Q 11 I I5X NH PROCEEDINGS OF THE A owa Academy of Science FOR 1913 VOLUME XX fr>«K7^N EDITED BY THE SECRETARY ' v :i 1915 \ 23 2 o55^y PUBLISHED BY THE STATE F>ES MOISES ROBERT HENDERSON, STATE PRINTER 1913 11 \ * > PROCEEDINGS OF THE Iowa Academy of Science FOR 1913 VOLUME XX EDITED BY THE SECRETARY PUBLISHED BY THE STATE DES MOINES ROBERT HENDERSON, STATE PRINTER 191 R I f. .... , ; r] : 1 - r,iv*, * * ' LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Des Moines, Iowa, July 1, 1913. To His Excellency, George W. Clarke, Governor of Iowa : In accordance with the provisions of title 2, chapter 5, section 136, code, 1897, I have the honor to transmit herewith the proceedings of the •twenty-seventh annual session of the Iowa Academy of Science and re- quest that yon order the same to be printed. Respectfully submitted, L. S. Ross, Secretary Iowa Academy of Science. 4 £ {;Uji IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE OFFICERS OF THE ACADEMY. 1912. President — A. A. Bennett. First Vice-President — A. G. Smith. Second Vice-President — C. N. Kinney. Secretary — L. S. Ross. Treasurer — George F. Kay. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Ex-officio — A. A. Bennett, A. G. Smith, C. N. Kinney, L. S. Ross, George F. Kay. Elective — B. H. Bailey, H. S. Conard, E. J. Cable. 1913. President — C. N. Kinney. First Vice-President — H. S. Conard. Second Vice-President — Henry Albert. Secretary — L. S. Ross. Treasurer — George F. Kay. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Ex-officio — C. N. Kinney, H. S. Conard, Henry Albert, L. S. Ross, George F. Kay. Elective — E. N. Wentworth, E. J. Cable, A. G. Smith. PAST PRESIDENTS. Osborne, Herbert 1887-88 Todd, J. E 1888-89 Witter, F. M 1889-90 Nutting, C. C 1890-92 Pammel, L. H 1893 Andrews, L. W 1894 Norris, H. W 1895 Hall, T. P 1896 Frankin, W. S 1897 Macbride, T. H 1897-98 Hendrixson, W. S 1899 Norton, W. H 1900 Veblen, A. A 1901 Summers, H. E 1902 Fink, Bruce 1903 Shimek, B 1904 Arey, M. F 1905 Bates, C. 0 1906 Tilton, John L 1907 Calvin, Samuel 1908 Almy, Frank F 1909 Houser, Gilbert L 1910 Begeman, L 1911 Bennett, A. A 1912 VI IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE MEMBERS OF THE IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. LIFE. Beyer, S. W Ames Clark, J. Fred Fairfield Denison, C. T Mason City Erwin, A. T Ames Fitzpatrick, T. J . .Lamoni Greene, Wesley Des Moines Houser, G. L Iowa City Kay, G. F Iowa City Norton, W. H Mt. Vernon Pellett, F. C Atlantic Ricker, Maurice Des Moines Ross, L. S Des Moines Seashore, C. E Iowa City Shimek, B Iowa City Summers, H. E Ames Tilton, J. L Indianola Williams, Mabel C Iowa City FELLOWS. Albert, Henry Iowa City Anderson, J. P ....U. S. Ag. Ex. Sta., Sitka, Alaska Almy, F. F Arey, M. F Bailey, Bert H Cedar Rapids Baker, H. P Baker, R. P Iowa City Bakke, A. L Bates, C. 0 Begeman, Louis . . Cedar Falls Bennett, A. A Brown, F. C Buchanan, R. E . . Burnett, L. C . . . . Cable, E. J Conard,' Henry S. . Grinnell Cratty, R. I Curtiss, C. F Dodge, H. L Dox, A. W Evvard, J. M Fawcett, H. S Fay, Oliver J Finch, G. E Ford, A. H Getchell, R. W Gow, J. E Guthe, K. E .Ann Arbor, Mich. Guthrie, Joseph E Hadden, David E . . Hayden, Ada x. ..Ames Hendrixson, W. S Grinnell Hersey, S. F Cedar Falls Jenner, E. A Indianola Kellogg, Harriette S Ames Kelly, H. M Mt. Vernon Keyes, Charles R Des Moines King, Charlotte M Ames Kinney, C. N Des Moines Knight, Nicholas Mt. Vernon Knupp, N. D Santa Monica, Cal. Kuntz, Albert St. Louis, Mo. Learn, C. D Clermont Lees, Jas. H Des Moines Macbeide, T. H Iowa City Marston, A Ames McClintock, J. T Iowa City Miller, A. A Davenport Morehouse, D. W Des Moines Mueller, Herman A St. Charles Norris, H. W Grinnell Nutting, C. C Iowa City Pammel, L. H Ames Pearce, J. N Iowa City Pearson, R. A Ames Pew, W. H Ames Rockwood, E. W .Iowa City Sanders, W. E Des Moines Sieg, Lee P Iowa City Smith, A. G Iowa City Spinney, L. B Ames IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE vii Stange, C. H «, Ames Stanton, E. W Ames Stevenson, W. H Ames Stewart, G. W ...Iowa City Stkomsten, Frank A Iowa City Thomas, A. O Iowa City Trowbridge, A. C Iowa City Turpin, C. M Ames Van Hyning, T Ft. Madison Watson, E. B Washington, D. C. Weeks, A. A Ames Wentworth, E. W. Ames Wickham, H. P Iowa City Williams, I. A .Ames Woodward, S. M Iowa City Wylie, R. B Iowa City ASSOCIATE. Aitchson, Miss A. E Cedar Falls Allen, F. W. Ames Anderson, A. J Sioux City Anderson, Helvig Rockwell City Anderson, W. B Ames Arnold, John F. . Dallas Center Bailey, Miss Pearle. . . .Cedar Rapids Baker, J. A Indianola Ball, Theo. R. Des Moines Bardwell, Etta M Iowa City Begg, A. S. . Harvard Med. Col. Cambridge, Mass. Berninghausen, Fred Eldora Berry, George H Cedar Rapids Bond, P. A Cedar Falls Boyd, Mark F Oskaloosa Brown, Maude A. .... . Iowa City Brown, Percy Ames Buchanan, John H Ames Butterfield, E. J Dallas Center Carter, Charles Fairfield Case, Chauncy Storm Lake Cavanagh, Lucy M Iowa City Chew, Gladys L Iowa City Church, Frances Des Moines Churchill, E. P Iowa City Clark, Wm. H Iowa City Coe, H. S...., Ames Colgrove, C. P Cedar Falls Collett, S. W Fayette Condit, Ira S Cedar Falls Conklin, R. E D'es Moines Cook, Clara M Coggan Cornell, R. J Atlantic Crawford, G. E Cedar Rapids Crum, Lilapi B Iowa City Cummins, Earl H Des Moines Curtis, L. D ...Wausau, Neb. Denslow, L. C ..Bondurant Dietrick, Earnest O Iowa City Dill, Homer R. Iowa City Doty, H. S Ames Dove, L. P . . . Grad. Sch. Sci. Chicago Early, S. M .Des Moines Ellis, S. F .Des Moines Ellyson, C. W .Alta Ewers, A. F Davenport Farr, Clifford H Iowa City Fisher, Nellie Muscatine Fordyce, Emma J .Cedar Rapids Fracker, S. B Ames Francis, May E. West Union Frazier, Sabena S Oskaloosa Frazier, Zoe R Oskaloosa Friedman, Rose G Knoxville Getchell, R. W .....Cedar Falls Giddings, Levi A ..... . Iowa City Gittins, Mae Urbana, 111. Godell, F. E Des Moines Golisch, E. H Seattle, Wash. Griffith, Mary C Whittier, Cal. Hamilton, W. E Des Moines Hastings, Jessie P Iowa City Hammer, B. H Ames Hayer, Walter E.. Woodbine Normal Heuse, E. O Fayette Higbee, F. G Iowa City Hills, F. B Newark, Del. Houghtelin, D. M Spencer Jeffs, Royal E Mt. Pleasant Jewell, Susan G Tabor Johnson, F. F Chicago Jones, Elizabeth Boone Johns, Minnie R Iowa City Kadesch, W. H Cedar Falls Kemp, Elda Hibbing, Minn. Kenoyer, L. A Toledo Kirkpatrick, T. D Cincinnati IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE viii ASSOCIATE (Continued) Kunerth, W Ames Kurtzwell, Geo Altoona Kuser, Wm. L Eldora Larson, G. A East Des Moines Lawrence, F. A Iowa City Lazell, Fred J Cedar Rapids Leighton, M. M Iowa City Lindley, John M Winfield MacDonald, G. H Ames McCracken, H. W Columbus, Ohio McKenzie, R. Monroe Fairfield Mendenhall, W. L Des Moines Merrill, Dayton E State College, New Mex. Messenger, G. H.. Miller, Homer R. Des Moines Mount, Geo. H Muilenburg, G. A. Columbia, Mo. Mull, Lewis B Neidig, R Ness, Henry Newell, Walter S. Cedar Rapids Nicholsen, Seth B Nollen, Sarah M. Des Moines Oleson, 0. M Orr, Florence . .Kings Park, N. Y. Orr, Ellison . . . . Page, Charles N . . Des Moines Paige, F. W Parker, R. H Patrick, W. W Iowa City Paull, Mabel A. . Pierson, Elvers . . . ... St. Charles, 111. Plagge, H. J Prall, A. A Read, 0. B Reed, Ida M Reilly, John F. . . Roberts, T Robinson, C. L Norwalk Russell, John D Des Moines Sayre, S. N , St. Charles Schatz, A. H Merrill Shaver, Nellie E Muscatine Shimek, Ella . Iowa City Slonaker, Jos. G Newton Smith, G. L Shenandoah Somes, M. P Mountain Grove, Mo. Sprague, F. W Des Moines Stanley, Forrester C Oskaloosa Stevens, T. C Sioux City Stewart, Katherine Davenport Stiles, Harold Sioux City Stoner, Dayton Iowa City Stotts, Alma M Des Moines Taylor, Miss Aravilla Centerville Taylor, Miss Beryl Cedar Rapids Tenney, G. I Des Moines Tovey, Idylene Waterloo Treganza J. A Britt Tuttle, E. V Lanesboro Van Tuyl, Francis M New York City, Schermerham Hall Columbia University Vorhies, Fred Iowa City Walters, G. W Cedar Falls Webster, C. S Charles City Webster, R. L Ames Weeks, Leroy Titus Newton Weigle, O. M Appleton, Wis. Weld;, L. D Cedar Rapids Wells, W. Stanley .Sioux City Wheat, G. G Cambridge, Mass. Whitney, Thos. H Atlantic Wright, John W Knoxville York, Fred R Iowa City Yule, Mildred R Clinton IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE ix CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. Andrews, L. W Davenport Arthur, J. C Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. Bain, H. F San Francisco, Cal. Baul, C. R Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Ball, E. D State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah Barbour, E. H State University, Lincoln, Nebr. Bartsch, Paud Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C Beach, Alice M University of Illinois, Urbana, 111 BEssEYj C. E State University, Lincoln, Nebr Bruner, II. L Irvington, Ind. Carver, G. W Tuskegee, Ala. Conrad, A. H 18 Abbott Court, Chicago, 111. Cook, A. N University of South Dakota, Vermillion, S. Dak. Drew, Gilman C Orono, Maine Eckels, C. W University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. Fink, Bruce Oxford, Ohio Franklin, W. S Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa. Frye, T. C State University, Seattle, Wash. Gillette, C. P Agricultural College, Fort Collins, Colo. Goodwin, J. G East St. Louis, 111. Gossard, H. A Wooster, Ohio Halsted, B. D' New Brunswick, N. J. Hansen, N. E Brookings, S. D. Haworth, Erasmus State University, Lawrence, Kans. Hitchcock, A. S Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Leonard, A. G Grand Forks, N. Dak. Hume, H. H Glen St. Mary, Fla. Leverett, Frank Ann Arbor, Mich. Meek, S. E Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, 111. Miller, B. L South Bethlehem, Pa. Newell, Wilmon College Station, Texas Osborn, Herbert State University, Columbus, Ohio Patrick, G. E Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Price, H. C State University, Columbus, Ohio Read, C. D. , Weather Bureau, Sioux City, Iowa Savage, T. E Urbana, 111. Sirrine, Emma Dysart, Iowa Sirrine, F. A 124 South Ave., Riverhead, New York Todd, J. E Lawrence, Kan. Trelease, William University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. Udder, J. A Rock Island, 111. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Letter of Transmittal . . iii Officers of the Academy v Members of the Academy vi , Table of Contents x Report, of the Secretary — 1 Treasurer’s Report 2 Report of Committee on Membership 3 Program . . 4 The Pollution of Underground Waters with Sewage Through Fissures in Rocks 7 Tramping in Western Washington.... 11 The Monterey Conifers 19 Notes on the Flora of Johnson County, Iowa 27 Sedges of Henry County 103 A Partial List of the Parasitic Fungi of Decatur County, Iowa 115 The Grasses of the Uintah Mountains and Adjacent Regions 133 The Diclinous Flowers of Iva Ganthifolia ...... . 151 Phylogeny of the Araceae 161 •The Effect of Smoke and Gases Upon Vegetation 169 Nitrogen in Rain and Snow 189 The Rock from Solomon’s Quarries......... 193 Segregation of Fat Factors in Milk Production. 195 Complete Succession of Iowan Cretacic Terranes 199 Recognition of Beds of Tertiaric Age in Our State 203 Late Devonic Sequence of The Iowa Region 205 The Proper Use of the Geological Name “Bethany” 207 A Pleistocene Section from Des Moines South to Allerton 213 Preliminary. Note on the So-called “Loess” of Southwestern Iowa 221 Notes on the Nebraskan Drift of the Little Sioux Valley in Cherokee County 231 The Wisconsin Drift Plain in the Region about Sioux Falls 237 Additional Evidences of Post-Kansan Glaciation in Johnson County, Iowa. 251 Mounds and Mound Explorations in Northeastern Iowa 257 The Similarity of Electrical Properties in Light-Positive Selenium to Those in Certain Crystal Contacts 261 A Practical Electrical Method of Measuring the Distances Between Parallel Conducting Planes, with Application to the Question of the Existence of Electron Atmospheres 271 The Use of the Rayleigh Disk in the Determination of Relative Sound Intensities 279 An Experimental Investigation of tlite Relation Between the Aperture of a Telescope and the Quality of the Image Obtained by it 283 On the Existence of a Minimum Volume in Solution 289 On Certain Points in the Anatomy of Siren Lacertina 291 Helpful and Harmful Iowa Birds 295 A Further Study of the Home Life of the Brown Thrasher 299 Nest Boxes for Woodpeckers 305 Food Habits of the Skunk 307 Additional Mammal Notes 311 Life History Notes on the Plum Curculio in Iowa 313 Color Inheritance in the Horpe 317 Some Factors Affecting Fetal Development 325 A Case of Urticaria Factitia Observed in the Coe College Psychological Laboratory 331 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Twenty - Seventh Annual Session of the Iowa Academy of Science REPORT OF TPIE SECRETARY. Fellows and Members of the Iowa Academy of Science : During the year since the last meeting of the Academy no vigorous campaign has been conducted to increase the membership. No attempt was made by the secretary to reach the high school science teachers other than by sending out programs of the 1913 meeting. This was done in order that the general character of the papers presented might be known, and the way be prepared to extend invitations during the coming year. Three notices of the 1913 meeting were mailed to the members; in addition to the notices a program was sent to each member. In February an invitation from the Minnesota Academy of Science was received by the president of the Academy, to send a delegate to rep- resent the Iowa Academy at their 40th anniversary which occurred March 4th. It was hardly practicable to accept the invitation because funds were not available. Almost every year a few authors append the names of the laboratories where their work was done, to the papers sent to the secretary for pub- lication. It has not been the custom to indicate the schools or labora- tories with which the authors may be connected. If it be desirable to make a change in this respect it will be well for the Academy to take action to that effect. The question is one upon which there may be difference of opinion. Also would it be well, or would it not, to give the academic degrees held by the members of the Academy, educational positions occupied, or positions of honor, and the schools with which they are connected, in the list of fellows and members as it appears in the Proceedings. No recommendation is made in this report. It seems to be accepted as a fact that a law or rule that does not have the sympathetic support of the people passing the law or formulating the rule is not enforced nor indeed can it hardly be. Among our rules is one to the effect that an abstract shall be submitted with the title of the paper to be presented at the meetings of the Academy. Action to 2 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIANCE this effect was taken some years ago and the action has received en- dorsement during very recent years. Last year twelve abstracts accom- panied the forty-six titles, and this year some twelve or thirteen ab- stracts accompany fifty-eight titles. A long list of titles, with a few abstracts scattered among them, does not appear well in the printed program. For the sake of uniformity, only the titles appear on the program this year. The volume of Proceedings for 1912 is still on the press, but will soon be ready for distribution. Unfortunately, by error, the copy was set up in 8 point type. The secretary was not aware of the fact until the first galley proof was received. Upon correspondence with the members of the executive committee the decision was reached to print the volume in the type as set up, rather than prolong the delay in publication. It is very evident that interest in the work of the Academy on the part of the members, is in a normal, healthy condition of growth. In 1910 thirty titles were presented; in 1911, thirty-four; in 1912, the anniversary year, forty-six, and in 1913 fifty-eight titles. Respectfully submitted, L. S. Ross, Secretary. TREASURER’S REPORT. RECEIPTS. Cash on hand April 27, 1912 $161.84 Dues and initiation fees from fellows and members 214.00 Life member fees 14.00 Sale of proceedings 2.17 Interest on deposits 7.27 Total $419.28 EXPENDITURES. Expense of lecturer, 26th meeting... $ 37.89 Postage and stenographic work for treasurer 20.00 Stationery and postage for Past President Begeman 13.95 Programs, letterheads, envelopes, folders, etc 39 54 Binding reprints, etc 78.75 Balance paid on banquet at Chamberlain Hotel 8.25 Postage and clerical work for secretary 23.20 Honorarium to secretary 25.00 Wrapping and sending out Volume XVIII 10.00 Cash on hand, April 26, 1913 162.70 Total $419.28 Respectfully submitted, George F. KXy, Treasurer. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 3 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON MEMBERSHIP. The following names are recommended to the Academy. TRANSFERRED FROM LIST OF MEMBERS TO LIST OF FELLOWS. J. A. Baker, Indianola; Ira S. Condit, Cedar Falls; H. L. Dodge, Iowa City; 0. B. McDonald, Ames; R. P. Getchell, Cedar Falls; E. A. Jenner, Indianola; T. C. Stevens, Sionx City; Harold Stiles, Sioux City; S. M. Woodward, Iowa City. ELECTED TO LIST OF FELLOWS. J. P. Anderson, Ames ; Paul H. Dike, Mt. Vernon; J. M. Evvard, Ames; R. A. Pearson, Ames; G. N. Turpin, Ames. ELECTED TO MEMBERSHIP. F. W. Allen, Ames; E. K. Anderson, St. Charles; F. W. Beckman, Ames; Charles E. Blodgett, Atlantic; E. N. Boland, Ames; David H. Boot, Iowa City; John H. Buchanan, Ames; E. J. Butterfield, Dallas Center; E. P. Churchill, Iowa City; W. H. Davis, Cedar Falls; Clifford PI. Farr, Iowa City; W. J. Ferguson, Des Moines; Miss Sebena S. Frasier, Oskaloosa; Miss Zoe R. Frasier, Oskaloosa; Raymond A. French, Iowa City; Ira N. Gabrielson, Marshalltown; C. E. Gethman, Eldora; Earl Grissel, Iowa City; B. H. Hammer, Ames; H. L. Hawkins, Little Rock; Miss Ruth Higley, Grinnell; F. B. Hills, Ames; L. G. Holbrook, Des Moines; Karl E. Kastberg, Boone; L. E. Kenoyer, Toledo; William L. Kuser, Eldora.; F. L. Ovenly, Ames; W. W. Patrick, Iowa City; Her- bert J. Plagge, Ames; J. C. Pomeroy, Ames; T. H. Quigley, Dallas Center; 0. B. Read, Pella; L. K. Riggs, Toledo; Fred S. Risser, Des Moines; A. H. Shatz, Merrill; C. J. Schmitt, Eldora; W. B. Slattery, Spirit Lake; Wilbert A. Stevens, Tabor; Miss Katherine L. Stewart, Davenport; G. I. Tenney, Des Moines; E. V. Tuttle, Lanesboro; Fred Vorhies, Iowa City; Everett Wells, Cresco; Fred B. York, Iowa City; George M. Young, Jr., Des Moines. L. S. Ross, G. F. Kay, Committee. 4 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE NAMES OF THOSE IN ATTENDANCE. M. F. Arey, W. E. Anderson, T. R. Ball, J. A. Baber, F. C. Brown, Fred Berninghausen, R. E. Buchanan, T. J. Burrill, C. E. Bartholomew, A. L. Bakke, Perry A. Bond, Henry S. Conard, E. J. Cable, James A. Cass, A. W. Box, Paul H. Dike, H. L. Dodge, W. H. Davis, Wesley Creene, J. E. Guthrie, Ira N. Gabrielson, R. W. Getchell, Ada Hayden, S. F. Hersey, E. A. Jenner, C. N. Kinney, Wm. Kunerth, Charlotte M. King, G. F. Kay, James PI. Lees, D. W. Morehouse, J. N. Martin, Ray E. Neidig, L. H. Pammel, Herbert J. Plagge, F. W. Paige, J. N. Pearce, L. S. Ross, H. E. Summers, L. B. Spinney, T. C. Stevens, L. P. Seig, Har- old Stiles, W. H. Stevenson, G. W. Stewart, F. C. Stanley, Dayton Stoner, John L. Tilton, E. W. Wentworth, R. L. Webster, Fred R. York. PROGRAM. The meetings of the Academy were held in Alumni Hall, Iowa State College, Ames, beginning at 1 :30 p. m., Friday, April 25. A business meeting was held, after which scientific papers were read. The time Saturday forenoon was occupied with the presentation of the remaining scientific papers and with the final business meeting. President Pearson of the Iowa State College extended a welcome to the Academy at 8 :00 p. m., Friday. After this the public address on “ Wealth from Worthlessness” wTas given by Dr. Thomas J. Burrill, Professor Emeritus of Botany, University of Illinois. A reception was given to the members of the Academy and friends after the address. TITLES OF PAPERS PRESENTED. The Contamination of Public Water Supplies Through Fissures in Rocks Henry Albert Bacterial Activities of Crop Production P. E. Brown Tramping About Puget Sound T. H. Macbride The Conifers of Monterey Peninsula T. H. Macbride The Diclinous Flowers of Iva Xanthiifolia Clifford H. Farr (Introduced by R. B. Wylie) Pure Lines and What They Mean to Iowa’s Grain Crop L. C. Burnett Quercus borealis Michx. f B. Shimek The Sedges of Henry County, Iowa John T. Bucholz The Effect of Smoke and Gases Upon Vegetation A. L. Bakke IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 5 Phylogeny of the Araceae James Ellis Gow Aroid Notes James Ellis Gow The Grasses of the Uintah Mountains and the Adjacent Region, L. H. Pammel Notes on the Flora of Johnson County, Iowa M. P. Somes The Physiology of the Pollen of Trifolium Pratense J. N. Martin The Comparative Morphology of the Legumes J. N. Martin A Preliminary List of the Parasitic Fungi of Boone County, Iowa....H. S. Coe A Partial List of the Parasitic Fungi of Decatur County, Iowa. . . J. P. Anderson Nitrogen in Rain and Snow. (Second Paper) Nicholas Knight The Rock from Solomon’s Quarries Nicholas Knight The Electrical Conductivity of Solutions of Electrolytes in Aniline, J. N. Pearce Equilibrium in the System; Cobalt Chloride-Pyridine J. N. Pearce and Thomas E. Moore Segregation of Fat Factors in Milk Production F. B. Hills The Osmosis of Optical Isomeres A. R. Johnson Observation on the Specific Heat of Milk and Cream. .. .Johnson and Hammer The Use of the Rayleigh Disk in the Determination of Relative Sound Intensities Harold StiJ.es A New Design for Specific Apparatus ' Johnson and Hammer A Proposed Method for Determining the Ratio of Congealed to Uncon- gealed Water in Frozen Soil Johnson and Ray Smith Iowa Cretacic Sequence Charles Keyes Terradal Differentiation of Devonic Succession in Iowa Charles Keyes Possible Occurrence of Tertiary Deposits East of the Missouri River. . . . Charles Keyes Mound and Mound Explorations in Allamakee County...... Ellison Orr Wright’s “Ice Age” on the Genesis of Loess B. Shimek Notes on the Nebraskan Drift of the Little Sioux Valley in Cherokee County S. E. Carman The Wisconsin Drift-Plain in the Region about Sioux Falls, South Dakota ». S. E. Carman Some Additional Evidence of Post-Kansan Drift near Iowa City, Johnson County, Iowa ....Morris M. Leighton Exhibition of Barograph and Thermograph Tracings of the Omaha Tornado John L. Tilton The Proper Use of the Geological Name “Bethany” John L. Tilton A Pleistocene Section from Des Moines to Allerton near the Iowa-Mis- souri Line John L. Tilton Preliminary Notes on the So-Called “Loess” of Southwestern Iowa James Ellis Gow The Limestone Sinks of Floyd County, Iowa A. O. Thomas An Electrical Method of Measuring Certain Small Distances, and Some Interesting Results F. C. Brown IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE PROGRAM (Continued) The Variation of the Resistance of Antimonite Cells with the Current Flowing, and the Probable Interpretation of This Variation. .F. C. Brown The Change of Young’s Modulus of a Soft Steel Wire with Electric Cur- rent and External Heating H. L. Dodge Are the Photo-Electric High Potentials Genuine. .. .Paul H. Dike and F. R. York Variation of Correspondence of Phase Relations and Sound Beats, the Two Sounds Being Presented One to Each Ear G. W. Stewart Some Dangers in Statistical Methods Arthur G. Smith The Problem of the Vision of an Illuminated Surface L. P. Sieg An Experimental Investigation of the Relation Between the Aperture of a Telescope and the Quality of the Image Obtained by It Fred Vorhies On the Existence of a Minimum Volume Solution LeRoy D. Weld Destruction of the Blue Bird by the Yellow Hammer Fred Berninghausen A Further Study of the Home Life of the Brown Thrasher, Toxostoma Rufum Linn Ira N. Gabrielson On Certain Points in the Anatomy of Siren Lacertina ..H. W. Norris The Food Habits of the Skunk Frank C. Pellett Nest Boxes for Woodpeckers Frank C. Pellett Life History Notes on the Plum Curculio in Iowa R. L. Webster Color Inheritance in Horses Edward Wentworth Some Factors in Foetal Development J. M. Evvard Additional Mammal Notes T. Van Hyning Appearance of a Case of Urticaria Factitia in the Coe College Psychologi- cal Laboratory Walter S. Newell THE POLLUTION OF UNDERGROUND WATERS WITH SEW- AGE THROUGH FISSURES IN ROCKS. BY HENRY ALBERT. The possibility of pollution of underground waters through fissures in rocks has long been a well established fact. The actual demonstra- tion of such as the source of cases or epidemics of disease in Iowa has until recently not been proved. It is with the idea of reporting an epidemic of typhoid fever due to pollution of this kind and of calling attention to the heed of a sanitary water survey in Iowa, that I present this paper. The more superficial rocks of the state present many joints or fis- sures, through which pollution with sewage material may pass. Many of the springs of the state which issue from such fissures, have their source of water supply from the superficial layers of soil not far away which means that such water has not been subject to very much filtra- tion or in case the water has entered sink-holes which are especially common in the northeastern corner of the state, has probably not been filtered at all. THE CEDAR FALLS EPIDEMIC OF TYPHOID FEVER. During the fall of 1911 there occurred at Cedar Falls, an epidemic of typhoid fever during which about 100 persons were affected, and about 20 died. The water supply of Cedar Falls previous to the time of the epidemic was from a spring in the valley of Dry Run, a small intermittent tributary of Cedar river. It comes from a fissure in the Devonian lime-stone. That this water was the source of infection was shown by both the epidemiological data and laboratory examinations indicating contamination of the water with sewage material. That the water comes in part at least from surface soil is shown by the fact that it becomes turbid after a heavy rain and high river floods. It was at first believed that the water issuing from the spring was contaminated, and that the contamination had occurred through fissures in rocks. Many repeated tests with fluorescein have however all been negative. Prof. s IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Arey informed me recently that in case of high water, although the city water was turbid, the water from the spring remained., clear. He be- lieves that the contamination probably occurred entirely while jthe water was being conducted from the spring to the collecting system at the pumping station through an old wooden conduit buried in the ground subject to overflow from the river. The fact, however, that the’ number of bacteria in the water directly from the spring varied from 40 to 480 per cubic centimeter and that the water in many of the neighboring deep wells with pipes extending into the limestone of the surrounding country becomes turbid in times of high water, would indicate that there is some contamination of the water through the fissures in the rocks with ma- terial of the neighboring stream or surface soil. It is worthy of note that the public generally regards all spring water as pure. The people of Cedar Falls were astounded when it was an- nounced that their water supply was the source of the infection. When in 1904, after Waterloo had experienced an epidemic of typhoid fever, that city was casting about for a new water supply, many of the citizens suggested the construction of an aqueduct to the spring at Cedar Falls. THE FORT DODGE EPIDEMIC. An epidemic of typhoid fever occurred at Fori Dodge, during the summer and fall of 1912. About 100 persons were affected by the disease of whom four died. The water supply of Fort Dodge comes principally from the deep wells. They also take the water from pipes beneath the river. The source of infection was apparently from both the pipes beneath the river and from one of the deep wells. The feature of interest is in connection with the latter. This well (Well No. 1) which was the first of the three wells as also the deep stone— being 1,827% feet deep and extending to the Jordan sandstone, was started at the bottom of a large shaft which was constructed several years previously for the purpose of supplying the city with water. This shaft which measures 10x10 feet across extends down for 90 feet. From the west side of the lower end of this shaft, a tunnel, 9 feet in diameter, was extended under the Des Moines river. This tunnel was driven in sandstone, so required but few timbers for support, whereas the shaft has a wooden casing for almost its entire extent. The shaft extends successively from above downward through the following layers of earth: IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 9 Alluvial gravely soil and clay. 31 ft. Limestone 6 ft. Shale, blue 27 ft. Limestone 6 ft. Sandstone 42 ft. (tunnel in this formation.) There are only about 20 feet of gravel, alluvial soil and clay from the bottom of the river to the first layer of limestone. Through this the water from the river and surrounding soil will probably pass quite readily and without efficient filtration. It then comes to a layer of limestone which is known to contain many fissures, through which water may readily enter the shaft. Beneath the limestone is a layer of blue shale, 27 feet in thickness. This is relatively impermeable to water, hence tends to keep the water from passing directly downward and so hastens the passage of water laterally along the limestone fissures — in the direction of drainage — namely, toward the shaft. Previous to the construction of the tunnel the seepage into the shaft was at the rate of about 55 gallons per minute. This was increased to 80 gallons per minute by the construction of the tunnel. This would seem to indicate that the water which enters the shaft is of recent surface origin. That the water must have come principally through such fissures in the rocks is indicated by the fact that when the shaft was constructed, but little water appeared until after the limestone layer with its fissures had been entered. That the water which comes from the shaft is polluted with sewage material has been shown repeatedly by chemical and bacteriological exam- inations. When the first artesian well was drilled (Well No. 1) it was started from the bottom of the above mentioned shaft. The casing of this well extends through the shaft and projects at the top several feet above the level of the water in the shaft. The water flowing from the artesian well fell into the shaft which became filled with water to the top of the discharge pipe. In this manner the water from the artesian well and the seepage water from the shaft and tunnel were mixed. Soon after the completion of this artesian well, a sample of this water was sent to us for examination. We expected to find either no bacteria or only a very few. We found, however, that the bacterial count went up to 42 per cubic centimeter with 2 colonies of colon bacilli. Chemical examination likewise showed evidence of contamina- tion with sewage material. The reason for this was not explained until after a personal inspection and subsequent examinations showed that the contamination occurred in the large shaft with water from the shaft and 10 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE tunnel. The water taken directly from the well did not show any evi- dence of pollution. We believe that the water of the tunnel and shaft comes largely quite directly from the river through fissures in the rocks and hence is not properly filtered. CONCLUSION. We believe that the pollution of water through fissures in rocks occurs more frequently than is generally thought to be the case. But whether from that source or some other, pollution of public water sup- plies in Iowa is of common occurrence. With polluted water supplies, the question of epidemics of typhoid fever is, of course, a possibility at any time. There is great need for a thorough sanitary water survey of the state. The State Geological Survey has accomplished a most meritorious work in its study of underground waters. The report will be of great service to sanitarians, but there is now an urgent need for a survey, the prime purpose of which will be to determine whether or not a given water supply may be the source of disease. I desire to acknowledge my obligations for most of the data upon which this paper was based, to A. L. Grover, of our laboratory, who made the epidemiological investigation of the outbreak of typhoid fever at Cedar Falls,- to A. M. Alden, also of our laboratory, who made a similar investigation of the epidemic of typhoid fever at Fort Dodge and to M. F. Arey of Cedar Falls - W. H. Norton of Mt. Yernon and G. F. Kay of Iowa City for geological data. TRAMPING IN WESTERN WASHINGTON. BY THOMAS H. MACBRIDE. The prosperity of our extreme northwestern commonwealth is largely dependent upon the products of its primeval forests. The present notes are intended to convey some impression of the present condition of the forest vegetation of western Washington as observed by a passing trav- eler during the winter of 1912-13. For purposes of natural-history-study the great state of Washington presents several very distinct biologic regions. Of these, three deter- mined mainly by topography, lie west of the Cascade mountains. These as delineated by Professor C. V. Piper, are the Pacific coastal plain, the Olympic mountains, and the Puget Sound basin. The present discussion concerns chiefly the region around Puget Sound, not excluding however occasional reference to the western slopes of the Cascades. All biologic conditions depend so completely upon moisture that our survey may well be introduced by reference to the remarkable meteor- ology of the case, a meteorology I believe unique, at least within the limits of the United States. In popular parlance two seasons obtain in western Washington; the wet and the dry. But whatever this may signify in other parts of the globe so conditioned, in Washington the dry season is not without showers, sometimes for several days together, and the wet winter is by no means without many sunny, beautiful days. About Puget Sound the rainfall is very peculiar. It is commonly reported that the precipitation here is very great, and that heavy forests are associated with the fact; but such is not quite the case. Precipita- tion over western Washington is extremely uneven; varies between 30 inches or less and 120 or more! Thus west of the Olympic mountains along the ocean the rainfall is reported as attaining sometimes 130 inches in a single 12-month ; at Olympia it is about 50 and at Seattle 30 ; while on the south end of Whidby Island, nearly in the middle of Puget Sound, the rainfall is so slight that the region is a desert, with cacti and all sorts of xerophytic plants. 12 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE The topography of western Washington ranges from tide-flats to mountain heights among the highest on the continent; but the temper- ature at any altitude is uniform, varying regularly in summer and winter within moderate limits. Mt. Rainier, however, carries its burden of perpetual snow with half a dozen real glaciers, and its high slopes are liable at all seasons to violent winds and storms. As fierce a thun- der storm as it has been my lot to witness prevailed in August last on Mt. Rainier at an altitude of 8,000 feet and upward. But rain in winter in western Washington generally, tho sometimes very persistent, is ordi- narily of the gentlest sort. It rains, and rains and rains, but, as would appear, there occurs nothing comparable to what we should call a cloud- burst, nothing torrential, at least, east of the Olympic mountains. It remains to mention one other factor in the problem, if the stage on which Life’s drama is unrolled is to be at all adequately described; we must mention the terrene; what the Germans fortunately call the “Bodm,” the groundwork of rocks and soils whose variety of form and composition everywhere determines to greater or less extent the facies, the final expression of the living world. We may not here go far, may not discuss the geology of our region further than to say that almost everywhere we have to do with soils of glacial origin, so that the Iowa student is at once very much at home. Curiously enough, too, we have about Puget Sound evidence of at least two invasions of glacial ice with the usual interglacial interval, and the oldest deposit in sight, the Admiralty Till, is tough and bluish, > suggest- ing instantly the famous blue clay of our valley states. The drift about Puget Sound then, covers practically the whole coun- try from the Cascades to the sea, and is enormously thick; exposures hundreds of feet in thickness may be seen almost anywhere near the water-edge. Interglacial deposits and modified drift-sheets make up the bulk of what appears above the basal till; how thick that is, and what may be immediately beneath is still uncertain. But if one may judge by the amount of erosion suffered, the upper till, the so-called Vashon drift, is very recent indeed. Where well exposed, it is sculptured by the most precipitous short ravines, cutting back through all the inter- glacial assorted sands and gravels, in most singular fashion; all well displayed within the city of Tacoma. In fact, it appears that this great mass of drift, notwithstanding its remarkable thickness, is nevertheless extremely loose and porous. Even the water-laid sheets of sand, often very solid, are lenticular and so articulated with beds of gravel as not at all to interfere with the ultimate descent of surface water. The result of the entire structure is a universal seepage around the Sound, IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE' 13 just above the “blueclay” issuing at times in springs of considerable volume. Such springs undermine the overlying deposits, cause constant slides of the loose material, so that in many cases, at least, the short ravines above mentioned are due to such causes and not to erosion by storm-water acting in the ordinary way. It must not be inferred that there is not erosion of the ordinary sort; there is plenty of it, of course; the most valuable agricultural lands of the whole district here considered are alluvial plains, filled up swamps and tide-flats; but the topography of the country is structural rather than erosional ; there are ravines and streams in plenty, but they follow old time ice-stream valleys, many of them the outflow of still existing glacial remnants clinging to the steeps of Mt. Rainier. However, this all may be, there are wide areas of comparatively level drift uncut by streams or at most by slow moving and insignificant waters that have not yet cut to base level. Besides there are many outw^ash terraces and plains. Every glacier-born river, the Nisqually for instance, is at this moment bringing from Mt. Rainier and spread- ing along a filling and widening channel, and especially in fan-shaped flats far down its course, vast quantities of water-rounded stones, pebbles, gravel, sand. Just such material, sometimes spread over many square miles forming considerable plains, occurs in different places all about the Sound, representing the deposition of far larger glacial floods in days not so very long gone by. A notable example is the famous lake region, the so-called “ prairie” south of Tacoma, a plain of water- worn material precisely like that now forming the bed of the Nisqually, the Steilacoom gravei. Upon the terrene thus so briefly sketched and under the meteorological conditions described, there stood until very recently one of the most remarkable forests of the world, associated with a wealth of non-arboreal species almost unrivalled in any area of equal size. Of flowering plants and ferns along there have been listed some 2,000 species, perhaps 25 per cent more than are reported from the whole state of Iowa. In the entire state of Washington the students expect to list some day 4,000 species of flowering plants. Such also is the variety of condition of soil, location, altitude, that plant-societies of every sort abound. We have a starving flora, consisting of but a few adventurous species near the very summit of Rainier, say 14,500 ft. A. T. ; we have the sedgy tide-flats, vast marshes covered with rushes and every sort of herbaceous green ; we have forest-shaded swamps crowded with skunk-cabbage and curious alders or maples knee-deep sometimes in water, and supporting tons of moss in various species, covering trunk and branch almost to 14 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE the farthest twigs ; we have the San Juan and other islands of the Sound, hills and mountains of glaciated rock, now largely submerged by the sea; we have the Olympic mountains with their unusual rainfall and constant exposure to the western ocean; in all these places there are peculiar plant-formations and generally species and types unique to the locality. The prairie districts, already referred to, appear to have been pri- marily regions treeless or nearly so, and treeless for probably different reasons in different localities. Thus the famous Steilaeoom prairie, already described, probably owed its treelessness to the thinness of its stony soil. It seems to have been when first observed, dotted every- where with a peculiar oak, Quercus garryana Douglas, isolated or in small clusters, hardly groves. Single aged trees of this species here are two or three feet thick, but short and evidently stunted. They seem part of a xerophytic flora, and in the text of the Tacoma Quadrangle Folio U. S. Geol. Surv. 1899, the Steilaeoom gravels are put down as entirely sterile. The old resident, however, reports that thirty or forty years ago these same gravels bore crops of wheat for a succession of years. After the fashion of Pacific coast farming, the oaks wTere not removed. Continuous cropping without rotation probably soon ex- hausted the little fertility for wheat. However this may be, the soils are now considered fertile; and strange as it may seem the Douglas spruce is rapidly and snrely occupying all the prairie; the fallowed wheat-lands offering to the spruce seed, evidently, opportunity which the original surface with its competing flora did not afford. Further- more, the aggressive immigrants have developed a habit of early matur- ity Ycry surprising, almost varietal in character, trees six to ten feet high may be seen covered with cones. Is this a xerophytic response? The Steilaeoom plain is furthermore marked by beautiful glacial lakes, just like those of northern Iowa, and about these lakes are fringes of coniferous forest presenting the species characteristic of the, country in usual form. This also is an interesting fact whose explana- tion remains for future study. Space suffices not to enter upon all the problems suggesting themselves to one tramping for weeks about these plains and hills. To some of these with your permission, the writer may seek to call your attention at some future day. But the great, the literally overshadowing factor, in all this western world is the forest itself, great in every sort of economy, ecologically, biologically, sociologically, wonderful in its scientific as- pects, nor less in that which concerns the welfare of men. This great Puget Sound forest is still a phenomenon in itself and may well occupy us for the few remaining pages permitted to this paper. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 15 In the first place it may be noted that the vast beds of drift, already described as mantling the country, seem specially suited to forest growth. Glacial plowing is apparently just right for trees. The only beds par- ticularly unsuited seem to be plains of water-washed gravel. Here the amount of finely ground material seems to be insufficient. The glacial flour is gone. But where the drift is typical, left as the glacier mixed it, although generally far too stony for our feeble harvests, it affords the great conifers conditions all ideal. The loosely constructed, porous strata receive and hold the gently descending rains and the same offer an easy passage-way for root and rootlets in every possible direction. The development of forest conifers upon glacial soils throughout the western mountains is something simply marvelous. In many places, as, for instance, in various parts of the Rainier National Park the traveler may see in cluster, stupendous columns of gigantic trees standing side by side often within a few feet of each other, a titanic harvest. To see tons of matter thus heaped up in pillars side by side, apparently from the same soil, is a suggestive comment of the relative contributions made by soil and atmosphere in the building of a tree. The principal conifers about Pugent Sound are : Pseudotsuga macrocarpa (Raf.) Sudw. Thuja plicata Don. Tsuga keterophylla Sarg. Abies nobilis Lindl. Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes. Abies grandis Lindl. Finns contorta Dougl. Finns monticola Dougl. Of these trees the first two are the common lumber trees of the region, although on occasion hemlock and fir also contribute ; esoeciallv in these later days when the cutting is much closer than in times gone by. But the first tree named is the great tree, makes up the bulk of all the forests and has really made the wealth of this part of the world. It should be called the Douglas spruce; its lumber is known as Oregon pine; at the mills men talk of the 4 4 red fir” because for some reason not clear, some logs yield before the saw slabs of distinctly reddish tint. The same species of tree, however, yields “yellow fir” lumber. The matter needs investigation. The traveler is impressed by the comparative fewness of great trees, for such the species affords. Trees six and eight feet in diameter w^ere 16 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE not rare. Trees ten feet thick and 300 feet high have been cut. But at present such trees are not common. Even in the forestr-reserve and the national park the trees are seldom more than two or three feet in diameter and often much less. The same statements may be made concerning the second species on our list, the Oregon cedar. This tree was always much less common, occurred in rich soils, along stream-banks and lake-shores, and in com- mercial size is now rare. In fact the big logs are now everywhere lying on the ground. These great ruins, like some other time-defying struc- tures, seem to last indefinitely. This is particularly true of the cedar; logs that have lain perhaps for centuries make lumber and shingles to-day equal to the best. I found one spruce log in the national park 150 feet long, five feet thick inside the bark at base. Throughout the park there is more lumber on the ground than in the standing forest, a wholly primeval condition ; and the prostrate logs are all gigantic. Tra- dition has it that these great firs and cedars were overwhelmed by fire, before the advent of the white man; at any rate, the trees that reach the mills to-day and those that make up the forest reserve, are not old ; many logs carry less than one hundred rings. If circumstances are at all favorable, the Douglas spruce is a tree of unusually rapid growth. The largest log seen shows in sections less than 500 annual rings. This section is about nine feet in diameter inside the bark but the growth was mostly made in 350 years. To tree-culture, for lumber purposes, no other tree lends itself with such splendid promise. This of course, suggests the problem of reforestation about Puget Sound. The great natural forest that spread from the ocean to Rainier, has been almost entirely swept away; largely by lumbering, perhaps as largely by fire, following our barbarous lumbering methods. But such is the peculiar adaptability of these soils, such the gentle beneficence of the rain, and above all, such the wonderful vigor of the species here discussed, that, fires once controlled, natural reforestation is almost certain over all this vast area. There are some exceptions. Wherever the soil can be used for profitable agriculture, reforestation is of course prevented. There are, however, evidently many abandoned farms. Even in localities where, owing to topographical conditions, ordinary agricul- ture is not profitable some men use goats to clean from rock and cliff- side every living thing, until the land will no longer maintain even goats. Then there are steep mountain slopes on which, for reasons not apparent, the fire has been destructive even of the soil; and such “burns” are hot speedily recovered. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 17 The forest resources to which the cities of Seattle and Tacoma are so greatly indebted, have been vast, but, as it is at last evident to the least observant, they are not exhaustless. How fortunate that by the generosity of nature only ordinary prudence will suffice, as we have just seen, to renew the face of the world! Today the efforts of the United States government, of the state government, supported every- where by public sentiment, the consensus of opinion of all intelligent men, are sure to find reward in recurring harvests of the finest lumber ever garnered to the profit of enlightened men. 2 THE MONTEREY CONIFERS. BY THOMAS H. MACBRIDE. A little peninsula projecting but slightly from the coast of California and forming by its northern front the south shore of the Bay of Mon- terey has for botany-lovers many attractive features. The little city, named of the Bay, was the first capital of this western commonwealth, long before Sacramento, or San Francisco even, had a place in the geography of the world. This little town was accordingly the port of entry for all this western coast. To it came traders in slow-sailing ships ; to it also came the enthusiastic naturalist still stirred perhaps by the impulse of Linnaeus; Douglas, 1832; Coulter, 1830; Don in 1837 and Hartweg in 1846. In consequence of the activity of these early collectors, type-specimens of many of the flowering plants must be sought on the sandy or rocky slopes of this little peninsula, or in the immediate neighborhood. As it happens several of the rarest conifers in the world have here their habitation, and a note as to their present state and distribution may be of interest to members of this academy. The peninsula above referred to, about 10 or 12 square miles, shows four coniferous species. Cupressus macrocarpa Hartweg. - Cupressus goveniama Don. Pinus muricata Don. Finns radicuta Don — ( Pinus insignis Douglas) . Of these the first is the famous Monterey cypress, now planted all over California for hedges and wind-breaks, and even common in Europe and in other parts of the world. This tree occupies a narrow stretch of sea- coast, a slender grove on each side of the little stream by courtesy called the Carmel river. Some of the trees on Point Lobos, the south bank of the Carmel estuary, are possible sixty feet above the sea level, but the greater number of trees are near the shore at an average altitude of less than 50 feet above the tide. 20 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE The soil, in which most of these old trees are standing, in many places is of nnnsnal richness. In origin it may at bottom be perhaps not un- like so much of the soil of the peninsula, rotten granite ; but to this along the shore has long ago been added considerable quantities of fine sea sand with more or less calcareous matter from ground-up sea shells, etc. To this mixture has come, probably from the adjoining higher levels, abundance of organic matter; so that, where the trees are finest, the soil is surely marked by great fertility. Where the largest trees now stand vast quantities of sea-shells in all stages of decomposition are to be seen to a depth of two feet or more. Local tradition assigns these deposits to food habits of an earlier humanity. However this may be, the presence of this material certainly contributes to the character of the littoral beds, to make them unlike any other soils farther inland. The competition at Cypress Point is with Pinus radiata and the com- petition in some places is keen. Young plants of both species, back a few rods from the sea, are closely intermingled; on the richer (lower) soils the cypress has the best of it ;' immediately the terrene rises, the pine prevails. At Point Lobos, south of the mouth of the Carmel river, the case is essentially the same. The same species are in contact in one part of the little grove, the cypress apparently holding its own at lower levels, the pines topping the high rocks and cliffs. To the east and south the station is checked by a southwest exposure formerly occupied by all sorts of xerophytes, Quercus, Ceanothus, lupines, Artemisia, various grasses, etc. This territory neither conifer invades. The cypress colony has been divided at no very distant date, by erosion of the shore, partly by gnaw- ing of the restless sea, partly by cutting back in the surface drainage of the land. The trees cut off to the north by this misfortune, cling with precarious tenacity to the margins of a deep ravine, an indenture of the shore. One such has been often photographed and figured in popular accounts of the Monterey cypress. At this point also are to be seen scattered specimens higher up on the rocky cliff disputing a dangerous foothold with the pines that still o’er-top them. Of seedling cypresses at Point Lobos at present I find none. In fact the present condition of the grove is bad; very much more hazardous than when the writer saw it first some twenty years ago. At that time everything was in its primeval state. Nature had reached an equilibrium in which the cypress had a part, and the tree seemed likely to endure. Since then the grove has been made part of an over-stocked cow-pasture and the trees are suffering greatly. The location is one of great natural beauty and is made the objective point for picnic excursions. It is v } v " I IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 21 permissible to build fires; so that between the hungry tramping cows, and the careless pleasure-seeking multitude, the trees, already weary with age-long struggle against adverse conditions, are likely presently to succumb. The second species named, Gowen’s cypress, is a shrub or low tree, perhaps twenty feet high at the maximum and in this locality occupying an even more restricted range than C. macrocarp®. The little trees cling to a southwestern exposure, on the east side of a little valley called at length Saw-mill gulch. The total extent of the original limits of the colony does not exceed forty rods in length and three or four in width ! I say the original limits, because, by reason of a fire which swept the hillside some ten years since, the boundaries of the grove have been somewhat extended. In that forest fire, many of the older cypresses and nearly all associated pines, chinquapins and other shrubby vege- tation, perished. Seedling cypresses, have had for a time therefore, a wider field for occupancy, and thousands of crowded slender young trees about ten feet high occupy in large part the original territory and extend in solid phalanx here and there a little beyond. Scattered seed- lings also to-day may be found many rods to the northeast of the grove, standing in the company of the Bishop pine, showing that wide distribu- tion is not here determined by any lack of ability of the seeds to travel. As noted later, the young trees are fruitful at an astonishingly early age, about two or three years, if I correctly estimate from data at hand ; but a rival in this regard is the Bishop pine which seems almost equally precocious. Whether this precocity is in form rather than function, is yet an open question. It is possible that seeds of such youthful par- entage may not be viable. But however this may be, the plant offers another factor in the problem of perpetuity equally surprising: these little trees simply exhaust themselves in the matter of inflorescence. As I saw them on February first many of the trees were so covered with pollen as to be yellow as gold from top to bottom. The species is monoe- cious, but with a tendency to dioecism. Some trees accordingly were simply burdened with pollen, while others showed an equally marvellous number of cones, cones generally at the ends of twig-like branches ; occasionally single or scattered ; more commonly densely clustered. Since the cones in evidence were already a year or more old, it is possible that during the time of their development the energy of the plant is so con- sumed, and little pollen on such trees accordingly appears. On a tree a foot high were two apparently mature cones, each about an incli in diameter ; but on the same tree were a few fertile cones just opening and one or two small sprays dusty with pollen. 22 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE The plant seems so wholly given to reproduction that little attention is paid to the development of the individual. The old trees are not without foliage but their annual increment in height, or spread, to say nothing of trunk diameter, must be very small indeed. Where the young saplings are crowded they still .bloom altho the inflorescence is less conspicuous. In short, the plant is a typical xerophyte. The two species may be now thus conpared: Distribution Cupressus macrocarpa. Sea-coast by the mouth of Carmel river only. Cupressus goveniana. Small area at Monterey, two or three miles from the sea also reported on dry plains, Cape Mendo- cino. Habitat Immediately over looking the sea; along the water edge; grove 20 rods in width at widest, gener- ally much less. Soil gen- erally rich, in places ex- tremely fertile and cal- careous ; average altitude about 50 ft. Dry western sun-burned slope; soil thin, decom- posing granite. Altitude near 500 ft. ; occupying but a few square rods. Meteorologie condition's Annual rainfall supple- mented by evaporation from the sea: fogs at all seasons, in dry season es- pecially relieving drought. Annual rainfall almost the only water supply; fogs rendered much less effi- cient by reason of situ- ation. Morphology Large trees; stunted speci- mens; the best 125 ft. in height, the largest seven feet in diameter. Small trees; shrubby; the largest 15 to 20 feet in height. Inflorescence Less abundant; few trees in bloom, Feb. 8, 1913. Abundant, exhaustive, tending to dioecism (?), Feb. 1, 1913. Fruit Not abundant; the cones scattered or in dense clusters; when clustered, often proportionately smaller. Very abundant; cones gen- erally clustered ; when isolated proportionately larger. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 23 G'/pressus macrocarpar Gupressus goveniana Cones From 6-12 lines in diame- From 6-12 lines in diame- ter. The largest 14 lines ter; globose; conditioned long; size conditioned as as above. above. •n r Seeds Roughish, varying in color Roughish; maroon, brown dark brown to black. to black. Maturity Fruiting early; at the age Fruiting very early ; at the of 3 or 4 years. age of 3 or 4 years. I have presented this field-study of these two most interesting forms for two reasons. First; both species are evidently remnantal; they have seen probably better days and had once much greater prominence in the forests of this western world. They are very closely related, have somewhere a common history, and the minor form might almost be regarded as a starved, depauperate shadow of the larger. At any rate, differences in habitat and environment are such as might account for all the morphological and physiological distinctions noted. How- ever, the adaptation to environment seems now undoubtedly established, C. macrocarpa, widely transplanted though it he, does not endure hard- ship, especially when it comes in the form of heat and drought, as in the great valley of California, where in summer the wide plains fairly glow with heat. Whether the lesser species could stand prosperity has not been tested; perhaps it might; some Californian should find out. Second: An interesting parallel may be drawn by students of our prairie flora, if the case of our common Bur oak, Q. macrocarpa Mx., be well considered. In passing across Iowa, from the Mississippi to the Missouri, we have a change in form and habit of this well-marked species not unlike that I have attempted to bring out by portraying these two old conifers. If one should compare (contrast) the great forest trees with their enormous over-cup acorns until lately to be seen along the Mississippi bottoms, near Muscatine, with the mere shrubs, one foot high or less, on the xerophytic hills about Sioux City, he would’ certainly regard the two forms as presenting species , distinct, well defined, if not remote. And yet, as we all know, between the one locality and the other, Q. macrocarpa of the east, passes through all sorts of phases intermediate, winding up in a distance of less than four hundred miles in the pygmean form bearing its acorns within a few inches of the ground. . | ■ Vj ; . . 