tal ata a ~ = aren Ne See i anges rliaanore a8 ~ = eerie Heeb ri tad es Bh arab Senin eee 9 és - “ Se ee ele ee oe . Te Be A tt le ae - pate AA ed te x soe GB Os NA A : ey . a rh nat “ - ‘ _ on - i : . = - ‘ i . - se Rana Ah ee ee oe ein were . eeerteS aw tee Mesa a aaa Ana- OR OR inna Hed WAS “ , earnest A Mined aiindealh neo tt =lity _ CE NTI Ne rei iat aA aden FT Genta nty—ena Cee bn a hae Baka hr BN Deote Gee Ote Go a Hlle t e et Se ate Me nh de ge orbs heh or Se teat OE aye Aa th PPM er Re De tin eR HF ~ aes - ; ‘ a 8 Sim Be ec mete : erertet ae - Petes 7 A ae . v . Pate X Bbhd . ae ow es ‘i " Fae nn i-A - aie = reo c ana ' ae ‘ ; ce Ct ns r _ = 2 ~ a ae y : eat net SS “ r _ iene eae a NESE pret et Ae dina Pere ee she sient RT pesca ts 4 ree ae’ x ae ee r E ip a ech AAO AD He ne - Se ttt Bn ABD Pe ed Pale ae eater nate cP Mh AEA AED A RPE ; ae ee serene os ins. ¥. Seen then dd Ns ae Rene ee ~e ~ ‘ “ re a in Dud % 3 LE ar > % = - _ ietni “>. : : : “ ; = fre eon ae fade eR ~ os . : = we ttabee = a Kn = . ea ee ee “ cents Rn Tintin Poh AA PER OO aoe n+? gn ae — cn teat atk pahiereana eran ei Se snes ae See sae ese, ; ‘ins —— ae air mere See ee abate : ae ne ag . 7 jaa) ae renee Pie Se eae Sat o~ Sa - TN 5 : “ eae See S55 - - . sack cadeste beet a ee = ze APES se amar x “ . oh ie Bree re wenn ie Oc bet ap 8 . pp or aie ceiiatlenr EAE en a : 8 Sapo tS Fa RR Ry TIE etre Penere re + » ‘ i ‘ NE em ee ees Te Seb tea ae te OLAS FE OT nner ede mentee SLL : atara oe ch ene a eae a nent rere ze coe o pera nian aie arse Se ; ey ae qo =m m Pe gia selec are ae lm IR ae a Pay a ee NS me on Ct ea Bee i ‘ a olla rear ree Eee Bf O6LR | PROCEEDINGS OF THE LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. SESSION 1888—9. LIVERPOOL: | {| PRINTED BY TURNER, ROUTLEDGE AND CO. i 1889. | : | 1 a ‘y 4 By % ) > # H < q ie , 4 “ee 574.0642 ) 5 Nun dw, CONTENTS. _ Office-bearers and Council, 1888-89. Report of Council. . Inaugural Address:—Some Recent Contributions to the Theory of Evolution. By W. A. Herpmay, D.Sc., _ B.L.S., F.R.S.E., President. Second Annual Report of the Liverpool Marine Biological Station on Puffin Island. By W. A. Herpmay, Dise., F.L.S., FR.S.E. The Coleopterous Fauna of the Liverpool District. By JoHN W. Eis, L.R.C.P., F.E.S. Report on a Collection of Tow-net Gatherings made by T. C. Ryley, Esq., on the West Coast of Norway, up to the North Cape, during June and July, 1888. By Isaac C. THompson, F.L.S., F.R.M.S. On the Pineal Eye of the Young and Adult Angwis ce By Ricuarp Hanirscn, Ph.D. On Embryonic Fission in Plants. By R. J. Harvey Gipson, M.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.8. PAGE. Vil. 23 46 78 87 96 Iv. CONTENTS. On a Deep Sea Tow-net for Opening and Shutting under Water. By Winn1am EH. Hoyntzn, M.A. (Oxon.), Abstract of Communication, ‘‘On the Variations Produced in the Electrical Condition of the Viscera by Stimulation of Adjacent Cutaneous Nerves.” By R. Caton, M.D., F.R.C.P. A Simple Schema of the Lymphatic Circulation. By F. Cuarues Larkin, M.B.C.S. Eng, &c. : Report on the Marine Diatomacee of the L.M.B.C. District. By Dr. H. StonterrotH, M.A. . Report on the Marine Algz of the L.M.B.C. District. By R. J. Harvey Gipson, M.A., F'.R.8.E., F.L.S. . Second Report on the Porifera of the L.M.B.C. District. By Ricnarp Hanirscy, Ph.D. Second Report on the Echinodermata of the L.M.B.C. District. By Hurpert C. CHADWICK. Third Report on the Copepoda of Liverpool Bay (the L.M.B.C. District). By Isaac C. THompson, F.L.S., F.R.M.S. Appendix to Third Report on the Copepoda of Liverpool Bay (the L. M. B.C. District). By Isaac C. Txomeson, F.L.S., F.R.M.S. : : Third Report on the Higher Crustacea of the L.M.B.C. District. By Aurrep O. Waker, F.L.S. . Second Report on the Polyzoa of the L.M.B.C. District. By JosppH Lomas, Assoc.N.5.58. PAGE. 100 113 115 IL 128 155 174 181 192 195 214 CONTENTS. Second Report on the Nudibranchiata of the L.M.B.C. District. By W. A. Herpman, D.Sc., F.L.S., F.R.S.E., and J. A. CLuBB. : ; Second Report on the Tunicata of the L.M.B.C. District. By W. A. H=erpman, D.Sc., F.L.S., F.R.S.E. Report on the Seals and Whales (Pinnipedia and Cetacea) of the L.M.B.C. District. By Tuomas J. Moors, Corr. Memb. Zool. Soc. Lond. : APPENDIX. Laws of the Society. List of Members. Librarian’s Report (with List of the Books). Treasurer's Balance Sheet. . 225 240 261 279 284 288 291 CORRECTION. Dr. Hanitsch wishes to state that the new Sponge described in his report on p. 169, and figured on plate vii., under the name of Seiriola compacta, really consists of two separate Sponges, a Stelletid and an incrusting Suberite. The former is, however, the type of a new genus closely allied to Stryphnus, Sollas, and for it the name Seiriola may be retained. The family Seiriolidez must lapse. A revised description of the genus and species will be given in a future paper. LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. SESSION III. 1888-9. resident ; ProFressor W. A. HERDMAN, D.Sc., F.L.S., F.R.S.E. Pice-Presidents : J. DRYSDALE, M.D., F.R.M.S. be T. J. MOORE, Corr. M.Z.S. Lonp. Hon. Creasurer: ISAAC C. THOMPSON, F.R.M.S., F.L.S. Hon. Mibrarran ; R. HANITSCH, Pu.D. How. Secretary: F. CHAS. LARKIN, M.R.C.S., &c. Council: | Pror, W. MITCHELL BANKS, F.B.C.S. J. LOMAS, Assoc. N.S.S. H. C. BEASLEY. G. H. MORTON, F.G.S. _ Nz. CAINE. Sm JAMES POOLE. J. W. ELLIS, M.B.Vic., F.E.S. THOS. C. RYLEY. "BJ. HARVEY GIBSON, M.A.,F.B.8.E. A, NORMAN TATE, F.1.C._. ALFRED LEICESTER. JOHN VICARS. REPORT of the COUNCIL. Your Council has great pleasure in being able to report to you that the session 1888-9 has been in every way fully as successful as the two preceding ones. There have, as usual, been eight Ordinary Meetings at University College, and a Field Meeting at Hilbre Island. The attendance at the meetings has been good, and the interest taken by the members in the work of the Society seems In no way to be diminishing. The number of communications has greatly increased, being half as many again as last year, and they have extended also over if possible a still wider area of Biology. During the session the Council recommended the appointment of an honorary librarian, and Dr. Hanitsch was accordingly elected to fill the post and to occupy a seat upon the Council. The librarian has been assiduous in his attention to work, and has arranged an exchange of publications with thirty-eight societies of repute, thus establishing our Society as a recognized centre of biological research not only in this country but on the continent of Kurope and in America, and at the same time laying the foundations of a good library. A suitable bookcase has been purchased, and it now contains 364 volumes and pamphlets. During the year the Society has added the names of the following eminent biologists to its list of Honorary Members :— Dr. Anton Fritsch, Professor of the University and Director of the Museum, Prague. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. 1K Dr. Alfred Giard, Professor of Evolution at the Sorbonne, Paris. Dr. Carl Claus, Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, Vienna. During the session two Ordinary Members have resigned and ten have been elected; while twenty Student Members have resigned and twelve have joined the Society. So that the number of members at present on the roll is:— TELOINOTEWAY cooopnopepasoAnnoe 5 OMGMA Ve vadendcneeleeeae ns 62 STRUIC IIa so coer tor gee aemnne 41 Total...108 The following is a summary of the proceedings at the meetings held during this the third session :— I. October 12th, 1888. 1. Election of the Office-bearers and Council. 2. Inaugural Address by the President, Prof. Herdman, D.Sc., on “Some Recent Contributions to the Theory of Evolution.” II. November 12th, 1888. 1. Description and Demonstration of the Action of a new Deep Sea Tow-net. By W. H. Hoyle, M.A., M.R.C.S. 2. Second Annual Report of the Liverpool Marine Biological Station on Puffin-Island. By Professor Herdman, D.Sc., President. 3. Report on the Alge of Puffin Island, Part I. By R. J. Harvey Gibson, M.A. 4. Some Recent Additions to the Anatomical Museum. By Professor W. Mitchell Banks. xe LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 5. Description of a small Collection of Marine Animals received from H.M. King Kalakao of the Sandwich Islands. By I. C. Thompson, F.L.8., Treasurer. 6. The Coleopterous Fauna of the Liverpool District, Part We Byers Ellice hae: . The Pineal Eye of Adult and Young Blind-worms and of the Ophidia. By Dr. R. Hanitsch. =~] III. December 14th, 1888. 1. Note on the Discovery of Venus mercenaria living near Beaumaris. By T. J. Moore, C.M.Z.S.L. 9. Address on “The Liver in relation to General Metabolism.”” By Dr. Noel-Paton, Edinburgh. IV. January 11th, 1889. 1. Contributions towards the Phylogenetic Classification of Plants, Part I. By R. J. Harvey Gibson, M.A. 2. Note on Variations produced on the Electric Condition of the Viscera by Stimulation of adjacent Cutaneous Surfaces. By Professor Caton. 3. Report on a Collection of Tow-net Gatherings made by Mr. T. C. Ryley on the West Coast of Norway, in June and July, 1888. By I. C. Thompson, F.L.5., Treasurer. 4, Embryonic Fission, or Blastogenesis in Plants and Animals. By R. J. Harvey Gibson, M.A. V. February 8th, 1889. 1. Gritical Note on the Supposed Relation between Chelyosoma and Pterichthys. By Prof. Herdman, D.Sc., President. 2. Dimorphism in the Antipatharia. By George Brook, INES . 3. A Simple Schema of the Lymphatic Circulation. By F. C. Larkin, M.R.C.8., Secretary. a ee a A palates 1 lel aT Ae mire REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. ma 4, Report on the Diatomaceze of the L.M.B.C. District. By Dr. Stolterfoth. 5. Report on the Sponges of the L.M.B.C. District. By Dr. R. Hanitsch. 6. Report on the Echinodermata of the L.M.B.C. District. By H. C. Chadwick. 7. Exhibition of some Timber-boring Insects. By Dr. Ellis, F.E.S. VI. March 8th, 1889. 1. Note on a peculiarly shaped Specimen of Alcyoniwm digitatum. By H. C. Chadwick. 2. Third Report on the Higher Crustacea of the L.M.B.C. District. By A. O. Walker, F.L.8. 3. Third Report on the Copepoda of the L.M.B.C. District. By I. C. Thompson, F.L.8., Treasurer. 4. Report on the Alge of the L.M.B.C. District, Part IT. By R. J. Harvey Gibson, M.A. 5. Some Frogs’ Skeletons, illustrating natural fractures and amputations. By F. C. Larkin, M.R.C.S. VII. April 12th, 1889. 1. Note on Terrestrial Isopoda. By A. O. Walker, Bek 5 - 2. Prof. Banks showed some Abnormal Thoracic Aorte. 3. Observations on the Unusual Abundance of the Madder Hawk Moth (Detlephila galii) in 1888. By Dr. Ellis, F.E.S. 4, Second Report on the Polyzoa of the L.M.B.C. District. By Joseph Lomas, Assoc. N.S.S. VIII. May 10th, 1889. 1. Note on an Insect Larva parasitic in Men, from British Honduras. By Professor Barron, M.B. Xil. IX. LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. . Report on the Cetaceans and Seals of the L.M.B.C. District. By T. J. Moore, C.M.Z.S.L. . Notes on the Nudibranchiata. By Prof. Herdman and J. A. Clubb. . Note on a new Copepod. By I. C. Thompson, F.L.5. . Second Report on the Tunicata of the L.M.B.C. District. By Professor Herdman, D.Sc. . Second Report on the Pycnogonida of the L.M.B.C. District. By W. B. Halhed. . Remarks on M. Carlier’s Theory of the Limb Nature of the Jaws of Vertebrates. By G. F. Moore. June 15th, 1889. Field Meeting at Hilbre Island. Election of Professor Herdman, D.Sc., as President for the session 1889-90. INAUGURAL ADDRESS ON Some RECENT CONTRIBUTIONS to the THEORY of HVOLUTION. By Proressor W. A. Herpman, D.Sc., PRESIDENT. [Read 12th October, 1888. ] Durine the quarter of a century that has elapsed since Charles Darwin showed how new species may have been evolved by means of those processes for which he coined the useful term ‘‘natural selection,’’ there has appeared an enormous mass of literature dealing with the subject of Evolution, and containing some valuable additions to and modifications of the original theory. I propose to examine a few of the more recent of these contributions critically, with the object of determining how far they ought to change our views in regard to the origin and the mutual relationships of the plants and animals around us. First, let me remind you briefly of the leading features of the theory of evolution by means of natural selection. (1) No two plants or animals are exactly the same. In any assemblage of men, sheep, or rose-trees, there are individual differences by which any one of them may be distinguished from the others. This is the principle of VARIATION. We say, ‘“‘As like as two peas.”’ We might as truthfully say, ‘‘As unlike as two peas:” are alike in all respects. (2) Characters, both physical and mental, may be in- herited. The offspring bear more resemblance to their 1 no two peas 2 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. parents or ancestors than they do to other organisms. This is the principle of HEREDITY. Recognising these two important biological principles, breeders of cattle, dogs, pigeons, &c., are able by carefully selecting individuals with certain variations for breeding purposes, generation after generation, to produce new varieties or races of a very marked nature, and to mould their characters in almost any required direction. This is ARTIFICIAL SELECTION. Is there amongst animals in a state of nature any similar process of selection by which species may be modified and new forms produced? Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, in 1858, showed that there is such a process at work. All animals and plants tend to increase so rapidly that if left to themselves the members of any one species would, in a comparatively small number of generations, cover the earth. Countless numbers of young are produced for which there is no room and no food, and which must inevitably die. The result of this ‘‘rate of increase”’ is that a constant ‘‘strugele for existence’ is carried on between those individuals which come into competition—which live in the same neighbourhood, eat the same food, and are exposed to the same enemies. So keen and constant is this struggle that any advantage however slight, any favourable variation, may enable an individual or a set of individuals to get the better of the others—to survive when the rest are killed off. This is known as “the survival of the fittest,’ and is a process of “natural selection’’ by which particular variations are singled out as the individuals which survive, breed, and hand down their advantageous characteristics to the next generation. And so, just as artificial selection has produced the various breeds of dogs and races of pigeons, the far more searching INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 3 and unerring power of ‘‘natural selection,’’* biologists believe has been a considerable factor, if not the chief factor, in the evolution of the various species of plants and animals from a common ancestor.t Darwin was far from claiming for natural selection a universal or an all-powerful action. He admitted that other factors might be at work in the modification of species, and in his book on the ‘“‘ Descent of Man”’ he showed that many characters in animals which cannot be explained by the action of natural selection, are doubtless due to “‘sexual selection,” the continuous selection by the one sex of those individuals of the other which possess certain attractive features or habits. Darwin also acknow- ledged to a minor extent the modifying influences of the Lamarckian principles of ‘use and disuse,’ and the action of the environment. Some of the more recent and more advanced evolutionists, however, may be said to out-Darwin Darwin. They apparently go further than their master did in their belief in the all-powerful action of natural selection, and some of the recent essays on evolution have drawn attention to this ultra-Darwinian position, and have urged the claims of other factors upon the consideration of biologists. Perhaps the contribution to this subject which has become * Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan has recently (Bristol Naturalists’ Society’s Proc., vol. v., pt. iii., 1888) proposed the term ‘‘ Natural Elimination” as being more correct. He is quite right, but ‘‘ Natural Selection” is now too firmly established in biological science to be replaced by another phrase. However, Prof. Morgan’s term may be of use as an alternative. + Mz. P. Geddes informs me that he intends shortly to lay before the Royal Society of Edinburgh a detailed statement of his view, that evolution is the result not so much of a natural selection brought about by a struggle for existence as of self-sacrifice, co-operation and love. This is striking at the root of Darwinism with a vengeance; but it is needless to discuss Mr. Geddes’s position until his paper is published and the facts upon which he bases his theory are before us. 1—2 4 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. the most widely known, and which has excited most discussion during the last couple of years, is Dr. Romanes’ essay on “‘ Physiological Selection; an Additional Sug- gestion on the Origin of Species,’ read before the Linnean Society of London on the 6th May, 1886.