, 70cc. of
liot absolute alcohol are required. It is soluble in hot benzene and chloro-
form, but insoluble in ether and ligroin (40-60^). With cold concentrated
sulphuric acid, a deep red coloration is produced.

Calculated as C25H22O3. Found.

C 81.08 80.91

H 5.95 6.03

O.rini of the .>-4-<l'j>Jii'i'iiiI-''!-:i)iiKiil-.f-or!i-^ 2-Z.v'/'v-/i-//r'.(y'«r.
For the preparation of the oxim, a method, analogous to that described
in the preparation of the oxim of 3-4-diplienyl-5-cuniyl-4-oxy-^^2~'^6to-
R-hexene, is used. After recrystallization from liot alcohol, it melts at 196°.

182

It is soluble in hot glacial acetic acid, cliloroform, and benzene, but in-
soluble in ether and ligroin (40-60°).

Calculated as C25H23O3N. Found.

N. 3.63 3.85

Acetate of 3-4-'Uphenyl-.'}-fnnsiil-phi' nol .

This product is obtained by boiling the _^^-keto-R-hexene derivative
with acetyl chloride on the water-bath for ten minutes. The mixture as-
sumes a deep red coloration. Nothing separates on cooling. When excess
of water is added, however, an amorphous mass separates which, upon
crystallization from hot ligroin (40-60°) or from aqueous alcohol, melts at
1415_2o It is soluble readily in cold benzene, ether, glacial acetic acid
and chloroform; sparingly soluble in hot benzene and aqueous alcoliol.
Calculated as C27H22O3. Found.

C 82.22 82.10

H 5.59 5.84

3-4--(ll phi'tnjl -.'>-a)ii><iil-p}iennL

The acetate upon saponification with alcoholic potassium liydroxide
yields the phenol. The reaction requires only fifteen minutes heating
upon the water-bath to complete it. The product, which is obtained when
the resulting .solution is poured into dilute hydrochloric acid, is recrystal-
lized from a mixture of alcohol and ligroin (40-60°) and melts at 159-60°.
It is readily soluble in cold ether, benzene, chloroform and acetic acid,
and almost insoluble in hot ligroin.

Calculated as C25H2(,02. Found.

O 85.24 85.17

H 5.68 5.93

This phenol reacts vigorously at the ordinary temperature with cold
concentrated nitric acid and yields nitro derivatives. These nitro bodies
will be investigated later.

18a

III. ADDITION OI'" BENZOIN TO PIPEKONYLEN ACETONE.

.i-4-(1'j)licui/I-o-j)ij)ei'ijl-4-o.ii/-/\^^-ket<>-I\-Iie.ieiif.
CH . Ce Ho . (CH,0,)

Ce Hs • C . (OH)

Ce Us

" CH,

CO

CH

One molecule (6 ^r.) of benzoin and one molecule (5.9 gr. ) of piper-
onylenacetone are dissolved in hot absolute ethyl alcoliol (lOOcc. ) and a
solution (ice) of sodium ethylate (.5 gi*. sodium in 30cc. absolute alcohol)
is added. As in all these condensation reactions with sodium ethylate,
this mixture assumes a deep red coloration. Upon standing for two hours
rosettes of yellow needle-like crystals separate. These crystals, upon re-
crystallization from glacial acetic acid, are obtained in fine white glitter-
ing needles, melting at 240^. The substance is soluble in hot chloroform;
sparingly soluble in hot benzene and alcohol; and insoluble in ether and
ligroin (-10-60').

Calculated as Cjj H,„ O^. Found.
C 78.12 78.00

H 5.21 5.38

The method above described for the- preparation of 3-4-diphenyl-5-
piperyl-4-oxy- 2-1^6to-R-hexene does not progress as smoothly and as
completely as wlien one molecule eacli of i)iperonal (4.25 gr. ) and of pure
acetone (1.7 gr.) is used in place of the piperonyleuacetone, and the reac-
tion is carried out at the temperature of the water-bath. The crystals
obtained by this method are very pure and clean, and the yield is almost
quantitative, especially if the motlier liquor is treated again with more
sodium ethylate and the mixture again boiled.

Ten per cent, sodium liydroxide solution also effects the condensation.
However the yield is poor.

184

0.1 i in of S-4-(liphrniiJ-o-j>ip('nil — ,^ "•''.'/- A 2-kr^>-/i-//('.(V'Hr'.

This oxim is prepared iii an analogous method to tliat described pre-
viously for the preparation of oxims. Wlien recrystallized from a mixture
of alcohol and ligroiu, crystals are formed melting at 190-1°. It is soluble
in liot alcohol, cold ether, chloroform, and liot benzene, and is insoluble in
ligroin (40-60°. )

Calculated as C25H21O4N. Found.

N 3.51

3.78

IV. ADDITION OF CUMIXOIN TO BENZALACETOXE'

3-4-diriimiil-.')-ph('niil-4-(>.rii-i\2-^''f'>-J^-^i''->-'''''' ■
CH. C„H,

(CH3)oCII.C6H4 .C. (OH)

(CH3)c.CH.C,H, .C

CH,

CO

CH

Cuminoiu, in general, reacts less rapidly than benzoin and the yields
of /\2~^f'^o~R~^^^^^^6 derivatives are poorer.