24 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE But these time-honored forms might, so far as can he seen, persist yet for centuries in their peculiar locations and environments, chal- lenging the admiration and wondering inquiry of every intelligent man. As already suggested in this paper, such are the delicate adjust- ments of nature that even such limited types may indefinitely hold their own. In such cases, unfortunately, the activity of civilized humanity is a factor for which Nature has made no provisions. The mollusc-eating native was here a part of the forest and contributed, as we have seen, to the balance of Nature’s equilibrium; but the beef-eating importation is too intense. He thrusts his starving herds among these aged trees and their treading and crowding are likely to bring speedy extinction to these wondrous plants, of lineage remote, the last survivors of America’s most ancient forest types. The greatest natural enemy of the shore-cypress seems to be the lichen, particularly the filmy strands of Rcimalina sp. These flourish under the same moisture-laden breezes which seem to vivify the cypress. But here again there were compensations. Young cypress trees are less afflicted, and the life of the species is accordingly not specially endan- gered. Species of Lecanora and Buellia plague the lesser xerophytic species, but as the moralist might say: the torment is perhaps not greater than may avail for discipline ! Concerning the two pines named at the outset of this brief story there is less to be said. The Monterey pine is also very limited in its natural distribution, though now planted in distant parts of the world. Finns muricata has a wider range scattered up and down this coast. It has cones in shape and habit not unlike those of P. radiata, but they are per- sistently prickly. The cone looks like a cross between P. radiata and P. murryana. All these pines have the curious habit .of holding their cones, holding them attached to stem and branches for years. Speci- mens of the Monterey pine a foot thick may be seen with cones, perhaps the earliest set, still, necklace-like, encircling the trunk a few feet from the ground. Cupressus goveniana has the same habit. P. muricata occupies the higher part of the peninsula, from 500 to 800 ft. ; it comes into imme- diate, but not threatening competition with C. goveniana; is in fact a scrub-pine in that locality and is early fruiting. P. radiata succeeds both species on the lower slopes. One passes out of a pure stand of the prickly-cone type to an equally pure stand of the Monterey pine almost at a step. Probably some slight change in the constitution of the soil determines the prevalence of one species or the other at their line of IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 25 delimitation. Between the Monterey pine and the cypress the line of demarcation is, as noted, one of altitude chiefly. All North American cypresses are interesting in distribution. They are all littoral species: they fringe the continent. Along the Pacific shore half a dozen rare and curious pines, as here, join with the cypresses in such select behavior. But the meaning of this rarity, this aloofness, lies no doubt in the changing topography and meteorology of the past, and shall become evident only as the geologist and the botanist, in presence of a wider survey than either possibly has yet attained, reason together and so reconstruct and make to live again these later chapters in the history of the world. ' • ' ' 'v ’ ' ; ' Cupressus governance Don. — Bishop pine to the left. Cupressus goveniana Don. — In full fruit. Cupressus goveniana Don. — Staminate trees in full bloom. Cupressus governance Don. — Sterile Branches, to show the flower-clusters. NOTES ON THE FLORA OF JOHNSON COUNTY, IOWA. M. P. SOMES. Johnson County lies in the southeastern quarter of Iowa, its eastern boundary being about forty-five miles from the Mississippi River reck- oning from Davenport and owing to the curvature of the river to the westward about eighteen miles from Muscatine. The county has an area of about 618 square miles and the elevation ranges from slightly over six hundred feet in the southeastern corner to nearly eight hundred at Solon. The peculiar topographical conditions have been described by Calvin (la. Geol. Survey, VII, p. 39) as follows: “Johnson county lies within the area of anomalous topographic forms described by McGee (11th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur.) ; an area in which drift plain interdigitates with loess ridge; an area in which rivers go out of their way to avoid low lying plains and cut channels longitudinally through ranges of hills that rise forty, sixty and eighty feet above broad lowland surfaces that apparently might have been traversed with less difficulty, and certainly would have afforded a shorter and more direct course, an area in which the divides are low and the highlands border the river valleys. The county presents an unusual number of topographic phenomena for the reason that it is traversed by terminal deposits of the Iowan glaciers, deposits forming irregular sinuous ridges that may possibly deserve to rank as moraines. Along the northern border of the county there are therefore some small lobes of the Iowan drift sheet continuous with the gently undulating plains characteristic with regions occupied by de- posits of Iowan age in the counties north of Johnson. In the southern part of the county all stream valleys are wider and deeper, and the relief in general bolder than in the drift plains north of the Iowa mo- raine. The greater age of the Kansan deposits has afforded larger op- portunities for the agents of erosion to carve and otherwise modify the surface. All of the county south of a line drawn from east to west through the middle of Scott and Hardin townships may be said to con- stitute one area exhibiting the physiographic features of the Kansan drift ; but through this area the Iowa River has cut a valley from north to south and has developed a broad flood plain with flat alluvium cov- IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE / 28 ered surface that is in striking contrast with the irregularities of the typical drift surface on either side. ‘ ‘ Characteristic loess topography is exhibited throughout the broad belt of deep loess which passes across the middle of the county from east to west ; in the interlobular space between the Solon and North Liberty areas of the Iowan drift ; in a small area in the southwestern part of Monroe township ± and in the high bluffs near the Cedar river northeast of the Solon lobe.” Regarding this loess topography in Johnson county we may summarize by saying that it is in general a region of rather high ridges eroded to a complex series of hills with steep and rather sharply rounded sur- faces. From the above it may be readily seen that Johnson county presents a region of considerable topographical variation and thus also of neces- sity presents' a variety of ecological conditions resulting in a flora of much interest to those of us who love flowers as flowers rather than as mere masses of cells1 in various mitotic stages. After a residence of several years in Johnson County during which period almost continuous collecting was done, the following list of species observed within that area is presented for the benefit of those who may wish to know some^ thing of the groups to be found here. These records are based in almost every case by specimens now deposited in the herbarium of the Webster County Botanical Club at Fort Dodge, Iowa. The identifications of doubtful species were verified by Prof. Aven Nelson of Wyoming, Prof. P. A. Rydberg of New York Botanical Garden, or Dr. Wm. Trelease of Shaw Botanical Gardens to all of whom my thanks are here extended for various favors. This list includes 1,005 species, representing 413 genera included in 101 families. Note: Since the presentation of this paper, a series of “common” or popular names has been added at the request of Governor Clarke. In preparing this list of “common names” care has been taken to use wherever possible the name by which' the plant is best known in Iowa. It must be stated, however, that common names are, for the most part, merely local and a plant may be quite generally known, in one locality, by a name which in another section of the country applies to an entirely different plant. Thus, for instance, in certain parts of the country Aqui- legia canadensis L. is called “Wild Honeysuckle” — yet in another locality this name is applied to Lonicera glaucescens Rydb., while in parts of the South the “Honeysuckle” is instead Rhododendron calenckdaceum «(Mx.) Torr. However, as requested by Gov. Clarke we have endeavored to supply names which may be familiar to the people of Iowa. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 29 V / V. j PTERIDOPHYTA. POLYPODIACEAE. POLYPODIUM (Tourn) L. 1. Poly podium vulgar e L. Common Polypody. Found in wooded places along Iowa River. PHEGOPTERIS (Presl.) Fe.e. 2. Phegopteris polypodioides Fee. Beech Fern. 3. Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fee. Rare in rich woods. ADIANTUM (Tourn) L. 4. Adiantum pedatum L. Maiden Plair. Common everywhere in wooded places. PTERIS L. 5. Pteris aquilina L. Brake. Abundant in woodlands. PELLAEA Link. 6. Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link. Cliff Brake. Locally plenty at State Quarries, etc. CRYPTOGRAMMA R. Br. 7. Cryptogramma stelleri (Gmel) Prantl. Rock Brake. Plenty on limestone cliffs, etc. ASPLENIUM L. 8. Asplenium Filix foemina (L.) Bernh. Lady Fern. Not uncom- mon in woods. 9. Asplenium acrostichoides Sw. Silvery Spleenwort. Rather rare in woods. CAMPTOSORUS Link. 10. Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link. Walking Fern. Not rare on limestone exposures. ASPIDIUM Sw. 11. Aspidium thely pteris (L.) Sw. The Marsh Fern. In marshy places, often abundant. 12. Aspidium goldianum Hook. Goldie’s Fern. In rich woodlands. 13. Aspidium spinulosum (0. F. Mill) Sw. Spinulose Shield Fern. In woodlands along Iowa River. 30 IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCE CYSTOPTERIS Bernh. 14. Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. Bulbiferous Bladder Fern. Yery plenty on limestone exposures. 15. Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Common Bladder Fern. Com- mon in woodlands. WOODSIA R. Br. 16. Woodsia obtusa (Spreng) Torr. The Obtuse Woodsia. Common in densely wooded places. ONOCLEA L. 17. Onoclea sensibilis L. Sensitive Fern. Yery plenty in woodlands. 18. Onoclea struthiopteris (L.) Hoffim. Ostrich Fern. Not rare in moist woodlands. OSMUND IACEAE . OSMUND A (Tourn) L. 19. Osmunda claytoniana L. Interrupted Fern. Yery plenty in woodlands. OPHIOGrLOSSACEAE. BOTRYCHIUM Sw. 20. Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake Fern. Not rare in woodlands. EQUISETACEAE. EQUISETUM (Tourn) L. 21. Equisetum arvense L. Common Horsetail. Common in sandy soil. 22. Equisetum sylvaticum L. Woodland Horsetail. Not rare in damp and shaded spots. 23. Equisetum robustum (A. Br.) A. A. Eaton. Stout Scouring Rush. Plenty in gravels. 24. Equisetum laevigatum A. Br. Smooth Horsetail. In fields and roadsides. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 31 SPERMATOPHYTA. CLASS X— GYMNOSPERMAE. PINACEAE. JUNIPERUS (Tourn) L. 25. Juniperus virginiana L. Red Cedar. Formerly plenty, now al- most extinct. CLASS II— ANGIOSPERMAE. TYPPIACEAE. TYPHA 26. Typha latifolia L. Cat-tail. Common in marshy places. SPHARGANIACEAE. SPHARGANIUM 27. Spharganium eurycarpum Engelm. Bur-reed. Common in marshy places. 28. Spharganium androcladum (Engelm.) Fern. & Eames. Branch- ing Bur-reed. Rare. NAJADACEAE. POTAMOGETON (Tourn) L. 29. Potamogeton americanus C. & S. Long Leaved Pondweed. Com- mon in streams. 30. Potamogeton illi/nomsis Morong. Illinois Pondweed. Scarce ; Old Man Creek. 31. Potamogeton foliosus Raf. Leafy Pondweed. In ponds and bay- ous. 32 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE ZANNICHELLIA (Michx) L. 32. Z annichellia palustris L. Horned Pondweed. Scarce in bayous and sluggish streams. NAJAS L. 33. Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schm. Soft Naiad. In ponds and springs. ALISMACEAE. SAGITTARIA L. 34. Sagittaria longirostra (Mitch.) J. G. Sm. Long-beaked Arrow- head. A peculiar form with obovate achenes, winged all around and the beak nearly erect, has been taken rarely. It is placed here with some hesitation but can fit no other de- scribed species. 35. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Broad Leaved Arrowhead. Common in marshy places. 36. Sagittaria arifolia Nutt. Arum Leaved Arrowhead. Not rare in marshes along the Iowa River. HYDRO CHARITACEAE. ELODEA Michx. 37. Elodea canadensis Michx. Water Weed. In bogs and marshes. GRAMINEAE. ANDROPOGON (Royen) L. 38. Andropogon scoparius Michx. Broom Beard Grass. Abundant in dry soils. 39. Andropogon tennesseensis Scrib. Tennessee Beard Grass. Dry meadows. 40. Andropogon fur catus Muhl. Forked Beard Grass. Very common. SORGHASTRUM Nash. 41. Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash. Indian Grass. Common in dry soils. . IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 33 DIGITARIA Scop. 42. Digitaria humifusa Pers. Low Finger Grass. Not rare. 43. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Crab-grass. Abundant every- where. PASPALUM L. 44. Paspalum ciliatif olium Michx. Ciliate Paspalum. Common in sandy soils and along streams. PANICUM L. 45. Panicum capillar e L. Witch Grass. Common. 46. Panicum miliaceum L. European Millet. Occasional as an es- cape along railways. 47. Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. Spreading Panicum. Very common and an extremely variable species, the forms of rich and sterile soils being widely dissimilar in appearance. 48. Panicum virgatum L. Tall Panicum. An abundant species throughout the area. 49. Panicum depauperatum Muhl. Starved Panicum. Rare and local in dry soils. 50. Panicum perlongum Nash. Narrow Leaved Panicum. A very similar but much more common species. 51. Panicum huachucae Ashe. Velvety Panicum. Not rare in sandy soils. 52. Panicum huachucae silvicola Hitchc. & Chase. Woodland Velvety Panicum. Rare, at Riverside Park. 53. Panicum tennessense Ashe. Tennessee Panicum. Rather scarce along streams. 54. Panicum praecosius Hitchc. & Chase. Branching Panicum. Not rare in dry soils. 55. Panicum villosissimum Nash. Villous Panicum. Scarce in dry soil near Llill’s Siding. 56. Panicum scribnerianum Nash. Scribner’s Panicum. Very abun- dant. 57. Panicum liebergii (Vasey) Serib. Lieberg’s Panicum. Scarce, locally abundant at Hills. 58. Panicum clandestinum L. Hispid Panicum. Not scarce. 59. Panicum latif olium L. Broad Leaved Panicum. Not rare in woods. 8 34 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. 60. Panicum philadelphicum Bernh. Least Panicum. Not scarce in fields. 61. E chinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beany. Barnyard Grass. An abun- dant and variable species. 62. Echinochloa walteri (Plirsh) Nasih. Walter’s Coxspur Grass. Not rare in marshy places. SETARIA Beauv. 63. Setaria glauca (L.) Beanv. Yellow Foxtail. Common weedy grasses found in cultivated fields and waste places throughout our area, 64. Setaria varidis (L.) Beauv. Green Foxtail. Common weedy grasses found in cultivated fields and waste places throughout our area. 65. Setaria verticillat a { L.) Beauv. Foxtail. Common weedy grasses found in cultivated fields and waste places throughout our area. 66. Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. Italian Millet. Less common. CENCHRUS L. 67. Cenchrus carolinianus Walt. Sand Bur. Common in sandy soils. LEERSIA Sw. 68. Leersia virginica Willcl. White Grass. In marshy places, 69. Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. Rice Cut Grass. In marshy places and along streams and ditches. 70. Leersia lenticularis Michx. Catchfly Grass. Scarce in marshy woods. PHALARIS L. 71. Phalaris canariensis L. Canary Grass. Occasional as an escape. 72. Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed Canary Grass. Not uncommon in marshy places. HIEROCHLOE (Gmel) R. Br. 73. Hierochloe odor at a (L.) Wahl. Holy Grass. Wooded hillsides, ORYZOPSIS Michx. 74. Oryzopsis racemosa (Sm.) Ricker. Black-fruited Mountain Rice. Rather scarce in woodlands. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 35 STIPA L. 75. Stipa spartea Trin. Porcupine Grass. Common in dry places. ARISTIDA L. 76. Aristida basiramea Engelm. Forked Aristida. Common in sandy places1. 77. Aristida intermedia Scribn. & Ball. Intermediate Aristida. Taken but once, near Morse. 78. Aristida oligantka Michx. Few Flowered Aristida. Scarce in gravelly fields. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. 79. Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. Rock Muhlenbergia. Rather scarce, in rocky woodlands. 80. Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. Wood Muhlenbergia. In moist wooded places. 81. Muhlenbergia tenuiflora) ( Willd.) B. S. P. Slender Muhlenbergia. Not plenty. 82. Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. Meadow Muhlenbergia. Very common everywhere in dry soils. 83. Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P. Marsh Muhlenbergia. Plenty in moist places. 84. Muhlenbergia schreberi J. F. Gmel. Dropseed Grass. Common everywhere. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv. 85. B r achy elyi rum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. Brachyelytrum. Rather scarce in rocky woods. PHLEUM L. 86. Phleum pratensis L. Timothy. Common in meadows and fields. ALOPECURUS L. 87. Alopecurus geniadatus L. Marsh Foxtail. Common in marshy places. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. 88. Sporobolus neglectus Nash. Small Rush Grass. Not scarce in dry soils. Sporobolus vaginiflorus (Torr.) Wood. Sheathed Rush Grass. In dry soils. 89. 36 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 90. Sporobolus crtfpt andrus (Torr.) Gray. Sancl Dropseed. In sandy places ; scarce. 91. Sporobolus heterolepis Gray. Northern Dropseed. Rather scarce in dry places, 92. Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth. Rough Rush Grass. Not common. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. 93. Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Blue Joint Grass. Common in fields and meadows. 94. Calamagrostis inexpansa Gray. Bog Reed Grass. Scarce in moist meadows. AGROSTIS L. 95. Agrostis alba L. Red Top. Abundant everywhere. 96. Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuck. Thin Grass. Common espe- cially in moist places. 97. Agrostis hy emails (Walt.) Beauv. Rough Hair Grass. Common in fields and open woods. CINNA L. 98. Cinna arundinacea L. Wood Reed Grass. Common in moist woodlands. SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn. 99. Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scrib. Blunt-scaled Sphenopho- lis. Abundant. 100. Sphenopliolis pollens (Spreng.) Scrib. Pale Sphenopholis, Equally plenty. KOELERIA Pers. 101. Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. Dog-tail Grass. Abundant in dry soil. DANTHONIA DC. 102. Danlhonia spicatd (L.) Beauv. Wild Oat Grass. On dry wooded hillsides, rare. SPARTINA Schreb. 103. Spartma michauxiana Hitchc. Slough Cut Grass. Abundant in marshes. BOUTELOUA Lag. 104. Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. Hairy Mesquite Grass. Quite common in dry soils. 105. Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr/ Grama Grass. Plenty on clay or sandy soils. IOWA ACADEMY DF SCIENCE 37 PHRAGMITES Trin. 106. Phragmites communis Trin. Reed. Abundant in marshy places. TRIPLASIS Beauv. 107. Triplasis purpurea (Walt.) Chapm. Sand Grass. Plenty in areas of almost clear sand. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. 108. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B. S. P. Creeping Eragrostis. Com- mon along streams'. 109. Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. Capillary Eragrostis, In dry places. 110. Eragrostis frankii (Fisch. Mey. & Lall.) Steud. Frank’s Era- grostis. Abundant, 111. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv. Tufted Eragrostis. Common everywhere. 112. Eragrostis megastachya (Koeler) Link. Stink Grass. Roadsides and waste places. 113. Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. Purple Eragrostis. Com- mon in low sandy fields. MELICA L. 114. Melica mutica Walt. Narrow Melic Grass. Rare in woodlands. 115. Melica nitens Nutt. Tall Melic Grass. Common in rocky wooded places. 116. Melica porteri Scribn. Small Melic Grass. Scarce in woodlands. DIARRHENA Beauv. 117. Diarrkena diandra (Michx.) Wood. Wood Rice Grass. Scarce on wooded hillsides. DACTYLIS L. 118. Dactylis glomerata L, Orchard Grass. Not common in waste places and along roadsides. POA L. 119. Poa chapmaniana Scribn. Chapman’s Spear Grass. Locally plenty near Tiffin. 120. Poa compressa L. English Blue Grass. Very common about Iowa City. 38 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Poa pratensis L. Kentucky Blue Grass. Common throughout our area. Poa triflora Gilib. Fowl Meadow Grass. Taken but once in a low field near Oxford. GLYCERIA R. Br. Glyceria nervata (Willd.) Trin. Nerved Manna Grass. Abun- dant in marshy places. Glyceria grcmdis Wats. Heed Meadow Grass. Common in moist soil. Glyceria septentrionalis Hitchc. Northern Manna Grass. Not so common but found in marshes. FESTUCA L. Festuca octo flora Walt. Slender Fesque Grass. Not scarce in sandy soils. Festuca elatior L. Meadow Fesque Grass. Sparingly as an escape. Festuca nutans Spreng. Nodding Fesque Grass, Common in woodlands. Festuca shortii Kunth. Short’s Fesque Grass, Rare in wood- lands. BROMUS L. Bromus secalinus L. Chess. Not uncommon in fields and waste places. Bromus tectorum L. Downy Brome Grass, Sparingly introduced. Bromus ciliatus L. Fringed Brome Grass. Abundant in wood- lands. Bromus purgans L. Hairy Brome Grass, Less common. Bromus altissimus Pursh. Tall Brome Grass. Not rare in wood- lands. Bromus incdnus (Shear) Hitchc. Velvety Brome Grass. Scarce in rocky wooded places. Bromus kalmii Gray. Kalm’s Chess. Scarce in dry soil. AGROPYRON Gaertn. Agropyron smithii Rydb. Western Wheat Grass. Railway right of way near Elmira. Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Quack Grass. Very common especially along railways. IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCE 39 139. Agropyron tenerum Yasey. Slender Wheat Grass. Possibly our most abundant native species. 140. Agropyron richardsonii Schrad. Richardson’s Wheat Grass. Rare on dry hills near Mid River. HORDEUM (Tourn) L. 141. Hordeum jubatnm L. Squirrel Tail Grass. A very common and widespread weed. 142. Hordeum pusillum Nutt, Little Barley. Locally plenty in sandy areas. 143. Hordeum nodosum L. Meadow Barley. Not abundant but taken at Iowa City and Oxford. 144. Hordeum pammeli Scrib. & Ball. Pammel’s Barley. A tall erect perennial found rarely at Iowa City is placed here upon the suggestion of Dr. Trelease of Shaw Botanical Garden. ELYMUS L. 145. Elymus striatus Willd. Slender Wild Rye. Plenty in woodlands. 146. Elymus striatus Yar. balli Pam. With the typical form. 147. Elymus striatus Yar. villosus Gray. With the typical form. 148. Elymus virginicus L. Virginia Wild Rye. Common in woods and fields. 149. Elymus canadensis L. Nodding Wild Rye. Also common, espe- cially in sandy soils. 150. Elymus virginicus Yar. submuticus Hook. Awnless Wild Rye. Quite common. 151. Elymus macounii Yasey. Macoun’g Wild Rye. Rare as an escape along a railway. HYSTRIX Moench. 152. Hystrix patula Moench. Bottle Brush Grass. Common in woods and wooded marshes. CYPERACEAE. CYPERUS (Tourn) L. 153. Cy perns diandrus Torr. Low Cyperus. Abundant along streams. 154. Cyperus rividaris Kunth. Shining Cyperus. Almost equally common. 40 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 155. Cyperus aristatus Rottb. Awned Cyperus. Not rare along streams. 156. Cy perns schweinitzii Torr. Schweinitz’s Cyperns. Very com- mon in sandy soils. 157. Cyperus erythrorizos Muhl. Red Rooted Cyperus. Common in wet meadows. 158. Cyperus erythrorhizos Var. pumilus Engelm. 159. Cyperus ferax Rich. Michaux’s Cyperns. Plenty in marshy places. 160. Cyperus strigosus L. Straw Colored Cyperus. Abundant. 161. Cyperus strigosus Var. roimstior Kunth. 162. Cyperus strigosus Var. compositus Britt. 163. Cyperus ftliculmis Vahl. Slender Cyperus. Locally plenty in dry rocky woodlands. ELEOCHARI8 R. Br. 164. Eleocharis ovata (Roth) R. & S. Ovoid Spike Rush. Not rare. 165. Eleocharis engelmanni Var. detonsa Cray. Engelman’s Spike Rush. Local near Oxford. 166. Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. & S. Creeping Spike Rush. Very common in marshy places. 167. Eleocharis palustris glaucescens (Willd.) Gray. Less common. 168. Eleocharis avicularis (L.) R. & S. Needle Spike Rush. Common on muddy shores. 169. Eleocharis acuminata (Muhl.) Nees. Flat Stemmed Spike Rush. Rare, State Quarry. SCIRPUS (Tourn) L. 170. Scirpus validus Vahl. Great Bullrush. Common in marshes. 171. Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) Gray. River Bullrush. Common along streams. 172. Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. Dark-Green Bullrush. Very abundant in fields and meadows. 173. Scirpus lineatus Michx. Reddish Bullrush. Rather scarce, State Quarries. 174. Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Wool Grass. Plenty in marshes. 175. Scirpus atrocinctus Fern. Dark Wool Grass. With the last named above but much less common. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 41 ERIOPHORUM L. 176. Eriophorum angustif olium Var. majus Schultz. Cotton Grass. Not rare in bogs. FUIRENA Rottb. 177. Fuirema squarrosa Michx. Umbrella Grass. Not rare on sandy banks HEMICARPA Nees & Arn. 178. Hemicarpa micrantha (Vahl.) Britt. Creeping Nut Grass. Plenty along streams. SCLERIA Bergius. 179. Scleria triglomerata Michx. Tall Nut Bush. Not rare; locally abundant at Morse. CAREX (Ruppius) L. 180. Carex scoparia Schk Broom Sedge. Quite common in marshes and along bayous. 181. Carex straminea Willd. Var. echinoides Pern. Straw Sedge. Fields and prairies. 182. Carex festucacea Schk. Fesque Sedge. Common in fields and prairies. 183. Carex festucacea Irevior (Dew.) Fern. With the above. 184. Carex rosea Schk. Stellate Sedge. Scarce in rolling woodlands. 185. Carex rosea radiata Dewey. Much more plenty in moist wood- land soil. 186. Carex muklenbergii Schkr. Muhlenberg’s Sedge. Rare on gravel hills. 187. Carex cephalophora Muhl. Oval Headed Sedge. Not uncommon in woods. 188. Carex leavenwortkii Dewey. Leavenworth’s Sedge. Rare in a woodland marsh near Iowa City. 189. Carex spkarganioides Muhl. Bur-reed Sedge. Rather local in woodlands. 190. Carex gravida Bailey. Heavy Sedge. Scarce in dry soil. 191. Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Fox Sedge. Our most abundant sedge, common everywhere. 192. Carex conjuncta Boot. Soft Fox Sedge. Rather scarce in marshes. 193. Carex stipata Muhl. Awl Fruited Sedge. Common in dry soil and marshes alike. 42 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 194. Car ex strict a Lam. Tussock Sedge. Common in marshes. 195. Car ex striata august at a (Boott.) Bailey. With the last but less common. 196. Carex davisii Schwein. Davis’s Sedge. Scarce on dry hillsides. 197. Carex pennsylvanica Lam. Pennsylvania Sedge. Common in woodlands. The first of our sedges to bloom. 198. Carex tetanica Yar. Meadii (Dewey) Bailey. Wood’s Sedge. Locally plenty near Morse. 199. Carex digitalis Willd. Slender Wood Sedge. Rare; found but once in extreme N. E. corner of the County in Cedar Twp. on wooded bluff along the Cedar River. 200. Carex taxi flora Lam. Yar. varians. Bailey. Loose flowered Sedge. Rare at Turkey Creek. 201. Carex laxiflora Lam. Yar blanda (Dew) Boott. Common in woodlands. 202. Carex laxiflora Lam. Yar latifolia Boott. Rare in damp woods. 203. Carex grisea Wahl. Gray Sedge. Rather scarce in woods. 204. Carex longiristris Torr. Long beaked Sedge. Common in woods and thickets. 205. Carex lanuginosa Michx. Woolly Sedge. Common in swamps and marshes. 206. Carex trichocarpa Muhl. Hairy Fruited Sedge. Plenty in marshes. 207. Carex aristata (R. Br.) Bailey. Awned Sedge. Yery abundant. 208. Carex lupulina Muhl. Hop Sedge. Yery common along streams and ditches. 209. Carex grayi Carey. Gray’s Sedge. Not common but found along streams and ditches. 210. Carex hystrieina Muhl. Porcupine Sedge. Common in bogs and marshes. 211. Carex comosa Boott. Bristly Sedge. In marshes and along muddy banks. 212. Carex oligocarpa Schkr. Few Fruited Sedge. Rather scarce in dry woodlands. Carex bicknellii Britt. Bicknell’s Sedge. Scarce on rocky hill- sides. 213. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 43 214. Car ex vesicaria L. Yar. monile. (Tuckherm) Fern. Necklace Sedge. Not uncommon in marshes and along ditches and streams. 215. Carex retrorsa Schwein. Retrorse Sedge. In bogs' and marshes. 216. Carex grisea Wahlenb. Yar. angustifolia Boott. Narrow-leaved Sedge. Rare in woodlands. ARACEAE. ARISAEMA Martius. 217. Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott. Jack-in-the-Pulpit. Common in woodlands. 218. Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott. Green Dragon. Less com- mon but plenty. LEMNACEAE. SPIRODELA Schleid. 219. Spdrodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Greater Duckweed. Not com- mon in ponds. LEMNA L. 220. Lemna trisulca L. Ivy-leaved Duckweed. Common in ponds and bayous. 221. Lemna minor L. Lesser Duckweed. Less common. COMMELINACEAE. TRADESCANTIA (Rupp) L. 222. Tradescantia reflexa Raf. Reflexed Spiderwort. Common, es- pecially in sandy soils. 223. Tradescantia virginiana L. Spiderwort. Much less common, lo- cally. 44 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE JUNCACEAE. JUNCUS (Tourn) L. J uncus tenuis Willd. Slender Rush. Common everywhere. Juncus secundus Beauv. Secund Rush. Rare, Iowa City, Oxford. J uncus effusus L. Common Rush. Common in marshy places. Juncus nodosus L . Knotted Rush. Common in sandy areas. Juncus torreyi Cov. Torrey’s Rush. Common in sandy areas. Juncus acuminatus Michx. Sharp-fruited Rush. Rather scarce, Oxford. LILIACEAE. MELANTHIUM L. Melanthmm virginicum L. Bunch Flower. Locally plenty at Ox- ford. UVULARIA L. Umdaria grandiflora Sm. Large FlowTered Bellwort. Common in woods and thickets. OAKESIA Wats. Oakesia sessiliflora (L.) Wats. Sessile-leaved Bellwort. Scarce in woods and thickets, ALLIUM (Tourn) L. Allium cernuum Roth. Nodding Wild Onion. Not common. Allium tricoccum Ait. Wild Leek. Common in woodlands. Allium canadense L. Wild Garlic. Common, especially in open places. HEMEROCALLIS L. Hemerocallis fulva L. Common Day Lily. Rare as an escape ; a colony near North Liberty is apparently persistent, having been noted during three seasons, LILIUM (Tourn) L. Lilium philadelphicum L. Red Lily. Common throughout the county. Lilium philadelphicum Yar. andinum (Nutt) Kerr. This is the same as L. lanceolatum Fitzp. and is found commonly with the above. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 45 239. Lilium superbum L. Turk’s Cap Lily. Rather scarce. 240. Lilium canadense L. Wild Yellow Lily. Common in open places. ERYTHRONIUM L. 241. Erythronium albidum Nutt. Dog-tooth Violet. Abundant in woodlands. ASPARAGUS (Tourn) L. 242. Asparagus officinalis L. Common Asparagus. Occasional as an escape. SMILACINA D’esf. 243. Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. Racemose False Solomon’s Seal. Common. 244. Smilacina siellata (L.) Desf. Stellate False Solomon’s Seal. Common. MAIANTHEMUM (Webber) Wigg. 245. Maianthemum canadense Desf. False Lily-of-the- Valley. Scarce in rich woods. POLYGONATUM (Tourn) Hill. 246. Polygonatum commutatum (R. & S.) Dietr. Smooth Solomon’s Seal. Common. TRILLIUM L. 247. Trillium nivale Riddell. Dwarf Trillium, Wake Robin. Common in woodlands. 248. Trillium cernuum L. Nodding Wake Robin. Scarce in deep woods— State Quarries. 249. Trillium sessile L. Sessile Flowered Wake Robin. Rare along Old Man’s Creek. SMILAX (Tourn) L. 250. Smilax herbacea L. Carrion Flower. Plenty in woods. 251. Smilax ecirrhata (Engelm) Wats. Upright Smilax. Common. 252. Smilax hispida Muhl. Hispid Green Brier. Abundant in thickets. 253. Smilax pseudo-china L. Long Stalked Green Brier. Scarce, El- mira. 46 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE DIOSCOREACEAE. DIOSCOREA (Plumier) L. 254. Dioscorea villosa L. Wild Yam Root. Common in woods and thickets. AMARYLLID ACE AE . HYPOXIS L. 255. Ilypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville. Yellow Star Grass. Common in moist soil. IRIDACEAE. IRIS (Tourn) L. 256. Iris versicolor L. Blue Flag. In swamps and marshes. SISYRINCHIUM L. 257. SisyrincMum angustif olium Mill. Northern Blue-eyed Grass. Common in moist places. 258. SisyrincMum gramineum Curtis. Common Blue-eyed Grass. Much less common; sandy soils. ORCHID ACE AE. CYPRIPEDIUM L. 259. Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. Yellow Lady’s Slipper. Not rare in woodlands. 260. Cypripedium parviflorum Var. pubescens (Willd.) Knight. Downy Lady’s Slipper. Less common. ORCHIS (Tourn) L. 261. OrcMs spectabilis L. Showy Orchis. Scarce in rich woodlands. HABENARIA Willd. 262. Habenaria leucophaea (Nutt) Gray. Prairie White Fringed Or- chis. Scarce in moist meadows. IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCE 47 CALOPOGON R. Br. 263. Calopogon pulchellus (Sw.) R. Br. Grass Pink. Rare; found but once near Oxford. * SPIRANTHES Richards. 264. Spiranthes cernua (L.) Richard. Lady’s Tresses, Common in moist meadows. EPIPACTIS (Haller) Boehm. 265. Epipaciis pubescens (Willd.) A. A. Eaton. Rattle Snake Plan- tain. Rare in woodlands along the Iowa River. LIPARIS Richard. 266. Liparis lilifolia (L.) Rich. Large Twayblade. Not rare in rocky woodlands; State Quarry. APLECTRUM (Nutt) Torr. 267. Apl&ctrum hyemale (Muhl.) Torr. Putty Root, Rare in wood- lands along Iowa River. SALICACEAE. SALIX (Tourn) L. 268. Salix nigra Marsh. Black Willow. Rather scarce in bogs. 269. Salix amygdaloides Anders. Peach-leaved Willow. Very common especially along streams. 270. Salix lucida Muhl. Shining Willow. Rare. 271. Salix fragilis L. Crack Willow. Cultivated and occasional as an escape. 272. Salix alba Var. vitellina (L.) Koch. White Willow. Common in cultivation. 273. Salix babylonica L. Weeping Willow. Cultivated and rarely as an escape; Riverside. 274. Salix cordata Muhl. Pleart-leaved Willow. Not scarce in bogs and marshy woods. 275. Salix longifolia Muhl. Sand-bar Willow. Common along streams. 276. Salix missouriensis Bebb. Missouri Willow. Plenty along streams. 277. Salix discolor Muhl. Glaucous Willow. Rather scarce along streams. 278. Salix Jiumilis Marsh. Prairie Willow. Common in hillside thickets. 48 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE POPULUS (Tourn) L. 279. Populus alba L. White Poplar. Cultivated. 280. Populus tremuloides Miehx. American Aspen. Quite common in sandy woodlands. 281. Populus grandidentata Miehx. Large Toothed Aspen. Very com- mon in woodlands. 282. Populus deltoides Marsh. Cottonwood. Very common especially along streams. JUGLANDACEAE. JUGLANS L. 283. Juglans cinerea L. Butternut. Not scarce in woods. 284. Juglans nigra L. Black Walnut. Not scarce in woods. CARYA Nutt. 285. Cary a ovata (Mill) K. Koch. Shell Bark Hickory. Common in woods. 286. Carya alba (L.) K. Koch. White Heart Hickory. Not scarce. 287. Carya microcarpa Nutt. Small Fruited Hickory. Rare in deep woods; State Quarries. 288. Carya glabra (Mill) Spach. Pignut. Not uncommon in lowland woods. 289. Carya cordiformis (Wang) K. Koch. Bitternut or Swamp Hick- ory. Rare. BETULACEAE. CORYLUS (Tourn) L. 290. Corylus americana Walt. Hazelnut. Very common in woods and thickets. OSTRYA (Mich) Scop. 291. Ostrya virginiana (Mill) K. Koch. Iron Wood or Hop Hornbeam. Common in woods. j CARPINUS (Tourn) L. 292. Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Blue Beech. Rather scarce on wooded hillsides. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 49 BETULA (Tourn) L. 293. Betula nigra L. Red or River Birch. Common along streams. 294. Betula pendula Roth. White or Canoe Birch. A colony of young trees escaped from cultivation is established along Iowa River near Iowa City. FAGACEAE. QUERCUS (Tourn) L. 295. Quercus alba L. White Oak. Common in woods. 296. Quercus macrocar pa Michx. Burr Oak. Very common. 297. Quercus bicolor Willd. Swamp White Oak. Rather scarce in woods. 298. Quercus muhlenbergii Engelm. Chestnut Oak. Common on wooded hillsides. 299. Quercus rubra E. Red Oak. Common. 300. Quercus velutina Lam. Black Oak. Plenty in woodlands. 301. Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak. Rare. URTICACEAE. ULMUS (Tourn) L. 302. TJlmus americana L. White Elm. Very abundant. 303. TJlmus fulva Michx. Red or Slippery Elm. Abundant in wood- lands. CELTIS (Tourn) L. 304. Celtis Occident alis L. blackberry. Common along streams. CANNABIS (Tourn) L. 305. Cannabis sativa L. Hemp. Common in waste places, HUMULUS L. 306. Rumulus lupulus L. Common Hops. Very abundant. MACLURA Nutt. 307. Madura pomifera (Raf.) Schn. Osage Orange. Cultivated in hedges, etc. 4 50 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE BROUSSONETIA L’Her. 308. Broussonetia papyrifera (IX) Vent. Paper Mulberry. Rare but established near Riverside. MORUS L. 309. Moras rubra L„ Red Mulberry. Cultivated and sparingly occur- ring in woods. URTICA (Tourn) L. 310. TJrtica gracilis Ait. Nettle. Common in waste places. LAPORTEA Gaud. 311. Laportea canadensis (L.) Gaud. Wood Nettle. Scarce in damp woodlands. PILEA Lindl. 312. Pilea pumila (L.) Gray. Clear Weed. Common about springs and streams in woodlands. BOEHMERIA Jacq. 313. Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. False Nettle. Scarce in damp wooded places. PARIETARIA (Tourn) L. 314. Parietaric » pennsylvanica Muhl. Pellitory. Not uncommon in woodlands. SANTALACEAE. COMANDRA Nutt 315. Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Bastard Toad Flax. Very com- mon in open places and edges of thicket. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. AS ARUM (Tourn) L. 316. Asarum canadense L. Var. reflexum (Bick.) Rob. Reflexed Wild Ginger. Not scarce in woods. 317. Asarum canadense L. Var. acuminatum Ashe. Acuminate Wild Ginger. Abundant in woodlands. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 51 POLYGONACEAB. RUMEX L. 318. Bumex acetosella L. Field Sorrel. A common weed in waste places. 319. Bumex hastaitaulus Baldw. Engelmann’s Sorrel. Rare as a weed along railways. 320. Bumex Occident alis Wats. Western Dock. Rare in bogs. 321. Bumex altissimus Wood. Peach-leaved Dock. Very common. 322. Bumex verticillat us L. Swamp Dock. Scarce in marshes. 323. Bumex mexicanus Meisn. Willow-leaved Dock. Common. POLYGONUM (Tourn) L. 324. Polygonum aviculare L. Yard Knot Grass. Common everywhere. 325. Polygonum aviculare Var. littorale (Link) Koch. Shore Knot Grass. With the above. 326. Polygonum erectum L. Erect Knot Grass. Roadsides and waste places. 327. Polygonum ramosissium Michx. Bushy Knot Grass. Dry Soil, not common. 328. Polygonum tenue Michx. Slender Knotweed. Rather scarce in dry rocky places. 329. Polygonum lapathi folium L. Pale Persicaria. Plenty in marshes. 330. Polygonum muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Wats. Swamp Persicaria. In marshes. 331. Polygonum pennsy Ivanicum L. Pennsylvania Persicaria, Com- mon in marshes. 332. Polygonum hydropiper L. Smartweed or Water Pepper. Not abundant. 333. Polygonum acre HBK. Water Smartweed. Scarce in marshes; Hills, 334. Polygonum orientate L. Prince’s Feather. Scarce in waste places. 335. Polygonum persicaria L. Lady’s Thumb. Abundant in marshy places. 336. Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. Mild Water Pepper. Abun- dant in marshy places. 337. Polygonum virginianum L. Virginia Knotweed. Common in woodlands. 52 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 338. Polygonum sagittatum L. Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb. Abun- dant in marshes and marshy fields. 339. Polygonum convolvulus L. Black Bindweed. In thickets and along railway tracks. 340. Polygonum' scandens L. Climbing False Buckwheat. Same lo- calities as the above. 341. Polygonum dumetorum L. Hedge Buckwheat. Similar to and found with the two preceding. 342. Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb & Zucc. Japanese Knotweed. Culti- vated and locally established at Iowa City. FAGOPYRUM (Tourn) L. 343. Fagopyrum esculentum Moensch. Buckwheat. Occasionally in waste places and along fields. CHENOPIDIACEAE. CYCLOLOMA Moq. 344. Cycloloma atriplicif olium (Spreng) Coult. Winged Pigweed. Not scarce in sandy soil. CHENOPODIUM (Tourn) L. 345. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Yar. anthelminticum (L.) Gray. Wormseed. A weed in waste places. 346. Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Ashe. Strawberry Blite. Rare; streets of Iowa City. 347. Chenopodium glaucum L. Oak-leaved Goosefoot. Abundant in waste places, 348. Chenopodium album L. Lambs Quarter. Abundant everywhere; very variable. 349. Chenopodium hybridum L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot. Common in waste places. 350. Chenopodium album Yar. viride (L.) Moq. Quite common. 351. Chenopodium boscianum Moq. Bose’s Goosefoot. Common in woodlands. 352. Chenopodium leptophyllum Nutt, Narrow-leaved Goosefoot. Rare on sand bars of Iowa River. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 53 ATRIPLEX (Tourn) L. 353. 354. Atriplex patula L. Spreading Orache. A common weed in waste places. Atriplex hastata (L.) Gray. Halberd-leaved Orache. In similar places, SALSOLA L. ■ 355. Salsola kali L. Ya r. tenuifolia G. F. W. Mey. Russian Thistle. Common in sandy soils. AMARANTHACEAE. AMARANTHUS (Tourn) L. 356. Amaranthus retroflexus L. Green Amaranth. Abundant every- where. 357. Amaranthus hyhridus L. Amaranth. Common in waste places. 358. Amaranthus paniculatus L, Purple Amaranth. Not rare. 359. Amaranthus blitoides Wats. Prostrate Amaranth. Very common everywhere. ACNIDA L. 360. Acnida tamariscina (Nutt) Wood. Water Hemp. Common in light soils. 361. Acnida tuberoulata Moq. Var. suhnuda Wats. Glomerate Water Hemp. Plenty in low sandy fields. FROELICHIA Moench. 362. Froelichia floridana (Nutt) Moq. Shoestrings or Florida Froe- lichia. Rare within our borders though common in adjoin- ing counties. NYCTAGINACEAE. OXYBAPHUS L’Her. 363. Oxybaphus nyctagineus (Michx.) Sweet. Heart-leaved Umbrella- wort. Yery common in waste places. 54 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE ILLECEBRACEAE. ANYCHIA Michx. 364. Any cilia canadensis (L.) BSP. Forked Chickweed. Not rare in woodlands. AIZOACEAE. MOLLUGO L. 365. Mollugo verticillata L. Carpetweed. Abundant in sandy soils. 366. 367. 368. 369. 370. 371. 372. 373. 374. 375. 376. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. AREN ARIA L. Arenaria lateriflora L. Blunt-leaved Moehringia. Plenty in woodlands. STELLARIA L. Stellaria longifolia Muhl. Long-leaved Stitch-wort. Scarce in open woods. Stellaria media (L.) Cyrill. Common Chickweed. A common weed. CERASTIUM L. Cerastium vulgatum L. Mouse-ear Chickweed. Abundant in waste places. Cerastium nutans Raf. Nodding Chickweed. Scarce. AGROSTEMMA L. Agrostemma githago L. Corn Cockle. Occasional, especially along the railways. LYCHNIS (Tourn) L. Lychnis alba Mill. White Campion. Not rare. SILENE L. Silene antirrhina L. Sleepy Catchfly. Common in sandy soil. Silene noctiflora L. Night Flowering Catchfly. Rare, Iowa City. Silene stellata (L.) Ait. f. Starry Campion. Common in woods and thickets. Silene nivea (Nutt) Otth. Notched Campion. Rare; Turkey Creek. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 55 SAPONARIA L. 377. S aponaria officinalis L. Bouncing Bet. Occasional as an escape. 378. Saponaria vaccaria L. Cow Herb. Not common but occasionally in fields and along railways. PORTULACACEAE. CLAYTONIA (Gron) L. 379. Claytonia virginica L. Spring Beauty. Common in moist wood- lands. 380. Claytonia mdlticaulis A. Nels. Yar. robusta Somes. Robust Spring Beauty. Locally not rare in woods. PORTULACA (Tourn) L. 381. Portulaca oleracea L. Purslane or Pursley. A common weed in fields and waste places. 382. Portulaca retusa Engelm. Notched Purslane. Rare; taken once in Fremont Twp. along Iowa River. NYMPHACEAE. NYMPH AE A (Tourn) L. 383. Nymphaea advena Ait. Cow Lily. Common in ponds and marshes. CASTALIA Salisb. 384. Cast alia tuber osa (Paine) Greene. Pond Lily. Not uncommon in ponds. RANUNCULACEAE. RANUNCULUS (Tourn) L. 385. Ranunculus circinatus Sibth. Stiff White Water Crowfoot. Rare ; Oxford. 386. Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh. Seaside Crowfoot. Abundant on muddy shores. 387. Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr. Yellow Water Crowfoot. Not uncommon in ponds and marshes. 56 IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCE 388. Ranunculus delphinifolius Var. terrestris Gray. Occasional with the above. 389. Ranunculus rhomboideus Goldie. Dwarf Buttercup. Common in fields and thickets. 390. Ranunculus abortivus L, Small Flowered Crowfoot. Common in woods. 391. Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. Hooked Crowfoot. Scarce in rocky * woods. 392. Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. Early Buttercup. Not uncommon in fields and thickets, 393. Ranunculus sept entrionalis Poir. Swamp Buttercup. Very com- mon in woods. 394. Ranunculus hispidus Michx. Hispid Buttercup. Rather scarce in rocky woods. 395. Ranunculus repens L. Creeping Buttercup. Locally plenty at Iowa City. 396. Ranunculus acris L. Tall Crow Foot. Occasional as an escape ; Iowa City. THALICTRUM (Tourn) L. 397. Thalictrum dioicum L. Early Meadow Rue. Rare ; State Quarries. 398. Thalictrum revolution DC. Purplish Meadow Rue. Common in fields and thickets. 399. Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Ball. Stinking Meadow Rue. More scarce but found with the above. ANEMONELLA Spach. 400. Anemonella thalictroides ( L.) Spach. Rue Anemone. Common in woodands, HEPATICA (Rupp) Hill. 401. Hepatica acutiloba DC. Acute Liverleaf. Very common in wood- lands. ANEMONE (Tourn) L. 402. Annemone cylindrica Gray. Long fruited Anemone. Not uncom- mon in woods and thickets. 403. Anemone virginiana L. Tall Anemone. Common in fields and thickets. 404. Anemone canadensis L. Canada Anemone. Very abundant in fields and roadsides. 405. Anemone quinquefolia L. Wind-Flower or Wood Anemone. Com- mon in woodlands. IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCE 57 CLEMATIS L. 406. Clematis virginiana L. Virgins Bower. Common in thickets. 407. Clematis pitcheri T. & G. Sim’s Clematis or Leather Flower. Common in sandy soil along Iowa River. ISOPYRUM L. 408. Isopyrum bit'ernatum (Raf.) T. & G. False Rne Anemone. Plenty in woodlands. CALTHA (Rupp) L. 409. Caltha palustris L. Marsh Marigold or Cowslip. Common in bogs and marshes. AQUILEGIA (Tourn) L. 410. Aquilegia canadensis L. Columbine. Common in woods, espe- cially in rocky places. DELPHINIUM (Tourn) L. 411. Delphinium tricorne Michx. Dwarf Larkspur. Not rare. 412. Delphinium azureum Michx. Pale Larkspur. Common in fields and open places. 413. Delphinium penardi Huth. Prairie Larkspur. Rather scarce in fields, thickets and open woods. ACTAEA L. 414. Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. Red Baneberry. In woods, quite plenty. 415. Actaea alba (L.) Mill. White Baneberry. In woods, less com- mon. MAGNOLIACAEAE. LIRIODENDRON L. 416. Liriodendron tulipifera L. Tuliptree. Cultivated ; Iowa City. MENISPERMACEAE. MENISPERUM (Tourn) L. 417. Menispermum canadense L. Moonseed. Common in woods and thickets. 58 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE BERBERIDACEAE. PODOPHYLLUM L. 418. Podophyllum pelt at um L. May Apple. Abundant in open woods. CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. 419. Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. Blue Cohosh or Pap- poose Root. Locally plenty in woodlands. BERBERIS (Tourn) L. 420. Berberis -vulgaris L. Common Barberry. Cultivated and spar- ingly established. PAPAYERACEAE. SANGUINARIA (Dill) L. 421. Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot. Abundant in woodlands. ARGEMONE L. 422. Argemone mexicana L. Prickly Poppy. Rarely found along rail- ways but not persisting. FUMARIACEAE. ADLUMIA Raf. 423. Adlumia fungosa (Ait.) Greene. Climbing Fumitory. Cultivated and rarely established. 8 DICENTRA Bernh. 424. Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. Dutchman’s Breeches. Very common in low woodlands. CORYDALIS (Dill) Medic. 425. Corydalis micrantha (Engelm) Gray. Small Flowered Corydalis. In sandy soils. 426. Corydalis curvusiliqum (Engelm) Kuntze. Curved-fruited Cory- dalis. Common in sandy soils. . IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 59 CRUCIFERAE. DR ABA (Dill) L. 427. Draba caroliniana Walt. Smooth Carolina Whitlow Grass. Com- mon in sandy soils. 428. Draba caroliniana Var. micrantha Nntt. Hairy Carolina Whit- low Grass. With the above. ALYSSUM (Tourn) L. 429. Alyssum alyssoides L. Yellow or Small Alyssum. Rare; Iowa City. THLASPI (Tourn) L. 430. Thlaspi arvense L. Field Penny Cress or Frenehweed. Becom- ing established especially along railways. LEPIDIUM (Tourn) L. 431. Lepidium virginicum L. Wild Pepper Grass. Roadsides and waste places. 432. Lepidium apetalum Willd. Apetalous Peppergrass. In similar places but more common. CAPSELLA Medic. 433. Gapsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Shepherd’s Purse. A com- mon weed of fields and waste places. CAMELINA Crantz. 435. Camelina saliva (L.) Crantz. - False Flax or Gold-of-pleasure. An introduced weed, not rare in fields. NESLIA Desv. 436. Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv. Ball Mustard. Rare ; persistent in one locality near Iowa City. RAPHANUS (Tourn) L. 437. Raphanus sativus L. Radish. Occasionally established in waste places. CONRINGIA (Heist) Link. 438. Conrmgia orientalis (L) Dumort. Hare’s Ear Mustard. Scarce but becoming established. 60 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE BRASSICA (Tourn) L. 439. Brassica arvensis (L) Ktze. Charlock. Not uncommon in waste places. 440. Brassica nigra (L) Koch. Black Mustard. A common weed. 441. Brassica alba (L) Boiss. White Mustard. Rare; along railway, Iowa City. 442. Brassica juncea (L) Cc-ss. Indian Mustard. Not uncommon as a roadside weed. SISYMBRIUM (Tourn) L. 443. Sisymbrium officinale (L) Scop. Hedge Mustard. A common weed of waste places. 444. Sisymbrium altissimum L. Tumbling Mustard. Common in roadsides and waste places. 445. Sisymbrium canescens Nutt. Tansy Mustard. Common in sandy soils. 446. Sisymbrium canescens Var. incisum Engelm. Tansy Mustard. With the above. HESPERIS (Tourn) L. 447. Hesperis matron alis L. Dame’s Violet. Occasional. ERYSIMUM (Tourn) L. 448. Erysimum ckeirantlioides L. Worm-Seed Mustard. Not uncom- mon in thickets. RADICULA (Dill) Hill. 449. Badicula nasiurtium-aquaticum (L) Britt. & Rendle. True Water Cress. Common in springs, hogs. 450. Radicida sessiliflora (Nutt) Gr. Sessile-flowered Cress. Not un- common along streams. 451. Badicula obtusa (Nutt) Gr. Blunt-leaved Yellow Cress. With the above. 452. Radicida obtusa Var. sphaerocarpa (Gray) Rob. Scarce in simi- lar places.. 453. Radicida palustris (L) Moench. Marsh or Yellow Cress. Com- mon in moist soils. 454. Radicida palustris Var. hispida (Desv) Bob. With the above but scarce. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 61 IODANTHUS T. & G. 455. Iodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx) Steud. Purple or False Rocket. Scarce in waste places along streams. DENTARIA (Tourn) L. 456. Dentaria laciniata Muhl. Pepper-root or Toothwort. Common in woodlands. CARD AMINE (Tourn) L. 457. Cardamine bidbosa (Schreb) BSP. Spring Cress. Common in bogs and springs. 458. Cardamine pennsylvanica Muhl. Pennsylvania Bitter Cress. Common in moist soils. ARABIS L. 459. Arabis dentata T. & G. Toothed Rock-cress. Not rare in wood- lands. 460. Arabis canadensis L. Sickle-pod. Very common in rocky woods. 461. Arabis laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. Smooth Rock-cress. Not un- common in woodlands. 462. Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. Plairy Rock-cress. Not uncommon. 463. Arabis drummondi Gray. Drummond’s Rock-cress. Rare in rocky wooded places: State Quarries. CAPP ARID ACE AE . POLANISIA Raf. 464. Polanisia graveolens Raf. Clammy Weed. Rather scarce in sandy soils. 465. Polanisia trachysperma T. & G. Large-flowered Clammy Weed. In similar places. CRASSULACEAE. PENTHORUM (Gronov) L. 466. Penthonm sedoides L. Ditch Stonecrop. Common along ditches and in moist soils. 62 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE SAXIFRAGACEAE. SAXIFRAGA (Tourn) L. 467. 468. 469. 470. 471. 472. 473. Saxifraga pennsylvanica L. Swamp Saxifrage. Not rare in moist woodlands. HEUCHERA L. Heuchera 'hispida Pursh. Hairy Alum-root. Common in high gravelly soils. MITELLA (Tourn) L. Mitella diphylla L. Mitrewort. Common in rich moist wood- lands. RIBES L. Ribes cynosbati L. Prickly Gooseberry. Common in woods. Ribes gracile Michx. Missouri Gooseberry. Common in woods. Ribes oxyacanthoides L. Smooth Gooseberry. Not uncommon in woodlands. Ribes floridum L’Her. Wild Black Currant. Rather scarce in woodlands. PLATANACEAE. PL AT ANUS (Tourn) L. . 474. Platanus occidentalis L. Sycamore. Common especially in low woods. ROSACEAE. PHYSOCARPUS Max. 475. Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Max. Nine-bark. Locally plenty along streams. 476. Physocarpus opidifolius Var. intermedins (Ryd.) Rob. Nine- bark. Rare; Cedar Township. SPIRAEA (Tourn) L. 477. Spiraea saiicifolia L. Meadow Sweet. Not uncommon in low meadows. PYRUS (Tourn) L. 478. Pyrus ioensis (Wood) Bailey. Western Wild Crab. Common in woods and thickets. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 63 AMELANCHIER Medic. 479. Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic. Service Berry or June Berry. Common on high banks. 480. Amelanchier botryapium (L. f.) T. & G. Shad-bush. Locally plenty. CRATAEGUS L. 481. Crataegus crusgalli L. Cockspur Thorn. Very common in woods. 482. Crataegus punctata Jacq. Large-fruited Thorn. Abundant in woods’ and thickets. 483. Crataegus coccinea L. Rough Thorn. Less common but not scarce. 484. Crataegus rotundifolia Moench. Glandular Thorn. Rare; State Quarries. 485. Crataegus macrosperma Ashe. Large-seeded Thorn. Scarce in low rich woods. Hills Siding. 486. Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.) C. Koch. Pruinose Thorn. Com- mon in woods and thickets. 487. Crataegus mollis (T. & G.) Scheele. Red Fruited Thorn. Com- mon in woods and thickets. 488. Crataegus macracantha Lodd. Long Spined Thorn. Scarce in woods. 489. Crataegus tomentosa L. Pear Thorn. Rare in rocky places. FRAGRARIA (Tourn) L. 490. F rag r aria virginiana Yar. illinoensis (Prince) Gray. Wild Strawberry. Very abundant. 491. Fragraria vesca Yar. americana Porter. Wood Strawberry. Not rare in woodlands. POTENTILLA L. 492. Potentilla arguta Pursh. Glandular Cinquefoil. Common in rocky and gravelly soils. 493. Potentilla monspeliensis L, Rough Cinquefoil. Common in waste places. 494. Potentilla rivalis Nutt. Yar. millegrana (Engelm.) Wats. Dif- fuse Cinquefoil. Scarce in moist places. 495. Potentilla canadensis L. Five Finger. Common. 64 496. 497. 498. 499. 500. 501. 502. 503. 504. 505. 506. 507. 508. 509. 510. 511. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE FILIPENDULA (Tourn) Hill. Filip endula rubra (Hill) Rob. Queen-of-the-Prairie. Very rare in meadows; Cedar Township. GEUM L. Geum canadensis Jacq. White Ayens. Abundant in rich woods. Geum virginianum L. Rough Avens. Not uncommon in meadows. Geum striatum Ait. Yellow Avens. Rather scarce in woods and thickets. RUBUS (Tourn) L. Bubus idaeus L. Yar. aculeaiissimus (C. A. Mey) R. & T. Wild Red Raspberry. Common. Bubus occidentals L. Wild Black Raspberry. Common in thickets. AGRIMONIA (Tourn) L. Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. Tall Hairy Agrimony. Scarce in low woods. Agrimonia striata Michx. Woodland Agrimony. Not uncommon in woods and thickets. Agrimonia mollis (T. & G.) Robins. Soft Agrimony. Rather scarce in woods and thickets. ROSA (Tourn) L. Bosa blanda Ait. Smooth Wild Rose. Not rare in dry or rocky soils. Bosa pratincola Greene. Thorny Wild Rose. Rather plenty. Bosa woodsii Hindi. Low Wild Rose. Not rare in clay soils. PRUNUS (Tourn)* L. Prunus serotina (L.) Reich. Wild Black Cherry. Not uncommon in woods. Prunus virginiana L. Choke Cherry. Very common in dry wooded places. Prunus pennsylvanica L. f. Wild Red Cherry or Bird Cherry. Rather scarce. Prunus americana Marsh. Wild Plum. Common in woods and thickets. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 65 LEGUMINOSAE. GYMNOCLADUS Lam. 512. Gymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch. Kentucky Coffee Tree. Culti- vated and not uncommon in woods. GLEDITSIA L. 513. Gleditsia triacanthes L. Honey Locust. Very common in woods and along streams. CASSIA (Tourn) L. 514. Cassia medsgeri Shafer. Wild Senna, Scarce in sandy soils. 515. Cassia chamaecrista L. Partridge Pea. Very abundant in sandy soils. CERCIS L. 516. Cercis canadensis L. Red Bud. Rare; a few scattered trees near our southern border in Fremont Township. BAPTISIA Vent. 517. Baptisia bracteata (Muhl.) Ell. Large-bra, cted Wild Indigo. Not common in meadows. 518. Baptisia leucantha T. & G. Large White Wild Indigo. Common in meadows. CROTALARIA (Dill) L. 519. Crotalaria sagittalis L. Rattle-box. Locally plenty near Iowa City. LUPINUS (Tourn) L. 520. Lupinus perennis L. Lupine. Rare ; Iowa City. TRIFOLIUM (Tourn) L. 521. Trifolium repens L. White Clover. Common everywhere. 522. Trifolium reflexum L. Buffalo Clover. Scarce in woods and thickets. 523. Trifolium procumbens L. Low Hop Clover. Not uncommon in open places, 524. Trifolium pratense L. Red Clover. Common everywhere. 525. Tri folium Jiybridum L. Alsike Clover. Common. 5 66 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE MELILOTUS (Tourn) Hill. 526. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Yellow Sweet Clover. Plenty in waste places. 527. Melilotus alba Desr. White Sweet Clover. A common roadside weed. MEDICAGO (Tourn) L. 528. Medicago sat'iva L. Alfalfa. Common as an escape along rail- ways. 529. Medicago lupulina L. Black Medick. Locally plenty near Iowa City. HOSACKIA Dougl. 530. Hosackia americana (Nutt.) Piper. Prairie Bird’s-foot Trefoil. Not scarce in sandy soils. 531. 532. 533. 534. PSORALEA L. Psomlea tenuiflora Pursh. Few flowered Psoralea. Scarce in sandy soils. Psoralea argophylla Pursh. Silvery Psoralea, Abundant in open places. AMORPHA L. Amorpka canescens Pursh. Lead Plant or Shoe Strings. Abun- dant in woods, especially in dry soils. Amorpha fruiticosa L. False Indigo Bush. Abundant along streams. DALEA Juss. 535. Dalea alopecuroides Willd. Pink Dalea. Locally abundant near Iowa City in sandy soil. PETALOSTEMON Michx. 536. Petalostemon purpureum (Vent.) Rydb. Violet Prairie Clover. Abundant in open places. 537. Petalostemon candidum Michx. White Prairie Clover. Abundant in open places. TEPHROSIA Pers. 538. TepJirosia virginiana (L.) Pers. Goat’s Rue or Catgut. Scarce in sandy and open woods. ROBINA L. 539. Eobinia pseudo-acacia L. Common Locust or False Acacia, Cul- tivated and escaped. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 67 ASTRAGALUS (Tourn) L. 540. Astragalus caryocarpus Ker. Ground Plum. Common in dry soils in open places. 541. Astragalus canadensis L. Canada Milk Vetch. Common in open places. DESMODIUM Desv. 542. Desmodium grandiflorum (Walt.) DC. Pointed-leaved Tick Trefoil. Common in moist woods. 543. Desmodium panicidatum (L.) DC. Panicled Tick Trefoil. Rather scarce in woods and thickets. 544. Desmodium hracteosum Var. longifolium (T. & G.) Rob. Long- leaved Tick Trefoil. Not rare. 545. Desmodium illinoense Gray. Illinois Tick Trefoil. Common in open places. 546. Desmodium dillenii Dari. Dillen’s Tick Trefoil. Common in open places. 547. Desmodium canadensis (L.) DC. Showy Tick Trefoil. Common in open woods and thickets. LESPEDEZA Michx. 548. Lespedeza repens (L.) Bart. Creeping Bush Clover. Common in rocky wooded places. 549. Lespedeza reticulata Pens. Nodding Bush Clover. Local ; State Quarries. 550. Lespedeza hirta { L.) Hornem. Hairy Bush Clover. Not uncom- mon in open woods and thickets. 551. Lespedeza capitata Michx. Round Headed Bush Clover. Very common in dry soils. 552. Lespedeza leptostachya Engelm. Prairie Bush Clover. Scarce in dry woods. VICIA (Tourn) L. 553. Vicia cracca L. Cow Vetch or Blue Vetch. Sparingly as an escape in dry open places. 554. Vicia Carolina Walt. Carolina Vetch.* Very rare in moist woods; - Oxford. 555. Vicia americana Mulil. American Vetch or Pea Vine. Common in moist places. 68 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE LATHYRUS (Tourn) L. 556. Lathy rus palustris L. Marsh Vetchling. Very common in moist soils. 557. Lathy rus palustris Yar. pilosus (Cham.) Ledeb. Winged Marsh Vetchling. Locally plenty with above. 558. Lathy rus palustris Yar. myrtifolius (Mnhl.) Gray. Myrtle-leaved Marsh Vetchling. Common with above. 559. Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. Cream Colored Vetchling. Rare in deep woods. APIOS (Boerh) Lud. 560. Apios tuherosa Moench. Ground Nut. Common in bogs and marshes. STROPHOSTYLES Ell. 561. Strophostyles helvola (L.) Britton. Trailing Wild Bean. Com- mon in open places in sandy soil. 562. Strophostyles paucifiora (Britt) Wats. Small Wild Bean. Abun- dant in similar locations, AMPHICARPA Ell. 563. Amphicarpa monoica (L.) Ell. Hog Peanut. Common in woods. 564. Amphicarpa pitcheri T. & G. Pitcher’s Hog Peanut. Less com- mon but not rare. LINACEAE. LINUM (Tourn) L. 565. Linum sulcatum Riddell. Grooved Yellow Flax. Common in dry soil in open places. 566. Linum usitatissimum L. Flax or Linseed. Common as an escape along railways. OXALID ACE AE . OXALIS L. 567. Oxalis violacea L. Violet Wood Sorrel. Common m woods and fields. 568. Oxalis stricta L. Upright Yellow Wood Sorrel. More abundant than the above, in dry or sandy soils. 569. Oxalis corniculata L. Tall Yellow Wood Sorrel. Common in fields and thickets. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 69 GERANIACEAE. GERANIUM (Tourn) L. 570. Geranium maculatum L. Wild Geranium. Common in woodlands, and as a weed in open places. 571. Geranium carolinianum L. Carolina Cranesbill. Much less com- mon; occurs in sandy soils. RUTACEAE. ZANTHOXYLUM L. 572. Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. Prickly Ash. Common in woods and thickets. POLYGALACEAE. POLYGALA (Tourn) L. 573. Polygala verticillata L. Whorled Milkwort. Not uncommon in dry soils in open places. 574. Poly gala senega L. Seneca Snakeroot. Common in woods and thickets. 575. Polygala sanguinea L. Field or Purple Milkwort. Common in moist meadows. EUPHORBIACEAE. CROTON L. 576. Croton glandulosus L. Yar. septentrionalis Muell, Arg. Glandu- lar Croton. Locally abundant in sandy places. ACALYPHA L. 577. Acalypha virginica L. Three Seeded Mercury. Common in fields and wooded places. EUPHORBIA L. 578. Euphorbia polygonifolia L.. Seaside Spurge. Not rare in sandy places, 579. Euphorbia gey eri Engelm. Geyer’s Spurge. Common everywhere. 580. Euphorbia serpens H. B. K. Round-leaved Spreading Spurge. Scarce on moist banks. 70 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 581. Euphorbia serpyllifolia Pers. Thyme-leaved Spurge. In sandy fields. 582. Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm. Ridge Seeded Spurge. Rare; Elmira. 583. Euphorbia preslii Guss. Upright Spotted Spurge. A common weed of sandy soils. 584. Euphorbia hirsuta (Torr) AVeig. Hairy Spurge. With the above. 585. Euphorbia maculata L. Milk Purslane. Not uncommon in fields and gardens. 586. Euphorbia hexagona Nutt. Angled Spurge. Rare within our borders ; Fremont Twp. 587. Euphorbia margiuata Pursh. Snow-on-the-Mountain. Common as a wayside weed in dry places. 588. Euphorbia corollata L. Flowering Spurge. Abundant in open places. 589. Euphorbia dent at a Michx. Toothed Spurge. Not scarce in sandy soil. 590. Euphorbia heterophylla L. Various-leaved Spurge or Fiddle Spurge. Common in woods, especially those of hilly clay soils. 591. Euphorbia obtusata Pursh. Blunt-leaved Spurge. Not common, in damp woods. ANACARMACEAE. RHUS L. 592. Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumach. Common in dry soils. 593. Rhus toxicodendron L. Poison Ivy or Poison Oak. Common in woodlands. 594. Rhus toxicodendron Var. radicans (L.) Torr. With the above. CELASTRACEAE. EVONYMUS (Tourn) L. 595. Evonynms atropurpureus Jaeq. Burning Bush or Wahoo. Rare in rocky wooded places. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 71 CELASTRUS L. 596. Celastrus scandens L. Climbing Bitter Sweet. Common in thickets and along fences. STAPHYLACEAE. STAPHYLEA L. 597. Staphylea trifolia L. Bladder Nut. Common in woods. ACERACEAE. ACER (Tourn) L. 598. Acer saccharinum L. White or Silver Maple. Common. 599. Acer saccharum Var. nigrum (Michx. f.) Britt. Rock or Sugar Maple. Not common in woods. 600. Acer rub rum L. Red or Swamp Maple. Scarce in low ground. 601. Acer negundo L. Box Elder. Common everywhere. B ALS AMINACE AE . IMPATIENS (Rivinius) L. 602. Impatiens pallida Nutt. Pale Touch-me-not. Rather scarce in moist wooded places. 603. Impatiens biflora Walt. Spotted Touch-me-not. Abundant in springs and bogs. RHAMNACEAE. RHAMNUS (Tourn) L. 604. Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh. Buckthorn. Local; Turkey Creek. CEANOTHUS L. 605. Ceanothus americanus L. New Jersey Tea. Common on dry hills. 72 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE VITACEAE. PSEDERA Neck. 606. P seder a quinquefolia (L.) Greene. Virginia Creeper. Common in woodlands. 607. Psedera vitwcea (Knerr) Greene. With the above. YITIS (Tourn) L. 608. Vitis cinerea Engelm. Sweet or Downy Grape. Rare in wood- lands. 609. Vitis cordifolia Michx. Frost Grape. Not common. 610. Vitis vulpina L. Riverside Grape. Common in woods. TILIACEAE. TILIA (Tourn) L. 611. Tilia americana L. Basswood. Common in woodlands. MALVACEAE. ABUTILON (Tourn) Mill. 612. Abutilon theophrasti Medic. Velvet Leaf. Common in waste places. SIDA L. 613. Sida spinosa L. Prickly Sida. Not uncommon in sandy fields. MALVA (Tourn) L. 614. Malva rotundifolia L. Cheeses, Dwarf Mallow. Very abundant everywhere, in yards and fields. HIBISCUS L. 615. Hibiscus militaris Cav. Halberd-leaved Rose Mallow. Not rare in marshy places. 