* Dr. Romanes commences by stating that there are in his view three cardinal difficulties in the way of natural selection, considered as a theory of the origin of species. These are:—(1) That whereas domesticated varieties, the products of artificial selection, are generally fertile with one another, allied species, which we believe are formed in a similar manner by natural selection, are almost invariably sterile. There are exceptions in both cases, but still this great difference does undoubtedly exist. However, I think it can be accounted for without going beyond the influence of natural selection. In the first place the conditions surrounding domesticated varieties are more or less unnatural, and may well account for an increased fertility ; and in the second place, turning to variation in a state of nature, it is quite conceivable that the very features which characterize an incipient species, such as a difference in speed, or a peculiarity in colouring, may themselves tend.(by giving rise to isolation) to promote breeding between the individuals possessing such features and to put a barrier between them and the parent species. As Darwin has said,t ‘‘each newly formed variety would generally be at first local, as seems to be the common rule with varieties in a state of nature; so that similarly modified individuals would soon exist in a small body together, and would often breed together.” (2) Dr. Romanes’ next difficulty is the swamping effect which free intercrossing would have upon a variety or * Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. xix., p. 387. + ‘Origin of Species,” 6 Ed., p. 72. = al ~ INAUGURAL ADDRESS. o incipient species. This is a celebrated difficulty with eritics of Darwinian evolution, and was first forcibly pointed out by the late Professor Fleeming Jenkin, of Edinburgh, in the North British Review for 1867.* Prof. Jenkin gives the following illustration of his argument :— “Suppose a white man to have been wrecked on an island inhabited by negroes, and to have established himself in friendly relations with a powerful tribe whose customs he has learnt. Suppose him to possess the physical strength, energy and ability of a dominant white race, and let the food and climate of the island suit his constitution; grant him every advantage which We can conceive a white man to possess over the native; concede that im the struggle for existence his chance of a long life will be much superior to that of the native chiefs. Yet from all these admissions there does not follow the con- clusion that after a limited or unlimited number of generations the inhabitants of the island will be white. Our shipwrecked hero would probably become king; he would kill a great many blacks in the struggle for existence; he would have a great many wives and children, while many of his subjects would live and die as bachelors; an insurance company would accept his life at perhaps one-tenth of the premium which they would exact from the most favoured of the negroes. Our white’s qualities would certainly tend very much to preserve him to a good old age; and yet he would not suffice in any number of generations to turn his subjects’ descendants white. It may be said that the white colour is not the cause of the superiority. True; but it may be used simply to bring before the senses the way in which qualities belonging to one individual in a large number must be gradually obliterated. In the first generation there will be some dozens of intelligent young mulattoes, much superior in average intelligence to the negroes. We might expect the throne for some generations to be occupied by a more or less yellow king; but can any one believe that the whole island will gradually acquire a white or even a yellow population, or that the islanders would acquire the energy, courage, ingenuity, patience, self-control, endurance, in virtue of which qualities our hero killed so many of their ancestors, and begot so many children; those virtues, in fact, which the struggle for existence would select, if it could select anything?” This ingenious story of Professor Jenkin’s certainly puts the supposed swamping effect which free intercrossing has upon an individual variation very forcibly, but we must * See ‘‘ Papers, Literary, Scientific, &c.,” vol i., p. 229, 1887. 6 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. remember that after all it is only of value as an individual - expression of opinion. For my own part, I am inclined to think that in many cases the result might be very different from that given above. Two influences have, I think, been ignored, viz: atavism, or reversion to ancestral characters, and the tendency of the members of a variety to breed with one another. Keeping to the case described above, I should imagine that the numbers of intelligent young mulattoes produced in the second, third, fourth and few succeeding © generations would to a large extent intermarry, the result of which would be that a more or less white aristocracy would be formed on the island, including the king and all the chief people, the most intelligent men and the bravest warriors. Then atavism might produce every now and then a much whiter individual—a reversal to the charac- teristics of the ancestral Huropean—who, by being highly thought of in the whitish aristocracy, would have con- siderable influence on the colour and other characteristics of the next generation. Now such a white aristocracy would be in precisely the same circumstances as a favour- able variety competing with its parent species, and as Darwin has pointed out, in such a case, “‘If the new variety were successful in its battle for life, it would slowly spread from a central district, competing with and conquering the unchanged individuals on the margins of an ever-increasing Ciclo It may be said that all this is pure speculation, but an actual historic occurrence of a very similar nature has been recorded. It is not a case of a shipwrecked white man influencing the dark coloured inhabitants of an island, but it is the remarkable instance of a single varia- tion in a flock of sheep giving rise to a new and most * “ Origin of Species,” 6 Ed., pp. 72, 73. INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 7 marked race. The following is Darwin’s account of the occurrence :— ‘*In some few instances new breeds have suddenly originated ; thus, in 1791, a ram lamb was born in Massachusetts, having short crooked legs and a long back, like a turn-spit dog. From this one lamb the ofter or ancon semi- monstrous breed was raised. As these sheep could not leap over the fences, it was thought that they would be valuable, but they have been supplanted by Merinos, and thus exterminated. The sheep are remarkable from transmitting their character so truly that Coionel Humphreys never heard of ‘but one questionable case’ of an ancon ram and ewe not producing ancon offspring. When they are crossed with other breeds the offspring, with rare exceptions, instead of being intermediate in character, perfectly resemble either parent ; even one of twins has resembled one parent and the second the other. Lastly, “the ancons have been observed to keep together, separating themselves from the rest of the flock when put into enclosures with other sheep.’ ”’* This is a very marked instance of a single variation which was not swamped by intercrossing, but on the other hand impressedt its characteristics upon large numbers of descendants, and there would be still less chance of any swamping action in the more ordinary cases of variation where probably a small group of individuals would be found all varying more or less in the one direction. Dr. Romanes complains (loc. cit., p. 343) that Darwin assumes that a new variety would consist of a number of similarly modified individuals, and admits that ‘‘if this assumption were granted, there would be an end of the present difficulty,’ i.e. of his objection to natural selection, on account of intercrossing ; but in the first place the assump- tion is not unwarranted, and secondly Romanes makes precisely the same assumption himself a few pages further on in his paper,{ in supporting his own theory of physio- * «“Animals and Plants under Domestication,” vol. i., p. 104. + By artificial selection, but the case of the highly favoured white man and his whitish descendants discussed above is also practically a case of artificial selection, and I only bring up the ancon sheep as an argument against Prof. _Jenkin’s conclusion. + Romanes, loc. cit., p. 352. 8 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. logical selection. The individuals of a species vary in different directions around a centre, and therefore in any one line which is favourable there will usually be several more or less marked variations. Now we must turn to Dr. Romanes’ third objection to natural selection as a theory of the origin of species, and that is what is known as the inutility of specific characters, viz. that species are often distinguished by minute charac- teristics which cannot serve any useful purpose, and therefore cannot have been produced by the action of natural selection. This is a matter upon which the practical naturalist, and the practical naturalist only, can express an opinion. In a letter* to Sir J. D. Hooker, Darwin says, ‘“‘ How painfully (to me) true is your remark, that no one has a right to examine the question of species who has not minutely described many.” It is only the naturalist who is intimately acquainted with the charac- teristics and habits of species who can realize how ignorant we still are of the precise use of many organs, or variations of organs, and who can appreciate the fact that many parts may be of considerable importance although we do not yet understand how. Romanes says that if the majority of specific distinctions were useful we might believe the rest to be so also. Well, I am bold enough to say that I believe the majority of specific characters to be of utilitarian significance, or, what is the same thing so far as the action of natural selection is concerned, to be co- related with other characters which are of importance. The more deeply one studies any group of animals the more one sees the object of the specific modifications. In the Tunicata, the class I have paid most attention to lately, I am convinced of the practical importance of the specific characters, such as the condition of the muscular * Life and Letters, vol. ii., p. 39. INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 9 system, the arrangement of the vessels in the branchial sac, the number and arrangement of the tentacles, and so on, to their possessors; and even in the case of such apparently trivial characters as the shapes and distri- bution of the minute spicules throughout the colonies of Leptoclinum amongst Compound Ascidians, I know from experience that they affect the hardness and roughness of the colony, and so may be of considerable importance in repelling the attacks of enemies and in keeping the colony free from injurious parasites. My contention, then, is that Dr. Romanes’ three objections can be got over;* that useful variations would not be swamped by intercrossing with the parent forms; that specific characters are really useful to their possessors, and that consequently natural selection is not merely a theory of the origin of adaptations, as Romanes insists, but also a theory of the origin of species, as Charles Darwin believed. It is now time that I should state what Romanes’ theory of physiological selection is. If we suppose that in the members of an incipient variety some slight change takes place in the reproductive system which will render these individuals sterile with the rest of the species, while still fertile amongst themselves, then the result will be that although the varietal characters are useless, and the parent species overwhelmingly more numerous, still there will be no swamping effect because there can be no intercrossing, and our variety will be on the high road to becoming a distinct species. Romanes gives the following as an illustration :+— * See also ‘‘ Physiological Selection,” by Henry Seebohm: London, 1886; in which the question is discussed mainly from the ornithologist’s point of view. + Romanes, loc. cit., pp. 352, 353. 10 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. “Suppose the variation in the reproductive system is such that the season of flowering or of pairing becomes either advanced or retarded. Whether this variation be, as we say, spontaneous, or due to any change of food, habitat, climate, &c., does not signify. The only point we need here attend to is that some individuals, living on the same geographical area as the rest of their species, have varied in their reproductive systems, so that they can only propagate with each other. They are thus perfectly fertile inter se, while absolutely sterile with all the other members of their species. This particular variation being communicated by inheritance to their progeny, there would soon arise on the same area, or, if we like, on closely contiguous areas, two varieties of the same species, each perfectly fertile within its own limits, while absolutely sterile with one another. That is to say, there has arisen between these two varieties a barrier to intercrossing which is quite as effectual as a thousand miles of ocean; the only difference is that the barrier, instead of being geographical, is physiological.” Now although I have been arguing hitherto that natural selection is sufficient to account for the production of new species, I do not mean to say that physiological selection does not occur also. On the contrary, it seems to me that Dr. Romanes has made out a very good case in favour of the possibility of physiological selection occurring ; and it may therefore be placed along with certain other processes, after natural selection, as an additional but subordinate factor in the evolution of species. In fact, as Darwin himself recognised, there are probably several distinct pro- cesses at work besides natural selection in modifying and diversifying the organic types; and Mr. Herbert Spencer has lately done good service in calling the attention of evolutionists to these somewhat neglected secondary factors.* The effects of use and disuse in modifying some parts of the animal structure are very liable to be confused with and classed under the action of natural selection, but in such a case as the well-marked degeneration in the entire * The Factors of Organic Evolution, Nineteenth Century for 1886, pp. 570 and 749, INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 11 chewing apparatus of some kinds of pet dogs where the jaws are shortened, the teeth degenerate, the muscles are weakened, and their bony attachments become less prominent, there can be no doubt that the change is due to the continued absence of any action on the part of the apparatus sufficient to keep it in its original state of proficiency. Now we are at once brought face to face with a most important question: Can functionally-produced changes of structure be inherited? In the ‘‘ Zoonomia,”’ Hrasmus Darwin contends that they can, and his grandson, Charles Darwin, seems to support this view; but many biologists smce have been strongly of opinion that such changes of structure are confined to the generation in which they appear and cannot be handed on by heredity. A good deal of important evidence has been collected by anatomists which has a bearing upon this matter. To begin with, there can be no doubt that use and disuse modify the body in the individual; the muscles of the athlete, the keen eye of the sailor, the delicate sense of touch in the blind, are well known and convincing proofs that both the structure and the function of various parts of the body may undergo considerable change as the result of continued practice. Some interesting papers by Mr. Arbuthnot Lane have appeared lately in the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, in which the author shows that in certain trades, such as shoemaking, coal-heaving, &c., the effect upon the body is such that the occupation may actually be discovered by an examination of the skeleton of the subject. In the last of these papers, on ‘“‘The Anatomy of the Shoemaker,’’* Mr. Lane gives a most detailed account of the manner in which the charac- _ teristic positions and actions of shoemaking have produced effects upon almost every system of the body; while in a * Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, new series, vol. xxii., p. 593. 12 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. former paper he was able from a careful examination of the body to discover that the man had been a “‘ trimmer”’ on board ship, employed in arranging and storing the cargo and coal, and therefore accustomed to lift up and throw heavy weights. But Mr. Lane goes even further, and in one of his papers, entitled ‘‘Can the Existence of a Tendency to Change in the Form of the Skeleton of the Parent Result in the Actuality of that Change in the Offspring ?”