One molecule (6 gr. ) of pure cuminoin'^ and one molecule (3 gr.) of pure
benzalacetone dissolved in hot absolute ethyl alcohol (60cc. ) are treated
with a solution ((ice.) of sodium ethylate (.5 gr. sodium in 30cc. absolute
alcohol). Upon the addition of the sodium ethylate, the mixture turns
deep red, and after standing for six hours clusters of needles separate. By
recrystallizing twice from glacial acetic acid, pure 3— l-dicumyl-5-phenyl-
4-oxy-^2-keto-R-hexene is obtained. It melts at 214°. It is soluble in
cold acetic ether, chloroform, hot benzene and ligroin (110-120°); insoluble
in cold alcohol, ligroin (40-60°), and ether. The yield is about 27% of tlie
theoretical.

Calculated as C3„H3 20. Found.

C 84.90 84.77

H 7.54 7.83

Dissertation, Chicago, 1897, p. 19.
Beriehte, XXVI, 64.

185

< l.riiii of till' .',-4-dic iim ijl -.'i-i)hc inj! -4-< I.I- tj- _ ^-ki'to-Ti-lu'xene .

A molecule of the substance dissolved in alcohol was boiled with three
molecules of hydroxylamine liydrochloride for an hour. On cooling, nothing
appeared, but after the larger portion of the alcohol had been distilled off
in the water-bath a solid separated, which on being well washed with water
and recrystallized from a mixture of benzene and ligroin (40-60°) gave
fine white needles melting at 208°. It may be recrystallized also from
aqueous alcohol. The analysis shows it to be the monoxim.

Calculated as 03„H3,03N. Found.

3.11 " N3.30

The substance is easily soluble in cold acetic acid, benzene, and acetic
etiier; insoluble in ligroin (40-60°).

o-4-<li<'iiiit!/l-.')-ji/n'in/l-jiIi('iiol acctdtc.

This body can easily be prepared by boiling the /^2~1^6to-R-hexene
derivative with a mixrure of acetic anhydride and anhydrous sodium acetate
for forty-five minutes, or until the mixture becomes decidedly pink in color.
The solution is then poured into a large amount of cold water and allowed
to settle. After recrystallization from glacial acetic acid, it is obtained in
large bunches of long radiating fibers, and melts, when pure, at 122°. It
is soluble in cold benzene, chloroform, ether, and ligroin (40-60°), in hot
alcohol and acetic acid.

Calculated for G^2^3i02- Found.

85.71 C 85 60

7.14 H 7.55

The acetyl derivative, when hydrolyzed by means of alcoholic potash
yields 3-4-dicumyl-5-phenylphenol.

*™°°Bv warming the acetate in a water-bath for ten minutes with four
molecules of alcoholic potash and pouring into dilute hydrochloric acid, an
amorphous mass is obtained which crystallizes from warm alcohol in large
thin plates, melting at 137°. Tliis substance is soluble in cold acetic ether,
benzene, chloroform, ether and hot ligroin (40-60°); insoluble in caustic
soda.

Calculated as C;,|,H3„0. Found.

C 88.66 88.26

H 7.39 7.99

186

The additiou reactions of cumiuoin with cuminalacetoue, piperouylen-
acetone and anisylidenacetoue are being studied at present, and I hope to
be able soon to publisli the results obtained.

V. ADDITION" OF ANISOIX TO BEXZALACETOXE.

;:?-4-r??Vn//x///-J-y<///';(///-;-(^j7/- \ 2-/.v'^y-/\-/(t'.iY'j/i'.
CH . C,,H,

CH30.C,,H4.C. (OH)

CH3O . CJI, . C

cn,

CO

('II

Anisoin adds itself to the ethylene grouping much more readily than
either cuminoin or benzoin to yield the expected 1.5 diketone, but the
readiness with which tliis 1.5 diketone loses water to form the correspond-
ing A2-keto-R-hexene derivative is markedly less. In fact the 1.5 dike-
tone constitutes the major portion of the reaction product. Attempts to
prepare the 1.5 diketone pure, /. c, free from the A z-^^^to-R-hexene de-
rivatives, have failed partially. However, its approximate melting point
has been obtained, namely, 168-174°. Wlien boiled with the ordinarj^ sol-
vents in which it is soluble, the 1.5 diketone loses water and forms the
A^-J^sto-R-hexene derivative, which melts at 207°.

The mixture of the 1.5 diketone and the _^2-keto-R-hexene derivative
is prepared as follows :

One molecule (4.4 gr. ) of anisoin and one molecule (2 38 gr. ) of ben-
zalacetone are dissolved in absolute ethyl alcohol (62cc. ) and to the mix-
ture sodium ethylate solution (4cc. ) is added. The solution becomes deep
red and upon standing for two hours deposits a large mass of crystals
(2.4 gr. ). The solid is filtered olf and washed well with absolute alcohol.
A trial determination of the melting ])oint shows that tlie product is a
mixture. It melts at 168-74° and 204°. The mother liquor from tlie crys-
tals upon treatment with more sodium ethylate solution yields more of the
same products (.4 gr. ) Upon recrystallization from either of three sol-
vents— benzene, alcohol or acetic acid — fine white needle-like crystals are

]8T

obtaiiu'd, having a constant melting point of 207°. It is soluble in chloro-
form, slightly soluble in ligroin, and insoluble in ether.
Calculated as C,,H. ^04. Found.