616. Hibiscus trionum L. Bladder Ketmia, Flower-of-an-Hour. Com- mon in fields and roadsides. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 73 HYPERICACEAE. HYPERICUM (Tourn) L. 617. Hypericum ascyron L. Giant St. John’s-wort. Plenty in open woods, in marshy spots. 618. Hypericum punctatum Lam. Spotted St. John’s-wort. Scarce in damp woods, 619. Hypericum cistifolium Lam. Round Podded St. John’s-wort. Common in open places, especially along streams. 620. Hypericum mutilum L. Dwarf St. John’s-wort. Common in low or moist fields and woods. CISTACEAE. HELIANTHEMUM (Tourn) L. 621. Helianthemum majus BSP. Hoary Frostweed. Common on dry hills. LECHIA (Kalm) L. 622. Lechia stricta Leggett. Bushy Pinweed. Common in dry soils in open places. 623. Lechia tenuifolia Michx. Narrow-leaved Pinweed. Not uncom- mon in similar places. YIOLACEAE. VIOLA (Tourn) L. 624. Viola pedata L. Bird’s-foot Yiolet. Not common but occurring on sandy wooded hills. 625. Viola pedata Yar. linearilohi DC. Scarce; found with the above. 626. Viola cucullata Ait. Hooded or Marsh Yiolet. Common in moist places. 627. Viola papilionacea Pursh. Meadow Yiolet. Common. 628. Viola palmata L. Early or Palmate Yiolet. Not uncommon in rich woodlands. 629. Viola sororia Willd. Wood Yiolet. Common in woods and fields. 630. Viola fimbriatula Sm. Ovate-leaved Yiolet. Locally abundant near Hills Siding. 74 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 631. Viola sagittal a Ait. Arrow-leaved Violet. With the above but less common. 632. Viola pedatifida G. Don. Prairie Cut-leaved Violet. Common on dry soils in open places. 633. Viola pubescens Ait. Downy Yellow Violet. Abundant in moist woodlands. LYTHRACEAE. AMMANNIA (Houst) L. 634. Ammannia coccinea Rothb. Long-leaved Ammannia. Common in sandy soils. LYTHRUM L. 635. Lythrum alatum Pursh. Wing-angled Loosestrife. Common in marshes. MELASTOMACEAE. RHEXIA L. 636. Rhexia virginica L, Meadow Beauty, Deer Grass. Rare ; Oxford. In a marshy meadow. ONAGRACEAE. LUDVIGIA L. 637. Ludvigia alternifolia L. Seed Box or Rattle Box. Common in marshy places. 638. Ludvigia polycarpa Short & Peter. Many-fruited Ludvigia. Com- mon in marshes. 639. Ludvigia palustris (L.) Ell. Water Purslane. Scarce and local; Oxford, Elmira. EPILOBIUM L. 640. Epilobium angustifolium L. Great Willow-herb or Eireweed. Rather scarce in thin woods and along streams. 641. Epilobium color aium Muhl. Purple-leaved Willow-herb. Com- mon in marshy places. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 75 OENOTHERA L. 642. Oenothera biennis L. Common Evening Primrose. Common in meadows and open places. 643. Oenothera rhombipetala Nutt. Rhombic Evening Primrose. Not rare in sandy soil. 644. Oenothera lacimata Hill. Sinuate-leaved Evening Primrose. Quite common in sandy soils. 645. Oenothera pratensis (Small) Rob. Sun Drops. Locally plenty near Iowa City. 646. Oenothera serrulata Nutt. Toothed-leaved Primrose. Common in dry open places. GAURA L. 647. Gaura parviffora Dougl. Small Flowered Gaura. Not common. CIRCAEA (Tourn) L. 648. Circaea luteiiana L. Enchanter ’s Nightshade. Common in moist woodlands. 649. Circaea intermedia Ehrh. Not uncommon with the above. HALORAGIDACEAE. MYRIOPHYLLUM (Vaill)'L. 650. Myriophyllum spicatum L. Spiked Water Milfoil. Not rare in bogs and slow streams. ARALIACE AE . ARALIA (Tourn) L. 651. Aralia racemosa L. Spikenard. Not scarce in rich woodlands. 652. Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild Sarsaparilla. Abundant in rich wood- lands. 653. Aralia spinosa L. Hercules Club. Very rare; several specimens in cultivation in Iowa City are authentically reported as having come from wild stock taken within Johnson County. 654. 655. 656. 657. 658. 659. 660. 661. 662. 663. 664. 665. 666. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE UMBELLIFERAE. ERYNGIUM (Tourn) L. Eryngium yuccifolium Michx. Button Snakeroot. Common in low open places. SANICULA (Tourn) L. Sanicula marilandica L. Black Snakeroot. Common in woods and thickets. Sanicula gr eg aria Bick. Clustered Snakeroot. Not rare in woods and thickets. Sanicula canadensis L. Canada Snakeroot. More scarce than the above. Sanicula trifoliata Bickn. Large Fruited Snakeroot. Rare in rich woods; State Quarries. . CHAEROPHYLLUM (Tourn) L. Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz. Spreading Chervil. Rare in wet places. OSMORRHIZA Raf. Osmorrhiza claytoni (Michx.) Clarke. Woolly Sweet Cicely. Com- mon in woods. Osmorrhiza longistylis (Torr) DC. Smooth Sweet Cicely. Scarcer in woods. CICUTA L. Cicuta maculata L. Water Hemlock or Musquash Root. Rare in bogs and marshes. CARUM L. Carum carvi L. Caraway. Escaped and apparently thoroughly established. SIUM (Tourn) L. Sium cicutae folium Schrank. Water Parsnip. Not uncommon in marshy places. CRYPTOTAENIA DC. Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. Honewort. Common in wood- lands. ZIZIA Koch. Zizia aurea (L.) Koch. Golden Alexanders or Meadow Parsnip. Common in woods, fields and waste places. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 77 TAENIDIA Drude. 667. Taenidia intergerrima (L.) Drude. Yellow Pimpernel. Com- mon in dry woods. THASPIUM Nutt. 668. Thaspium barbinode (Michx.) Nutt. Hairy- jointed Meadow Par- snip. Common in moist soils. PASTINACA L. 669. 670. 671. 672. 673. 674. Pastinaca sativa L. Wild Parsnip. Commonly established in old fields. ANETHUM (Tourn) L. Anethum graveolens L. Dill. Established and persistent at Iowa City. HERACLEUM L. Heracleum lanatum Michx. Cow Parsnip. Common in moist wooded places. OXYPOLIS Raf. Oxypolis rigidior (L.) Coult & Rose. Cowbane. Scarce in marshy places. POLYTAENIA DC. Poly taenia nuttallii DC. Poly taenia. Rare in dry open woods ; Cedar Twp. ANGELICA L. Angelica atropurpurea L. Purple-stemmed Angelica. Scarce in swamps and marshes. DAUCUS (Tourn) L. 675. D ancus carota L. Wild Carrot. Not scarce in fields. CORNACEAE. CORNUS (Tourn) L. 676. Cornus circinata L’Her. Round-leaved Dogwood. Not uncommon in rocky woods. 677. Cornus amomum Mill. Kinnikinnik. In wet places, especially along streams. 678. Cornus asperifolia Michx. Rough-leaved Dogwood. Scarce in sandy soil. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 78 679. Cornus stolonif era Michx. Red Osier Dogwood. Common along streams. 680. Cornus candidissima Marsh. Panicled Dogwood. Common along streams. 681. Cornus alternifolia L. f. Alternate-leaved Dogwood. Scarce in woods and thickets. ERICACEAE. PYROLA (Tourn) L. 682. Pyrola elliptica Nutt. Shin Leaf. Scarce and local in rich woods. MONOTROPA L. 683. Monotropa uni flora L. Corpse Plant or Indian Pipe. Not rare, sometimes abundant in rich woods. PRIMULACEAE. ANDROSACE (Tourn) L. 684. Androsace occidental is Pursh. Androsace. Abundant along streams on sandy spots. LYSIMACHIA (Tourn) L. 685. Lysimachia quadrifolia L. Crosswort. Common in marshy places. 686. Lysimachia nummularia L. Moneywort. Escaped and established at Iowa City. STEIRONEMA Raf. 687. Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf. Fringed Loosestrife. Common in meadows. 688. Steironema lanceolatum (Walt) Gray. Lance-leaved Loosestrife. Not rare in moist fields and meadows. 689. S 'tieronema quadriflorum (Sims) Hitchc. Prairie Moneywort. Abundant in moist places. DODECATHEON L. 690. Dodecatheon meadia L. Shooting Star. Common in woods and thickets. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 79 OLE ACE AE. FRAXINUS (Tourn) L. 691. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Var. lanceolata (Borkh) Sarg. Green Ash. Common in woods, 692. Fraxinus americana L. White Ash. Cultivated but very rare as native. This species has been several times reported as com- mon in this as in many other counties of Iowa but is really one of our most rare trees, A few trees may be found near State Quarries and Turkey Creek. GENTIANACE AE . GENTIANA (Tourn) L. 693.. Gentiana crinita Froel. Fringed Gentian. Rare in moist meadow; Fremont Twp. 694. Gentiana puberula Michx. Downy Gentian. Common in open places in dry soil. 695. Gentiana andrewsii Griseb. Closed Gentian. Abundant in marshes. 696. Gentiana quinque folia L. Yar. occidentals (Gray) Hitchc. Stiff Gentian. Plenty in woods. 697. Gentiana linearis Froel. Narrow-leaved Gentian. Rare in bogs; State Quarries. 698. Gentiana flavida Gray. Yellowish Gentian. Not uncommon in open woods and thickets. APOCYNACEAE. APQCYNUM (Tourn) L. 699. Apocynum androsamif o Hum L. Spreading Dogbane. Common in dry woods and thickets. 700. Apocynum cannabinum L. Indian Hemp. Common in dry open places. 60 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE ASCLEPIDACEAE. * ASCLEPIAS (Tourn) L. 701. Asclepias tuberosa L. Butterfly Weed. Common on prairies. 702. Asclepias purpurasecns L. Purple Milkweed. Rather scarce in dry places. 703. Asclepias incarnata L. Swamp Milkweed. Common in swamps and marshes. 704. Asclepias syriaca L. Common Milkweed. Common everywhere in open places. 705. Asclepias sullivantii Engelm. Sullivant’s Milkweed. Much less common but not rare. 706. Asclepias amplexicaulis Sm. Blunt-leaved Milkweed. Locally abundant in sandy soils'. 707. Asclepias pJiytolaccoides Pursh. Poke Milkweed. Rare in thick- ets; Turkey Creek. 708. Asclepias ovalifolia Dene. Oval-leaved Milkweed. Not rare in woods and thickets. 709. Asclepias verticillat a L. Whorled Milkweed. Rather scarce in dry soils. 710. Asclepias stenopkylla Gray. Narrow-leaved ' Milkweed. Rather scarce in dry open places. ACERATES Ell. 711. Acerates viridiflora Ell. Green Milkweed. Common in dry meadows. 712. Acerates lanuginosa (Nutt.) Dene. Woolly Milkweed. Scarce in sandy fields. CONVOLYULACEAE. IPOMOEA L. 713. Ipomoea coccinea L. Small Red Morning Glory. Sparingly in- troduced in waste places. 714. Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. Ivy-leaved Morning Glory. Not un- common in waste places. 715. Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth. Morning Glory. Common along streams and in waste places. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 81 CONVOLVULUS (Tourn) L. 716. Convolvulus sepium L. Great Bindweed. Abundant in moist fields and along streams. 717. Convolvulus arvensis L. Small Bindweed. Sparingly introduced along railways; Tiffin. CUSCUTA (Tourn) L. 718. Cuscuta obtusi flora HBK. Dodder. Common on Polygonaeeae, etc. 719. Cuscuta arvensis Beyr. Field Dodder. Not common but occa- sional. 720. Cuscuta cephalanthi Engelm. Button Bush Dodder. Not un- common; on tall Compositae. 721. Cuscuta glomerata Chois. Glomerate Dodder. Very distinct and conspicuous on tall Compositae. POLEMONIACEAE. PHLOX L. 722. Phlox pilosa L. Wild Phlox. Abundant in rich woodlands and meadows. 723. Phlox divaricata L. Sweet William or Wild Blue Phlox. Abun- dant in rich moist woodlands. POLEMONIUM (Tourn) L. 724. Polemonium reptans L. Greek Valerian or Blue Bells. Common in rich moist woodlands. H YDROPPIYLL ACE AE . HYDROPHYLLUM (Tourn) L. 725. Hydrophyllum virginicum L. Virginia Waterleaf. Very com- mon in woods. 726. Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx. Appendaged Waterleaf. Abundant in moist rich woodlands. 6 82 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE ELLISIA L. 727. EUisia nyctelea L. Nyctelea. Abundant everywhere. 728. 729. 730. 731. 732. 733. 734. 735. 736. 737. 738. 739. BORAGINACEAE. CYNOGLOSSUM (Tourn) L. Cynoglossum officinale L. Hound’s Tongue. Scarce in waste places. LAPPULA (Rivin) Moench. Lappula lappula (L.) Karst. European Stickseed. Not rare in wraste places. Lappula virginianum (L.) Greene. Virginia Stickseed. Common in dry woods. Lappula deflexa Var. americana (Gray) Greene. Nodding Stick- seed. Scarce on limestone cliffs. Lappula redowskii (Hornem) Greene Var. Occident alls (Wats) Rydb. Hairy Stickseed. Not rare. MYOSOTIS (Rupp) L. Myosotis virginica (L.) BSP. Spring Scorpion Grass. Common in sandy fields. MERTENSIA Roth. Mertensia virginica (L.) Link. Blue Bells or Virginia Cowslip. Common in moist rich woodlands. LITHOSPERMUM (Tourn) L. Litliospermum, canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Hoary Puccoon. Com- mon in dry open places. Litliospermum angustif olium, Michx. Narrow-leaved Puccoon. Common in sandy or gravelly soils. Litliospermum gmelini (Michx.) Hitchc. Hairy Puccoon. Less common but not rare in dry open places. Litliospermum latifolium Michx. American Gromwell. Scarce in dry open woods. ONOSMODIUM Michx. Onosmodium carolinianum (Lam.) Dec. Shaggy False Gromwell. Common in gravelly soils in open places. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 83 VERBENACEAE. VERBENA (Tourn) L. 740. Verbena angusti folia Michx. Narrow-leaved Vervain. Common in dry sandy fields. 741. Verbena hastata L. Blue Vervain. Abundant in fields. 742. Verbena urticifolia L. White or Nettle-leaved Vervain. Common in fields and roadsides. 743. Verbena strict a Vent. Hoary Vervain. Abundant in open places. 744. Verbena bract eosa Miclix. Large Bracted Vervain. Abundant in sandy soil. LIPPIA (Houst) L. 745. Lippia lanceolata Michx. Fog Fruit. Common in low marshy fields and bogs. LABIATAE. TEUCRIUM (Tourn) L. 746. Teucrium canadense L. American Germander. Common in bogs and marshes, ISANTHUS Miclix. 747. Isanthus bracliiatus (L.) B. S. P. False Pennyroyal. Common in sandy fields. SCUTELLARIA L. 748. Scutellaria lateriflora L. Mad Bog Skullcap. Common in marshy places. 749. Scutellaria versicolor Nutt. Heart-leaved Skullcap. Rather scarce in hilly and rocky woods. 750. Scutellaria galericulata L. Marsh Skullcap. Common in marshy places, 751. Scutellaria parvula Michx. Small Skullcap. Common in dry open places. 752. Scutellaria, campestris Britt. Prairie Skullcap. Local in sandy open places. AGASTACHE Clayt. 753. Agastache nepetoides (L.) Ktze. Catnip Giant Hyssop. Rather scarce in woods and thickets. 754. Agastache scrophulariae folia (Willd.) Ktze. Figwort Giant Hys- sop. Much more common in similar places. 84 755. 756. 757. 758. 759. 760. 761. 762. 763. 764. 765. 766. 767. 768. 769.. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE NEPETA L. Nepeta cat aria L. Catnip. Common in waste places and spar- ingly in open woods. Nepeta hederacea (L.) Trev. Ground Ivy or Gill-over-the- ■ Ground. Common everywhere in waste places and yards. PRUNELLA L. Prunella vulgaris L. Self Heal. Common everywhere in woods and fields. PHYSOSTEGIA Benth. Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. False Dragon Head. Com- mon in marshy places. Physostegia parviflora Nutt. Western Lion’s Heart. Scarce in similar places. LEONURUS L. Leonurus cardiaca L. Motherwort. Common in yards and waste places. STACHYS (Tourn) L. Stachys amhigua (Gray) Britt. Dense-flowered Hedge Nettle. Scarce in marshy places. Stachys palustris L. Hedge Nettle. Abundant in wet soils every- where. Stachys tenuifolia Willd. Smooth Hedge Nettle. Rare in a bog at Hill’s Siding. MONARDA L. Monarda fistulosa L. Wild Bergamot. Common in open places of dry soil. Monarda punctata L. Horse Mint. Less common but not scarce in sandy soils. BLEPHILA Raf. Blephila hirsuta (Pursh.) Benth. Hairy Blephila. Rare in woodlands ; State Quarries. HEDEOMA Pers. Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. American Pennyroyal. Com- mon in dry soils. Hedeoma hispida Pursh. Rough Pennyroyal. Abundant in dry soils. PYCNANTHEMUM Michx. Pycnanthemum flexuosum (Walt.) BSP. Narrow-leaved Moun- tain-mint. Common in marshy meadows. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 85 770. Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) Dur. & Jack. Virginia Moun- tain-mint. Abundant in fields and woods. 771. Pycnanthemum pilosum Nutt, Hairy Mountain-mint. Local on dry wooded hillsides. 772. Pycnanthemum muticum (Michx.) Pers. Short-toothed Mountain- mint. Not uncommon in dry woods. LYCOPUS (Tourn) L. 773. Lycdpus virginicus L. Purple Bugle Weed. Coinmon in marshy places and wet soils. 774. Lycopus uniflorus Michx. Bugle Weed. Not rare on muddy banks. 775. Lycopus americanus Muhl. Cut-leaved Water Hoarhound. Com- mon on banks of streams and marshes. MENTHA (Tourn) L. 776. Mentha spicat a L. Spearmint. Rarely established. 777. Mentha citrata Erhr. Bergamot Mint. Rare; Elmira. 778. Mentha arvensis L. Var. canadensis (L.) Briq. American Wild Mint. Abundant in moist places. SOLANACEAE. SOLANUM (Tourn) L. 779. Solanum nigrum L. Black Nightshade. In thickets and shaded waste places. 780. Solanum carolinense L. Horse Nettle. Abundant in sandy soil in open places. 781. Solanum rostratum Dunal. Beaked Nightshade or Buffalo-Bur. Rare; Iowa City. PHYSALIS L. 782. Physalis pruinosa L. Tall Hairy Ground Cherry. Rather scarce in sandy fields. 783. Physalis subglabrata Mack. & Bush. Philadelphia Ground Cherry. Not uncommon in fields and thickets. 784. Physalis virginiana Mill. Virginia Ground Cherry. Dry gravelly soils ; not uncommon. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 785. Phy satis heterophylla Nees. Clammy Ground Cherry in sandy fields. 786. Phy satis tanceotata Michx. Prairie Ground Cherry common in clay or sandy soils. DATURA L. 787. Datura stramonium L. Stramonium or Jimson Weed. Not com- mon but occurring in waste places. 788. Datura tatuta L. Purple Thorn-apple or Purple Stramonium. Not common but occurring in waste places. Common Not un- SCROPHUL ARIACE AE . 789. 790. 791. 792. 793. VERBASCUM (Tourn) L. V erbascum thapsus L. Common Mullein. Common in fields and other areas of gravelly soils. V erbascum phtomoides L. Clasping-leaved Mullein. Rare but established at Iowa City and Hill’s Sidings. V erbascum blattaria L. Moth Mullein. Not uncommon in waste places. LIN ARIA (Tourn) Hill. Linaria vulgaris Hill. Butter-and-eggs. Not rare in fields and waste places. COLLINSIA Nutt. Cotlinsia verna Nutt. Blue-eyed Mary. Scarce in marshy places. SCROPHULARIA (Tourn) L. 794. Scrcphularia maritandica L. Maryland Figwort. Not uncommon in fields, waste places and open woods. 795. Scrophutaria teporella Bickn. Hare Figwort. Much more com- mon ; usually in open places. PENTSTEMON (Mitchell) Ait. 796. Pentstemon laevigatus Ait. Yar. digitaiis (Sweet) Gray. Fox- glove Beard-tongue. Common in dry soils. CHELONE (Tourn) L. 797. Chelone glabra L. Turtle Head. Not rare but rather local in marshes. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 87 MIMULUS L. 798. Mimulus ringens L. Monkey Flower. Very common in wet soils. ILYSANTHES Raf. 799. Ilysanthes d/ubia (L.) Barnh. Long Stalked False-Pimpernel. Scarce in bogs and marshes. GRATIOLA L. 800. Gratiola virginiana L. Clammy Hedge Hyssop. Scarce on muddy banks of streams and ponds. VERONICA (Tourn) L. 801. Veronica virginica L, Culver’s Root. Abundant in fields and open places. 802. Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Water Speedwell. Common in wet soil. 803. Veronica peregrina L. Purslane Speedwell. Abundant in fields and waste places, 804. Veronica arvensis L, Corn or Wall Speedwell. Rare and local near Iowa City. GERARDIA (Plumier) L. 805. Gerardia paupercula (Gray) Britt. Small-flowered Gerardia, Not uncommon on dry hills. 806. Gerardia aspera Dougl. Rough Purple Gerardia. Common in dry and gravelly soils. 807. Gerardia tenuifolia Yahl. Slender Gerardia. Common in open places of sandy soil. 808. Gerardia auriculata Michx. Auricled Gerardia. Not uncommon in moist meadows. CASTILLEJA Mutis. 809. Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. Scarlet Painted Cup. Not rare on wooded hillsides, PEDICULARIS (Tourn) L. 810. Pedicidaris canadensis L. Wood Betony or Lousewort. Abun- dant in fields and thickets. 811. Pedicidaris lanceolata Michx. Swamp Lousewort. Common in swamps. 88 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE LENTIBULARIACEAE. UTRICULARIA L. 812. Utricularia vulgaris L. Greater Bladderwort. Common in swamps and marshes. OROBANCHACEAE. OROBANCHE (Tourn) L. 813. Orobanche uniflora L. One-flowered Cancer-root. Rare in wood- lands; Iowa City. BIGNONIACEAE. TECOMA Juss. 814. Tecoma radicans (L.) Juss. Trumpet Vine. Not uncommon in woods and thickets. CATALPA Scop. 815. Catalpa bignonioides Walt. Catalpa or Indian Bean Tree. Cul- tivated. ACANTHACEAE. RUELLIA (Plumier) L. 816. Ruellia ciliosa Pursh. Hairy Ruellia. Abundant in dry soils, especially in thickets. PHRYMACEAE. PHRYMA L. 817. Phryma leptostachya L. Lopseed. Common in woodlands. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 89 PLANTAGINACEAE. PL ANT AGO (Tourn) L. 818. Plant ago major L. Common Plantain. Common everywhere. 819. Plantago rugellii Dcsne. Rugel’s Plantain. With the above and nearly as common. 820. Plantago lanceolata L. Rib-grass. Not uncommon in yards and waste places, 821. Plantago purshii R. & S. Pursh’s Plantain. Common in dry sandy soil. 822. Plantago aristata Michx. Large Bracted Plantain. Much less common but occasional in dry fields. RUBIACEAE. GALIUM L. 823. Galium aparine L. Cleavers or Goosegrass. Common in low thickets and waste places. 824. Galium circaezans Michx. Wild Liquorice. Not uncommon in rich woodlands. 825. Galium boreale L. Northern Bedstraw. Locally abundant on rocky banks. 826. Galium concinnum T. & G. Shining Bedstraw. Not uncommon on dry soils. 827. Galium asprellum Michx. Rough Bedstraw. Scarce in dry fields. CEPHALANTHUS L. 829. Cephalanthus Occident alis L. Button Bush. Locally plenty along streams and shores. HOUSTONIA L. 829. Houstonia minima Beck. Least Bluets. Plenty in scattered spots in sandy soil along streams. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. LONICERA L. 830. Lonicera sullivantii Gray. Sullivant’s Honeysuckle. Rare in rocky wooded places ; State Quarries. 90 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 831. Lonicera glaucescens Rydb. Douglas'7 Honeysuckle. Rather com- mon in rich woods. 832. Lonicera dioica L. Glaucous Honeysuckle. Common in rich woods. TRIOSTEUM L. 833. Triosteum perfoliatum L. Feverwort or Horse Gentian. Common in rich woodlands. 834. Triosteum auriantiacum Bick. Scarlet Fruited Feverwort. Less common and found in drier woods. VIBURNUM (Tourn) L. 835. Viburnum pubescens (Ait.) Pursh. Downy-leaved Arrow- wood. Common in rocky wooded places. 836. Viburnum molle Michx. Soft-leaved Arrow-wood. Not uncom- mon in similar places. 837. Viburnum lentago L. Nanny-Berry. Common in woods and thickets. 838. Viburnum prunifolium L. Black Haw. Rather scarce in rich woodlands. SAMBUCUS (Tourn) L. 839. Sambucus canadensis L. American Elder. Common in thickets and along streams. CUCUBITACEAE. SICYOS L. 840. Sicyos angulatus L. One-seeded Bur-Cucumber. Common in low thickets. ECHINOCYSTIS T. & G'. 841. Ecliinocystis lobata (Michx.) T. & G. Wild Cucumber, Wild Bal- sam Apple. Common in thickets and along streams. CAMPANULACEAE. SPECULARIA (Heist) Fab. Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. Venus7 Looking Glass. Com- mon in dry soil in open places. 842. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 91 CAMPANULA (Tourn) L. 843. Campanula americana L. Tall Bellflower. Abundant in rich woodlands. 844. Campanula aparinoides Pursh. Marsh or Bedstraw Bellflower. Not rare in marshy places. 845. Campanula rotundifolia L. Hare Bells or Blue Bells. Rather scarce but locally abundant in rocky places. LOBELIACE AE . LOBELIA (Plumier) L. 846. Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinal Flower. Not abundant within our borders but found occasionally on muddy banks of streams and bogs. 847. Lobelia siphilitica L. Great Lobelia. Common in wet soil. 848. Lobelia spicata Lam. Pale Spiked Lobelia. Common in moist meadows. 849. Lobelia leptostachys A. DC. Spiked Lobelia. Not uncommon in meadows, 850. Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco. Abundant in woodlands. COMPOSITAE. VERNONIA Schreb. 851. Vernonia fasciculata Michx. Western Iron Weed. Abundant in marshy meadows. 852. Vernonia illinoemis Gleason. Illinois Iron Weed. Not common but locally plenty in dry meadows near Riverside. 853. Vernonia novaboracensis Willd. New York Iron Weed. Rather common in moist meadows. EUPATORIUM (Tourn) L. 854. Eupatorium purpureum L. Joe Pye Weed. Common in open woods and thickets. 855. Eupatorium purpureum Var. maculatum (L.) Dari. Spotted Joe Pye Weed. Common in swamps and marshes. 92 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 856. Eupatorium altissimum L. Tall Thoroughwort. Common in dry soils and on clay banks. 857. Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Thorougbwort or Boneset. Abundant in swamps and marshes. 858. Eupatorium ageratoides L. f. White Snakeroot. Abundant in rich woodlands. KUHNIA L. 859. Kubnia eupat oroides L. False Boneset. Very common in dry soils and upon clay banks. LIATRIS Schreb. 860. Liatris squarrosa Willd. Scaly Blazing Star. Common in dry soils in open places. 861. Liatris punctata Hook. Dotted Button Snakeroot. Common in dry soils in open places. 862. Liatris scariosa Willd. Large Button Snakeroot. Common in dry open woods. 863. Liatris pycnostachya Michx. Prairie Button Snakeroot. Com- mon in dry soils in open places. 864. Liatris cylindracea Michx. Cylindric Blazing Star. Scarce in high open woods; Curtis. GRINDELIA Willd. 865. Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal. Broad-leaved Gum Plant. Common in Muscatine County, but rather rare in Johnson County, occurring sparsely at Oxford. SOLIDAGO L. 866. Solidago flexicaidis L. Zig-zag Goldenrod. Common in deep rich woods. 867. Solidago kispida Muhl. Hairy Goldenrod. Scarce in rocky wooded places as State Quarries, etc. 868. Solidago spedosa Nutt. Showy Goldenrod. Rather scarce in open places. 869. Solidago spedosa Var. august ata T & G. Slender Showy Golden- rod. Much more common in similar places. 870. Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. Elm-leaved Goldenrod. Common in rich woods. 871. Solidago rugosa Mill. Wrinkle-leaved Goldenrod. Scarce in open woods and thickets. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 93 872. Solidago missouriensis Nutt. Missouri Goldenrod. Very common in sandy soils and open places. 873. Solidago nenvoralis Ait. Gray Goldenrod. Common on dry un- wooded hills. 874. Solidago mollis Bartl. Velvety Goldenrod. Scarcer with the above. Intermediate forms appear. 875. Solidago canadensis L. Canada Goldenrod. Common in thickets and open places everywhere. 876. Solidago canadensis Var. gilvocanescens Rydb. Yellowish Canada Goldenrod. With the above. 877. Solidago serotina Ait. Late or Saw-toothed Goldenrod. Com- mon in woods and thickets. 878. Solidago rigida L. Stiff Goldenrod. Abundant in dry soil and open places. 879. Solidago riddelli Frank. Riddell’s Goldenrod. Rare in moist meadows; Oxford. 880. Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb. Bushy Goldenrod. Common in moist open places. BOLTONIA L’Her. 881. Boltonia asteroides (L.) L’Her. Aster-like Boltonia. Common in marshy places. ASTER (Tourn) L. 882. Aster oblong if olios Nutt. Aromatic Aster. Common in dry open places. 883. Aster novae-angliae L. New England Aster. Abundant in moist soil. 884. Aster novae angliae Var. roseus (Desf.) DC. Rosy New England Aster. Rare with the above; Tiffin. 885. Aster sericeus Vent. Silky Aster. Common in dry soils in open places. 886. Aster anomalus Engelm. Many-rayed Aster. Rare in rocky wood- ed places; Turkey Creek. 887. Aster azureus Lindl. Sky-blue Aster. Common in open woods and thickets, also in open places. 888. Aster shortii Lindl. Short’s Aster. Rather scarce on wooded hills. 94 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 889. Aster cordif oliiis L. Heart-leaved Aster. Common in woodlands. 890. Aster drummondii Lindl. Drummond’s Aster. Yery common with the above. 891. Aster laevis L. Smooth Aster. Yery abundant in moist soils. 892. Aster laevis Yar. amplifolius Porter. Large-leaved Smooth Aster. Not uncommon with the above. 893. Aster ericoides L. White Heath Aster. Common in dry open places. 894. Aster depauperatus (Port) Fern. Yar. parviceps (Burg) Fern. Depauperate Aster. More common in dry soil. 895. Aster amethystinus Nutt. Amethyst Aster. Rather scarce in dry open places • Elmira. 896. Aster midtiflorus Ait. Dense Flowered Aster or Frost Weed. Abundant in open places and even in thickets. 897. Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt. Starved Aster. Rather scarce in moist places. 898. Aster lateriflorus Yar. thrysoideus (Cray) Sheld. Calico Aster. More common in similar places. 899. Aster tradescanti L. Michaelmas Daisy. Abundant in fields and thickets. 900. Aster paniculatus Lam. Tall White or Panicled Aster. Yery common in moist soils. 901. Aster paniculatus Yar. simplex (Willd.) Burgess. Common with the above. 902. Aster salicifolius Ait. Willow Aster. Common in fields and open places. 903. Aster salicifolius Yar. subasper (Lindl.) Gray. Rough Willow Aster. Scarce in dry soil in open places. 904. Aster junoeus Ait. Rush Aster. Locally plenty at Oxford in marshy meadows, 905. Aster longifolius Lam. Long-leaved Aster. Not uncommon in fields and open places. 906. Aster puniceus L. Purple-stemmed Aster. Not uncommon in low wet thickets'. 907. Aster umbellatus Mill. Tall Flat-Topped White Aster. Common in bogs and marshes. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 95 ERIGERON L. 908. Erigeron pulchellus Michx. Robin’s Plantain. Common in rich woodlands. 909. Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia Fleabane. Common in low woods, thickets' and open places. 910. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Daisy Fleabane. A common weed in open places. 911. Erigeron ramosus (Walt) BSP. Fleabane. Common in fields and open places. 912. Erigeron canadensis L. Horse Weed. Abundant in waste places / everywhere. 913. Erigeron divaricatus Michx. Low Horse Weed. Rather scarce in open woods and thickets. ANTENNARIA Gaertn. 914. Antennaria plant agini folia (L.) Rich. Mouse-ear Everlasting. Abundant in dry woods and thickets. 915. Antennaria campestris Rydb. Prairie Cat’s Foot. Not uncommon on dry hillsides. 916. Antennaria neglect a Greene. Field Cat’s Foot. Dry fields, woods and thickets. ANAPHALIS DC. 917. Anaphalis margariiacea (L.) B. & H. Pearly Everlasting. A common weed in thickets and open woods. INULA L. 918. Inula helenium L. Elecampane or Horseheal. Rare along rail- way track; Oxford. SILPHIUM L. 919. Silphium laciniatum L. Compass Plant. Common in fields and meadows, 920. Silphium trifoliatum L. Whorled Rosin Weed. Not uncommon in dry open places. 921. Silphium integrifolium Michx. Entire-leaved Rosin Weed. Com- mon in dry open places. 922. Silphium perfoliatum L. Cup-Plant or Indian Cup. Abundant in fields and meadows. 96 . IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE PARTHENIUM L. 923. Parthenium integrifolium L. American Fever-Few. Scarce and local; Riverside and Elmira. IVA L. 924. Iva xanthifolia Nutt. Bur-weed Marsh Elder. A common weed, especially along streams. AMBROSIA (Tourn) L. 925. Ambrosia trifida L. Bitter-weed or King Head. A common weed of waste places, 926. Ambrosia trifida Var. integrifolia (Muhl.) T. & G. With the above but less common. 927. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Ragweed. An abundant weed of fields and roadsides. 928. Ambrosia psilostaSua DC. Western Ragweed. Also abundant but more common in dry soils. XANTHIUM (Tourn) L. 929. Xantliium canadense Mill. American Cocklebur. A common weed in waste places and along streams. HELIOPSIS Pers. 930. Heliopsis scabra Dunal. Rough Ox-eye. A common weed of fields and roadsides. ECLIPTA L. 931. Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. Mud Daisy. Common along streams; introduced put persisent. RUDBECKIA L. 932. Rudbechia triloba L. Thin-leaved Cone Flower. Very common in moist wooded places. 933. Rudbechia subtomentosa Pursh. Sweet Cone Flower. Common in moist fields and meadows. 934. Rudbechia hirta L. Black Eyed Susan. Very abundant in fields, roadsides and meadows. 935. Rudbechia laciniata L. Tall or Green Headed Cone Flower. Com- mon in moist wooded places. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 97 BRAUNERIA Neck. 936. Bromneria angustifolia (DC.) Heller. Narrow-leaved Purple Cone-Flower. Common in dry soils in open places. 937. Brauneria pallida (Nutt) Britt. Pale Purple Cone-Flower. Common in similar places. LEPACHYS Raf. 938. Lepachys pinnata (Vent) T. & G. Gray Headed Cone-Flower. Very common, dry soil in open places. 939. Lepachys columnaris (Sims) T. & G. Longheaded or Prairie Cone-Flower. Local but well established; Iowa City. 940. Lepachys columnaris Var. pulcherrima T. & G. With the above. HELIANTHUS L. 941. Helianthus annuua L. Common Sunflower. Plenty in waste places. * 942. Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. Prairie Sunflower. Common in open places. 943. Helianthus scdberrimus Ell. Stiff Sunflower. . Common in dry fields and meadows. 944. Helianthus occidental is Riddell. Few-leaved Sunflower. Com- mon in open sandy woods. 945. Helianthus mollis Lam. Hairy Sunflower. Rare in dry wooded places; Mid River Park. 946. Helianthus tracheliifolius Mill. Throatwort Sunflower. Rare in wooded and rocky places; State Quarry. 947. Helianthus maximiliani Schrad. Maximilian’s Sunflower. Abun- dant in dry fields and clay banks. 948. Helianthus grosse-serratus Maertens. Saw-tooth Sunflower. Com- mon in dry fields. 949. Helianthus decapetalus L. Thin-leaved Sunflower. Moist wooded places — rather common. 950. Helianthus tuberosus L. Jerusalem Artichoke. Not uncommon in moist soil. ACTINOMERIS Nutt. 951. Actinomeris alternifolia (L.) DC. Actinomeris. Rare in fields, probably introduced; Tiffin. 7 98 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE COREOPSIS L. 952. Coreopsis palmata Nutt. Stiff Tickseed. Common in fields and meadows. 953. Coreopsis tripteris L. Tall Tickseed. Common in moist fields and open places. BIDENS L. 954. Bidens frpndosa L. Black Beggar Ticks. Common in moist soils. 955. Bidens vulgata Greene. Beggar Ticks or Stick Tight. More abun- dant than the preceding in similar soils. 956. Bidens comosa (Gray) Wieg. Leafy Bracted Tickseed. Common in sandy soils especially along streams. 957. Bidens cernna L. Nodding Bur Marigold. Common on muddy shores of streams and ponds. 958. Bidens involucrata (Nutt) Britt. Long Bracted Sunflower Tick- seed. Rare in swampy places. Hills Siding. HELENIUM L. 959. Helenium autumnale L. Sneezeweed. Abundant in moist fields and meadows. DYSSODIA Cay. 960. Dyssodia. papposa (Vent) Hitchc. Foetid Marigold. Locally plenty in moist open places. ACHILLEA (Vail) L. 961. Achillea lanulosa Nutt. Western Yarrow. Common in fields and open places. This has commonly been listed as the following species. 962. Achillea millefolium L. Yarrow or Milfoil. Relatively scarce in fields and open places. ANTHEMIS (Mich) L. 963. Anthemis cotida L. Dog-fennel or Foetid Camomile. A roadside weed, formerly very abundant but recently rather scarce. CHRYSANTHEMUM (Tourn) L. 964. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Var. pinnatifidum Lecoq & La- motte. Ox-eye Daisy. Scarce in fields and along railways; introduced. TANACETUM M. » 965. Tanacetum vulgare L. Common Tansy. Not rare in fields and waste places. IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCE 99 966. 967. 968. 969. 970. 971. 972. 973. 974. 975. 976. 977. 978. 979. 980. 981. ARTEMISIA L. Artemisia canadensis Michx. Canada Wormwood. Common in yards and waste places. Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh. Linear-leaved Wormwood. Com- mon in dry open places. Artemisia serrata Nutt. Saw-leaf Mugwort. Not uncommon in fields and open woods. Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. Lobed Cud-weed. Common in dry fields. ERICHTITES Raf. Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. Fire-weed. Common in thickets and clearings, CACALIA L. Cacalia tuberosa Nutt. Tuberous Indian Plantain. Abundant in wet meadows and bogs, Cacalia at riplici folia L. Pale Indian Plantain. Not uncommon in rich woods and occasional in moist open meadows. Cacalia reniformis Muhl. Great Ihdian Plantain. Rare in deep woodlands; State Quarries. SENECIO (Tourn) L. Senecio balsamitae Muhl. Balsam Groundsel. Common in moist meadows and bogs. Senecio aureus L. Golden Ragwort. With the above but less common. ‘ Senecio plattensis Nutt, Prairie Ragwort. Common in dry sandy soils. ARCTIUM L. Arctium lappa L. Great Burdock. Rather scarce in waste places. Arctium minus Bernh. Common Burdock. Much more common in similar places. CIRSIUM (Tourn) Hill. Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Hill. Common Bur Thistle. Common in fields and waste places. Cirsium discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. Field Thistle. Common in fields and meadows. Cirsium altissimum (L.) Spreng. Tall or Roadside Thistle. Com- mon in fields, woods and thickets. 100 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 982. Cirsium iowense (Pam.) Fern. Iowa Thistle. Not common in fields. 983. Cirsmm, hillii (Canby) Fern. Hill’s Thistle. Scarce in dry sandy fields near Hills Siding. 984. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canada Thistle. Scarce along rail- ways and in fields. CICHORIUM (Tourn) L. 985. Cichorium intybus L. Chicory or Wild Succory. Scarce in fields and along railways. KRIGIA S'Chreb. 986. Krigia virginica (L.) Willd. Cynthia or Virginia Goats-Beard. Common in rich woodlands. TRAGOPOGON (Tourn) L. 987. Tragopogon porrifolius L. Oyster Plant or Purple Goats-Beard. Sparingly escaped from cultivation. 988. Tragopogon pratensis L. Meadow Salsify. Locally plenty near Iowa City. TARAXACUM (Haller) Lud. 989. Taraxacum officinale Web. Dandelion. A common weed every- where. 990. Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz. Red Seeded Dandelion. Less common and in drier soils. SONCHUS (Tourn) L. 991. Sonchus arvensis L. Corn Sow Thistle. An introduced weed not uncommon in waste places. 992. Sonchus oleraceus L. Annual Sow Thistle. Also common as a weed of waste places. 993. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. Spiny Sow Thistle. Common along rail- ways, clay banks, etc. LACTUCA (Tourn) L. 994. Lactuca scariola L. Prickly Wild Lettuce. 995. Lactuca scariola Var. integrata Gren. & Godr. 996. Lactuca canadensis L. Tall Wild Lettuce. This with the above are common as introduced weeds in fields and waste places. ICfWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 101 997. Lactuca ludoviciana (Nutt) Riddell. Western Wild Lettuce. 998. Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn. False or Florida Lettuce. 999. Lactuca villosa Jacq. Hairy Veined Blue Lettuce. This species and the two preceding are common in thickets and low wooded places. 1000. Lactuca spicata (Lam.) Hitchc. Tall Blue Lettuce. Occasional in low fields. AGOSERIS Raf. 1001. Agoseris cuspidata (Pursh) Steud. Cuspidate False Calais. Not uncommon on dry hillsides. PRENANTHES (Vaill) L. 1002. Prenanthes aspcra Michx. Rough White Wild Lettuce. Common in low meadows. 1003. Prenanthes alba L. White Wild Lettuce. Common in woods and thickets. 1004. Prenanthes racemosa Michx. Glaucous White Wild Lettuce. Not uncommon in moist fields and meadows. HIERACIUM (Tourn) L. 1005. Hieracium canadensis Michx. Canada Hawkweed. Rather scarce in clearings, etc., in dry woods. * * * * SEDGES OF HENRY COUNTY. BY JOHN THEODORE BUCHHOLZ. Henry County lies in the southeastern part of Iowa, in one of the most fertile sections of the state. Tt has an area of 432 square miles or rather open prairie, except the borders of the streams, which were origin- ally fringed with native forests. The Skunk River with its tributaries drains the whole county. It enters the county near the northwest corner, a few miles south of Way- land. Thence, it wends its way southward mostly on the other side of the border line to within a few miles north, of Rome, where it resumes its southeasterly course. After making a bend toward the northeast, it deviates little from its general diagonal course through the south half of the county. In the upper part of this section of its course, it flows through an old pre-glacial valley which it abandons a short distance south of Rome. From this place, to the point at which it leaves the county, it occupies a newer, narrower and less eroded valley. This newer part of the valley near Oakland Mills and east along the river bottom contains many lowlands both open and wooded, which were visited at different times. Many of the swamp and lowland species of the sedges are found here. Big Cedar Creek is the; largest tributary to the Skunk River within the limits of the county. It enters near the southwest corner of Salem township, and after making a few turns, enters the “ Grand Valley. ” Here it receives the waters of the Little Cedar Creek and flows meander- ingly northward until it joins the Skunk River near Rome. Big Creek is the second largest tributary. It drains the open prairies of the north central part of the county. It arises just beyond the borders of Canaan township, flows westward until within a few miles northwest of Mt. Pleasant, when it turns south,, and a little later, southeast. Here it flows parallel to the Skunk River about ten miles, joining the latter three miles west of Lowell. The headwaters of Big Creek are within ten miles of its mouth, and yet .this winding stream has a length of more than seventy miles. Big Creek is a comparatively new stream. Its channel has been carved since the Kansan drift spread over this area. i * 104 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE This valley and the territory enclosed by this stream received most attention in the work. All bnt a few species found elsewhere in the county were duplicated within its drainage system. On account of! its meandering course its current is slow and its bottom latnds are rich in alluvium. All along its course, it offers many bogs and swales, or low rich ground so favorable to sedges. Crooked Creek drains the country around Winfield, and numerous other small streams all pay tribute to the Skunk River system. Two distinct topographical areas are recognized in the county. The first consists of an undulating prairie, moderately well drained1 and occupying the north and northeastern portion of the county. This re- gion belongs mostly to the Kansan drift plain, but it is not well eroded, due to its distance from any stream of considerable size. Rounded ridges of irregular hills mark the marginal moraine of the Illinoisan drift sheet in the eastern part of the county. These hills extend north- ward from Baltimore to' New London townships and1 may be seen from Canaan. They pass out of the county in a northeasternly direction. Further south, in Baltimore township, they are crossed by the Skunk' River and lost in the eroded surface. The second distinct topographical area is represented by the southern and western portion of the county and is well eroded. The topography here has been impressed upon it largely by the Skunk River and its dendritic branches. These streams have intersected the region in all directions, cutting their channels entirely through the drift into the underlying rock. This gives us here a very rugged country, a diversified landscape of hills, upland, and valley. The central portion of the county lies between these two topographical areas and combines the characters of both. Beginning a few miles north of Mt. Pleasant, as one goes south, the topography of these two areas gradually blends from the prairie upland type to the rugged hills and bluffs of the Skunk River. Thus it is possible that this area which was most extensively studied is quite representative of the whole county in its floral conditions. Big Creek and its valley, the Skunk River south of Mt. Pleasant, and the intervening prairies receive considerable attention. This area af- fords a variety of conditions. The prairies north offer many bogs and swales; the low bottom lands of the #Skunk River and Big Creek with their timber, offer swamps and marshes in alluvial soil, and the forested hillsides and open prairies bordering these streams, offer a great variety of conditions, all within a rather small area. / IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 105 As has already been noted, the greater part of the surface deposits are of Kansan drift origin. This is a bluish clay where it is exposed in a thick bed, and contains numerous small boulders. However, where it is exposed along streams or roadsides it is usually of a red or reddish brown color, due to oxidation. All this drift sheet is covered by a thin mantle of loess, except where eroded and removed by streams. The valleys of the Skunk River and the Big Cedar Creek are broad, averaging about one mile in width in this county. Most of the surface of this flood plain has received a rich alluvium deposit of sand and finer soil particles. Big Creek also flows through a rich alluvial plain in the lower part of its course. The soils of the prairies are dark colored and vey rich in humus. The genus Carex is the largest of the sedge family (Cyperaceae) com- prising probably more than two-thirds of the species. They are a very difficult group because, the unisexual, monoecious or dioeeeous flowers offer so little variation; hence the specific characters are founded on the mature fruit, the character and inflorescence of the spikes, on the size and shape of the. achene, on the scales, and on the character and width of the leaves. These differences are often so slight and indefinite and the characters so variable, that they make the determination of species exceedingly uncertain. The mature fruit and the whole plant is neces- sary for accuracy in identification. Almost all the common species are sufficiently matured for study about the middle of June. The sedges are for the most part plants of marshes, although there are some notable exceptions. They form an important part of the vegetation in bogs and swales, and are of some economic importance on account of the good pasturage they afford. Those found in the uplands and meadows are fewer, rather scattered and inconspicuous. Likewise those in the woods are usually not in colonies but more or less scattered. Among the grasses we find many introduced species of plants which thrive well in their new habitat, but among the sedges this is very rare, none being reported thus far from Iowa. The reason is very evident, — • Most grasses grow under conditions very much like our cultivated plants and are easily distributed with seeds of all kinds. The sedges, on the other hand, are mostly hydrophytic, or inhabitants of woods; and! low- lands that are not cultivated. The xerophytic species are easily de- stroyed by cultivation, as nearly all the sedges are perennial by root- stocks. Distribution of seeds is accomplished by various means, but it might be said at the outset that the plants are usually not highly specialized 106 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE in this respect : Some ha,v-e inflated perigynia which enable them to float, and they are thus carried by streams and by the action of waves for long distances. Other water or swamp inhabitants have no* specialized structure for seed dispersal, but are doubtless carried over great dis- tances in the mud which adheres to the feet of migratory water fowls and other animals. Some of the; sedges are able to pass through the alimentary canal of herbiverous animals, being protected by their thick walled, closed achene, and are probably distributed in this way. This possibly throws some light on the reason for the scattered and sparse distribution of many of the xerophytic forms of our meadows. For this reason and the fact that they are perennial, they need no highly specialized means for seed dispersal; in fact, often the simpler the achene the better. The collections for the studies were made mostly during June, 1908. At this time about 150 specimens were collected, and from them 32 species identified. The specimens were compared with those of the her- barium at the State University of Iowa and the determinations con- firmed, reference being also made to the herbarium at Ames. The writer feels that this list, while it possibly includes quite as many as may be collected at any one time, is necessarily incomplete. Among the sedges many species flower only under favorable conditions. Thus a complete carex flora may not be observed in any one season. Family- Cyperaeeae J. St. ITil. Grass like or rush like herbs. Stems (culms) triangular, solid (rarely hollow^), quadrangular, terete or flattened, and rather slender. Roots fibrous and1 many species perennial by long rootstocks. Leaves narrow, with closed sheathes. Flowers perfect or imperfect, arranged in spike- lets, one (rarely 2) in the abdl of each scale, glume or bract, the spike- lets solitary or clustered, 1-many-flowiered. Scales two ranked or spir- ally imbricated, persistent or deciduous. Perianth hypogynous, com- posed of bristles, or inferior scales, rarely calyx-like, or entirely wanting. Stamens 1-3, rarely more. Filaments slender or filiform. Anthers two- celled. Ovule one, anatropous, erect, in the one-celled ovary. Style 2- 3 cleft or rarely simple or minutely 2-toothed. Fruit a lenticular plano- convex, or trigonous achene. Endosperm mealy, embryo minute. About 65 genera and 3,000 species of wide geographic distribution. IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCE 107 Genus Carex L. Sp. PL 972 (1753). Grass like Cyperaeeae, perennial by rootstocks. Culms mostly 3- angled. Leaves 3-ranked, tbe upper elongated, or very short (bracts) and subtending the spikes of flowers, or wanting. Flowers monoecious or dieocious, solitary in the axils of bracts (scales), Spikes either wholly pistillate, wholly staminate, or bearing both staminate or pis- tillate flowers (androgynous). Perianth none. Staminate flowers of three stamens, the filaments filiform. Pistillate flowers of a single pistil with a style and 2 or 3 stigmas, borne on a very short axis in the axil of a sac-like braetlet or second bract called the perigynium (utricle), which completely encloses the achene. A vast genus of more than 1,000 widely distributed species, mostly in the temperate zone. (The classical Latin name of obscure signification; probably derived from the Greek Keiro, to cut, on account of the sharp leaves of many of the species). 1 — Carex Asa-Grayi Bailey, Gray’s sedge. Br. Ulus. Flora, i, 293, fig. 576; Gray’s Man., 6th ed, 592; Arthur, Cont. FI. Ia, iii; Hitchcock, PI. Ames, 524; Cratty, la. Sedges, 335; “Brendel, FI, Peoriana, 63.” C. Grayi Carey, Sill. Jour., 2nd ser., iv, 22 (1847), not C. grayana Dew. (1824) ; Gray’s Man. 7th ed., 253. Infrequent, swamps and marshes, along Skunk river south of Mt. Pleasant. June 17, ’08. 2 — Carex lupulina Muhl., Hop sedge. “Schk. Riedg., ii, 54 (1906) ;” Br. Illus. Flor, i, 294, Fig. 678; Arthur, FI. Iowa, 34; Hitchcock, PI. Ames, 524 ; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 129; Tracy, FI. Mo., 93; Bot. Surv. Nebr., iv, 45; Fink, Iowa Acad. Sci., iv, 105; Cratty, Iowa Sedges, 336; Shimek, Ia. Geol. Surv., xvi, 169; ‘‘Brendel, F3. Peoriana, 63. Frequent in swampy ground. Along Skunk river and Big creek in very swampy places. June 16-18, ’09. 3 — Carex comosa Booth Bristly sedge. Br. Illus. FI. i, 301, f. 698; Gray’s Man. 6th ed., 596; 7th ed. 251; Arthur, Cont. FI. Ia., v; MacMillan, Metas, Minn. Val., 126; Bot. Surv. Neb. iii, 16 ; Cratty, Ia., Sedges, 338. 108 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE “C. pseudo-cyperus var. comosa Boott. Bot. Cal. ii, 252 (1880). C. pseudo-cyperus var. americana Hochst., Herb. Unio. Itin. (1837). Probably very rare. A small specimen was found with the collection some time afterward, thus its habitat is not noted. Probably along swamps and ponds in low ground. June, 1908. 4 — Car ex squarrosa L., Squarrose sedge. L. SP. PI. ii, 937 (1753) ; Br. Illus. FI. 301, f. 700; Gray’s Man. 6th ed. 597, 7th ed, 250 ; Arthur, Cont FI. Ia., iii, MacMillan Metas. Minn. Val., 126; Tracy FI. Mo., 94; Webber, App. FI. Neb. 23; Cratty, Iowa Sedges, 338. Frequent, in low open ground. Found in swales along creeks north of Mt. Pleasant, and along river bottoms south. June 16-18, ’08. 4 — Car ex- hjphinoides Sehwein. Cat-tail sedge. Br. Illus. Flora, i, 302, f. 701; Gray’s Man. 7th ed, 250, f. 531; Cratty, Ia. Sedges, 339; “Ann. Lyc. i, 66 (1824). C. squarrosa Gray’s Man. 6th ed., 596 (1890) in part,; C. squarrosa var. typhinoides Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci., x, 316 (1826). Bare, in a swale north of Skunk river along railway tracks. Not typical. Leaves generally less than typical (in width), bracts very short and narrow only a little longer than the culm. Spikes narrower, about 3-4 inch wide. Staminate point of spikes wanting. Many of the scales are awned, probably all. 6 — Carex aristata R. Br. Rich. Bot. App., 751 (1823) ; Br. Illus, Flora, 302, f. 703; Gray’s Man. 6th ed., 598; Hitchcock, PI. Ames 594, and Bull. Torr. Bot, Club., xvi, 70; MacMillan, Met as, Minn. Valley, 124; Tracy, FI. Mo. 92; Cratty, Iowa Sedges, 340 C. Trichocarpa var aristata Bailey, Bot. Gaz., x 293 (1885) ; Gray’s Man. 7th ed. 250. Quite rare, June 30, 1908. 7 — Carex Shoriiana Dewey. Short’s sedge. Dewey Am. Jour. Sci., xxx 60 (1836) ; Br. Illus, Flor, i, 303; Gray’s Man. 6th ed., 596, 7th ed. 234; Tracy FI. Mo., 94; Webber, FI. Neb., 98; Cratty, Iowa Sedges, 340; Bessey, Cat. FI. Neb., 939. Frequent in open seepy ground. Leaves 5 inches long. Very con- spicuous plants, the abundant spikes giving the vegetation a brown color- ing. South of Mt, Pleasant along roadside. June 17, 1908. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 109 8 — Car ex lanuginosa Michx. Woolly sedge. FI. N. A. ii, 175 (1803) • Br. Illus. Flora, i, 305, f. 711; Gray’s Man. 6th. ed. 597., 7th ed. 428; Arthur, Flora la. 34; Hitchcock, PI. Ames, 527; MacMillan Metas. Minn. Yak, 125; Bessey, Cont. FI. Iowa, 124; Cratty, Iowa Sedges, 341. C. filiformis. var. latiflolia Boeckl. Linn., xli, 309 (1805). C. filiformis var. lanuginosa B.S.P. Prelim. Cat. N. Y. 63 (188). Meadows and swales, not common. June 16, 1908. 9 — Car ex strict a Lam . Tussock sedge. Encyc, Meth„ iii, 378 (1789) ; Br. Illus, FI. i, 308, f. 719 ; Gray ’s Man. 6th ed., 599. 7th ed., 321; Arthur, FI. Iowa, 34; Hitchcock, PI. Ames, 524; MacMillan Metas, Minn. Yak, 123; Tracy, FI. Mo. 95; Bessey, Cont. FI. Iowa, 123; “Wheeler Ft. Milwaukee Co. Wis., 187; Fink, la., Acad. Sci., iv, 105 ; Crafty, Iowa, Sedges, 342 ; Shimek, la. Geoh Surv., xvi, 169. Common in marshy ground. June 5, 1908. 10 — Car ex Davisii Schwein & Torr. Davis’ sedge. “Mon. Car., 326 (1825) Br. Illus. FI. i, 318, f, 751; Gray’s Man. 6th ed., 605 ; 7th ed., 234 ; Arthur, FI. la. 34 ; Hitchcock, PI. Ames, 525 ; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Yak, 120; Tracy, FI. Mo., 93; Cratty, la. Sedges, 343. Abundant, in low meadows and woods. June 14, 1908. 11 — Car ex grisea Wahl. Gray sedge. “K. Acad. Ilandk, xxiv, 154 (1803) ;” Br. Illus. Flora, i, 321, f. 759; Gray’s Man. 6th ed., 605, 7th ed., 244; Arthur, Flora la,, 34; Hitchcock, PI. Ames, 525; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Yak, 120 ; Tracy, Flora Mo., 93 ; Bessey, Cont. FI. la., 124; Webber FI. Neb., 98; Cratty, la. Sedges, 344; Bessey, Cat. FI. Neb., n. 924. Low woods and thickets, not typical, probably a variety. June 14, 1908. 12 — Carex granulans Muhl. Meadow sedge. Willd. Sp. PI. iv, 279 (1805) ; Br. Illus. Flora, i, 322, f, 763; Gray’s Man. 6th ed., 605, 7th ed., 244; Arthur, Cont. Fh Iowa, iv; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Yak, 120; Tracy, FI. Mo., 93; Bot. Surv. Neb., iv, 45; Cratty, la. Sedges, 344. Not quite typical. Frequent in low meadows or open damp woods. June 14-17, 1908. 110 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 13 — Carex oligocarpa Schk. Few-fruited sedge. “Reid. Nacht., 58 (1806) ;” Br. Ulus. FI. i, 325, f. 771; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 607, 7th ed., 243 ; Arthur, Cont. FI. Iowa, iii; Tracy, FI. Mo., 94; 0 ratty, la. Sedges, 254. Frequent in dense woods. Leaves more than 1 inch wide, otherwise quite typical. June 14-16, 1908. 14— Carex tetanica Schk. Wood’s sedge. Br. Ulus. FI. i, 326 ; Bessey, Cat. FI. Neb. Series iii, p. 23. Rare, open woods. June 14, 1908. 15 — Carex laxiflora blanda (Dewey) Booth. Loose-flowered sedge. “111. Car. 37 (1858) ;” Br. Illus. FI. i, 327 ; Gray’s Man. 6th ed., 607, 7th ed., 242; Tracy, FI. Mo. 93 ; Cratty, la. Sedges, 347. C. blanda Dewrey. Am. Jour. Sci. x, 45 (1826). C. laxiflora var. striatula Carey, Gray’s Mau. 2d ed., 524 (1852). Common in woods and thickets. June 14-18, 1908. 16 — Carex Albursina Sheldon. White Bear sedge. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xx, 284 (1898) ; Br. Illus, FI. i, 329, f, 781; Arthur FI. Iowa, 34; Hitchcock, PL Ames, 524; Traey, FI. Mb., 93; Cratty, la. Sedges, 347 ; Shimek, la. Geol. Surv. xvi, 169. C. laxiflora var. latifolia Boott. 111. Car. (1858) not C. latifolia Moench. Gray’s Man. 6th. ed., 607, 7th ed., 243. Woods and thickets, rather rare. June 22, 1908. 17 — Carex Pennsylvanica Lam. Pennsylvania sedge. “Encyc, iii, 388, 1789;” Br. Illus. FI. i. 333, f. 975; Bailey in Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 616; 7th ed., 236; Arthur, FI. Iowa, 34; MacMillan, Metas, Minn. Yah, 117; Hitchcock, PI. Ames, 525; Tracy, FI. Mo., 94; Cratty, la. Sedges, 304 ; Shimek, la. Geol. Surv. xvi, 169 ; Bessey, Catal. FI. Neb. Series iii, p. 23. Abundant, open woods and hillsides. May 30, 1908. 18 — Carex pubescens Muhl. Pubescent sedge. Willd. Sp. PI. iv. 281 (1805) ; Br. Illus. Flora, i, 336, f. 802; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 613; 7th ed., 237; Arthur, Cont. FI. Ia., v; Hitchcock, PI. Ames, 525; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Yah, 116; Tracy, Flora Mo., 95; (Cratty, la. Sedges, 350. Frequent, woods and shady places. June 14, 1908. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 111 .19 — Car ex Jamesii Schwein. James’ sedge. “Ann. Lye. N. Y. i, 67 (1824) ;” Br. Ulus. FI. i, 337, f. 807; Gray’s' Man. 6th ed., 613; 7th ed., 335; Cratty, la. Sedges, 350. C. steudellii Kunth, Enum. PI. ii, 480 (1837). Very rare. Grows in deuse tufts in thick damp woods where other vegetation was scarce, south of Mt. Pleasant. June 18, 1.908. 20 — Carex conjunct a Booth Soft Fox sedge. (Boott) 111. Car., 122 (1862) • Br. Illus. FI. i, 342., f. 822 ; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 614; 7th ed., 228; Arthur, Cont. FI. Iowa, iii; Hitchcock, PI. Amies, 525 ; Tracy, FI. Mo., 93 ; Cratty, Iowa Sedges, 351. Frequent, open seepy woods and meadows. Quite typical. 21 — Carex stipata Muhl. Awl-fruited sedge. Willd. Sp. PL iv, 253 (1805) ; Br. Illus. Flora, i, 343, f. 623; Gray’s Man. 6th ed., 614; 7th ed., 228; Arthur, FI. la., 33; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. VaL, 115; Tracy, FI. Mo., 94; Fink, Proe. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, 105; Cratty, la. Sedges, 352; Shimek, la. Geol. Surv., xvi, 169; Bessey, Cont. Neb. Series iii, p. 23. Not common, open swales in meadows. June 16, 1908. 22 — Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Fox sedge. FI. No. Ain., ii, 169 (1803) ; Br. Illus. FI., i, 345, f. 830; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 615; 7th ed., 227; Arthur, FI. Iowa, 33; Hitchcock, PI. Ames, 525; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 113; Tracy, FI. Mo., 95; Bessey, Cont. FI. Iowa, 123 ; Fink, la. Acad. Sci., iv, 105; Cratty, Ia. Sedges, 354; Shimek, Ia. Geol. Surv., xvi, 169; Bessey, Cat. FI. Neb., No. 940. Abundant, low meadows and roadsides along ditches. Specimens col- lected quite large, ranging with the largest at the S. U. I. Herb. June 14, 1908. 23 — Carex xanthocarpa Bicknell. Yellow-fruited sedge. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xx, 22 (1896), PL vii; Br. Illus. FI. i, 545, f. 831; Cratty, Ia. Sedges, 354. C. setacea var. ambigua (Barratt) Fernald Gray’s Man., 7th ed., 228. Quite frequent along roadsides, very conspicuously yellow. Only once before reported from state. June 14, 1908. 112 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 24 — Car ex rosea Sclik. Stellate sedge. “Nacht xv. 179 (1806) ;” Br. Illns. FI. i, 347., f. 835; Bailey in Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 616; Gray’s Man., 7th ed., 226; Arthur, FI. Iowa, 33; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val. 112. Bessey, Cont. FI. Ia., 124; Tracy FI. Mo. 94; Webber, FI. Neb., 98 ; Fink, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci. iv, 105; Cratty, Iowa Sedges, 355; Shimek, la. Geol. Surv., xiv, 169; Bessey, Catl. FI. Neb., No. 930. Common, woods and thickets. Quite variable, sometimes with culms 3 ft. long. Along roadsides south of Mt. Pleasant, in sheltered' places. June 15, 1908. 25 — Car ex sparganioides Muhl. Burreed sedge. Willd. Sp. PI. iv, 237 (1805) ; Br. Ulus. FI., i, 348, f. 839 ; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 616 ; 7th ed., 226; Arthur, FI. Ia., 33; Hitchcock, PL Ames, 525; Tracy, FI. Mo., 525 • Bessey, Cont. FI. Ia., 124 ; Cratty, Ia. Sedges, 356 ; Shimek, la. Geol. Surv., xvi, 169. Quite rare, woods and thickets. June 14, 1908. 26 — Carex cephaloidea Dewey. Thin-leaved sedge. “Rep. PI. Mass., 262 (1840) ;” Br. Illus. Flora, i, 348, f. 840; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 617 ; 7th ed., 237 ; Cratty, Ia. Sedges, 356 ; Bessey, Cat. FI. Neb., No. 919. Infrequent, dry hills and meadows. June 15, 1908. 27 — Carex cephaiovlior a Muhl. Oval-headed sedge. Willd., Sp. PI. iv, 220 (1805) ; Br. Illus. Flora, i, 349, 4. 841; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 617; 7th ed., 226; Arthur, FI. Iowa, 33; Hitchcock, PI. Ames, 525; McMillan, Metas, Minn. Val., iii; Tracy, FI. Mo., 93; Bessey, Cont. FI. Iowa, 124; Fink, la. Acad. Sci., iv., 106; Cratty, Ia. Sedges, 356; Shimek, Ia. Geol. Surv., xvi, 169. Very common, woods and meadows. June 14-19, 1908. 28 — Carex Leavenioorthii Dewey. Leavenworth’s sedge. Am. Jour. Sci. 2d. Ser., ii, 246 (1846) ; Br. 111. Flora, i, 349; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 617 ; 7th eel., 226; Cratty, Iowa Sedges, 357. C. cephaloidea var. augustifolia Boott, 111. Car. 123 (1862). Rare, woods and thickets, along Skunk river. Probably somewhat larger than Britton’s description calls for, but a very distinct species. June 17, 1908. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 113 29 — Carex tribuloides Wahl. “K. ACAD. HandL xxiv, 145 (1803), Pl. viii;” Britton, Ulus. Flora, i, 356, f. 862; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 629; 7th ed., 217 ; Arthur, FI. Iowa, 34; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Yah, 108; Bessey, Cont. FI. Iowa, 124; Fink, Proc. Ia, Acad. Sci., iv, 106; Cratty, Iowa Sedges, 359; Shimek, la. Geol. Surv., xvi, 169; Bessey, Cat. FI. Neb., Series iii, p. 23. Very common, several varieties of this possibly being present, June 14-18, 1908. 30 — Carex scoparia Schk. Pointed Broom sedge. Reidgr. Naeht., 20 (1806) ; Br. Ulus. FL, i, 356, f. 863; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 620; 7th ed., 217; Arthur, FI. Ia., 33; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Yal., 108 ; Bot. Surv. Nebr., iii, 16 ; Fink, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., iv, 106 ; Cratty, Ia. Sedges, 360. Common, variable, in open swales. June 14, 1908. 31 — Carex crist at ella Britton. 111. Flora, i, 356 (1896) ; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 620; 7th ed., 219 (C. cristata Schwein) ; Arthur, Flora Iowa, 34; Hitchcock, PI. Ames, 525 ; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Yal., 109; Tracy, FI. Mo., 93; Cratty, Ia. Sedges, 366; Shimek, Ia. Geol. Surv., xvi, 170. C. cristata Schwein Ann. Lye N Y, i, 66 (1824) not Clairv. (1811) ; Gray’s Man., 7th ed., 219. C. straminea var. cristata Tuck. Enum. Meth., 18 (1843). C. lagopodioides var. cristata Carey, Gray’s Man., 1st ed., 545 (1848). Abundant. June 14, 1908. 