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PKOCEEDLNGS H

01" THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(SESSION 1875-'5^,) (^^ J i

November 4;tli, 1875.
Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, iu the ('hair.
The Minutes of the h\st Meeting were read and signed.
Dr. P. S. M. Moodelly was elected a Fellow.

The following papers were read : —

1. "On Bees, Wasps, and Ants."— Part III. By Sir John
Lubbock, Bart., P.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " On the Eate of Growth of the Female Flower-stalk of
ValUmeria spiralis.'" ■ By A. W. Bennett, M.A., F.L.S.

3. " Enumeration of Plants collected by V. Lovett Cameron,
Lieut. E.N., iu the Eegion about Lake Tanganyika." By D.
Oliver, F.E.S., F.L.S.

4. "Note on a Collection of North- Celebes Plants made by
Mr. Eiedel of Gorontalo." By D. Oliver, F.E.S., F.L.S.

November 18th, 1875.

Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, iu the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Joseph Henry Gilbert, Ph.D., William Paul, Esq., and James
Eeuny, Esq., were elected FelloAvs.

The following paper was read : —

1. " On the Organization and Systematic Position of the Orni-
thosauria."— Part I. By H. G. Seeley, F.L.S., F.G.S.

LINN. SOC. PKOCEEDINOS. — SESSIONS 1875-80. 6

II PROCEEDINGS OF XUL

December 2ud, 1875.
Prof. G. J. Allmax, M.D., E.E.S., President, iu the Chair.
The Minutes oftlic last Meeting were read and signed.

Mr. J. G. Baker, on behalf of Mr. T. E. Archer Briggi^, exhi-
bited fruits of Pi/rus communis, var. Brir/r/sii, Symc, from tlie
ueighbourliood of Plymouth. The fruit of the Devonshire wild
plant is turbinate, aiid not more than half an inch in length.

The lion. David Arnot, Francis M. Balfour, Esq., George
btewardson Brady, Esq., John Buclianan, Esq., Henry Eam.say
Cox, E(>q., Francis Darwin, M.B., Frank Blackwell Forbes, Esq.,
Edward Morell Holmes, Esq., John Leckenby, Esq., J. W. H.
Lush, Esq., Edward Jolin Micrs, Esq., Henry D'Arcy Power,
Esq., "W. D. Eobinson-Douglas, Esq., George J. Eomanes, Esq.,
Charles T. Staigor, Esq., James Stirton, M.D., and James W. H.
Trail, Esq., were elected Fellows.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Polynesian Ferns of tlie ' Challenger ' Expedition."
By J. G. Baker, F.L.S.

2. "Eevision of the Authericese and Eriospermeee." By J. G.
Baker, F.L.S.

3. "Botanic Notes from Darjceiing to Touglo." By C. B.
Clarke, M.A., F.L.S.

4. " On Edqaria, a new Genus of Cucurbitacea)." By C. B.
Clarke, M.A.,^F.L.S.

December IGth, 1875.
Prof. G. J. Allma>-, M.D., F.E.S., President, iu the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting Avcrc read and signed.

Isaac Bayley Balfour, Esq., William Christopher Boyd, Esq.,
Alfred Craven, Esq., and James Hector, M.D., were elected
Fellows.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Structure and Development of the Bird's Skull."
—Part II. By \V. K. Parker, F.K.S., F.L S.

2. " On a Sport in Faritium tricuspc, G. Don." By G. King,
M.B., F.L.S.

3. " Supplement to the Enumeration of the Fungi of Ceylon."
By the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, F.L.S., and C. E. Broome, F.L.S.

4. " Contributions to the Botany of the ' Challenger.' Notes
on Plants collected and observed at the Admiralty Islands."' By
H. N. Moseley, M.A. Communicated by Dr. Hooker, F.E.S.,
F.L.S.

LINKEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. iii

January 20tb, 1S76.

Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.H., Presideut, in the Chair.

The Minutes of tlie last Meeting were read and signed.

Jolm Henry Baklock, Esq., and G. W. Bloxam, M.A., were
elected Fellows.

The following papers were read ; —

1. " On a new Species of Oak from the Sikkiui Himalaya." By
George King, M.B., P.L.8.

2. " On some Orchidaceio collected by Mr. Moseley, of the
' Challenger' Expedition, in the Admiralty Islands, Ternate, and
Cape York ; one of which forms the type of a new Section of the
Genus Dendrohiuiii." By Prof. H. G. Eeichenbach. Communi-
cated by Prof. Oliver, E.E.S., E.L.S.

3. " Supplement to the Enumeration of the Fungi of Brazil."
By the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, F.L.S., and M. C. Cooke,'M. A., LL.H.

4. " On Steere's Sponge, a new Geniis of the Hexactinellid
Group of the Spongidre." ]3y James Murie, M.D., F.L.S.

February 3rd, 187G.
Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair,
The Minutes of the last jMeeting were I'ead and signed.

William Hillhouse, Esq., Daniel Pidgeon, Esq., David Eobert-
sou, Esq., and Edwin Eay Lankester, M.A., were elected Fellows.

Mr. Algernon Peckover, F.L.S. , exhibited specimens of Insects
collected in Madagascar in 1875 by Mr. Kingdom.

The following papers were read : —

1. " JS^ote on Boca C'oOTwersonw, E. Br." By Henry Trimen,
M.B., F.L.S.

2. "On the Geographical Distribution of the Vultures." By
E. Bowdler Sharpe, F.L.S.

3. " On new British Lichens." By the Eev. W. A. Leightou,
B.A., F.L.S.

4. " Lichenes Capenses et Lichenes Terrse Kergueleni ; an
Enumeration of the Lichens collected by the Eev. A. E. Eaton
at the Cape of Good Hope and Kerguelen Land during the Venus
Transit Expedition in 1874-75." By the Eev. James M. Crombie,
F.L.S.

February 17th, 1S7G.

J. GwiN Jefpkeys, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

David Douglas Cunningham, M.B., Isathaniel Clissold Tuely,
Esq., Charles Marcus Wakefield, Esq., and Charles Frederick
White, Esq., were elected Fellows.

b2

iv niOCEEDINOS OF THE

Di'. Cobbolcl exhibited specimens of a ucw liumau fluke
{Distoma sinense) discovered by Prof. M'Couuell, of Calcutta.

The following papers were read : —

1 "Additional Observations on iVnts." By Sir John Lubbock ,
Bart, M.P, F.ll.S, F.L.S.

2. " On the Cloacal Bladders and on the Peritoneal Canals in
Chelonia." By John Anderson, M.D, F.L.S.

A letter from P. C. Owen, Esq, Director of the South Ken-
sington Museum, was read from the Chair, calling the attention
of the Society to the approaching Loan Exhibition of Scientific
apparatus ; and requesting that any Members who might be willing
to contribute, would furjiish at their early convenience, on special
forms, descriptions of the objects proposed to be lent.

March 2ud, 1876.

Prof. Cr. J. Allman, M.D., E.E.8., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Before proceeding to the business of the Meeting, the President
called attention to the serious loss sustained by the Society by
deaths since the last Meeting, of John Joseph Bennett, P. E,.S., who
for twenty years had filled the ofiice of Secretary, during great
part of which time he had been the sole Editor of the Society's
publications, and of M. Adolph Brougniart, one of the oldest
Eoreign Members of the Society.

Sir A^ictor Alexander Brooke, Bart, Elchard Benyon Croft,
Esq.,Ealph Grooding, M.D., Erederick John Horniman, Esq., and
W. Percy Sladen, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. Carruthers, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of Phyiojyhthova
infesfans, Pytliiim vcxans, and other parasitic fungi prepared by
Prof, de Bary.

Mr. Grwyn Jeftreys, V.P.L.S., exhibited a specimen of the great
Felt- or Blanket-Sponge, Askonema setuhahnse, obtained on the
Telegra])h-cablc off" Cape Finisterre, on the 24ith August, 1875,
by Sir James Anderson.

Prof. Seeley, F.L.S., exhibited a mould of the cranium of Ornl-
ihocheirus, and various fragments of the skeleton.

The following papers were read : —

1. "On a new Genus of Turneracea? from Eodriguez." By I.
Baylf y Balfour, D.Sc, F.L.S.

2. " On Pollen." By Michael Pakenham Edgeworth, F.L.S.

3. " List of the Musci and Ilepaticce collected in Kerguelen's
Island by the Ecv. A. E. Eaton, A.M." By William Mitten,
A.L.S.

4. " Notes on Algae found by the Eev. A. E. Eaton at Kergue-
len's Laud." By George Dickie, A.M., M.D., F.L.S.

XINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON, V

March 16tb, 1876.
Prof. G-. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

The President read a letter from Mr. Van Voorst, P.L.S,,
offering for the acceptance of the Society two volumes of speci-
mens of British Alga) arranged and named by the late Prof.
Harvey. The special thanks of the Society were directed to be
presented to Mr. Yan Voorst for this valuable donation.

Edward E. Alston, Esq., and David Blair, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Plastron of the Grangetic Mud-Turtle, 'Emyda dura,
Bueh." By John Anderson, M.D., E.L.S.

2. " On the Eate of Growth of the Flower-stallc of tlie Hya-
cinth." By A. W. Bennett, M.A.,F.L.S.

8. " On the Hygroscopic Mechanism by which certain Seeds
are enabled to bury themselves in the Grround." By Francis
Darwin, M.B., F.L.S.

4. " On the Licliens of Antarctic America, collected by Dr.
E. 0. Cunningham during the Voyage of the ' Nassau.' " By the
Eev. J. M. Crombie, F.L.S.

A discussion on Prof de Bary's recent researches on the
Potato disease, commenced at the last Meeting, was resumed and
closed,

April 6th, 187G.
Geoege Btjsk, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair,
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.
Agar Padley Agar, Esq., the Eev. Eobert Francis Clarke,
William E. Guilfoyle, Esq., Dr, Henry Alleyne Nicliolson,
John Scully, Esq., and William Waterfield, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

The Chairman called attention to the Index to the First Series
of the Transactions now completed; and the special thanks of the
Society were given to Mr. Bentliam for the great labour he had
bestowed on its preparation,

A letter was read from Lady Smith, now in her 103rd year,
announcing the donation of a copy of Passaeus's * Hortus floridus,'
Utrecht, 1614.

Dr. Day, F.L.S,, exhibited specimens of a Madras-bred Trout ;
also a Kingfisher, Aleedo lengalensis, caught and drowned by
the closing of the valves of a species of Unio which the bird had
attempted to seize,

Vi PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Mr. E. M. Holmes, F.L.S., exhibited living plants of some rare
Kentish Mosses.

The following papers were read: —

1. "Account of some new Species, Varieties, and Monstrous
Porras of 3Ic(hts(e." By G. J. liomanes, M.A., F.L.S.

2. " On a Collection of Eiahes from the Deccau." By Dr.
Francis Day, F.L.S.

3. " On the Introduction of Tench and Trout into India." By
Dr. Franci.s Day, F.L.S.

4. " Kotos on the Ycuous System of Birds." By Charles IT.
Wade, Esq., F.L.S.

5. " On a new Genus of Trematoda and some new or little-
known Parasitic Ilinidines.'' By J. D. Macdonald, F.K.S. Com-
municated by Dr. Dohson,M.A., F.L.S.

G. " Notes on Lowe's MS. List of AVebb's Type Shells from
the Canaries, and on the Annotations thereon of D'Orbigny and
Lowe." By theEev. R. BoogA'/at£ou,F.R.S.E. Communicated
by J. Gwyu JefFrey-s F.E.S., V.P.L.S.

7. "List of Marine Shells, chiefly from the Solomon Islands,
with Descriptions of several new Species." By E. A. Smith, Esq.
Communicated by Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

April 20th, 1876.
George BEyin^M, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

The Chairman, on the part of the President, proposed Eobert
Hudson, Esq., E. C. Alexander Prior, M.D., H. T. Stainton,Esq.,
and Charles Stewart, Esq., as Members of the Committee for
auditing the Treasurer's Accounts; and on a show of hands being
taken, they were declared to be elected.

The following papers were read : —

1. '•' Identification of the Modern Copal-tree, Tracln/lobhim
jror«(^«m/??2?(7?»<OT, with that which yields the Copal or Aninii now
found in the earth on the East Coast of Africa." Bv John Kirk,
M.D., F.L.S.

2. " On the African Species of Coffea."" Bv W. P. Hiern,
M.A., F.L.S.

3. "On the Clas-sificatiou oi Narcissus !" By Shirley Hibberd,
Esq. Communicated by George Bentham, F.E.S., V.P.L.S.

4. "On the Plant yielding Latakia Tobacco." By W. T.
Thiselton Dyer, M.A., F.L.S.

5. " Contributions to the Botany of the ' Challenger.' — Algfe,
chiefly Polvnesian, collected by Mr. jNIoseley." By Prof . Dickie,
F.L.S. ' ' ■

G. " Species ac Genera nova Algarum aquje dulcis .... in Ex-
peditionc Veneris transit, liieme 1874-75 in Insula Kerguelensi

LINNEASr SOCIETY OF LONDON. vii

a cl. Eatou colleetis." Aucfc. Paul Fred. Reiiiscli Couiuiimi-
cated by Dr. Hooker, C.B,, P.E.S., F.L.S.

May 4tli, 1876.
Geoeqe Bentham, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

George Henry Parke, Esq., and George Dawson Eowley, Esq.,
were elected Fellows, and Don Jose Vincente Barboza du Bocage
and Prof. AYilliam Nylander were elected Foreign Members.

Mr. Duppa Crotch, F.L.S., exhibited skins of the Silver Fox,
Canis fidviis var. arcjentata, and of the Norwegian Lemming,
Lemmus norvegicus, Desm.

Dr. Buxton Shillitoe, F.L.S., exhibited a specimen of parasitic
fungoid growth, in the fresh state, formed on the larva of an iVus-
tralian beetle.

Dr. John Anderson, F.L.S,, exhibited the eye of the Gaugetie
Dolphin, PJatanista r/angetica, and specimens of two grasses
{Ischcemum rugosum and Faspalum scrobiculafum) taken from its
stomach.

The following papers were read : —

1. "Trematode Parasites from the Dolphins of the Ganges."
By T. S. Cobbold, M.D., F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " On the Genus HooJia, with a Diagnosis of a new Species."
By W. T. Thiselton Dyer, M.A., F.L.S.

3. " On the Migration and Habits of the Norwegian Lemming."
By W. Duppa Crotch, F.L.S.

4. " Report on the Fungi collected in Kerguelen Island during
the stay of the Transit-of- Venus Expedition of 1874-75." By
the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S.

5. ^^'^oic on Arctomgs cUcJirous." By John Anderson, M.D.,
F.L.S.

May 24th, 1876.

Annivcrsm'y Ileefing.

Prof. G. J. Allmak, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

The President announced that Mrs. Bennett had presented, on
the part of her late husband, three Linnean Medals — one of gold,
two of silver ; these formerly belonged to Eobert Brown, and
were bequeathed by him to Mr. Bennett. The special thanks of
the Society were directed to be presented to Mrs, Bennett for
this very acceptable addition to the Society's collection of Linnean
memorials.

Dr. Prior, from the Committee appointed to audit the Trea-
surer's accounts, reported the state of lliem to be as follows, viz. ; —

vm

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON. IX

Tlie Treasurer theu read the following Greneral Statement of
the Society's Aceoimts : —

Balance in tbe handss of the Bankers at the last £ s. d.

Audit 818 3 1

Eeceived since 1956 15 10

2774< 18 11
Paid since (exclusive of £563 15s. Od. invested in

Consols) 1641 6 11

Balance cash (£569 175. 0</.) invested (£563 15s. 0 J.)- 1133 12, 0
Deduct Balance at last Audit '.. 818 3 1

Increase on Cash on invested Balance 815 8 11

Amount of Liabilities at last Audit 458 4 8

Do. do. present 312 0 6

Decrease in amount of Liabilities 146 4 2

Add increase on Cash on invested Balance 315 8 11

Balance in favour of the Society on the year's Account. 461 13 1

Amount of property invested £2460 0 0

The Secretary reported that the following Members had died,
or their deaths been ascertained, since the last Anniversary,
viz. : —

Fellows (14).

G. G. McPherson, Esq.

Thomas Allis, Esq.
AV. Archer, Esq.
"VV". S. Atkinson, Esq.
J. J. Bennett, Esq.*
C. C. Corsellis, M.D.
Robert Dickson, M.D.*
AV. T. Iliff, M.D.

Sigismund Eucker, Esq.*
E. J. Shuttleworth, Esq.*
J. J. Stainton, Esq.
William Temple, Esq.
Felix "Wakefield, Esq.
Robert Younge, Esq.

Foreign Members (2).

Adolphe Theodore Brongniart, Gr. P. Deshayes.*
M.D.*

Associates (2).
John Brett, M.D. | John Denson, Esq.

Fifty-three Fellows and two Foreign jMembers had been
elected since the last Anniversary.

The Ballot for the Council having closed, the President
appoiiited Dr. Braithwaice, Mr. Grut, and Mr, Matchwick as
Scrutineers to examine the lists and report thereon ; the votes
having been counted and reported to the President, he declared
the following result : —

" For reference to notice, see Index,

X PKOCEEDINGS OF THE

Tor removal from the Council.
AV. T. T. Dyer, Esq., J. E. Jlarting, Esq., \(. V. Hicro, Esq.,
J. D. Hooker, C.B., M.D., J. J. Weir, Esq.

For election into tlie Council.
J. G. Baker, Esq., "W. B. Carpenter, M.D., Henry Lee, Esq,,
W. Iv. Parker, Esq., S. J. A. Salter, M.B.

Tlie Ballot for the Officers having closed, the President
appointed the same scrutineers to examine the lists and report
therou ; the votes having been counted and rep orled to the
President, lie declared the following to be elected, viz. : — Presi-
dent, Prof. Gr. J. Allman, M.D. ; Treasurer, J. Gwyn Jeffreys,
LL.D. ; Secretaries, Frederick C'urrey, M. A., and 8t. Greorge
Mivart, Esq.

After the delivery of the President's Addres.s, it was moved
by Dr. Hooker, seconded by IMr. Grote, and carried unanimously,
That the thanks of the Society be given to Dr. Allman for his
excellent Address, and that he be requested to allow it to be
printed. [The Address was printed in the .Tournah Zoologv,
xiii. 2G1-30-5, Xo GO. J

June 1st, 1S7G.

Prof. G, J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

The President nominated Mr. Bentham, Mr. Busk, Dr. Car-
penter, and Dr. Jeffreys, Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year.

Thomas Higgins, Esq., and William Hope Boixlth, Esq., were
elected Fellows.

Mr. Bull, F.L.S., exhibited living plants of Liberian and Ara-
bian Coffee.

Mr. Jackson, xV.L.S., exhibited samples of Liberian and Mocha
Coffee, also of Coffcea steno^diylla ; likewise a series of Photographs
illustrating the Cultivation of Coftee in Central America.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Origin of Floral yEstivation." By the Eev. George
Heuslow, M.A., F.L.S.

2. " On Glandular Bodies on Acacia sphcerocepliala and Cecro-
pia peltata, serving as Food for Ants." By Francis Darwin, M.B.,
F.L.S.

3. "On a Collection of Ferns formed by Mr. Pool in the Li-
terior of Madagascar." By J, G. Baker, F.L.S.

4. "Lichens from Madagascar collected by Mr. Pool." By
the Rev. J. M. Crombie, M.A., F.L.S.

5. " ^Xotice of new living Crinoids belonging to the Apiocri-
nidce:' By Prof. C. Wyville Thomson, F.L.S.

G. " Notice of some peculiarities in the Mode of Propagation
of certain Echinodernis of the Southern Sea." By Pi*of C.
"VVyville Thomson, F.L.S.

ITNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XI

Juue 15 til, 1S7G.
Prof. Gr. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Ciuilr.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.
Theodore Eathbone, Esq., was elected a Pellow.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Domestic Pig of Prehistoric Times in Britain."
By George Eolleston, M.D., P.E.S., P.L.S.

2. " On the Superposed Arrangements of the Parts of the
Plower." By M. T. Masters, M.D., P.E.S., F.L.S.

3. " On the Histology and Development of BalJia.'" By W.
Archer, P.E.S. Communicated by AV. T, T. Dyer, F.L.S.

4. " On tlie Osteology and Pterylosis of Enrynorlninclms jiijg-
mcens^ By John Anderson, M.D., F.L.S.

5. " On some Points in the Histology of certain Species of
CoraUinecer By Major-General Nelson, E.E., and Prof. P. M.
Duncan, F.E.S. Communicated by Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

G. " Notes on a small Collection of Birds from S.E. New
Guinea." By E. B. Sharpe, F.L.S.

7. " Notes on Oxystomatous Crustacea." By E.J. Miers, F.L.S.

8. " On the Digestive Ferment of Nepenthes." By S. H.
Vines, B.A. Communicated by W. T. T. Dyer, F.L.S.

9. " Notes on a Lomaria from the Malvern District, Canter-
bury, New Zealand." By T. H. Potts, F.L.S.

10. " Habits of Ferns observed about the Malvern Hills, Can-
terbury, New Zealand." By T. H. Potts, F.L.S.

11. "Additioual Note relative to the Norwegian Lemming."
By W. Duppa Crotch, F.L.S. . ., ^

12. " Lichenes Insula? Eodriguesii. Enumeration of Lichens
collected by Dr. Balfour in the Island of Eodriguez." By the
Eev. J. M. Crombie, M.A., F.L.S.

13. " Botany of the ' Challenger ' :—

" IMarine Algse collected by H. N. Moseley, M.A., in
Japan." By George Didde, M.D., F.L.S.
11, " Marine Alg?e collected by Mr. Moseley at Juan Fer-
nandez." By George Dickie, M.D., P^.L.S.
15. " Marine Algfe collected by Mr. Moseley in the Sand-
wich Islands and in Torres Straits." By George Dickie,
M.D., F.L.S.
10. " Note on the Freshwater Algae of Kerguelen Island."
By "W. Archer, F.E.S. Communicated by Dr. Hooker, C.B.,
Prcs.E.S., F.L,S.

PEOCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(SESSION 1876-77.)

Noveinbei" 2ud, 1876.
Prof. Gr. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Mr. D. Crotch, P.L.S., exhibited live Lemmings, with drawings,
and maps of their migrations.

Mr. Algernon Peckover, P.L.S., exhibited specimens of youDg
Insectivora, Hemicentetes nigriceps, and Insects from Mada-
gascar.

Mr. A. Gr. Butler, P.L.S., exhibited specimens of Insects be-
longing to the genus Euptijcliia.

Mr. A. de Crespigny exhibited specimens of Toi'dylium maxi-
mum, which he had gathered in August last in considerable quan-
tity near Tilbury Fort.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Distribution of the Monocotyledonous Orders into
primary Groups, more especially with reference to the Australian
Plora." By George Bentham, P.R.S., V.P.L.S.

2. " On some Irish Sticklebacks ( (7«6Yerosfe«6^)." By Surgeon-
Major Francis Day, P.L.S.

3. " On the Eespiratory Action of the Carnivorous Water-
Beetles {Bytiscidce)^ By D. Sharpe, Esq., and

4. "Descriptions of some new ScarahceiclcB from Central Ame-
rica." By D. Sharpe, Esq. Both communicated by H. "W . Bates,
F.L.S.

5. "Descriptions of two new Lepidopterous Insects from
Malacca." By A. G. Butler, F.L.S.

6. " Descriptions of new Species of the Lepidopterous genus
EujJtychia:' By A. Or. Butler, F.L.S.

7. "Botany of the 'Challenger': Supplemental Note on the
Algse of the ' Challenger' Expedition." By George Dickie, M.D.
F.L.S.

XIV PKOCEEDl^GS OF THE

Noveuabcr 16tli, 187(3.

Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., P.E.8., Preisident, iu the Chair.

The Minutea of the hist Mectiug were rend and aigucd.

J. C. Omau, Esq., E. H. Peck, Esq., aud D. G. Eutherford,
Esq., were elected Eellows.

Mr. Moseley exhibited, in illustration of his paper, examples of
the Insular Floras of the Soutli Atlantic and Indian Oceans ;
also a collection of Japanese books bearing npon Botany, Horti-
culture, and Zoology.

Mr. Sharpe exhibited drawings of the birds described in his
paper.

The following papers were read: —

1 . " Notes on the Flora of Marion Island." By H. N. Moseley,
M.A. Communicated by Prof. Oliver, F\E.S., F.L.S.

2. '• On the Birds collected by Prof. J. B. Steere in the Philip-
pine Archipelago." By E. Bowdler fSharpe, F.L.S.

3. " IS'ote on an American Grasshopper, Caloptenus femur-
ruhrtim.^' By A. Oppermann ; with Eemarks by Frederick Smith,
Esq. Communicated by Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

December 7th, 1870.

George BejsTiiam, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

David Alfred Mitchell Aird, Esq., Eaudal H. Alcock, Esq.,
Capiaiu AVilliam E. Armit, James Armstrong, Esq., Edward
Bibbius Aveling, D.Sc, George Dransfield Brown, Esq., Henry
Laver, Esq., Henry Skey Muir, M.D., Horace Pearce, Esq.,
Greenwood Pirn, Esq., Count Werner van den Steen, John David-
son Walker, Esq., and Arthur AV. Waters, Esq., were elected
l^cllows.

Mr. Thomas Christy, Jun., exhibited specimens of the so-
called "Black Coral," Antipathcs sp., from the Philippines.

The following papers Avere read: —

1. " On the Geographical Distribution of Indian Ereshwater
Fishes." By Dr. Francis Day, F.L.S.

2. " Systema Iridacearum." By J. G. Baker, F.L.S.

3. "New British Lichens." By Eev. AV. A. Leightou, M.A.,
E.L.S.

December 21st, 1876.

Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., IMI.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read aud signed.

Thomas Chri.sty, Juu., Esq., aud Eobert Draue, Esq., were
elected Fellows.

tlKNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDOX. XV

The tbllowiug papers were read : —

1. " The Butterflies of Malacca." By A. G. Butler, F.L.S.

2. " On the Male Genital Armature iu the European Ehopalo-
ccra." By F. Buchanan AVhite, M.D., E.L.S.

3. "On a Commercial Cane ealleci '"Whangee,' Phyllostachys
sp." By John R. Jackson, A.L.S.

4. "On a new Hornbill from the Island of Panay." By K.
BoNvdler 8hai'pe, F.L.S.

5. " On the Habits of Horubills." By John Anderson, M.D.,
1\L.S.

G. " Morphological Notes on certain Species of Tlmnlerala,''^
By M. M. Hartog, T.L.S.

7. " On new Deep-sea Ascidiaus from the ' Challenger' Expe-
dition," By H. jST. Moseley, M.A. Communicated by Dr.
Murie, E.L.'S.

8. " On the Comparative Anatomy of the Auditory Ossicles of
the Mammalia." By A. H. G. Doran, Esq. Communicated bv
W. H. Flower, E.L.S.

9. " On Actcemorpli.a crosa, a new Crustacean." By E. J.
Miers, E.L.S.

January iSth, 1877.
Prof, G. J. Allmajt, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

William Miller Ord,M.D., Thomas Eoutledge, Esq., and Samuel
David Titmas, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. E. I. Lynch exhibited young plants of wheat grown from
seed which had been exposed, during the Polar Expedition of
1874-70, to the intense cold of Smith's Sound.

The following papers were read : — •

1, " On the Amphibious and Migratory Fishes of India." By
Dr. Francis Day, F.L.S.

2. " Account of new Species, Varieties, and Monstrous Forms
of Medusae."— Part II. By G. J. Eomanes, F.L.S.

February 1st, 1877.

Geoege Bentham, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

George Boulger, Esq., Alfred S. Heath, Esq., and William
Melles, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. Bennett, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of Mimicking Insects
captured in Syria by IS". Goadman, Esq.

Mr. Stevens, F.L.S., exhibited some unusually large Oak-leaves
gathered near Croydon ; also an example of dorsal cohesion in
the flowers of a species of Anemone.

XVI pnocEEDixas or the

The tbllowiug papers -were read : —

1. " On the Habits of Auts, Bee?, aud AVasps."— Part IV.
By Sir Johu Lubbock, Bart., F.K.S , F.L.S.

2. " Aspect of the Vegetation of llodriguez." By Isaac Ba\'ley
Balfour, D.So., E.L.S.

3. " Tropical Fenis collected by Prof. Stecre iu 1870-75." By
M. "VV. Harrington, Esq., M.A. Communicated by J. G. Baker,
F.L.S.

4. " Enumeration of Fungi collected during the Expedition of
JLM.S. ' ChalUuiger ' " (3rd notice). By the Eev. M. J. Berkeley,
M A., F.L.S.

February 15tb, 1877.

Prof. (Jr. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Ciiair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

AVilliam Burns, Esq., Edmund Thomas G-arduer, Esq., Mark
W. Harrington, Esq., J. W. 8. Meiklejolm, M.D., the Eev. John
Stobbs, and Sir Charles William Strickland, Bart., were elected
Fellows.

Mr. Lister, F.L.S., exhibited under the Microscope, and made
some remarks on, specimens of the Plasmodium or Amoeboid
stage of Myxomyceics,

The following papers Avere read : —

1. " On the Root-stock of Marattia fraxi)iea, Sm." By John
Buclianau, Esq., F.L.S.

2. " On Algfc collected by Dr. Isaac B. Balfour, F.L.S., at the
Island of Eodriguez." By George Dickie, M.D., F.L.S.

3. " On a new example of the Phyllodocid {Anaitis rosea)."
By \V. C. M'Litosh, M.D., F.E.S.E., F.L.S.

4. " On certain new forms of Actinariie dredged in the Deep Sea
by H.M.S. ' Cliallenger,' with a Description also of certaiu new
Pelagic surface-swinnning species." By H. N". Moseley, M.A.
Communicated by Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

5. " On the Pouch of Marsupials." By E. D. Fitzgerald,
FL.S.

March 1st, 1877.
Prof. a. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read aud signed.

Eobert Gillies, Esq., Herbert Goss, Esq., A. C. L. G-. GiintheT,
M.D., and Matthew Moggridge, Esq., were elected Fellows ; and
Dr. M. C. Cooke was elected an Associate.

Mr. Hiern, F.L.S., exhibited and made some remarks on the
embryo of Diospyros Einhryopteris, Persoon, upon which species
Gacrtncr founded liis genus Emhryopteris.

LlKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. XVll

Dr. Masters, P.L.S., exhibited and gave detailed notices of a
number of trees from Gordon Castle, Banffshire, sent to him by
Mr. J. "Webster, gardener and forester to the Duke of Eiehmond
and Grordon.

The following papers weve read : —

1. " Spicilegium Fiorse Maroccana5." By John Ball, F.R.S.,
F.L.S.

2. " On the Liliaceie, Iridacea;, Hypoxidace;e, and Hfemodo-
raceae of Dr. AVelwitsch's Angolan Herbarium." By J. Gf.
Baker, F.L.S.

3. '• Description of a new form of Ophiuridip." By Edgar A.
Smith, Esq. Communicated by Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

4. " Further Contributions to the Lichenographia of New
Zealand." By Charles Knight, F.L.S.

March IStli, 1877.

Prof. Gr. J. Allma-N, M.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

The Eev. E. Gardner Smith and Alexander Young Stewart,
Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. A. Young Stewart exhibited samples of a Bark from New
Zealand, believed to be that of a species of Leptospennum, and
said to possess remarkable medical properties. He also laid before
the Society a sample of what has been termed " Persian Mauua."

The followiug papers were read : —

1. " On poisoned Spears and Arrows." By the Eev. Tho nas
Powell, F.L.S.

2. " Contributions to the Ornithology of New Guinea." — Part
II. By E. Bowdler Sharpe, F.L.S.

3. " Notice of two large extinct Lizards formerly inhabiting
the Mascareue Islands." By Dr. A. Giinther, F.E.S., F.L.S.

April 5th, 1S77.

Prof. G. J. AlLxMan, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Clialr.

The Minutes of the last Meeting wore read and signed.

Captain Chinmio, E.N., the Eev. John Constable, and Archi-
bald Liversidge, Esq., Avere elected Fellows.

Sir Charles Strickland, Bart., exhibited a flowering specimen
of Crinum aquaticim, a native of Graham's Town, Cape of Good
Hope.

The followiug papers were read : —

1. " On a Collection of Ferns made by Miss H. Gilpin in the
Interior of Madagascar." By J. G. Baker, F.L.S.

2. " Contributiones ad floram Algarum aqucO dulcis Prom.
Bona? Spei." By Paul F. Keiusch. Communicated by Dr,

Hooker, C.B., Pres.E.S.

LI>X. see. I'KOCEEDIXOS. — SESSIONS 1875-SO. c

Xviii I'ftOCKEblNGS OF THi:

3. '• Ou Jlifodcs Lcmmus in Norway." Dy Eoberl Collclt.
Communicated by Dr. Murie, T.L.S.

■1. " List of Hepaticrc collected by the Rev. A. E. Eatou at the
Cape of Good Hope." By William Mitten, A.L.S.

5. " Xew TBrilisih Lichens." Bv the Eev. AV. A. Leighton,

r.L.s.

April 19th, 1S77.

Geohoe BEXTiiAiT, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last IMecting ^vc^e read and signed.

The Chairman proposed Di*. Boycott, Mr. Lee, Mr. M''Ltichlan,
and ^[r. Stainton as Members of the Committee for auditing tiic
Treasurer's accounts ; and a show of hands having been taken,
they were declared to be elected.

The following papers were read : —

1. '• On the G-eographical Distribution of the 3Ieh'((ce(e." By
M. Casimir de Candolle. Communicated bv George Beutham,
1\E.S., V.P.L.S.

2. "On tlie Disarticulation of Branches." By E. L Lynch,
Esq. Communicated by J. G. Baker, F.L.S.

3. " Ou the Geographical Distribution of ludiau Treshwater
rishcs."~Part II. By Dr. Pranois Day, P.L.S.

4'. " On the Eegadera {EitpJectella aspergilJuiii).''' By Captain
Chimmo, E.X., P.L.S.

5. "On a new form of GloViijcriixaP Bv Captain Chimmo.
K.N., P.L.8.

May 3rd, 1877.

Prof. G. J. Allmax, M.D., P.E.S., President, in the Ciuiir.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

James Paton, Esq., Avas elected a Fellow ; and M. Pierre
Duchartrc, Professor Carl Gegcnbaur, and Professor Eudolph
Leuckart were elected Foreign Members.

Mr. A. AV. Beunett exhibited specimens of the Common Prim-
rose gathered by Miss Dowson near Beccles, showing the curious;
abnormal characters of the stamens being from six to ten in
number and completely dissociated from the corolla.

The following papers were read : —

1. "On Thlasid perfolialum as a British Plant." By G. S.
Boulger, F.L.S.

2. *' On tlic Structure and Affinities of the Genus Ahcoliles
and Allied Fonns." By Prof. Nicholson, F.L.S., and E. Ethe-
ridge, Jun., Esq.

3. " Ou the Sacral Plexus and Sacral A'ertebra) of Lizards."
Bv Prof. St. George J. Mivart, F.E.S.. F.L.S., and the Eev.
Eobcrt Clarke, F.L.S.

Lrx>'ElX SOCIEXr of LO^'DO".

lis

May 24th, 1877.

Aiiniversai'i/ Meetinr/.
Prof. G-. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, iu the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Mr. M'^Lachlau, from the Committee appointed to audit the
Treasurer's accovmts, reported the state of them to be as follows
(see p. xx).

The Treasurer then read the following General Statement of
the Society's Accounts from the 1st Mav, 187G, to the 80th April,
1877, viz.: —

Balance iu the hands of the Bankers at the last £ s. cL

Audit ^ 5(30 17 0

Keceivcd since (including legacies, £700) 2.368 G 10

3138 3 10

Paid since 1^10 J_4

Cash (£856 Oa'. 6t/.) or invested Balance (£372) ... i228 0 6
Deduct Cash Balance at last Audit 569 17 0

Increase in the Cash or invested Balance 658 3 6

Amount of Liabilities at hist Audit 312 0 6

Do. do. present Audit 68 6 10

Decrease in amount of Liabilities 213 13 8

Add increase in the Casli or invested Balance 658 3 6

Balance in favour of Society on year's Account £901 17 2

Funds invested at date £2860 0 0

The Secretary reported that the following Members had died,
or their deaths been ascertained, since the last Anniversary,
viz. : —

Pellows (12).

J. Scott Bowerbanh, LL.D,

E.E.S.*
John Butter, M.D.
William Carr, M.D.
Henry Collinson, Esq.
Charles Enderby, Esq.*
Eev. Thomas Hugo *.

Charles Lambert, Esq,
eFohn Leckenby, Esq.*
Edward Xewman, Esq.*
John llussell liecves, Esq.*
Sudlow Eoots, Esq.*
Alfred Smec, Esq.*

Eoiu:iG^' Membeks (5).

Karl Ernst vun Baer, M.D.*
Alexander Braun, M.D.*
Christian GJottfricd Ehrenbcrg,
M.D.*

''' Fur I'croreiiee tu uulicc, sue Index.

Wilhelm Hufmeisler, M.D.*
Guisepjie de Notaris, M.D.*

xt

I'llOCEEDlNGS OF THE

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDOIST Xll

That tljo following Pellow had withdrawn,
A. P. Haselden, Esq.

And that forty-three Fellows and three Foreign Members had
been elected since the last Anniversary.

The President then opened the business of the day, and tho
Members pi'csent proceeded to ballot for the Council and Ofllcers
for the ensuing year.

The Ballot for tho Council having closed, the President nomi-
nated JMr. Grut, INIr, M'Lachlan, and jNIr. Pascoo to be Scruti-
neers ; the votes having been counted and reported to the Presi-
dent, he declared the following Members to be removed from tlio
Council, viz. : —

George Bentham, P.E.S.,Lieut.-Gen. Scott, C.B.,"R. B. Sharpe,
Esq., H. T. Staiutou, Esq., Cliarles Stewart, Esq.

And the following to be elected into the Council, viz. : —

Lieut.-Col. Grant, "William Carrnthers, Esq., Eobert Iludson,
Esq., John Millar, M.D., E. C. A. Prior, M.D.

The Ballot for the Officers having also closed, the President
appointed the same Scrutineers ; the votes having been counted
and reported to tho President, he declared the following to be
elected, viz. : — President, Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D. ; Treasurer,
J. Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D. ; Secretaries, Frederick Currey, Esq.,
and St. George J. Mivart, Esq.

After the reading of the President's Address, it was moved by
Mr. Busk, seconded by Dr. Carpenter, and unanimously resolved.
That the thanks of the Society be given to Dr. Allman for his
excellent Address, and that he be requested to allow it to be
printed. [It will be found in the Journal, Zoology (No. 71), xiii,
pp. 3 85- 1-39.]

June 7th, 1877.

Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

W. E. M'Nab, M.D., Captain George Peter Moore, and Thomas
William AVonfor, Esq., wei'e elected Fellows.

The President nominated George Busk, Esq., AV. B. Carpenter,
M.D., William Carruthers, Esq., and J. Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D.,
A^ice-Presidents for the ensuing year.

The following papers were read : —

1. "On some Points in the Morphology of the Primulacea\"
By M. T. Masters, M.D., F.E.S., F.L.S. '

2. "Note on the Causes of Numerical Increase in the Parts of
Plants." By the Eev. George Heuslow, M.A., F.L.S.

3. " On the Nymph-Stage of the Embidce, with Notes on the
Habits of the Family." My Eobert M^Lachlau, F.L.S.

xxii rnocEEDixGS or tiie lixxeax sociExr of loxdox.

4. "Observations on British Polyzoa." Bv C. W. Peach,
A.L.S.

5. " On tlie Floral Development and Symmetry of the Natural
Order Sapotacea?." By Marcus M. llartog, F.L.S.

G. " Lichens of the 'Cliallenger ' Expedition." By the Eev. J.
M. Crombie, F.L.8.

7. " On Species of Crustacea living within Philippine Sponges
{E,ipJcctclJfi and Me>irrinn)'' By Edward J. iNIiers. F.L.S.

June 21st, 1877.
The Eev. George Hexslow, M.A., in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.
John Macdouald, M.D., was elected a Fellow.
Dr. Braithwaite, F.L.S. , exhibited a panicle of the Chamarops
Fortiinei which had flowered without protection for five conse-
cutive years in his gavdcn at Clapham.

The following papers were read : —

1. "On the Genus Actinometra, Miill., with a Morphological
Account of anew Species from the Philippines." By P. H. Car-
penter, Esq., B.A. Communicated by W. B. Carpenter, M.D.,
F.L.S.

2. "On the Conditions favouring Fermentation and the
Appearance of Bacteria &c. in previously boiled Fluids." By
H. C. Bastian, M.D., F.L.S.

3. " On a new Genus of Parasitic Algae (Mi/coidea), and on the
part which it plays in the Formation of certain Lichens." By
David D. Cunningham, M.B., F.L.S.

•J. " Notes on the Peculiarities and Distribution of Eubiacea)
in Tropical Africa." By W. P. Hiern, F.L.S.

5. " Fungi of the Counties of Dublin and Wicklow." By
Greenwood Pirn, M.A., F.L.S.

0. " Monograph of the Gymnozoidal Discostomatous Flagellata ,
a new Order of Infusoria." By W. S. Kent, F.L S.

7. " Descriptions of Genera and Species of Australian Phyto-
2)hagous Beetles." By Joseph S. Baly, F.L.S.

8. " Contributions to the Ornithology of New Guinea." —
Part III. By E. B. Sharpe, F.L.S.

9. " On the Annelida obtained during the Cruise of H.M.S.
' Valorous ' to Davis Straits in 1875." By AY. C. M'Intosh,
M.D., F.L.S,

PROCEEDINOxS

or TnE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON,

(SESSION 1877-78)

Kovember 1st, 1877.
.Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, iu the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Stuart M. Samuel, Esq., and Peter Wyatt Squire, Esq., were
elected Eellows.

The Eev. T. H. Sothcbv, of Langford Budvillo, Somerset, ex-
hibited branches of a remarkable Shrub originally from Lady
Eolles's garden at Bicton. It was described and figured by
Dr. Lindley in the Journal of the Horticultural Society, vol. v.,
as Golletia hictonensis, and there stated to be a seedling raised
from C spinosa ; but it had been described in the ' Botanical
Miscellany ' by Sir W. J. Hooker twenty years before as CoUefia
cruciata, from dried specimens collected by Dr. Grillies near Mal-
donado, La Plata.

Mr. Holmes, P. L.S., exhibited specimens of Sugar-cane attacked
by a Fungus, which is causing the destruction of a cane-planta-
tion in the south of India, lie also exhibited Mr. Ilanbury's
collection of Cardamoms from the herbarium of the Pharmaceu-
tical Society, to illustrate Dr. King's paper on the Winged
Cardamom.

Dr. Masters, P.L.S., exhibited specimens of a Grape within a
grape (adventitious fruit in placeof seed), and adventitious tabers
producing buds on the root or tigellum oi JSrmsica Bapct.

Mr. A. 0. AValker, P.L.S., exhibited flowering specimens from
his garden at Vhe^iev oi Fremont ia californica, Pentxtemoii Cleve-
landii, P. spectahilis, P. coi'difoUus,EHgcni(( oj[)iculataj &c.

XXIV PEOCEEDINQS OP THE

The followiug papers were read: —

1. " On tlic Source of the Wiap^ed Cardamom of Nepaul." By
George King, M.B., F.L.S., Superintendent of the Botanic
Garden, Calcutta.

2. " Note on Australian Finches of the Genus Po'cplnla.'" By
Captain William E. Armit, F.L.B.

3. " On the Self-fertilization of Plants." By the Rev. George
Hen slow, F.L.S.

" Revision of the llippida' (a Group of Anomurous Crus-
tncej

riensiow, x' .Xi.r>.

4'. " Revision of the llippida' (a Group of
tncea)." By E. J. Miers, Esq., F.L.S.

November 15th, 1877.
J. Gavy>- Jeffreys, LL.D., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair,
The Minutes of the last Meeting -were read and signed.

William Stewart Lawson, Esq., the Rev. Murray Alexander
Mathew, f.nd William Joshua, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Captain Feilden, E.N., exhibited specimens of Lepidoptera and
otbcr insects collected by himself during the recent Arctic E.vpe-
dition at Grinnell Laud between 78" and 88° N. latitude.

Mr. J. Jcnner Weir, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of Butterflies
captured on the Alps at an elevation of 8000 to 9000 feet.

Dr. Trimen, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of the Olibanum, or
Frankincense-tree, BosweJlia Carterii, Birdwood, gathered by
Mr. James Collins at Aden in October 1877. He also made some
observations on the variability of the foliage of the species of
£osweJJia ; and expressed an opinion than £. Bhau-Dajiana,
Birdw., was not specifically separable from B. Carterii. B. Fre-
reana, in a wild state, is confined to Somali-land, where it was
recently gathered by Hildebraud.

Mr. Holmes, F.L.S., exhibited dried specimens of Bosu'ellia
from the herbarium of the late Daniel Hanbury (now the pro-
perty of the Pharmaceutical Society) ; also specimens of the gum-
resins produced by BosioeUia Carterii and B. Frereana.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Report on the Insecta (including Arachnida) collected by
Captain Feilden and Mr. Hart during the recent Arctic Expedi-
tion." By Robert M''Lach]an, F.R.S., F.L.S.

2. " Preliminary Notes on the Surface-fauna of the Arctic
Seas as observed in the recent Arctic Expedition." By Edward
L. Moss, IM.D. Communicated by Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

3. " Ou the Annelids of the British Nortli-Polar Expedition,"
ByAV. C. M'Intosh, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S.

December 4th, 1877.
Prof. G. J. Al!.ma^', M.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
Tbe Minutes of the last IMceting were read and signed.

LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XIV

John Nugeut Fitch, Esq., John Sykes Gamble, Esq., John
Macouu, Esq., Francis Taylor Piggott, Esq., and Alexander Banna-
tyne Stewart, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. Tliiselton Dyer, F.L.S., exhibited leaves and wood of the
Kaii-Mu Tree, a native of Yunan, probably belonging to the
natural family Lauracea:". The wood of this tree is highly valued
by the Chinese for building-purposes, and is also used for coffins.
He also exhibited a seed o{ EntaJa seandens and of an Anonaceous
plant (possibl}- Ci/athocaly.v Mainr/ai/i) found in the erecum of
Rhinoceros sumafrensls ; and a fruit o^ Oncocarpus ivom iXxG crop
of a Fruit-Pigeon {Carpophcu/a) ; and, in illustration of Dr.
Bayley Balfour's paper, part of tlie fruit-head of a species of
Pandanus, the fibrous portion of which forms a sort of brush.

Mr. J. E. Howard, F.L.S., exhibited from his garden at Tot-
tenham flowering specimens of two varieties of Cinchona Cnlisnija.

A small collection of Insects from Java was exhibited on behalf
of Dr. J. C. Ploem, Director of the Hospital at Sindang-lajeja,
Java.

Mr. Moggridge, F.L.S., read a note in reference to the occur-
rence in considerable abundance on AVallis's Down (a wild heath
to the north of Bournemouth) of Daheocia polifoVia and Erica
var/ans, which, liowever, although they appeared to have estab-
lished themselves there, lie did not believe to be indigenous.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On certain Organs of the Cidaridae." By Charles Stewart,
F.L.S.

2. "Observations on the Genus Pandanus.'" By Isaac B.
Balfour, Sc.D., F.L.S.

3. " On a Collection of Insects obtained by Dr. Ploem in Java."
By C. 0. Waterhouse, Esq. Communicated by Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

4. "Notes on theEev. Mr. Crombie's Paper on the Lie-hens of
tlie ' Challenger ' Expedition." By James Stirtou, M.D., F.L.S.

5. " Note on the Migration of Wild Geese." By R. C. A.
Prior, M.D., F.L.S.

December 20th, 1877.

Prof. G. J. Ar.L^fAN, M.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were road and signed.

Algernon Sidney Bicknell, Esq., Ernest Ayscoghe Floyer, Esq.,
and William Vincent Legge, Captain E.A., were elected Fellows.

Dr. Masters showed a remarkable specimen of CoJletia just
received by him in a living state from Signor Fenzi, of Florence,
of peculiar interest in connection with the specimens exhibited
on November 1st by the Eev, T, H. Sotheby ; the same branch
producing shoots with the broad flattened deltoid spines charac-
teristic of C cruciafa, Hook. (C hicfonensis, Lindl.), and othei's

XXVI PROCEEDINGS OF THE

with slender cylindrical spines, very similar to, but more slender
than, those of C. spinosa.

Mr. S. AV. Silver, F.L.S., exhibited a scries of Weapons and
other objects from New Caledonia ; and also Arrows and Poison
from the Fiji Islands obtained by Consul Edgar Layard.

Mr. Worthiugton Smith, F. L.S., exliiblted, and made remarks
on, a fossil Fungus {Peronosporites antiquarins) with zoospores
in aitu. He also cxhiliitod drawin;:^s of IBnlefu-^ frnhfoiuriifosus
and other Fungi.

The following ])apers were read : —

1. " On the Alga; found during the Arctic Expedition.'' By
George Dickie, M.D., F.L.S.

2. " Descriptions of new (xenera and Species of Phytophagous
Coleoptera." By Joseph Baly, F.L.S.

ij. " On the Anatomy of the Elk (Alces macJiUs).'^ By Prof.
M. Watson, M.D., and A. II. Young, M.B. Communicated by
Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

4. " On the Minnte Structure of Stromatopora and its Allies."
By Prof. 11. A. Xicliolsou, F.L.S., and Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

January l7th, 1S7S.

Prof. G. J. Allmax, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

John Bedford Kerswill, M.E.C.P., was elected a Fellow.

Mr. Tliiselton Dyer, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of the Dipte-
rocarpea; (three species) collected by Beccari in New Guinea.

Mr. Jackson, A.L.S., exhibited a nest of the Wool-bird con-
structed of cotton-pod wool, which had been forvvarded to the
Kew !}.[us( um by Sir Bartle Frerc from Malmesbury, South Africa,
lie also exhibited fasciated stems of Dipsacus fuUonum, which
had been largely imported by Messrs. Marshall and Snelgi'ove,
and employed by them as handles for parasols c^"c.

The following papers were read :- —

1. " On Ili/psiprjjinnodon, a Genus indicative of a distinct
Family in the Diprotodont Section of the Marsupialia." By Prof.
Owen,' F.E.S., F.L.S., &c.

2. " On tlie Nutrition of Broaera rofinulifoh'n." By Francis
Darwin, ]\LB., F.L.S.

3. "Notes touching Eeccnt Eesearches on the Eadiolaria,"
By Prof. St. George Mivart, F.E.S., F.L.S., «fcc.

Febriuiry 7th, 1878.

Prof. G. J. Allmax, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

John Giraud .Agar, Esq., and Charles Berjeau, E:<c[., were elected
Fellows.

LINXEAK SOCIETY OF LO>DOX. XIVU

Mr. Tlilselton Dyer, F.L.S., exhibited, aucl made some observa-
tions on, the " liaiii-tree," Moyabamla of Central America, Fithc'
colohium Saman, Benth.

Tiie following papers were read : —

1. '• Observations on the Habits of Ants, Bees, and Wasps."—
Part V. By Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.B.S., F.L.8.

2. " On the Structure of the Shell of the Bryozoa." B7 Arthur
W. Waters, Esq., F.L.S.

The following Address to Professor von Sicbold, P.M.L.8.,
was proposed by the President and unauimously agreed to : —

" The Linnean Society of London sends Greeting to its illus-
trioxis Member, Carl Theodor Ernst von Siebold. It congratu-
lates him on the celebration of his Jubilee, as the recognition of
his many epoch-making researches, and of a lifetime passed in the
service of science.

" It trusts that many years of health and strength ai'e still befoi'e
him, and that science may long continue to have the benefit of
his labours,"

February 21st, 1878.

William Caerutiiees, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Henry F. Hance, Ph.D., Edward Milner, Esq., George Shearer,
INLD. , and the Eev. E. Boog Watson vrere elected Fellows,

Mr. Thomas Christy, F.L.S., exhibited a diagram on Ossenkop's
system of Plant propagation. He also exhibited some berries of
tlie Liberian Coffee of this year's growtli.

Mr. Holmes, F.L.S. , exhibited Galls from the Oak, formed by
Aj^li'doih'ir SielolcUi, from AVillesborough, Asliford ; also speci-
mens of Duboisia myojjoroides, E. Br., from Brisbane.

Mr. Lockwood exhibited a specimen of SponrjiUn Carferi from
Northern India.

Mr. Thiselton Dyer, F.L.S., exhibited the Inflorescence and a
Drawing of Ptycliosjjerma riq^icola, Thw. (Loxocoeeits, Wendl.),
which had flowered, for the first time in Europe, at Kew.

The following papers were read : —

1. '-Notes on the Mahwa Tree {Bassia lallfulia):' By E.
Lockwood, Esq. Communicated by Thomas Christy, F.L.S.

2. " Synopsis of the Ilypoxidacca^." By J. G. Baker, F.L.S.

3. " On the Schcepfiea^ and Cervantesiea*, distinct Tribes of tlio
Styracea^." By John Miers, F.E.S., F.L.S.

4. " On the Butterflies in the Collection of the British
Museum hitherto referred to the Genus Eur>loea, Fabr." By A.
G. Butler, F.L.S,

IXVlll PBOCEKDINGS OF TKK

March 7th, 1878.
J, Gwi'iV Jeffreys, F.K.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.
Charles C. P. Ilobkirk, Esq., was elected a Fellow.
The Cliairinan announced that in consequence of tlie lllue.s3 of
tlie Asisistant in the Libraiy, the Ecading-room would bt^ closed
(luring the next month at lialf-past four.

Mr. Thomas Christy oxiiibiteda series of Chinese fruits ; among
others a remarkable Citron, known in China as the " Claw of
Huddha."

Mr. Rich exhibited specimens of a rare variety of Helix
rir(/at(i.

Prof Lankester exhibited, and made remarks on, a series of
Fossil Walrus-tusks {Trichechodon Ilu.rlei/i) from the Crag of
Sufiblk.

The following papers were read : —

1. '"On some new Species of Nudibrauchiate Mollusca from
the Eastern Seas." By Cuthbcrt CoUingwood, M.A., F.L.S.

2. "On the Laws governing the Prodnction of Seed in ?F"/s-
taria sine)isisy By Thomas Meehau, Esq. Communicated by
the Rev. George Henslow, M.A., F.L.S,

3. '• Enumeration of the Fungi collected during the Arctic
Expedition of 1S75-7C."' By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, F.L.S.

4. '■ 0]i the Development of Fihiria sanguinis-hominis, and on
the Mosquito, considered as a Nurse." Bv Patrick Mansou, M.D.
Communicated by T. S. Cobbold, M.D., F.L.S.

5. '• The Life-history of Fllaria Bancrofti, as explained by the
Discoveries of Wucherer, Lewis, and othei's.'" Bv T. S. Cobbold,

:^r.D.. f.l.s.

March 21st, 1878.
"William Carrutheks, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

John Evans, Esq., Campbell Patrick Ogilvie, Esq., Arthur
Veitch, Esq., and Sidney II. Vines, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. Carruthers exhibited, on the part of G. T. Saul, Esq., an
example of enormous development and adventitious roots upon a
species of Berheris.

On behalf of Mr. J. AVillis Clarke of Cambridge, there were
exhibited three stufted specimens (male, female, and young) of
Fur Seals (Of aria ursina) from Alaska.

The following papers were read : —

1. " The Venation in tlie Leaf of Conium maculaium.'' By John
Gorhani, M.R.C.S.E. Communicated by the Botanical Secretary.

LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LO>"DOX. XXIX

2. '^ On some Genera of the Olacacese." By John Mierp,
F.E.S., F.L.S.

3. " A new Arrangement of the Classes of Zoology founded on
the Position of the Oviducts, or, Avhen they are absent, on the
Position of the Ovaries, iucludiug a new JNIode of Arranging the
Mammalia." By Benjamin Clarke, P.L.8., M.R.C.8.

-i. " List of Fungi from Brisbane, Queensland, Avith Descrip-
tions of new Species." By the Eev. M. T. Berkeley, F.L.S., and
C. E. Broome, F.L.R.

April ith, 1878.

AViLLiAM Caerutuers, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of tlie last Meeting were read and sigued.

Frederick Mausou Bailey, Esq., Archibald Ilervan, M.D.,
George Payne, jun., Esq., and James Eobert Eeid, Esq., were
elected Fellows.

Dr. Triraen, E.L.8., exhibited a remarkable specimen of the base
of the stem of the Water-Hemlock (Cicufa virosa, L.), showing
the floating winter state of the plant.

Mr. George Murray placed on the table specimens of growing
SaproJegnicB exhibiting terminal and interstitial oogonia.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On some Minute Hymenopterous Insects." By Prof.
AVestwood, F.L.8.

2. "The Fungi of Texas." By M. C. Cooke, M.A., LL.D.,
A.L.S.

3. "Eemarks on the Peculiar Properties ascribed by the 8amoaus
to a Fungus." By the Eev. Thomas Powell, F.L.8.

April ISth, 1«7S.

J. Gw\^' JEri'KKis, F.E.8., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting ti\ ere read and sigued.

The Eev. Albert Augustus Harland, Frederick Towusend, Esq.,
the Eev. John James jMuir, and Walter George Piper, Esq., were
elected Fellows.

The Chairman reported the Donation, on the part of the Sub-
scribers, of a Portrait in Oil of the late John Claudius Loudon,
F.L.S., F.H.S., &c., painted from life in 1840-41, by John Linuell.
The special thanks of the Society were directed to be presented
for this very acceptable memorial of Mr. Loudon by so enainent an
artist as Mr. Linnell.

The Chairman proposed Mr. Bentley, Dr. Cobbold, Mr. Hudson,
and Dr. Prior as Members of the Committee for auditing the
Treasurer's Accounts ; and a show of hands having been taken,
thev were declared to be elected.

I\X IMIOCEEDIKGS or TilK

Tho follow iiit; papci'ri were read : —

1. •* Oil the Ucograpliical Distribution of the Gulls and Tcrus
(Laridcc)."' 13y Howard Saundcr;', IMv.S.

2. "Notes on the Action of Limpets in Sinking Pits and
Abrading tho .Surface of the Chalk at Dover." Bj J. Clarke
llawkshaw, Esq. Communicated by 13r. Muric, F.L.S.

li. "On the Fertilization oi Jlei/enia evcclit.'" By K. Irwin
Lynch, Esq. Communicated by Dr. Murie, E.L.8.

The following alterations in the Bye-Laws, agreed to by the
Council, were read by the Vice-President in the Chair, and ordered
to be suspended in the Meeting-lloom : —

It is proposed tliat tlic^rd, -Jtli,5tli,aii(l Gtli Sections of Chapter II. of the
15vc-Liuvs shiill be rei)eale(l ; and that in beu thereof the new Bye-Law»
licreafter set forth shall be made and established, and that the same shidl
be inserted and stand -aj, Sections III., IV., V,, VI., VII., VIII., and IX.
of Chapter II.

Proposcil Xcir Bifc-Laii's.

CHAPTER II.

SiccTiON III. — Every Fellow who shall be elected after the Twenty-
fonrth day of iMay, 182';^ and before the First day of November, 18/8,
shall, besides the Admission-Fee, further contribute towards the Funds
of the Society, ))rcvious to bis Admission, by paying the sum of Thirty
Pounds in lieu of all future Payments ; or he shall sign an Obligation for
the regular Payment of Three Pounds per Annum to the Society, so long
as he shall continue a Fellow.

Section IV. — Every Fellow elected after the Twenty-fourth day of
May, 1829, and before the First day of November, 18/8, may at any time
compound for his future Contributions by l)aying the Sum of Thirty
Pounds in One Year instead of the Annual Contribution for that Year ;
in which case his Obligation to make Annual Payments shall be void.

Section V. — The Yearly Contributions of all Fellows elected after the
Twenty-fourth day of ^lay, 182!', and before the First day of November,
18/8, shall be considered due and i^ayable at each Anniversary IMeeting
for the year in-eceding; but no such Fellow who shall have been elected
on or after the First day of February, 18/8, shall pay the Annual Contri-
bution falling due at the Anniversary Meeting of that Year.

Section VI. — Every Fellow elected on or after the First of November,
1878, shall, in addition to the Admission-Fee of Six Pounds, also pay
Three Pounds as his Annual Contribution in advance for the Year com-
mencing on the preceding Twenty-fourth of May, and a similar Contribu-
tion of Three Pounds annually on each successive Twenty-fourth of May,
so long as he shall continue a Fellow ; jnovided, bow ever, that any such
Fellow, if elected between the First of March and the Twenty-fourth of
Mav in any year, shall not be liable to the Contribution for the year com-
mencing on the ]n-cceding Twenty-fourth of ^lay, but shall pay his first
year's Contribution in advance on the succeeding Twenty -fourth of May.
Every such Fellow shall sign an Obligation for the regidar payment of bis
Annual Contribution of Three Pounds.

Section VII. — Everv Fellow who shall be elected on or pfter the First

LIKKEAN SOCIETY UE lOKDOX. XXXl

of November, 1878, uiuy at any time coiiipoinul for his future Contribu-
tiou, including that for the then current year, by pa} ing the Sum of Forty-
five Pounds. If he should have already paid the Contribution for the
current Year, such Payment shall be allowed in part of the Compo-
sition.

Section VIII. — In case any Fellow be not usually resident within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, such Person shall, within
Six TMonths after his Election, or within such other time as the Council
shall permit, and before he be admitted, cither ])rovide such Security for
the Payment of the Annual Contributions as shall be satisfactory to the
Council, or shall pay to the Treasurer, in lieu of Annual Contributions,
such Sum as is hereinafter mentioned ; that is to say, if such Fellow shall
have been elected after the Twenty-fourth day of IMay, 182i>, and before
the First day of November, 1878, the Sum of Thirty Pounds ; and if such
Fellow shall have been elected on or after the First day of November, 18/8,
the Sum of Forty-tive Pounds.

Section IX. — If any Fellow i)aying yearly Contributions should fail
to bring or send in the same to the Treasurer, then, unless the said Payment
be remitted in whole, or in i)art, by special Order of the Councd, bis
Obligation shall be put in Suit for the Recovery thereof; and he shall be
liable to Ejection from the Society ; upon which the Council shall proceed
as they may see cause.

Miiy 2iid, 1S78.

W. B. Caepenteb, M.D., F.E.8., Vice-Presideut, iii the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

The j^roposed alterations in Chapter II. of the Bye-Laws were
again read by tlie Vice-President in the Chair.

M. Cesar Chantre and Thoinas Comber, Esq., were elected
Pellows.

Teodoro Camel, Ernest Cosson, M.l)., Dr. George Eiigelinaiiu,
Dr. Ediiard Eenzl, and Dr. Julius >Sachs Averc elected ]""'oreigu
Members.

Mr. J. E. JaeksoD. A.L.S., sent for exhibition specimens of tlic
Leaves, Emit, and portions of tlic yicniof Yucca haccata, Torrey,
from Mexico.

A drawing was exhibited and a letter read from the Eev. 11.
H. Higgius in reference to a large Tubularian Hydrozoon from
New Zealand, collected by Dr. Andrew fSiuclair.

Mr. Thomas Higgiu, E.L.iS., exliibiteda photograph, of natural
size, and microscopic specimens of CMtina crecopsis, a rare foi'in
of the H3"dractiniida} from New Zealand.

The following papers were read : —

1. "On Marupa^ a Geuus of the fSimarubacea'."' By John
Miers, E.E.«., E.L.«.

2. " On the (Seed-structure and Germiuation oi JBaclurar By
II. Irwin Lynch. Communicated by Dr. Murie, E.L.tS.

Xiill rilOCEKLI>GS or THE

3. •' On the Occurrence of Conoidal IVuctificatiou in tbe
Mucorin.'o. illustrated bv Chonephora.''' Bv D. D. Cunuincrbam,

May 2itb, 1878.

Aiiniversary Meetinj.

Truf. G. J. Allmax, M.D., F.E.S., Presidoit, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Ur. Prior, I'roni tbe Committee appointed to audit the Trea-
surer's Accounts, reported the same to be as follows (see
p. xxxiii).

Tbe Treasurer then read tbe following General Statement of
tbe !Soeietv"s Accounts from 1st Mav, 1877. to tbe ^Otb April.
1878:—

£ s. d.

Balance in hands of Bankers at last Audit 850 0 G

Eeceived tince 193G 3 5

2792 3 11
Paid since (exclusive of Investment, £700) 1833 18 8

Cash (or invested) Balance at Bankers 9-58 5 3

Balance in hands of Bankers at last Audit 856 0 6

Do. do. present Audit 258 5 3

Decrease in the Cash Balance 597 15 3

Amount of Liabilities at present Audit 123 18 7

Do. do. last Audit 68 6 10

Increase in Liabilities 55 11 9

Decrease in tbe Cash Balance 597 15 3

Add increase in Liabilities 55 11 9

653 7 0

Invested since last Audit 700 0 0

Deduct decrease of Cash Balance and increase of

Liabilities 053 7 0

Balance in favour of Society on the Year's Account. £4G 13 0
Invested Funds £3604 13 10

Tic alterations in tbe Bye-Laws, proposed by the Council on
the 18tb April, having been bung up in tbe Common Meetiug-
Kooni of tbe Society, and read by tbe Vice-President in tbe Chair,
at tbe last two successive General Meetings of tbe Society, were
put to tbe Ballot, and confirmed by tbe Fellows at large, in the
terms of tbe Charter.

I-TKNEAN SOCIETY OV LONDON".

XXXlll

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XXxiv PBOCEEDTNGS OF THE

The Secretary reported that the following Members had died,
or their deaths had been ascertained, since the last Anniversary,

VIZ. : —

Henry Adams, Esq.*
Eobert Howard, E.sq.*
John Henry Lance, Esq.
William Arnold Lewis, Esq
Andrew Murray, Esq.*

Fellows (10).

Thomas F. Robinson, Esq.
AVilliam Eodwcll, Esq.
Henry Fox Talbot, Esq.*
Thomas Thomson, M.D.*
J. V. Wollaston, Esq.*

FoBEiGN Members (4).

Dr. Roberto de Yisiani.*

Dr. Hajrh Algernon Weddell.*

Dr. Elias Magnus Fries.*
Prof. Filippo Parlatore.*

Also that the following Fellows had withdrawn : —

Greneral Sir Edward Sabine.
S. N. Ward, Esq.
Edward Woakes, M.D.

D. G-. Elliot, Esq.
J. M. Jones, Esq.,
Eev. T. A. Marshall.
Richard Mestayer, Esq.

And that 38 Fellows and 5 Foreign Members had been elected
since the last Anniversary.

The President tlien opened the business of the day, and the
Members present proceeded to ballot for the Council and OflBcers
for the ensuing year.

The Ballot for the Council having closed, the President ap-
pointed Dr. Braithwaite, Dr. Colliugwood, and Dr. Trimen to be
Scrutineers to examine the lists and report the result. The
votes having been counted and reported to the President, he
declared the following Members to be removed from the Council,
viz. : —

J. G. Baker, Esq., "W. B. Carpenter, M.D., Henry Lee, Esq.,
W. K. Parker, Esq., S. J. A. Salter, Esq.

And the following to be elected into the Council, viz. : —
John Ball, Esq., Thomas Boycott, M.D., F. DuCane Grodman,
Esq., Albert Giinther, M.D., Rev. George Henslow.

The Ballot for the Officers having also closed, the President
appointed the same Scrutineers to examine the lists and report
the result. The votes having been counted and reported to the
President, he declared the following to be elected, viz. : — Presi-
dent, Prof. Gr. J. Allman, M.D. ; Treasurer, J. Gwyn Jeffreys,
LL.D. ; Secretaries, Frederick Currey, M.A., and St. George
J. Mivart, Esq.

After the reading of the President's Address, it was moved by
Prof. Busk, V.P., and unanimously resolved, that the thanks of

* For reference to notice, see Index.

LINNEATS' SOCIETY OP LONDOIT. XXXV

the Society be given to Dr. Allman for his excellent Address, and
that he be requested to allow it to be printed. [It will be found
in the Journal, Zoologj(N'o. 78), xiv. pp. 489-505.]

June 4th, 1878.

Prof. G-. J. Allman, M.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Charles Bailey, Esq., "William E. Balston, Esq., Alexander
Craig Christie, Esq., and Greorge Robert Milne Murray, Esq.,
were elected Fellows.

Dr. Prior, E.L.S., exhibited a sample of Bath Asparagus, con-
sisting of the unexpanded flowering-spikes of Oniithoqalum pyre-
naicum, which had been largely employed for culinary purposes.

Mr. Percy Sladen, E.L.S., exhibited Echinoderms from the
Korean seas, in illustration of his paper.

Specimens of the so-called "Coffee-leaf Disease" {Hemileia
vasiatrix) were exhibited by the Eev. R. Abbay, in illustration of
his paper.

The following papers were read : —

1. "Note on Fin^uiculagrandijlora" By Dr. Allman, F.R.S.,
President.

2. " Observations on Hemileia vastatrix (the Coffee-leaf Di-
sease)." By the Rev. R. Abbay, M.A. Communicated by "W".
T. Thiselton Dyer, E.L.S.

3. " On the Asteroidea and Echinoidea of the Korean Seas."
By W. Percy Sladen, F.L.S.

4. " On the Korean Ophiuroidea." By P. M. Duncan, M.B.
Communicated by W. P. Sladen, F.L.S.

June 20th, 1878.

Prof G. J. Allman, M.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

"William Cattell, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

The President nominated George Busk, Esq., William Carru-
thers, Esq., Lieut.-Col. Grant, and John Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D.,
Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year.

Dr. Gwyn Jeff'reys exhibited specimens of Virgularia dredged
by himself and the Rev. A. M. Norman in the Oyster fiord,
Norway. These appear to belong to a new species, to be here-
after described by Dr. Danielssen.

Mr. J. R. Jackson, A.L.S., exhibited three Gourds from
Pekin, the fruits of a Lagenaria, probably L. vulgaris, which
appeared to have been ornamented by artificial means while in
the growing state.

d'i

XXXVl PROCEEDINGS OP THE LINNEAN SOOIETT OP LONDON.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Notice of some Shells dredged by Captain St. John, R.N.,
in the Korean Strait." By J. Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D., F.L.S.

2. " On two kinds of Dimorphism in the Rubiaceae." By C.
B. Clarke, F.L.S.

3. " On the Presence of Tach/</7ossus and Ornithorhi/ncJius in
N. and IS'.E. Queensland." By' Captain W. E. Armit, F.L.S.

4. " Eeinarks on the Skull of the Echidna sent by Captain
Armit." By James Murie, M.D., F.L.S.

5. " On the Stapeliae of Thunberg's Herbarium, with Descrip-
tions of new Species." By N. E. Brown, Esq. Communicated
by Prof Oliver, F.L.S.

6. " Observations on the "White Whale {Beluga leucas) exhi-
bited at the Westminster Aquarium." By James Murie, M.D.,
F.L.S.

7. " Structure of the Shell of Bryozoa " (in Abstract). By
A. W. Waters, F.L.S.

PEOCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(SESSION 1878-79.)

November 7th, 1878.

Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in tbe Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

The Eev. William Weekes Fowler, M.A., Wilfred Hudleston,
Esq., and Thomas Moss Shuttleworth, Esq., were elected Fellows.

A Portrait in Oil of the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S.,by
Mr. Peel, was presented by Sir J. D. Hooker, on the part of the
Subscribers; and the Special Thanks of the Society were voted
for this very valuable and acceptable Donation.

Dr. Prior, F.L.S., exhibited a branch of the CoUetia cruciata,
Hook. (C hictonenais, Lindl.), covered with flowers, which had
been produced in the open air, at the Bev. W. Sotheby's, Langford
Budville, Wellington, Somerset.

Dr. Boycott, F.L.S., exhibited a mass of a species of Nitella
obtained in June last from a dried-up pond in St. Leonard's
Forest, Sussex, where it covered some acres.

Mr. Thomas Christy, F.L.S., exhibited living plants of India-
rubber trees ( Tlrostigma Yogelii), and a plant from the West Coast
of Africa said to produce a good Eubber; also the fruit, leaves,
and flower-stem of LandoJfhia flcrida.

Dr. Masters, F.L.S., read an extract of a letter from Dr. O.
Beccari, describing a gigantic Aroid found by him in Sumatra,
growing side by side with Raffiesia Arnoldi. The plant resembles
an Amorjyhophalhis, and has a large tuber 5 feet round, from which
is pushed up a single leaf, with a divided blade, covering an area
of 45 feet. Seedlings have been raised in the garden of the
Marquis Corsi Salviato at Florence.

XXXviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE

The following papers were read : —

1. " Notes on Euphorbiacete." By G. Bentham, F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " On tlie Existence of Carpesium cernuum, Willd., in Queens-
land." By L. A. Bernays, F.L.S.

3. " Notes on Cleistogamic Flowers, chiefly of Viola, Oxalis,
and Impatiensr By A. W. Bennett, M.A., F.L.S.

4. " Descriptions of New Hemiptera." By F. Buchanan "White,
M.D., F.L.S.

5. " On the Absorption of Eain and Dew by the Green Parts
of Plants." By the Eev. George Heuslow, M.A., F.L.S.

November 21st, 1878.

J. GwTN Jeffreys, LL.D., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Thomas Davidson, Esq., and Frederick James Faraday, Esq.,
were elected Fellows.

Dr. W. P. Kesteven exhibited specimens of Melocactus, one of
which had developed additional lobes while kept in a dry place in
his own house at Holloway ; the other a transverse section of the
flowering spike of Melocactus communis.

Mr. Irwin Lynch exhibited tendrils of Vitis cuspidata and other
species, to illustrate his paper.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On Branch-tubers and Tendrils in Yitis gongylodesr By
E. Irwin Lynch. Communicated by Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

2. " Preliminary Eeport on the Mollusca of the ' Challenger '
Expedition." — Parts 1. & II. (viz. the genera Dentalium^ Siplio-
dentalium, and CaduJtis). By the Eev. E. Boog Watson, F.L.S.

3. " On the Symplocacea?." By John Miers, F.E.S., F.L.S.

4. " Notes on Algae from Lake N'yassa, E. Africa." By Prof.
Dickie, F.L.S.

December 5th, 1878.

Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

George Francis Dowdeswell, Esq., Thomas Hanbury, Esq.,
Arthur Hammond, Esq., Joseph Sidebotham, Esq., William
Thomson, Esq., and Charles Augustus Wright, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

Mr. George Murray, F.L.S., exhibited a specimen of ILyrjro-
pTtorus Wyniiicp, Berk. & Broome, from Bridlington, Yorkshire.

Dr. Bayley Balfour, F.L.S., exhibited and made some remarks
on a Myxoniycetes {Heterodictyum ?) new to Britain.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXxix

Mr. E. Holmes, F.L.S., exhibited and read a short Note on a
new British Moss {Aidacomnium tiirgichim), discovered at Wheru-
side in Yorkshire by Mr. West and Dr. F. A. Lees.

The following papers were read : —

1. "New Coleoptera of Geographical Interest (collected by
Charles Darwin, Esq., E.R.S.)." By E. H. Waterhouse, Esq.
Communicated by Dr. Murie, E.L.S.

2. " Note on [Dimorphism in] Gardenia ticraida.'" By C. B.
Clarke, E.L.S.

3. " G-eographical Distribution of Lxlian Freshwater Eishes."
— Part III. and conclusion. By Dr. Francis Day, E.L.S.

4. " MoUusca of the ' Challenger ' Expedition." — Part III. By
the Eev. E. Boog Watson, E.L.S.

December 19th, 1878.

Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., E.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read a,nd signed.

J. Lawrence Hamilton, Esq., James J. MacAndrew, Esq., and
Francis Maule Camj)bell, Esq., were elected Fellows.

The following papers were read :■ —

1. " Note on South-African Orchids." By W. Mansel Weale,
Esq. Communicated, by Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P.,
E.E.S., E.L.S.

2. " Descriptions o£ two Eare Shells." By Sj Ivanus Hanley,
E.L.S.

The President made some remarks on the Eelations ofUhahdo-
pleura.

January 16th, 1879.

William Carhutheiis, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

George Brook, Esq., John Edward Griffiths, Esq., Arthur Pear-
son Luff, Esq., Charles Sharp, Esq., and John Woodland, Esq.,
were elected. Fellows.

Professor Allen Thomson exhibited, and made some remarks
on, a specimen of wood containing a bone imbedded in it. He
also showed a frond of a Palm {CItamcerojis) said to have been
found within a plank of rosewood.

Mr. Christy made some remarks on Gt/nocardia odorata ; among
other qualities, being a specific in rheumatism.

The following paper was read : —

1. "A Synopsis of the Colchicacege and aberrant Tribes of
LiliaceEe." By J. G. Baker, F.E.S., E.L.S.

Xl PaOCEEDINGS OF THE

February 6th, 1879.
Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutea of the last Meeting were read aud signed.

Mr. J. R. Jackson exhibited a collection of Fruits, Seeds, &c.
from the tombs of Ancient Thebes. Among these were fruits of
two species of Doum Palm {Hyphtrne thehnica and of H. Arc/un),
this latter formerly and erroneously described as an Areca. Some
small berries were also identified with those of Juniperus
phoenicea.

Mr. J. Gr. Baker showed dried specimens of the Bulb Bupliane
ioxicaria, which furnishes one of the ingredients of the poison
used by the Bushmen to tip their arrows. The bulb is remark-
able for its numerous tunics, and its geographical range, as now
known, is from Cape Karroo to Tanganyika.

Mr. "W. Thiselton Dyer drew attention to the chief features of
a new fodder Grass, EiiMcena Iiixurians ; he also exhibited in-
struments used for weaving fibre of CurcuJicjo latifolia by the
natives of Borneo.

Mr. T. Christy showed a sample of Tea grown at Natal ; and
likewise a bottle of the fresh-drawn India-rubber secretion of a
species of Landolphia.

The Eev. G. Henslow passed round for examination a reputed
female Mistletoe bearing male shoots, which was regarded as pro-
bably an androgynous condition rather than a male parasitic on
a female plant.

Mr. E. Irwin Lynch exhibited a series of specimens of parts of
Acacia spJicerocrpJiaJa, Cecropia peltata, and two Orchids {Epiden-
drtim licormtivm and ScliombxirgJcia iihicina), as exemplifying their
economy in aftbrding hollows of protection and so-called food-
bodies for ants.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Note as to the Position of the Genus Bequenzia among the
Gastropoda." By J. Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D., F.li.S., F.L.S.

2. " On the Anatomy of Ants." By Sir John Lubbock, Bart.,
M.P., F.E.S., F.L.S.

3. " On the Habits of Ants, Bees, and Wasps."— Part VI.
By the same.

February 20th, 1879.

Prof G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Edward A. Fitch, Esq., Lawrence Scott, Esq., and William Stone,
Esq., were elected Fellows.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xH

The Rev. G-. Henslow, exhibited a portion of the bough of an
Elm with a small pulley imbedded in the centre of the wood.^
The rings of growth excentrically deposited indicated a period of
13 years' growth subsequent to the entrance of the foreign
body, and exteriorly all marks of its presence were completely
obliterated.

A series of rare Birds was shown by Mr. E. Bowdler Sharpe.
Among the forms from New Guinea were skins of Paradisea
Maggiana, male and female, collected by the Eev. Mr. Lawes.
Among others obtained in the Pijis by the Baron A. von Hiigel,
were species of the genus Pinarolestes, which are also found on
Tutuela, one of the Samoan Islands.

Mr. W. Hood Fitch drew attention to a coloured drawing, of
Datural size, of one of the remarkable crimson-coloured Pitchers
oi Nepenthes sanguinea ivom Malacca. This cylindrical pitcher
measured 12 inches long by 9 inches in circumference, and was
grown at Bury by Mr. O. Wrigley.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Note on the Genus Oudneya, Brown." By Henry Trimen,
M.B., F.L.S.

2. " On some South- American Genera of Plants of Uncertain
Position &c." By John Miers, F.L.S. &e.

3. "On the Inflorescence of Crassulacese." By Dr. Maxwell
T. Masters, F.L.S. &c.

March 6th, 1879.
William Caeeuthees, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

J. Eeay Greene, M.D., Eobert Johnston, Esq., P. H. Stokoe,
Esq., B. S. Williams, Esq., and James Wood-Mason, Esq., were
elected Fellows.

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited a set of specimens of Pituri from
Australia. He also showed a recent volume by M. Vetillart on
a system of examining sections of fibres under the microscope.
Lastly, he directed attention to a small-sized Os sepia of an imknown
species of Australian Cuttle-fish collected by Dr. Bancroft.

Examples of Bryozoa penetrated by Algfe were exhibited under
the microscope by Mr. Arthur W. Waters, these bearing on a
paper on the subject by Dr. Eeiusch.

The Vice-President announced from the Chair that an altera-
tion in certain Sections of Chapter XIII. of the lj}e-Laws had
been proposed by the Council, and when written out would be
duly hung up in the Common Meeting-Eoom, and read at suc-
cessive Meetings, and finally put to the Ballot, according to tlie
terms of the Charter.

xlii PEOCEEDINGS OF TUB

The Secretary read two letters forwarded from Messrs. Travers
and Son (City) referrinj^ to the marked (4 to 12 per cent.) in-
creased production of Beet-Root Sugar abroad by the careful
artificial selection of plants. On the contrary, the percentage of
sugar in the Sugar-cane is said to remain stationary, and possibly
by its continuous stolon-multiplication is subject to various
diseases. The question remains, whether selection of tlie Sugar-
cane might not give good results ; and is thus suggested to
botanists and others interested.

The following papers were read : —

1 " On Entozoic Florideai growing in living Bryozoa and
Sponges." By Dr. P. F. Eeiusch. Communicated by Sir J. D.
Hooker, F.L.S.

2. " On the Classification of the Maioid Crustacea or Oxj-
rhyucha." By E. J. Miers, F.L.S.

3. " On the Fruiting of Wistaria sinensis:'' By W. T. Thisel-
ton Dyer, F.L.S.

March 20th, 1879.

TViLLTAM Carruthees, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

The Eev. George Edward Comerford-Casey, M.A., was elected
a Fellow.

Mr. W. T. Tbiselton Dyer exhibited SelicJirysum vesfitum, a
perennial Everlasting from the Cape of Good Hope.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On Kew Aculeate Ilymeuoptera from the Sandwich
Islands." By Frederick Smith. Communicated by A. G. Butler,
F.L.S.

2. " Ecproduction of Ferns bv Budding." By T. E. Sim.
Communicated by Prof. J. W. H.'Trail, F.L.S.

3. " Ornithology of South-east New Guinea." By E. B.
Sharpe, F.L.S.

The Vice-President then read from the Chair the following
alterations in Bye-Laws (Chapter XIII.) proposed by the Council,
viz. : —

In Section V. the words "if approved by the Members present, shall"
to be inserted. Thus Section V. will read : —

V. "When the Chair shall have been taken, the Minutes of the preceding
Meeting shall be immediately read, and, if approved by the Members pre-
sent, shall be signed by the Chairman of the Meeting, and the presents on
the tal)le shall be declared.

VI. to remain as at present.

The following new Bye-Law to be inserted as follows : —

VII. Any i)roj)osal relating to the atlairsof the Society, and not affecting
Elections or the Bye-Laws, may be brought forward if the same be put into
writing, and signed by three or more Fellows, and delivered to the Secre-

LINKEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xliii

tary. The Secretary shall read the proposal at the next Meeting imme-
diately after the declaration of the presents. The proposal shall then be
hung up in the Meeting-Room until the second Meeting after the reading
of the same, when it shall be put to the Ballot unless those who have
signed it shall agree to withdraw it.

The present Section VII. of the printed Bye-Laws to be numbered
Section VIII.

April 3rd, 1879.

William Caeeuthers, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Ferdinand Coles, Esq., W. A. Porbes, Esq., and N. S. Whitney,
M.B., were elected Fellows.

The Vice-President then read fi'om the Chair for the second
time tlie proposed alterations and new Bye-Law (Chapter XIII. ,
Section 7).

Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer exhibited the inflorescence of Gyne-
riiim saccharoides, H. B. K., grown at Kew, but which had died
during the inclement winter-weather. Excepting through Mr.
Spruce's researches on the Amazons, little is known respecting
this handsome plant, which differs from the Pampas Grass in habit,
and is tropical like Maize &c.

Dr. Henry Trimen, in dealing with the subject of the Myrrhs
of commerce and pharmacy, showed a unique specimen of Balsa-
modendron Myrrha, Nees. It was gathered by Hildebrandt in
Somali Land, 1873, and possesses few leaves and a single fruit ;
but the myrrh was seen exuding from the tree. The original
type specimens of B. Myrrha, collected by Prof. Ehrenberg in
Arabia, were also exhibited ; and, according to Dr. Trimen, Hilde-
brandt's late statement of their identity with the foregoing seems
well founded. Ehrenberg's other Myrrh-plant, the B. Ehren-
lergianmn, Berg, with his notes attached, and the B. PJayfairii,
Hook, fil., from Somali Land, with its gum called "Hotari," and
other examples of Myrrh and Bdellium were placed before the
Society.

The following papers were read : —

1. 'Account of a Peat-flood in the Falkland Islands." By
Arthur Bailey. Communicated by W. T. Thiselton Dyer, F.L.S.

2. "Notes on Moquilea, with a Description of a new Species."
By John Miers, F.E.S., F.L.S.

April 17th, 1879.

Colonel Grant, C.B., F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

S. M. Curl, Esq., M.D., and G. C. Druce, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

xliv PEOCEEDINGS OF THT.

The Vice-President, on behalf of the Council, proposed Dr.
Thomas Boycott and Dr. R. C. A. Prior for the Council, and
Mr. W. S. Dallas and Mr, J. Edmund Harting to represent tlie
Society, as Members of the Committee for auditing the Treasu-
rer's Account ; and a show of hands having been taken, these
gentlemen were declared to be elected.

The alterations in the Bye-Laws (Chapter XTII.) proposed by
the Council on the 20th of INIarch, having been hung up in the
Common Meeting-Eoom of the Society and read by the President
or Vice-President in the Chair, according to the terms of the
Charter, at the last two successive General Meetings of the Society,
were put to the Ballot, and rejected by the Fellows at large.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Contributions to the Ornithology of New Guinea." — Part
V. By R. B. Sharpe, P.L.S.

2. " On the Occun-ence of Gadus macrocephalus at the Mouth
of the Thames." By Dr. Francis Day, F.L.S.

3. " Zoological Memoranda of Ni'le Land," By Dr. Murie,
F.L.S.

May 1st, 1879.

Colonel Geais't, C.B., F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

J. E. Brown, Esq., Richard Rimmer, Esq., P. O'Shanesy, Esq.,
were elected Fellows ; and Dr. Edward Bornet and Prof. H. G.
Eeichenbach were elected Foreign Members.

The Vice-President called attention to a series of Botanical
Diagrams presented by the authors (Dr. Arnold and Carolina
Dodel-Port).

Mr. Edward S. Morris of Liberia exhibited a quantity of husked
and unhusked Berries and ground Cofiee of the Cqffea liherica
grown by him near Monrovia.

Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer showed a living example of the rare
and curious JVelwitschia mii'ahilis grown at Kew.

There was also on the table a series of specimens to illustrate the
papers ow Linum and Wistaria by Mr. Meehan and the Rev. G.
Henslow.

The following papers were read : —

1. "Nutrition and Fertilization of Flowers." By T. Meehan.
Communicated by the Rev. G. Henslow, F.L.S.

2. " Remarks on Meehan's Paper." By the Rev. G. Henslow,
M.A., F.L.S.

3. " On a Restiaceous Plant from Cochin China." By M. T.
Masters, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S.

4. " On the Structure of the Pouched Rats of the genus Hete-
romys." By Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

LUnfEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlv

May 24th, 1879.

Anniversary Meeting.

Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read aud signed.

The Treasurer reported the state of the Accounts as follows
(see p. xlvi).

The Secretary reported that the following Members had died,
or their deaths been ascertained, since the last Anniversary,
viz. : —

Pellows (12).

J. S. Eoe, Esq.

Eev. James Bedingfeld.
Jacob Bigelow, M.D.*
"William Coulson, Esq.
Eev. Tullie Cornthwaite.
Eichard Davis, Esq.
W. C. Hewitson, Esq.*

G. D. Eowley, Esq.*
A. Thozet, Esq.
N. C. Tuely, Esq.
Marquis of Tvveeddale.*
T. W. Wonfor, Esq.

PoEEiGN Member (1).