C 78.00 " 77.62

H 6.00 6.13

The acetate and oxim have been prepared, but as yet no analyses have
been made, but the physical properties determined correspond very closely
witli those of the other ^ ^-keto-R-hexene derivatives which I have pre-
pared.

An investigation of tlie reaction of anisoin witli cuminalacetone, piper-
onylenacetoue and anisylidejiacetoue is being carried on.

Geology of the Jemez- Albuquerque Reihon, N. M.
Alberi B. Reagan.

(Abstract.)

(Original published by the American Geologist. Illustrations used by permission of that

Publiching Company.)

GENERAL DESCRIPTION.

The Jemez-Albuquerque Region describetl in this paper, is in north-
western New Mexico betAveen longitude 100.° 20' and 107° W. and latitude
35° and 36° N. Roughly speaking, it is a triangle with its apex toward
the south. It is bounded on the southeast by the San Dia Mountains, on
the southwest by the Rio Puerco. and on the north by the upper plateau
of the Jemez Mountains. Its principal river is the Rio Grande, and its
commercial center is Albuquerque. The Santa Fe Railroad enters the
region at the northeast, near Thornton, and passes through it. just to the
east of the Rio Grande to Albu(iuerque. At this point the road branches,
one branch of the system going to El Paso. Texas, the other, the Atlantic
and Pacific, to California and the Paoitic coast.

GENERAL SI^RVEY.

This section. ;is a whole, is one vast desert area, sparsely covered with
grass, piuout'S. red cedar, sage brush and cactus, except in the valleys
where tliere is sufHcient water for irrigation. In these valleys corn, wheat,
fruit and licans ai'c raised l»v tlie natives and Mexicans. To consider the

188

entire area agaiu, it presents two basin-sliaped tlistricts, the Rio Puerco
and the Rio Grande, with the strata in each respective basin dipping- in
general towai'd its center. The separating line at the north between
these basins is the Nacimiento Mountains, the west wing of the Jemez
uplift. It is continued at the south in a line of hills which decrease in
altitude as they recede from the main range. The two basins merge
into one below Albuquer(iue. The whole area is faulted and much broken
and high escarpments often still mark the fault lines. Examples of such
escarpments are the .San Dia Mountains. Mesa Blanco, and one on each
side of the Red, Beds just south of the Jemez range. There is also evi-
dence that the Nacimiento iNIountains Avere, originally, the result of a drop
on their western side. The resulting escarpment has been worn down and
subsequently covered in pai't by sedimentations that it is not so strong
in relief as the San Dia escarpment: the Carboniferous strata which flank
this range on the east are entirely wanting to the west of these moun-
tains. Mes;i Blanco was left an escarpment by a drop on its northern
side of more tlian 1,C>00 feet, l.OOO feet of which still remain. The escarp-
ment to the east of the Red Bed mesa is now !XKI feet in height and the
escarpment to the \\est of the same mesa is 1,200 feet. On its western
margin the sti-;ita of this mesa dip toward the east at a great angle, and
at a greater angle toward the west on its eastern side. Tlie wliole coun-
try, as is indicated altove, is exii-emely l)i-oken n\): tlie livers in their
process of ))ase-leveling iiave chiseled their channels deeji into the rock.
Great dikes and numerous volcanoes puncture the strata: and lava-flows
cover hundreds of square miles of its surface. The dip of the whole re-
gion, when a dip is noticeable, is usually away from the mountains at an
angle ranging from l.'i'' to !M(." In many pl.ices the region is ;i bad land
country. A\'iien" llie lava is suixTinijiosed on it. it Is of liic "mal pais"
type: and whei'e the lav;i is wanting, especially along the Itreak-lines,
^'mauvaises tt>i'res." The culminating points of the area under considera-
tion are, the crest of the San Dia Mountains, the monolith .Mt. ("altizon (»n
the Rio Puerco and INIt. Pelado. the culminating point of tlie .Temez INIoun-
tains.

XATFRK OF ROCKS.

Tlie rocks of tliis region are intrusive, eiaiptive and sedimentary.