* he advances the idea that such changes as we are con- sidering can be inherited and intensified, so that in a family of shoemakers the effect in say the grandson may be very much more marked than it was in the grandfather ; and Professor Sir William ‘Turner, of Edinburgh, informs me that he is of opinion that the particular habits of a tribe, such as the tree-climbing Australians, or those natives of the interior of New Guinea whose houses are built in the upper branches of lofty trees, not only affect each generation individually, but have an intensified action through the influence of heredity.t In these and other papers by anatomists I find no reference to the action of natural selection, although it is obvious on a little reflection that that process may help considerably, since any favourable variation in the skeleton which enabled its possessor to adapt himself more readily to his peculiar surroundings, such as tree-climbing, would be of advantage in the struggle for existence, and would therefore be marked out for survival by the eliminating action of natural selection. _ Another factor in evolution which Herbert Spencer * Jour. Anat. and Physiol., vol. xxii., p. 215. 1888. + See his Report on the Human Skeletons obtained during the Challenger Expedition (Zool. Chall. Exp., pt. xlvii.), pt. ii., p. 88; and also Jour. Anat. and Physiol., vol. xxi., p. 473. 1887. INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 13 draws attention to is the direct action of the environment.* He points out very truly that this action is accountable for the beginning of that marked difference between the outside and the inside of organisms which is almost universal, and which we recognise when we speak of the ectosare and endosare of a Protozoon, the ectoderm and endoderm of the Metazoa, the epiblast and hypoblast of embryos, and when we distinguish a skin, integument or exoskeleton from the organs beneath. The first formed organisms must have been homogeneous protoplasm, and the direct action of the environment or external medium, by causing the first differentiation between the external and the internal layers, and by producing slight differences between the individuals was, as Spencer says, the primordial factor of organic evolution, and was the cause of the first variations without which natural selection could not take place. Although we may admit the modifying effect of the direct action of the environment, still it is exceedingly difficult in any particular case to distinguish between the result of this action and that of natural selection. A few weeks ago, while collecting animals at low tide on the west coast of Scotland, I found in a rock pool a peculiarly coloured specimen of the common sea-slug Doris tuber- culata. It was lying on a mass of volcanic rock (of which there was a good deal in the neighbourhood) of a dull green colour, partially covered with rounded spreading patches of a purplish pink Nullipore, and having numerous whitish yellow Spirorbis shells scattered all over it—the general effect being a mottled surface of dull green and pink peppered over with little round cream-coloured spots. The * See also Eimer, ‘‘Die Entstehung der Arten auf Grund von Vererben erworbener EHigenschaften nach den Gesetzen organischen Wachsens,” Jena, 1888. 14 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. upper surface of the Doris was of precisely the same colours arranged in the same way, so that one could look at it for some little time as it lay in the pool before becoming aware that it was other than a part of the surrounding rock. My companion and I were both greatly struck by the closeness of this mimetic resemblance to the surrounding colouring. We picked up the Doris and remarked the brightness and the unusual character of its markings, and then replaced it upon the rock, when it once more became inconspicuous. Now, there can be no doubt that this protective resem- blance was not accidental. It must have been brought about by some modifying influence, but in answer to the question as to what influence had been at work, two sets of evolutionists might give very different answers. The one set of philosophers might say the colouring of this Doris is evidently the result of the direct action of the environment; while another set would argue that the condition has been brought about by natural selection acting upon congenital variations produced purely as the result of heredity; and I do not see how, in the present state of our knowledge, an impartial judge could decide which was the correct theory. My own impression, which, however, I cannot support by any evidence, is that probably both processes were at work in the evolution of this and similar peculiarly coloured specimens. I believe in natural selection as being the most powerful and most constantly acting of the factors, but I think it probable that some influence is exercised directly by the environment, perhaps in the way of producing non-inherited variations in the most advan- tageous direction, which are then picked out by natural selection. But in order to settle this and many similar questions in the philosophy of Biology, it would be necessary to carry out a series of carefully devised experiments, extending over a number of generations. INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 15 The general ines upon which such experiments would be made may be indicated by the questions -— Would the young of our Doris inherit or develope the peculiar colouring if placed in different surroundings? Would they develope a protective colour if placed in such circumstances that the action of natural selection would be prevented as far as possible by the elimination of competition? And would a mimetic resemblance to their surroundings be produced much more rapidly if they were placed under circumstances of severe competition? I fancy the last two questions would be answered in the affirmative, and thus indicate that while natural selection is the more powerful influence, the environment has also some direct effect. If, however, we agree with Herbert Spencer and some other evolutionists that there are other factors besides natural selection in evolution, that use and disuse, the environment, and physiological selection all play their subordinate parts in the modification of species, and that acquired characters are handed on by heredity to future generations, then we find ourselves at once brought into conflict with the latest and most generally approved theory of heredity to which I must now direct your attention. Many theories have been brought forward to account for the well-known fact that like tends to produce like—that the characters of the parents and other ancestors are handed down to the offspring. ‘Twenty years ago Darwin enunciated his theory of ‘‘ Pangenesis,’’ which was that “‘Every cell of the animal’s body, so long as it is not too highly differentiated, throws off gemmules, which are capable of multiplying by fission, and which retain the characteristics of the cells from which they arose, and are capable of reproducing them at some future period by developing into similar cells. These gemmules are transmitted to the offspring by means of the reproductive elements, and may remain dormant in the new individual for a time, or even through a number of gererations. When they 16 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. finally develop into cells it is as a result of their affinity for allied gemmules produced before them, and which have just attained their full development.’’* In 1876, Mr. Francis Galton+ proposed a most important modification of Pangenesis to the effect that out of the total number of gemmules contained in the fertilized ovum, and to which collection he applies the term “‘stirp,”’ only a few develope in that generation into cells, while the rest form a mass of dormant gemmules which are handed on from generation to generation by the repro- ductive elements, a few of the gemmules developing in each generation into cells and so conveying to the individuals of that generation ancestral characteristics. This idea of a certain portion of hving matter which is immortal, being passed on from generation to generation, and forming a connecting link between ancestors and their posterity, has been adopted by nearly all subsequent writers on heredity, and most of the recent speculations may therefore be regarded as modifications of Galton’s theory. In 1883, in a paper read before the Literary and Philo- sophical Society of Liverpool, entitled ‘“‘Remarks upon the Theory of Heredity,’ { I proposed a modification of Galton’s theory, which I believe relieved it of a difficulty under which it had laboured. My addition to the theory was, ‘‘that the body of the new indwidual ts formed, not by the development of gemmules alone and independently into cells, but by the gemmules in the cells causing by their affimties and repulsions these cells so to diwide as to gwe rise to new cells, tissues and organs.’ This suggestion gets over the histological difficulty that cells are always formed from pre-existing cells and not from gemmules, and it likewise places the theory of heredity in direct connection * Variation of Plants and Animals under Domestication, vol. ii., p. 357, 1868. + Journ. Anthropol. Instit., vol. v., p. 329. + Proc. Lit. and Phil. Soc., L’pool, vol. xxxviii., p. 77, read Noy. 26th, 1883. INAUGURAL ADDRESS. | a with recent observations on cell structure and cell division by showing that the “ karyokinetic’”’ changes in the nucleus might be interpreted as the optical expression of the activity of the inherited gemmules in the cell. This idea of heredity was apparently in the scientific air at that time, since a number of modifications of the theory continued to appear during the following two years leading up to Weismann’s very complete and elaborate theory of the continuity of the germ-plasma,* published in 1885. The central idea of this theory is very similar to that of Galton’s, and is that the germ cells or reproductive elements arise not from the body of the individual, but direct from the parent germ cell. Thus a living substance, which Weismann calls the germ-plasma, passes over from one generation to another—the germ cells of succeeding generations being related to one another very much as are a series of unicellular organisms, such as Amebe. Weismann werked out the theory so admirably, showing its connection with the facts and principles of Biology, and supported it by such powerful arguments, that it was at once received as an important contribution to biological philosophy, and has been largely discussed and pretty generally accepted during the last few years. The only difficulty which I personally feel in regard to it—and it is one which applies equally to all of these allied theories—is its aspect towards acquired characters. If the gemmules or the particles of germ-plasma which produce the body of an individual are derived, not from the body of the parent animals, but from their dormant gemmules or germ-plasma, then it is difficult to see how any characters in the parents, produced by such influences as use and disuse and the action of the environment, can be *“Die Continuitiit des Keimplasma’s als Grundlage einer Theorie der Vererbung,” Jena, 1885 ; and several other papers since. 2 18 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. conveyed, according to this theory of heredity; to the offspring. But we have already seen that there are some reasons for believing that such acquired characters are inherited. Whether, then, are we to relinquish a theory which is in accord with most of the facts of heredity and is supported by strong evidence, or are we to adopt this theory, and deny that acquired characters are inherited because our theory cannot explain such an inheritance. The former would be rash until we have a better theory to substitute: the latter would be unscientific. It is better to take neither course, but to adopt the germ-plasma theory as a provisional theory of heredity, with the addition that acquired characters may be inherited, though we are still ignorant of the process by which that is effected. In this question of the bearing of acquired characters upon the theory of heredity, we have, then, a most inportant point in the philosophy of Biology, in regard to which there is still some doubt and some difference of opinion amongst evolutionists, and it is a matter which should, if possible, be settled experimentally. Although a boundless field for work stretches out in every direction around the biologist, still what most seriously demands — our attention at present is, I believe, practical work, especially observations and experiments having a bearing upon evolutionary problems—work which will support and control our speculations, and which must be carried on, not in the study, but in the laboratory and the biological station, in the field and on the sea-shore. There have been during recent years, as we have seen, a number of remarkable essays upon the various parts of the theory of evolution—all of them replete with ideas sug- gestive of lines of research and subjects for observation and experiment; and the value of these speculations and INAUGURAL ADDRESS. ug suggestions must now be worked out by the practical naturalist. Darwin himself devoted many years to the systematic study of the Cirripedia. He telis us that no one has a right to examine the question of species who has not minutely described many, and that opinion has been recently endorsed by the President of the Biological Section of the British Association.* A clear and vivid impression of such matters of fundamental importance as the struggle for existence, the action of natural selection, the benefit of protective colouring, the completeness and the advantage of mimicry, and the utility of specific characteristics can only be gained by one who has practically studied the subject by observing the organisms in their living con- dition amongst their natural surroundings. During the last few years I have had occasion to study somewhat closely the fauna of the sea-shore at different parts of our coast. I have spent many most delightful, and to: me most instructive, hours on the rocky beach at Puffin Island, and elsewhere, at extreme low water, watching the animals and plants in their natural conditions; and I am sure that it is of primary importance to all students of natural history, but especially to the philosophic biologist who would concern himself with the problems of evolution, that he should thus become practically acquainted with the different forms of life in their native haunts, that he should see for himself their variations and their resem- blances, their habits, and their complicated relations to all around them. Of all the regions of the sea and land, so far as my experience goes, by far the most prolific of animal life is that region of the shore which is known as the upper edge of the Laminarian zone. It lies just beyond * Nature, vol. xxxviii., p. 474, Sept. 13th, 1888. 2-2 20 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. the ordinary beach, and is only exposed at the lowest spring tides. It is the zone where the great tangled brown masses of the oar-weed or Laminaria are found, and it is there that marine invertebrate life is to be seen in its greatest profusion ; it is there that the competition is keenest between allied forms of animals, that the struggle for existence is carried on most fiercely; it is there probably that evolution is going on most rapidly, there that its conditions may most advantageously be studied. On turning over a large stone on this region of the shore, or when coming suddenly upon a small pool or a little cave, the sides of which are clothed with various forms of animal life, it is extremely instructive to the evolutionist to notice which are the most conspicuous forms, and to try to account for their want of any protective colouring or attempt at concealment. My experience is that the animals which first attract attention are those which move rapidly, such as many of the Crustacea and of the Annelids. The movements which render these animals conspicuous conduce in most cases to their escape from enemies, but it is interesting to find that some animals which are able to move have actually acquired the habit of lying perfectly still so as to escape observation. The next most conspicuous animals I find to be the pure white calcareous and some of the scarlet and other bright-coloured siliceous sponges. Now, these are all of them animals which are very completely protected from enemies by the numerous sharp- pointed spicules with which they are provided. The gleaming white Compound Ascidians (Leptoclinwm) may be placed in the same category, as they likewise are all richly supplied with sharp- pointed spicules. Some of the Polyzoa are also very highly coloured and at once attract attention, but they seem to be all forms which are either well protected from INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 21 possible injury by their calcareous armour, such as the Escharide and other relations of Lepralia, or else are well supplied with snapping sharp-beaked avicularia, such as the species of Bugula,* &c. Most of the other animals, which are defenceless, will be found to be either of quiet greys and browns or other dull shades, or to be protected by a marked resemblance in their colouring to the stones and sea-weeds on which they lie, or to some of the above- mentioned conspicuous animals which are able to take care of themselves. A few marked instances of this mimetic resemblance to other organisms have come under my notice. One of these was the case of a brilliant red Turbellarian worm (Leptoplana sp.?), which was found at Puffin Island creeping on the surface of a colony of Mucronella coccinea of the same colour; and several of the other Turbel- larians resemble the Compound Ascidians upon which they are found. Another example was a pinkish purple Amphipod (Calliopius norvegicus), which was exactly of the same tint as one of the encrusting Nullipores in the shore pools. I watched this animal for a considerable time one morning at Puffin Island, and found that in its many excursions about the pool it very rarely left the parts coloured like itself, and that when I removed it to a patch of bare rock it at once took refuge again on the protecting Nullipore. Another of the fundamentals of evolution which is well illustrated by the fauna of the Laminarian zone is “variation,” a subject which requires careful observation and experiment as much as any in the wide range of Biology. It is most important, on account of the obvious bearing upon species, that we should know something of * The orange-coloured Bugula turbinata is certainly one of the most conspicuous animals about low water mark at Puffin Island. 