Prof. Grisebach.*

Associate (1).

Mr. William Mudd.*

That the following Pellows had withdrawn, viz. : —

J. KintonBond, Esq. J. C. Mollis, Esq.

W. Duppa Crotch, Esq.

And that 41 Fellows and 2 Foreign Members had been elected
since the last Anniversary.

The President then opened the business of the day, and the
Fellows present proceeded to Ballot for the Council and Officers
for the ensuing year.

The Ballot for the Council having closed, the President
appointed Mr. Stainton, Eev. G. Henslow, and Dr. Trimen as
Scrutineers. The votes Laving been counted and reported to the
President, he declared the following Members to be removed from
the Council, viz. : —

George Busk, F.E.S., Lieut. -Col. Grant, C.B., Eobert Hudson,
Esq., John Millar, M.D., E. C. A. Prior, M.D.

And the following to be elected into the Council, viz. : —
Frank Crisp, LL.B., Eev. J. M. Crombie, W. S. Dallas, Esq.,
Artbiur Grote, Esq., Eobert M'^Lachlan, Esq.

The Ballot for the Officers having also closed, the President
appointed the same Scrutineers. The votes having been counted
and reported to the President, he declared the following to be
* For reference to notice, see Index.

xlvi

PROCEEDINGS OF TUE

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlvii

elected, viz. : — Presicletit, Prof. Gr. J. Allman, M.D. '; Treasurer,
J. Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D. ; Secretaries, Frederick Currey, Esq.,
and St. George J. Mivart, Esq.

After tlie reading of the President's Address, it was moved by
Prof. Busk, and resolved, That the thanks of the Society be given
to Dr. Allman for his excellent Address, and that he be requested
to allow it to be printed. [It will be found in the Journal, Zoo-
logy (No. 81), XV. pp. 1-8.]

Mr. Stainton proposed, and Sir John Lubbock seconded, a vote
of thanks to Mr. Kippist in consideration of his long and fiiithful
services to the Society, while expressing regret at his illness during
the last winter. This was carried unanimously.

June 5th, 1879.

Prof. G. J. Allman-, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Mr. A. D. Michael was elected a Fellow.

The President according to Charter nominated as Vice-Presi-
dents for the ensuing year : — Mr. J. Ball, Mr. W. Carruthers,
Mr. A. Grote, Dr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys.

The President called attention to an article " On Cinchona in
India," by John Eliot Howard, F.L.S., which extract from the
' Gardener's Chronicle ' was placed on the table for perusal.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Morphology of the Skull in the Amphibia Uro-
dela." By Prof. W. K. Parker, F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " On the Lichens of the English Polar Expedition, 1875-76."
By Prof. Theodore M. Fries. Communicated by Sir J. D. Hooker,
F.L.S.

3. " Mollusca of the ' Challenger ' Expedition."— Part IV. By
the Eev. E. Boog Watson, F.L.S.

4. " On a new Species of Helvella." By William Phillips,
F.L.S.

5. " Ferns of Northern India." By Charles B. Clarke, F.L.S.

June 19th, 1879.
Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.
Charles Holme, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On a remarkably Branched Si/llis dredged in the ' Chal-
lenger' Expedition." By Dr. W. C'. M'Intosh, F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " Eemarks on Caiyesium as Indigenous to Australia." By
F. Manson Bailey, F.L.S.

xlviii rnocEEDiNGS of the linnean society of London.

3. " On the Thorax of the Blow-Fly." By Arthur Hammond,
F.L.S.

4. " Enumeration of Australian Lichens in the Herbarium of
Robert Brown, with Descriptions of new Species." By the Eev.
J. M. Crombie, F.L.S.

5. " On Recent Species oi Heteropora.'" By Prof. George Busk,
F.R.S., F.L.S.

6. " Contribution to the Flora of Northern China." By J. G.
Baker, F.R.S., F.L.S., and S. Le Marchant Moore, F.L.S.

7. " Reply to Dr. Stirtou's Remarks on my Paper on the
' Challenger ' Lichens." By the Rev. J. M. Crombie, F.L.S.

8. " The Species of Phryrjanea described by Linnaeus in his
• Fauna Suecica.' " Bv Pastor H. D. J. Wullengreu. Commuui-
cated, with Notes, by R. M^Lachlan, F.R.S., F.L.S.

9. " On the Bell-Bii-d." By Dr. James Murie, F.L.S.

PEOCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(SESSION 1879-80.)

November 6th, 1879.

Prof. a. J. Allmax, M.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

William Harper Twelvetrees, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

The President, in opening the Session, made a few obituary
remarks on Mr. John Miers and Mr. William Wilson Saunders,
both very old and respected Fellows of the Society. He then
called attention to the volumes on the table, viz. : Stein's
' Infusoria,' presented by Prof. Reay Grreene, F.L.S., and Hussey's
' Mycological Illustrations,' presented by Thomas Walker, P. L.S.

Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer brought forward to the Fellows'
notice a series of Photographs of Vegetation (including Cinchona
Leclgenana) in the Botanic Gardens of Buiteuzorg, Java.

Some stereoscopic photographs, taken by Mr. F. H. Worsley-
Benison, of Chepstow, Monmouthshire, were exhibited by W. A.
Shoolbred, F.L.S.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Structure and Habit of Remileia vastatrixr By
D. Morris, Esq. Communicated by W. T. Thiselton Dyez',
F.L.S.

(A Note from the Eev. E. Abbay referring to Mr. Morris's
paper was read by the Secretary.)

2. " Instincts and Emotions of Fish." By Dr. Francis Day,
F.L.S.

3. " Origin of the (so-called) Scorpioid Cyme." By Rev. Gr.
Henslow, M.A., F.L.S.

LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSIONS 1875-80. 6

1 PEOCEEDIXOS OF THE

November 20tli, 1879.
Prof. G. J. Allmax, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed,

Mr. AVinslow Jones and Mr. William AVickham were elected
Fellows.

Sir Joseph D. Hooker, C.B., exhibited a specimen of a Cedar
from llic Island of Cyprus, to which, from the shortness of its
leaves and smallncss of the female cones, the name Cedrits Lihani
var. hrevifolia is applicable. In a paper accompanying the exhi-
bition. Sir J. D. Hooker mentioned tliat the discovery of this
variety of the Cedar of Libanus was due to 8ir Samuel Baker,
P.E.S., a letter from whom was read. The monks of "Troodi-
tissa " informed tlie latter of its existence in the mountains, and
believed it to be the "Chiftim woocV of Scripture.

In comparison with the above, the President laid on the table
specimens of Ccdrus Deodara from the garden of Mrs. Ciciopieri
St. Clair, Parkstone, Dorset, and showing cones produced this
summer.

Mr. E. M. Holmes, in exhibiting a series of slides under the
microscope of rare British Lichens, Hepatica^, and Freshwater
Alga^, mentioned that JBlacod'mm Cesatii of Leighton's ' Lichen
Flora ' is, according to Dr. Nylander, but a form of P. can-
dicans. The Alga choking up the filter-beds at Bradgate, Leicester,
was shown to be, as yet, uudescribed, and resembling Zoogloea,
though the Eev. M. J. Bei'keley had stated it to be probably the
common Ecliinella articulata.

Mr. Holmes likewise exhibited the Leaves, Flowers, and por-
tion of the Trunk of the tree {Andira Araroha) yielding Groa-
powder. Quite recently it has been found that the Cane comes
from Bahia by way of Lisbon, and thence is exported to the East.
The secretion appears to corrode and destroy the woody tissue,
and ultimately itself becomes deposited, and fills the cavities of
the heart-wood. It is stated to be a specific for Eiugworm.

Mr. Christy exhibited a bottle of Chrysophanic Acid also ob-
tained from the above-mentioned tree. He likewise called attention
to two skulls of Australian Natives forwarded by Dr. Bancroft
which had occi])ital thickening, supposed to be induced by blows
of the knobkerries.

The following papers were read: —

1. " Development of the Embryo-snc in Phanerogams." By
Marshall "Ward, Esq. Communicated by W. T. Tliiselton D^cr,
F.L.S.

2. ." Extinct Land-Tortoises of Mauritius and Eodriguez." By
Alfred C. Haddou, B.A. Communicated by Prof A. Newton,
F.E.S., F.L.S.

3. " On a Collection of Greenland Crustacea." By E. J.
Miers, F.L.S.

LTX^'EAN SOCIETY OV LOXDOX. li

December 4tli, 1879.
Prof. G-. J. Allmak, M.D., F.E.S., President, iu the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

John Cameron, Esq., Major Collett, H. B. Spotton, Esq., J. G.
Otto Tapper, Esq., Gr. M. Thomson, Esq., Sir Samuel Wilson,
and Samuel "Wright, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. W. Carruthers exhibited a bottle of Pteropocis, Spiralis
refroversiis, obtained in great abundance on the surface of the
water of the Gareloch,Eoss-shire, Scotland, in July 1879, by Dr.
John Grieve. A Letter from the latter was read, wherein he
gave a description of some of the habits of these animals as ob-
served immediately after their capture ; and he likewise men-
tioned other facts in connexion with Flustra foliacea and F.
truncaia.

Dr. Maxwell Masters exhibited specimens of Spruce and Silver
Eirs, as illustrating points in his paper.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Internal Structure and Movements in Leaves of
Conifers." By Maxwell T. Masters, M.D., E.E.S., E.L.S.

2. " On a Synthetic Eorm of Ophiurid from the Atlantic, the
observations therein being founded on a specimen dredged by
Dr. G. C. Wallich in the Voyage of H.M.S. ' Bulldog,' 1800." By
Prof Martin Duncan, E.E.S. Communicated by Dr. Murie, E.L.S,

3. " On Indian Begonias." By C. B. Clarke, M.A., E.L.S.

December ISth, 1879.
Prof G. J. Allma>^ M.D., E.E.S. , President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.
Henry Seebohm, Esq., was elected a Eellow.
A. Dee Bartlett, Ei-q., Nicholas E. Brown, Esq., and Erederick
Herschel "Waterhouse, Esq., were elected Associates.

Mr. B. Daydon Jackson exhibited a complete series of the
various (5) editions of Dillenius's ' Historia Muscorinn,' Oxford,
1741, and its reprint Edinburgh, 1811, from the Society's Library
and his own, in illustration of tlie paper to be read by the Eev.
J. M. Crombie.

Photographs of Botanical subjects were shown by Mr. W. A.
Shoolbred on behalf of Mr. E. H. Worsley-Benison of Chepstow,

The following papers were read : —

1. "On the Lichens of Dillcnins's 'Historia Muscorum,' as
illustrated by his Herbarium." By the Eev. J. M. Crombie,
M.A., E.L.S.

2. " On certain remarkable Sense-Organs among the Ily-
droids." By Prof Allman, M.D., E.E.S., Pres. L.S.

e 2

lii PEOCEEDINOS OF THE

January 15th, 1880.

Trnf. a. J. Ai.i-M.vN, M.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meetinj^were read and signed.

John Poland, Esq., 11. Darell Stephens, Esq., and Prof. Allen
Thomson were elected Fellows.

Tlionias Jeffery Parker, Esq., was elected an Associate.

Mr. Allen J. Hewitt exhibited specimens of Moths of the genus
Anaphe, and a large common-web or community of Cocoons re-
cently imported from Old Calabar (West Coast of Africa). The
moths had emerged from the cocoons of the sac-like body on
reaching this country.

Mr. J. G. Baker made a few remarks on a monstrous Thistle
obtained by the Rev. T. A. Preston of Marlborough. In this
specimen of Carduws crisp its the capitula were abnormally nume-
rous and aggregated in secondary heads, as in Echinops.

There was exhibited, on behalf of Mr. James Forsyth, the
Tibia and Tarsus of a Dinornis maxim us, obtained at a depth of
4 feet from the surface of the soil while making a road at Omaru,
New Zealand.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Remarks on the Birds and Mammals introduced into New
Zealand." By H. M. Brewer, Hon. Sec. AVanganui Acclima-
tizatiou Society, New Zealand. Communicated by Dr. Murie,
F.L.S.

2. " Synopsis of the Aloinea3 and Tuccoidea>." By J. Gr.
Baker, F.L.S.

February 5th, 1880.

William Carhuthers, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Mr. Charles Stewart showed a microscopic stained section of
the Ovary of Hyacinthus orientalis with the intra-nuclear net-
work in the cells of the ovules.

Dr. Francis Day exhibited examples of Salmonidse, some of
which had been reared under natural, and others under unnatural
conditions. A Salmo JvJitinalis, which had passed its existence
in the Westminster Aquarium, had the head preternaturally
elongated and a very narrow suboperculum, thus showing a great
contrast to examples reared from the same batch of imjjortcd eggs,
and kept in a wild state in Cardiganshire.

Mr. R. Irwin Lynch brought under notice a mounted specimen
of the Pods of Acacia homaJophylla, each seed being attached by
a very long bright-red funicle.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. liji

Mr. A. Hammond exhibited a ]ar\a. of Tani/pus maculatus. He
observed that the coronet and appendages of the thoracic and
anal regions had been said to be homologous with the respiratory-
organs of the larva and pupa of gnats &c. This he doubted,
inaismucli as, besides the absence of tracheae, the former originated
from the ventral and not the dorsal surface. He also stated
his opinion that the two oval bodies in the thorax of the larva, the
so-called "air-reservoirs" of De Geer, were probably salivary glands
similar to those of the Crane-Fly.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On Commelinaceae." By C. B. Clarke, F.L.S.

2. " On the Salmonidae and other Fish introduced into the
New-Zealand Waters." By H. M. Brewer, Hon. Sec. Wan.
ganui Acclimat. !Soc. N. Z. Communicated by Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

February 19th, 1880.
William Caeruthees, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting vrere read and signed.
Mr. Edwin Siuipson-Baikie was elected a Fellow.

Mr. James Britten exhibited specimens of the stems of Jiyr-
mecodia ecliinata and J/. gJahra recently sent from Borneo* by
Mr. H. 0. Forbes, showing the galleries formed by a species of
Ant allied to, if not identical with, Pheidolejavana, Mazo. Very
young plants of one of the species of Myrmecodia were also exhi-
bited, all of which had been attacked by ants.

Dr. Maxwell Masters brought forward an example of Pitcher-
plant, Nepentlies hicalcarata, from Borneo ; and he read a Note
thereon from Mi\ Burbidge. It seems these pitchers are perfect
traps to creeping insects by reason of the incurved ridges round
the throat of the pitchers. Taking advantage of this, a certain
sjiecies of Black Ant perforates the stalk, and so provides an
inroad on the sumptuous fare of dead and decaying insects and
water contained in the iloral reservoir. The remarkable Lemu-
roid, Tarsius spectr^ivi, likewise visits the Pitcher-plants for the
sake of the entrapped insects. These it can easly obtain from
the Nepentltes Saffiesiana, but not so from the .N'. hicalcarata,
where the sharp spurs severely prick if the animal dares to trifle
with the urn-lid.

The following paper was read : —

1. "On the Flora of the Kuram Valley, Afghanistan." By
Dr. J. E. T. Aitcliison, F.L.S.

liv PRUCKEDIXGS OF THE

March 4th, 1880.

Prof. Gr. J. Allmax, M.D., F.R.S., Presideafc, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

S. D. Bairstow, Esq., J. T. Carrington, E-iq., Prof. P, Martin
Duncan, M.B., E. M. MidJleton,Esq., S. 0. Ridley, Eiq., and T.
Cbarters AVlute, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. Middleton exhibited two adult Skulls of Bahirussa alfarus,
Less., from Borneo, both distinguishable by the remarkable small-
ness of their tusks.

Dr. Giinther brought forward two deep-sea fishes obtained
during the ' Challenger ' expedition, viz. Echiodon and Scopelus,
to illustrate two kinds of luminous mctameric organs first disthi-
guished by Dr. Ussow, and designated as the '• lenticular " and
"yZa«(/«Zar " kinds. AYhllst admitting t!ie great morphological
resemblance of the former to an eye, Dr. Giinther gave n'asuns
for showing that their structure is not opposed to the view that
they, like the glandular kinds, are producers of light, and that
probably this production of luminosity or liglit is subject to the
■will of the fish.

Mr. J. Jenner Weir, on behalf of Mr. Edward A. Nevill, showed
the stufted head of a Prong-buck {Antilocapra americana), shot by
the latter in the Rocky Mountains, August 187(3. On the median
nasal region of this specimen what appeared to be a short uu-
branched third horn was developed. •

The following papers were read : —

1. " On Codiolum grecjarium, A. Braun, a new British Alga
discovered at Teignmouth by the Rev. R. Cresswell." By E. M.
Holmes, F.L.S.

2. " On the Hebridal Argentine." By Dr. Francis Day,
F.L.S.

March 18th, 1880.

Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay, Esq., and Duckinfield Scott, Esq.,
were elected Fellows.

The President said : — " Before entering on the regular business
of the Meeting, it becomes my melancholy duty to announce the
death of Mr. Thomas Bell at the age of 87, Mr. Bell was the
oldest Fellow of the Society, having been elected into it in the year
1815. He liad held the Presidential Chair for many j'ears ; and
under his judicious and able guidance the Society had marvel-
lously advanced in prosperity. He was a distinguislied zoologist.

LIXNEAN SOCIETY OP LOXDOK. Iv

and by his researches had largely advanced our knowledge of the
fauna of the British Isles. His labours have left their mark on
the Zoology of Britain ; and it is hard to say vrlio can take his
place in the department of Natural History in which he had shown
himself so loving and conscientious an observer. He was known
personally to many here present, and by re2)utation to all of us ;
and tlie Meeting will receive with sincere sorrow the sad announce-
ment that he has his j)lace no longer among our Fellows."

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited a collection of dried flowers from
Western Australia made by Mrs. Bunbury. She observes that
the once common native plants are becoming scarce in the pasture-
land of the Colony, and that it is now difficult to propagate them
even by culture.

Mr. J. T. Carrington exhibited male and female specimens of
the northern Stone-Crab (Lithodes arctica) which had lived in the
"Westminster Aquarium. The peculiar asymmetry of tlie abdo-
minal segments of the female was adverted to ; and from this
and other reasons an affinity with the Hermit Crab {Pagurus)
was pointed out.

The following papers were read: —

1. " Ou the Indigenous Timber, and on the Plants introduced
into New Zealand." By H. M. Brewer, of Waugauui, New
Zealand. Communicated by Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

2. " On a supposed Polymorphic Butterfly from India." By
Prof. J. 0. Westwood, F.L.S.

April 1st, 1880.

Prof. Gr. J. Allmak, M.D., P.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed,

T. L. Bancroft, Esq., and Gr. T. Bettany, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

Mr. J. E. Jackson exhibited the stems of Arundo Donax with
a portion of the rhizome attached. Enormous quantities of these
have recently been imported into this country from Algeria, and
made up into parasol-handles, a firm of wholesale manufacturers
having made a speciality of them for this season.

A series of specimens of Japanese Conifers was exhibited by
Dr. Maxw^ell Masters. These Conifers had been collected by
Mr. Maries ; fifty or sixty species are said to be found in the
Japanese and Chinese regions.

The following papers were read : —

1. "A new Genus {Pyramocera) of Moths of the Family Lipa-
rid£e from Madagascar." By A. Gr. Butler, F.L.S.

Ivi PltOCEEDINQS OF THE

2. *' Ecmarks on IMr. F. E. Harman's Keport on the Coifee-
leaf DiseaHe." By J. Cameron, 1\L..S., of Bangalore.

3. " Notice of Marine Crustaceans collected by Mr. P. Geddes
at Vera Cruz." By Edward J. Miers, F.L.S.

April 15tli, 1880.

Tlie Eev. G-eokoe IIenslow, E.L.S., in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting Avere read and signed.

Mr. Samuel H. AVintle was elected a Fellow.

Mr. Charles Stewart exhibited and made remarks upon an
anomaly in an example of a species of Ecliinoderm, Amllypneustes.

There was likewise exhibited by Dr. James Murie a series of
microscopic sections of Pearls, showing great variation in struc-
tural detail.

The following papers w^ere read : —

1. "The MoUusca of the ' Challenger ' Expedition."— Part V.
By the Eev. E. Boog AVatson, F.L.S.

2. " On new Aroidca^ v.itli observations on other Known
Forms."— Part I. By N. E. Brown, A.L.S.

3. "A Note on an Abnormal (Quadriradiate) Specimen o? Am-
hlypnenstes formosus." By Prof. F. JellVey Bell. Communicated
by Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

May 6th, 1880.

H. T. Staikton, Esq., F.E.S., in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

M. C. J. de Maximowicz, Professor Metschnikoft", and Dr. Stras-
burger were elected Foreign Members.

The Chairman announced that Dr. Thomas Boycott bad ex-
pressed his desire to withdraw as an Auditor of the Society, and
that Mr. E. M^Lachlan had been recommended by the Council
to take his place. The vote of the Fellows present was there-
upon taken, and Mr. M'^Lachlan duly elected.

Mr. Thomas Christy read a letter from a correspondent, Mr.
Blacklaw, of St. Paulo, Brazil, in which it was mentioned that
several attempts to rear the Liberian Coifee {Coffea liberica) in
the district at difierent altitudes in diticrent seasons and under
difterent conditions, both under cover and in the open air, had all
been unsuccessful.

The following papers were read : —

1. " ^;otes on Alga" from the Amazons and its Tributaries."
By Prof G. Dickie, F.L.S.

2, '"On an Unusual Form of the Genus Hemijpholus, Agass."
By Prof. P. M. Duncan, F.L.S.

LIISTNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ivii

3. " On the Vocabulary of Botanical Terms in use in the De-
scription of rioweriug-Piants." By Gr- T. Bettany, F.L.S.

4. " On the Tusks of the Fossil Walrus found in the Eed Clay
of Suffolk." By Prof. E. Eay Lankester, F.E.S., P.L.S.

5. " On an Irregular Species of Amlli/pneustes." By Charles
Stewart, F.L.S.

Anniversary Ileeting.

May 24th, 1880.

Prof. G-. J. Allman, M.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

The President, after a few introductory remarks of congratu-
lation on the prospects of the Societj^ generally, referred to the
Obituary, pointing out that several of the oldest Members would
now no longer appear on our List. The former and worthy Pre-
sident, Professor Bell, whose works on the British Fauna are
classical, had died at the age of 87, and found a resting-place at
Selborne. Mr. John Miers, another veteran of 91 years, had left
a monument of industry and botanical research iu the many
memoirs enriching the Society's ' Transactions,' besides the mono-
graphs of the Menispermacese and Apocynacefe, in themselves
extensive. General Munro, a gallant otticer and an excellent
observer, had left a place difficult to be filled ; for his accurate
and wide knowledge of the Graminese was admitted by all, and
lie was constantly consulted on the group. Dr. David Moore, of
Dublin, had left his mark in valuable researches on the Irish
Flora. In Mr. Wilson Saunders the Society had had a worthy
aud valuable officer. Mr. E. W. Cooke, B.A., represented Art,
bringing his fervent love of natural objects, especially Botany
and Geology, to bear in his paintings with truthful effect.
Mr. Thomas Atthey of Gosforth, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, had a
more tlian local reputation as an enthusiastic and able naturalist,
and, wliile studying several of the lower groups of animal and
vegetable life, finally devoted himself to the branch of PaUeouto-
logy. The Foreign Members, Prof. J. F. Brandt of St. Peters-
burg (zoologist), and the botanists Dr. Ed. Fenzl, of Vienna, and
Prof. AV. P. Schimper, of Strasburg, had each a world-wide
reputation.

The President had to regret that, after a full term of service,
the Secretaries and Treasurer had projjosed to resign office; and
this had been acceded to by the Council as a matter of form.

The senior Secretary then read his report as follows : —
Since the last Anniversary the Society had lost by death
the following Members : —

Iviii PROCEEDINGS OF TUE

Fellows (10).

Morton Allport, Esq.*
Prof. Thonuis Bell.*
E. \V. Cooke, R.A.*
Eev. J. Lockwood.
John Miers, Esq.*

Dr. David Moore.*
Greueral Muuro.*
Dr. Llewellyn Powell.
W. Wilson Saunders, Esq.*
Andrew iSwauzy, Esq.

Foreign Members (3).

Prof. Joliann Friedricli Brandt, of St. Petei'sburg.*

Dr. Eduard Fenzl, of Vienna.*

M. Guillaume Philippe Schimper, of Strasburg.*

Associate (1).

Thomas Atthey.*

And that three Fellows had withdrawn, viz. : —

Rev. John Constable. Daniel Pigeon, Esq.

J. Lawrence Hamilton, Esq.

On the other hand, there had been an accession by election of
twenty-eight Fellows, three Foreign Members, and four xlsso-
ciates.

The Library showed a marked increase and improvement by
additions obtained by purchase, exchange, and donations, and
had been amply used in biological reference and loan of books.

The scientific communications and exhibitions at the Meetings
during the Session bad kept pace with the march of science; and
the attendance of the Fellows bore witness to the active interest
taken in the proceedings generally.

The Treasurer (Dr. J. Grwyn Jeffreys) then proceeded to read
his Report. [For Statement see opposite.]

" In resigning the Trcasurership of the Society, which I have
had the honour of holding for the last five years, I take the
opj)ortunity of congratulating the Society on its increased and
increasing prosperity in a financial point of view. Notwithstand-
ing the late depression of commerce, which has to a greater or
less extent injuriously aftected other scientific Societies, as well
as the additional yearly expenditure consequent on the removal
to Burlington House, and the greater amount of Salaries paid,
our publications have not been restricted, and we have spent more
on the Library than was formerly the case — two important
matters.

" We are quite free from debt ; "we have an invested capital of
£3730 12s. Hd., and the Balance at our Bankers and on hand at
this date is £522 18s. 2d. Twelve months ago, owing to the un-
fortunate and long illness of the Librarian, Mr. Xippist, his

* For reference to notices, see Index.

LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDON'.

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IX PROCEEDINGS OF THE

accounts became confused, and the Assistant Secretary, Dr.
Murie, lias since, at my request, undertaken the receipts and
payments in accordance witli the 1st Bye-Law in Chapter X.
A special t'onnnittee was also appointed by the Council for in-
ve.sti<,'at inj,' the financial position of the Society ; and their valuable
8ii<:;L^('stions have been adopted, especially as to the reasonable
limitation of the ])ublication expenses, which had increased from
£7!)0 Us. 0(1. in 187G to £1100 5*. Id. in 1879. AVith respect
to the Compositions, which, even if they were altogether invested,
must seriously diminish the income of the Society, I may remark
that during the five years of my Office I have received £19GS
and invested £020 l')s. 0<7. During the previous five years no
part of the compositions ap])ear to have been invested. I have
also received and invested £S40 for legacies. Our Capital has
been doubled; it was in 1875 £18G0, and is now £3730 12*. 8(/.
Q'lie annual contributions received in 1876 amounted to £09-1 13.?.,
and last year to £948 12.s-.

'' I cannot close this short Eeport without expressing my entire
satisfaction with the services of our Assistant Secretary, Dr.
Murie, Avho has so ably and indefatigably edited the publications
of the Societ}', as well as assisted me in my financial duties ; and
I would mention with much approval Mr. James AVest, who is
not only the Clerk, but also the Acting Librarian of the
Society."

A special vote of thanks to the Treasurer was proposed by
Mr. W. Carruthers and seconded by Sir J. D. Hooker.

The Ballot for the Council having been closed, the President
nonnnated Mr. T. Christy, Dr. J. Millar, and Mr. H. T. Stainton
Scrutineers. The votes having been examined and counted,
and reported to the President, he declared the result to be as
follows : —

For removal from the Council :

J. Ball, F.E.S., ^V. Carruthers, F.E.S., F. DuCane Godman,
Esq., Dr. A. Giinthcr, F.K.S., and the Eev. George Heuslow.

For election into the Council :

E. K. Alston, Esq., G. Bentham, F.E.S., G. Busk, F.E.S.,
Dr. M. Foster, and B. D. Jackson, Esq.

The Ballot for the Officers having also closed, the President
nominated the same Scrutineers. The votes having been examined
and counted and reported to the President, he declared the result
to be as follows : — President, Prof. G. J. Allman ; Treasurer,
Frederick Currey, Esq. ; Secretaries, B. Daydon Jackson, Esq.,
and Edward E. Alston, Esq.

The President having delivered his Address, " On the Vegeta-
tion of the Eiviera, a chapter in the Physiognomy and Distribu-
tion of Plants," a vote of thanks was given for his excellent

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXBON. Ixi

Address, with a request tliat lie should allow it to be printed. [It
will be found in tlie Journal, Botany (No. 108), vol. xvii. p. 135.]

June 3rd, 1880.
Prof. G. J. Allmax, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.
The following papers were read : —

1. "On the Specific Identitj oi Scomherjiuncfatus, Couch, with
S. scomber, Linn." By Dr. F. Day, F.L.kS.

2. " Note on the Anal Respiration in the Zoija-Larva of tlie
Decapods." By Marcus M. Hartog, P.L.S.

3. " On the Application of the Hesults of Pringsheini's recent
Researches on Chlorophyll to the Life of tlie Lichen." By
George Murray, F.L.S.

4. "On the Grenus Solanocrimis, Goldfuss, and its relation to
Recent Comatulcer By P. Herbert Carpenter, M.A. Com-
municated by Dr. W. Carpenter, C.B., F.L.S.

June 17th, 18S0.

Prof G. J. Allmak, M.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

The Rev. H. G. Bonavia Hunt, Henry Nottidge Moseley, M.A.,
Rev. A. Merle Norman, and E. A. Webb, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

Dr. R. C. A. Prior read a letter from a correspondent recount-
ing the occurrence of the rare instance of a Mistletoe Parasite on
a Mistletoe.

Lord Lilford exhibited a series of Skins and Skulls of the
"Wild Sheep of Cyprus {Ovis ophion, Blyth).

Mr. E. M. Holmes showed, vmder the microscope, an example
of Polijsi^jhoiiia fastigiata with development of Antheridia and
Cystocarp on the same branch, which had been obtained at
Ventnor, Isle of Wight.

Mr. F. Crisp exhibited several preparations of the early stages
of Invertebrates from the Aquarium at Naples ; he also exhi-
bited living specimens of the new Freshwater Medusa from the
Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park.

Mr. C. Stewart showed, under tlie microscope, sections of the
growing-points of Ghara and of the Common Ash.

The following pajiers were read : —

1. " On certain Glands in tlie Maxillse of Spiders." B}--
F. M. Campbell, F.L.S.

2. " On two Cases of Incorporation by Sponges of Spicules
foreign to them." By Stuart O. Ridley, F.L.S.

Ixii rnOCEEDTNGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOUDON.

3. " Oil Limnocodium Victoria, a new H\ droid Medusa of Fresh
Water." By Prof. G. J. Allmaii, Pros. L.S.

4. " On a Si] idiilatiiifjj-Or^an in TJvypliia terricola and Sica-
locla gidtata:' By F- M. Cani])l)ol], T.L.S.

5. " Note on Aplijsia daclyJomelay By Dr. G. E. Dob?on,

6. " On the Polyzoa collected in tlie JSTorlli-Polar Expedition."
By George Bus^k, F.E.S., E.L.S.

7. " On the Natural Classification of the Gasteropoda." By
Dr. J. D. Macdonald, E.E.S. Communicated by Dr. Dobson,
F.L.S.

8. "Mollusca of the ' Challenger' Expedition.— Part VI. The
Genus TurriieUar By the Bev. B. Boog Watson, E.L.S.

9. " Observations on Ants, Bees, and Wasps." — Part YII.
By Sir John Lubbock, Bart., E.L.S.

INDEX TO THE PEOCEEDINGS.

SESSIONS 1875-1880.

Note. — The name of the Chairman at each Meeting: is not indexed.

Abbay. E., Hemilcia vasfafrLr, xxsv, xlix.
Abnormal Amhh/jmcustcs (Bell), liv.

— primrose (Eennett), xviii.

— prong-buck (Weir), liv.
Absorption by green parts of plants

(Henslow), xxxviii.
Acacia, glandular bodies of (F.Darwin),x.

— homalophyUa, seeds (Lynch), lii.

— sfhcerocepliala (Lynch), xl.
Acclimatization at Wanganui, New Zea-
land (Brewer), lii, liii, Iv.

Actamorfha erom (Miers), xv.

Actinarice, new (Moseley), xvi.

Actinomcfra (P. H. Carpenter), «xii.

Aculeate Hymeno]3tcra, new (Smith), xlii.

Adams, H., deceased, xxxiv. [See obi-
tuary in ' Journ. de Conch.' vol. 26,
p. 109-110.]

Address sent to Prof. Siebold, xxvii.

Aden, Bom-cUia Carteri collected at
(Trimen), xxiv.

Admiralty Islands, orchids from (Reich-
enbach), iii.

Adventitious grape (Masters), xxiii.

— roots of IJcrheris (Carriithers), xxviii.

— tubers Brassica Bnpa (Masters), xxiii.
JEstivafion, floral (Henslow), x.
Afghanistan flora (Aitchison), liii.
African Copal or Animi (Kirk), yi.

■ — Eubiacea? (Hiern), xxix.

— orchids (Weale), xxxix.

■ — species of Coffca (Hiern), vi.

— undetermined plant which produces
rubber (Christy), xxxvii.

Agar, A. P., elected, v.
Agar, J. G., elected, xxiv.
Air-reser\oirs of De Geer (Hammond),

liii.
Aird, D. A. M.. elected, xiv.
Aitchison. J. E. T., Flora of Kuram

Valley, liii.
Alaska Seals (Clarke), xxvii.

Alccdo heiigalensis exhibited, v.

Alces machlis, anatomy of (Watson and
Young), xxvi.

Alcock, R. H., elected, xiv.

Alga, new to Britain, Codiohim grcga-
riv.m (Holmes), liv ; on filter-beds at
Bradgate (Holmes), 1.

Alg.'\% British, presented, v; ' Challenger'
coll. by Moseley (Dickie), vi, xi; fresh-
water, from the Cape (Reinsch), xvii ;
freshwater, shown by E. M. Holmes, 1 ;
from Amazons (Dickie), Ivi ; from
Lake N'yassa (Dickie), xxxviii ; from
Polynesia, coll. by Moseley (Dickie),
vi; from Rodriguez (Dickie), xvi ;
Mycoidca, a new genus of (Cunning-
ham), xxii; of Arctic Exped. (Dickie),
Xxvi ; of ' Challenger,' suppl. note
on (Dickie), xiii ; of Kerguelen Land
(Archer), xi ; (Dickie), iv; (Reinsch),
vi-vii ; penetratingBryozoa CWaters),
xli.

Algeria, Ariindo Bonax used as parasol-
handles (Jackson), Iv.

Allis, T., deceased, ix.

All man, G. J., Botany of Riviera, Ix ; on
Linwocodhtm Victoria, Ixi ; on Pin-
guicula grcmdiflora, xxxv ; on rela-
tions of Ehahdojdcura, xxxix ; on
sense-organs in Hydroids, li ; re-
elected President. 1876, x ; 1877, xxi;
1878, xxxiv; 1879, xhii; 1880, Ix.

jillport, M., deceased, Iviii.

Aloinea^ and Yuccoide.T (Baker), lii.

Alps, butterflies from (Weir), xxiv.

Alston, E. R., elected Councillor, 1880,
Iv ; elected Fellow, v ; elected Secre-
tary, 1880, Ix.

Alterations in Chap. XIII. of Bje-Laws,
announcement at meeting, xli ; read,
xlii; read for second time, xliii; re-
jected, xliv.

Ixiv

AlveoIUes and allied forma (Nicholson
and Etlieridgp), xviii.

Amazons, Algjv; from (Dickie), Ivi.

Anth'i/pnc7t»fcit, nnomuluiis (Stewart),
Ivi, Ivii.

— , quadriradiate (Bell^, Ivi.

America (Autarctic), lichens of (Crom-
bie), V.

Amorican grasshopper (Oppermann),
xiv.

Amnrphoj^haUi's-vesGvabWng aroid (Mas-
ters), xxxvii.

Amphibia Urodcla, morphology of
skull (Parker), xlvii.

Anipliibinus fishes of India (Day), xv.

Anaifis rosea (M'Intosh), xvi.

Anal respiration in Decapods (Har-
tog), Ix.

Anaphe shown (Hewitt), Hi.

Anat. of elk (Watson and Young), xxvi.

Anderson, J., Arctomi/s dichroits, vii ;
on cloacal bladders and peritoneal
canals in Chelonia, iv ; on eye and
stomach-contents of Gangetic Dol-
phin, vii ; on habits of Horiibills, xv ;
on Mud-Turtle, v ; on osteology and
pterylosis of Eurynorhynchus J>y(J'
mo'iis, xi.

Anderson, Sir J., blanket-sponge ob-
tained by, iv.

Andira Amroha, shown (Hohnes), 1.

Andi-ogyuous mistletoe, xl.

Anemone, malformation in, xv.

Animi of E. coast of Africa (Kirk), vi.

Annelida, of Brit. N. Polar Exp. (M'In-
tosh), xxiv ; of ' Valorous' (M'Intosh),
xxii.

Anomalous Amhlypneii.sfcs (Stewart), Ivi.

AnoiiHirous Crustacea (Miers), xxiv.

Anonaceous seed found in Rhinoceros
(Dyer), xxv.

Ant, Myrmecodia attacked by a species
of (Britten), liii ; jjerforating Nepen-
thes (Masters), liii.

Antarctic America, lichens of (Crombie),

V.

Anthericea;, revision of (Baker), ii.

Ajitheridia of Polysiphonia shown
(Holmes), Ixi.

Antilocapra amcricana, abnormal spec,
of (Weir), liv.

Anfipathcs exhibited, xiv.

Ants, additional observations on (Lub-
bock), iv ; anatomy of (Lubbock), xl ;
Bee.s, and W\isps, III. (Lubbock), i;
habits of, VI. (Lubbock), xl ; VII.
(Lubbock), Ixii; food from glandular
bodies of plants (F. Darwin), x;
plants affording food for (Lynch), xl.

Aphilfifhrix Sieholdii, galls on oak
formed by (Holmes), xxvii.

Apiocrinid(P, new (Tliomson), x.

Aplysia dacfylomrln (Dobson), Ixii.

Apocynaccte by Miers, mentioned, vii.

Aquarium specimens oi Salmo fontiimlis
(Day), lii.

Arabian coffee-plants exhibited, x.

Archer, W., deceased, ix.

Archer, W., on Ballia, xi ; freshwater
alga; of Kerguelen Land, xi.

Archipelago, Philippine, birds from
(Sharpe), xiv.

Arctic exped. fungi (Berkeley), xxviii.

Arctomys dichrous (Anderson), vii.

Areca, Hyphmnc Argun seeds errone-
ously identified as an (Jackson), xl.

Argentine, Hcbridal (Day), liv.

Armature, male, in Rhopalocera (White),

XV.

Armit, W. E., elected, xiv ; on To'ephiia,
xxiv ; on skidl of Echidna sent by,
xxxvi ; on Tachyylossus and Ornltho-
rhynchus in Queensland, xxxvi.

Armstrong. J., elected, xiv.

Aruot, D.. elected, ii.

Aroid, gigantic, from Sumati'a (Mas-
ters), xxxvii.

Aroideoe, new (Brown), Ivi.

Arrow-poison from Buphane (Baker), xl.

Arrows and poisons from Fiji (Silver),
xxvi.

Artificial selection of sugar-beet(Tra vers),
xlii.

Arimdo Donax as parasol-handles (Jack-
son), Iv.

Ascidians, deep-sea (IVIoseley'), xv.

Ash, growing-point of, shown (Stewart),
Ixi.

Ashoncma settihalcnse exliibited, iv.

A.sparagus, so-called Bath, xxxv.

Asteroidea of Korean seas (Sladen),
xxxv.

Atkinson, W. S., deceased, ix.

Atlantic Ophiurid (Duncan), Ii.

Atthey, T., deceased, Iviii.

Auditory ossicles, Mammalian (Doran),

XV.

Aulacomnium turgidiim, new to Britain
(Holmes), xxxix.

Australia, Carpesium indigenous to
(Bailey), xlvii.

Australian, cuttlefish (Christy), xli ;
finches (Armit), xxiv ; flora and its
Monocotyledones (Bentham), xiii ;
flowers shown (Christy), Iv ; lichens
in Brown's herbarium (Crombie),
xlviii ; phytophagous beetles (Baly),
xxii ; Pitm-i (Christy), xli ; skulls
shown (Christy), 1.

Aveling, E. B., elected, xiv.

Bahirussa-i\\A\i shown (Middleton), liv.

rXDEX.

Ixv

Bacteria in fermentation (Baslian), xsii.
Baca, see Boca.

Baer, K. E. von, deceased, xix. [See
Obituary in Proc. Roy. Soc. vol. xxvii.
pp. i-v.]
Bailey, A., peat-fiood in Falklands,

xliii.
Bailey, C, elected, xxxv.
Baily, F. M , Carpcsium in Australia,

xlvii ; elected Fellow, xxix.
Bairstow, S. D., elected, liv.

Baker, J. Gr., Aloinese and Yuecoiden?,
lii ; Buphane toxicaria shown by, xl ;
ColchicaceiB, xxxix ; communications
by, xvi, xviii ; elected Councillor
1876, X ; exliib. fruit Pyvus com-
munis, var. Brigr/sii, ii ; ferns coll.
by Miss Gil^Din in Madagascar, xvii ;
do. from Madagascar, x; Liliacete
&c. of Welwitsch's herbar., xvii ;
monstrous thistle, lii ; Polynesian
ferns of ' Challenger ' exped., ii ; re-
moved from Council, 1878, xxxiv ; re-
vision of Antherice^e and EriospernietE,
ii ; sj-uopsis of Ilypoxidacea?, xxvii ;
Systema Iridacearum, xiv.

Baker, J. G-., and S. L. M. Moore, con-
trib. to flora of N. China, xlviii.

Baker, Sir S., discovery of cedar in
Cyprus (Hooker), 1.

Baldock, J. H., elected, iii.

Balfour, F. M., elected, ii.

Balfour, I. B., algaj coll. at Eodriguez
(Dickie), xvi ; elected, ii ; lichens coll.
in Rodriguez (Crombie), xi ; Myxo-
mycetcs new to Britain, xxxviii ; new
genus of Turneracese, iv; Pandaniis,
XXV ; vegetation of Rodriguez, xvi.

Ball, J., elected Councillor, xxxiv ; no-
minated V.-P. 1879, xlvii ; removed
from Council 1880, Ix ; Spicilegium
florai Maroccanaj, xvii.

BaUia (Archer), xi.

Ballot for Council 187(i, x ; 1877, xxi ;
1878, xxxiv ; 187*.>, xlv ; 1880, Ix.

— for Ofllcers 1870, x; 1877, xxi;
1878, xxxiv ; 1879, xlvii ; 1880, Ix.

Balsamodcndron Ehreiibergianum, B,
inyrrha, and B. IHayfairii shown
(Trimen), xliii.

Balston, W. E,, elected, xxxv.

Baly, J. S., Australian phytophagous
beetles, xxii ; new phytophagous Co-
leoptera, xxvi.

Bancroft, Dr., os sepia coll. bv(Christv),
xli.

Bancroft, T. L., elected, Iv.

Barboza du Bocage, J. V., elected, vii.

Bartlett, A. D., elected, Ii.

Bary, Prof, de, fungi prejiared by (Car-
rutiiers), iv.

LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. SESSIONS

Bdssia latifuli'X (Lockwood), xxvii.

Bastian, H. C, Bacteria in boiled fluid,
xxii.

Bates, H. W., communication by, xiii.

Bath asparagus shown, xxxv.

Bdellium shown (Trimen), xliii.

Beccari, O., Dipterocarpea; coll. by
(Dyer), xxvi ; gigantic aroid found
in Sumatra by. xxxvii.

Beccles, abnormal primrose from (Ben-
nett), xviii.

Bedingfield, J., deceased, xlv.

Bees, wasps, and ants, habits of
(LubbDck), III., i; IV., xvi; Y.,
xxvii ; VI., xl ; VII., Ixii.

Beet, selection for sugar (Travers), xlii.

Beetle, fungous growth on, shown, vii.

Beetles, Australian phytophagous (Baly),
xxii.

Begonia, Indian species of (Clarke), Ii.

Bell, F. J., abnormal Ainblypneustes,
Ivi.

Bell, Prof. T., alluded to from Chair,
Ivii ; death announced, liv-lv ; do.
reported, Iviii.

Bell-bird (Murie), xlviii.

Beluga leiicas (Murie), xxxvi.

Bennett, A. W., cleistogamic flowers,
xxxviii ; exhib. of mimetic insects of
Syria, xv ; growth of female flower-
stalk of Vallisneria spiralis, i ; growth
of flower-stalk of hyacinth, v ; prim-
rose with free stamens, xviii.

Bennett, J. J., deceased, ix; do. alluded
to, iv [see notice in Journ. Bot. n. s.
V. (lS7(i) 97-104] ; medals of Lin-
nteus formerly belonging to, pre-
sented by Mrs. Bennett, vii.

Bentham, C, communications by, vi,
xviii ; distribution of Monocotyledons
into prinuiry groups, xiii ; elected
Councillor 1880, Ix ; index to Trans-
actions compiled by, mentioned, v ;
nominated V.-P. 1876. x ; notes on
Euphorbiacete, xxxviii ; I'emoved from
Council 1877, xxi.

Bentley, R., elected Auditor 1878,
xxii.

Berber is, i-oots of (Carruthers), \-xviii.

Berjeau, C, elected, xxvi.
Berkeley, M. J., algre on Bradgato
filter-beds, 1 ; ' Challenger ' fungi,
III., xvi ; fungi from Kerguelen
Land, vii ; fungi of Arctic exped.,
xxviii ; portrait of, presented, xxxvii.
Berkeley, M. J., and C. E. Broome, fungi

from Brisbane, xxix ; of Ceylon, ii.
Berkeley, ]\I. J., and M. C. Cooke, fungi

of Brazil, iii.
Bernays, L. A., Carpcsiurn cermiuni in
Queensland, xxxviii.

1875-80. /

h

INDKX.

Berries oi Jidiiperu,^ phixnkea in Theban
tombs (Jackson), xl.

iiettany, G. T., clccte.l, Iv ; on voca-
bulary of botanical terms, Ivii.

Bicknell, A. S., elected, xxv.

Bigolow, J., deceased, xlv. [See Obituary
in Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 333-342.]

Birds, collected by Steere (Shurpc), xiv ;
from New Guinea (Sharpc), xi ; in-
troduced into N. Zealand (Brewer),
lii ; rare forms shown (Sharpe), xli ;
venous system of (Wade), vi.

Bird's .skull, II. (Parker), ii.

Black coi'al exhibited, xiv.

Blacklaw, — , Liberian coffee failure in
Brazil, Ivi.

Blair, D., elected, v.

Blanket-sponge exhibited, iv.

Blowfly, thorax of (Hammond), xlviii.

Bloxam, G. W., elected, iii.

Boea Covunersonii (Trimen), iii.

Boletus suhfoinentoms (Smith), xxvi,

Bond, W. K, withdrawn, xlv.

Bone imbedded in wood (Thomson),
xsxix.

Books on botany printed in Japan
(Moseley), xiv.

Borneo, Nepenthes hicalcarata from
([Masters), liii ; sp. Mi/rmecodia from
(Britten), liii ; weaving-instrument
from (Dyer), xl.

Borne t, E., elected, xli v.

BosiucUia Bhau-Bajiana, B. Carter ii,
and B. Frereana, xxiv.

Botanical, diagrams presented (Dodel-
Port), xliv ; photographs .shown
(Shoolbi'ed), Ii ; terms (Bettany),
Ivii.

Botany of ' Challenger ' (Moseley),
ii, iii, vi, xi, xiii, xiv, xvi, xxii.

Boulger, G. S., elected, xv , Thlasjii
2KrfoIiatuni as a British plant,
xviii.

Boulth, W. H., elected, x.

Bournemouth, Dahoecia poUfolia and
Erica vagans (Moggridge), xxv.

Bowerbank, J. S., deceased, xix. [See
Obituary notice in Geol. Mag. 1877,
p. 91.]

Boycott, T., elected Auditor 1877, xviii ;
1879, xliv ; elected Councillor, xxxiv ;
Nitella from St. Leonard's forest,
xxxvii ; retirement as Auditor an-
nounced, 1880, Ivi.

Boyd, W. C, elected, ii.

Bradgatc filter-beds choked by an Alga
(Holmes), 1.

Brady, G. S., elected, ii.

Braithwaitc, R.. appointed Scrutineer
1876, ix; 1878, x-xxiv, exhib. of
ChaiiKBrops Forfvnci, xxii.

Branches, disarticulation of (Lynch),
xviii.

Branch-tubers of Vitis (Lynch), xxxviii.

Brandt, J. F., deceased, Iviii ; men-
tioned, Ivii. [SeeObituary, Proc. Geol.
Soc. Lond. 1879-80, p. 44, and Journ.
Bot. 1879, p. 383.]

Braun, A., deceased, xix. [See Obituary
in Journ. Bot. (1877) 321.]

Brazil, fungi (Berkeley and Cooke), iii.

— jLibcrian coffee failure in(Christv),lvi.

Breese, C. J., Auditor, 1880, lix. '

Brett, J., Assoc, deceased, ix.

Brewer, H. M., birds and mammals in-
troduced into N. Zealand, lii ; fish
introd. into N. Zealand, hii ; plants
introd. into N. Zealand, Iv.

Bridlington, Hygrophorus Wgnniw from
(Murray), xx-xviii.

Briggs, T. R. A., fruits of Pi/rus com-
munis, var. Briggsii, exhibited by, ii.

Brisbane, fungi from (Berkeley and
Broome), xxix.

Britain, Aulacomniimi new to (Holmes),
x.xxix; Codiolum, an Alga new to
(Holmes), liv ; Myxomycetes new to
(Balfour), xxxviii.

Bi'itish algai presented, v.

— fauna. Bell's works mentioned, Ivii.

— lichens (Leighton), iii ; new (Leigh-
ton), xiv.

— plant, Thlaspi perfoliatum as a
(Boulger), xviii.

— Polyzoa (Peach), xxi.

Britten, J., Myrmecodia echinata and

M. glahra shown by, liii.
Brongniart, A., deceased, ix [Obituary

notice in Joiu*n. Bot. (1876) 95] ;

alluded to, iv.
Brook, G., elected, xxxix.
Brooke, Sir V. A., elected, iv.
Broome, C. E. (J. M. Berkeley and),

fungi from Brisbane, xxix ;, fungi of

Ceylon, ii.
Brown, G. D., elected, xiv.
Brown, N. E., elected Assoc, Ii ; on

new Ai'oidete, Ivi ; Stapelia; of Thun-

berg's herbarium, xxxvi.
Brown, R., Australian lichens in his

herbarium (Crombie), xlviii.
Brown, T. E., elected, xliv.
Bryozoa, entozoicFloridea;in(Reinsch),

xlii ; penetrated by alga; (Waters),

xli ; shell of (Waters), xxTcvi, Ixxvii.
Buchanan, J., elected, ii; on root -stock

of Maraftia fraxiitea, xvi.
Buitenzorg, views in (Dyer), xlix.
Bull, W., exhibition of living plants of

Liberian and Arabian coffee, x.
' Bulldog,' Ophiurid obtained during

cruise of (Duncan), Ii.

INDEX.

Ixvii

Buiibury, Mr., Australian Howers coll.

by (Christy), Iv.
Buphane toxicaria bulb shown (Baker),

xl.
Burbidge, E. W., note on Nepenthes

bicalcarata (Masters), liii.
Burns, W., elected, xvi.
Bury, Nepenthes sanguinea grown at

(Fitch), xli.
Burying-fishes of India (Day), xv.
Bushmen arrow-poison from Buphane

(Baker), xl.
Busk, G., elected Councillor 1880, Ix ;

moved vote of thanks for President's

address, 1877, xxi ; 1878, xxxiv ; 1870,

xlvii ; nominatecl V.-P. 1876, x ;

1878, XXXV ; Polyzoa of the North-

Polar Expedition, Ixii ; recent species

of Hetcropora, xlviii ; removed from

Council 1879, xlv.
Butler, A. G., butterflies of Malacca,

XV ; butterflies referred to Euplcea,

xxvii ; communication by, xlii ; exbib.

of n^yi Euptychia,ia.n; Pi/ramoccra, Iv.
Butter, J., deceased, xix.
'Butterflies from Alps (Weis), xxiv; from

Malacca (Butler), xv ; referred to

Euplceei (Butler), xxvii.
Butterfly, polymorphic (Westwood), Iv.
Bye Laws, chap. II., alterations in, xxx-

xxxi ; read first time, xxx ; do. second,

xxxi ; same confirmed, xxxii.
— , proposed alterations in chap. XIII.,

xli ; read in meeting, xlii ; do. second

time, xliii ; rejected, xliv.

Cadulus, 'Challenger' species (Watson),

xxxviii.
Caloptenus femur-rubrum (Oppermann),

xiv.
Cameron, J., cofFee-leaf disease, Ivi ;

elected, li.
Cameron, Lieut., plants coll. by (Oliver),

i.
Campbell, F. M., elected, xx-xix ; glands

in raaxillffi of spiders, Ixi ; stridula-

ting organ, Ixi.
Canaries, list of shells from (Watson), vi.
CandoUe, C. de, gcograph. distrib. Me-

liacete, xviii.
Cane called Whangee (Jackson), xv.
Canis fidvus, var. argentata, skin shown,

vii.
Canterbury, N.Zealand, ferns of (Potts),

xi.
Cape, freshwater algfc (Rcinsch), xvii. ;

lichens (Crombie), iii.
Cape Karroo, Buphane found at (Baker),

xl.
Cape York orchids (Reichenbach), iii.
Cardamom of Nepaul (King), xxiv.

Cardamoms from Hanbury's Herbarium

(Holmes) xxiii.
Cardiganshire salmon (Day), Iii.
Carduus crispus, monstrous (Baker), Iii.
Carnivorous water-beetles, respiratory

functions of (D. Sharpe), xiii.
Carpenter, P. H., Actinonietra, xxii ;

Solanoerimcs, Ixi.
Carpenter, W. B., communications by,

xxii, Ixi ; elected Councillor, 1876, x ;

nominated V.-P., 1876, x; removed

from Council 1878, xxxiv; seconded

vote of thanks to President, xxi.
Ceapesucm, indigenous in Australia

(Bailey), xlvii.

— ccniuum in Queensland (Bernays),
xxxviii.

Carpophaga, fruit of Oncocarpus in
crop of (Dyer), xxv.

Carr, W., deceased, xix.

Carrington, J. T., elected, liv; stone-
crab shown by, Iv.

Carruthers, W., adventitious roots of
Berberis, xxviii ; elected Councillor
1877, xxi ; exhibition of fungi by, iv ;
do. Pteropods, li ; moved vote of
thanks to Treasurer, Ix; nominated
V.-P. 1878, XXXV; 1879, xlvii ; removed
from Council 1880, Ix.

Caruel, T., elected, xxxi.

Casey, G. E. C, elected, xlii.

Cattell, W., elected, xxxv.

Cccropia peltata, glandular bodies of (F.
Darwin), x ; (Lynch), xl.

Cedrus Dcodara from Dorset, 1.

— Libani, var. brevijlora (Hooker), 1.
Celebes plants coll. by Eiedel (Oliver), i.
Cerveintesiaceee (Miers), xxvii.
Ceylon fungi (Berkeley and Broome), ii.
Chalk abraded by limpets (Hawkshaw),

xxx.
' Challenger ' Botany, Algi« (Dickie), vi,
xi, xiii.

— MoUusca (Watson), xxxviii, xxxix,
xlvii, Ivi, Ixii.

— Orchidacem (Reichenbach), iii.
— . See also Moseley.

Chammrops Fortunci in flower (Braith-
waite), xxii.

— leaf found in plank of rosewood
(Thomson), xxxix.

Chantre, M., elected, xxxi.

Chara, growing point of (Stewart), Ixi.

Chelonia, cloacal bladders and peritoneal

canals of (Anderson), iv.
Chester, flowers grown at (Walker), xxiii.
Chimmo, Capt.W., elected, xvii; Euplcc-

tclla aspergillum, xviii ; new Globige-

rina, xviii.
Chinese fruits shown (T. Christy),

xxviii.

Ixviii

INDEX.

Chinese, Nau-Mu tree used by (Dyer),

XXV.

Chitina crecopsis (Higgins), xxxi.

Chittim wood of Scripture (Hooker), 1.

Clilorophvll and liehcn-life (Murray).
Ixi.

Chonephora (Cunningham), xxxii.

Christie, A. C, elected, xxxv.

Christy, T., Australian flowers s,hown
by, Iv; berries of Liberian coifee, xxvii ;
black coral exhibited by, xiv ; chryso-
phanic acid shown by, 1 ; couiniuni-
cation by, xxvii ; elected Fellow, xiv ;
I'ailiu-c to raise Liberian coffee in Bra-
zil, Ivi ; india-rubber plants shown by,
xxxvii; Katal-grown 1 ea, xl ; on quali-
ties of Gi/nocardia odorata, xxxix ;
Pituri shown by, xli; Scrutineer 1880,
Ix.

Chrysophanic acid shown (T. Christy), 1.

Cicuta virosa, winter floating state of,
xxix.

Cidaridce, organs of (Stewart), xxv.

Cinchona Calimya, shown (Howard),
xxv.

Cinchona in India (Howai-d), xlvii.

Citron, "Claw of Buddha" (Christy),
xxviii.

Claphaiu, ChammropsFortunei flowering
without protection at (Braithwaite),
xxii.

Clarke, B., zoological arrangement, xxix.

Clarke, C. B., botanic notes fi-om Dar-
jeeling to Tonglo, ii ; Commdinaccce,
liii ; dimorphism in Gardenia turgida,
xxxix ; dimorphism in JRiihiacea; xxxvi ;
ferns of Northern India, xlvii ; Indian
Begonias, li ; Edgaria, ii.

Clarke, J. W., fur-seals shown, xxviii.

Clarke, R. (St. G. J. Mivart and), sacral
Ijlexus of lizards, xviii.

Clarke, E. F., elected, v.

Classification of Gasteropoda (Macdon-
ald),lxii; of Maioid Crustacea (Miers),
xlii ; of Narcisstig (Hibberd), vi.

" Claw of Buddha" citron from China
(Christy), xxviii.

Cleislogamic flowers (Bennett), xxxviii.

Cobbold,T. S., comuumicaiion bj',x-xviii;
elected Auditor, 1878, xxix ; exhibit.
Distoma sincn^e, iv. ; Filaria Ban-
crofti, xxviii ; Trematode parasites
irom dolphin of Ganges, vii.

Cochin China, Eestiaeeous plant from
(Masters), xliv.

Cocoons o'i An(q)hc (llewett), lii.

Codiolum grerjarium new to Britain
(Holmes), liv.

Coffca, African species of (Hiein), vi ;
C. stenophijUa sliown, x.

Coffee-berries, Liberian (Christy), xxvii.

Coffee-leaf disease (Abbay), xxxv : (Ca-
meron), Ivi. See also Hcmilcia.

Cofl'ee, Liberian, grown at Monrovia
(Morris), xliv ; its failure in Brazil
(Christy), hi.

Cohesion in flower uf Anemone, xv.

Colchicacea:, synopsis of (Baker), xxxix.

Coleoptera coll. by C. Darwin (Water-
house), xxxix ; new phytojihagous
Coleoptera (Baly), xxvi.

Coles, F., elected, xliii.

CoUetia hictoncnsia, Lindl., xxiii ; C.
Ci'uciata grown at Langford Budville,
xxiii, xx-xvii ; do. with combined cha-
racters (Masters), xxv ; G. sjjino^a
(Masters), xxvi.

CoUett, Lieut.-Col. H., elected, li.

Collett, R., Myodes Lcmmus in Norway,
xviii.

Collingwood, C, appointed Scrutineer,
1878, xxxiv; on MoUusea from Ea.st-
ern seas, xxviii.

Collins, J., Boswcl/ia Cartcrii coUecleil
by (Trimen), xxiv.

Collinson, II., deceased, xix.

Comatuhe and Solanocrinus (Carpen-
ter), Ixi.

Comber, T., elected, xxxi.

CommcUnaccm (Clarke), liii.

Committee on Finance, Ix.

Compositions invested, Ix.

Conidial fructification in Mucorina
(Cunningham), xxxii.

Conifers from Japan shown (Masters),
Iv ; movement in leaves of (Masters),
li.

Conii'in maculatum, venation of (Gor-
ham), xxviii.

Constable, J., elected, xvii ; withdrawn,
Iviii. ,

Cooke, E.W., deceased, Iviii; mentioned,
Ivii. [Obituary notice in ' Nature,' xxi.
261.]

Cooke, M. C, fungi of Texas, xxix.

Cooke, M. C, and M. J. Berkeley, fungi
of Brazil, iii.

Copal-tree identified (Kirk), vi.

Cornthwaite, T., deceased, xlv.

Corsellis, C. C, deceased, ix.

Corsi Salviato, aroid seedlings raised
by (Masters), xxxvii.

Cosson, E., elected, xxxi.

Cotton-pod wool, bird'.s nest of (Jack-
son), xxvi.

Coulson, W., deceased, xlv.

Cox, II. E., elected, ii.

Crassulaceai, inflorescoice of (Masters),
xli.

Craven, A., elected, ii.

Cresswcll, E., Codiohan discovered at
Tcignmouth by (Holmes), liv.

INDEX.

Ixix

Orinoids, new (Wyville Thumsoii), x.

Crinum aquaticum shown (Strickland),
xvii.

Crisp, F., elected Councillor, 1879, xlv ;
invertebrates from Naple-i, Ixi.

Croft, R. B., elected, iv.

Crombic, J. M., Australian lichens in
Robert Brown's herbai'iiiiu, xlviii ;
Dillenins's lichens, li ; elected Coun-
cillor, 1879, xlv ; Lichenes Capenses et
LichenesTerrajKergueleni, iii; lichens
from Madagascar, x ; lichens from
Rodriguez, xi ; lichens of antarctic
America (Cunningham), v; lichens
of ' Challenger,' xxii ; notes on (Stir-
ton), XXV ; reply to Dr. Stirton's
remarks on my paper on the ' Chal-
lenger ' lichens, xlviii.

Crotch, W. D., additional note on lem-
ming, xi ; exhibition of live lem-
mings, xiii ; exhib. silver fox and
lemming skins, vii ; on Norwegian
lemming, vii ; withdrawn, xlv.

Croydon, large oak-leaves from, xv.

Crustacea, anomurous (Miers), xxiv ;
fi'om Grreenland (Miers), 1 ; from
Vera Cruz (Miers), hi ; living in
Philippine sponges (Miers), xxii ;
oxystomatous (Miers), xi.

Cucurbitacea?, Edgaria, a new genus of,
Clarke, ii.

Cunningham, D. D., conidial fructifica-
tion in Mucoriua^ xx'xii ; elected, iii ;
Mycoidea, xxii.

Cunningham, R. O., lichens coll. by
(Crombie), v.

Cuix-uligo led/folia, weaving-instrument
for, shown (Dyer), xl.

Curl, S. M., elected, xliii.

Currey, F., communication of Gorham's
paper, xxviii ; elected Treasurer 1880,
Ix ; re-elected Secretary 187(>, x ;
1877, xxi ; 1878, xx-xiv ; 'l879, xlvii ;
Seci'etaryship resigned by, 1880, Ivii.

Cuttle-fish, Australian (Clu-isty), xli.

Cyatliocalyx Maingayi seed in Rhino-
ceros (Dyer), xxv.

Cyme, scorpioid, origin of (ITenslow),
xlix.

Cyprus, cedar from (Hooker), 1; wild
sheep of (Lord Lilford), Ixi.

Cystocarp of Polysipkonkc shown
(Holmes), Ixi.

JDaboccia joolifolia near Bournemouth

(Moggridge), xxv.
Dallas, W. S., elected auditor 1879,

xliv; elected Councillor 1879, xlv.
Danielssen, new species of Virgularia

to be described by, xxxv.
Darjeeling to Tonglo, Clarke, ii.

Darwin, C, Coleoptera collected by
(Waterhouse), xxxix.

Darwin, F., elected, ii ; glandular
bodies on Acacia sphcBrocephala and
Cecropia i^cltata as food for ants, x;
hygroscopic mechanism of seeds, v;
nutrition of Droscra rotundifuUa,
xxvi.

Davidson, T., elected, xxxviii.

Davis, R., deceased, xlv.

Davis Straits Annelids (M'Intosh), xxii.

Day, F., amphibious_'fishes of India, xv ;
exhib. Madras-bred trout and king-
fisher caught by JJnio, v; fishes from
the Deccan, vi ; Gadus macrucepha-
lits in the Thames, xliv; geograph.
distrib. of Indian fishes, I. xiv, II.
xviii, III. xxxix ; Hebridal Argen-
tine, liv ; instincts and emotions of
fish, xlix ; introduction of tench and
trout into India, \i; Irish stickle-
backs, xiii ; Salmonidtu shown by,
Iii; Scomber p)ii>ictatus of Couch, Ix.

De Bary, fungi prepared by (Carru-
thers), iv ; his researches on potato-
disease discussed, v.

Decapods, anal respiration in (Hartog),
Ix.

Deccan, fishes from (Day), vi.

DeCrespigny, A., Tordylium maximum
shown, xiii.

Deep-sea Ascidians (Moseley), xv.

DeCleer, air-reservoirs of (Hammond),
liii.

Bendrohium, new section of (Reichen-
bach), iii.

Denson, J., Assoc, deceased, ix.

Dentalium., ' Challenger ' species (Wat-
son), x-xxviii.

Deshayes, G. P., deceased, ix. [Obituary
notice in Journ. de Conch, xxiii.
pp. 123-127.]

Dew absorbed by plants (Henslow),
xxxviii.

Diagrams presented (Dodel-Port), xliv.

Dickie, G., Algaj from Amazons, Ivi;
do. from Kerguelen, iv; do. from
Lake N'yassa, xxxviii ; do. from Ro-
driguez, xvi ; do. of Arctic Exped.,
xxvi ; marine alga3 coll. by Moseley,
xi ; Polynesian alga\ vi ; supp. note
on alga3 of ' Challenger,' xiii.

Dickson, R., deceased, ix.

Dillenins's ' Historia Mnscorum' (Jack-
son), li ; lichens of (Crombie), h.

Dimorphism in Gardenia iurgida
(Clarke), xxxix; in Rubiacea3
(Clarke), xxxvi.

Dinornis leg-bone (Forsyth), Iii.

Biospyros Embryoptcris, embryo of
(Hiern), xvi.

1:

tNDBX.

Dipsacus J'iUlonum, fasciated stems of

(Jackson), xxvi.
Dipterocarpca; coll. by Beccari (Dyer),

xxvi.
Disarticulatiou of branches (Lynch),

xviii.
Distoma sincnsc (Cobbold), iv.
Distribution of Indian freshwater fishes

(Day), I. xiv, II. .wiii, III. xxxix.

— of Eubiace.x in tropical Africa
(Hiern), xxii.

— of the Laridic (Saunders), xxx.

— of the Vultures (Sbarpe), iii.
Dobson, Apli/sia dacfijlomcla, Ixii ; com-

niunications by, \\, Ixii.

Dodcl-Port, A. and C, diagrams pre-
sented by, xliv.

Dolphin of Ganges, Trematodes from
(Cobbold), vii.

Domestic pig of prehistoric times (Eol-
lestou), xi.

Doran, A. H. G., auditory ossicles of
Mammalia, xt.

D'Orbigny's notes on shells (Watson), vi.

Doum-palm seeds from Thebes (Jack-
son), xl.

Dowdeswell, G. F., elected, xxxviii.

Dowson, Miss, abnormal primrose coll.
by (Bennett), x\iii.

Drane, R., elected, xiv.

Droscra rotundifolia, nutrition of (F.
Darwin), x-xvi.

Druce, G. C, elected, xliii.

Dublin county, fungi of (Pim), xxii.

Dtibaisia mi/oporoidcs (Holmes), xxvii.

Duchartre, P., elected, xviii.

Duncan, P. M., elected, liv ; Hcmplio-
lis, Ivi ; Korean Ophiuroidea, xxxv ;
synthetic Ophiurid, li.

Duncan, P. M., and Nelson, on Cojal-
linea;, xi.

Dyer, W. T. T., Buitenzorg views,
xlix; communications by, xi, xxxv,
xliii, xhx, 1 ; Dipterocarpea; from
Kew Guinea, xxvi ; fruiting of IVi^-
taria sinensis, xlii ; exhibition of
Nau-Mu &c., XXV ; Gyncrmm naccha-
roides shown by, xliii ; Helichrysum
veatitxim shown by, xlii ; Latakia to-
bacco, vi ; new fodder-grass, Euchla-
na luocurians, xl ; new species of
Hoodia, vii ; Pfychosperma riipkola
in flower at Kew, x-xvii ; " Bain-tree,"
x.xvii ; removed from Council 1870,
X ; weaving-instruments from Borneo,
xl; Wclmtschia shown by, xliv.

Eastern seas Mollusca (Collingwood),

xxviii.
Eaton, A. E., algtc collected by (Dickie),

iv; freshwater algro from Kerguelen

(Reinsch), vi-vii ; lichens collected

by (Crombie), iii ; Musci and Hepa-

ticiB coll. by (Mitten), iv.
Echidna, skull of (Murie), xxxvi.
EchincUa articulata in filter-beds at

Bradgate (Holmes), 1.
Echinoderms of Southern seas, propa-
gation of (Wy ville Thomson), x.
Echinoidea of Korean seas (Sladen),

xxxv.
Echinops, monstrous thistle simulating

(Baker), Iii.
Echiod'M (Giinther), liv.
Edcjaria, a new genus (Clarke), ii.
Edgeworth, M. P., on pollen, iv.
Ehreuberg, C. G., deceased, xix.
Elk, anatomy of (Walson and Young),

xxvi.
Elliot, D. G., withdrawn, xxxiv.
Elm-bough withpulley imbedded (Hens-
low), xli.
Embida\ nymph-stage of (M'^Lachlan),

xxi.
Embryo of Biospyros (Hiern), xvi.
Embryo-sac in Phanerogams (Ward), 1.
Embryojitcris, embryo of (Hiern), xvi.
Emotions of fish (Day), xlix.
Emyda dura, plastron of (Anderson), v.
Enderby, C, deceased, xix.
Engelmann, G., elected, xxxi.
Entada scandens seed in Rhinoceros

(Dyer), xxv.
Epidcndrum bicornntum (Lynch), xl.
Enca vagans near Bom-nemouth (Mog-

gridge), xxv. .

Eriospermere, revision of (Baker), ii.
Etheridge,R., juni*., (A.Nicholson and)

on Ah'coUfeg, xviii.
EucJiIana luxurians, a new fodder

(Dyer), xl.
Eugenia apiculata grown at Chester

(Walker), xxiii.
Euphorbiacea^ notes on (Beutham),

xxxviii.
Eupkctdla (Miers), xxii ; E. a^Krgillum

(Chimmo), xviii.
Euploea, butterflies referred to (Butler),

xxvii.
Evptychia, new, exhibited (Butler), xiii.
European Rhopalocera, genital arma- ~

ture in (White), xv.
Eurynorhynchus pygnmis (Anderson),

xi.
Evans, J., elected, xxviii.
Exhibition scient. apparatus (Owen),

iv.
Extinct, land-toi'toises (Haddon), 1.
— lizards of Mascarene Islands (Giin-
ther), xvii,

Falklands, peat-flood in (Bailey), xliii.

INDEX.

Ixxi

Faraday, F. J., elected, xxxviii.

Fasciated stems of J)ipsacuti used as
parasol-haudles (Jackson), xxvi.

Fauna of Arctic seas (Moss), xxiv.

Feildeu, Capt., insects coll. by at Grin-
nell Land, xxiv ; insects and Arach-
nida coll. by (M'^Lachlan), xxiv.

Felt-sjDonge exhibited, iv.

Fenzl, E., deceased, Iviii ; elected, xxxi ;
mentioned, Ivii. [See Obituary, Sitzb.
zool.-bot. Ges. "Wien, Bd. xxx. p. 30.]

Ferment, digestive, of i^epmtJics (Yines),
xi.

Fermentation and Bacteria (Bastian),
xxii.

Ferns, coll. by Miss Gilpin in Mada-
gascar (Baker), xvii ; coll. by Steere
(Hai-rington), xvi; distribution of
(Saunders), xxx ; from Madagascar
(Baker), x ; of ' Challenger ' from
Polynesia (Baker), ii ; of N. India
(Clarke), xlvii.

Fertilization and nutrition of flowers
(Meehan, Henslow), xliv; oiMcyenia
erecta (Lynch), xxx ; of plants (Hens-
low), xxiv.

Fiji, Pinarolestes from (Sharpe), xli.

Filaria Bancrofti (Cobbold), xxviii ; F,
sangids-hominis (Mansou), xxviii.

Filter-beds choked by alga (Holmes), 1.

Financial statements, 1876, viii, ix ;
1877, xix, XX ; 1878, xxxii ; 1879, xlvi ;
1880, lix.

Finches from Australia (Armit), xxiv.

Firs shown (Masters), li.

Fishes from the Deccau (Day), vi ; In-
dian freshwater (Day), I. xiv, II. xviii,
III. xxxix ; introduced into New
Zealand (Brewer), liii.

Fitch, E. A., elected, xl.

Fitch, J. N., elected, xxv.

Fitch, W. H., drawing of Nepenthes san-
guinea, xli.

Fitzgerald, R. D., pouch of marsupials,
xvi.

Flora, of Ireland, Moore's work on,
mentioned, Ivii ; of Kuram Valley
(Aitchison), liii; of Marion Island
(Moseley), xiv.

Floral estivation (Henslow), x.

— development of Sapotacea; (Hartog),
xxii.

Florence, aroid seedlings raised at
(Masters), xxxvii.

Florideaj, entozoic, on Bryozoa and
Sponges (Reinsch), xlii.

Flower, superposition of part of (Mas-
ters), xi.

Flower, W. H., communication by, xv.

Flowering-plants, terms used in de
scribing (Bettany), Ivii.

Floyer, E. A., elected, xxv.
Fluke, new human (Cobbold), iv.
Flii->(rafoliacea and F.friincata{Gne\e),

li.
Food-bodies for ants in plants (Lynch),

xl.
Forbes, F. B., elected, ii.
Forbes, H. O., Myrmecodia coll. by

(Britten), liii.
Forbes, W. A., elected, xliii.
Forest-trees (Masters), xvii.
Forsyth, J., leg-bones oi' Dinornis (Mu-

rie), lii.
Fossil, fungus (Smitli), xxvi ; walrus-
tusks (Lankester), xxviii, Ivii.
Foster, M., elected Councillor 1880, Ix.
Fowler, W. W., elected xxxvii.
Frankincense-tree (Trimen), xxiv.
Fraxinus, growing-point of (Stewart),

Ixi.
Fremontia ccdifornica grown at Chester

(Walker), xxiii.
Freshwater alg£e, Iverguelen (Archer),

xi, (Reinsch), vi, vii ; from the Cape

(Reinsch), xvii ; shown by Mr.

Holmes, 1.
Freshwater fishes of India (Day), xiv,

II. xviii, III. xxxix.
Freshwater medusa, new (Allman), Ixi.
Fries, E. M., deceased, xxxiv. [See Obi-
tuary in Journ. Bot. (1878) 95, and

Bot.' Soc. Edinb. xiii. 383.]
Fries, T. M., Lichens Brit. N. Polar

Exped., xlvii.
Fruit of Oncocarjmsivoxn crop of pigeon

(Dyer), xxv.
Fruiting Wistaria sinensis (Dyer), xlii.
Fruits and seeds from Thebes (Jackson),

xl.
— from China (Christy), xxviii.
Fungi, drawings of (Smith), xxvi ;

exhib. (Carruthers), iv ; from Bris-
bane (Berkeley and Broome), xxix ;

of Arctic Exped. (Berkeley), xxviii ;

of Brazil (Berkeley and Cooke), iii ;

of Ceylon (Berkeley and Broome), ii ;

of Dublin and Wicklow (Pirn), xxii ;

of Texas (Cooke), xxix.
Fungus, fossil (Smitli), xxiv ; peculiar

properties ascribed to a (Powell),

xxix.
Fungus-growth on beetle exhibited, vii.
Funicle of Acacia-seed (Lynch), lii.
Fur-Seals shown by J. W. Clarke, xxviii.

Gadus macrocephalns in Thames (Day),

xliv.
Galls on oak, formed by Aphilothrix

SicbokUi (Holmes), xxvii.
Gamble, J. S., elected, xxv.
Gangetic dolphin, eye and contents of

Ixxii

INDEX.

stomach shown, vii ; do. Trematodes

from (Cobbokl), vii.
Gan^etic Mud-tiirtlc (Anderson), v.
Gardenia fiin/ida, dimorphism in

(Clarke), xxxix.
Gardner, E. T., elected, xvi.
Gareloeh, Pteropods from (Carrutbers),

li.
Gasteropoda, classification of (Macdon-

ald), kii.
Gastcrostcuii, Irish (Day), xiii.
Geddes, P., crustaceans coll. by (Miers),

hi.
Geei?e, wild, their migration (Prior), xxv.
Gegenbaur, C, elected, xviii.
Genital armature, Ehopalocera (White),

XT.

Geograph. distrib. Indian freshwater
fishes (Day), I. xiv, II. xviii, III.
xxxix.

— of Laridic (Saunders), xxx.

— of Meliacea; (C. de CandoUe), xviii.

— of Vultui'es ()Sliarpe), iii.
Germination of Pachira (Lynch), xxxi.
Gilbert, .1. IL, elected, i.

Gillies, R., elected, xvi.

Gilpin, Miss, Madagascar ferns coll. by
(Baker), xvii.

Glands in maxillaj of spidei's (Camp-
bell), Ixi.

Glandular bodies on Acacia sph(Bro-
ccphala and Cccropia fcltata (F. Dar-
win), X.

— organs in fishes (Giinther), liv.
Globigcriim, new (Chimmo), xviii.
Goa-powder from Andim (Holmes), 1.
Goadman. N., mimetic insects of Syria

collected by, xv.

Godman, F. D., elected auditor 1880, lix ;
elected Councillor, xxxiv ; removed
from Council ISSO, Ix.

Gooding, R., elected, iv.

Gordon Castle, forest-trees from (Mas-
ters), xvii.

Gorham, J., venation of Conium macu-
latum, xxviii.

Go?s, H., elected, xvi.

Graminea;, Munro's work at, mentioned,
Iviii.

Grant, Ool. J. A., elected Councillor 1877,
xxi ; nominated V.-P. 1878, xxxv ;
removed fi-om Council 1879, xlv.

Grape within a grape (Masters), xxiii.

Grasses from stomach of Gangetic dol-
phin shown, vii.

Grasshopper, American(Oppermann),xiv.

Green parts of plants, absorption by
(Ilenslow), xxxviii.

Greene, J. P., elected, xli; presentation
by, xlix.

Greenland Crustacea (Miers), 1.

Grieves, Dr.J.,Pteropods obtained by, li.
Grifllths, J. E., elected, xxxix.
GrinufU Land, insects coll. at, xxiv.
Grisebach, A. H. R., deceased, xlv. [See

Obituary in Bot. Soc. Edinb. xiv.

pt. 1, p. 13.]
Grote, A., elected Councillor 1879, xlv ;

nominated V.-P. 1879, xlvii ; vote of

thanks to Pres. 187G, seconded by, x.
Growing -points of Chara and ash

shown (Stewart), Ixi.
Growth of hyacinth (Bennett), v.
Grut, F., nominated Scrutineer 1870,

ix, X ; 1877, xxi.
Guilfoyle, W. R., elected, v.
Gulls, distribution of (Saunders), xxx.
Gum-resins produced by Boswellia

(Holmes), xxiv.
Gimther, A. C. L. G., Echiodon and

Scopeiui, liv ; electedCouncillor, xxxiv ;

elected Fellow, xvi ; on Mascarene

extinct lizards, xvii; removed from

Council 1880, Ix.
Gyiunozoidal discostomatous Flagellata

(Kent), xxii.
Gyncr'mm saccharoides shown (Dyer),

xliii.
Gynocardia odorata, its qualities

(Christy), xxxix.

Habits of ants, bees, and wasps (Lub-
bock), III., i; IV. xvi; V., xxvii;
VI., xl ; VII., Ixii.

— of EmbidaB (M<^Lachlan), xxi.

— of hornbills (Anderson), xv.
Haddon, A. C, laud-tortoises of Mauri-
tius, 1.

Hiemadoracete collected by Welwitsch
(Baker), xvii.

Hamilton, J. L., elected, xxxix ; with-
drawn, Iviii.

Hammond, A., elected, xxxviii ; Tanypus
macidaiiis larva, liii; thorax of blow-
fly, xlviii.

Haubury, D., collection of cardamoms
(Holmes), xxiii ; specimens of i?o.s-
%i:cUia (Holmes), xxiv.

Hanbury, T., elected, xxxviii.

Hance, H. F., elected, xxvii.

Hanley, S., two rare shells, xxxix.

Harland, A. A., elected, xxix.

Harman's, F. E., report on coffee leaf
disease (Cameron), Ivi.

Harrington, M. W., elected, xvi; ferns
collected by Steere, xvi.

Hart, H.C., insects and Arachnida coll.
by (M'Lachlan), xxiv.

Harting, J. E., elected Auditor 1879,
xliv ; removed from Council 187<», x.

Hartog, M. M., anal respiration in
Decapods, Ix; floral development of

INDEX.

Ixxiii

Sapotacege, xxii ; morpbologj- of Thun-
bergia, xv.

Harvey, W. H., British algiB named
bj,v.

Haselden. A. F., witbdrawn, xxi.

Hawkshaw, J.. C., action of lirapeta on
chalk, XXX.

Heath, A. S., elected, xa-.

Hebridal argentine (Day), liv.

Hector, J., elected, ii.

Helichri/sum vcstltiim shown by Mr.
Dyer, xlii.

Helix virgata, rare variety of, xxviii.

Helvella, new species of (Pliillips), xlvii.

Henuleia vastatrix (Morris), xlix.

Hemipholus, unusual form of (Duncan),
Ivi.

Hemiptera, new (White), xxxviii.

Heuslow, G., absorption by green parts
of plants, xxxviii; androgynous mistle-
toe, xl ; communications by, xxviii,
xliv ; elected Councilloi', xxxiv ; floral
aestivation, x ; nominated Scrutineer
1879, xlv ; numerical increase in
parts of plants, xxi ; origin of scor-
pioid cyme, xlix ; remarks on nu-
trition and fertilization of flowers,
xliv ; removed from Council 1880, Ix ;
self-fertilization of plants, xxiv ; wood
with pulley imbedded, xli.

Hepatica3, i'rom Kerguelen (Mitten), iv ;
shown by Mr. Holmes, 1.

Hervan, A., elected, xxix.

Hetcrodlctyum ? new to Britain (Bal-
four), xxxviii.

Heteromgs, structure of (Murie), xliv.

Heteropora, recent sp. of (Busk), xlviii.

Heward, R., deceased, xxxiv. [See
Obituary in Clard. Chron. n. s. viii.
571.]

Hewitson, W. C, deceased, xlv. [See
Obituary in Trans. Northumb. Nat.
Hist. Soc. vii. 223.]

Hewitt, A. J., Aiiaphe shown by. Hi.

Hexactinellid Spongidae, new genus of
(Murie), iii.

Hibberd, S., classification of Narcissus,
vi.

Hiern, W. P., African species of Coffm,
vi ; embi'yo of Diospyros Embryo-
pteris, xvi ; removed from Council
1876, X ; Eubiacete in tropical Africa,
xxii.
Higgin, T., Chitina erecopsis from New

Zealand, xxxi ; elected, x.
Higgins, H. H., tubularian hydrozoon

from N. Zealand, xxxi.
Hildebrand's collection of Boswellia

Frercana (Trimen), x.'civ.
Hillhouse, W., elected, iii.
Himalaya, oak from (King), iii.

Hippidas, revision of (Miei's), xxiv.

Hirudines, new (Macdonald), vi.

Histology and development of Ballia
(Archer), xi; of CoralUnea; (Nelson
and Duncan), xi.

Hobkirk, C. C. P., elected, xxviii.

Hofmeister, W., deceased, xix. [See
Obituary, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. xiii.
122.]

Holme, C, elected, xlvii.

Holmes, E. M., Anclira Ararobcc shown
by, 1 ; Aulaco milium new to Britain,
xxxix ; Codiolum gregarium in Bri-
tain, liv ; elected Fellow, ii ; exliibi-
tion of Kentish mosses, vi ; micro-
scopic preparation shown by, 1 ; oak-
galls formed by Aphilothrix Sieboldii
from Willesborough, xxvii ; Polysi-
phoniafastigiata shown by, Ixi ; sugar-
cane attacked by fungus, xxiii.

Hoodia, new species of (Dyer), vii.

Hooker, J. D., communications by, vii,
xi, xvii, xlii, xlvii ; exhibition of
Cedar from Cyprus, 1 ; Moseley's
Botany of the ' Challenger,' ii ; pre-
sentation of portrait of Eev. M. J.
Berkeley by, xxxvii ; removed from
Council 1876, x ; vote of thanks to
Pres. 1876, moved by, x ; vote of
thanks to Treasurer seconded by, Ix.

Hornbill from Isle of Panay (Sharpe),

XV.

Hornbills, habits of (Anderson), xv.

Hornimau, F. J., elected, iv.

Hotari-gum shown (Trimen), xliii.

Howard, J. E., Cinchona CaUsaya shown
by, XXV ; " Cinchona in India '' al-
luded to, xlvii.

Hudleston, W., elected, xxxvii.

Hudson, E.., elected Auditor 1876, vi ;
1878, xxix; elected Councillor 1877,
xxi ; removed from Council 1879, xlv.

Hiigel, Baron von, birds collected by
(Shai'pe), xli.

Hugo, T., deceased, xix.

Hunt, H. G. B., elected, Ixi,

Hussey's Mycological illusti'ations pre-
sented, xlix.

Hyacinth, gx'owtli of flower-stalk (Ben-
nett), V ; ovary of (Stewart), Iii.

Hydroid medusa, new (Allman), Ixi.

Hydroids, sense-organs in (Allman), Ii.

Hygrop)hori(s Wynnice shown (Murray),
xxxviii.

Hygroscopic mechanism of seeds (F.
Darwin), v.

Hymenoptera, minute (Westwood),
xxix ; new (Smith), xlii.

Hyphmne thcbaica and H. Argun, seeds
of, found at Thebes (Jackson), xl.

Hypoxidacea; collected by Welwitsch

JA-^lSi. SOC. rilOCEEDI>*GS. — SESSIONS 1875-80,

i/

Ixxiv

iNiEX.

(Bukcr), xvii ; >yiiop»irfof the (Bukcr),
xxvii.
Ifypsij)rj//unudo>i (Owou), xxvi.

Iliff, W. T., deceased, i.\.

Impaiieih-', cleistoguuiic llowers of
(Beunctt), xxxviii.

Index to Transactions alluded to, v.

India, ain]ihibiuiis fislics of (Day), xv;
Cinchona in (Howard), xlvii; ferns
of Northern (Chirke), xlvii; Sjwnc/illa
Carteri from (Lockwood), xxvii;
sugar-cane disease in (Holmes), xxiii.

India-rubber from a species of Landvl-
pkia (Christy), xl.

Indian Begonias (Clarke), li.

— freshv\-ater fishes (Day), xiv, x\iii.
Inflorescence of Crassulaceoe (Masters),

xli.
Infusoria, new order of (Kent), xxii.
Insectivora shown (Peckover), xiii.
Insects, collected at Grinnell Land, xxiv ;

eoU. by Feilden and Hart (M<'Lacli-

lan), xxiv; from Java (Ploem), xxv,

(Waterhouse), xxv ; from Madagascar

exhibited (Peckover), xiii.
Instincts of fish (Day), xlix.
Invertebrates from Naples (Crisp), Ixi.
Iridacea! coll. by Wehvitsch (Baker),

xvii ; system of (Baker), xiv.
Irish flora, Moore's work on, mentioned,

Ivii.