The intrusive rocks are the cores of the res[)ective mountain districts
■of Jenu'z and San Dia, and the dikes throughout the entire area. They
are gi-aiiites. ]ioritliyries. gneisses, etc. The eruptive rocks are volc;inic

''■?fl

r>«

-■ .r A

A

A

^

f\

%

>■". A

A

A

A

A

A a'

;./.aIa

/\

A

A

A

A A

r.'.A

'•■

^

A

A

AA

,,,Ja

H

A

A

A

A A

2/.. A A

A

A

A

^

A A

:#p

TaTA

' ,'. A A

A A.\ /

i ^ ^ /I

A A A A

A A AV-r
A A A »\ ,,
A A A A
A A A A A

Ma , /

A /• A A /

\A /\ rt /

A A A A

^ A A A /"

A A A A

1/!.A A ^

La AAjL

181)

plugs. lavas and tuft's. The h-nas are liasalt. trachyte and rhyolite. Obsi-
dian also occurs in hirye iiuantities on the .Temez Plateau. The sedimen-
tary deposits are the country roclvs of nearly the entire region where not
covered with lava. They were laid down in tlie seas and lakes that sur-
rounded the islands whicli now t'orni tlie high mountains of t^an Dia and
.lemez. These deposits date hack well into the Carhoniferous. and con-
tinue almost without lircak to the recent times.

UIVEKS.

The rivers of the region are the Itio Puerco. the Jemez and the Kio
Grande. The Kio Puerco, as we liave seen, closes in on the west the
region discussed in this paper: the Jemez River and its tributaries drain
the south and also the southwest slope's of the Jemez Mountains; and the
Rio Grande passes south through the section east of the Jemez Mountains,
and west of the San Dias. The Rio Puerco and the Jemez rivers are
tributaries of the Rio (Jrande.

MOUNTAINS.

The mountains, as h.is lu-en stated, are tlie Sau Dia and Jemez. The
former was caused by a fault of 11, (KX) feet along their western side, 7,000

Little Pi^my \'cjU-;iiii

feet of which still remain, as an escarpment. Their core is granite, their
cap Carboniferous. The latter (the Jemez ^Mountains) h;ive a core of red
granite, overlaid in most cases, with hundreds of feet of volcanic delu'is,
except along the west wing of the group where tlie crest is granite.

190

STKATIGRArHY.

At the close of (niijoiiiferons times or e.-irlier. tlie Jeiiiez Mountains
were uplifted, and associated with their develoimient are to l)e found large
intrusions of jiranites and porphyries occupying an axial position. During
the pei'iod of niminlain linilding ilie western tiank of the Jeniez was
faulted off. Tin se mountains were sui)se(iuently sm-rounded by a shalloAV
.lurassic sea. in which were depositwl red sandsttnies and shales to a
thiclaiess of 2.<KH) feet. Tlien came the Jurassic revolution. The moun-
tains were re-elevated and the Jurassic strata to the west of the moun-
tains were faulted and tilted to a nearly vertical position. At this time
the volcanoes near Pelado became active, and poured out the great rhy-
olitic sheet which now on the plateau covers the granite porphyritic core
of the Jemez range, over which the.se same volcanoes, at a later time,

191

Liiirled out li'o feet of pumiceous tuff. These moxintains were still islauds
ill Cretaceous times, but their area then was much greater than formerly.
Ill this period the mountains seem to liaA-e been gradually rising until in
the Fort Union epoch great swamps covered the entire country, the sea
being oltliterated for a time. In these swamps vegetation was luxuriant,
and the vegetable matter laid down in them forms today, tfie coal fields
of nortli western New Mexico. At the close of the Fort UuTou epoch, there
was a' slow subsidence. The Puerco was deposited ont'Mf^'-IPort Union,
and then tlie Eocene on th-at. the whole series being conformable. Then

there came a violent change. The whole country was elevated above the
sea, much faulted and broken up, and blocked basins on a grand scale
resulted. These depressions were the lakes of Pliocene times. Oue large
lake existed in the vicinity of Jemez. and another in the Rio Grand Valley.
The lake at Jemez was filled up with the Jemez marls by the tributaries
of the Jemez River: and the Rio (irande Lake was silted up witli the
Albuquerque marls, probably l)y tlie tributaries of the river which at
present occupies that valley. Wlien these lakes were almost filled, there
was a further re-elevation of the country, and the rivers at o;ice com-
menced to cut down their respective clianiu^Is: hut this deepening of their

193

channels was suddenly arrested by the seismie disturbances and the lava
tiows of Post-Tertiary times. The former chanjied the incline of the river
channels, and the latter dammed up the rivers, thus forming lakes. In
these lakes wei-e deposited the Pleistocene marls of the river valleys. At
the close of the I'leistocene. these lakes in turn were obliterated and the
country took on the .neneral appearance that it has today.

ECONOMICS.

The altitude of this region. ."i.oOD to O.diHt feet above the sea. and
the latitude thirty-tive to thirty-six degrees north, combine to give it
a climate which for mildness and equality has no superior in the world.
Its location, near the center of the vast rainless region of the West, and
its remoteness from any large l)ody of water, give it an atmosphere al-
most totall.v devoid of moisturt-. At the same time. l)y reason of the
latitude and altitude, the air is both warm and light, thus furnishing, in
unlimited quantities, nature's sovereign remedy for all diseases of the
lungs.

Soil.—Tlie soil on the talile lands, especially on tlie Tertiar.v formatiou.s,
is pool'. There is too much alkali. P.ut if the water for irrigating pur-
poses could be had. even the soil of these mesas, in a few years, could be
made productive. It would reciiiire considerable lal)nr and the use of
fertilizers such iss gypsum. Iiurned lime. etc.. but in the end it would pay.