22 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. the limits of variation—if indeed there are any—and the conditions which determine its direction and extent in any particular species. The relative importance also of the external conditions on the one hand and of the mixing of hereditarily acquired maternal and paternal and their respective ancestral tendencies on the other hand in influencing variation is still quite unknown, and is well worthy of the attention of the able and enthusiastic young biologist who is ambitious of leaving a name immortal in the annals of his science, and who does not shrink from what is perhaps the most difficult and the most laborious piece of work awaiting investigation. That man who can tell us—not as a mere matter of more or less probable speculation, but as an accurate induction from careful and adequate observation and experiment—why certain variations occur and what conditions influence them, has reserved for him a position in the Temple of Evolution second only to that of Charles Darwin himself. 23 SECOND ANNUAL REPORT of the LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGICAL STATION on PUFFIN ISLAND. By W. A. Herpman, D.Sc., F.LS., F.B.S.E.; DERBY PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LIVERPOOL; CHAIRMAN OF THE LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE, AND DIRECTOR OF THE STATION. [Read 9th November, 1888. ] THE Report upon the foundation and first season’s work of the Puffin Island Marine Biological Station which was read before this suciety at the corresponding meeting to this -one in last session, brought the account of the affairs of the station up to December, 1887. Since then the usual work has been carried on steadily during the past year, without break and without any very striking feature. The committee are glad to be able to report that the station has been largely taken advantage of during some of the spring and summer months, and that as a result a great mass of material has been collected, and a good deal of practical work has been carried on. The following biologists have visited and worked at the station since the opening in the end of May, 1887 :— oe NAME. WORK. fee: A. O. Walker, F.L.S., Chester .....ccccccsceee Amphipoda and higher Crustacea. Dr. Ellis, F.E.S., Liverpool ..................6-5 Actiniaria. R. J. Harvey Gibson, M.A., F.R.S.E., Uni- versity College, Liverpool ................0006 Alge. Prof. Herdman, D.Sc., F.L.S., University Colllesespiiiverpoollesneeeeeascereeeeee: Tunicata and general. Je omas, AGN. S39-, Liverpool .22....-c.0.-a-5- Polyzoa. J. A. Clubb,- University College, Liverpool... General. JRBVALCATS ee BOOLIE) Cea dacdesacsersesteseessecsoscunees Nudibranchiata. Prof. Reginald W. Phillips, B.Sce., University (OCNIGEG) “TSEYIA0) Aa oecanconcanacascosheeren see cnc Alge. 24 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. a ee NAME. WORK. De Prof. F. T. Paul, University College, Liverpool. General. I. C. Thompson, F.L.S., Liverpool ............ Copepoda and other sur- face animals. Profeclerdma ny: ntvenpoollmerencessrtereertertere Tunicata and general. a8 J. A. Clubb, University College, Liverpool... General. E Jo, Un ILOWARS, Lbrhy7EI HOO .caconavees00n079000007 000000008 Polyzoa. Prof. Herdman, Liverpool ..............csceceeees Tunicata, &c. R. J. Harvey Gibson, Liverpool.................. Alge. se J. A. Clubb, University College, Liverpool... General. August. J. W. Gregory, F.G.S., British Museum ...... Annelids, &c. Dr. R. Hanitsch, University College, Liverpool. Mollusca, &c. Alfred Leicester, Liverpool ...............:20000+ Mollusca and Rotifera. on J. A. Clubb, University College, Liverpool... General. Sept. J. W. Gregory, F.G.S., British Museum ...... Annelids, &c. Dr. R. Hanitsch, University College, Liverpool. Mollusca, &c. Alfred bbeicesters Viverpoolinn...-2 sce aes sce Mollusca and Rotifera. I. C. Thompson, F.L.S., Liverpool ............ Copepoda, &c. Jo > \WeWRGe, IDE: So, CHIESIE ccocoopanons000dee Amphipoda, &c. Prof. Herdman, Liverpool ...........-.-.-..0++0++ Tunicata, &c. J. A. Clubb, University College, Liverpool... General. [On September 3rd, a party of biologists, from the meeting of the British Association at Manchester, visited the station. ] Digos ON GUD Ens IOI SG OOO. sepcoonsaceaeconsooonnano General. ‘ite Prof. Herdman, Liverpool ....................0064 Tunicata, &c. 1888. March. R. J. Harvey Gibson, Liverpool.................. Alge. W. R. Melly, University College, Liverpool... Hydroida. Profekvs Wie ebilllipsssB ane Or-rcsaede-sceeeesiese Alge. W. H. Gardner, University College, Liverpool. General. Dr. R. Hanitsch, University College, Liverpool. Odontophores of Gastro- poda and general. S06 Profs iierdumants live Gpoollecr cranes: Tunicata, &c. April, Prof. R. W. Phillips, Bangor, and two students from University College, Bangor ............ Alge. W.R. Melly, University College, Liverpool... Hydroida. , . Dr. R. Hanitsch, University College, Liverpool. Odontophores of Gastro- poda and general. . June. I. C. Thompson, F.1..8., Liverpool ............ Copepoda, &c. KR. McMillan; Liverpool epesscseccsn esse sere General. MARINE BIOLOGICAL STATION ON PUFFIN ISLAND. 25 DATE, NAME. WORK. 1888. June. Prof. Herdman, Liverpool ................0..000+ Tunicata. ae Dre PiomassslolandudiOess-ssees cece se -ceen cern: General. iy kemVctorDubbon@hester .y-.-.ctsaecssseren ss Alge. (OG, DiTaTTANTTAS, IEA -oAnonosesonconsonooqobsnasene Dredging. C. Herbert Hurst, Owens College, Manchester. Polyzoa, Nudibranchs, and general. oo Prot Herdman), liverpool 0. .a.2.5.c20s2ceeses> Tunicata and general. August. C. Herbert Hurst, Owens College, Manchester. Polyzoa, Nudibranchs, and general. S. Nowell, University College, Liverpool ..... General. J. A. Clubb, University College, Liverpool ... General. sie Prof. Reginald Phillips, Bangor.................. Algee. Sept. C. Herbert Hurst, Owens College, Manchester. Polyzoa, Nudibranchs, and general. ProMElerdim ane LAME POO! ccs. sce sone siem ane Tunicata and general. Jd; Os WEINER, JAG IDEISS 5 (CMSA Cossoncoconcccosee Amphipoda, &e. H. Horrocks, Owens College, Manchester ... General. J. A. Clubb, University College, Liverpool... General. Prof. Reginald Phillips, Bangor.................. Algee. A. T. Allen, Owens College, Manchester ...... General. There are two important functions which a biological station like ours may be expected to perform. The first 1s to afford opportunity to the younger biologists and students of the neighbourhood of making themselves acquainted with marine animals and plants, alive and in their natural conditions, and of learning how to investigate a fauna, and how to conduct research work in general. Looked at from this point of view, although the Puffin Island Station has been fairly successful during the past year, there 1s room for considerable improvement. We have hada few students from University College, Liverpool, a couple from the Owens College, Manchester, a couple from the North Wales College at Bangor, and one from the Grosvenor Museum, Chester; but still, during a considerable part of the fine weather of summer, the best time of the year for work at such an institution, there was frequently accommodation for 26 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. more workers, and sometimes the laboratory was unoc- cupied. The committee would be glad to see the station taken advantage of to the fullest extent by the students of the neighbouring colleges.* The second important function of such a biological station 1s to procure supplies of specimens of the various eroups of animals required by the specialists who are engaged in working up the Fauna and Flora of Liverpool Bay. And it is in this direction that the Puffin Island institution has done most service to science. It is a singular and most encouraging circumstance that on, I believe, every visit of members of the L.M.B. Committee to the island their dredging and tow-netting operations have been rewarded by the capture of one or more species new to the district, and in many cases new to the British Seas; while several species new to science have been found during the past year. Mr. A. O. Walker, F.L.8., who has charge of the higher Crustacea of the district, and who is now engaged upon a report which we shall have before us at a future meeting of the society, informs me that twenty-two species new to our fauna have been added in his department, including one or two new to the British seas, two Amphipods probably new to science, and three species of Cumacea, all new to our district. Mr. I. C. Thompson, F.L.8., reports, in regard to the Copepoda, that since his last paper (written in November, 1887) in our recently published volume of Proceedings, the tow-net gatherings made by members of the com- mittee, or by the curator of the station, Mr. Rutherford, * Students of any of the above-mentioned colleges are offered lodging and the use of the laboratory at the station at the rate of ten shillings per week. Four simple meals—breakfast, dinner, tea, and supper-—are provided by the curator at about cost price, averaging three shillings a day. MARINE BIOLOGICAL STATION ON PUFFIN ISLAND. 27 have yielded—two species new to science, one (Pontella kroyert) new to British seas, and eight other species new to the district. Of the two new to science, the one is a Lernean, while the other belongs to the interesting new family of the Cymbasomatidee which has been lately established by Mr. Thompson. The first known species of Cymbasoma was C. rigidum, found at the Canary Islands in 1887 by Mr. Thompson, and shortly afterwards in the Mediterranean by Dr. Bruce, of Malta. Then a second species of the same genus, Cymbasoma herdmam, was described last year by Mr. Thompson from specimens found round Puffin Island. Since then this species has been found in large numbers by Mr. Sinel at Jersey, and by Mr. W. 8. McMillan at Torbay. Lastly, a recent tow-net gathering sent by Mr. Rutherford from Puffin Island contains a specimen of what must be regarded as -a third species of the genus Cymbasoma. For ail of these discoveries and additions to our fauna we are indebted to the Puffin Island Biological Station. The chief events of the year have been as follows :—The small steam launch, which was referred to in our last Report as having been acquired for the station, has, unfortunately, proved a total failure. It was taken down to Puffin Island early in the year, but met with a series of mishaps, such as running on a reef of rock, filling, and sinking near the lighthouse on Penmon Point, and finally developed a leak in the fire hole, which would have rendered extensive repairs necessary. It soon became evident to the committee that on account of the numerous reefs and sand-banks around the island, the strong currents, and the total absence of any shelter along the coast line, the launch was quite unsuitable for the situation and beyond the powers of the very limited staff and appliances at the station. She has now been taken up to Beaumaris, 28 y LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. and the committee are endeavouring to dispose of her, with the view of obtaining in her place a small sailing boat. During the gale of last week the station met with a serious mishap in the total loss of the very useful rowing boat, which has been in constant service since June, 1887. The boat was carried away from her anchorage on the night of 1st November, and was washed ashore in pieces at Penmon Point on the followimg day. Although the very limited amount of the funds in the Treasurer’s hands did not warrant any such expenditure, still on an island a boat is, of course, indispensible, so a new one has been purchased and sent down to the station. Turning now to the more scientific part of fine year’s record, we find that, during Easter, Mr. Harvey Gibson, Dr. Hanitsch, Mr. W. R. Melly and Professor Herdman visited the station, and although they were occasionally driven into the laboratory from the rocks by a biting north-east wind and showers of sleet, and on one day had the whole island covered by a layer of snow, still a good deal of shore and laboratory work was carried on, and one good day’s dredging off the north end of the island (see chart,* Turbot Hole) was obtained, which yielded, amongst other things, twenty-one species of Amphipoda and Isopoda, of which seven are new to our fauna. in June, Mr. Thompson, Mr. McMillan and Professor Herdman visited the station, and collected, amongst other things, Calliopius norvegicus, an Amphipod which is new to the British lists. At the end of July, Mr. Hurst, of Owens College, Mr. Dutton, of Chester, and Professor Herdman did a good deal of collecting, and obtained Calliopius norvegicus again, an undetermined Lysianassa, and other species * The chart of Puffin Island and the neighbourhood which accompanies -this report was very kindly drawn for me by Mr. 8. Nowell, Junr. TURBOT HOLE 10g a Buoy “~ way seh tthe SKN Leal Nyy, My WMG A\ Wy di We nee far SN TEN FEET BANK \v TURBOT HOLE 106 ~-™ of PUFFIN ISLAND AND VICINITY § CABLES 4 = re by COATT m : Ws : ee F 0 M2 tran Bony sey the ANW\W\"Yi Wert (WA Ny, eacohines 2 sath to) NS NG <) PENMON PT: SOF MARINE BIOLOGICAL STATION ON PUFFIN ISLAND. 