— sticklebacks (Day), xiii.
Irregular Ambli/pucnsfes (Stewart), Ivii.
IschcEmviu rii(/osu//i from stomach of

Gangetic dolpliiu, vii.

Jackson, B. D., editions of Dillenius's
' Historia Muscorum ' shown by, li ;
elected Councillor 18S0, Ix ; elected
Secretary 1880, Ix.

Jackson, J. R.,ArHndoBona.v for parasol-
handlcs, Iv ; fruits and seeds from
Tliebes, xl ; Lai/ciiarifi fruits shown
by, XXXV ; nest of wool-bird, xxvi ;
samples of cofTee, x; Yucca baccata
shown by, xxxi ; whangee cane, xv.

Japan, marine alga; of (Dickie), xi.

Japanese books on Botany shown, xiv.

— Conifers shown (Masters), Iv.

Java, insects from (Plocm), xxv, (Water-
house), xxv ; views of vegetation in
(Dyer), xlix.

Jeffreys, J. G., Askonema setuhalcnsc
cxliibited by, iv ; communication by,
\'\ ; nominated V.-P., 187l) x, 1878
XXXV, 1879 xl\ii; on position of the
genus Scc/ucncic, \\ ; re-elected Trea-
Burer, 187*5 x, 1877 xxi, 1878 xxxiv,
1879 xlvii ; shells froui Korean
Strait, xxxvi ; Treasurcrship resigned

by, lt)8(.l, Ivii ; Virf/ulariK from A'or-

way, xxxv.
Johnston, R., elected, xli.
Jones, J. M., witlulrawn, xxxiv.
Jones, W., elected, 1.
Joshua, \V., elected, xxiv._
Juan Fernandez, marine algic from

(Dickie), xi.
Janipcriis phtxuiaa berries in tombs at

Thebes (Jackson), xl.

Kensington (South), Loan Exhibition of

apparatus at (Owen), iv.
Kent mosses (Holmes), vi.
Kent, AY. S., new order of Infusoria,

xxii.
Kcrguelen's Land, algie from (Dickie),iv,

(Eeinsch), vi-vii ; freshwater algae of

(Archer), xi ; fungi (Berkeley), vii ;

lichens (Croiubie), iii ; Musci andlle-

paticic (Mitten), iv.
Kerswill, J. B., elected, w\\.
Kesteven, AA'. P., Mclocactus sliown by,

xxxviii.
Kew, G//ncrii(,ii saccharokk;^ grown at

(Dyer), xliii.
— , Ptt/chos])crma rubicola in flower at

(Dyer), xxvii.
— , Wclwitf^chkx ,nirabi/lsgvo\\u at (Dyer),

xliv.
King, CI., oak from the Sikkim Hima-
laya, iii ; sport in I'aritium trkuspc,

ii ; winged Cardamom of Nepaul,

xxiv.
Ivingfisher caught by Unio, exhibited, v.
Kippist, E., his illness alluded to, Iviii.
Kirk, J., identification of copal-tree, vi.
Knight, C, New-Zealand lichens, xvii.
Korea, Echiuoderms from (Sladen),xxxv ;

Ophiuroidea (Duncan), xxxv ; sliclls

from (Jeffreys), xxxvi.
Kuram Valley flora (Aitchison), liii.

Lac/eiiaria-i'rmis ornamoited by artifi-
cial means (Jackson), xxxv.

Lake N'yassa, alga; from (Dickie), xxxviii.

Lambci-t, T., deceased, xix.

Lance, J. H., deceased, xxxiv.

Land-tortoises of Mauritius and Rodri-
guez (Iladdon), 1.

Landolpliia, fresh india-rubber juice
from a species of (Christy), xl.

Jjandolphia florida shown by T. Cln-isty,
xxxvi i.

Langford Budville, Colkiia cniciata
grown at, xxiii, xxxvii.

Lankester, E. E., elected, iii; on fossil
walrus-tusks, xxviii, Ivii.

Larida;, distribution of (Saunders), xix.

Larva of Tavyiivs viaculaia (Ham-
mond), liii.

INDEX.

Ixxv

Latakia tobaccio (Dyer'), vi.

Laver, H., elected, xiv.

Lawes, Kev., birds coll. by (Sharpi'), xli.

Lawson, W. S., elected, xxiv.

Layard, Consul E., poisons from Fiji
obtained by (Silver), xxvi.

Leares of Conifers (Masters), li.

Leckenby, J., deceased, xix. [Seo Obi-
tuary notice in Geol. Slas,'. (lf^77),
382.]

— , elected, ii.

Lee, H., elected Auditor, iSTT.^xviii;
elected Councillor, 187(5, x ; removed
from Council, 1878, xxxiv.

Lees, F. A., and Mr. West, moss found
by (Holmes), xxxix.

Legacies received, Ix.

Leg-bones of Dinornis (Forsyth), lii.

Legge, W. v., elected, xxv,

Leighton, W. A., new British Lichens,
iii, xiv.

Lemming, additional note on (Crotch),
xi ; in Norway (CoUett), xviii ; migra-
tion and habits of (Crotch), vii ; skins
exhibited, vii.

Lemmings exhibited alive, xiii.

Lemmus norvegiciis, skins exhibited, vii.

Lemuroid visiting Nepenthe (Masters),
liii.

Lenticular organ in fishes (G-iinther),
liv.

Lepidoptera coll. at Grinnell Land, xxiv,

Lepfospcnmim-hark used in medicine
(Stewart), xvii.

Leuekart, R., elected, xviii.

Lewis, W. A., deceased, xxxiv. [See
Obituary in Ent. Mon. Mag. xiv. 119.]

Liberian coffee, berries (Christy), xxvii;
failure in Brazil (Christy), Ivi ; grown
at Monrovia (Morris), xliv ; plants
exhibited, x.

Library, report on, 1880, Iviii.

Lichen-life and chlorophyll (Murray),
Ixi.

Lichens of the BritishNorth-Polar expcd.
(Fries), xlvii ; from Australia in
Robert Brown's herbai-ium (Crombie),
xlviii ; from Madagascar collected by
Pool (Crombie), x; from Rodriguez
(Crombie), xi ; from the Cape and
Kerguelen's Land (Crombie), iii ; new
Britisli (Leighton), iii, xiv ; notes on
Crombie's paper on ' Challenger ' (Stir-
lon), xxv ; of Antax-etic America
(Crombie), v ; of Challenger' (Crom-
bie), x-xii; of 'Challenger,' Stirton's
remarks answered by J. IM. Crombie,
xlviii; of N. Zealand (Knight), xvii;
Mycoidea in relation to (Cunning-
ham), xxii ; sliown by Mr. Holmes, 1.

Lilford, Lord, Ov/f ophion shown by, Ixi.

Liliaceai collected by Welwitsch (Baker),
xvii ; synopsis of aberrant tribes of
(Baker), xxxix.

Limnocodiiim Victoria (Allman), Ixi.

Limpets, action on chalk (Hawkshaw),

XXX.

Linnajus, medals struck in honour of,
presented by Mrs. Bennett, vii ; Phri/'
ganea described by (Wallengren),
xlviii.

Linuell's portrait of J. C. Loudon, xxix,

Limim, specimens sliown, xliv.

Linyphia tcrricola, stridulating- organ of
(Campbell), Ixi.

Liparidie, new genus of (Butler), Iv.

Lister, A,, exhib. plasmodium of MyxO'
mycctes, xvi.

Lithodes arctica shown (Carrington), Iv,

Liversidge, A., elected, xvii.

Lizards, from Mascarene Islands (Giin-
ther), xvii ; sacral plexus of (Mivart
and Clarke), xviii.

Loan Exhibition of Scientific Apparatus
at S. Kensington (Owen), iv.

Lockwood, E., on Bassia lati folia, xxvii;
SpongiUa C'artcri, xxvii.

Lockwood, J., deceased, Iviii.

Lomaria from N. Zealand (Potts), xi,

Loudon, J. C, portrait presented, xxix.

Lowe's list of Webb's type shells, vi.

Lubbock, Sir J., anatomy of ants, xl;
additional observations on ants, iv ;
ants, bees, wasps, III. i, IV. xvi,
V. xxvii, VI. xl, VII. Ixii, com-
munication by, xxxix ; seconded vote
of thanks to Mr. Kippist, xlvii.

Luff, A. P., elected, xxxix.

Luminous organs in fishes (Giinther),
liv.

Lush, J. W. IL, elected, ii.

Lynch, R. I., Acacia homalophylht, lii;
branch-tubers and tendrils in Vitis
gongylodcs, xxxviii ; disarticulation of
branches, xviii ; fertilization of Mey-
enia erect a, xxx ; germination of Pa'
chira, xxxi ; plants affording protection
and food for ants, xl ; wheat from
P(»lar Expedition shown, xv.

MacAndrew, J. J., elected, xxxix.

M'"Oonnell, discoverer o{ Bi.stoma sinense
(Cobbold), iv.

Macdonald, J., elected, xxii.

Macdonald, Dr. J. D., classification of
Gasteropoda, Ixii ; new genus of Tre-
matoda and new Hirudines, vi.

M'Intosh, W. C. M., Anaifis rosea, xvi •
branched Sylli)<, xhii; Annelida of
H.M.S. ' Valorous,' xxii ; annelids of
the Brit. N. Polar Exped., xxiv.

M«Lachlan, R., elected Auditor, 1877,

Ixxvi

iNbT;x.

xviii, 1880, hi; cloctwl Councillor,
187U, xlv ; insects eolk'cl 0(1 b_v Feildcn
and Hart,xxiv; nominated Scrutineer,
1877, xxi ; notes on Wallengren's
paper on I'hri/ganea , xlviii ; uymph-
stage of Embidw, xxi ; presentation of
Treasurer's accounts, 1877, xix.

M'Nub, W. R., elected, xxi.

Macoun, J., elected, xxt.

Mcpherson, G. G., deceased, ix.

Madagascar, ferns collected by IMiss Gil-
pin (Baker), xvii ; do. Pool (Baker), x ;
insects shown from, xiii ; I'ljramocera
from (Butler), Iv.

INIadras-bred trout (Day), v.

Maliwa tree (Lockwood), xxvii.

Maioid Crustacea (Miers), xlii.

Malacca, butterflies of (Butler) xv; Ke-
pcvf/u's sanfiuinca from (Fitch), xli.

Malvern, N. Zealand, ferns of (Potts), xi.

Mammalia, new classification (Clarke),
xxix ; introduced into Kew Zealand
(Brewer), Hi.

Manna, so-called Persian (Stewart), xvii.

Manson, P., on Filaria sangids-homi-
nis, xxviii.

Map showing lemming migrations, xiii.

Maraffia fraxinea, root-stock of (Bu-
chanan), xvi.

Maries, conifers coll. by (Masters), Iv.

Marine algse collected by H. N. Moseley
(Dickie), xi.

Marion Island flora (Moseley), xiv.

Marocco, flora of (Ball), xvii.

Marshall, T. A., withdrawn, xxxiv.

Marsupialia, new family in (Owen),
xxvi ; pouch of (Fitzgerald), xvi.

Murupa (Miers), xxxi.

Mascarene lizards (Giinther), xvii.

Masters, M. T., adventitious tubers of
Brassica Eapa, xxiii ; CoUctia with
combined characters, xxv ; exhibition
of forest-trees, xvii ; gigantic aroid

. found by Beccari in Sumati-a, x-xxvii ;

. grape within a grape, xxiii ; inflores-
cence of Crassulaceas, xli ; Japane.se
Conifers collected by Maries, Iv ; mor-
phology of Prinuilacciv, xxi ; move-
ments in leaves of Conifers, li ; Ne-
penthes hicalcarafa shown by, liii ;
Restiaceous plant from Cochin China,
xliv ; spruce-firs shown by, li ; super-
posed arrangements of the parts of
the flower, xi.

Matclnvick, W., Scrutineer 187(>, ix, x.

Matthew, M. A., elected, xxiv.

Maxilla; of spiders (Campbell), Ixi.

Maximowicz, C. J. de, elected, Ivi.

Mechanism of certain seeds which bury
themselves (F. Darwin), v.

Medusa, freshwater (Allman, Cri.sp), Ixi.

Mednsiv, new species of (Romanes), vi,

XV.

Meehan, T., nutrition and fertilization
of flowers, xliv ; production of seed
in Wistaria sinensis, xxviii.

Meiklejohn, J. W. S., elected, xv.

Meliaceoe, geographical distribution (C.
de CandoUe), xviii.

Melles, W., elected, xv.

Mellis, J. C, withdrawn, xlv.

MeJocactus shown by Dr. Kesteven,
xxxviii.

Menispermacea by Miers mentioned, Ivii.

Mestayer, R., withdrawn, xxxiv.

JMetschnikoff, E., elected, Ivi.

Meyenia erecta, fertilization of (Lynch),
XXX.

Meyer ina (Miers), xxii.

Michael, A. D., elected, xlvii.

Middleton, R. M., Bahirus&a alfurus
shown bj'. liv ; elected, liv.

Migration of wild geese (Prior), xxv ;
of lemmings (Crotch), xiii.

Migratory fishes of India (Day), xv.

Miers, E. J., Actesmorpha crosa, xv ;
classification of Maioid Crustacea,
xlii ; crustaceans from Vera Cruz, Ivi ;
in Philippine sponges, xxii ; elected,
ii ; Greenland Crustacea, 1 ; Oxysto-
matous Crustacea, xi ; revision of the
Hippidse, xxiv.

Miers, J., alluded to from Chair, xlix,
Ivii ; deceased, Iviii [see Obituary,
Trimen's Journ. Bot. (1880) 33]; on
genus Mantpa, xxxi ; notes on Moqui-
lea, xliii; on 01acaceai,xxix; on South-
American plants of uncertain position,
xli ; on Schcepfiea} and Cervantesiese,
xxvii ; on the Symplocacea?, xxxviii.

Millar, J., elected Councillor, 1877,
xxi ; nominated Scrutineer, 1880, Ix ;
removed from Council, 1879, xlv.

Milner, E., elected, xxvii.

Mimetic insects of Syria exhib., xv.

Mistletoe, androgynous, xl ; parasitic
on mistletoe (Prior), Ixi.

Mitten, W., Musci and Hepaticte from
Kerguelen's Land, iv.

Mivart, St. G., re-elected Secretary,
1S7C> X, 1877 xxi, 1878 xxxiv,
1879 xlvii ; researches on the Radio-
laria, xxvi ; Secretarvship resigned
by, 1880, Ivii.

Mivart, St. G., and R. Clarke, sacral
plexus of lizards, xviii.

Moggridge, M., elected, xvi ; on Bahoccia
folifolia and Erica vagans near
Bournemouth, xxv.

MoUusca, from Eastern seas (Colling-
wood), xxviii ; of ' Challenger ' (VVal;-
son), xxxviii, xxxix, xlvii, Ivi, Ixii.

INDEX.

Ixxvii

Monocotyledones clisti-ibuted into pri-
mary groups (Be:itbain), xiii. I
Monrovia, Libenan coffee grown near [

(Morris), xliv.
Monstrous Medueixj (Romanes), vi, xv.
Moodelly, P. S. M., elected, i.
Moore, D., deceased, Iviii ; alluded to,
Ivii. [See Obituary, Gard. Chrou.
n. s. xi. 757.]
Moore, Capt. G. P., elected, xxi.
Moore, S. L. M. (and J. G-. Baker), con-
tribution to the Flora of Northern
China, xlviii.
Moquilca, noi^es on (Miers), xliii.
Morphology of Thunbcrgia (Hartog), xv.
— of PrimulaceiB (Masters), xxi.
Morris, D., on Hemilcia vastatrix,

xlix.
Morris, E. S., Liberian coffee grown

and shown by, xliv.
Moseley, H. N., Actinarise, deep-sea
and surface, xvi ; algae collected by
(Dickie), vi ; botany of ' Challenger,'
ii ; Deep-sea Ascidians, xv ; elected
Fellow, Ixi ; flora of Marion Island,
xiv ; Japanese books on botany, xiv ;
Orchidaceoe collected by (Reich-
enbach), iii.
Mosquito as nurse of i^(7ar(ff (Mauson),

xxviii.
Moss, E. L., surf'acc-faima of Arctic

seas, xxiv.
Mosses from Kent (Holmes), -^i ; from

Kerguelen's Land (Mitten), iv.
Moths of Anaphc (Hewitt), Iii.
Movements in leaves of Conifers (Mas-
ters), li.
Moyabamba or " Rain-tree " (Dyer),

xxvii.
Mucorini, conidial fructification in

(Cunningham), xxxii.
Mud-turtle (Anderson), v.
Mudd, W., deceased, sdv. [See Obitu-
ary in Bot. Soc. Edinb. xiv. pt. 1.]
Muir, H. S., elected, xiv.
Muir, J. J., elected, xxix.
Munro, General, deceased, Iviii ; alluded
to, Ivii. [See notice Gard. Chron.
n. s". xiii. 1869.]
Murie, J., Bell-bird, xlviii ; Beluga
Icucas, xxxvi ; communications by,
vi, xi, xiv, XV, xvi, xvii, xviii, xxiv, xxv,
xxvi, XXX, xxxi, xxxviii, xxxix, li, Hi,
liii, Iv ; mentioned in Treasurer's
final report, Ix ; sections of pearls
shown by, Ivi ; skull of Echidna,
x-xxvi ; Steere's ^sponge, iii ; structure
of pouched I'ats, xliv ; zoological
memorandaof Kile-Land, xliv.
Murie, J. (A. H. Kicholson and), minute
structure of Stromatopora, xxvi.

Murray, A., deceased, xxxi v. [See
Obituaries in Ent. Mon. Mag. xiv.
215 , and Bot. Soc. Edinb. xiii.
379.]

Murray, G. R. M., clilorophyll and the
life of the lichen, Ixi ; elected, xxxv ;
Hi/grophoriis WynnicB shown by,
xxxviii ; oogonia of Sajorolcgnicp,
xxix.

Mi/coidca, a new genus of algre (Cun-
ningham), xxii.

Myod.es Lenimus in Norway (Collett),
xviii.

Myrmccodia echinata and M. glabra
shown (Britten), liii.

Myxomycetes new to Britain (Balfour),
xx-xviii ; plasmodium of, shown, xvi.

Naples, invertebrates from (Crisp), Ixi.
Kai-cissKS, classification of (Hibberd),

vi.
' Nassau,' lichens from voyage of the

(Crombio), v.
Natal, tea grown at (Christy), xl.
Nau-Mu tree (Dyer), xxv.
Nelson, Maj.-Gen., and P. M. Duncan,

Coraliineie, xi.
Nepaul, winged cardamom of (King),

xxiv.
NeiKnthcs, digestive ferment of (Vines),

xi.

— bicalcarata shown (Masters), liii.

— Bafflesiana rifled by Tarsius (Mas-
ters), liii.

— sanguinea fi-om Bury (Fitch), xli.
Nest made of cotton-pod wool (Jack-
sou), .xxvi.

Nevill, E. A., abnormal prongbuck ob-
tained by (Weir), liv.

New Caledonia, objects from (Silver),
xxvi.

New Guinea, birds from, shown by Mr.
Sharpe, xli ; Dipterocarpete collected
by Beccari in (Dyer), xxvi ; birds
from (Sharpe), xi, II. xvii. III. xxii,
IV. xiii, V. xliv.

New Zealand, acclimatizat. in (Brewer),
Iii, liii, Iv ; Chitina c?-ecopsis from
(Higgin),Z)/Ho;'«/s remains from (For-
syth), Iii, xxxi ; ferns (Potts), xi ;
lichens (Knight), xvii ; Lomaria
(Potts), xi ; timber (Brewer), Iv ;
tnbularian Ilydrozoon from (Hig-
gins), xxxi.

Newman, E., deceased, xix. [See
Obituary notice in ' Zoologist,' i-xxii,
(1876), and Journ. Bot. (1876) 223.]

Newton, Prof A., communication by, 1.

Nicholson, H. A., elected, v.

Nicholson, H. A., and R, Etheridge,
jun., on Alveolites, xviii.

Ixxviii

INDEX.

Nicholson, H. A., aiul J. Muiie, miniilo

stniclure ol' Stromufopom, xxvi.
Nile-land iiicinorancla (Murie), xliv.
Kilclhi from St. Leonard's forest (Boy-
cott), xxxvii.
Norninii, A. M., elected, Ixi ; Virgv.-

/aria dredged br, xxxv.
North-robiv expedition Tolvzoa (Busk),

Ixii.
Norway, lemming in (CoUett), xviii.
Norwegian Idmming, migration and

habits of (Crotch), vii ; additional

note on (Crotch), xi.
Notaris, G. de, deceased, xix. [See Notice

Journ. Bot. (1877) 5)5.]
Niidibrnuchiate Mollusca (Collingwood),

xxviii.
Numerical increase in parts of plants

(Henslow), xxi.
Nutrition, and fertilization of flowers

(Henslow, Meehan), xliv.
— of JDrosera rotiindifolia (F. Darwin),

xxvi.
N'yassa, alga; from (Dickie), xxxriii.
Nylander, W., elected, vii.
Nymph-stage of Embidre (M<"Lachlan),

xxi.

Oak from the Sikkim Himalayas (King),

iii.
Oak-galls from Willesborough(Holme8),

xxvii.
Oak-leaves of large size shown, xv.
Ogilvie, C. P., elected, xxviii.
Olacacese, some genera of (Miers), xxix.
Old Calabar, yinaphc from (Hewitt), Iii.
Olibanum exliibited (Trimcn), xxiv.
Oliver, D., communications by, iii, xiv,

xxxvi ; North Celebes plants coll. by

Mr. Eiedel, i: plants coll. by Lieut.

Cameron, i.
Oman, J. C, elected, xiv.
Omaru, Dinornis^Yom (Forsyth), Iii.
Oncocai-pna-hmi from crop of pigeon

(Dyer), xxv.
Oogo'nia of Saprohgnia- (Murray), xxix.
Ophiurid from the Atlantic (Dmican),

li.
Ophiuridw, new form of (Smith), xvii.
Ophiuroidea from Korea (Duncan),

x^xxv.
Oppermann, A., Calopieniis femrtr-ru-

brum, xiv.
Orchidaeetc coll. by Moseley (Reichen-

bach), iii.
Ord, \A . M., elected, xv.
Origin of floral ncstivation (Henslow), x.
Ornifhocheinis, exhibition of (Seeley),

iv.

Ornithogalum pijrcnaicum, the so-called
Bath asparagus (Prior), xx-xv.

Oruilliologv of New Guinea (Sharps), xi,
II. xvii. III. xxii, lY. xlii, V. xliv.

OrnithorJn/nchusiw Queensland (Armit),
x.xxvi.

Ornithosauria, organization and posi-
tion of (Seeley), i.

Os sepia collected by Dr. Bancroft
(Christy), xli.

O'Shanesy, P., elected, xliv.

Ossenkoij's system of plant-propagation
(Christy), xxvii.

Ossicles, auditory, of Mammalia (Doran),

XV.

Osteology of Euri/norhynchus pygmasm

(Anderson), xi.
Otciria nrsina (Clarke), xxviii.
Oudncya, the genus (Trimen), xli.
Ovaries, use of, in classification (Clarke),

xxix.
Ovary of hyacinth (Stewart), Iii.
Oviducts, use of, in classification

(Clarke), xxix.
Ovis ophion, skins shown (Lord Lilford),

Ixi.
Owen, P. C, letter re Loan Exhibition of

scientific apparatus, iv.
Owen, R., on H)/p>sipri/innoclon, xxvi.
0.rrtfe,cleistogamic flowers of (Bennett),

xxxviii.
Oxyrhjncha, classif. of (Miers), xlii.
Oxystomatous Crustacea (Miers), xi.

Pachira, seed and germination of

(Lynch), xxxi.
Pagurus and Lifhodes compared (Car-

rington), Iv.
Pahn-seeds from tombs of Thebes (Jack-
sou), xl.
Panay, hornbill from (Sharpe), xv.
Pandanuf:, fruit forming a brush (Dver),

xxv ; the genus (Balfour), xxr.
Paradisca Hcu/giana collected by Rev.

Mr. Lawes (Sharpe), xh.
Parasol-handles of fasciated stems of

2>/)jsaci« (Jackson), xxvi ; from Arimdo

DviicLv (tlackson), Iv.
Parifium fricusp)c (King), ii.
Parke, G. H., elected, vii.
Parker, T. J., elected, Iii.
Parker, W. K., elected Councillor, 1876,

X ; morphology of the skull in L^rodela,

xlvii ; removed from Council, 1878.

xxxiv ; structure and development of

the bii'd's skull, II., ii.
Parkstone, Deodar-cones grown at, 1.
Parlatore, F., deceased, xxxiv. [Sec OIjI-

tuary in Journ. Bot. (1877), 3:20.]
Pascoe, F., nominated Scrutineer, 1877,

xxi.
Paspalian scrohiculafum from stomach

of Gangetic dolphin, vii,

Ixxix

Patisaeus, ' llortus fluridus ' presented, v.

Paton, J., elected, xviii.

Paid, W., elected, i.

Papie, G., jun., elected, xxix.

Peacb, 0. W., British Poljzua, xxi.

Pearce, H., elected, xiv.

Peai'ls i]i section (Murie), hi.

Peat-flood iu the Falklands (Bailey),

xliii.
Peck, E. H., elected, xiv.
Peckover, A., exhib. of Madagascisr in-
sects, iii ; exhib. of insects and Insecti-

vora from Madagascar, xiii.
Peel, porti'ait of Eev. M. J. Berkeley by,

xxxvii.
Pentstanon Clevclandli, P. cordifoUus, P.

spectabilis grown at Chester (Walker),

xxiii.
Peronospora, see Phytopldliora.
Pcrcmosporitcs mttiqiuirius (Smith),

xxvi.
Persian manna (Stewart), xvii.
Phanerogams, embryo-sac of (Ward), 1.
Phcidole javana (Britten), liii.
Philippine Archipelago birds (Sliarpe),

xiv ; sponges, Crustacea living in

(Miers), xxii.
Phillips, W., new HcivcUa, xlvii.
Photographs exhibited of coffee-culture

in Central America, x ; of Buitenzorg

(Dyer), xlix ; of plants shown (Shool-

bred), li ; of plants (Worsley-Beuison),

xlix, li.
Phi'ijganca described by Linnajus (Wal-

lengren), xlviii.
PhyllosfacJii/s, whangee cane (Jackson),

XV.

Phytoflithora 'uifcstans, exhibition of

(Carruthex's), iv.
Pidgeon, D., elected, iii ; withdrawn,

Iviii.
Piggott, F. T., elected, xxv.
Pim, Gr., elected, xiv ; on fungi of Dub-
lin and Wicklow, xxii.
Pinarolesfcs from Fiji (Sharpe), xli.
Piper, W. G., elected, xxix.
Pithecolobium Sa//ian (Dyer), xxvii.
Pituri shown (Chi'isty), xli.
Placodimn candkans, P. Ccsatii only a

form of (Holmes), 1.
— Ccsatii, a form of P. candicans

(Holmes), 1.
Plant-photographs shown by W, A.

Shoolbred, li.
Plant-propagation, Ossenkop's system of

(Christy), xxvii.
Plants, coll. by Lieut. C;>merun (Oliver),

i; introduced intoN.Zealand(Bi'ewer),

Iv.
Plasmodium oi Myxomycctcs shown, xvi.
Plastron of Emyda dv.m (Anderson), v.

Plafanisfa yaiiyetiva, eye of, shown, vii.
Plexus of lizards (JVIivarl and Clarke),
xviii.

Ploem, Dr. J. C, insects from Java,
xxv; (Watei-house), xxv.

Plymouth, Py/v^s coinmnnis,\a.v. Briggsii,
from, ii.

PoepJiihi, finclies of tlie genus (Armit),
xxiv.

Poison, for arrows from Buplianc fuxi-
caria (Baker), xl ; of spears and
arrows (Powell), xvii.

Poisons and arrows from Fiji (Silver),
xxvi.

Poland, J., elected, Iii.

Polar exped., Annelids(M'^]ntosh), xxiv ;
wheat from, x-s".

Pollen (Edgeworth), iv.

Polymorphic butterfly (Westwood), Iv.

Polynesian Alga; (Dickie), vi.

Polysi2)honia fastigiata shown (Holmes),
Ixi.

Polyzoa, British (Peach), x-xi.

Pool, Madagascar ferns collected by
(Baker), x ; Madagascar lichens col-
lected by (Crombie), x.

Portrait: oi' Eev. M. J. Berkeley by Peel,
xxxvii.

Potato-disease discussed, v.

Potts, ferus from Otago, xi ; Lvmaria
from New Zealand, xi.

Pouch of marsupials (Fitzgerald), xvi.

Pouched rats, structure of (Murie), xliv.

Powell, L., deceased, Iviii.

Powell, T., poison of spears and arrows,
xvii ; properties of a fungus, xxix.

Power, II. D'A., elected, ii.

Prehistoric pig of Brit. (Eolleston), xi.

Presentation of Loudon's portrait, xxix.

Presidential Address, 187(3, x ; 1877, xxi;
1878, xxxiv ; 1879, xlvii ; 1880, Ix.

Preston, T. A., monstrous thistle, Iii.

Primrose with free stamens (Bennett),
xviii.

Primulacese, morphology of (Masters),
xxi.

Pringsheim on chlorophyll (Murray),lxi.

Prior, E. 0. A., Bath asparagus shown
by, x-xxv; elected Auditor, 1876, vi ;
1878, xxix ; 1879, xliv ; elected Coun-
cillor, 1877, xxi ; e.xhibition of Col-
letia cruciafa grown at Laugford
Budville, xxxvii ; migration of wild
geese, xxv ; mistletoe parasitic on
luistletoe, Ixi ; presentation of Trea-
surer's account, 1876, vii ; 1878, xxxii ;
removed from Council, 1879, xiv.

Prongbuck, abnormal (Weir), liv.

Propagation of Echinoderius (Tliom-
son), X.

Pteropods shown (Carruthcrs), li.

Izxx

INDEX.

Pterylosis of Eurynorhynchtis pyanKEUs
(Anderson), xi.

rfychoq->crina rupicola flowering at Kew
(Dyer), xxvii.

Pulley imbecUled in elm-bough (Hens-
low), xli.

Pyramocera, a new genus (Butler), Iv.

Pyrus commmiis, var. Briggsii, exhibited,
ii.

Pythhivi vexans, exhibited (Carruthers),
iv.

Quadriradiate Amblypncustcs (Bell), Ivi.
Queensland, Carpcsium ccntuum in (Ber-

najs), xxxviii ; fungi from (Berkeley

and Broome), xxix.

Radiolaria, researches on (Mivarl), xxvi.
Bafflesia Arnoldi, aroid found growing

with (Masters), xxxvii.
Rain absorbed by plants (Henslow),

xxxviii.
Eamsar, R. G. W., elected, liv.
Rate of growth of hyacinth (Bennett), t.
Rathbone, T., elected, xd.
Rats, pouched, tlieir structure (Murie),

xliv.
Reading-room closed at an earlier hour

temporarily, xxviii.
Red clay, walrus-tusks from (Lankesler),

Irii.
Reeves. J. R., deceased, xix. [See notice

Jouru. Bot. (1877) 192.]
Regadcra, on the (Chiujmo), xviii.
Regent's Park, freshwater medusa shown

from (Crisp), Ixi.
Reicheubach, K. G-., elected, sBv ; Or-

chidace£E collected by H. N. Moseley,

iii.
Reid, J. R., elected, xxix.
Reinsch, P. F., algre from Kerguelen's

Land, vi, vii ; ditto, alluded to, xli ,

Entozoic Floridca;, xlii ; freshwater

algas from the Cape, xvii.
Renny, J., elected, i.
Respiration, anal, in Decapods (Ilartog),

Ix.
Respiratory function of the Dytiscidae

(D. Sharpe), xiii.
Restiaceous plant from Cochin China

(Masters), xliv.
Bhabdopleura, relations of (Allman),

xxxix.
Rheumatism, Gynocardia odorata a

specific in (Christy), xxxix.
Jikinoceros fmnafreu^^is, seed in eivcum

of (Dyer), xxv.
Rliopalocera, genital armature in

(White), XV.
Rich, — , variety of HclLv viryafa,

xxviii.

Richmond and Gordon (Duke of ), forest-
trees grown by (Masters), xvii.

Ridley, S. O., elected, liv ; on incorpo-
ration by sponges of foreign spicules,
Ixi.

Riedel's plants from North Celebes
(Oliver), i.

Rimmer, R., elected, xliv.

Ringworm, Ooa-powder stated to be a
specific in (Holmes), 1.

Riviera, botany of (Allman), Ix.

Robertson, D., elected, iii.

Robinson, T. F., deceased, xxxir.

Robinson-Douglas, W. D., elected, ii.

Rocky Mountains, prougbuck from
(Weir), liv.

Rodriguez, alga; coll. by Balfom*
(Dickie), xvi ; lichens from (Crombie),
xi; new genus of Turneracese from
(Balfour), iv ; vegetation of (Balfour),
xvi.

Rodwell, W., deceased, xxxiv.

Roe, J. S., deceased, xlv.

RoUeston, G., prehistoric pig, xl.

Romanes, G. J., elected Fellow, ii ; new
Medusje, vi, pt. II. xv.

Root-stock of Marattia fraxinca (Bu-
clianan), xvi.

Roots, S., deceased, xix.

Rosewood, Chaincero}}s4von(\. found in
plank of (Thomson), xxxix.

Routledge, T., elected, xv.

Rowley, G. D., deceased, xlv [see
Obituary in ' IS'ature,' xix, 84 ; also
'Ibis' (1879) 102]; elected, vii.

Rubiacea?, dimorphism in (Clarke),
xxxvi ; in tropical Africa (Hiern), xxii.

Rucker, S., deceased, ix. [Obituary
notice in Gard. Cbrou. n.s. iv. (1875)
o32.]

Rutherford, D. G., elected, xiv.

Sabine, Sir E., withdrawn, xxxiv.

Sachs, J., elected, xxxi.

Sacral plexus of lizards (Mivart and

Clarke), xviii.
St. Clair, Mrs., deodar-cones grown

by, 1.
St. John, shells dredged by (Jeffreys),

xxxvi.
St. Leonard's forest, Nitdla from

(Boycott), xxxvii.
St. Paulo, Brazil, failure of Liberian

coftee in (Christy), Iv.
Salmo fontinalis shown (Day), Iii.
Salmonida?, introduced into N. Zealand

(Brewer), liii ; shown by Dr. Dav,

Hi.
Salter, S. J. A., elected Councillor, 1876,

X ; removed from Council, 1878,

xxxiv.

INDEX.

Ixxxi

Samoans, properties ascribed to a

fungus by (Powell), xxix.
Sauiuel, S. M., elected, xxiii.
Sandwich Island8,Hymenoptera(Smith),
xlii ; marine algre from (Dickie), xi.

Sapotacece, floral development of (Har-
tog), xxii.

Saprolegnics, oogonia of (Murray), xxix.

Saul, Gr. T., roots of Berbcris, xxviii.

Saunders, H., geograph. distrib. of La-
ridiB, XXX.

Saunders, W. W., alluded to as a
former officer, xlix, Ivii ; deceased,
Iviii. [See Obituary, Proc. Eutomol.
Soc. (1879) Ixvi ; Gard. Chron. n. s.
xii. 368; Journ. Bot. (1879) 320.]

Scarabeidse, new (Sharp), xiii.

Schimper, W. P., deceased, Iviii ; men-
tioned, Ivii. [See Obituary, Journ.
Bot. (1879) 160.]

Schcepfieas (Miers), xxvii.

Schomburgkia tibicma (Lynch), xl.

Scientific apparatus, exhibition of
(Owen), iv.

Scomber punctatus, Couch, identical
with S. scomber (Day), Ix.

Scopelus (Giinther), liv.

Scorpioid cyme, its origin (Henslow),
xlix.

Scott, D., elected, liv.

Scott, L., elected, xl.

Scott, Maj.-Gen. H. Y, D., removed from
Council, 1879, xxi.

Scully, J., elected, v.

Seals from Alaska (Clarke), xxviii.

Seebohm, H., elected, li.

Seed of Pachira (Lynch), xxxi.

Seed-production in Wistaria sinensis
(Meehan), xxviii.

Seeds, hygroscopic mechanism of (F.
Darwin), v.

Seeds and fruits from Thebes (Jack-
son), xl ; of Acacia homalophyUa
(Lynch), Hi.

Seeley, H. G., exhibition of Ornitho-
cheirus, iv ; on the organization of
the Ornithosauria, i.

Seguemia, position of the genus (Jef-
freys), xl.

Self-fertilization of plants (Henslow),
xxiv.

Sense-organs in Hydroids (Allman), li.

Sharp, D., new Scarabeidse, xiii ; respi-
ratory functions of DytiscidiB, xiii.

Sharpe, C, elected, xxxix.

Sharpe, R. B., birds collected by Steere,
xiv ; birds from New Guinea, xi ;
exhibition of rare birds, xli ; horn-
bill from Isle of Panay, xv ; on the
geographical distribution of the vul-
tures, iii ; ornithology of New Guinea,

LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. SESSION

xi, IL xvii, IIL xxii, IV. .xlii, V. xliv;

removed from Council 1877, xxi.
Shearer, G., elected, xxvii.
Shell of Bryozoa, structure of (Waters),

xxvii, xxxvi.
Shells, from Korean Strait (Jeffreys),

xxxvi ; two rare (Hanley), xxxi.x.
Shillitoe, B., fungus on beetle shown, vii.
Shoolbred, W. A., photographs shown

by, xlix, li.
Shuttleworth, R. J., deceased, ix.

[Obituary notice in Journ, de Conch.

xxiii. p. 99.]
Shuttleworth, T. M., elected, xxxvii.
Sidebotham, J., elected, xx.xviii.
Siebold, C. F. E. von, address to, xxvii.
Sikkim Himalaya, an oak from (King),

iii.
Silver, S. W., arrows and poisons from

Fiji, xxvi.
SimarubaceiB, Mariipa a genus of

(Miers), xxxi.
Simpsou-Baikie, E., elected, liii.
Sinclair, A., tubularian Hydrozoon

from New Zealand, xxxi.
Siphodenfalium, species of, from the

'Challenger' (Watson), xxxviii.
Skull, bird's, Parker, ii; of Australian

natives shown by T. Christy, 1 ; of

Babirussa (Middleton), liv ; of Uro-

dela, morphology of (Parker), xlvii.
Sladen, P., Asteroidoa from Korean

seas, XXXV ; communication by, xxxv ;

elected, iv.
Smee, A., deceased, xix. [See Obituary

in Gard. Chron. n. s. vii. (1877) 88 ;

and memoir by Miss Smee.]
Smith, E. A., new Ophiuridas, xvii ; new

shells from Solomon Islands, vi.
Smith, F., on an American grasshopper

(Oppermann), xiv; new Aculeate

Hymenoptera, xlii.
Smith, G. W., on Peronosporites anti-

quarius, xxvi.
Smith (Lady), present from, v.
Smith, R. G., elected, xvii.
Smith's Sound, wheat from, xv.
Solanocri7iiis and recent Comatul(B (Car-
penter), Ixi.
Solomon Islands, new shells from

(Smith), vi.
Somali-land, Boswellia Frereana in (Tri-

men), xxiv; myrrh from (Trimen),

xliii.
Sotheby, T. IL, exhibition of Collefia

cruciafa, xxiii.
Sotheby, W., CoUetia cruciafa grown

by, xxxvii.
South-African orchids (Weale), xxxix.
South-American plants of un^-ertain

position (Miers), xli.

s 1875-80. h

Ixxxii

INDIOX.

South Keiisingtcn, Loan Exliibitioii of

apparatus at (Owen), iv.
Southern Sen Echhiodeniis (Tliuni-

son), X.
Spicules, foreign, incorporation 1ij-

sponges of (Ridley), Ixi.
Spiders, ghinds in niaxilljE of (Camp-
bell), Ixi.
SpiralU retroversus from Gareloch (Car-

ruthers), li.
Sponges, Crustacea in (Miers), xxii ;

Eutozoic Floridea; in (Reinsch), xlii ;

incorporation of foreign spicules by

(Ridley), Ixi.
SpougidiTJ, new geuus of (Murie), iii.
Spomjilla Carteri (Lockwood), xxvii.
Sport in Parifium tricuspe (King), ii.
Spotton, IT. B., elected, li.
Squire, P. W., elected, xxiii.
Staiger, C. T., elected, ii.
Stainton, H. T., elected Auditor 1876,

vi; 1877, xviii ; 1880, lix; moved

Tote of thanks to Mr. Kippist, 1879,

xlvii ; nominated Scrutineer 1879,

xlv ; 1880, Ix ; removed from Council

1877, xxi.
Stainton, J. J., deceased, ix.
Stapelia) of Thunbci'g's herbarium

(Brown), xxxvi.
Steatoda guttata, stridulating-organ of

(Campbell), Ixi.
Steen, Count W. van den, elected, xiv.
Steere, birds collected by (Sharpe), xiv ;

ferns collected by (Harrington), xvi.
Stein's Infusoria presented, xlix.
Stephens, R. D., elected, Iii.
Stevens, S., largo oak-leaves exhibited,

XV.

Stewart, A. B., elected, xxv.

Stewart, A. Y., elected, xvii ; exhibition
bv. of Lrj)fospcr)num-hnrk used in
medicine, xvii; Persian manna, xvii.

Stewart, C, anomalous Amhiypncuiifcs,
Ivi ; growing-points of Ckara and
Fraxinus shown by, Ixi ; irregular
Amhiypncustes, Ivii ; organs of (lie
Cidaridne, xxv ; ovary of iiyacinth, Iii ;
removed from Council, 1877, xxi.

Sticklebacks, Irish (Day), xiii.

Stirton, J., elected, ii ; notes on Crom-
bie's paper on 'Challenger' lichens,
xxv ; remarks, reply by Mr. Crombie,
xlviii.

Stobbs, J., elected, xvi.

Stokoo, P. II., elected, xli.

Stone, W., elected, xl.

Stone-crab shown (Carrington), Iv.

Stra.sburper, E., elected, Ivi.

Strickland, Sir C. W., elected, xvi ; ex-
hibition of Crinum nriuaficitm, xvii.

Stridulating-organ (Campbell), Ixi.

Stromatoponi, minute structure uf
(Nidiolson and Murie), xxvi.

Structure, of leaves of Conifers (Masters) ,
li ; of pouched rats (Murio), xliv ;
of shell of Bryozoa (Waters), xxxvi.

Styraeeas, two tribes of (Miers), xxvii.

Suffolk Crag, fossil walrus-tusks from
(Lankester), xxviii, Ivii.

Sugar-beet, its artificial selection
(Travors), xlii.

Sugar-cane, disease in India (Holmes),
xxiii ; percentage of sugar in (Tra-
vers), xlii.

Sumatra, gigantic aroid found in (Mas-
ters), xxxvii.

Superposed arrangement of part of the
flower (Masters), xi.

Surface-fauna of arctic seas (Moss), xxiv.

Sussex, Nitella from (Boycott), xxxvii.

Swanzy, O., deceased, Iviii.

SylUs, branched (M^'Intosh), xlvii.

Syria, mimetic insects of, shown, xv.

Tach/glossus in Queensland (Armit),

xxxvi.
Talbot, H. F., deceased, xxxiv. [See

Obituary, ' Athenjeum,' Sept. 1877,

p. 40(1]
Tanganyika, Huphane found at (Baker),

xl; plants collected by V. L. Came-
ron, 1.
Tanypus macidata larva (Hammond),

liii.
Tarsius spectrum visiting Nepenthes

(Masters), liii.
Tarsus oi JDinornis (Forsyth), Iii.
Tea grown at Natal (Christy), xl.
Teignmouth, Codiolum from (Holmes),

liv.
Temple, W., deceased, ix.
Tench introduced into India (Day), vi.
Tendrils of Vitis (Lynch), xxxviii.
Tepper, J. C O., elected, li.
Tei'nate orchids (Reichenbach), iii.
Texas, fungi of (Cooke), xxix.
Thames, Gadus macrocephalus at the

mouth of tlie (Day), xliv.
Thebes, fruits and seeds from (Jackson),

xl.
Thistle, monstrous (Baker), Iii.
Tklaspi pcrfoliatum as a British j^lant

(Boulger), xviii.
Thomson, A., elected, Hi ; wood contain-
ing bone shown by, xxxix.
Thomson, G. M., elected, li.
Thomson, T., deceased, xxxiv. [See

Obituary in Journ. Bot. 1878, p. 160,

.and 'Nature,' xviii. 15.]
Thomson. Wyv., elected, xxxviii ; on new

Crinoids, x ; on propagation of Echi-

noderms, x.

Ixxxiii

Thorax of the b!o\v-fly (Hamnioncl),

xlviii.
Thozet, A , tleceasctl, xlv.
Thunbergia, morphology in (Hartog),

XV.
Thunberg's herbarium, Stapelis of

(Brown), xxxvi.
Tibia of Binornis (Forsyth), lii.
Tilbury Fort, Tordyliiim maximum

found near, xiii.
Timber indigenous in New Zealand

(Brewer), Iv.
Titmas, S. D., elected, xv.
Tobacco, Latakia (Dyer), \i.
Tonglo, journey to (Clarke), ii.
Tordylium maximum from Essex, exhi-
bited, xiii.
Torres Straits, marine algee from

(Dickie), xi.
Tortoises of Mauritius and Rodriguez

(Haddon),l.
Townsend, F., elected, xxix.
Trachylobium Horncmannianium (Kirk),

vi.
Trail, J. W. H., communication by, xiii ;

elected, ii.
Transactions, index to, mentioned, v.
Transit-of- Venus Expedition, fungi

from Kerguelen (Berkeley), vii ;

licliens obtained by (Crombie), iii.
Truveis and Son, referring to artificial

selection of Sugar-beet, xiii.
Treasurer's accounts, 1876, viii, ix ;

1877, xix, XX ; 1878, xxxii, xxxiii ;

1879, xlv, xlvi ; 1880, iviii.
Trematoda, new genus of (Macdonald),

vi.
Trematode parasites from dolphin of

the Ganges (Cobbold), vii.
Trkhechodon Huxleyl (Lankester),

xxviii.
Trimen, H., nominated Scrutineer, 1878,

xxxiv ; 1879, xlv ; note on Boca Com-

mersonii, iii ; on Boswellia, xxxiv ; on

myrrhs, xliii ; Oudneya, xli ; winter

state of Cicuta virosa, xxix.
Trooditissa, opinion of the monks of,

regarding the cedar, I.
Trout, iutrod. into India (Day), vi ;

Madras-bred, exhibited, v.
Tubers, of branches of Vitis gongyhdc&

(Lynch), xxx\iii ; on root oiBrassica

Rapa (Masters), xxiii.
Tubularian Hydrozoon from N. Zealand

(Higgins), xxxi.
Tuely, N. C., deceased, xlv [see Obi-
tuary in ' Entomologist ' (1879), 04] ;

elected, iii.
Turnerace£e, new genus of (Balfour), iv.
Turritella (Watson), Ixii.
Tusks of Bahirussa (Middleton), liv.

Tusksof fossil walrus (Lankester), xxviii,

Ivii.
Tutuela, Pinarolestes found on (Sharpe),

xli.
Tweeddale, Marquis of, deceased, xlv.

[See Obituary in ' Nature, xix. 205,

and in Coll. Memoirs, biograph.

sketch, pp. i-lxiv.]
Twelvetrees, W. H., elected, xlix.

Uncertain position of some S. -American

genera (Miers), xli.
Unio, kingfisher caught by, v.
Urodela, morphology of skull of

(Parker), xlvii.
Urostigma Vogclil rshown (T. Christy),

xxxvii.
Ussow's metameric organs in fishes

(Gri'mther), liv.

Vallisneria spiralis, rate of growth of

female stalk (A. W. Bennett), i.
' Valorous ' Annelida (M'^Intosh), xxii.
Van Voorst, presentatSion of algaj by, v.
Vegetation of Rodriguez (Balfour), xvi.
Veitch, A., elected, .xxviii.
Venation of Conium inaculatiim (Gor-

ham), xxviii.
Venous system of birds (Wade), vi.
Ventnor, abnormal Polysiphonia from

(Holmes), Ixi.
Venus-Transit Expedition, Kerguelen

fungi (Berkeley), vii ; lichens obtained

by (Crombie), iii.
Vera Cruz, crustaceans from, coll. by P.

Geddes (Miers), Ivi.
Vertebras of lizards, sacral (Mivart and

Clarke), xviii.
Vetillart on fibres, xli.
Vines, S. H., digestive ferment in Ne-

pcnthes, xi ; elected, xxviii.
Viola, cleistogamic flowers of (Bennett),

xxxviii.
Virgularia from Norsvay, xxxv.
Visiani, R. de, deceased, xxxiv. [See

Obituary, Journ. Bot. (1878) 192.]
ViUs c'uspidafa and V. gongylodcs shown

by R. I. Lynch, xxxviii.
Vocabulary of botanical terms (Bettany ),

Ivii.
Vultures, distribution of (Sharpe), iii.

Wade, H., venous system of birds, vi.

Wakefield, C. M., elected, iii.

Wakefield, F., deceased, ix.

Walker, A. O., flowers exhibited by,
xxiii.

Walker, J. D., elected, xiv.

Walker, T., presentation by, xlix.

Wallengren, H. D. J., Phrygancu do-
scribed by Linnreus, xlviii

Ixxxiv

INDEX.

Wallicb, Dr., Ojjhiurid obtained by

(Duncan), li.
Wallis'a Down, Ericaceie on (Mog-

gridge), xxv.
Walru8-tusk3, fossil (Lankester), xxviii,

Ivii.
Wanganui, acclinaatization at (Brewer),

Hi, liii, Iv.
Ward, M., embryo-sac in Phanerogams, 1.
Ward, S. N., withdrawn, xxxiv.
Wasps, habits of (Lubbock), III., i; IV.,

xvi; v., xxvii; VI., xl ; VII., Ixii.
Water-beetles, respiration of (Sharp),

xiii.
Water-hemlock, winter state of (Tri-

men), xxix.
Water field, W., elected, v.
Waterhouse, 0. O., insects obtained by

Dr. Ploem in Java, xxv.
Waterhouse, F. H., elected, li; new

Coleoptera collected by 0. Darwin,

xxxix.
Waters, A. W., algee penetrating Bryo-

zoa, xli ; elected, xiv ; shell of Bryo-

zoa, xxvii, xxxvi.
Watson, R. B., elected, xxvii ; on Lowe's

list of Webb's type shells, vi ; on Mol-

lusca ' Challenger,' xxxix, xlvii, Ivi,

Ixii ; preliminary report on, xxxviii.
Watson, M., and A. H. Young, anatomy

of elk, xsvi.
Weale, W. M., South-African orchids,

xxxix.
Web formed by Anaphe (Hewitt), hi.
Webb, E. A., elected, Ixi.
Webb's type shells (Watson), vi.
Webster, J., forest-trees sent by (Mas-
ters), xvii.
Weddell, H. A., deceased, xxxiv. [See

also Obituary in ' Gard. Chron.' n. s.

viii. (1877)217.]
Weir, J. J., butterflies from the Alps,

xxiv ; prongbuck with three horns,

liv ; removed from Council, 187(>, x.
Welwitsch, LiliaceiB collected in Angola

by (Baker), xvii.
Welwitschia mirahilis grown at Kew

(Dyer), xli v.
West, — , and F. A. Lees, moss found

by (Holmes), xxxix.
West, J., mentioned in Treasurer's Re-
port, Ix.
Westminster Aquarium, Salmo bred at

(Day), Hi ; white whale at (Murie),

xxxvi.
Westwood, J. O., minute ITymenopte-

rous insects, xxix ; polymorphic but-
terfly, Iv.
Whale, white, at Westminster Aquarium

(Murie), xxxvi.
Whangee cane (Jackson), xv.
Wheat from Smith's Sound, xv.
Whernside, new moss from (Holmes),

xxxix.
White, C. F., elected, iii.
White, F. B., male genital armature in

Rliopalocera, xv ; new Hemiptera,

xxxviii.
White, T. C, elected, liv.
Whitney, N. S., elected, xliii.
Wickham, W., elected, 1.
Wicklow, fungi of (Pim), xxii.
Wild geese, migration of (Prior), xxv.
Willesborough, oak-galls from (Holmes),

xxvii.
Williams, B. S., elected, xli.
Wilson, Sir S., elected, li.
Winged cardamom of Nepaul (King),

xxiv.
Wintle, S. W., elected, Ivi.
IVisfaria sinensis, fruiting (Dyer), xlii ;

seed-production in (Meehan), xxviii ;

specimens shown, xliv.
Woakes, E., withdrawn, xxxiv.
Wollaston, T. V., deceased, xxxiv. [See

Obituary in ' Eat. Mon. Mag.' xiv.

213, and ' Nature,' xvii. 210.]
Wonfor, T. W., deceased, xiv [see

Obituary in ' Entom. Monthly Mag.'

XV. 167] ; elected, xxi.
Wood containing a bone, shown by Prof.

A. Thomson, xxxix.
Wood-Mason, J., elected, xli.
Woodland, J., elected, xxxix.
Worsley -Benison, plant-jihotographs

taken by, xlix, li.
Wright, C. A., elected, xxxviii.
Wright, S., elected, li.

Young, A. H. (M. Watson and), ana-
tomy of the elk, xxvi.

Younge, R., deceased, ix.

Yucca baccata shown (Jackson), xxxi.

Yuccoideaj and Aloineae (Baker), Hi.

Yunan, Nau-Mu tree from (Dyer),
xxv.

Zoea-larva of Decapods (Hartog), Ixi.
Zooglcea, alga supposed to resemble

(Holmes), 1.
Zoological memoranda of Nile - Land

(Murie), xliv.

Printed by Taylor and Fbancis, Red Lion Court, Fleet etreet.

PEOCEEDmds ^l^}^ '''^

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(SESSION 1880-81.)

November 4tli, 1880.

Prof. G. J. Allma^, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Edward Brown, Esq., H. E. Dresser, Esq., and T. E. Peppe,
Esq., were elected Eellows.

Mr. H. C. Sorby brought under notice drawings of British
Anemones found by him attached to the upper fronds of sea-
weeds in deep water ; and he mentioned the occurrence of a
cream-coloured Cetacean on our coast, species undetermined.

Mr. Arthur Bennett drew attention to a new British Chara
(C. stelligera), remarkable for the presence of stellate bulbils
on the stems.

Mr. E. M. Holmes exhibited microscopical slides of two Marine
Algae new to Britain — Dasya Gibhesii, Harv., from Berwick-on-
Tweed, and Ectocarpus terminalis, Kiitz., from Weymouth ; also
examples of Callithamnion roseum and C. upongiosum with anthe-
ridia and trichophora on the same branchlet ; also of Helmin-
tliora cUvaricata with zonate tetraspores, which have not hitherto
been observed.

Dr. E,. C. A. Prior showed, and made remarks on, specimens
of Elybane {Amanita Huscaria) from Chipstable, West Somerset

Dr. T. Spencer Cobbold exhibited a remarkable Trematode
from the Horse {Gastrodiscus Sonsinonis), discovered by Dr.
Sonsino at Zagazig in Egypt.

Mr. Gr. E. Angas exhibited a Leaf of Hermas gigantea, an
Umbelliferous plant of the Caj^e. The fibro-vascular system had

LIKN. SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSIOISS 1880-82. h

2 PROCEEDTXOS OF THE

been entirely removed, leaving the epidermis and subcutaneous
tissue only ; it is used as tinder by the Hottentots.

Mr. E. A. AVobb exhibited the proliferous inflorescence of
Huhtis fruticosus, Ij., in Avhii-h the floAvers Avero represented by
elonj]fated axes densely covered with minute bracts, the apical
portions of which were fasciated.

The following papers were read : —

1. "Additions to our Knowledge of the Flora of North-Western
India." Bv Prof. George Watt, M.B., F.L.S.

2. " On the Papilionidfe of South Australia." By J. G. Otto
Tepper, F.L.S.

3. " Notes on a Collection of Plowering-Plauts collected by
Mr. L. Kitching in Madagascar." By J. G.Baker, F.E.S., F.L.S.

November 18th, 1880.

Egbert M'^Lachlais-, F.E.S., in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Lieut. -Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen was elected a Fellow.

Dr. G. E. Dobson exhibited, under the microscope, a remarkable
parasitic Worm taken by him from the intestinal canal of a Bat
{Mefjadenna frons) from the Gold Coast. It was evidently
allied to Ptevi/godermafiies plaqiostoma, Wcdl, from the intestine
of the Long-eared Hedgehog {Erinaceiis otiritiis) ; though on
first examination he (Dr. Dobson) had been disposed to regard
it as a new genus, McfahdeUa.

Dr. Cobbold exhibited five specimens of Disfoma crassinji,
Busk. He stated that the Chinese Missionary whose parasites
had been brought before the Society in 1875 had, on his return
to China, again become the victim of these large flukes ; and his
wife and daughter were also attacked, and all of them been com-
pelled to return to England.

The following papers were then read and discussed : —

1. "The Classification of Gasteropoda."— Part TI. By Dr. J.
Denis Macdonald, F.E.S. Communicated by Dr. G. E. Dobson,
F.L.S.

2. " Note on a Proliferous Condition of Verhascum niffrum."
By the Eev. G. Henslow, F.L.S.

3. " Novitates Capenses." By P. M'Owan and Harry Bolus,
F.L.S.

4. "Australian Fungi."— Part II. By the Eev. M. J. Ber-
keley, F.E.S., F.L.S.

LIlSTs'EAN SOCIETY OF LOS^DO^S". 3

December 2nd, 1880.

Prof. Gr. J. Allmax, M.D., F.E.S., President, in tlie Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

F. Arthur Canton, Esq., Charles B. Cory, Esq., Charles Eaw-
cett, Esq., H. O. Huskisson, Esq., Peter Inchbald, Esq., Charles
L. Jackson, Esq., Paul H. M'^Gillivray, Esq., E. W. Emerson
M^Ivor, Esq., and Ernest L. Sellon, Esq., were elected Eellows.

The Eesolutions of Council of November 25th, 1880, relative
to proposed alterations of Bye-Laws (to be balloted for at the
Evening General Meeting, January 20fch, 1881), were read for
the first time as follows : —

Section 2 of Chapter VIII. of the Bye-Laws shall be repealed, and the
following substituted : —

" The Council for the time beina^ shall annually, at their First Meeting
in April, cause to be prepared two Balloting-Lists, one of which (No. l)is
to contain the names of Five Fellows whom thev shall recommend to be
removed from the Council, and also the names of Six other Fellows out of
whom the Council recommend that the Five persons to be elected into the
Council shall be chosen; and the other list (No. 2) is to contain the
names of such Fellows as they shall recommend to fill the Offices of
President, Treasurer, and Secretaries for the year ensuing, which Lists
shall be read at the Second General Meeting in April in every year, and
then fixed up in the Meeting-room and Library of the Society for the space
of fourteen days at least. And if any one Fellow, or more than one Fellow,
shall desire to substitute the name or names of any other person or persons
in the place of any name or names contained in the said Lists either for
removal from or for election into the Council, or for filling the respective
offices of President, Treasurer, or Secretary, such one Fellow, or more
than one Fellow, shall leave notice in writing at the House of the Society
of the name or names they propose to be substituted within seven days
after the said Lists shall have been read. Balloting-Lists shall, after the
expiration of the said seven days, be printed according to the forms (Nos. !•
and 2) in the Schedule, in case no notice shall be previously left as afore-
said ; but in case of any such notice or notices being so left, then the
name or names of the person or persons proposed to be substituted shall be
added to the Lis:s respectively proposed by the Council according to the
forms (Nos. 3 and 4) in the Schedule. And such Lists shall be transmitted
to each Fellow whose known residence shall be within the United Kingdom
at least one week before the Annual General Meeting shall take place."

Section 4 of the same Chapter shall be repealed and the following sub-
stituted : —

" Each voter, before he delivers his List or Lists, shall strike out the
name or names of those persons recommended for whom he does not vote ;
and if more names shall be suffered to remain in any List than the number
of persons to be elected or removed, such List shall be rejected ; and in
case the names suffered to remain shall be less than the number of vacan-
cies to be supphed, those names only which shall remain in the List shall
stand as voted for."

In Section 8 the following words shall be omitted : — " should contain
more than the proper number of names, or if any List."

62

4 rnocEEDTNGS or the

In Chapter XII. Section 1 the foUowinp; words shall be omitted : —
" provided that the position of the present Librarian elected by the Society
be not thereby affected."

In Chapter XIII. Section 5, after the words " shall be immediately read
and " the following words shall be added, " if approved by the Fellows
present."

In Chapter XIV. Section 5, after the words " Vice-President " shall be
inserted " or Chairman ; " and after the word " Society " shall be added
"and the terms of any such Resohition shall also be forthwith communi-
cated by circular to each Fellow having a known address in the United
Kingdom."

Mr. George Brook exhibited, under the microscope, speci-
mens oi Noctiluca miliaris preserved in a weak solution of osmic
acid. The specimens had been obtained at the Mouth of the
Thames.

Mr. Thomas Christy laid on the table a series of Fungi trans-
mitted by Dr. Bancroft, of Brisbane, Queensland. He also
showed some fruits of a species of Capsicum from Southern Europe,
distinguished by their short ovate shape aud their total absence of
pungency.

The Eev. George Henslow showed diagrams of the structure
of a malformed example of Verba scum nit/rum, which formed the
subject of a paper read at the jirevious Meeting.

Prof. T Spencer Cobbold exhibited a specimen of a rare
Chinese Fluke (Distoma sinense), showing the internal organs,
especially the vitellary sacs and other reproductive parts, ova, &c.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Notes on British Tunicata (1. Ascidiida):' By W. A.
Herdman, D.Sc. Communicated by Prof. C. Wyville Thomson,
E.L.S.

2. " On an Erythrcea new to England." By Frederick Towns-
end, E.L.S.

3. " On the Conifers of Japan." By Dr. Maxwell T. Masters,
E.L.S.

4. "Mollusca of the 'Challenger' Expedition."— Part VII.
By the Eev. E. Boog Watson, E.L.S.

The President afterwards announced that the next General
Meeting of the Eellows of the Society to be held Thursday,
December 16, at 8 p.m., would 'be made a Special Meeting for
the election of a Member of Council.

December IGth, 1880.

Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., E.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

II. A. Erlebach, Esq., W. A. Herdman, D.Sc, and Thomas E.
Innian, Esq., were elected Eellows.

LUTNEAK SOCIETY OF LOIfDON. 5

The President then declared the Meeting Special (according
to the Charter and Bye-Laws) for the purpose of electing a
Councillor in the room of Mr. Gr. Bentham retired.

The President further appointed Dr. R. C. A. Prior, Mr. H.
C. Sorby, and Mr. H. T. Stainton, Scrutineers ; and announced
that the Ballot-Box would be kept open until 9 o'clock.

The Resolutions of Council of ]S"ovember 25th, 1880, relative
to proposed alterations of Bye-Laws (to be balloted for at the
Evening General Meeting, January 20th, 1881), were read for
the second time.

Dr. Thomas Boycott exhibited a series of microscopical speci-
mens and sections illustrative of the growth of the fruit of the
Orange.

Dr. Maxwell Masters afterwards exhibited an example of the
so-called " Kohl Rabi," in which development of side-shoots took
place in consequence of injury to the terminal bud.

Dried Syrian Figs were shown by Mr. Percival de Castro,
and inquiry made of the Fellows as to their species or other in-
formation, it being intended to introduce their cultivation into
the South of France ; but authentic published data concerning
this very excellent variety were scanty.

The following papers were read : —

1. " The Theory of the Growth of Cuttings ; illustrated by
Observations on the Bramble (Hubus fruticosus) T By Francis
Darwin, F.L.S.

2. " On the Means by which Leaves place themselves at Right
Angles to the Direction of Incident Light." By the same.

3. " On the Land-Molluscan Genus Durgella, Blanf , with
Notes on its Anatomy and Description of a new Species." By
Lieut.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, F.R.S., F.L.S.

The Ballot having closed, the Scrutineers reported that Mr.
Charles Baron Clarke had been duly elected a Member of
Council.

January 20th, 1881.

The Rev. J. M. Ceombie, M.A., in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

The Resolutions of Council of November 25th, 1880, relative
to proposed alterations of the Bye-Laws, which had been read at
the General Meetings of the 2nd and IGth December 1880 re-
spectively, were again read paragraph by paragraph, and suc-
cessively voted for by Ballot and confirmed by the Fellows of the
Society present, excepting the alterations and amendments in
Section 2 of Chapter VIII., which were not confirmed.

There were exhibited for the Rev. J. Gould three portfolios of

O PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Britisli Sea- weeds and Zoophytes, prepared by Mr. F. W. Smith,
of Falmouth.

A Squirrel's nest from a Holly-bush was exhibited by Mr.
Charles Berjeau ; and in his remarks he mentioned lie could find
no example of this Rodent's arboreal domicile either in the British
Museum or other London collections.

Mr. Wra. Ilillhouse explained the construction and advantages
of a new form of Cabinet for microscopical objects designed
by him.

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited specimens of horn-shaped G-alls
growing on a branch of Pistacia atlantica. These were some-
what similar in appearance to those known in India under the
name of " Kalera-singhi " galls ; and from them a substance
exuded resembling Chian turpentine.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Notes on Orchide*." By George Bentham, F.R.S., FL.S.

2. " On some British Hybrid Ferns." By Edward Joseph
Lowe, F.L.S.

3. " A Revision of the Genus Vibrissea." By William Phillips,
F.L.S.

February 3rd, 1881.

RoBEET M'^Lachlan, F.R.S. , in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Lieut.-Col. A. A. Davidson was elected a Fellow.

A Note from Mr. A. Craig Christie was read on the occur-
rence of Stipules in the natural order Ilicineae. In several
authorities it is stated that that order had exstipulate leaves ;
but specimens of Ilex Aquifolium were shown wherein what ap-
peared to be deciduous stipules were present.

Mr. George Murray exhibited a Japanese Book containing
wood-sections ; and, in contrast, he drew attention to a German
work of a similar kind.

Dried specimens of a Worm and of a Mussel, in which the soft
tissues were preserved by a new method adopted by Prof. C.
Semper, were exhibited on behalf of Herr L. Wiirth, of Wurz-
burg.

The following papers were read ; —

1. "Notes on Cyperacese, with special reference to Lesti-
boudois's ' Essai ' on Beauvois's Genera." By George Bentham,
F.R.S., F.L.S.

2. " Observations on the Life-Histories of Gamasinae." By
A. D. Michael, F.L.S.

3. " Remarks on the Cofiee-Leaf Disease." By Wm. Bidie,

LITSTfEAlSr SOCIETY OF LOlfDON",

in a Letter to, and communicated by, Tolin Cameron, P.L.S., of
Bangalore.

4. " CofFee-Disease in South America." By Dr. M. C. Cooke,
A.L.S.

February 17th, 1881.

Frank Crisp, Esq., LL.B., in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. "W. Wickham exliibited and made the following remarks
on two Collections of Plants from the Arctic Regions : — Of the
57 species of Phanerogams collected by Capt. A. H. Markham
whilst in the " Isbjorn " in Novaya Zemlyain 1879, 37 of the most
interesting of these were placed before the Fellows of the Society
for inspection. The absence of any species of G-entian is re-
markable, as it is so characteristic of the European highlands,
and, moreover, as Arctic Russia (to which Novaya Zemlya is in
close proximity, and from which it most probably derived its
plants) contains 6 species of Greutian. Another interesting fea-
ture of the collection is the presence of three species of Legumi-
nosae found in abundance and of vigorous growth. The order
is unrepresented in Spitzbergen and Arctic G-reenland. Of
Polemonium cceridetim and its " very arctic " variety or subspe-
cies P. humile, it is asked, whence came the variety ? Did
causes forming it operate only in part, or were there two sources
whence Novaya Zemlya was stocked ?

The second collection of typically Polar plants exhibited were
those from the coast of Franz- Josef Laud, obtained by Mr. Leigh
Smith in his successful voyage tliither in 1880. Some 61 spe-
cies of flowering-plants were collected ; but from the account
given of the country visited, it is very probable a more ample
Flora yet awaits investigation.

Mr. A. Hammond exhibited, under the microscope, "v\"ith a
drawing, a portion of the wall of the so-called glandular sac of the
larva of the Puss-Moth {Gerura vinula), from which that insect
is said to eject an acid liquid when alarmed or irritated. He
stated that although there could be no doubt that the organ was
the source of the excretion in question, there nevertheless was
some difficulty in regarding it as a true glandular structure, from
the large quantity of chitinous matter constituting the wall of
the sac itself.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Observations on some British Fishes." By Dr. Francis
Day, F.L.S.

2. " On Eight-hand and Left-hand Contortion of the Corolla."
By Charles Baron Clarke, F.L.S.

3. "On Leirodermatium affine and a Form of Aphrocallistes
from Deep Water." By Prof. P. M. Duncan, F.E S., F.L.S.

O PEOCEEDIIs'as OF THE

March 3rd, 1881.

Egbert M'^Lachlan, F.R.S., in tlie Cliair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Arthur Bennett, Esq., "W. Bancroft Espeut, Esq., Gr. Johnson
Fookes, Esq., N. Henry Martin, Esq., Prof. L. Compton Miall,
Henry N. liidley, Esq., Sir Arthur Scott, Eart., and Walter Gr.
WooUcombe, Esq., Avcre elected Eellows.

Mr. R. Irwin Lynch was elected an Associate.

Mr. E. M. Holmes exhibited specimens of Nitopliylluin reptans,
Crouau, a Marine Alga new to Britain, and Dermocarpa prasina.
Born., parasitical on Catanella Opiintia from Scotland, and col-
lected by Mr. Gr. M. Traill, of Edinburgh ; also a new British
Moss, LoscurcEa saxicola, Milde, gathered on Ben Lawers by Mr.
W. West, of Bradford.

Mr. Thomas Christy showed an example of the dried juice of
the Papaw-tree (Carica I'(ij)aya), and of the active principle
Papayine derived from it, mentioning the peculiar physiological
properties of the juice and the proposed use of the active prin-
ciple in Mediciue,

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Keparative Processes which occur in Vegetable
Tissues." By Samuel Gr. Shattock. Communicated by Prof. M.
Foster.

2. '' On the Apparent Eetention of a Sur-anal Plate by a
Young Echinometra." By Prof. F. Jeffrey BeU. Communicated
by Dr. J. Murie.

3. " On Dimorphism in Arjichia and Ilacrotomia." By C. B.
Clarke, F.L.S.

4. " Mollusca of the ' Challenger ' Expedition."— Part. VIII.
Family Pleurotomidae. By the Eev. E. Boog Watson, F.L.S.

March 17th, 1881.

Feakk Ceisp, LL.B., in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Joseph Armitage, Esq., and Prof. Thomas W. Bridge were
elected Fellows.

Mr. Frederick Moore was elected an Associate.

The Chairman, in adverting to the great loss sustained by the
Society in the death of Mr. E, E. Alston, the late Zoological
Secretary, communicated to the Meeting the Council's Eeso-
lutions as follows : —

" That the Council have heard with great regret of the death of ilr.
Alston, and desire to place upon record tlieir sense of the loss which the

LINWEAIS: SOCIETY OF LOJfDON. 9

Society has sustained by being deprived of his services as Zoological Secre-
tary." "And that a copy of the above be forwarded to the family with the
expression of the Council's sympathy." Further, "That the Council pro-
pose to the Meeting, as a mark of respect to the memory of the late Mr.
Alston, Zoological Secretary of the Society, that nothing but formal busi-
ness be taken at this Evening's Meeting."

These Eesolutions of the Council were thereupon adopted in
silence.

Prof. Martin Duncan thereafter moved, on the part o£ the
Fellows of the Society, a vote of condolence with the family of
the late Mr. Alston ; and the same to be forwarded with an ex-
pression of their sympathy.

This Motion having been seconded by Mr. Howard Saunders,
was carried unanimously.

"With reference to certain proposed alterations in the Bye-
Laws of the Society, the Chairman then read the Resolutions of
Council, March 17th, 1881, as follows :—

That the first paragraph as amended {infra) be read from the Chair
this evening (l/th March) with a view of being put to the Society for
acceptance ; and that it be stated from the Chair that, in the event of the
rejection of the proposed alterations, that Chapter VIII. Sections 4 and 8
be restored.

(To be offered for confirmation at the Meeting to be held on 21st April,
1881.)

Section 2 of Chapter VIII. of the Bye-Laws shall be repealed, and the
following substituted : —

" The Council for the time being shall annually, at their first Meeting
in April, cause to be prepared two Balloting-Lists, one of which (No. 1)
is to contain the names of Five Fellows whom they shall recommend to be
removed from the Council, and also the names of Five Fellows whom the
Council recommend to be elected into the Council; and the other List
(No. 2) is to contain the names of such Fellows as they shall recommend to
fill the offices of President, Treasurer, and Secretaries for the year ensuing;
which Lists shall be read at the Second General Meeting in April in every
year, and then fixed up in the Meeting-Room and Library of the Societv for
the space of fourteen days at least. And if any one Fellow, or more than
one Fellow, shall desire to substitute the name or names of any other person
or persons in the place of any name or names contained in the said Lists,
either for removal from or for election into the Council, or for filling the re-
spective offices of President, Treasurer, or Secretary, such one Fellow, or
more than one Fellow, shall leave notice in writing at the House of the
Society of the name or names which he or they may projiose to be substi-
tuted within seven days after the said Lists shall have been read. Balloting-
Lists shall, after the exj)iration of the said seven days, be printed according
to the forms (Nos. 1 and 2) in the Schedule to the existing Bye-Laws, in
case no notice shall have been previously left as aforesaid ; but in case of
any such notice or notices being so left, then the name or names of the
person or persons proposed to be substituted shall be added to the Lists
respectively pro])osed by the Council ; and tlie Lists as proposed by the
Councilor altered (as the case eiay be) shall be communicated by circular
to each Fellow whose known residence shall be within the United Kingdom
at least one week before the Annual General Meeting shall take place."

lO PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Alternative Alterations.

That Sections 4 and 8 of Chapter VIII. shall be repealed and the fol-
lowing substituted ; —

SECTION 4. " Balloting-Lists shall be delivered to every Fellow who
shall ap|)ly for them ; and if any Fellow should not approve of the persons
therein named, but be desirous of giving his vote for some other person
or persons, he will strike his pen or j)cncil across the printed name or names
of the person or persons of wliom he may disapprove, and will write over
against such printed name or names, on the blank side left and prepared
fur the purpose, the name or names of the other person or persons for
whom he may be desirous to give his vote."

Section 8. " If any List should contain more than the proper number
of names, or if any List of Officers should include the name of any person
not being a Member of the Council, such List shall be set aside, and not
taken any account of by the Scrutineers in casting up the number of Votes."

April 7tli, 1881.

GrEOBGE Btjsk, Esq., E.E.S., in tlie Chair.

Tlie Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

William Fawcett, Esq., Eobert Scott, Esq., Artliur Walker,
Esq., and Dr. Andrew AVilson were elected Fellows.

The proposed alterations of the Bye-Laws and alternative
alterations according to the Resolutions of Council of March
17th, 1881, were read for the second time from the Chair.

Mr. E. Morell Holmes exhibited specimens of three British
Lichens {Lecanora aJhoJutescens, Lecidea rhagadiza, and Pertu-
saria spiJoinmiihodes) recently collected in Cumberland by the
Eev. M. Jolmson. He also drew attention to a series of articles,
including the regetable products, illustrative of the native manu-
factures of Madagascar, obtained by the Eev. Mr. Peake.

Dr. Garston, on behalf of Prof. Flower, exhibited a pair of
Elephant's Tusks from the College of Surgeons' Museum Avhich
were surface-worn and encrusted with parasitic ova.

A series of Bots and other Entozoa, illustrative of Prof. Cob-
bold's paper on the Parasites of Elephants, were shown during
the reading of the memoir in question.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Parasites of Elephants." By Prof. T. Spencer
Cobbold, F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " Monograph of the Indian Species of Primula" By George
Watt, M.B., F.L.S.

3. " On the Green Colouring of the Hair of Sloths." By Dr.
H. C. Sorby, F.E.S., F.L.S.

LIira'EAN SOCIETY OF LONUON". 1 1

April 21st, 1881.

"W. SwEETLAND Dailas, F.L.S., ill the Cliair.

Tlie Minutes o£ the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Dr. Charles Barnard, James Bisset, Esq., "William Holmes,
Esq., Dr. Peter W. Marriott, John Charles Sawer, Esq., and
S. Stubbs, Esq., were elected Fellows.

The Chairman then called the attention of the Fellows pre-
sent to the Resolutions of the Council of March 17th, 1881,
respecting the further proposed alterations of Bye-Laws. He
explained that the Fellows themselves having on the 20th January
last (1881) repealed and substituted Section 4 of Chapter VIII.,
and confirmed other alterations in Chapters VIII. , XII., XIII. ,
and XIV., while rejecting the proposed repeal of Section 2,
Chapter VIII., and a substitution of a new Bye-Law, had unin-
tentionally interfered with their own powers of voting.

To remedy this defect the Council had revised the new Bye-
Law in question, expunging supposed objectionable clauses ; and
the same having been duly announced and successively read
from the Chair at the Meetings of the l7th March and 7th
April, it would now again be read and balloted for in due
form.

The Council being solely actuated by the desire to have the
Bye-Laws in conformity with the wishes of the majority of the
Fellows, suggested a return to the original Bye-Laws Sections 4
and 8 of Chapter VIII., in the event of the revised substitution
Section 2 Chapter VIIT. being rejected.

The Chairman then announced, as the proposal of the Council,
that Section 2 of Chapter VIII. of the Bye-Laws shall be re-
pealed and the following substituted : —

"The Council foi- the time being shall annually, at their First Meeting
in April, cause to be prepared two Balloting-Lists, one of which (No. 1)
is to contain the names of Five Fellows whom they shall recommend to be
removed from the Council, and also the names of Five Fellows whom
the Council recommend to be elected into the Council; and the other List
(No. 2) is to contain the names of such Fellows as they shall recommend to
fill the offices of President, Treasurer, and Secretaries for the year ensuing ;
which Lists shall be read at the Second General Meeting in April in every
year, and then fixed up in the Meeting- Room and Library of the Society
for the space of fourteen days at least. And if any one Fellow, or more
than one Fellow, shall desire to substitute the name or names of any other
person or persons in the place of any name or names contained in the said
Lists, either for removal from or for election into the Council, or for filling
the respective offices of President, Treasurer, or Secretary, such one Fellow,
or more than one Fellow, shall leave notice in writing at the House of the
Society of the name or names which he or they may propose to be substi-
tuted within seven days after the said Lists shall have been read. Balloting-
Lists shall, after the expiration of the said seven days, be printed according
to the forms (Nos. 1 and 2) in the Schedule to the existing Bye-Laws, in

12 PROCEEDINTGS OF THE

case no notice shall have been ])reviously left as aforesaid ; but in case of
any such notice or notices bein<; so left, then the name or names of the
person or persons proposed to be substituted shall be added to the Lists
respectively proposed by the Council and the Lists as proposed by the
Council or altered (as the case may be ) shall be communicated by circular
to each Fellow whose known residence shall be within the United Kingdom
at least one week before the Annual General Meeting shall take place."

The Ballot taviug been taken, the above proposed alteration
was negatived by a majority of the Fellows present.

Thereafter the Chairman read out the alternative altera-
tions : — " That Sections 4. and 8 of Chapter VIII. shall be re-
pealed and the following substituted : " —

Section 4. " Balloting-Lists shall be delivered to every Fellow who shall
apply for them. And if any Fellow should not approve of the persons
therein named, but be desirous of giving his vote for some other person or
persons, he will strike his ])eu or pencil across the prii\ted name or names
of the jjerson or persons of whom he may disapprove, and will write over
against such printed name or names, on the blank side left and prepared
for the purpose, the name or names of the other person or persons for whom
he may be desirous to give his vote."

Sections. " If any List should contain more than the proper number
of names, or if any List of Officers should include the name of any person
not being a Member of the Council, such List shall be set aside, and not
taken any account of by the Scrutineers in casting up the number of votes."

Those Motions having been balloted for in due form, were
confirmed.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On Individual Variation in the Branchial Sac of Simple
Ascidians." By W. A. Herdman, D.Sc, F.L.S.

2. " Note on Hibiscus palustris, Linn., and certain Allied Spe-
cies." By B. Daydon Jackson, Sec. L.S.

3. " On the Freshwater Shells of Australia." By Edgar A.
Smith. Communicated by Dr. J. Murie, F.L.S.

4. " On the Occurrence of the Norwegian Argentina silus on
the Shore of the Moray Firth, Banllshire." By Thomas Edward,
A.L.S.

5. "Mollusca of the 'Challenger' Expedition."— Part IX.
Pleurotomidae. By the Eev. E. Boog Watson, F.L.S.

May 5th, 1881.

Aethtje Geote, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The Chairman announced that the follo^\'ing Auditors to exa-
mine the Treasurer's Accounts had been nominated by the
Council : —

For the Fellows :— Mr. Charles Breese and Mr. H. T.
Staintou : —

LIISTSrEA]!f SOCIETY OV LONDOIf. 1 3

For the Council :— Mr. Frank Crisp and Mr. W. S. Dallas :—
Which, having been put to the vote, were unanimously agreed
to by the Fellows present.

The Secretary exliibited, for Dr. Maxwell Masters, a branch
of a Japanese Birch grown in England to show the beauty of
the bark ; and there was also shown a gnaur from the trunk of
a Cedar of Lebanon.

Mr. Charles Stewart exhibited an ovum of Helix Jicemastoma,
remarkable for its great size relatively to that of the animal.
He also showed the Grenerative Organs, peculiar in having the
retractor muscle of the penis attached to the extremity of a short
and larger spermatophoral gland ; the prostatic portion of the
common duct was exceedingly large, the uterine being devoid of
the pouched character found in Helix aspera.

Mr. Thomas Christy made some remarks on a new India-
Eubber tree from West Africa ; and Mr. Holmes also showed
a species of Strychnos from the same region.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Synopsis of the Indian Species of Atidrosace." By George
Watt, M.B., F.L.S.

2. " Descriptive Catalogue of the Species of Cellopora col-
lected by the ' Challenger ' Expedition." By George Busk,
E.E.S., E.L.S.

May 24th, 1881.

Anniversary JSleeting.

Prof. G. J. Allmak, M.D., E.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The Treasurer (Mr. Frederick Currey) then read his Annual
Heport, stating that financially the Society had continued pros-
perous.

The Senior Secretary then read his EejDort ; showing that
since the last Anniversary eleven Fellows had died, viz. : —

Fellows (11).

C. J. H. Allen, Esq.
E. H. Alston, Esq.
John Blackwall, F.E.S.
H. Bamsay Cox, Esq.*
John Gould, F.E.S.
Gerard Krefft.

Dr. J. Lauder Lindsay.
A. Eeginald Pryor.
Dr. J. D. Moore.
Dr. George Suche.
Arthur Veitch, Esq.f

* See ' The Entomologist ' (1880), vol. xiii. p. 248.
t See ' Gai-dener's Chronicle ' (1880), vol. xiv. p. 440.

'4

PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE

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LIIWEA.N SOCIETY OF LONDOIf.

And four had witLdrawB, viz. : —

C. J. L. Guppy, Esq.
Clements E. Markham, Esq.

Dr. Henry Scott.
Dr. Shearer.

Against this, 37 new Fellows, one Foreign Member, and one
Associate had been elected. As the Society stood at present,
there were 670 Fellows, 50 Foreign Members, and 21 Associates,
viz. a total of 7Jj1.

During the past year there had been received as Donations to
the Library 106 volumes and 125 pamphlets and separate im-
pressions of Memoirs. From the various scientific societies there
had also been received 96 volumes and 218 detached parts of
publications ; besides 23 volumes obtained by exchange and
donation from the Editors of independent periodicals.

The Council, at the recommendation of the Library Committee,
had sanctioned the purchase of 80 separate volumes and 63
serials and parts of important works, continuations and other-
wise ; these latter equal to about 10 vols, or 90 in all acquired
by purchase. The total additions to the Library were therefore
315 volumes and 373 separate parts.

Mr. Kippist had also presented framed "Water-colour Sketches
of Dr. Eobert Brown's birth-place, and of his London residence
in Dean Street, also of Sir Joseph Banks's Library, Soho Square.

The Society's Collections and Herbaria had been duly examined
and reported on to the Council as in good condition.

After fifty years' service under the Society, Mr. Eichard
Kippist had last summer resigned his position as Librarian ; and
the Council, iu acknowledgment thereof, had granted him a
retiring pension.

Mr. J. Gr. Baker then read a letter from, and in the name of
Mr. J. W. Miers presented a portrait of his Father, the late
Mr. John Miers, as a memento ot his connexion with the Society.
Prof. Allen Thomson, also, at the instance of a small Committee
of friends, presented a portrait in oil of Prof. St. George Mivart,
formerly Zoological Secretary to the Society. A vote of thanks
was accorded to the respective Donors.

Prof. Owen having taken the Chair, the President then deli-
vered his Anniversary Address, the subject chosen being " Eecent
Prorgress in our Knowledge of the Development of the Cteno-
phora." Afterwards Dr. W. B. Carpenter proposed a vote of
thanks to the retiring President for his interesting Address, and
also for his official services during his Presidentship), which, having
been put by him, was carried by acclamation.

The Secretary (Mr. B. D. Jackson) thereafter read the
Obituary Notices of the several Fellows of the Society who had
died during the year.

1 6 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

The Ballot for the Council having closed, the President nomi-
nated Dr. Braithwaite, Dr. R. C. Prior, and Mr. Jenner Weir
as Scrutineers. The votes having been counted, and rej^orted
to the President, he declared that Alfred W. Bennett, B.Sc,
Francis Darwin, M.B., Prof. E. Ray Lankester, Sir John Lub-
bock, Bart., and George J. Romanes, F.R.S., had been elected
into the Council in the room of E. R. Alston, Esq. (deceased),
Dr. Thomas Boycott, Prof. Michael Foster, Dr. J. Grwyu Jefireys,
and Prof. St. Gr. Mivart, who were removed.

Tlic Ballot for Officers also having closed, the President nomi-
nated the same Scrutineers. The votes having been counted,
and reported to the President, he declared the result as fol-
lows : — Presideni, Sir John Lul)bock, Bart. ; Treasurer, Frederick
Currey, Esq. ; B. Daydon Jackson, Esq., re-elected Botanical
Secretary, and George J. Romanes, F.R.S., elected Zoological
Secretary.

Ohituary Notices.

Et)"WAEB RicnAET) Alstok, F.G.S., F.Z.S, Member of the
British Ornithologists' Union, Secretary of the Linnean Society,
&c., was born at Stockbriggs, near Lesmahagow, Lanarkshire, on
the 1st December, 1845. In boyhood he was very delicate and
subject to asthma, which precluded his going to school ; so that
he was nominally educated at home. Practically he educated
himself ; and the success of this self-tuition, as carried out by one
possessed of his force of character, has been amply demonstrated,
A keen interest in natural history was developed in him from an
early age ; and numerous contributions from his pen upon zoo-
\o<y\, its folk-lore, and field-notes, the results of his observations,
both in his own country and on the Continent, apj)eared in the
' Zooloo-ist' and in various Scottish magazines. A preliminary
visit to Norway with Mr. J. A. Harvie-Brown led to a more
extended tour in 1872, when the two friends pushed theii' explo-
rations as liir as Archangel ; and contributed to ' The Ibis ' of
1873 a paper which was an important addition to the limited
knowledge tbeu possessed respecting the geographical distri-
bution of birds in North-eastern Europe. Ou his return, Mr.
Alston took up his residence in Loudon, devoting himself princi-
pally to the study of the osteology of the Mammalia, under the
excellent guidance of Professor Flower at the College of Surgeons ;
and to the literature of the subject in the pages of the ' Zoological
Record,' in which he edited this section until the year 1878 in-
clusive. In addition to this, in 1874 he assisted the late Professor
Thomas Bell in the second edition of ' British Quadrupeds ' to an
extent which the original author was unable adequately to acknow-
ledf^e iu print ; and in the same year he began to contribute
papers to the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society ' on various
Mammals, principally ou the Rodents. The most important of
these, nearly a score iu number, are perhaps those on the Squirrels

LINNEA2T SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 7

of the Neotropical region, published in 1878 and 1879 ; but all
are valuable and remarkable for their conciseness and lucidity ot
exposition. In 1879 Messrs. Godmau and Salvin commenced the
publication of the ' Biologia Centrali- Americana,' in which the
division Mammalia was written by Mr. Alston, who, in spite of
failing health, managed to complete that section before he died.
Although still young, his scientific attainments and social quali-
fications were by this time generally acknowledged ; and in 1880
his elevation to a post on the Council of the Zoological Society,
on various Committees of which he had long served, was followed
by his election as Zoological Secretary here. But the seeds of
early disease, which it was hoped he had outgrown, still lurked
in his constitution ; and, working to within three weeks of his
death, he was carried ofi" by acute phthisis on the 7th March,
1881, at the early age of 35.