On the mountain plateaus the soil is good, especially in the .lemez
Mountains in the \'alle (irande country. This great valley, to interpret
the Mexican, occupies a high altitude, aA'eraging 0.000 feet. "It embraces
100, 000 acres, and forms tine prairies with abundant grasses. On it also
the fir and pine are most magnihcentl.v developed."

In the valleys the .'■oil is. without exception, the best in the Avorld. It
surpasses evtn the soil of the Nile Valley. In speaking of the Rio Grande
mud. Dr. Loew. in the I*. S. (Geological t-Uirveys of the Territories west of
the lIKttli meridian (\'ol. 111., p. .j78-."iS2) sjiys:

"Irrigation with these mud-carrying waters furnishes the lands with
a layer of the l)est vii-gin soil in a finely pulverized condition, and the
belief of the farmer that the Rio Grande water is an efficacious fertilizing
agent is fully warranted liy tiie facts revealed l)y tlie chemical analysis.

13— Aeaileiiiy of .^cienco.

19(5

Indeed the irJiahitiiuts of the Rio Grande will never require any other
fertilizer tlian tlie waters of the Rio Grande Del Norte."

.MINERAL RESOURCES.

Colli.— The Fort Union coal formation underlies most all the lands in
this re.yii»n. except tlie mountain districts. Its coal outcrops are quite a
distance from tlie railroad and until just recently only Mexicans and In-
dians knew of its occurrence. The coal is a s'ood quality and the seams
are tliick. It is reasonable to lielieve tliat tlu" time is not far distant when
coal will lie mined there on a large scale.

<li/lisiini.~T\n' .lurassic rocks, wherever found, are capped with gypsiim
from ten to forty feet in tliickness. Owini;- to its tliickncss and its laclv of

Picture showing Tufa near Jumez Hot Springs.

197

oorer, it can be worked to a great advantage. With railroad facilities a
great industry will be developed, for the raw material is of good quality.

(lohJ. Xilrcr aiid (V>/>/>rr.— The mountains are crossed in all directions
l)y mineral bearing veins; but to date the ores found are too low in grade
to ship, the railroad being too far away, and they are not enough in quan-
tity to pay to put a smelter on the ground to smelt them. Should a rail-
load I)e put up Jemez Valley, mining would at once become a paying
business. Besides the ore in veins, placer gold is foun<l in the rieisto-
ceue deposits, but water for hydraulic mining is wanting, ("ould the
necessary water be obtained, this region would witliout doubt Itecome one
of the leading placer mining districts of the west.

MnJU-'uKil .V/*r/«//.s-.— The springs of the region are numerous, most all
are hot, and all possess medicinal properties. Among them are the famous
Jemez Hot Springs, and the Sulphurs. These springs surpass those of
Minnesota and California. They are visited by people from every part of
the United States, and foreigners not infreciuently visit them.

This region, with its building stone, with its gypsum, with its forests,
with its medicinal springs, with its gold and silver veins and coal fields,
and with its fertile soil and unequaled climate, is one of the best regions
in New Mexico: and under proper handling, will become one of the wealth-
producing regions of the country.

The Jemez C'Oal Fields.
Albert B. Reagan.

The Jemez coal fields are situated about twenty-tive miles west of
Bernalillo, thirty miles a little to the west of north of Albutiuerque. and
six miles south of the Jemez River at San Isidro in longitude 100° .")()'
west, and in latitude 35° 30' north. They cover an area of altout twenty
square miles.

Tlie strata of this field show a predominance of soft yellow sandstones
interbedded with clays and sandy shales. Interbedded with these are
strata of In-own coal which are freely exposed in the perpeudicidar walls
of the mesas. These coal seams vary from two to twelve feet in thick-
ness: and, along one fault in this respective coal area, seventy feet of coal
are exposed at one view. In examining tliese coal fields, it was ol)served

198

that ill m;iny iiistanc-cs tlic strata had l)eeii destroyed by fire; and the
coal being luirncd out. tlie r( ofs had caved in by a succession of faulting,
or had collapsed under the pressure. That the destroying agent was tire
is attested not only by the clay accompanying the seams being turned to
brick. l)ut also by heaps of slag composed of silicates of iron and alumi-
num. This coal is liitunu^nous and Fort Union, or Laramie. It is yery
brittle, somewliat laminattd. dull luster.

These coal ticlds are quite a distance from the railroad, and until just
recently only Mexicans and Indians knew of the coal outcrops there. Tliis
coal is a good (]uality and the scams, as we have seen, are thick. The
time, no doubt, is not far distant when coal will lie mined there on a large
scale the same as at (Jallo-,) at tlie western limit of the same coal horizon.

Some TopO(!RApiiic Features in the Lower Tippecanoe

Valley.

Fred J. Bueeze.

In the valley of the Tippecanoe aliout a mile below the Carroll-Tippe-
canoe line are two features of relief which perhaps deserve some attention.