29 not yet worked out. Mr. Hurst continued his work at the station during the greater part of August. During the very low tides of September, Mr. Walker joined Mr. Hurst and Professor Herdman at the island, and a large amount of material was collected on the long South Spit and the Beacon Rocks (see chart). On this occasion a considerable area not usually uncovered at low tides was exposed, and many magnificent Compound Ascidians which have not yet been identified were obtained, along with fourteen species of Amphipoda, five of which are new to our fauna. The attempt was made during September, with what success is not yet known, to introduce at Puffin Island the large Nudibranch Dendronotus arborescens, which is some- times so abundant at Hilbre Island. The first batch of specimens was collected at low tide on Hilbre by Mr. Clubb, and sent down to me at Puffin Island. They were unpacked at once, but were all apparently dead -or dying, having probably been asphyxiated on the journey. How- ever, they were immediately placed in pools on the two sides of the South Spit at low tide, and possibly some of them may have recovered. A second supply of specimens from Hilbre was brought down to Puffin on the 22nd September, by Mr. Clubb, and, as they were carefully looked after during the journey, they arrived in good condition, and were set free, along with some of their spawn, close to the landing place (A, on chart) at the south end of the island. They have not been seen since, and Mr. Rutherford reports that he looked for them at low tides recently without success. Still they may very possibly have migrated out into deeper water, and will appear on the shore again later on when spawning. During the summer the committee commenced a system _ of daily observations upon the weather and the tem- 30 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. perature of the sea, to be taken by the curator of the station and recorded in a series of weekly reports, which give, in addition, a statement of the work being carried on from day to day. These reports have been made with regularity : a specimen week is shown on the opposite page. It is interesting to be able to record that the American Clam (Venus mercenaria) specimens of which, it will be remembered, were laid down nearly twenty years ago, and then again in 1883, by Mr. F. Archer and Mr. T. J. Moore,* on several spots in Liverpool Bay, and have not since been heard of in the neighbourhood, has turned up this summer living near Beaumaris. Mr. C. H. Chadwick, of Manchester, found a living specimen, and reports that dead shells are not uncommon. On an excursion of the Biological Society last June to Hilbre Island, while crossing the great stretch of wet sand which lies in the estuary of the Dee, it was pointed out by Mr. F. Archer that the surface of the sand was covered in some places with vast numbers of the small molluse Hydrobia ulve. Some of these were brought back to the laboratory in their wet sand; and, on being put into a dish of sea-water, the molluscs were found next day to have crawled out of the sand, and I then noticed that nearly every specimen had several little rounded excrescences scattered over the surface of its shell. On examining these under the microscope it was found that each was a little mass of small sand-grains in the centre of which was a clear jelly containing several segmenting ova or young embryos. These were undoubtedly molluscan eges, as I kept them alive until one or two had reached a ‘“‘veliger ’’ stage, but did they belong to the Hydrobia or to some other mollusc? No other mollusc was, however, * See Mr. Moore’s paper in the First Report of the Fauna of Liverpool Bay, 1886, p. 368. “40DINY ‘CUOAUTHLAY “XHTy (peusig) states sen nee “Jou -MO} UT v1oydousz) jo sioquinu oo.ery eens ‘Tooda190ary o} dn (sueipiosy Ayeryo) suomtoods Jo so]j}0q etoaos YOO} URUIPAE FY Jorg “S001 W00 vag Iwo SURIPIOSV punodutoy jo suoq -UUNMoSIe] pourezqoO "YIOM UOT}LYIS SHooUR][OoSTW “YIOM WOT}eIS SHoOoUe][OOSIT[ ‘(0g ON) uosdwoyy, ‘) TUN A0j , ‘ooe1,, Ut SUIZLOU-MO4 JYSIU Yoo], (63 ‘ON) uosduloyy, ‘0 “J “AIL 10F 4109489 A JO po}jou- MOT, ‘so10]S pur [eoo oF pure “ISINFL “AT YIM SLivuUMRog 07 7vOg “ytom £10} e.10qeT ‘ysup [IQuUn ‘opt, MoT ye “1d QMO SUTYO9[]00 904 *puo INOS Jo ours poiq IOM A.107B.10qe] 8 ae “SyIBVUIOYy ‘OUOp YOM *9Z00IQ LYST] ag “HT o8G | ‘“Yyoous | 4ys1ag £ 4SBny "OZ00.1q YSOly SATII “MH Jd | “A 09°L9 | o7eIOpoW | “ISU *4Seo ‘aZd0Iq YULST] VENI cal WY COIN “Hh oofg | “Woourg ‘OUT | + 4880-110 NT “OZ091 YUST] ret “Ho2g | ‘Yooug ‘aut, | $4sem-yynog ‘SOOIIOF “EL “UN ‘9Z001q USOT] 4SMH HO UN | ‘09°29 | e7eL9poyW Ted 489M URUIPIOFT “WV “M “Jord MOATEM (OV “IN "SYOOIOFT “ET “AJ ‘oZ901q YSOaT “qsINET “HO AN “Ho |‘oyetopoyw | “qysttg £ 4Seqy “UBUIPIOFT “V “M ‘Jorg ‘9Z00Aq SWOT4S "LOHTVRM 'O “WV UN ‘pjoo | { qseqy tet] ‘SYOOLIOPT “EL “AN pue | ‘qQIoN woYy Sn HO SW | woof 49 ysnoy Id ‘4S@ iL *MOTIBIG 4B SLOYIO MA betes sod "B99 *LOT}BO AA *PUIAA Keprnyes “WAST co Kepi YIPT “ Kepsanyy, ‘Wel ‘Kepsoupa My “WIZ “- -Kepsony, “UIT « Kenuoyy “UOT oe Kepung YI6 "QQQT ‘UdaNATLdAS ‘sR ‘8881 “UHAWALIAS HiGl ONIGNA WAM AHL YO WYOM AO ANOONY “NOILVLS 'TVOIDOTOIA GNVISI NIWHOd 32 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. — noticed in any abundance in the neighbourhood. Has, — then, the Hydrobia in this locality acquired the habit of laying its eggs upon its neighbours’ shells as being the only comparatively stable objects to be found in the fine shifting sands around it? A short note on the subject published in “‘ Nature” caught the attention of Professor G. Lindstrom, of Stockholm, who has written to me, saying:— . . . “I think there cannot be the least doubt that they [the egg-masses] really belong to- that mollusc [Hydrobia ulve|. Many years ago I isolated a number of them to see how they spawned and succeeded ‘in finding oothece such as you describe fixed on stones, on seaweeds, on dead shells, etc., not only on the shells of Hydrobia.” He refers me to a paper* in which he had figured an egg-mass surrounded by sand-grains very — similar to those we found here. Consequently the ex- planation which I have suggested above may probably be regarded as correct. It is an interesting instance of local conditions giving rise to a peculiar habit. Another case of curious distribution of young molluscs is to be seen in the myriads of young mussels (Mytilus edulis), about 1 mm. or less in length, which are some- times found on Caldy Blacks and some parts of Hilbre Island in such abundance that all projecting objects such as shells, zoophytes, seaweeds, &c., are almost blackened by the adhering masses of molluscs. Very few of these reach maturity—in fact most of them disappear very soon, being probably eaten by larger animals. The interesting point is that the minute free-swimming larve, derived probably from the mussel beds on the Leasowe shore, are — ready to settle down in large numbers upon any object projecting from or more stable than the surrounding * «Om Gotlands nutida Mollusker,” Wisby, 1868. MARINE BIOLOGICAL STATION ON PUFFIN ISLAND. 33 sands. Would it not be worth while to establish artificial mussel beds in the neighbourhood of Hilbre Island ? The Liverpool Salvage Association, with their usual liberality, placed their famous old steamer, the ‘“‘ Hyena,” once more at the service of the committee at Whitsuntide, for a three days dredging expedition. During the three former biological cruises of the “‘ Hyzna,’ in 1885, 1886 and 1887, the region explored has been the southern part of the L.M.B.C. district around the coasts of North Wales and Anglesey. (See fig. 1, over page.) Be On the present occasion the committee decided to run a couple of lines of soundings and dredgings between the Mersey and the Isle of Man, and to spend some time dredging round the southern end of that island, the general objects being (1) to get some knowledge of the depths, bottom, and animals, across the eastern half of the Trish Sea, and (2) to investigate the rich fauna living around the ‘‘ Calf’? and south end of the Isle of Man. About seven a.m. on Saturday morning, 19th May, the “ Hyena” left the Liverpool Landing Stage with a party of nearly twenty biologists on board, including Mr. I. C. Thompson, Mr. W. 8. McMillan, Mr. A. Leicester, Mr. J. Lomas, Mr. A. O. Walker, Dr. R. Hanitsch, Mr. J. A. Clubb, Dr. F.C. Larkin, Mr. C. H. Hurst, Mr. Hill, Mr. R. McMillan, Professor Denny, Mr. Watson, Professor Miall, Mr. N. Caine, Professor Herdman, and Captain Young, of the Salvage Association; and provided with dredges, trawls, tow-nets, sounding line, deep-sea reversing thermometer,* microscopes, and the other necessary instru- ments, dishes, bottles and reagents. After the well-known sand-banks round the mouth of the Mersey had been passed, soundings and bottom * This very important instrument was kindly presented to the committee by Mr. Isaac Roberts, of Maghull. 3 84 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. temperatures were taken occasionally, and several times _ during the day a stop was made for trawling, dredging and tow-netting. Fig. 1. Map* of the L.M.B.C. district, showing the course of the ‘‘Hyena” in the cruises of 1885, 1886, 1887, and 1888. H, Hilbre Island ; P, Puffin Island ; R, Ramsey ; D, Douglas; E, Port Erin ; C, Calf of Man. A fair amount of material, including Ceratiwm tripos, various Copepoda, and some interesting larval forms, was obtained, and for the most part preserved for further examination. No greater depth than 23 fathoms, with a bottom temperature of 47° F'., was, however, met with. There was nothing specially noteworthy amongst the animals dredged; and although the shrimp trawl was used, it was probably very little on the ground owing to the strong tide running, consequently, with the exception of a * For the use of this cut, which appeared in ‘‘ Nature” for June 7th, 1888, in illustration of my article on the Cruise of the ‘‘ Hyena,” I am indebted to the courtesy of Messrs. Macmillan and Co. MARINE BIOLOGICAL STATION ON PUFFIN ISLAND. 35 large colony of Aleyoniwm digitatum, and afew Amphipods, nothing was obtained. It had been intended to anchor for the night in Douglas Bay, but during the dredging and trawling the vessel had drifted so far out of her course that when evening came it was found advisable to run for Ramsey. Here half the party went on shore for the night, the rest staying on board for the electric-light experiments, which will be described further on. On the following morning an early start for the south was made, the rest of the party was picked up at Douglas, and then the work of the day commenced. The ‘‘Hyzena’’ steamed slowly round the east and south coasts of the island to Port Hrin (see map, fig. 1, second day), dredging and tow-netting at intervals, with very good results. When a stop was made for collecting the fullest advantage was taken of it. The sounding-line and the deep-sea thermometer were over amidships, and two dredges, a large bottom tow-net, and one or more surface nets were put out astern. The deep tow-net, devised and worked by Mr. W. 8. McMillan, was so weighted and buoyed as to work steadily at a distance of a foot or so above the sea-bottom, and it yielded a large amount of material, which was in some cases conspi- cuously different from the contents of the surface-nets, worked by Mr. I. C. Thompson, during the same time. The latter supplied very large numbers of Anomalocera patersoni, a Copepod which Mr. Thompson reports had been taken very rarely before, and never since, in our district. Some of these surface animals apparently exist in local shoals. This Copepod, although very abundant along the south-eastern coast of the Isle of Man, was not present in tow-nettings taken off Puffin Island during the same day. 3-2 BiG) LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. A large area of the sea-bottom between Port Soderick and Port St. Mary is apparently covered by masses of Melobesia calcarea, and the numerous dead valves of Pectunculus glycimeris; and incrusting Polyzoa are especially abundant both upon the nullipore and the shells. Mr. J. Lomas, who has charge of the Polyzoa, informs me that amongst a number of other rare forms he has identified Stomatopora johnstom,* and S. incrassata,* Tubulipora lobulata, and T. flabellaris, Lichenopora hispida, Cellepora dichotoma, Membranupora aurita, M. craticula, and M. dumerili, Schizoporella unicornis,* Hippothoa flagellum,* Diastopore suborbicularis, and a peculiar variety of Cellaria fistulosa. Of these, the four species marked with an asterisk are new to our fauna. A single valve of Pecten maximus brought up in the dredge has been found by Mr. Lomas to be incrusted by colonies of no less than eleven species of Polyzoa, some of them rare forms; while a dead shell of Buccinum undatum similarly affords attachment to nine distinct species. Towards evening three very successful hauls of the dredge were made, which covered practically all the ground in a line from the southern end of the “Calf” to the northern side of Port Erin Bay, just under Bradda Head. Amongst the material obtained in these hauls the fol- lowing species were noticed :—Asterias glacialis, Solaster endeca, Stichaster roseus, Porama pulvillus, Ludia fragul- lissima, Antedon rosaceus, Stenorhynchus longirostris, S. phalangium, Inachus dorsettensis, Hyas coarctatus, Hury- nome aspera, Xantho rivulosa var. tuberculata, Pinnotheres pisum, Hbalia tuberosa, Corystes cassiwellaunus, Hupagurus cuanensis, Anapagurus hyndmanni,* A. levis, Galathea intermedia, Mumda rondeletw,* Caridion gordont,* Pandalus brevirostris, P. annulicornis, Virbius varians, Plewro- * Those species marked with an asterisk are new to the faina. MARINE BIOLOGICAL STATION ON PUFFIN ISLAND. 37 branchus membranaceus, Ascidia venosa, A. plebeia, Corellu parallelogramma, Polycarpa sp., Leptoclinum sp., and other Compound Ascidians. In Port Erin Bay after dark the electric light was again used successfully in the bottom and surface tow-nets. On the third day an early start was again made, with the object of leaving time to run down into the deep water lying to the south of the Isle of Man. Unfor- tunately, however, a thick fog was encountered, which hampered our movements during the morning and changed all the plans for the day. After passing the Chicken Rock, the ‘‘Hyzna”’ steamed slowly for Liverpool, and reached the Mersey about one a.m. on Tuesday. A few hauls of the trawl and dredge were taken on the way home with no great results, and the tow-nets both bottom and surface, were worked whenever practicable. It is noteworthy that although we passed not far south of where the great quantities of Anomalocera paterson had been captured on the previous day, not a single specimen of that Copepod was obtained either on the surface or with the deep tow-net. The important feature of this cruise, however, was the use which was made of the electric light for collecting after dark. On the first night, in Ramsey Bay, after the shore party had left and the ship was anchored for the night, an electric light of 1000 candle power was hoisted a few feet above deck, and this allowed work to be carried on almost as comfortably as during the day. Captain Young, of the Liverpool Salvage Association, who was in command of the ‘‘ Hyena,” then kindly arranged for us a 60 candle power Edison-Swan submarine incandescent lamp in the mouth of a tow-net. This illuminated net was let down to a depth of three fathoms, and allowed to remain there for half an hour. At the same time, another 38 _ LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. tow-net without any light was let down to the same depth over the other side of the ship. When the nets were being hauled in, as the one with the electric light ap- proached the surface numerous small animals (Crustacea probably) were noticed. accompanying it, and darting about in the bright hight. This tow-net when emptied into a glass jar of sea-water was found to contain an abundant gathering, consisting mainly of Crustaceans; while the net in the dark on the other side of the ship had practically nothing. The two nets were then put out again. The one had the electric light in its former position, but this time it was let down to the bottom at a depth of six fathoms ; while the other net was placed in the dark at the ship’s stern, and also reached the bottom. The tow-nets remained stationary, but were kept distended by the tide. The outline of the illuminated net could be made out indistinctly at a depth of six fathoms. After being out for three-quarters of an hour, both nets were hauled in, with the same result as before. The illuminated net contained abundance of Amphipoda (Ampelisca levigata, and Dexamine vedlomensis) and some Cumacea (young males of Cuma scorpioides ?), while the dark net again contained practically nothing. These two experiments showed pretty conclusively the effect of the brilliant light in attracting the free-swimming animals, the difference between the contents of the two nets being on both occasions most marked. Consequently, on the second night, in Port Erin Bay, both nets were ~ illuminated, and while the one was let down close to the bottom at a depth of five fathoms, the other was kept at the surface of the sea on the opposite side of the ship. This experiment was tried three times, with the same result each time: both the nets were found to contain MARINE BIOLOGICAL STATION ON PUFFIN ISLAND. 389 abundance of animals, but the bottom and surface gather- ings differed greatly in appearance and in constitution. The net from the bottom contained mainly large Amphi- poda, and some Cumacea, while the gathering from the surface was characterised by the abundance of Copepoda. Mr. A. O. Walker has supplied me with the following list of Crustacea from the bottom net. CumacEA :—Iphinoé trispinosa,* Cuma Reena dee and Pseudocuma cercaria (many) .* AMPHIPODA :—Anonyz sp.,* Monoculodes grubei,* Ponto- crates norvegicus, Phoxus holbolli, Metopa sp., Dexamine vedlomensis, Bathyporeia pilosa, and a remarkable un- described species provisionally named by Dr. Norman as Megalonoura agilis. At first sight it seemed that the Amphipods from the illuminated deep nets were all red-eyed species, such as Ampelisca levigata and Bathyporera pilosa, and this suggested that possibly there might be a relation between the colour of the eyes and sensitiveness to the electric light. A detailed examination of the material has shown, however, that this will not hold good strictly as, although the red-eyed specimens are the most abundant and con- spicuous, still others are present. Mr. Walker points out that all the Cumacea taken both at Ramsey Bay and Port Erin were males, and that the probable reason is that the males of all the three species represented are provided with pleopoda (or swimming legs), while the females are not, and that consequently the males are no doubt more active swimmers, and therefore more likely to rise from the sea-bottom where they live. Mr. Thompson has identified the following species of Copepoda from the illuminated surface nets :—Calanus finmarchicus, Pseudocalanus elongatus, Dias longiremis, * New to fauna. 