Only those who have watched his career can estimate tlie loss
which science has sustained by his untimely removal. In private
life few men have been more universally beloved ; for to great
force of character and to a frank outspokenness when he deemed
that the occasion required it, he united an amiability of manner
and a conciliatory mode of expression which precluded the possi-
bility of giving offence. The lot of any man may justly be envied
whose loss is so sincerely mourned.

John Blackwall was born nt Crumpsall Old Hall, near Man-
chester, on 20th January, 1789, and died on the 11th inst., in his
ninety-second year. About 1820 he began to devote his atten-
tion to the true spiders {Araneidea) ; and thenceforward his
ardour never flagged, despite failing sight and other accompani-
ments of old age. His work was prosecuted almost entirely
without help from other observers ; from time to time he issued
six papers in the ' Edinburgh Philosophical Journal,' and a
similar number in our own 'Transactions,' between 1833 and
1855. He also contributed fifteen articles in the 'Annals and
Magazine of Natural History,' from 1851 to 1857, comprising a
catalogue of all the then known British spiders. The ' Journal
of the Linnean Society ' has three papers by him in 1864 and
1870; but the work by which his reputation will be best main-
tained is his ' History of the Spiders of Grreat Britain and Ireland,'
published by the Eay Society in 1861-64 in one volume. [A full
obituary notice from the pen of the Eev. O. P. Cambridge will
be found in ' The Entomologist ' (1881), vol. xiv. pp. 115-150.]

John Gould was born in September 1801, at Lyme, in Dorset-
shire ; but his father moved afterwards to Guildford, in Surrey,
and subsequently was appointed one of the foremen in the Koyal
Gardens at Windsor. Here the boy had good opportunity of
studying British birds in the field ; and his early .specimens ob-
tained about this time, when he was little more than fourteen
years of age, show great skill in preparation. He came to London
in 1827, then quitted his career as gardener, and received the
appointment of Taxidermist to the Zoological Society's Museum.

LINN. sue. PBOCEEDINGS. — SESSIONS 1880-82. 0

1 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

In this capacity he enjoyed the friendship of Mr. N. A. Vigors,
one of the then leading English naturalists ; and by his means was
first introduced into the world of authorship. His maiden essay
consisted of " A. Collection of Birds from the Himalayan Moun-
tains," communicated by Mr. Vigors to Zool. Soc. Proc. (1830-31).
Gould's drawings afterwards were transferred to stone by his
accomplished wife. The success of this proved so gratifying, that
' The Birds of Europe ' was forthwith begun, and finished in 1837,
in seven vols, folio. Simultaneously with this important work,
he issued, in 1834, a Monograph of the Rhamphastida) or Toucans ;
and four years later a Monograph of the Trogonidse, which reached
a second edition a short time before his death. His journey to
Australia resulted in his sumptuous volumes on the birds of that
continent, which were issued in seven folio volumes from 1841 to
1848. "Within a year from his return to Europe, he was completely
over^^'helmed by the loss of his devoted -wife.

Possibly the most striking of Mr. Grould's publications is his
* Monograph of the Trochilidse, or Humming-Birds.' It is a
satisfaction to note that the original specimens collected for this
work have been, since the collector's death, acquired by the autho-
rities of the British Museum. The remaining works of the inde-
fatigable author were : — * The Birds of Great Britain ;' ' Handbook
to the Birds of Australia,' in 8vo ; ' The Birds of Asia ;' ' The Birds
of New Guinea ;' the first part of a ' Monograph of the Pittidae, or
Ant-Thrushes of the Old World ;' ' Icones Avium ;' and ' Mono-
graph of the Odontophorhinse, or Partridges of America.'

These various works were published by the author himself,
owing to the fact that his first work went vainly begging for a
publisher ; afterwards, when advantageous terms were ofl:ered, he
declined to treat. His enthusiasm for the objects of his care
was such as to make him refuse to sell a copy of one of his books
to a person wlio wanted to become a purchaser, but had thought
fit to speak to him slightingly of the performance.

He was elected a Fellow of this Society on January 15, 1833^
and died in Loudon, February 3, 1881.

Geeaed Keefft, born at Brunswick in 1830, and died in
February last at Sydney, Australia.

After passing some time in the United States, he went to
Melbourne in 1852, and formed part of the Government Explo-
ration Expedition in 1858. He returned to Melbourne as leader
of the Expedition, and accepted a post as Assistant at the Museum ;
but soon after relinquished it, and returned to Germany. The
next year, after a short stay in South Africa, he settled at Sydney
as Curator of the Museum in succession to Dr. Pittard. A series
of disagreements with the Trustees of that Institution ended by
his retirement from his position there in 1874.

De. Willia-M Laudee Lindsay was born in 1828. As a
schoolboy, he is said to have exhibited " that enthusiastic love of
knowledge and foreign travel, as well as that facility with the
pen and pencil, which distinguished his after years." His principal

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 9

objects of study resulted in the issue of his ' History of British
Lichens,' and many other papers which have appeared in our pub-
lications and elsewhere, which have been collected and republished.
His work ' Contributions to New-Zealand Botany,' which came
out in 1868, in 4to, was the outcome of a holiday employed by
him in a search after health at the Antipodes. His last book
treated of psychological subjects, and does not come within our
scope. He died in November last.

Adolphus Eeginald Petoe was born at Hatfield in Hertford-
shire, 24th April, 1839 ; and after leaving school he proceeded to
University College, Oxford. From quite an early period of his life
he was much attached to the study of natural history ; but gra-
dually he came to devote himself more especially to Botany. In
1873 he began to make himself known by his contributions to the
history of critical species of the British Flora, in the pages of
the ' Journal of Botany ' and ' Nature ;' and in the following year
he was elected a Fellow of this Society. The whole bent of his
mind was singularly accurate; on even trivial matters he was
most painstaking to ascertain actual facts or the foundations of
reports. After some weeks' illness, he died at Baldock on the 18th
February of this year, leaving his collections to the Hertfordshire
Natural History Society, of which he was a V^ice-President. His
' Flora of Hertford ' was in an advanced state at the time of his
death ; and it is therefore hoped that ere long it will be published
under the auspices of that Society.

June 2nd, 1881.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the Anniversary Meeting were read and con-
firmed.

Mr. Eobert Eomanis, D.Sc. Edinb., was elected a Fellow.

Dr. Greorge Hoggan made some observations on the Lympha-
tics of Vascular Walls, specimens in illustration being exhibited
under the microscope.

Mr. Thomas Christy also exhibited the following objects : —
Living Eubber-plants from West Africa, viz. Urostigma Vogelii
and a large specimen oi Taherncemontana crassa ; products o'i Pis-
tacia Terehinthus, viz. the nuts, the resin (for rendering paper
water-proof), and the so-called Pistacia-butter separated from
the resin, winch is used for sweetmeats in the East ; also China
Turpentine from the same tree.

There were exliibited, onbehalf of Mr. Henry J. Elwes, samples
of pure Sulphate of Quinine made by Mr. Grammie, Superin-
tendent of the Grovernment Cinchona Plantations in Sikkim,
from the bark of Cinchona succiruhra and C. Calisaya by a uew^
process discovered by himself, requiring no expensive chemicals
or apparatus.

c2

20 PROCEEDINaa OF THE LrS~NEAJf SOCIETY OP LONDON.

The followaiig papers were read : —

1. " Observations on Ants, Bees, and Wasps." — Part VIII.
Habits of Ants. By Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.R.S., Pres. L.S.

2. " On the Genus Plocamia, Schmidt, and on some other
Sponges o£ the Order Echinodermata." By S. O. Eidley, F.L.S.

3. " On two Species of /S^owyi(?a from the Atlantic Sea-bed."
By Prof. P. Martin Duncan, P.R.S., P.L.S.

4. " MoUusca of H.M.S. ' Challenger' Expedition."— Part X.
(Fam. Pleurotomidae, cont*) . By the Rev. R. Boog "Watson, F.L.S.

The President gave the substance of a Circular received from
the Local Secretaries of the British Association inviting Fellows
of the Society to forward for exhibition at the Jubilee Meeting
in York (August 31) Instruments of Scientific Research and
such apparatus as might show historically, and otherwise, the
progress made during the last half-century.

June 16th, 1881.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
John Forrest, Esq., of Australia, iUexauder Somer\alle, Esq.,
and Capt. John Thomas Wright were elected Fellows.

Mr. W. Hood Fitch exliibited a set of drawings of new Orchids,
species of Odontoglossum .

The Rev. H. Higgius showed a specimen of Holothuria which
had been got between Patagonia and the Falkland Islands. Tliis
he had identified as Psolus squamatus ; and it had been figured
by Otho Fred. Miiller in his ' Zoologia Danica.'

The Secretary read a portion of a Letter addressed to him by
Mr. William Ferguson, of Colombo, in which lie mentioned
his having found Wolffia arrhiza, Wimm., in abundance in an
abandoned stone-quarry, covering the surface of the water ; and
that in a recent trip to the Kandyan country he had discovered
Adiantum cethiopicum, Linn., both these being new records for
Ceylon.

Mr. J. Gr. Baker exhibited a specimen of the Inflorescence of
the Aloe Parryi, the source of the drug. Tliis was the first time
it had flowered in tliis country, although the product of the plant
had been kno\m for two thousand years.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Flora of the Kuram Valley, Afghanistan." —
Part II. By Surgeon-Major Aitchison, F.L.S.

2. " On Central-African Plants collected by Major Serpa
Pinto." By Prof. Count Ficalho and W. P. Hiern, F.L.S.

3. " Revision of the Idoteidae, a Family of Sessile-eyed Crus-
tacea." By Edward J. Miers, F.L.S.

4. " On the Nostrils of the Cormorant {Plialacrocorax carlo)."
By Prof J. C. Ewart. Communicated by Gr. J. Romanes, Sec L.S.

PEOGEEDIMS

OP THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(SESSION 1881-82.)

November 3rd, 1881.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The President, in announcing the death of the Treasurer, Mr.
Frederick Currey, spoke of the universal esteem in which he was
held, and put the following Minutes of Council to the Meeting : —

" That the Council and Fellows of the Linnean Society of
London, having heard with the deepest regret of the death of
the Treasurer, Mr. Frederick Currey, desire to place upon
record their sense of the great loss sustained by the Society in
his death, and their sincere appreciation of the valuable ser-
vices rendered by him during twenty years as Secretary, and
afterwards as Treasurer.

" That a copy of the foregoing Eesolution be communicated
to the family of the late Treasurer."

These Eesolutions having been spoken to by Mr. Gr. Bentham,
Mr. H. T. Stainton, and Prof. St. George Mivart, were carried
unanimously.

The Eev. William Henry Jones and the Eev. William Moyle
Rogers were elected Fellows.

Mr. E-. M^Lachlan exhibited a parthenogenetically-bred Beetle
{Gastrophi/sa raphani), which was the secoud reared by Dr. J. A.
Osborne in Ireland. The egg which produced it was one of a
batch of forty-two laid by a virgin female on 14th June, and was

22 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

batched on 24th. Moults occurred on the 1st and 5th July ;
the melaniorphosis to pupa L4'th July ; and the imago appeared
23rd July.

Dr. T. S. Cobbold showed under the microscope about one
hundred eggs of Bilharzia h<xmatohia, taken from a patient re-
cently ari-ived from Egypt, suffering from hsematuria. By adding
water, nearly all the eggs were hatched during the Meeting.

Dr. M. T. Masters showed a spike of Calanthe Veitcliii, inter-
esting as a hybrid between species of two reputed distinct genera,
Liviatodes rosea and Calanthe vestita, the characteristics of both
genera being curiously combined.

Mr. J. E. Jackson called attention to a box of skinned and
sun-dried Bananas, recently imported from Jamaica, as an expe-
riment for sale in the English market.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Notes on Graminese." By George Bentham, F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " Description of some new Birds from the Solomon Islands
and New Britain." By Edw. P. Eamsay, F.L.S.

3. "Eeport on the Arctic Drift-wood collected by Capt.
Feilden and Mr. H. C. Hart in 1875-76." By Dr. W. E. M-'Nab,
F.L.S.

The President gave notice that the next Meeting would be
made Special, to elect a Treasurer and Member of Council.

November 17th, 1881.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The President having declared the Meeting mnde Special, pur-
suant to notice, announced that the Ballot would be taken for
1 he election of a Treasurer and a Member of Council, and that it
would remain open until 9 p.m. He then nominated Mr. C. J.
Breese, Mr, T. Christy, and Mr. P. Duffy as Scrutineers.

A Letter was read from Mr. F. Innes Currey, conveying the
thanks of the family of the late Treasurer to the Society for their
kind expression of sympathy.

Mr. George Murray exhibited a bough of Pinus Pinaster with
suppressed intern odes of the lateral branches, the result of injury
to the axis from which they sprang.

Dr. Francis Day showed examples of the stomachs of the Pil-
chard, with special reference to points in their digestion. These
fishes ai'rive on the coast of Cornwall in the evening to feed ; and
at sunset the nets arc shot between their feeding-grounds and
the deep water. Examination immediately after landing the fish
proved that in every instance the food was the Zota stage of
Crustaceans ; and whilst lying loosely in the pyloric division of

LINNEAN SOCTETT OF LONDON. 23

the stomacli, it was enclosed in a sac or sausage-shaped body.
He was not prepared to state what might be the function of this
membranous envelope.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On Cross-fertilization in Boseoea purpurea and Salvia
Grahami." By A. Irwin Lynch, A.L.S.

2. " On the' Habits of Ants, Bees, and Wasps."— Part IX.
By Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President.

3. " On a Hampshire Orchis not figured in * English Botany;' "
By C. B. Clarke, M.A., P.L.S.

4. "A new Entozoon from the Ostrich, Strongylus BouglasHy
By Dr. T. Spencer Cobbold, E.E.S., E.L.S.

The Scrutineers having examined the Ballot, and reported
thereon to the President, it was announced from the Chair that
Sir John Kirk, K.C.M.Gr., had been elected a Member of Council,
and Mr. Frank Crisp had been elected Treasurer in the room of
Mr. Frederick Currey, deceased.

December 1st, 1881.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The following were elected Fellows : — Capt. P. Greene, Lieut. -
Col. Swinhoe, G-. S. Jenman, Esq., Gr. S. Walton, Esq., Dr. Wil-
helm Landau, C. S. Wilkinson, Esq., Charles George Warnford
Lock, Esq., George Samuel Valentine Wills, Esq., Eev. T. E. H.
Sturges, and the Eev. George Wilson.

Mr. J. Harris Stone showed specimens of Lychnis Visearia,
and made remarks on it as a trap for ants. He had noticed
that in Norway 95 per cent, of the specimens had dead ants,
mostly on the glutinous nodes.

Dr. T. S. Cobbold exhibited diseased roots of StepJmnotis
which he had received from Dr. Masters ; these were swarming
with myriads of Nematoid worms, and also had minute Acari.
He referred the worms to the genus Leptodera; and stated that
thirty-three years before he had found similar parasites in the
shrivelled leaves of Gloxinia.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Note on the Foliation and Eamification of Buddleia auri-
culatay By Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " On the Homology of the Conario-hypophysial Tract, or
the so-called Pineal and Pituitary ' Glands.' " By Prof. Owen,
C.B., F.E.S., F.L.S.

3. "On the Sense of Colour among some of the Lower Ani-
mals." By Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President.

4. " Note on a Proliferous Double Mignonette." By the Eev.
G. Henslow, M.A., F.L.S.

24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

December 15th, 1881.

George Busk, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair,

The Miuutea of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

W. H. CoflBn, Esq., E. Milners, Esq., and H. Parkes, Esq., were
elected Fellows.

Dr. T. S. Cobbold exhibited a large G-uinea-worm {Dracuncu-
lus) taken from a pony in Madras by Vet. -Surg. Frederick Smith.
Only one previous instance o£ the occurrence of this parasite in
the horse had been mentioned, and its authenticity had been
doubted by Fedschenko and others.

Mr. G. S. Boulger showed a set of papier-m&che models of
insectivorous plants for teaching-purposes, made under the super-
intendence of Prof. Cohn by Herr Brendel of Breslau.

Mr. T. Christy called attention to the volume of the Annual
Beport of the Commissioner of A griculture for 1879, issued at
Washington, containing much valuable information on the insects
and other agents destructive to crops.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On some Points in the Morphology of the Temnopleuridce.''^
By Prof P. Martin Duncan, F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " On a new Species of Gossypium from East Tropical Africa."
By Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, F.B.S., F.L.S.

3. " Note on Abies PattonUr By W. E. M'=N"ab, M.D.

4. " On the Digastric Muscle, its Modifications and Functions."
By G. E. Dobson, M.B., F.L.S.

5. "TheMolluscaof H.M.S. ' ChaUenger ' Expedition."— Parts
XI. and XII. By the Eev. E. Boog Watson, B.A., F.L S.

January 19th, 1882.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
The President announced the death of Mr. Eichard Kippist,
aged 70, who died on the 14th January, 1882. He had spent
upwards of fifty years in the service of the Society, at first as
Prof. Don's Assistant and afterwards as Librarian himself.

The following resolution was then put from the Chair, and
carried unanimously, that

" Tlie Fellows in Meeting assembled, on learning of the death
of Mr. Kippist, desire to record their sense of the efficient and
faithful service rendered to the Society by its former Libi'arian
during more than half a century."

A list was read of 189 volumes and pamphlets presented to the
Library as a Donation from the family of the late Mr. Frederick

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 2$

Currey, in memory of his long connexion with the Society. In
accepting this donation, a special vote of thanks was accorded to
Mr. F. Innes Currey and the rest o£ the donors.

Mr. T. B. Plower sent for exhibition Potentilla rupestris, L.,
from Montgomeryshire, Polygonum maritimwn, L., and Senecio
squalidus, L., from North Devon.

Mr. "W. Bancroft Espeut, of Jamaica, forwarded for exhibition
an albino specimen of Bat (Molossus ohscurus, Geoif.), albinism
in the Cheiroptera being of rare occurrence.

Dr. T, S. Cobbold showed living specimens of Leptodera under
the microscope.

The following papers were read : —

1. " The Life-history of a Crocus, and Notes on the Classifica-
tion and Geographical Distribution of the Genus." By George
Maw, F.L.S.

2. " The Asteroidea of H.M.S. ' Challenger ' Expedition."—
Part I. By W. Percy Sladen, E.L.S.

3. " Note on Staminiferous Corollas in Digitalis purpurea and
in Solamim tulejvsum.'' By the Eev. George Henslow, M.A.,
E.L.S.

February 2nd, 1882.

C. B. Claeke, M.A., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The Eev. B. Scortechini and John Marshall, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

A Letter of invitation was read from the President of the
Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou to the Linneau
Society, or its representatives, to be present at a Jubilee on
May 14th next, N.S., in honour of Charles Eenard. The Council
communicated this to the Meeting in case any Fellow might wish
to act as representing the Society at the Jubilee.

Mr. T. Christy exhibited samples of various vegetable fibres and
manufactured pulp therefrom ; also explaining the new chemical
process employed by Mr. C. D. Ekmau for makiug excellent
paper quickly and economically from any sort of coarse plant-
fibre.

The Secretary read a portion of a Letter from Mr. Thomas
Edward, A.L.S., accompanying a specimen of a supposed rare
marine animal, caught on a line off" the Banffshire coast. Dr.
Murie identified it as belonging to the Nemertean worms, pro-
bably Cerebratulus angulatus.

Mr. E. M. Holmes exhibited a new blistering-insect from

26

PBOCEEDraOS OF THE

Madagascar belonging to the genus Epicauta, allied to E. rufi-
collis, and brought to this country by Dr. Parker, Physician to
the Queen of" Madagascar. He also drew attention to specimens
of Cinchona-bark cultivated in Bolivia, belonging to the verde2iu&
vwrailit varieties ot" Calisaya, not hitherto cultivated in our colo-
nies, but deserving of attention on account of their large yield of
bark and good percentage of quinine ; for which reasons the Boli-
vian planters prefer tliem to Cinchona Ledr/eriana.

Mr. J. E. Jackson showed a native Australian Pituri-bag.
Formerly the leaf of the plant only was known ; but Baron F. v.
Mueller has lately shown that it is derived from Duhoisia Hop-
woodii.

The following papers were read : —

1. "Note on the Medical Use oi Melaleuca uncinata, R. Br."
By J. a. Otto Tepper, F.L.S.

" In the ' Proceedings of the Eoyal Soc. of S. Australia ' (vol. iii.
p. 175, 1879-80) I drew attention to the curative properties of
the above plant, and have since then used it exclusively myself in
all cases of colds, cough, and sore throat arising from cold or con-
tinued speaking, with the best effects ; so that I hardly know now
what it is to be troubled by the above complaints.

" The wife of one of the residents some months ago was so seriously
aflBicted by catarrh and bronchitis, that her life was pronounced
in danger by the medical adviser of the family. I asked the man
to try the above plant, which grows plentifully about here, as it
could do no harm. Early next morning he procured a sprig, and in
a day or two the patient was out of danger. My children likewise
use it with the same good result ; and so do many people here
about. The way it is applied is to masticate a few fresh or dried
leaves, swallow the expressed sap with the saliva at convenient
intervals ; and the complaint disappears in a day or two quite
imperceptibly, and without the slightest inconvenience. The
taste of the leaves is aromatic, but not nearly so unpleasant as
those of the other indigenous species, or of the various Eucalypts."
(Accompanying were a few branches for experiment.)

2. " Eemarks on Elephant Flukes." By Major-General Benson,
F.L.S.

(The author referred to Dr. Cobbold's use of the term Fasciola
Jacksoni, whilst he himself had described the flukes in the ' Ran-
goon Times ' in 18G7. Dr. Cobbold explained that initials only
had been appended to the article referred to, in which the Ele-
phant mortality was first correctly referred to these parasites ;
but the w orm was first discovered by J. B. S. Jackson twenty years
before the llangooii letter, viz. in 1847.)

3. " Botanical Sketch in connexion with the Geological Fea-
tures of New South Wales." By Robert D. Fitzgerald, F.L.S.

4. " Observations on Animal Intelligence." By J. Gr. Otto
Tepper, F.L.S.

LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 27

February 16th, 1882.

Frank Ceisp, LL.B., Treas. and Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

A circular letter from the Eoyal Society of N. S. "Wales was
read, announcing that prizes would be given for the best essays
on certain subjects in 1882 and 1883, some being on the natural
history of Australia.

Mr. John Badcock exhibited a supposed Fungus obtained in
Epping Forest. Mr. Cliarles Stewart afterwards gave his reasons
for supposing it to be the zoogloea stage of Monas termo.

Dr. Cobbold drew attention to male and female specimens o£
Ascaris transfuga found in the leg of a Brown Bear in Transyl-
vania. Hitherto these parasites had only been found in the in-
testinal canal.

Mr. A. Grote showed Geaster fornicatus from Maidenhead.

The following papers were read :—

1. " Potato-disease, and the Theory of Fungoid Parasitism."
By A. Stephen Wilson. Communicated by Prof. Trail, F.L.S.

2. "On the Shells of Aden." By Lieut. J. F. Cockburn.
Communicated by Prof. Bayley Balfour, F.L.S.

March 2nd, 1882.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Col. Richard Henry Beddome, Thomas Bonner Chambers, Esq.,
George Cheverton, Esq., The llev W. H. Dallinger, C. D. Ekmau,
Esq., Prof. W. Fream, Eev. Eichard Hooper, C. Dubois Larba-
lestier, Esq., Eev. E. P. Murray, and Charles Vipan, Esq., were
elected Fellows.

Prof. P. M. Duncan exhibited, under the microscope, the
pollen-tubes of Crocus, and Mr. Charles Stewart the ovule of the
same genus.

Mr. C. F. "White exhibited a series of drawings of the pollen
of various plants.

Dr. T. S. Cobbold showed drawings of pollen-tubes oi Portulaca
oleracea, received fi-om Mr. Krutsclmitt of New Orleans.

The following papers were read :—

1. " Eemarks on the Structure and Habits of the Coral-reef
Annelid, Palolo viridis.'" By the Eev. Thomas Powell, F.L.S.

2. " Contribvition to the Lichenography of New South Wales."
By Charles Knight, F.L.S.

3. " Contributions to the Ornithology of New Guinea." Part

28 PE0CEEDING8 OF THE

VII. Diaj^uoscs of new Species of Birds from the Astrolabe
Range, S.E. New Guinea. By E. Bowdler Sharpe, F.L.S.

4. "Description of a new Genus and new Species of In-
sectivora from Madagascar." By Oldfield Thomas. Communi-
cated by Dr. J. Murie, F.L.S.

5. " On a new Species of Sand-Martin (Cottle) from Mada-
gascar." By E. Bowdler Sharpe, F.L.S.

March 16th, 1882.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.E.S., President, in the Cbair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

H. M. Brewer, Esq.,V, I. Chamberlain, Esq., and A. P. Thomas,
Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. Worthington G. Smith called attention to certain destruc-
tive Australian fungi new to this country, viz. Ccqjnodium australe,
fatal to Conifers, and Isariafucifonnis, a pest of grass in Kent and
Sussex. The latter plant is supposed to cause a disease similar to
di])htheria, and said to be fatal to cattle. He also showed a Bee
caught in England having a profuse growth of the Isaria condi-
tion of Cordiceps sphecocephain, a West-Indian form, the latter
being closely allied to ergot {Claviceps).

The following papers were read : —

1. " Observations on the British Salmones" (Trout). By Dr.
Francis Day, F.L.S.

2. " On the Action of Carbonate of Ammonia on the Eoots of
certain Plants." By Charles Darwin, F.R.S., F.L.S.

8. " On the Influence of Carbonate of Ammonia on Chloro-
phyll-bodies." By Charles Darwin, F.E.S., F.L.S.

4. "'Challenger' Mollusca."— Part XIII. By the Eev. E.
Boog Watson, F.L.S.

April 6th, 1882.
Sir John LrBBOCK, Bart., F.E.S. , President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of tlie last Meeting were read and confirmed.

John Blaikie, Esq., C. C. Lacaita, Esq., J. W. Phillips, Esq.,
and John B. Wilson, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. Patrick Geddes exhibited a series of living specimens
under the microscope, illustrative of the presence of Algse in
Eadiolarians and certain forms of Coelenterata.

Mr. Marcus M, Hartog afterwards drew attention to sections
of Cyclops and the eye of Daphnia.

A scries of thin sections of Woods was sIioaxti on behalf of Mr.
Wilmersdorffer of Vienna.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 29

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Connexion between Geotropism and Growth." By
Francis Darwin, F.L.S.

2. " Note on Negative Heliotropism in Ftwiaria corymbosa,
Desf." By B. Daydou Jackson, Sec. L.S.

3. "MoUusca of the 'Challenger' Expedition."— Part XIV.
By the Eev. E. Boog Watson, F.L.S.

4. " Some Observations on the ' Breaking ' of the Shropshire
Meres." By W. Phillips, F.L.S.

Six neighbouring meres in Shropshire, namely, Ellesmere mere,
Kettlemere, Newton mere, Whitemere, Colemere, and Blakemere,
whose collective area is about 311 acres, exhibit, with tlie excep-
tion of the last named, the phenomenon known locally as " break-
ing" in July and August. The water, ordinarily clear, becomes
turbid and greenish in tint, and a scum forms on the surface, col-
lecting in patches, sometimes smelling offensively. In Ellesmere
mere this appearance is due to an abundance oi Bivularia articu-
lata, Ach., a rare species. Kettlemere and Whitemere exhibited
a yellow scum, due to Anahaina circinalis, E.abh. Blakemere,
although closely adjacent to Kettlemere, and believed by the
country-people to be connected with it underground, has never
been known to "break." Colemere began to "break" last
autumn on October 15, and the opportunity to investigate it was
lost. Newton mere showed an alga, believed to be Cylindrosper-
tnum Salfsii, Kiitz., ranked by Tiabenhorst as a variety of Sphce-
rozyga Carmichaelii, Harv. This mere "broke" as early as
Feb. 23 this year, with two species, namely Anabaina circinalis
and Coelosperinwn Kutzingianum, Naeg., the latter in very small
proportion to the former. We have here, then, a double " break-
ing," in spring and autumn, caused by different algae. See also
' G-revillea,' vol. ix. p. 4, and vol. x. p. 111.

April 20th, 1882.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The President, addressing the Meeting, said that all pre-
sent would no doubt liave heard the sad news of tlie irreparable
loss which science, the country, and the Linnean Society iiave
sustained in the death of Mr. Darwin. Only a month ago they
had the pleasure of hearing a paper of hi.s, unhappily his last,
Avhich showed no sign of any abatement of vigour. The present
was not the occasion to speak of the value of his scientific work,
but he might say that while the originality and profound cha-
racter of his researches had revolutionized natural history, he
had also added enormously to its interest, and given, if he might
say so, new life to biological science. Many of them, and no one
more than himself, had also to mourn one of the kindest and best
of friends. He begged to pro[)ose, as a small mark of respect to

30 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

the memory of their late illustrious countryman, the greatest — •
alas that he could uo longer say, of living naturalists ! that
after the formal business was concluded the Society should
adjourn.

The Motion having been put, was adopted in silence.

The President announced that the following Auditors to
examine the Treasurer's Accounts had been nominated by the
Council : —

For the Fellows, Dr. Jolm Millar and Mr. H. T. Stainton ;
for the Council, Mr, E. M'Lachlaii and Mr. A. \V. Bennett ; and
by show of hands these were unanimously elected.

Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, Bart., M.P., was elected a Fellow.

Specimens of Fritillaria Meleagris had been sent for exhibition
by Mr. Matchwick ; they were gathered near Burghfield Bridge,
three miles from Eeading ; and the plant there is said to be rapidly
becoming extinct.

May 4tli, 1882.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The following Eesolutions of Council were read and put from
the Chair : —

" That the Fellows of the Linnean Society in Meeting
assembled desire to place upon record their sense of the great
and irreparable loss biological science has sustained in the
death of their most distinguished and venerated Fellow, Charles
Eobert Darwin, so long and so honourably connected with
the Linnean Society ; also to express their deepest sympathy
with Mrs. Darwin and the family in their bereavement.

" That a copy of the foregoing Eesolution be communicated
to the family by the Secretary."

These Eesolutions were unanimously adopted.

Dr. Cuthbert C. Gibbes was elected a Fellow.

The Eev. E. P. Murray exhibited specimens of Carex montana,
obtained at Heathfield in some abundance, in confirmation of
Mr. Eoper's statement in the current number of ' Trimen's
Journal of Botany.'

Mr. John Murison showed Heliptenim eximium from the Cape
and Ixodia acliilleoides from Australia, as samples of dried flowers ;
also Jungle-cotton from Nagpore.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On Algai from the Himalayas." By Prof. G-. Dickie, F.L.S.

2. " On new Varieties of the Sugar-cane produced by Planting
in Apposition." By the Baron de Villa Franca and JDr. Glass,

LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 3 1

Superintendent o£ the Botanic Grarden, Rio de Janeiro. Com-
municated by the late Charles Dar\vin, F.E.S., F.L.S.

3. " Discovery of the Hemains of the Great Auk on the Island
of Oronsay, Argyllshire." By Symington Grieve. Communi-
cated by Dr. J. Murie, F.L.S.

4. " On Cape Orchids, with a List of Published Species." By
Harry Bolus, F.L.S.

5. " On the Occurrence of Single Florets on the Eootstock oi
Catananche luteal By B. Daydon Jackson, Sec. L.S.

6. " Contributions to the Ornithology of New Gruinea." — Part
VIII. By E. Bowdler Sharpe, F.L.S.

7. " On the Prehensorial Organs ancillary to Generation in
Male Butterflies of the Genera OrnitJioptera and Pa^nlio." By
P. H. Gosse, F.E.S. Communicated by E. M^Lachlan, F.E.S'
F.L.S.

May 24th, 1882.

Anniversary Meeting.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes o£ the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. H. T. Stainton, on the part of the Audit Committee, read
the Annual Eeceipts and Payments as follows (see p. 32) .

The Treasurer, Mr. Frank Crisp, then submitted a detailed
explanation of the various items in the foregoiug statement.

The Secretary then read his Eeport of the deaths, withdrawals,
and elections of new Fellows for the past year as follows : —

Since the last Anniversary 16 Fellows have died, or their deaths
been ascertained, viz. : —

Dr. "William Addison.
William Atkinson.
A. H. Barford.
Eev. G. "W. Braikenridge
Dr. A. Carte.
Frederick Currey.
Charles Darwin.
M. P. Edgeworth.

Fellows (16).

Eonald C. Gunn.

Samuel Gurney.

J. A. Hankey.

G. C. Joad.

Henry Eeeks.

Prof. Eolleston.

Dr. G. Eutherford.

Sir C. Wyville Thomson.

FOBEIGN MeMBEES (2).

J. Decaisne. | Prof. Schleiden.

Associate (1).
Richard Kippist.

32

PEOCEEDINGS OP THE

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. ^^

During the year seven Fellows had withdrawn, viz. : —

W. C. Boyd.

H. a. Bohn.

r. H. Champneys.

G. E. Comerford Casey.

And 40 Fellow^s had been elected.

H. T. K. Kempton.
Capt. J. V. Legge.
Capt. Gilbert Mair.

During the past year there had been received as Donations
to the Library ISJ- volumes and 113 pamphlets and separate
impressions of memoirs. From the various acieutific Societies
there had also been received 117 volumes and 175 detached
parts ; besides 2-1 volumes obtained by exchange and donation
from the Editors of independent periodicals. The Council, at
the recommendation of the Library Committee, had sanctioned
the purchase of 58 separate volumes and 60 parts of important
works. The total additions to the Library were therefore 383
volumes and 348 separate parts.

The Secretary, on behalf of the President, having read the Bye-
Laws govei'ning the elections, —

The President then opened the business of the day, and the
Fellows present proceeded to Ballot for the Council and Officers.

The Ballot for the Council having closed, the President
appointed Lieut. -Col. Grrant, Mr. Charles J. Breese, and Mr.
Cliarles Tyler as Scrutineers. The votes having been counted
and reported to the President, he declared the following Members
to be removed from the Council, viz. :

Prof. G. J. Allman, Eev. J. M. Crombie, Mr. W. S. Dallas,
Mr. Arthur Grrote, and Prof. E. R. Lankester.

And the following to be elected into the Council, viz, :
Mr. Henry W. Bates, Prof T. S. Cobbold, Prof. P. M. Duncan,
Mr. E. Morell Holmes, Sir J. D. Hooker.

The President then delivered his Address (see p. 36), followed
by Reports on the various botanical and zoological publications
during the previous twelvemonth.

Sir J. D. Hooker then proposed the following resolution,
viz. : — " That the thanks of the Society be presented to the Pre-
sident for his excellent Address ; and that he be requested to
allow it to be printed."

This having been seconded by Mr. S. W. Silver, was carried
unanimously.

The senior Secretary read the Obituary Notices of deceased
Fellows (see p. 58).

JjInn. soc. peoceedings. — SESsioiss 1880-82.

34 PUOOEEDINGS OF THE

Juue 1st, 1882.

Fbank Crisp, LL.B., Treas. and Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. Henry Charles Burdett was elected a Fellow.

Mr. H. N. Eidley exhibited a specimen oi ^quisetum maximum,
Lam., having the spike of the fructification surmounted by a
branch-bearing portion, which had been obtained at Darlestone
Bay, near Swanage, Dorset.

The Eev. Gr. Henslow showed a specimen of malformed Wall-
flower in which the petals were suppressed, or represented by
small green scales. It had no stamens, but malformed carpels
took their place. He also drew attention to a Rhododendron in
which every flower had an open pistil ; and a garden Eanunculus
with a mass of foliaceous petals.

Dr. T. S. Ealph, A.L.S., exhibited living specimens of Vallis-
neria from Sydney, Australia, supposed to differ somewhat from
the European species V. sph-alis.

The following papers were read : —

1. "Results of the Investigations on the Ceylon Coffee-disease."
By H. Marshall Ward. Communicated by W. T. Thiselton
Dyer, F.E.IS., F.L.S.

2. " On some Cutaneous Nerve-terminations in Mammals." By
Drs. George and F. E. Hoggan. Communicated by Dr. J. Murie,
F.L.S.

3. " Note on two Himalayan Ferns erroneously described in
the ' Ferns of British India.' " By C. B. Clarke, M.A., F.L.S.

4. " On Eecent Additions to the Flora of New Zealand." By
Thomas Kirk, F.L.S.

5. " On the Ascidians collected during the Cruise of the
Yacht ' Glimpse ' in 1881." By H. C. Sorby and Prof. Herdman,
F.L.S.

G. " Descriptions of new or little-known Comatula^." By P.
Herbert Cai'penter. Communicated by Dr. W. B. Carpenter,
F.E.S., F.L.S.

June 15th, 1882.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The President nominated Prof Busk, Mr. Frank Crisp, Sir
Jose])h Hooker, and Sir John Kirk, Vice-Presidents for the
ensuing year.

The Eev. Robert Collie, Charles Anderson Ferrier, Esq., T. D.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 35

Gibson-Carmichael, Esq., Sir J. D. Gribson-Maitlaud, Bart., W. D.
Goocb, Esq., Michael Murpliy, Esq., Eev. H. A. Soaue, H. C.
Stephens, Esq., H. Gr. W. Stephens, Esq., and James Turner, Esq.,
were elected Eellows.

Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer exhibited specimens of JEqidsetum
giganteum from Brazil, which is said to have aerial stems attaining
30 feet in height.

Mr. C. B. Clarke, with reference to his paper in the Journal
(Bot. xix. p. 206), showed OrcJds incarnata, Linn., O. incarnata,
Syme, and O. maculata, Linn., in quantity, from Hampshire,

Mr. H. N. Eidley exhibited a specimen of Cavex glmoca obtained
at Swanage, with two female spikes and the lower male spike each
arising from a complex utricle, the two female spikes on long
pedicels. He also showed Lolmm perenne from Hendon, in which
the stamens and pistils were converted into glume-like bodies,
usually tipped by stigmatic hairs.

Mr. Gr. J. Eookes exhibited Wallflowers similar to those shown
at the last Meeting ; also a monstrosity of Clematis lanuginosa.

Sir John Kirk showed specimens of the fruit, leaves, and rubber
of Landolphia Jlorida, from the island of Pemba, north of Zan-
zibar ; also bells and rubber-beaters made and used by the natives
of East Central Africa.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On Dgera, a new Grenus of Rubber-producing Plants." By
Sir J. D. Hooker, K.C.S.I., P.R.S., E.L.S.

2. " On the Apocynaceous Caoutcliouc-yielding Plants of
Malaya and Central Africa." By W. T. Thiselton Dyer, F.E.S.,
F.L.S.

3. " Note on some Habits of the Scorpions Androctonusfmies-
tris, Ehr., and Euscorpius italicus.''' By Prof E. Eay Lankester,
F.E.S., F.L.S.

4. " On a new Grenus of Collembola allied to Degeeria^ By
George Brook, F.L.S.

5. " On a Marine Caddis-fly {PJdlanissus, 'Wsi\kev,=Anoma-
lostoma, Brauer) from New Zealand." By E. M'^Lachlan, F.E.S.,
F.L.S.

6. " On the Genus PleurecJdnus, L. Agassiz." By Prof. P.
M. Duncan, F.E.S., F.L.S.

7. " On a probable Case of Parthenogenesis in the House-
Spider." By F. M. Campbell, F.L.S.

8. "On Indications of the Sense of Smell in Actiniae." By
W. Pollock and G. J. Romanes, F.E.S., Sec. L.S.

9. " List of Fungi from Brisbane, Queensland, with Descrip-
tions of New Species." By the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, F.E.S.,
F.L.S., and C. E. Broome, F.L.S.

d2

36 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

10. " Notice of a uew Animalcule allied to Pleuronema.'' By
F. W. Phillips, F.L.S.

11. " On a Collection of Ferns made by theEev. E. B. Comius
in the Solomon Islands." By J. G. Baker, F.E.S., F.L.S.

12. " On the Teredo utricvliis of Gmelin, with Eemarks upon
other Ship-worms." By S. Hanley, F.L.S.

13. " On two new, and one wrongly referred, Cyrtandrese." By
H O. Forbes. Communicated by W. T. Thiselton Dyer, F.E.S.,
F.L.S.

14. " Mollusca of H.M.S. ' Challenger ' Expedition."— Part XV.
By the Eev. E. Boog Watson, F.L.S.

Anniveesaey Addeess of the Peesident.
Gentlemen, —

On the first intimation that you proposed to confer upon me the
very high honour of electing me to the Presidency, I must con-
fess to much hesitation whether it would be right to accept so
great a responsibility. It was impossible not to be conscious
that there were others much better qualified to occupy the post
with advantage to the Society, both from their abilities and great
services to biological science. I also felt that it would be impos-
sible for me to prepare an Address such as those which you have
been accustomed to hear. For even if I had been competent to
do so in other respects, it would have been almost impracticable
just in the middle of the Parliameutary Session. Under these
circumstances I can but ask for your generous indulgence. I do
so with tlie better hope of success, having been fortunately able
to supplement my own shortcomings by the valuable aid of friends.

My distinguished predecessor in this Chair was of opinion
that the object of the Presidential Address would be best fulfilled
by making it as far as possible an exposition of recent progress
in some branch of Natural Science ; and the object he thus placed
before himself, I think, we shall agree that he most successfully
attained. On the present occasion, however, at any rate I will
rather refer to the events of the last year with especial reference
to their bearing on our Society.

In many respects we have undoubtedly much reason for con-
gratulation. The Society was established in 1788, and no body
which has nearly arrived at its centenary can expect to grow
rapidly ; nevertheless our numbers show a steady and continuous
increase.

Our pecuniary position is also satisfactory, our balance in liand

LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 37

exhibitiug an improvement of more than £100, besides which a
small addition has been made to our permanent investments.
During the past year, again, the papers and raemoii's have been
increased in number, those presented since the last Anniversary
being 57 as against 52 in the preceding year. I think also that
as regards the actual publications we have every reason to be
satisfied. Of the Journal, 900 pages have been issued, with 53
plates and 66 woodcuts, in addition to 136 pages of Transactions,
with 18 plates and 14 woodcuts. It is satisfactory also to find
that the sale of our publications steadily enlarges, which not only^
leads to a welcome increase in our funds, but indicates the grow-
ing number of those who take an intelligent interest in, and
derive a pure pleasure from, the study of nature.

Our Meetings have been of more tban usual interest ; and the
attendance of Members continues to increase. For this we are
of course primarily indebted to the authors of papers, but also to
our Secretaries for their care in selecting beforehand those por-
tions which are suitable for reading ; and, lastly, to those Mem-
bers and other gentlemen who have been good enough to bring
ua specimens for exhibition.

During the past year there have been received as Donations to
the Library 184 volumes and 113 pampiilets and separate im-
pressions of memoirs. From the various scientific Societies there
have also been received 117 volumes and 175 detached parts ;
besides 24 volumes obtained by exchange and donation from the
Editors of independent periodicals. The Council, at the recom-
mendation of the Library Committee, has sanctioned the purchase
of 58 separate volumes and 60 parts of important works, con-
tinuous and otherwise. Tlie total additions to the Library were
therefore 383 volumes and 348 separate parts or memoirs.

On the 28th Marcli, with the kind permission of the Council,
I had the honour of giving a Soiree in these rooms, at which I had
the pleasure of seeing a large number of the Fellows of the Society
and others interested in science. I mention this merely for the
purpose of thanking, as I trust I may do, not only in my own
name, but in yours also, those who contributed so greatly to the
interest of the evening by the objects they were good enough to
send for exhibition. I may specially mention : —

1. The Portrait of Mr. Darwin painted by John Collier.

2. An extensive series of Drawings of Pollen, drawn to a
scale of ^J^Q diameters and from nature, by Charles Frederick
White, F.L.S.

3. A series of Living Plants from Kew, exhibited by Sir J.
Hooker, K.C.S.I. Among these a remarkable illustrative set of
carnivorous plants. — Also a number of Wedgewood Medallions of
celebrated Naturalists.

4. Some fine examples of the Flowers of rare Uliododendrons
grown in this country, and exhibited by James H. Mangles, F. L.S.,
and the Hon. and Kev. J. Townseiid Boscaweu.

38 I'HOCKKUINOS Of THE

5. Camellias and varioiiH other Plants, exhibited by William
Paul, F.L.S.

G. Drawings of INfarine Animals and Dredging-apparatus, by
Henry C Sorby, F.li.S.

7. Models of Insectivorous Plants, by Gr. S. Boulger, P.L.S.

8. A set ies of the British Stalk-eyed Crustacea and Cases of
Lepidoptera, by J. T. Carrington, F.L.S.

9. Jiisectivorous and Orchidaceous Plants, by Messrs, Veitch
and AVilliams.

I cannot omit to mention tlie great Meeting of the Interna-
tional Medical Congress held liere just a year ago, and which was
so successful. Three of the Sections, — namely, those of Anatomy,
of Diseases of the Skin, and of Diseases of the Teeth — held their
sittiiigs in our rooms. The Council had much pleasure in placing
them at the disposal of the Members of the Congress ; and I am
sure that in doing so they were acting in accordance with the
general wishes of the Society.

To the general success of the Jubilee Meeting of the British
Association at York, the Biological Section, or, I might say,
Sections, contributed their full share. The papers presented
were numerous and interesting.

An important event of the last year has been the removal of the
Botanical Collections of the British Museum from the old build-
ings in Bloomsbury to the new Natural-History Museum at
South Kensington. On this subject Mr. Carruthers has been
good enough to supply me with the f olloAving information, w^hich .
I shall give almost in his own words.

The increased space which the erection of the new building has
enabled the Trustees to devote to the Botanical Collections, and
which was urgently needed, has secured the required accommo-
dation for the Herbarium, and the opportunity of exhibiting in
the public gallery such a representation of the Vegetable Kingdom
as may give a visitor some notion of the groups of which it is com-
posed, of their chief characteristics, and their geological and geo-
graphical distribution.

The Herbarium has been arranged in a continuous series. The
Flowering Plants, occupying the great gallery, are arranged as
regards the genera in the order of Bentham and Hooker's ' Genera
Plantarum,' while the species follow the order of DeCandolle's
' Prodromus,' or of more recent monographs of particular orders.
The Vascular Cryptogams occupy cabinets in the pavilion ; and
the Cellular Plants are placed in two rooms on a higher floor of
the pavilion, where great facilities exist for the minute examina-
tions of these plants.

The earlier collections formed by Sir Hans Sloane are contained

in more than 300 folio volumes, and comprise his own plants from

Jamaica and plants from the first botanical explorers, such as

Kamel, Ka?mpfer, Cunningham, Bartram, Catesby, and Claytou.

In 1827 Eobert Brown transferred to the Trustees of the

LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 39

British Museum the large Collection of Sir Joseph Banks in
accordance with the terms of his will. The extensive and
important additions that have since been incorporated with the
Banksian Herbarium have increased it more than twentyfold.
These additions include the Sliuttleworth Herbarium, containing
the plants of Eoemer ; the African plants of Welwitsch and
Schimper ; the American plants of Nuttall, G-ardner, and Miers ;
the Asiatic plants of Pallas, Horsfield, and Wallich ; the Austra-
lian plants of Robert Brown and Drummond ; the Ferns of John
Smith ; and the Mosses and Liverworts of* Wilson and Hampe.

To these have been added the plants collected in Ceylon by
Hermann, and afterwards employed by Linnseus for his Elora of
that island, and the plants collected by John Eay in his travels
on the continent of Europe. The gap between the herbaria of
Sloane and Banks has been filled up by the plants of Chelsea
Grardens and the Collections of Dale and Nichols, presented to
the Trustees by the Apothecaries' Company. Thus the great Her-
barium and the other collections in the British Museum represent
the progress of botanical science and the work of botanists in one
unbroken series, from the days of Eay, Hermann, and Sloane to the
present time.

The collection of seeds and fruits is arranged in cabinets
placed along the centre of the Herbarium Grallery, following the
same order as the plants in the Herbarium.

By the plan adopted in arranging the Herbarium cabinets in
the gallery a series of secluded recesses between the projecting
cases are obtained, where the collection can be consulted by the
scientific worker without interruption.

The extensive Herbarium of British Plants is founded upon the
collections formed by Sowerby while preparing his ' English
Botany,' and now includes the Herbaria of my late partner
Edward Forster, of Carroll, Trimen, Wilson, and others. Con-
nected with the British Herbarium is an extremely important
collection of original Drawings of British Plants, made by Sowerby
and Salter for ' English Botany,' by Sowerby for ' English Fungi,'
as well as unpublished Drawings of British Fungi by W. Gr.
Smith, F.L.S., and the late Mrs. Eussell.

The Drawings of Ehret, Parkinson, and especially of Francis
and Ferdinand Bauer, enrich the general collection.

The public exhibition of botanical specimens in the Museum
has hitherto consisted of plants or parts of plants that were
thought to be suited to such a purpose. In the new gallery Mr.
Carruthers determined to give a systematic representation of the
whole Vegetable Kingdom. Such a representation is given as
will enable an intelligent visitor to form some idea of the prin-
cipal groups into which plants are divided, and of the points of
resemblance or difierence on which the groupings are based.
The species themselves are represented by stems, foliage, and
fruit ; but as these fragments of dead and dried plants do not

4© PROCERDTNOS OP THE

present the natural colour and habit of the plants to whicli they
belong, and seldom make manifest the structural characteristics
on which the classification depends, the use of coloured drawings
has been largely resorted to. Each Natural Order of the Vege-
table Kingdom is thus represented. The leading characteristics
of the Orders are shown in diagrams. Lastly, by the aid of a
small map the distribution of the plants included in it, both in
time and space, are shown at a glance. These maps will, I
think, be found most interesting and instructive. Specimens of
fossil plants are incorporated in the series wherever the Order is
represented amongst extinct species.

A walk round the gallery thus presents to the visitor a graphic
representation of the Vegetable Kingdom, beginning with the
Ranunculacese and passing in a descending series through the
Dicotyledons, Monocotyledons, and G-ymnosperms to the Vas-
cular and Cellular Cryptogams.

The large specimens of trunks placed in the tall cases in the
centre of tlie gallery are arranged in the same order as the prin-
cipal series, and are supplementary to it.

As regards the Zoological Department also, with reference to
which I am indebted for the facts to Dr. Giinther, the past
year proved to ' be exceptional with regard to the number and
importance of acquisitions.' Of purchases, the most important
were : — The entire collection of Birds formed by the late Mr. J.
Gould; a selection of the most valuable specimens from the
Evton collection, especially skeletons figured in his ' Osteologia
Avium;' part of the Baly collection of Phytophagous, and of
the Bates collection of Heteromerous, Coleoptera; a large col-
lection of the Hymenoptera of South Germany and Switzerland ;
and the celebrated collection of North-American Moths formed
by Mr. A. R. Grote. The donations were likewise of great
value. The Socotra Committee of the British Association pre-
sented a complete series of the animals collected by Professor I.
Bayley Balfour during his exploration of the fauna and flora of
that island ; the Smithsonian Institution a large collection o£ the
Marine Fislies of the Pacific coast of North America, obtained by
the U.S. Fishery Commission ; Messrs. Godman and Salvin their
fine collection of Australian Birds ; and the Lords Commissioners
of the Admiralty an exceedingly rich collection of JNIarine Inver-
tebrates from the Australian Seas, made by Dr. Coppinger during
the Survey of H.M.S. 'Alert.' Finally, of the ' Challenger ' Col-
lections, the study-sets of the Birds, Pycnogouids, Echinoids, and
Alcyonarians were received.

These and many other acquisitions of minor importance swelled
the number of zoological specimens received in the year 1881 to
49,602, or about double the average number of the last ten years ;
and it must be considered a particularly fortunate circumstance
that a large proportion of these additions consists of materials
which have been already worked out by acknowledged authorities

LIWriTEAIT SOCIETY OF LONDON. 4 1

on their several subjects, and tliat objects on which so much
labour has been bestowed are now safely deposited for future
study and comparison in our National Collection.

Since tlie Act of Parliament has been passed which enables the
Trustees to part with superfluous duplicates to other kindred
iostitutions in the United Kingdom and the Colonies, numerous
applications have been received for such specimens ; and not less
than 18,336 zoological objects have been transferred to provincial
Museums in the course of last year. The selection from the
stock of duplicates is left with the curators of those institutions,
as they are, or ought to be, the best judges as to which specimens
are the most desirable and suitable for their requirements.

Of the various publications which have been issued in con-
nexion with the Zoological collections in the British Museum,
one may be referred to as especially illustrating the progress of
Zoology, and the corresponding rapid growth of the National
Collection, viz. the second edition of the ' Catalogue of Batra-
chia Salientia.' The first edition, prepared in 1858, contained
descriptions of 283 species, represented in the British Museum
by 1691 specimens, wlailst now the number of species described
amounts to 800, and the collection of specimens to 4692. But
the progress made within the period of less than 25 years is not
sufficiently indicated by a mere comparison of tliese numbers.
It appears still more marked when we consider the change that
has taken place in the systematic arrangement of the class. This
is now based upon the osteological investigations made in the
period intervening between the two editions : it removes many
of the incongruities which have puzzled the student of the
geographical distribution of animals, and is sure to be of great
assistance to the palaeontologist.

Another important point connected with the British Museum
ia that, after long delay, fair progress has been made in the erection
of a separate house for the specimens preserved in spirit. The
presence of large quantities of such an inflammable liquid in the
vaults of the Museinn has been a source of much anxiety to the
Trustees ; and I am very glad that the Treasury has at length
consented to supply the funds for the erection of this building,
so as to remove a source of danger which might have led to a
fearful catastrophe.

The separation from the great library at Bloomsbury threatened
to be a serious hindrance to work ; but since the Government
has placed, for five consecutive years, £5,000 at the disposal of
the Trustees for the purchase of books for the new Museum, the
Departmental libraries have been so much increased as to contain
now upwards of 24,000 volumes, in addition to mixed journals,
publications of learned Societies, Voyages and Travels, which are
being formed into a " Greneral Library " common to all the
Departments.

Passing from the British Museum to Kew, I may mention that

42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

the gallery find collection of pictures presented by Miss North
will be open to the public early in June. It contains 615 oil-
pictures, painted in every case by Miss North herself in the actual
places represented — Singapore, Borneo, Japan, Java, New Zea-
land, Brazil, Jamaica, N. America, Cejdou, and India. The
pictures are transcripts of extraordinary fidelity of all that is
remarkable in the physiognomy of the places visited ; and the
ensemble supplies one of the most complete series of illustra-
tions of the possibilities of plant-form which has ever been
brought together.

The late Grcorge Curling Joad, a Pellow of the Society, who
died last year somewhat unexpectedly, left directions that his
extensive herbarium of European plants and his large collections
of living herbaceous plants should be offered to Kevv. The latter
will entirely fill the large rock-garden which is now in process of
being laid out.

The Rev. "W. Allport Leightou, a Fellow of the Society and
the well-known authority on British Lichenology, has presented
the whole of his extensive herbarium of British Lichens to the
National Herbarium at Kew.

Kew has also been enriched by the interesting herbarium of
Hewett Cottrell Watson, the author of so many well-known works
on British botany.

The exhibited collection of Cryptogamic Plants at Kew, which
was formerly much scattered, has been brought together into
one convenient room, and the arrangement much improved.

It is much to be hoped that a pathological collection illustrating
the diseases of plants and trees (a subject to which, apart from
its practical importance, much interest has been given by a recent
remarkable address of Sir James Paget's) may be gradually de-
veloped.

Numerous collections have been received at Kew from Dr. Gr.
AV. Parker and others from Madagascar ; and their examination
by Mr. J. G. Baker has largely increased our knowledge of the
vegetation of an area of singular interest from the point of view
of geographical distribution, and which is rich also in peculiar
endemic forms.

Mr. Dyer, to whom I am indebted for the preceding facts,
considers that the great desideratum at present is a more detailed
examination of the floras of the upper levels of Central Tropical
Africa. The collections made by Mr. Thomson of Keith John-
ston's Expedition, and by the late Mr. New on Kilima-njaro,
show that there is reason to expect that fresh explorations of the
mountain-floras would throw much light on the origin and former
geographical relations of the peculiar flora of S. Africa, which
seems to extend northwards at the higher levels. It is much to
be regretted, in the interests of geographical botany, that the
proposed expedition to Kilima-njaro has, for the present, faUen
througli.

L1N>£AN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 43

Last, but certainly uot least, though Mr. Jacksou has been
good enough to prepare a Eeport on the Progress o£ Botany
during the year, I may, in connexion with ICew, allude here to
the ' Genera Plantarum.' This vast undertaking has occupied
the late President of the Linnean Society, Mr. Eentham, and Sir
Joseph Hooker for the last quarter of a century. Tlie first part
was published July 1862. The printing of the second part
of the third volume, concluding the work, has now began ; and
its publication may be hoped for before the next Linnean Anni-
versary.

The portion published includes the genera of Dicotyledonous
plants. It deals with about 14,500 published genera, of which
probably about half have been sustained. Probably when the
whole is finished the accepted genera of flowering plants will
amount to something like 10,000.

A most useful complement to the * Genera Pl.antarum ' will be
the new edition of Steudel's ' Nomenclator,' the funds for the
preparation of which have been supplied by the munificence of
Mr. Darwin. The superintendence of the work has been entrusted
to the Botanical Secretary, Mr. Daydon Jackson.

Considering that the Linnean Society is now all but 100 years
old, it is somewhat remarkable that we have had during that long
period only nine Presidents : —

Sir James Edward Smith was President from 1788 to 1828.

Edward Lord Stanley, M.P. „ „ 1828 to 1834.

Edward Adolphus Duke of Somerset „ „ 1834 to 1838.

Edward Lord Bishop of Norwich „ „ 1838 to 1849.

Eobert Brown „ „ 1849 to 1853.

Thomas Bell „ „ 1853 to 1861.

George Bentham „ „ 1861 to 1874.

George James Allman „ „ 1874 to 1881.

Indeed, I am happy to say that Members of our Society are
generally very long-lived ; but within a year, though not all
since the last Anniversary, we have had the misfortune to lose
three of our Officers — Mr. Alston, Mr. Currey, and Mr. Kippist.
They are referred to more at length in the Obituary Notices ;
but I cannot refrain from saying here how" much they are per-
sonally regretted, and how much we miss them at our Meetings.
The Secretary has been good enough to prejjare obituary
notices of the Eellows whom we have been so unfortunate as to
lose by death during the past twelve months. I regret to say
that the list is unusually long.

The Society has already shown its sense of our irreparable loss
in the death of Mr. Darwin, both by adjourning on the day it
was announced, and also by passing a special vote of condolence
with Mr. Darwin and the other members of his family. I had
thought of attempting to give some short account of his work ;
but 1 understand that a series of articles will be devoted to it in
'^Nature ' by one eminently ([ualified for what is certainly no

44 I'HOCKKUINOS OF TlIK

light undertaking. Mr. Darwin's death has drawn forth one
harmonious ehorus of admiration and regret. He will rank witli
Bacon and 8hakeapeare, Newton and Young, among the very
greatest men wliom our country has ever produced. Others
have eloquently and truly dwelt on the patience and accuracy of
his ohservations, on the profound philosophy of his works. I
will here only say one vrord as to the additional interest which
he has given to Biology, and the new source of happiness with
wliich he has enriched our lives.

For my own part I have also to mourn one of the oldest, tlie
kindest, the best of friends. It has been truly said that a de-
scription of Mr. Darwin which to those who had the privilege of
his friendship would seem quite inadequate, to any one else
might appear over enthusiastic, even extravagant.

In conclusion. Gentlemen, I must gratefully acknowledge the
valuable assistance I have received from the Council, and espe-
cially from the Officers ; and cordially thank the Fellows of the
Society for their kind support during the past year.

Report on the Progress of Botany during the Year April 1881 to
April 1882. Prepared for the Linnean Anniversary.

If the past twelvemonth does not present any very strikingly
phenomenal publications, it is probably quite up to the average
of other years, whether we regard it as of facts accomplished or
promised.

Heer Bohneusieg has continued his handy ' Repertorium ' of
the various articles in different journals, the volume published
being for 1877 ; the still more important work of Dr. Just,
the ' Botanischer Jahresbericht,' has been continued with un-
abated vigour. It is to be regretted that both works should lag
so far behind date ; but that is in a large measure compensated
for by Dr. Uhhvorm's ' Botanisches Centralblatt,' intended to
give speedy intelligence of any thing new. A bibliography of
the species of Diatomacese has been begun by Mr. F. Habershaw ;
and Dr. von Herder, the Librarian of the Imperial Botanic
Garden at St. Petersburg, has completed his list of books bear-
ing upon Eussian botany. With Ledebour, Herder, and Traut-
vetter's labours, probably no country has had its botanical lite-
rature so completely focussed as Russia.

Some modifications of the received arrangement of plants
have been severally proposed by Prof. Caruel, in Italy, and Prof,
von Borbas, the latter confining his attention to Vascular Crypto-
gams. Concerning these I need not detain you.

Turning to Palteobotany, I must call attention to tlie valuable
introduction to the regular study of fossil plants which is being

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 45

brought out by M. Eenault of Paris. The first two vols, are
supposed to serve as handbooks for the first and second year of
the study ; the third vol., which is in preparation, will treat of
the Ferns. One point to be deprecated in this book is its entire
neglect of some good vs^ork done in this country, passing over
it without the slightest allusion. Prof. Engler, of Kiel, has
lately issued Part 2 of his ' Versuch einer Entwickelungs-
geschichte der Pflanzenwelt ; ' but I regret to notice some care-
lessness in printing, one page in particular offers upwards of
twenty misspellings. In Prance M. Zeiller has devoted nearly
200 pages to an exposition of the Carboniferous Plora of France ;
and the Comte de Saporta has issued another instalment of his
' Paleontologie francaise.' Dr. Oswald Heer has brought out a
contribution to the Fossil Flora of Portugal ; and our country-
man Mr. Shrubsole has written an account of the Diatomace83
found in the London Clay, with a list of the species by Mr.
Kitton of Norwich. Prof. Newberry gives, in the ' Bulletin of
the Torrey Botanical Club,' the Geological History of the North-
American Flora ; and Prof Lesquereux has brought out two
volumes on the Coal Flora of Pennsylvania, with an accompanying-
atlas.

Of the more important productions purporting to be derived
from various Botanic Grardens, I may mention Herr Treub's
'Annales du jardin botanique de Buitenzorg,' namely, the first
part of the second volume ; the first volume of an intended
annual series of Prof. Eichler's on the Berlin Garden ; and the
completion of vol. i. of Signer Todaro's ' Hortus botanicus Panor-
mitauus ' in folio, with coloured plates ; these, however, are
coarsely executed.

I have a much longer list of works on morphological and phy-
siological botany. Besides the current abstracts which appear
from time to time in our scientific serials, I am bound to men-
tion Grassmaun's work on "Vegetable Physiology, Detmer's on
the same subject, and Pfeffer's also, the last author devoting the
first volume of 383 pages, the only one published as yet, to the
consideration of Stqffwechsel. The last year has also witnessed
the publication of continuations of Cohn's ' Beitrage,' Sachs's
record of work at Wiirzburg, and Priugsheim's researches into
the nature of Chlorophyll, the latest add.ition, and certainly one
of the most iuiportant on the subject. On a more restricted
scale. Von Hohuel on some secretionary organs of plants ; a
memoir by Jancewski, in Polish, on comparative experiments on
the sieve-tubes ; Karl Noerner on the development of the em-
bryo in Grasses ; and a criticism (and further experiments) on
Mr. Darwin's book ' The Power of Movement in Plants,' by
Prof. Julius Wiesner of Vienna. This brings us to a group of
papers of one of our own Fellows, Mr. Francis Darwin, on the
power possessed by leaves of turning themselves at right angles
to incident light.

46 PBOCEKDINGS OF THE

Tiic explanations hitherto given of the power possessed by
leaves of placing themselves at right angles to the direction of
incident light are: — (1) That of Frank; and (2) the opposite
theory of 8achs and De Vries. Frank's idea was that the leaves
are transversely heliotropic (or, as Mr. Darwin called it, diahelio-
troplc); that is, he supposed theai to be endowed with a specific
power of growth which is not as yet capable of further ana-
lysis, and which must at present be accepted just as geotropism,
for instance, is accepted as a term expressing the inexplicable
power which plants have of growing vertically upwards. Sachs
and De Vries, on tlie other hand, believe that the phenomena
can be explained as being due to the interaction of the ordinary
growth-tendencies exhibited by leaves. Of these only two
need here be mentioned, viz. apheliotropism and apogeotropism.
If we imagine a plant growing out of doors and illuminated from
the zenitii, then if its leaves are aplicliotropic, that is, if they
tend to curve away from the light, they will of course bend
downwards and point towards the ground ; but if they are at the
same time apogeotropic, they will tend to curve upwards away
from the ground. Now Sachs and De Vries suppose that the
horizontal position of leaves which are exposed to zenith illumi-
nation is due to a balance struck between some such opposing
growth-tendencies as those above sketched. Francis Darwin
has shown, however, that at least for certain plants, e. g. Ranun-
culus Ficaria, this explanation is untenable. He employed the
klinostat or slowly-rotating apparatus of Sachs (which, by the
way, was originally invented by John Hunter), by which means
the influence of gravitation is destroyed. And he found that
even under these circumstances, when apogeotropism could not
come into the problem, the leaves were able to adjust themselves
so as to be at right angles to the light. Here there can be
no question of a balance between opposing tendencies, since the
important factor of apogeotropism is removed ; it is therefore
clear that Frank's views are strongly supported by these experi-
ments ; and we must for the present accept the term diaheliotro-
pism. Such a term is merely a convenient label for a certain
region of ignorance, and should stimulate rather than hinder
further research into the subject.

Another paper by Mr. F. Darwin, on Climbing Plants, was pub-
lished in a popular form in the journal ' Kosmos ;' whilst his re-
mai'ks on "Circumnutation in certain one-celled Organs" came out
in the ' Botanische Zeitung ' last July. A paper by Mr. Shattock
was also read before the Society, on the reparative processes which
occur in vegetable tissues. The author's investigations had been
prosecuted without knowing of l^j-ank's researches on the same
subject, but were confirmatory of the latter. Herr Schwarz has
written an article on the influence of gravity on the growth
lengthwise of plants, which appeared in the Tiibingen volume
edited by Dr. W. Pfefter. Herr Krasan has been investigating

LINNEAIf SOCIETY OP LONDON". 47

the combined iuflueuce of warmth and light on the duration of the
annual phenomena of vegetation. These investigations were
brought out in Bugler's ' Botanische Jahrbiicher ; ' where also
Hildebrand has a memoir on the similar topics of the duration of
life and methods of plant-growth, with theii* causes and develop-
ment. Dr. Pfitzer, of Heidelberg, who had previously published
a sketch of his views concerning the practicability of classifying
Orchids according to their habits of growth, has brought out a
sumptuous folio in exposition of his theme. Like nearly every
writer who has treated of Orchids, the work is printed ia large
type and on luxuriant jiaper, which greatly enhances the cost
to the ordinary student. Two subjects, the Victoria regia and
Orchids, seem to impel authors to make use of the largest paper
and print. Last, but far from least, are the two papers of the late
Charles Darwin, which, although they will fairly coine into next
year's Address, as they will not be issued for a few weeks, yet,
with the remembrance of the worker taken from us so lately, I
cannot refrain from alluding to them. Their subject was on the
action of carbonate of ammonia on the roots and chlorophyll-
bodies of plants. The woodblocks to illustrate these papers had
been approved by the author before his death.

Systematic botany next claiming our attention, I will first men-
tion the issue of the third volume of MM. DeCandoIles' ' Mono-
graphiae.' The most important groups monographed in this
volume are the Commelinacese by our Councillor, Mr. C. B.
Clarke, a worthy continuation of his labours on the Bengal
plants of that Order; and the Cucurbitacese by M. Cogniaux,
the latter occupying more than GOO of the large 8vo pages. Dr.
Luerssen's ' Medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik ' has been
carried on ; as most know, in spite of its title, it is a systematic
work of an important type.

Dr. Buchenau, of Bremen, has made some remarks on Alisma-
ceae, Butomaceag, and Juncaginese in Engler's ' Jahrbiicher; ' these
Orders have also been monographed by M. Micheli in the volume
of DeCandoIles' ' Monographise ' just mentioned. Mr. Baker
has drawn up a synopsis of the genus Grinum in the ' Grardener's
Chronicle,' to which last week he has added another s])ecies, de-
scribed from a drawing by Miss North in the gallery at Kew. Mr.
Maw, in the same Journal, has published diagnoses in English of
the genus Crocus, as a forerunner of his elaborate treatise on the
genus to which he has consecrated so much time and pains.
Baron Ferd. von Mueller is continuing his description of the
genus Eucali/pUis,t\\e eighth decade having reached this country
only yesterday (May 23rd). Mr. Bentham has published in our
Journal a sketch of the classification of grasses he purposes adopt-
ing in the forthcoming part of the ' Genera Plantarum.' Dr. Emil
Koehne has published his monograph of Lythraceaj in Engler's
'Jahrbiicher;' and in that Journal will also be found an article on
Valerianacete. Before quitting this portion of the subject, I may

48 PRO0EEDIKG8 OF THE

mention that the large collection of critical forms of Rubus
acquired by M. Genevier has recently passed into the hands of
Prof. Babington.

Of Mosses, I have to report that Dr. H. Leitgeb, of G-raz, has
conoliulod his admirable work on Hepaticae mth the 6th Heft.
Liiupricht has set forth his views on the systematic arrangement
of Sphagnacete in the ' Botanisches Centralblatt,' vol. viii.

Poster's recent German work on Ferns by nature-printing is
worth mention, perhaps, as showing how the fashion or rage for
ferns is extending from the English-speaking races, who have
hitherto held it as a monopoly. This, mth one other German
work, are the only excej^tions I know, not having seen a single
French production on the popular side of the subject. Dr.
Prautl is engaged on the Schizseaceae, and has issued a prelimi-
nary statement in Dr. Engler's ' Jahrbiicher.'

I find that there has been considerable activity in works re-
lating to Algae. Prof. J. G. Agardh has published a new contri-
bution in the 'Acta ' of Lund University ; and a memoir of Georg
Klebs on the lower forms of Algae runs through five numbers
of the ' Botanische Zeitung.' Schmidt's Atlas of the Diato-
maceae has been carried on ; whilst a paper by Dr. P. T. Cleve
on some new and little-known Diatoms is written wholly in
English, according to the author's practice ; it may be seen in
the ' Handlingar ' of the Eoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
M. Prinz has some remarks on sections of Diatoms in rocks
from Nykjobing, in Jutland, in the ' Bulletin ' of the Belgian
Microscopical Society. Herr Grunow has virtually monographed
the genus Grammatophora in the ' Botanisches Centralblatt.'

As regards Lichens, I have only to report that Dr. A. Minks
has followed up his work ' Das Microgonidium ' by a new one, of
which the first part only has appeared to the present time. It
is entitled ' Symbolae Licheno-mycologicae,' and professes to dis-
cuss the boundaries between Licheus and Fungi.

Turniug to Fuugi, we fiud some very noteworthy issues.
Prof. De Bary and M. Woronin have issued their fourth series of
contributions on the morphology and physiology of Fuugi. Prof.
Fries, of Upsala, has issued another fasciculus of his ' Icones
selectae hymenomycetarum nondum delineatarum,' in folio ; and
Oscar Brefeld his fourth Heft of his researches on the lower
Fungi. Lastly, I may mention the publication iu our own
' Transactions ' of Mr. Phillips's revision of the small genus
Vibrissca.

My survey of general works ending here, I turn to the con-
sideration of local works.

Since our last Anniversary Herr Nyman has published Part 3
of his most useful 'Conspectus florae Europaeae;' the next Part
will complete the work ; and it is earnestly to be hoped that an
adequate index will be added, the skeleton index such as he gave
in his earlier work the ' Syllogc ' is disappointing and meagre. Dr.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 49

Kauitz, of Carlowitz in Hungary, has also published an inedited
fragment of Grisebach, styling it ' Reliquiae Grrisebachianse ;'
this came out as a Supplement to the Hungarian ' Magazine of
Botany,' but is procurable separately : it is of such a character as
to make us regret that the author was not able to complete his
work on the same plan.

Herr Hackel has published a monograph on the European spe-
cies of Fesfuca ; and "Warnstorf, on the species of Sphagnum from
the same continent. Cleve and G-runow have also elaborated a
quarto on the Arctic Diatomaceae.

As regards our own island, I may indicate Prof. Babingtou's
' Manual,' which has reached an eighth edition, tlie first having
been brought out in 1843. Only one other ' Britisli Flora ' has
passed through so many editions, that of Dr. "Withering ; but
the latter died after the publication of the third edition. Dr.
Braithwaite is prosecuting his painstaking British Moss-flora,
tlie plates of which are admirably done. Dr. Cooke has conti-
nued his ' Illustrations of British Fungi,' and has started a new
publication on the British Freshwater Algge, a work much
wanted, since Hassall's book is both inadequate and when met
with unconscionably dear. An unpretentious pamphlet by Mr.
W. C. Mathews on the Flora of the Clent Hills is a useful addi-
tion to our local lists. Dr. Buchenau, of Bremen, has produced a
Flora of the East Friesland islands. Here, as might be expected,
many weeds of cultivated land on the mainland are absent.
Sand-loving plants largely prevail, woods and undergrowth of
coppices are quite wanting, whilst dune-plants are abundant.
M. F. Crepin's concise ' Manuel de la Flore de Belgique ' has
reached a fourth edition. M. Koltz has brouglit out the second
part of his Flora of Luxembourg, devoted to the Cryptogams, the
previously published part having dealt with the flowering-plants.
Dr. Van Heurck has issued his third fasciculus of his Synopsis
of the Belgian Diatomacese. Dr. Eabeuhorst's ' Kryptogauien-
flora von Deutschland,' which practically includes the whole of
Central Europe, is now in course of reissue, brought down to
date ; of the first portion on Fungi, by G-. Winter, several parts

have been issued. Celakowsky has completed his large Pro-
dromus of the Bohemian Flora in 4to ; and a new Flora of
Silesia by Fick has made its appearance. Signer E. de Visiani is
still publishing his Supplements to his 'Flora dalmaticse;' and
Count Solms-Laubach has worked up the Coralline Algoe of the
Gulf of Naples. Dr. Kanitz has finished his enumeration of Rou-
manian plants by the issue of the last part.

The Spanish peninsula has still to thank foreigners for tlie most
important contributions to Iberian botany. Dr. AVillkomm, of
Prague, has commenced his ' Illustrationes flome hispanicce,' in
4to, to accompany the ' Prodromus ' of himself and Dr. Lange ;
the latter has also published some diagnoses of new Spanish plants
in the Danish Scientific Journal. MM. Mares and Vigineix

LLNTS". SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSIONS 1880-82. e

5© PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

have brought out a ' Catalogue raisonnc dea plantes vaeeulaires
dea lies Balcarcs ' in an 8vo vol. of 370 pages.

Dr. "Wainio has added a considerable memoir to the literature of
Lapland Lichens in the ' pro Fauna et Flora Fennica ; ' and E. van
Lindemann has issued the first volume of his * Flora chersonensis '
at Odessa.

Dr. Ascherson has drawn up a nominal list of species known to
occur on the central northern African district ; this appeared in
the ' Botanisches Centralblatt,' viii. ; whilst the first volume of a
more important work has also been issued, namely, Dr. E. Cos-
aon's * Compendium florae Atlanticse.' This volume, from the pen
of the highest authority on the North- African flora, has been natu-
rally looked forward to with much interest ; but this preliminary
volume is filled with introductory matter, and does not deal with
a single species.

Of Central-African plants, the only addition to our knowledge
that I can cite is that of Prof. Ficalho and Mr. Hiern, which
came out in our ' Transactions,' it being a description of the new
plants brought back by Major Serpa Pinto, the Portuguese tra-
veller. A catalogue of Canary-Island plants was also printed in
the form of an inaugural dissertation by Fritz Sauer at Halle ;
and M. E. Bescherelle has published an account of the Mosses
found in Reunion and neighbouring islands in the 'Annales des
Sciences naturelles.'

Of Asian botany, I may mention that Dr. Maximo^dcz, our
Foreign Member, is still publishing his Diagnoses of new Asian
plants ; and that the third fascicide of M. L. Pierre's Forest-
flora of Cochinchina is also in our hands. Mr. W. H. Grregg
has published a textbook of Indian botany in a small volume of
80 pages at Calcutta, which I have not seen ; and Dr. Masters, in
our own Journal, has given a full account of the Conifers of Japan.
In the last Botanical part issued of our Journal also, there will be
found an enumeration of the plants collected by Dr. Aitchison
in his second journey into Afghanistan.

Previous to Aitchison, there was only one noteworthy collec-
tion from Afghanistan in this country, namely, that made by W.
Grifiith during the first Afghan war. Though numerous as to
species, the specimens were, to a great extent, imperfect, quite in
contrast to Dr. Aitchison's admirably prepai'ed specimens ; seventy
of these latter have been described, and thirty of them figured
in our Journal. Besides Griffith, Honigberger passed through
Afghanistan ; but his collections were very trifling, and were de-
scribed by Endlichcr in his ' Sertum cabulicum.' Honigberger
was not able to collect in any quantity, but only a few scraps
here and there : it is a marvel how he managed to escape with
his life. The flora is of very great interest ; it shows the penin-
sula flora dying out towards the north, and the Central- Asian
flora doing the same southward. Little is known of the Central-
Steppe flora save through the Russian botanists.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 5 1

Amongst the novelties, the following are of special intei-est : —
Oxi/grapMs Shaftoana.

Bosa Ecce, with yellow flowers, named in compliment to
Mrs. Aitchison (Ece).

Aitcldsonia rosea, the type of a new genus of Rubiaceje.
Fertya Aitchisonii, a composite of the tribe Mutisieje,
and a member of a genus only known previously from Japan ;
also remarkable as being the most western member of the
Old-World Mutisieae (if HocJistettena, a genus of doubtful
affinity, be excepted).

Rhododendron, two small -flowered species.
Carex jtssirostris, only known before from Marocco.
Fingerlmtliia africana, not as yet been found between South
Africa and Afghanistan.
A flora of Iceland has been published by Ch. Groenlund, of
Copenhagen.

The account by Dr. Asa Gray and Sir Joseph Hooker of
the Vegetation of the Rocky-Mountain region, published in the
Bulletin of the U.S. Geological and Geographical Suryey of
the Territories, has been translated into German. Mr. E.
Tuckerman has published the first volume of a synopsis of North-
American lichens. Signor Spegazzini on Argentine Eungi, and
three fasciculi of the splendid ' Flora brasiliensis ' have come to
hand since our last Anniversary ; these contain another portion
of the Gramineae by Doell, and tlae Palms by Dr. Oscar Drude.
A posthumous work by Hampe on Brasilian Mosses has also
come out ; and Dr. Philippi has elaborated a catalogue of all the
Ciiilian plants hitherto described.

The unwearied Baron P. von Mueller has issued a census of
the genera of Australian plants, and continued bis important
work ' Eucalyptographia,' as previously mentioned.

Mr. J. Buchanan of Wellington, New Zealand, has brought
out a Manual of the Grasses of that colony, Avith 04 plates.

As to plant-diseases, I may mention the papers by Mr. W.
Bidie and Dr. Cooke on the Coftee-leaf disease in our Journal,
and the final Report of Mr. Marshall Ward when in Ceylon.

Prof. M'Nab has given in our Journal an account of his en-
deavours to ascertain the species of Arctic drift-wood ; but the
results, owing to various causes, were unsatisfactory.

I have thus endeavoured in the time and space allowed me to
run over the chief publications of the last twelvemonth. Num-
berless smaller contx'ibutions have been passed by in silence,
simply because of the absolute need of severe compression of the
subject into a few pages.

e2

52 PEOOEBDINGS OP THE

Summary of the CJiief Zoological Work from April 1881 to
April 1882.

A. Important Woeks of Compeehensive CnAEACXEE.

1. Continuatiou of the * Challenger ' Eej^orts (Moseley's Corals
&c.).

2. Coutinuation of the Eeports of the Norwegian North-
Atlantic Expedition (of 1876-78).

3. Balfour's ' Embryology,' vol. ii.

"Whilst alluding to these, the preliminary Eeport of the Italian
Expedition may be mentioned. This expedition has carried on
explorations in depths of 2000 fathoms and more in the Mediter-
ranean, and has obtained results contradictory of those arrived
at by Dr. Carpenter some years since. The typical forms of
the deep-sea fauna, such as Hyalonema, Willemoesia, certain Cri-
noids and Holothurians, have been recognized by Prof. Giglioli,
who has conducted the expedition.

B. DiSCOVEEIES IN PAETICULAE GeOUPS.

Peotozoa. — Tlie studies of Dr. August Gruber on amoeboid
Erhizopoda, and on the division of Euglypha (Zeitschr. fiir wiss.
Zoologie, vols, xxxv., xxxvi., 1881-82) have added to our know-
ledge of unicellular organisms. Dr. Gruber has shown that the
shell of the young Euglyplia which is budded from its parent is
formed by a number of minute shell-plates (about eighty in
number), which pass from the parent organism on to the extruded
protoplasm destined to form a new individual. Subsequently
the nucleus extends and divides, exhibiting the fibrillar structure
seen in other cell-nuclei when dividing ; one half of the divided
nucleus passes into the protrusion which forms the new indi-
vidual.

The Gregarinfe and Psorosperms have received special atten-
tion from Professor Biitschli (Zeitschr. fiir wiss. Zool. vol. xxxv.
1881), in connexion with his great w^ork on Protozoa now being
published in the series known as Bronn's ' Thierreich.' The
conjugation and encystation of the bilocular Gregarinse parasitic
in Arthropods, and the formation of spores and spore-ducts has
been studied by Biitschli, who in the main confirms Aimee
Schneider's results.

Dr. Ganle, of Leipzig, has described a curious worm-like body,
often seen in the blood-cells and other tissue-elements of the
edible frog. This worm-like body is j-ecognized by Prof Kay
Lankestcr (Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., January 1882) as the young
form, or "ialciform condition," of a Oregarina already described
by Eimer and by Lieberkuhn as producing " psorosperms " or
spores in the kidney and intestinal epithelium of the frog.

Important observations tending to connect the organisms

IINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 53

known as "A moebse " with the paradoxical Myxomyeetea have been
made by Surgeon-Major D. D. Cunuingham, of the Indian Medical
Service. In a paper on " Microscopic Organisms occurring in
the Intestinal Canal" (Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. vol. xxi.), he
describes the life-history of Protomyxomyces coprinarius, an
amoeboid organism intermediate in characters between the Proto-
monadinae and the Myxomycetes. Its immature forms occur
both in health and disease as inmates of the digestive canal of
man and the lower animals. It only attains full development
when cultivated external to the bodies of the animals in which
it occurs. Very remarkable spore-formation is described and
figured by Dr. Cunningham.

Mr. Saville Kent has also independently advocated the view
that the Myxomycetes should be regarded as animals allied to the
riagellata. The valuable monograph on Ciliate and Plagellate In-
fusoria by this naturalist is approaching completion, the sixth
and last part being now in the press.

CcELENTEEATA. — Profcssor Eilhard Schulz continues his foun-
dation-laying studies on the histology of the Sponges in the
Zeitschr. wiss. Zoologie. Vosmaer, in Holland, and Stuart Eidley,
in this country, have published valuable studies on specific
and generic characters atibrded by the hard parts of Sponges.
Amongst Hydrozoa, the most important work has been the
second part of Hackel's great monograph, containing the species
of the Scyphomedusfe or Acraspedse, beautifully illustrated.
Hackel has also described various strange abnormalities of deve-
lopment of Ativelia kept by him in an aquarium. Some eggs of
this jelly-fish, instead of passing through a scyphistoma-stage and
then producing ephyrse by transverse fission, actually developed
directly into young medusre : other eggs presented intermediate
phenomena, carrying out only partially the noi'mal order of deve-
lopment. Praipont seems clearly to have shown that the eggs of
Campanularia, as maintained by Van Benedeu, jun., for this genus
and for Hydractinia, do develop from cells of the endoderm of the
hydrocaulus. On the other hand, Kleinenberg maintains that in
Etidendrium and other Tubularians the eggs are formed from cells
of the ectoderm ; and points out the necessity of distinguishing
between the observation of generative cells which may eventually
lie in either ectoderm or endoderm and the tracing back of such
generative cells to original constituent cells of these layers
(Zeitschr. wiss. Zoolog. vol. xxxv.).

The magnificent memoir of Dr. Chun on the Ctenophora of
the Bay of Naples (Leipzig, Engelmann), deserves notice here
not only on account of tlie large amount which the author adds
to our knowledge of this remarkable group, but also as being a
sample of the series of memoirs which Dr. Anton Dohru, the
Director of the Zoological Station at Naples, has started in con-
nexion with that institution. These memoirs arc published by
aid of subscription, each subscriber being entitled annually to a

54 pnocKEDiNflS or the

large quarto illustrated volume. The memoirs already issued are
such as to render it a duty for every well-wisher of zoological
science to become a subscriber.

Platthelmia. — Passing on to the AVorms, we find that very
important work has been done during the past year, on the one
hand by Dr. Arnold Lang of the Zoological Station, and on the
other hand by M. Frai])ont of Liege. Dr. Lang has made known
for the first time with aitythiug like accuracy the form of the
nervous system in the Planarire, the Trematoda, and the Cestoidea.
Speaking generally, we may say that Dr. Lang's observations
are confirmatory of those of Dr. Ilubrecht on the Nemer-
tines. Dr. Ilubrecht discovered a complete nerve-tunic in the
latter group of worms in which certain longitudinal cords are dif-
ferentiated. Dr. Lang finds, similarly, much as recent researches
have made known for the Medusa>, a com2)lete subepidemic nerve-
plexus in the three groups of flat worms studied by him : within
this nerve-plexus longitudinal trunks (as many as eight) may be
differentiated. The study o£ a remarkable segmented Planarian
worm, Gwida segmentata, has convinced Dr. Lang of the close
affinity of the Platyhelmia to the Leeches on the one hand, and
to the Ctenophora on the other. The comparison with the latter
group has been carried out in detail by Dr. Lang ; and he is led
to the conclusion that the alimentary canal with its ramifications
is identical in the two cases, and that the excretory canal-system
of the flat worms is but a special development of this system.
When the identification by Hackel o£ the parts of a Ctenophore,
such as Pleurolracliia, with those of a craspedote Medusa is borne
in mind, the immense importance of the conclusions to which Dr.
Lang's researches tend becomes apparent. For a proper appre-
ciation of his views we must refer to his original papers in the
' Mittheilungcn ' of the Zoological Station of Naples. Scarcely
less interesting have been Fraipont's discoveries with regard
to the termination of the fine ramifications of the excretory or
ncphridial canal-system of Planarian, Cestoids, and Trematodes, in
the form of minute funnels leading into an excessively fine net-
work of intercellular spaces, which must be regarded as a canali-
cular or spongiform body- cavity ('Archives de Biologie'). The
exact limits of the nephridia of these worms are thus determined,
as lately established by Biitschli for Cercaria ; and it is apparent
that in structure and relation to the general organization of the
animal they arc identical with the excretory organs or nephridia
ol" the Eotifera.