On the east side of the river is'a long, narrow ridge of gravelly ma-
terial, about twenty-tive feet- high, a few yards wide, and three-fourths of
a mile long. (See A on map.) It starts from a hundred foot bluff, and in
a short distance slopes doAvn to an elevation of twenty-five feet, and for
the remaining distance is nearly level. On the up-river side of the ridge is
an abandoned channel of comparative recency. This ridge is evidently a
remnant of a large spur of upland which was gradually made naiTOwer
by the southward movement of a river )iend, of which the present aban-
doned channel marks the southern limit. Before the spur had been en-
tirely removed, the river straightened its course, thus forsaking the bend;
and the remnant of the upland spur is this narrow ridge.

Just west of the ridge, on the other side of the river, is a gap joining
the valley of the Tippecanoe with that of Moot's Creek, a tributary which
empties about a mile below. (See B on maji.) The floor of this gap Is
forty feet above the rivei-, is nearly 2(K) yards wide, and is bounded on the
north and south by bluffs sixty feet high. At first sight it seems that this
gap was formerly the mouth of Moot's Creek; but investigation justifies

199

R INTCRVAL - \0 rCET.

Fl ELD ASSISTANTS

another explanation. For two or three miles above its mouth. Moot's
Creek flows in a valley ronshly parallel with that of the Tippecanoe. At
many places the creek valley widens into creseentie hollows which are
separated from each other by sharp-pointed, narrow ridges. The floors of
these semi-circular areas are about twenty feet higher than the present
flood-plain. One of these areas Is marked C. Doubtless the gap B was one
of the widened portions of the valley, and only a very narrow strip of

200

iipliiiul si'parati'd il from tlic Tipiiccanoc \'all(^v. Later, after Moot's Creek
had swung- to the west side of its vaUey, the Tippecanoe by its westward
meander removed tlie dividiii.u- strip, tluis forming the present gap.

The Action of HvDRO(iEN Perox'De ox Cuprous Chloride.
W. M. Blanchard.

This investigation was suggested l»y the results obtained in tlie study
of the action of large volumes of water on cuprous chloride. Some time
ago my attention was called to the fact that when a large volume of water
is added to cuprous chloride the salt becomes orange colored. If this water
is removed and a second (luantity added the color of the salt deepens, and
if this operation is carried on long enough, a few days being sufficient if
the water is changed every few hours, the salt finally becomes a bright
red and in all respects resembles cuprous oxide. Fpon analysis the com-
pound proved to be almost piu-e cupi'ous oxide.

A search through the literature at command was made but no such
action as this was foimd recorded. A careful study of the reaction was
then made. It was at tirst lielieved tliat the reaction toolc place according
to this equation:

Cu^Cl^ + HjO^iCujO 4 2HC1.

It seemed that tlie first water added resulted in the conversion of a
part of the cuprous chloride into cuprous oxide and hydrocloric acid and
that no further change took place until this acid was removed, and more
water added. But further investigation showed that this was not correct.
The water removed was found to contain cupric chloride; this salt coiild
be produced in this case only by oxidation, and the oxidation could result
in all prol)ability only from oxygen dissolved iu the water.

By properly consti-ucted apparatus it was shown that water which
had been previously boiled for an hour and cooled iu a current of hydro-
gen produced no change on cuprous chloride.

About this time I had access to Dammer's Handbook of Inorganic
Chemistry and there I found a reference to this very reaction. It was
expressed by the following equation:

2 CU2CI2 + O = Cu20 + 2Cu01j.

201

A further study of the reaction proved this to be correct. The re-
action, however, is not complete, for only aliout 97 per cent, of the cuprous
chloride is clianged, even when the process is carried on for several months
and the compound shaken repeatedly with water in a stoppered bottle.

Since these results are produced by dissolved oxygen it seemed that
the reaction might be hastened l»y running a current of oxygen into the
water containing cuprous chloride in suspension, since in this case the
oxygen could be replenished as fast as used up. The experiment was
carried out, but instead of getting a red product, a blue one was obtained.
This is proliably the basic cldoride described by Mallet^ as formed when a
current of moist air is passed over not cuprous chloride.

This imexpected result led to a study of the action of hydrogen per-
oxide on cuprous chloride. The investigation is not complete: the results
obtained iip to date are as follows:

When hydrogen peroxide is added to cuprous chloride, the color of the
salt immediately becomes a dirty green, and iipon the addition of more
peroxide, finally becomes a delicate blue. The compound appears very
flocculent. If the reaction is carried out in a bottle or tlask connected with
a burette, a consideraltle anunuit of oxygen can be collected. The volume
of oxygen evolved does not seem to bear any direct ratio to the amount
of cuprous chloride used. If the reaction is carried out at 100° Instead of
at oi'dinary temperature, the reaction seems to be the same except that
the evolution of the oxygen is much more rapid. The compound is evi-
dently a basic chloride. It is insoluble in Avater, does not change in boil-
ing with water, does not materially diminish in weight or change in
color until heated to 250,° and is easily soluble in dilute acids and in
ammonia. There is some evidence in favor of the following reaction:

3 CujCl^ + 6 H^O = 2 CuaClO.OH + 2 CuOla + 5 H2O -f 3 O

The reaction probably taking place in two stages. The blue compound
would seem to have the composition:

Cu<OH

^ 0.8 H2O

Cu<ci

A curious fact was ol)served in connection with this study which seems
to be true of other complex copper ions. If this blue compound is dis-
soh-ed in ammonia jind hydrogen peroxide added, a violent reaction takes

Comp. rend. 62. 2*9-

202

place, accompanied by a rapid evolution of oxygen. The compound itself
does not produce such a change, neither does ammonia, but only the solu-
tion of the one in the other. It was found that copper sulphate dissolved
in ammonia will behave in the same manner.