32 — Carex festucacea Willd. Fescue sedge. Willd., Sp. PL, iv, 242 (1825) ; Br. Illus. Flora, i, 359, f. 871; Arthur, Fl. Ia,, 34; MacMillan, Metas, Minn. Yal., 106; Cratty, Iowa Sedges, 363; Shimek, Ia, Geol. Surv., xvi, 170. C. festucacea Schkuhr Gray’s Man. 7th ed., 220. Common, woods and shady places throughout. June 14-18, 1908. 7 A PARTIAL LIST OF THE PARASITIC FUNGI OF DECATUR COUNTY, IOWA * BY J. P. ANDERSON. INTRODUCTION. During the years 1897 to 1905 the writer did considerable collecting of botanical material in Decatur County, Iowa, Parasitic fungi were included and the following list is based largely on the material collected aft that time. The list is far from complete. There is still some uniden- tified material on hand, and no special effort was made to have the collection complete originally, as the phanerogams were the special group sought. Specimens of most of the species1 here enumerated are deposited in the herbarium at Iowa Static College. Some of the diseases of 'economic plants, however, are based on notes and observations:, no specimens being collected. The thanks of the writer is due to Dr. L. H. Pammel for assistance in the identification of species. Also to Dr. Pammel and his assistants for other assistance rendered. BACTERIACEAE. 1. Pseudomonas campestris (Pammel) E. Smith. On Brassica oleracea (cabbage). :2. Pseudomonas tumefaciens E. Smith & Townsend. On species of Amygdalus, Malus, Prunus, Pyrus, Rosa, Rubus, and Yitis. Most common on apple. 3. Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) De Toni. On species of Malus and Pyrus, especially destructive on P. communis L. 4. Bacillus tracheiphilus E. Smith. On Cucumis sativus L. Sometimes very destructive. ' , *We do not have an accurate knowledge of the distribution of parasitic fungi in different parts of Iowa. Some excellent collecting has been done by Dr. Macbride of the State University, Dr. J. C. Arthur of Purdue University, E. D. Holway of Min- neapolis formerly of Decorah, A. S. Hitchcock of the U. S. Dept, of Agriculture, Dr. R Halsted and E)r. C. E. Bessey formerly of Ames and members of the staff ot the Dept, of Botany, Iowa State College, in recent years. The lists are, however, tar from complete and should be greatly extended. — L. H. Pammel. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE SYNCHYTRIACEAE. Synchytrium decipiens Farl. On Falcata comosa (L.) Kuntze, F. pitcheri (T. & GQ Kuntze.. peronospor ace ae (including Albuginaceae1) . Cystopus Candidas (Pers.) Lev. On Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton. On Cochlearia armoracia L. On Lepidium apetalum Willd. On Raphanus sativus L. Roripa palustris (L.) Bess. Very common. Cystopus bliti (Biv.) Lev. On Amaranthus retrofiexns L. Common. Cystopus portulaceae (BC.) Lev. On Portulaca oleracea L. Moderately common. Plasmopara viticola (B. & C.) Berl. & De Toni. On Yitis labrusca L. Ordinarily does but little damage but becomes destructive some seasons. Plasmopara eubenis (B. & C.) Humphry. On leaves of Micrampelis lobata (Michx.) Greene. Peronospora arthuri Farl On Gaura biennis L. Peronospora gonolobi Lagerh. On Gonolobus laevis Michx. Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) De Bary. On Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britt., Lepidium apetalum’ Willd., Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop., Sophia pinnata (Walt.) Britton. Peronosposa potentillae De Bary. On Potentilla monspeliensis L. Phytopthora infestans (Mont.) De Bary. Our Solanum tuberosum L. More or less destructive, some seasons but most years gives little or no trouble. exoascaeae. Excaseus deformans (Berk.) Fuckel. On Amygdalus persica L. Quite destructive some seasons. Dif- ferent varieties differ much in susceptibility. Exoascus pruni Fuckel. On Prunus americana Marsh and P. domestioai L. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 117 HELOTIACEAE. 18. Sclerotinia. fructigena (Pers.) Schroet. On Amygdalus persica L., Prunus americana Marsh, P. domes- trica L., P. hortnlama Bailey, P. triflora. Common and some- times very destructive especially to the foreign varieties. MOLLISI ACEAE . 19. Moliisia dehnii (Rabenh.) Karst. On Potentilla monspeliensis L. PHA CIDIACE AE. 20. Rhytisma acerinum (Pers.) Fr. On Acer saccharinum L. SPHAERIACEAE. 21. Guignardia bidwellii (Ell.) Viala & Ravaz. On Vitis labrnsea L. 22. Micosphaerella fragariae (Tul.) Lindau. On Fragaria chiloensis. F. virginiana Duchesne. 23. Ventura pomi (Fr.) Wint. On Malus ioensis (Wood) Britt., M. malus (L.) Britt., M. soulardi (Bailey) Britton. 24. Glomerella rufomaculans (Berk) Spald. & Von Sch. On Malus malus (L.) Britton. 24%. Gonomia veneta (Sace. & Spreg.) Kleb. On Platanus occidentalis L. 25. Nummularia discreta Tul. On Malus malus (L.) Britton. HYPO QBE A CE AE , 26. Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. On Elymus canadensis L. DOTHIDI ACEAE. 27. Plowrightiai morbosa ( Schw. ) Sacc. On Prunus americana L., P. domestica L., P. virginiana L. 28. Phyllachora graminis (Pers.) Fuckel. On Elymus canadensis L. 118 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 29. Phyllachora lespedezae (Scliw.) Sacc. On Lespedeza capitata Michx. 30. Phyllachora tij-ifolii (Pers.) Fukl. On Trifolium repens L. 31. Ophiodothis haydeni (B. & C.) Sacc. On Aster diffusus Ait. SPH AERIOIDA CE AE . 32. Darluca hlum (Biv.) Cast. On Melampsora farinosa on Salix nigra. On Pnccinia graminis on Hordeum pratense. On Puceinia graminis on Poa pratensis. 33. Phyllosticta antennariae Ell. & Ev. On Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. 34. Phyllosticta aesculi Ell. & Mart. On Aesculus glabra Willd. 35. Phyllosticta saccharini Ell & Mart. On Acer nigrum Michx. 36. Coniothyrium fuckelii Sacc. On Rubus occidentalis L. 36%. Septoria agrimonia-eupatorii Bomm. & Rouss. On Agrimonia mollis (T. & G.) Britton. 37. Septoria liatridis Ell. & Davis. On Laeinaria sp. 37%. Septoria pyricola Desm. On Pyrus communis L. 38. Septoria ribis Desmz. On Ribes missouriensis Nutt. 38%. Septoria rubi West. On Rubus canadensis roribaceus Bailey. 39. Septoriai salliae W. R. On Acer saecharinum L. 40. Septoria saniculae E. & E. On Sanicula marylandica L. 41. Septoria silenicola Ell. & Mart. On Silene stellata (L.) Ait. 41%. Septoria sisymbrii Ell. On Dentaria laciniata Muhl. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 119 42. Septoria! viridi-tingens Curt. On Allium tricoccum Ait. 43. Septoria nolitangere Gerard. On Impatiens aurea Muhl. 44. Septoria polygonorum Desm. Polygonum incarnatum Ell., P. pennsylvanicum L. 45. Septoria scrophulariae Peek. On Serophularia marylandica L. MELAN CONIACE A|p 46. Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magn.) Scribn. On Phascolus vulgaris L., P. lunatus, L. Sometimes quite destructive to some varieties of lima bean. 47. Gloeosporium ampelopliagum Sacc. On Vitis labrusca L. 48. Gloeosporium venetum Speg. On Rubus nigrobaccus Bailey, R. occidentalis L. R. strigosus Michx., R. neglectus Peck. Destructive to the black raspberry but not to the others. 49. Marsonia juglandis (Lib.) Sacc. On Juglans cinerea L. 50. Cylindrosporium padi Karst, On Prunus americana Marsh, P. avium L., P. cerasus L., P. mahaleb L. MUCEDINAE. 51. Oo'spora scabies Thaxter. On Solanum tuberosum L. 52. Ovularia obliqua (Cooke) Oud. On Rumex sp. 53. Cercosporella chionea (Ell. & Kellerm) Sacc. On Oercis Canadensis L. 54. Piricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc. On Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Dulac. 55. Piricularia parasitica E. & E. On Phyllachora, on Elymus canadensis. DEM A TIE AE. 56. Cladosporium carpophilum Thum. On Amygclalus persica L. 120 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 57. Macrosporium solani E. & M. On Solanum tuberosum L. 58. Cercospora apii pastinacae Earl. On Pastinaoa sativa L. 58%. Cercospora angulata Wint. On Ribes rubrum L. 59. Cercospora beticola Sacc. On Beta vulgaris L. 60. Cercospora euonymi Ell. On Euonymous antopurpureus Jacq. 61. Cercospora granuliformis Ell. & Holw. On Viola papilionacea Pursh. 62. Cercospora monoica Ell. & Holw. On F ale at a Sp. 63. Cercospora rhoina C. & E. On Rhus glabra L. 64. Cercospora venturioides Peck. On Asclepias syriaca L. 65. Cercospora vernonieae E. & K. On Vernonia fasciculata Michx. 66. Cercospora avicularis Wint. On Poloygonum aviculare L. ERYSIPHACEAE. 67. Sphaerotheca humuli (DC.) Burrill. On Rosa Arkansana Porter. This species is not very common. 68. Sphaerotheca humuli fuliginea (Schlecht), Salmon. On Bidens frondo-sa L., B. involucrata (Nutt.) Britton, Eric- hitites hieracifolia (L.) Raf., Leptandra virginica (L.) Nutt, Taraxacum taraxacum (L.) Karst. This species is very com- mon but confined to weeds. 69. Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr.) Lev. On Rosa multiflora — especially on the hybrid variety known as Crimson Rambler. Docs some damage. 70. Sphaerotheca mors-uvae (Schwein.) Berk & Curt. On Ribes spp. Does considerable damage to cultivated goose- berries some years. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 121 71. Podosphaera' oxyaoanthae (DC.) De Bary. On Prunus americana Marsh, P. avium L., P. besseyi Bailey, P. eerasus L. Often does some damage to the cherry. Is quite common. 72. Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. & Ever.) Salmon. On Mai us malus (L.) Britton. This species injures young trees and sprouts, etc. 73. Erysiphie polygoni D C. On Astragalus carolinianus L., Brassica nigra (L.) Koch, Clematis virginiama L., Falcata pitcheri (T. & G.) Kunze, Pisuin sativum L. ; Polygonum aviculare L., P. erectum L., Ranunculus abortivus L., Thalictrum purpurascens L. This species often proves very destructive on the pea. 74. Erysiphe cichoracearum D C. On Ambrosia artemisiaiefolia L., A trifida L., A trifida integri- folia (Muhl.) T. & G., Aster laevis L,, Carduus discolor (Muhl.) Nutt., Galium circaezans Miehx., Helenium aut- umnale L.; Helianthus grosse-serratus Martens, H. tuberosus L., Phlox divarieatia L., Plantago major L., P. rugelii Dec., Verbena hastata L., V. stricta Vent., V. urticifolia L., Ver- besina alternifolia (L.) Britt. This is a very abundant species but as most of the hosts attacked are weeds it cannot be considered as causing damage. 75. Erysiphe graminis DC. On Poa pratensis L. Quite common. 76. Erysiphe taurica Lev. On Heliopsis scabra Dunal. Common. 77. Microsphaera alni (VTallr.) Wint. On Corylus americana L., Lonicera sullivantii A. Gray, Ostrya virginica (Mill.) Willd., Quercus rubra L., Syringia vulgaris L. Very common, especially on the lilac. 78. Microsphaera alni vaecinii (Schwein.) Salmon. On Catalpa speciosa "Wardr. Destructive but not very common. 79. Microsphaere alni extensa (Cooke & Peck) Salmon. On Quercus prinoides Willd. Not very destructive. 80. Microsphaera diffusa Cooke and Peck. On Meibomia canadensis (L.) Kuntze, and Symphoricarpos vulgaris Miehx. Common. 122 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 81. Microsphaera russellii Clinton. On Oxalis stricta L. Not conspicuous enough to be often noticed. 82. Microsphaera euphorbiae (Peck) Berk. & Curt. On Euphorbia carollata L. Common. 83. Uncinula necator (Schwein.) Burrill. On Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch., and Vitis labrusca. L. This species appears to be more common and destructive on the former' than on the latter host. 84. Uncmula circinata Cooke and Peck. On Acer saccharinum L. 85. Uncinula maerospora Peck. On IJlums americana L. and U. raeemosa Thomas, Quite com- mon. In some cases it is conspicuous and in other cases not. 86. Uncinula geniculata Gerard. On Morus rubra L. Inconspicuous and not often found. 87. Phyllaictinia coryleia (Pers.) Karst. On Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) AYilld., Ulmus raeemosa Thomas. This species probably occurs on many other hosts but the writer has collected only on the two mentioned. UREDINEAE. 88. Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Lev. On Phaseolus vulgaris L. Sometimes destructive. 89. Uromyces caladii Earl. On Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott. A dracontium (L.) Torr. 90. Uromyces erythronii (DC.) Passer. On Allium canadense L. 91. Uromyces euphorhiae Cooke & Peck. On Euphorbia maeulata L. Common. 92. Uromyces fabae (Pers.) DeBy. On Apios tuberosa, Moench. 93. Uromyces geranii (DC.) Warton. On Geranium maculatum L. 94. Uromyces howei Peck. On Asclepias syriaca L. Common and somewhat destructive. 95. Uromyces j unci (Desm.) Tul. On Juncus tenuis Willd. Common. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 123 96. Uromyces terebinthii (DC.) Wint. On Rhus toxicodendron L. 97. Uromyces trifolii (Hedw.) Lev. On Trifolium pratense L, 97%. Uropyxis amorphae (Curt.) Schroet. On Amorpha canescens Pursh. 98. Puccinia asparagi D C. On Asparagus officinalis L. Very destructive. 99. Puccinia coronata Cor da. On Rhamnus lanceolatus Pursh, Avena sativa L. 100. Puccinia circaeae Pers. On Circaea lutetiana L. 101. Puccinia caricis (Schum.) Reb. On Carex spp. 102. Puccinia, convolvuli (Pers.) Karst. On Convolvulus sepium L. 103. Puccinia galii (Pers.) Schwein. On Galium trifidum L. 104. Puccinia graminis Pers. On Avena saliva L., Berberis vulgaris L., Agrostis alba L., Hordeum pratense L., Hordeum jubatum, Triticum vulgare L. Very common and destructive. 105. Puccinia helianthi Schwein. On Helianthusi annuus L,, H. fuberosus L. 106. Puccinia heliopsidis Schwein. On Veronia fasciculata Michx., Y. noveboracensis (L.) Willd. 107. Puccinia hieracii (Shum.) Mart. On Taraxacum taraxacum (L,.) Karst. 108. Puccinia hydrophylli Peck & Clint. On Macrocalyx nyctelea (L.) Kuntze. 109. Puccinia menthae Pers. On Monarda fistulosa L. Koellia virginiana (L.) Mc.M. 109%. Puccinia phlei-pratense Eriks & Henn. On Phleum pratense L. 110. Puccinia phragmites (Schum.) Korn. On Spartina cynosuroid.es (L.) Willd. 111. Puccinia polysora IJnderw. On Tripsacum dactyloides L. 124 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 112. Puccinia podophylli Schwein. On Podophyllum peltatum L. 113. Puccinia polygon;! Pers. On Polygonum soandens L., Polygonum sp. 114. Puccinia pruni-spinosa Pers. On Prunus hortulana Bailey. 115. Puccinia rubigo-vera (DC.) Winter. On Elymus canadensis L. 116. Puccinia silphii Schwein. On Silphium integrifolium Michx. 117. Puccinia sorghi Schwein. On Oxalis strieta L,, Zea mays. 118. Puccinia solida Schwein. On Anemone virginiana L. 119. Puccinia xanthii Schwein. On Xanthium Canadense Mill. 120. Gymnosporangium macropus Lk. On Malus ioensis (Wood) Britton, M. malus (L.) Britton, Juniperus virginiana L. Only of moderate frequency on cultivated apple but at times destructive to the wild crab and disfiguring the red cedar. 121. Gymnosporangium clavariaeforme (Jacq.) Rees. On Crataegus tomentosa L. 122. Gymnoconia peckiana (Howe) Franz. On Rubus nigrobaccus Bailey. Very common on the wild forms but the leading cultivated varieties seem somewhat resistant. 122%. Phragmidium potentillae (Pers.) Karst. On Potentilla canadensis L. 123. Phragimidium subcorticum (Schrank) Wint. On Rosa hemisphaerica Herrin. 124. Phragmidium speciosuum Fr. On Rosa arkansana Porter. 125. Coleosporium solidagineis (Schwein.) Thum. On Solidago canadensis L., S. ulmifolia Muhl. 126. Coleosporium vernoniae B. & C. On Yernonia noveboracensis (L.) Y7illd. 127. Coleosporium sonchi (Pers.) Lev. On Aster diffusus Ait. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 125 128. Melampsora populina (Jacq.) Lev. On Populus deLtoid.es Marsh, P. balsamifera L. 129. Melampsora farinosa (Pers.) Sehroet. On Salix nigra Marsh, S. interior Rowlee. 130. Uredo agrimoniae (DC.) Sehroet. On Agrimonia mollis (T. & G.) Britton. 131. Uredo polypodii (Pers.) D C. On Filix fragilis (L„) TJnderw. 132. Aeeidium asternm Schwein. On Aster saggitifolius Willd., Solidaigo canadensis L., S. u] mi- folia Muhl., Aster laevis L. 133. Aeeidium abundans Pec. On Symphoricrpos vulgaris Michx. 134. Aeeidium compositarium Mart. On Aster laevis L., A cordifolius L., Helianthus tuherosus L., Lactuca canadensis L., Silphium integrifolium Michx., S. laciniatum L., Solidago serotina Ait. 135. Aeeidium convallariae Schum. Salomon] a commutata (ft. & S.) Britt. 136. Aeeidium erigeronatum Schwein. On Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., Leptilon canadense (L.) Brit- ton, Erigeron philadelphicus L. 137. Aeeidium fraxini Schwein. On Fraxinus laSnceolata Borclv, F. Americana L. 138. Aeeidium grossulariae Schum. On Rihes missouriensis Nutt., Ribes sp. (Cult.) 139. Aeeidium impatientis Schwein. On Impatiens aurea Muhl. 140. Aeeidium lysamichiae (Schlect) Wallr. On Stieronema ciliatum (L.) Raf. 141. Aeeidium peckii De Toni. On Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. 142. Aeeidium plantaginis Ces. On Plantago aristata Michx., P. major L. 143. Aeeidium polemonii Curt. On Polemonium reptans L., Phlox pilosa L. 144. Aeeidium pustulatum Curt. On Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. 145. Aeeidium thalactri-flavi (DC.) Wint. On Syndesmon thalactroides (L.) Hoffng. 126 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 146. Aecidium verbenas Speg. On Verbena stricta Vent. 147. Aecidinm compositarium silphii Burr. On Silphium laciniatum L. 148. Aecidium jamesianum Peck. On Ascelpias syriaca L. 149. Aecidium Ranunculi Schwein. On Ranunculus abortivus L. USTILAGINACEAE. 150. Ustilago maydis (DC.) Corda. On Zea Mays. 151. Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Jensen. On Triticum vulgare L. 152. Ustilago avenue (Pers.) Jensen. On Avena saliva L. 153. Ustilago urticulosa (Nees.) Tul. On Polygonum pennsylvanicum L., P. inoarnatum Ell. 154. Ustilago neglecta Niessl. On Chaetochloa glauea (L.) Scribn. 155. Ustilago rabenhorstiana Kuehn. On Panicum proliferum Lam. Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Dulac. 156. Ustilago reiliana, Kuehn. On Zea mays. 157. Entyloma physalidis (Kalchbr. & Cooke) Wint. On Physalis pubescens L. HOST INDEX. Acer saccharinum L 20, 30, 84 Acer nigrum Michx 35 Aesculus glabra Willd 34 Agrimonia mollis (T. & G.) Britton .36%, 130' Agrostis alba L .104 Allium canudense L 90 Allium tricoccum Ait 42: IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 127 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 7 Ambrosia artemisiaefolia L 74 Ambrosia trifida L 74 Ambrosia trifida integrifolia (Muhl.) T. & G. 74 Amphicarpa — see Faleata. Amorpha canescens L ......... 97% Amygdalus persica L 2, 16, 18, 56 Anemone virginiana L. 118 Anemonella — see Syndesmon. Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) 'Richards 33 Apios tuberosa Moeneh 92 Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott. . 89 Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Torr 89 Ascelpias syriaca L 64, 94, 148 Asparagus officinale L 98 Aster cordifolius Tj. 134 Aster diffiusus Ait. 31, 127 Aster laevis L. 132, 134 -Aster saggitifolms Willd 132 Astragalus carolinianus L 73 Aviena satim L. 99, 104, 152 Berberis vulgaris L. 104 Beta vulgaris L 59 Bidens frondosa L 68 Bidens involucrata (Nutt.) Britt 68 Brassica nigra (L.) Koch 73 Brassica oleracea 1 Bursa bursa-pastor is (L.) Britt 6, 13 Carduus discolor (Muhl.) Nutt 74 Carex spp 101 Oatalpa speciosa Warder 78 Cercis canadensis L 53 Chaetochloa glauca (L.) Scribn 154 Circaea lutetiaina L 100 Clematis virginiana L 73 Cochlear ia armoraeia L 6 Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt , 144 Convolvulus siepium L 102 Oorylus americana L 77 Crataegus tomentosa L 121 Cueumus sativus L 4 128 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Dentaria laciniata Muhl 41 y2 Desmodium — see Meibomia. Echinocystis — see Micrampelis. Elymus canadensis L 26, 28, 115 Ellisia — see Macrocalyx. Erechitites hieracifolia (L.) Raf 68 Erigeron annnns (L.) Pers 136 Erigeron philadelphicus L 136 Euonymous antopurpureus Jacq 60 Euphorbia earollata L 82 Euphorbia maculata L. 91 Falcata comosa (L.) Kuntze 5 Falca'ta pitcheri (T. & G.) Kuntze 5, 73 Falcata sp 62 Filix fragilis (L.) Underw 131 Fragaria Virginian a Due. ... . 22 Fragaria chiloensis 22 Fraxinus americama; L 1 137 Fraxinus lanceolata Borck 137 Galium circaezans Michx 74 Galium trifidum L 103 Gaura biennis L. 11 Geranium malculatum L 93 Gonolobus laevis Michx. 12 Helenium antumnale L 74 Helianjthus annuus L 105 Helianthus grosse-serratus Martens 74 Helianthus tuberosus L 74, 134 Efjeliopsis scabra Dunal 76 Hordeum jubatum L 104 Hordeum pratense L . 104 Impialtiens aurea Muhl 43, 139 Juglans cinerea L 49 Juncus tenuis Willd 95 Junipierus virginiana L 120 Koellia virginiana (L.) McM 109 Lacinaria sp .' 37 Lactuca canadensis L 134 Lepidium apetalum Willd 6, 13 Leptatndra virginica (L.) Nutt... 68 Leptilon canadense (Tj.) • Britt 136 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 129 Lespedeza eapitata Miehx Liaitris — see Laeinaria. Lonicera sullivantii A. Gray Mains malus (L.) Britt Malus ioensis (Wood) Bailey Malus soulardi Bailey Macro calyx nyctelea (L.) Kuntze Meibomia canadensis (L.) Knntze . . . . , Melampsora; farinosa (Pers.) Schroet. . . Micrampelis lobata (Micbx.) Greene. . . Mbnarda fistnlosa L Moms mbra L Oenothera — see Onagra. Onagra biennis (L.) Scop Ostryra virginiea (Mill.) Willd. . Oxialis stricta L Panicum prolifernm Lam Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch Pastime a sativa, L Phaseolus vulgaris L Phaseolus lunatus L. Phyllachorai Phlenm pratense L Physalis pubesicens L Plilox divaricata L. Phlox pilosa L. . Pisnm sativum L Plantago arista ta Miehx ............... Plant ago major L. Plantago rngelii Dec. . . ......... . . . . . . PLitanus occidentalis L. ........ ..... . Poa' pratensis L. .......... . . . . . . . . . . . Podophyllum peltatum L. ............ Polemonium rep tans L. Polygonum aviculare L. ...... : . . . .... . Polygonum erectum L Polygonum incarnatum Ell Polygonum pennsylvanicum L. ........ Polygonum scan dens L. Pppulus balsamifera L 9 . . 29 77 2, 3, 23, 24, 25, 72, 120 23, 120 ...... ............. 23 10B1 80} : 32 ; ................... 101 .... ....... ........109} ............ ...... . 86 141 ..77, 87 1 81, 1171 15£> ! 83 ! 58' 1 .......46, 88 • 46 ................... 55' ................. 109%r .t&fi 74 1 143 73 14# ...74, 142 74 1 24% 1 75 ....112 ....143 .66, 73 v. 73 ......... .......44, 153 ..........44, 153 113 ..128 130 IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCE Populus deltoides Marsh 128 Portulaca oleracea L 8 Potentilla canadensis L 122% Potentilla monspeliensis L 14, 19 Prunus americana Marsh 17, 18, 27, 50, 71 Prunus a,vium L 50, 71 Prnnns besseyi Bailey 71 Prnnns cerasns L 50, 71 Prnnns domestiea L 17, 18, 27 Prnnns hortnlana Bailey 18, 114 Prnnns mahaleb L 50 Prnnns triflora 18 Prnnns virginiana L 27 Puceinia graminis Pers 32 Pyrus commnnis L 2, 3, 37% Quercns prinoides Willd. . . . ' 79 Quercus rnbra L 77 Ranunculus abortivus L 73, 149 Raphanus sativns L 6 Rhamnus lanceolatus Pursh 99 Rhns glabra L 63 Rhns toxicodendron L. 96 Ribes missonriensis Nntt 38, 138 Ribes rubrnm L. 58% Ribes sp 70, 138 Roripa palustris (L.) Bess 6 Rosa arkansana Porter 67, 124 Rosa hemisphaerica Herrm 123 Rosa multiflora Thunb 69 Rubns canadensis roribaceus Bailey .38% Rnbns neglectns Peck 48 Rubns nigrobaccns Bailey 2, 48, 122 Rubns strigosus Miehx 2, 48 Rum*ex sp 52 Salix nigra Marsh 129 Salix interior Rowlee 129 Salomonia commntata (R. & S.) Britt 135 Sanicula marylandica. L 40 Scrophnlaria marylandica L 45 Silene stellata (L.) Ait 41 Silphium integrifolium Miehx 116, 134 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 131 Silphium laciniatum L 134, 147 Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop 13 Solanum tuberosum L 15, 51, 57 Solidla'go canadensis L. 125, 132 Solidago serotina Ait 134 Solidago ulmifolia Muhl 125, 132 Solidago pinnata (Walt.) Brit 13 Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Willd 110 Stieronema ciliatum (L.) Raf 140 Symphoricarpos vulgaris Michx. - 80, 133 Syndesmon tbalactroides (L.) Hoffmg 145 Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Dulac 54, 155 Syringa vulgaris L 77 Taraxacum taraxacum (L.) Karst 68, 107 Thalietrum purpurascens L 73 Trifolium pratense L. . 97 Trifolium r,epens L 30 Tripsaeum dactyloides L Ill Triticum vulgare L 104, 151 Ulmus americana L 85 Ulmus racemosa Thomas 85, 87 Verbena hast at a L 74 Verbena stricta Vent 74, 146 Verbena urticifolia L 74 Verbesinal alternifolia (L.) Britt 74 Vernonia fasciculata Michx 65, 106 Vemonia noveboracensis (L.) Willd 106, 126 Viola papilionaoea Pursh 61 Vitis labrusca L 2, 9, 21, 47, 83 Xanthium canadens,e Mill 119 Zeia mays 117, 150, 156 . V. • •• THE GRASSES OF THE UINTAH MOUNTAINS AND ADJACENT REGIONS. BY L. H. PAMMEL. This paper contains an account of the grasses found in the Uintah Mountains and the adjacent Wasatch Mountains in Utah. Most of the region has an elevation of over 5,000 feet. The Uintah range contains a large number of snow capped peaks; the highest about 13,700 feet high. Tributary to the range are two arid basins, the Green River Basin to the north and to the south the Uintah Basin. The region has been visited by Parry, Jones, Watson, Aven Nelson and some other botanists. Dr. Sereno Watson did some extensive work in the region as a member of the exploring party of the Fortieth Parallel. I gave an account of the physiography of the region in another connection — “Some Ecological Notes on the Vegetation of the Uintah Mountains. ”* In an earlier paper** I gave an account of the grasses of the Eastern Rockies which was somewhat extended later in a paper giving the for- age resources between Jefferson, Iowa, and Denver, Colorado,*** and subsequently a paper “Notes on Grasses of Nebraska, South Dakota and Wyoming.”**** The grasses of the region are largely boreal, such genera as Poa, Calamagrostis, Agrostis, are well represented. Genera derived from the south of the adjacent arid plains are represented by Stipa, of which there are seven species, one the Stipa comata reaches northwestern Iowia. The S. viridula rather widely distributed in the west is another com- mon species. The S. Lettermanii and $. T weedy i are alpine and sub- alpine. The Hordeum jubatum and its close ally II. cae spit o sum are common in alkali spots at lower altitudes while the H. nodosum is common at higher altitudes. The Giant Lyme Grass (Elymus condensatus) is com- mon along alkali streams or borders of old lake beds from 5,000-7,500 feet. The marshy parks contain such willows as Salix strida, S. lutea, S. dilorophylla and Geum iriflorum, Erigeronglabellus, Poa epilis, and P. Wolfii. These parks frequently become dry later in the season. *Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci. 10: 57-68; pi. 15-22. ‘ *^Pr°c. Soc. Prom. Agrl. Sci. 17 :94. Joint paper with P. Lamson-Scribner. ***Bull. Div. of Agrost., U. S. Dept. Agr. 9:1-47, f. 1-12. ****proc> Davenport Acal. Sci. 7:229-258, pi. 10-16 134 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE I have listed something over 100 species of grasses collected. These collections were made mostly on four trips made in this region. Some collecting was done in 1898 and 1899. For verification of the identifi- cation of species I am indebted to various members of the former Di- vision of Agrostology. Owing to the many changes in nomenclature, the names are not the same always as now recognized. The collections 'were made between the years 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1908. The Uintah Mountains are important sources for the water supply of the irrigated districts of Utah. Such streams as the Weber, Provo, Bear, Black’s Fork, the Duchesne and the several branches of the Lake Fork have their sources in the high, snow capped peaks of the Uintah Mountains. Such rugged peaks as La Motte, Wilson, Gilbert, Watson, Emmons, Bald, and Mt. Agassiz are snow capped for much of the year. Black’s Fork, Henry’s Creek, Sheep Creek, Burnt Fork, Weber, Smith’s Fork, and Bear River come from the north side of the range, while the Duchesne with its branches, Lake Fork, Uintah River, Brush Creek, come from the south side of the range. There are numerous lakes, but all are small. Kamas is situated on what is commonly called a prairie, an ancient fresh water lake of considerable size. Evanston, Lower Black’s Fork, Myer’s Ranch, Burnt Fork, are in Wyoming, the remaining lo- calities in Utah. In the list more numbers are recorded from the north side of the range because it represents the work of four seasons of collecting. The collectors will be referred to by letters*, the altitude by the num- ber preceding the collector’s letter. PHALARIDEAE. Hierochloe odorata (L.) Wahlenb. This boreal grass is distributed across the United States and in the mountain regions of the Rockies, also Europe; common in northern Iowa. Sometimes forms a considerable part of the herbage in meadows. Associated with such plants as Pedicularis groenlandica, Erigeron and Pentstemon. 193, mouth of Provo River, 7400, (P. & S.), 192, East Provo Canon, 9200 (P. & S.), 847, Black’s Fork, 9200 (P. J. L. B.). *P. and S.=L. H. Pammel and E. M. Stanton (1900). P. J. L. B.=L. H. Pammel, C. P. Johnson, G. M. Lummis, and It. E. Buchanan (1901). P. and B.=L. H. Pammel and B. E. Blackwood (1902). P. B. L. R.=L. H. Pammel, R. L. Barrett, C. V. Lee, F. Raney (1908). L. and S.=E. E. Little and E. M. Stanton, Elk. Mt., Wyo. (1899). P.=L: H. Pammel. P. B. H. P. V. P.=Pammel, Blackwood, Harold Pammel and Violet Pammel (1902). IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 135 Phalaris arundinacea L. This grass occurs from the Atlantic to the Pacific, also in Europe; grows in wet places. 116, hank of streams, Black’s Fork, 6500 (P. J. B. L.), 4079, Myer’s Ranch, Bear River, S. of Evanston, Wyo., 7400 (P. & B.), 3922, Peter- son Canon, Utah, moist places, 8000 (P. & B.), 21, Logan, Utah, swale (P. B. L. & R.). Aristida purpurea Nutt. 179, Salt Lake City, dry soil, abundant near Garfield Beach (P.), 33,, Lagoon, Farmington Canon, Salt Lake City, Utah (P. B. L. R.). AGROSTIDEAE. Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. 73, Placerville, Col., dry open places, 7300 (P. B. L. R.), 18S, Salt Lake City; dry banks1 hills (P.) ; 1542, Mud Creek, Black’s Fork, Uintah Mts,, Utah, 6800 (P. J. B. L.) ; 3905, Peterson, 6500 (P. & B.) ; 13, Bear Lake, Utah, abundant with sage brush (P. B. L. R.). Stipa lettermanii, Yasey. 921, Smith’s Fork, Uintah Mts., 10,000 (P. J. L. B.) ; Junction East and Middle Black’s Fork, Uintah Mts., 9500, open places (P. J. L. & B.). Stipa Scrihneri Yasey. 914, Smith’s Fork, 10500, ridge dry soil (P. J. B. L.) ; 913, Fuller’s Ranch, Black’s Fork (P. J. B. L.) ; 221, Hayden’s Fork of Bear River (P. & S.) ; 218, Duchesne River, 7200 (P. & S.) ; 219, Soapstone Creek (P. & S.) ; 269, Junction of East and West branch Provo River, 7400 (P. & S.) ; 211, W. Bear River, 9500 (P. & S.) ; 216, East Provo Canon, 8500 (P. & S.) ; 267, West Duchesne River, 7200 (P. & S.) ; 265, East Fork of Weber, 9000 (P. & S.). Stipa Nelsoni Scribner. 208, East Provo Canon, 8000 (P. & S.) ; 212, W. Bear River, 9500 (P. & S.) ; 213, W. Bear River; dry places (P. & S.). Stipa Tiveedyi Yasey. 91 8, 920, Echo, 6800 (P. J. B. L.), dry places ; 919, in meadow, Black’s Fork, Utah, 9000 (P. J. B. L.) ; 214, W. Lake Fork, 8500 (P. & S.) ; 216, Hayden’s Branch, Bear River, 9500, dry places (P. & S.). 136 IOWA ACADEMY; OF- SQI^NQE Stipa Vaseyi Scribner. .916, Mud Creek of Black’s Fork, 8000 (P.).; 917, Fuller’s ranch, Black’s Fork, 8000 (P.). fttipa, viridifla TFin. .220, Kainas, Utah,' 6850 ; (P. & S.). Efiocoma cuspidata Nntt. 3566, Ensign Mt., Salt Lake City, 5000 (P. & B.) dry hills; 182, E. Duchesne River, 8500 (P. & S.) ; 181, W. Duchesne River, 7200 (P. & S.) ; 1064, Myer’s Ranch, S. of Evanston, Wyo., 7500, (P. & B.), dry limestone, : : ^ 1 : . , > : . Muhlenbergia comata Benth. 187, East Lake Fork, Uintah Mits., 8500 (P. & S.) ; 184, Duchesne River, 8500, marsh ( P. & S. ) . , , f ' ! >■:. r rxT > Ui ; \\ \ 7 Muhlenbergia rabemosa (Miclix.)' B. S. P. 1:83 a, W. Duchesne River, 8500 (P. & S.) f 188. E. Duchesne River 8500 (P.&S.). * Phleum alpinum L. 1687, Junction East Middle Black’s Fork, 9§00 (P. J. L. B.) • '52, Elk ML, Wyoming (&. & L.) • }878, Black’s Fdri, 8500 (P.)!; 881, La Mofte Peak, 11200 (P. J. B. L.) ; in low meadow’s ; SYO,' ' 880. Black’s Fork, 9200 (P. J. L. B.) ; 135, Junction E. & W. Fork of Provo River,, 7400 (P. & S.) ; 13 6, t Ashley Creek, 9800 (P. & S. j 140, Carter Creek, 9200 (P. & S.) ; 142, Brush Creek (P. & S.),.; 143, East Prove Cpj).pn,: 8000, in meadows (P. & S.) ; 144. East Fork of the Weber, 9500 (P. & S.) in meadows. Phleiirh prdtense L. 8'^7, Piedmont^ Wyo., 6500 (P. J. B. L.) in meadows; 137 % White Rock Agency, 7000 (P. & S.) ; 138, West Duchesne River, 7200 (P. & S.) ; 141, E. Lake Fork, 8500 (P. & S.) ; 139, E. Duchesne River, 8500 (P. &, S,), along roads; 52, 53, Elk Mt., Wyo., (,S. & L.). ; .3653, Farmington Canon, Salt Lake City, (P. & B.). Alopecuras fulvus Smith. 884. : Echo, Muddy shores of Weber River, 6500 - (P. J. B. L.) 297, East Duchesne River, 8500 (P. & Sy) ; 3930, Peterson Canon, 6500 (P. & B.) ; 226, East Lake Fork, (P. & S.). IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 137 Sporobolus airoides, Torr. A coarse stout grass. 294, Lone Tree and West Henry’s FoUt, Uintah. Mts. ; 292, Vernal (P. & S.) ; 1569, (JYB. L.) ; 3596, sand dunes, Saltair Beach, Salt Lake City, 4250 (J. & B.) ; 1621, Fuller’s Ranch, Black’s Fork, Ut., 7500 (P. J. L. B.) ; 1569 , Saltair Beach, (J. B.. L,). Sporobolus aspericanlis Trin. Duchesne River, 8500 (P. & S.) ; 1S5, East Lake Fork, 8500 fP. & 1: 480, (P. B. L. R.). Sporobolus asperifolius (Nees and Mey) Tliurb. A slender leafy perennial, occurring in dry places. 291, White Rock Agency, Ut., 7000 (P. & S.) ; 50, Salt Lake, G-ar- field Beach (P.). 4 Sporobolus depauperates (Torr.) Scrib. 277, Junction E. & W. Fk. Provo River, 7400 (P. & S.). ; 295, East Provo Canon, dry places (P. & S.) Sporobolus graoillimus (Thurb.) Vasey. 290, Uintah Canon, 7800 (P. & S,). Sporobolus Richardsoni ,(Trin.) Merrill. 3915, Peterson Canon, 8000 (P. & B.) : 1627, Junction East and Middle Black’s Fork, Ut., 9500, abundant dry meadows, benches (P. J. L. B.) ; 480, Bear Lake, 6500, alkali meadow (P. B. L. R.). Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. 50, Vernal, Ut., 5000 (P. & S.) ; 222, Salt Lake City, (P. & S.) ; 3545, Sulphur Springs, Salt Lake City, irrigation ditches, (P. B. L. R.) ; 268, Salt Lake ditches; 912, Echo (P. J. B. L.). Agrostis sp. Stillwater Canon, Bear River, 10000 (P. & B.). Agrostis alba L. An abundant grass at lower altitudes throughout the region. Intro- duced. 8'69, in meadows under irrigation, Lagoon, Salt Lake City, 5000 (P. J. B. L„) ; 868, Salt Lake City, 5000 (P. J. B. L.) ; 1 03, Burnt Fork, irrigated meadow (P. & S.) ; 102, Vernal, 5500 (P. & S.) ; 105, Kamas, 6850 (P. & S.) ; 107, White Rock Agency, 650Q (P. & S.) ; 3642, Farm- ington Canon, Salt Lake City, 550 (P.’ & B.). IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Agrostis asperifolia Trin. In moist places, meadows. 133, East Provo Canon, 8000 (P. & S.) ; 145, East Fork of Weber, meadows, 9500 (P. & S.) ; 3928, Peterson, 6500 (P. & B.) ; 183, Provo River, 8000 (P. & S.). Agrostis hiemalis (Walt.) B. S. P. 1603, East Middle Black’s Fork, gravel beds (P. J. B. L.) ; 866, gravel beds, streams, 10000 (P. J. B. L. O.) ; 861, 865, 900, Black’s Fork, 9500, low grounds (P. J. L. B.) ; 864, East Middle Black’s Fork, 10000 (P. J. B. L.) ; 863, La Motte Peak, 10500 (P. J. B. L.) ; 870, West Black’s Fork (P. J. B. L.) ; 112, East Provo Canon, 9500 (P. & S.) ; 101, Hay- den’s Fork Bear River (P. & S.) ; 104, East Lake Fork, 8500 (P. & S.) ; 108, East Provo Canyon, 8000 (P. & S.) ; 115, Burnt Creek, 9500 (P. & S.) ; 115, Brush Creek, 9500 (P. & S.). Agrostis rubra L. 86, Wilson’s Peak, 10000 (P. & S.). Agrostis verticillata Thuil. 3701, Salt Lake City, 5200, saline soil (P. & B.). Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. 3950, Peterson Canon, Peterson, 8000 (P. & B.), in low, moist, boggy places; 4244, Stillwater Canon, Bear River, 10000, boggy places (P. & B.) ; 201, Brush Creek, 9500 (P. & S.). Calamagrostis canadensis, Beauv. var. acuminata Yasey. 203, Junction of Provo River, East and West Fork, 7400 (P. & S.) ; 204, East Provo Canon, 9500 (P. & S.). Calamagrostis montaniensis Scrib. 50, Elk Ml, Wyo., (L. & S.). Calamagrostis hyperborea Lange var. Americana (Yasey) Kearney. 196, Carter Creek, Wyo., Uintah Mts., (P. & S.) ; 197, Kamas, meadows, 6850 (P. & S.) ; 4017, Bear River, 7500 (P. & B.) ; 202, Burnt Fork, TJintah Mts., (P. & S.) ; 199, Duchesne River, 7250 (P. & S.) ; 898, Fuller’s Ranch, Black’s Fork, Uintah Mts,, 7500 (P. J. L. B.) ; 198, East Lake Fork, Uintah Mts., 8500 (P. & S.) ; 195, White Rock Agency, 7500 (P. & S.). Holcus lanatus L. 209, Farmington, TJt., 4500 (P. B. L. R.) . IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 139 Sphenopholis palustris (Michx.) Scribner. 3707, Ogden Canon, 5000 (P. & B.). Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. 1590, Black’s Fork, 9000, meadows (P. J. B. & L.) ; 891, 1547 , 16S9, Fuller’s Ranch, Black’s Fork, 7800 (P. J. B. L.) ; 81, West Branch Bear River, 9500 (P. & S.) ; 97, East and West Fork, Provo River, 7400 (P. & S.) ; Myer’s Ranch, Evanston, Bear River, 7500 (P. B. Y. P. H. P.) ; 4112, Bear River, 7000 (P. & B.) ; 96, West Branch, Bear River, 8800 (P. & S.) ; 445, Bear Lake (P. B. L. R.) ; 674, Mt. Logan, 8500 (P. B. L. R.) ; 231, Placerville, Colorado (P. B. L. R.). Deschampsia caespitosa L., Beauv. 1587 & 1574, East Middle Black’s Fork, 10000 (P. J. B. L.) 1620 & 1625, La Motte Peak, 13000 (P. J. L. B.) ; 857, open meadows, La Motte Peak, 11500 (P. J. L. B.) ; 858, 854, 853, La Motte Peak, 12000 (P. J. L. B.) ; 851, Fuller’s Ranch (P. J. L. B.) ; 848, 852, Black’s Fork, 9200 (P. J. L. B.) ; 854, West Black’s Fork, 9200 (P.) ; 858, East Black’s Fork, 8500 (P. J. L. B.) ; 116, Duchesne River, 8500 (P. & S.) ; 117, Bear River, 9500 (P. & S.) ; 111, East Provo Canon, 8000 (P. & S.) ; 109, Junction of the East and West Provo, 7400 (P. & S.) ; Bear River (P. B., H. P., Y. P.). Deschampsia caespitosa L. var. alpina. Ashley Creek, 10500 (P. & S.), 146, 147 ; Carter’s Creek, 9200. Deschampsia elongata. (Hook) Munro. 83, Junction East and West Provo, 7400 (P. & S.) ; 85, Wilson’s Peak, 9800 (P. & S.) ; 82, East Provo Canon, 8000 (P. & S.). Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. 446, 686, Bear Lake, Ut., 6500 (P. B. L. R.). Trisetum montanum Yasey. 91, East Fork Weber, 10000 (P. & S.). Trisetum muticum (Bol.) Scrib. 119, 148, Junction East Fork Provo, 7400 (P. & S.) ; 118, East Provo Canon, 9500 (P. & S.) ; 79, Provo Canon, 7000, (P. & S.) ; 4292, Still- water Canon, 10000 (P. & B.). Trisetum subspicatum (L.) Beauv. 4294, Stillwater Canon, 10000 (P. & B.) ; 92, West Branch Bear River, 9000 (P. & S.) ; 90, Brush Creek, 9500 (P. & S.) ; 98, Carter’s 140 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Creek, 9200 (P. & S.) ; 907, Divide Smith’s and Black’s Fork, 10000 (P. J. L. & B.) ; 907, La Motte Peak (P. J. B. L.) ; 905, 906, East Middle Black’s Fork, 10000 (P. J. B. L.) ; 206, Mill Creek, 8200, (P. & S.). Trisetum subspicatum var. 95, Junction East and West Provo River, 7400 (P. & S.). This may be T. imterruptum. Arena mortoniana Scrib. Wilson’s Peak, 12000 (P. & S.). Avena sativa L. Cultivated, Fuller’s Ranch (P.). Dantkonia intermedia Vasey. 1616, La Motte Peak, 11500 (P. J. B. L.) ; 856, between Middle and East Black’s Fork in meadow, 12000 (P. J. B. L.) ; 1617, 1624, Junc- tion East and Middle Black’s Fork (P. J. B. L.) ; 5.34, East Provo Canon, 8000 (P. &.S.). CHLORIDEAE. Spartina gracilis Trin. 1554, Fuller’s Ranch, 8000 (P. J. B. L.) ; alkali flats, 3580, Salt Lake City, Saltair Beach, 4250, alkali flats and meadows, (P. & B.). Beckmannia erucaeformis (L.) Host. 1548, Fuller’s Ranch, Black’s Fork (P. J. B. L.). FESTUCEAE. Phragmites communis Trin. 298, Duchesne River, in swamps, 8500 (P. & S.). Eragrostis major Host. Salt Lake City. Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv. 904, 1599, Fuller’s Ranch, 7500 (P. J. L. B.), in running streams, springs, and seepage soil, irrigation ditches; 1601, Echo (P. J. L. B.) ; 293, Logan Canon, 6000 (P. B. L. & R.). Melica sp. Ogden (P.) ; 443, Bear Lake (P. B. L. R.). IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCE 141 Melica bulbosa Geyer. 615, Bear Lake, 8000, red loamy soil (P. B. L. R.) ; 131, Bear River, Hayden’s Fork, 9500 (P. & S.), Rhodes Canon, 8000 (P. & S.) ; 130 , Junction East and West Provo River, 7400 (P. & S.) ; 128, West Bear River, 9500 (P. & S.) ; 900, between Smith’s Fork and Black’s Fork, 10000 (P. J. B. L.) ; 16, 20, 59, Ogden (P.). Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene. 267, Salt Lake, 4500 (P. B. L. R.) ; 3593, alkali flats, Saltair Beach (P. & B.) ; 288, Duchesne River, 8500, (P. & S.) ; 1596, Fuller’s Ranch, Black’s Fork (P. J. B. L.) ; 3553, Sulphur Springs, Utah, 4400 (P. & B.) ; 35, Lagoon Farmington, Utah, 4500 (P. B. L. & R.) ; 160, Gar- field Beach, salt marsh (P.). Dactylis glomerata L. 317, Logan (P. B. L. R.) ; 258, Farmington (P. B. L. R.). Poa. 8.8, Hayden’s Fork, 9500 (P. & S.). Poa. 289, Carter’s Creek, 9200 (P. & S.). Poa. 924, 925, 932, 933, La Motte Peak, 10000 (P. J. L. B.) • 161, Wilson’s Peak, 1000 (P. & S.). Poa. Peterson Canon, Utah, 8000 (P. & B.). Poa. 1700, La Motte Peak, 12000 (P. J. L. B.). Poa. 1706, Black’s Fork, old river bed, 9500 (P. J. L. B.). Poa. 1712, 1713, Junction East and Middle Black’s Fork, 9500 (P.). Poa. 1711, Echo, Utah, 6000, alkali flats (P. J. B. L.), Poa. 1710, La Motte Peak, between Bear River and Middle Black’s Fork, 11500 (P. J. L. B.) ; 1684, 1632, 1692, 1691, 1714, 1704, 1702, 1701, open places and in meadows (P. J. L. B.). 142 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Poa. 1631 , 1690 , 1693 , 1703 , Fuller’s Ranch, Black’s Fork, 7500 (P. J. L. B.). Poa . 1688, Junction East and Middle Black’s Fork, 9500 (P. J. L. B.). Poa. 1686, near springs (P. J. B. L.). Poa. 1589, Black’s Fork, 9200 (P. J. B. L.). Poa. 926, Echo, 6000, alkali flats, labelled P. pratense (P. J. B. & L.). Poa. 1705, Piedmont & Mud Creek, Wyo. (P. J. L. B.). Poa. 3585, Saltair Beach, saline soil, 4250 (P. & B.) Poa. 536, Dry Creek Basin near Logan, Ut., near spring, 8500 (P. B. L. R.). Poa. 580, Mt. Logan, 9500 (P. B. L. R.) • 573, Mt. Logan (P. B. L. R.). Poa. 511, shore of Bear Lake, 6000, meadows (P. B. L. R.) Poa. 510, Bear Lake (P. B. L. R.). Poa. 3644, Farmington, Utah, 4300 (P. & B.). Poa. 639, Bear Lake, 7000, moist places near springs (P. B. L. R.). Poa. 3855, Peterson Canon (P. & B.). Poa annua L. 928, Mud Creek, Uintah Mountain foot hills, near spring (P. J. B.) ; 46, Ogden, near spring, in moist places (P.). Poa alpina L. 947, 948, 956, 1100; 905, 1300 - 952, 12000 ; 958, 11000; La Motte Peak, in meadows; 1607, 1608, East Middle Black’s Fork, 1000 (P. J. B. L.)- IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 143 Poa arida Yasey. 1531, Fuller’s Ranch, Black’s Fork, 7500 (P. J. B. L.). Poa Buckley ana Nash. 67, Ogden, 7000 (P.) ; 4016, Bear River near Evanston, 7500 (P. B. YP. HP.) ; 888, Junction East and Middle Black’s Fork (B. & L.) ; 959, 1610, Fuller’s Ranch, Black’s Fork (P. J. B. L.). Poa epilis Scrib. 890, La Motte Peak, 1100 (P. J. L. B.) ; 176, East Provo Canon, 10500 (P. & S.). Poa flava L. 4078, Bear River, Myer’s Ranch, low grounds, 7500 (P. B. YP. HP.). Poa laevigata Scrib. Kamas, 6850, meadow (P. & S.) ; 162, Bear River, 9500 (P. & S.) ; 163, salt marsh, G-arfield, Beach, Salt Lake (P.). Poa leptocoma Trin. 169, Moffatt Creek, Uintah Mts., 9500 (P. & S.) ; 170, 171, East Fork Weber, Holiday Park, 9000 (P. & S.) ; 938, 939, East Middle Black’s Fork, 10000 (P. J. L. B.) ; 168, East Provo Canon, 8000. Poa longiligula, Scribner & Will. 3839, Peterson Canon, 8000, open woods (P. B. YP. HP.) ; 89, Junc- tion East and West Fork Provo River, 7400 (P. & S.) ; 45, 59, 68, Ogden. Poa lucida Yasey. 889, La Motte Peak, 11000 (P. J. B. L.) ; 164, West Bear River (P. & S.). Poa nemoralis L. 152, Smith’s Fork, 8000 (P. & S.) ; 15 3, Hayden’s Branch, Bear River, 9500 (P. & S.) ; 154, Junction East and West Fork Provo River, 7400 (P. & S.) ; 941, 944, 945, Black’s Fork, 9200 (P. J. L. B.) ; 943, Fuller’s Ranch, Black’s Fork, 7000, in dry meadows (P. J. B. L.) ; 946, Divide between Smith’s and Black’s Fork (P. J. B. L.) ; 155, Burnt Fork, foot- hills (P. & S.) ; 180, East Fork of the Weber, 9500 (P. & S.) ; 1694, sec- ond beach, pine woods, Black’s Fork, 7000 (P. J. B'. L.). Poa Pammelii Scribner. Snake River, Uintah Co., (Aven Nelson) 6462. 144 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Poa reflexa Yasey and Scribner. , 936, East Middle Black’s Pork, 10000 (P. J. B. L.) ; 935, La Motte Peak, timber line (P. J. B. L.) Poa saxatilis S. & W. - 150, Wilson’s Peak, 98000 (P. & S.). Poa Sheldoni Yasey. 179, Head of Provo, 10000 (P. & S.). j Poa snbaristata orendensis Williams. 940, East Middle Black’s Fork, 10000 (P. J. L. B.). Poa pratensis L. 156, Mill Creek, . Uintah ML foothills, 8200 (P. & S.) ; 157, Rhodes Canon, 8000 (P. & S.) ; 158, Wilson’s Peak, 9800 (P. & S.) ; 159, Bear River, 9500 (P. & S.) ; 160, East Fork of the Weber, 9000 (P. & S.) ; 166, Junction East and West Fork of the Provo, 7400 (P. & S.) ; 937, 1681, Fuller’s Ranch, Black’s Fork, 7000 (P. J. B. L.) ; 927, La Motte Peak, 30500, meadows (P. J. B. L.) ; 922, 934, Black’s Fork, 9500, meadows (P. J. B. L.) ; 931, Salt Lake City, Ft. Douglass, irrigation ditch (P. J. B. & L.) ; 429, Bear River (P. & B.). Poa pratensis var. 165, Junction East and West Fork Provo, 7400 (P. & S.). Poa tenuifolia Buckl. 56, Odgen (P.)=P. Buckleyana Nash. Poa Tracyi Yasey. 167, Rhodes Canon, 8000 (P. & S.) • 83, Ogden (P.). Poa Wheeleri Yasey. 174, East Provo Canon, 8000 (P. & S.) ; 175, Soapstone Creek, 10000 (P. & S.). Poa Wheeleri Yasey ana (Scribner) Will. 172, 173, East Provo Canon, 10000 (P. & S.). Poa Wolfii Scribn. 923, 930, La Motte Peak, 11000 (P. J. B. L.). 'Glyceria nervata (Willd.) Trin. 3634, Farmington Canon, Salt Lake, 4500 (P. & B.) ', 3965, Peterson Canon, 8000 (P. & B.), Black’s Fork (P. J. B. L.). Glyceria i grandis Wats. 910, Fuller’s Ranch, 7500 (P. J. B. L.) — Panicularia Americana . IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 145 Puccinellia airoides (Nutt.) Wats. & Coult. 4026, Myer’s Ranch, Bear River, near Evanston, in alkaline soil, ,7500 (P. & B.) Festuca \ brevifolia R. Brown. 149, Wilson’s Peak, 9800 (P. & S.). Festuca elatior L. var pratensis. 3883, Peterson Canon (P. & B.) ; Bear Lake, meadows (P. B. L. & R.) • 3633, Farmington Canon, 4500 (P. & B.) ; 262, Farmington Canon (P. B. L. R,). Festuca Kiugvi (Sereno Watson) Scribner. Bear River, Hayden’s Fork (P. & S.) ; 44, Ogden, Utah (P.). Festuca octo flora Walt. 1606, Junction East and Middle Black’s Fork, 9500 (P. J. L. B.) 886, 1605, La Motte Peak, 11500 (P. J. B. L.): ; 885, Black’s Fork, 9200 (P. J. L. B.). Festuca ovina L. 4250, Stillwater Canon, Bear River, 9000, in gravel bed of stream (P. & B.). Festuca ovina var. 1602, 1619, East and Middle Black’s Fork, dry places, 10000 (P. J. L. B.) ; 1604, Junction East and Middle Black’s Fork (P. & S.) ' Festuca rubra L . 76, West Bear River, 9500 (P. & S.j ; 84, Hayden’s Fork, Bear River. 9500 (P. & S.). Festuca rubra L. var grandiftora Hack. 86 A, Mill Creek, 8200 (P. & S.). Festuca Thurberi Yasey. 1696, Black’s Fork, 7500 (P. J. L. b!). Bromus 318, 575, Logan Canon, 460 (P. B. L. R.) • 263, East Fork of Weber, 9000 (P. & S.): Bromus 1629, Moss Creek, 8500 (P. J. B.) ; 3732', Ogden Canon, 5000 (P. & B.). xO \Z%\Z ; {A .J .1, 5i: gUbsM MoubH! 10 146 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Bromus arvensis L. 34, Farmington Canon, 4500 roadsides (P. B. L. R.). Bromus brizaeformis Fisch & Mey. 3738, Ogden, 4900, a common weed (P. & B.). Bromus marginatus Nees. 275, East Provo Canon, 8500 (P. & S.). Bromus pallidus (Hook.) Shear. 267, 277, Duchesne River, 8500 (P. & S.) ; 273, East Lake Fork, 850G1 (P. & S.). Bromus polyanthus Scrib. 264 , East Provo Canon, 8000 (P. & S.) ; 266, West Bear River (P. & S.), 9500; 268, Moffatt Creek, 9500 (P. & S.) ; 4253, Stillwater Canon (B.) ; 266 A, in meadows, West Bear River, 9500 (P. & S.) ; 274, Kamas, 6850 (P. & S.) ; 968, Middle Muddy Creek (P.) ; 574, Mt. Logan (P. B. L. & R.) ; 512, Bear Lake, 6000 (P. B. L. & R.). Bromus Port eri (Coulter) Nash. 4002, Peterson, Weber River, 6500, river bottom (P. & B.) ; 271, West Duchesne, 7200 (P. & S.) ; 270, Rhodes Canon, 8000 (P. & S.) ; 265, Junc- tion East and West Provo River, 7400 (P. & S.). Bromus Bichardsoni Link. 964, Black’s Fork, 9500 (P. J. B. L.) ) 267, Wilson’s Peak (P. & S.) ; 960, 961, Black’s Fork, 9500 (P. J. L. B.) ; 967, 576, La Motte Peak, 10500, in meadows (P. J. B. L.) ; 962, Fuller ’s Ranch, 8000 (P. J. B. L.). Bromus secalinus L. 3635, Farmington Canon, 4500 (P. & B.). Bromus tectorum L, 3636, Farmington Canon, 4300, in grain fields (P. & B.) ; 4245, Logan Canon, 4700 (P. B. L. & R.) ; abundant; 7215, Evanston (Aven Nelson). HORDEAE. Agropyron 263, Taylor Mt. (P. & S.) ; 261, West Branch Bear River (P. & S.) ; 243, Burnt Fork (P. & S.) ; Junction East and West Fork of Provo River (P. & S.) ; 263, East Duchesne River (P. & S.) ; 276, East Provo Canon (P. & S.) ; 1636, Junction East and Middle Black’s Fork, 9500 (P. J. L. B.) ; 3728, Ogden (P. & B.) ; 1698, 1682, 1552, 1558, Fuller’s Ranch, Black’s Fork; 911, 1685, 1639 , Echo (P. J. B. L.), IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 147 Agropyron caninum (L.) Beauv. 3533, Emigrant Canon, Salt. Lake (P. & B.). Agropyron dasy tacky um (Hook.) Scrib. Peterson Canon (P. & B.) ; 253 , Taylor Mountain (P. & S.) ; Black’s Fork (P. J. B. L.) ; 904, Junction East and West Black’s Fork (P. J. L. B.) ; 3989, 4004, Peterson Canon, dry soil (P. & B.) ; 1580, Evanston (P.), Evanston (Aven Nelson) ; 1574, Echo (P. J. B. L.) ; 1583, Fuller’s Ranch, Black’s Fork (P. J. L. B.) ; 106, 115, Salt Lake City, City Creek, 4700 (P. B. L. R.) ; 256, West Bear River, 9500 (P. & S.) ; 259 , East Provo Canon (P. & S.) ; 257, Junction East and West Provo (P. & S.). Agropyron lanceolatum. 229, West Bear River, 9500 (P. & S.). Agropyron pseudorepens, Scrib'. & Smith. 1633, East Middle Black’s Fork, 10000 (P. J. L. B.) ; 1634, Evanston, Wyo., Bear River, 7000 (P.) ; 969, 1635, Junction East and West Black’s Fork, 10000 (P. J. L. B.) ; 1553, Black’s Fork, 8000 (P. J. L. B.) ; 255, Bear River, 9500 (P. & S.) ; 226, Sumner, Utah, 7468 (P. & S.) ; 249, Junction East and West Fork Provo River, 7400 (P. & S.) ; 250, West Black’s Fork, 8500 (P. & S.) ; 87, Bear River, Hayden’s Fork (P. & S.) ; 1539, Echo (P. J. B. L.) ; 4022, Bear River (P. & B.) ; 4293, Stillwater Canon (P. & B.). Agropyron Smitkii Rydb. Piedmont, Wyo., (P.) ; Echo (P. J. B. & L.) ; 1683, Salt Lake City, Saltair Beach (P. J. B. L.) ; 72, Placerville, Col.; 7330 (P. B. L. R.) ; 251, White Rock Agency (P. & S.) ; Burnt Fork (P. & S.) ; 248, Vernal (P. & S.) ; Echo (P. J. B. L.) ; 1680, Junction and East and Middle Black’s Fork (P. J. L. B.). Agropyron spicatum (Pursh.) Rydb. 232, Kamas (P. & S.). Agropyron Rickardsonii Schrad. 231, Kamas, 6850 (P. & S.) ; 244, Burnt Fork, Wyo., (P. & S.) ; 241, 242, Duchesne River, 8500 (P. & S.) ; 258, East Provo Canon, 8000 (P. & S.) ; 260, East Lake Fork, 8500 (P. & S.) ; 254, West Bear River (P. & S.), 9500. Agropyron riparium S. & S. 237, Kamas, 6850 (P. & S.). 148 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Agropyron tenerum Vasey. Black’s Fork, 800 (P. J. B. L.) ; 246 , 247, 252, Burnt Fork (P. & S.) ; 227, Salt Lake City (P. & S.) ; 240, Duchesne River, 8500 (P. & S.) ; 238, West Duchesne River, 7200 (P. & S.) ; 228, White Rock Agency;. 1581, Black’s Fork, 10000 (P. J. B. L.) ; 1582, Echo (P. J. B. L.) ; 1578, Black’s Fork, 9200 (P. J. B. L.) ; 4279, Myer’s Ranch, Evanston (P. & B.). Agropyron violaceum (Hornem.) Lange. 234, Soapstone Creek, 9500 (P. & S.) ; 970, 1595, Black’s Fork, 9200* (P. J. B. L.) ; 1592, East Middle Black’s Fork (P. J. B. L.) ; 239, East Lake Fork, 8500 (P. & S.) ; 236, West Duchesne, 7200 (P. & S.). Hordeum aegiceras Royl e=(H. trifur catum) . Cultivated San Miguel Mountains, Col., 8000. Hordeum caespitosum Scribner. Long slender spikes, awns shorter than H. jubatum. This species is abundant in the region, also abundant in Wyoming, east of range to Evanston. Ogden. 203, 204, Salt Lake, in alkaline seepage soils. Hordeum jubatum L. This grass is abundant in the region west of the Rockies, frequently associated with the preceding. 1559, Echo (P. J. B. L.) ; 4068, Bear River, 7000 (P. & B.) ; 3552, Sulphur Springs, Salt Lake (P. & B.). Hordeum murinum L. A common weed in Utah. Especially foothills. 3554, Salt Lake City (P. & B.) ; 24, Ogden. Hordeum nodosum L. This grass is abundant in mountain meadows. 4019, Bear River, 7000 (P. & B.) ; 902, East Black’s Fork, abundant in meadows with willows and blue grass 10000 (P. J. B. L.) ; 1557, Ridge between Smith’s and Black’s Fork, 10000 (P. J. B. L.) ; 1558, Fuller’s Ranch, Black’s Fork (P. J. B. L.). Secale cereale L. 514, Garden City, Bear Lake, Utah, 6000 (P. B. R. L.). Triticum vulgare L. 1564, Saltair Beach, Salt Lake City, Utah (P. J. B. L.). IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 149 Elymus canadensis L. 124, Duchesne River, 8500 (P. & S.) ; Ogden (S. M. Tracy) ; 3739, Ogden Canon, along ditches (P. & B.). Elymus condensatus Presl. West Duchesne, 7200 (P. & S.) ; 120, Burnt Fork, Wyo., (P. & S.) ; 122, Helper, 9500 (P. & S.) ; 239, Logan Canon, 5000 (P. B. L. R.) ; 207, Salt Lake, Utah, (P.) ; 1596, Echo (P. J. B. L.) ; 105, Peterson, Weber River, Utah (P. B. VP. HP.) ; 6500, Wasatch (P.) ; 312 Wasatch, 6824 (P.) ; 211 Weber Canon (P.). Elymus glaucus Buckl. 1127, Junction East and West Fork of Provo River, 7400 (P. & S.) ; 126, East Provo Canon, 8000 (P. & S.). Elymus robustus, Scrib. & Smith. 3631, Farmington (P. & B.). Elymus simplex , Scrib. 237, Duchesne River (P. & S.). Elymus triticoides Buckl. 860, Echo, 6000 (P. J. B. L.) ; 4007, Peterson Canon, Weber River, 8000 (P. & B.). Sit anion brevifolium J. G. S. 1612, Junction East and Middle Black’s Fork, 9500 (P. L. B.) ; 161, Black’s Fork (P. J. B. L.) ; 1614, Muddy Creek, Uintah Mts. (P. J. B.) ; 1613, Ridge Black and Smith Forks (P. J. B. L.) ; 189, Lake Fork, dry soil, 8500 (P. & S.). - ■> k f k THE DICLINOUS FLOWERS OF IV A GANTHIIFOLIA , NUTT. BY CLIFFORD H. FARR. Relatively few of the Compositae have been studied throughout their whole life history. Most investigations have dealt with the varied expressions of a single structure, such as vascular anatomy, style, etc., in various genera of this family. However valuable such research it cannot replace the more intensive study of a single species. Only by this latter method can 'the different morphological structures be satis- factorily interpreted and relationships established. Probably no group of Angiosperms displays a wider range of dicliny. In some species all the flowers are perfect ; in a few there are pistillate and staminate individuals; while the remaining forms display almost all possible intermediate conditions. Uexkull-Gyllenband j(14) and others have called attention to the fact that several forms: of dicliny may occur within a single species. This study was undertaken in the hope of throwing some light upon the organography of the capitulum of the Compositae. Iva xanthiifolia , Nutt was selected since it possesses both pistillate and staminate flowers in the same head. The former are always marginal and the latter are always central thus displaying a; very stable condition with respect to the differentiation of sex. The material was collected during the summer of 1911 in the vicinity of the Macbride Lakeside Laboratory on West Okoboji Lake in Iowa, The writer is indebted to Professor R. B. Wylie for many helpful sug- gestions and for his kindness. in directing the work. INFLORESCENCE. The flowers of Iva xanthiifolia, Nutt, are arranged in the capitulum in concentric cycles of five flowers each (fig. 1),- the members of suc- cessive whorls alternating. The outer cycle consists of five pistillate flowers, each in the axil of a large involucral bract. The staminate flowers, numbering 11 to 23 in each head, make up the! remaining whorls. Developmeht is in acropelal succession, often leaving the youngest inner 152 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE cycle incomplete. Britton (1) places the number of staminate flowers at 10 to 15, .which is too low for the material examined in this study. Danforth (3) and others have shown that certain of the Compositae have their flowers arranged in spirals. It is possible that in Iva the cyclic arrangement '-of lowers may have beeu derived from the spiral. The cyclic arrangement of the parts of the angiosperm flower has long been considered as derived from an ancestral spiral arrangement through the shortening of the floral axis. It appears that in the Compositae a similar transition has occurred with respect to the arrangements of flowers in the head, the cyclic being derived from the spiral through the shortening of the spike to form the capitulum. A floral bract subtends each dower in the head, . except the oute^ whorl of staminate dowers. The slender bracts of all other central dowers are short and stand erect in the interstices between the dowers., The bracts of the marginal pistillate dowsers, on the contrary,; are very, large, taper to a point and conform to the inner surface of the subtending involucral bracts, Britton ,(1) suggests that these constitute an inner whorl of involucral bracts- This study shows that they are intimately associated with the pistillate dowers (figs. 7, 8, 9, and 10) during their development and are morphologically similar to the floral bracts of the staminate dowers. Furthermore, if Warming’s (15) theory of the spicate origin of the capitulum is accepted, it would seem that these structures, subtending the pistillate dowers, should be considered doral bracts. The abortion of the doral bracts of the outer whorl of staminate dowers is probably due to their peculiar position. It is. evident that the excessive lateral development of both the involucral bracts and the bracts of the pistillate dowers would result in crowding and excessive protec- tion in this region. Knupp (7) believes that the development of the sepals of Myriophyllum was arrested through excessive protection. Warming (15) attributes the formation of pappus from the typical calyx to the pressure and crowding of dowers in the head. It is possible that these factors may have resulted in Iva in the complete abortion of the bracts of the outer whorl of staminate dowers. A study of the vascular anatomy of the head shows that the marginal dowers are most closely connected with the bundles of the stem. Each of the dve strands entering the head proceeds directly to an involucral bract. The pistillate dower is supplied by a branch from this bundle. Normally the dowers of each succeeding cycle receive their vascular supply through branches from the bundles of the next outer cycle. Whatever the determining factors in the arrangement of this system, V IOWA .ACADEMY -OF SCIENCE 153 the significant fact in the present consideration is that the more nearly central the flower, the farther it is., removed from the main vascular supply. THE ST AMIN ATE FLtOWER. , t The four microsporangia of each stamens are about equal in size’ at an. early stage, but later the outer become somewhat larger. This may be a mechanical adaptation, since the space available for growth is restricted by the tubular coralla. The Stamens enlarge until they touch and the .walls ■ of ad j acent stamens unite > by thie ' fusion of contiguous eutinized layers (tig. 0); It 1 is possible by considerable pressure to separate the anthers of Iva. However the fused layers were in no case found to separate, although the cutinized layers sometimes broke loose from the epidermis. Tschircli ( 12 ) s holds that j the anthers of the Oom- positae . remain - permanently grown together, ‘Mauernd verwacksen bleibt,” sinee he was unable to separate them either mechanically or: by treatment with, chemical reagents. Britton (1) has taken the Ambrosia tribe out of the . Compositae on. the ground that their anthers are ‘‘not truly , syngenesious. ? ’ ,It . seems that typical iG'Ohipositae are not alike in tips respect, as Is. shown by BtadleWs (12) study of Gnicus in which the walls of adjacent inner microsporangia never fuse. It therefore seems probable that Gray; (6) is fully warranted in including Iva among the Compositae. .smut irfiioq cfil ’> The first su gestion : of dehiscence is found in the breaking of the walls between the inner and outer microspOrangia;. Schneider (11) has sug- gested that’ this -may be due to a growth of the pollen. In Iva the pollen grains do enlarge just before m a tur ity an d th is pr ob ably cbntr ibut es ' to the rupturing of the walls. The lateral pollen sacs of adjacent stamens break together, through the dissolution of the' central * portion of the lateral wall, of each stamen. In this way five1 large pollen> chambers are formed, in the fiower^' each; enveloped by an intact wall and : containing the p ollen grains of folih microsporangia,— -the lateral pair of each of the tWo contigtions stamens (fig. 5). Five very small structures, haying t lie appearance of nectaries^ stand about. the base of the pistil and alternate with the filaments (fig. 4). Martin (8) interprets similar structures in Aster and Solidago as “im- perfectly formed stamens.” Goebel (o) has presented evidence that certain nectaries arise by the transformation of various morphological structures. Merrell (8) suggests that, “It is much more reasonable to regard thie* meetary as ah organ of independent Otigin.” Of course1 it 154 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE is quite possible that nectaries may arise in either way, but unless: evi- dence to the contrary is shown, it seems better to consider them derived structures. These small structures in Iva may therefore be considered vestiges of an inner whorl of stamens. The development of the pistil of the staminate flower is very different from that of the fertile flower. No ovarian cavity is formed, but quite early a notch appears in the center of the upper surface of the papilla (fig. 3). This notch is later obliterated by the growth of large hairs which form a broad capitate disc at: the apex of the mature style. Al- though Chamberlain (2) contends that this style “is undivided,” it is seen to be somewhat cleft during its development, an indication or derivation from the typical bifid form. The abortive pistil doubtless aids in the dehiscence of the anthers. As the style elongates it pushes against the hook-like tips (“Anhang- seln” 4) of the stamens, which arch over its capitate disc, and in this way probably tears open the pollen chambers. The capitate structure seems to serve a further purp'ose during pollination in preventing the microspores from being shed en masse. Wernham (16) believes that in the Compositae the style “forces its way through the anther tube, sweep- ing the pollen before it. ? ’ That this is not the case in Iva is shown by the position of the style prior to dehiscence (fig. 4), the brush hairs being above most: of the pollen mass. That this structure in the center of the staminate flowers of Iva xa,ntliiifoJia} Nutt, is a rudimentary pistil can scarcely be doubted. The position, the tardy appearance, the notch, the brush hairs and the stylar thrust all point to this interpretation. THE PISTILLATE FLOWER. The development of the pistillate flower presents only a few pecul- iarities. The coralla is abortive, never becoming lobed, and does not normally develop to more than one-fifth the length of the mature style (fig. 10). In contrast with Silphium (9) the abortive stamens of the pistillate flower of Iva appear after the carpels. Furthermore these rudimentary stamens are not distinct but form a continuous collar-like structure about the base of the style. That this collar is the vestige of a whorl of stamens is further indicated by an abnormal flower which was found in the material examined. ABNORMAL FLOWERS. In one of these abnormal pistillate flowers the only irregularity con- sisted in the lengthening of the abortive coralla, which was better dev el- IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 155 oped on the inner than on the outer side. In another marginal flower (fig. 11) the parts on the outer side were developed like those of the normal pistillate flower. On the inner side, however, they took the form of the staminate flower, the eoralla and stamens being fully formed. This modification even extended to the style which bore brush hairs on the inner (staminate) side. On the lateral side of the flower there was a gradual transition between the two conditions (fig. 12), two stamens aborting at the mother-cell stage. On the other lateral side an abrupt change from the pistillate to the staminate form occurred. At this point there was present an opening in the ovarian wall between the eoralla and the base of the style. The abnormal flowers suggest that the normal pistillate flower possesses both abortive stamens and an abortive eoralla, and that the staminate flower possesses an abortive pistil, which indicates the derivation of both forms from the perfect flower. DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY. The study of floral development in Iva xanthiifolia, Nutt, reveals strong evidence that the capitulum is, as Warning (15) held, phylogeneti- cally a contracted spike. The meristematic region in the center of the head is suggestive of apical growth. The existence of floral bracts within the head points to the previous arrangement of flowers in the axils of subtending leaves. And the vascular system, in so far as it is dependent upon recapitulation for its form, is likewise indicative of axial organization. Considerable difference of opinion has arisen as to whether the ances- tral form of the Compositae possessed perfect or diclinous flowers. Lecoq, Deipino, Dammers and Muller contended that hermaphrodite flowers were derived from the unisexual forms. Spruce, Bentham, Dar- win, Hildebrand, Warming and Uexkull-Gyllenband held that perfect flowers represent the primitive condition and that monosporangiate flowers have arisen by the abortion of stamens or pistils. In Iva the abortive pistil which still functions in opening the anthers, indicates the derivation of the staminate flower from the hermaphrodite. In like manner the abortive stamens, which occasionally develop into pollen- bearing members, suggest a similar origin for the pistillate flower. So that the evidence presented in this study favors the view that the unisexual condition is derived. Assuming, then, that the pistillate and staminate flowers have arisen from the perfect, one seeks an explanation of this differentiation. The conditions surrounding the staminate flowers are in several ways unlike those of the pistillate. The opening of the involucral bracts exposes the 156 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE central flowers first and the marginal last. Furthermore, while the involueral bracts are open they shield the marginal flowers almost com- pletely from the direct rays of the sun and from drying currents of air (fig. 2). At the same time the central flowers are subjected to the drying effect of both wind and sun. The marginal flowers are, in addition, protected by their large floral bracts, while with the central flowers these structures are either wanting or else rudimentary. The convexity of the receptacle results in the elevation of the central flowers and hence increases their exposure. The central flowers, moreover, appear last and therefore have a shorter time in which to develop before the buds opens. Nissen (10) found that the vascular bundles which enter the staminate flowers of the Compositae are composed of smaller elements than those entering the pistillate. The water supply of the central flowers is further reduced in Iva by their being farther removed1 from the main vascular supply. In fact, the whole organization of the head is such that the marginal flowers receive a maximum of protection, while the central flowers are subjected to a maximum of exposure. May not the difference in the surroundings of these two kinds of flowers have given rise to the difference in structure? It is apparent that the androecium of a flower is better adapted, both in structure and function to endure dessication than is the gynoecium. The stamens are relatively short lived and both dehiscence and pollima'r tion are facilitated by dryness. With the shedding of pollen the work of the stamen is completed, while the development of the pistil has only fairly begun. The pistil, at maturity, must expose a delicate stigma, and, after fertilization, the growing embryo must be nourished and the seed developed. So that it seems quite probable that the exposure of the central flowers may have resulted in the abortion of their pistils. The abortion of the stamens in the marginal flowers, is, however, doubtless due to other causes. In an epigynous flower the stamens are necessarily elevated. In the flowers under. consideration such a position would bring them into contact with the enlarged ends of the eorallas of adjacent staminate flowers on the one hand, and with the apices of con- vex floral and involueral bracts on the other.. It therefore seems that this crowding of the stamens may have prevented their growth. While decliny has probably become hereditary, the original cause for such differentiation seems to lie in the difference in the conditions sur- rounding the two kinds of flowers. The existence of a capitulum of this kind necessitates the greater exposure of : some flowers and the marked protection of others. Whether this interpretation will hold for other species can only be told after careful investigation of their heads. But IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 157 it now seems that dessication will adequately explain the origin of the staminate flower and excessive protection the origin of the pistillate. LITERATURE CITED. 