MoLLUscA. — Not less important, and really following on the
same lines, are the researches which have this year been pub-
lished on the most worm-like of the Mollusca, viz. the Chitons
and the vermiform Neomenia, Proncomenia, and Cha>toderma.
It is plain, from Hubrecht's account of these animals, which form
the group of Amphineura ((^uart. Journ. Micr. Sci., April 1882),
that the nervous system, consisting essentially of two or of four

LTONEAK 80CTETT OF LONDON. 55

longitudinal cords united in a cephalic ganglion and by numerous
transverse commissures, is to be considered only as a step in ad-
vance upon that o£ the Planariro described by Lang. Similarly,
the nephridia or excretory organs appear (especially from the
researches of Sedgwick upon Chiton, (Proc. Eoy. Soc. 1882) to be
a pair of contorted tubes opening into a more or less rudimentary
body-cavity by one end, and to the exterior by the other. Whilst
these AmjDhineura furnish close points of contact with the flat
worms, there is no difficulty in tracing to the structures found in
them the special modifications of nervous system, renal organs
(nephridia), and general form o£ body seen in the other Mol-
lusca. Especially valuable in this respect is the memoir of Dr.
Spengel (Zeitsch. wiss. Zoologie, vol. xxxv.), entitled " The Olfac-
tory Organs and the Nervous System of the Mollusca. — A Con-
tribution towards the recognition of the Unity of the Molluscan
Type." The gradual loss of bilateral symmetry in the Grastropod
Molluscs, and the morphological consequences of torsion of the
region of the body covered in these animals by the shell (which
no doubt has been the cause of such torsion) are explained and
enforced by means of new arguments based on new facts.

The development of the Polyzoa, probably the most difficult
problem (uot excluding even that of the Mammalia) which em-
bryologists have yet attacked, has formed the subject of two
important memoirs by Dr. Jules Barrels, who, it is gratifying to
state, has recently been authorized by the French Government
to establish at Villa Franca, near Nice, a public zoological labo-
ratory, which will be open to the naturalists of all countries who
may wish to make use of it in the prosecution of their investi-
gations.

Crustacea. — Apart from the important work (always progress-
ing) of the identification of new species and genera in this group,
the investigations of Dr. Delage, a pupil of M. de Lacaze Duthiers,
on the circulatory ajjparatus of the Edriophthalma deserve special
notice. A remarkable supra-neural artery similar to that of the
Scorpions and Limulus has been discovered in these forms by
M. Delage by means of careful injections (Archives de Zoologie
experimentale, 1881). The observations of Mr. Conrad Beck
(Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1881) on new Cladocera from the English
lakes show how much interesting material there still exists under
the hands of English naturalists who may choose to explore
localities as yet but little studied ; whilst Prof. Lankester's
studies on Ajjus cancriformis (Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci., April
1881) show that even a well-known form may furnish new facts
of importance to careful observation.

Aeachnida. — The latter naturalist has recently raised the
question of the affinities of the Kiug-Crab ; and has endeavoured,
by a cai'elul comparison of the external and internal structure of
this animal with that of the Scorpion, to show that the true posi-
tion of Limulus is, as maintained fifty years ago by Straus-Durck-

56 PR0CEEDTN08 OF THE

heiui, among the Arachnida (Quart. Joum. Micros. Sci., July and
October 1881). The most important conclusion to which Prof.
Laukcster is led is, that the four pairs of lung-books of the Scor-
pion are the equivalent of the four hindmost pairs of gill-books of
the King-Crab, the most anterior of the five pairs of the King-
Crab's gill-books corresponding to the "pccten " of the Scorpion,
whilst the genital operculum in each animal corresponds both in
structure and position.

Yertebeata. — In the great group of Vertebrates embrj-olo-
gi.sts have been active. AVe have not only Mr. Balfour's second,
volume of the ' Comparative Embryology,' but also a paper from
his pupil, Mr. Ileape, on the development of the Mole (T«Z^«)
(Proc. Eoy. Soc.) ; and an important memoir by the veteran eiu-
bryologist, Prof. Kolliker of AViirzburg, on the development of
the germ-layers of the Eabbit. Both these memoirs tend to show
that the development of the Mammal is a very strangely modified
one ; and that it cannot be brought under the general scheme of
development by formation of two primary layers (ectoderm and
endoderm) through invagination, as had been erroneously main-
tained by Edouard van Beneden of Liege.

Dr. Bcrthold Hatschek, in a beautifully illustrated memoir, has
given an account of the develo])ment of Amj)liioxns, which is a
confirmation, and in some points a correction, of that of Kowa-
lewsky (Arbeiteu. "Wiener Anstalt. 1881).

Professor Milues Mar.shall,of Manchester, has summarized the
results of his own and other recent observations on the develop-
ment of the cranial nerves and the primitive segments of the ver-
tebrate head in an essay published in the ' Journal of Anatomy,'
April 1882, which mai'ks an important step in knowledge.

Amongst Fishes, the most important new work of the year has
been that of Professor F. M. Balfour on the development of the
paired fins of Elasmobranchs (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 651),
showing that the paired fins are an anterior and posterior differ-
entiation of a once continuous lateral fin comparable to the con-
tinuous median dorsal fin.

Amongst Aniphibia, we have Prof. Parker's studies on the
skulls of Anura (Phil. Trans., special volume) and on the skulls
of Urodela (Trans. Zool. Soc.) ; and Mr. Boulenger's Catalogue
of the Anura in the British Museum.

Amongst Birds, the systematic treatises of Salvin and Grodman
on the fauna of Central America, and of Salvadori on the orni-
thology of the Moluccas, are important contributions. Not less
so the pala!ontological memoirs of O. C. Marsh on the characters
of ArchcEopteryx, and on Jurassic Birds and their allies, in the
' Geolog. Magazine ' of 18S1.

Pala?ontology furnishes the most important new matter in re-
ference both to Eeptiles and Mammalia. We have Marsh's
" Classification of Dinosauria " (Amer. Jouru. of Science, 1881),
and " Wings of Pterodactyles " in the same Journal. Cope, " On

LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. 57

the Classification of the Creodonta" (American Naturalist, 1881),
a group supposed to be intermediate between Carnivora and
Marsupials. The same author describes the feet of the little-
known extinct Toxodon (said by him to be Proboscidean in cha-
racter) ; and also describes a Lemurine animal, Anaptomorplms
Jiomunculus, with a dentition like that of Anthropoid apes.

Part 1 of Mr. Dobson's ' Monograph of the Insectivora ' has
been issued in this year. It ])romises to be a valuable work ;
already the author has shown, inter alia, that the "West-Indian
Solenodon has nothing to do with the Centetidse of Madagascar,
as had always been supposed before.

The placenta of Mammals still offers large scope for research.
Prof. E. M. Balfour has thrown much light on the real signifi-
cance of the various forms of Placenta by his paper on the " Evo-
lution of the Placenta and its bearing on Classification;" the
most important point being the separation of the discoid pla-
eentffi into two widely remote groups, viz. the " protodiscoidal "
and the " metadiscoidal," the latter containing only Man and the
Simise. The placentation of the Marsupials is still in as much
obscurity as it ever was. Prof. Chapman, of Philadelphia, has
offered some observations on the placentation oi Macropusm the
' Trans. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,' 1881 ; but it is indeed sur-
prising that, with all our zoological gardens and successful
breeding of these animals, no more definite knowledge is attained.

A work of a comprehensive character, of which the first part
has appeared in 1881, is the magnificently illustrated folio volume
by Prof. Gustav Eetzius, ' On the Auditory Organ of the Verte-
brata.' This is one of the most thorough and masterly treatises
of the day, the comparative anatomy of the microscopic tissue-
elements, as well as of larger parts, being most fully consi-
dered and set before the reader.

Hasty and full of gaps as this summary is, it would be alto-
gether ' too partial were a notice omitted of the ' Vergleich.
Physiologisch. Studieo ' of Dr. Krukenberg, of Heidelberg. A
series of Parts, each containing a variety of memoirs, have been
issued by this young physiologist during the past year and its
predecessor. It is impossible too strongly to recommend them
to the notice of English naturalists, not on account of the im-
portance of the results set forth by the author, though^ this is
great, but because this Comparative Physiology to which Dr.
Krukenberg is devoting himself is, without any possibility of
doubt, the path which Biology has to tread m the immediate
future. Dr. Krukenberg has trained himself in the methods of
the Physiological Laboratory (he is a pupil of Prof. Kuhue); and
now he proceeds to apply the graphic methods of record, the che-
mical analyses, the toxicological conclusions of the physiologist
of frogs and rabbit, to the wider field of zoological material. The
colours of birds, of marine animals, the blood of worms and mol-
luscs, the movements of the heart of Tunicates, the digestion of

58 PROCBKDINOa OF TITF.

Soa-anomones and other Invertebrates, — these and endless other
topics aro touched ou, in the spirit of the pioneer, by Dr. Kru-
keubcrg. Tlie Qehl is an enormous one, and has been air dy
troddtMi by a lew stragglers from among the ranks of contem-
porary English naturalists. But there is no shadow of a doubt
that hero lies the future of experimental physiology, and not
only of that brancli of biology, but indirectly of morphology
also. For it is only wlicn we have an adequate physiology of
lower as well as higher organisms that we can hope to deal with
the problems of morphological evolution. It will bo sufficient
justification for Dr. Krukenberg's vigorous attempts, if he shall
have succeeded in forcing the attention of biologists to the phy-
siology of the lower animals, which urgently and irresistibly
demands the services of experimental investigators.

Obittjaeies.

William Addison was one of tlie senior Fellows, having been
elected in January 1831. A Surgeon by profession, he entered
upon practice in 1825 ; and for many years resided at Brighton,
where he died. In addition to liis connexion with our Society,
he was F.K/.S. ; but his chief published works are wholly medical.

Alfred Henet Baefoed was born in Birmingham on the 14th
August, 1832, receiving his early education at a school in the Old
Square, kept by the Eev. E. Bristow, and subsequently at King
Edward the Sixth Grammar School, of which Prince Lee, who
became Bishop of Manchester, was then Head Master. At the
early age of fourteen he left to take a private tutorship in the
family of Mr. Gataire, of Coton Hall, near Bridgnorth, remain-
ing there four years. Thence he went to help one of his old
masters, the Ilev. A. K. Thompson, Head Master of the Dudley
Grammar School : from there to Dr. Batt, of Cornwall Terrace,
Regent's Park. Whilst here, he matriculated at London Univer-
sity in 1852, in 1854 obtaining the degi'ee of B.A. In 1858 he
purchased the school of Dr. Batt, which he carried on until four
months before his death. On December 1, 1859, he was elected
Fellow of this Society ; and in 1874 he was called to the Bar ;
but his liealth giving way, he abandoned the idea of practising.
He died suddenly on 15th August last, one day after his forty-
ninth birthday. Although his failing health w^as the cause of his
giving up school-teaching, his friends had no suspicion of the end
at hand.

Alexander Cakte was born about 1820, graduated as B.A. in
the University of Dublin in 1834, and proceeded to tlie degrees
of M.A. and M.B. in 1840. About the same time he obtained
the appointment of Curator of the Museum of the Eoyal College

"LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 59

of Surgeons, Dublin ; and a few years later lie was made Director
of tlie Natural-History Museum of the Eoyal Dublin Society.
When Dr. Carte entered upon these latter duties, he found the
collections of the Dublin Society in a very embryotic stage —
some few stuffed birds in a case and a few miserable-looking
quadrupeds. The Museum, now by Act of Parliament the Na-
tional Museum for Ireland, owes its present existence to the
labours and perseverance of Dr. Carte ; he had to commence at
the very beginning, and to obtain not only the specimens, but
also the cases to hold them. Although a well-taught anatomist, Dr.
Carte was not a zoologist in the general acceptance of the word ;
and his printed contributions to science were not numerous. He
was of the type of those who can make collections, but cannot
disclose their treasures to best advantage. A list of his papers,
written by himself or in conjunction with Prof Macalister, will
be found in the Eoyal Soc. Cat. of Scientific Papers.

He was made Pellow of the Eoyal College of Surgeons, Ireland,
in 1844, and elected a Fellow of our Society in 1859 ; in addition,
he was a Member of several foreign societies. He died on the
25th September 1881.

Feedeeick Cueeet was born at Norwood, in Surrey, August
19th, 1819, his father, Mr. Benjamin Currey, being Clerk of the
Parliaments. He received his education at Eton and Trinity
College, Cambridge, where ho obtained a Scholarship, took his
B.A. degree in 1841, and proceeded to M.A. in 1844. In that
year he was called to the Bar, and thenceforth practised as con-
veyancer and equity draughtsman.

His earliest work on scientific subjects appears to have been a
translation of Schacht's ' Das Mikroskop,' which was issued in
1853, and so well received as to call for a second edition two
years later. In 1854 he contributed a paper to the ' Microsco-
pical Journal ' on two new Fungi ; and in the fifth volume of the
' Phytologist ' were printed some observations on the "Fungi of
the Neighbourhood of Greenwich." The ' Microscopical Journal '
about this time contains several papers on the more obscure
points in the life-history of cryptogams and on local botany.

The Greenwich Natural-History Club, established in 1852, had
appointed a Committee to draw up a Ecport on the flora of the
neighbourhood. Mr. Currey being chosen Chairman, drafted
the Eeport, which was printed as an 8vo pamphlet early in 1858,
in which 395 fungi were enumerated. The title runs, ' On the
Botany of the District lying between the Elvers Cray, Eavens-
bourne, and Thames.'

Ill the first volume of the ' Journal of the Linncan Society ' ho
described the development of Sclcrotium roseum, Kneiff., which
was named by the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, Pcziza Gurreijana. In
1856 he was elected Fellow of our Society ; in 1857 he communi-
cated an account of the existence of amorphous starch in a

6o PE0CEEUINO8 OF THE

Tulicraccous fungus to the Eoyal Society, followed by hia being
elcctc'd into that Society in 1858. On the retirement of Mr. J.
J. Bennett, in 1860, from the Secretariat of the Linnean Society,
Mr. Currey was chosen as his successor ; and continued in that
office until 1880, when he relinquished it to undertake the
duties of Treasurer, which ])osition he held at the time of his
death.

In 1859 he undertook his most extensive work in the shape of
a translation, with considerable additions by the author, of Hof-
meister's ' Vergleichende TJntersuchungen ueber der . . . hoeherer
Kryptogamen.' This was published in 1862 by the Eay Society,
under the title ' On the Germination, Development, and Fructi-
fication of the Higher Cryptogamia,' &c. This was quickly fol-
lowed by his edition of Dr. Badham's ' Esculent Funguses of
England ' in 1863, in which he restricted himself to corrections
and bringing the work down to date. Several communications will
be found in the Journal and Transactions of the Society, which
are set out in the ' Catalogue of Scientific Papers.' Amongst
them may be mentioned " Notes on British Fungi " in 1864, and
his last contribution, " On a Collection of Fungi made by Mr.
Sulpiz Kurz," 1876. With Daniel Hanbury he prepared "Ee-
marks on Sclerotium sfqntafum, Berk. & Curr., Pachyma Gocos,
Fries, and some similar Productions,' 1862 ; and, with Dr. Wel-
witsch, "A Description of the Fungi collected by Dr. F. Welwitsch
in Angola during the years 1850-61 " (1870).

The latest production of his pen was issued last spring in the
Eeport of the West Kent Natural-History, Microscopical, and
Photographic Society, an association which had absorbed the
Greenwich Natural-History Club before mentioned. The paper
is entitled " On some Useful and Noxious Fungi;" it is a pojjular
resume of well-known facts ; but is of interest as testifying to his
abiding interest in local natural history. He was twice President
of this Society, on each occasion for a term of two years.

For some years he had considered his health precarious ; but
only a short time before his death, from an affection of the
liver, was any alarm felt by his family. He died at Blackht\ath
on September 8th, and was buried at Weybridge, 13th September,
w^here his wife had been interred some years before. His col-
lection of Fungi, by his express desire, has been added to the
Herbarium of the Eoyal Gardens, Kew ; and many of his books
have been generously presented by his family to the Library of
the Linnean Society.

Mr. Currey'slong official connexion with the Society had given
rise to a large circle of friends ; whilst his ever kind and genial
manner had attached them to him by close tics of esteem. By all
his loss will be felt as that of a personal friend, an officer of large
experience whose place it will be difficult to fill.

Indisputably the greatest loss this Society has sustained during
the past tvvelvemouth has been the removal by death of Ciiaeles

LTNTTEAN SOCIETY OT LONDON. 6 1

EoBEET Daewin. As the President lias so admirably dealt with
the influence exercised by our late Fellow in every department of
human thought, no further observations on that point need be
offered here, whilst the still recent events and the notices which
have been so abundantly inserted in the public j)rints, together
with the copious memoir in course of publication by my col-
league in the Secretariat, absolves from any extended recapi-
tulation of the events of his life.

He was born on February 12th, 1809, at Shrewsbuiy, his
grandfatlier being Dr. Erasmus Darwin, one of the earliest of
our Fellows, and his father Dr. EoberL Waring Darwin. The
poetical effusions of Dr. Erasmus are well known ; but it is not
so well known that he was the chief mover in aii anonymous trans-
lation of the ' Systema vegetabilium,' edited by Eeichard, entitled
* The Families of Plant, &c., by a Botanical Society at Lichfield.'
The proof of this lies in several letters from Dr. Erasmus in
the Banksian correspondence belonging to Lord Brabourne. Dr.
R. W. Darwin had previously published a volume entitled ' Prin-
cipia botanica ' as a concise and easy introduction to the sexual
botany of Linufeus, published at Newark, 1793. The preface is
signed vnth the initials only.

His voyage with Captain Fitzroy in H.M.S. 'The Beagle' re-
sulted in the publication of his observations in the narrative of
that Commander's voyage ; it was afterwards published sepa-
rately, and called ed. 2. Whilst on this voyage Mr. Darwin first
observed those variations in animal and vegetable life when subject
to modifying surroundings, which were formulated only several
years later. It must be a just source of pride to every Fellow of
the Society that the first sketch of this epoch-making theory was
promulgated in the rooms of the Linnean Society. Robert Brown
having died on June 10th, 1858, the subsequent Meeting of the
Society held on the 17th adjourned after formal business only ; a
Special Meeting was therefore convened out of the Session, on
July 1st, to elect a Member of Council to fill Mr. Brown's place.
At this Meeting there was read a letter, dated June 30th, from
Sir Charles Lyell and Dr. Hooker, embodying extracts from Mr.
Darwin's writings on this subject, and Mr. Wallace's letter from
the Malay Archipelago, which was the proximate cause of Mr.
Darwin's reluctance to publish his views being overcome. This
notable communication will be found in the tliird volume of our
Journal. The * Origin of Species,' when published in the follow-
ing year, led to memorable debate. Several Fellows withdrew
from the Linnean Society because the President refused to
take steps to eject the author.

Of the remarkable series of works which followed the above
there is no need of a detailed list ; particulars of them are in
every hand. Suffice it to say that his last elaborated papers, viz.
on the influence of carbonate of ammonia on the roots of plants
and on chlorophyll-bodies, were read in this room only one

62 PE0CEEDIK08 OF THE

month before his death ; wliilst a still more recent communica-
tion to the Society received his final notes only a few hours pre-
vious to his disease. These papers, when they reach the hands of
the Fellows, will be seen to bear the marks of his unhasting and
unfailing care.

His death, which came upon us suddenly, happened at his re-
sidence at Down on Wednesday, 19th April ; news having only
reached London on the afternoon of the next day, the Society
adjourned without transacting more than the necessary business.
The funeral in Westminster Abbey on Api'il 26th was attended
by a concourse of mourners, probably unequalled in its kind since
Liunajus was buried in the Cathedral of Upsala in January
1778.

Joseph Decaisne was born at Brussels in 1807, and was tlic
second of a family of three brothers, who had a hard struggle
for the means of subsistence. His elder brother Henri showed
so decided a bent for painting, that his mother removed wath
her children to Paris. Joseph began the study of medicine ; but
after a short time he turned from it with dislike, and exchanged
objects of study ^^atli his younger brother Pierre, who had applied
Mmself to botany. In 1824;, when 17 years of age, Joseph
Decaisne was taken on as a working gardener at the same Museum
where he afterwards held so distinguished a position. After
being appointed Chef du Carre des Semis, a post which had been
previously held by Bernard de Jussieu and the brothers Thouiu,
he was placed by Adrien de Jussieu as his Assistant in the Chair
of Eural Botany. This was the epoch from which his fii'st pub-
lications took their origin. .

His earlier works were on descriptive and geographic botany,
embracing the new plants brought from Japan and the East ;
also completing Jacquemont's account of the plants collected in
Asia, and a monograph of Asclepiads, done at the instigation of
M. DeCandolle, &c.

In 184:7 he was elected into the Academie des Sciences, in-the
Section of Eural Economy ; in 1850 he was chosen to succeed
Mirbel in the Chair of Cultures at the Jardiu des Plantes. Tlie
remainder of his life was spent as assiduously as the earher por-
tion. With his pupil Thurct he worked at the Alga) with a view
of working out their entire sexual history. AVith Le Maout, he
produced his ' Traite geuerale do Botauique,' a work which has
appeared in most of the Eui'opcan languages, and owes much of
its extended popularity to the drawings wliich Decaisne had so
diligently amassed during his career. His most important work
perhaps was his ' Le Jardin fruitier du Museum,' of which twelve
4to volumes liavebeen issued. For many years he was Editor of
the botanical portion of the ' Aunales des Sciences naturelles.'
He died at Paris on February 8th last ; and w'as followed to his
grave by an immense concourse of people. His plants and papers
were bequeathed to the State Botanic Garden at Brussels.

LIOTTEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 6^

He was not able to avoid all personal controversy ; but there
must be few who do not regret that his closing years should have
been disturbed by the issue of an inviduous publication actuated
by personal feeling against Decaisne.

Michael Pakeniiam Edgewoeth was the youngest son of
Eichard Lowell Edgeworth and Frances Anne, daughter of the
Eev. Dr. Beaufort, and was half brother of Miss Maria Edge-
worth, the novelist. He was born on the 24th May, 1812 ; that
is, he would have reached his sixtieth birthday today had he
lived so long. In September 1823 he entered the Charter-
house, from whence, in 1827, he went to Edinburgh, where he
first began to study oriental languages ; and there also he studied
botany under the elder M'Nab. After a distinguished career
at Haileybury, he went to India in 1831 in the Civil Service.
He was appointed to Ambala and Saharunpore, where his
administration received the ajiprobation of his superiors and the
grateful appreciation of the natives. In 1812 he came home
on leave; and in 1846 he married Christina, daughter of Dr.
Macpherson, King's College, Aberdeen, returning the same year
to India.

On his way out he took advantage of the steamer coaling at
Aden to look about him for plants ; he published his results in
the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal under the title of
" Two Hours' Herborizatiou at Aden : " of the forty species he
collected in that brief space of time in so frequented a locality,
eleven were new to science.

He was stationed at Bauda till 1850, when he was selected as
one of the five Commissioners for the Settlement of the Punjaub,
first at Moolton, afterwards at Jullundur ; but he was obliged
to leave India owing to a sunstroke, and, to his deep regret, he
was never able to return thither. He died suddenly in the Island
of Eigg on 30th of July last.

His local lists of Indian plants have received the warm com-
mendation of Drs. Hooker and Thomson in the Introductory
Essay to their 'Flora Indica.' He also published some papers
which have appeared iu our publications ; a Grammar of Kash-
miri ; and his last work, on Pollen, which saw the light in 1878.

EoNALD Campbell Gunn was born at the Cape of Good Hope
in 1808 ; but passed the greater part of liis life in Tasmania,
holding several official positions, arriving there in 1830. He
began to work at the flora of that island in the following year ;
and his labours in that direction were acknowledged in Dr.
Hooker's * Plora of Tasmania.' In 1850 he was elected Fellow
of the Society, and in 1854 Fellow of the Eoyal Society. He
was Editor for some time of the ' Tasmanian Journal,' published
under the auspices of the Eoyal Society of Tasmania. The
number of papers attributed to him in the Eoyal Society's Cata-
logue of Scientific Papers is ten, two being elaborated in conjunc-

64 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

tion with Dr. J. E. G-ray ; but there were probably inaiiy other
productions of his peu which have not been taken into account.
His fiivourite pursuit was botany ; but he devoted much time to
the birds of Australia and the sheUs. He died March 14th,
1881.

Samuel Gurnet was born at Ham in Essex in 1816, and was one
of the well-known family of that name. His life was principally
absorbed in commercial affairs ; and for many years he was a prin-
cipal partner in the discount house of Overend, G-urney, and Co.,
which, when converted into a limited liability company, failed in
18GG, inflicting a heavy blow on the trade of the country. He
was high Sheriff of Surrey in 1861, a Fellow of the Eoyal
Geographical Society, and was elected into the Linnean Society
17th March, 1859 ; he died on 4th April last.

George Curling Joad died on 24th November last at his
residence, Oakfield, Wimbledon Park. His garden was richly
stocked with plants ; and his herbai'ium of dried plants was
of considerable extent. He was elected Fellow of the Society
on January 19th, 1871 ; and was also a Member of the Scientific
Committee of the Eoyal Horticultural Society.

BiciiARD KiPPiST was born at Stoke Newington on June 11th,
1812. AVhilst still a lad he entered the office of Mr. Joseph
Woods, the architect, and author of a monograph on Eoses and
the still useful ' Tourist's Flora.' The taste for botany was either
acquired whilst in the service of this gentleman, or else greatly
fostered by him ; for Mr. Kippist travelled with him, and after-
wards helped to prepare the ' Tourist's Flora.' In 1830 Mr.
Woods retired to Lewes ; and Mr. Kippist, in February of that
year, entered the service of the Linnean Society, then housed in
Sir Joseph Banks's former residence in Soho Square. Under
Prof. David Don, the then Librarian, Mr. Kippist had much to
do with the distribution of Dr. Wallich's plants ; and, on the
death of the Librarian in 1842, he was chosen by the body of the
Fellows his successor. In the April previous he had been elected
an Associate ; and he contributed at rare intervals some observa-
tions, chiefly on Australian plants, and also on the occurrence
of spiral cells in the tests of Acanthaceous seeds. He was one
of the earliest Members of the Microscopical Society, and also
an Associate of the Eoyal Botanic Society, Eegent's Park. He
retired from his 2)ost of Librarian to the Society only last year;
although for several years before his health, owing to asthmatic
attacks, prevented his giving uninterrupted attention to his duties.
The action of the Council in granting the full pension on his
retirement met with the full approval of the Fellows ; but he
did not live long to enjoy his well-merited repose, for he died at
Chelsea on Saturday, January 14th, 1882.

LUmEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 65

Mr. KipjDJst's long and faithful services of more than fifty
years have already met with formal acknowledgment at the hands
of the Fellows ; but a few words in reiteration of the same will
not he deemed out of place. No one could more thoroughly
identify himself wdth the Society's interests than did our late
Librarian ; the welfare of the Society, its dignity, and import-
ance w'ere his first objects of regard. Precise and methodical
almost to a fault, his scrupulous care and love of accuracy quite
excused his seemingly rigid punctiliousness ; and the news of
his death called forth expressions of the sincerest regrets from
all who remembered his lengthened and devoted services. He
was buried at Brompton Cemetery on January 21st, the present
Librarian, Dr. Murie, and the Assistant, Mr. James West,
attending.

Henet Reeks was born at Standen near Hungerford, Berks, on
March 15th, 1838. During the greater part of his life he lived
at the Manor House, Thruxton, Andover, where he died on
Monday, 20th February of the current jear. Early in June 1866
he left England on an ornithological trip to Newfoundland ; during
it he met with severe frost-bite, and, surgical aid not being at hand,
courageously amputated his own toes ; he therefore remained
partially crippled during the remainder of his life. Whilst on
his sick-bed, he compiled a list of flowering-plants and ferns of
Newfoundland, with meteorological observations, which was read
before this Society December 2, 1869.

His remarks on the zoology of the same region were pub-
lished in the ' Zoologist ' of April 1869 ; also notes of rare eggs
from North America. He likewise drew up a list of the flower-
ing-plants, ferns, and mosses observed in the parish of East
Woodhay, contributed towards the flora of the district, and pub-
lished in the ' Eeport of tlie Newbury District Field Club' for
1870-71. He published notes on the Mammals of Shakespeare
in the ' Zoologist ' for 1878, the last paper known to the compiler.
His death happened unexpectedly, after four days' illness, result-
ing, it is believed, from close attention to his wife, who was con-
fined to her bed by quinsy. As an all-round naturalist, his loss
was greatly deplored by those who knew and esteemed him.

Geoege Rolleston was the son of a Yorkshire clergyman, and
born at Maltby on July 80, 1829. He entered at Pembroke
College, Oxford, after early private tuition, took a First Class
in Classics in 1850, and was elected Fellow of his College
in 1851. He studied medicine at St. Bartholomew's Hospital
and served at Smyrna in the British Hospital there, but resumed
his residence at Oxford on being appointed Lee's Eeader in Ana-
tomy at Christ Church. La 1860 he was appointed first Linacre
Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, which he held to the time
of his death. The work by which he is most widely known is his
' Forms of Animal Life,' issued from the Clarendon Press iu 1870 •
LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. SESSIONS 1880-82. f

66 rEOCEEDINOS OF THE

but his other numerous contributions to science were usually in
the form of papers, our own Society being one of the media
of publication. He spent the previous winter in the south of
Europe in the hope of recruiting his health, enfeebled by inces-
sant and unsparing exertion ; but he returned iu a sinking state
to England oiiiv a few days before his death, which took place on
June IGth, 1881, in his 52ad year. [For a fuller notice see
Eoyal Society Proceedings, vol. xxxiii. (1882) pp. xxiv-xxvii.]

David EuTHERroKD was born in Eifeshire in 1812 ; and up to
1871 was engaged in business as a bookseller in Edinburgh and
London ; but from an early period he was greatly attached to the
study of natural history. In the year named (1871) he w^ent out
to the west coast of Africa as clerk to a trading firm. Two years
later he gave up his situation and devoted his entire attention to
entomology, at intervals sending home his collections. In 1875
he came home, with the best of his collections ; but the vessel
w^as wrecked and all his cases lost. After his return he was in
the employ of a City firm till March 1879, when he again set out
for the west coast. Collections were again received from him,
but somewhat more sca-nty than during the iirst visit. His move-
ments up to 1881 are not easily traced ; but in March of that year
he had found his way to the Baptist Mission Station of Eev. D.
Euller, from w-hom the account of his last days is derived. He
went from this station up country, away from all white men ; and
at some two days' journey away he sickened, and died of dysentery
at the age of 39. His body was brought down to the Missionary
settlement and buried there. His collections safely reached
England ; but I am not aware if they were of great extent or
value.

Matthias Jacob Schleiden was born on the 5th April 1804,
at Hamburg, where he received his early education. In 182-1
he betook himself to Heidelberg to study law% remaining there
for three years. In 1833 he proceeded to Gottingen, to take
up the study of medicine ; and whilst there he attended Bart-
ling's lectures on botany. Shortly after this, Schleiden went to
his uncle. Professor Norkel, at Berlin, there to carry on his
botanical studies by particularly devoting his attention to the
anatomy and physiology of plants. From this period, namely
1837, Schleiden's activity in publication dated.

Two years later Schleiden was appointed Extraordinary Pro-
fessor of Botany at Jena, at which place he busied himself with
the preparation of his elaborated work ' Grundziige der wissen-
schaftliche Botanik.' In 1813 the diploma of Doctor medicinae
honoris causa was accorded to him by the Medical Faculty of
Tiibingen ; and in 1841! he was elected a Foreign Member of our
Society. Having previously declined an invitation to fill the
Chair of Botany at Giessen, he w^as appointed Director of the

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOJJ^DO^. 6^

Botanic Gardens at Jena in 1851, and in 1859 filled the office
of Prorector Magnificus of the University.

For teaching-purposes he brought out his ' Grundrias der
Botanik,' ' Haudbuch der raedicinisch-pharmaeeutischeu Botanik,'
and ' Physiologie der Pflanzen und Thiere.' With Nageli he
started a ' Zeitschrift f iir wissenschaftliche Botanik,' of which,
however, only four parts appeared. After this time his pub-
lished works were almost entirely of a popular or else non-
scientific character. In the year 18G2 he abruptly resigned his
Chair at Jena, and settled as a private individual at Dresden.
The next year he was called to Dorpat as Professor of Botany,
but gave up the post the following year. After this he agaia
came forward as a popular writer, and, amongst other things,
published two volumes of lyrics under the pseudonym of
"Ernst." On his return from Dorpat he settled at Dresden;
after that he moved to Wiesbaden, and finally to Prankfort-
on-the-Main, where he died on the 23rd June last.

It is hardly necessary to remind the Fellows present of the
great and lasting impulse given to vegetable physiology by the
earlier works of Schleiden. His mistakes are forgotten ; but the
impulse forward which he gave when he promulgated his views
on the life and functions of the cell, has not died out. For a full
account of the influence Schleiden has exerted on the science,
reference may be made to Sachs's ' Geschichte der Botanik,'
pp. 202-210.

SiE Charles Wtvtlle Thomson was born at Bonsyde, near
Linlithgow, on the 5th March 1830. He went to school at
Merchiston Castle Academy ; and in 1845 he began his medical
studies in the University of Edinburgh. He joined the Botanical
Society there in 1847, and soon afterwards became Secretary of
the Eoyal Physical Society. In 1850 he was appointed Lec-
turer on Botany in King's College, Aberdeen, and the year
following Professor of Botany in Marischal College and Univer-
sity. In 1853 he was made Professor of Natural History in
Queen's College, Cork, and in 1854 was transferred to the Chair
of Mineralogy and Geology at Belfast.

Elected F^E.S. in 1867, he took part in the ' Porcupine ' Expe-
dition the next year, publishing his results in the volume entitled
' The Depths of the Sea.' On Prof. Allman resigning the Chair of
Natural History at Edinburgh in 1870, Mr. Thomson was chosen
his successor. In 1872 he was nominated chief of the scientific
stafl" on board H.M.S. ' Challenger,' obliging him to be absent
from Britain for upwards of three years. On his return he was
Knighted, and received one of the Gold Medals of the Eoyal
Society ; and on his visit to Upsala he was created Knight of the
Polar Star by the King of Sweden.

The long sea-voyage, however, had not invigorated him ; but
in 1879 his condition first caused alarm to his friends. In June
of that year he was attacked by paralysis, and thenceforward only

68 PEOCEEDINGS OP TUE LINITEAN SOCIETY.

able to oooasionallv lake part in the preparation of the ' Chal-
len<j;er' Ivcports now in course of puhlit-ation by the Government.
In October last he resi<j;ne(l his Chair in the University, and died
10th INIarch 1882. He has left a widow and one son to mourn
his loss.

The departments of zoolofi;y to which he devoted most atten-
tion were those of corals, crinoids, and sponges.

INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS.

SESSIOI^S 1880-1882.

Note. — The name of the Chairman at each Meetino; is not indexed.

Ahks Paffonii (M'Nab), 24.

Acari in Stephauotis-i-oots (Cobbold),

23.
Accessions to Library (1882), 33.
Accounts (1881), 14: (1882), 32.
Acland, Sir T. D., elected, 30.
Actinice, smell in (Pollock & Romanes),

35-

Addison, W., death reported, 31 ; obitu-
ary, 58.

Address by President (1882), 36.

Aden, shells of (Cockburn), 27.

Adiantum aithiopicum found in Ceylon
(Ferguson), 20.

Afghanistan, Kuram- Valley flora (Ait-
chison), 20.

Africa, new Gossypmm from (Masters),
21 ; rubber-plant from (Dyer), 35,
(Kirk). 35.

— , Central, plants from (Ficalho and
Hiern), 30.

— , West, rubber-plant from, shown
(Christy), 13, 19; Strychnos from,
shown (Holmes), 13.

Agriculture, American report on
(Christy), 24.

Aitchisou, J, E. T., Flora of the Kurara
VaUey, II., 20.

Albino bat from Jamaica, shown
(E.><peut), 25.

Alga3, British, shown (Gould), 6 ; caus-
ing breaking of the meres (Piiil-
lips), 29 ; from Hinudayas (Dickie),
30 ; in Radiolai-ians (Geddes), 28 ;
new to Britain (Holmes), i, 8.

Allen, C. J. H., deceased, 13.

Allmau, G. J., removed from Council,

33-
Aloe Parryi, inflorescence of, shown

(Baker), 20.
Alston, E. R., death reported, S-q ; name

removed from Council (1S81), 16;

obituary 16-17; resolution at Anni-
versary Meeting, 13.
Alterations in Bye-Laws, balloted for and

rejected in pai't, 5 ; read first time,

3-4 ; read second time, 5.
— , Alternative, 9 ; balloted for, 11-12;

read lirst time, 9-10 ; read second

time, 10.
Amanita Muscaria, shown (Prior), i.
America, South, Coffee-disease in

(Cooke), 7,
Ammonia, carb., on chlorophyll, and on

roots of plants (Darwin), 28.
Anabaina clrcinalis (Phillips), 29.
Aiidroctonus fimcsfris (Laukester), 35.
Androgace, Indian species of (Watt), 13.
Anemones, found by H. C. Sorby, i.
Augas, G. E., leaf of Hennas shown

by, I.
Animal intelligence (Tepper), 26.
Animalcule, new (Phillips), 36.
Annelid, coral-reef (Powell), 27.
Anomalostoma (M'^Lachlan), 35.
Antheridia and trichophora in Calli-

thamnlon (Holmes), i.
Ants, Bees, and Wasps (Lubbock),

VIIL, 20; IX., 23.

— entra])ped by Lychnis Viscaria
(Stone), 23.

Aphrocdllistes (Duncan), 7.
Apocynacece yielding rubber (Dyer), 35.
Apposition, sugar-canes produced by

planting in (ViUa Franca and Glass),

30.
Arachnida, recent work on, 55.
Arctic di-ift-wood (M'Nab), 22.

— plants, shown (Wickhauj), 7.
Arc/entina silus on Banfl'shire coast

(Edward), 12.
Armitage, J., elected Fellow, 8.
Armhia, dimorphisin in (Clarke), 8.
Ascaris transfuya (Cobbold), 27.

70

INDEX.

Ascidians (Sorby and Ilerdraan), 34.
— , braiu'liial sac uf ( Ilerdinaii), 12.
Ascidiida, British (Ilerdman), 4.
Asteroidea ol' the ' Challenger ' (Sladen),

Astrolabe range, new birds from
(Sliarpe), 28.

Atkinson, W., death reported, 31.

Auditors nominated (1881), 12-13;
(1882), 30.

Auk, Great, remains of (Grieve), 31.

Australia, dried 11. oilxodia shown from
(Morison), 30.

— , Papilionida; of (Tepper), 2 ; prizes
oifered for Nat. Hist, essays on, 27 ;
siiells of (Smith), 12; Vallisneria
from (Ralpli), 34.

An.stralian fungi (lierkeley), 2; (Berke-
ley and Broome), 35 ; new to Britain,
28 ; Pitiu-i-bag (Jackson), 26.

Badeoek, J., Monas temto from Epping

Forest shown, 27.
Baker, J. G., inflorescence of Aloe

Parryi shown, 20 ; Kitching's plants

from Madagascar, 2 ; portrait of Mr.

Miers presented, 1 5 ; Solomon-Islands

ferns, 36.
Balfour, I. B., com. by (Cockburn), 27.
Ballot for Councillor, 5.
Bananas, dried, sliown (Jackson), 22.
Bancroft, fungi obtained by (Ciiristy), 4.
Banifsbire coast, Argentina silus found

off (Edward), 12.
— , Nemertean worm captured on (Ed-
ward), 28.
Banks, Sir J., sketch of his library pre-
sented, 1 5.
Barford, A. II., death reported, 31 ;

obituary, 58.
Barnard, C, elected, 11.
Bat, albino, shown from Jamaica

(Espeut), 25.
— , parasite from (Dobson), 2.
Bates, H. W., elected Councillor, 33.
Bear, Ascaris tram^fuga found in leg of

(Cobbold), 27.
Be luvois's ' Genera ' (Bentham), 6.
Beddome, E. H., elected, 27.
Bee infested with Cordiccps (Smith), 28.
Bees, ants, and wasps (Lubbock), VIII.,

20 ; IX., 23.
Beetle, parthogenetically bred, shown

(M'^Lachlan), 21.
Bell, F. J., sur-anal plate, 8.
Ben Lawers, Loscurwa from, shown

(Holmes), 8.
Bennett, Alfred W., elected Councillor

(1881), 16 ; nom. Auditor (1882), 30.
Bennett, Arthur, elected, 8 ; on Chara

stelligera, i.

Benson, Gen., elephant-flukes, 26.

Bentham, G., Ci/peracece, 6 ; Gramiuece,
22 ; Orchidece, 6 ; relative to Trea-
surer's death, 21 ; resigns as Coun-
cillor, 4.

Berjeau, C., squirrel's nest .shown by. 6.

Berkeley, M. J., Australian fungi, 2.

Berkeley, M. J., and C. E. Broome,
Brisbane fungi, 35.

Berwick-on-Tweed, new Algce from
(Holmes), i.

Bidie, W., Coffee-leaf disease, 6.

iJilkar^ia-eggs shown (Cobbold), 22.

Birch, Japanese, shown (Masters), 13.

Birds from Solomon Islands (Ramsay),
22.

Bisset, J., elected, 11.

Blaekwall, J., decea.sed, 1 3 ; obituary,

17-

Blaikie, J., elected, 28,

Blakemere, no breaking shown by (Phil-
lips), 29.

Bohn, H. C, withdrawn, 33.

Bolivia, Cinckona-culture in (Hohnes),
26.

Bolus, H., Cape Orchids, 31.

Bolus, H., and M'Owan, new Cape
plants, 2.

Botany, report on (1881-82), 44.

— and Geology of N. S. Wales (Fitz-
gerald), 26.

Bots from Elephant, shown, 10.

Boulger, G. S., models of insectivorous
plants, 24.

Boycott, T., growth of orange, 5 ; re-
moved from Council (1881), 16.

Boyd, W. C, withdrawn, 33.

Braikenridge, G. W., death reported, 31.

Braithwaite, R., nominated Scrutineer
(1881), 16.

Bramble, growth of cuttings of (Dar-
win), 5.

Branchial sac of Ascidians (Herdman),
12.

Brazil, Eqidsetum gigantcum from
(Dyer), 35.

Breaking of the meres (Piiillips), 29.

Breese, C. J., nominated Auditor (1881),
12; nom. Scrutineer (1881), 22;
(1882), 33.

Brendel, plant-models made by (Boul-
ger), 24.

Brewer, H. M., elected Fellow, 28.

Bridge, T. W., elected, 8.

Brisbane fungi (Berkeley and Broome),
35 ; (Christy), 4.

British anemones (Sorby), i.

— algffi, new (Holmes), 1,8; shown
(Gould), 6.

— Chara, new (Bennett), i.

— Eryfhraa, new (Townsend), 4.

INDEX,

71

British hybrid ferns (Lowe), 6.
■ — fishes (Day), 7.

— lichens, new (Holmes), 10,

— moss, new (Ilohnes), 8.

— Tunicata (Herdman), 4.

— Zoophytes shown (Gould), 6.
British Assoc, loan exhibition of instru-
ments proposed, 20.

British Museum Collections, alluded

to by President, 38.
Brook, G., new Colic mbola, 35 ; NocU-

luca 7>iiliaris shown by, 4.
Broome, C. E., and M. J. Berkeley,

Brisbane fungi, 35.
Brown, E., elected, i.
Brown, E., sketches of birth-place and

London residence, presented, 15.
Bi(ddJeia auriculata, ramifications of

(Masters), 23.
Burdett, H. C, elected, 34.
Burghfield Bridge, Frifillaria from, 30.
Busk, G., 'Challenger' Celleiwra. 13;

nom, V.-P. (1882), 34.
Butter from Pistacia shown (Christy),

19.
Butterflies, male generative organs of

(Gosse), 31.
Bye-Laws, alterations in, balloted for

and rejected in part, 5 ; read first

time, 3-4 ; read second time, 5.
-^, alternative alterations in, balloted

for, 11-12; read first time, 9-10;

read second time, 10.

Cabinet for microscopical preparation

(Hillhouse), 6.
Caddis-fly, marine (McLachlan), 35.
Calanfhe Veitchii shown (Masters), 22.

— vcdita, parent of C. I 'citchii (Mas-
ters), 22.

Calisaya, varieties shown (Holmes), 26.
Callithamnion, two species shown

(Holmes), i.
Cameron, J., com. by (Bidie), 7.
Campbell, F. M., parthenogenesis of

spider, 35.
Canton, F. A., elected, 3.
Cape, dried fl. of HeUpferum exmiium

shown from (Murison), 30.
— , Hernms gigantca, leaf used as tinder

at (Angas), 2.
— , new plants from (MacOwan &

Bolus), 2.
Cape Orchids (Bolus), 31.
Capnodium mistralc (Smith), 28.
Capsicum, sweet, shown (Christy), 4.
Carex ff/auca, monstrous (Kidley), 35.

— montana from Heathfield shown
(Murray), 30.

Carica Papaya dried juice of, shown
(Christy), 8

Carpenter, P. H., Comatulee, 34.
Carpenter, W. B., vote of thanks to

President (1881), 15 ; com. by, 34.
Carte, A., death reported, 31 ; obituary,

58.
Casey, G. E. C, withdrawn, 33.
Castro, P. de, dried figs shown, 5.
Catananche, root-florets of (Jackson),

31-

Catanella Opuntia shown (Holmes), 8.
Cedar, gnaur from trunk of, shown

(Masters), i 3.
Cellepora of 'Challenger' (Busk), 13.
Cerebratidus angulafus (Edward), 25.
Cerura vinula shown (Hammond), 7.
Cetacean, albino, seen by H. C. Sorby,

I.
Ceylon, additions to the flora of (F'er-

guson), 20.
Ceylon Coffee-disease (Ward), 34.
' Challenger ' Asteroidea (Sladen), 25.

— Celhpora (Busk), 13.

— MoUusca (Watson), VIL 4 ; VIII.
8 ; IX. 12 ; X. 20 ; XI.-XII. 24 ;
XIII. 28 ; XIV. 29 ; XV. 36.

Chamberlain, V. I., elected, 28.

Cliambers, T. B., elected, 27.

Champneys, F. H., withdrawn, 33.

Chara stelligera, new to Britain (Ben-
nett), I.

Cheverton, G., elected, 27.

Chian turpentine shown (Cliristy), 19.

— , substance I'esembling, shown
(Christy), 6.

Chi]istable, Amanita shown from
(Prior), I.

Clilorophyll, carb. ammonia on (Dai--
win), 28.

Christie, A. C, stipules of Hex, 6.

Christy, T., Brisbane Fungi shown by,
4 ; Capsicum shown by, 4 ; dried
juice of papaw-tree, 8 ; nominated
Scrutineer, Nov. 1881, 22; new pro-
cess of fibre-extraction, 25 ; new
rubber-tree shown by, 1 3 ; Pistacia-
galls shown by, 6 ; rubber-plants and
Pzsi'ftr/ff -products shown by, 1 9 ; Re-
port of American Com. of Agricul-
ture, 24.

Cinchona, quinine from, grown at Sik-
kim, 19; varieties cultivated in Boli-
via (Holmes), 26.

Clarke, C. B., dimorphism in Arnchia
and Macrofomia, 8 ; elected Coun-
cillor, 5 ; Himalayan ferns, 34 ;
Orchis not figured in Eng. Bot., 23 ;
right- and left-hand contortion, 7 ;
species of Orchis shown, 35.

Classification of Crocus (Maw), 25
Claviceps, Cordiccps its ally (Smith)
28.

72

HTDEI.

Clematis, monstrous, shown (Fookes),

Cobbokl, T. S., Axcaris fransfiu/a, 27 ;
Bilhar^ia-eggs shown by, 22 ; JJis-
toma crassum, 2 ; D. sinense, 3 ;
drawings of pollen-tubes of Portu-
laca shown, 27 ; elected Councillor,
33; elephant -parasites, 10,26; Gax-
trodisciis shown by, i ; Guinea-worm
shown by, 24; Lcplodera shown, 28;
roots of Stephanotis infested with
Leptodera, 23 ; Stroiigylus Dmiglasii,
23.

Cockburn, J. L., shells of Aden, 27.

Ccelcnfcrata, algfe in (Geddes), 28 ; re-
cent works on, 53.

CaJos^pcrmum Kutzingianum (Phillips),
29.

Coffee-leaf disease (Bidie), 6 ; (Cooke)
7 ; (Ward) 34.

CofRn, A. H., elected, 24.

Cohn, Prof., plant-models designed by
(Boulger), 24.

Colcmere, breaking of (Phillips), 29.

Collcmhola, new (Brook), 35.

Collie, R., elected, 34.

Coloiu--pcrceplion of lower animals
(Lubbock), 23.

Colouring of sloth's hair (Sorby), 10.

Cctmaiv.liB (Carpenter), 34.

Comins, ferns collected by (Baker), 36.

Conario-hypophysial tract (Owen), 23.

Conifers of Japan (Masters), 4.

Contortion,right- and left -hand (Clarke),

7-
Conversazione, President's, 37.
Cooke, M. C, Coffee-disease, 7.
Coral-reef annelid (Powell), 27.
Cordiceps sphecoccplmla on bee (Smith),

28.
Cormorant, nostrils of the (Ewart), 20.
Corolla, contortion of (Clarke), 7 ; sta-

miniferous (Henslow), 25.
Cory, C. B., elected, 3.
Cotilc, new (Sharpe), 28.
Cotton, jungle, from Nagpore shown

(ftlurison), 30.
Council elected 1881, 16 ; 1882, 33.
Councillor elected, 5.
Cox, H. K., deceased, 13.
Crisp, F., elected Treasurer (1881). 23 ;

nom. Auditor (1881), 13; nom. V.-P.

(1882), 34 ; Treasurer's accounts

(1882\ 31.
Croi IIS, life-history of (Maw), 25 ; ovule

of, shown (Stewart), 27 ; pollen-tubes

of, sliown (Duncan), 27.
Cronibie, J. M., removed from Council,

33-
Crustacea devoured by pilchards (Day),
22 ; recent works on, 55.

Ctcnophora, development of (AUman), I

15. 'i

Cumberland, new British licliens from !

(Holmes), 10. \

Currey, F., death reported, 21 ; dona-
tion to Library, 24; obituary, 59;
re-elected Treasurer (1881), 16 ; re- i

solution at Anniversary, 31 ; Trea- I

surer's Report (1881), 13.

Currey. F. Innes, reply to Society's re- ■

solution, 22.

Cuttings, growth of (Darwin), 5. j

Cyclops, sections of (Hartog), 28. '

Cylindrospermum Balfsii (Phillips), \

29.

Cyperace<B, Notes on (Bentham), 6.

CyrtandrecB, two (Forbes), 36.

Dallas, W. S., nominated Auditor !

(1881), 13 ; removed from Council, 1

33- i

Dallinger, W. H., elected, 27. '

Dnphnia, eye of (Hartog), 28. '

Darlestone Bay, monstrous Eguisetum \

from (Ridley), 34. \

Darwin, C. R., carbonate of ammonia ;

on chlorophyll, 28 ; carbonate of !

ammonia on roots of plants, 28 ; '

com. by (Villa Franca and Glass), 30 ; !

death reported, 29 ; motion thereon, \

30 ; obituary, 60 ; resolution at An- ^

niversary, 31. i

Darwin, F., elected Councillor (1881), \

16 ; geotropism and growth, 29 ; 1

growth of cuttings, 5 ; incident light ■

on leaves, 5. '

Dasya Gibbesii shown (Holmes), i. |

Davidson, A. A., elected, 6. 1

Day, F., Briti.sh fishes, 7 ; British \

trout, 28 ; stomachs of pilchards
shown, 22.

Decaisne, J., death reported, 31 ; obi-
tuary, 62.

Becjccria, new genus near (Brook), 35.

Bcrmocarpa pruflna shown (Holmes), 8.

Devon, plants from (Flower). 25.

Dickie, G., Algfc from Himalayas, 30.

Digastric muscle (Dobson). 24.

Digitalis pnrpurea, staminiferous corolla ;
of (Henslow), 25.

Dimorphism in ArnehtaKaA. Macrotovda
(Clarke), 8.

Disease, coffee-leaf (Bidie), 6 ; (Cooke)
7 ; (Ward). 34.

— of potatoes (Wilson), 27. ^
Distoma crasfrim shown (Cobbold), 2;

— siticnsc shown (Cobbold), 3.
Distribution of Crocus (Maw), 25.
Dobson. G. E., com. (Macdonald), 2 ;

digastric muscle, 24; parasite from
bat, 2.

73

Donation to Library fi-om family of
late F. Currey, 24.

Double mignonette (Henslow), 23.

Draciinculus from pony shown (Cob-
bold), 24.

Dresser, H. E., elected, i.

Drift-wood, Arctic (McNab), 22.

Btiboisia Hopwoodii yielding Pitiiri
(Jackson), 26.

Duffy, P., nominated Scrutineer, Nov.
1881, 22.

Duncan, P. M., Aphrocallistes, 7 ; elected
Councillor, 33 ; motion on Alston's
death, 9 ; Leirodermatium, 7 ; Pleur-
echinus, 3 5 ; pollen-tubes of Crocus,
27 ; Spongida from Atlantic, 20 ;
TcnmoplcuridcE, 24.

DurgcUa (Godwin- Austen), 5.

Dyei-, W. T. T., com. (Forbes), 36 ;
(Ward), 3 5 ; Equisctum giganteum
from Bi'azil, 3 5 ; India-rubber plants
of Malaya, 35.
By era (Hooker), 35.

Eckinometra, sur-anal plate in (Bell), 8.

EctocarpKS terminalis shown (Holmes),
I.

Edgeworth, M. P., death reported, 31 ;
obituary, 63.

Edward, T., Argentina sihis on Banff-
shire coast, 12; Ccrcbraiidus, 25.

Ekman, C. D., elected, 27 ; process of
fibre-extraction, 25.

Elephant, Entozoa from, shown, 10.

— flukes (Benson), 26.

— tusks shown (Garston), 10.
Ellesmere mere, breaking of (Phillips),

Elwes, H. J., quinine shown for, 19.
Entozoa of elephant shown (Cobbold),

ID.

Entozoon from ostrich (Cobbold), 23.
Epicauta, a new blistering insect

(Holmes), 26.
Epping Forest, Monas termo from,

shown (Badcock), 27.
Equisctum giganteum shown (Dj-er),

35 ; E. maximum, monstrous, shown

(Eidley), 34.
Ergot, new fungus allied to (Smith),

28.
Erinaccus auritus, parasite of (Dobson),

12.
Erlebach, H. A., elected, 4.
Erythraa, new (Townsend), 4.
Espeut, W. B., albino bat shown by,

25 ; elected, 8.
Euscorpins italicus (Lankester), 35.

Falkland Islands, Holothuria from

(Higgins), 20.
Fa&ciola Jacksoni (Benson), 26.

UKN. SOC. PKOCEEDINOS

Pawcett, C, elected, 3.

Fawcett, W., elected, 10.

Feilden, Capt., drift-wood collected by
(McNab), 22.

Ferguson,W., addition to Ceylon flora,2&.

Fei-ns, hybrid (Lowe), 16.

— from Solomon Islands (Baker), 36,

— , Himalayan (Clarke), 34.

Ferrier, C. A., elected, 34.

Fibres, new process of extraction
(Christy), 25.

Ficalho, Prof., and W. P. Hiern,
Serpa Pinto's plants, 20,

Figs, Syrian, shown (Castro), 5.

Fishes, British (Day), 7.

Fitch, W. H., drawings of Odontoglos'
sum shown by, 20.

Fitzgerald, E. D., Botany and Geology
of N. S. Wales, 26.

Flora of Kuram valley, II. (Aitohison),
20.

Floras, local, alluded to, 48.

Florets of Catananchc (Jackson), 31.

Flower, Prof., elephant-tusks shown
for, 10.

Flower, T. B., plants shown for, 25.

Flukes from a Chinese missionary
(Dobson), 2 ; from elephant (Ben-
son), 26.

Foliation of Buddlcia (Masters), 23.

Fookes, G. J., elected, 8 ; monstrous
wallflower and Gkmatis shov^n, 35.

Forbes, H. O., two L'yrtandrece, 36.

Forrest, J., elected, 20,

Foster, M., com. (Shattock), 8 ; removed
from Council (1881), 16.

Franz-Josef Land, plants from, shown
(Wickham), 7.

Fream, W., elected, 27.

Freshwater shells of Australia (Smith),
12.

Fritillaria Mekagris shown, 30.

Ftmiaria, negative heliolrojjism in
(Jackson), 29.

Fungoid parasitism, theory of (Wikon),

27.
Fungi, Australian (Berkeley), 2 ; (Berke-
ley and Broome), 35 ; new to Britain
(Smith), 28 ; from Brisbane (Berke-
ley and Broome), 35 ; (Christy), 4.
Fungus, supposed, from Epping Forest,
shown (Badcock), 27.

Galls from Pistacia shown (Christy), 6.

Gamasince (Michael), 6.

Gammie, Mr., qiiiniue made by, shown,

19-
Garston, Dr., elephant's tusks shown

by, 10.
Gasteropoda, classif. of (Macdonald), 2.
I Gastrodiscns Sonsinonis shown (Cob-
I bold), I.

SEssio>^s 1880-82. a

74

INDEX,

Gastrophysa raphani shown (McLach-

lan), 21.
Gcaster fornicafus shown (Grotc), 27.
Geddes, P., Algiv in liiuliulariiuis, 28.
Generative organs in liutterllies (Gosse),

31-

— of two species of Helix (Stewart), 1 3.

Geology and liotiiny of N. S. Wales
(Fitzgerald), 26.

Geotropism and growth (Darwin), 29.

Gibbes, C. C, elected, 30.

Gibson-Carniichael, T. D., elected Fel-
low, 34.

Gibson-Maitland, Sir J. D., elected Fel-
low, 35.

Glass, Dr., sugar-cane varieties, 30.

' Glimpse ' Ascidians (Sorby and Herd-
man), 34.

Gfo.r/»w -leaves infested with Leptodera
(Cobbold), 23.

Gnaur of cedar of Lebanon shown
(Masters), 13.

Godwin-Austen, H. H., Burgclla, 5 ;
elected, 2.

Gooch, W. D., elected, 35.

Gosse, P. H., male organs of butterflies,

31-

Goss)/2nu7n, new (Masters), 21.
Gould, J., deceased, 13 ; obituary, 17.
Gould, Eev. J., preparations shown by, 5.
GraminccB, notes on (Beutham), 22.
Grant, Lt.-Col., nom. Scrutineer (1882),

33-

Great-Auk remains (Grieve), 31.

Green colouring of sloth's hair (Sorby),
10.

Greene, P., elected, 23.

Grieve, §., great-auk remains, 31.

Grote, A., Gcaster fornicatus shown, 27 ;
removed from Council, 33.

Growth and geotropism (Darwin), 29.

Guinea-worm shown (Cobbold), 24.

Gunn, R. C, death reported, 31 ; obi-
tuary, 63.

Guppy, C. J. L., withdrawn, 15.

Gurney, S., death reported, 31 ; obi-
tuary, 64.

Hair of sloth, green colouring of (Sor-
by), 10.

Hammond, A., sac of puss-raoth, 7.

Hampsliire Orchis (Clarke), 23 ; do.
shown (Clarke). 35.

Hankey, J. A., death reported, 31.

Hanley, S., Teredo nfriculus, 36.

Hart, H. C, drift-wood collected by
(McNab), 22.

Hartog, M. il., Cyclops and Daphnia,
28.

Ileathfield, Carax montana from (Mur-
ray), 30.

Hedgehog, parasite from (Dobson), 2.

lleliotropism, negative, in Fumaria
(Jackson), 29.

Helipterum cximittm, dried flowers of,
shown (Murison), 30.

Helix h(emasioma and H. anpera, gene-
rative organs of, compared (Stewart),

13-

Helminthora divaricatashown (Holmes),

I.
Hendon, monstrous Lolium fr. (Eidlcy),

35-

Henslow, J. S., double mignonette, 23 ;
monstrous wallflower, 34; proliferous
Vcrbascum nii/rum, 2, 3 ; staminife-
rous corollas, 25.

Herdman, W. A., branchial sac of As-
cidians, 12; British Tunicata, 4;
elected, 4.

Herdman, W. A., and H. C. Sorby,
' Glimpse ' Ascidians, 34.

Hernias ffiffrmfca, leai sho-wn (Angas), i.

Hibiscus pahtsfris (Jackson), 12.

Hiern,W. P. (Ficalho and), SerpaPinto's
plants, 20.

Higgins, H., Psolus squainatus shown by,
20.

Hillhouse, W., microscopical cabinet, 6.

Himalayan ferns (Clarke), 34.

Himalayas, algje from (Dickie), 30.

Hoggan, G., lymphatics of vascular
walls, 19.

Hoggan, G., and F. E., nerve-termina-
tions, 34.

Holly, squirrel's nest in, shown (Ber-
jeau), 6.

Holmes, E. M., elected Councillor, 33 ;
new British alga*, 1,8; new British
lichens shown by, 10; moss shown,
8 ; new blistering insect shown, 25 ;
Sfrychnos from West Africa shown,

13-

Holmes, W., elected, 11.

Holofhuria shown (Higgins), 20.

Hooker, Sir J. D., Dycra, 35 ; elected
Councillor, 33; moved vote of thanks
to President, 33 ; nom. Y.-P. (1882),

34.
Hooper, R., elected, 27.
Horse, trematode from (Cobbold), i.
Hottentots, Hennas leaf used as tinder

by (Angas), 2.
Huskisson, H. O., elected, 3.
Hybrid ferns (Lowe), 16.

Idotcida (Miers), 20.

Ilex Aqnifoliu7n, stipules in (Christie),

6.
lUcinecp, stipules in (Christie), 6.
Inchbald, P., elected, 3.
Lidia, ferns of (Clarke), 34.

75

India, on flora of (Watt), 2.
India-rubber from Bycra (Hooker), 35 ;

fr. Pemba shown (Kirk), 35; new

tree producing, shown (Christy), 13 ;

plants of Malaya (Dyer), 35; plants

from West Africa shown (Christy),

19.
Indian species of Amdrosace (Watt), 1 3 ;

o? Pri inula (Watt), lo.
Inflorescence of Aloe Parryi shown

(Baker), 20.
Inman, T. F., elected, 4.
Insectivora, new (Thomas), 28.
Insectivorous plant- models shown

(Boulger), 24.
Intelligence of animals (Tepper), 26.
Isariafuciformis (Smith), 28.
'Isbjorn' plants from Novaya Zemlya

shown (Wickham), 7.
Ixodia achilleoides, dried fl. of, shown

(Murison), 30.

Jackson, B. D., on Hibiscus jpalustris,
12; florets of Catananche, 31 ; Fu-
maria corymbosa, 29 ; obituary notices
read by, 15 ; re-elected Secretary
(1881), 16; (1882). 33.

Jackson, C. L., elected, 13.

Jackson, J. B. S., discovery of elephant-
flukes by, 26.

Jackson, J. R., dried bananas shown by,
22 ; Pituri-bag shown, 26.

Jamaica, albino bat from, shown (Es-
peut), 25.

— , dried bananas from, shown (Jack-
son), 22.

Japan, Conifers of (Masters), 4.

Japanese birch shown (Masters), 13.

Jeffreys, J. G-., removed from Council
(1881), 16.

Jennian, G. S., elected Fellow, 23.

Joad, Gr. C, death reported, 3 1 ; obi-
tuary, 64.

Johnson, M., new lichens collected by
(Holmes), 10.

Jones, W. H., elected, 21.

Jungle-cotton shown (Murison), 30.

Kalera-singlii galls shown (Christy),

6.
Kempton, H. T. K., withdrawn, 33.
Kent, some Australian fungi a pest in

(Smith), 28.
Kettlemere, breaking of (Phillips), 29.
Kew collections referred to by President,

Kippist, R., death announced, 24 ; do-
nations from, 15; librariauship re-
signed by, 1 5 ; obituary, 64 ; resolu-
tion at Anniversary, 3 1 .

Kirk, Sir J., elected Councillor (1881),

23; Landolphia Bhown by, 35; nom.
^V.-P. (1882), 34.
Kirk, T., New-Zealand plants, 34.
Kitchiug, Mr., plants collected in Mada-
gascar by (Baker), 2.
Knight, C, lichens of N. S. Wales,

27-

Kohl-rabi, side growth of (Masters), 5.
Krefft, G., deceased, 13 ; obituary, 17.
Krutschnitt, drawings of pollen-tubes

by, 27-
Kuram-Valley flora, II. (Aitchison),

Lacaita, C. C, elected, 28.
Landau, W., elected, 23.
Landolphia shown (Kirk), 35.
Lankester, E. R., elected Councillor

(1881), 16 ; removed from Council

(1882), 33; scorpions, 35,
Larbalestier, C. D., elected, 27.
Leaves, incident light on (Darwin), 5.
— of Gloxinia shrivelled by Leptodera

(Cobbold), 23.
Lecanora, two species new to Britain

shown (Holmes), 10.
Legge, J. v., withdrawn, 33.
LeguminoscB from Novaya Zemlya shown

(Wickham), 7.
Leirodernudium (Duncan), 7.
Leptodera in Stephanotis-vooi&iGohholA),

23; shown (Cobbold), 25.
Lestiboudois's ' Essai ' (Beutham), 6.
Librarian, Mr. Kippist succeeded Prof.

Don as, 24.
Library, accessions to (1881), 15 ; (1882),

3 3 ; donation from family of F. Car-
rey to, 24.
Lichens, new Bi'itish, shown (Holmes),

10 ; of N. S. Wales (Knight), 27.
Life-history of Crocus (Maw), 25.
Light, leaves placing themselves towards

(Darwin), 5.
Lima f odes rosea, a reported parent of

Calanthe Veitchii (Masters), 22.
Lindsay, J. L., deceased, 1 3 ; obituary,

17-

Lock, C. G. W., elected, 23.

Lolium perenne, monstrous (Ridley), 35.

Loscurcsa saxicola shown (Holmes), 8.

Lowe, E. J., British hybrid ferns, 6.

Lubbock, Sir J., Ants, Bees, and Wasps,
VIII. 20, IX. 23 ; elected Councillor
(1881), i6; elected President (1881),
16; sense of colour in lower ani-
mals, 23.

Lychnis Viscaria shown as a trap for
ants (Stone), 23.

Lymphatics of vascular walls (Hoggan),
19.

Lynch, R. I., cross-fertilization in

76

TNDBX.

• Eoscoea and Salcia, 23 ; elected
Assoc, 8.

Macdonald, J. D., on Gasteropoda, 2.

McGillivray. P. H., elected, 3.

Mclvor, R. W. E., elected, 3.

McLachlan, R., com. (Gosse), 31 ; ma-
rine caddis-fly, 35 ; nom. Auditor
(1882), 30; parthenogenetically bred
beetle shown by, 21.

M'Nab, W. R., Abies Pattonii, 24;
Arctic drift-wood, 22.

MacOwan, P., and H. Bolus, new Cape
plants, 2.

Macrotomia, dimorphism in (Clarke),
8.

Madagascar, Insectivora from (Thomas),
28 ; new blistering insect from
(Holmes), 26 ; new Cottle from
(Sharpe), 28 ; plants collected by
Kitching (Baker), 2 ; vegetable pro-
ducts shown (Holmes), 10.

Maidenhead, Geaster shown from
(Grotc), 27.

Mair, G., withdrawn, 33.

Malaya, rubber-plants of (Dyer), 35.

Mammals, nerve-terminations in (Hog-

gaii). 34-
Markliam, A. H., plants collected by

(Wiokham). 7.
Markham, C. R., withdrawn, 15.
Marriott, P. W., elected, 11.
Marshall, J., elected, 25.
Martin, N. H., elected, 8.
Masters, M. T., Bitddleia auriculafa,

23 ; Calanfhe Veitchii shown by, 22 ;

Conifers of Japan, 4 ; diseased roots

of Sfcjihanotis, 23 ; Japanese birch

shown by, 13 ; " Kohl-rabi," 5 ; new

Gossyinum, 24.
Matcliwick, FrifiUaria shown by, 30.
Maw, G., life-history of Crocus, 25.
Medicinal use of .Melaleuca (Tepper),

26.
Mefiaderma frons (Dobson), 2.
Melaleuca imcinata used in medicine

(Tepper), 26.
Meres, breaking of (Phillips), 29.
Metabdella, a supposed new genus (Dob-
son), 2.
Miall, L. C, elected, 8.
Michael, A. D., Ga/uaMnce, 6.
Miers, E. J., Idofeidxe, 20.
Miers, J., portrait presented, 15.
Miers, W. J., presentatit)n of his father's

portrait, 15.
Millar, J., nom. Auditor (1882), 30.
Milners, E., elected, 24.
Mivart, St. G. J., portrait presented, 15 ;

removed from Council (1881), 16 ;

»elative to Treasurer's death, zi.

Models of Insectivorous plants shown
(Boulger), 24.

Molossi/s obscurus, albino specimen of,
shown (Espeut), 25.

MoUusca, ' Challenger ' (Watson), VIL
4, VIII. 8, IX. T2, X. 20, XI. & XII.
24, XIII. 28, XIV. 29, XV. 36.

— , recent works on, 54.

Monstrous Carex glauca (Ridley), 35 ;
Clematis siiown (Fookes), 35 ; Equi-
setum (Ridley), 34 ; Lolium (Ridley),
35 ; l{anunculus{iiQx\»\oW), 34; Rho-
dodendron (Henslow), 34; wallflower
(Henslow), 34, (Fookes) 35.

Montgomeryshire, Potentilla ntpestris
from (Flower), 25.

Moore, F., elected Assoc, 8.

Moore, J. D., deceased, 13.

Morada variety of C. Calisaya shown
(Holmes), 26.

Moray Firth, Argentina silus found in
(Edward), 12.

Morphology of Temnopleuridte (Dun-
can), 24.

Moscow, invitation to take part in fes-
tival at, 25.

Moss, new British, shown (Holmes), 8.

Mueller, F. v., determination of Pituri
by (Jackson), 26.

Murie, J., Cerebratulus, 25.

— , com. (Bell) 8, (Hoggan) 34,
(Smith) 12, (Thomas) 28.

Murison, J., dried flowers shown, 30.

Murphy, M., elected, 35.

Murray, G., Pinus Pinaster shown by,
22 ; wood-sections shown, 6.

Murray, R. P., Carex montana shown by,
30 ; elected, 27.

Mussel, new method of preserving,
shown, 6.

Nagpore jungle-cotton shown (Murison),

3°-

Nematoid worms in Stephanotis (Cob-
bold), 23.

Nemertean worm from Banff'shire (Ed-
ward), 25.

Negative heliotropism in Fumaria (Jack-
son), 29.

Nerve-terminations (Hoggan), 34.

New Britain, birds from (Ramsay), 22.

New Guinea, oruith. of (Sharpe), VII.
27, VIII. 31.

New South Wales, botany and geology
of (Fitzgerald), 26; lichensof (Knight),
9 ; prizes ofi'ered for essays on uat.
hist, of, 27.

Newton mere, breaking of (Phillips),

New-Zealand plants (Kirk), 34 ; marine
caddis-fly from (McLachlau), 35.

INDEX.

77

Nitophj/llum repfans shown (Holmes),

8.
Norway, Lychnis Viscaria a trap for

auts in (Stone), 23.
Nostrils of the cormorant (Ewart), 70.
Novaya Zemlya, plants from, shown

(Wickham), 7.

Obituary notices (1881), 15-19; (1882)

58-68.
Odontoglossum, drawings of, shown

(Fitch), 20.
Officers elected (1881), 16 ; (1882), 33.
Orange, gi-owth of (Boycott), 5.
OrchidccB, notes on (Bentham), 6.
Orchids of the Cape (Bolus), 31.
Orchis from Hampshire (Clarke), 23 ;

shown (Clarke), 35.
Organs of flukes shown (Cobbold), 4.
Ornithology of New Guinea (Sharpe),

VII. 27; VIII. 31.
Ornithopiera, male gener. organs in

(Gosse), 31.
Oronsay, great-auk remains in (Grieve),

31-

Osborne, J. A., beetle reared by, shown
(McLachlan), 21.

Ostrich, entozoon from (Cobbold), 23.

Ova incrusting elephant's tusks (Gars-
ton), 10.

Ovule of Crocus shown (Stewart), 27.

Owen, R., conario-hypophysial tract,
23.

Palolo viridis (Powell), 27.
Papaw-tree, dried juice of, shown

(Christy), 8.
Papayine shown (Christy), 8.
Papilio, male gener. organs of (Gosse),

31-

Papilionidce of S. Australia (Tepper),
2.

Parasites of elephants (Cobbold), 10.

Parasitism, fu!igoid, theory of (Wilson),
27.

Parker, Dr., new blistering insect in-
troduced by (Holmes), 26.

Parkes, H., elected, 24.

Parthenogenesis of spider (Campbell),

35-
Parthenogenetically bred beetle shown

(McLachlan), 21.
Patagonia, Holuthuria from (Higgins),

20.
Peake, vegetable products of Madagascar

obtained by (Holmes), 10.
Pemba, Landolphia shown from (Kirk),

35-
Pepp6, F. F., elected, i,
Pertusaria spilomanthodes shown

(Holmes), 10.

Phalacrocorax Carho (Ewart), 20.

Philanissus (McLachlan), 35.

PiiiUips, F. W., new animalcule, 36.

Phillips, J. W., breaking of the meres,
29 ; Vihrissea, 6.

Pilchards' stomachs shown (Day), 22.

Pineal gland (Owen), 23.

Pinus Pi7iastcr shown (Murray), 22.

Pistacia butter shown (Christy), 19 ;
galls shown (Christy), 6,

Pistacia Tcrehinthus, products of, shown
(Christy), 19.

Pituitary gland (Owen), 23.

Plaiyhehnia, recent works on, 54.

Phurechinus (Duncan), 35.

Plcwronema,, new animalcule near (Phil-
lips), 36.

Pleurotomidffi, 'Challenger' (Watson)
8, 12, 20.

Plocamia (Ridley), 20.

Polemonium, two species of, from No-
vaya Zemblya, shown (Wickham), 7.

Pollen, drawings of, shown (White),

27-
Pollen-tubes of Crocus shown (Duncan),

27 ; Portulaca (Cobbold), 27.
Pollock, W., and G. J. Romanes, Ac-

tinicB, 35.
Polygonum ■maritimu7n shown (Flower),

25.
Portulaca oleracea, pollen-tubes of (Cob-
bold), 27.
Potato-disease (Wilson), 27.
Potentilla rupestris shown (Flower),

25.
Powell, J., Palolo viridis, 27.
President's Address (1882), 36.
Presidents, list of past, 43.
Proliferous mignonette (Henslow), 23 ;

liubus (Webb), 2 ; Verbascum nigrum

(Henslow), 2, 3.
Primula, Indian species of (Watt), 10.
Prior, R. C. A., Amanita shown by, i ;

nom. Scrutineer, 5 ; (1881), 16.
Protozoa, recent works on, 52.
Pryor, A. R., deceased, 1 3 ; obituary,

19.
Psolus squamatus shown (Higgin), 20.
Pterygodermatites plagiostoma ijiohson),

2.
Puss-moth shown (Hammond), 7.

Queensland fungi (Berkeley and Broome),

35; (Christy), 4.
Quinine made in India shown, 19.

Radiolarians, algaj in (Geddcs), 28.

Ralph, T. S., Vallisneria from Aus-
tralia, 34.

Ramification of Buddleia (Masters),
23.

78

rNDEX.

Bivmsay, birds from Solomon Islands,

22.

' Rmgoon Times,' mortality of ele-
phants noticed in (Benson), 26. .

lianunculiig, monstrous (Uonslow), 34.

Reeks, H., death reported, 31 ; obituary,
65.

Renard, C, Jubilee at Moscow in
honour of, 25.

Reparative processes in vegetables (Shat-
tock), 8.

Report on Botany (1881-82), 44 ; Zoo-
logy (1881-82), 52.

Resin from Pistacia shown (Christy),
19.

Retention of a sur-anal plate in Echino-
imtra (Bell), 8.

'Rhododendron, monstrous (Henslow),

.34-
Ridley, H. N., elected, 8 ; monstrous

C'arex and Lolium, 33 ; monstrous

Equisetum shown by, 34.
Ridley, S. O., Ploca/aia, 20.
Rivularia articidata (Phillips), 29.
Rogers, W. M., elected, 21.
Rolleston, G., death reported, 31;

obituary, 65.
Romanes, G. J., com. (Ewart), 20;

elected Councillor (1881), 16 ; elected

Secretary (1881), 16.
Romanes, G. J., and W. Pollock, Ac-

tinicB, 35.
Romanis, R., elected, 19.
Root-florets of Catananche (Jackson),

Roots of plants, action of carb. of am-
monia on (Darwin), 28.

— of Stephanotis infested with Lepto-
dera (Cobbold), 23.

Roper, F. C. S., Carex monfana at
Heathfield, 30.

jffoscc>c«, cross-fertilization in(Lynch), 23.

Rubus fruticoms, growth of (Darwin),
5 ; proliferous (Webb), 2.

Rutherford, G., death reported, 31 ;
obituary, 66.

Salmones, British (Day), 28.

Salvia Grahami, cross-fertilization in
(Lynch), 23.

Sand-martin, new (Sharpe), 28.

Saunders, II., seconded motion re Al-
ston's death, 9.

Sawer, J. C, elected, 11.

Schlciden, M. J., death reported, 31 ;
obituary, 66.

Scor})ion8 (Lankcster), 35.

Scortecliini, B., elected, 25.

Scott, Sir A., elected, 8.

Scott, II., withdrawn, 15.

Scott, R., elected, 10.

Scrutineers, 5, (1881) 16, (Nov. 1881)

^ 22, (1882) 33.

Sellon, E. L., elected, 3.

Semper, C, new metliod of pre-serving
soft tissues shown, 6.

Senccio squalidus shown (Flower), 28.

Serpa Pinto's plants (Picalho and
Hiern), 20.

Sharpe, R. B., new Cotile, 28 ; Ornith.
New Guinea, VII. 27, VIII. 31.

Shattock, S. G., vegetable reparative
processes, 8.

Sliearer, Dr., withdrawn, 15.

Shells of Aden (Cockburn), 27 ; of Aus-
tralia (Smith), 12.

Ship-worms (Hanley), 36.

Shrojjshire, meres breaking in (Phillips),

. ^9-

Sikkim, quinine made at, shown, 1 9.

Silver, S. W., vote of thanks to Presi-
dent, 33.

Sladeu, W. P., 'Challenger' Asteroi-
dea, 25.

Sloth's hair, green colouring of (Sorby),
10.

Smell in Jc<mf« (Pollock and Romanes),

35-

Smith, Vet.-Surg., Guinea-worm ob-
tained by (Cobbold), 24.

Smith, C. A., shells of Australia, 12.

Smith, F. W., preparations shown by
(Gould), 6.

Smith, L., plants collected by, shown,
(Wickham), 7.

Smith, W. G., Australian fungi new to
Britain, 28.

Soane, H. A., elected, 35.

Soeiete Imperiale des Naturalistes de
Moscou, letter from, read, 25.

Solaniim tuheromm, staminiferous cor-
rolla of (Henslow), 25.

Solomon Islands, birds from (Ramsay),
22 ; ferns of (Baker), 36.

Somerville, A., elected, 20.

Sonsino, Dr., trematode found by (Cob-
bold), I.

Sorby, H. C, British anemones found
by, I ; green colouring of sloth's
hair, 10 ; nom. Scrutineer, 5.

Sorby, H. C, and W. A. Herdman,
Ascidians, 34.

Spticero^i/ga Carmichaelii (Phillips), 29,

Spider,parthenogenesisin (Campbell), 3 5.

Sponges (Ridley), 20.

Spongida (Duncan), 20.

Squirrel's nest shown (Berjeau), 6.

Stainton, H. T., nominated Auditor
(1881), 12; Auditor (1882), 30;
nom. Scrutineer, 5 ; presentiition of
Accounts by (1882), 31 ; relative to
Treasurer's death, 2.

79

Sfcphanotis-roois infested with Lcpto-

dera (Cobbold), 23.
Stephens, H. C, elected, 35.
Stephens, H. Gr. W., elected, 35.
Stewart, C, generative organs of Helix

hcEmastoma, 13 ; Monas tcrmo, 27 ;

ovule of Crocus, 27.
Stipules of Ilicinem (Christie), 6.
Stone, J. H., Lychnis Viscaria shown, 23.
Sfrongylus Douglasii (Cobbold), 23.
Sfrychnos from West Africa shown

(Holmes), 13.
Stubbs, S., elected, 11.
Sturges, T. R. H., elected, 23.
Suche, G., deceased, 13.
Sugar-cane, new varieties (Villa Franca

and Glass), 30.
Sur-anal plate (Bell), 8.
Sussex, some Austrahan fungi a pest in

(Smith), 28.
Swanage, monstrous Carex from (Rid-
ley)' 31-
Swinhoe, Lt.-Col., elected, 23.
Sydney, VaUisncria from (Ralph), 34.
Syrian figs shown (Castro), 5.

TaherntBJnontana crassa shown (Christy),
19.

Temnopleuridte (Duncan), 24.

Tepper, J. G. O., animal intelligence,
26 ; medicinal use of McJahmca unci-
nata, 26 ; Papilionidcs of S. Austra-
lia, 2.

Teredo utriculus (Hanley), 36.

Tetraspores of Helminthora (Holmes), j.

Thames-, Noctiluca obtained from
(Brook), 4.

Thomas, A. P., elected, 28.

Thomas, O., new Insectivora from Mada-
gascar, 28.

Thomson, A., presentation of St. G. J.
Mivart's portrait, 15.

Thomson, Sir C. W., com. by, 4 ; death
reported, 31 ; obituary, 67.

Tinder from Hernias gigantea (Angas), i.

Townsend, F., Erythraa new to Eng-
land, 4.

Traill, G. M., algse collected by, shown
(Holmes), 8.

Transylvania, Ascaris transfuga from
(Cobbold), 27.

Treasurer's report (1881). 13.

— statement (1881), 14; (1882), 32.

Trematode from horse (Cobbold), i.

Trichophora and antheridia in Calli-
thamnion (Holmes), i.

Trout, British (Day), 28.

Tunicata, British (Herdman), 4.

Turner, J., elected, 35.

Tusks incrusted with ova (Garston), 10.

Tyler, C, nom. Scrutineer (1882), 33.

Urostigma Vogclii, shown (Christy), 19.

ValHsneria from Australia (Ralph), 34.

Variation in Ascidians (Herdman), 12.

Vegetable-fibre extraction, Ekman's pro-
ees.s of (Christy), 25.

Vegetables, reparative processes (Shat-
tock), 8.

Verhascum nigrum, proliferous (Hens-
low), 2.

Veitch, A., deceased, 13.

Verde variety of 6'. Ccdisaya shown
(Holmes), 26.

Vertebrata, recent works on, 56,

Vihrissca (Phillips), 6.

Villa-Franca, sugar-cane varieties, 30.

Vipan, C, elected, 27.

Walker, A., elected, 10.

Wallflowers, monstrous (Henslow), 34,
(Fookes) 35.

Walton, G. S., elected, 23.

Ward, H. M., cofi'ee-leaf disease, 34.

Wasps, Bees, and Ants (Lubbock), VIII.
20, IX. 23.

Watson, R. B., Mollusca of ' Challenger,'
VII. 4, VIII. 8, IX. 12, X. 20,
XI. & XII. 22, XIII. 28, XIV. 29,
XV. 36.

Watt, G., flora of N.W. India, 2 ; In-
dian species of Frimida, 10; do. An-
drosacc, 13.

Webb, E. A., proliferous Bulnis, 1.

Weir, J., nominated Scrutineer (1881),
16.

West, W., new British moss gathered
by (Holmes), 8.

West indies, (Jordicepsiroxa (Smith), 28.

Weymouth, new British algae from
(Holmes), i.

white, C. F., drawings of pollen shown,
27.

Whitemere, breaking of (Phillips), 29.

Wickham,W., Arctic plants shown by, 7.

Wilkinson, C. S., elected. 23.

Wills, G. S. v., elected, 23.

WUmersdorficr, wood-sections by, 28.

Wilson, A., elected, 10.

Wilson, A. S., potato-disease, 27.

Wilson, G., elected, 23.

Wilson, J. B., elected, 28.

WoJffia arrhiza found in Ceylon (Fergu-
son), 20.

Wood-sections by Wilmersdorffer shown,
28.

Woods, sections shown (Murray), 6.

Woollcombe, W. G., elected, 8.

Worms, new method of preserving,
shown, 6.

Wright, J. T., elected, 20.

Wiu'th, L., preparations by, shown, 6.

8o

York, loan exiiibition by British Assoc.
at, 20.

Z;igazig, trematode found at(C()bbold),i.
Zanzibar, rubbcr-]ilant from (Kirk), 35.
Zoi'a crustaceans devoured by pilchards
(Day), 22.

Zonate tetraspores of Helminthora

(Holmes), i.
Zooglcea stage oiMonas termo (Stewart),

Zoophytes, British, shown (Gould), 6.
Zoology, report on (1881-82), 52.

Printed by Tayloe and FuANCii, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.

PEOCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(SESSION 1882-83.)

November 2nd, 1882.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in tlie Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Prof. J. C. Ewart, Greorge Fry, Esq., and Thomas de G-rey
Lord Walsingham were elected Fellows.

Mr. A. P. W. Thomas exhibited preparations showing the life-
history of the Liver-fluke (Fasciola hejjatica), the embryos as free
cercarise burrowing into and developing in the body of LimncBa
tnmcatula.

Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer exhibited tlie plant producing
"Cassia lignea" and tbe implements used in its preparation m
Southern China.

Mr. C. T. Druery showed seedling proliferous forms of Athy-
rkivi FlUx-fcemina.

Mr. F. Crisp showed preparations sent by Drs. Loew and
Bokorny, of Munich, to illustrate the claimed discovery of a
specific chemical difterence between dead aud living protoplasm.

Prof. E. Eay Laukester exhibited marine organisms dredged
by him oft the coast of Norway, including a branch of Para-
gorgia arhorea three feet across.

Mr. T. Christy exhibited a living specimen of the Japanese
Peppermint plant, which yields the Menthol of commerce ; bota-
nically it was not found to difter from Mentha arveiisis.

Dr. F. Day showed specimens of American Brook-Trout, and a

LINN. SOO. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1882-83. ff

2 VEOCEEDINGS OF TUE

hybrid between the American and common Trout, in illustration
of hi 8 paper

Mr. J. G. Baker exhibited Lycopodittm complanahcm from the
Kew Herbarium, collected by Prof. Lawson, confirmatory of
Mr. Druce's remarks in the current number of the ' Journal of
Botany.'

The following papers were read :—

1. " Observations on Ants, Bees, and "Wasps." — Part X. By
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., P.K.S., Pres.L.S.

2. " Notes on certain Plants of North-western Queensland,
possessing valuable Medicinal Properties." By W. A. Armit,
F.L.S.

3. " Eemarkable Malformation of the Leaves of Beyeria opaca,
F. V. Muell., var. Jinearisr By J. G. Otto Tepper, F.L.S.

4. " Hybridization and Alteration in the External Characters
of Salmo fontinalis introduced into this Country." By Dr.
Francis Day, F.L.S.

5. " Teratological Notes on Plants." By Henry N. Eidley,
F.L.S.

November 16th, 1882.

Feank Ckisp, LL.B., Treas. and Yice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

O. T. Olsen, Esq., and J. Neesou Stone, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

A specimen of fasciated Asparagus was exhibited for the Rev.
Eichard Hooper.

Dr. W. C. Ondaatje exhibited some Ceylon plants, the fruit of
Sandia clumetornm used as a remedy in dysentery, the leaves of
SetJiifi acuminata as anthelmintic, and a black varnish obtained
from Temecarjpv.s Gardneri.

Mr. AV. T. Thiselton Dyer showed a cone of Cycas Beddomei,
a new species from Southern India.

Mr. F. P. Balkwill exhibited a specially mounted series of
British Foraminifera under the microscojje.

Mr. J. Hanbury showed a large fungus grown in a city wharf-
cellar, considered to be a species of Lentinus by Mr. G.
Murray.