Ripple Marks in Hudson Limestone of Jefferson County,

Indiana.

Glenn Culbertson.

In the proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science for 1001. and in
a paper entitled: Concerning Well Defined Ripple Marks in Hudson River
Limestone, Richmond, Indiana. Prof. Joseph Moore and Allen D. Hole de-
scribe Hudson limestone ripi)U^ marks near Richmond, Indiana.

In this paper I desire to give briefly the location and some points of
description of similar markings in the Hudson limestone of Jefferson
County, Indiana. In this county, to my knowledge. Hudson limestone
ripple marks occur in five widely separated localities and at six different
horizons. In all essential points the accurate and full description of the
ripple marks at Richmond may be applied to those mentioned in this
paper.

The geographical positions of the Jefferson County markings will be
given in the order of their geological horizons, the Clinton limestone being-
used as a basis for measurements. Following this a few of the principal
points of interest touching the ripple marks will be included.

The Wolf Run ripple marks are found at the roadside and in the creek
bottom within 200 yards of the end of the Ryker's Ridge pike on Wolf
Run in Madison Township. In this place there are two quite distinct
series of markings. Tlie upper is in a stratum approximately seventy feet
below the Clinton outcropping on the neighboring slope. The lower is in
a stratum some six or eight inches below the first. The upper series of
marks are exposed over a space some 35x8 feet, while the lower is ex-
posed over a surface of some three or four square yards. The trend of
the crests of the upper marks is N. 70° E., and of the lower N. 50° E., ap-
proximately. I say approximately since there are many small irregular-
ities in the trend of the crests. These crests are. however, essentially

203

parallel. The stone in wliieli all the markings spoken of in this paper
occur is the blue, abundantly fossiliferous limestone, so characteristic of
the lower and middle Hudson formation in the region of the Cincinnati
geanticline. The fossils found in the A^arious ripple marked limestones
vary with the horizon in which they occur.

The thickness of the stratum containing tlie upper Wolf Run marks
is from two to three inches, while that of the lower is from one and a
half to two inches. The distance from crest to crest or wave length is in
the upper series twenty-one inches, and in the lower eighteen inches,
approximately. The depth of trough in tlie upper is one and a half inches,
and in the lower one to one and a half inches.

The Cliffy Creek series of markings occur in the bed of that stream at
a point about one and one-fourth miles above the bridge on tlie INIadison
and Hanover pike. The ripple marks are exposed in this place at intervals
for a distance of 200 yards. The trend of the crests here is N. 10°-15° E.,
quite a little irregularity being noticed. The distance from crest to crest
is from thirty to thirty-six inches, and the depth of trough three inches.
The thickness of stratum five to seven inches, and the approximate verti-
cal distance below the Clinton limestone, 190 feet.

In the bed of the West Fork of Indian Kentucky Creek, one-third of a
mile above Manville, a series of ripple marks are found extending some
seventy-five yards where the stratum is unbroken. This series I shall call
the \"an Buren, since they are found but a short distance from the house
of John Van Buren. The trend of crests here is N. 40° E. : wave length,
thirty inches; depth of trough one and a half to two and a half inches;
thickness of stratum, two to three and a half inches. The approximate
vertical distance below the Clinton limestone is 342 feet.

In the creek bed, beneath the bridge across the east fork of Indian Ken-
tucky Creek, and within 200 yards of Manville postofBce, a ripple marked
layer of limestone from four to six inches thick is exposed at intervals for
a distance of 130 yards. At low water the marks are here exposed over a
space of 150x25 feet and as many as sixty consecutive crests may be
counted. The trend here is approximately N. 10° B., the wave length
thirty inches, the depth of trough two and a half inches, the vertical dis-
tance below the Clinton formation 350 feet. At this place the wide ex-
posure, amounting at times to 300 or more square yards, affords an ex-
cellent opportunity for the study of the relations which the marks bear

204

to each other. It is observed that, while the crests are not straight, but
more or less cnrving in their (nitline, they are essentially parallel.

On Doe Run, about two miles from Brooksburg, a ripple marked lime-
stone is exposed in the creek 1)ed, over a space of a few square yards. The
trend of crests here is approximately N. 45° E.; wave length, thirty-three
to thirty-six inches; depth of trough, three inches; thickness of limestone,
three to live inches. The vertical distance of this series of marks below
the Clinton formation could not l)e determined so readily as in the other
cases, since the outcropping Clinton is not found witliin a distance of
several miles. An approximate vertical distance of 380 feet below Clinton
was reckoned on the basis of an observed westerly dip of ten feet to the
mile of the Clinton formation in other parts of the county.