1. Britton, N. L. Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and Canada, 1907. 2. Chamberlain, Charles J. Comparative Study of the Styles of the Com- positae Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, XVIII: 174. 1891. 3. Danforth, C. H. Notes on Numerical Variation in the Daisy. Bot. Gaz. XLVI: 349-356, 1908. 4. Engler & Prantl. Natiirliche Pflanzenfamilien. Teil IV. Abteilung V. S. 110, 1897. 5. Goebel, K. Organagraphy of Plants. Vol. II. 1905. 6. Gray’s New Manual of Botany. 7th edition. 7. Knupp, N. D. The Flowers of Myriophyllum spicatum L . Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., XVIII: 61-73, 1911. 8. Martin, G. W. The Development of the Flowers and Embroyo-sac of Aster and SoUdago. Bot. Gaz. XVII: 353-358; 406-411, 1892. 9. Merrell, W. D. A Contribution to the Life History of Silphium. Bot. Gaz. XXIX: 99-133, 1900. 10. Nissen, J. Untersuchungen uber den Blutenboden der Compositen. Diss. Kiel. 1907. 52 pp. 11. Schneider, J. M. Uber das Often des Nahtgewebes des Antheren. Ber. d. d. Bot. Gesell. XXIX 406-416, 1911. 12. Stadler, P. H. Die Morphologie und Anatomie van Cnicus t>enedictus L. Diss. Strassburg, 1908. 71 pp. 13. Tschirch, A. Sind die Antheren der Compositen verwacksen Oder verklebt? Flora 93: 51-55, 1903. 14. Uexkull-Gyllenband, Margarethe. Phylogenie der Bluthenformen und der Geschlechterverteilung bei den Compositen. Bibliotheca botanica. Hept LII. 80 pp., 1901. 15. Warming. Die Blumen der Compositen. Hanstein’s Bot. Abhandlungen III Hept 2., 1876. 16. Wernham, H. F. Floral Evolution: With Particular Reference to the Sympetalous Dicotyledons. VII inferae. Part II Campanulatae, New Phytologist XI. No. 8, p. 290, 1912. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. All drawings were made with Spencer camera lucida, except figures 1, 2, 5 and 12. The plates are reduced one-half in reproduction. Fig- ures 3, 4, 7, 8, 9 and 10 were made with Spencer 16 mm. objective and 4 ocular. Figure 6 was made with Bausch and Lomb 1/12 immersion objective and 4 ocular. The original magnifications in diameters were 158 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE approximately as follows : figure 1, 35 • figure 2, 105 ; figures 3, .4, 7, 8,. 9, 10, 11 and 12, 210. The abbreviations employed in describing figures are as follows : i, involucral bract; f, floral bract; p, pistillate flower; s, staminate flower; c, coralla; 1, carpels; y, style; m, stamens-; r, abortive stamens; e, epi- Diagram of capitulum. Longitudinal section of one-half of capitulum. Young staminate flower in longitudinal section. Nearly mature staminate flower in longitudinal section. Floral diagram of staminate flower at maturity. Fused walls of two adjacent stamens in cross section. Young pistillate flower showing appearance of corolla. Young pistillate flower showing appearance of carpels. Immature pistillate flower showing beginnings of rudimen- tary stamens. Nearly mature pistillate flower in longitudinal section. Abnormal flower in longitudinal section. Floral diagram of abnormal flower. dermis. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Since this actions and Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh for 1913, a paper by Dr. K. von Goebel on “The Inflorescences of the Ambrosiaeeae.” In this no men- tion is made of Iva, but there is reference to an article on the same subject by S. Rostowzew in Bibliotheca botanica Heft 20. The latter paper is primarily a study of the systematic position of the members of this group, and presents certain of the facts noted above. The author attempts however no interpretation of the rudiments*, etc., nor does he discuss the origin of the inflorescence of this form. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 160 w$m academy of science PIIYLOGENY OF THE ARAOEAE. By James Ellts Gow. The study of the Morphology of the Aroids has been almost completely neglected by botanists. This is unfortunate, since the group is, in a sense, pivotal. Its anatomical characteristics indicate a relationship with the Naiadaceae and their allies; together with, a more distant con- nection, on the one hand with the Screw-pines and Palms, and on the other with the grasses. Points of relationship to the Liliaceae are not lacking, and there are some indications of affinity with the more primitive members of the Dicotyledons. At the same time, the group is by no means a doubtful assemblage, but has a distinctive character of its own. In view of these facts, its Morphology and Phylogeny should prove most interesting, and. should throw some light on the more general prob- lems of descent and relationship. In the past but little work has been done along this line. In 1892 Mottier published an account of the embryo-sac in Arisaema triphyllum. Duggar, in 1900, described the development of the pollen grain in Symplocarpus and Peltandra. Between 1900 and 1905 Campbell pub- lished a series of articles on the Morphology of Lysichiton kamschat cense, An thurium violaceum , Nephihytis lib erica, Dwffenbachia seguine, and Aglaonema commutatum. Practically no other work has been done along this line up to the time when the present investigation was under- taken. The few scattering references to Aroids contained in occasional papers on closely related subjects embrace nothing of value in the pres- ent discussion. In 1906 the writer undertook the investigation of the embryo-sac of *a number of species of Aroids, with the intent of ascertaining whether s the members of this family follow the typical eight-celled plan of embryo- sac formation, or vary from it. As the investigation proceeded its scope broadened. It was found possible, in the case of many species, to secure good sections showing phases of megaspore and microspore de- velopment, and in all such cases, this was included in the scope of the investigation. The development of the endosperm and embryo in a number of species was also studied somewhat in detail, and some definite 11 162 IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCE conclusions reached; and a few cases of abnormal development sug- gested new morphological interpretations. In all, eighteen members of the family Araceae have been studied in the laboratory. In some cases the history has been worked out with substantial completeness. In others, it was impossible to obtain material in all stages of development, and a study has been made of certain isolated phases in the life history of the plant. In all cases the results are of soma morphologicaj significance. Aside from the difficulty of obtaining material in all stages of development, serious difficulties were encountered in handling the plants in the laboratory. Most members of this family contain a more or less tenacious gum or mucilage. These substances vary in the different species. Some of the gums are soluble in water (as in the case of Arisaema and Eichardia), some are insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol (as in Philodendron Wendlandii) and some are quite insoluble in either liquid. In most cases thei gum- ab- sorbs water readily and when placed in an aqueous fixing medium swells into a thin tenaceous jelly, distorting the tissues and ruining the prepara- tion. Acorns calamus proved especially troublesome in this respect. A saturated solution of corrosive sublimate in absolute alcohol dissolved the gum in most species, but is a poor fixing agent on account of the distortion of the tissues. Acorns proved refractory even to this reagent, and the results, in the case of that species, were poor. The mucilage of Hornalomena argentea dissolves in one per cent acetic acid, but better yet in acetic alcohol. Other species show varying reactions indicating in- dividual differences in the nature of the mucilaginous substance. In spite of these and other difficulties, good results, of definite significance, have been obtained and, in part, published in the Botanical Gazette for the years 1907, 1908, and 1913. While engaged in the morphological work above described, the -writer became interested in the Phylogeny of the primitive Monocotyledons — in- cluding, of course, the Araceae — and for his own satisfaction began attempting to work out a rational genetic classification, based in part upon our existing knowledge of the Anatomy of the Arales and his own study of Aroid Morphology. The latter thus was built into, and became a part of, a larger and more extensive scheme. Although in the pres- ent state of Botanical knowledge we cannot speak with dogmatic as- surance regarding the descent and affinities of this or any other family; nevertheless the evidence of Anatomy and Morphology is now sufficiently complete that some more or less definite conclusions can be drawn there- from. The writer has been led to question some existing theories re- garding the affinities of the Monocotyledons, and will here present some IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 163 / conclusions of his own as the Phytogeny of the group, together with the evidence on which the conclusions rest. 1. Spiral character of the Aroids: It is the commonly accepted theory that the spiral arrangement is older than the cyclic. This seems reasonable, since the cycles of floral parts may be conceived of as a reduced spiral, and the position of the organs in such cases bears out this interpretation. The fact that the outer organs, may become cyclic while the inner remain spiral also fits in with the theory, and when in addition to this. one reflects that in the Dicotyledons spirality appears only in the Archiclamydeae, while the younger and more highly special- ized Sympetalae shows no sign of it, the weight of evidence seems quite conclusive. The theory is well expressed by Coulter & Chamberlain as follows : Among the most primitive flowers the floral axis tends to elongate, and the members appear in indefinite numbers along a low spiral. In more highly developed flowers the growth of the axis in length is checked at a very early period, so that the spiral along which the members successively appear be- comes lower and lower, until it has only a theoretical existence, passing into successive cycles, which eventually become limited in number. With the ap- pearance of definite cycles, the number of members appearing in each one be- comes limited, the limit in Monocotyledons being prevailingly three, and in Dicotyledons five or four. It is to be noted that the cyclic arrangement is not attained simultaneously by all parts of the flower. For example, in many species of Ranunculus the sepals and petals are cyclic, or approximately so, while the stamens and carpels are distinctly spiral. This tendency is so well marked that Engler has used it as a basis for dividing Monocotyledons into two great series, the “spiral series” comprising all those families that show the spiral tendency in any of the floral sets, and the “cyclic series” comprising all those whose flowers are completely cyclic, the former series including all the more primitive families. There is no reason why this same distinction cannot be applied also in a general way in the Archichlamydeae. This gradual transition of flowers from the spiral to the cyclic condition is one of the best marked tendencies in their evolution, and has the advantage of being represented by innumerable intermediate stages. All of those families which are now recognized as being of the highest rank have completely cyclic flowers, with members appearing in definite and low numbers, notably illustrated by the whole group Sympetalae. — (Morphology of Angiosperms, p. 11.) It should be borne in mind that these words refer in no way to the arrangement of the blossoms on the stalk, but simply and solely to the arrangement of the sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels, in the individual blossom. So far as the arrangement of floral parts is concerned, the course of evolution appears to have been in the direction of progressive reduction of the axis, resulting in a shorter and shorter spiral, and cul- minating in a completely cyclic condition. 164 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE When wie come tio consider the arrangement of the flowers on the stalk, we find a corresponding tendency. The blossoms are at first scattered spirally over an extremely elongated axis. (Many of the Sympetalae have chosen to preserve this arrangement, but show a com- pensating] y high development of the corolla, thus adapting themselves to entomophily by modification of the individual flower, rather than by grouping of the flowers.) The shortening of the axis may result (a) in a corresponding broadening and flattening, as in the Composites. In this case, the spiral origin is usually evident in the arrangement of the blossoms on the flattened axis, but a sufficient reduction of the number of blossoms would lead to a perfectly cyclic arrangement; and often the outer ray flowers are cyclically arranged. ( b ) The axis may be greatly shortened without being broadened or flattened, the individual peduncles being reduced but not eliminated, and the leaves in whose axes they stand may persist as subtending bracts. This gives rise to ail the varying sorts of heads, spikes, and catkins, (c) The flower stalks and. subtending bracts may be completely eliminated, and the flowers may become densely crowded on a greatly shortened axis — the spadix. This results in the closest possible grouping of blossoms;, the only thing comparable to it in this respect being found in the Corn- posit ae. A single bract — the basal one— persists, and often becomes petaloid. (d) Whorl ed leaves, in whose axes blossoms may be borne, and floral whorls (ex: umbels) must be regarded as examples of extreme reduction of the axis, and are of course cyclic. The general tendency, therefore, in the grouping of flowers, seems to be (1) to pass from a loose to a dense spiral, and ( 2) from the spiral to the cyclic habit, or to something approaching it. But it is to be noted that;, whereas the organs making up the flowrer have attained in most cases a perfectly cyclic arrangement, the arrangement of blossoms on the stalk is usually com- pletely or partially spiral, and seldom shows more than a faint approach to cyclicism. Apparently therefore the tendency to axis reduction and cyclicism as applied to the position of individual flowers on the stalk must be very recent as compared with the same tendency in the arrange- ment of the parts of the flower. Presumably, at some point in the ancestry of the present Sperma- tophytes, the individual sporophylls vdiich now compose the flower were spirally arranged along an elongated axis. The very evident advantages to be obtained by closer grouping sufficiently explain the progressive reduction of the axis. The closer grouping would make possible a reduction in number, and when the floral whorls consist each of a limited number of members standing in the same plane, the climax of IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCE 165 cyclicism has been attained. (This applies of course to floral leaves as to sporophylls. Their relation will be discussed later.) If this theory be correct, the change from the spiral to the cyclic habit in the arrangement of floral parts must have occurred at a very early period, for in the Mesozoic Benneititales we find the spirally ar- ranged carpels surrounded by cyclically arranged stamens. Neverthe- less most plants that can be recognized as primitive show the spiral rather than tiie cyclic arrangement,. Spirality among Angiosperms must be regarded as a more or less vestigial characteristic, and the genera exhibiting it must be regarded as representatives of the more primitive phyla. No such characteristics are known in the 'family Araceae. Incomplete flowers consisting of a single carpel, or a pair of stamens, are common, and it is of course impossible to definitely classify such imperfect representatives of floral structure1, but when a complete flower occurs it is invariably cyclic. Therefore, all other things being equal, the Araceae are to be regarded as less primitive than are those families whose flowers show distinctly spiral arrangement of parts. An acquaintance with the Aroid structure makes it evident (1) that the process of axis reduction, and reduction of floral parts has here reached its climax, in the formation of a perfectly cyclic flower and (2) that the process of stalk reduction and crowding of blossoms has been carried to its climax, without corresponding reduction in number, so that the group of flowers remains completely spiral, no trace of an approach to cyclicism being discernible. The Araceae are not therefore as primitive a group as might at first appear. While they are perhaps one of the more primitive groups of the Monocotyledonous alliance, they are by no means the most primitive, and they certainly are far less primitive than are those Dicotyledons the parts of whose blossoms are spirally arranged, if floral structure is to be taken as any criterion.* *A sharp distinction should be drawn between spirality of parts of the flower, and spirality of flowers on the stalk. The spirality of the Aroids is not to be compared, for instance, with that of the Ranunculacecie . In the latter case the sporophylls are spirally arranged in the blossom, while in the former the cyclic blossoms are spirally arranged on the stalk. The difference is indicated by the fact that the stamens are above in the Aroids and below in the Ranunculaceae. In the flower, the staminate sporophylls occur below the pistillate, but on the axis of a monoecious plant the staminate flowers usually occur above the pistillate. (Doubtless this is a vestige of primitive anemophily. ) The writer must protest against such confusion as appears in the following state- ments : According to Engler, the general tendency among Monocotyledons is to advance from naked flowers with parts spirally arranged and indefinite in number to penta- cyclic trimerous flowers. * * * Engler has subdivided the monocotyledous into ten great alliances. The first six constitute the more primitive Spiral series, * * * the spiral arrangement and indefinite numbers occurring in one or more sets. — Coulter and Chamberlin. Morphology of Angosperms, p. 228. Among the first six orders of Engler occur the Arales, but surely nobody can pretend that this order has “naked flowers with parts spirally arranged.” The spi- rality lies entirely in the arrangement of the flowers on the spadix, and not at all in the arrangement of the parts of the flower. If we are to group families with reference to spirality, we should have two groups, one based on spirality of floral parts, the other on spirality of flowers on stalk. 166 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 2. Place of tlie Araceae in the natural system : In their ‘ ‘ Morphology of the Angiosperms” Coulter and Chamberlain suggest a scheme of relationship for the various orders of Monocotyledons, which, when ex- pressed diagrammatically, may be represented as follows: Prehistoric Primitive Forms i i — — j Pandanales Helobiales Graminales Palmales Synanthales Arales Farinales Llliales ! Orchidales Scitaminales In this scheme of descent, the Aroids are placed next to the Helobiales, which they strongly resemble in many ways, with the suggestion that the latter are probably the more primitive and that the Aroids may be derived from them. In venation, Acorns and Gymnostachys strongly re- mind one of the Potomagetons and in their general habit of growth, branching, venation, inconspicuous spathe, and deficient endosperm, Pothos and Pothoidhim remind one of the same genus. In fact, the general impression left on one’s mind after such a comparison is that the Aroid is a Pondweed that has taken to the land. Possibly the aquatic habit is more primitive than the terrestrial, and doubtless also the anemophilous habit is more primitive than the entomophilous ; and from that standpoint it is perhaps reasonable to regard the Aroid as developed from some ancestral Naiad. On the other hand, it may not be impossible for terrestrial entomophilous plants to become aquatic and hydrophilous or anemophilous, and the poorly developed perianth of the Naiad may be an example of reduction from some better-developed form. It is safer merely to say that the two orders undoubtedly stand very close to each other, and represent together a common line of descent which has, in comparatively recent times, diverged in two directions. Beyond this cautious statement we can hardly go. The relationship existing between the Arales and Pandanales isi also a close one. The monoecious spadix of Typha, subtended by a spathe in the form of a bract, the spiral crowding of the blossoms:, the extremely reduced cyclic perianth, and the anatropous ovule with its abundant endosperm, all point to the existence of such a relationship. The hair- like perianth of the Pandanales can only be regarded as an example of IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 167 reduction. It cannot be regarded as a protective organ, nor could it ever, in its present condition, have been of use in entomophily. We are forced to the conclusion either that it is rudimentary, or that it is a nascent organ awaiting some change in the economy of thie plant to make it of use ; and the lattier of course is ridiculous. A form like Typha, with rudimentary perianth and spathe is reduced rather than primitive. If it is to he classed with the Palms it should follow rather than precede. The formation of a spathe and spadix links the Arales with the Palmales. The latter show true spiral characteristics in the individual blossom, the arrangement, of the stamens being spiral while that of the carpels is cyclic. The well developed perianth has led to its being re- garded as one of the higher orders, but in view of the floral spirality it would seem that it ought to be regarded as a more primitive group. This merely bears out the writer’s view that the Pandanales are a re- duced type with rudimentary perianth and in the Palmales we find a type which has not suffered reduction. While the Graminales are a comparatively primitive group, they stand farther from the Arales than do any of the other distinctly primitive groups, and the connection between the two must be very remote. Re- duction of parts has proceeded farther among the Graminales, yet they have retained the primitive anemophilous habit. The Farinales come somewhat closer to the Arales than do the Graminales. The well de- veloped perianth would indicate this. But the Farinales , Liliales , Or- chidales, and Scitaminales all represent a comparatively advanced stage of development, as indicated by the cyclic flowers, land the absence of spiral grouping of blossoms on the stalk. All consist for the most part of terrestrial, entomophilous plants which, in some cases, show decided tendencies in the direction of syncarpy, perigyny, and sympetaly. Were the writer to suggest a grouping which would put the Aroid order in what is probably its natural position, it would be as follows: Primitive Forms I Arales Synanthales Pandanaies Liliales Scitaminaler Orchidales 168 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 3. Reduction of parts: Rudimentary stamens, or staminodia, are present in most of the Philodendroidcae ( Philodendron , Peltandra, Homa- lomena , Typhonodo ru m, and occasionally perhaps Pichardia) , and in a few of the Aroideae ( Gorgonidium, Spathantheum, Spathicarpa) , also in the Staurostigmoideae, and in Dieff enbachia of the Aglaonemoideae. In the stamiiniafte blossoms, rudimentary carpels are occasionally present (. Peltandra , Apatemone) . Engler notes that all forms having both a perianth and petaloid spathe have very inconspicuous sepals, and in many cases the latter must be regarded as rudimentary. Aroids having a bract-like spathe have comparatively conspicuous perianths. The peri- anth of Syrnplo carpus is plainly protective in its function. Possibly that of Acorus is also protective ; if not, it must be regarded as rudimentary, as it evidently is not in its present condition adapted to entomophily. Authurium possesses a rudimentary perianth, as does also Spathiphyllum. The other genera studied lack the perianth. The frequent presence of staminodia indicate that the perfect flower is, in the case of the Aroids, more primitive than the imperfect, 'and that the monoecious and dioecious species have suffered reduction of the floral parts. This is further suggested by the occasional presence of perfect flowers in Pichardia. The rudimentary character of the perianth in miany genera indicates reduction along that line also, and suggests that the sepaloid forms are the more primitive. The crowding of the blossoms on the stalk would naturally lead to a gradual elimination of the floral envelopes, and as they tend to disappear in the course of evolution, their place is taken by a more or less brightly colored and petaloid spathe. Such a form as Arisaema cannot but be regarded as quite highly developed, since it is dioecious (sometimes slightly mono- ecious) and has naked blossoms crowded on the spadix, and a highly developed spathe. Symplocarpus is more primitive, having perfect, sepaloid flowers, though the spathe here also is well developed and of use in entomophily. Pichardia is one of the more highly specialized forms, but shows vestigial characteristics in the form of staminodia, and occasional perfect flowers. If the theory here advanced is correct, the Aroids must trace back to some ancestral form that was sepaloid and adapted to the habit of entomophily. Far back of that, very likely, lies a group of yet more primitive anemophilous plants, but their existence is purely inferential, and rests upon no positive evidence to be found in the Aroids as we know them today. THE EFFECT OF SMOKE AND GASES UPON VEGETATION. BY A. h. BAKKE. INTRODUCTION. The history of an industrial community marks itself into three di- visions: (1) the movement from the country into the city, (2) the building up of enterprises or commercial concerns, (3) the conserva- tion of waste products. The movement; of the people from the coun- try to the city carries with it a number of problems. Many of these would not be met with in the country. The earlier stages, with reference to this development, are not concerned with problems for the community as a whole. The pavement of streets, the erection of public buildings, other than school houses are not a part of the general program. Then as industries, under competition, endeavor to utilize a narrower selling mar- gin, there is a general movement, and in many cases instigated by the people at large, for a conservation of products that are a nuisance, or regarded as being detrimental to the health of the people, as well as the animals and plants of that community. Such considerations have lead to a condensation of the sulphur dioxide and arsenic trioxide in our smelters; such considerations are responsible for the condensing of the cement dust* in our cement plants: such considerations have led the manufacturers of Germany to utilize profitably as many of the waste products as they do, rather than to have them emptied into the atmos- phere as is ordinarily done under the first two periods. The smoke problem is a question that centers about the third state. In Germany and elsewhere on the Continent, the issues have long been presented. A. great deal of careful investigation is now being done in the city of Pittsburgh, Penn. Smoke has been considered a necessary evil. But experimental evidence is entirely against this conception. When it is understood that in burning of coal, incomplete combustion with its emission of toxic materials is a wasteful process to the manufacturer, and an obstacle to normal existence of animals and plants, the problem of smoke prevention will be successfully dealt with. This calls our attention to a consideration of another phase of the conservation move- * Plant World 13: 283-288. 170 IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCE ment, whereby the vegetation in and about an industrial center, may be saved from a gradual elimination process, not by an added expense to the community, but by conditions that conserve the waste products for the manufacturer, and also conserve the health to sav nothing of the beauty of the town itself for the inhabitants. It will then be the pur- pose of this paper to show the application of these issues to a restricted area in an industrial center of the city of Chicago, 111., and also to cite some general features in connection with a survey made of the city of Des Moines, IowaJ. HISTORICAL. As early as in 1845, records show that smoke emitted from the smoke stacks of manufacturing concerns had an injurious effect upon vegeta- tion. Rettstadt (1) pointed out that forest trees in the vicinity of a silver smelter were injured. Stockhardt (2) a few years later confirmed this report. Girardin (3) found that illuminating gas had an injurious effect upon street trees. Schroeder & Reuss (4) employing sulphur dioxide and hydrochloride gases upon Carpinus, Alnus, Picea, and Acer, noted a destruction of the chlorphyll and a retardation of the photo- synthetic processes. In a later experiment these same authors using S02 recorded a premature falling of leaves, along with a greater S03 con- tent. These same results were again verified by Stockhardt (2). Sorauer (5) using asphalt vapors, in contact with the rose and horse chestnut, has shown that brown discolorations along with an increased tannin con- tent are produced. Kny (6) demonstrated the injurious effect of coal gas upon the maple and linden. In 1903, Hasselhoff and Lindau (7) brought out in a book form a number of important statements1 as to nature and means by which the injury could take place. They con- cluded: 1, that the action does not take place through the soil but is centered in the conditions of the atmosphere and the leaf itself; 2, that the plants vary with reference to their sensitiveness; 3, that plants allowed to remain for a considerable length of time in an atmosphere containing small amounts of S02 will in time show the effects; 4, that the stomata play no role in the absorption of sulphurous acids; 5, that there is a derangement in the water circulation by an increased loss of water; 6, that the interior of the cells show plasmolysis and a decrease in starch manufacture and finally a decomposition; 7, that a chemical analysis gives an index to injury. Molisch (8) has recently studied the effect of tobacco smoke upon various seedlings and found that they behaved as if they had been exposed to traces of illuminating gas. He IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 171 thinks that carbon monoxide is the toxic agent. He is of the opinion that tobacco smoke has a marked effect upon micro organisms. Gaten (9) in his long paper on the effect of tarred roads npon vegetation calls attention to two central ideas; (1), that injury may be due to various gases; (2)1 that injury may be due to the action of the dust. The vapors of the various gases emitted from tar have been determined to be at least twenty-seven in number. A large number of these products are known to be toxic. In- the case of the dusts, the vapors may be more directly applied. The effects produced may according to Gaten be sum- marized accordingly: (1), there is a decrease in leaf area due to a drop- ping of the leaves, and also to a diminution of local leaf areas; (2), there are no noticeable anatomical differences; (3), there is a difference in the form, size, and arrangement of the cells; (4), there is in a great many instances an accumulation of cork; (5), there is not a, sufficient amount of storage food in the tissues; (6), there is a reduction in the width of the annual rings; (7), there are certain species that are more susceptible than others. P. Brizi (15) has made a very extensive study of the effect of gases and fumes upon cultivated plants. The fumes came from gas works, chemical establishments, smelters and foundries. Although S02 is considered for the most part, yet, the fumes from HOI, and other substances, such as zinc and arsenic are discussed. The general effect produced upon the cells themselves is plasmolysis, and later disorgani- zation. Richards & McDougal (16) have shown that carbon monoxide although not as effective as illuminating gas yet is considered as being very toxic to plants. Crowthers & Ruston (9) have carried on a number of interesting experiments in and about the city of Leeds, England. They established throughout this industrial center a number of stations and then compared records. The results arrived at, show that there is considerable differ- ence in the amount of suspended matter, in the amount of free acids, in the amount of sulphur dioxide of rains at Station I, situated in the heart of the city than at Station II, situated in the residential portion. These various products were proven to have a direct injurious effect upon vegetation in the main by causing a reduction of the intensity of the sunlight and by causing a decrease in assimilation of C02. The follow- ing figures taken from their experiments performed according tio the method used by Brown & Escomb* in their classical experiments upon the C02 intake, show a marked difference. *Phil. Trans. 193: 298. 1900. 172 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Assimilation of C02 by Laurel Leaves. Exp. No. Source of Leaves Area of Leaves Intensity of Light Hourly Mean Temperature Total CO a Assimilated CO a Assimil at’d perlOsq. in. per lOhrs. Station* Sq. in. Cc. N-10 Iodine O Milligrams Milligrams i 9 36.21 1.22 10.8 21.56 5.95 9 9 23.5 3.40 17.6 40.48 17.20 S 9 23.52 1.0 13.7 36.08 11.51 9 28.64 2.8 17.6 47.21 13.52 16.43 2.8 17.6 2.64 1.56 *S'a. 9— Residential Centers. Sta. 4— Industrial Center. These authors carried on additional experiments to ascertain whether the soil played any role. To secure data upon this particular phase of the question, they grew timothy plants and watered them with rain water taken from the various stations. In the industrial centers they found that chemical analysis revealed a smaller protein content and a greater amount of crude fiber. In addition they also ascertained that an indirect effect was produced by a decreased bacterial acitity in the soil. Cohen & Huston (10) in their recent book “Smoke — A Study of Town Air” have here made a more exhaustive study of conditions at Leeds. The essential results derived at are practically the same. In the United States the contributions upon this subject are not as extensive as in Europe. Buckhout (11) in 1900, published an account on the effect of gases and smokes upon vegetation. His results are similar to those recorded in the earlier work of Schroeder and Reuss. Widtsoe (13) studied the effect of smelter smokes upon vegetation in the vicinity of the Highland Bay Smelter at Murray, Utah, belonging to the Utah Consolidated Mining Company. He found that the white pine was killed for a distance of seven miles as a direct result from the emission of S02. In an analysis of fifty different soils in the smelter region, the amount of sulphuric acid present was not different, from the acid content in normal soils. By far the most extensive work in America has been done by H. K. Haywood (17) of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry. His results as ascertained from his first study show that the vegetation about a smelter is killed for a considerable distance. He attributes the cause to sulphur dioxide. Even if this gas is in small quantities, yet in time the effect is noticed and there is in addition an increased sulphur trioxide content of the leaves when put to a chemical IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 173 test. In his later study he has pointed out that the extent of injury cannot be shown definitely by a chemical analysis, since the difference in sulphur trioxide content is within the limits of experimental error. He .states further that the injury to forest trees may extend to a distance from fifteen to twenty miles; also that the injury takes nlace directly through the leaves and that the roots are not a medium of conduction. Ebaugh (18) thinks that undue emphasis has been placed upon the sulphur dioxide given forth and that sufficient attention is not given to the solid emanations. Harkness & Swain (19) have pointed out that high stacks of large condensing flues serve the purpose of disseminating the sulphur dioxide over a wider area. Stone (20) finds that in the case of illuminating gas, that small leaks cause local injury to trees. Crocker & Knight (21) have put forth conclusive evidence to show that traces of illuminating gas and ethylene prevent the normal opening of the flowers of the sweet pea. Wilcox (22) also notes that illuminating gas has an injurious effect upon greenhouse plants, NATURE OF SMOKE. Smoke is not a necessary evil, and under no condition can it be con- sidered as a question of economy. It is tied up with the question of combustion. Gebhardt (25) points out that smoke is produced by the following methods: 4 4 (1) An insufficient amount of air for the perfect combustion of the volatile gases. (2) An imperfect mixture of air and combustible. (3) A temperature too low to permit complete oxidation of the volatile combustible. Breckenridge (21) cites the following: “The- problem of smoke prevention is the problem of perfect combustion. Im the complete combustion of carbon the product of combustion is C02.- If sufficient oxygen is not provided it will happen that each carbon atom: will combine with one oxygen atom, thus forming carbon monoxide,. CO;. As a result of this incomplete combustion the heat developed is only' 4400 British Thermal units (B. t. u.). The carbon monoxide may itself’ combine according to the formula C0+0=C02 and the heat developed will be the difference, 14500 — 4400^-10100 B. T. U. per pound of carbon in the carbon monoxide.’' This citation brings out the economic im- portance. He also states that in order to insure complete combustion in practice, an excess of air must be furnished. Furthermore, carbon and oxygen atoms will not unite unless a certain temperature is reached. Breckenridge further adds, ‘ ‘ The products of combustion, carbon dioxide, steam, and sulphur dioxide, are colorless gases. If nothing but these gases escaped, there would be no smoke problem. Visible, smoke is due 174 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE to the visible hydrocarbons, which all bituminous coal contains to a greater or less extent, and which are driven off, when the coal is heated. When coal is heated in a furnace, the volatile content consisting largely of methane and ethylene is driven oc. If the volatile gases should not enter into a region of high temperature they would simply pass out of the chimney with the products of combustion.” The relationship existing between the temperature and gaseous prod- ucts evolved is summarized in tabulated form by Porter and Ovitz (24). TOTAL GAS YIELD AND COMPOSITION AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES. (From 10 grams air-dried coal.) COAL NO. I. ZEIGLER, ILL. Temperature of furnace c 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 Highest temperature reached in coal. 0 sse 480 585 685 811 920 1026 Gas at 25 C— cubic centimeters 197 535 980' 1550 2335 2700 3120 Composition of Gas— Illuminants 6.5 5.0 4.1 3,3 3.2 3.7 4.0 COs 23.8 7.6 6.4 3.9 2.5 2.7 1.8 CO 16.5 16.1 21.1 16.9 15.2 15.1 16.1 CH4C2H0 etc. 49.5 55.0 41.5 34.4 27.8 23.1 19.4 H S.7 16.3 26.9 41.5 51.3 55.4 58.7 Value of N. in Cn H2n 2 1.42 1.29 1.21 1.16 1.22 1.18 1.23 In this analysis no determination of tar and water were made. In the same publication Table 4, an analysis of coal tested, is brought forth. Laboratory No. 1 3 10 11 16 18 23 25 46 Bulk sample (100 lbs.) Air-drying loss 1.63 0.10 0.69 14.63 0)81 2.30 5.21 0.56 1.64 Analysis of air dried sample 57.67 1.10 .87 11.45 '35 2.64 1.96 2.30 2.17 Moistnrea _ _ _ _ _ _ }7.40 1.09 .98 10.83 .39 3.48 Volatile matter 30.38 30.67 32.46 b35.74 20.93 42.23 32.05 40.24 34.61 Fixed carbon 54.32 60.35 61.66 47.74 75.51 50.65 56.75 51.38 58.37 Ash — 7.63 7.88 5.01 5.07 3.21 4.48 9.24 6.08 5.45 Computed to “as received” basis 9.19 1.18 1.55 24.40 1.16 4.88 7.07 2.85 3.74 Moisture11 21.96 Volatile matter 29.89 30.64 32.22 30.52 20.76 41.25 30.37 ~40i04 33.46 Fixed carbon 53.41 60.31 61.26 40.75 74.90 49.49 53.80 51.06 57.44 Ash - 7.51 7.87 4.97 4.33 3.18 4.38 8.76 6.05 5.36 Sulphur _ .38 .61 .41 1.48 .42 .91 Nitrogen _ 1.15 1.07 .97 1.27 1*16 “Second determinations given were made on samples twelve to eighteen months later. bDetermined by modified method: Somermlies, E. E., Journal Amer. Chem. Sbc., Vol. 28, 1906, p. 1002. As far as our study is concerned, the two tables above show essentially two categories, first, the gaseous products such as C'O, C2H6 etc. ; second, IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 175 such products as sulphur. The gaseous products as a result of dry distillation which are given oft under incomplete combustion and the sulphur as sulphur dioxide as a result of complete combustion furnish us with at least two important considerations of our problem. Another important feature of the smoke problem derived from incom- plete combustion lies in the nature of soot. According to Cohen and Ruston, soot consists of carbon, tar, and ash (mineral matter) together with small quantities of sulphur, arsenic and nitrogen compounds which frequently possess an acid character. This acid character is responsible for the corrosion features imparted to masonry structures and leaves of trees, shrubs and herbs. Furthermore, the corrosion assists in making the tarry material, which is ejected, adhere. This tar compound will play the same role upon the vegetation when it comes in immediate contact with it as the material from tarred roads. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. Even to the casual observer, there is considerable difference in the vegetation as found in the heart of an industrial center and the suburbs or residential portions. The prevailing slowness of growth, and the early leaf fall of trees is noticed by almost everyone. This condition of affairs is well shown in traveling out from the center of Chicago to the neighboring suburbs. But an additional feature also comes in. Here and there on the outskirts of the city proper, large manufacturing con- cerns or mills are found. The immediate territory is ideal for a smoke survey. This is well illustrated in the case of the territory immediately surrounding the Illinois Steel and Wisconsin Steel Companies. The city of Des Moines, Iowa, has most of its manufacturing concerns, in the heart of the city itself. To the person going to the Iowa eapitol for the first time, the amount of smoke is of considerable annoyance. He probably is so concerned as to his own personal welfare that he does not stop to consider the trees that are conspicuously absent. This state of affairs is to some extent perhaps natural in that Des Moines is situ- ated in a valley. But even if it is the fact, yet they can be remedied as the further discussion will show. In Germany most of the observations have been made upon the con- ifers. On account of their deeply sunken stomata, they are much more susceptible than tthe majority of our deciduous forms. In many of the parks of the city of Chicago, such as Humbolt, Washington, the so called Norway-pine ( Pinus resinosa Ait.) the most common evergreen, is a small scrawny tree with distorted branches, which carry in' many instances 176 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE only a single tuft of needles. Parks situated in closer proximinity to the industrial center do not have any conifers whatsoever. There is a con- trast in the pines of Jackson iand Washington Parks, those of the former being more abundantly supplied with needles than the latter. This is accounted for in the fact that the lake breeze is more of a factor, in Jackson Park than at Washington Park. In all surveys, and in accounts given, the prevailing winds serve to concentrate or disseminate the smoke and its effects in one general direction. Grant Park, made famous through the Aviation Meet, offers conditions that are met with, when establishing parks in the center of large cities. The elms show the general effect of injury, by smoke. The same is true of the elms, on the north edge of the park as well as those near the 12th St. station of the Illinois Central Railway. The trees are stunted in growth, have few leaves and even in the early part of August, a large portion of them had already fallen. The elms and oaks near the 59th St. suburban station of the Illinois Central show the effects to which they are sub- jected. The stopping and starting of the locomotives of this line cause a great deal of smoke to come forth. Combustion is necessarily incom- plete and as a result the soot includes a number of toxic substances. The oaks are partially dead, and the number of leaves present, are few in number, the elms, however, do not show as many dead branches, but the leaf surface is insufficient for normal photosynthetic purposes. As the elms and the oaks, a block away, show an entirely different color and tone, the conclusion is that the injury is due to the smoke emitted. In Des Moines the same general conditions are found to be present. It is rather an unusual thing to find along the railway tracks in the city limits, a tree like the locust, or the oak, with a full foliage. Near the pumping station of the city of Des Moines an interesting feature is met with. Around the stations there is a small park with the elm as the principal tree. These trees have the same general appearance as the elms referred to in Grant Park, Chicago. The superintendent informed the writer that the elms were twenty-five years old, but the size to which they had attained would under natural conditions, make one assume that they were less than one-half the aige. The superin- tendent said that he had spent hundreds of dollars for shrubbery and trees. He remarked, “We can’t grow anything here.” At Stony Island, Chicago, in passing from Stony Island Ave., on 93d St., toward South Chicago, no one can but be impressed by the large number of oak trees that are in a pathological condition. When the observation was first noted (May, 1912) it was thought probably that other factors might enter in to influence the growth development; IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 177 but the opinion that the injury was due to smoke was substantiated when the trees were examined in August, At that time they were covered with dust and soot particles. The branches are rather short, distorted and the bark appears unusually thick. As there are a large number of outcropping rocks, one would naturally expect that here, lichens would have a great foothold. But none are found; the rocks are entirely free from them. The smoke* was again the critical factor. A similar situation is met with in a survey of the metropolis of Iowa. In proceeding on 93d St,, toward the Illinois Steel Co.’s works, the number of tree species falls: the red oaks, the burr oaks, the elms, the cottonwoods, the willows, drop out in succession. This is not true of the territory near the Illinois Steel Co. alone, but a similar situation is met with in the territory in the vicinity of the ‘Wisconsin Steel Co., and the Indian d Steel Co.’s Works at Indiana Harbor. The trees that are planted have a hard struggle for existence. The Baldwin Locomotive Works, the Pullman Oar Works, all show similar conditions; near the American Brake Shoe and Foundry Co., the cockle burs in close proximity were covered with a hard tarry substance, which could be pared off with a knife. A good sized silver poplar (Populus alba L.) was found in the same locality, as the cockle burs, and it apparently was not affected by the smoke even if there was sufficient material of tarry, greasy nature to leave a permanent impression on the back of the hand where the under surface of the leaf was pressed against it. At Whiting in the vicinity of the oil refineries of the Standard Oil Co., the vegetation is almost normal. The only outstanding feature was that the cat tails were dried further back, at that time of the year than is usual. This point would lead one to conclude that smoke generated from crude oil is not as harmful as smoke from coal. No doubt this is closely correlated with complete combustion. The chemical works near Hegewiseh show the results of a continued application of smoke from the coal consumed as well as the fumes from the chemicals manufactured. At this place the gases emitted have caused the tops of the oaks and willows to become dead. The trees in the direction of the prevailing winds are alone affected. Those on the oppo- site side are practically intact. At Gary, Indiana, the center of the U. S. Steel Co., the conditions are not 'well marked. The leaves of a basswood tree near the office had leaves that were of a dark brown color as early as in June. ♦First noted by Dr. Henry C. Cowles of the University of Chicago. This in- formation was given in a verbal statement. 12 178 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE These general observations then show that vegetation in the vicinity of manufacturing concerns shows the effects of the fumes and smoke emitted. It also appears that some species are more susceptible than others. SURVEY AREAS — FLORAL DEMARKATIONS. When general observations were made in the early part of June of fast year, certain demarkation features, imparted by the flora itself, were present. The absence of a certain form in one portion and the presence of a form in another area, providing the sarnie ecological fea- tures, immediately led one to conclude that, the absence or pathological presence is brought about by the gaseous emanations from mills or other manufacturing concerns. In order to ascertain this feature more defi- nitely, two restricted areas were chosen, one in the vicinity of the Illinois Steel Co., and the other in the vicinity of the Wisconsin Steel Co. For the purpose of reference as well as convenience, it was thought advisable to have a number of belts or zones and each belt to be repre- sented by a numeral as well as by the outstanding floral representative or representatives. These belts are as follows: (1) Restricted annuals, (2) Numerous annuals, (3) Willows, (4) Cottonwoods, (5) Burr Oaks, (6) Other deciduous trees, (7) Conifers, (8) Pleurococcus. The first belt* known as belt (1) is the result of a gradual elimination stage in the general process. The zone is not very extensive in area and the species are not large in number. Four outstanding species were present. Prostrate pigweed ( Amaranthus blitoides Wats.), fescue grass ( Festuca ovina L.), milk purslane ( Euphorbia maculata L.), old witch grass ( Panicum capillar e L.). Even these forms are stunted in size, and often are in such shape as to be extremely hard of identification. The next belt includes the forms of the previous one but they are much more vigorous and considerably truer to type. In addition, the following are conspicuous: cockle bur ( xanthium canadense Mill), ragweed ( Ambrosia artemesiifolia L.), yellow fox tail ( Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.), green fox tail {Setaria verdis (L.) Beauv.), hedge mustard {Sisymbrium altissimum L.), rough pig- weed {Amaranthus retroflexus L.), barnyard grass {EchinocMoa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.), begar’s ticks (Bidens frondosa L.), squirrel tail grass {Hordeum jubatum L.), Russian thistle {Salsola Kali var tenuifolia G. F. W. Mey.). This belt has an area extending approximately from Harbor Ave. and The Strand to Mackinaw Ave. In the instance of the Wisconsin Steel * These zones are marked out in the accompanying map. By using the general standard of eight blocks to the mile a good idea of the distance is obtained. Ave. Z'o-ne. Tactip axt-Cu whe>e_ IV\.moi% S+eeLCo IS "He. do>n iTva.'h'n^ O'- Tnosir l'm|3o»-+e boundary Street Car Lines ^one -trap of area, where, ihe. Wisconsin Steel Co is the. c)OTn inatrn ^ o \ mot \Jn po-fairt Concern fsc^s IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 179 Co. and the Iroquois Iron Co., there is an overlapping of the two above mentioned zones, so that separation is not as easily made. Belt (2) includes a number of new species of annuals and other herbs such as the following: goosefoot or lamb’s quarter ( Chenopo - dium album L.), pepper grass ( Lepidium apetalum Willd.), Lepidium virginicum L., blue vervain ( Verbena hast at a L.), horse weed (Eri- geron canadensis L.), evening primrose ( Oenthera biennis L.), five finger ( Potentilla canadensis L.), dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale Weber), Aster sp., yarrow ( Achillea Millefolium L.), sour dock ( Bumex crispus L.), crab grass ( Digitaria samguinalis L.) Scop, wild let- tuce ( Lactuca scariola L.), Solidago sp., blue grass (Poa prat ensis L.), Eragrostis megastachya (Koeiler) Link. The willow ( Salix alba var. caerules ( Sm ) Koch) is the first tree to come in. In a large num- ber of instances, these trees are killed showing that they are present to as great an extent as is allowed by external factors. The next belt (belt 4) will include a territory extending from Lake Michigan beginning with 83d St. and reaching westward to Marquette Ave. Thus Russel Square and Bessemer Park are included in this tract. This belt does not show marked difference as to annuals, but such perennials, as trees, add a few characters that were not present in the former zone. The willow becomes a conspicuous representative, not partially killed but in a good thriving condition. In addition, the cottonwood ( Populus deltoides) (Marsh) forms another representa- tive of this region, followed by the elm ( TJlm.us Americana L.), the ash {Fraximus americana L.), and sycamore ( Plat anus O ccident alis L.) The trees named after the cottonwood were characterized by a foliage that was very scant. Many show a spotting of the few leaves that are present, as well as curling. These conditions serve the purpose of cut- ting down the leaf area. The annuals found in belt (4) have much more foliage and furthermore will have better tone and quality, if such a thing can be said of a weed. In addition the following species will be noted: reed grass ( Phragmites communis Trin) Bidens , In- dian rice ( Zizania paiustris L.), Steironema quadriflorum (Sims) Hitch), loosestrife, ( Lythrum alalum Push), Gerardia paupercula (Gray) Britton. The willow is the outstanding tree. At Calumet Park this tree is the most common and is in a vigorous condition. The cottonwoods are next in line. As shrubbery in such a locality as is being studied, is in the majority of cases planted in a park and as trees serve as a protective agent by obstructing the action of smoke and gases, the ef- 180 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE feet upon shrubs is not easily diagnosed. In the park near 103d St. and Yates Ave., the privet ( Ligustrum vulgar e L.) is seriously af- fected. But in another park at 79th St., it is noticed that the stag horn sumac ( Rhus typhina L.) and nine bark ( Physocarpus opulifolius (L) Maxim are at least able to withstand a small amount of smoke. Belt (5) occupies a greater area in the restricted survey than any of the previous ones. The Stony Island region is the conspicuous outstand- ing example. In this particular region another species is added, namely the burr oak ( Quercus macrocarpa Michx). In addition any of the species represented in the preceding zones may be present. As the oak association is the climax forest as far as this region is concerned, an interesting situation presents itself. This area allows the presence of the burr oak, but it is present only in a pathological condition. An examination of the growth and a comparison with rings noted from sections made of normal trees of the same species show a surprising dif- ference. Even a small tree possesses a large number of growth rings. In many instances these rings are so narrow as to be extremely hard to separate out when counting. The trees also possess peculiarly twisted branches. The bark is also noted as being extremely thick. In the vicinity of the Wisconsin Steel Co., a similar situation is met with. A further study of the situation at Des Moines, where again the climax forest is of the oak type, shows a similar result. These observa- tions would immediately lead one to conclude, that where the oak type of forest is the climax, that the burr oak forms a good ‘ ‘ indicator ’ r of a smoke region. The next area (belt 6) is in the smoke zone, yet the injury does not extend to the point where the common deciduous trees are affected. At times there may be noticeable effects, but from a practical point of view conditions are not looked upon as being serious even if conifers are not able to thrive. Belt (7) represents a step in advance of the former in that it per- mits conifers such as the pines, to have a normal development. Since the Des Moines survey another belt in advance of the previous one has been marked out. This zone is conveniently designated as the Pleurococcus belt. The idea of using Pleurococcus as a possible index to smoke injury was brought to my attention by Dr. William Crocker of the University of Chicago. He noted that trees in the vicinity of the University and in Jackson and Washington Parks did not have any Pleurococcus upon their trunks. Even trees possessing a sufficient amount of shade and having more than sufficient moisture were without IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 181 the green material upon the north side. The territory studied at Chi- cago did not. offer conditions which would permit of a mapping out of a Pleurococcus 'belt. That it too is an index for a small amount of smoke injury was noted in the Des Moines survey. On account of great amount of rainfall in the fall this was readily done. For instance, when the residence portion of Des Moines on the west side begins at 12th St. the pines or the 6th zone will be marked out from 18th St. to 32d St. At this point Pleurococcus is noted for the first time. Sim- ilar conditions are noted on the east, north and south sides of the city. It may be wrell to point that the Licheus arc even more susceptible to smokes and gases than Pleurococcus. The results of the restricted survey show : that smoke and gases pres- ent in industrial cities have a detrimental effect upon the vegetation in the vicinity; that different belts represented by outstanding types are of special interest in a survey; that certain forms are • very susceptible to smoke and in this way act as “indicators.” LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS. As has been pointed out in the earlier part of this: discussion Pleuroc- occus offers a means by which this plant may be used as an “indicator,” for smoke where lichens are not normally found. It was then thought advisable to obtain Pleurococcus and grow it upon the bark or upon Knop’s solution and then treat it with various quantities of common gases, in order to ascertain the exact physiological actions encountered. A culture of the green alga was subjected to acetylene gas (2-6750) for four days. At that time the cells showed a marked plasmolysis. In a culture exposed for a longer period cellular disintegration took place. Where acetylene (2-7750) for four days a similar effect was shown. Illuminating gas in like proportions showed an action similar to the acetylene. At a longer exposure cells became dark and ex- amination revealed a complete disintegration. In connection with the Des Moines Survey S02 was generated from CS2 by burning with alcohol as was done by Haywood*. In compar- ing this with acetylene, it was found that S02 was slightly more toxic than the acetylene. Another experiment consisting in taking an amount of S02 and acetylene together and making the two gases, equal in vol- ume to where one gas is used. This experiment was run in connection with one having acetylene alone, and another with S02 alone. Where there was a mixture even *Bull. 89 Bur. of Chem. U. S. D. of Agr. 182 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE if the proportion of the two gases was same as the one gas or even slightly less, the mixture revealed a greater toxic action. Pleurococcus after having been in the two gases for four days had lost practically all its color, while in the jars with S02 and acetylene a brownish color was present. On further examination microscopically, the mixture presented considerably more plasmolysis, when precipitated with ferric chloride. This injury was further identified with the amount of tannin present in the interior of the cells, when precipitated with ferric chloride. The next series of experiments made in the laboratory utilized the pine ( Finns resinosa ) taken from Washington Park. As the stomata of the pines are deeply sunken they are easily made the resort places for the tarry compounds emitted in smoke. For instance it was found that ten needles from Pinus resinosa had material that was re- moved by washing in ether equal to .0185 grams. In using a small limb six feet long taken from a tree in Washington would have 2.96 grams. At this rate it would not be long before an amount equal to a pound is reached. By taking the same number of the pine needles of the same species having the same area from Pinus resinosa at Ames, la., during the month of November a much smaller amount of tarry mater- ial was found present. If the time element was the same in both cases the result wTould doubtless be more marked. It has been noted that certain trees are more resistant than others. The cottonwood and willow have been shown to be less susceptible from injury by smokes than others. This is due to the hard cutinized layer that these species possess along with their compact texture. On ac- count of the tomentose character of the under surface of the leaf of the white poplar ( Popnlus alba L.) and its cutinized upper surface, the tree is very resistant. The results of the laboratory experiments then call attention to the need of perfect combustion in the burning of coal, for it is shown that when there is a mixture of two gases that the action is more toxic than where one gas alone is given out. The experiments also show that there is a direct relation between the amount of injury and the amount of tannin present ; that the tarry material emitted in smoke is of sufficient amount to at least- partially clog the stomata and at the same time inter- fere with the assimilatory processes; that the resistance of the cotton- wood and the silver poplar is due to the anatomical structure of the epidermal cells. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 183 PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS. In noting the various physiological conditions, the first outstanding one is that of the light intensity. An atmosphere laden with smoke does not offer as good conditions for photosynthesis as one that does not contain any impurities. When a leaf is coated with a tarry compound, there is an interference with the assimilation process. Many of the investigators on the sub- ject have claimed that the stomata do not enter in. In case of the stomata of the conifers this opinion will not hold. In cross sections made of conifers of a smoke region, the stomata were found to be at least partially filled with a tarry compound. Cohen and Ruston have also emphasized this point in their study of the silver fir at Leeds. Such a deposit will interfere with the assimilation of C02 and 02, and with the transpiration stream. * Another means by which assimilation is diminished, is: by cutting down of the leaf area. This is accomplished (1) by a loss of leaflets when a plant with a compound leaf is in question, (2) by curling or by taking on abnormal shapes, (3) by the formation of spots or lesions. The loss of the leaflets has been frequently observed by the writer for the honey locust ( Gleditsia triaccmtlios L.) and the common lo- cust {Rdbinia Pseudo- Acacia L.) at Bessemer Park at South Chicago. The common locust at Des Moines in the smoke district, also shows a decrease in leaf surface by this method. Trees in a district where the fumes of S02 are prevalent often have their tips browned or curved. As a result there is naturally a de- crease in the leaf area. In addition a portion of the leaf will be twisted from its normal position and in this way the leaf area that under nor- may conditions is exposed to the light will be cut down. This feature is well marked out among some sycamores that have been planted along the cinder path, on the way to the city of Ames, from the College. The trees near the heating plant, with its low smoke stack, are either in a state as mentioned above or have lost their leaves entirely. Where there is a quantity of S02 present, in the smoke and where the injury is intermittent, brown localized spots or lesions are pro- duced. When there is an accumulation of these spots a considerable reduction in leaf area takes place. The effect upon cells themselves is well noticed in the cells of Pleuroc- occus of which an account has been given. There is a resulting plas- molysis and associated with the extent of the plasmolysis is the amount 184 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE of tannin in the cells. Gaten has emphasized the accumulation of con- siderable cork deposit in the leaf petiole. The whole question as to the injury encountered is intimately con- nected with the subject of assimilation. The diminished illumination, the cutting off -of the C02 and 02 supply, the interference with the transpiration stream, the cutting down of the leaf surface through a loss of leaflets, change in position or by the formation of spotted alreas all show that normal photosynthesis does not occur. As the process is responsible for the storage food manufactured, the natural conclusion to be arrived at, is that insufficient food is manufactured. As food is stored from the base of the trunk upward, there is not always sufficient time to complete the storage up to the tips, when the laboratories are run with less than their normal supply of raw material. This point was emphasized in connection with the cross sections made of pine needles collected at Washington Park, Chicago. Where a leaf was en- tirely covered with the tarry mixture a considerable smaller quantity of stored starch was found than in a leaf which had not been exposed sufficiently to be coated. In making an examination of the growth rings it is noted that those of the smoke region are much smaller. This whole question then concentrates itself into one of food supply, and growth development. When there is not a sufficient amount of food manufactured, growth becomes less. The result of the insufficient amount of food causes a slow starvation. As a final result death occurs. PROPOSED SUGGESTIONS FOR REMEDY. It is not the purpose of this paper to give an account of extensive plans, that might aid in the cutting down of the smoke nuisance but a few suggestions might be appropriate. Concerns like the Illinois Steel Co., and Wisconsin Steel Co. will have to concern themselves with gaseous emanations from two sources; first, those coming as a by product from the ore, second, those coming from the stacks. Both are questions of economy. Some plan whereby the waste products as gases are condensed appears to be the only method for solution for the first. The other can to a large extent be solved by following out the laws necessary for complete combustion. Mechanical stokers to a large extent have helped to solve this part of it. For commercial or industrial centers like Des Moines, Iowa, the plan is to put in every plant of any considerable size mechanical stokers or devices that will give a complete combustion for the coal whereby C02 and S02 alone, are produced. As Des Moines is situated in a low area IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 185 or valley, the S02 will do more harm even if the city was located on a plain or elevation. To overcome this feature, it is proposed to erect tall smoke stacks, which will dilute the S02 to a concentration sufficiently low, so that it will not he effective in killing the, leaves of trees and shrubs. Of course, on foggy days the S02 will concentrate itself in the valley, but the number of foggy days are not numerous in a year, and so for that reason, this solution is reached as being the most practical under present conditions. In the report of the smoke inspector of the city of Chicago, consider- able emphasis is placed upon the smoke as emitted from locomotives. He states that co-operation of the railroad and smoke inspector is one of the best means of lessening the amount. Breekenridge admits in his report that he is not able to suggest methods whereby Illinois coal can be burned without smoke, but that careful firing is the most effective method of smoke reduction. However in a thickly populated areal, the only solution is electrification. Recently at Pittsburgh* the railroads have agreed to equip all locomotives entering Pittsburgh with locomotive stokers. Another partial assistance in the solution of the problem is to plant only such forms as are able to withstand at least traces of S02. The survey of the restricted area at Chicago has shown that there is a difference in the resistance power of different species. The cotton- wood, the willow and the white poplar have been shown to be the least susceptible to injury from smokes and gases. By a reference to the species listed for the various zones, an idea can easily be obtained with reference to the forms- best suited to meet the conditions at hand. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION. As a direct result of the above study, the following conclusions are reached : 1. Gases and smoke have a detrimental effect upon vegetation. 2. The presence of vegetation in the vicinity of a manufacturing concern depends to a large degree upon its proximity to the plant in question. The territory reaching out from an industrial center is marked out into various belts. Each belt has a certain characteristic flora that marks it out from the others. 3. An industrial city shows conditions that are similar to those of a single large manufacturing concern. * Industrial World, Feb. 3, 1913. 186 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 4. The effect of smokes and gases upon the leaves of plants con- cerns itself mainly with the assimilation process. 5. Certain species on account of their anatomical structure are more resistant than others. 6. As a means of prevention for an industrial city like that of Des Moines, Iowa, it is proposed to put in smokeless furnaces with tall smoke stacks, which will dilute the*S02 to such an extent as to be harm- less to the vegetation in general. Where gaseous emanations are pe- culiar to the product manufactured, special condensing flues must be provided. 7. The smoke from locomotives is largely prevented by careful fir- ing. The real solution lies in electrification. As a final conclusion I wish to express my thanks to Dr. William Crocker and Mr. Lee I. Knight of the University of Chicago, who first suggested the problem to me and who have given me assistance in all phases of the work. I am also indebted to Mrs. Mary Fairfield for assistance in the translation of the French, and to Miss Harriette S. Kellogg for the translation of the Italian. I am also grateful to Mr. Harry McNutt of the Public Safety Department of the city of Des Moines, who has given me every possible assistance in carrying on my survey in that city; to Dr. J. M. Greenman, formerly of the University of Chicago, but now of the Missouri Botanical Garden and Mr. E. E. Sherff, of the Curtis High School, Chicago, for their determination and verification of species of plants listed for the various zones; to Dr. George T. Moore. Director of the Missouri Botanical Garden, for the loan of reference works on the subject. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1. Rettstadt — Ueber die Einwirkung des Rauches der Silberhiitten im Ober- harz auf die Waldbaume. Allgem. Forst. u. Jagd. Ztg. 1845. 2. Stockhardt A/ — Ueber die Einwirkung des Rauches der Silberhiitten auf die benachbarte Vegetation — Polytechn. Centralbl. 257. 1850. 3. Gerardin — Einfluss von Leuchtgas auf die Promenaden u Strassenbaume. Jahresbr. f. Agrikulturchem 7; 199. 1864. 4. Schroeder & Reuss — Die Beschadigung der Vegetation durch Rauch und die Oberharzer Hiittenrauchschaden. Berlin, 1883. 5. Sorauer P. — Zeitschrift f. Pflanzenkr. 7; 15. 1897. 6. Kny L.— Bot. Zeitung 29; 852, 867, 1871. Bot. Gazette 46: 259-276. 1908. 7. Hasselhof u. Lindau. — Die Beschadigung der Vegetation durch Rauch Berlin, 1903. 8. Molisch, H. — Plants and tobacco smoke. Umschau 15 No. 13 — Exp. Sta. Record 25: 225. IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCE 187 9. Gaten, C. L. — Le Goudronnage des Routes — Ann. des Sci. Nat. Bot. 15: 165-256. 1912. 10. Crowthers & Ruston. — The mature distribution and effects upon vegeta- tion of atmospheric impurities in and near an industrial town — Journal of Agr. Sci. 4: 25-55, Part I, 1911. 11. Cohen & Ruston — Smoke — A study of town air. London, 1912. 12. Buckhout, W. A. — Effect of gas and smoke on vegetation. Ann. Report for Penn. 1900: 164-192. 13. Widtsoe, J. A. — Relation of smelter smoke to Utah agriculture. Bui. Utah Agr. Exp Sta. 88. 1903. 14. Freytag, M. — Mitteil d. Komigl. Landw. Akad. Poppelsdorf 2: 34. 1869. 15. Brizi, Ugo. — Sulle altorazioni prodottee alle plante cultivate dalle prin- cipal emanazione gasose degli stabilimente industriale. Stazione Spermentali Agrari Italiane 36: 279-383. 1903. 16. Richards, H. M. & McDougal, D. T. — The influence of carbon monoxide and other gases upon plants. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 31: 57-61. 1906. 17. Haywood, J. K. — Injury to vegetation by smelter fumes. U. S. Dept, of Agr. Bur. of Chem. 89. 1905. Injury to vegetation and animal life by smelter fumes. U. S. Dept, of Agr. Bur. of Chem. Bui. 113. 1908. 18. Ebaugh, W. Clarence Gases vs. solids. Journal of the Amer. Chem. Soc. 29; 951-970. 1907. 19. Harkness and Swain. — Smelter smoke. Jour, of the Amer. Chem. Soc. 29; 970-998. 1907. 20. Stone, G. E. — Effect of escaping illuminating gas on trees. Bui. Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta. 125; 37-48. 1908. 21. Crocker & Knight. — Effect of illuminating gas and ethylene upon flower- ing carnations. Bot. Gazette, 46; 259-276. 1908. 22. Wilcox, E. Mead. Injurious effects of illuminating gas upon greenhouse plants. Reports of the Neb. State Hort. Soc. 1911; 278-285. 23. Breckenridge, L. P. — How to burn Illinois coal without smoke. Bui. Univ. of 111. 15. 1907. 24. Porter & Ovitz. — The volatile matter of coal. Dept, of Interior. Bui. Bur. of Mines I. 25. Gebhardt, G. P. — Steam power plant engineering. New York. 1911. 188 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Fig. 1. — Cross section, through portion entirely coated. Fig. 2. — Cross section, through portion partially coated. Fig. 3. — Cross section, through needle near base where no perceptible amount of tarry material was present. Fig. 4. — Normal. Fig. 5— Acetylene (1-6750) 4 days. Fig. 6.— Acetylene (1-6750) 4 days. Fig. 7. — Acetylene (2-7750) 4 days. Figs. 1-3. — Cross sections of a Pine needle taken from Washington Park, Chicago. Figs. 4-7. — Pleurococens vulgaris. (Photomicrograph by Buchanan and writer) Fig. 8 — Cross section of Burr Oak from smoke region. K ’oM: (Photomicrograph by Buchanan and writer) Fig'. 9. — Cross section of Burr Oak from a non-smoke region. « % t Fig. 10. — Shows the intimate relation of the smoke and upper branches. Note that the smaller tree is intact. Figs. 10-17. — Photographs of the general appearance of vegetation in the vicinity of con- cerns that make the smoke areas of Des Moines, Iowa. (Photographs by McNutt and writer.) Fig. 11. — Shows the general' appearance of a street as fkr as its trees are concerned. « Fig. 12. — The appearance of trees along railroad tracks in yards where switching is done. Fig. 13. — -The appearance shows the effects Fig. 14. — General appearance of a of tar vapors on nearby trees. This plant Cottonwood tree in the manufactured asphalt for paving. smoke region. Fig. 16. — A good illustration of what is met with in Zone 1. Fig. 17. — Shows the general defoliation taking place even among herbs such as the Common Milkweed. Fig. 18. — General appearance noted in the case of two Red Oaks that were just out NITROGEN IN RAIN AND SNOW. Second Paper. By Nicholas Knight. In the proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science for 1911, we de- scribed a series of experiments to show the amount of nitrogen in rain and snow, which we carried on during the year 1910. The work de- scribed in this paper has to do with a series of experiments in the! same line during some months of 1911-12. During this period we collected twenty-seven samples altogether, fourteen of which were snow, and thir- teen were rain or rain and snow. There were sixty-nine inches of snow and about five inches of rain. We collected the samples in two enameled pans, each about twenty inches in diameter. The samples were contained in glass stoppered blottles until the determinations were made, and kept as free; as pos- sible from contamination. There was not always a sufficient amount of the sample available to make the chlorine test. Our method for the chlorine was to evaporate 500 c.e. of the sample to dryness on the water bath, then to dissolve the residue in 50 c.c. distilled water, .and titrate with tenth normal silver nitrate solution, using neutral potassium chromate solution as the indicator. The oceans are doubtless the source of the chlorine. The salt spray from the waves as they beat upon the shore is caught by the winds and borne to the interior of the continent. We found chlorine in each sample examined for it. In the experiments described in our previous paper, we determined the nitrates by reducing to ammonia with aluminum foil in alkaline solution. The nitrate determinations of the present paper were made by the phenolsulphonic method, which seems to give lower results than the reduction with nascent hydrogen. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 190 TABLE I. Date Nitrite N in in 1,000,000 pts. of the water Nitrate N in 1,000,000 pts. of the water Free Ammonia in 1.000,000 pts. of the water 1 Albuminoid am- monia in 1,000, - 000 pts. of the 1 water Chlorine parts per million Precipitation December 20 0.23 0.40 . 0.82 0.51 5 in. rain and snow December 25 0.06 0.22 0.29 0.15 3 in. snow December 26 0.08 0.14 0.058 0.29 4 in. snow December 30 0.015 0.14 0.216 0.16 0.284 4 in. snow January 9 0.08 0.32 0.11 0.16 7.1 3 in. snow January 13 0.075 0.28 0.23 0.30 3.55 4 in. snow February 1. 0.03 0.48 0.33 0.11 0.71 2 in. snow February 13 0.09 0.34 0.36 0.43 3.55 4 in. snow February 24 0.06 0.04 0.56 0.21 1-10 in. rain and snow February 25 Trace 0.56 1.64 0.33 2.13 8 in. snow March. 2 Trace 0.72 0.29 0.29 2.485 6 in. snow March 11 0.01 0.40 0.41 0.30 2.13 4 in. snow March 14—1 0.07 0.84 0.47 0.36 4.61 3 in. snow March 14—11 0.08 0.76 0.47 0.36 2.13 4 in. snow March 20 0.01 0.44 0.44 0.23 1.8 10 in. snow April 13 Trace 0.12 0.56 0.23 1.8 J in. rain April 17—1 0.01 0.18 0.47 0.33 4.26 1 in. rain April 17—11 0.02 0.34 0.52 0.36 2.84 6 in. snow April 21 Trace 0.48 0.41 0.50 | in. rain April 25 _ 0.01 1.00 0.58 0.70 | in. rain April 28 0.36 0.88 0.70 0.66 5.68 | in. rain May 2 Trace 0.22 0.67 1 in. rain D Nitrite N in 1,000,000 parts of the water Nitrate N in 1,000,000 pts. water Free Ammonia in 1,000,000 parts of the water Albuminoid Am- monia in 1,000, - 000 parts of the water Chlorine parts in a million Precipitation May ih ___ 0.25 0.30 0.81 1 0.51 | in. rain May 11— T Trace 0.32 0.79 0.68 1 in. rain May 11— II 0.052 0.22 0.84 0.78 J in. rain May 14 0.38 0.30 0.85 0.70 i in. rain M ay 20 _ 0.40 0.60 0.91 0.78 i in. rain May 21 0.01 0.44 0.85 0.80 | in. rain IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 191 TABLE II. POUNDS PER ACRE. • Date N in Nitrites N in Nitrates N in Free Ammonia N in Al- buminoid Ammonia Total 1912 December 20 0.0174 0.0303 0.0620 0.0386 0.1483 December 25 0.0042 0.0154 0.0203 0.0105 0.0504 December 2 6_ 0.0073 0.0091 0.0053 0.0264 0.0481 December 30 0.0014 0.0127 0.0197 0.0528 0.0886 1813 January 9 0.0054 0.0216 0.0075 0.0108 0.0453 January 13 0.0008 0.0253 0.0208 0.0272 0.0801 February 1 0.0014 0.0224 0.0154 0.0051 0.0443 February 13 0.0082 0.0309 0.0328 0.0390 0.1109 February 24 0.0014 0.0008 0.0130 0.0049 0.0201 February 25 Trace 0.1016 0.2977 0.0509 0.4598 March 2 Trace 0.0980 0.0325 0.0325 0.1630 March 11 0.0010 0.0363 0.0347 0.0254 0.0974 March 14—1 0.0070 0.0571 0.0270 0.0210 0.1151 March 14—11 0.0070 0.0690 0.0290 0.0230 0.1280 March 20 0.0020 0.0998 0.0822 0.0420 0.2260 April 13 Trace 0.0136 0.0934 0.0384 0.1454 April 17—1 0.0020 0.0408 0.1066 0.0749 0.2243 April 17—11 0.0027 0.0463 0.0583 0.0403 0.1476 April 21 Trace 0.0136 0.0096 0.0117 0.0349 April 25 — 0.0002 0.0283 0.0135 0.0163 0.0583 April 28 0.0408 0.0998 0.0654 0.0693 0.2753 May 2 _ Trace 0.0330 0.0875 0.0862 0.2067 0.1162 0^9067 1.1342 0.7562 2.9133 May 10 0.0142 0.0170 0.0361 0.0230 0.0003 May 11— I Trace 0.0545 0.1107 0.0953 0.2605 May 12—11 0.0029 0.0125 0.0392 0.0362 0.0908 May 14 0.0046 0.0510 0.1200 0.0981 0.3337 May 20 0.0113 0.1200 0.0214 0.0182 0.1709 May 21 0.0028 0.0125 0.0199 0.0187 0.0539 0.2120 1.1742 1.4815 1.0457 3.9134 We desire to express our hearty thanks to W. E. Molding and John W. Liddle for conducting the experiments described in the foregoing. 4 V THE ROCK FROM SOLOMON’S QUARRIES. By Nicholas Knight. A specimen of the rock from Solomon’s quarry was lately received by ns for analysis. It is the material that served in the construction of Solomon’s Temple, a building characterized by Dr. Lyman Abbott as an architectural splendor. The rock is of snowy whiteness, soft "when first removed from the quarry, but it soon hardens on exposure to the air. The natives call the rock from this portion of the quarry 4 ‘The Royal.” The quarries extend underneath the city. The rock is soft and quite porous. There is a variety in another portion of the quarry, on a higher level which is locally called “The Hard Jewish.” The analysis was made by G. H. Wiesner, in the Cornell chemical labora- tory, as follows : 99.32% 0.67% Mg Cos 0 99.99% There is not a trace of silica iron or alumina. It is almost a per- fect specimen of calcium carbonate, with only a small quantity of magnesium carbonate. It is purer limestone than #Carara marble, and the query arises whether there is another limestone formation as extensive as this anywhere, of eaual purity. It would be an ideal rock for Portland cement and calcium carbide on account of the low magnesia content. The specimen was sent us by Herbert E. Clark, Jaffa Gate, Jerusalem, for which we desire to record our hearty thanks. He suggested as the formation lies under the city, and being porous, that drainage may have affected the nature of the rock, but the analysis does not seem to indicate any disturbing influence. On account of the porosity, we did not, get a satisfactory result in determining the specific gravity. By one method we obtained 2.25, and by another process 2.48. The latter would seem to be more nearly the correct value. *School Science and Mathematics, February, 1911, page 175. 13 , ■ ' ' . • • 4 ■ •* - . SEGREGATION OP PAT FACTORS IN MILK PRODUCTION. BY F. B. HILLS AND E. N. BOLAND. The need of an investigation into the problem of inheritance of fat in milk, has long been recognized by the practical milk producer and the physiologist. For the former, a solution of the problem would sim- plify, very markedly, his breeding operations, as well as increase the cer- tainty of his results. For the latter, a knowledge of the fat producing possibilities of the animal genetically would give an index to the physi- ological limits of fat formation, and its relation to metabolism. The title of this paper might indicate that the problem has been solved, but in this sense, the title is a misnomer, for the paper can merely throw a little light, perhaps, on some of the work to be done. It records the principal discoveries made in the pursuance of a Master ’s degree thesis in the breeding laboratory of the Animal Husbandry Department of this college. With the exception of the data collected from the microscopical exami- nation of many samples of milk in the laboratory, the source of the data studied is the Advanced Registry Official records of the Holstein-Friesian Association. The number of animals listed is large and the field little exploited, although worthy of systematic consideration, since the records have been kept for a sufficient length of time to include the performance of many generations. The commonly accepted theory of milk secretion, is that first proposed by Danger and since slightly modified by Steinhaus, Brouha and others. Dr. Marshall, in his “ Physiology of Reproduction,” has outlined this theory somewhat as follows : Some of the cells of the gland lengthen out so that their ends project freely into the lumina of the alveoli, and prob- ably undergo cell division. The projecting portions then disintegrate, before or after becoming detached, and the cell substance passes into solu- tion to form the albuminous and carbohydrate constituents of the milk. The fat droplets, which collect in the disintegrating part of the cell, give rise to the milk fat. The basal portions of the cells remain in position, without being detached, and subsequently develop fresh processes, which 196 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE in turn are disintegrated. It is believed, however, that some cells, possibly the largest number, simply discharge their fat droplets and other con- tents into the lumina, while otherwise remaining intact. To support the first mentioned idea, Steinhaus and Szabo report actual evidence of mitotic cell division in the actively secreting glands, the daughter nuclei taking part in the general disintegration. The precise method of the formation of fat in milk is not known. It occurs in the milk in the form of innumerable globules, covered with a thin layer of casein. These vary in diameter from .001 to .005 mm. and give color to the emulsion by the reflection of light. The relative numbers of larger and smaller globules in milk is somewhat affected by the breed to which the producing animal belongs. It is commonly recog- nized that there is a higher percentage of large globules in Jersey and Guernsey milk than in Ayrshire and Holstein milk, since the emulsive power of the former is less than that of the latter, permitting the cream to rise more rapidly. This fact might suggest a factor in inheritance similar to the intensity factors found in color inheritance. In a microscopical examination of a large number of samples of milk of various composition, it was found convenient for comparison to divide the globules into three classes, as regards size. All under .0016 mm. in diameter were in the first class, those ranging from .0016 to .0032 mm. in diameter fell into the second group, and all over .0032 mm. were placed in the third class. Numerous counts of the globules were made in samples of milk of the following fat content: 2.8%, 3.2%, 4.2%, 5.2%, 6.2%, and 7.2%. There was found to be a positive correlation between the percentage fat com- position of the milk and the number of fat globules of different sizes, the co-efficient being .19. From an inspection of the counts, the relation is evident, — for instance in the sample of 2.8% fat content, 66% of the number of globules were in the first division, 28% in the second and 6% in the third division. In the 7.2% milk there were only 47% of the total number of fat globules in the first division, while there were 40% in the second and 16% in the third, — showing at a glance the large increase in the proportion of large globules, with the increased fat composition of the milk. The grouping of the globules according to the system mentioned, was purely arbitrary. Under a different grouping the correlation might be even more evident. But the results were positive enough to warrant the conclusions drawn. Continued investigation along this line should reveal some facts of great value to the practical producer. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 197 For a study of inheritance of fat production, as shown by the relation of the production of dams to that of their offspring, 3,700 pairs of variates were taken from the 1910-1911 Official Year book of the Ad- vanced Registry of the Holstein-Friesian Association. The mean fat production of the offspring was 16.952±.039, while that of the dams was 15.971=^.034. The. standard deviation and co-efficient of variability of the offspring were also greater than those of the dams, showing the tendency of the individuals of the Ft generation to reach the extremes of the parental generations. The correlation coefficient of .29 would, according to the statistical method of study of Biparental Inheritance, show evi- dence of prepotency on the part of the dams as opposed to the sires. This fact may indicate a sex-linkage of the factors controlling inheri- tance of fat production. A rearrangement of the data, used in the work just discussed, in classes representing three generations, shows the following coefficients of variability,' — parenta] generation, 21.686, Fx generation 18.737, and F2 generation 21.824. This is typically Mendelian, although the fact that there is an artilcial selection which leaves the poorer producers out of the Advanced Registry and also out of the breeding herd, lowers the coeffi- cient. With as large numbers as are under consideration here the effect is probably equal in each generation. Any attempt to distinguish the unit of inheritance is somewhat futile, when one depends entirely on written records. An attempt was made to find such a unit however, and a dividing point, that separated into two classes was readily recognized. The breeding records of the grand- dams. classified into different groups with the pound as the unit, were tabulated and compared. For example the granddams producing 12 lbs., (the lowest production allowed in Advanced Registry for a mature ani- mal) were grouped together, their daughters forming the relative class, and their granddaughters the subject class. All the granddams of dif- ferent productions wTere grouped in the same way. By inspection of the result, it was found that the granddams producing up to 21 lbs., bred qualitatively the same. At this point appeared a sharp line of demar- kation, above which the production in the granddaughters averaged about 21 lbs., wffiile below the production was 17 lbs. The figures for these groups are as follows: ;98 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 12 lb. granddams — mean production of granddaughters 17.41 lbs. 13 lb. granddams — mean production of granddaughters 16.89 lbs. 14 lb. gr andd ams — mean production of granddaughters 17.68 lbs. 15 lb. granddams — mean production of granddaughters 17.5 lbs. 16 lb. granddamsi — mean production of granddaughters 17.66 lbs. 17 lb. granddam s — m e an production of granddaughters 17.2 lbs. 18 lb. granddams — mean production of granddaughters 18.48 lbs. 19 lb. granddams — mean production of granddaughters 17.69 lbs. 20 lb. granddam s — mean production of granddaughters 16.32 lbs. 21 lb. granddams — mean production of granddaughters 15.5 lbs. 22 lb. granddams — mean production of granddaughters 25.0 lbs. 23 lb. granddams — mean production of gran d daughters 20.44 lbs. 24 lb. granddams — mean production of granddaughters 20.66 lbs. 25 lb. granddams — mean production of granddaughters 23.0 lbs. 26 lb. granddams — mean production of granddaughters 23.5 lbs. 27 lb. granddams — mean production of granddaughters 20.0 lbs. 28 lb. granddams — m e an production of granddaughters 20.33 lbs. A tabulation of the variates within these limits reveals the fact that the granddams having records above 21 lbs. produced F2 descendants, as follows : 54 above 21 lbs. and 60 below. The granddams below 21 lbs. produced 764 below 21 lbs. and 104 above. The latter appears to be a 7 :1 ratio, indicating a linkage of two factors, — one a pure dominant, the other probably sex-linked acting in a simple 3 :1 ratio. These facts, it is true, go but a very short way in the solution of this problem, but it is hoped that they may afford an indication of the means for further investigations. In the work just reviewed, the points to be noted are : 1st. The relation between the percentage fat composition of milk, and the proportion of fat globules of different sizes. 2d. The prepotency of dams in transmission of fat production to their offspring as evidenced by the correlation coefficient .29 indicating sex- linkage of some of the factors of fat inheritance, and, 3d. The segregation of fat factors in a 7:1 ratio showing further evi- dence of linkage of factors in the inheritance of fat content of milk. COMPLETE SUCCESSION OF IOWAN CRETACIC TERRANES. BY CHARLES KEYES. For several reasons the. section of Cretacic strata in northwestern Iowa is of especial interest. It was in this section, near the mouth of the Big Sioux river, that for the first time in the New World the strati- graphic equivalents of the English Cretacic formations were clearly recognized. In this section true chalk, made up of countless myriads of microscopic organic remains, was first discovered in this country. This section is also a part of the classic locality for the Mid-Cretacic formations of America. Notwithstanding the fact that the Cretacic terranes constitute the surface rocks over a very large part of the state of Iowa their strati- graphic relationships were never clearly made. For a period of 50 years, from the time of Meek and Hayden’s visit to the Upper Mis- souri country, in 1858, the exact geologic position of the several terranes was largely misunderstood. In all this time only a single correlation of any of the formations appeared which was eventually proved to be correct. This was my own reference in 1894 of the chalk beds in the extreme northwest corner of the state ' and the neighboring portions of South Dakota to the Niobrara horizon, those chalk-exposures farther southward, along the Big Sioux river, belonging not to the Niobrara as generally regarded but to a, lower part of the section. The relations of White’s Nishnabotna sandstone to the rest of the Iowa Cretacic sec- tion remained from the first enigmatical. Correlation, and naming of the several members displayed above Sioux City, with the southeastern Colorado sequences, 400 miles away, without a single intervening ex- posure of the rocks seemed unwise. Quite recently the logs of certain well-sections obtained near Sioux City have disclosed the long missing data for establishing a complete section of the Cretacic rocks of Iowa. This section may be expressed as follows: Coloradan Series, Dakotan Series 7. Niobrara limestones 6. Hawarden shales 5. Crill limestones .4. Woodbury shales 3. Ponca sandstone 2. Sergeant shales .1. Nishnabotna sandstones .150 feet. .125 feet. .100 feet. .150 feet. . 25 feet. , 75 feet. 200 feet. 200 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE As here defined the Niobrara chalky limestone is not the so-called Niobrara chalk commonly noted in Iowa by Meek and Hayden, Calvin, Bain, and others,, but a bed much higher in the section which has been recently directly traced in the field to the typical outcrop of the Nio- brara limestone. It has a very small areal extent within the boundaries of Iowa. This member has quite generally escaped observation. The Hawarden shales are tentatively referred to the Pierre shales in the early Iowa geological reports. In some of the reports of the Federal government these beds are called the Carlile shales and they are con- sidered the exaqt representation of the similarly named shales in Colo- rado. There appears to be no valid grounds for such reference except the very uncertain one of lithologic similarity, or similarity of lithologic sequence. Until there is better evidence forthcoming than now seems possible it appears best to designate the Iowa beds by a distinctive title, by a name from the town where the formation is well exposed, and at which the section has been fully described. The Crill chalk, or limestone, is the well-known formation exposed at various points above Sioux City, especially near Westover and the old site of the Crill mill. It is this layer which has usually gone by the name of the Niobrara chalk — a correlation and mistake which Meek and Hayden first made and which the majority of later writers followed. Others have correlated the formation with the Greenhorn limestone of the Rocky Mountain region. It is the Inoceramus limestone of White. With slight modification of limits the Woodbury shales of White seem to be a useful subdivision. The formation has been so long recognized without challenge that it appears proper to retain the title for the Iowa section rather than to try to adapt the much later named Colorado sec- tion under the term Granieros shales. The Ponca sandstone is the massive bed so well displayed near Sioux City, and on the opposite side of the Missouri river, especially at the village of Ponca. At Sergeant Bluff this layer forms a prominent ledge; and at Crill mill it lies at the water’s edge. Beneath the massive sandstone of Ponca are 75 feet of sandy and argillaceous shales. They are best exposed at Sergeant Bluffs, six miles below Sioux City on the Missouri river. Farther downstream they also outcrop, particularly on the Nebraska side of the river. On the Iowa side of the Missouri river the lowest sandstone appears to be hidden for a distance of many miles. Recent wells put down in the vicinity of Sioux City clearly show that this sandstone is quite massive, and homogeneous in character, and has a thickness of fully IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 201 200 feet. It rests directly upon Carbonic limestones. In Nebraska the Missouri bluffs are composed of this rock for many miles. By means of well-sections this rock is easily traceable far to the east, southeast and south, and there becomes the typical Nishnabotna sandstone — the basal member of the Cretacic section of the state. It everywhere rests in marked unconformity upon the older rocks. In Bain’s general geological section of Woodbury county ( ( Iowa Geol. Surv., vol. Y, p. 256) No. I is the Nishnabotna sandstone, Nos. 2 and 3 the Sergeant shales, No. 4 the Ponca sandstone, Nos. 5 to 11 the Wood- bury shales, and No. 12 the Crill chalk. Iowa’s Mesozoic section was formed in Mid-Cretacic times. It com- prises no less than seven well defined members. It has a maximum thickness of over 800 feet. RECOGNITION OF BEDS OF TERTIARIC AGE IN OUR STATE. BY CHARLES KEYES. Iowa has been repeatedly and so thoroughly planed off and worked over by continental glaciers of no less than five great ice-invasions that it could be hardly expected that any remnants of the softer pre-glacial formations, if there ever were any deposited within the state’s boun- daries, would survive. Moreover, the state is now everywhere so deeply covered by the several till-sheets and the vast eolian soil-mantles as to effectually conceal all traces of the existence of pre-glacial deposits which we ordinarily refer to the Tertiaries. In spite of these unfavorable conditions I have never, in the twenty- five years during which I have been more or less closely connected with geological work in the region, given up hope of some day having dis- closed true Tertiaric beds of some kind or other. Further, it has been surmised that certain of the numerous sections which had been usually referred wholly to the drift were in reality partly of earlier origin. Several years ago opportunity was offered to examine rather care- fully, with this idea in mind, some of the sections of central South Dakota. In tracing the formations eastward certain of the sands, known to be Tertiaric in age, were found to extend in broken patches nearly to the Iowa line. During the past year it was possible to make comparison of the un- doubted Tertiaric beds mentioned and sundry isolated bodies of litho- logically similar character but which reclined beneath the great till- sheet of western Iowa, One cf these great beds in particular deserves especial mention. It is rather fully described by Bain in his report on the geology of Woodbury county, so that no further account of its characters and peculiarities need be here reiterated. So remarkable and distinctive in its stratigraphic relations was this bed that thef author mentioned designates it the Riverside sands. With the evidence which Bain records and with the later data received there appears to be but little doubt that this and other similar deposits of the region are really remnants of a once 'widely spreading formation which was laid down in Tertiaric time. It is not at all unlikely that this deposit repre- sents Mid-Tertiaric, or Miocene deposition. ' . . ... • ' U 9 LATE DEVONIC SEQUENCE OF THE IOWA REGION. (SYNOPSIS.) BY CHARLES KEYES. The great Devonic limestone succession in Iowa was long treated as if it were a single stratigraphic unit. To it the title Cedar Valley formation was generally attached. This vaguely defined term was suggested by D. D. Owen as early as 1852. Little or no attempt was seemingly ever made to differentiate this hundred-odd feet of limestone. Singularly enough the only efforts to separate the section into sub- ordinate terranes, based upon the lithologic differences and the pale- ontologic peculiarities and resemblances, have never been published. Twenty-five years ago, when yet a student at the State university, I made a very careful and complete determination of the vertical range and faunal elements of the various groups of organic remains, and as a result distinguished four principal subdivisions. These were easily and clearly contrasted by their contained faunas. The lines of demarkation wjetfe readily made out over half a dozen counties. Active work in other fields prevented giving the solution of the Cedar Valley problem its finishing touches. The subdivisions then determined were accepted by Professor Calvin and in his report on the geology of Johnson county they are distinctly recognized but no specific names appended, probably for reason of the fact that he considered the credit as properly belong- ing to another worker in the same field. For these subdivisions the names Solen, Rapid, Coralville and Lucas, from well-known localities in Johnson county, are now proposed. The Devonic section as originally made out for the neighborhood of Iowa City, and as given by Professor Calvin, is as follows: 206 IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCE / / GROUPING OP THE CEDAR VALLEY LIMESTONES. Lucas Limestone. XI. Feet. Limestone, white, fine-grained, StraparoUus abun- dant at base 20 Coralville Limestone. Rapid Limestone. 10. Limestone, gray, fine-grained, ( Idiostroma ) 2 9. Limestone, gray, earthy. 6 8. Limestone, gray, massively bedded, ( Acervularia and sponges.) 10 7. Limestone, bluish, thin-bedded and shaly, unfossil- iferous 8 - 6. Limestone, gray massive, compact, coralline 2 5. Limestone, bluish, heavily bedded, (Cladopora) . . . 3 4. Limestone, blue, massive compact, (Cystiphyllum) . 6 3. Limestone, gray, shaly, unfossiliferous 20 Solen Limestone. 2. Limestone, gray, shaly, ( Megistocrinus ) 1. Limestone, bluish, compact, ( Phillipsastrea ) 15 10 The several terranes are fully described in the report on Johnson county. The point here to be especially noted is that subdivisions recog- nized should receive greater emphasis than they are likely to from mere perusal of the Calvin report. By definitely designating them by means of local names where the sections are best displayed this is partially accomplished. THE PROPER USE OF THE GEOLOGICAL NAME, “BETHANY.” BY JOHN L. TILTON. The proper use of the terms “Bethany,” “Bethany Falls,” “Win- terset” and “Erie” formerly elicited considerable discussion, summar- ized by Bain1 in his Guthrie county report. In that report and in the reports on Dallas and Madison2 counties the term Bethany applies to the entire Winterset section. In the Decatur3 county report also Beth- any applies to the entire Missouri section found, which is there divided into the following sub-stages: Stage. Bethany Sub-stage. Westerville De Kalb Winterset Earlham Fragmental Bain4, in his discussion of the Bethany Limestone at Bethany, Mis- souri, states that “it is not the particular limestone which is of signifi- cance, but the whole group of limestones, all of which are well shown within the town of Bethany, Missouri.” Since that time the correlation of the parts of this whole group of limestone has been carried to such an extent that the problem is no longer, What is the relation of these limestones to the coal bearing strata of the Des Moines formations? but, Which of these several limestone beds is it that outcrops in a given place? Indeed, Bain himself in the paper last named proceeds to describe the various strata of limestone outcropping within the town of Bethany and to correlate them with the various strata of limestone found in Madison and Decatur counties in Iowa, and in so doing he correlates the limestone over which the water plunges at Bethany Falls 1H. P. Bain, Geology of Guthrie County, Iowa Geological Survey,' Vol. VII, pp. 449-450. 1896. 2Tilton and Bain, Geology of Madison County, Iowa Geol. Surv., Vol. VII. 1896. 3H. F. Bain, Geology of Decatur County, Iowa Geol. Surv., Vol. VIII. 1897. 4H. F. Bain, The Bethany Limestone at Bethany, Missouri, Am. Jour, of Sci., Vol. V, pp. 433-439, 1898. See also Geology of Decatur County, Iowa Geol. Surv., Vol. VIII, pp. 472-476, 1897. ■ 208 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE (Broadhead’s No. 78) 5 as the ‘ { Fragmental’ ’ of the table above given for Decatur county. Last spring (1912) Mr. F. C. Greene, in correspondence with refer- ence to priority of terms here in Iowa expressed the opinion that Broad- head’s No. 78 is not the ‘ ‘Fragmental ” of the Iowa section, but is the “Earlham. ” So important with reference to nomenclature did such a statement appear that in August, 1912, the writer accepted Mr. Greene’s invitation to meet him at Bethany and review the situation. First we visited the heavy limestone outcropping by the river side about half a mile above the falls, and then the shale and limestone found on the hillside a few rods further upstream. The entire relation suggests that this heavy limestone is the "W interset limestone, and the shale and limestone on the hillside just beyond, is a small portion of! the De Kalb limestone and associated shale (Cherryvale shale). From this place we walked over through the town to where the railroad crosses a small ravine tributary to Big Creek not far from the railroad station. Here the topmost limestone is clearly the De Kalb and not the Winterset, for beneath the thin beds of shale that underlie it is “Limestone, drab blue, two ledges, 9 and 3 inches thick” which with the associated shale rich in fossils is the most distinctive horizon in the entire succession of strata (the Cherryvale shales), a duplication of the denosits found near the brow of the hill in the southern edge of Winterset (close to the fork in the road southeast). There is no mistaking this horizon. A few rods below the railroad bridge at Bethany is an outcrop of the next ledge beneath, the Winterset limestone, characterized especially by a mass of very large Produetus prattenianus, Pinna (?), and other fossils near low water in the pool close by and corresponding to a similar but less perfect] y developed horizon seen in the Winterset lime- stone at Winterset a few rods east of the fork in the road previously mentioned. The shale which lies beneath this limestone just below the railroad bridge is not there exposed, the next strata visible being the limestone, fragmental in character, at the falls itself. The relation of this lime- stone to that described above is slightly obscured by the dip of the strata ; but as the general direction from one ledge to the next is approxi- mately the direction of the strike there is no chance for the presence of so heavy a bed of limestone as the Earlham between the limestone exposed below the railroad bridge and the limestone seen at the falls. 6Broadhead, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., Vol. II, p. 311, 1862. (In this report the Bethany Falls limestone is No. 766.) Missouri Geological Survey, Report on Iron Ore and Coal Fields, Pt. II, p. 76, etc. 1873. (In this report the Bethany Falls limestone is No. 78.) IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 209 The fragmental appearance and the separation into two distinct por- tions at the falls strongly resemble these features in the limestone at the base of the Missouri stage in Iowa (the Hertha, or so-called Fragmental) ; but even at Winterset a portion of the uppermost Earlham limestone is slightly fragmental. At the falls there is a bridge over a small, ravine which empties into Big Creek. A few hundred yards south along this small ravine one comes to quarries where heavy beds of the Winterset limestone are conspicuous. For a short distance back north toward the falls nothing is visible (the shale is concealed). Then one comes directly to the top of the limestone which is continuous with the limestone at the falls itself. A few rods downstream from the falls is another quarry where a section revealed but sixteen feet not exposed. — too little by far to contain any considerable deposit of limestone and associated beds of shale. Then, standing on the limestone at the mill, we looked back up the stream to where the limestone (Winterset) which we had first visited appeared beside the stream. It is needless to say that in the face of such evidence it was necessary to agree that Broadhead’s Bethany Falls Limestone (his No. 78) is not the “Fragmental” of Iowa but the “Earlham.” But the array of argument which Mr. Greene had to present was not exhausted. The next day we took a carriage sixteen miles across coun- try to Gilman City, and then went afoot east down a ravine known as Tombstone Creek. In a short distance we came upon a ledge of lime- stone (Be Kalb) over perhaps fifteen feet of very fossiliferousi shale containing Meekella striatoeostata, Productus costatus, P. nebraseensis, P. cora, P. longispinus, a bed of Chonetes verneuiliana, Rhombopora lepidoden dr oides, Myalina subquadrata and Ambocoelia planoconvexa. Here also were the two layers of blue limestone. (The beds above, which at Winterset contain so many Derbya crassa, were not well exposed.) Here again the horizon is unmistakable. It is the horizon exposed at the railroad bridge previously mentioned. Following the ravine down we came next upon about thirteen feet of Winterset limestone, then, as measured by the barometer, thirteen feet of Galesburg shale with in- cluded black shale as at Winterset, then eighteen feet of Earlham lime- stone splendidly exposed, and with the top fragmental as at Bethany Falls. Then, following this same creek bed down, the top of the “Frag- mental” (Hertha limestone) soon appeared beyond a railroad bridge. To the south this Hertha limestone rises above the level of the track within a short distance, where this formation is seen divided by a foot 14 210 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE of blue shale into two portions. In the upper portion fifteen inches of limestone is surmounted by two feet of fragmental limestone. Immedi- ately beneath the foot of shale is two and' a half feet of ferrugenous limestone, then seventeen inches of another grayish limestone, then blue shale, a succession entirely unlike that at Bethany Falls except that a fragmental limestone is the topmost portion at each place and a shale lies beneath the lowest limestone. At Bethany Falls the division of the limestone into an upper and a lower portion is not due to the presence of a bed of shale. Further, along the same ravine we had come upon four distinct beds of “fragmental” limestone, two of which I have men- tioned. One other was at the top of the Winterset limestone and one on the De Kalb. It is therefore evident, 1st, that the term “Fragmental” as the name of the limestone at the base of the Missouri series should be displaced here in Iowa by the geographical name which has the preference, Bertha* ; 2nd, that the name Earlham limestone should be replaced by that time honored but misused name, Bethany Falls limestone, which is the name Broadhead originally used for this particular formation; and, 3rd, that the names for the limestones should no longer be made to include the beds of shale which separate them; but the beds of shale be recognized by names already given them elsewhere. This part of the geologic section in south central Iowa then stands as follows: Group. System. Series. Stage. Sub-stage. Paleozoic .... Carboniferous . Pennsylvania. Missouri Westerville limestone.** Chanute shale.* De Kalb limestone.** Cherry vale shale.* Winterset limestone.** Galesburg shale.* Bethany Falls limestone. Ladore shale.* Hertha limestone.* Since the preparation of the above paper a communication from Mr. Greene gives the following “log of a well drilled one-fourth mile south of the center of section 9, T. 63 N., B. 28 W., on the flood plain near the falls of Bethany.” This, like the preceding description, is printed *Adams, Girty and White, Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of the Upper Car- boniferous Rocks of the Kansas Section, Bull. No. 211, U. S. Geol. Surv. Erasmus Haworth, Kan. Univ. Quar., Vol. Ill, 1895. Univ. of Kan. Geol. Surv., Vol. I, 1896. Univ. of Kan. Geol. Surv., Vol. Ill, 1898. Univ. of Kan. Geol. Surv., Vol. IX, 1908. Adams, Haworth, and Crane, Economic Geology of the Iola Quadrangle, Kansas, Bull. 238, U. S. G. S., p. 18. In certain of these references it appears that Bain’s correlation has been followed on the supposition that it is correct. **See above references to the reports of the Iowa Geological Survey. IOWA ACADEMY DF SCIENCE 211 with Mr. Greene’s consent. It demonstrates on the spot that the top of the Hertha limestone is fifteen feet below the Bethany Falls lime- stone at the falls itself: Driller’s Terminology. Interpretation. Thickness. Depth. Soil .................... Falls limestone Bethany Falls limestone . . . Shale, with some thin limestone.. Ladore shale Limestone Hertha limestone Sandstone, hard, loose grained. .. Top of Pleasanton Sandstone, open, coarse grained Ft. 22 8 15 6 15 28 Ft. 22 30 45 51 66 94 A PLEISTOCENE SECTION FROM DES MOINES SOUTH TO ALLERTON. BY JOHN Ii. TILTON. ABSTRACT. 1. A valuable series of exposures is now to be found along the rail- road from Des Moines to Allerton. 2. A detailed description of some of the outcrops. 3. Ceneral observations 'and relations. The grading of a new railroad line from Des Moines to Allerton, passing from Polk through Warren, Marion, Lucas and into Wayne county, affords an excellent opportunity to secure parts of a, Pleisto- cene section from Des Moines south nearly across the southern half of the state from a series of exposures such as have never before been available in this region. The section is a key to the Pleistocene of south central Iowa, serves to connect previous work there with that yet to be accomplished in that region and in north central Missouri, and also affords data for comparison with the excellent records which Shimek has obtained along the Missouri river in western Iowa. The first important exposure south of Des Moines is immediately north of the small railroad station known as Coon V alley (see Des Moines Quadrangle, T. 78 N., R. 23 W., Ne. % of Sec. 21). The cut is about a quarter of a mile long. For two-thirds of that distance from the west the Des Moines shales may be seen, the surface rising gradu- ally to a height of twenty feet above the track near the center of the cut. What lies immediately on the shales is already concealed by talus in the west third of the cut; but just east of the highest point of the shale may be seen two bowlders of greenstone each about a foot in diameter embedded in a dense clay blotched with black and brown and resting on the disintegrated upper portion of the shale. Above these bowlders is three to four feet of dark brownish clay not distinctly separable from the clay enclosing the bowlders. Eighty feet farther east there rests on the Des Moines shales four feet of this dense clay, blue in color but brown along cracks, with pebbles of quartz and sand- 214 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE stone and fragments of shale. The npper portion grades upward into a distinct layer of dark oxidized material. Another eighty feet to the east the lower part of the reddish brown clay is found to. be the weath- ered top of the Des Moines shale; and, in one place above the clay, with no plane of separation, is four feet of a dark brownish laminated silty material containing an abundance of plant fibers. Apparently this upper deposit is continuous under talus with the upper part of the brownish deposit to the west. Throughout the remaining distance to the east end of the cut a bluish silty deposit two to three feet thick rests on the clay containing, fragments of plant fiber, with a two-inch plane of oxidation visible in places between them. Above this deposit to the soil is a bed of grayish loess which in places is very fossiliferous. Near the west end of the cut the loess is twelve to fifteen feet thick, distinctly laminated, and containing an abun dance of fossils. For per- haps four feet there is a four-inch plane of oxidation between the brown loess above and the gray below, but elsewhere no such plane is visible. The drift containing the two bowlders is unquestionably Kansan, though local evidence here is not fully conclusive. In tabular form these descriptions stand as follows : Feet. 6. Soil, yellowish 1-2 5. Loess, brown above where weathered, brownish where less weathered, gray where not weathered, distinctly laminated; with a few horizontal planes of marked* oxidation; and abun- dance of concretions and loess fossils.... 12-15 4. Fine clayey deposit like silt, white where dry, bluish where damp 2 3. Dark brownish laminated silty material, with abundance of plant fibers 4 2. Clay, dense, with streaks of black and brown, with a fewjpebbles of quartz, chert and sandstone, and two bowlders (Kansan Drift.) 4 1. Shale, mostly clayey, upper portion much weathered (Des Moines) 20 Half a mile south of Avon a steam shovel is at work opening a gravel pit close to the one where years ago Mastodon or Elephant remains were reported found at a depth of about sixteen feet. For five feet from the surface the deposit is a dark sandy loam, very slightly lami- nated, and containing Kansan pebbles of all kinds scattered through it and lying in all possible positions. The pebbles are of all sizes up to a very few three inches' in diameter, the average of the largest being perhaps one inch. One rounded mass of sand (a sand bowlder or cobble) four inches in diameter contained a two-inch pebble in its lowest por- tion. At the bottom of the five feet the deposit is more distinctly a sand and gravel. View of a portion of the cut near Coon Valley. View of a portion of cut near Hartford. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 215 The lowest sand and gravel with the Mastodon or Elephant remains is referred to the Aftonian interglacial interval. A mile south of Hartford (see Milo Quadrangle, T. 77 N., R. 22 W., east half of section 29 ) a long and deep cut reveals considerable variety : Feet. 6. Soil 2 5. Loess, brownish above where weathered, gray below, laminated, root marks numerous, two places fossiliferous, traces of hor- izonal planes of oxidized iron visible 9 4. Clay and fine sand, like a silt 1 3. Clay, two inches of dark, then three feet of blue, changing into three feet of dark brownish crumbly clay, free from plant fibers but containing a large amount of oxide of iron; in places grading below into (Gumbo; Dallas) 6 2. Clay, light brownish above, darker brown below, with pebbles and small cobbles; layer of Kansan pebbles seen in places; drift filled with characteristic pebbles and small cobbles of red quartzite, greenstone and granite (Kansan Drift) 10 1. Shale, mostly clayey (Des Moines) 10 Near the center the Des Moines shales appear above the bottom of the cut and rise gradually southward till they attain a height of about ten feet, from which the surface drops rapidly beneath the level of the cut. This valley side in the coal measures is rendered conspicuous by a thin seam of carboniferous matter that follows the side of the valley. The Kansan drift, wanting in a portion of the cut, is here a conspicuous deposit filling the old valley side in the Des Moines shale. Toward the south the line of pebbles and the several deposits that suc- ceed may be seen passing beneath the level of the cut. The weathered portion and the soil here become thicker. The lowest brown clay of No. 3, not clearly separable from the portion above, contains a fevv small pebbles, and rests on a layer of pebbles characteristically Kansan. The deposits above the distinct Kansan drift mantle the hill. The change toward uniformity due to weathering and to creep may be followed out horizontally from the more unchanged portion within the hill to deep black soil on the side of the hill. In the long cut through the high ground two and a half miles east of Sandyville (see Milo Quadrangle, T. 76 N., R. 22 W., Ne. % of sec- tion 24) the following section appears: Feet. 6. Soil 2 5. Loess, brown above, gray below, with numerous somewhat horizon- tal bands of oxidized material very conspicuous in places.... 8 4. Clay, bluish where damp, gray wrhere dry, extending down into numerous holes somewhat hemispherical in shape three to five feet in diameter in the deposit belowT. (Gumbo; Dalis).... 1-2 216 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 3. Clay, brownish blue with many hemispherical holes three to five feet in diameter apparently worn into its surface; a few pebbles up to three-fourth of an inch in diameter ; no gravel nor pebbles visible in bottom of holes (Gumbo; Dallas) 6 2. (Line of pebbles seeming to mark a plane of erosion) ; clay, brownish, with many pebbles and bowlders of red quartzite, decomposed granite, etc (Kansan Drift) 3 1. Shale, mostly clayey (Des Moines) 6 The gumbo (numbers 3-4) is separated into two portions by a plane that seems to be a plane of disturbance rather than erosion or weather- ing. No pebbles appear in the hemispherical projections of number 4 into number 3, as there would be if such places were potholes. The plane seems due to renewed advance of the Kansan ice. In Lucas county close to the county line (Nw. % of Ne. % of section 2, English township) a steam shovel was at work cutting five feet deep into a dense blue clay beneath several feet of Kansan drift that con- tained characteristic bowlders and pebbles. One bowlder was a large bowlder of blue clay like the basal clay there found but also containing fragments of coal. This seems either a bowlder of Nebraskan drift, or a Kansan bowlder of Des Moines shale worked over and incorporated into the Kansan drift. In the latter case any evidence of stratification which the clay may have had when in the form of Des Moines shale had been lost. In the bottom of a trench a little further south is a somewhat similar dense bluish black clay with nothing separating it from the distinct Kansan drift seen in the hills. Several other somewhat similar cuts occur within six miles to the south toward Chariton in which the drift exposed is distinctly Kansan drift. At Chariton a good section is obtained by combining the outcrops found in the three cuts beginning at the crossing of the Chicago, Bur- lington and Quincy railroad and extending south to Chariton river. At the railroad crossing the two feet of soil is on the gumbo, the upper portion of which is here brown through oxidation, the lower portion gray, containing small pebbles especially of quartz and granite rarely over half an inch in diameter. Next, without any line of pebbles and underneath the above mentioned clay, is the brownish, weathered and bowlder-bearing phase of the Kansan drift, well exposed in the long cut two hundred yards to the south, where the exposure gives about fifteen feet filled with large sand bowlders and numerous and characteristic bowlders of decomposed granite, greenstone, quartzite, and brown, yel- low and red chert. In the trench by the river there is included a bed View of a portion of the cut east of Sandyville. A second view of the cut east of Sandyville. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 217 of sand six feet thick, fine, irregularly bedded, and iron stained, be- neath which lies fifteen feet of dense clay, brown above, blue below, with numerous small pebbles of chert, and quartz, exposed down to low water in the river and1 apparently extending below the bed of the stream. Professor Kay finds the Kansan drift here continuous in one place from the top of the hill to the bottom of the trench. Half a mile distant on the south side of the river sand that is appar- ently post-Kansan rises above the level of the track. Here the section is as follows: Feet. 4. Soil, and brownish yellow subsoil 3 3. Sand, fine, gray 7 2. Sand, yellow and white, stratified, iy2 ft.; sand, very fine and white, 2 ft.; sand deeply oxidized, stratified 10 (Bottom of trench west side of track.) 1. Sand in hole dug beneath bottom of trench 3 A somewhat peculiar enclosure of sand in Kansan drift is found in Benton township (T. 71 N., R. XXI W., Sw. % of the Ne. % of sec- tion 32). Here, beneath five feet of the weathered phase of the Kansan with numerous bowlders, cobbles and pebbles of greenstone, granite and red quartzite, is a thin sandy and brownish plane that appears to mark a plane of weathering. Beneath this plane there is exposed five feet of dense brownish clay free from grit, without red quartzite and with- out greenstone, but with numerous cracks filled with lime. Further south there is but one cut that extends much into the Kansan drift. That is in section 31 of Union township, Wayne county (Tp. 70 N., R. XXI W., Ne. % of the Sw. % of section 31). Here, beneath the yellowish, oxidized phase of the Kansan is the bluish phase of the same clay with its grit and pebbles. Beneath this there is' a layer of oxidized material found in the south third of the cut; elsewhere, an irregular undulating top of a dense brownish clay free from red quartzite. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND RELATIONS. The Des Moines shales are frequently found above the level of the track from the outcrop near Coon Valley to the northern boundary of Lucas county (section 2 of English township). Close to Whitebreast creek in Marion county (section 26, Franklin township) the railroad cut reveals a high hill of Des Moines shales with but a thin soil at the top. South of the northern part of Lucas county the shale appears but once (in section 10 of Lincoln township). Work in northern Lucas county, where grading is not yet completed, may possibly bring to light a few other exposures later. 218 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE No Nebraskan drift was found exposed. If present at all it should be looked for beneath the river deposits. Unfortunately for complete observation the cuts are, of course, in the hills only, while fills occupy the valleys. Beds referable to the Aftonian interglacial deposits are found only at Avon in the deepest portion of the gravel pits. No sections of bog nor of peat are revealed. At the crossing of Wolf creek (Tp. 71 N., R. XXI W., Ne. 34 of the Sw. 14 of section 28) the creek in changing its channel has cut into a dark, somewhat stratified deposit, resembling an Aftonian deposit found in the Simpson College well; but there is no evidence at present at hand to determine the age of this deposit at Wolf creek. The weathered phase of the Kansan drift is frequently exposed from Carlisle to Chariton. South of the high hills of Des Moines strata along Whitebreast creek all the deep cuts into the Kansan reveal bowlders of stratified sand, the planes of stratification dipping in different direc- tions in even adjacent bowlders. The porosity of the sand bowlders has made it possible for surface water to reach various parts of the clay readily and help extend the zone of oxidation, the relative absence of sand bowlders in the deeper portions seeming one reason why those deeper portions have been less oxidized than the more sandy portion above. The Gumbo; Dallas Deposits. One of the most important relations which this series of exposures illustrates is the relation of the gumbo to the previously recognized Kansan drift. The gumbo as exposed along the railroad is a blue clay of varying thickness up to ten feet, without stratification, and with small pebbles chiefly of quartz and granite here and there in it, but compared with the ordinary Kansan drift almost pebbleless. From relations along the railroad the gumbo appears closely related to thie Kansan drift, in places not separable from it and in other places partly or wholly absent, its place being taken by stratified sand. In Clarke county what is apparently the same kind of a deposit is found definitely at lower levels in places where its position does not seem due to wash and creep. The only conclusion that seems applicable is that this gumbo was laid down not only on the upland but in places, at least, along drainage lines determined before the gumbo was laid down. As those drainage lines are on the Kansan drift, they, and the gumbo which is in them, must be post-Kansan in age. While the gumbo has not been traced across the state mile by mile, the work in the different counties seems to make it clear that this gumbo of south central Iowa corresponds to the gumbo of southwestern Iowa, which gumbo Shimek IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 219 correlates as the Loveland. If the correlations of the gumbo alone were all that is involved it would be advisable to adopt the term Loveland for these gumbo deposits of south central Iowa. There is, however, a serious objection to the adoption of this term.. The term Loveland as originally defined by Professor Shimek applies to a definite gumbo-like deposit and that only. In south central Iowa the gumbo may in places be traced horizontally into stratified sand ; in places it is found to con- tain a few pebbles, and in places to be free from pebbles;. The term Buchanan gravels was proposed by Calvin as the name for the gravels and the gravels only as found on the Kansan drift in Buchanan county. To adopt either of these terms would necessitate a change in the use of the term as originally defined. The writer therefore suggests the term Dallas for those deposits of whatever nature, partly gravel, partly sand, partly gumbo either without pebbles or with a few pebbles, formed in the closing stages of the Kansan ice age as the Kansan ice melted leaving a surface deposit over the Kansan drift in the Kansan upland and down along valleys which in places had by that time been eroded into the Kansan drift. The name is suggested by the town of Dallas in Marion county (Iowa) near which a considerable variation may be seen in the gumbo and associated deposits. A mile north of Dallas (Ne. Vt of the Ne. % of section 2) these Dallas deposits are pebble free beneath the soil, pebble bearing from eight to sixteen feet below the surface, and resting on a distinct sandy Kansan drift with its char- acteristic pebbles and bowlders, which in turn rests upon the Des Moines shales. A similar relation is observed in each of several exposures toward the south as far as the Lucas county line. To the north an excellent exposure may be found near the Fairview school house (T. 75 N., R. 21 W., Sec. 3, Se. % of the Sw. VL)> where gumbo is seen not distinctly separated from Kansan drift. It may also be seen in the long cut east of Sandyville as previously described. In Lucas county it is especially noticeable in sections 23 and 34 of English township, 10 of Lincoln township, at Chariton at the crossing of the C., B and Q. railroad, and in sections 8, 16 and center of 21 of Benton township. In Wayne county the relation may be seen in sections 5, 18, 30 and 31 of Union township, in the northwest part of Corydon township, in sec- tion 24 of Benton township, and section 2 of Warren township. (From Allerton to Lineville the railroad follows a divide.) The name Dallas for these deposits is suggested to meet the need for a name that has not as yet been fully supplied. Should later a more acceptable term be found, or even an earlier term be given a new mean- 220 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE ing, such a term agreed upon will be welcomed by the writer ; but Dallas deposits is the term which at present appears to him most acceptable. The significance and bearing of the important fact mentioned in the above description of the Sandyville section, where a lower portion of the gumbo is described as presenting evidence that an upper portion had been pushed along over the lower, should not be overlooked. Such a relation has been used .elsewhere as part of the evidence that an under- lying drift is sub-Aftonian. Here the underlying drift is Kansan. This is the first time the writer knows of that such evidence has been presented of two movements in the Kansan itself (including the gumbo as a part of the Kansan drift.) In places the low ground gumbo does not belong to the Dallas deposits but is a worked-over Dallas deposit washed from the higher ground along ravines and into the low ground, where a deposit similar to the gumbo of the upland may be found without a trace of stratification. The brownish, laminated clay charged with plant fibers near Coon Valley (No. 3), and that crumbly and iron stained deposit without plant fibers near Hartford, seem related in time and possibly in conditions of deposition. The lower boundary of each is hard to distinguish from the, gumbo: but the deposits are easily distinguished from the overlying silt-like deposits in the places named. They seem to mark varying conditions in an old land surface. In places dark bands appear at the surface, and in places traces of oxidation. The loess. Distinct loess is only found in the northern portions of the area. The general difference between the brown and1 the gray por- tions seem due to weathering. It is also recognized that during the deposition great changes in climatic conditions took place which might affect what was surface at that time. Such is the similarity between weathered gumbo and weathered loess that it may be a portion of the soil in the southern part of the area should be described as partly loess; the* deposit there immediately beneath the soil is gumbo. PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE SO-CALLED “LOESS” OF SOUTHWESTERN IOWA. James Ellis Gow. While exploring Adair county in the interest of the Iowa State Geological Survey, the writer made some observations upon the sur- face soil of that region, which have led him to differ with the conclu- sions of other geologists who have described the same soil in adjoining counties. This soil has usually been described as Iowan loess, sometimes simply as loess. The long controversy as to the nature and origin of the Mississippi valley loess has left in its trail such apparent confusion as to the precise meaning of the term that it seems almost necessary to define it anew before attempting to make use of it in a scientific way. The writer will accordingly begin his argument by defining what he understands by the term ‘ ‘ loess. ’ ’ WHAT IS LOESS? This term was first applied by European geologists to the extensive deposits of homogeneous fine-grained clay found in China and the up- lands of centra] and northern Asia. This clay , is distinctive in its characteristics. It is so fine grained in texture as to be readily held in suspension in the air, and when deposited in any mass solidifies so per- fectly that vertical banks disintegrate very slowly under the action of water, and may stand for many years. A clay of precisely these characteristics is found in Iowa, around the border of the Iowan drift sheet and in the valley of the Missouri river, and has long been known as loess. It was first regarded as loess because of its texture and physical characteristics. It was long believed by many geologists that the loess was formed directly by aqueous agencies ; but it would have been a mis- take to say that it was loess because it was laid down under water, else stratified sands, gravel, and alluvium would also have to be classified as loess. It is now generally believed — on evidence that seems to the writer to be absolutely conclusive — that the loess is of aeolian origin. But it is a mistake to say that it is loess be.cmi.se of its aeolian origin, else the material of sand dunes would have to be considered as loess. 222 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE In other words, the term in question refers not to the origin of the de- posit, but to the nature of the material deposited. As a matter of fact, the nature" of the material indicates an aeolian origin for it; but not all aeolian material is loess. Unless it possess certain well-defined and easily recognized physical characteristics it cannot be defined by that term. What are the characteristics that must be present in order to constitute true loess ? 1. The material is fine-grained and, with two exceptions to be noted, absolutely homogeneous. It is so fine-grained that, to quote the late Dr. Calvin, when crushed between the thumb and finger it has a “greasy” feeling. In other words, the individual particles are so small and so uniform that they produce no separate effect on the touch nerves. The material is a perfect powder. It has no grit. 2. Because of its fineness, it is so light as to be readily transported by the wind; forming in fact an impalpable dust that! even in still air remains in suspension for a long period of time. 3. Because of its homogeneous and uniform texture it is, when in mass, easily compacted. When so compacted it resists the action of erosion more perfectly than does the ordinary clay or sand of the glacial drift. This is shown especially well in the case of the Mis- souri valley loess, but is measurably true of all loess. 4. The color is not an invariable factor, since it depends upon the source of the material, and the sources in different localities will vary. It is usually yellow, yellow-brown or brown, but the grey and grey- brown tints are not unknown. 5. When in mass the loess is likely to contain lime nodules, or ‘ ‘ loess- kindchen.” These are often Jacking. Similar nodules are sometimes found in joint clay. Their presence does not prove the material to be loess. 6. The loess is fossiliferous. It is this fact that first led to the now somewhat archaic theory of an aqueous origin. Since it has been shown that many of these fossils are land forms, and the others are such as frequent shallow prairie brooks and pools, or even “sloughs” and “draws” where the soil is perpetually damp, the aqueous theory has been largely abandoned in favor of the aeolian. An absolutely non- fossiliferous loess can be imagined, though the writer cannot find that such a loess has ever been found. 7. The loess is often, but not always, stratified. The strata are seldom horizontal, but are irregular, or else are inclined to follow the contours of the pre-loessian hills. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 223 These are the characteristics’ of loess. The writer accepts the aeolian theory as to the origin of the loess. But to prove a deposit aeolion is not equivalent to proving that it is loess. Unless it has the texture and physical characteristics of loess, it is not loess! Sand, whatever its origin, is not loess. Joint clay is not loess. Heavy, “sad” soils are not loess. Soils whose materials are distinctly granular are not loess. We are not justified in calling any material by that term unless it possesses the requisite physical characteristics. THE PROBLEM IN ADAIR COUNTY. Adair county lies within the Kansan drift area of Iowa. The crest of the grand divide between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers passes through the county. Erosion has cut deeply into the drift, the county is greatly dissected by streams, anekits drainage system is complete. It contains no lakes, except an occasional ox-bow in the flood-plain of one of the larger streams. As is to be expected in an area of this sort there is a very considerable variation in the elevation of different points within the county limits. This can best be appreciated by a few ex- amples. The elevation at the town of Greenfield is 1,368 feet. Eight miles northeast, at the village of Howe, the elevation is 1,098. Half a mile east of Howe, on the banks of Middle River, it is 1,047. At the in- tersection of Middle River with the county line the elevation is 940 feet. At the town of Adair it is 1,442 feet. The material of the Kansan drift in Adair is not unlike that found in the other counties of southern Iowa where this drift forms the; sur- face soil. When not leached out, the till is a dark blue or blue-brown varying to purple brown or sometimes nearly black when moist. Near the surface it leaches to light yellow-brown or grey-brown. Small bowlders of granitic rock, and more particularly of Sioux Quartzite, are common in the drift, but are not evenly distributed1, being very abundant in places, and in other places scarce or lacking. This uneven distribution is to be attributed to the accidental irregularity of glacial deposition. It is not to be expected that the glacial agencies would distribute the bowlders in a mass of till with absolute uniformity. One might reasonably expect a priori that there would be more at some points than at others. Gravels also are occasionally present. These are always more or less intermixed with till, except where post-Kansan erosion has been at work re-assorting 'the materials. Where the gravel and till occur in their original position, no trace of stratification can be detected. Like the bowlders, gravel is occasionally lacking at many points in the till, and this again is to be attributed to the accidental 224 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE irregularity and lack of homogeneity in the materials laid down by the ice. Always and everywhere the principal ingredient of the Kansan drift is a joint clay — a clay that crumbles into small angular fragments when crushed in the fingers, and cracks in drying. It may be dark blue, or it may be leached out to a light yellow-brown, it may contain pebbles and bowlders, or may be free from them, lime-nodules may be present or absent, but without exception the clay shows the “jointed”' character. This peculiarity is distinctive. On traveling over the county, and observing the character of the surface deposits, one notices that scattered small bowlders and pebbles are much in evidence. Angular fragments of quartzite are particularly common. Every now and then, however, one gets into an area where the surface soil is free from stones of any sort, or practically so. This boulderless and pebbleless soil is, like the deeper drift, a joint clay. It is leached to precisely the same color as the superficial bowlder-bear- ing Kansan till on either side of it. It differs from the latter in no discoverable particular, except in the fact that it is free from bowlders and pebbles. It may occur at any level, and be of any extent. Some- times it covers an area but a few yards square; sometimes one may ob- serve it along the roadside for a mile at a stretch. It occurs on the crest of the divide at Greenfield, Grove Center and Adair. It also is found in the valley of Middle River at Howe, and near the county line, and in the valley of the Nodaway from Bridgewater down to the county line. It is scattered widely, is discontinuous, and one can never pre- dict where it will be found. At Greenfield it is twenty feet in thick- ness, at Grove Center four or five feet, and at Adair it reaches: a thick- ness of thirty feet or more. As has been said, its consistency is that of leached Kansan till. Wherever a section has cut deeply enough to penetrate both this deposit and the underlying bowlder-bearing Kansan, it is seen that there is no sharp line of demarkation between the two, but that the one shades off into the other. The bowlders and pebbles do not suddenly cease, as one follows the section upward, but they gradually become fewer and fewer. In fact a few small stones can al- most always be found in the deposit under discussion if one hunts for them. Sections at Greenfield, Grove Center and elsewhere show this gradual gradation of the bowlder-bearing into bowlderless clay. Finding a pebbleless and bowlderless clay scattered over the surface of the Kansan, one is at first inclined to conclude that it is a distinct formation, younger than the Kansan, and deposited on top of it. It is evident, however, that it cannot be of aqueous origin because of all ab- sence of stratification, and because of the wide variation in altitude cov- IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 225 erect by it. It. is also evident that it could not have been laid down imme- diately after the retreat; of the Kansan ice sheet, because in that case it would have been cut away by subsequent erosion, and we would find it to- day only on the highlands. As a matter of fact it is as common in the low- est valleys' as on the crest of the divide. Therefore, if it be a purely super- ficial deposit, it must have been laid down after the Kansan had been eroded to its present contours; that is to say, in very recent times. The only agency adequate to this sort of post-erosional deposition is the wind. No aqueous agent could, in recent times, and after the erosion of the Kansan to its present contour, have inundated the entire country - — including the crest of the divide — and deposited a carpet of material four to forty feet thick, and then withdrawn leaving the surface other- wise unchanged. Such, a grotesque hypothesis needs only to be mentioned to be rejected. But the wind is adequate to a task of this sort. It can carry material up-hill. It deposits it discontinuously , . as this appears to be deposited. The natural first inference therefore is that the material is aeolian in its origin. The writer, at first believed this to be the case. lie has now .seen good reasons for correcting his conclusions. But at this point he wishes to insist on one thing: If the material in question is of aeolian origin, it is not therefore loess, any more than wind-blown sand is loess. This material is a joint clay, and joint clay is not loess. If it is aeolian, then it is an aeolian joint clay, not an aeolian loess. The term loess has reference to clay of a certain well-defined texture, weight, and structure, and this material, as has already been shown, differs from it in, every way. Whatever its origin, it can be productive only of confusion to misname it in this way. There seems to be a tendency on the part of some geologists to make “loess” synonymous with “aeolian material.” The error involved in this misuse of language1. has already been pointed out. THE PROBLEM' IN ADJOINING COUNTIES. The western part of Madison County is covered with a clay similar m all respects to the one herein described. It has been regarded as being of aeolian origin, and is described in the report on the Geology of Madison County as “loess.” The same is true with regard to Guthrie and Dallas’ counties. The author of the Dallas county report, indeed, was puzzled by the fact that in many places ,he found Kansan bowlders and gravels on top of the so-called loess. To explain this difficulty he was forced back upon the archaic theory of an inland post-Kansan sea, 15 226 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE the bowlders and pebbles in question being the droppings from the ice- bergs that during many ages broke from the edge of the ice-sheet and floated out upon the waters that then covered Iowa. It is hardly neces- sary to call attention to the fact that the hypothetical sea was immediate- ly post-Kansan, while the so-called loess was deposited subsequent to the erosion of the Kansan. The stratified silts, clays, and limes, that should have 'been deposited in such a sea, all are lacking, and of the morainic rampart hundreds and hundreds of feet in height necessary to dam back so vast a mass of water no trace remains, heaving out of the ques- tion all such grotesque theories, let us inquire as to the possible explana- tion of the occurrence of the so-called loess, supposing it to be what at first glance it would appear to be, namely an aeolian deposit. THEORIES AS TO THE ORIGIN OF THE SO-CALLED LOESS, 1. Finding this material near the edge of the Wisconsin lobe, which passes through Guthrie County, one might at first conclude that this is a phase of the Wisconsin loess. The fact that it is, structurally, not loess has been sufficiently dwelt on. The theory that would relate it to the Wisconsin is untenable, since it passes under the Wisconsin drift sheet in Guthrie county. It may therefore be laid down as a fact that it is older than the Wisconsin drift. 2. It has been suggested that this is an aeolian deposit whose materials were gathered from the outwash of the Iowan glacier, and it has ac- cordingly been described as 4 4 Iowan loess,” The true Iowan loess ap- pears in abundance in Linn and Johnson counties. It is extremely fine- grained and easily carried by the wind. The Adair County material is coarsely granular, heavy, and is not readily moved by air currents. The adherents of the Iowan loess theory would have us believe that the finer materials were deposited near their source, while the coarser and heavier matter was caught up and blown half way across Iowa and there deposited in great quantities. The writer cannot yet accept this contradition of the principle of gravitation. On the face of it the theory is untenable. 3. The same objection prevents us from accepting the theory as to the source of this material being the valley of the Missouri river. The Missouri loess is fine-grained, easily blown, and travels far, but is not found in Adair County. This so-called 4 4 loess” is. heavy and coarse, and does not travel readily. If the Missouri loess cannot travel a!s far as Adair County in appreciable quantity, this heavy material certainly could not. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 227 4. It may be suggested that the deposit is of aeolian origin, and that the materials were caught up from the flood plains of nearby streams and deposited on slightly higher ground. To this it must: be said that the streams of this region are small, their flood-plains are narrow, and could not possibly yield such a mass of material. It must be remembered in this connection that this material, if it be indeed younger than the Kaman, wa's deposited after the erosion of the Kansan was complete, and the time has been comparatively short. In so short a time, and with so inadequate a source of supply, such an extensive deposit could not originate. A further objection is that, if this originated from local flood-plains, it would be thicker near the flood-plains and thinner on the crest of the hills. This is not the case. The theory of a local aeolian origin is untenable1. 5. One geologist, in conversation with the writer, has suggested that the material may have blown in from the plains of the southwest, and may be the accumulations of all the ages since the retreat, of the ice- sheet. There are two objections to this theory. First, if this be in- deed Tear the Big Sioux valley south and southwest of East Sioux Falls this ridge is fairly prominent but it becomes less prominent westward and in southeastern Sioux Falls township is represented only by disconnected hills. These features, apparently taken by Professor Todd as morainic, are all on the Kansan just beyond the actual Wisconsin margin and are not morainic but erosional. However, the contrast between the glacial plain to the south and the erosional topography to the north was detected and its true significance realized. Westward from thje Great Bend, Professor Todd states that this ridge “continues its westerly course to near the southwest corner of township 101, range 51. ” A broad ridge-like elevation does continue westward along the county line, from, the Great Bend, but this elevation does not mark the Wis- consin margin, for as noted above the southern part of township 101 north, range 50 west, south of Skunk creek, is a glacial plain. This separation of the Kansan and Wisconsin drift-plains, is based upon physiographic features, although the boulders of the Wisconsin plain and the loess-covering of the Kansan areas, are accordant strati- graphic lines of evidence. The Wisconsin drift is very hard to dis- tinguish from the Kansan, at least in the marginal parts of the Wis- consin area, or else it is almost entirely lacking. In a few places the 5Todd, J. E., The Moraines of Southeastern South Dakota, Bull. 158 U. S. Geol. Survey, 1899, p. 35. IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCE 245 drift observed is not the typical Kansan and may be Wisconsin, but most of the exposures studied, are apparently Kansan. On the basis of the drift alone, onie would not separate the areas, but the conclusive evidence is the topography, and along with this, the absence: of a. loess- covering over the Dakota plain, the presence of boulders on the surface and the questionable drift of the region agree. Southeast of Shindlar, along the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway as it descends to the Big Sioux valley, there are a number of drift cuts. The plain above is Wisconsin but the drift exposures are Kansan with the possible exception of the first cut southeast of Shindlar, which comes at the very edge of the plain just as the descent begins. In this cut, there is a loose, sandy drift near the surface, which breaks out in rounded fragments and crumbles to a sandy mealy clay when crushed in the hand. It grades downward however to a. harder, more plastic clay, which breaks with the more definite Kansan fracture. Just south of the northwest cornier of section 36 of Sioux Falls town- ship (T. 101 N., R. 49 W.), a yellowish-brown, sandy drift comes to the surface, except for a thin covering of soil. This is just inside the Wis- consin area and good glacial topography continues off to the southeast. In passing only a half mile to the west, the Wisconsin boundary has been crossed and a loess covering of 4 to 6 feet overlies the Kansas drift (Fig. 3). At the northeast corner of section 10, township 100 north, range 50 west, just outside the Wisconsin margin, there are several cuts of loess, one 12 feet deep, and some of them show Kansan drift below the loess. About 80 rods to the south', a road cut shows, at the surface, a brownish- grey drift with considerable sandy material and occasional pebble bands. Passing down the slope, through a vertical thickness of 8 feet, the drift is found to rest upon a brownish-yellow loess deposit, several feet in thickness, the base of which is not exposed. This is apparently a case where the Wisconsin ice near its margin pushed over some loess without tearing it, up and mixing the material with its drift. Is the failure of the Wisconsin drift-sheet real or only apparent? We are accustomed to think of the drifts of different, ice-epochs as presenting each its own characteristic lithological features, but if two ice-sheets advanced over the same route and eroded the same rock forma- tions, there is little reason why the drifts should differ. The Wisconsin drift was obtained from the same rocks as the Kansan drift, or is in large part simply reworked Kansan drift, so that we should not ex- pect the drifts to be distinctly different. However it is not believed that any large amount of the drift exposed in the deeper cuts, as along 246 IOWA ACADEMY SCIENCE Fig* 3* Map of the Sioux Falls-Canton region. The broken line shows the eastern boundary of the Wisconsin drift-plain. *• —loess exposures. X ^-boulders. •* —undrained depressions. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 247 the railway southeast of Shindlar, is ‘Wisconsin. It is believed rather, that the amount of Wisconsin drift is small, amounting to only a few feet of material much like the Kansan and grading downward into the true Kansan. Detailed work in the region will however, probably show that the Wisconsin drift does differ slightly from the Kansan so that it will be possible to differentiate the drifts. But should this not prove true, the glacial plain remains, and this cannot be Kansan. It is a youthful glacial plain and nothing of this type is found in any known Kansan drift-plain. Professor Shimek, in his recent article on the Sioux Falls region, speaking of the plain on the Dakota side states: “ There are few (en- tirely inclosed basins containing swamps and ponds.”6 Attention has already been called to the presence of undrained depressions with swamps and ponds in the region north of Shindlar, and they are shown on thie accompanying map, figure 3. Farther west in township 100 north, range 50 west, swamps occur in sections 11, 14, 15, 16, 21, 17 and 7, and at several places in the south part of township 101 north, range 50 west. These swamp areas are not extensive and the ponds are not large, but they are a common feature and their presence is significant as showing the recency of the plain. Continuing, Professor Shimek says, “the general character of the surface is very similar to that of the Kansan in O’Brien and Osceola counties in Iowa.’’ The Kansan plain of O’Brien county and southern Osceola county63- is in large part quite level, the relief being at many’ places no greater than that of the Dakota plain. But it is only in this matter of relief that the two regions should be compared. The relief features of a large part of the Dakota plain are independent of stream erosion. Narrow, sharply-cut val- leys have determined the relief features of a narrow belt on either side of them, but only a short distance back from these valleys the low rounded elevations and the shallow undrained depressions so character- istic of recent glacial plains, are the dominant features of the region. The relief features of the Kansan plain of O’Brien county consist of very broad shallow valleys. The courses of the valleys are usually di- rect and the drainage pattern is the usual dendritic type. Long gentle slopes lead down to the valleys from either side, and the divides are roundied. Although the relief may be slight all the surface has some slope and belongs definitely to some drainage basin. Along the stream courses are many marshy flood-plain areas but there are no depressions away from the stream courses. It is a region of very slight relief in 6Shimek, B., Pleistocene of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and vicinity, Bull. Geol Soc. America, vol. 23, 1912, p. 149. 248 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE which all the slopes and surface features have been determined by stream erosion. The writer has studied quite thoroughly thei major portion of O’Brien and Osceola counties and is very positive in making the statement that in all the Kansan area of O’Brien and surrounding coun- ties there is not a single un drained depression of the type that is com- mon on the Dakota plain. The Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Kailway, running south from Sioux Falls, comes out onto the glacial plain just north of the county line, and continues southward across this plain through Harrisburg to Canton. At a number of places along this road swamps may be seen and boulders lie on the surface, ft is evident that if the identity of the Wisconsin plain is established farther north it should continue south to Canton. The writer has not seen the region southwest of Can- ton, but from the topographic map of the area it seems evident that thJe southeast border of this plain is approximately as given by Profes- sor Todd, running from the point of the upland south of Canton, south by southwest through Beresford. It has already been noted: that the loess is absent over the Wisconsin plain, but the matter is of such importance that a more complete state- ment is justified. The rugged region of the Iowa, side isi loess- covered, with numerous exposures in the road cuts. The: area within the east loop of the Great Bend between Sioux Falls and East Sioux Falls, the area within the west loop of the Great Bend, and that west of the Big Sioux and north of Skunk creek, are all loess-covered, as well as the rugged area south of Canton. In contrast with this loess-covered, rugged area the Dakota plain is free from loess. On figure 3 twenty exposures of loess are mapped in the area north of the Wisconsin drift-plain to the east and west of Sioux Falls, nineteen exposures" are mapped on the Iowa side and eight in the rugged area south of Canton. Many of these loess exposures are taken from the map published by Professor Shimek on page 131 of volume 23 of the Bulletin of the Geological So- ciety of America. On this map by Professor Shimek only one ex- posure of loess is mapped within the area, which is included in the Wis- consin drift-plain of figure 3, and this exposure is just at the edge of the Wisconsin plain, in or near the west bluff of the Big Sioux val- ley. On the other hand there are twelve exposures of loess mapped within the east loop of the Big Sioux, sixteen exposures along the Iowa upland between the state line and a point opposite Canton, and eleven exposures in the upland south of Canton. The plotting of these loess exposures brings out the fact that the loess-covered area is identical with the area of erosional topography, while the area without loess is identi- cal with that having a glacial topography. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 249 There remains to be noted a few isolated hills which rise above the level of the Dakota plain near its eastern edge along the Big Sioux valley. They are located from south to north as follows: (1) At the northeast edge of Canton. (2) Three miles northeast of Canton. (3) Just opposite Klondike. (4) Tavo and a half miles east of Shindlar. Professor Todd refers to them as the only representatives of the Alta- mount moraine between the highland south of Canton and the ridge south of East Sioux Falls, and says that the larger of them ‘‘show basins indicating their morainic character, ” and that the hill in north- east Canton is “composed largely of gravel.”7 Professor Shimek says concerning them “they are certainly Kansan, and are evidently related to the upland on the Iowa side. ”8 Like the plain to the west they are not covered with loess and at least three of them have pebbles and bould- eretts on the surface. The drift of these hills, in so far as seen, could not be differentiated from that of the surrounding plain and is ap- parently Kansan. These hills were apparently features on the pre- Wisconsin surface, or remnants left by the erosion of the Wisconsin ice, but they were over-ridden by the Wisconsin ice, stripped of the loess- covering and A^eneered Avith a thin coating of drift with gravels and boulder etts on the surface. The results of this study would fix the extent of the Wisconsin drift- plain essentially as determined by Professor Todd. The writer does not however agree with Professor Todd concerning moraines at the edge of the Wisconsin plain. It has been shown that the features taken by Todd as the Altamont moraine, from a point opposite the north boundary of IoAva westward to the south end of the Great Bend are erosional hills and ridges of the Kansan plain just outside the Wis- consin boundary, and that the ridge running westward from the south end of the Great IJend is within the Wisconsin boundary Avith glacial topography to the north extending to the valley of Skunk creek. The isolated hills along the Big Sioux betAAAeen the north boundary of Iowa and Canton are apparently remnants of the Kansan plain made up of Kansan drift but over-ridden by the Wisconsin ice. It is also probable that there is little true terminal along the border southwest of Canton toward Beresford. In summary the evidence here submitted may be brought together as follows: 7Todd, J. E., Bull. 158 U. S. Geol. Survey, 1899, p. 34. 8Shimek, B.„ Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. 23, 1912, p. 150. 0aThose parts of O’Brien and Osceola counties here referred to the Kansan may be- long to a post-Kansan, pre-Wisconsin drift sheet. 250 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE (1) The Dakota plain has a slightly rolling to gently rolling sur- face, with a relief of 15 to 25 feet, while the region to the north, east and southeast, is rugged with a relief of 100 to 150 feet. (2) The Dakota plain has an altitude that is 50 to 100 feet below the altitude of the divides of the adjoining regions to the north, east and southeast. (3) The relief features of the Dakota plain consists largely of low mounds and broad swales, interspersed with shallow undrained depres- sions. Such erosion valleys as occur are narrow and steep-sided and have determined the topography of only a narrow belt on either side. This is a true glacial surface and the time which has elapsed since its formation is comparatively short. There is no Kansan area known that has such undrained depressions. The relief features of the adjoining region are those produced by erosion by running water to the sub-ma- ture stage of the cycle. (4) The Dakota plain is free from loess, while the region to the north, east and southeast has a loess covering. (5) Boulders and boulderetts are frequently seen on the Dakota plain, while in the area to -the north,, east and southeast, boulders are seldom seen, except in the beds of ravines that are being actively de- graded. (6) The Dakota plain has a dark pebbly, gritty soil, while over the surrounding area there is a pebbleless loam derived from the loess. This combination of characters found on the Dakota plain calls for an entirely separate glaciation at a very recent geologic time. The conclusion then is, that the plain extending from just north of the north line of Lincoln county, south through Shindlar and Harrisburg to the upland south of Canton, and east to the Big Sioux valley, was covered by a part of the Dakota lobe of the Wisconsin ice-sheet, and is a Wis- consin drift-plain, while the areas to the north, east and southeast be- long to the loess-covered, maturely-eroded Kansan drift-plain. ADDITIONAL EVIDENCES OF POST-KANSAN GLACIATION IN JOHNSON COUNTY, IOWA. MORRIS M. LEIGHTON. Johnson County offers a field of phenomena that are strikingly appli- cable to the theme of our late Pleistocene controversy, namely, “Has the northeast quarter of Iowa, except the Driftless Area, been invaded by an ice-sheet later than the Kansan?” It is with certain of these phenomena that this paper will attempt to deal. The area studied in particular was the northwest two-thirds of Johnson County. As shown in Fig. 1, it includes the North Liberty and Shueyville lobes of the Iowan drift, mapped by the late Professor Samuel Calvin, and the bordering areas of the Kansan drift. Fig. 1. — Drift map of northern part of Johnson county. 252 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE former discussions. A discussion of this area has been partially entered into by Calvin. The contrast between the youthful topography of the North Liberty lobe and the mature topography of the bordering Kansan, together with the marginal deposits of loess bounding the lobes of the Iowan, are noted in Volume VII of the Iowa Geological Survey, pp. 39-46 and 83-87. Reference is also made in several of the county reports to terraces of Iowan gravel in the valley of Iowa River, but no location, description, or adequate' significance is pointed out concerning them. During the field-work of the present writer, some of these terraces, formerly unbe- known to him and perhaps the identical ones referred to by Calvin, were found. The typical ones of these will now be considered. VALLEY-TRAIN TERRACES. In valleys leading down from the North Liberty lobe and from the Shueyville lobe to Iowa River, and along Iowa River from Curtis to Iowa, City, are the following terraces of sand and .gravel : Pardieu Creek Terrace. — A notable terrace occurs on the west side of the valley of Pardieu Creek about one mile below the North Liberty lobe, in the west central part of section 29, township 80 north, range 6 west. The terrace is about % mile long, 15 feet high, and from 25 to 75 yards wide. Except where dissected it has a flat top, and is backed by a hill that rises 60 feet above the terrace. (See Fig. 2.) Several exposures in the side of the terrace show stratified sand and gravel, with a few small lenses. The sand is dominant, but gravel ranging in size up to three inches, is mixed with the sand. The material shows no alteration, and it is so loose that it will not stand with steep face. In every way it presents a fresh appearance. The deposition of the sand and gravel took place, it is clear, after Par- dieu Creek had cut its valley. Whether the deposition took place by drainage waters from the North Liberty lobe or from a wash into the valley from the west, the significance is the same. The material is of glacial origin, and the fact that Pardieu Creek was changed from an eroding stream to a depositing one for a, period sufficiently long to aggrade its bed 15 feet, together with the fact that it drains from the North Liberty lobe, indicates that Pardieu Creek was a drainage line from an ice-sheet after its valley was eroded. Two deposits, apparently of similar character, occur in other drain- age lines leading from the North Liberty lobe. One of these is in a IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 253 tributary to Clear Creek, about the central part of section 26, township 80 north, range 7 west; the other lies in a tributary leading east from the lobe to Iowa River, about 1% miles east of the village of North Liberty. V alley -tra/in Material from the Shueyville Lobe. — From the Shuey- ville lobe, a tributary flows southeastward through the village of Shuey- ville, joining Hoosier Creek just above its junction with Iowa River. In this tributary on the south side, where crossed by a north-south road, in the northwest quarter of section 13, township 81 north, range 7 west, occurs a terrace that extends for about % mile, and is 20 feet high and 50 to 100 yards broad. No good natural section shows the character of the material, but in a, side-wash and along the slopes sand is evident, suggesting that it is a sand terrace and that it probably has the same relation to the Shueyville lobe that the terrace in Pardieu Creek has to the North Liberty lobe. Along the north side of the ravine running parallel with the Cedar Rapids and Iowa City Interurban Railway from Swisher to Cou Falls, In Iowan territory, there is a bench-like feature averaging as much as 30 feet above the present stream. Apparently it has lost some of its former distinctiveness by lateral dissection. In the excavations made by the Interurban, sands mixed with coarse gravel, and in places cross- bedded, are exposed. The material is the same in character as that in the Pardieu Creek terrace, and is probably of similar origin. Section in an Outw ash-like Plain. — Three or four miles west of Cou Falls, in the southwest quarter of section 19, township 81 north, range 7 west, an intermittent creek has cut a vertical-walled channel 10 feet deep into a very gently sloping area which resembles an outwash plain and leads up to some morainic-like hills of drift capped with loess. The materials are outwash and afford the following section : (3). Soil and clay, unstratified . . .2'-4' (2). Gravel parting, apparently residual 0'-3' (1). Sands, stratified in long lenses, yellow, medium- grained, arkose 2'-4' Terrace-like Feature at the Helman Sand-pit. — At the Helman sand- pit, situated on the north side of the bend of Iowai River just north of Iowa City and on the west side of the tributary that cuts the valley wall, is an exposure of silt, sand, and gravel, overlain by loess. The site resembles a, remnant of a terrace. On both sides of the tributary, particularly on the east, the summit is flat-topped for some little distance back to the higher land. The uniform elevation to the west for a quarter 254 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE of a mile, with higher land to the north, as shown in Fig. 3, still further suggests a terrace. Were it not for the break in continuity by the tributary, the semblance would undoubtedly be even more perfect. In the bottom of the pit, are distinct pockets and lenses of gravel, sand, and some silt, with a range in texture from very fine to pebbles the size of a walnut. The outlines of the pockets depict well the courses of rapid currents, which afterward became filled with sand and gravel. About 4 feet higher the material grades into sand and silt. From the dominancy of sand the material grades upward until it becomes domi- nantly silt and finally loess, containing terrestrial molluscan shells. The material at the bottom is unquestionably a running water deposit, that at the top is clearly eolian, but no line between them can be drawn. However, at least ten feet of the bottom of the exposure is aqueous. Just how much lies below this is not shown. At present the deposit is separated from Iowa River by a “second-bottom” one-eighth of a mile wide, and by a vertical distance of 24 feet. The materials are hetero- geneous in composition, fresh, and unconsolidated. Inasmuch as the materials are of glacial character and similar to those in Pardieu Creek and other tributaries to Iowa River upstream, it seems best to refer them to the same origin. There are several other terraces along the course of the river between the one mentioned above and upstream to where the Iowan drift-area crosses the river, some of which are quite perfectly developed. One espe- cially deserving of mention occurs just above the Mehaffey bridge, in the southeast quarter of section 32, township 81 north, range 6 west. It is about 30 feet high, % m^e long, % mile wide at a maximum, and is backed by a distinct valley-wall 40 to 60 feet high. A well by the house on the east end of the terrace has the following log, as given by the digger: Depth 63 feet (dug 27 feet, drove 36 feet) ; yellow clay lfi feet, river-sand and gravel about 27 feet; hard-pan 20 feet. CONTORTED BUCHANAN GRAVEL. An excellent exposure of folded and contorted Buchanan gravel in intimate relations to weathered and unweathered Kansan and overlain by till, is shown in the first Interurban cut north of the upper Inter- urban bridge across Iowa River. The railroad grade here runs through the south end of a divide projecting somewhat into Iowa River Valley, the summit of the divide at the surface of the cut being about 30* feet above the valley flat. This is within the area mapped as Iowan Drift by Calvin. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 255 The cut is about 250 yards long and attains a maximum depth of 20 feet. One hundred twenty yards of the east end is till, 100 yards of the west: end is yellow fossiliferous loess, and between these are the con- torted folds and rolls of Buchanan gravel in peculiar relation to the Kansan below and overlain by 2 to 8 feet of till. The arrangement of the materials is shown in Fig. 4. The oldest material in the cut is Kansan till— blue at the bottom and grading up in places into a grayish to yellow color according to the degree of weathering. The blue drift is very clayey, contains small peb- bles, many of which are greenstone, and breaks with polyhedral fracture. Joints are prevalent in the yellow clay and in the upper part of the blue, but instead of being vertical they dip to the west, suggesting that they are the result of pressure from that direction. In that case they might be regarded as slight shear-planes resulting from the same force that produced the distortion of the gravels above. Overlying this, in a pe- culiarly folded and contorted manner, is Buchanan gravel, the textural range of which is from fine flour to bowlders 1 foot in diameter. The gravel exhibits the oxidized, weathered, and decayed character common to the Buchanan, iron-stones being not 'uncommon and cementation by iron oxide sufficiently prevalent to have preserved stratification lines at many points. Referring to Fig. 4 from left to right, the gravel appears at (1) in a narrow band and rises at an angle of about 45 degrees to a point near the top of the cut, from which it takes a horizontal course and assumes va- rious forms of folds and loops to where it ends rather abruptly against till. A striking feature of this cut, besides the contortions, is the fact that the gravel deep in the cut is as much weathered as that near the surface, whereas the till is not. Also at several points there is no gradation of weathering from the gravel into the underlying till. At (1) the gravel, so altered that some bowlders can be picked to pieces by the fingers, rests against the blue unweathered till; along the lower contact of (2) and around the lenticular body (3) the contact is sharp; and around the lower part of (4) and between (4) and (5) the till is scarcely changed whereas the gravel is much altered. Overlying the gravel is a yellow, blue-streaked till, 2 to 4 feet thick along the summit and attaining a thickness of at least 8 feet along the west monoclinal limb. On the western slope of this, beginning at the point (X) and lying in contact with the drift along a diagonal line (made clearer by dotting), lies yellow fossiliferous loess which is not 256 ' IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE contorted but which shows deposition after the disturbance of the gravel. This body of loess makes up the west end of the cut. Interpretation. — To account for such folds’ and contortions of Bu- chanan gravel into Kansan till in such a way as is revealed here, only one possible, interpretation can be given. The uniform weathering of the gravels at different depths in contrast to the non-uniform weathering of the underlying till, and the sharp contacts of the decayed gravel with the more or less fresh underlying till proves that the time of the dis- turbance was after the weathering had taken place. If the weathering had taken place since the disturbance there1 should be a gradation zone between the weathered and unweathered portions. Such, however, does not exist. It is therefore clear that an ice-sheet, capable of distorting and mold- ing this hill of material, invaded this; region after the Buchanan gravel and some of the Kansan had been much weathered. In view of the above interpretation there are four important points embodied in this hut : first, the Kansan drift and the Buchanan gravel record the invasion and retreat of the Kansan ice; second, the weath- ering of the same represents a considerable time interval after the Kan- san invasion; third, the sharp contacts record the close of the interval and these and the folds give identity to the presence of a later ice-sheet and its movement; fourth, the yellow loess, at least in this exposure, was deposited subsequent to the advance and retreat of the later ice-sheet. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. The last evidence seems to ‘be conclusive proof that ail ice-sheet later than the Kansan advanced upon the area mapped as Iowan drift. The significant features that were noted preceding the last evidence— namely, the valley-train terraces and outwash features — and the glacial topog- raphy of the North Liberty lobe and the bordering deposit of loess, noted by Calvin, add the corroborative phenomena to be expected. Fig. 2. — Photograph of Terrace in Pardieu Creek Valley. Fig. 3. — View of Terrace-like Feature at the Helman Sand-pit, one mile north of Iowa City. Fig. 4. — Photograph of the folded and contorted Buchanan gravel in the first Interurban cut north of the upper Interurban bridge across Iowa river. I MOUNDS AND MOUND EXPLORATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN IOWA. P>y Ellison Orr. Prehistoric earthworks are common in Allamakee, Clayton and Win- neshiek counties, in the northeastern corner of Iowa, on the bluff tops and on the terraces of the Mississippi and its tributaries, the Oneota or Little^ Iowa, and the Turkey. They are always close to the stream along which they Occur, none being found in such position that some part of the river cannot; be seen from them, none being over a mile from the water and usually very much nearer. Those found on the terraces may or may not be located along the side next to the river. Long embankments usually run parallel to the stream but round mounds may be found scattered over any part of the ter- race, preferably on the slightly elevated portions. The favorite sites selected by the builders, however, seem to have been the sharp divides separating the gullies and ravines that cut through the bluffs, opening into the river valleys. On the bluffs bordering the Mississippi rows of mounds are found along the ridges of many such divides regardless of the direction they take. Such groups are most abundant near the mouths of the smaller tributary streams like Village Creek, Paint Creek, Yellow River, Bloody Run, and Buck Creek. The largest are usually found on the point of the divide next the river. Back of these are found the smaller ones, and still farther back where the ridge widens are the long embankments and Effigy mounds. Only very rarely do they occur on a sloping hill side. Four types are found. The most common being the round, dome- shaped form, having a uniform diameter, at the natural surface, of tien; to sixty feet, an average being about twenty-five feet. Where they have never been disturbed by cultivation they range in height from one to eight feet, an average being about four feet. In many places mounds that are said to have been six or eight feet in height are nearly obliter- ated by cultivation. 17 258 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE This type of mound was probably used almost entirely for burial purposes or erected as a monument to relatives or tribesmen whose re- mains were .elsewhere. Their structure is quite uniform. At the sur- face is a foot or two of clay or earth. Beneath this a more or less ir- regular floor or layer of rocks, usually flat. Sometimes this covers the part beneath completely, at others it is found in patches. Beneath this rock floor is found very compact clay down to the natural surface. Very rarely are any skeletal remains, charcoal, pottery, ornaments, or implements found. Though we have opened many by trenching in them we have never but once found anything, this exception being a small, rude bottle shaped urn three inches in height, and a finely wrought chert spearhead or knife, 1 3-4 inches long, found in the largest! mound of the Keller Group located on a terrace on the northeast, southwest of section 2, Township 98 north, Range 3 west, three miles below Lansing. It is well known that the Sioux and some other tribes disposed of their dead by placing the bodies in trees or on platforms. It was also a custom with some tribes at intervals to gather up the bones of such dead and deposit them in one common grave. (See a translation of a portion of the Relations of the Jesuits in Annual Report of Bureau of Ethnology for the years 1883-4.) It is possible that it was the custom to erect memorial mounds along the great river tio dead slain in battle and whose bodies were not re- covered, or to those whose bones rested far in the interior. If bodies or bones were placed in these mounds when made, then the ones examined by us must be of great age. Time enough must have elapsed since their 'erection to permit the complete decay of all remains placed in them. In a few of the round mounds, at the bottom and just above the nat- ural surface is found a layer, several inches in thickness, of clay burned red, and resembling broken brick made without sand, or like the burned clay made and used by some railroads for ballast. Such a mound is located on the bluff top just north of the mouth of Yellow River, and another is on the top of a point, of bluff directly above and north of the few small stores and residences of Waukon Junction. The second type of earthwork, and the form most abundant next after the round mound, is the long embankment. This type has an average width of 18 to 20 feet, a height of 1 to 4 feet, and may be any length up to over 400 feet. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 259 No remains of any kind are found in them, and the rock floor of the round mounds is absent. Their use or the reason for their erection is problematical. They cer- tainly were not fortifications as they are so located that they could be hanked and attacked as easily from one side as from the other. They never are so arranged as to form even an approach to an enclosure, and they are mostly located on the bluff tops at some distance from1, and two to four hundred feet above the usual camp sites on the terraces and flood plains. Effigies of animals and birds form the third type. It is quite well settled that these are representations of the totems of different fami- lies. The reasons for their erection were probably analogous to those for the erection of the totem poles of the Indians of the northwest coast. They are fairly well proportioned representations in a general way of animals and birds made in demi-relief, though it is seldom that the ani- mal intended to be represented can be determined with anything like certainty. The best executed and best preserved one known to us is the most easterly one of a group of three on a promontory top half way between McGregor and the Pictured Rocks. This one is a very good likeness of a buffalo, which each of the three in the group was with- out doubt intended to represent. They have lengths respectively of 80, 90, and 96 feet and are about 2 feet in height. Only two bird mounds are known to us. One located on the bluff north of Waukon. Junction, is now nearly obliterated by cultivation, and is one of the few instances where an earthwork is found on a hill side. The other, a well preserved form, is found on a terrace of the Oneota River near the center of the S E of See. 17, Town. 99, Range 6. Both represent flying birds, but whether eagle, hawk or some other bird can- not be told. "Within a few feet of the Oneota bird effigy is an example of the fourth type of earthwork, the enclosure, which so far as we know is found only on the bluffs, terraces, and flood plains of that stream. Eight of this type are known to us, seven being circular or oval in outline, the remaining one rectangular. Three of these are on the bluff tops, three on terraces, and two on the flood plain. They consist of an earth embankment said to have been 3 to 4 feet high when first seen by white man, with a ditch on the inside. In one case there is a gap in the embankment on opposite sides of the enclosure, at which points there is also no ditch. This is a small ovoid enclosure 96 by 126 feet on the top of the high bluff near the mouth of Waterloo 260 IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCE Creek on the S E 1-4 of Sec. 35, Town. 100, Range 6 west. It was probably used for ceremonial purposes, as was also the one near the bird effigy. All the others are large, being several hundred feet in diameter, and in and about them are abundant indications that they were long used as dwelling places by man. They were probably real forts or rather fortified camps, the embankments supporting a palisade. THE SIMILARITY OF ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES IN LIGHT- POSITIVE SELENIUM TO THOSE IN CERTAIN CRYSTAL CONTACTS * BY F. C. BROWN. Many of the phenomena having to do with the electrical properties of selenium have been regarded as almost unique. Likewise many of the phenomena appearing in connection with the resistance of crystal contacts are considered as unique. Neither of the above sets of phe- nomena have been explained from a sufficiently simple and satisfactory basis. It is therefore believed that certain striking similarities in the two above sets of phenomena are significant. The organization of facts in this paper will make it rather convenient to assume that the major por- tion of the resistance in light-sensitive selenium is of a like nature to the resistance in crystal contacts. The essential phenomena to which attention may be called are as follows : 1. The variation of the resistance with pressure. 2. The apparent invalidity of Ohm’s law. 3. The change of resistance with the time of current action. 4. The effect of slight amalgamation. 5. The effect of abrasion. 6. The effect of alternating currents. 7. The breaking down of the resistance by high voltage. 8. The unlikeness of light action. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. The variations of resistance to be compared appear under apparently different circumstances. In crystal contacts the experiments were usually carried out with a simple crystal in contact with various metals. The surface and manner of contact has been varied in many ways, by using points, and contact surfaces of varying dimensions and treatment. But with selenium the case is more complicated, the crystals are of a very large number and not all of one kind. The current of electricity in selenium must pass through many contacts in series and in multiple *Paper before A. A. A. S., December, 1912. 262 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE with each other. The arrangement of the crystals is probably irregular and complex. So it must be borne in mind that the experiments to be compared are not identical. There is only a general similarity, and the degree of likeness is not definitely known. THE VARIATION OF RESISTANCE WITH 'PRESSURE. That light-positive selenium changes its resistance to a remarkably large amount with pressure was accounted by the author some time ago (Phys, Rev. 20, 185, 1905, also paper by Brown and Stebbins, Phys. Rev. 26, 273, 1908). This large change may be produced by hydraulic pressure applied to the selenium between parallel wires less than one millimeter apart. The effect of pressure was studied more carefully by Ft *} i IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 263 Monten as given in his dissertation at the University of Uppsala in 1909. According to him the conductivity increases more than seventy times in going from normal pressure up to 3,000 atmospheres. For certain samples of selenium the equation giving the relation between pressure and resistance is R=2.5 X 106.e-f the Iowa Academy of Sciences for 1910 appears “a preliminary annotated catalogue of the recent mammals of Iowa,” by T. VanHyning and Frank C. Pellett. The design in publishing that catalogue was for the purpose of obtaining more complete data for a monograph. It is now very gratifying to add the following notes as the results: The following species were given in that catalogue as only probably occurring in the state. They are now established as belonging to our Iowa fauna: Number 9 of the catalogue, Canada Porcupine. In about 1908 “some hounds in the same section,” Allamakee County, “were badly stuck up by porcupine quills, which had to be pulled from their mouths. Last summer, on French Creek, Allamakee County, I saw some scrub Hem- locks freshly cut and gnawed by porcupines.” Geo. H. Berry, Cedar Rapids, Iowa., April 8, 1913. Number 17. Lemming Mouse, or Cooper’s Mouse. “I have recently taken a fine specimen of synaptomys cooperi on the reservation right near the laboratory.” Prof. Thaddeus Surber, U. S. Biological Station, Fain port, Iowa, Feb. 16, 1912. Number 24. Western Harvest Mouse. “It may interest you to know that the harvest mouse, Ueithrodonomys dychei, is quite common here.” Prof. Thaddeus Surber, U. S. Biological Station, Fairporf, Iowa, Febru- ary 16, 1912. Number 75. Pekan: Fisher. “Plenty of coons and some fishers ran wild in the timber.” John G. Smith, in Register and Farmer, Algona, Iowa, February 11. The following were noted in the catalogue as extinct in Iowa, but may now be considered as living in the state : Number 69. American Otter. “M. W. Conwell, a local furrier, dis- plays the skin of a" large otter recently trapped on the Des Moines River, near Harvey, ten miles east of Knoxville. The pelt is in fine condition from the standpoint of the furrier, and is 5 feet 9 inches from tip to tip. The animal was trapped by John Morgan. About a week ago one of Mr. Morgan’s traps .was sprung by an otter .which gnawed its leg off and escaped.” Knoxville, Iowa., February 24, 1913. 312 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 4 4 Two otter went np the Cedar River on the ice in December and were tracked in the snow for nearly eight miles. Dr. Bailey of Coe College is negotiating for the skin of one caught the past winter, near Albia. ’ ’ Geo. H. Berry, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, April 8, 1913. Number 73. American Badger. “Coe College has two badgers in its museum taken in Iowa during the past year, and another one was killed about a mile from Cedar Rapids last July. I saw the animal when it was too far gone to save the skin.” Geo. H. Berry, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, April 8, 1913. 4 4 One was captured in the eastern part of Sac County about one year ago, and I saw many holes dug by one in digging out ground squirrels in our stubble and pasture fields the last summer.” John A. Spurred, Wall Lake, Iowa, February 23, 1913. Number 86. Canada Lynx. 4 4 A hunter on the island south of the city today killed a Canadian Lynx. The animal was about the size of a wolf. At the present time the body of the animal is being mounted by a taxi- dermist, at Iowa City.” Muscatine, Iowa, January 14, 1906. Number 88. American Panther: Cougar: Puma: Mountain Lion. 4 4 After a furious battle this morning with a mountain lion, which sprung upon him while he was hunting on an island in Rush Lake, Walter Strauss of this place finally killed the animal with a well directed shot from his Winchester. The animal weighed 160 pounds m * * meas- uring six. feet from nose to tip of tail. * * # John Mark, who heard Strauss’ screams, ran to his assistance and helped carry the carcass to town.” Ocheyedan, Iowa, April 13, 1909. The following are additional to the catalogue and may be considered as belonging to the state’s fauna: Chickaree: Small Red Squirrel. Sciurus hudsonicus Pallas. 44 A small red squirrel, perhaps S. hudsonicus, is to be found in the timber around Waverly, Osage and Rockford, in all of which places I have seen it within the last four years. ’ ’ Geo. H. Berry, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, April 8, 1913. This species has been observed by others about Osage, and the writer received a nest from there which we placed with the species. The following species have been given in the geographical distribution (Bull. Field Col. Mus, Zool. Ser., Vol. 1) as probably belonging to Iowa: Peromyscus michiganensis Audubon and Bachman. Wood Mouse. Peromyscis leuecopus Rafinesque. Wood Mouse. Tamias quodrivittatus neglectus Allen. Chipmunk. Scalops argent at us. Audubon and Bachman. Mole. More data on many species is yet needed and we will feel very grateful to those who may be able to add anything. LIFE HISTORY NOTES ON THE PLUM CURCULIO IN IOWA. Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst. BY R. L. WEBSTER. During the summer of 1910 some insectary experiments were made at Ames with the plum curculio in apples, but since these were few, and of no great importance, no mention of them was made in print. However, when taken in connection with some notes on the insect made in 1889 by Prof. C. P. Gillette, then entomologist of the Iowa experiment station, these stray notes become somewhat more valuable, as they fit in nicely with the notes taken by Professor Gillette.* Since little definite data concerning the seasonal history of this insect in Iowa is available, these notes are incorporated in the present paper. The 1910 notes were made by Mr. T. M. McCall, insectary assistant at that time, and by the writer ; most of them by the former. These notes are from the insectary records of the entomological section of th.e agricultural experiment station at Ames. In the spring of 1889 at Ames Prof. Gillette jarred plum trees and examined fruit every few days from April 25 to May 14, but found neither the beetles nor their punctures. After May 14 only the fruit was examined and this was done nearly every day until May 25, when the first punctures were found. On June 12 Professor Gillette estimated that “the majority of the eggs then laid were still unhatched, ” and on June 18 he observed that nearly half of the punctures contained eggs yet unhatched. By June 19 larvae 3-16 inch long were found. June 24 eggs were still present but by this time were becoming more and more rare. Some larvae were then nearly mature. Again on June 26 and also on June 28 a single egg was found. However, as late as July 22 and 24, 1889, Professor Gillette found some eggs in plums, but these were evi- dently deposited by overwintering beetles. In 1910 Mr. McCall- and the writer collected apples badly infested with curculio larvae and placed them in jars in the insectary. These apples were collected in an orchard near Ames on June 13 and 28 and July 5 and 23, so are sufficiently scattered that the roarings from these should *Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 9. p. 371. 314 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE give a fair statement of the life history during the summer months. When the larvae matured and left the apples they were transferred to jars of soil to rear the beetles. June 23 several mature larvae were found that had emerged from apples collected June 13. By July 8 larvae were maturing and emerging from the apples in considerable numbers. The last record of emergence of a mature larva is August 8. The emergence of 88 larvae from the apples was recorded and this is given in the following table : TABLE i. Emergence of Larvae, 1910. 30 Larvae 1 July 20 Larvae 1 1 0 21 0 2 0 22 0 3 0 23 2 4 0 24 0 5 3 25 0 6 * 0 26 0 7 4 27 2 8 15 28 3 9 0 29 1 10 6 30 0 11 8 31 0 12 4 August 1 2 13 5 2 0 14 4 3 0 15 3 4 1 16 7 . 5 0 17 7 6 1 18 1 7 2 19 4 8 1 In 1889 Gillette reared beetles from early stung plums as early as July 22. In 1910 the first beetles emerged July 26 and continued emerg- ing during August even into September, the last beetle coming out Sep- tember 10. In table II the emergence of 47 beetles is given, according to the daily insectary records. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 3: TABLE II. Emergence of Beetles, 1910. Beetles Beetles July 26 5 August 19 3 27 1 20 0 28 2 21 1 29 2 22 4 30 0 23 0 31 0 24 1 August 1 1 25 3 2 0 26 1 3 1 27 2 4 2 28 1 5 2 29 0 6 0 30 0 7 0 31 1 8 1 September 1 0 9 0 2 0 10 0 3 0 11 0 4 0 12 1 5 0 13 1 6 1 14 0 7 0 15 3 8 0 16 5 9 1 17 0 10 1 18 0 August 7, 1910, Mr. McCall gathered a number of apples which showed curculio injury from the same orchard where the other fruit was secured, but he was unable to rear any larvae from these. Evidently all had left at that time. ' COLOR INHERITANCE IN THE HORSE. BY EDWARD N. WENTWORTH. While laboratory animals have yielded very nicely to the study of their inheritance of color, the horse still remains a mystery in many of the phases of coat transmission. Hnrst and Bunsow have recognized chestnut with the sorrel and liver shades as a true recessive, and Hurst has shown black to be epistatic to this reddish pigment. Bays and browns have been with difficulty separated but have been considered as epistatic to both colors mentioned, while grays and roans seem dominant to the entire series of color. One difficulty which seems to have beset all in- vestigators up to the present time, with the exception of Dr. Walther, is the tendency to arrange all colors as an epistatic and hypostatic series, expecting them, then, to conform to the simple laws of presence and absence. That this attempt has been a real stumbling block the writer hopes to show, by means of his arrangement of factors in a manner slightly similar to Walther ’s and Sturtevant’s methods but differing in the factors themselves. THE PIGMENTS IN THE EQUINE COAT. A microscopic examination and simple chemical tests reveal only two pigments in the coat of the ordinary horse. These seem to correspond to the red or yellow and the black pigments found in rodents. There is quite evidently a lack of chocolate or else such a close linkage of the brown and black pigments that they are not readily separable. Under both the low and high power red pigment granules may be discerned in the sorrel, chestnut, bay or red roan hairs. The granules are sharply distinct and typical in form but there seems also to be a diffuse red, slightly lighter in tinge, distributed quite evenly throughout the cortical layer. This is entirely separate from the effects of spherical aberration, and is quite evidently a basal ground pigment found in all but white or albino hairs. Black pigment granules rather larger, coarser and more frequently clustered appear in the black horse. They are so numerous and typical that they quite obscure the red ground pigment. 318 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Quantitative differences appear in the amount of pigment in the hair, intense and dilute conditions being readily recognizable. The effects of age and sun are quite noticeable also, fading usually being produced, in some cases the black hair losing its; black pigment almost entirely and giving the rusty black so common in Percherons and general work horses. THE INHERITANCE OF THE RED PIGMENT. Hurst and Bunsow have shown that chestnut breeds true. The figures in the table, taken from various sources,* show that out of 1,610 matings all but 16 are chestnut. This is a deviation from a pure recessive of l%r but since it has been shown that the average stud book contains 2% of errors, this 1% may be readily credited to that. It will be noticed that the variates are 6 bays and 10 blacks. Bay is the common color of a colt at birth and a rusty black is nearly as frequent. Since many colts are recorded at from one to three months of age and since the natal coat is not shed usually until the foal is twelve weeks old, errors here are not unexpected. > The black pigment seems more complicated in nature. 406 individuals show it to 41 without when black is mated to black and 200 bear it to 108 without when black is mated to chestnut. Since most of the indi- viduals in the black by black matings are from the Percheron breed in which there are a large number of homozygous blacks the small ratio of chestnut segregation is not surprising. The 15 bays from the black by black mating are unexpected. Eleven of these came from Sturte- vant’s records. He offers the possibility of error explaining it on the ground of error in the natal coat, on the difficulty in distinguishing dark browns from blacks in the parents and by other means. These seem sufficient to the writer to permit disregarding them since he found none in his studies on actual individuals, (some 100 in number). Sturtevant and the other investigators are disturbed by the high per cent of bays from the black by chestnut matings, but this is probably due to the idea of hay held by them. It fits the writer’s hypothesis perfectly. The factors so far considered may be lettered as Sturtevant has done, C for the chestnut ground pigment and H for the black pigment, (Hurst’s factor) . ♦The Government Gray Draft Horse Experiment at Ames, pedigree and original animal study by the writer, Sturtevant’s, Wilson’s and Anderson’s papers principally, with isolated cases from the agricultural press. IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCE 319 BAYS AND BROWNS. Bay and brown are distinguished with difficulty by each of the inves- tigators and by most practical men. On. this account the writer has made no attempt to separate them but has lumped such records together. Bay is a restriction factor, which will be called B, that limits the development of the black pigment to the eye, mane, tail, skin, lower limbs and the extremities in general. It can operate only in the presence of factor H, black pigment. Brown probably differs from bay in having the dapple pattern combined with the restriction factor B. This’ per- mits some black to appear where the dapples are located and gives a darker appearance. This idea would suit the microscopic as well as visual evidence since brown differs from bay in the presence of black hairs. Most writers have considered brown dominant to bay, a condi- tion which would suit the above theory since the dappling pattern is apparently dominant. Bay to bay gives 5,723 bay, 274 black and 672 chestnut. This varies quite a little from the expected 9 :3 :4 ratio. However, the bays are very largely, (all but about 500), from the American Saddle Horse and Standard Bred records, and bay has been the dominating color among them for seventy-five years. The deficiency in blacks may be accounted for by their lack of popularity. Bay to black and to chestnut give qualitatively similar results as would be expected, but there is a lower percentage of bays and a higher percentage of blacks in one case and chestnuts in the other than wTould be expected. The high per cent of bays in the offspring of blacks to chestnuts has been non-conformable to previous theories. The restriction factor B does not appear except in the presence of H, black pigment. Theoreti- cally three-fourths of the chestnuts ought to carry this restriction fac- tor, so that the mating of these to blacks should always supply bays. Prom this standpoint there is a deficiency rather than an excess of bays. THE DUNS. Duns are little known. Their numbers are few and they may be grouped into at least three kinds. The ordinary buckskin with black extremities is probably a dilute bay, the yellowish dun a dilute chestnut and the cream colored with light mane and tail, a dilute sorrel with the yellow extremities, factor M, Since the records do not separate them they will not be dealt with further. Factor I, the dilution factor, is probably epistatic to all but gray and roan. S20 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE THE GRAYS. Gray is recognized as a separate factor by all writers. There seems some question as to whether it can operate in the absence of H, black pigment, but Sturtevant presents evidence to show that it does. It is dominant to all factors previously named, dappling D and restriction B excepted, and varies from a deep iron gray in young stock to the white or flea-bitten gray of the older animal. It is a simple factor since animals heterozygous for it produce 50% grays and 50% other colors. Dr. L. J. Cole of the University of Wis- consin has told the writer in private communication that one of his students has totaled the offspring of grays in the Clydesdale studbook and has obtained exactly 50% of each of grays and other colors. The Clydesdale breeders have objected to gray and have always bred their gray mares to other stock in order to reduce the chances of its appearance. Gray stallions since 1831 have nearly all been castrated. This has resulted in all the grays being heterozygous. Sturtevant shows 400 gray to 428 not gray for the same condition, while he exhibits 45 gray to 15 not gray where both parents are heterozygous. Gray is characterized by an intermingling of pigmented with non- pigmented hairs, usually associated with dappling. It seems possible that gray may be a combination of dappling and the roan factor although the above evidence indicates that it is a unit in action. THE ROAN PATTERN. Roan seems dominant to all the other colors and is apparently a pat- tern entirely independent of the kind of pigment. Two kinds of roans exist visually, strawberry or red roan, and blue roan. These probably correspond to bays and blacks plus the roan pattern. It seems probable that there also exists a chestnut roan, in fact they are apparently quite common for roans with red pigmented manes and tails instead of black are seen frequently. Such a roan would probably be the type produced by the mating of blue roan to blue roan shown in the table. If the black factor were heterozygous in both sexes, the chestnut roan would result. Roan differs from gray in lacking the dappling common to gray and in possessing quantitatively a much larger number of pigmented hairs. It has seemed to the writer that gray may be a combination of the roan, dappling and dilution factors coupled together in some way, but since from the present evidence that would necessitate considering gray epis- IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 321 tatic to roan and since this latter is manifestly untrue it is best to con- sider them as separate f actors. Roan is epistatic to the entire series of factors as may be shown from the three following records. One a roan Belgian stallion owned at a small town in Iowa (the name and? address are lost) sired 254 colts of which 230 were red roan and 24 blue roan, these colts coming from all colors of mares. The second a roan Belgian stallion which stood for two years in northwest Warren county, Iowa, sired 112 red roans, 7 blue roans and 6 chestnuts, from mares of various coats. The third, also a Belgian, owned in Marshall county, 111., sired about half roan colts and the other half grays, blacks, bays, browns, and sorrels. His owner states that his sire was blue roan, his dam was bay, his second dam was chest- nut and his dam’s sire brown. A roan Belgian owned in southeast Story county has sired 256 colts, all red roans, from all colors of mares. SPOTTING. Spotting varies in type but may receive at least two classifications. The white stockings on the legs and the blazed face typical of the Eng- lish breeds, Shire, Clydesdale, Hackney, Thoroughbred and allied breeds, seems to be inherited as a distinct kind of spotting although it fluctuates very markedly in amount of white. The “blaze” may become as small as the typical star in the forehead or may cover more than half the head. The stockings may extend well up to the elbow or stifle or may be restricted to the foot. Dr. Walther recognizes another type of spotting, S ch abrackenscheckung or saddle cloth marking and its recessive, absence of same. He finds it also inherited as a distinct unit although fluctuating in its limits. It is a spreading of white over the back, sides and croup, and down onto the legs. It is dominant and may appear wfith any color so far discussed. It is apparent what the horse breeder calls piebald or skewbald or what the average person calls a “calico” horse. Albinos are uncommon, but extreme spotting with blue eyes (glass eyes) are frequently seen. THE REDUCTION OP PIGMENT IN MANE AND TAIL. Yellow manes and tails in sorrels and cream colored extremities in duns are very common. They are apparently recessive since one chestnut mare Bessie at the Iowa State College has produced eight chestnut colts, six with manes the same color as the body, two with the yellow mane. 21 822 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Anther chestnut mare known as the half-hackney bred qualitatively the same producing two colts of the first class and one of the second. Four chestnut mares with yellow manes mated to three different chestnut stallions with yellow manes produced thirteen foals with yellow manes. The summary of data on this is appended. Chestnut Stallions without Yellow Manes Chestnut Stallions with Yellow Manes Chestnut mares with yellow manes Chestnut mares without yellow manes 25 without 6 with IT without 8 with 13 with 19 without 3 with This shows it apparently to be recessive. A cream colored mare with light mane and tail produced three dun colts with black extremities when crossed to a bay. This would fit the above hypothesis although it throws no light on it. THE DILUTION FACTOR. The dilution factor I is apparently dominant. Mouse is a dilute form of black and three, matings of mouse to black have given two mouse- colored and one black. The mouse-colored parent of the black was pro- duced by a black stallion to a dun mare so was known to be heter- ozygous. The table shows that duns mated to other colors have produced 13 duns to 19 other colors, near enough to expectation in such small numbers to account for dilution being a dominant factor. It must be remembered that duns are not popular in America at least and hence there will probably be a deficiency. Also because of this most duns will be heterozygous. v SUMMARY. * The factors so far discussed will account for the following colors, those qualitatively alike being grouped together: Sorrel-Chestnut-Liver. Black-Mouse. Bay-Brown-Blood bay-Mahogany bay-Seal Brown. Dun-Buekskin-Cream-Isabellme. Gray-White. Blue roan. Roan-Strawberry Roan-Red Roan. Piebald-Skewbald-Blaze and white stockings. Dappling. IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 323 The factors themselves follow with the tentative composition for the different colors: Factor C equals Red or yellow basic pigment. Factor H equals Black. Factor B equals Restriction factor producing bay in presence of H. Factor G equals Factor for gray pattern. Factor R equals Factor for roan pattern. Factor D equals Factor for dappling pattern. Factor S equals Star or blaze in forehead and white on legs. Factor P equals Piebald and skewbald markings, Dr. Walther ’s Schabrackenscheckung. Factor M equals Light creamy yellow mane and tail. Factor I equals dilution factor dominant to i, intense. Chestnut equals C may have B and M in some cases. Black equals C H may have D in some cases. Mouse equals CHI may have D in some cases. Dun equals C I, C B I or C M I according to kind. Bay equals C H B. Brown equals C H B D. Gray equals commonly C H GD, maybe C G D. Blue roan equals C II R. Red roan equals C R or C H B R, latter commonest. Red Roan Blue Roan Gray Dun Bay Black Chest- nut R.cr] rnan x red rnan 45 5 Red rnan ^ bine rnan 33 11 2 2 -- _____ "R.pr? rnan x gray 37 7 27 4 Rerl rnan x bay 93 6 27 101 7 10 Red rnan x black 14 4 1 5 11 1 Red rnan x chestnut 18 2 4 12 2 4 Rlne rnan x blue rnan 1 3 1 Blue roan x gray 1 2 Bine rnan x bay 1 8 3 1 Blue roan x black 1 Rlne rnan x chestnut, 1 _, --- Gray x gray 66 13 Gray x dun 7 5 2 Grav x bay . 1? 50 54 6 9 u Gray x black .... 18 5 14 20 5 * Grav x chestnut _ _ 14 7 2 10 Bun x dun 2 1 1 Dun x bav ...... r 1? 4 4 __ 1 Dun x black 3 1 1 1 Dun x chestnut - _________ __ 1 1 Bay x bay 5273 274 672 Bav x black 1218 476 130 Bav x chestnut . 826 70 497 Black x black 15? 391 41 Black x chestnut. 135 65 108 Chestnut x chestnut. 6? 10? 1594 824 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE LITERATURE CITED. Anderson, W. S. — The Inheritance of Coat Color in Horses. Saddle and Show Horse Chronicle, May 16, 1912. Bunsow, R. — Inheritance in Race Horses. Mendel Journal, February, 1911. Hurst, C. C. — On the Inheritance of Coat Color in Horses. Proceedings Royal Society, London, Yol. 77, 1906. Studbook of Jutland Horses — Yol. II, 1912. Sturtevant, A. H. — A Critical Examination of Recent Studies on Color Inheritance in Horses. Journal of Genetics, Yol. II, No. 1, Febru- ary, 1912. Walther, A. R. — Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Yererbung der Pferdefarben. M. & A. Schaper, Hanover, Germany, 1912. Wilson, James — The Inheritance of the Dun Coat Colour in Horses. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society. SOME FACTORS AFFECTING FETAL DEVELOPMENT A BY JOHN M. EVVARD.## That the nourishment of the mother during the period of gestation should affect th,e weight, vigor, general relative size, bone and skin (with covering) of the offspring is quite evident from the results of some recent experimental studies made by ms. Dr. A. W. Dox and S. C. Guernsey of the Chemical Section are working upon the chemistry of this problem -in co-operation with the writer. Our work is being carried on with both sheep and swine in order that we may get a double set of records upon different species of animals. How may the offspring be affected? This is a very important ques- tion. In the first place the new-born may possibly be affected through the dam, depending upon her nutrition, age, weight, stature (special emphasis being laid upon the conjugal diameter of the pelvis) , health, shortening or lengthening of the period of gestation (from whatever cause), the number of preceding pregnacies, breeding and exercise (or confinement) . Secondly, the sire may have some influence dpending upon his age, weight, stature, breeding and general health. Thirdly, through the character of the offspring themselves, depending upon their number and sex. The number may possibly be influenced by the nutrition of the dam during the breeding season, as some of our studies tend to show, , but we will reserve this for a later report. There may be a general commingling of various factors in determining the character of the result- ing offspring. ■ We are most interested in the nutrition of the dam during the preg- nancy period, and its effect upon the developing fetus. Are there any specific food constituents or elements such as protein, carbohydrates, fats, calcium, phosphorus, water, or other 'specific materials which are instru- mental in affecting development in utero, or, are the changes due to an abundance (or absence) of all of the needed food elements or to a happy combination in definite ratios (depending upon the environment) of many of the food elements ? Will any one food stuff have a more marked influence than anotheF? - Many 'problems are •' involved in such a study. 826 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE I quote from Williams’ most excellent treatise on Human Obstetrics: ‘ ‘ Prochownick pointed out, and his experience has been confirmed by Reeb and Noel Paton, that a diet poor in carbohydrates and fluids exerts considerable influence in lessening the weight of the child without other- wise affecting it, and in not a few cases these precautionary measures may obviate a difficult delivery, or even do away with the necessity for the induction of premature labor. These conclusions stand in marked contrast to those usually held by the laity, who erroneously believe that abstention from proteid food is the essential point.” According to this Williams agrees with Prochownick indirectly in saying that the protein food allowed is not an essential factor in deter- mining the size of offspring. Our results, as you will see later, show quite clearly that protein is a most essential factor in promoting a larger growth of the fetus. In 1910-11 we fed a number of gilts (gilts are really young, immature, ungrown, prospective swine mothers) upon different food stuffs, the re- sults upon five lots of which we append the data. effect on offspring of feed fed pregnant swine. Gilts— Five in a Lot, 1910-1911. Pregnancy Ration of Gilts Av. daily gain lbs. Feed Daily Av No. Pigs in litter Av. wt. new born pigs Lbs. Vigor Shelled corn Lbs. Supple- ment Lbs. Strong Medium Weak Dead Corn only .354 3.65 None 7.6 1.74 68 16 16 0 Com 4- Meat Meal (Light) .582 3.21 .127 7.4 2.01 92 5 3 0 Corn + Meat Meal (Heavy .635 2.75 .432 8.8 2.23 93 5 2 0 Corn + Clover .528 3.67 .302 6.4 2.21 94 0 6 0 Corn + Alfalfa .627 3.74 1.106 7.6 2.29 89 8 0 3 Offspring Record The basal ration was corn alone. Corn we know is quite deficient in protein (the zein which comprises practically 58% of said1 protein is peculiarly lacking in two quite important amino acids, namely, trypto- phane and lysine) and calcium. It is somewhat surprising to know that calcium comprises practically two-thirds as much of the body substance as does nitrogen, the basal element of protein. Corn has other probable drawbacks such as an overabundance of magnesium, small percentage of general ash, acid character of the ash and so forth, but we must not linger upon this highly interesting theme. Three different supplements were used as indicated,, one being meat meal, which is really a packing house by-product composed entirely of IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 327 meat products and which analyzes about 60% protein, 15% ash (largely bone phosphate) and 10% fat. Clover and alfalfa were the other two. Note that the supplemented rations not only produced larger but stronger pigs at birth . A studied survey of the above figures shows most clearly that even though the carbohydrates were limited, as in the' meat meal lots, the increase in protein and ash was such as to markedly in- fluence the size and strength of the new-born pigs. That clover and alfalfa should also have a marked effect is logical because these hays are leguminous in character, run high in protein and calcium, and also have an alkaline ash which is probably beneficial. That the litter weights should also be larger on the supplemented ra- tions we found. On corn alone the total litter average was 13.2 pounds; corn and light meat meal 14.89 ; corn and heavy meat meal 19.62 ; with clover 14.17 and with alfalfa 17.41. A further study with swine carried on in 1911-12 with yearling sows is derived from the data now' presented : effect on offspring* of feed fed pregnant swine. Yearlings— Ten in a Lot, 1911-12. Sow Record Offspring Record Pregnancy Ration of Sows Ay. Daily Gain Lbs. Feed Daiiy Av. No. of Pigs in Litter Av. Weight New born pigs Lbs. Vigor Shelled Corn Lbs. 3 ; 3 CO Strong Medium Weak Dead Corn only __ ___ .586 4.97 None 9.2 1.85 41 35 20 4 Corn + Meat Meal _ . .779 4.11 .500 10.1 2.42 85 5 5 5 Corn + Linseed Oil Meal— .671 4.06 1.129 8.8 2.22 76 15 5 4 The same conditions exist as in the previous year, the supplemented rations giving larger and stronger pigs. The meat meal ration gave somewhat better results than where a vegetable protein supplement, such as linseed oil meal, was allowed. The nutritive ration of these two rations was practically identical. Is the increased efficiency of the meat meal over oil meal due to a better constituted protein, richer in such amino acids as tryptophane or lysine, or is it due to a more acceptable bone building and vitalizing ash ? That the limitation of the carbohydrate was entirely overshadowed by the increased protein in producing larger and stronger pigs is clearly evident. 828 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE The litter weights upon the above three rations are respectively 17.06 pounds on corn alone, 24.42 pounds where meat meal was added and 19.50 where oil meal was the supplement. That the character of coat should be changed by the ration evident from a survey of the following figures: « is clearly COAT CHARACTER.* (In Percents.) Ration Corn only Corn + Meat Meal Corn + Linseed Oil MeaL *Based on hair quantity. Heavy 53 82 88 Medium 33 15 8 Light 14 3 4 Oil meal has been noted from time immemorial as a coat producer, The data speak well for this time honored tradition. That both meat meal and oil meal should ' increase the coat as well as the color of the skin we who took the data anxiously affirm. The coats were heavier, darker colored and more dense where the supplements were allowed than where corn alone was used. That the size of bone should likewise be affected we were privileged to see. This data is presented : SIZE O'F BONE. (Centimeters.) Circumference of Ration Front Shin Hind Shin Corn only 4.63 4.39 Corn + Meat Meal 5.05 4.83 Com + Linseed Oil Meal 4.92 4.67 That meat meal should produce a larger bone than oil meal is quite interesting. That the corn alone pigs should have the smallest bone is not particularly surprising. Although we have three years’ work with ewes and their offspring we are presenting the results for 1911-12 only. These show a general tend- ency of the ration to affect in some manner the size and vigor of the offspring although the differences are not so marked as where swine are fed entirely upon grain. It is interesting to note in the table which follows that the entire corn plant, as found in silage, fed in conjunction with the corn grain tends to produce quite vigorous offspring. This is largely due, of course, to the fact that silage overcomes some of the deficiencies of the corn grain. IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCE 329 The sheep offspring table follows : IAMBS' BORN OF DIFFERENTLY FED EWES1. Twelve ewes of various ages,* in a lot— 1911-12. Ewe Record Offspring Record Pregnancy Ration of Ewes Av. Daily Gain Lbs. Feed Daily Av. No. Lambs to a Ewe Av. Wt. new born Lambs Lbs. Vigor Shelled Corn © $r 60 w 3 p M Strong Medium as s Dead Corn + Clover— .231 .802 2.91 1.67 6.58 60 30 5 5 Com + Alfalfa.. .253 .799 2.71 1.75 7.91 85 5 5 5 11.7401. Corn + Clover + Silage .225 .587 j2.88Sil. 1.67 7.44 SO 20 0 0 Corn + Silage .237 1.021 4.72 1.33 8.36 81 19 0 0 *Age and breeding uniform for each lot. It is well to call attention to the small number of offspring per ewe in the com silage lot which contributes largely to the increased size of the young. Had this lot lambed as many individuals per ewe as the first three mentioned the results would have been problematically different. However, one notices that where silage is added in addition to clover that the vigor and size of the offspring is increased, whereas alfalfa as com- pared to clover (alfalfa is richer in protein and ash than is clover) pro- duced the strongest and largest lambs even though there were more of them. In general, therefore, the results on the ewes are in accord with those on the sows with the exception that they are not so marked. I might say, however, that the present season’s lambing record shows quite clearly that cottonseed meal added to corn and corn silage increases the strength as well as the size of the offspring. Cottonseed meal contains 41% of protein. The results of these animal husbandry experiments which show quite clearly that protein and ash when added to the ration are instrumental, especially the former, in increasing the size, fatness, strength, bone and coats of the offspring will be studied by medical men our correspondence affirms. One of our American obstetricians, Dr. J. B. De Lee of the Northwestern University Medical School, has signified his intention of carrying on some experiments along this same line in connection with his human practice. That flock masters and hogmen generally are interested in the production of strong, vigorous new-born individuals, the kind that will live and thrive, is self-evident. 330 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Realizing that the development of the organism may he hindered as early as the embryonic and uterine stages is quite suggestive of a rational diet during the entire period of gestation. Those animals which are forced to subsist upon grain diets are much more unfortunate than those which have their digestive system so constituted as to avail themselves of considerable roughage, which if they be legumes, are very advantageous in the production of vigorous new-born offspring. It is quite fortunate indeed that the mother is able to store in the bones and tissues of her body a considerable amount of material which will tide her over periods of . scarcity and enable her to give birth to her young even though the essential constituents are lacking to a large extent in the pregnancy feed. * Report of progress. ** Cooperative project undertaken by the Chemical (Dr. A. W. D>ox and S'. C. Guernsey) and Animal Husbandry Sections. A CASE OF URTICARIA FACTITIA OBSERVED IN THE COE COLLEGE PSYCHOLOGICAL LABORATORY. BY W. S. NEWELL. Record of an unusual affection which appeared in experimental work in tactual space. In submitting the following record upon a case of Urticaria,, the writer has intentionally observed two restrictions, (1) to leave the technical discussion of the disease in question to medical treatises, (2) to avoid unwarrantable generalization from a single case under observation. While conforming with these limitations, it has seemed that a record of the case, giving such concrete details of the appearance, the progress and the peculiarities of the disease as it was studied in our laboratory, might leave deductions and generalizations to await the discovery of new cases. We shall pursue the following general plan in presenting the subject : (1) Circumstances attending the first appearance of the phenomenon in the laboratory. (2) Description of details leading to given diagnosis. (3) Urticaria Factitia. (4) Characterization of Miss M. (5) Introspections' furnished by Miss M. (6) Conclusion. (1) As a part of the course in General Pschology, our students per- form a series of 1 element ary experiments, and the laboratory records show that several hundred students have, within the past few years, per- formed substantially the same experiments. A few weeks ago, while supervising the, work of an experiment on the tactual localization of a point, -some results were obtained which stand unique among our labora- tory reports. For the experiment in question, the students are arranged in teams of two each, one student acting as experimenter and the other as subject. The subject ’s ability to locate a point by touch, is determined by the accuracy with which he can put his pencil upon a spot on his ^Seashore, Elementary Experiments in Psychology. Ch. VI, Exp. I. 332 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE forearm which the experimenter has lightly touched while the subject’s eyes are closed. Fifteen trials are suggested and the points of stimulus and location are transferred to a diagram in the student’s notebook for comparison and study. Such being the general plan of the specific experiment, one of the experimenters wTas greatly surprised and somewhat disconcerted to note that at every point of his team-mate’s arm which the pencil touched, there soon appeared a pronounced welt or wheal. The experiment had been in progress several minutes before my atten- tion was called to these results. Ten or more wheals, standing up like discs and resembling insect stings figured the area which had been selected for purposes of the experiment. With care not to make the ease any more conspicuous than necessary, a few simple facts were deter- mined at this time: (1) The pressure of stimulus and location had been uniformly and normally light, (2) the subject, whom we may designate as Miss. M., was aware of this sensitiveness to touch but had never regarded it as, unusual. (.Later, however, Miss M. asserted that as a young girl she, was the recipient of much sympathy because of the un- usual ridges or marks which were left on her body after moderate par- ental chastisement.) (3) The subject was not aware of any physiological conditions which had been or which might be regarded as a sufficient explanation of these wheals. (4) There was not itching or special irri- tation in the affected spots. Beyond these introductory questions, no further efforts were made in the general laboratory exercise to determine more definitely the origin and development of the wheals. (2) The progress of this case was followed in several succeeding ex- periments, under conditions favorable to the discovery of further details through tests and by the information furnished by the subject itself. At no time was Miss M. prejudiced by an undue estimate of the abnor- mality or gravity of the case. Her attitude was that of an interested observer in the experiments which were made. At the first meeting in the laboratory, several days after the discovery of the disorder, careful observations were made (1) to corroborate the earlier results by making the markings recur upon light tactual stimulus, (2) to note accurately the length of time which elapsed between the stimulus 'and the appearance of the wheals, (3) to determine the duration of the wheals and ridges, (4) "to note more specifically any peculiarities in' size, form, elevation of the wheals dub to the ' character of the instru- ment used in giving the stimulus or to bh&iiges iti' the pressure of the stimulus; ' ■ ’ 1 ■■ ■ IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 333 Our findings on these points, briefly summarized from a number of stimulations on the forearm (both right and left arms, and the front or back of the arm being employed in the experiments) were as follows : Stimulation by a dull pencil point or a round, blunt-pointed peg brought out separate wheals for each point touched, and these wheals appeared within three minutes after the stimulus. They reached their maximum vividness between five and ten minutes after the stimulation. These wheals measured from 3mm. to 5mm. in diameter varying in size with the fineness of the point used in stimulation. For example, a fine point gently pressing the skin brought out a beadlike disc, while pres- sure from the flat end of a lead pencil produced a blotch with the same general characteristics as the wheals. A number of later experiments confirmed our findings as to the in- terval between stimulation and the appearance of the figures on the arm. The wheals remained visible from half an hour to an hour and a half, gradually sinking back into the normal smoothness and color of the sur- rounding skin. Frequently a red blotch or line would be the last visible trace of the wheals. The size of the individual wheals varied with the character of the instrument used, and the form was still further modified when the corner of a card was drawn across the skin. In such a test the reaction took the form of a welt or ridge resembling fine beading and having a conspicuous elevation perceptible to the touch, as the fin- gers were drawn across it. The wheals and the ridges thus produced at the will of the experimenter involved merely the contact to insure their appearance day after day, and with equal clearness whether the experi- ment were tried early in the morning or late in the afternoon. Miss M. ’s ability to duplicate the results in subsequent tests showed that the reac- tions were not due to any temporary physiological condition. This fact was further confirmed by Miss M. ’s own testimony of having long been familiar with this quality of sensitiveness to tactual impressions. Different parts of the body were not equally sensitive to the same degree of stimulation. There was very little difference between the dis- tinctness of the wheals on the front and on the back of the arm. Any slight advantage might easily have been attributed to inequality of stim- ulus or to the difficulty of bringing the two surfaces into comparison at the same time. However, when a test was made on the tip of the index finger, with its decided advantage of tactual sensitiveness, no wheal or welt appeared. Repeated experiments on those parts where the epider- mis is tough or calloused failed to bring the results described above. Miss M. \s own report of tests performed under the same: general condi- tions but on different parts of the body shows that the condition of 334 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE sensitiveness is general, having been detected in widely separated areas of the body. In a series of experiments, attempts were made by the writer to dis- cover whether factors of suggestion could be made to produce or to modi- fy the results as described above. These suggestions took a variety of forms. Verbal suggestions were made by telling the sub jest to focus the attention up a proposed figure. Again a certain figure was agreed upon and then, without permitting the subject to see the tracery, a dif- ferent design was given tactually. Another attempt to make the factor of suggestion as potent as possible consisted in having the subject fixate a design drawn upon paper while the experimenter executed the design close to the surface of the arm but without actual contact. None of these efforts to produce the phenomenon under examination through the subject’s own attention proved in the least successful. Whatever more fundamental reasons there may have been for this failure, the writer believes that it was due in part to the subject’s inability to control the attention. The means were not at hand to pursue this phase of the experiment further by the aid of hypnotic suggestions but it would seem to be quite in accord with some of the recent results of hypnotism to believe that, were the verbal suggestion made during hypnosis, the graphism would result. This so far as any positive data which the writer has, is conjectural and is not offered as a deduction from his experiments. (3) Upon reporting the findings as outlined above to a local physi- cian of standing, a professional diagnosis pronounced the disorder to be a form of Urticaria or Nettle Rash. This opinion has been corrob- orated by the writer, who finds in the descriptions of some: eighteen recognized varieties of Urticaria, that the form characterized by the sud- den appearance of wheals or marks (autographisms) on. the surface of the body, possessed enough points in common with Miss M. ’s case as to warrant her disorder being diagnosed as Urticaria Faetitia. An equally diversified list of causes assigned to the different forms of Urticaria in- cludes poisoning due to certain foods, such as mushrooms, strawberries ; deleterious effects produced by drugs ; the crawling of a caterpillar over the skin ; certain disorders of menstruation ; by nervous irritability, emo- tion, hysteria, etc. Some of these causes and, hence, certain forms of Urticaria seem to be eliminated by the results of our tests with Miss M. For example, no temporary disturbance of the gastro-intestinal tract due to eating of certain foods would be likely to give reactions over such an extended period. On the same account, a temporary disorder of menstruation IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 385 should be omitted from the possible causes. The apparently chronic nature of the case together with the obvious identity of our results with the autographisms in other recorded cases, lead to the diagnosis as Urticaria Factitia, and bring into strong relief those causes referred to as “ nervous irritability, emotion and hysteria.” (4) Miss M. is twenty-one years of age, active in college interests outside the class-room, including social, literary and athletic engagements. She appears to be in normal good health and spirits, and in her general bearing is energetic and animated. No physical characteristics indicate any functional disorder. But not the least positive factor in determining the cause and, hence, the classification of the affection under considera- tion, is an acquaintance with the conspicuous traits of Miss M. ’s tem- perament. Concrete data, furnished by Miss M..’s instructors and based upon observation dating back over several months’ acquaintance, indi- cate the leading features of Miss M.’s nervous organization. Without exception and independently her instructors have noted her nervous in- stability. One profesor speaks of her erratic conduct in the preparation and recitation of lessons. Another comments upon her inability to con- centrate upon matters in hand. Another has observed the frequency of distractions and irrelevancies when working with other students thor- oughly absorbed in laboratory occupations. One speaks of her as being a disturbing member of his classes, etc. The writer was informed by a colleague that in the midst of a laboratory exercise in his department Miss M. suddenly burst out laughing, then in embarrassment stated that she could not assign any reason for her unusual behavior. Indecision and resolute conviction seem to alternate in matters of slight consequence. A lack of motor control is as evident as her inability to control attention. Restlessness and supersensitiveness to surrounding impressions point toward a lack of nervous organization. Her intro- spective efforts are labored because of the shifting of attention. All these data plainly show that Miss M. is of the neurotic type familiar to the medical profession. In some cases of meningitis the skin is so sensitive that a red mark will result from drawing the thumb nail across its surface. A hypersensitive condition of the skin whether it shows as a graphism or results merely in an unusual sensori-motor reaction, leads the physician to look for a type of nervous instability such as we have observed in Miss M. 336 IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCE (5) An epitome of Miss M.’s analysis of tlie conditions under which the disease manifests itself is as follows : “I do not remember when I first noticed the marks on my skin but I believe that the condition is not of recent origin. These marks were first noticed on my forearm and above my elbow (cause tight sleeve) I cannot analyze my mental attitude on first observing the results but I supposed it was a common result of pressure. The welts show elsewhere on the body and the condition is general. The marks remain distinctly visible about half an hour. While I am nervous occasionally after a tiresome week or some special excitement. I do not know of any nervous disorder which might be regarded as conditions. I am carrying seventeen hours and all my time outside of school is full — Student Volunteer, Camp Fire, Choral Union, etc., etc, — I have no special worries. This matter (the welts) does not impress me as significant. I consider it no more extra- ordinary than the common cases of flushing or reddening of skin in other young people. ” (6) As already implied, the findings in Miss M.’s case will be of chief interest (1) to the observer of psychological conditions, because of the unusual and abnormal type of reaction which points to a deeper nervous disorder; and, (2) to the physician who sees in the foregoing details the typical neurosis with its accompanying functional disturb- ance. The conditions of nervous instability which the psychologist de- tects in the regular laboratory exercises are serious enough to justify referring the student to a physician. He may recommend that the stu- dent’s life of mental discipline and outside duties be given up temporar- ily for a mode of life designed to correct the conditions. The psycholo- gist is bound, to take this broader view of one of the chance by-products of his laboratory practice. We may even question the importance of the experimental means used in this case to produce the peculiar phenomena but if the phenomena point to deeper causes than the instruments used in stimulating touch spots, and these deeper causes mean much to the individual’s welfare, then the psychologist’s purpose has been accom- plished. Whether the actual pressure was essential (as it appeared in all of our tests:) or the fact, that any experimenter was doing something, was sufficient to focus the attention of the neurotic subject, are secondary in importance to the fact that the graphism confirmed the suspicion of nervous disorder. As noted above the writer worked on the theory that any stimulus sufficiently suggestive would produce the same results as actual pressure. It seems probable that the touch stimulus is the mode by which Miss M.’s attention can best be focussed, but that there is no IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 837 special significance to be attached to the surface phenomena more than as indicative of more fundamental disturbance. In conclusion, mention may be made of a minor point, so far as this study is concerned, but one which is of some significance to the student of certain features of abnormal psychology. Autographism may be pro- ductive of a sort of prestige. It is quite easy to understand how in another age, or in a different environment the effect of these markings, first, upon a superstitious public and, then, upon the neurotic subject herself might be sufficient to lead to all degrees of religious extravagance and fanaticism. Mystic marks or religious symbols could start from as matter-of-fact conditions as those of our experiments and, in a crowd of suggestible worshippers, become a menace to religious and social sanity. 22 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 339 INDEX ' Page Aperture of a Telescope and the Quality of the Image Obtained by It, an Experimental Investigation of the Relation Between 283 Araceae, Phylogeny of 161 Birds, Helpful and Harmful Iowa 295 Brown Thrasher, a Further Study of the Home Life of 299 Contents x Devonic Sequences, Late, of the Iowa Region 205 Declinous Flowers of Iva Ganthifolia 151 Electrical Method, Practical, of Measuring Distances Between Parallel Con- ducting Planes, with Application to the Question of the Existence of Electron Atmospheres . . . 271 Electrical Properties, Similarity of, in Light-Positive Selenium to Those in Certain Crystal Contacts 261 Fat Factors, Segregation of, in Milk Production... 195 Fetal Development, Some Factors Affecting 325 Flora of Johnson County, Iowa, Notes on 27 Geological Name “Bethany,” the Proper Use of 207 Grasses of Uintah Mountains and Adjacent Regions 133 Inheritance, Color, in the Horse 317 Iowan Cretacic Terranes, Complete Succession of 199 Letter of Transmittal iii “Loess,” So-Called, of Southwest Iowa, Preliminary Note on 221 Mammal Notes, Additional 311 Members of the Academy vi Minimum Volume in Solution, on the Existence of 289 Monterey Conifers 19 Mounds and Mound Explorations in Northeastern Iowa 257 Nebraska Drift, Notes on, of the Little Sioux Valley in Cherokee County. . 231 Nitrogen in Rain and Snow 189 Officers of the Academy v Parasitic Fungi, Partial List of, of Decatur County, Iowa 115 Pleistocene Section from Des Moines South to Allerton 213 Plum Curculio in Iowa, Life History Notes on 313 Pollution of Underground Waters with Sewage Through Fissures in Rocks 7 Post-Kansan Glaciation, Additional Evidences of, in Johnson County, Iowa 251 Program ; * 4 Rayleigh Disk, the Use of, in Determination of Relative Sound Intensities 279 Report of Committee on Membership 3 Report of the Secretary 1 Report of the Treasurer 2 Sedges of Henry County 103 Siren Lacertina, Certain Points on the Anatomy of 291 Skunk, Food Habits of 307 Smoke and Gases, Effect of, on Vegetation 169 Solomon’s Quarries, Rock from 193 Tertiaric Age in Our State, Recognition of Beds of 203 Urticaria Factitia, a Case of, Observed in the Coe College Psychological Laboratory 331 Western Washington, Tramping in 11 Wisconsin Drift Plain in the Region About Sioux Falls 237 Woodpeckers, Nest Boxes for 305 340 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AUTHOR’S INDEX. Page Henry Albert 7 J. P. Anderson 115 A. L. Bakke 169 Fred Berninghausen 295 F. N. Boland 195 F. C. Brown 261, 271 John Theodore Buchholz 103 J. Ernest Carman 231, 237 John M. Evvard ’ 325 Clifford H. Farr 151 Ira N. Gabrielson 299 James Ellis Gow 161, 221 F. B. Hills 195 Charles Keyes 199, 203, 205 Nicholas Knight 189, 193 Morris M. Leighton 251 Thomas H. Macbride 11, 19 W. S. Newell 331 H. W. Norris 291 Ellison Orr 257 L. H. Pammel 133 Frank C. Pellett 305, 307 M. P. Somes 27 Howard Stiles 279 John L. Tilton 207, 213 T. Van Hyning 311 Fred Vorhies 283 R. L. Webster 313 LeRoy D. Weld 289 Edward N. Wentworth 317 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES 3 9088 01304 1983 ^