Mr. C. Stewart exhibited specimens of Pilobohis, and a saucer
covered with its projected sporangia.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 3

The following papers were read :—

1. " Coutribvitious to the Flora of Madagascar. — I. Polype-
talje." By J. G. Baker, F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " The Passifloreae of Ecuador and IS'ew Grrauada collected by
M. Edouard Andi-e." By Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, E.E.S.,
F.L.S.

3. " Note on the Type Specimen of Finscli's Fruit-Pigeon." By
E. P. Eamsay, F.L.S'.

4. " On Cerebral Homologies in Vertebrates and Invertebrates."
By Prof E. Owen, C.B., F.E.S., F.L.S.

5.. "I^ote on the Origin of 'Cassia lignea: " By W. T.
Thiselton Dyer, F.E.S., F.L.S.

6. " The Mollusca of the ' Challenger ' Expedition."— Part
XVI. By the Eev. E. Boog Watson, F.L.S.

December 7tli, 1882.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The Eev. Eichard Baron, Frederick Orpen Bowers, Esq.,
Thomas Hughes Corry, Esq., Oscar Louis Eraser, Esq., David
Houston, Esq., Alfred "William Howitt, Esq., H. Tattersall
Knowles Kempton, Esq., Hugh M'Callum, Esq., Edward Au-
gustus Petherick, Esq., Sloman Eous, Esq., and Henry Charles
Stone, Esq., were elected Fellows.

The Eev. A. P. Murray showed AWicea Mrsuta, Vicia Oroius,
and Plilomis fruticosa collected by him in Somersetshire. He
also gave an instance of cleistogamic flowers of Soya carnosa
producing fertile seed.

Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer showed maps to display the progress
of the Phylloxera in Spain and Portugal. He also exhibited pho-
tographs of Cinchona-culture in Ceylon.

Mr. "W. P. Espeut exhibited Kola-nuts, stated to have sobering
effects after spirituous intoxication.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Notes on some little-known CoUembola, and on the British
Species of the Grenus Tomocerits." By Greorge Brook, F.L.S.

2. " Discovery of Tasmanian Plants near Adelaide, South Aus-
tralia." By J. G-. Otto Tepper, F.L.S.

3. " On a Collection of Exotic Lichens made by the late Dr. A.
C. Maingay in Eastern Asia." By Dr. "W. Nvlander and Eev.
J. M. Crombie, F.L.S.

4. " Eemarks on the Genera of the Subfamily Chalcidinse, with
Synonymic Notes and Descriptions of new Species of Leucospi-

4 pnOCEEDINGS OF THE

dinte and Chalcidinae." By W. F. Kirby. (Communicated by
Dr. GiJntber, F.E.S., F.L.S.)

December 21st, 1882.

Alfeed W. BENTfETT, Esq., in tbe Cbair.

The Minutes of tbe last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Prof. Adolpbus Ernst and Dr. "William Charles Ondaatje were
elected Fellows.

Mr. Christy made some remarks upon the effects of the Kola-
nut in clearing fermented liquors.

Dr. T. Spencer Cobbold exhibited specimens of Li(/ula ahdomi-
nalis from the Bream, L. leucisei from the Minnow, and L. mono-
gramma from the Grebe, for comparison with the human L. Man-
soni.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Development of the Polliuium of Asclepias Cor-
nufi, Decaisue." By Thomas H. Corry, F.L.S.

2. "Observations on the Marine Fauna of the East Coast of
Scotland (with Notes on Sponges and Bryozoa by S. O. Eidley,
F.L.S. ; and on the Echiuoderms, by F. J. Bell)." By Dr. Francis
Day, F.L.S.

3. Contributions to the Flora of Madagascar. — II. Gamope-
talse." By J. G. Baker, F.E.S., F.L.S.

4. " Eecent Additions to our Knowledge of the Flora of Fiji."
By J. G. Baker, F.E.S., F.L.S.

5. " Description of Licjula Mansoni, a new Human Cestode."
By Prof. T. Spencer Cobbold, F.E.S., F.L.S.

6. "Additions to the Lichens of the ' Challenger ' Expedition."
By the Eev. J. M. Crombie, F.L.S.

January 18th, 1883.

Sir JoH>' LiJBiiocK, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Edward Arthur Lionel Batters, Esq., Alfred Joe Burrows,
Esq., Edgar Franklin Cooper, Esq., Prof James Allen Harker,
and George Lewis, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. H. Groves showed a specimen of Banuncidus opiiioglossi-
folius obtained in Hampshire, and new to Britain.

A living specimen of Pieris rapco was exliibited on behalf of
Mr. James Eonianis ; it had been found fluttering in the window
of his house a few days previously.

LINNEA.N SOCIETr OF LONDOX. 5

The following papers were read : — •

1. " On the Fall of Brauchlets in the Aspen {Pojyulus tremula)."
Bj Samuel Gr. Shattock. (Commuuicated by Sir James Paget,
Bart., F.R.S., F.L.S.)

2. " Ou certain Points in the Anatomy of Polynoma, aad on
Polynoe clava, Montagu." By Alfred W. Bourne. (Communi-
cated by Prof. E. Ray Lankester, F.R.S., F.L.S.)

3. " On the Internal Hard Parts of the Fungidae. — I." By
Prof. P. M. Duncan, F.E.S., F.L.S.

February 1st, 1883.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Frederick William Burbidge, Esq., and Joseph Johnson, Esq.,
were elected Fellows.

Dr. "W. C. Ondaatje exhibited a peculiar Red Coral found by
him in Ceylon.

Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer showed a model of the fruit of the
Double Cocoa-nut, Lodoicea seychellarum, Lab.

Microscopic sections of English Coal were shown for Mr. J.
Norman.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Structure, Development, and Life-history of a Tro-
pical Epiphyllous Lichen." By H. Marshall Ward. (Commu-
nicated by W. T. Thiselton Dyer, F.R.S., F.L.S.)

2. " On the Pairing of Tegenaria Guyonii, and Description of
certain Organs in the Male Abdominal Sexual Region." By
F. Maule Campbell, F.L.S.

February 15th, 1883.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. J. Jenner Weir exhibited a perfect hermaphrodite Ly-
ccena Icarus, with a blue male and brown female of the same species
for comparison. The hermaphrodite possessed two spotless blue
wings ou the left and two spotted brown wings on the right, thus
being intermediate in colour between the two sexes.

Dr.W. C. Ondaatje exhibited a collection of thirty Ceylon Corals,

Mr. T. Christy exhibited Carnauba Palm-leaves with wax in
sitti ; also a supposed hybrid of Primula japonica and P. sinensis
with double whorls of flowers.

6 PROOEEDTTTaS OT" THE

The following papers were read : —

1. " Contributions to tlie Plora of Madagascar. — III. Incom-
pleta? and Monocotyledons." By J. G. Baker, F.E.S. F.L.S.

2. " Onthe Outer Peridiumof^/'oowew." By George Murray,
F.L.S.

3. " The ' Manna ' or Lerp Insect." By J. G. Otto Tepper,
F.L.S.

4. " On the Synonymy of Didymoplexis, Griffith, and the
Elongation of the Pedicel after flowering in D. pallens." By W.
B. Hemsley, A.L.S.

March 1st, 1883.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

William Bowles Barrett, Esq., Lewis Jones Knight Brace, Esq.,
John Brooks Bridgman, Esq., William Oldham Chambers, Esq.,
William Eagle Clarke, Esq., Wilfred Golden, Esq., Dr. Francis
Henry Hill Guillemard, James Cory Havers, Esq., Dr. Thomas
Morland Hocken, Eev. Charles Henry Middleton-Wake, James
Stirling, Esq., and Eer. Paul Williams Wyatt were elected
Fellows.

Two pieces of TeUow Pine from Quebec were exhibited on
behalf of Mr. E.Morton Middleton, damaged by supposed insect-
perforation.

Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer showed leaves and fruit of Oranges
from the Bahamas infested with a scale insect {Mytilaspis
citricola, Packard).

Mr. E. F. Towndrow exhibited a new variety of JRosn stylosa
from Madresfield, near Malvern, obtained by Mr. A. D. Mellin,
it being evergreen and ripening fruit in the second year.

The following papers were read . —

1. " On the Constancy of Insects in their Visits to Flowers."
By A. W. Bennett, F.L.S.

2. " Ontiie Methodic Habits of Insects when visiting Flowers."
By E. M. Christy. (Communicated by A. W. Bennett, F.L.S.)

3. " Observations on Living Echinoderms." By G. J. Eomanes,
F.E.S., Sec. L.S.

4. "Mollusca of H.M.S. 'Challenger' Expedition."— Part
XVII. Pvramideliids. By the Eev. E. Boog AVatson, F.L.S.

LHWEAJN' SOCIETY OP LOXDON. 7

March IStli, 1883.
Fbajstk Obisp, LL.B., Treas. and Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On Simondsia paradoxa, and its probable Affinity with
Sphcerularia homhi." By Dr. T. Spencer Cobbold, F.E.S.,
F.L.S.

2. " On the Moths of the Family Urapterygidse in the British
Museum." By A. G. Butler, F.L.S.

3. "On theMollusca of H.M.S. 'Challenger' Expedition."—
Part XVIII. By the Eev. R. Boog Watson, F.L.S.

April 5th, 1883.

Sir John Kiek, K.C.M.G-., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Eichard Manlifte Barrington, Esq., George Edward Comer-
ford-Casey, Esq., Frederick Victor Dickins, Esq., and Edward
Cambridge Phillips, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. E. M. Holmes exhibited Birch-tree sap which had exuded
from a cut branch 1 inch in diameter at the rate of 4 oz. per
hour during the night and double during the day, before the
expansion of the leaf-buds. The sap had been analyzed by Dr.
Attfield and recorded in the ' Pharmaceutical Journal.'

Wood from the pier-piles of West Hartlepool was exhibited on
behalf of Mr. E. Morton Middleton, displaying the ravages of
Limnoria lignorum.

The following papers were read : —

1. " The India-rubber Tree, Landolpliia oivnriensis, of the Gold
Coast." By Alfred Moloney, Esq. (Communicated by B. Daydon
Jackson, Sec. L.S.)

2. " On a new Species of Infusoriau of, or allied to, the genus
Gerda. By F. W. Phillips, F.L.S.

3. " On the Genus Hemicarex and its Allies." By Charles
Baron Clarke, F.E.S., F.L.S.

April 19th, 1883.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Frederick Howard Collins, Esq., Thomas Walker Coffin, Esq.,

8 PKOCEEDTNGS OF THE

Charles De Laime Faunce De Laune, Esq., Daniel Morris, Esq.,
J. Jardine Murray, Esq., and the Hon. John Bates Thurston,
C.M.G., were elected Fellows.

The President announced that the following Auditors for
the examination of the Treasurer's Accounts had been nominated
by the Council : —

For the Fellows, Dr. John Millar and Mr. F. Maule Campbell ;
for the Council, Mr. A. W. Bennett and Mr. E. W. M^Lachlan ;
and, by show of hands, these were unanimously elected.

Mr. J. Britten exliibited specimens of Arum italicum from
Torquay; also A. macidatum, for comparison.

Mr. G. F. Angas showed vegetable produce from Dominica.

Mr. F. V. Dickins exhibited a Japanese work issued by the
University of Tokio, descriptive of plants grown in the Botanic
Garden of Koishikawa.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Sense of Color amongst some of the Lower Ani-
mals." By Sir John Lubbock, Bart., Pres. L.S.

2. " On the Diatoms collected during the Arctic ExjDedition of
Sir George Nares." By Prof . T. Cleve. (Communicated by Sir
J. D. Hooker, F.E.S., F.L.S.)

3. "Monograph of the Ephemeridse or Mayflies." By Eev.
A. E. Eaton. (Communicated by Sir John Lubbock, Bart.,
Pres. L.S.)

4. " On the Joint and Separate AVork of the Authors of Ben-
tham and Hooker's ' Genera Plautarum.' " By George Beutham,
F.E.S., F.L.S.

May 3rd, 1883.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Signer Odoardo Beccari and Prof. Johan Lange were elected
Foreign Members.

Colonel Beddome exhibited Asplennim resecUim, Sm., with allan-
todioid sori, and DipJazium travancoricum, a new species.

Mr. J. E. Howard showed living and dried plants and barks
in illustration of his paper. Mr. T. Christy also exhibited Boli-
vian Cinchona barks.

Mr. W. Galloway exhibited a series of the remains of the Great
Auk, Otter, and other animals from the mound of Caisteal-nan-
Gillean, island of Orons^ay, Argy]lt*hire ; referred to in Linn.
Soc. Journ. (Zool.) xvi. p. 479.

LIIWEA]!^ SOCIETY OP LOKDOi

Tlie following papers were read : —

1. ''On Cinchona CaUsai/a, var. Ledgeriana
Ledgerifina, Moens." By J. Eliot Howard, F.

2. " On the Asteroidea of the ' Cliallenger
Part IT. By W. Percy Sladen, F.L.S.

3. " On a new Species of Gycas from Southern
W. T. Thiselton Dyer, F.E.S., F.L.S.

4. " Revision of the Genus Entomolrya {=Defjeeria).
G. Brook, F.L.S.

5. " Mollusca of the ' Challeno-er ' Expedition."— Part XIX
By the Rev. E. Boog Watson, F.L.S.

By

May 24th, 1883.

Anniversary Meeting.

Sir John Lubbock:, Bart., President, in the Chair,

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. R. M'^Lachlan, on the jiart of the Audit Committee, read
the Annual Receipts and Payineuts as follows (see p. 11).

The Treasurer, Mr. Frank Crisp, then submitted a detailed
explanation of the various items in the foregoing statement.

The Secretary then read his Report of the deaths, withdrawals,
and elections of new Fellows for tlie past year as follows : —

Since the last Anniversary 11 Fellows have died, or their deaths
been ascertained, viz. : —

Prof. F. M. Balfour.

Prof G. Dickie.

W. A. Forbes.

Rev. J. S. Copley Greene

G. S. Gibson.

R. Hudson.

Fellows (11).

Dr. "W. Jameson.
J. D. Llewelyn.
M. Moggridge.
General H. Y. D. Scott.
Dr. G. H. K. Thwaites.

FOEEI&N MeMBEE (1).

Dr. W. C. H. Peters.

During the year 11 Fellows had withdrawn, viz. :

E. Adams.
J. Armstrong.
Prof T. W. Bridge.
Sir Victor Brooke, Bart.
Rev. J. E. Leefe.
Prof. A. Liversidge.

Capt. G. P. Moore.
W. G. Piper.
Dr. G. Sigerson.
J. B. Spence.
T. Charters White.

And 54 Fellows and 2 Foreign Members had been elected.

lO PROCEEDrNGS OT THE

During the past year there had been received as Donations to
the Library lOA volumes and 207 pamplilets and separate im-
pressions of memoirs. From the various scientific Societies there
had also been received 142 volumes and 118 detached parts ;
besides 25 volumes obtained by exchange and donation from the
Editors of independent periodicals. The Council, at the recom-
mendation of the Library Committee, had sanctioned the pur-
chase of 136 separate volumes and 54 parts of important works.
The total additions to the Library were therefore 407 volumes
and 379 separate parts.

The Secretary, on behalf of the President, having read the
Bye-Laws governing tbe elections —

The President then opened the business of the day, and the
Fellows present proceeded to ballot for the Council and OfiBcers.

The Ballot for the Council having closed, the President ap-
pointed Dr. Braithwaite, Mr. G. Busk, and Prof. Allen Thom-
son as Scrutineers. The votes having been counted and reported
to the President, he declared the following Members to be removed
from the Council, viz. : —

Mr. II. AV. Bates, Mr. G. Busk, Mr. C. B. Clarke, Sir John
Kirk, and Mr. R. M'Lachlan.

And the following to be elected into the Council, viz. : —
Mr. T. Christy, Mr. H. E. Dresser, Mr. G. E. M. Murray, Mr.
H. Saunders, and Mr. H. T. Stainton.

The Ballot for the Officers also having closed, the President
nominated the same Scrutineers. The votes having been counted
and reported to the President, he declared the result as follows,
viz. : — President, Sir John Lubbock, Bart. ; Treasicrer, Mr.
Frank Crisp ; Secretaries, Mr. B. Daydon Jackson and Mr. G.
J. Komanes.

The President then delivered his Addi'ess (see j). 14), fol-
lowed by Beports on the various botanical and zoological publi-
cations during the previous twelvemonth.

Prof. Allen Thomson then proposed the following resolution,
viz. : — " That the tlianks of the Society be given to the President
for his excellent Address, and that he be requested to allow it to
be printed."

This having been seconded by Mr. W. Carruthers, was car-
ried unanimously.

The Senior Secretary read the Obituary Notices of deceased
Fellows (see p. 39).

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12 PnOCF.EDTNOS OF THE

The following Ecsolution was read from the Chair: —

" The Fellows of the Linuean Society assembled in their
Anniversary Meetiiij^ desire to contrratulate Mr. Bentham
and 8ir Joseph Hooker on the completion of the great work on
which during more than twenty years they have been engaged,
and to express their sense of the immense value of the ' Genera
Plantarum ' as a philosophic and exhaustive exposition of the
known forms of flowering plants."

This Eesolution having been spoken to by Mr. Carruthers,
was carried unanimously.

June 7th, 1883.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Letters from Mr. Bentham and Sir Joseph Hooker in acknow-
ledgment of the Eesolution passed at the Anniversary Meeting
on the completion of their ' Genera Plantarum ' were read and
laid on the table.

The President nominated Sir Joseph Hooker, Prof. Duncan,
Mr. Crisp, and Mr. H. T. Staintou as Vice-Presidents for the
ensuing Session.

Eobert Ingham Clark, Esq., and Frank Matthews, Esq., were
elected Fellows.

Mr. "W. T. Thiselton Dyer showed a series of Copals, some
from Inhambanc, stated to be the product of Copaifcra Gors-
Iciana ; others from Lagos, obtained by Capt. Moloney, suj^posed
to be derived from a species of Daniellia, the native name being
"Ogea."

Mr. P. Hiern exhibited Qnerctis Ilecc, var. Fordii, from Barn-
staple, to show the alterations in the foliage produced after
pruning.

Mr. Stansfield E, Eake showed a Burdock-leaf with pitcher-
shaped excrescences, supposed to be the result of insect dej^re-
dation.

Mr. George Murray exhibited a specimen of Dace killed by
Saprolefftiia ferax, the result of inoculation, said to be the first
recorded experimental proof of Ihe communicability of the disease.

Dr. Cobbold exhibited Shrimps sent by Dr. Burge, of Shanghae,
containing immature Flukes, suggested as being the larval state
of one or other of the three S2:)ecies of human fluke known to
infest man in the East. He proposed to name the parasite Cer-
carta Burgei.

lhwean society of lokdoit. 13

The following papers were read : —

1. " Ou new and rare Monocotyledonous Plants from Mada-
gascar." By Henry N". Eidley, F.L.S.

2. " On some Japan Brenthidee, and Notes of their Habits."
By G-eorge Lewis, E.L.S.,

3. " On the Development and 'Pevtilizsition of Asclepias Cor-
nutir By Thomas H. Corry, F.L.S.

4. " On the Habits of the Termites of Eangoon." By Dr
Eobert Eomanis, F.L.S.

June 21st, 1883.
Prof. P. Maetin Duncan F.E.S., Vice-Pres., in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Edmund J. Baillie, Esq., John Borland, Esq., Kenneth
M'^Kean, Esq., Edward C. Malan, Esq., and Dr. Henry A. A.
Nicholls were elected Fellows.

A specimen of Polyporus sulphureiis was shown on behalf of
the Eev. A. A. Harland ; it was obtained from the stem of a
yew tree in the Cliveden woods, Bucks, 15th June, 1883.

Dr. C. E. Barnard showed a series of fossil fruits from Aus-
tralia.

Mr. "W. T. Thiselton Dyer exhibited wax extracted by Mr. D.
Morris from Myrica microcaifci. He also showed grey cam-
phor from Artemisia Moxci^ believed to be an ingredient in the
Indian Ink for the production of its characteristic odour ; also a
rosary made of the fruits of Trapa verhanensis, De Not. Lastly,
wax and candles from Rhus vernicifera of Japan, an industry now
said to be dying out on account of the rivalry of American rock-
oils.

Arnoseris pusilla and Hypoclioeris glahra, from Send, near Gruild-
ford, were shown by Mr. T. Howse.

Specimens of the Cheddar Pink (Dianthus ccesiiis), grown by Mr.
C. F. White on his garden- wall, were shown.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Structure of the Hard Parts of the Fungidfe. —
Part II. Lophoserin»." By Prof. P. M. Martin Duncan, F.E.S.,
Y.P.L.S.

2. " On the Selaginesa described by Linnseus, Bergius, Linnaeus
fil., and Thunberg." By E. A. Eolfe. (Communicated by
Prof. Oliver, F.E.S., F.L.S.)

3. " On the Malleus of Bhytina Stelleri" By Alban H. G.
Doran. (Communicated by Prof W. H. Flower, F.E.S., F.L.S.)

4. " Notes on some new Economic Products recently received

14 PEOCEEDINQS OF THE

at the Eoyal Gardens, Kew." By W. T. Thiselton Dyer, F.R.S.,
F.L.S.

5. " On the Testis of Limulusr By W. B. S. Benham. (Com-
mimicated hy Prof. E. Bay Ltmkester, F.E.S., T.L.S.)

G. " Ou the Mollusca of the ' Challenger' Expedition."— Part
XX. By the Eev. E. Boog Watson, E.L.S.

AnNIVERSAET AdDEESS of the PfiESIDENT.

Gentlemen, —
If we have no very striking event to record in commemoration of
the year which has just elapsed, nor any single discovery which
stands out above all others, we may nevertheless fairly say
that it is one in which Biology has made considerable advance,
and which as regards our Society in particular has been one of
progress and prosperity.

AVith reference to finance, I think we may fairly congratulate
ourselves on the report which has just been read by our Trea-
surer. "We have been able to invest something more than the
amount of the composition fees, besides spending a fiiir amount
on the improvement of the Library, the increase in our funds
amounting to something over £600.

Indeed, since the removal into the present apartments, the
Society has considerably improved its financial position, and the
investments now reach nearly £5000.

It is to be borne in mind that the actual property of the
Society hitherto has not figured in the Treasurer's annual state-
ments. Mr. Jackson and Dr. Murie consider that, as a rough
estimate, Linna^us's Library and collections may be taken, say,
at £5000; the Society's Library, say £15,000; stock of unsold
publications, £3000 ; Portraits, Busts, and other Furniture,
£2000 ; which, together with present investments, gives a total
of, say, £30,000.

We may also congratulate ourselves that 54 Fellows have
joined the Society during the past year, which is about 25 per
cent, increase on the average of former years.

The deaths have not been altogether high ; but u]:i fortunately
the withdrawals have been more numerous. A curious fact, how-
ever, is that some of those elected since last Anniversary were
formerly Fellows of the Societ}^ ; so that we may hope that some
of those who have lately I'esigued may later on join the Society
again.

The deaths and withdrawals together, nevertheless, amount
only to 24i, so that the total number of Fellows shows a marked
increase.

LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. 15

As might be anticipated, the great bulk of our Fellows are
residents in Great Britain and Ireland. In our Foreign List,
India froiii early times has held a good place ; the old East-India
Company's service always contained many naturalists of distin-
guished eminence. Within later years the number of Colonial
Fellows has steadily increased. Thanks greatly to the untiring
zeal of that indefatigable worker in Botany, Baron von Mueller,
Australia and Tasmania come well to the front, even though,
or rather perhaps even because, Sydney, mainly through Mr.
W. .1. Mac Leay's exertions, has a Linnean Society of its own.

New Zealand is well represented also. This is the case
not only in mere numbers, but it may be said also in represen-
tative investigators in Botany and Zoology and the kindred palseon-
tological subjects. It is to be regretted that we have but few
members in South Africa, or in Canada, whicli I mention last in
order to express the hope that the approaching visit of the British
Association to that great Dominion may bring it into closer
association with our Society.

It is indeed very gratifying to watch the progress of Science in
our Colonies.

New Zealand is to be congratulated on the successful leadei'-
ship of Dr. Hector, who, besides his Greological Eeports and many
separate works of the Colonial Museum, has also edited the
important series of Transactions of the New-Zealand Institute.

In Australia, I may mention the Journal of the Eoyal Society,
and the now extensive series of the Proceedings of the Linnean
Society of New South Wales.

Besides Baron von Mueller's numerous botanical publications,
McCoy, with Dr. P. H. Macgillivray's assistance, iu the ' Prodro-
mus of the Zoology of Victoria ' is doing most useful labour to-
wards elucidating the Natural History of Victoria. South Aus-
tralia also shows signs of activity, through the exertions of, among
others, our own members J. Gr. Otto Tepper and Professor Tate.

During the past year there have been received as Donations to
our Library 104< volumes and 207 pamphlets and separate im-
pressions of memoirs. From the various Scientific Societies
there have also been received 142 volumes and 118 detaclied
jjarts ; besides 25 volumes obtained by exchange aud donation
from the editors of independent periodicals. The Council, at
the recommendation of the Library Committee, has sauctioned
the purchase of 136 separate volumes and 54) parts of important
works. The total additions to the Library were therefore 407
volumes and 379 separate parts. It will thus be seen that,
compared with former years, both in donations and purchase there
has been actual increase in additions to the Library.

Nine hundred and eighteen volumes aud parts have been bound
during the year ; and the Council has also made a special grant
for the rebiuding of certain of the volumes in Linuaeus's own

1 6 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

Library, as well as manuscripts and correspondence already men-
tioned.

I may take tliis o])portuiiity of mentioning that Fellows can
do a real service, in offering to the Society odd volnmes, or, it
may be, separate papers. If Fellows whose Libraries contain
good series of works or papers on special subjects would,
as opportunity occurs, offer any duplicate or odd pamphlet or
book to the Library, they would in many cases confer a lasting
benefit on our successors.

During the past year the Council has sanctioned and Dr.
Murie has carried out a useful piece of work, namely revision of
the stock of publications.

This proved more arduous than anticipated, as may best be
understood in the following quotation from the Librarian's
Report presented to the Council: — " Only after beginning did it
become apparent that the reputed contents ot the parcels were
in hopeless confusion ; and unless the errors were removed from
the beginning, there would be no end to the trouble. 3573 parcels
had to be carried up and down stairs, or backwards and forwards
— all undone and remade up and corded ; of loose sheets alone,
1G,G6G had to be separately counted. Each parcel as above had
to be separately labelled ; and each label on the average contains
at least G to 8 letters and figures. As the stock now stands,
every item is capable of inspection at a moment's notice." From
the state of the old stock list, it was at first supposed that
the Society possessed abundance both of the old and new
series of Transactions. On tlie detailed examination it was dis-
covered, however, that this was not the case ; for deficiencies here
and there destroyed the coiitinuity of parts and volumes. Again,
with regard to the Jourjials, both as first issued, and later as
divided into Botany and Zoology, only one or two comj^lete sets
could be made up. No complete set of the Proceedings was
possible. The Council, under these circumstances, decided that
such few complete sets of the Transactions as were available
should be put aside, and hereafter only disposed of in sets. The
odd duplicate parts in the Society's stock alone to be disjjosed of
separately. As to Journals, it was recommended that application
should be made to Fellows having odd numbers which might
supply gaps, and request these to be resold to the Society.

During the visit of Dr. Ewald Ahrling, of Arboga, Sweden, to
this country the summer before last, for the purpose of studying
certain manuscripts of Liuntious (a subject he has devoted himself
to for a long series of years), advantage was taken ot iiis extensive
and critical knowledge thereon, and both the Linuean Manu-
scripts and Correspondence were thoroughly inspected. The letters
both of Linuicus himself and of his very numerous eminent cor-
respondents of all nations and his own pupils are even yet of high
interest and literary value. Our founder Sir James E. Smith's

LINNEAJS" SOCIETY OP LONDON. 1 7

published volumes of Linnean correspondence have by no means
entirely exhausted the subject, though at this date their historical
outshadows their purely scientific wortli. The Council freely per-
mitted Dr. Ahrliug to transcribe, and afterwards publish in his
' Carl von Linne's Arbeten,' any of the Linnean letters or other
matter lie should deem desirable.

Commencing under Dr. Ahrling's supervision, our own Officers
have since during last year finally arranged alphabetically the
Linnean Correspondence, so that now any special writer's letters
can be laid hands on with ease. The Council have sanctioned
the binding of the letters ; but as these require special care,
time, and great attention, binding necessarily proceeds at a slovr
rate.

Later on (viz. last summer) the Council acceded to a request
made by the Swedish Academy of Sciences. The Council granted
that the original MS. of Linnjeus's ' Iter Lapponicum ' and a
set of electros of the old woodcuts from Linuajus's own rude
drawings made during his celebrated journey, should be trans-
mitted in a sealed case to Prof. Liudhagen, secretary o£ the
Stockholm Academy. These, under the Academy's surveillance,
Dr. Ahrling was to ti'anscribe and use, preparatory to his forth-
coming new edition in Swedish of his countryman's journey.

The MS. has, I may add, been safely returned, and is now
laid on tlie table.

As the Fellows will remember, the portrait of the late Mr.
Charles Darwin, painted from lite by Mr. Jolm Collier, though
finished before the last Anniversary, could not then be formally
presented to the Society, seeing that permission was given to
exhibit it publicly at the Royal Academy. Today, however, Mr.
Eomanes hands it over in due form ; and there can be no doubt
as to the valuable acquisition the Society receives in memory of
its distinguished and lamented Fellow.

Mr. Power's donation of the bust of the late Louis Agassiz,
our Foreign Member, is another valuable addition to the So-
ciety's mementos o£ her great departed. The original marble
bust by the celebrated American sculptor Hiram Power occupies
a niche in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge,
Mass., TJ. S. A. ; and our Society is indebted to the artist's son for
the duplicate cast now presented.

Among other acquisitions to the Society's series of portraits of
eminent Naturalists received within the last twelve months may-
be named : —

1. That of Thomas Pennant. The engraving was originally the
property of our late Secretary Mr. Edward E. Alston, and recently,
after his death, presented to tlie Society by his mother through
Mr. Howard Saunders, F.L.S.

2. An autotype of the original engraving of Samuel Dale,
(1738), presented by Mr. G. S. Boulger, F.L.S.

LINN. SOC. PKOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1882-83. C

l8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

3. Lithograph of the head of Dr. P. L. Sclater, P.R.S., Secre-
tary of the Zooh^gical Society.

The Council likewise have purchased at a very moderate sum
the portrait in oil of Jacob Bobart, Botanist, the first curator of
the famous phyt^ic garden at Oxford. He was born in 1598, and
died in 1679, afterwards being succeeded by his son as Curator
and Professor of Botany at Oxford.

Lastly, I have to mention a well-known portrait of Linnaeus,
taken from life by the Swedish artist Magnus Hallman. On
Linnanib's death this portrait does not seem to have been among
the eftVcts transmitted to Sir J. E. Smith ; and since then it seems
to have been lost sight of. The authenticity of this painting is
vouched for in documents accompanying it as under : —

" I do hereby certify that the portrait of the deceased Archiater
Carl von Liune painted in oil on parchment, of the size within
the frauie of about 8X6 French inches, and bearing on its back
the following inscription : —

" Carolus a Linnc ; Equ. Ord. Reg. Stella; Polaris, Regis Suecise Ar-
chiater, Medicina; ct Botanices Professor in I'liiversitate Regia Upsa-
liensi ; Acad. Reg. Scient. Stockholm, Upsala, Paris, Loudon, Petrop.,
Berol., Florent., Montpell., Toulous, Bern, Yien, Edinb., Triendh.,
Celle, Philadelph., Zeelantl, Soeius. Katus die 13 Maij 1707. De-
natus die 10 January 1778. — Deam luetus augit amissi Cybelen.
Magn. Hallman piuxit."

has during several years been in the possession of my late father,
the well known antiquarian and author, Arvid August Afzelius,
who considered it old, as it was already then such a rarity that he
did not permit it being touched up or cleaned ; not ouly did he
not let it hang in his room uncovered, but he even had a wooden
case made for it. My father used to say that this portiait had
come into his possession iroin the physician Dr. P. A. Martin,
who was a great-grandson of the Archiater v. Liune, and got this
heirloom from his mother's aunt Miss Louise v. Linne, unmarried
daughter of Carl v. Liune, who died in Upsala in the year 1839.
" Stockholm, in December 1879,
(signed) 0. O. Apzelius,

Eoyal Swedish Life Gruard."

" 1 do hereby certify that the above described portrait, whieli is
considered in the family as the best likeness, is the same which
formerly was in the possession of my lale husband Dr. P. A.
Martin, the son of the granddaugliter of Archiater v. Linne, and
before then belonged to Miss v. Lmne at Upsala, who was an
unmanied aunt of his mother, and who kept it hanging over her
bed until her death.

"Stockholm, March 15, 1880,

(signed) Am alia Alb MAiniK,

Widow of Dr. P. A. Martin."

LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. I9

" That the portrait in question is considered as the one which is
the best likeness of the Archiater v. Linne is hereby certified by
the undersigned liis great grandson.

" Ujisala, September 1880,

(signed) Maueitz Riddeebjelke."

"The two accompanying certificates issued by the Public Nota-
ries in Stockholm and Upsala do certify the signatures aud the
perfect respectability and reliability of Mr. O. O. Afzelius, of the
Dowager Mrs. Martin, and of Mr. Eidderbjelke.

" Legation of Sweden and Norway,
London, April 1883.
(signed) Edwaed Pipee."

I have been fortunate enough to secure this interesting portrait ;
and I hope I may be permitted to present it to the Society.

An ap]3lication from the Eoyal Horticultural Society for the
use of our apartments for a few evening meetings lias been
granted by the Council ; the first took place on Tuesday, 8th
of May *.

The Society's engagements with the Government as to perio-
dically painting the apartments, and their present condition,
must cause us (as our Treasurer has intimated) to prepare for
the necessary expenditure.

Through the good ofiices of our active Treasui'er, who presented
the objectives, the Society is now furnished with four service-
able microscopes, whose usefulness at the evening meetings will
be generally acknowledged, while they are likewise available to
members.

The transfer of the Biological collections to the new Natural
History Museum has made considerable progress during the past
year ; and the Keepers of the Zoological, Botanical, and Palaeonto-
logical departments have been good enough to furnish me with some
particulars, whicii I think may not be without interest to the
Fellows.

The energies of the Zoological Department have been directed
during the last twelve months chiefly to the work of removing
the collections to South Kensington and of arranging them in the
new galleries. The whole of the collection of Mammalia, all the
dry specimens of reptiles and fishes, the collections of shells,
corals, and sponges, and, finally, a great part of the animals
preserved in spirits, have already been removed.

In arranging these collections considerable and unexpected
obstacles were encountered. They arose chiefly from the deficient
system of ventilation and warming, which occasioned in several of
the galleries delays and changes in the plan of executing this

* The secoud meeting took place on Tuesday, June 12.

c2

20 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

work. However, the Osteological, Mammalian, Cetacean, Mollus-
can, Starfish, Eeptilian, and Fish Galleries hare their contents
now fairly arranged in a general manner, although many details
remain still to be worked out befoi'e these Gralleries can be made
accessible to the public and to students.

Tlie Osteological Gallery has been furnished with cases so
constructed that not only the Osteological preparations but also
the study series of skins of Mammalia could be lodged in it. It
will be most convenient for the student of tliis class of A'^erte-
brata, wlio will find particular facilities for his study in having
the exhibited collection in close proximity, namely in the gallery
directly beneath.

This latter gallery is (as indeed had been anticipated) none
too large for the exhibition of Mammalia, the length of cases
exceeding that in the old Museum only by some seventy feet ;
and although a great number of the deteriorated specimens
have been removed, they were almost immediately rej^laced by the
better -mounted specimens from more recent acquisitions. There
are therefore unmistakable signs of crowding in tiie gallery. In
consequence of this the plan of exhibiting in the same cases with
the stuflfed Mammalia a series of the skeletons of types of families
had to be abandoned ; and these skeletons will now be exhibited
in separate cases of suitable size placed in the bays between the
principal cases. This mode of exhibition will have the advantage
that tlie specimens will be much more accessible to study and
examination than if they were placed among the stufied speci-
mens in the main cases.

For the collection of Cetaceans a large part of the basement
has been partitioned off. This gallery, which is 138 feet long and
60 feet broad, affords room for the skeletons of seven of the
largest species of Cetaceans ; the spaces between them being
occupied by smaller mounted sjieeimeus and skeletons, together
with table-cases holding skulls and other prejjarations.

In the Eeptile as well as in the Fish Gallery, skeletons of the
principal types are placed among the mounted specimens ; and a
strictly systematic sequence is observed in the arrangement of
these classes. The Batrachians have been transferred from the
Reptiles, with which they had been associated in the old building,
to the Fish Gallery, where they occupy a table-case in close
proximity to the Dipnoi. In both these galleries the majority
of the bulky specimens, which in the old Museum were suspended
from the walls, occuj^y now places in the middle of the floor,
where they are accessible to close examination.

In the Starfish Gallery a complete set of all the genera of
Echinoderms is exhibited, supplemented by a series of drawings
and models illustrating the development of some of the priucijjal
types.

The mechanical work of arraugemeut of these great collections

LmNDATf aOCTETT OF T,OTST>ON. 2 1

will be followed by a uniform system of labelling, the labels being
descriptive whenever necessary, and by the preparation of an
instructive guide.

The ordinary work of the Department, although much hindered
by this transference of the collections, has not been allowed to be
interrupted. The acquisitions (which consisted of 5205 Yerte-
brates, 18-12 MoUusks, 9038 Annulosa, and 3817 Vermes,
Radiata, and Protozoa) had to be taken care of The greater
part were at once incorporated in the general collection, and
many of the most interesting novelties described. It is with
special satisfaction that I notice among the acquisitions impor-
tant collections made by officers on board some of Her Majesty's
ships, and presented by the Lords Commissioners of the Admi-
ralty. Chief among these are the collections made by Dr, Cop-
piuger during the progress of the suiwey of IT. M.S. 'Alert ' on the
coasts of Australia and in the western parts of the Indian Ocean,
which proved to be so numerous and rich in interesting novelties
that tliey will be made the subject of a separate Report to be
issued as one of the publications of the Museum. Of the ' Chal-
lenger ' collections the set of types of Ophiuridge were received ;
they are referable to 251 species, of which 176 were discovered
during that voyage.

Mention was made in the last Annual Address of Mr. Boulen-
ger's Catalogue of Batrachia Ecaudata. This has been followed
since by a second volume, containing an account of the Batrachia
Caudata and Apoda. Like the former, it offers an example of the
great increase of our knowledge in every branch of Zoology
within the last thirty years. In 1850, the year when the first
edition of this catalogue was published, the number of species
known was 72, represented in the Museum by 199 specimens ;
while in the present volume not less than 143 species are
described and 1137 specimens enumerated.

Of the Entomological catalogues, the first volume of the ' List
of Hymenoptera ' has been completed by Mr. "W". F. Kirby. In
this work it is intended to give a complete list of all the
species of Hymenoptera hitherto describecl, with references to
the literature, to enumerate the specimens in the collection of
the British Museum, and, finally, to describe and figure the
most important of them, viz. the types of specific descriptions,
many of which have been now publislied for the first time.

The Departmental Library has been growing apace, 1383
works having been added to it during the last twelve months.
It will be a matter of congratulation to working zoologists
that the Trustees have consented to transfer the very impor-
tant collections of Hardwicke's drawings of Indian animals and
of Abbott's drawings of North-American insects from the MS.
Department at Bloomsbury to the New Museum at South Ken-
sington.

22 PnOCKEDrPfOS OF THE

Tlio additions to the Herbarium during the past year have
been chiefly from Japan, Sumatra, India, Madagascar, and the
territories of the Uuited States. From Japan have been
obtained an extensive series collected by James Bissett, Esq., a
Fellow of this Society, during his residence in that country,
Mr. H. O. Forbes, now exploring in the East, has sent ex-
tensive collections from Sumatra, together with a fine series
of diftcrent species of Myrmecodia. Mr. C. B. Clarke also has
presented a large and valuable series of critically named plants
from his Indian herbarium; and other collections from the same
country have been received from Dr. Aitchison and Mr. Duthie.
The last collections from Madagascar made by the lamented Dr.
Hildebrandt have been received, forming with his earlier collec-
tions a very imjjortant addition to our knowledge of the flora of
that island, as well as of Eastern Tropical Africa, and giving
additional cause for deploring the early loss of that accurate
scientific explorer. The representation of the Flora of Mada-
gascar in the Herbarium lias been further increased by a set of
the plants collected by the Eev. E. Baron, and still more by the
recently received collections of the Eev. AV. Deans Cowan, which
are rendered the more valuable by original coloured drawings of
the Orcliidece. Several American botanists have, in recent years,
been exploring the new regions in the south-east of the United
States dominions ; and parcels of plants have been received from
Parry, Vasey, Suksdoi'f, Curtiss, and Lemori, besides specimens
from Pj'of Asa Gray of the new and remarkable species described
by him from these regions.

The British Herbarium has been increased by several local
collections, which have greatly added to the representation of
the geograj^hical distribution of our Flora. And the important
collections of Diatomaceai of the late Eev. E. O'Meara, containing
nearly 1200 specimens of these minute plants, with which he
was so intimately acquainted, have been acquired.

The collection of prints and drawings of plants lias been
greatly increased during the year — the principal additions being
an extensive scries of original drawings of Indian plants in thir-
teen folio volumes, formerly the property of Dr. J. Fleming, and
the original water-colour drawings of Maund's ' Botanic Grarden,'
comprising pictures of 1218 plants, presented by the JNIisses
Maund.

The Department of Geology and Palaeontology occupies
the ground-floor of the eastern half of the New Natural History
Museum, Cromwell Eoad, having a series of nine galleries set
apart for the display and conservation of its collections, and is
now quite separated from the " Mineralogical Collection," which
is placed in tlie Eastern Gallery on the first floor.

In the old Museum only a small proportion of the collection
of fossils could be seen by the ordinary visitor, and the portion

LINNBAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 23

displayed was not only crowded and ill-arranged, bnt was so
intermixed with the collection of minerals, that its usefulness
was in great measure destroyed. The present galleries afford to
the Greological Collection twice the exhibiting-space which thev
occupied conjointhj ivith Mlnemlor/y in the old building ; there
are also well-lighted studies, store-rooms, and workshops for
carrying on the practical work of the Department, and for the
convenience of students and artists.

The Geological collections were among the first to be trans-
ferred to the new building, their removal having occupied from
14th of June to 16th of October 18S0. The three principal
galleries, occupied by the Fossil Mammalia and Beptilia, were
opened to the public on the 18Lh April, 1881 ; and a penny guide
to those galleries was issued on that day to the public. Grallery
A (one of a series of top-lighted Galleries running north from
the Fossil Eeptile Gallery), 110 ieet in length and 40 feet in
breadth, has been set apart for the exhibition of t'le Fossil Fishes.
This group (always largely represented in the fossil state in
the British Museum) has lately received two splendid additions
by the acquisition of the famous collection of the Earl of Ennis-
killen, from Florence Court, Ireland, and that of the late Sir
Philip de Malpas Grey-Egerton, Bart., M.P., both obtained
within the last two years. The incorporation of these large col-
lections has necessitated the temporary closing of this Gallery
(the contents of which had been roughly arranged and ojDened
to the public in 1882). The acquisition of the " Egerton Col-
lection" added about 4300 specimens, whilst the "Enniskillen
Collection '" will add about 9600 more specimens to the national
Museum. Both collections are exceedingly rich in " types," espe-
cially those illustrating the works of Agassiz and the various
memoirs of Egerton, Traquair, Owen, Davis, Huxley, and others.

In a narrow Gallery (parallel to Gallery A) are placed the
fossil Ceplialopods, probably the best and largest collection of
this interesting group as yet brought togetlier in any museum.

And here it may be stated that the arrangement adopted for
the several classes of Eossil Organic remains has been in the first
instance Zoolof/ical, and subordinately strati graphical. Thus, in
the first cases of this gallery are placed the Dibranchiate (naked)
Cephalopods — Squids, Cuttles, Calamaries, &c., at once the latest
and most highly-organized division of the gi'oup ; whilst in the sub-
sequent cases (arranged in stratigraphicai order) follow the
Tetrabranchiate forms, such as Nautilus, Ammonites, Ceratites,
Goniatites, and OrfJioceras, representing the earlier and less-
specialized forms of shell-bearing Cephalopoda.

The next wide gallery (corresponding to Gallery A), Gallery
B, is devoted to the succeeding groups of Invertebrata. Here are
placed the Gasterojjoda and LameUihmnchiata, occupying the
wall- and table-cases on one side of the gallery, and the Mollus-

24 PROCEEDTNGS OF THE

coida, Arihropoda, Annnlosa, and Echinodermata on tbe other side.
[Each of the three wide galleries contains 32 table-cases (with
cabinets beneath) and 18 wall-cases. The narrow Cephalopod
Gallery has IG table-cases and 14 wall-cases ]

The narrow gallery between Galleries B and C is reserved as
a work-room for the use of students, and will also contain the
Geological Library.

The third wide gallery (C), which has just been fitted up with
table- and wall-cases, is devoted to the reception of: — (1) The
Coelenterata, comprising the Fossil Corals and Ilydrozoa, in which
latter are included the Graptolites. The arrangement of the
Fossil Corals is now nearly completed.

(2) The Protozoa {Spongida, Badiolaria, and Foraminiferd).
Dr. G. J. Hinde, P.G.S., has devoted the past three years to the
study of the Fossil Sponges in the British Museum, and has just
completed an exhaustive memoir thereon (now in the press), illus-
trated by 35 plates, which w^ill be issued in July next by the
Trustees.

A Catalogue of the Foraminifcra has been prepared by Prof.
T. E. Jones, F.E.8., and has been printed by order of the Trustees.

(3) The eastern half of Gallery C is devoted to the exhibition
of the Fossil Plants. Dr. Woodward ho])es to be able to open
this gallery to the public towards the end of tlie present year.

The fourth narrow gallery (next Gallery C) is designed to con-
tain— (1) a stratigraphical collection for the use of Students ;
(2) a series of special "type-collections," such as the "William-
Smith" Collection, the '"' Gilbertson," the " Sowerby," and the
"Edwards" Collections; (3) upon its eastern walls large
objects in frames are fixed, such as slabs of foot-prints from the
Potsdam Sandstone, the Trias of Connecticut, &c. &c.

The history of the extinct Avingless birds of New Zealand has
received fresh illustrations by the discovery of another entire
skeleton of a small but adult individual (named by Professor
Owen Dinornis parvus) from a fissure near Nelson, and by
parts of another example from a cave near Lake Wakatipu,
Queenstown, Otago, N. Z. (named D. didimts, Owen). In this
latter specimen the skin o£ the neck, the head, two legs, and feet
have been preserved in a dried state covering the bones, and
some few feathers of a reddish hue are still attached to the leg.
The tracheal rings of the windpipe may also still be seen in situ,
and the sclerotic plates of the eyes and the sheaths of the claws.
One foot also shows the hind claws (hallux) of the bird still
attached to the foot.

Prof O. C. Marsh has kindly presented casts of parts of the
skeleton oi Sesperornis rer/alis, a large wingless bird with teeth,
from the Cretaceous rocks of Kansas ; a cast of the very nearly
entire flying lizard from Solenhofen {Rhamphorhynchus phyllurus),
having the impression of the expanded membrane of the wings

lilNlSrEATT SOCIETY OJ? LOIS^DOK. 25

still preserved ; and he liaa just added the cast of the thigh-bone
of a huge Dinosaur from the Cretaceous formatiou of the Rocky
Mountains (named Atlanfosaurtts), measuring more than six feet
iu length, and rivalling in size the famous limb-bones of Cetio-
saurus in the Oxford Museum.

It is to be hoped that the Trustees may be able, ere long,
to secure actual specimens of the Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals
from this marvellously rich Cretaceous region of North America.

An entire bony dermal body-shield and restored tail-sheath of
a new species of extinct giant Armadillo ( Hojjlophorus ornatus)
has just been added to the already rich series of fossil Edentata
from the alluvial deposits of Buenos Ayres, rendered historical
by the researches of Burmeister and Owen.

The first " Illustrated GtUIDE " printed by tlie Trustees was
issued in October 1882, for the (geological Department. Dr.
Woodward is endeavouring, by coloured maps and tahJes, to show
in all cases the G-eographical and Geological range of each
genus ; diagrams and illustrations have also been introduced to
explain the anatomical details and the reconstruction (where
possible) of the fossil organism. Becent analogues have also been
introduced to add to the instructiveness of the collections. It is
hoped, b}' the judicious introduction of selected typical skeletons
of living Mammals, to be placed in the South-east Gallery in
juxtaposition to their allied fossil remains, that the student of
Comparative Anatomy may not only suffer no inconvenience by
the exhibition of the fossil Mammalia in a gallery of their own,
but will, on the contrary, find the arrangement conducive to a
better comprehension and illustration of the continuity of the
Life-history of the Earth, which, as Biologists, we must all desire
to see clearly displayed for the instruction of students and the
public at large.

During the past year our Meetings have been well attended ;
and I think that the members present will agree with me when
I say that they have been most instructive. "We have had a
number of very interesting exhibitions, for wliich our thanks are
especially due to the authorities of Kew and of the British
Museum.

In the past season 52 papers have been read before the
Society. Many of these have been printed ; but a few important
memoirs still are in the press, and tiiese it is hoped will be issued
at an early date.

As regards sales of Publications, this has been about an average.
It is noticeable, however, that the Journals have increased in their
sale.

It will be seen that the Society still keep in view the words of
our veteran President Mr. Bentham in his remarks in 1873, when
he stated that the three great objects of tlie Society should be

26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

" the endeaiwur to render our Meetings attractive, the extended
useful nrss of our Lihrarij, and the steady maintenance of our pub-
lirationsy

There have been issued during the year: —

Trausactions, Botany, 47 pages and 10 plates.
do. Zoology, 86 pages and 9 plates.
Journal, Botany, 429 pages and 32 plates,

do. Zoology, 408 pages and 13 plates.

Proceedings 164 pages.

In Zoology we hare had a vnluable series of papers on the Mol-
lusea o£ the 'Challenger ' Expedition by the Eev. E. Boog Watson.
To Prof. P. Martin Duncan we owe some important papers on
the morphology of Echiiiodcrmata, and the calcareous parts of
Corals, particularly of certain forms belonging to the Fungidte.

Mr. MacLaclilau has called our attention to the curious fact
that the larva of a New-Zealand species of Caddis-fly is marine
in its habits. Mr. Day has furnished several papers Avhich deal
respectively with the Britisli Salmones, with variations in the form
and hybridism of S.fontinalis, and the marine fauna of the East-
ern shores of Scotland. In tlie last-mentioned paper, besides
enumerating a large number of species dredged on H.M.8. ' Triton '
(in the identification of which he received the valuable assistance
of Prof. Jelfrey Bell and Mr. Eidlcy),he communicated a number
of observations on the natural history of the Herring.

The llcv. T. Powell has contributed a short paper on the
structure and habits of a Coral-reef Annelid ; and Mr. Phillips
has described a new cilinte Infusorian. Prof. E. Eay Lankester
has communicated some interesting observations on the habits
of Scorpions.

Mr. Eomanes, our Zoological Secretary, in ctmjunction with Mr.
AV. H. Pollock, has favoured us with some observations showing
the existence of the sense of smell in Sea-anemones. Mr.
Romanes has also read another paper proving that the same sense
also occurs in Starfish, and otherwise dealing with the physiology
of the Echinodermata.

Mr. A. Gr. Butler has described some species of Butterflies col-
lected by Lord Walsingham during his recent tour in California ;
Mr. P. H. Carpenter has described certain new or little-known
Comatula) ; Messi's. Sorby and Herdman some Ascidiaus collected
duriug a cruise of the yacht ' Glimpse ; ' Mr. S. Hanley a new spe-
cies of Donax ; and Mr. W. Gr. Brook a new genus of Collemhola.

Mr. E. P. Eamsay has sent us a note on the type specimen of
Carpophaga Finschii ; Mr. W. F. Kirby some remarks on Chalci-
diua; ; and Prof. Cobbold an interesting dercription of a new
human Cestode. Dr. Gr. and Dr. F. E. Hoggan communicate
tlie results of a careful and interesting histological research on
cutaueous nerve-terminations.

LTSWEAK SOCIliTT 01" LONDON. 2^

Mr. S. Grieve records his discovery of remains of the G-reat
Auk in Ar2;yllshire ; and Mr. B. B. Shar|)e continues hia impor-
tant contributions to tlie Ornitliology of New Guinea.

I have myself continued my observations on the habits of the
Social Hymenoptera, and have also communicated some observa-
tions on the sense of color in the lower animals.

Lastly, we have been glad once more to receive a communication
from Prof. Owen, who has favoured us with his views on the
Cerebral Homologies in Yertebrates and Invertebrates.

In our Transactions we have published Mr. G. E. Dobson's
paper on the Digastric Muscle ; and an elaborate and beautiful
memoir by Mr. P. H. Gosse on the Clasping Organs ancillary to
generation in certain groups of the Lepidoptera.

The folloioinrj are the 'Botanical Vapers^ 'printed hy the lAnnean
Society during the year ending April 30, 1883.

Physiological etc. : —

1. Mr. Darwin's papers : — («) The action of Carbonate of

Ammonia on Chlorophyll-bodies.

2. (6) The action of Carbonate of Ammonia on the Roots of

certain Plants. These were alluded to in last Address
and botanical report.
8. Development of the Pollen-masses of Asclepias Cornuti,
by T. Corry. A continuation of these researches has
been submitted for reading since the former portion
was revised and printed.

4. The Connexion between Geotropism and Growth, by

Francis Darwin. Detailing experimi>nts on cut roots.

5. Negative Heliotropism in Fmnaria corymhosa observed
by M. Battandier of Algeria. (A note by the Secretary.)

6. Fertilization of Boscoea and a species of Salvia, by

E. I. Lynch.

7. Phyllotaxis of Buddleia auriculata, by Dr. Masters.

8. 9. Kev. G.Henslow, two papers on Teratology, regarding a

monstrous form of Mignonette, and cases of staminiferous
corollas in Foxglove and Potato.

10. Teratological notes by Mr. N. Eidley, of the Botanical
Department, British Museum.

1 1. Mr. Otto Topper's observation of the malformed leaves
of Beyeria opaca.

12. Occurrences of single detached florets on the collar of
the root of Catananche lutea, by M. Bat tandier, iu a
note by the Secretary.

New plants, and systematic work : — " .

Europe.

13. New British Orchid, Mr. C. B. Clarke.

28 rT?OrKT",DTXGi=! OF THE

1-1. Crocus, its distribution &c., by Mr. Maw. (Of course it
extends beyond Europe ; but the genus is essentially
Mediterranean.)
Asia.

15. The new genus Di/era, a rubber- yielding plant, by Sir
J. D. Hooker.

16. Himalayan Primulas and Androsace, by Dr. Watt, elabo-
rated by Sir J. D. Hooker.

17. The origin of the drug Cassia lignea, by Mr. Dyer.

18. On certain Indian Cyrtandrea>, by Mr. 11. 0. Forbes.

19. A list of Himalayan Alg£e collected by Dr. AVatt,
named by Dr. Dickie. (Dickie's last paper.)

19a. Himalayan Ferns, a correction of certain names made
by Mr. C B. Clarice.

20. Malayan and Chinese Licliens collected by Dr. Maingay,
by Rev. J. M. Crombic.

21. The CoflPee-leaf disease, Hemileia vastatrix, by H. Mar-
shall Ward. (A long paper, touching a very important
subject, involving the welfare of large estates in Ceylon.)

Africa.

22-3. Mr. Baker, Contributions to Malagasy Flora. (Five
new genera here established and figured.)

24. Dr. Masters, New Gossypium.

25. Mr. Bolus, Cajie Orchids. (Has a complete list of the
Cape species.)

America.

26. Abies Pattonii, by Prof. Mc Nab.

27. Passiflorere collected by INI. Andre in Ecuador and New
Grranada, by Dr. Masters.

A.ustralia, etc.

28. Australian Fungi, part ii., by Eev. M. J. Berkeley and
Mr. C. E. Broome {Trans.).

29. Lichens of N. S. Wales, by Mr. Knight {Trans.).

30. Medicinal plants of Queeuslaud, by Capt. Armit.

31. Tasmanian plants found near Adelaide, by Otto Tepper.

32. New Zealand, additions to the flora of, by T. Kirk.

33. Additional note on the ' Challenger ' Lichens, by Eev.
J. M. Crombie.

Mr. Jackson and Mr. Romanes have been so good as to prepare
some notes on the principal Botanical and Zoological results of
the year ; but before asking them to be so good as to read them,
I must say one word on the great event of the year, namely the
completion of the ' Genera Plantarum ' of Dr. Bentham and Sir
Joseph Ilookei'. I should, not venture to express an opinion in
the presence of many gentlemen much better fitted to speak on
such a subject, if I did not know that I was expressing their
view in congratulating our late President and bis illustrious

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 29

colleague ou the termination of tlieir great and invaluable work,
of wliicli it would be impossible to speak too highly. The first
part was published in 1862. The number of genera included are
about 8000, containing about 100,000 species ; but Mr. Jackson,
who has gone carefully over the whole work, informs me that
more than 26,000 genera are mentioned, the great majority oi
which are ranked as synonyms.

In conclusion I must express my thanks to the Fellows, and
especially to the Council and Officers, for their support during
the past year. I am well aware of my deficiencies as President,
especially in comparison with my eminent predecessors.

Report on tlie Chief Botanical Fublications issued during the
twelve months from May 1882 to April 1883. Prepared for
the Anniversary of the Linnean Society.

At the last Anniversary I attempted to lay before you a hasty
sketch of the more important Botanical publications which had
come under my notice during the previous twelve months. In
pursuance of the same object, I have now the honour to submit
to you a similar list for the Society's year vi'hich has just closed.
I cannot pretend to criticise the majority of the works or papers
cited, but must perforce content myself with little more than
indicating the productions of the various authors by name.

Proceeding on the same plan of arrangement as last year, I
would mention that Prof. Delpino has again issued his ' Rivista
di botanica ' for 1881. Dr. Just's ' Botanischer Jahresbericht '
has been issued with rather greater promptitude than heretofore,
to the great gratification of all working botanists. I am not
aware if Heeren Bohnenseig and Burck's ' Kepertorium ' has
been discontinued ; but I have not seen a copy. Drs. Uhlworm and
Beliren's ' Botanisches Centralblatt ' is even more appreciated
than before, and has become a most useful publication. Of other
bibliographic issues I may name : — the first part of Trautvetter's
" lucrementa florse phanerogamica3 Eossicae," in the 'Acta' of the
St. Petersburg Botanic Garden ; Dr. Bretschneider's Studies in
the early Western researches into Chinese Botany ; M. Deby's
Catalogue of Books on Diatomacete ; and the attempts towards a
bibliography of Applied Botany issued by tlie Index Society.

Of Palaeobotanical productions I may allude to Goppert and
Menge's ' Flora des Bernsteins,' vol. i. ; Dr. Paul lieinsch's
Mici-ophotographs of Coal ; the third volume of Renault's
' Cours de botanique fossile,' comprising the Ferns ; the third
part of the first volume of Mr. Gardner and Baron von Ettiugs-
hausen's ' British Eocene Flora ;' Prof. Lesquereux, ii.. Contribu-
tions to American Geology, contains " Fossil plants of the aurife-

3© rnOCEEDINGS OF THE

roua drift-travels of tlic Sierra Nevada ; " and Part i. of Heer's
' Flora fossilis Grcculaudica.'

Occupying a position by itself, I must next mention M. Alph.
de Candollc's ' L'Origine dcs Plautes cultiveea,' itself an cxpan-
siou of a portion of his ' Greographie botanique ' of nearly thirty
years before.

The i)roductions ostensibly arising from Botanical Gardens
are the following : — The s-econd volume of Prof. Eichler's ' Jahr-
bueh des K. bot. Gartens zu Berlin,' in continuation of the volume
I cited last year ; Signer Todaro's ' Hortus botanicus Panormi-
tauus ' has entered upon a second volume, two fasciculi having
ap2)eared since I last spoke of the book ; Heer Treub has brought
out vol. iii. of the ' Annales du jardin botanique de Buitenzorg ;'
and M. Lavallee has issued the fifth livraison of his exquisitely
illustrated ' Arboi'ctum Segrezianum.'

Turiiing to Vegetable Physiology, I would first remind you of
the publication of the second English edition of Sachs's ' Textbook
of Botany,' under the editorship of Dr. Vines. A portion of
Sachs's original work has been amplified by Dr. Goebel under the
title of ' Pfianzenmorphologie.' Sachs himself has edited Heft 4
of the second volume of ' Arbeiten des botanischen lustituts in
Wiirzburg ; ' and Pringshcim's ' Jahrbuch ' has continued to bring
papers of sterling value and interest before the botanical world.
Dr. E. Grassmann has brought out the second volume of the
boolv I mentioned at the last Anniversary, styling it ' Buch ii. Der
Lebeuslehre.'

Of particular interest I may specially allude here to Mr.
Gardener's paper in the Proc. Koyal Society on the continuity of
Protoplasm in the motile orgnns of plants ; and to Mr. Hill-
house's observation on the intercellular connection of Protoplasm
— the latter essay being in German in the ' Botanisches Central-
blatt.' Herr Vcichting has published a treatise, ' Die Bewegun-
gen der Bliithen und Priichte,' at Bonn ; and Prof. Strasburger
has issued his furchur researches on the origin and growth of
the merabraue of the ceil, and the processes which precede the
division of the cell-nucleus. Dr. Herman Mueller has produced
lurther researches on the Fertilization of Flowers by Insects —
a topic which has been also handled at one of our own meetings
by Mi\ A. W. Bennett. Count Solms-Laubach has devoted
much attention to the process of Caprification and its antiquity.
It may De of interest here to remark that the first Italian trans-
lation of Mr. Darwin's classical ' Fertilization of Orchids ' has
just a])peared. Dr. Schmitz on the chromatophores of Algae,
and J. Moller's ' Anatomie der Baumeriuden ' may probably be
fitly introduced here ; and Mr. Penhal Ion's ' Tables for Students
and Beginners in Vegetable Histology ' leads me to the subject
of elementary books.

Under this heading I may specify the fourth edition of Prof.

LERNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 3 1

Bentley's ' Manual of Botany,' the continuation of Prof. Scheuk's
'Haudbuch,' a second edition of Dr. Behrens's ' Methodisches
Lehrbuch,' a small y>rimer by Mr. Bettany, a compilation from
other textbooks by Mr. Jolinstone, Signer Calza's ' Elementi,'
and an Italian translation of De Bary under the title of 'Manuale
di botanica,' a Dutch ' Handleiding ' by Heer Salverda, and
M. Crie's ' Nouv. elements.' For field use we have the third
English edition of Nave's ' Collector's Handbook,' and Mr. W. P.
Mantoii's ' Field Botany, a Handbook for Collectors.'

Botanical diagrams are closely connected with the works last
mentioned. Of these we have Urs. Dodel-Port, a continuation,
and an English translation by MciVlpine entitled ' Botanical
Atlas ; ' the fifth section of Dr. Kny's diagrams ; and two parts of
Zippel and Bollmann's illustrations of German plants.

The most important achievement in systematic botany is un-
doubtedly the completion of Bentham and Hooker's ' Genera *
by the issue of the second part of vol. iii., containing the Mono-
cotyledons. This has been alluded to in the President's Address ;
I have therefore no need to dwell upon it here. The fourth
volume of De Candolle's ' Monographise ' has also reached us within
the last three weeks : the bulk of the volume is occupied by
monographs of the Burseracese and Anacardiacese by Dr. Eugler,
and Count Solms-Laubach contributes a revision of the small
order Pontederiaceae. The third part of the second volume of
Wilson Saunders's ' Eefugium ' has somewhat unexpectedly
come out ; it contains descriptions of certain Orchids by Prof.
Eeicheubach. Dr. Wawra has commenced to publish the botanical
re: ults of the travels of the Prince of Sax-Coburg Gotha, entitled
' Itinera principum S. Coburgi : ' Part i. contains the Mimosese,
Lobeliacese, and Bromeliacese.

Systematic 'works of less extensive scope are those by Mr.
Baker on the genus Cyclamen in the Gardeners' Chronicle, Mr.
Maw's Remarks on the distribution of Crocus in our Journal,
Baron von Mueller's continuation of his monograph of EucalypUis,
Prof. Crepin's contribution to a monograph of Bosa in the Bel-
gian ' Bulletin,' a monograph by Dr. Urban on Turneracese in
Eichler's Yearbook of the Berlin Gardens, and an essay by Prof.
Warming on Podostemma in the Copenhagen ' Transactions.'
There are two productions which may be cited here as splitting-
carried to an inordinate extreme. M. Gandoger has issued ac-
cording to his views a monograph of Polifgonum, and his ' Tabuho
ruodologicse : ' the latter contaius latin diagnoses of professedly
42G8 European species of Rosa. Mr. Baker considers that there
are about fifty good species of the genus within the limits of
Europe ; so that the species-making here indulged iu is of the
wildest kind.

Amongst Cryptogams, I may give Mr. Spruce's account of
CepTialogia amongst the Hepaticse ; an unfinished monograph of

32 PEOCEEDINQS OF THE

Characcfc by Alex. Jirauii, edited by Dr. Nordstedt ; aada volume
by Mr. 8andtbrd on Exotic Ferns and Sclagiuellas, lu Fungi we
have Signer Saccardo's important work, his ' Sylloge fungorum,'
the first volume devoted to a collection of diagnoses of the Pyreno-
mycctcs ; Prof. Fries has issued two new parts of his ' Icones
selecta^ hymcnomycetarum ; ' M. Lucand, ' Coloured figures of
Fungi,' 2G-50 ; the ' Grevillea Atlas ; ' 37 plates of Hymenomycetous
Bi-itish Fungi, issued by Dr. M. C. Cooke; the second part of Leon
Marchand's 'Botanique cryptogamique,' containing the Ferments;
Hcrr Zopf on tlie Schizomycetes, in the ' Botanisches Central-
blatt ; ' a popular work by Mr. T. Brittain on Microfungi; and three
papers byMr. Marshall Ward — on Hemileia in our Journal, and on
tropical epiphyllous fungi in the Quart. Journ. Micr. Science
and the Proceedings of the lioyal Society.

Local works may be fitly preceded by the fourth and conclu-
ding part of Nyman's ' Conspectus,' with an index to genera
only. A complete index has been compiled ; but issue of it has
been deferred for some time, until a Supplement can be prepared.
M. Husnot has published a brochure on European Sphagna, and
Hcrr Sydow on the European Characese hitherto known. Messrs.
Gronnermanu andRabenhorst's ' Mycologia europaea' has reached
the 9th part.

J3ritisli Botany is represented byMr. Townsend's 'Flora of
Hampshire,' Dr. Braithwaite's parts 5 and 6 of his ' Moss-Flora,'
Dr. M. C. Cooke's ' Illustrations of British Fungi,' part vii., a
new issue of Mr. Grattan's popular book on British Marine
Algse, and parts 3 and 4 of Dr. Cooke's ' Freshwater Alga?,' the
last part having some adverse criticism in the ' Botanische
Zeitung.'

Belgium. — Dr. Van Ileurck's ' Synopsis des Diatomees de Bel-
gique' has attained its fifth part. M. Layen has brought out
a first Supplement to the ' Cryptogamic Flora of Luxembourg ';
this contains fungi.

France. — M. C Pin's ' Flore elementaire de France ' has
reached its fourth edition ; whilst MM. Fonvert and Achintre's
' Flore d'Aix en Provence ' has reached a second edition. M.
Clavan has begun a Flora of the Gironde, his first fasciculus,
of more than 200 pages, embracing the Tlialamiflorae. M. H.
Olivier has started a Lichen-Flora of the Department of the Orne.
Cosson and Germain de St. Pierre's Atlas of the Parisian Flora
has been reissued ; and the eighteenth edition of M. Bautier's
' Tableau analytique de la fiore Parisienne ' has been announced
in the booksellers' catalogues.

Germany, South. — Dr. Pfister has begun to publish the Ferns
of Austria nature-printed ; and Herrcn Halacky and Braun a
Sup])lement to the Flora of Lower Austria.

Germany, Xorth. — Dr. Garcke's handy volume of the German
Flora has reached a fourteenth edition; and of liabenhorst's

LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. ^^

* Kryptogamenflora von Deutscliland,' the fungi, by Dr. Winter,
will be completed by the issue of the thirteenth part ; of Section 2,
Marine Alga^, by F. Hanck, two parts have appeared. Parts 8
and 9 of Waldner's ' German Ferns ' have seen the light within
the last twelvemonth. Dr. Karsten has brought out an addi-
tional portion of his Pharmaceutical Flora o£ Grermany.

The following local floras of Germany deserve passing men-
tion : — Krapelen's ' Excursionsflora des Nord- und Mitteldeutsch-
land,' ed. 2; Bottler's 'Excursions fl. von Unterfranken ; ' and
Erfurth's ' Flora von Weimar,' ed. 4.

Two publications devoted to the Alpine plants of Central
Europe have been continued this year : — Dalla Torre's, published
in Vienna, with a very useful Texteheft; and Seboth's; volume iii.
of the latter also in an English form. The Flora of Mont Blanc
lias also been attempted by V. Payot, of Chamounix.

The flora of Davos has been published by G. Geissler in a small
form.

Prof Oudemans, of Amsterdam, has brought out the second
part of his historical account of Botany in the Netherlands.

Prof. Kindberg has issued his views on the natural orders and
genera of Swedish Mosses.

Itali/.— The Compendium of the Italian Flora by Siguori
Cesati, Gilbelli, and Passerini has been continued, the text
haviiig reached Medicago, and the plates to Caprifoliacea?. Sac-
cardo has brought out fasc. 29-32 of his ' Fungi italici autogra-
phice delineati.'

Klinge's work on the Equiseta of Kurland is the only work
on Russian botany I am able to mention this year, besides Traut-
vetter's already referred to.

Spain. — Prof. Willkomm, of Prague, has prosecuted his ' Illus-
trations of Spanish Plants ' with fasc. 4 and 5. MM. Buruat and
Barbey have also promulgated the results of their journey to the
Balearic Islands.

I have only two productions relative to African botany to men-
tion here: — M. Cosson's 'lUustrationes florae Atlanticae;' and
some new species published by Franchet iu E/evoil's ' Somali-
land.'

In Asian botany we have the welcome first fasciculus of vol. v.
of Dr. Boissier's ' Flora Orientalis,' devoted to Monocotyledons.
The literature of Indian botany has also been enriched by
Sir J. D. Hooker's ninth part of his ' Flora of British India,'
extending from Vacciniacese to Apocyuacese ; and Dr. Watt's
paper on Primula and Androsace iu our Journal. Colonel Bed-
dome also informs me that his ' Manual of British Ferns ' is now
out ; whilst economic botnny is represented by Mr. Gamble's
' Manual of Indian Timbers.' Mr. Floyer has also noted seme of
the plants observed by him in Baluchistan in his record of that
journey. Dr. Pegel has published Latin diagnoses of new plants

LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINOS. — SESSION 1882-83. d

34 PUOCEEUINOS OF THE

in his account of Fedschcnko's travels in Turkestan. M. Pierre's
'Flore forestiere de la Cochincliine ' has reached its fourth fas-
ciculus. In Malayan botany we find Dr. Engler has described
Si<inor Beccari's Aracea; ; and Dr. Nylander and Eev. M. J.
Crombie have dealt with the Lichens collected by the late Dr.
Maingay.

In the New World, Dr. Asa Gray has given the results of his
recent studies in some of the most important European herbai-ia
(the Linnean herbarium amongst them) of Aster and Solidi/f/o.
Prof. Sereno Watson has also continued his remarks under a
similar title to Dr. Gray's, viz. ' Contributions to American Bo-
tany.' L. F. Ward has produced a Flora of Washington; Kellogg,
on the forest-trees of California.

Mr. Hemsley has completed his second volume, and entered upon
the thii'd, of the Botany of Godmau and Salvin's ' Biologia Cen-
tral!-Americana.'

Dr. Urban has published some remarks on South- American
Flora, besides the Brazilian, in 'Linnaea,' describing some of Dr.
Glaziou's plants. From Dr. P. Sagot we have also a Catalogue
of French-Guyana plants; and from Senior F. Philippi the first
part (nearly 400 pages) of his Catalogue of Vascular Plants of
Chili ; this part contains many newly described species. Dr.
Masters, in the pages of our own Journal, has described the
Passifloraceo) of Ecuador and New Granada collected by M. Andre.
Bresadola has continued his ' Fungi tridentini novi,' fasc. 2 & 3
haviug lately seen the light.

From Australia we have recently received a Systematic Census
of the plants occurring in that part of the world, drawn up by
the indefatigable Baron von Mueller. A contribution to our
knowledge of New-South-Walea Lichens has also been published
in our Transactions by Mr. C. Knight.

My last book on local botany comes from New Zealand, on the
Ferns and Fern-allies of that colony, and is by Mr. G. M.
Thomson.

The concluding section consists of work done in economic
botany. Prof. Fliickigcr has issued the second edition of his
* Pharmacognosis des Pflanzenreiches ; ' and a Danish book on
the same topic has been published by S. Eiitzon. Dr. Luerssen
has completed his admirable ' Medicinisch-pharmacographisches
Lehrbuch ' with the twenty-first number, and has begun a new
work dealing with German oflaciual plants. Prof. Fliickigcr has
written again on Cinchona barks ; wliilst the remarks of Heer
Van Gorkom have also been translated into English. Prof. Oude-
mans has published a book in Dutch on economic plants ; and
Heer Bischof Grevelink, likewise in Dutch, on the useful plants
of the Nethcrland East Indies.

Amonst sundry publications which are hard to classify, are the
tenth series of Noerdlinger's Sections of Woods, Mr. John Smith's

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 35

'Dictionary of Popular Names of Economic Plants,' Ilartig's
* Lelirbuch der Baumkranklieiten,' and the second volume of liis
Eeport on work done in the Forestry Institution of Munich.

It will be needless to repeat that much work has been omitted
from the foregoing summary, which I have condensed as much as
possible.

Heport on aoine of the more important Zoological Papers
piihlished ehewliere than at the Linnean Society.

Protozoa. — Mr. Brady describes a new type of Foraminifera,
which he names JLeramosphccra JShirrayi (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
[5] X. 242-245) ; and L. Oliver has a paper on Bacterium ruhe-
scens, in which he contends that Lankester (Quart. Journ. Micr.
Sc. svi.) is mistaken in regarding these organisms as bacteria.
The splendid Manual of the Infusoria whicli has for long been
publislied in successive parts by one of our Fellows, Mr. tSaville
Kent, has this year been completed; it contains full descriptions
and beautifully executed drawings of all the known species.
Prof. Engelraanu's researches on Perception of Light and Colour
by Infusoria should also be alluded to (Pfliiger's Arch. xxix.
387-400).

CcELENTEiiATA. — C. Chuu publishes a paper on the histology of
8i])honoj}hora (Zool. Anzeig. v. 400-40B) ; and G. von Koch con-
tributes some interesting results of investigations concerning
the morphology of the Coral-skeleton (Biol; Centralbl. ii. 1882,
583-593). Mr. J. W. Fewkes, who has already added consider-
ably to our knowledge of the New-world Acalephge, has published
another instalment of his results (Bull. Mus. Comj). Zool. Cam-
bridge, ix. 251-310) ; and an elaborate description of a new
species of Medusa from South Australia {Gi/anea Annaslcala), is
given by E. von Lendenfeld (Zeitschr. f . wiss. Zool. 1882, pp. 465-
553). Mr. W. Marshall, in his observations on Hydras (ibid.
664-702), agrees with Lankester that the green colouring-matter
of H. viridis is not due to symbiosis, but belongs to the organi-
zation of the polyp. W. Marshall, in conjunction with Prof. M.
Marshall, also gives an account of the Peunatulids collected by
the Oban Dredging Excursion of the Birmingham Nat. Hist. &
Micro. Soc. (this is in the form of a memoir).

EcHiNODERMATA. — M. Perricr, in two distinct papers, deals
with tlie morphology of two interesting and remarkable starfish
(viz. Brisingia and Caulaster pedunculatus) ; and in a third pa2:)er
he describes a new deep-sea stalked crinoid {Democrinus Parfaiti).
In yet another paper, written in conjunction with M. Poirier, he
treats of the circulatory apparatus of echiuoderms generally.
M. Jourdaiu has published a somewhat laborious research on the
genital passages oi Aster ias; and in subsequent papers has added
considerably to our knowledge of the anatomy of Holothurians,

d2

36 PEOCEEDINOS OF THE

describing among other tliinga a dense nervous plexus situated
iu the integument. E. Koeliler, continuing his researches into
the morphology of the Echinodermata, devotes a paper to the
structure of the Polian vesicle and the pedicellaria?. All the
above papers appear in ' Comptes Eendus,' 18S2-83. Prof. H.
Ludwig has published an elaborate paper on the development of
Asterina gihhosa (Zeitschr. f . wiss. Zool. xxxvii. 1-98), which is
marked by the high ability that he is so well known to possess.
M. N. Christo-Apostolides has published a valuable memoir on the
Ophiuroids (Arch. d. Zool. exper. x. 121-22i) ; and Uanielssen
and Keren have given a full description of the many new species
and genera of Holothuriaus collected in the Norwegian Arctic Ex-
pedition ; while Mr. 81aden, at a recent meeting of this Society,
has given us a full description of many species and genera of star-
fish collected by the ' Challenger' Expedition, not yet published.
Annelida. — The past year has been particularly rich in re-
earches on Annelida. Prof. W. Salensky has published a paper
on the Development of Annelids (Centralbl. ii. 198-208) ; and
J. W. Speugel has published another on the D.'Velopinent of
the Central Nervous System of Annelids (ibid. ii. 231-236) . The
Trematodes have been made the subject of one paper by Prof.
Ercolani, who deals with their changes in adaptation to their envi-
ronment (Arch. Ital. Biol. i. 439-453) ; and also of another paper
by Villot, who investigates the anatomy of their vascular system
(Zool. Anzeig. v. 505-508). The Cestodes have been investigated
by Dr. Zoltan von lioboz (Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. xxxvii. 2G3-
285), byM. Morriez (Compt. Eend. G61-G63), and by Kiessling
(Arch. f. Naturgesch. 241-280). E. van Beneden has published
an important paper on the Dicijemid(£ (Arch, de Biol. iii. 195-
228); and C Julin has published a no less important one (ni the
Orthonectida (ibid. 1-54). An enormous Eotifer (measuring y^
of an inch) has been discovered by Mr. Flood in Eifeshire, and
has been fully described by Dr. Hudson in the current number
of the Jouru. Micro. Sue. An interesting paper is supplied by
Kennel on Ctenodrilus pardalis (Arbeit, zool.-zoot. Inst. AViirz-
burg; 373-429) ; he regards the type as a " collective " one,
showing affinities on the one hand with the Olkjoclueta and on
the other with the Polychoita. Another intermediate type of
Annelid is described by Prof. Ray Lankester in Hambujia arctica
(Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. [5] xi. 37-43), which presents a com-
bination of the characters of Bonellia & Thalassema. Mention
must also be made of J. von Kennel's paper on the anatomy of
Frorhynchus (Arbeit, zool.-zoot. Inst. Wiirzburg, vi. 69-90), of
Korschelt's description of a new species of Turbellarian (Zeitschr.
f. wiss. Zool. 1882, 315-353), and of the interesting research
by Prof. Thomas concerning the life-history of the liver-fluke
(Quart Journ. Micro. Sc. 1883, 99-133). Hanson gives an
account of the Annelids collected by the Norwegian North-Sea

LIimEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 37

Expedition of 1876-78 ; and last, though not least, we must re-
member to greet with the highest npprobation the splendid
monograph on the Turbeliarians which has been published in
Leipzig by Dr. Ludwig von Graff.

MoLLUscA. — Vignol publishes a paper devoted to a careful
investigation of the nervous system of Mollusca, especially the
Gasteropoda (Compt. Eend. 244-251) ; M. Bouchon-Brandley
describes a unisexual sj^ecies of oyster (ibid. 256-259); Sarasin has
an elaborate paper on the development of Bithynia tentaculata
in Arbeit, zool.-zoot. Inst. Wiirzburg. Haller has been engaged
investigating the morphology of the Adriatic Chitons (Arbeit,
zool. Inst. Wien, 323-396) ; and Rabl has published an able
memoir on the development of tlie Prosohranchiata. The em-
bryology of the Bryozoa has been made the subject of a carefu
investigation by Barrois, who is led to regard the group as a
branch of the Yermes (Journ. Anat. et Physiol, xviii. 124-161) ;
and Friele gives in a memoir a full description of the Buccinidae
collected by the Norwegian Ai'ctic Expedition.

Mybiopoda. — The late Prof. F. M. Balfour's posthumous paper
on the Anatomy and Development of Peripatus : the material
which he left (MSS., drawings, and prej^arations) was worked up
by Prof. H. N. Moseley and W. A. Sedgwick, and published in
the Quart. Journ. Micro. Science.

Akacunida. — The mechanism and movements of respiration
of Arachnida have been investigated by M. Jules Macleod ; and,
as one result of his inquiries, he agrees with Lankester as to
the homologies between the lungs of arachnids and the gills of
Linmhis; but he thinks that their metamorphosis admits of
being explained in a more simple manner than that which has
been suggested by Lankester, and expounds his views on this in-
teresting subject by means of diagrams (Bull. Acad. E. Sci. Belg.
iii. 779-792). Lankester finds that a large pair of coxal glands
occur in Scorpions, which, botli in their structure and position,
are essentially the same as those whicb occur in Limuliis (Proc.
E. S. 95-101).

Insecta. — E. Plateau has investigated the respiratory move-
ments of insects (Bull. Acad. Sci. Belg. iii. 727-737) ; and G. Ulim
has published a paper on tbe Parthenogenesis of the Bee, which
is remarkable on account of its altogether denying the fact,
apparently on the ground of well-conducted experiments (Amer.
N^at. xvi. 680-1). Erom America we also receive a highly
interesting monograph by McCook on the Plouey-ants.

So much for the zoological and anatomii'al v\ork on the In-
vertebrata. As this Society is not so much concerned with the
Vertebrata, and as the past year has not been remarkable for its
production of researches on them, we need not travel into this
region of biological work, but may conclude by briefly considering
one or two of the more interesting researches bearing on general

38 phoceedtxos of the

principles of biology which have fallen within the limits of the
past year.

Prof. Moseley's lecture before the British Association is full
of interesting facts which serve to thi'ow much new light upon
the procet^ses of organic evolution ; and the same remark applies,
though in a lesser degree, to Prof. Forel's paper on Pelagic
Fauna; of Freshwater Lakes (Centralbl. ii. 299-305).

The curious question of Symbiosis continues to be discussed.
Prof. Lankestcr opposes the views of Brandt and Semper that the
green corpuscles in the cells of SpongiUa jluviaiilis and Hydra
viridis are parasitic unicellular alga^, but accepts their views on
this point (with some reservation) so far as the yellow cells of
Anthozoa and Eadiolarians are concerned (Quart. Journ. Micro.
Sc. xxii. 229-2.5-t). It is evident that an important field of
inquiry is opened up, should it be definitely proved that the
gi'een coloui'ing-matter in question is due, as Lankester believes,
to the presence of chlorophyll. Later in the year, 0. Hamann
published a paper supporting the view of symbiosis (Zeitschr.
f. wiss. Zool. xxxvii. 457-461), to which Lankester has replied in
'Nature' (xxvii. 87-8).

Metschnikoif has published a paper (Zool. Anzeig. v. 310-316)
describing certain physiological jjrocesses which he has observed
to take place under suitable experimental conditions in the endo-
dermnl cells of a hydroid parasite, and which he deems himself
justified in regarding as processes of intracellular digestion.
He also argues that similar processes are in all probability the
general rule among Turbellaria and Ccelenterata. This is clearly
a most promising field for further inquiry.

Finally, allusion may be made to the curious experiments which
were first made by Fouruier in 1878, and have been repeated
during the past year by Monnier, Vogt, and Yolin (Coinpt.
Kend.). These experiments consist in the production of so-
called " mineral organisms," or of structures artificially manu-
factured out of inorganic substances which not only present the
morphological appearance of organic structures, but even strangely
imitate the physiological processes of growth, repair, the for-
mation of cells, and protrusion of pseudopodia. It would certainly
be premature to express a hope that these interesting researches
are destined to throw any light upon the formation of living
out of non-living material ; but we ini:y at least saj that they
are the most promising researches in this direction which have
hitherto been made, seeing that they refer to the almost un-
explored department of chemistry which deals with colloids —
out of which life must have arisen if it has been evolved, and
that they have at any rate been successful in breaking down one
of the cliicf distinctions between organism and auorganism ; for, in
the words of Dr. Volin's paper, " we can no longer say that only
living things grow, unless we reckon these as living."

LINNEAIS' SOCIETY OF LONDON. 39

During the year three more volumes of Reports of H.M.S.
' Challenger ' Expedition have been published, comprising : —
the Keport on the Anatomy of Petrels, by the late W. A. Forbes ;
the Eejiort on the Deep-sea Medusae, by Prof. Hackel ; the Report
on the Holotliuroidea, by Hjalmar Theel ; the Report on the
Ophiuroidea, by Mr. Lyman ; the Report on the Marsupials, by
Dr. Cunningham; the Report on the Actiniaria, by Prof. R.
Hertwig ; and the Report on the Tunicata, by Dr. Herdman.

Obituaries.

Francis Maitland Balfour was born Nov. 10, 1851, at
WhittiiJghame, Haddiugtonshire, JN". B., entered Harrow School
in January 1805 ; and during the la^t three years he speut there
he eagerly availed himstlf of every opportunity of practical work
in biology, dissecting specimens of all the types he could meet
with. He neglected no part of comparative anatomy ; but in
so large a subject, much was necessarily derived from books.
He took great interest in the School Scientific Society ; and an
essay written by him then was esteemed so meritorious as to be
submitted to Prof. Huxley.

In October 1870 he entered at Ti-inity College, Cambridge ;
and in March 1871 he was elected Natural Science Scliolar.
Largely aided and directed by Dr. Michael Poster, Balfour at-
tached himself at once to the study of animal morphology ; and
having obtained his degree of B. A. in the Natural History Tripos
in December 1873, he proceeded to Naples, to work in the newly
e.-*tablished station. The results of these labours were apparent
in his Mouogi'aph on the Development of the Pins of Elasmo-
brauch Pishes in 1878, and in many detached papers.

In October 1874, Balfour was elected to a Natural Science
Pellowship at Trinity ; and in the following year he delivered a
short course of lectures on embryology. He contiiuied his lec-
tures in successive years to a constantly increasing number of
students. His great work, on Comparative Embryology, saw the
light in 1881, in two volumes 8vo ; and immediately the second
volume had passed through the press he started, at Christmas 1881,
for Messina. On his return home he was struck down by typhoid
fever, which, however, speedily left him. In 1882 a special chair of
Animal Morphology was created for him in his own University ;
but he was unhappily not fated long to occupy it. In July last ho
started for his holiday amongst the Alps ; and all scientific Europe
was inexpressibly shocked to hear of his death on July 19, 1882,
whilst attempting the ascent of the Aiguille Blanche from Cour-
mayeur, with one guide. But the details of the accident must
remain ever unknown.

Of the loss which science has sustained, an eloquent tribute
has been paid elsewhere (Nature, Aug. 3, 1882, p. SH). He

4© PROCEEDINGS OF THE

was elected Fellow o£ the Linnean Society Dec. 2nd, 1875, of the
Royal Society in 1878, and was placed on the Council of that
Society in 1881, receiving also one of the Royal Medals. The
University of Glasgow conferred the degree of LL.D. on him ; he
was also General Secretary of the British Association at York,
and President of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.