Tlie main facts in regard to these ripi)le marks are placed in tabular
form below.

These Hudson limestone ripple marks are exceptional in that ripple
marks are unusual in limestone, lieing found in sandstones and shales
chiefly. They are exceptional also in the fact tliat they are of such large
size. A few inclies usually measm-cs the distance from crest to crest of
ripple marks. Since a ripple is a small wave, these limestone markings
might well be called wave marks, were tliat term not preoccupied. These
ripple marks indicate essentially seashore conditions during the period
occupied in depositing some otM) feet of Hudson rocks and that the condi-
tions finally resulting in the Cincinnati Ceanticline or uplift at the close
of the Ordoviciaii. had long been present. Tlie trend of these marlvS from
N. 10° E. to X. 7."»° E'.. goes far towards indicating prevailing winds from
the northwest or tlie southeast during that part of paleozoic time repre-
sented in the d('i)osition of these rocks.

205

hickness oJ
Limestone
Stratum.

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INDEX, 1902,

ACT FOR THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS.

7.
Action of heat on mixtures of manganese

doxide with potassium nitrate, 173.
Action of hydrogen ijeroxide on cuprous

chloride, 200.
Act to provide for publication, 2.
Apparatus for illustrating Charles's and

Boyle's Laws, 176.
Arthur, J. C, 81.

BIOLOGICAL STATION AT WINONA

LAKE, REPORTS FROM, 111.
Birds of Winona Lake, the, 134.
Blanehard, W. M., 200.
Breeze, Fred J., 198.
Burrage, Severance, 53, 56.
Butler, A. W., 95.
By-IiMws. 15.

CATALPA SPINX (C<^rotomia Catnlpae),
THE, 99.

Class number of the Cyclotomic Number-
field, the. 79.

Cleavage plane in stems and falling leaves,
notes on the, 93.

Committees, 1902-1903, 10.

Constitution, 13.

Cook, Mel T, 104, 106,107.

Criticism of an exiieriment used to deter-
mine the combining ratio of magnesium
and oxygen, 175.

Culbertson , Glenn , 62, 202.

FERMAT'S THEOREM, A GENERATION

OF. 78.
Foreign correspondents, 22.
Forestry conditions in Montgomery County,

84.

GALL PRODUCING INSECTS, PRELIM-
INARY LIST, 104.

Garner. J. B., 177.

(Geodesic lines on the syntractrix of revolu-
tion, 72.

Geology of the Jemez-Albuquer(|ue region,
N. Mex.,187.

Glenn, 0. E., 75.

HANCOCK. E. L.,72.
Hickman. Mary A., 93.

INDIVIDUALITY OF MATERIAL AND
PATERNAL CHROMOSOMES, 111.

Investigation of the action between man-
ganese dioxide and potassium chlorate in
the production of oxygen, 170.

JEMEZ COAL FIELDS, THE, 197.
Juday, Chancey, 120.

KENNEDY, C. H., 159, 164.
LITTELL, C. G., 134.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF

DARTER, 112.
Diagnostic character for' the species of the

genus Argia, new, 164.
Dragonflies of Winona Lake, a list of the. 159.

EASTMAN, JOSEPH, IN MEMORIAM, 12.
Eigenmann, C. H.,65.
Eighteenth annual meeting, 32.
Extra i)air of appendages modified for eopu-
latory purposes. 111.

MAHIN, E.G., 170.

Members, active, 18.

Members, fellows, 16.

Members, non-resident, 17.

Miller, J. A., 80.

Moenkhaus, W. J.,111,112.

Motion of a bicycle on a helix track, 75.

Mound investigations in Jefferson County

some recent, 62.
Mutchler, Fred, 115.
Myxomycetes, of Lake Winona, 115.

(207)

208

NAEZHOSH, OR THE APACHE POLE

UAME, 63.
Notes on deformed embryos, lOP.
Notes on reared hymenoptera, 101.

OFFICERS, 190'2-1903, 9.
Officers since organization, 11.

PHOTOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS OF

COMET C, 1902, 80.
Plankton of Winona Lake. 120.
President's address, 3.3.
Program, eighteenth annual meeting, 29.
Puceinia, the genus, 81.

RANSOM, J. H., 173, 175, 176.
Reagan, A. B., 68, 187, 197.

Rerord, S. J., 84.

Ripple marks in Huilson limestone of Jef-
ferson County, 202.

SEWAGE DISPOSAL AT THE INDIANA

STATE REFORMATORY, .56.
Some ;-Keto-R-Hexene derivatives, 177.
Some rare Indiana birds, 95.

T0P0(4RAPHIC FEATURES IN THE

LOUVER TIPPECANOE VALLEY, 198.
Transmissible diseases in college towns, 53.

WEBSTER, F. M., 99, 101.
Westlund, Jacob,78, 79.

3 2044 106 262 009

Date Due