40 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Idya furcata, Centropages hamatus, Anomalocera pater- soni, Isias clavypes, Oithona spinifrons, Harpacticus chelifer and Harpacticus fulvus. The specimens of the last two species are remarkable for their unusually large size and their abundance. It has been suggested that as the Harpacticide are well known to be foul feeders and to act the part of scavengers in clearmg away decaying matters from our shores, they may have possibly been attracted in numbers to the tow-net by mistaking the electric light for the phosphorescent glow of decomposing animal matters. Apart from the considerable number of rare species — added to our lists by this expedition, the ‘“‘ Hywna’”’ cruise of May, 1888, will stand out as a notable occasion on account of the successful application of the electric light to marine biology, as a bait or attraction in the tow-net worked after dark. The obvious extension of this illumination method to deep-water tow-netting and trawl- ing during the day-time we hope, thanks to the kindness of the Salvage Association, to be able to experiment upon in a future expedition. The committee have decided that so much new material has been collected during this last year, and so many supple- mentary reports have either been prepared or are now in course Of preparation, that they are justified in proposing to issue the second volume of the Fauna of Liverpool Bay during the present winter. Mr. 8. Nowell, who gained some familiarity with the fauna at Puffin Island during August, is at present occupied, along with some other gentlemen, in the zoological laboratory of the college, in examining the various store bottles from Puffin Island and elsewhere, recording their contents, and sorting out the various groups of animals to be sent to specialists for further examination. When these MARINE BIOLOGICAL STATION ON PUFFIN ISLAND. 41 specimens have been investigated the final reports for the proposed volume will be collected and published. This second volume of the “‘ Fauna”’ will contain sup- plementary reports by Mr. Thompson, Mr. Walker, Mr. Liomas, and others upon the groups they discussed in the former volume, and also a report upon the Fishes of the district by Mr. Moore, on the Diatomacee by Dr. Stolterfoth, on the other Alge by Mr. Harvey Gibson and by Prof. Phillips, on the Ostracoda by Mr. W. 5S. McMillan, on the Echinodermata by Mr. Chadwick, on the Sponges by Dr. Hanitsch, and on various smaller groups by other authors. The appended list of subscriptions and donations for the year, and the treasurer’s balance sheet, show that although the Puffin Island institution is managed in a very economical manner, increased support will be necessary in order to keep the station in an efficient condition even on the present modest scale. In last year’s report it was stated that a fixed income of £100 would be required to meet the necessary expenses. Our subscription list for the year falls short of that amount, and even with the strictest economy the expenditure has exceeded the income. The biological station is so useful, has shown such good results during its short existence and is so modest in its demands upon the general public, that the committee believe that they need only point out this unsatisfactory state of the finances in order to elicit a somewhat increased measure of support from those who are interested in the biological investigation of Liverpool Bay. 42, LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Applications to be allowed to work at the Biological Station, or for Specumens (living or preserved) for Museums, Laboratory Work, and Aquaria, should be addressed to _ Professor Herdman, Unwwersity College, Liverpool. Subscriptions and Donations should be sent to Mr. I. C. Thompson, F.L.S., 19, Waverley Road, Liverpool. MARINE BIOLOGICAL STATION ON PUFFIN ISLAND. 43 SUBSCRIPTIONS AND DONATIONS. Subscriptions. Donations. Gaon ow fo Ese Bangor University College Students ...... — (2) Banks, Prof. W. Mitchell, 28, Rodney-st. 2 2 0 — Bickersteth, Dr., 2, Rodney-street ......... Oh (0) — Brown, Prof. J. Campbell, University WOM eM IVET POON. 6.5 cioccscsecwis seve cy nO) — Burton, James H., Fryars, Beaumaris ... 2 2 0 — Caine, Nath., 10, Orange-court, Castle-st. 1 1 0 = Caton, Dr., 31, Rodney-street ............... LAO — Davidson, Dr., 2, Gambier-terrace ......... id ©) — Denny, Prof., Firth College, Sheffield...... L060 — Derby, Earl of, Knowsley .................0+6 — 0 © Drysdale, Dr., 364, Rodney-street ......... sg baa 0) — Dutton, F. Victor, 9, Haton-road, Chester — OMOeO Harle, Rev. W., Bilton Grange, Rugby ... 1 1 0O — Civ Dr, 625 Rodney-street ............... ewe sO a Gair, H. W., Smithdown-road, Wavertree 1 10 11 0 Gamble, Col. David, Windlehurst, St. BEM lis Site sake aos aie cles cae damawoane Gomenes 2 Onn O — Gaskell, Holbrook, J.P., Woolton Wood, MMO ENVIOOMLOME <3 as: -ccschonsscescsscccesee en () — Gifford, J., Whitehouse-terrace, Edinburgh —— i> @ Gutridge, H., 102, Hartington-road......... i @ @ — Henderson, W. G., Liverpool Union Bank 1 1 O — Herdman, Prof., Univ. College, Liverpool 2 2 O a Higgin, Thos., Hthersall, Roby .......... ae gle AAO Higgins, Rev. H. H., 29, Falkner-square 1 0 O — Holder, Thos., 1, Clarendon Buildings, MGM WIAIMESULECCLY S. .c0s20% decd ves sewieseesces BF) — Hornby, T. D., Olive Mount, Wavertree... 1 1 O — Hurst, C. H., Owens College, Manchester — 3 ei 0) Jones, Chas. W., Field House, Wavertree 5 O O — Leicester, Alfred, 24, Aughton-rd., Birkdale 1 1 O — McMillan, W. S., 17, Temple-street......... Dean 0) — MeMillan, R., 20, Aubrey-street ............ — OnZeSO 44 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Subscriptions. Donations. & s. d. - Socamee Meade-King, R. R., 4, Oldhall-street ...... O00 — Meade-King, H. W., Sandfield Park, Wiest Derby” 22.)c5s- vcccasceter uke eee © © — Melly, George, 90, Chatham-street ......... 1.0 0 (Sx 0meG Melly, W. R., 90, Chatham-street ......... i OeaO — Miall, Prof., Yorkshire College, Leeds...... ital (0) — Nicol, W., St. Michael’s Mount, St. Whiclaaielis) scsae eos c ceric acc cette ey) — Oakshott, T. W., Mayor of Liverpool ...... Lat) -— Phillips, Prof. R. W., Univ. College, Bangor 1 1 O —_ Poole, Sir James, Tower Buildings ......... 2 20 — Rathbone, R. R., Beechwood House, Grrassen dale scmoe gcc cae ee monen See Reece eee jeri bar (0) — Rathbone, Theo., Backwood, Neston ...... 2. W250) — Rathbone, W., M.P., Greenbank, Allerton 2 2 O — Roberts, Isaac, Kenessee, Maghull ......... | mel Oe (0) — Scott, W. G., 26; Dingle-lane: 7.35.4--5..---- ye 0) — Shepheard, T., Kingsley Lodge, Chester... 1 1 O —- Swainson, Geo., North Drive, St. Anne’s- Onethes SCA: hase cee es eae ee eee ied Bae (G) — Tate, A. Norman, 9, Hackins-hey ......... 2 2° 0. Thompson, Rey. J. C., Brondesbury Park, SOI GON: we ncesece nc aan ene eae — 0 10°50 Thompson, Isaac C., Woodstock, Waverley- MOM jhe scion te koe SOIT SET eae ee 27-2 0 - Thornely, James, Baycliff, Woolton-hill... 1 1 — Thornely, The Misses, Baycliff, Woolton. — 1 “O3@ Toll, J. M., 340, Walton Breck-road ...... iO (0) — Walker Alired OF J Pes Chesters-- ena a» O40 == Walker, A. O., Anon. per, Chester .. ...... = 0: 126 Walker, Horace, South Lodge, Princes Pk. 1 1 O — Watson, A. T., Tapton-crescent, Sheffield 1 1 O = Westminster, Duke of, Haton Hall......... 5) 80" a0 —_ Weekes, Mrs., 18, The Avenue, Brondes- HOU, LONG ONG n.cciessoeres anaes eeeeers — 0 10° £73 17. 0 Si eaes _ ae QQQT waquia0g sTg “LOOdUHALT UHLSHOTT CHYATV UMUASVaL YT, “NO 00LL09 puUnof pwn paqypnpy ‘NOSAWOHL ‘O OVVSI LoL GF coieees ramsvary, onp courpeg Ag GL LOTF Di 0 BRSOOOIGGIOIOOICIOOIISC OOOO CIO GOI OCI solipung 6 4 Gt LOle OL g BOOOODICIOIOOOIOODICIICIOIOIOIUOUIOIGICICIOUICMICIO OOOO OOO IOUT soseqsog ce 8 poe reves eee ees reseeeesceneeceres KTOTOTTCIG pure sunuitg e G) cesrenea@ecsawensmansuneshl! 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[Continued from Proceedings, Liverpool Biological Society, Vol. II., p. 220.] TRICHOPTERYGIDA. Trichopteryx atomaria, De G. Eastham and Spital, abundant. Trichopteryx grandicollis, Mann. Abundant in dung near Spital, in August, 1884. Trichopteryx fascicularis, Herbst. Prenton, on the edge of a pond, in April, 1883. Trichopteryx bovina, Mots. A few specimens captured along with the preceding species at Prenton. Ptenidium punctatum, Gyll. Abundant on Bidston Marsh, among flood refuse, September, 1884. Ptemdium mtidum, Heer, = pusillum, Er. Taken commonly at Liscard. Ptenidiwm evanescens, Marsh., = apicale, Er. Abundant. Ptendium formicetorum, Kr. Common about West Derby. I have taken a dark form of this species, which has not hitherto been noticed (returned to me as such by the Rev. Canon Fowler), at Prenton, where it was abundant in April, 1883. PHALACRIDZ. Phalacrus caricis, Sturm. Taken abundantly by sweeping a species of Carex near Ellesmere Port, in May, 1888 (J.W.E.). Olibrus consimilis, Marsh. A single specimen taken at Wallasey, last September (J.W.E.). COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA OF LIVERPOOL DISTRICT. AT CoccINELLIDA. Hippodama mutabilis, Scrib. Abundant on the coast sandhills. Coccinella obliterata, L. Occasional on species of Pinus at Hastham, Bidston, and Storeton. Coccinella bipunctata, L. Abundant. Coccinella variabilis, FE. Very abundant on oak at Eastham, on firs at Bidston and Storeton, and on birch on Simmonswood Moss. Coccinella 11-punctata, L. Abundant, especially on the coast sandhills. Coccinella hieroglyphica, Lu. Occurs sparingly on Sim- monswood and other mosses. Coccinella 7-punctata, Li. Used to be common in the neighbourhood, but during the last ten years or so I have not seen a dozen specimens. Coccinella oblongoguttata, L. Abundant on Pinus sylves- tris at Storeton, in March and April. Coccinella ocellata, L. Found sparingly “ah the last mentioned species. Coccinella 18-guttata, L. Common-at Bidston and Storeton on fir. Coccinella 14-guttata, L. I took a specimen, some years ago, I believe by beating fir at Bidston. Coccinella 22-punctata, Li. Frequent by sweeping road- - side herbage. Micraspis 12-punctata, LL. Thurstaston (J.H.8.); I have taken it at Bidston, among dead leaves of heather. Chilochorus renipustulatus, Scriba. ‘I have once taken this species at Bidston, on fir. Chilochorus bipustulatus, L. A few specimens beaten from fir at Bidston (J.W.E.); Hightown (F. Archer). Scymnus frontalis, F. Hightown, on the bank of the 48 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Alt, among flood refuse, and at Crosby (J.W.E.). New Brighton (B. Cooke). Scymnus discordeus, Ill. Common on (and flying around) firs at Storeton, Bidston, and Simmonswood Moss. In moss on old walls about Storeton during the winter. Riizobwus litura, F. Abundant. Coccidula rufa, Herbst. Common in damp places. CoLYDIIDA. Sarrotrium clavicorne, Li. Found occasionally crawling on the bare sandhills at Crosby and Hightown. HISTERIDZ. Hister unicolor, L. This large and distinct species has occurred at Hastham and Wallasey. Hister cadaverinus, Hoff. Abundant. Hister carbonarius, Ill. Two specimens captured at Bromborough, in June, 1879 (J.W.H.). Hister stercorarius, Hoff. I have a specimen that was taken in this neighbourhood by Mr. HE. R. Curzon. Hister bimaculatus, L. Used to be taken in dung about Kirkdale, by Mr. Kinder. Hister 12-striatus, Sch. One specimen at Hightown (J.H.S.) and one at Wallasey (R.W.). Saprinus nitidulus, Payk. Frequent on the sandhills. Saprinus eneus, F. Abundant on the sandhills. Saprinus quadristriatus, Hoff. Frequent on the sand- hills on both sides of the river. Saprinus maritumus, Steph. I took a few specimens unaer a dead rabbit, on the Crosby shore, in the spring of 1875, but have not seen any since. Onthophilus striatus, ¥. Occasionally found in dung on the Wallasey sandhills. COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA OF LIVERPOOL DISTRICT. 49 MICROPEPLID. Micropeplus porcatus, F. One taken on the bank of the Alt at Hightown and one at Crosby (J.W.E.). Micropeplus margarite, Duy. Mrs. Ellis once took this species commonly on a wall at Liscard, in October. I have met with single specimens occasionally in the district. NITIDULIDZ. Brachypterus pubescens, Er. Brachypterus urtice, F. Both these species are abundant on nettles and roadside herbage during the summer. Meligethes rufipes,Gyll. Abundant on hawthorn flowers. Meligethes eneus. Abundant everywhere, especially in hawthorn blossom. Meligethes viridescens, F. Common in hawthorn blossom at Wallasey, and recorded by Mr. Archer from Rock Ferry. Meligethes picipes, Sturm. Abundant. Meligethes brunnicorms, Sturm. Occasionally by sweeping. Meligethes lugubris, Sturm. A scarce species, of which I have taken two specimens by sweeping, among Mentha, at Hightown. Hpurea estiva, L. Abundant in flowers of hawthorn and mountain ash. Hpurea angustula, Er. I took a specimen of this very rare species under the bark of an oak, at Eastham, in February, 1883. ; EHpurea florea, Hr. I have a specimen taken among estiva, probably at Bromborough. Nitidula bipustulata, Lu. Occasionally found on dead animals on the Crosby shore and at Aigburth. Omosita colon, 1. Common on carrion. Omosita discoidea, F. With the preceding species, but not nearly so common. 4 50 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Soronia punctatissima, Ill. I took a specimen on the Aigburth shore in June, 1875. Rhizophagus depressus, F. Under bark of fir at Bidston, in March, 1883 (J.W.E.). Rhizophagus perforatus, Er. Mrs. Ellis found two specimens in my own garden (Brougham Terrace) last May. Rhizophagus dispar, Payk. Eastham Wood, under oak bark. Rhizophagus bipustulatus, F. Abundant under bark of oak at Kastham during autumn and winter. Rhizophagus ceruleipennis, Sahlb. Has been recorded as taken by Mr. Taylor at Crosby. If correct, this is a singular locality for an insect which is one of the rarest of — British beetles, only three specimens having occurred, at Matlock. TROGOSITIDA. Tenebrioides (Trogosita) mauritanica, Li. Occasional on the Crosby shore, under matting, &c., and common in bakehouses. Introduced. MoNOTOMIDZ. Monotoma picipes, Payk. Occasionally found flying in town. LATHRIDIIDA. Lathridius lardarius, De G. Common. Coninomus nodifer, West. Abundant, especially on the Wallasey sandhills. Enicmus minutus, L. Abundant. Enicmus testaceus, Steph. I took a specimen of this usually uncommon species at Kastham, in June, 1885. Ememus transversus, Ol. Abundant in moss, &c., during the winter. Corticaria punctulata, Marsh. Two specimens taken in haystack refuse at Moreton. COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA OF LIVERPOOL DISTRICT. ol Corticaria crenulata, Gyll. Taken abundantly by sweeping at Lydiate, in September, 1887, and occasionally elsewhere. Corticaria denticulata, Gyll. Frequent. Corticaria serrata, Payk. Occasional; usually taken flying. Corticaria fulva, Chev. Abundant. Melanophthalma gibbosa, Herbst. In moss from a wall at Bromborough, in January, 1880 (J.W.E.). Melanophthalma fuscula, Gyll. Abundant, especially in moss during the winter. CUCUJIDA. Silvanus surinamensis, L. Common in grain warehouses. Introduced. Lemophleus ferrugineus, Steph. Mr. Kinder used to take this species in warehouses about the north docks. CRYPTOPHAGIDA. Telmatophilus caricis, Ol. Bidston Marsh and Spital (J.W.E.). Antherophagus mgricorms, FE. A single specimen in Eastham Wood, in September, 1885 (J.W.E.). Cryptophagus pubescens, Sturm. A very scarce species, at once recognised by its two-jointed antennal club, of which I took a specimen at New Ferry some years ago. Cryptophagus lycoperdi. Herbst. Abundant in the puff- ball fungus (Lycoperdon) in Kastham Wood. Cryptophagus pilosus, Gyll. Fairly common. Var. punctipennis, Bris. I have taken this very distinct variety at Bidston. Cryptophagus saginatus, Sturm. Frequent. Cryptophagus wmbratus, Er. A specimen taken at Wallasey, in May, 1883 J.W.E.). Cryptophagus scanicus, L. Occasional. Cryptophagus cellaris, Scop. Common. 4—2 52 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Cryptophagus acutangulus, Gyll. I have a specimen taken somewhere in the district. Cryptophagus dentatus, Herbst. The commonest of the genus in this district. Cryptophagus vim, Panz. Very abundant on gorse, at Bidston and Prenton, in spring. Paramecosoma melanocephala, Herbst. A single specimen taken at Spital J.W.E.). Atomaria fuscipes, Gyll. Spital and Wallasey, by sweeping. Atomaria pusilla, Payk. Wallasey, Storeton, Hastham Wood, and Caldy (J.W.E.). Atomaria atricapilla, Steph. Common. Atomaria berolinensts, Kr. Taken sparingly at Bidston and Wallasey. Atomaria fuscata, Steph. A specimen from Hightown (J.W.E.). Atomaria mesomelas, Herbst. I have a specimen taken somewhere in the district. Atomaria ruficornis, Marsh. 'T'wo specimens taken at Spital. Ephistemus globosus, Waltl. Frequent in moss, &c. Ephistemus gyrinoides, Marsh. Common. MYCETOPHAGIDZ. Typhea fumata, Li. Common. Byturus sambuci, Scop. Occasional among the next species. Recorded by Mr. Archer from flowers of Caltha palustris, at Rock Ferry. Byturus tomentosus, F. Common on bramble, &c. DERMESTIDZ. Dermestes vulpinus, F. Mr. Kinder used to take this destructive species frequently in skin-yards about Kirkdale; Mr. Wilding has met with a specimen at Wallasey. COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA OF LIVERPOOL DISTRICT. 