Dr. Geohge Dickie, born in Aberdeen, November 23, 1812,
died July 15, 1882, also at Aberdeen. Educated in Aberdeen at
school and at Marischal College, where he graduated A.M. in 1830 ;
studied medicine in Aberdeen in 1831 and 1832, and in Edinburgh
in 1833 and 1834, and gained the Medal for a knowledge of Pa-
thology and Practice of Physic. In 1832 became M.R.C.S. of
London ; lectured on Botany in King's College, Old Aberdeen,
from 1839 to 1849, and also for shorter periods on Materia
Medica and on Natural History in that University. In 1842
received from the University the degree of M.D. In 1849 he was
appointed Professor of Natural History in Belfast, and had there
to teach zoology, geology, physical geography, and botany. In
I860 was appointed Professor of Botany in the University of
Aberdeen, and held the professorship till 1877, when he resigned
because of ill-health.

In his earlier life he was a keen observer in the field, and ex-
plored the district around Aberdeen, adding several species (e. g.
Carex Jeporina, C. rupestris, and a number of Cryptogams) to
the British Flora, some of them new to Science. He had a very
severe illness in 1861, and w as thereafter unable to do much out-
door work, being more or less an invalid from bronchitis and
progressing deafness.

His separate works were 'A Flora of Aberdeen' (1838), 'The
Botanist's Guide to the Counties of Aberdeen, Banff, and Kincar-
dine ' (1860), and 'A Flora of Ulster' (1864)— in all which is
valuable information on the range in distribution and in altitude
of the plants of the districts treated of. He also wrote along
with Dr. McCosh ' Typical Forms and Special Ends in Creation,'
dwelling on the evidences of design that can be discovered in the
Universe ; and he supplied information in the form of botanical
appendices to the works of certain Arctic travellers, and to Mac-
gillivray's ' Natural History of Deeside.' In scientific Magazines
his first paper appeared in 1837 ; and from that time onwards he
wrote in the 'Magazine of Zoology and Botany,' the ' London
Journal of Botany,' the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural
History,' the Reports and Transactions of the Edinburgh Bo-
tanical Society, the British-Association Reports, and the Journal
of the Linnean Society, as well as contributed information
acknowledged in Harvey's ' Phycologia Britannica,' Ralfs's
' British Desmidieae,' Smith's ' British Diatomaceae,' &c.

He also contributed numerous papers to the Philosophical

LINNEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON. 41

Society of Aberdeen, and to the Natural-History and Pliilo-
sophical Society of Belfast.

His earlier articles mostly deal with Vegetable Morphology
and Physiology, especially reproduction in plants. In 1844 he
first wrote on Algae, but gradually devoted his attention more
and more entirely to this group, and for some years almost re-
stricted it to Algae. In his knowledge of marine species he
had few equals. He also wrote on zoological subjects on several
occasions. In 1838 he joined the Edinburgh Botanical Society,
in 1863 the Linnean Society, and in 1881 the Royal Society of
Loudon. He was also a member of the Societe des Sciences
naturelles de Cherbourg, and of several local Societies for the
study of science. In private life he was much liked by his friends,
and as a teacher by liis students, being most willing to assist in
any way any student of Science, more especially of Botany.

"William Alexander Foebes, born at Cheltenham on
June 24, 1855, was the second son of Mr. J. S. Forbes, Chair-
man of the London, Chatham and Dover Eailway. He was edu-
cated at Kensington School and Winchester College. Leaving
the latter in 1872 he spent a year at Aachen studying Grerman,
and then entered the University of Edinburgh. In 1875
he came to London, and was induced by his friends to pro-
ceed to Cambridge ; entering at St. John's College as undergra-
duate, he was afterwards elected Scholar; took his B.A. in 1879
with a first class in the Natural-Sciences Tripos ; and was subse-
quently elected a Fellow of his College. In the same year he
was unanimously chosen Prosector to the Zoological Society,
vacant by the death of Prof. Grarrod. During the three follow-
ing Sessions of the Zoological Society he amply veiified the pre-
dictions that had been uttered as to his fitness for the post. In
1880 he travelled to Pernambuco in Brazil, and in 1881 he went
to America. In July 1882 he left England for a journey into
Africa, but fell a victim to dysentery on January 14, 1883, at
Shonga, a station on the Niger. He published about sixty
memoirs and papers on various points of scientific interest.

GrEORGE Stacet Gibson was born at Saffron Walden in Essex
on 20th July 1818, and died at the Temperance Hotel, Bishops-
gate, after some weeks' illness, on 5th Aj)ril 1883, and was
buried at his native place. He was elected Fellow of the Society
in 1847; and having paid ccmsiderable attention to the botany of
his native county, he published a Flora of it in 1801. This work
was one of the first to call attention to the local labours of the
pre-Liunean botanists, and gave impetus to the system of collect-
ing all possible information, past and present, of the plants
occurring in definite districts. This book was Mr. Gibson's chief
contribution to scientific literature ; but his sympathies were

42 I'TJOCKKDliVOS OF TTIE

very wide ; and his gi^ts in charitable objects were large and
frequent, nor were they restricted to his own locality.

EoBEPT Hudson was the son of tlie Rev. L. William Hudson,
and born in 1S02 at Clapham, Surrey. He was elected I'ellow
of our Society in 1S48, and F.E.S. in 1834. Although he was
actively engaged as a timber merchant, he found time to devote
to his duties at the Council of the Zoological Society, so that
a silver medal was aAvarded to him for his valuable services. He
died at Bournemouth February 9, 1883, aged 81.

WiLT.iA'Nr Jameson was born at Leith in 1815, was educated
at tb.e High School, Edinburgh, and received his medical training
at the University, where his uncle, Prof. Eobert Jameson, filled
the chair of Natural History Irom 1804 to 1854.

In August 1838 he was appointed to the Bengal Medical
Service, proceeded to Calcutta ; and soon after his ajrival he was
called upon to act as Curator of the Museum of the Asiatic
Society, a temporary dut^ which he discharged with great ability.
Shortly afterwards he was moved to Cawnpore, and then to
Amballa, at the latter place being Civil Surgeon in 1S41. In
1842 he was ap2:)ointed Superintendent of the Botanic Garden at
Saharuupore in place of Dr. Falconer, then seriously ill. Whilst
here he embarked upon his grand project (f tea-cultivation in
British India, under the aus])ices of Lord Dalhousie, Governor-
General ; and before his death he had the satisfaction of seeing
that culture one of the staple industries on the lower Himalaya.
In December 1S75 Mr. Jameson retired from his jiost at Saha-
ruupore to a small estate at Deyrah Doon ; and there he died
on 18tli March 1882, leaving a widow" and two sons. A full list
of Ills writings will be found in the Proc. Soc. Bot. Edinb. (1882).

John Dillwtn Llewelyn, of Penllegare, was born
10th Ji.nuary, 1810, and died at his home at Wimbledon on
August 24, 1&S2, aged 72. He was the eldest sou of the late
Lewis West on Dillwyn (co-author with Dawson Turner of the
' Lotiinist's Guide '), and was also one of the senior Fellows of the
Hoyal Society. His election into the Linnean Society took place
May 3, 1831.

Matthew Moggeidqe was born July 16, 1803, and died in
London, July 14, 1882. He married on April 19, 1836,
Fanny, eldest daughter of Lewis AVeston Dillwyn, M.P. for
Glamorgan, well known for his works in various branches of
natural science, from whom in great measure Mr. Moggridge
derived his liking for biology, his other instructor being John
Dillwyn Llewelyn of Penllegare.

He never closely devoted himself to study either botany or
zoology, but took great pleasure in collecting flowering plants,
especially during the many winters he passed at Mentone for the

LIlOrEAN SOCIETY OF L0:N'D0]S'. 43

benefit of his son's health. Ahnost all the plants figured in the
'Contributions to the Flora of Mentone ' by John Traherue
Moggridge, were gathered by his fatlier, who S])ent much of his
time in walking over the hills round Mentone for that object.
In 1868 he made a summer excursion to the Col di Tenda, to
inspect the inscribed rocks near Saspello, called the " Meravi-
glie;" and he published a pamphlet describing that journey.
After his son's death in 1874 he returned to England, and con-
stantly resided in London until his death.

Henrt Young Darracott Scott, Major-Greneral, Eoyal
Engineers, was born in 1822. Kv entered the Royal Engineers
in 1840, and retired from the active list in 1871, then becoming
Director of Buildings at South Kcnsin.gion, acting as Architect
to the Eoyal Albert Hall and Science Schools, and was also
Secretary to the Eoyal Commissioners of the 1851 Exhibition.
He was elected Fellow of this Society on Jnnuary 19, 18G5,
and of the Eoyal Society on June 3, 1*875. He died ou April
16, 1883, at Sydenham.

G-EORGE Henry Kendrick Tit wattes. "When a young man,
living near Bristol, he devoted all his leisure to the investigation
of the lower organisms. In 1841 he began to publish papers
in the ' Annals of Natural History,; ' and previously to that his
reputation as a biologist was such that he was employed by Dr.
Carpenter to revise the second edition of the ' Principles of
Physiology,' the standard book of the time on its subject. He
paid special attention to the freshwater algae, and was in con-
stant correspondence with the chief English and foreign crypto-
gamists of the day. His discoveries in this group were notable,
and were embodied in papers in the ' Annals ' for 1846 to 1849.
Of these the most important was on the discovery, in 1847, of
the fact that the Diatomacea? (then considered animals) were
true algae — an immense step forward in our knowledge of these
minute organisms, which finally settled their position in nature ;
and his papers generally, though few and dealing with special
points, were of that kind which point out the way to important
generalizations. They gave him a European reputation. In
1846, the great French cryptogamist, Montague, dedicated to
him a genus of zygnematous algae, Tlnvaitesia.

At this period Thwaites was a lecturer ou botany at the School
of Pharmacy in Bristol, and afterwards at the Medical School
there; and in 1847 lie became a candidate for a chair of Science
in one of the new Queen's Colleges in Ireland. This application
was powerfully supported by such men as Eobert Brown, Sir W.
Hooker, Lindley, Montague, Tulasne, and many others ; but it
was uusLiccessful ; and when Dr. Gardner's death, in March 1849,
became known at home, the vacant post in Ceylon was ottered
by Earl Grey to Thwaites.

44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

With his arrival in Ceylon commenced a new stage in Mr.
Thwaites's scientific life. He at once turned his attention from
the lower organisms to the varied and beautiful phanerogamic flora
of the island. At that time the duties of the Superintendent
were almost wholly of a scientific character, and he was undis-
turbed by other claims on his time. For the first ten years of
his incumbency Tbwaites was able to devote himself exclusively
to the investigation of the flora of Ceylon. His predecessor,
Dr. Gardner, was an indefatigable traveller, and had made large
collections, both in South America and India as well as Ceylon ;
and his sudden death had left every thing in confusion. The
first work of Thwaitcs was to separate the Ceylon j^lants from
the others; for all were mixed together. Gardner's collections
were to be sent home and sold on behalf of the family by auc-
tion in London, find little was retained at Peradeuiya. After
this work was finished, the sorting, arrangin<2:, and naminif of
the stores, accumulated and continually being brouglit in from
the jungles and mountains, was proceeded with, and Thwaites
made numerous excursions collecting. During this period a
number of interesting novelties were detected, principally in the
districts of Ambagamua, the neighbourhood of Eatnapura, the
Singhe Eajah Forest, and other parts of the wet south-west of
the island. Many of these were described by Tiuvaites in a
series of papers published in Hooker's ' Journal of Botany '
from the year 1852 to 185G, wherein some 25 genera new to
science were defined and illustrated, most of them peculiar to
Ceylon, These papers are characterized by the terse accuracy
noticeable in all the writings of their author. At the same
time Thwaites worked indefatigably at forming a numbered
series of Ceylon plants from the stores of unarranged speci-
mens in the herbarium and those collected under his own direc-
tion. Numerous sets of these series were made up and widely
distributed among the principal herbaria and museums in Europe
in exchange for other dried plants, or for botanical books ; and
in the course of a few years Ceylon plants lor the first time
began to be generally well represented in collections.

In 1857 the title of Superintendent Avas altered to Director ;
and in the next year was commenced the publication of the
book by which Thwaites is mo.-t widely known, and up to
the present time is the only modern catalogue of the indige-
nous plants of Ceylon. This book, tlie ' Euumeratio Plantarum
Zeylania?,' was printed in London at the risk of a publisher
there, and received no assistance whatever from the Govern-
ment. This important work first reduced into order the chaotic
state of knowledge and the confusion in nomenclature of our
flora. In its preparation Thwaites was greatly assisted by Dr.
(now Sir) J. D. Hooker. The ' Euumeratio ' is, of course,
essentially a botanists' book, and is of use to them only; descrip-

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 45

tions are given only of the new species, which are very nume-
rous, and these in Latiu ; for other plants references are made
to various books, thus presuming an access to a good library.
Dr. Thwaites never regarded it. as other than a " prodromus " or
forerunner of a full descriptive and illustrated work ; but the
latter could o£ course never be undertaken unless large help
from Government were forthcoming.

The publication of this book secured its author's reputation as
a systematic botanist ; and acknowledgments of this were received
from several quarters. In Grermauy the Imperial Leopoldo-
Caroliniau Academy granted the honorary degree of Ph.D. to the
author ; and a far more gratifying and substantial honour was his
election into the Eoyal Society. The customary compliment of
dedicating a genus to a naturalist of repute had, as already
noticed, been long before bestowed upon Dr. Thwaites ; but the
obscure little alga Thioaltesia was supplemented in 1867 by the
foundation by Dr. J. D. Hooker of Kendriclda, this name being
given to one of our most beautiful Ceylon flowering plants, of
the order Melastoinacece, and which had been referred in the
' Enumeratio ' to the purely Malayan genus Pachycentria. A
very poor figure has since been published by Beddome of this
splendid epiphytic climber, which he found to grow also in the
Anamallay hills.

It had always been Dr. Thwaites's intention to publish a
further part of the ' Enumeratio ; ' but this he never accom-
plished. Indeed, after this time he devoted himself almost
entirely to the cryptogams, returning thus to his first love. He
worked out and arranged all the Mosses, Fungi, and Lichens,
making them up into numbered sets in the same manner as the
flowering plants. Dr. Thwaites did not, however, himself publish
the result of so much labour, but submitted his collectijons, draw-
ings, and notes to specialists at home. The new mosses were
brought out by Mitten in 1S72, the corticolous Lichens by Rev.
AV. A. Leighton in 1870, and the Fungi by Eev. M. J. Berkeley
and Mr. Broome in 1870, 1871, and 1873. These botanists all
acknowledge the great help they derived in their work from the
labour already expended on it by Dr. Thwaites. Mr. Mitteu
remarks on the new mosses — " As many of the species had already
been clearly distinguished by Dr. Thwaites, it has been arranged
that our joint names should be attached to them, which appears
to me a very small tribute to the energy with which he has inves-
tigated the flora of Ceylon." With the exception of a short
note, printed in 1877, on ISchweudeuer's then recently propounded
theory of the nature of Lichens, which Dr. Thwaites could not
accept, he contributed nothing further to botanical literature.

A sufficient reason, apart from advancing age, for this partial
cessation from scientific activity, is to be found in the steadily
increasing change in the character of his official position : the

46 PUOCKEDINGS OF THE

scientific officer was beeominjjj more and more forced to address
himself to the application of botanical knowlediije to practical
agriculture. Dr. Thwaites had never neglected this, witness the
foundation of Hakgala cinchona-nurseries in 1860-Gl ; but he
now throw himself into the new and less congenial work with as
much enthusiasm as could be expected. lu his annual reports of
the Gardens tiiere will be found much information on vanilla,
cinchona, tea, cardamoms, cacao, Liberian coffee, and other culti-
vations, all of which he at different times urged upon the atten-
tion of planters. Though but little heed was paid at the time to
these recomnieudutions, Dr. Thwaites lived to see them all
adopted, and these various products become of very great inter-
est to the colony. lu connexion witli this change, it is natural to
refer to the coftee-leaf disease. It was in 1SG9 that Dr. Thwaites's
attention was first called to this; and it was from specimens sent
by him in that year to the Eev. M. J. Berkeley that Uemileia
vctstatrix was described. Hid views as to the character of the
disease will be found in his reports from 1871 to 1871; (which
vere reprinted in 1879, wdth additional observations), and in a
final letter to Government so recently as January 1880. Though
his scientific views underwent considerable change during these
years, and some expressions in his later utterances cannot be
scientifically justified, he consistently maintained in all his jjub-
lished remarks, in spite of much unpopularity and opposition, the
inutility of external " cures," and the paramount necessity of
enabling the trees to bear the disease by liberal cultivation, the
use of manure, &c., if any sufficient crop was to be matured.

After the acceptance by Mr. Morris, his assistant, of a superior
post, Dr. Thwaites resigned his appointment in February 1880,
\\hen he retired on a well-earned pension.

Having a great disinclination to leave the colony after so long
a residence there, he purchased the pretty bungalow of Fairieland
above Kaudy,whei'e he quietly passed liis time in the cultivation
of his garden and the reception of his friends. His death
occurred somewhat suddenly in the night of the 11th September,
in Kandy, whither he had proceeded en route for the sea-coast
for the restoration of liis health, which had for a few weeks been
indiflerent. His funeral was attended by many Kandy friends,
including his successor at Peradeniya, and nearly all the stafi"
and labourers of the Gardens which he had directed for so many
years.

Thwaites was a naturalist pure and simple, by temperament,
by long habit and determination. He never attempted any other
character than the sai-ant, which was his by I'ight ; and he had a
perfectly genuine contempt for the " popular scientists " of the
day. A keen and accurate observer, of great industry, quietly
enthusiastic, and with reasoning capacities of a high order, he
possessed many of the attributes which go to make a philosopher

LINNEAN SOCIKXY OF LONDON. 47

aud man of science of the first rank. Though he published
comparatively little, he was an elegant aud flueut writer, aud his
large correspoudeuce with botanists was carried on in the most
admirable manner. Perhaps amongst eastern botanists, many o£
whom were accustomed to consult him in difficult cases, it is as a
letter-writer that he will be best remembered. Ever ready to
help where he knew that help would be well aud properly
bestowed aud appreciated, he spared no time aud trouble in the
investigation of points referred to him ; he was also most liberal
in the distribution of his specimens and his stores of information
in quarters he deemed suitable. Nor was it only in botanical
science that he was so belpf ul to others ; he was an ardent
entomologist, and collected most exteusively, paying special
atteution to the habits aud life of insects. His notes on the
families of butterflies in Moore's ' Lepidoptera of Ceylon' are
the best part of the text of that disappointing volume. He early
adopted the views of Charles Darwin, aud announced his adhesion
to them in the preface to his ' Euumeratio ' (18G±) ; and tliough lie
never revisited Europe, he kept, till the last three or four years,
well on a level with scientific progress. He leaves behind a
worthy reputation as a diligent aud couseientioas servant of the
State aud a very successful student of nature.

The following Notice bas been drawn up since the Aunivcr-
sary : —

WiLHELM Cakl H^RTWia Petebs was born at Koldenbiittel,
Schleswig, on April 22, 1815. He studied at Copenhagen aud
Berlin, and at the latter place he began his long list of scientific
papers in Miiller's ' Archiv' in 1837, contributing to the same
periodical five other papers up to 1812.

By recommendation of Alex, von Humboldt, Johann Miiller,
Lichtenstein, and Caid Hitter, and under the patronage of Kiug
Friedrich Wilhelm IV., he undertook the scientific journey to
Mozambique, Zanzibar, Madagascar, and the East Indies which
is so well known.

He returned to Berlin in 1848, haviug collected largely, and
transmitted specimens and communications of high value to
various Grerman period'cals whilst abroad. He became Secre-
tary to the Berliiiische Gresellschaft naturforscheuder Freunde,
and actively advanced its interests. On the death of Lichten-
stein in 1857, he succeeded to his post as Director of the Zoolo-
gical Museum in Berlin, which he held to his death, on A.pril 2Ist,
1883. The Fishery Exhibition held in that city in 1881 was
much aided by his very extensive knowledge and active help.

He was a copious writer on very many groups, but more parti-
cularly devoted himself to the Vertebrates. The ' Catalogue of
Scientific Papers ' contains a list of 215 papers by him ; but the

48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE LI5NEAN SOCIETY.

total number exceeded three hundred. Many will be found in
the ' Proceedings ' and ' Transactions ' of the Zoological Society ;
perhaps the most noteworthy being a short memoir on Pectinntor
Sjyekii, a remarkable rodent from North-eastern Africa, which
was jiublishcd in the seventh volume of the ' Transactions ' of
that same body in 1872. His most important work was the issue
of his 'NaturwissenschaftlicheRcise uach Mossambique : ' vol. i.,
containing Mammalia, can.e out in 1852, with 4G plates ; a second
folio, Insects and Myriopods, with 35 plates, in 1862 ; and a third
volume, in February 1882, with 33 plates, devoted to Amphibia.
Tlic Botanical portion was worked uj) by various authors and
published in 1862-64. These are the only portions which have
seen the light.

He was elected Foreign Member of the Zoological Society in
18G0 and of the Linnean Society in 1868. His death creates a
gap in the ranks of German naturalists which will long be felt
in the scientific world, as well as by his large circle of friends.
He has left behind him a widow and several children to deplore
his loss.

INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS.

SESSION 1882-1883.

Note. — The name of the Chairman at each Meeting is not indexed.

Accomits, statement of, ii.
Adams, E., withrawn, 9.
Additions to Library, 10.
Address of President, 14.
Adelaide, Tasmaniau plants near (Top-
per), 3.
AlfJiwa hirsufa from Somerset (Murray),

3-
American brook-trout (Day), i.
Andre, Passijiorem coll. by (Masters), 3.
Angas, G. F., Dominica produce shown

by, 8.
Anthelmintic power of Sefhia acuminata

(Oudaatje), 2.
Ants (Lvibbock), 2.
Arctic Diatoms (Cleve\ 8.
Armit, W. A., medii-inal plants of

Queensland, 2.
Armstrong, J., withdrawn, 9.
Arnoseris pusilla (Howse), 13.
Artemisia Moxa, camphor from (Dyer),

Arum italicum from Torquay (Brit-
ten), 8.

— ■ vwcidatum shown (Britten), 8.

Asclepias Cor^iiiti (Corry), 4, 13.

Ai'ia, Eastern, Maingay's lichens from
(Nylander and Cronibie), 3.

Asparagus, fasciated, shown (Hooper), 2.

Aspen, fall of branchlets in (Shattock), 5.

Asple7iiu7)i rescctum shown (Beddome),
8.

Asteroidea, ' Challenger,' II. (Sladen), 9.

Athyriian Filix-famina shown (Druery),
I.

Attfield, Dr., sap examined by (Holmes),

7-.
Auditors elected, 8.

Auditors' report presented, 9. I

Auk, Great, remains (Galloway), 8. 1

Australia, fossil fruits from (Barnard),

LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDTNGS. — SESSION

Australia, South, Tasmanian plants in
(Tepper), 3.

Bahama orange-scale (Dyer), 6.

Baillie, E. J., elected, 13.

Baker, J. G., Fiji flora, 4 ; Lycopodium

coviplanatum shown, 2 ; Madagascar

flora, I. 3, II. 4, III. 6.
Balfour, F. M., deceased, 9 ; obituary,

39-
Balkwill, F. P., British Foraminifera

shown by, 2.
Baron, Rev. R., elected, 3.
Barrett, W. B., elected, 6.
Barrington, R. M., elected, 7.
Bates, H. W., removed from Council,

10.
Batters, E. A. L., elected, 4.
Beccari, O., elected Foreign Member, 8.
Beddome, R. IL, ferns shown by, 8.
Bees (Lubbock), X. 2.
Bell, F. J., echinoderras (Day), 4.
Benham, W. B. 8., testis of Limulus,

14.
Bennett, A. W., comm. by (Christy), 6 ;

constancy of insects visiting flowers,

6 ; elected Auditor, 8.
Bentham, G., 'Genera Plantaruni,' 8;

resolution re its coni)iletion, 12.
Bergius, Selaginem of (Rolfe), 13.
Bet/eria opaca, leaves malformed (Tep-
per), 2.
Birch-tree sap (Holmes), 7.
Bokorny, on protoplasm (Crisp), i.
Bolivian C'Mic/w«a-bark8shown(Christy),

8.
Borland, J., elected, 13.
Botanical report, 29-35.
Bourne, A. G., Polynoina, 5.
Bower, F. O., elected, 3.
Brace, L. J. K., elected, 6.
Braithwaite, R., Scrutineer, 10.

1882-88. e

5°

Branchlets, fall of, in aspen (Shattock),

Bream, Lic/ula from (Cobbokl), 4.

BrenthidiTP, Japanese (Lewis), 13.

Bridge, T. W., witlidrawn, 9.

Bridgnian, J. B., elected, 6.

British Foraminifera shown by Balk-
will, 2.

— Tomocerus (Brook), 3.

British Museum, Urapterygidie in (But-
ler), 7.

Britten, J., Arumitalicum from Torquay,
8.

Brook, G., Collemlmla, 3 ; Entomobrya, 9.

Brooke, Sir V., withdrawn, 9.

Broomeia, outer peridium of (Murray),
6.

Bryozoa, Scotch (Ridley), 4.

Burbidge, F. W., elected, 5.

Burdock, monstrous (Rake), iz.

Burge, Dr., of Shanghai, shrimps from,
12.

Burrows, A. J., elected, 4.

Busk, G., removed from Council, 10 ;
Scrutineer, 10.

Butler, A. G., Urapterygidce, 7.

Caieteal-nan-Gillean, great-auk remains

from (Galloway), 8.
Campbell, F. M., elected Auditor, 8 ;

Tegenaria Guyonii, 5.
Camphor from Artemisia Moxa (Dyer),

13-

Candles from Rhus vernicifera (Dyer),

Carnauba wax (Christy), 5.
Carfophagus FiJischii (Ramsay), 3.
Carruthers, W., seconder of motion, 10,

12.
Cassia lignea (Dyer), r, 3.
Casey, see Comerford-Casey.
Cercaria Burgei (Cobbold), 12.
Cercarim of liver-fluke shown (Thomas),

I.
Cerebral homologies (Owen), 3.
Cestode, new human (Cobbold), 4.
Ceylon, Ciiichona-c\i\i\\re in (Dyer), 3;

economical plants of (Ondaatje), 2.
Chalcidinw (Kirby), 3.
' Challenger ' Asteroidea, II. (Sladen), 9.

— Lichens (Crombie), 4.

— Molhisca (Watson), XVI., 3 ; XVIL,
6 ; XVIIL, 7 ; XIX., 9 ; XX., 14.

Chambers, W. O., elected, 6.

Cheddar pink shown (White), 13.

China, Cassia lignea from (Dyer), i, 3.

Christy, R. M., methodic insect-visits to
flowers, 6.

Christy, T., Bolivian Cinchona, 8 ; Car-
nauba WHX-pahn, 5 ; elected Council-
lor, 10; hybrid Primula, 5; kola-nut

in clearing fermented liquors, 4 ;
menthol, i.

Cm(/iO)ia -harlis shown (Christy), 8 ;
(Howard), 8, 9.

Cinchona Calisaga and C. Ledgeriana
(Howard), 9.

— cult, in Ceylon (Dyer), 3.

Clark, R. I., elected, 12.

Clarke, C. B., He7iiicarex, 7; removed
from Council, 10.

Clarke, W. E., elected, 6.

Clearing effects of kola-nuts on fer-
mented liquors (Christy), 4.

Cleistogamic flowers oi Hoya (Murray),

3-

Cleve, T., Arctic diatoms, 8.

Cliveden woods, Polyponis sidphureus
from (Harland), 13.

Coal-sections (Norman), 5.

Cobbold, T. S., Ligula Mansoni, 4 ;
Ligulce shown by, 4; shrimps con-
taining flukes, 12; Siiiiondsia para-
doxa, 7.

Coffin, T. W., elected, 7.

CoUembola and Tomocerus (Brook), 3.

Collins, F. H., elected, 7.

Colour, sense of, in lower animals (Lub-
bock), 8.

Comerford-Casey, Rev. G. E., elected, 7.

Copaifcra Gorskiana (Dyer), 12.

Copals (Dyer), 12.

Cooper, E. F., elected, 4.

Coral from Ceylon (Ondaatje), 5.

Corry, T. H., elected, 3 ; fertilization of
Asclepias Corimti, 1 3 ; poUinium of
Aschpias Cornuti, 4.

Council, ballot for, 10.

Crisp, F., living and dead protoplasm,
i; uom. V.-P., 12; re-elected Trea-
surer, 10 ; statement of accounts, 9.

Crombie, Rev. J. M., ' Challenger '
lichens, 4.

Crombie, Rev. J. M., and Dr. W. Ny-
lander, Maingay's lichens, 3.

Cycas Beddomei (Dyer), 2, 9.

Dace inoculated with Saprolegnia (Mur-
ray), 12.

Daniellia yielding Ogea (Dyer), 12.

Day, F., American brook-trout, i ; ma-
riiae fauna of Scotland, 4 ; Sabnofon-
tinalis, 2.

Degeeria (Brook), 9.

De Laune, C. L. F., elected, 8.

Dianfhus ccesius (White), 13.

Diatoms from Arctic Regions (Cleve), 8.

Dickie, G., deceased, 9 ; obituary, 40.

Dickius, F. V., elected, 7 ; Japanese
book shown by, 8.

Didy 771 op lexis (Hemsley), 6.

Diplaziu}7i ii-avancoricum (Beddome), 8.

51

Dominica, produce from, shown ( Augas),
8.

Doran, A. H. G-., malleus of Ehytina
SfeUeri. 13.

Dresser, H. E., elected Councillor, 10.

Druery, C. T., Athjirium shown by, i.

Duncan, P. M., Fungidre, I. 5, II. 13 ;
nom. V.-P., 12.

Dyer, W. T. T., Bahama orange-
scale, 6 ; Cassia liynea, i, 3 ; Cinchona
culture in Ceylon, 3 ; comm. by
(Ward), 5 ; cone of Cyoas Beddomei,
2, 9 ; copals, 12 ; economic products,
13 ; fruit of Loduicea, 5 ; Fhylloxcra
in Spain, 3.

Dysentery, Randia dumetorum in
(Ondaatje), 2.

Eaton, Eev. A. E., Ephemerida;, 8.
Echinoderms (Romanes), 6.
— of Scotch coast (Day), 4.
Economical plants from Ceylon

(Ondaatje), 2.
Ecuador, Passiflorere from (Masters), 3.
Election of Council and Officers, 10.
Elongation of pedicel in Bidtjmoplexis

(Hemsley), 6.
English coal-sections (Norman), 5.
Entomohvya (Brook), 9.
Ephemeridfe (Eaton), 8.
Epiphyllous lichen, life of (Ward), 5.
Ernst, A., elected, 4.
Espeut, W. B., kola-nuts, 3.
Ewart, J. C, elected, i.

Fasciated asparagus shown (Hooper), 2.

Fasciola hcpafica shown (Thomas), i .

Fauna of Scotch coast (Day), 4.

Fermented liquors cleared hy kola-
nut (Christy), 4.

Fertilization of Asclepias Cornuti
(Corry), 13.

Fiji flora (Baker), 4.

Flora of Madagascar (Baker), I. 3,
II. 4, III. 6.

Flower, W. H., comm. by (Doran). 13.

Flowers visited by insects (Bennett), 6 ;
(Christy), 6.

Fluke, liver (Thomas), i.

Flukes in shrimps (Cobbold), 12.

Foraminifera shown (Balkwill), 2.

Forbes, W. A., deceased, 9 ; obituary, 41 .

Fossil fruits from Australia (Barnard),

13-
Eraser, O. L., elected, 3.
Fruit of Lodoicea (Dyer), 5.
Fruit-pigeon, Finsch's (Ramsay), 3.
Fruits, fossil, from Australia (Barnard),

13-
Fry, Gr., elected, i.
Fungidie (Duncan), I. 5, II. 13.

Galloway, W., great-auk remains, 8.
GamopetaliB of Madagas^car (Baker), 4.
' Genera Plantaruin,' joint and separate

works of the authors of (Bentham), 8 ;

resolution concerning, 12.
Gerda, genus allied to (Phillips), 7.
Gibson, G. S., deceased, 9; obituary,

41.
G-old-Coast Landolpkin (Moloney), 7.
Godden, W., elected, 6.
Great-auk remains (Galloway), 8.
Grebe, Ligula from (Cobbold), 4.
Greene, J. S. C, deceased, 9.
Groves, H., Ranuncuhis ophioylossi-

foJius in Britain, 4.
Guillemard, F. H. H., elected, 6.
Giinther, Dr., comm. by (Kirby), 4.

Hampshire, Eaniincnlus ophioglossi-

foliiis from (Groves), 4.
Hanbury, F. J., Lcntinus shown by, 2.
Harker, J. A., elected, 4.
Harland, Eev. A. A., Folyporus sulphii-

reus shown, 13.
Hartlepool, piles at, attacked by Lim-

noria, 7.
Havers, J. C, elected, 6.
Hemicarex (Clarke), 7.
Hemsley, W. B., JDidijmopUxis, 6.
Hermaphrodite Lyccena Icarus (Weir) ,

S-
Hiern, W. P., variation in foliage oi

Quercus Ilex, 12.
Hocken, T. M., elected, 6.
Holmes, E. M., birch-sap, 7.
Homologies, cerebral (Owen), 3.
Hooker, Sir J. D., comm. by (Cleve), 8 ;

nom. V.-P., 12 ; resolution re 'Genera

Plantarum,' 12.
Hooper, R., fasciated asparagus shown

for, 2.
Houston, D., elected, 3.
Howard, J. B., Cinchona shown by, 8 ;

Cinchona Calisaya, 9.
Howitt, A. W., elected, 3.
Howse, T., plants sliown by, 13.
Hoya camosa producing fertile seed

(Murray), 3.
Hudson, R., deceased, 9 ; obituary, 42.
Hj'brid Primida (Christy), 5.
— trout (Day), 2.
Hypocharis glabra (Howse), 13.

Incompleta; from Madagascar (Baker),
6.

India, Cycas Beddomei from (Dyer), 2,
19.

India-rubber tree of Gold Coast (Mo-
loney), 7.

Infusorian allied to Gerda (Phillips), 9.

Inharabane copal (Dyer), 12.

52

INDKX.

Insect-visits to flowers (Beunelt), 6;

(Christy), 6.
Intoxication, kola-nuts in (Espeut), 3.
Invertebrates, cerebral homologies in

(Owen), 3.

Jackson, B. T>., conim. by (Moloney), 7 ;
re-elected Secretary, 10.

Jameson, W., deceased, 9 ; obituary, 42.

Japan, wax and candlesfrom (Dyer), 13.

Japanese botanical book shown (Dick-
ins), 8.

— Brenthidae (Lewis), 13.

— peppermint (Christy), i.
Johnson, J., elected, 5.

Kempton, H. T. K., elected, 13.

Kew Herbarium, Lt/copodium compla-
natu/ii from, sliown (Baker), 2.

Kew, recent economic products at
(Dyer), 14.

Kirby, W. F., ChalcidincB, 3.

Kirk, Sir J., removed from Council, 10.

Koishikawa, Botanic Garden of (Dick-
ins), 8.

Kola-nuts (Espeut), 3 ; used to clear
fermented liquor (Christy), 4.

Lagos copal (Dyer), 12.
Landolphia otvaricnsis (Moloney), 7.
Lange, J., elected Foreign MemlDcr, 8.
Laukester, E. R., comm. by (Benham)

14, (Bourne) 5; marine organisms

dredged by, i.
Lawson, M. A., Lycopodium compla-

-)iafum collected by (Baker), 2.
Leaves of Beyeria opaca malformed

(Teppor), 2 ; Quercus Ilex altered by

pruning (Hiern), 12,
Leefe, Rev. J. E., withdrawn, 9.
Lentirtus shown (Hanbury), 2.
Lerp insect (Tepper), 6.
Lewis, G., elected, 4 ; Japan Brenthidai,

13-

LeucospidiTKs (Kirby), 3.
Library, additions to, 10.
Lichen, epiphyllous (Ward), 5.
Lichens collected by Maingay (Nylander

and Croiubie), 3 ; ' Challenger' (Crom-

bie), 4.
Ligiihe (Cobbold), 4.
LimncBCi truncatula, Ccrcariie in

(Thomas), i.
Linworia lignorum, effects of, on piles, 7.
Limulus, testis of (Benham), 14.
Linna;us, Selitginca of (Rolfe), 13.
Linnffius fd., iScJuginccB of (Rolfe), 13.
Liversidge, Prof. A., withdrawn, 9.
Llewelyn, J. D., deceased, 9; obituary,

42.
Lodoicea seychellarmn, fruit of (Dyer), 5.

Loew, on protoplasm (Criip), i.

Lophoserinis (Dinican), 13.

Lubbock, Sir J., ants, bees, and wasps,
X. 2 ; comm. by (Eaton), 8 ; re-
elected President, 10 ; sense of colour
in lower animals, 8.

Lyccena learns, hermaphrodite(Weir), 5.

Lycopodium complanatum from Kew
(Baker), 2.

McCallum, elected, 3.

IMcKean, K., elected, 13.

McLaclilan, R., elected Auditor, 8 ; pre-
sentation of Auditors' report by, 9 ;
remo\ed from Council, 10.

Madagascar flora (Baker), I. 3, II. 4,
III. 6 ; Monocots. from (Ridley), 13.

Madresfield, Rosa stylosa from (Town-
drow), 6.

Malan, E. C, elected, 13.

Malformed lea^e8 of Beyeria opaca
(Tepper), 2.

Malleus of Ehyfina (Doran), 3.

Manna insect (Tepper), 6.

Marine fauna of Scotland (Day), 4.

Mastei-s, M. T., Passiflorea collected by
Andr^, 3.

Matthews, F., elected, 12.

Mayflies (Eaton), 8.

Medicinal plants of Queensland ( Armit),
2.

Mellin, A. D., var. oi Eosa stylosa found
by (Towndrow), 6.

Mentha arvcnsis yielding menthol
(Christy), i.

Menthol (Christy), i.

Middleton, R. M., a damaged pine-
timber shown by, 6 ; wood-piles da-
maged by Limnoria, 7.

Middleton-Wake, Rev. C. II., elected, 6.

Millar, J., elected Auditor, 8.

Minnow, Ligula from (Cohbold), 4.

Model of fruit of Lodoicea (Dyer), 5.

Moggridge, M., deceased, 9; obituary,
42.

MoUusca, ' Challenger' (Watson), XVI.,
3; XVIL, 6; XVIIL, 7; XIX., 9;
XX., 14.

Moloney, Cnpt. A., copal sent by (Dyer),
12 ; Landolphki owariensis, 7.

Monocotyledouous plants from Mada-
gascar, (Baker) 6, (Ridley) 13.

Moore, G. P., withdrawn, 9.

Morris, D., elected, 8 ; wax from My-
rica microcarpa obtained by (Dyer),

13-
Murray, G., elected Councillor, 10;

fungus determined by (Hanbury), 2 ;

pcridium ot Brcomeia, 6 ; Saprolegnia

ferax, 12.
Murray, J. J., elected, 8.

53

Murray, R. P., plants coll. by, 3.
Myrica microcarjM, wax from (Dyer),

13-

Mytilagpis citricola (Dyer), 6.

Nares, Diatoms from the espeditiou of
(Cleve), 8.

Kew Grenada, Passiflorece from (Mas-
ters), 3.

Nicholls, H. A. A., elected, 13.

Norman, J., coal-sections, 5.

Norway, marine organisms from (Lan-
kester), i.

Notes on plants, teratological(Ridley),2.

Nylander, Dr. VV., and Rev. J. M.
Crorabie, Maingay's lichens, 3.

Obituaries, 39-47.
Ogea (Dyer), 12.

Oliver, D., comm. by (Rolfe), 13.
Olsen, O. T., elected, 2.
Ondaatjp, W. 0., Ceylon plants shown
by, 2 ; coral from Ceylon, 5 ; elected,

4-

Orange-scale, from Bahamas (Dyer), 6.

Oronsay, great auk remains from (Gal-
loway), 8.

Otter remains (Galloway), 8.

Owen, R., cerebral homologies, 3.

Paget, Sir J., comm. by (Shattock), 5.

Pairing of spiders (Campbell), 5.

Paragorgia arbnrca (Lankester), i.

Passiflorece collected by Andre (Mas-
ters), 3.

Phillips, E. C, elected, 7.

Phillips, P. W., new iufusoriau, 7.

Phlomis fruticosa from Somerset (Mur-
ray), 3- .

Phylloxera in Spain (Dyer), 3.

Pedicel-elongation in Didymoplexis
(Hemsley), 6.

Peppermint yielding menthol (Christy),
I.

Peridium of Broomeia (Murray), 6.

Peters, W. C. H., deceased, 9 ; obituary,

47- .
Petherick, E. A., elected, 3.
Pieris Bapce shown (Romanis). 4.
Piloholus, sporangia of (Stewart), 2.
Pine from Quebec shown (Middletou), 6.
Pink, Cheddar, shown (White), 13.
Piper, W. G., withdrawn, 9.
Plants from Ceylon used in medicine

(Ondaatje), 2; Queensland (Armit), 2.
— , teratological notes on (Ridley), 2.
PoUinium of Asclejpias Cornuti (Corry),

4-
Polyno'e clava (Bourne), 5.
Polynoina (Bourne), 5.
Polypetalaj of Madagascar (Baker), 3.

Polyporus mdphureus (Harland), 13.
Populus tremula, fall of brauchlets in

(Shattock), 5.
VovtugaA, I'hylloxcra in (Dyer), 3.
President, elected, 10 ; his Address, 14.
Pr'umda, supposed hybrid (Christy), 5.
Proliferous ferns (Druery), i.
Protoplasm, living aud dead (Crisp), i.
PyranikleUidcB (Watson), 6.

Quebec, pine-timber from, shown (Mid-
dleton), 6.

Queensland, medicinal plants of (Ar-
mit), 2.

Quercus Ilex, foliage (Hiern), 12.

Rake, S. R., monstrous burdock-lenl",
12.

Ramsay, E. P., Finsch's fruit-pigeon, 3.

Eanclia dumeiorum in dysentery (On-
daatje), 2.

Rangoon termites (Romanis), 13.

Ranunculus ophioglossifolius . from
Hampshire (Groves), 4.

Report on Botanical publications, 29-3 5.

— , Zoological, 35-39.

Rhus vernicifera (Dyer), 13.

Rhythm Stelleri, malleus of (Doran), 1 3.

Ridley, H. N., Madaga.scar plants, 13;
teratological notes on plants, 2.

RoUe, R. A., Selaghiece, 13.

Romanes, G. J., Echinoderms, 6 ; re-
elected Secretary, 10.

Romanis, J., Pieris reipcB shown by, 4.

Romanis, R., Rangoon termites, 13.

Rosa sfylosa, var. (Towndrow), 6.

Rosary of fruits of Trapa (Dyer), 13.

Rous, S., elected, 3.

SalTno fonfinalis (Day), 2.

Sap from birch (Holmes), 7.

Saprolegnia ferax (IMurray), 12.

Saunders, H., elected Councillor, 10.

Scotland, marine fauna of (Day), 4.

Scott, Gen. H. Y. D., deceased, 9 ; obit-
uary, 43.

Secretaries elected, lo.

Seed from cleistogamic flowers of Hoya
(Murray), 3.

SelaginccB (Rolfe), 13.

Semccarpus Gardneri, varnish from
(Ondaatje), 2.

Send, plants from (Howse), 13.

Sense of colour (Lubbock), 8.

Se'hia acuminata as anthelmintic (On-
daatje), 2.

Shanghai, shrimps containing flukes
from (Cobbold), 12.

Shattock, S. G., fall of branchlets in
aspen, 5.

Shrimps containing flukes (Cobbold), 12.

LIXN. SOC. PEOCEKDINUS. — SESSION 1882-83.

/

INDHX.

54

Sigerson, G., withdrawn 9.
Smottdda parculoxa (Cobbolcl), 7-
Sl!Klcn,^A^ P., 'CbuUenger expedition,

Asteroidoii, II., 9- . ,,- s ^

Somerset, plants coll. in (Murray), 3-
Spain, I'hiilloxcm in (Ujer), 3-
Suence, J. U., withdrawn, 9.
i<„herularia Bonibi (Cobbold), 7.
Spiders, pairing of (Campbell) 5-
Sponges of Sc.tch coast (Eidley, 4-
Sporangia of I'doholus (Stewart), 2.
sEintol II. T., elected Councillor, 10 ;

nom. V.-r., 12- ^r.-, I. ,

Stewart, C, sporangia of Pilobolus, 2.
Stirling, J., elected, 6.
Stone, II. C, elected, 3.
Stone, J. N., elected, 2.

Tasmanian plants near Adelaide (Tep-

Tmeiiarkt Guyonii (Campbell), 5-
Tmecarpus, 2 (read Semecarpus).
Tepper, J. G. O., Beyeria opaca lea.yes
malformed, 2 ; Lerp insect, 6 ; ias-
raanian plants near Adelaide, 3.
Teratological notes (Ridley), 12.
Termites, Rangoon (Romanis), 13.
Testis of Limnlns (Benham), 14-
Thomas, A. P. W., on liver-fluke, i.
Thomson, Prof. A., motion by, 10

Scrutineer, 10. , ,-„ ic \ ,-

Thunberg, Sclaffbiccp of (Rolfe) 13-
Thurston, Hon. J. B., elected 8.
Thwaites, G. H. K., deceased, 9 ; obit-

Tok^iof botanical book from (Dickins) 8.
Tomocenis, British species of (Brook), 3.

Torquay, Arum itallcum from (Britten),

Towndrow, R. F., new var. of Bosa sty-

Ivsa, 6.
Trff^rt -fruits for a rosary (Dyer), 13.
Treasurer, elected, 10; his statement,

II.
Trout, brook (Day), i, 2..

Ihapferygidm in British Museum (But-
ler), 7.

Varnish from Semecarpus Gardneri (Ou-
daatie), 2. , , • •

Vertebrates, cerebral homologies in

(Owen), 3. _, .

Vicia Orobus from Somerset (Murray),

3-

Wake, see IMiddlcton-Wake.

Walsinghain, Lord, elected, i.

Ward, H. M., epipliyllous lichen, 5.

Wasps, X. (Lubbock), 2.

Watson, R. B., 'Challenger' Mollusca,
XVI., 3 ; XVII., 6 ; XVIIL, 7 ; XIX.,
9 ; XX., 14. , ,

Wax from Carnauba palm-leaves

(Christy), 5; ^^^""^ «"'-7^«''^«
(Morris), 13 ; Rhus verninf era (Dyer),

Weir, J. J., hermaphrodite LyccBiia lea-

'■''*' 5- ,11,

White, C. F., Dianthus shown by, 13.

White', T. C, withdrawn, 9.

Wjatt', Rev. P. W., elected, 6.

Zoological report, 38-39.

Printrd

bv Taylor anfl l'KA>ris. iv<(i

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(SESSIOIS' 1883-84.)

November 1st, 1883.

Eeank Ceisp, LL.B., Treasurer and Vice-President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Thomas Edward Gruan, Esq., and Alexander Hutton, Esq.,
were elected Fellows.

A letter from Dr. John Evans, Treas. E.S., enclosing the
following, was read by the Secretary, and the papers referred to
(which are printed in the Appendix) laid before the Meeting : —

" Holywell Hill, St. Albans, Herts.
« Sljl^ — October 29tb, 1883.

We, the undersigned, descendants of the well-known
botanical artist, Greorge Dionysius Ehret, have the honour to
ofter for the acceptance of the Linnean Society the accompanying
letters, seven of which were addressed to Mr. Ehret by the great
Linnaeus between 173G and 1769, and the remaining four are
either translations of letters from Linmieus or connected with
botanical subjects.

" We oiier these letters to the Linnean Society in tlie full
belief that they will, in your Society's Library, be most fitly
jjreserved and be at the same time most generally accessible to
those interested in the history of the great naturalist alter whom
your Society is named.

" We append a short memoir of Greorge Dionysius Ehret,
together with a bi'ief genealogical statement showing our descent

LINN. SOC. PBOCEEDLNGS. — SESSION 1883-84!. h

2 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE

from him, from which it will at once be seen how directly these
letters have come down into our hands.

" AVe also add a list of the letters, and trusting that they may
be acceptable to the Linnean Society,

" We have the honour to be,

" Tour obedient Servants,
" Sophia Gtrover (86).
" Harriet Gtrover (H3).
"Emily Gtrover (81).
" Chas. Ehret G-rovee (80)."
" The President of the Linnean Society ^

The Vice-President, in the Chair, having congratulated the
Society on this valuable addition to the Linnean treasures, a Vote
of Thanks was unanimously accorded to the Donors. (See
Appendix.)

Mr. E. Crisp drew attention to specimens, iu fluid medium, of
Limnocodium Sowerbii, as illustrative of Mr. P. Squires's method
of preserving delicate organisms, such as Medusae.

A Japanese book on useful Timbers was exhibited for the
Eev. Thomas Wiltshire, E.L.S.

Mr. H. Grroves showed examples of Ghara Braunii from
Ashton-under-Lyne, and Mr. Arthur Bennett of Najas alagnensis
and N. marina from Hickling Broad, Norfolk, all being new to
the British flora.

Mr. W. Eawcett exhibited a living specimen of Testacella
Maugei, the same being obtained iu Dorset by Mr. J. C. Mansel-
Pleydel and supposed to be indigenous to that county.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Observations on certain Changes iu the Habits of the
Eauna and Elora of New Zealand." By Dr. S. M. Curl, E.L.S.

2. " Almis Richardsoni, a Fossil Fruit from the London Clay
of Heme Bay." By J. Starkie Gardner. (Communicated by
E. T. Gardner, E.L.S.)

3. " On the Origin of the Placenta in the Tribe Alsinese of the
Order Caryophyllefe." By Miss G-. Lister. (Communicated by
Arthur Lister, E.L.S.)

November 15th, 1883.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Philip Crowley, Esq., aud John Murray, Esq., were elected
Eellcws,

Mr, Chai'les B. Plowright exhibited a young Pear-tree, showing
Hoesfelia cancellata (Jacq.) produced from Podisoma Sabince, in

LINJJEAN SOCIETY OF LOjN"DOW. 3

support of the observatious of A. S. CErsted, in 'Botaniska
Notiser ' for 1865 ; also examples of Puccinia graminis on
"Wheat, produced from uEcidium on Mahonia AquifoUum. The
iijlcidiospores were sown on the 2nd of June, 1S88, the Uredo-
spores appeared on the 10th of June, and the ripe P. graminis
was gathered on the 10th of September, 1883. He likewise called
attention to examples of ^cidium rumicis on Ruiuex ohtusifoUus,
R. Hgdrolapathum, S. conglomeratus, and Rheum officinale, the
same being produced by cultivation from Pwcciiiia Phragmitis.

Professor P. Martin Duncan showed a specimen of Coral
{Desmopliyllum crista-galli) which had grown upon an Electric-
telegraph Cable off the shores of Spain ; it possessed radicles,
apparently due to the presence of a worm close beneath the base
of the coral.

Mr. E. P. Ramsay exhibited a series of rare New- Guinea
Birds, prouiinent among which were: — Chamosyna Margarethece,
Geqffroyius heteroclitus, Ginnyris melanocephalus, Myragra ferro-
cyane, Pallopiis Riehardsii, and P. Lewisii.

Mr. T. Christy exhibited a fine living specimen of the so-called
Gastonia palmata {Trevesia sundaica, Miq.), or possibly a new
species.

Dr. J. Murie showed specimens of Ascaris hicolor from the
living Walrus at the Westminster Aquarium.

Mr. E. J. Warner drew attention to a series oi Orchis incarnata
from Haiupshire, remarking on the great variation of colour of
the lip.

The following papers were read : —

1. " The Reproduction of the Zygneinaceaj : a Contribution to
the solution of the question, Is it of a sexual character ? " By
Alfred W. Bennett, P.L.S.

2. "Notes on the Antenna of the Honey-Bee." By T. J.
Briant. (Communicated by B. Daydon Jackson, Sec. L.S.)

3. " Japanese Liguriidse ; with notes on their habits and ex-
ternal sexual structure." By Gfeorge Lewis, P.L.S.

4. " On the Replacement of a true Theca or Wall by Epitheca
in some Serial Coralla, and on the Importance of the Structure
in the Grrowth of Incrusting Corals." By Professor P. Martin
Duncan, P.R.S., V.P.L.S.

December 6th, 1883.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair ;
afterwards R. McLachlan, F.R.S.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
H.H. The Maharajah of Travancore, G.C.S.I., Charles Albert

62

4 PEOCEEDIKOS OF THE

Barber, Esq., John Sibley Hicks, Esq., Jobn Eichardson, Esq.,
Balph Tate, Esq., Eev. Hilderic Friend, Eev. James Hanniugton,
and Henry Tisdall, Esq., were elected Fellows.

The Botanical Secretary exliibited a specimen of " Mexican
Whisks," known also on the London market as " Chien-dent,"
which are now imported in considerable quantity from the
vicinity of La Puebla, in Mexico. It is believed to be derived
from a species of Andropogon ; but it is in bulk coarser than the
similar material from Southern Europe from AnJropor/on Grt/Uus,
and finer than a species of Panicum, used in India for brushes.

Mr. Arthur Bennett exhibited a specimen of Carex lujerica
gathered by Mr. Cunnack on the Scilly Isles, and believed by
him to be a sterile form of C. arenaria, but identified as C.
ligerica by Prof. Babiugton, and therefore new to Britain.
Mr. Bennett also drew attention to locally so-called " Vegetable
Hedgehogs," these being agglomerated Larch-leaves, having some
resemblance to a rolled Hedgehog, found in the Shropshire meres.

A large number of Lepidoptera from the district of Greorge-
towu, Colorado, and a few from Missouri, were exhibited by
Mr. JErnest Jacob, who had collected them while engaged in the
U.S.A. Geological Survey in the above districts in 1880-81.

A series of dried Plants from Australia was shown on behalf
of Mr. James Eobinson.

The following paper was read : —

1. " A posthumous Essay on Instinct." By Charles Darwin,
F.E.S., F.L.S. (Communicated by J. Gr. Eomanes, Sec. L.S.)

December 20th, 1883.
Aleeed W. Bennett, M.A., in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Nathaniel Cantley, Esq., "William Lambert Dobsou, E.^q.,
Francis Gray Smart, Esq., and Eev. E. Thorn were elected Fellows.

Mr. Stuart 0. Eidley exhibited and made remarks on a series
of 170 vertical sections of Sponges collected in the neighbourhood
of Galle, Ceylon, by Dr. "W. C. Ondaatje, F.L.S. , and transmitted
to England by him in letters, being in most instances suificient
for the identification of the species.

Mr. F. M. Campbell showed the cocoon of a Spider, Teyenaria
Gvyonii, which had been suspended in the centre of a pasteboard
cylinder, thr usual position being close to the sides of objects.
The Spider itself, just ripe with eggs, was pljiced in the cylinder,
and had adjusted itself to the surrounding conditions ; the
cocoon was of natural form, slung like a hammock.

The following papers were read : —

1 . " On the Structure of the Stem oi Rhynchopetalmn montanumy
Freseu." By F. O. Bower, M.A., F.L.S.

LINIfEAN" SOCIETY OP LOISTDOIf. 5

2. " On the Ear-bones of Bhi/tina SteUeri." By Albau Dorau.
(Communicated by Professor Flower, F.R.S., F.L.S.)

3. " On the Glands of Hypericace^." By J. R. Grreen. (Com-
municated by Dr. S. H. Vines, F.L.S.)

4. "On the Stipular Grlands of Coprosma Bauer iana.''^ By
Walter G-ardiuer. (Communicated by Dr. S. H, Vines, F.L.S.)

5. " On Starch-grains in the Lacteal Cells o£ Eiiphorhia." By
M. C. Potter. (Communicated by Dr. S. H. Vines, F.L.S.)

January l7th, 1884.

Sir John Lubbock;, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Arthur Stuart Pennington, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

Dr. R. C. A. Prior exhibited and made remarks on a series of
useful Timbers from British Gruiana. These were all hard
woods, among which may be mentioned: — the " Grreenheart "
{Nyctandra Bodiei) ; the " DucaliboUy," a rare red wood, used
in the colony for furniture ; " Wamara," a very hard- wooded
tree, 60 feet high, used by the natives for clubs &e. ; " Letter
Wood " (Brosimiim Aubletei), useful for inlaying and making
very choice walking-sticks ; " Hyowa-boUy " (OinjjJuflobmm
Lamberti), a rare tree, 20 feet high, known commercially as
Zebra wood .

Mr. H. N. Eidley showed a fasciated branch of Holly from
Herefordshire, in which certain of the flattened branches were
curiously interwoven and each terminated by a number of
growing points.

Dr. Murie called attention, on behalf of Mr. Frederick Piercy>
to a presumed portrait of Linnreus in oil, doubtfully supposed to
be original.

The following specimens were exhibited under the microscope,
in illustration of Mr. Michael's paper: — Bisparipes homhi, inert
fully-grown nymph, showing the adult female fully formed in-
side ; also male, female, and latter from underside of the new
species B. homhi.

The following papers were read : —

1. " A Eeview of the Tuber-bearing Species of Solaimm." By
J. G. Baker, F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " The S'l/pojjus -question, or Life-historv of certain Acarina.^'
By A. D. Michael, F.L.S.

3. " The Structure and Affinity of Sphceria pocuJa, Schweinitz."
By Dr. M. C. Cooke, A.L.S.

4. " Notes on some Burmese Desmidiefe." By W. Joshua,
F.L.S.

5. " Contributions to South-African Botany." By Harr
Bolus, F.L.S.

6 PTlOCKETirNGS OF THE

February 7th, 1884.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Henry Groves, Esq., of Florence, and Frederick Lovell Keays,
Esq., of Cobham, were elected Fellows.

The Vacancies in the list of Foreign Members having been
announced, by the deaths of Prof. Oswald Heer, Dr. W. C. H.
Peters, and Prof. Hermann Sclilegel, the following Nominations
Avere made, and the Certificates ordered to be suspended : —

EuNEST Haeckel, M.D., Professor of Zoology, and Director of
the Zoological Institute and of the Zoological Museum of the
University of Jena.

Dr. Alexander Kowai^evsky, Professor and Director of the
Zootomical Cabinet, and Custodian of the Zoological Menagerie
of the University of Odessa.

Dr. S. ScHWENDENEE, Profcssor of Vegetable Anatomy and
Physiology, Director of the Botanical Institute, and of the Bo-
tanic Garden of the University of Berlin.

Mr. F. 0. Bower showed specimens of the leaf of Tomiea
Menzicsii, with adventitious buds situated at the base of the
lamina. These buds appear at the same point in all the leaves,
and under normal circumstances, so that their development seems
to be a constant character of the species. Their origin is exo-
genous, and the buds are found already present at tlie ])eriod
when lignification of the xylem of tlie young vascular bundles be-
gins. Mr. Bower compared this development with that already
known in Cardctmine pratensis and AtJiyrurtts ternatns, &c.

There was exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Arthur C. Cole, a box
containing mounted preparations illustrative of his ' Studies in
Microscopic Science,' a work devoted to Animal and Vege-
table Histology, now being issued in parts.

Mr. B. T. Lowne exhibited a series of specimens under the
microscope, and original drawings, illustrating his researches on
Compound Vision in Insects.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Note on the Gemmae of Aulacomnion palustre.^^ By
F. 0. Bower, F.L.S.

2. " On Eecent Ephemeridae or May-Flies." — Part II. By
the Eev. A. E. Eaton. (Communicated by Sir J. Lubbock,
Bart., Pres.L.S.)

3. "Besearches on the Compound Vision of Insects." By
Benjamin T. Lowne, F.L.S.

4. " European and North-Atlantic Crustacea." By the Eev.
A. M. Norman, F.L.S.

LTKNEATf SOOTETT OF LONDON. 7

February 21st, 1884.
Sir John Lttbbock,, Bart., President in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Alfred Prentice Young, Esq., of Bombay, and D. Sullivan,
Esq., of Victoria, were elected Fellows.

Mr. E. Miller Christy brought before the notice of the Society
a series of Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, &c., captured by him in
Manitoba, some of the Humble-Bees being supposed new to
science ; he also showed a collection of dried plants obtained by
him in the same region.

Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer exhibited and made remarks on
Portions of Wreaths from tlie Coffin of the Princess Ugi Khomso
of the XXI. Egyptian Dynasty. Dr. Schweinfurth, the African
traveller, who had closely investigated these ancient garlands,
reports that they are composed of leaves of a Willow (Salix
Safsaf) and flower-heads of Cornflower (Genfaurea depressa),
with separate rayflorets and an acliene of C. depressa, besides
flowers of the Common Poppy {Papaver Blineas), with separate
flowers and capsules of the same plant.

The following papers were read : —

1. "The Cyperacese of the West Coast of Africa in the Wel-
witsch Herbarium." By H. N". Eidley, F.L.S.

2. "On the Power of Penetrating the Bodies of Animals pos-
sessed by the Seed of Stipa spaHeay By E. Miller Christy.
(Communicated by A. W. Bennett, F.L.S.) See Abstract in
Appendix.

3. " Contributions to the Flora of North Patagonia and the
adjoining Territory." By John Ball, F.L.S.

4. " On some Structures liable to Variation in the Subfamily
Astrangiacese (Madreporaria)." By Stuart O.Eidley, F.L.S.

March 6th, 1884.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

James Dallas, Esq., and Dr. Augustus Biirke Shepherd were
elected Fellows ; and Mr. William Hodgson, of Watermillock,
Cumberland, was elected an Associate.

The President announced the receipt of a communication from
the Foreign Office through the Science and Art Department,
enclosing the Programme of a proposed International Ornitho-
logical Congress to be held at Vienna in the beginning of April,
under the patronage of His Imper. and Eoy. Highness the Crown
Prince Eudolph. The subjects to be discussed are : — I. Project
of an International Law for the Protection of Birds. II. On
the descent of the Domestic Fowl and the steps to be taken in

8 PROCEfiDINOS OF THE

general for the improvement of Poultry-breeding. III. Sug-
gestions for the establishment of a network of Stations for Orni-
thological Observations over the habitable globe.

Mr. F. 0. Bower drew attention to a figure in the' Grardener's
Chronicle ' (1st March) representing a case of proliferation of the
so-called " double-needle " of Sciadopytis verticillata. He
alluded to the various views as to the morphological value of tlie
" double needle " and concluded that the one first jiropounded
by Prof. Alex. Dickson (afterwards adversely discussed by Von
Mohl, and favourably by Goebel) appears most in accordance
with the history of its development. He remarked that if the
double needle be regarded as a phylloclade with arrested apical
growth, tbis case of proliferation may be readily explained as an
example of continued apical growth, accompanied by a displace-
ment of the normally more intense intercalary growth.

Dr. Maxwell Masters exhibited and made remarks on an
example of bud-variation in Finns sylvestns, observing that it was
a matter of doubt whether an insect or a fungus gave rise to it.

There was exhibited for Mr. T. E. Gunn a stuffed specimen of
a supposed adult male variety of the Common Moorhen ( Galli-
niila cliloropus) shot near Norwich last spring.

Mr. Alfred W. Bennett made some observations on the con-
tinuity of Protoplasm as exemplified in some forms of the Algae,
and demonstrated in specimens of Ptilota and Callithamnion
shown by him under the microscope.

The following papers were read : —

1. " The Metamorphosis of FiJaria scmguinis-hominis in the
Mosquito." By Dr. P. Manson of Hongkong. (Communicated
by Dr. T. S. Cobbold, P.E.S., F.L.S.)

2. "On Indian Species of Gyperusy By C. Baron Clarke,
M.A., P.E.S., F.L.S.

3. " On tbe Eelationa existing between Instinct and other
Vital Processes." By Professor St. G. Mivart, F.E.S., F.L.S.

4. "Notes on Afghanistan Algae." By Dr. Jules Schaar-
schmidt. (Communicated by Prof. Oliver, F.L.S.)

March 20th, 1884.

Henry T. Stainton, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair ;
afterwards Frank Crisp, LL.B., Treas. and Vice-President.

The Minutes of the last Meeting werdTead and confirmed.

Tbe Eev. Canon James Baker, "William Brockbank, Esq.,
Eobert Mason, Esq., and Edward Alfred Heath, Esq., were
elected Fellows.

Tbe Cliairman announced a further communication from the
Foreign Office (tl)rough the Science and Art Department) noti-

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 9

fying ttat the Ornithological Congress at Vienna will be held
from the 7th to the 16th April, instead of from the 16th to 23rd
April, as originally fixed.

Mr. J. Gr. Baker showed and made remarks on specimens of
supposed hybrids between the Oxlip (Primula elatior) and the
Cowslip (P. veris) from Kew Gardens.

In illustration of his paper, Lord Walsingham exhibited a large
nest containing cocoons, also specimens of the insects and of the
Inrvffi of a Congregating Moth of the genus Anaphe, from Natal ;
and he also showed alive example of a Dipterous parasite which
had emerged from the same.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Contribution to the Knowledge of the genus Anaphe,
Walker." By Lord Walsingham, M.A., F.L.S.

2. " On the Hairs occurring on the Stamens in Plants." By
Greenwood Pim, F.L.S.

3. " Closure of the Cyclostomatous Bryozoa." By Arthur W.
Waters, P.L.S.

4. " On the Life-history of Mcidium helliclis, D.C." By
Charles B. Plowright. (Communicated by W. T. Thiselton
Dyer, C.M.G., F.L.S.)

5. " On some Diatomacese from the Island of Socotra." By
F. Kitton. (Communicated by Lieut.-Col. H. H. Godwin-
Austen, F.E.S., F.L.S.)

April 8rd, 1884.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. W. Brockbank exhibited a series of Double Daffodils, wild
ioi'xaii of Narcissus Pseiido-narcissiis, '^\\\c\\ were gathered in a
Welsh meadow, both the single and the double forms occurring
there in every stage of growth. Sections of these double flowers
revealed stamens and pistils ; and in two of the most completely
double forms, ovaries filled with seeds were present. With this
evidence he therefore contended against the current notion of
cultivation and root-growths having produced a heterogeneous
multiplication of the perianth-segments, and conversion of
stamens into petal-growths, his belief being that the plants in
question were propagated in the ordinary way by seed.

Mr. E. Morton Middleton showed an example of a Jackdaw with
such albinism of the scapulars and secondary wing-feathers as to
cause considerable resemblance in the bird to a Mag^jie. The
Jackdaw had been seen and observed for some time at Castle
Eden, Durham, prior to its dying from an injury.

The following papers were read : —

1. " A Revision of the Families and Genera of the Sclerodermic

lO PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Zoantliaria (the Rugosa excej)ted)." By Prof. P. M. Duncan,
F.E.S., Vice-Pres. L.S.

2. " On sonic Pollen from Puueral Garlands found in an
Efryptian Tomb, circa B.C. 1000." By Charles P. White, F.L.S.

3. " On the Anatomy and Functions of the Tongue of the
Honey-Bce (Worker)." By Travers James Briant, Esq. (Com-
municated by B. Daydon Jackson, Sec. L.S.)

April 17th, 1884.
Altteed W. Bexnett, M.A., in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and coufirmed.

Eobert Lloyd Patterson, Esq., and Benjamin Lomax, Esq., were
elected Fellows.

Dr. J. Poland exhibited under the microscope a series of
stained preparations illustrating the Bacillus of Anthrax from
Man. He remarked that the JBacillus-H^ores in many instances
doubtless were conveyed in the dried skins and hides imported
from abroad ; and that these spores, under favourable circum-
stances, inocTilated those handling the dried hides, &c., afterwards
developing in the usual manner in the human body, and setting
up the severely fatal malady in question.

Dr. E. C. A. Prior drew attention to specimens of the Yellow
Alpine Whitlow Grass (Draha aizoides) obtained by Mr. T. B.
FloAver from the neighbourhood of Pennard Castle, Swansea, one
of the few localities where this plant grows wild in England.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Contributions to the Ornitliology of New Guinea. — Part
IX. On further collections made by Mr. A. Goldie in the Astro-
lahe Mountains." By Mr. E. Bowdler Sharpe, F.L.S.

2. " On the Algo-Fungal-Licheu Theory, and Schwendenerian
Hypothesis." By the Eev. J. M. Crombie, M.A., F.L.S.

3. " Note on a Eemarkable Variegation of Banksia viarginalis,
Cav." By J. G. Otto Tepper, F.L.S. (See Appendix.)

4. " On Hyalocalyce, a new Genus of Turnerace» from Mada-
gascar." By E. A. Eolfe, Esq. (Communicated by Prof. Oliver,
F.L.S.)

May 1st, 1884.

Prof. P. Maetin Ddncan, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The Chairman nominated Mr. H. T. Stainton and Mr. T.
Christy as Auditors, on behalf of the Council, and JNlr Jenner
AVcir and Dr. J. Miller, on behalf of the Fellows, and by a show
of hands tbey a\ ere duly elected.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. I T

William Denison Eoebuck, Esq., and Frederick Newton
Williams, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Professor Ernest Haeckel of Jena, Professor Alexander Kowa-
levsky of Odessa, and Professor S. Schwendeuer of Berlin were
elected Foreign Members.

Mr. Stuart 0. Eidley exhibited drawings of the sjiiculation of
some Sponges collected and forwarded by Dr. William C
Ondaatje, F.L.S., o£ Ceylon, sections of which had been shown at
a previous Meeting of the Society (20th December, 1883). Mr.
Eidley also exhibited and made remarks on certain other highly
finished coloured sketches of Ceylonese Actiniae drawn from life
under the superintendence o£ Dr. Ondaatje.

Prof. F. Jeftrey Bell afterwards pointed out the chief charac-
teristics of a set of drawings of Comatulids, taken from the living
objects as obtained by Dr. Ondaatje from the seas of Ceylon.

Mr. T. Christy showed an example of the so-called " Vegetable-
Fur."

Among other exhibitions were dried plants in illustration of
Mr. Eolfe's paper, and birds of that of Mr. Sharpe ; while Mr.
Brook had under the microscope preparations demonstrating the
segmentation-stage, the embryonic shield, and commencement of
keel, the early embryo (3rd day) before closure of the blasto-
pore, and of the 4th-day blastopore, with Kupffer's vesicle*, also
at the 8th day ; and the newly hatched embryo of the Weever-
fish {Trachinus vipera).

The following papers were read : —

1. " On a Collection of Birds from the Bahr-el-Ghazal Pro-
vince and the Nyam-Nyam Country in Equatorial Africa." By
E. Bowdler Sharpe, F.L.S.

2. " On the Fauna of the Philippine Islands and its probable
Derivation." Bv E. A. Eolfe, Esq. (Communicated by Prof.
Oliver, F.E.S., F^L.S.)

3. " Preliminary Account of the Development of the Weever-
fish (Trachmus vipera)." By George Brook, F.L.S,

May 24th, 1884.

Anniversary/ Meeting.

Prof P. Mabtin Duncan, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. H. T. Stainton, on the part of the Audit Committee, read
the Annual Eeceipts and Payments, as shown on p. 12.

The Treasurer, Mr. Frank Crisp, then submitted a detailed
explanation of the various items in the foregoing statement,
calling special attention to the alterations and improvements

12

PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

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LHWEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. I3

effected in the Eutrance-liall and Meeting-room, and to tlie
painting and decoration of the Meeting-room, Hall, and Stairs.

Mr. C. J. Breese, in congratulating the Treasurer and the
Society on the favourable Eeport of the Finances, added that he
should have been glad to have seen mention of the nature and
extent of the Investments as a whole.

The Treasurer replied that his statement had been drawn out
in accordance with those of former years ; but agreed that on
future occasions the amount of Investments should be stated on
the face of the Annual Financial Statement.

Attention having been directed by Mr. Thomas "Walker to the
Ventilation of the apartments : —

Mr. T. Christy stated that, as a member of the Committee
deputed by the Council to superintend the alterations and paint-
ing when in progress, tlie subject of ventilation had been duly
taken into consideration. Two openings had been driven through
the west wall of the Meeting-room to the open air, and also a
very large aperture over the doorway into the Hall. The window
over the Hall Entrance-door had also been hinged, and, when
open, admitted a current of air.

The Secretary then read his Eeport of the deaths, wiilidrawals,
and elections of new Fellows for the past year, as follows : —

Since the last Anniversary 17 Fellows had died, or their deaths
had been ascertained, viz. : —

Fellows (17).

Professor J. Huttou Balfour.
The Duke of Buccleuch.
Thomas Hughes Corry.
Dr. Ealph Barnes Griudrod.
John Elliot Howard.
Joseph Milligan.
Edward Miluer.
Dr. John Jardine Murray.
Dr. Eobert Briscoe Owen.

Sir Arthur Scott, Bart.
Edward Sheppard.
Peter Squire.
Thomas Tingle.
Professor Allen Thomson.
William Valentine.
Joseph Waiuwright.
Dr. Samuel Wright.

jFOEEIGN MeMBEES (3).

Dr. George Engelmann. Dr. Hermann Schlegel.

Dr. Oswald Heer.

During the past official year 5 Fellows had withdrawn, viz. : —

Dr. James Brogden. I John Goucher.

M. Cesar Chantre. | Dr. H. T. K. Ivempton.

And 36 Fellows, 3 Foreign Members, and 1 Associate had been
elected.

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

During the past year there had been received as Donations to
the Library 93 volumes and 200 pamphlets and separate impres-
sions of memoirs. From the various Scientific Societies there had
also been received 150 volumes and 109 detached parts ; besides 27
volumes obtained by excliange and donation from the Editors of
independent periodicals. The Council, at tbe recommendation
of the Library Committee, had sanctioned the purchase of 150
separate volumes and 50 parts of important works. The total
additions to the Library were therefore 413 volumes and 359
separate parts. (For private Donations, see Appendix.)

The Chairman (Vice-President) called attention to a picture in
oil, from a photograph, of the late Lady Smith (wife of Sir
James Smith, our first President) taken in her 100th year, and
considered very characteristic. This portrait Mr. Henry Ste-
venson, P.L.S., now presented to the Society for its acceptance.

A Vote of Thanks was passed for this Donation.

Eeference was also made to tbe Letters of Linnaeus and Ehret
already formally presented to the Society at an earlier Meeting
in the current Session. (See p. i.)

Tbe Secretary, on behalf o£ the President, having read the
Bye-Laws governing the elections, —

The Vice-President, in the Chair, then opened the business of
the day, and the Fellows proceeded to ballot for the Council and
Officers.

The Ballot for the Council having closed, the Vice-President
in the Chair, appointed Mr. Grrut, Mr. Hopkinson, and Mr.
Breese, Scrutineers. The votes having been counted and reported
to the Vice-President in the Chair, he declared the following
Members to be removed from the Council, viz. : — Mr. Alfred W.
Bennett, Prof. T. Spencer Cobbold, Mr. Frank Darwin, Mr.
Henry E. Dressex*, and Sir J. D. Hooker ; —

And the following to be elected into the Council, viz. : —
Prof I. Bayley Balfour, Mr. AVilliam Carruthers, Mr. W. T.
Thiselton Dyer, Lieut.-Col. Godwin-Austen, and Mr. W. Percy
Sladen.

The Ballot for the Officers also having closed, the Vice-Presi-
dent, in the Chair, nominated the same Scrutineers. The votes
having been counted and reported to the Vice-President, in the
Chair, he declared the result as follows, viz. : — President, Sir
John Lubbock, Bart., M.P. ; Treasurer, Mr. Frank Crisp ; Secre-
taries, Mr. B. Day don Jackson and Mr. Gr. J. Romanes.

The Vice-President in the Chaii* then delivered his Address
(see p. 17).

Sir J. D. Hooker then moved the following resolution, viz. : —
" That the thanks of the Society be given to the Vice-President

LINNEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON. 1 5

for his excellent Address, and that he be requested, to allow it
to be printed." This having been seconded by Mr. Gr. Busk, was
carried unanimously.

Prof. T. S. Cobbold then moved the foilowinp; resolution : —
" The Fellows of the Linuean Society in Anniversary Meeting-
assembled desire to cordially congratulate the President on his
recent marriage, and to express a liope that the union may be
long and happy;" which, having been seconded by Dr. E. C A.
Prior, was carried.

Mr. Carruthers then proposed, '" That a special vote of thanks
be accorded to the Officers for their very valuable labours during
the Session :" this, having been seconded by Mr. T. Christy,
was carried.

The Senior Secretary read the Obituary Notices of deceased
Fellows (see p. 31).

June 5th, 1884.

William Caeruthees, F.E.S., Vice-President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed: —

The Chau'man stated that the President nomiuated Mr.
William Carruthers, Mr. Frank Crisp (Treasurer), Prof P.
Martin Duncan, and Mr. Henry T. Stainton to be Vice-Presidents
for the ensuing year.

Mr. J. Harris Stone exhibited and made remarks on specimens
and photographs, viz. : — Portion of the wood and a remarkable
wart (as large as a Cocoa-nut) from the famous Dragon-Tree
{Drac&na Draco) of the Canaries ; photographs of the young
Dragon-Tree planted by the Marquesa de Sawyal, andnow grow-
ing on the site of the old celebrated tree of Orotava ; view of the
Dragon-Tree of Jcod-de-los- Vinos in Teneriffe ; and of the Peak
of Teneriffe, showing how the Eetana grows ou the CaSadas.

There was shown, on behalf of Mr, E. Morton Middleton, a
small branch of Cotoneaster mia^ophylla grown at Castle Eden,
Co. Durham, being a good example of fasciation in this plant.

Dr. E. C. A. Prior afterwai-ds drew attention to specimens of
the rare Foteniilla rupestris from Craig Breidhen, Montgomery-
shire, and of Rumex mnguineus from the neighbourliood of
Bristol forwarded by Mr, T. B. Flower, F.L.S.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On a Variety of Melam;pyrum 'pratenser By George
Druce, F.L.S.

2. "On a new Grenus of Eecent Fuiigida allied to the Grenus
Micrahaciar By Prof P. Martin Duncan, F.E.S., Vice-Pres. L.S.

1 6 PEOCEEDLNGS OF THE

3. " Influence of Wave- Currents on Fauna inhabiting Shallow
Seas." By Arthur Roope Hunt. (Communicated by Dr. J,
Gwyn Jeffreys, F.R.S., F.L.S.)

4. "The Longicorn Beetles of Japau." By Henry W. Bates,
F.E.S., F.L.S.

5. " Remarkable Forms of Metacrinus^ By Herbert P.
Carpenter. With a Note on a Species of 2Ii/zostoma, by Prof,
von G-raaf. (Communicated by Dr. W. B. Carpenter, F.R.S.,
F.L.S.)

June 19th, 1884.

FiiANK Ceisp, LL.B., Treas. and Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Robert Carlisle Appleton, Esq., Arthur S. Atkinson, Esq.,
John Morley Dennis, Esq., AVilliam Hancock, Esq., and Benjamin
Owen Meek, Esq., who were proposed as Fellows on the 24th May,
1884, were severally balloted for and elected.

Mr. A. Gr. Bourne exhibited a series of marine animals chiefly
in spirit, and other examples of the new and excellent mode of
preservation used in the Naples Aquarium. Species of the fol-
lowing genera were commented on : — Alcyonium, Pleurohranchus,
Phoronis, Polycyclus, Ponellia, Sigalion, StylocTius, Sipimculus,
Asterope, Discocoelis, Tiedemannia, Pleurophyllidia, Pleuro-
branchcEa, Chcetopterus, Thysanosonia, &c.

Mr. AV. T. Thiselton Dyer showed and made remarks on several
iuterestino; vegetable products. Among these were : — (1) Spanish
Barilla obtained by calcining plants of Halogeton sativa ; (2) The
Bark aud Caoutchouc of Paramenaglandulifera, a native of China ;
(3) Foulkooniaflorihunda, a vine from Jamaica, yielding a useful
mercantile rubber ; (4) Specimens of leaves and flowers and a
Necklace of the so-called "Velvet Seeds," Quina? jamaicensis,
forwarded by Mr. Daniel Morris, F.L.S., fi'om Jamaica ; (5)
Some leaves of the Chinese tree the wood of which is used for
making tea-chests.

Mr. Thomaa Christy afterwards drew attention to fresh ex-
amples of the Japanese Menthol plant (Mentha arvensis, var.
piperescens) .

There vrere shown, on behalf of JNIi'. R. IMorton Middleton, tAvo
I'ecently gathered specimens of the Lady's-slipper Orchis (Cypri-
pedmm Calceolus) from the old locality of Castle Eden, where a
few plants still linger in the Dene Woods on the magnesian
limestone.

LnWEAN SOCIETY OF LOJ!iBON. 1 7

The following papers were read : —

1. " Further Coutributious to the Flora of Central Madagascar.
I. Polypetate. II. Calycifloraj." By J. G. Baker, F.R.!S.,'F.L.S.

2. " Notes on the Flora of Parasnath, a Mountain of JST.W.
Bengal," in a Letter from Mr. C. B. Clarke, F.R.S., F.L.S., to
Sir J. D. Hooker, C.B.

3. " On a new Species of Ccelacanthus from the Yorkshire Cannel
Coal." By J. W. Davis, F.L.S.

4. " Observations on a peculiar Mode of Development in the
Lady Fern {Athyrium Filix-foemma)" By Cliarles F. Druery.
(Communicated by Dr. J. Murie, F.L.S.)

5. " The Morphology of Cyclops and the Eolations of the Cope-
poda." By Prof. Marcus M. Hartog, F.L.S.

6. " On a new Species or forgotten Variety of Chama, allied to
the Arcinella of Linnaeus." By Sylvanus Hanley, F.L.S.

ADDEESS TO THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, 1884.

By Prof. P. Mautin Duncan, M.B. Lond., F.E.S., F.G.S.,
Vice-Pres. Linnean Society.

The time which has elapsed since our esteemed President asked
me to occupy his position, on the present occasion, has been much
too short to admit of my offering you a carefully prepared Address
on any special scieiitific subject. I must therefore ask for your
kind consideration whilst I occupy your time with some remarks
upon the works of the great naturalist whose name this Society
bears, and upon some of the philosophical views of De Lamarck.

Every experienced naturalist is aware that three men have
especially contributed to the present state and aspect of the
knowledge of Animated Nature. To name Linnaeus, De Lamarck,
and Charles Darwin is to confirm this statement.

The wonderful and patient labours and the elaborate theories
of Charles Darwin are fresh in our inemories, and are constantly
being brought before every student of nature ; but it is con-
sistent witii truth to assert that the merits, methods, and re-
corded work of the two predecessors of our great naturalist,
although they cleared the path for, and even foreshadowed, exist-
ing knowledge, have too often been forgotten. I propose to bring
some of the labours of these two great men before you.

I need hardly remind you that Gesner and Caet-alpinus, those
diligent botanists and foreshadowers of the Natural System of
Classihcation, formed an epoch in their science which was fol-
lowed by nearly a century of slow progress, marked, however,
by the collection and description of many plants from the uewly
discovered or latidy colonized foreign lands. The method of
Caesalpinus in classifying the great groups of plauts was not

LINN. SOC. PllOCEEDlNGS. SESSION lyS3-188Ii, C

1 8 I'KUCEEUINGS OF THl?

much cultivated : in oiio instance a retroj^ression occurred to
the ancients ; and in another the good work of the great Italian
was nuitilatcd and borrowed without acknowledgment. But
Lohd, ]iay, and Tournefort studied and wrote after a lapse of
lime; and the direction of their thoughts and the nature of
their methods proved that the IcHsonsof Cjesalpinus had not been
forgotten. Tlie number of plants which had been described was
very considerable at that time. Genera were numerous and the
great divisions were more or less recognized. But all this
knowledge was in confusion when the genius of Linnaeus arose.
It has been well and truly said that Linmous was tlie great
reformer in tlie Classificatory Sciences ; and it is evident that
comparatively early in his career he grasped and elaborated the
primary requirement of botanical science. He saw that a de-
scriptive science (a branch of knowledge which compares and
utilizes the idea of likeness, Ihe most trivial as well as the most
important details of which require unmistakable definition) cannot
become stable, and indeed cannot advance without a descriptive
lauguage. The same word must be employed in the same sense,
the same idea must be expressed by the same word, and terms
must be fixed quantities.

Tournefort had comprehended the necessity for fixed terms ;
but, as De Candolle writes, Liinia?us " really created and fixed
til is botanical language, and this is his fairest claim to cele-
brity. Eor by this fixation of language he has shed clearness
and precision over all parts of the science."

The distinguished author of the ' Philosophy and History of the
Inductive Sciences ' reinarl<s: — "The formation of an exact and
extensive language for botany has been executed with a degree of
skill and felicity which, before it was attained, could hardly have
been dreamt of as attainable. Every part of a phnit has been
named ; and the form of every part, even the most mimite, has
had a large assemblage of descriptive terms appropriated to it,
by means of which the botanist can convey and receive know-
ledge of form and structure as exactly as if each minute part were
presented to him vastly magnified. This acquisition was part of
the Linnean reform."

There is no doubt that the establishment of a terminology and
the refoim of the descriptive part of botany were of i>rimary
importance to Linnajus, and that his systematic work and his
vast industry in recording forms would have been impossible
without those important matters which the previous generations
of naturalists had barely considered.

Linna-us appears to have seen, very early in his career, tiiat
loose and popular language are incompatible with scientific pre-
cision, and that scientific phraseology must be a rigid mechanism.
Hence his terminology was really the instrument by which he
efl'ected all his reforms in Natural History, and which facilitated
his wouderful descriptive work.

The ' Fundamenta Botauica ' supplied a great want : it gave

iillWEAlS" SOCIETY OP LONDOK. 1 9

Botany a fixed aud coraj)lete terminology, and influenced tlie
science of Zoology also. Its far-seeing author also utilized the
principle upon which the work was founded in Materia Medica,
iii classifying diseases, and in mineralogy.

It is very true that men labour and others enter into their
labours ; aud in exemplification of this old saw one might ask
how many of us, when, we use the terms incident to the study of
forms, remember that our terminology has descended from the
clear-headed Linuisus. The aptitude of most of the common
botanical terms testifies to the brightness of conception, the judi-
cious taste, and tlie linguistic power of the great Swede.

Some naturalists imagine that a scientific terminology can be
readily produced, and that it does not infer much positive know-
ledge. But this is a very great mistake. The accurate and vast
terminology of Linnaeus testifies to his practical knowledge of
an enormous number of plants and animals, the details of which
he must have studied carefully.

Every experienced naturalist is aware that a fixed character,
to be good for anything, can only be the result of many careful
observations. It is, in fact, a scientific discovery ; and the appro-
priate technical term being given, it is capable of being used in.
inductive reasoning.

The language of Botany was reformed and recreated by
Linnaeus, who thus gave a familiar tongue to all his followers,
which, once attained, leads readily to the comprehension of any
descriptive and classifieatory systems.

The Tundamenta Botanica' gives the scientific terminology,
and the ' Philosophia Botanica ' carries its own description — iti
qua explicantiir fundament a botanica. This work is totally posi-
tive, and is a wonderful record of the explanation of terms with
very little of what Lamarck would have called philosophy. Yet
there is philosophy in the book without metaphysics, and it is pos-
sible to glean therefrom the ideas of Linnaeus upon the great
questions which began anxiously to be thought about towards
the close of the century which the great naturalist brightened.

The last-mentioned work deals, moreover, with another subject,
which, although it difters from terminology aud its explanation,
is closely allied and dependent. It refers to Linnaeus's reform
of botauical nomenclature. The old plan of giving a distinct
name to pLmts for purposes of recognition had long given way
to the use of the genus and an ill- defined specific phrase. The
phrase with a multitude of ablatives became really a short specific
diaL^uosis which the botanist had to commit to memory. Haller
had tried the numerical method, and had species I., II., III.,
&c. ; but Linnaeus, impressed with what he called the circum-
locution, desired to call every herb by a single trivial specific
name. He did not, however, do this at once.

There was one great characteristic of Linnaeus, and it was
the idea of rational sequence which pervaded his constant labours.
He was never hurried ; aud all his reforms were progressive,

c2'

20 PT?OCKKr)TN(:S OT TWE

and just ill that order which would enable the scientific world to
take advnntage of and believe in them. He saw clearly enough
that tlic trivial specific name, if it was to supersede the old-
fashioned plirase, must really be associated with good and care-
fully recorded specific characters and satisfactory generic
diagnoses.

His reform was conducted very gradually, and, first of all, in
the ' Critica Botanica ' rules were given for tlie adoption of the
generic name and for the specific descriptive phrase. He clearly
desired to exclude extravagant and barbarcius generic names, and
to adopt tliose which were convenient and elegant.