53 Dermestes murinus, L. Common at Hightown in a dead bird on a single occasion (J.W.E.); Crosby (R.W.). Dermestes lardarius, L. Abundant in provision ware- houses, &c. BYRRHIDA. Byrrhus pilula, lL. Common on dusty roads in spring and early summer. Cytilus varius, F. Stanley Park (R.W.); Bidston Marsh (F.A.); Wallasey sandhills, Leasowe, and about West Derby (J.W.E.). Simplocaria semistriata, F. Not uncommon in moss on old walls. GEORYSSIDA. Georyssus pygmeus, FE. In a shallow pool at Crosby, in September, 1862 (F.A.); in damp places among the Hightown and Birkdale sandhills (J.W.E.). PARNIDA. —Limnius tuberculatus, Mull. A single specimen taken in a damp place at Spital, in July, 1886 (J.W.E.). Parnus prolifericorms, F. ‘Two specimens are all I have seen in the district; one on the Hightown sandhills, in September, 1885, and one recently in a pit at Moreton. Parnus auriculatus, Panz. Abundant on the Crosby and Hightown sandhills, and under stones behind the Leasowe Embankment. HETEROCERID2. Heterocerus marginatus. F. Hightown, on the bank of - the Alt J.H.8., J.W.E.). LAMELLICORNIA. LUCANIDE. Sinodendron cylindricum, Li. Usually a common species, especially frequenting decaying ash trees, but recorded from this district only by Mr. Archer, from Childwall. 54 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. SCARABAIDA. Onthophagus fracticornis, Preys. Common on the sand- hills on the Lancashire side of the Mersey, and very occasionally at Wallasey. Aphodius subterraneus, 1. Common on the Wallasey sandhills in summer. Aphodius fossor, F. Common about Wallasey and Spital. Aphodius hemorrhoidalis, i. Frequent on the Wallasey sandhills in dung. Most of the specimens I have taken there are the var. sanguinolentus, Herbst, which has a distinct red humeral spot. Aphodius scybalarius, F. Abundant throughout the year on the Wallasey sandhills. The form known as conflagratus, F'., is commoner than the type; and the dark variety (nigricans, Muls.) is not uncommon. Aphodius fetens, L. Common at Wallasey in July. Aphodius fimitarius, L. Abundant. Aphodius ater, De G. Both the type form and the dull red terrenus, Kirby, are common in the fields near the Wallasey sandhills. Aphodius granarius, L. Frequent at Wallasey and Crosby. Aphodius sordidus, F. Occasionally common at Wal- lasey. Aphodius rufescens, F. Usually common at Wallasey in July. 3 Aphodius ntidulus,F. Taken by Mr. Wilding and myself at Wallasey. Aphodius plagiatus, LL. Not uncommon on the Wal- lasey sandhills. I have never found this species in dung, like the rest of the genus, but usually buried in the sand under ‘“‘rejectamenta”’ at the margins of the ‘‘flashes.” The type form, with the bright red streak on each elytron, COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA OF LIVERPOOL DISTRICT. 5y9) is very scarce, most of the specimens being the unicolorous black niger, Pz. Aphodius inquinatus, F. Very abundant, and very variable, on the Lancashire and Cheshire coast sandhills. One of the earliest to appear in spring. (Aphodius melanostictus, Schmidt. I have three speci- mens captured on our sandhills which have been referred to this species, but I have recently pointed out in a paper read before the Entomological Society of London* that the British specimens of (so called) melanostictus, Schmidt, are not that species, but varieties of inquinatus, in which by the coalescence of the elytral spots the dark markings have become band-like, forming in an extreme degree of this coalescence the variety centrolineatus, Panz.) Aphodius conspurcatus, L. Common on the Wallasey sandhills in early spring. Aphodius porcus, F. A very interesting species, said to inhabit the burrows of Geotrupes, about half a dozen specimens of which have been recently taken by Mr. Wilding at Wallasey. Aphodius scrofa, ¥. A very scarce beetle, of which for many years the only veritable British example was one taken by Mr Sidebotham, at Southport, about 1865 or 1866 (Ent. Monthly Mag., vol. v., p. 100). Aphodius pusillus, Herbst. Common on the coast sandhills. Aphodius merdarius, F. Abundant on the Wallasey sandhills. Aphodius prodromus, Brahm. Common throughout the district. Aphodius punctatosulcatus, Sturm. Abundant every- where throughout the whole year. I have taken some peculiar dark specimens at Leasowe. * Proceedings, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1888, p.°15. 56 - LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Aphodius contaminatus, Herbst. A late species, appearing usually about August or September, and though uncertain in its appearance, generally common on the Wallasey sandhills and Bidston Hull. Aphodius obliteratus, Panz. I took several specimens of this species some years ago in Patrick Wood, near Bromborough. They occurred in the dung og tame — in October. Aphodius rufipes, lL. Very abundant. Mr. Wilding has observed this species flying round gas-lamps at night. Aphodius luridus, FE. A specimen brought me from Hale, some years ago, is all I have seen in the district. Recorded from Crosby by Mr. Archer. Aphodius depressus, Kug. Taken commonly on the Wallasey sandhills, a few years ago, by Mr. Wilding. Oxyomus villosus, Gyll. An exceedingly scarce British insect, of which Mr. B. Cooke took a specimen at South- port, on 19th June, 1858 (Ent. Monthly Mag., vol. v., p. 44). Mr. Wilding has been fortunate in taking a single specimen at Wallasey. Oxyomus porcatus, F. A few specimens in dry aes on the Crosby shore (J.W.E.). Psammobius sulcicollis, Ill. Occasional on the Crosby and Hightown sandhills. Aigialia sabuleti, Pk. Taken by Mr. Dycher at New Brighton, in May, 1863. Aigialia rufa, F. The only known British locality for this species is Wallasey, from whence it was first recorded as British by Mr. Archer (Liverpool Naturalists’ Scrap Book, p. 186), who took the species in June, 1862. No more specimens seem to have occurred until 1883, when Mr. Wilding took two, but during 1885 and 1886 it occurred freely. COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA OF LIVERPOOL DISTRICT. 57 _ Aigialia arenaria, F. Abundant on the sandhills in spring. Geotrupes typheus, L. Taken by Mr. Willoughby Gardner at Caldy and Storeton. Geotrupes stercorarius, L. Abundant. Geotrupes spiniger, Marsh., = mesolevus, Thoms. Abun- dant. Geotrupes sylvaticus, Panz. Common about Kastham and Spital. Serica brunnea, LL. Common in woods at the roots of bracken; and frequently seen flying round gas-lamps at Mossley Hill, &c., when they may be easily mistaken for Noctue. Melolontha vulgaris, F. Generally distributed through- out the district, but not very common. Phyllopertha horticola, L. Common about Eastham, on mountain ash. In June, 1883, it was exceedingly abundant in flowers of Rosa spinosissima on the Wallasey sandhills, and Mr. Smedley was fortunate in capturing a perfectly black specimen. Mr. Archer took a similar specimen at Rock Ferry, in June, 1862. Anomala Frischi, F. Common on the sandhills on hot days in July and August. (Oxytherea stictica, previously recorded as captured by Messrs. Edleston and Sidebotham on the Lancashire coast, was not taken in our district, but at Grange.) Cetonia aurata, Li. The Rev. H. H. Higgins informs me that he has seen this species in the garden of the -Rainhill Asylum, but not within very recent years. SERRICORNIA. _ELATERIDA. Lacon murimus, L. Not uncommon on the Wallasey sandhills. 58 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Elater balteatus, LL. Frequent on Simmonswood Moss, on birch, in June and July. Cryptohypnus riparius, FE. Common and generally distributed. Cryptohypnus quadripustulatus, F. A single specimen captured by sweeping low herbage on the canal bank at Maghull (J.W.E.). Melanotus rufipes, Herbst. A specimen taken in Hastham Wood, February, 1884, is all I have seen in the district. LTimonius cylindricus, Payk. Common on the coast sandhills in early summer. Athous nger, lL. Taken by Mr. Smedley, at Tranmere, flying round an old tree. Athous hemorrhoidalis, F. Common throughout the district, especially on oak. (From the frequent occurrence of Corymbites pectum- cornis, L., C. cupreus, F., and C. quercus, Gyll. (with the variety ochropterus, Steph., of the latter) on Chat Moss, I feel sure that all three will be found on Simmonswood Moss.) Agriotes sputator, L. Common. Agriotes lineatus, i. Occasional. Agriotes obscurus, L. Abundant. Agriotes pallidulus, Ill. Abundant on nettles and other roadside herbage. Dolopius marginatus, L. Common on oaks in Kastham Wood. Adrastus limbatus, F. Frequent on low herbage. Campylus linearis, Li. Frequent on Simmonswood Moss in June, the males flying in the sunshine. DASCILLIDA. Helodes ninutus, L. A pair taken on Simmonswood Moss (J. W.#.). COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA OF LIVERPOOL DISTRICT. 59 Helodes marginatus, F. Recorded from the Liverpool district in Stephens’s ‘‘ Manual of British Beetles,” I know not on whose authority. Cyphon coarctatus, Pk. Rock Ferry (F. Archer) ; Spital (J.W.E.). Cyphon nitidulus, Thoms. Common in damp places. Cyphon variabilis, Thunb. Common among reeds. LAMPYRID. Lampyris noctiluca, L. Local and not common. Mr. W. Gardner informs me that he has seen the female glow- worm between Hooton and Willaston; and Mr. Gregson tells me he has frequently found it on the clay banks on the New Ferry shore of the Mersey. TELEPHORIDA. Telephorus fuscus, Li. Occasional. Telephorus rusticus, Fall. Common. _ Telephorus lwidus, L. Common. Telephorus lituratus, Fall. Common. Telephorus pellucidus, FE. West Derby (R.W.). Telephorus ngricans, Mull. Occasional. Telephorus bicolor, F. Abundant. Telephorus hemorrhoidalis, EF. Taken by Mr. W. Gardner at Denhall. _ Telephorus thoracicus, Gyll.. Abundant on the banks of the Alt at Hightown. - Telephorus flavilabris, Fall. Taken with the preceding species. Telephorus fuscicornis, Ol. Taken at Tranmere by Mr. Gardner. Telephorus fulvuus, Scop. Abundant. Telephorus testaceus, L., and the var. limbatus, Thoms. Common. Telephorus pallidus, F. Frequent. 60 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Malthinus punctatus, Fourc. Spital, in July, 1886 CRD) a 3 Malthodes marginatus, Latr. Taken in Hastham Wood by Mr. Wilding and myself. MELYRIDZ. Malachius bipustulatus, LL. Bromborough, in flowers of Cardamine pratensis (R.W.). . CLERIDZ. Necrobia violacea, Li. I once took several specimens of this infrequent species in a dead bird on the Aigburth shore. Necrobia rufipes, F. Common in decaying animal matter. CISSIDZ. Cis bolett, Scop. Abundant. . 2 Cis villosulus, Marsh. Near Childwall, in November, 1862 (Ff. Archer). Octotemnus glabriculus, Gyll. Abundant in fungi in the neighbourhood of Prenton. PTINIDA. Rhizopertha pusilla, F. Mr. Kinder used to take this species commonly in warehouses at the north end of Liverpool. Priobium castaneum, F. Eastham Wood, in a dead tree, on a single occasion (R.W.). Anobium domesticum, Fourc. Common in the wood- work of old houses and in old furniture. Anobium paniceum, 1. Common in druggists’ shops, where it sometimes does much damage by feeding on dried roots, &c. No matter how poisonous—aconite, belladonna, hellebore, for instance—no root comes amiss to this marauder. ; Niptus hololeucus, Fald. Common in cupboards, generally - COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA OF LIVERPOOL DISTRICT. 61 in glass vessels into which it has fallen, and frequently mistaken for a golden-haired spider. Ptinus sezpunctatus, Panz. Taken at Tranmere by Mr. Willoughby Gardner. Ptinus fur, l. Taken by myself on a single occasion, among garden rubbish, at Wallasey. LONGICORNIA. CERAMBICID. Aromia moschata, L. The musk-beetle used to occur freely on willows between Waterloo and Crosby, and it still may be found about Hightown. Mr. Gregson informs me that it occurs in lanes about Wallasey, and I have heard of its being taken about Garston. Clytus arietis, Lu. Occasionally found sunning itself on gate-posts, &c., in which it has lived in its larval state. I have a specimen taken in Stanley Street, Liverpool. LAMIID. Lewopus nebulosus, 4. Kastham Wood, single specimens having been taken there by Mr. Wilding and myself. Pogonocherus pilosus, F., = hispidus, Foure. Eastham Wood, a single specimen, in May, 1883 (J.W.E.). LEPTURIDA. Rhagium inquisitor, L. Frequent in Eastham Wood and in the fir-plantations about Bidston and Storeton. Rhagium bifasciatum, F. In similar localities to the preceding species. Strangalia armata, Herbst. Taken by Mr. Gardner at Raby Mere. Grammoptera ruficornis, F. Captured on hawthorn blossom at Rock Ferry and Eastham, in June, 1862, by Mr. Archer. > 62 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. | MONILICORNIA. CHRYSOMELIDA. Donacia bidens, Ol. I once took this species in profusion in a pond between Liscard and Wallasey, on leaves of Potamogeton natans. Donacia sagittarie, F. I swept a specimen from a ditch side between Crosby and Hightown some years ago. Donacia lemne, F. A single specimen from Moreton last April. Donacia sericea, Li. Rock Ferry (F. Archer). Zeugophora subspinosa, F. Common on poplars and aspens around Formby. Lema cyanella, F. Frequently taken by roadside sweeping about Spital. Lema melanopa, Li. In similar situations to the preceding species, but not quite so frequent. Cryptocephalus aureolus, Schiff. Taken on the flowers of Hieraceum pilosella and Taraxacum on the Wallasey - sandhills, in May and June, by Mr. Archer; also found there by Mr. Wilding. Chrysomela staphylea, Li. Common among flood refuse on the Hightown and Aigburth shores; also at Hastham, under stones. Chrysomela Goettingensis, L. This fine species has been taken in some numbers at Burton by Mr. Gardner. Chrysomela hemoptera, Lu. I have on several oceasions picked up specimens of this species on Leasowe Marsh. Chrysomela polita, i. Occasional. Chrysomela hyperici, Forst. A single specimen taken (hibernating) at the foot of a tree in Hastham Wood (J.W.E.). Gastrophysa polygom, L. Common. Gastrophysa raphani, F. Bidston Marsh and Moreton (J.W.E.). ea 4 pore Je taal a baat 5s COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA OF LIVERPOOL DISTRICT. 63 Phedon tumidulum, Germ. Frequent. Phedon cochlearie, FE. Common in moss growing on the bridges crossing the Fender, on Bidston Marsh, and occasionally obtained elsewhere by sweeping. Phratora cavifrons, Thoms. Under bark at Bromborough, in December. Phratora vitelline, 1. Abundant on osiers about Formby. Prasocuris marginella, L. Frequent in damp places about Liscard. Prasocuris phellandru, L. Common on water plants about Moreton and Liscard. Prasocuris beccabunga, Il. Taken on Bidston Marsh by Mr. Archer. Adimonia tanacett, Li. Recorded from the New Brighton sandhills, in October, by Mr. Archer. Adimonia suturalis, Thoms. Plentiful, on heather, on Oxton Heath and Bidston Hill. Galeruca calmariensis, L. ‘Taken in some numbers by sweeping willowherb, &c., at Lydiate, in August, 1887 (J.W.H.). Agelastica halensis, 1. Abundant, during autumn, on the Wallasey and Hoylake sandhills, among Galiwm verum. Luperus betulmus, Fourc. Once taken by sweeping on the Wallasey sandhills, in July. HALTICIDA. Haltica ericeti, All. Very abundant, in October, 1888, among heather on Oxton Heath. Crepidodera transversa, Marsh. Frequent on marshy ground at the mouth of the Alt at Hightown J.W.E.); taken by Mr. Archer at Crosby. Crepidodera ferruginea, Scop. Abundant. Crepidodera aurata, Marsh. Once taken by sweeping at Bromborough (J.W.E.). 64 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. _ Crepidodera modeert, L. Crosby (R.W.) and Wallasey (J.W.E.). Mantura rustica, L. Occasional at Wallasey and Crosby. ~ Phyllotreta undulata, Kuts. Abundant on roadside herbage. | . Phyllotreta sinuata, Steph. Taken by myself at Leasowe and Bromborough. Phyllotreta brassice, F. Among haystack refuse at Leasowe, in October (J. W.E.). Plectroscelis concinna, Marsh. Common. Thyamis lurida, Scop. Common on roadside herbage, &c. Thyamis thoracica, Steph., var. fuscicollis, Steph. Com- mon at Aigburth and Spital. Thyamis tabida, Panz. Common on Senecio Jacobea on the coast. Thyamis ochroleuca, Marsh. I have taken two specimens in the district, one at Spital, the other at Hightown. Psylliodes chrysocephala, L. Taken by myself at Crosby. Psylliodes marcida, Ill. Wallasey sandhills on Rumezx. Not uncommon. Psylliodes cwpronitens, Forst. Wallasey and Lydiate (J.W.E.). Psylliodes affins, Payk. Common on the Wallasey and Hightown sandhills. Psylliodes picina, Marsh. Taken by myself at Formby and Hightown. Apteropeda gramus, Panz. Once taken on Bidston Hill (J.W.H.). Spheroderma testacea, F. Not uncommon on thistles at Crosby and Hightown. CASSIDIDA. Cassida vibex, L. ‘Taken at Hightown, in September, 1862, by Mr. Archer. COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA OF LIVERPOOL DISTRICT. 65 Cassida sanguinolenta, F. On the clay banks of the Mersey at Aigburth, and on the Wallasey sandhills (J.W.E.). Cassida obsoleta, Ill. Taken at Southport, in September, 1864, by Benjamin Cooke. HETEROMERA. TENEBRIONIDA. Blaps mucronata, Latr. Abundant in cellars. Blaps mortisaga, Li. I have a specimen that was captured in Liverpool, and taken to Mr. Gregson as a “‘ Colorado beetle.”’ Heliopathes gibbus, KF. Abundant on the coast sandhills. Opatrum sabulosum lL. Recorded from New Brighton by Mr. Archer. Microzoum tibiale, F. Common on the coast sandhills. Tribolium ferrugineum, F. Occurs occasionally among provisions. Probably imported. Gnathocerus cornutus, F. Mr. Kinder used to take this species freely in warehouses at the north end of Liverpool. Palorus (Hypophleus) depressus, F. Taken freely by Mr. Kinder. Alphitobius piceus, Ol. Frequent in bakehouses and cellars. Tenebrio obscurus, F. Frequent, but not so common as the following. Tenebrio moliter, L. This, the common meal-worm beetle, is abundant in bakehouses, &c. Helops pallidus, Curt. Taken at New Brighton, in September, 1858, by Benjamin Cooke. Helops striatus, Fourc. Abundant under loose bark during the winter, especially about Bidston, 5 66 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. CISTELIDA. Cistela murina, Lu. Common on the coast sandhills, being very partial to the flowers of Rosa spinosissima. LAGRIIDA. Lagria lirta, L. Occasionally common on the dwarf sallows on the Crosby and Wallasey sandhills, but very uncertain in its appearance. MELANDRYIDA. Phieotrya Stephenst, Duv. Bred from decayed birch from Simmonswood Moss by Mr. G. A. Harker. Melandrya caraboides, Li. Crosby, in June, 1862 (F. Archer). PyYTHID. Salpingus ater, Payk. Taken in some numbers in July, 1882, by sweeping near Bromborough (J.W.H.). Rhinosimus viridypennis, Steph. West Derby (R.W.) and Aigburth (J.W.H.); in both cases under bark. Rhinosimus plamrostris, EF. Common under bark. PYROCHROIDA. Pyrochroa serraticorns, Scop., = rubens, F. Bred freely by Mr. Smedley and myself from larvee and pupze found in a dead poplar on the borders of the Wallasey sandhills. We also captured the wnagines in the same locality. ANTHICIDA. Notoxus monoceros, li. Frequent on the coast sandhills. Anthicus bimaculatus, Ill. Avery scarce British species, of which several specimens have occurred in our district. Mr. Chappell once took six specimens under a dead bird on the Southport shore; Mr. Broadhurst took a specimen in the same place, in June, 1867 (Ent. Monthly Mag., vol. COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA OF LIVERPOOL DISTRICT. 67 iv., p. 232); single specimens have occurred to Mr. Kinder, Mr. Wilding, and to myself, at Crosby; and to Mr. J. T. Harris at New Brighton, in 1873 (Ent. Monthly Mag., vol. xiv., p. 238). Anthicus floralis, L. Frequent in flowers, &c. CHDEMERIDZ. Nacerdes melanura, l. On the shore of the Mersey at Aigburth and Bromborough Pool (J. W. E.); Mr. W. Johnson once sent me a large number taken under a workshop floor near the Liverpool docks. CANTHARIDZ. Meloe proscarabeus, L. Common in spring on dry sandy roadsides, where there are burrows of Andrenide (wild bees). Meloe violaceus, Marsh. I have a single specimen, which T took on Bidston Hill. MoRDELLIDA. Anaspis frontalis, li. Common in flowers. Anaspis ruficollis, EF. Common. Anaspis melanopa, Forst. Abundant, especially in the flowers of hawthorn and mountain ash. Mordella fasciata, EF. A specimen in the Liverpool Free Public Museum was taken by the Rev. H. H. Higgins at Rainhill. EINVaN @pER OM ERO RAS RHAYNCHITIDA. Ehynchites germanicus, Herbst. Common on various plants. Rhynchites nanus, Payk. Taken at Southport by Benjamin Cooke, and at Crosby and Hightown by myself. 5—2 68 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. APIONIDA. Apion carduorum, Kirby. Common. Apion onopordi, Kirby. ‘Two specimens taken at Wil- laston, August, 1887 (J.W.E.). Apion annulipes, Wenck. Of the three known British specimens of this species, I possess the only male, which I have taken, I believe, on the Wallasey sandhills. Apion ulicis, Forst. Abundant on gorse at Bidston and Prenton, in spring. Apion striatum, Kirby. Common. Apton immune, Kirby. Bidston (J.W.E.). Apion pubescens, Kirby. Willaston, August, 1887 (J.W.E.). Apion seniculum, Kirby. I have taken three specimens in the district: one at Willaston, one at Wallasey, and one in haystack refuse at Moreton. Apion vice, Payk. Bidston and Spital (J.W.E.). Apion ononidis, Germ. Abundant on the Wallasey sand- hills, among Ononis arvensis. Apion flavipes, F. Spital (J.W.E.). Apion nigritarse, Kirby. Spital and Kastham occasionally (J.W.E.). Apion ebeninum, Kirby. Three specimens taken at Wallasey by sweeping (J.W.H.). Apion virens, Herbst. Common in Wirral on roadside herbage during the summer, and (hibernating) in moss on. walls during the winter. Apion platalea, Germ._ Spital, a single specimen in May, 1883 JJ. W.E.). Apion ervi, Kirby. Common. Apion ononis, Kirby. Common at Wallasey, among Ononts arvensis. Apion pist, F. Common. Apion scutellare, Kirby. Bidston, not uncommon. Apion Spencer, Kirby. Common at Bidston and Wallasey, COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA OF LIVERPOOL DISTRICT. 69 Apion vorax, Herbst. Frequent. Apion livescerum, Gyll. Bidston Hill on heather, July (J.W.E.). Apion miniatum, Germ. Frequent. Apion cruentatum, Walt. Occasional. Apion frumentarium, Li. Occasional. Apion rubens, Steph. Taken at Lydiate in August, 1887 (R.W.). Apion violaceum, Kirby. Abundant. Apion marchicum, Herbst. Frequent at Bidston. Apion humile, Germ. Abundant. OTIORHYNCHIDZ. Tropiphorus mercurialis, FE. Taken sparingly on the wall of Anfield Cemetery by Mr. Kinder. Barynotus obscurus, F. Frequent. Cneorhinus geminatus, F. Abundant on the coast sand- hills in spring. Strophosomus coryli, F. Common in hedges. Strophosomus limbatus, F. Common on heather on Bidston Hill and Oxton Common. Platytarsus echinatus, Bons. I took a specimen of this hedgehog-like beetle by sweeping at Aigburth, in May, 1886. Sciaphilus muricatus, F. Occasional. Polydrosus planifrons, Gyll. I captured a_ single specimen of this rare species by sweeping at Lydiate, in August, 1887. Polydrosus cervinus, 4. Common on the dwarf sallows growing among the coast sandhills. Polydrosus confiwens, Steph. Occasionally swept from heather on Bidston Hill, in July. Phyllobius alneti, F. Abundant among nettles during the early summer. 70 - LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Phyllobius pyri, L. Common on oak at Hastham, July. Phyllobius argentatus, i. Abundant on hawthorn hedges. Phyllobius oblongus, i. Common on the dwarf sallows — on the coast sandhills. Phyllobius pomone, Ol. Very abundant in July on the coast sandhills. Probably feeds on Rosa spinosissvma. Phyllobius uniformis, Marsh. Common, by roadside sweeping, in Wirral. Otiorhynchus scabrosus, Marsh. Mr. Wilding has taken a specimen at Wallasey, and I have one that I found at Aigburth. Otiorhynchus ligneus, Ol. Occasional at Leasowe, Wal- lasey, and Bidston. Otiorhynchus picipes, F. Very abundant on hawthorn hedges, &c. Otiorhynchus sulcatus, F. Generally distributed through- out the district, but scarcely common. Otiorhynchus ovatus, i. Common on the coast sandhills. Sitones griseus, F. Abundant in spring on the coast sandhills. All our specimens are considerably darker than specimens in my collection from the south coast. Sitones flavescens, Marsh. Common. Sitones sutuwralis, Steph. Abundant. Sitones sulcifrons, Thunb. Common. Sitones tibialis, Herbst. Bidston, but not common there. » Sitones Regensteinensis, Herbst. Abundant on gorse during spring. Sitones lineatus, L. Abundant. Sitones hispidulus, F. Common. Liosoma ovatulum, Clair. Common. Cleonus sulcirostris, 1. Common, sometimes in profusion, on the Crosby and Hightown sandhills among thistles. Alophus triguttatus, F. Mr. Wilding has taken this COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA OF LIVERPOOL DISTRICT. 71 species at Heswall, and I have met with a few specimens under stones behind Leasowe Embankment. Hypera punctata, F. Occurs very occasionally both inland and on the coast sandhills. Hypera plantaginis, De G. Common, and at times abundant, on the coast sandhills. Hypera murinus, L. A pair taken at Crosby by Mr. Chappell, at Easter. Hypera variabilis, Herbst. Common on the Wallasey sandhills. Hypera polygom, L. Wallasey RA W.) and on the Aigburth clay banks and at Formby (J.W.E.). Hypera mgrirostris, F. Abundant on the coast sandhills. Hypera trilineata, Marsh. ‘T'wo specimens at Wallasey (J.W.H.). Hylobius abietis, 1. Common a few years ago in the fir plantations at Bidston. Grypidius equisett, ¥. Common on the Wallasey sand- hills in spring. Erirhinus bimaculatus, F. Occasionally found in flood refuse brought down the Alt; and Mrs. Ellis has found it behind Leasowe Embankment. Hrirhinus acridulus, L. Common among flood refuse and among water plants. Mecinus pyraster, Herbst. Common. Mecinus circulatus, Marsh. Taken on the Wallasey sandhills, in spring, by Mr. Chappell. Tanysphyrus lemne, F. Common on Lemna in a pit at Moreton. Hydronomus alismatis, Marsh. Taken abundantly by Mr. Kinder in pits about Kirkdale, and by Mr. Wilding and myself on Alisma plantago at Leasowe. Anthonomus ulm, De G. A single specimen taken some years ago at Wavertree (J.W.E.). 72 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Anthonomus pomorum, L. Frequent on hawthorn blossom at Bromborough. Anthonomus rubi, Herbst. Common. Orchestes stigma, Germ. A single specimen at Simmons- wood, in June, 1885 (J.W.E.). Orchestes salicis, Li. Frequent among sallows on the coast sandhills. : Rhamphus flavicornis, Clair. Common in spring on the sandhills, but much easier to see in the sweeping-net than to bottle. Nanophyes lythri, F. Swept from Lythrum salicaria at Lydiate, in August, 1887; also taken at Spital (J.W.4H.). Cionus pulchellus, Herbst. Taken by Mr. Wilding at Burton, on Verbascum. Orobitis cyaneus, Li. Occasional on the coast sandhills, on Viola. Celiodes fuliginosus, Marsh. Wallasey, in March, 1887; a single specimen (J.W.E.). Celiodes quadrimaculatus, LL. Very abundant on nettles. Ceuthorrhynchus assinulis, Payk. Common on Crucifere. Ceuthorrhynchus erysinm, EF. Common. Ceuthorrhynchus contractus, Marsh. Abundant. Ceuthorrhynchus cochlearie, Gyll. I took a few specimens of this species on the Aigburth shore, in May, 1883. Ceuthorrhynchus erice, Gyll. Frequent on heather on Simmonswood Moss and Bidston Hill. Ceuthorrhynchus litura, F. A single specimen, taken at Wavertree in 1874 (J.W.E.). Said to be found on thistles standing in the middle of fields. Ceuthorrhynchus asperifoliarum, Gyll. Southport, May, 1858 (B. Cooke). Ceuthorrhynchus arcuatus, Herbst. A rare species, taken at Southport by Mr. Prescott (as I am informed by Mr. Chappell). COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA OF LIVERPOOL DISTRICT. 73 Ceuthorrhynchus quadridens, Panz. I took a specimen at Wallasey, in May, 1884. Ceuthorrhynchus pollinarius, Forst. Abundant. Ceuthorrhynchus sulcicollis, Gyll. Southport, in Sep- tember, 1864 (B. Cooke). Ceuthorrhynchideus floralis, Payk. Common. Ceuthorrhynchideus pyrrhorhynchus, Marsh. Freely in October by beating the nearly bare stalks of Sisymbriwm officinale on the roadside between Wallasey and Leasowe (J.W. E.). Ceuthorrhynchideus troglodytes, EF. Frequently taken by roadside sweeping. Rhinonchus pericarpius, F. Frequent. Rhinonchus subfasciatus, Gyll. Generally distributed. Rhinonchus castor, F. Crosby and Hightown, occa- sionally (J.W.E.). Phytobius quadrituberculatus, F. Sparingly on the Hightown sandhills (J.W. E.). Phytobius comari, Herbst. A specimen captured at Hale by Mr. J. Kidson Taylor (Ent. Monthly Mag., vol. weep. 201). Phytobius quadrinodosus, Gyll. Taken by Mr. Chappell on pieces of chip, &c., in pools behind Leasowe Embank- ment. LIitodactylus leucogaster, Marsh. Taken by Mr. Chappell under the same circumstances as the preceding; also at Liscard by Mr. Wilding, and on Bidston Marsh by Mr. Archer. Hubrychius velatus, Beck. A single specimen taken at Wallasey (J.W.E.). Poophagus sisymbru, F. Common on water plants in pits at Moreton, in May. 74 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Baris chlorizans, Germ. I have a specimen of this rare species that I took on Bidston Marsh, in March, 1888. Balaninus glandiwm, Marsh. Frequent on oak in Hast- ham Wood. The larva feeds in acorns. CALANDRIDZ. Calandra granaria, Li. Common in grain warehouses. Calandra orize, L. Taken by Mr. Wilding in rice mills in the city. SCOLYTIDA. Hylastes ater, Payk. Rock Ferry, May, 1862 (F. Archer). Hylastes palliatus, Gyll. A single specimen taken on Leasowe Marsh, May, 1888. Phleopthorus rhododactylus, Marsh. Bidston Marsh, in April, 1862 (F. Archer); several specimens beaten from dead sticks of gorse at Bidston (J.W.E.). Hylesimus crenatus, FY. Mr. Wildiug has specimens taken in bark of ash at Knotty Ash. Scolytus destructor, Ol. I have several times met with the work of this destructive insect, and dead specimens in the burrows, but have never found a living specimen. Tomicus laricis, F. Mrs. Ellis found a specimen of this species blowing about on the Hightown sandhills, in September, 1885. Cryphalus binodulus, Ratz. I found a single specimen on the Wallasey sandhills, in May, 1883. Dryocetes villosus, F. I once took a considerable number in a dead oak at Spital. COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA OF LIVERPOOL DISTRICT. 75 ADDENDA. ADDITIONAL SPECIES. Stenolophus vespertinus, Panz. A specimen captured on the Ince Marshes, 14th May, 1888 (J.W.E.). Hydroporus vittula, Er. Common at Moreton ; a specimen also from Wallasey. Limnebius nitidus, Marsh. Several specimens taken at Moreton, in April and May, 1888. Hydrena testacea, Curt. Liscard, in May last (R.W.). Amisotoma macropus, Rye. A single specimen at Lea- sowe, October, 1886 (J.W. E.). Anisotoma furva, Er. Taken by Mr. Wilding at Crosby, and at Wallasey by myself, last autumn. Anisotoma ciliaris, Schm. Two specimens taken at Wallasey (R.W.). Pselaphus Heisei, Herbst. A specimen found at Brom- borough in grass at tree-roots, last November (J.W.E.). Oligota inflata, Mann.- Abundant in haystack refuse at Moreton, March, 1888. Heterothops dissimilis, Grav. A specimen taken at Moreton, 3lst March, 1888. Bledius pallipes, Grav. A single specimen captured among B. arenarius, on the Birkdale shore, 12th May, 1888. Homalium riparium, Thoms. Several specimens taken under seaweed on the Wallasey shore. ADDITIONAL LOCALITIES, &C. Dyschirius nitidus, Dej. Puddington marshes, common (R.W.). Dyschirwus salinus, Schaum. Puddington (R.W.). Bembidiwm normannum, De}. Puddington (R.W.). Bembidium varium, Ol. Taken commonly on the Dee shore about Puddington by Mr. W. E. Sharp. 76 LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Hydroporus lituratus, F. Common in pits at Moreton, April, 1888. Hydroporus ngrita, F. Several specimens at Moreton, last March. Ilybius obscurus, Marsh. Several specimens in a pit at Moreton, last spring. Laccobius minutus, L. A specimen of the form bipunc- tatus, F., captured at Moreton. Laccobius mgriceps var. alutaceus, Thoms. Abundant in ponds and ditches at Moreton. Helophorus ceneipenns, Thoms. Very abundant at Moreton in a ditch, on the right of the road leading from the station to Leasowe embankment. Helophorus arvernicus, Muls. A second specimen, taken at Hightown last April. ‘ Agathidium margiatum, Sturm. A specimen from Hightown last April. Homalota elongatula, Grav. Several specimens taken at Moreton. Homalota vicina, Steph. Ince marshes, May, 1884 (J.W.E.) Homalota trinotata, Kr. Abundant in haystack refuse, at Moreton, last March. Philonthus micans, Grav. A specimen captured at Wallasey last May. Stenus fovewentris, Fairm. A few specimens on the bank of a pit at Moreton. Stenus binotatus, Ljun. Common in the same situation as the preceding species. Stenus cicindeloides, Grav. Mr. Rye remarks (Ent. Monthly Mag., vol. ii.) that the male of this species is very rare. I took a male at Leasowe last April. COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA OF LIVERPOOL DISTRICT. (ih SUMMARY. Species recorded from the. British Species.* Liverpool District. ee NAO A sae oscicsccccviescan, - SOO, Pseudocalanus elongatus. Several. Oithona spinifrons. One specimen. _ Harpacticus chelifer. One specimen. Harpacticus flecus. One specimen. The gathering also contained a few Schizopods and larval Crustacea, and a mass of minute ova contained in a gelatinous membrane. No. 8, June 21, 1888, 11.45 p.m. Tromsoe. Sun shining and bitterly cold. Ship at anchor. Strong current running, and tow-net suspended in the current, just below the Fiord opposite the town. COPEPODA. Calanus finmarchicus. Abundant. Pseudocalanus elongatus. Several. - Dias longiremis. Abundant. Acartia laxa. Several. Scolocithriz minor. A few. The presence of this species here is very interesting, it having as before stated been previously recorded only in the Indian Ocean. Oithona spimifrons. Several. Harpacticus chelifer. One specimen. Zaus spinosa. One specimen. This gathering, like Nos. 2 and 8, contained multitudes of Hvadne nordmanni, also several Zoea of Crab, a few other large larval Crustacea, and one mutilated Amphipod. No. 9, June 23, 1888, 8 a.m. Loédingen, West Fuiord, Luffoden Islands. Cold, dull morning. Ship at anchor. Tow-net a foot below surface for less than five minutes. ht