Then the descri])tivc plu'ase (the differentia) he decided should
embrace the most fixed characters which can be found. Here
the ' Fuudameuta Botanica ' came in, for the terminology of the
phrase was regulated by its rules, and the 'Philosophia ' v.as the
glossary. He enlarged earnestly on the necessity for using the
correct and proper specific phrase, and wrote : — " I beseech all
botanists to avoid most religiously ever proposing a trivial name
witiiout a suflicient specific distinction, lest the science should
fall into its former barbarism." In the ' Species Plautarum ' the
trivial names are introduced in the margin ; and this tentative
plan soon received the sanction of the botanical world. The
phrase disapj^eared, and the trivial name sfood next to the genus,
which, with the species, was carel'ully diagnosed according to the
Linnean method and with the selected terminology.

An ordinary botanist would not iiave had the proposed revolu-
tion in Botanical nomenclature accepted ; but Linnaeus had such a
vast practical knowledge of plants, had explored the floras of such
huge districts and countries, had examined so many herbaria, and
had had such collections sent to him from foreign countries for his
ftudy, that he stood alone in his knowledge of species. Again,
his definitions of genera and species commended themselves to
practical botanists. Ho the trivial names gradually became the
recognized specific terms ; and this revolution has produced
lasting results in Natural History.

The ' Philosophia Botanica' contains here and there some of
the sayings and maxims of Liuna?us which explain his beliefs on
interesting questions.

Thus we find, " Confusis generibus, confundi omnia necesse
est. Genus omue est naturale, in primordio tale creatum,
Species constautissima^ sunt. Species tot uumeramus, quot di-
vert a^ formae in principio sunt creata?." "A'arietas est planta
nnilala a causa accidentali : climate, sole, calore, ventis &c. I'c-
ducitur itaque in solo mulato. Species varietatum sunt magni-
tude, plenitude, crispatio, color, sapor, odor."

" Botanists do not consider slight variations."

It is perfectly evident that transmutation was not in the
liiiinean philosophy, and yet he quotes " Natura uon tacit saltus."

The scientific botanist will pass over some of the statements
of Linnajus concerning the physiology of plants without criti-

LTNTfEAN SOCIETY OP LONDOIS', 21

cism, for the microscope aud the necessary weapons of research
were incomplete and comparatively nseless in his day. Any de-
ficiency of such knowledge is compensated by the reform in the
terminology, tlie establishment of a rational nomeucluture, aud
the careful work of the illustrious man, whose fame amongst
the general public rests alone upon the artificial system of classi-
fication he elaborated in the ' Systoma Naturae.' It is the custom
to pass this classificatory system by as antiquated ; but it must
be remembered that Linnaeus never considered it as a final work.
He speaks, in the ' Classes Plantarum ' (1747), of the difliculty
of discovering the natnral orders, and wrote : — " I, too, have
laboured at this, have done something, have mucli still to do, and
shall labour at the object as long as I live." In the ' Philosophia
Botauica ' he proposed sixty-seven orders as tbe fragments of a
natural method, always professing, however, their imperfection.
He stated elsewhere, " The natural orders teach us the nature of
plants ; the artificial orders enable us to recognize plants. The
natural orders without a Key do not constitute a method ; the
method ought to be avadable without a master."

It must be remembered that at tlie time of Linnaeus systematic
botany was in its iufimcy. Csesalpinus bad taken the science out
of the mediaeval darkness and foreshadowed the post-Linnaean
age. He was indeed, to use the language of Linnfeus, " Primus
verus systematicus ; " aud his system was very natural. Ray,
and Jung of Lilbeck, and Tournefort had written in the same
direction ; but their methods were diOicult and could only bear
fruit in after years. What was required was an easy method of
distinguishing a species so that subsequent study could be directed
to known forms.

When any one of the natural systems wdiich was published
after the age of Linnaeus is critically examined, much of it will
be found to be artificial ; but there is, or ought to be, a physio-
logical foundation whicli has barely a place, in the artificial
method. Pliysiological botany was in its infancy, and it was im-
possible to tabulate parts of the plant according to their biological
value.

One thing is very certain, and it is, that if every decrier of the
Linnean system, as exemplified and elaborated in the ' Systema
Natura?,' told the truth, he would admit that he had often found
out the names of plants by its process, when some difliculty in
the natural system intervened. It will be noticed further on
that Lamarck utilized a combination of the artificial and natural
methods in the ' Flore Fran9aise.'

It is remarkable how little credit is given, at the present time,
to Linnaeus as a zoologist. He has been overshadowed by Cuvier,
Agassiz, and others ; but it must be remembered that it was the
application of a correct and rigid terminology to a classification,
parts of which are in constant use at the present day, that enabled
the science to make its great strides after the time of the great
ISwede. It is interesting to note how, in the ' Systema Naturae,'

2 2 PHOCEEDIKGS OF THE

the natural character is constantly used in the artificial zoological
system, and how really natural much of the primary part of the
classification is. Dividing the 7\nimalia into six classes, Linnajus
characterizes each one by the positive characters of its organs
of assimilation and respiration. He considered also the mas-
ticatory and digestive apparatus, the locomotive and generative
powers, and the nature of the outward covering. He gives the
natural characters of the orders, but arranges them for classi-
ficjitory purposes by the distinction of the three kinds of teeth.
That idea was not Cuvier's, as is believed and constantly taught.
Moreover, Linnseus did not forget to consider the extremities as
possible classificatory elements. He was the first w^ho, after
establishing the order Primates, placed Man amongst the animals.
This was naturally resented ; and it led in after years to a bitter
criticism on the jjart of M. Lamettrie, wdio complained to Voltaire
that Linnfeus liad associated man with the pig and horse. Indig-
nant, he shouted "He is a horse himself; " and he got the reply,
" Yous conviendrez que, si j\l. Liunaeus est un cheval, c'est le
premier de tons les chevaux."

The classification of the Insecta alone would have carried down
the name of Linnseus to posterity. It was the result of his usual
careiul study of very many species, and of a critical analysis of
their most important external organs.

The class was in dire confusion before Linnieus studied it, and
he founded those seven orders which have lasted, with some trifling
alterations, to the present day. Eacli order was founded mainly
on the nature, texture, and number or absence of the wings ; and
the generic characters relied upon were the differences of the
antenna', the elytra, the head, rostrum or mouth, in the case of
tlie Coleoptera. In the HemijJtera the rostrum w-as of primary
classificatory importance; in the Lepidoptera the antenna) and
wings ; and in the Neuroptera the mouth, wings, and tail. In the
Diptera the mouth or proboscis was considered ; and in the
Hymenoptera tiie mouth, wings, and sting.

Tiie Aptera contained many foims which are now placed
beyond the Insecta ; and the eyes, tail, and number of feet were
made ot primary classificatory importance.

Possibly Linnaeus knew some of the other classes as well as he
did tlie Insecta ; but the impression left on most naturalists will
be that this one was his special study.

He clearly recognized the relation of plant and insect ; and,
indeed, one of his |)upils, I'orskfil, wrote a work on the Insecta,
classifying them by their being found upon, or being destruc-
tive to, cerlaiii special ])lants.

The excellent terminology and the method of using it by
Linnteus influenced the zoological work of Artedi, his curly
friend, who established a number of genera of fish, making also
progress ti wards a natural ariangcnieut of them. Linnaeus did
not improve on this classification; and it a[)pear3 that Cuvier
considered his work retrogressive.

LTNTTEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. 23

In liis ' Conspectus Materise Medicae ' Linnaeus gives the usual
proofs of exceeding care, and of the accuracy and similarity of
metl^.od, which are found in all his works. The amount of pains-
taking observation, deep research, and compilation is indeed great
in this book. Nothing is out of place ; every thing relating to
the subject is recorded ; and the few omissions are rectified in
the copy belonging to this Society, and appear as marginal
notes ; so that the students of that age liad before them all the
weapons of the healing art readily distinguishable, and with their
uses and operations tabulated. Much of the first part of this
' Conspectus ' is more of antiquarian interest than directly useful.
Nevertheless many a household word of physic is found, if not for
the first time, in the ' Conspectus ' very carefully explained ; and,
in parts, the work may be called a book on therapeutics.

Thesufferiugs of humanity have been great at the hands of physic
and physicians ; and it was hard on the human race that whilst
it was struggling in the rise of rationalism, it should have had
such horribly unpalatable remedies for nature's ills. But whether
the maierioB were nice or nasty, useful or innocuous, Linu^us
classified them tersely, yet positively, enough. He treated the
drug-yielding plant or animal or mineral as a something to be
brought within a higher therapeutical group, and this into one of
a series of grand divisions which related to the manner in which
the drug acted. Old names are found '\\\ these divisions which
were used in physic half a century ago, but which have been
eliminated since, such as Borborygmia, Sternatutoria, Sophisti-
cantia ; and one can believe that Linua?us enjoyed recording
these loud-sounding terms for matters which are less elegantly
expressed in the vulgar tongue. He conscientiously states how
each drug tastes, smells, and looks.

As a curiosity one may take a Eodent, or rather one of the
Glires, as a remedy given : —

'■'Lepus tmiclus. Cauda abbreviata, auriculis apice nigris.

" Loais. Europa.

*■' Pilar m. prep. Leporis Tali.

" Comp. Pulv. pleuriticus.

" Qual. Os primum metatarsi in suffragiue posteriori.

" Vis. Absorbeus.

" Usns. Colica, Pleuritis, Epilepsia, &c."

Amongst the Animalia which contributed to the Materia
Medica of the age of Linnaeus was, accox-diug to him. Homo
sapiens, placed at the head of the Prin)ates : — " Locus. Per
totum terrarum orbem, at Muniia in ^Egypto.

" Pharm. Hominis. 1. Cranium : raspatum, prseparatum.
"2. Ossa.
" 3. Axungia, Sal Sanguinis, Uriute.

" Comp. Pulv. de Guttata, Arthetic. Specific, cephal. ; Mumia.

" Qual. 1, 2 insipida, inodora, terreo-gelatiuosa. 3 pinguis.

" Vis. 1, 2 absorbeus. 3 emoUiens.

" Usus. 1 Epilepsia."

24 PHOCEEDTNTiS OF THE

II; will interest some ornithologists now present to know that
even Corvus contributed to the Materia Medica : —

"Oorvns pica. Albo nigroque varius. Cauda cuneiformi."
Patients in tliose days drank "Aqua Picarum composita."
Tlie Ampliibia were considerable contributors, and were re-
corded after the invariable practice seen throughout the book.
First came the name and. specific diagnosis ; then the habitat ;
then the Pharmacopceial preparation ; then the quality, taste,
smell, &c. ; then the action ; and finally the uses.

It is of course the botanical part of this Conspectus which is
the most valuable ; and it is a conscientious record and abstract
of the qualities, uses, and medicinal preparations of every known
plant which had, up to the time of the writer, been used in the
healing art. The classification is his own, and the terse generic
and specific diagnoses are eminently Linneau.

How w ell Linnseus was read in the lore of therapeutics can be
appreciated after looking through a few pages of this book ;
and it is evident, from the notes to many of the species, that he
was eminently qualified to judge about the medicinal actions or
inertness of many vegetable drugs. The most remarkable part of
the book is the total absence of speculation; it is all record, on
a uniform plan, wdiether the object be animal, vegetable, or
mineralogical. The time which the compilation of this Conspectus
must have consumed was great ; and its extraordinary correctness
is one of tlie many testimonies of the exactitude and painstaking
of the great naturalist.

The necessity for writing this Materia Medica did. not arise
from a desire to publish works on every subject capable of classi-
fication, but from the possibility of giving a practical bearing to
a course of lectures on the Diagnosis morborum. This was a
course which formed a part of LinniBus's duties as a Professor at
Upsala ; and it was not likely that he w^ould deliver it in a per-
functory manner. He classified the whole of the known maladies
of his day, 535 in number, as if they had been objects of natural
history. Linnaeus's work arranged diseases in eleven classes and
each one of these into orders and genera.

There is no doubt that his correspondence with Sauvages of
Montpellier was mutually beneficial ; and Linnaeus was lecturing
on the subject when the work ' Les Nouvelles Classes des Ma-
Sadies ' appeared. In this work Sauvages endeavoured to define
and classify diseases from their constant and evident symptoms
only. His friend found this classification congenial, and indeed
the Art of Medicine admitted of no other scheme at that time,
for the causes of disease were very little understood. There
were many excellent points about the classification, which were
gradually accepted by subsequent nosologists. The definitions
of the genera were terse and very correct ; and it is interesting
to note that some severe diseases of that day are no longer
recognized amongst the ills that fiesh is heir to.

One part of the classification may be of interest to those

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 25

wlio care more about the natural-history studies of Linnaeus than
the doubtful medical lore of bis day. He classified fevers under
two classes — the Exanthematici, subdivided into Contagiori and
Sporadici ; and the Critici, including coutinued, intermittent,
and remittent fevers. In a brief view on the Theory of Physic,
Linnaeus supposes the circulating fluids to be capable of being
vitiated by principles which he considers as putrid ferments.
The exanthematic class he considers to be excited by some ex-
ternal causes which are called contagion, and which he hypothe-
tically asserts to be Animalcnla. At the present day we say
Bacteria.

As might be expected, Linnaeus had some original ideas about
Geology. He writes : — " The globe which was covered with
water has dried insensibly : the continents have appeared, and
the seas have been restricted within their basins. The traces of
a slow and successive retreat of the ocean are seen everywhere :
tlie traces of the universal deluge are not apparent anywhere.
Water, the earth, and its salts are the only ' principles ' which
have contributed to the formation of animals and vegetables.
These, after a more or less short life, are reduced into an
earthy substance proper for the formation of new organisms,
which perish in their turn." He notices the layers of different
kinds of rock, the presence of fossils and petrifactions, and con-
siders that water alone acted, and not fire.

Lamarck, the founder of Philosophical Zoology, came before
the scientific world, in the first instance, as a botanist. Like
many naturalists of his century, he studied nature in preference
to disease after having passed the portals of the medical pro-
fession. His love of anatomy, however, never ceased, and bore
great fruit in subsequent years ; but in .the first instance he
studied plants, and became ^^I'actically acquainted with those of
large districts in France. He passed some ten years working
patiently at his 'Flore Francaise,' and gradually elaborated a
classification which was the result of much consideration.

Many years had elapsed since the artificial method of Lin-
naeus bad been founded, and in the meanwhile the natural system
of the Jussieus had been used and apjreciated. Lamarck very
properly considered the first method of great use in finding out
the name of a plant, and gave the last its true value as a
scientific clas^^ification, which alone could serve as a fixed base for
any anatomical and physiological investigations. He considered
that the natural method placed a plant or animal in the midst of
those tvith tvhicJi it had tlte greatest niimher of important structural
resemllances, and that the artificial system isolated and distin-
guished a form from all otiiers. He saw clearly that the natural
method must be true, and that it must be founded upon the
nature and structure of the most important organs without con-
sidering whether they were to be readily observed and recognized.

Giving both methods their due, he utilized them. In the

26 PHOCEEDINGS OF THE

' Flore Fran^aise ' the classification was a combination of the
systems of Linii»us and Jussieu, and was analytical. The
student was led t() the required result by choosing between two
contradictory characters taken from tlie most apparent and most
readily seen structures. This analytic or dichotomous method
was enharged upon by De Candolle ; and it has even been used in
other branches of natural history. For instance, M. de Fro-
mentel employed it in his work on tlie Fossil Corals. There is no
donbt that tlie plan has not the simplicity of the Linnean system ;
and it may be said that it is more easily used by the advanced
botanist than by the student. When the ' Flore Francaise '
appeared, France, thanks to Eousseau, was botanically inclined,
and the work, a very admirable one, at once jilaced its author
high up in scientific estimation. He was a Member of the
Academic des Sciences, and subsequently was associated with
Daubenton, who had charge of the Herbaria of the Cabinet du
Jardin du Eoi.

Years rolled on, and the future zoologist reached the age of
fifty ,when, nolens volens, he was made a Professor in the Museum of
Natural History and had the Vermes, of which he knew nothing,
given to him as his special objects of study and charge. Lamarck,
hovPerer, entered his new studies admirably trained, and very
shortly afterwards he began to classify and teach. As years
rolled on, he wrote his great work ' Les Animaux saus Vertebres,'
having evolved the great idea tliat the Animal Kingdom must be
subdivided into the Vertebrate and Invertebrate divisions. Of
the merits of that work, evei'y studeut of the lower animals who
cares to seek the origin of what is now common knowledge must
entertain the highest opinion. It is not a Sy sterna like that of
Linnreus, but, in addition to being a careful classification on the
natural system, it comprehends some remarkable chapters on
philosophical natural history, which are also elaborated in the
' Philosophic Zoologique.'

The ' Philosopliie Zoologique ' is a work rarely read ; but it
was far in advance of its day, and it dealt with those great ques-
tions which were subsequently so thoroughly thought out and
publisiied by Charles Darwin. The book contains : —

1. The general principles relating to the stud}^ of the Animal
Kingdom.

2. The observed and essential fixcts which are necessarily con-
sidered in the study.

3. The considerations which relate to the non-arbitrary distri-
bution of animals and to the best methods of classification.

4i. Inductions and deductions founded on received facts, and
which arc the foundations of a true philosophy iu science.

In the first part Lamarck treats of Art in Natural Science, sucii
as the details of classification by which we arrange, divide, and
write. He treated of the great groups and wrote : — " That
amongst her productions Nature has not really formed classes,
orders, families, and genera, neither has she created cojistant

LINNEAN SOCIETY OE LOKDOTf. 27

species, but ouly individuals wliicli succeed each other, and re-
semble those which produced them. But these individuals belong
to infinitely diversified races which present shades of distinction in
all their forms and in all their degrees of organizatiou, and each
one of which maintains its character without mutation so long as
no cause of change acts upon it^

He wrote : — " There is an order in Nature, and it can be recog-
nized by the structural affinities of liviug bodies. It is the least
recognizable when forms are at the extremities of a scale, and
when their organization presents the greatest possible differences.
This order, recognized by relations of structures, should replace
all artificial systematic classifications."

Lamarck proceeds to define the primary classificatory terms,
and recognizes the beauty and value of the orders of Linufeus.

In considering the structural relationships of animals, Lamarck
places the organs in the following order in reference to their
importance — those of locomotion, respiration, circulation. "With
regard to the Vegetable Kingdom, he considered the order to be
— the embryo and its accessories, the sexual parts of the flower,
the floral envelopes, the envelopes of the seed, and the re-
productive bodies, " qui u'ont j)oint exige de fecondation." It
was after studying their structural relations that Lamarck
stated he recognized that the Infusoria could not be associated
with the Polypes in the same class, and that the Eadiata could
not be confounded with these last — that the Vermes were an
isolated section, that the Arachnida could not be classified with
the Insecta. He was able to point out, on this plan, that the
break was vast between the highest Invertebrate, which he con-
sidered might be one of the Heteropoda, aud the possessor of
the simplest osseous or cartilaginous spinal column.

Lamarck then considers the genus ; but time will ouly permit
me to select passages from his works relating to species. He
suggests that the endeavour to define what is called a species
and the attempt to discover whether species are absolutely con-
stant and as ancient as Nature herself — haviug lasted on, as they
now are — are not necessarily futile undertakings. On the other
hand, he says it is worthy of consideration whether species have
or have not been subjected to changes of circumstances which
have been relational to them, although acting with exceeding
slowness, aud whether specific forms have or have not changed
in character and shape during lapse of time.

He states that the elucidation of this question of modification
is not only of interest to our zoological and botanical knowledge,
but is necessary for our comprehension of the history of the
earth.

Then comes the celebrated definition of species : — "A collection
of similar individuals which were produced by other and similar
individuals." Lamarck proceeds: " This definition is exact ; for
every living creature nearly re>embles those which produce it."
" That the species," he writes, " is constant is not true ; it is not

28 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

distinguistablo by invariable characters ; and the old idea of the
duration of species from the beginning is readily disproved by
the naturalists who study the treasures of the museum."

" Everybody," he says, " knows how difFicult it is to recognize
or to determine species, on account of the existence of races and
varieties wliich merge, shade by shade, into neighbouring
species."

" Species only have a constancy relational to the duration of the
circumstances under which the individuals liave lived. Many
genera of plants and animals are of such magnitude, on account
of the number of species, that the study and distinction of the
species are almost impi'acticable. The species of these large
genera arranged in series and allied by their structures shuw
such slight differences -with those which could be placed next to
them, that they merge and shade into each other ; and thus the
species become, as it were, more confounded. The isolated spe-
cies only exist because the gaps between them are not yet filled
up." " I do not," Lamarck continues, " assert that animals form
a simple series, everywhere equally intersliading ; but I would
say that the series is a branching one, gradating irregularly, and
which has no discontinuity in its parts, or which, at least, has
not always been discontinuous ; for there are lost species to
account for."

"A mass of facts," he says, " teach us that when individuals of
a species change their localities, climate, and habit of living, they
are influenced thereby, and change little by little in the con-
sistence and proportion of their parts, shape, and organization,
so that every part participates, in time, in the mutation. Simple
vari'.ition of individuals is produced, at first, under varying condi-
tions under the same climate ; but in long periods these con-
stant vicissitudes operate upon succeeding generations, and lead
to structural and necessary distinctions. After many genera-
tions, the individuals w^hich were once in one species would find
tliemselves transformed into another and distinct one." Lamarc-k
wrote that he perceived the importance of a method in Nature
which consists in preserving in newly reproduced individuals all
that the results of life and its conditions have prodiiced in the
orqanization of the ancestral forms.

The influence of hybridity and the ability of hybridization to
perpetuate species is denied. He disposes of the arguuunt
against variability used by certain naturalists in consequence of
M. Greofl'roy's Egyptian collection showing no specific changes.
He states that the conditions have not altered, and therefore the
forms have remained as they w^ere. He adds : — " But we may
rest assured that this appearance of stability of things in
Nature will always be taken- ' par le vnlgaire des hommes ' as
a reality, because in general they only judge from personal
experience."

Lamarck did not recognize life to be any thing else than a
natural process. He speculated ou the probability of sponta-

LINNEA'N SOCIETY OP LONDON. 29

neous generation in tlie most simple forms of life only. He says
it is not proved not to be the case.

A most extraordinary passage deals with the kind of matter
whicli should most readily receive the first traces of organization.
It should be of gelatinous or mueo-gelatiuous consistence, cohe-
rent, but verging on fluidity. Here is Lamarck's physical basis
of life.

There is a short paper in the ' Philosophic Zoologique,' "Des
Especes dites perdus." He notices that very few fossils are
exactly like existing species, that it is not safe to argue that the
floor of the sea and the remote parts of the eartli may not yield
species hitherto considered to be extinct. He states that when
any fossils belong to recent species, they are found in the newest
strata; and he asks. May not extinct species be really existing in
the form of recent ones into which they have joassed by modification
during long periods of time ?

Then he takes up the argument that altered conditions, climate,
and the necessary wandering over the earth necessitate changes
in tlie hesoins {loants and habits) of animals. That if organs are
not used as much as formerly they degenerate, and, on the
contrary, they increase and alter with extraordinary use. So
that in long periods the hesoin leads to specific modifications.

It is perfectly evident to every student of Lamarck who reads
for information and not to jest, that the lesoin (ivant, require-
ment) is not a positive active wish on the part of the animal.

With regard to the Vegetable Kingdom, Lamarck accounts for
variation by alterations in tlie nutritive and circulatory processes.
He stated that the Animal Kingdom arose with the lowest forms,
iuid that the wonderful complexity of the highest is due to
])rogressive modifications due to changes in external conditions
during long periods. The earth itself has been subject to a law
of general progress ; and it is not necessary to suppose universal
catastrophes.

As if to complete the argument, Lamarck treats of the influ-
ence of cultivation on plants, and writes, as regards animals : —
" How many very diflerent races amongst our pigeons and fov\ Is
are produced by raising them under different conditions in dif-
ferent countries. We may look for them in vain in JN^ature."

Lamarck divided the Animal Kingdom into animals which are
apathetic — those which move in consequence of the excitement
of structural irritability. Others have sensations added. Others
have irritability, sensation, consciousness, and the faculty ot
evolving certain ideas, and of using a will subject, however, to
propensities definite in their object. Others form correct ideas,
think, and have a free will and no overruling propensities. He
distinctly relates these faculties to organs which have become
evolved during ages with the other moditicatiuns of specific forms.
Sensation, will, proclivity, capacity for evolving ideas and utili-
zing them are successive steps accompanying progressive com-
plexity of organization.

30 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

Finally, it may be added tliat Lamarck liotices that man, of all
animals, is the only one who foresees and fears death. He asserts
that this terrible faculty stimulates in definite directions. Le hien-
etre is good for man. Had man's heart only nerves from the
spinal cord and not also from the eighth cerebral pair, it Avould
not have been subject to the empire of the passions. Kature
never acting otherwise than gradually, and not being able to
produce animals otlierwise than successively, has evidently pro-
ceeded in this production from the most simple to the most
complicated.

These thoughts were the favourite themes of Lamarck in the
beginning of tliis century.

AV^hat a difference there was between these two students of
Nature ! Linna;us essentially observant and loving positive know-
ledge— industrious, light-hearted, increasing year by year in
wealth after a time of great poverty, dying regretted and
honoured by his country. Lamarck observant, infinitely reflec-
tive, and dealing with the subjective wherever he had the oppor-
tunity, painstaking, ever labouring, ever rising in the estimation
of his fellow' labourers, yet sinking into abject poverty and
neglect. Tet in his days of misery Lamarck never was other-
wise than resigned ; and the sentences in the ' Philosophie Zoo-
logique ' which relate to the moral conduct of Man are more noble
than those of Socrates.

Obittjahies.

John Hutto>" Balfotje was born in Edinburgh on September
15th, ISOS, and died on lltli rebiunry, IbSi, at Inverleitli
House in the same city. Passing bis early years of education
at the famous High School, he studied in the Universities of
St. Andrews and Edinburgh, graduating at the latter in Arts
and Medicine. He decided on a medical profession, after some
time spent in Continental Schools, although his first bent was
towards the Church. During his early years of medical practice,
his inclinalions induced him to pursue the study of plants beyond
the needed limits of the curriculum, no doubt stimulated thereto
by the influence and example of Prof. Eobert G-j-aham, who ti)en
occupied the Chair of Botany at Edinburgh. With some like-
minded friends, Dr. Greville, Prof. Graham, theMacnabs, and H.
C.Watson, the Botanical Society of Edinburgh was founded in
1836 ; it has flourished since that time, and showed its seuse of the
loss sustained by the death of its founder, by adjourning the first
meeting fixed after the arrival of the news. In 1840 Balfour
began lecturing in Edinburgh, and his lectures were so well
received that his classes became thronged ; two years later, when
Sir William Hooker left Glasgow for Kew, the vacant chair was
filled by Balfour ; until in lS46, the death of his old teacher,
Graham, made an opening at Edinburgh, which Balfour filled,
henceforward abandoning the practice of metlicine.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOK. 3 1

For thirty-three years he lectured on Botany at Edinburgh, to
the largest classes probably ever brought togetlier ; about eight
thousand studeuts, it is stated, passed under his tuition. His
excursions were features o£ his system of teaching, and he was
probably at his best when giving an extemjjorary lecture on
some curious or rare plant in the field. His publications were
chiefly introductory, his bulky class-book being the chief ; he also
contributed the article " Botany" to the 8th and 9th editions of
the ' Encyclopaedia Britannica.' With Mr. John Sadler he pub-
lished a ' Flora of Edinburgh,' in 1863, which is little more than
a skeleton list of plants, with localities, and falls far short of the
just requirements of local floras. Much of his time was given to
the duties of his position as Dean of the Medical Faculty, and
Secretary to the Edinburgh Eoyal iSociety, besides minor oiiices.
Failing health in 1879 compelled him to lay aside active work ;
the relief seemed tt) give him a renewed lease of life, so that his
death came at last rather as a surprise.

He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society June 18th,
1844.

His son, Prof Isaac Bayley Balfour, was appointed Professor
of Botany at Oxford at the time of his father's death.

Wj^ltee Francis Montague Douulas Scott, Fifth Duke oe
BuccLEUCH, was born 25th November, 1806 ; and died at Bowhiil,
Selkirkshire, on 16th April, 1884. He was elected Fellow of this
Society December l7th, 1833 ; was President of the Eoyai Horti-
cultural Society from 1862 to 1883, when he resigned ; and in
1867 he was elected President of the British Association, since
which time the Presidents have been chosen exclusively from
men of scientific eminence ratlier than from social position.

The Duke had some connexion with horticulture, not only as
the owner of two of the finest garden-estahlishments in the
country, Dalkeith P;dace and Drumlanrig Castle, as well as half-
a-dozen or more smaller ones, but in virtue of his association with
the Royal Horticultural Society, the Boyal Caledonian Horticul-
tural Society, and the Grardeners' lioyal Benevolent Institution.
His connexion with the lioyal Horticultural Society commenced
early in 1862, shortly after the death of the Prince Consort,
when, the Queen's wishes being consulted as to the choice
of a new President, Her Majesty signified the Duke as the
person she would like to hold that position. This office he
held until April l!583, when, with other Members of the
Council, he resigned, his successor in the oifice of President
being Lord Bury. On the death of the late Duke of Devonshire,
the Duke of Buccleuch was elected President of tlie Grardeners'
Royal Benevolent Institution, and by his death the Institution
has lost a munificent supporter.

Thomas Hughes Coeet was born in Ireland in the year 1862,
and was accidentally drowned, on August 4th, 1883, by the

32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

upsetting of a boat on Lough Gill, whicli he and a friend, Mr. C.
Dickson, were using for the botanical exploration of the islands
in that piece of water. At the time ol^ his death he was Lec-
turer in Botany in the Cambridge University Medical and
Science Schools aaid at Grirton College, and Assistant Curator of
the Herbarium under the care of Prof. Babington. He was
elected P.L.S. December 7th, 1882; and read an elaborate memoir
on tlie Development of the Polliuium and Fertilization of
Asclepias Cornuti. Part has already been published in our
Transactions, and a concluding part is on the point of being
issued. In the illustration of this he was assisted by his wife.
A must promising career was unhappily cut short by accident.

Dr. GtEOEge Engelmikk, wlio for many years had resided at
St. Louis, Missouri, taking a leading part in all matters relating to
his [)rofession, to science generally, and bot;inj in particular, was
born at Frank£ort-on-the-Maine February 2nd, 1809, graduated
in that city, but soon took up his residtnice in the United States.
It thus happened that lie was of necessity almost as well known to
British botanists as his associates and follow labourers, Torrey
and Grray, and those of a younger generation. Eugelmanu,
indeed, has helped forward in many ways the botany of his
adopted land. On the Conifers, the Oaks, the Agaves, the
Cactuses, the Vines, the Cuscutas, and sundry other groups he
had come to be looked up to as the leading authority. He was
a hard worker; and his time and knowledge were always at
the service of his friends and colleagues, a referee in whose
authority on certain subjects might be placed implicit confidence —
the more so as he was entirely free from dogmatism, and ready
at once to admit an error or oversight.

His reputation, of course, extended beyond the English-
speaking countries ; for he had become the leading authority on
Conifers and other subjects. So completely had he identified
himself with systematic botany, that his earlier morphological
work has been forgotten by most people. Nevertheless it was
in his academic essay on plant monstrosities, ' De Antholysi Pro-
dromus,' in 1832, that the indications of the " calmness and
clearness of perception and judgment," which Goethe remarked
of him, that characterized him were first made evident. The
work in question preceded by a dozen years or more that of
Moquiu-Tandon, and, though written in rugged Latin, which
contrasts uufavuuiably with the elegant French of Moquin, is
remarkable for its clearness of statement and simplicity of
method. At that time the theory of the metamorphosis of plants
enunciated by Goetiie, which, from a purely morphological point
of view is uuafiected by the more modern cunceptions of evolu-
tion, was making but slow headway. Engclmann's treatise must
have been grateful to Goethe, as it furnished numeious confirma-
tions of his views, and elicited from the great philosopher, m
February 1833, that remariv as to Eugelmaun's mental powers

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. ^^

wliicli has been cited above. At this period Engebnaiin was the
friend aud fellow student of Alexander Braun and Scbimper,
the leaders of morphological botany in Grermany. Later on, as
we have seen, Engelmauu made his morphological knowledge
subservient to his work as a descriptive botanist and systematist ;
but though subservient, there are frequently traces of it to be
met with, which, with the fuller indications given in his private
letters, show that to the last he not only retained his interest in
morphology, but kept himself informed as to the latest stages of
itd development.

Engelmann's communications published in this country re-
lated principally to Conifers and Agaves ; the enthusiastic bota-
nist, at a time of Hfe when most people would have preferred
to remain at home amongst the comforts of town-Hfe, accom-
panied Professor Sargent, Dr. Parry, and Mr. Skinner on a visit
to those forests whence fifty years previously Douglas hud sent
so many fine Conifers and other plants. Much remained to be
cleared up about these plants ; their nomenclature aud synonymy
was a matter of constant discussion, and with constantly varying
results. On this expedition Engelmann was enabled to gather
many of the plants in the very localities indicated by Douglas ;
and moreover, he was enabled to study their distribution and their
modifications as they diverged in one direction or another, or
occupied different stations from the coast to the slopes of the
mountains. The whole account of this journey is eminently
worth reading by persons interested in the trees aud shrubs of
California and Oregon ; and of special interest was tlie discovery
that Gupi^esms Lawsoniana was the source of a large proportion
of the tmiber used in Oregon under the name of the Port-Orford
Cedar. Lawsun's Cyprus (150 leet high), Douglas's Fir, Abies
amahilis, A. (/raniUs, A. nobilis, Tsuga Fattoniana, GhamcBcyjJaris
nutkaensis, Thuja gigantea, and other interesting trees were met
with, and their peculiarities noted on the spot. A brief narrative
of this memorable expedition, from the pen of one who took part
in it, and portraits of three of its members, including Engelmann,
was given in the ' Glardeuers' Chronicle ' for July 2, 18S1.

Dr. Engelmann occasionally visited this country, when his aid
was eagerly sought in settling questions of nomenclature — as
may be seen from the numerous notes aud memorauda with
which he has enriched the Kew Herbarium. Lat<t summer
another visit was expected from him ; but while in Grcruiauy, at
Kreuznach, he became so feeble aud ill, that it was feared that
he would not live to return to America. On improving some-
what, he gave up the intention of visiting this country, aud
returned to St. Louis, soon resuming his usual avocatious. He
took cold during the month of January last, but paid little heed
to it or to the warning of his friends, beiug, in fact, to all
appearance much less ill than in the preceding summer. On
February 2, the anniversary of his seventy-fifth birthday, he was

LlNi<. SOC. PROCKKDIJSaS. — SESSION 1883-8'!. d

34 PHOCEEDTNGS OF THE

persuaded to keep his room ; aud on the 4tli Feb. 188-i, he
succumbed to the efl'cct of cold on the lungs. Thus closed the
career of an able physician, an acute botanist, an indefivtigable
labourer in the field of science, and a simple-minded, warm-
hearted, sympathetic friend.

He was elected a Foreign Member of the Linnean Society
May 2nd, 1878.

De. Oswald Heek was born at Glarus on Augu:st 31st, 1809.
He studied theology at first ; but afterwards abandoned it for
medicine, his father's profession ; and devoted himself to ento-
mology and botany. In 1832 he was living at Zurich, where he
remained during life. In 1837 he was Professor at the IJjii-
versity or Polytechnic School, and Director gf the Botanic
Grarden. In 1818 he began to collect materials for a fossil flora of
Switzerland and the adjoining countries ; in which he was helped by
the I'ich collections of the Zurich Museum, of Alexander Braun
of Berlin, and especially by the resources of a rich lady, Madame
von Bumine, who opened upon her property near Lausanne,
quarries and tunnels for the disco vei'v of fossil plants, which
materials were sent to lieer at Zurich by the ton, many of the spe-
cimens figured in the ' Flora Tei'tia Helvetica ' being from that
source, and suitably acknowledged in vol. iii. of that work. A
fourth volume, ' Flora fossilis Helvetica,' was published in 1876,
with illustrations of plants from the Carboniferous, Trias,
Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Eocene of Switzerland, its publication
advancing its author to the leading rank of phytopaleoutologists.

An earlier work of his, ' Die Urwelt der Schweiz,' was pub-
lished in 1865 ; although restricted in its area, it has been trans-
lated into six languages, and has run through several editions.

He examined and named many collections of fossil plants,
amongst which may be specified the Flora of the Clays of Bovey
Tracy (1861), Baltic Miocene Flura (1863), the Eocene Flora of
Bornstaedt (1869), the Chalk Flora of Moletin and of Quedlin-
berg (1871). During this time he was steadily at work upon his
' Flora fossilis Arctica,' which, begun in 1862, was finished by the
issue of vol. vii. only a few months before bis death ; herein he
brought to light the remains of a subtropical vegetation for
Grreenland and Sjjitzbergen, a climate during the Tertiary period
resembling that of Florida aud tbe Grulf of Mexico at tlie present

His character is described as simple and modest in the highest
degree. His lectures at the University were largely attended,
even when his weak health, against which his life was a constant
struggle, compelled him to lecture from iiis bed. He was once
elected Councillor of State ; but finding that his new duties took
him too much from science, he resigned. In 1869 he was created
a Citizen of Zurich. He was elected F.M.L.S. on May 4th, 1871.

He died 27th September, 1883.

LINNEAIS" SOCTETT OF r.O>fDON. 35

John Eliot Howaud, the scientific chemist and quinine
manufacturer, probably iuheribed his love of scientific research
from his father, Mr. Luke Howard, F.E.S., a well-known meteo-
rologist in his da}', and a correspondent of Groethe, who admired
his works sufficiently to write a poem on their author. He was
the great-grandson of an officer who lost his fortune and estate
in tlie cause of James II. ; and his wife vi'as descended from the
Westons, Earls of Portland. Their son was born on December
11th, 1807, and passed a long life of active usefulness. His diligent
researclies connected with the history of febrifuge alkaloids led,
in 1858, to his purchase at Madrid of a manuscript by Pavon, and
of a large collection o£ specimens of Peruvian bark collected by
that botanist iu Peru. He also employed the botanical artist,
Mr. W. H. Fitch, to proceed to Madrid and execute careful
drawings from Pavon's specimens. The result was the publicaliou,
in 1862, of Mi". Howard's magnificent illustrated work, ' Illustra-
tions of the ' Nueva Quinologia ' of Pavon, and Observations on
the Barks described.' When Mr. Clements Markham introduced
the cultivation of Cinchona plants yielding the febrifuge alka-
loids, from South America into India, he found in Mr. Howard a
most valuable adviser, ever ready to take any trouble, and to
help by all means iu his power iu furthering an under taldug
which he believed to be of great public utility. Mr. Howard
rendered his assistance in the most public-spirited way, and
without a thought of recompense or remuneration. He under-
took the laborious analysis of barks grown on the plantations in
India, and furnished a series of Eeports which have beeu in-
valuable as guides to the cultivators. In 1869 he embodied the
results of his investigations in another costly work, entitled
' Quinology of the East-India Plantations,' which has also been
of essential use to all who are engaged in Cinchona-cultivation.
Mr. Howard's aid has thus been of great value and importance
from the first in securing the success of this great undertaking.
His disinterested services were highly appreciated by the Gfo-
vernmeut; and on October 17th, 1873, the Duke of Argyll, then
Secretary of State for India, caused a letter to be addressed to
Mr. Howard conveying the thanks of Her Majesty's Govern-
ment to him for his valuable assistance in connexion with Cin-
chona-cultivation. Mr. Howard was the author of numerous
pamphlets and papers in pharmaceutical journals ; but his literary
work was by no means confined to the subject of quinology. He
took a deep interest in the general progress of science; he
thought much on the questious which are occupying the minds of
learned men ; and on severtil occasions he gave the results of his
meditations to the world. The high position he had gained as a
man of science was recognized by his election as a Fellow of the
Eijyal Society ; and he was also elected a Fellow of the Liunean
Society 3rd February, 1857, Corresponding Member oi the Societe
de Pharmacie de Paris, and of numerous other scientific Societies

d2

36 PKOCEEDTNGS OF THE

on tlic Coutiiient. He died, almost suddenly, on November 22nd,
1883, aged 76.

Ml". Howard took great pride in his garden, where his rockery
gave evidence of his love for plants, and a separate house
was devoted to the culture of various Cinchonas, of which he
had probably the largest collection anywhere in cultivation.
His observations of the plants in growth, aided by his exten-
sive dried collections, gave him a practical know ledge of these
puzzling plants beyond that of any writer on the subject since
iiis lamented friend Weddell. Latterly he took gi'eat interest in
the question of hybridization, and specially as to the stability of
hybrids — matters in which controversy has been going on for some
time among cultivators of Cinchonas in India and elsewhere.

He was a man of strong religious convictions, and contributed
a number of papers on Christian belief in relation to Science to
the Victoria Institute, of which he was a A^ice-President.

He married Maria, daughter of Isaac Brewster of Kendal, and
leaves a large circle of children and grandchildren to lament his
loss. He was buried in Tottenham Cemetery on Nov. 27th, 1883,
in the presence of a very large gathering.

Joseph Milligan was born in 1807 in Dumfriesshire. He
studied at Edinburgh, and became a Member of the College of
Sui'geous in 1829. In 1830 he was appointed Surgeon to the
Van Dieiuen's Land Co.'s establishment in the Surry Hills of
Tasmania. He remained in this employ as Surgeon, and after-
wards as Surgeon-Superintendent, fuv ten or twelve years. During
this time he became thoroughly acquainted with the botany and
geology of the island. In 1843 he was appointed by his friend Sir
John Franklin, then (jioveruor of Tasmania, Superintendent of
the Aborigines' Establishment at Eliuder's Island. In 1848 the
Aborigiues were removed to Oyster Cove, where he continued in
charge of them until 1855, when, their numbers having greatly
decreased, it was found unnecessary to keep up the office of
Superintendent. From 1847 to 1859, when he retired in order
to visit England with his son, he was Secretary to the Eoyal
Society of Tasmania, which he was instrumental in founding.
He acted as Commissioner for Tasmania at the Exhibition of
18G2. His writings are confined to numerous articles read before
the Eoyal Society of Tasmania, and are published in its ' Trans-
actions.' His long connexion with the aboriginal inhabitants
of the Island of Tasmania ga\e him exceptioual opportunities
for observation of their character, language, &c. ; and he has
[)roduced the largest and most complete vocabulary of their
language, which is published in the ' Transactions ' of that Society,
lietore the ajipointment of a Grovernment Geologist, he made, at
the instance of the Lieut. -Grovernor, numerous surveys of parts
of the islaud, especially^ of the various coal-bearing districts.
While making these surveys he frequently discovex'ed gold and

LTNNEAN SOCTRTT OF LOTN^DON. 37

other minerals in the gulleys and creeks ; and more than once
predicted a grand future for Tasmania by the value of her
minerals, which he had every reason to believe would be found in
abundance when diligently searched for.

Edw^ard Milker was born at Darley, in Derbyshire, of a good
old family, his ancestors having owned laud there since 1600.
He was well educated at Bakewell Grammar School, and appren-
ticed to Sir Joseph Paxton, then Steward and Head Gardener to
the Duke of Devonshire. After his apprenticeship he went to
Paris to study for four years, chiefly at the Jardin des Plantes,
under the Professors attached to that then flourishing insti-
tution. After travelling through Europe he returned to England,
where he visited and reported on many of the principal gardens
for Dr. Lindley, then Editor of the ' Gardeners' Chronicle.' In
184*1 Sir Joseph Paxton entrusted to him the work of superin-
tending the laying-out of the Prince's Park, Liverpool, the first
park made with the view of increasing the selling-value of the
surrounding land. This work was most successful, and was the
beginning of Mr. Milaer's professional work. When the Crystal
Palace at Sydenham was decided on, Sir Joseph Paxton gave
to Mr. Milner the carrying out of the extensive garden-works
connected with it. Since then, Mr. Milner has most successfully
practised for himself; his works, in the natural style, were
not contined to this country, but are well kuown in France,
Belgium, the Ehine Provinces, Denmark, and Sweden.

In 1881 the Crystal Palace Company organized a School of
Gardening, of which Mr. Milner was asked to be the Principal.
He undertook the work in connexion with his son, Mr. Henry
Milner, who, having been his principal assistant for several years,
was now taken into j)artnership. He died at Dulwich Wood,
Norwood, on March 26th, 1884.

John Jardine Murray, F.R.C.S.E., of Brighton, was born at
Edinburgh April 30th, 1834. He was the eldest son of George
Murray, Esq., late of The Keir, Wimbledon Common, and
formerly Principal of the Edinburgh Institution. At this well-
known establishment Mr. Murray received his early education ;
and as a boy he became noted for his keen interest in all manly
and intellectual pursuits. His grandfather, the E,ev. John Jar-
dine, Minister of the Secession Kirk, at Langliolm, N.B., was a
man of no mean acquirements ; and it is not unlikely, therefore,
that these parental antecedents had much to do with Mr.
Murray's subsequent success in life. Had he devoted himself to
pure science, his merits and work would have extended far and
wide. His career aftbrds an instance of a man w^ho, with the
strongest natural-history tastes combined with an eminently phi-
losophical turn of mind, would not allow himself to be diverted
from those professional pursuits which, as he conceived, duty had

38 pnorKFnivns of the

cnllcd upon hiin to pursue. At the same lime, it must be allowed
that the study of medicine and surgery had no inconsiderable
attraction for him. lie always acted on the " give-and-take "
principle. As a student at Edinburgh, he rendered great assist-
ance to those of his follows who worked at scientific subjects.
Manv of the internal parasites described by one of our Fellows, and
published in the Society's ' Transactions ' for 1^58, were obtained
from water-birds shot by Mr. jNIurray in the Firth of Forth. A
remarkable cestodo {Dipln/llohothnnm stemmacejihahim) and a
species of fluke (Disfoma campula), both new to science, were in
like manner obtained from a Porpoise which Mr. Murray killed
off the Island of May in April 1855. The birds and mammals
that fell to his gun were forwarded to the Curator of the Edin-
burgh University Anatomical Museum ; and there they were
used for the purposes of dissection ; whilst as possible "hosts "
their examination also led to the discovery of several new
helminths. Mr. Murray never allowed either trouble or expense
to stand in the way of any cause he had at heart. At Brighton
he promoted the formation and working of scientific Societies,
a])art from those of a professional kind ; and he was especially
helpful to young and rising artists. Of his medical writings we
do not speak ; but, as coming fairly within the borderland of
anthropology, w'e may mention his interesting account of an
hitherto undcscribed malformation of the lower lip occurring in
four members of one family. Others of the eight children of the
same family exhibited different kinds of oral peculiarity or dete-
rioration ; and yet another child displayed webbed fingers on both
bauds. Mr. Murray had a particular liking for teratological
investigation; aud on one occasion he showed the writer of this
notice a curious instance of double hand, in whicli case also re-
dundancy of structure of the forearm appeared to be involved.
The subject of this abnormality was a policeman's wife. Her left
arm supported eight perfectly formed fingers, imparting to the
Land an unusual stretch and equivalent power of grasp. The
thumbs were altogether wanting. Photographs of this malfor-
mation have been privately distributed. Not unnaturally Mr.
Murray's winning and sympathetic manners — coupled, as they
\\ ere, with a niasterful knowledge of his profession, with refined
taste^; and with a clear judgment — soon won for him the esteem
of his fellow practitioners and the confidence of the public. In
this way he was not long in acquiring something more than an
ordinary ct)mpetency, part of which was devoted to the purchase
of choice w orks of art, and part to the formation of a valuable
library, lie wished by every means in his power to promote art,
science, and literature. P( rsonal advantage was not the main-
spring of his action. When recently he compounded as a Life
Member of the Lijineau Society, he remarked to a friend that he
did so in the hope that his contribution would benefit the cause
which the Society was foremost in promoting ; if he could not

LINNE.VN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 39

often attend the Society's Meetings, he could at least encourage
others to lay a portion of their offerings on the altar of science.
It was in this worthy and patriotic frame of mind that Mr.
Murray joined onr Society ; and in less than three weeks after the
customary welcome by the President he ceased to exist. Had he
lived to observe more closely the work done by the rank and file
of our body, there can be no doubt tliat every good scientific
work or new movement sanctioned by the Society would have
received substantial support at his hands. For the support of
biological laboratories and such like indispensable aids to Zoology
and fish-culture the actual worker in science cannot be expected
to play the role of the patron.

Mr. Jardine Murray commenced practice in Bi'ighton in 1859.
Apparently in the enjoyment of health and vigour, he hoped to
have been present at our Anniversary Meeting last year ; but
professional duties stood in the way. The very next day (May
25tli) he caught cold wheu visiting a patient during a dense sea-
fog ; and the inflammation extending to the lungs, he expired
on the 28th of the same month, his fatal illness thus lasting only
three days. [T. S. C]

Prof. Hermann Schlegel was born June 10th, 1804, and
died on January 17th, 1884, at Leiden. One of his earliest works
was his ' Essai sur la Physionomie des Serpens ' in 1837, which
has been styled the, first really scientific book on serpents, and
still remains a monument to the learning and ability of its
author. In 1844 a]:tpeared a critical review of the Birds of
Europe in French and Grerman ; and ten years later ' Vogels
van Nederland,' of which a new edition appeared in 1878 ; and
iu 1857 his ' Haudleiding der Dierkunde ' ; then his ' Die
europaischen Tag-Eaubvogel,' and his suj)erb folio on Falconry,
justly regarded as the finest work produced on that subject in
modern times. He also brought out books on the fauna of
Java aud Madagascar, very many memoirs and papers in various
languages in different publications, and his latest, ' Notes from
the Leiden Museum,' in English.

By the aid of trained Dutch collectors iu Japan, the Nether-
lands, Indies, and Malay ai'chipolago, the Museum at Leiden
under his charge accumulated a vast array of natural-history
treasures. He died almost in harness, visiting to the last that
Museum to which he w^as appointed in 1858 on the death of
Temminck. He was twice married, and leaves a widow to mourn
his loss, as well as the entire community of zoologists so distin-
guished an ornament of their science. His election as Foreign
Member took place May 1st, 1802.

Sir Arthur Scott, Bart., was born 3rd September, 1860, and
was the son of Sir F. E. Scott by Mildi-ed Anne, eldest daughter

40 PROCEED INOS OF THE

of Sir William Hartopp, Bart. He died at Great Barr Hall,

Staffordshire, on 18tli March, 1884, of a relapse of peritonitis.
He was elected Fellow of this Society 3rd March, 1881.

Edwaed Sheppard was born in 1816, and died at Kensington
after a short illness 8th September, 1883, two months after his
retirement from the post of Collector of Customs for the Port of
London. He had given for many years much attention to the
Colcoptera, although latterly he had refrained from active pursuit
of any branch of entomology. He was elected Fellow April 7tl),
1859. He never married; but a large number of private friends
regret the loss of his genial friendship.

Peter Squire was born at Stratton in Bedfordshire in 1798,
and died on A[)ril Gth, 1884, at the age of 85. He was appren-
ticed, on leaving school at the age of 14, to a chemist and druggist
at Peterborough, and then gave all his spare time to studying the
folio edition of Sir John Hill's ' Herbal,' and the plants lie could
collect before business hours. He then came to Loudon and
filled several situations, and studied chemistry, attending the
lectures which Brande and Faraday delivered to the Students of
St. Greorge's Hospital. After this he spent some time in Paris,
acquiring an insight into French pharmacy.

In 1831, or thereabouts, Mr. Squire bought the business in
Oxford Street with which he was associated for more than half a
century. He turned his attention to improving medicinal ex-
tracts, and had to devote many hours after eleven at night to
that inquiry. His successful researches brought him into note ;
and Sir James (then Dr.) Clark was instrumental in procuring
his appointment as chemist to H.R.H. the Princess Victoria in
the year before her accession, followed by the formal appoint-
ment on Her Majesty ascending the throne in 1837. This post
he held during forty years.

He was twice President of the Pharmaceutical Society, and
published many papers and books (ii matters connected with his
calling. His latest scientific work seems to have been on a
method of preserving the freshwater Medusa found in Ihe A^ictoria
tank at Eegeut's Park, which paper was read last July 9th before
the Royal Microscopical Society.

He was elected F.L.S. February 4th, 1858 ; died of congestion
()f the lungs on the day stated above; and was buried at Kensal
Green 12th April, 1884.

Allen Thomson, F.E..S., was the son of John Thomson, a
distinguished physician at Edinburgh, and was born there on
April 2nd, 1809. His father was the occupant of the Chairs
of Military Surgery and of Pathologv in the University, so that
the young boy was reared in an academic aiid scientific atmo-
sphere. He graduated M.D. at Edinburgh in 1830, the next

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOK. 4I

year becoming a Fellow of the Eoyal College of Surgeons
there. Soon after lie became associated as Lecturer on Ana-
tomy with a brilliant circle — Edward Eorbes, John Groodsir, John
Hughes Bennett, and others — of whom Dr. W. B. Carpenter still
remains. Dr. Allen Thomson filled the Chair of Anatomy in
Marischal College, Aberdeen, from 1839 to 1841, when he passed
to occupy the Chair of Physiology in Edinburgh. Whilst occu-
pying this Chair he wrote the first part of a little work entitled
' Outlines of Physiology.' This manual, had he completed it,
would doubtless have become extremely popular ; as far as it
went (pp. 308), it was considered by competent judges to be a
perfect model of its kind. At this time also, during Professor
Groodsir's temporary absence from ill-health, Thomson undertook
the duties of the Anatomy Chair, which he filled with the utmost
satisfaction to the students of the University. Six 3'ears after
he became Professor of Anatomy at G-lasgow ; and whilst engaged
in the arduous duties of that post he found time to write the
well-known and highly scholarly article entitled " Ovum " for
Dr. Todd's ' Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology.' So con-
scientious was Thomson, that he sought to verify facts relating
to many obscure and disputed points of animal embryology
whilst he was thus engaged. It thus happened that he spent
less than eight years over the production of that essay. Perhaps
the most valuable part of his contribution related to the ques-
tion of the mode of impregnation in Nematoid Parasites. Pie
supported generally the view of his distinguished pupil, Henry
Nelson, whose prize thesis at Edinburgh (afterwards published
in the ' Philosophical Transactions ') excited much controversy
abroad. In particular the views of Nelson were assailed by Pro-
fessor Bischofi", who declared that Nelson had mistaken epithelial
scales for spermatozoa ; but Thomson came to the rescue, and
showed that both himself and Meissner had confirmed the truth
of Nelson's statements in regard to the passage of spermatozoa
into the ovarian tube of Ascaris mysiax. Professor Thomson
was an accomplished linguist, and consequently he was able
to reply to his opponents eftectively in the pages of Siebold and
Kolliker's ' Zeitschrift,' as well as in the article above quoted
and elsewhere. He took excejjtion to the view of Meissner,
wlio believed in the existence of a micropyle in the unimpreg-
nated ovum of Ascaris mi/stax ; Thomson holding, with Nelson,
that there was no true vitelline membrane, and consequently no
micropyle, in the ovum of Ascaris at the time when the spermatic
corpuscles first arrived at the germs in order to penetrate them.
The controversy thus excited went on for many years ; and some
of the subsidiary questions then raised can hardly be said to be
solved at the present time. More of this controversy would
have been heard had not Henry Nelson taken his departnre for
Dunedin, New Zealand, where he died long before his eminent
friend and teacher left the Northern University.

42 PnOCEEDTNGS OF THE

Professor Thomson remained at Glasgow till 1877, in which
year he became President of the British Association at Plymouth,
taking as the subject of his Address the " Development of tlie
Forma of Animal Life." Since then he resided in London until
his death on March 2 1st, 1884, having been elected Fellow of
the Linnean Society on January 15th, 1880, and F.E.S. in 1877.
Professor Thomson was a most amiable and courteous gentleman,
beloved alike by colleagues, students, and, one may probably say
without exaggeration, by all who had the pleasure of knowing
him personally. On the occasion of the transmission of his
remains to Scotland the President and Office-bearers of the Eoyal
Society assembled at the Euston Station to pay their last tribute
of respect ; a large number of Fellows of that Society and
several of the Linnean Society were also present.

Joseph "WAUfwuiGHT died of bronchitis on April 10th, 1884,
at his house, Wakefield, aged 71. After leaving school he was
articled to Mr. Picard, a Solicitor of Wakefield, who had a large
practice in spite of being blind. He was admitted Solicitor in
1834 and married in the same year ; but his wife died in 1874,
leaving no issue. For many years he was a prominent Member of
the Yorkshire Naturalists' TJnion, and for some years its President.
The Wakefield Naturalists' Society was formed at his instiga-
tion in 1871 ; he was chosen first President, and continued such
until his death. He greatly delighted in cultivating plants, and
frequently threw open his richly stocked gardens and plant-houses
to the public ; he also officiated as judge at local flower-shows.
He was elected Fellow of the Linnean Society June 17th, 18o6.

APPENDIX.
Short Memoie of Gteobge Dioxrsrus Eheet, F.E.S.

Geokge Diontstus Ehret, son of G-eorge Ehret, Court Gardener
at Durlach, Baden, was born at Erfurt in 1708, or, as is stated in
Pilkington's ' Dictionary of Painters,' in 1710. Some account of
his career is given in that work, and also in Dr. Pulteney's
' Historical and Biographical Sketches of the Progress of Botany
in England ' (1790). From these accounts it appears that after
having been taken by the hand by Dr. Trew, of Nuremberg, for
whom he subsequently executed the engravings in the ' Plants
Selectee,' he practised his art and continued his botanical studies
at Basle, Montpellier, Lyons, Paris, and Haarlem. To this latter
place he returned after a short sojourn in London, and it was
there that he Avas found by Linnaeus, with whom he cooperated
in the production of the ' Hortus Clifi'ortianus,' published at
Haarlem in 1737.

LTNTS^EAN SOCIETY OF LOISTDON.

43

In 1740 be returned to England, residing principally at Clielsea.
His skill in depicting botanical subjects brought him full occu-
pation both as an artist and as a teacher, and his beautifully
finislied drawings commanded high prices. Among his published
works the plates to Brown's ' History of" Jamaica ' and his own
' History and Analysis of the Parts of Jessamine which flowered
in the curious Garden of R. Warner, at Woodford,' may be men-
tioned. In 1757 he was elected a Fellow of the Eoyal Society,
to which he communicated several botanical papers tiiat are
printed in the Philosophical Transactions.

Among his pupils in London was the then Duchess of Port-
land, who made a large collection of his paintings at Bulstrode,
which were sold for large sums at her death in 1786*, when the
Portland Museum was broken up.

Gr. D, Ehret married Susanna Kennett, of G-lidding, near
Hambledon, Sussex, and died at Chelsea on the 9th September,
1770, leaving one son, Greorge Philip Ehret, M.D. His widow
died at Watford, Herts, in October 1781t.

Genealogy of the Grover and Ehret Families.

George Ehret, 3^;^^

of Durlach, Bacleu. I

George Bionysius Ehret, F.R.S.,

bom at Erfurt, 1708 ;
died at Chelsea, 9th Sept. 1770.

Susanna Kennett,

of Gliddiiig, near Hambledon, Sussex;

died at Watford, Herts,

Oct. 1781.

An7ia Maria Ehret,
died an infant.

George Philip Ehret, M.D.,

b. 24tb March. 1741 ;

m. 16th Dec. 1767 ;

d. at Watford, Herts,

Oct. 1786.

Elizabeth Day,

of Micklefield Green,

Rickniansworth .

Sibylla Ehret,
b. at Watford, 11th May, 1769 ;
m. at Watford, 28th Nov., 1787 ;
d. at Hempstead, 1st June, 1853.

■_ Harry Grover,

of the Bury, Hemel Hempstead, Herts, and Boveney
Court, Burnhani, Bucks ;
died at Hempstead, ISth August, 1835.

A family, including the donors of tlie letters of Linnanis, viz. : —

Miss Sophia Grover, "|

Miss Harriet Gi'over, \ of Holywell Hill, St. Albans, Herts ;
Miss Emily Grover, J
and Charles Ehret Grover, Esq., of Hemel Hempstead, Herts.

* See Gent. Mag. 1781), vol. Ivi. pp. .")27, ^2S.

1' Jlr. Carruthei's states that in the Natural History Museum at South
Kensington is an autograph autobiography of Ehret, as well as an independent
biography of him by Trew. Tliere are also some MSS. of Ehret in the same
Museum.

44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

List of Letters presented to the Linnean Society, October 1883.

I. 29th Nov. 1736. LiNNiEUS to Geoege Diomrsms Ehbet.
Holograph in Latin from Amsterdam on botanical subjects and

acknowledging a letter from Ehret of Oct. 3rd.

II. 16th Jan. 1738. Linnaeus to G-. D. Eheet.

Holograph in Latin from Leyden acknowledging receipt of a
picture, offering books, &c. Seal, a lily with the motto " Con-
siderate LILIA."

III. 12th Aug. 1747. LiNNiEUS to Gr. D. Ehret.
Holograph in Latin from Upsala expressing regret that Eliret

cannot go to Upsala, asking for seeds from Chelsea Garden, &c.
Seal, two serpents intertwined around a lily awd holding in their
mouths an open book, on one page of which the sun is represented
as shining, on the other the inscription ntnqvam otiosts,
around the seal dioscorides 2.

On the address are some directions in Swedish as to the letter
being delivered into Ehret's own hands and not into those of
Mr. Miller.

IV. 2nd Oct. 1747. LiNNiEUs to G. D. Ehret.

Holograph in Latin from Upsala introducing Dr. Peter Kalm,
who delivered it the 20th May, 1748.

Y. 28tli Sept. 1749. Linnaeus to G. D. Ehret.

Holograph in Latin from Upsala acknowledging the receipt of
some pictures and offering remarks on certain plants.
(Somewhat imperfect and damaged.)

YI. 12th April, 1759. LiNNiEFS to G. D. Ehret.

Holograph from Upsala introducing Dr. Dan. Solander. Seal,
a shield bearing a plant upon it, the cross of an order below ;
around, the motto eamam extollere eactis.

YII. Undated, but probably March 1769. Linn^us to G. D.
Ehret.

Holograph in Latin, received 3rd April, 1769, acknowledging
letter of 18th February, and on botanical subjects.

The writer in this instance signs himself Car, Linne. Seal, a
mantled coat of arms witli a knight's helmet ; crest, a flower ;

motto, FAMAM EXTOLLERE FACTIS.

YIII. 14th Feb. 1755. Andeeje to G. D. Ehret.

Holograph in German from Hanover subscribing for a copy of
Brown's ' Natural History of Jamaica,' and describing the prepa-
ration of Agaric. Seal, a shield with St. Andrew on the cross.

LITfNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 45

IX. 19th Oct. 1756. LiNNJEUS to Dr. [Patrick] Brown.

Translation of letter from Upsala praising the ' History of
Jiimaica ' and commenting on some of the genera described.

X. 19th Oct, 1756. LiNNiEus to Peter Collinson.

Transhition of letter from Upsala, giving account of what
Solauder, Kalm, Osbecke, Loefling, and Kdhler are doing.

XI. 27th July, 1754. Mr. John Ellis to O. D. Eheet.

Introducing Mr. Oeder, sent over from Denmark with the view
of laying out a botanic garden.

Letter I.

' Viro Curiosissimo

Duo. Georgio Dionysio Ehretio.

Ichniugrapho sunuuo 8. pi. d. Carolus Linnaeus Medic. Doctor
et Soc. Nat. curiosor :

Literas tuas die 3 octobris Auni currentis dudum habui, ad
quas mox respondissem, nisi tot incommoda mihi retardassent.
Grratias quas possum summas habeo pi'o communicatis istis raris
observationibus circa novi generis llores, quas manu tua incom-
parabili ad vivum usque delineatas raiaisti. Ad primara quod
attinet, quam Tragiam aliam scandentem cum Sloane vocasti, est
ista mea judice genuina Eicinoidis species, stamina licet quinque
tautum pinxisti, tamen in descriptione decem agnovisti ut inEici-
noide comniuniter fit. Doleo quod non observasti flores foemi-
ninos, quos vellem scire num egent in eadem planta, ut commu-
niter, vel in distiucto sexu ut in Eicinoidis ista specie quge
Houstouio Barnhardia dicta fuit. Nee dubito quin fructus sit
tricoccos ut in congeueribus. Ad alteram quod spectet est ista
mihi omnino ignota et absque omni hsesitatione novi generis ex
embryone seu germine, quatuor licet exspectare semina nuda,
adeoque ad Didynamiam Angiospermara omnino spectat, iu tota
tamen ista phalange in toto isto ordine nullum unquam vidi fioreai
non bilabiatum ; in hoc autem quantum ex figura concludere
licuit florem irregularem, fructum autem ut in reliquis, stamina
clara, stylus ordinarius, duo autem labia petali eruere satis diifi-
cile videtur. Utinam succederent vota, atque novum orbem adii*e
tibi licitum foret, qui poUes viribus corporis, sanitate optima,
ingenio curioso et expedite, manu sine pari, sane non dubitarem
quin publicum et totus orbis Botanicus per te longe plura profi-
ceret, quam facile alio. Me apud Curiosissimum Doctissimumque
D. Millerum cujus amicitiam prse reliquorum omnium magni
facio, quod intime commendes est quod maxime peto, meque ad
vota ejus omnia paratissimum promitto. Nuper vel ante mensem

46 PnOCEEDTNQS OF THE

cum dimidio a Societate Csesarea L. C. Natur. Curiosorum literas
luibui, quodque clcctus erain ejusdcm Societatis Membrum nomine
Dioscoridis 2'", ubi Praeses in litcris privatis scribit quod
Doct. Widman Norinbergae primus fuit qui me vocavit, quique
tanti me fecei'it &c. Tu qui novisti onnies Norinbeigse, ubi ego
nullum umquam babui notum, quteso dicas milii qualis iste D.
"W^idman sit ? Sassafras nobis periit, mox florebunt in hyber-
naculo Planta qua?dam nomine Ruellia ac Dno. Millero data,
licet ba?c non sit ulla ex Dilleniaris, Triumfeta, Coriotragomato-
dendros Plur? et dua; mibi omnino plane ignota> arbuscuiae
at'ricanae. In borto Cliftortiano qui jam ad paginnm 310 est abso-
lutus vidcbis quo bonore excipiam Dignissiinum D. Millerum.
Quam primuin potero genera mea transmittam. Quaeso inquiras'
per Dm. INlillcrum num D. Grronovius ad aliqucm etiam mittat
exemplaria Geiierum meorum et scias, si boo iecerit, eum ista
excmplaiia methodo bonesto viro indiguo sibi conipara>se. Eau-
Yolfiam quam transmisisti erat egregia, ut et Dalea D"" Milleri
in "eneribiis meis. Quieso cum scribas ad StenbutVud pete ab eo
ut det D""Cliflbrtio Eationem tabularuin quas depinxisti, uec pecu-
uias babuisti, fuere enim Browallia, Rauwolfia et Dalea, et ego
curabo ut pecunias mox babebit. Ante iter in Americam quseso
ad me scribas.

Vale vir amicissime.

dabam Amstel. 29 Novemb. 1736.

[Addressed]

a Monsieur

Greorgio Dionysi
Ehret

Ohaelse.

Letter II.

Articifici optimo

G. D. Ehret S. C. Linnaeus.

Literse tua3 una cum trausmissa tabula, artis same inagiste-
rium, ad me justo tempore accessere ; reddo quas tibi potero
grates pro dona, quodque me in tua benigna mente semper servas.
Tabulam debui dare D. Cliftbrtio, qui summa admiratione plan-
tarn speciosam, inque boc tuum magisterium ra[)iebatur.

Mea non modo genera, sed et reliqua opuscula lubens Tibi
oftero, quotquot j)otero omnia, modo curam gerere posses, ut
aliquis ea a me exciperet, non enim dicere queo quam difficile
mibi est bine aliquid transmittere.

Dedi ante quadrantem anni D. Gronovio Corollarium m.eum &
metboduin sexualem, ut ea transmit! eret D. D. Martino <t D.
Millero & Dilleuio, quod Dillenius ea non acceperit nuper uovi,
utinam per te scirem utrum vestri ea exceperint uec ne ? est enim

LINKEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOK. 47

mihi valde aiiceps periculum ei quid tradere lit trausmittat, uec
possum per alium.

Edo hie Artedi opera Iclitliyologica, certe opera sine pari, quae
mortuo autliore amico, in me suseepi.

Edo et hoc tempore methodos omnium Botanicorum ad unara
relatas, qufe omnes absolutse erint ad mensem Martii, quibiis per-
actis ego abibo in Grallias, ut videam ibi Herbaria magnoriim Bota-
nicorum et dein redire in patriam ; trausmittam methodos per
Gronoviam ad D. Martyiium, D. Millerum & te, si non accipi-
•atis, ille, nou ego, in culpa ero. Hortus ClifFortianus jam tibsolutus
est ut modo abquot tabulae restent, in eo gratiim auimum reddidi
Clariss. D. Millero ob tot communicatas novas & curiosas
plantas: ipsi plurimam salutem impertias ab eo, qui Ejus vivit.

Devota mea officia CI. Prof. Martyno dicere ne intermittas
ter oro.

Hortulanus D. Clifibnii, Tuus amicus ut spero erit propediem
Hortulanus in Horto medico Amstelsedameiisi, iibi qui aiitea fuit
mortuus est.

Hortum ClifForlianum & Viridanium trausmittat ipse D.
ChfFortiu.s.

Vale et me, quo soles auimo, ama qui sum tuus ....

Lugcl.-Eat 1738. Q LiNNiEUS.

Jan. lb.

K.escribas, si placeat, ut babeam literas ante diem S Martii.

[Addressed]

To Mr. G. D. EHRET

at Mr. Philip Miller

in die Physitieii garde
Londen &

Chelse.

Letteb hi.

Amico antique
a. D. EHRET

8. pi. d.

Carol. Linnaeus.

Multa tibi debeo, Amice colende, quod multoties pulcherrima
tua dona ad me misisti ; doleo et dolui semper quod numquam
licuit mutuis ofBciis inservire, quiim ego remotissimus habitem ;
omnes qui vident tuas picturas stupesciint. Est nobis Pictor
Academige senex qui nee ridet nee audit ; omnes heic optant ejus
fatum, ut tepossent iuvitare, quamvis desperent obtinere, cum tui
par in hisce non vident orhis. Accepi tuum Cereum minimum
et Ayouicum ramosum et Magnoliam singula artis magisteria.
8i potcris Vir amicissime semiua aliquot pro me legas in Horto
Chelseiano et mittas per conterraneum meum, qui has tradit

48 PBOCEECrNGS OF THE

hteras ; quamvis ego nequeam mutuis inservire, tameu amico
grato, licet absente, plus semper in te vivara. Te pluriraum
salutat Nietzel meus ; ille optime valet, et habet propriam
uxorem et filiolam propriam, et trauquille jam degit mecum in
horto inter jjlautas iion iufrequentes.
Yale et mei memor vivas ut ego tui.

Dabam Upsalia;, 1747 d. 12 Aug.

Mr. Noring at tlie Ked Bull, Thames Street, just by the

Still Yard

Einpfaugen, 17 Nov. 1747.

[Addressed]

Pictori Egregio

G. D. Ehret

Chelae.

Letteb IY.
Pictori Egregio
D"^" G. D. Ehret,
Amico antique.

Ut tester quauti te tuamque amicitiam faciam has exaro literaa.
Tibi debeo multas et milleuas gratias, qui coustaus peruiaiiseris
amicus et quotaunis mittis pulcherrinias picturas, uitidissima tua
maiiu exaratas, quae ornant et illustraut parietes musei mei et
spectatores in tui admiratiouem rapiunt. Ego qui uil rerldere
quoam,rec!dam gratuni semper animum. Apud te commendatuia
habeo D. Kalniium uostratem, si ipsi dederis vel plantam siccam
vel picturam, vel s^emeu aliquod pro me, ille certo trausniittet.
Tibi facilis et quotidiauus patct aditus ad Hortuin Chelseianum,
unde facile aliquot semina mittere poteris, quod velis uullus du-
bito. Ad hauc academiam nostram Upsalienseni comparavimus
et instruximus observatorium Astrononiicum, Hortuin Botanicum,
Theatriim Auatomicum, iustrumenta ph_ysica et omuia qua? ad
oruamentum scientiarum spectant ; solus Pictor deficit ; liabemus
seueai pictorem, cujus fata exspectamus ; turn nil magis in votis
nobis esset, quam si te potuissemus nobis comparare ; tum habe-
remus omuia. Ostendas qua?so D. Kalmio uustro rariora xlugliae
vestrse ; ipsi quod feceris mihi facta reputabo.

Dabam Tpsalia? 1747. d. 2 Octobris.

Received ye 20 Maij, 1748, Carol. LiNNiEUS.

from Dr. Peter Kalm.

[Addressed]

Pictori Egregio

D. D. a. Ehret

Londini.

LINNEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. 49

Letter V.
Excelleuti Pictori,

GrEORGIO DiONTSIO ElIRET,

Salutat

C. Linnaeus.

Accepi a te niissa seraiua, accepi tabulas tuaa VIII., quibus

prajposita? orbis ; pro omnibus grates tibi rependo

maximas, easdem ubique.

Martynia tua 2'*'' est mea Cmniolaria ; si Iructura

quseso eundem deliuees Martyuige species enim esse

uequit calyx, corolla, stamina.

Cereus tab. 2. f. 3 floruit et in horto nostro hoc anno ; vere

egreg Oldenlandiam pulcbre illustrasti tab. 2. fig. 1. Fac

ut sciam numne ha cibus saturate rubris et tinctoriis ?

Quod magnam meam a plautse.

Papajam egregie docuisti esse androgynam floribus masculis
et femiuis in eadem plauta.

Anagallis tua tab. 3. tig. 2 est quantum ex figura conjecturare
liceat.

Lysimachia ealycibus corollam superantibus Roy. -ilG. Linum
minimum stellatum C. B. 214.

Ketmia indica tab. G. fig. 1 tur varietas Hibisci f oliis

palmato-digitatis septem partitis Ho it. Cliff. 350.

Alsine affinis tab. 6. fig. 3 novi generis esse plautam recte sta-
tins ; ego etiam lioc genus dudum condidi sub nomme Molliigiais
et dixi plantam MoUugo foliis ssepius septenis lauceolatis Groii.
Virg. 14.

Abutilon tab. vii. f. 1 et tab. viii. novum se ipso genus est, quod
13. Clayton Napajam dixit quod nomeu retiuui in Syst. Nat. edit.
6'^ et novum genus assumsi ; floruit hsec plauta tarn mas quam
femina in horto nostro, seminibus a Collinsono olim missis ; con-
stitit esse novum genus, sed non a sexu ; at vero a calyce et
stigmatibus, debet enim planta hermaphrodita necessario idem
genus intrare ; quod est Althaea virginiaua, ricini folio. Herm.
lugdb. 23.

Perge bene mereri et plautarum illustratione te ipsum illus-
trare.

Dabam Upsaliae, 1749, d. 28 Sept.

[Addressed]

To Georg. Dyonis. Eliret
London.

LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1883-84.

5© PROCEEDiyOS OF TUE

Letter VI.
Florae ipsius Apelli
Dionys. Ehretio.

amico antique,
S. pi. d.

Car. Linnsous,
Equ.
Has tibi amice Ehret offert juvenis eximius D. Dan. Solander
milii amicissimus. Pro tua in me amicitia ipsi oro ostendas rari-
ores gazas Angliae, ut Te patrouo videat qua? ego videre vellera
sed nequeam.

Quotidie mibi sese sistunt Plantse rarissimse a Te ad vivum
ita delineatas nt nihil deficiat nisi vita ; rident liaec floribus et
mibi toties in memoriam revocant antiquam Tuam in me amici-
tiam ; utinam possem, uti vellem, etiamnum Te in bac vita
coram intueri ; sed fata videntur mibi denegare boo oblectamen-
tum ; numquam tamen denegabunt mibi te amare, qui de Flora
et de me optime meritus es. Vale egregie Ebreti et me porro ama.
Dabam Upsalia, 1759, 12 Aprilis.

[Addressed]

To Mr. Dionys, Ehret

London.

Letter VII.
Antiquiasimo suo Amico
D°° G. D. Ebret

S. pi. d.

Car. Linne.

Datas a te, Vir amicissime, literas d. 18 februarii bodie accepi
et grates pro bis reddo maximas ; lajtor quod vivas vigeas et
valeas. Pulcberrime deliueasti novam Theohromam, quae etiam-
num in nostro borto virescit ut ut fructus apud nos non maturu-
crit, certus tamen sum quod sit genuina species quaedam Tbeobro-
matis. Accepi egregias tuas figuras et Amsoniae et EUisiae eosque
mox tradidi Societati Scientiarum Upsalieusi, inserendas ejus
actis.

Habui praeterito anno Calceolarium Fewill florentem in borto,
sed semina vix maturabat, optassem tum tuam opem in depingendo
plautam pulcberrimam, male a Fewilleo delineatam, sed nidlus
erat mibi pictor.

Si Loosa mea (Ortiya Fewill) ullibi occurrat in bortis anglo-
rum, oro rogoque mibi compares aliquot ejus semina, reddam jjro
iis sanctissime Ducatum aureum, modo semina recentissima
mittas.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON". 5 1

Spigelia anihehnia est certo in Ilortis Anglorum, vellem etiam
honestissime dare pro aliquot ejus semina quodquod peteras ;
vidi Spigeliam marilandam a Te egregie delineatam, et accepi
picturam pulcberrimas plantse una cum specimiue sicco sed
plantam vivam numquam vidi.

Salutes quaeso meis verbis omnes Botanicos Londinenses opto
ut cum iis diu valeas.

Recieved Aprill 3, 1769.

[Addressed]

To Mr. G. D. Ehret
in Park Street near Brook Street Grosvenor
Square London.

Letter VIII.
Mein sebr gescbiizter Freund,

Die gi-itige Aufname der geringen Manscbetten ist mir be-
souders augenelim zu erfareu gewesen, icb wiinscbte aber mit
was bessereni aufvvarteu zu kcinnen.

Icb habe von den beiden Proposals wegen Browns Nat. Hist,
of Jamaica sogleich eines an Herrn bofratb Trew geschikt, aber
nicbt die Ebre gebabt eiuige Antwort zu erhalteu. ludesseu da
Sie, mein welirtester Freund, das Werk so riibmeu, so bitte icb
fiir micli auf ein Exemplar zu subscribireu.

Solte man von diesem Herru Brown nicbt einige aufgetroknete
Pflanzen erbalten konnen ?

Der Gebraucli des gemeinen Zanders Blut zu stillen ist aucb
unter unsern Bauern scbou lange bekaut gewesen. Die frau-
zoseu sind also biervon nicbt eben die Erfinder ; aber dennocli
wird Ibnen der Eubm bleiben miissen dass sie ihu zuerst bei
grossen Wunden und auf Arterien applicirt baben. Hier wird
indesaen der von den franzosen und insbesondern dem Herrn
Brossard angeriibmte Agaricus pedis equini facie ; fungus in
caudicibus nascens unguis equini facie ; fungus ignarius von
denen Wundarzten nocb nicbt gebraucbt, sonst icb gerne davon
zur Probe scbieken wolte. Inzwisclien ist die Zubereitung des-
aelben diese : Man muss davon die weisse und harte Einde,
nebst der locbericbten und harteu Substanz des Schwammes
ablosen, damit nur die mitlere scbwaramigte Substanz, so sicb
unter den fiogern dehnt, iibrig bleibt. Diese klopft man mit
einem Hammer so lange, bis sie ganz weieb wird, und legt davon
ein Stiik, so etwas grosser als die Wunde ist, von der Seite auf,
wo die Eiude niclit gesesseu, auf dieses nocli ein grosseres Stiik
oben drauf und denn den geliorigen Verband lierum. So ist bei
verscbiedenen Amputationeu der Arme und Fiisse das Blut der
Arterien vor ligatur gliiklicb gestillet worden.

icli wiiuscbe, das denenselben diese kleiue Nacbricbt angeuebm
.sein raoge.

52 pnOCEEDTXaS OT THE

Die Sanien iind die 2 Gemiihltle von der beriihmten hand,
wozu Sie niir in Ihrem lezten hofnung machen, werden mir
hochst angenehm sein.

TJnter deiien Samen vor 2 Jarcn war auch einer mit dem titre
Paba Grffcoriun ; er ging gliiklich anf und schien einem bonen
gewiichse ganz iihnlich, aber kam nieht zum bliihei]. Solte Sie
deinnach liirvon wieder erlialten kcinnen, wiirde mir solches
besoiiders lieb scin.

Sclilicslicli, Webrtester freund, empfeble icb Ibnen das An-
gedenken ihrer A'ortrefliclien Tabularum plautarum iustiindigst.
Ist es miiglidi, so setzen Sie solclie docb fort! sie werden ein
Werk aiismacben das iiicht seines gleicben hat und Ihnen zu
unsterblichem Ruhm gereiehen. Vielleicht kounen Sie die dfizu
erforderliche Zeit vorteilhafter anwenden, aber in der That nicht
uiilzlicher, nicht riilunliclier noch schoner.

ich bin mit ewiger freundschaft,

der verbundeuster Diener,

Ilaniiover, AndrEAE.

d. 14 febr. 1755.

[Addressed] To

Mr. George Denis Ehret

at Mr. Ehodes's in Park Street

Grosvenor Square

London.
[Endorsed]

The nietliode how to prepare Agarikc.

Tbanslation of Lettee VIII.

My highly esteemed Friend, —

I was very gratified to hear of your kind reception of the
little ruffles, but I wished I could have sent you sometliing
better. I immediately sent one of the two prospectuses of
Brown's work on the Nat. Hist, of Jamaica to Councillor Trew,
but he lias not yet fiivoured me with a reply. As you recom-
mend the work so strongly, my esteemed Friend, I should be
much obliged to you if you would kindly subscribe for a copy for
me. Cannot we obtain some dried plants from this Mr. Brown ?

Tbe use of common tinder as a styptic has long been known
among our own peasantry ; thus the French cannot actually
claim the discovery ; but they are nevertheless entitled to the
credit of having been the first to api)ly it to serious wounds and
arteries. But the Agaricus pedis equini facie; Ftmgus in caudi-
cibus nascens tmguis equini facie ; Fungus ignarius, recommended
by the French and especially by M. Brossard, is not yet used
here by siiugeons, or 1 should have been glad to send you some
samples. The mode of pre])aratiou is as follows: The white
hard outer rind, and the hard porous part of the fungus must

LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LOIS-DON. 53

be removed, so that only the middle spongy substance, wbich
yields to the pressure of the fingers, is left. This must be beaten
with a hammer till it is quite soft, and a piece rather larger than
the wound must be laid over it from the side, taking care not to
place the part next to the rind on tbe wound. A larger piece
must be placed over this, and the whole must then be covered
with the ordinary bandage. Thus in several cases of amputation
of the arms and feet, the bleeding of the arteries has been success-
fully staunched before the application of ligatures.

I hope that you will be pleased with this little information.
I should be extremely pleased to receive the seeds and the two
drawings from so distinguished a hand, which you promise me
in your last letter. Among the seeds which you sent me 2 years
ago was one marked Faba Grrsecorum. It sprouted well, and
looked like a kind of bean but did not flower. If you could get
any more of the same kind, I should be particularly obliged.

In conclusion, good Friend, I strongly advise you to continue
your excellent Tabularum Plantarum. If possible, do continue
it ! It would be an unequalled work, which would give you an
undying reputation. You might possibly be able to employ your
time more profitably, but certainly not more usefully, laudably,
or delightfully.

With every expression of my unceasing regard, believe me,
Your most obedient Servant,

Hanover, AndKEAE.

14 February, 1755.

A Letter to Dr. Brown.

Letter IX.

I never coveted any Book, I know not by what Instinct, with
more ardour desire than yours ; at length I understood that an
English Grentleman residing at Stockholm had got it ; I entreated
him to lend it me for a fortnight, and obtained it. I spent
dity and night in reading it through; I read it over, but never
enough, and returnd it. Good Grod, how was I transported
with desire of a book infinetly to be commended. Two things
I particularly observed therein, which I have not met with in
other Authors. The first was the Author's most honest Candour
and human disposition ; who is not sharp upon any, severe to
non, nor enveighs against others, as now the Custom amongst
the vulgar herd of authors, but candidly inculcates his own ob-
servations without taxing others, because the could not see these
things the wished to ins])ect, but not in theire power. The other
thing I noted was the writer's perspicuity, who has set forth his
Plants so correctly, and so exactly to the Life, that I covild see as
it were the very Plants themselves before me ; nor did I discern

54 PROCEEDIXGS OF THE

anytliing to be wauting which might tend to the Illustration
thereof.

I was surprised to see many more new Genera than any other
in this age has propounded and constructed.

The most evident of which, whereof I was fully satisfied, 1
have taken out and adopted : as Comocladia, Ifoniera, Spathe,
your Scurrula, Amyris, Weinmamiia, your Volkameria, JEn/-
throxylum, Xi/lojncrum, Ellisla, ^tevwdiacra, Zigia, CaneJla,
BJakea, Cedrcla, Oniphalandria, Pharus, Trojyhis, Batis, Iresine,
Calicanthiis or the Bevreria of Ehret, Giyalohium, etc.

Those which seemed more intricate to me because I could not
inspect them, were the following : —

Cladium. Lygostcma. Pefersia. Coccocijjsilum.

Crossopctalum. Lysianthiis. Psietotrophion. Chiococca.

Macrodiemium. Buftneria. Metopitim. Sarcomphalus.

Melicocciis. Melonmm. BorbUus. Cuphaa.

Siralium. Cafonia. Portlandia. Erithnlis.

BodoncEd. H>/polafe. Trichogamila, &c.

Perhaps if I were to see them, they would become equally
perspicous to me. Some of them I had a notion might be
referred to other Genera ? : —

Buceros Ehizophora ?

Trichilia Mclia.

Callicoccus ")

Ehretia | Cordla arborcscens.

Bevreria I with a forked

Gerascanthus ... \ style — nud two

Varronia | cell'd seed.

Metopium )

PortUmdia an Rondelefia ?

as Achimenes Cohimnea certain.

Irsiola Cissus ?

Coreta Corchorus ?

Iron Sauvagesia certain.

Xantoxylum ...Aralia.

Hcdesia Guctharda certain.

Acisanthera . . . Bhexia ?
Melanium "1

Parsonsia I ...Lythnim.
Ctiphwa J

I may i)erhaps be mistaken in several, but thus 1 guess at first
sight, of Plants I have not seen.

I was no less pleased with your Animals, they are all curious
and surprising, but my time was not sufficient to analyse all,
though I picked out several.

I doubt if any other Header can peruse this work of your
with greater delight and admiration. Everything you have
noted concerning the obscure Characters of the American Plants,
and which were never to be learned before, but from Plumier's
observations ; I have corrected in my book, tliat whenever it is
reprinted, you will see I have carefully followed your instruc-
tions.

I would give anything could I one day or other be with you,
to sec your dried plants, and to give the all a nice inspection and
thorough examination.

But since these Wishes of mine are in vain, I earnestly beg the
Eavour of you to spare me a dried specimen of those you have
in greater plenty.

What you have delivered concerning the Spigelia again^;t

LIJfNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOJf. 55

AVornis, is very wonderl'ull, since the like never was met with in
the Medical art ; for which alone you ough to be honoured with
a Golden Statue. C. LiNNiEUS, Eq.

LTpsal, 19th SK 1756.

[Endorsed]

Translation of Dr. Linu : Letter to Dr. Brown when he first received
his Book of his hist, of Jam : in the year 1756.

Letter X.

To Mr. Peter Collinson.
Sir,

I can no longer omit to testify the resjject I owe to such a
Priend, to whom science is indebted for so many curious presents ;
myself for more, for Letters, for seeds, and for various favours
w^herewith you never thought much at any time to in reach me.

As the Spring in these parts was sharp and severe to us and
our gardens, so the autum is noAv mild and of longer continuance.

My Discipel Eolander is returned from Surinam, laden with the
spoils of the three kingdoms of nature ; but he still continues
at Stockholm nor is yeat arrived at Upsal ; from which, as from
his Letter I have been informd, we shall have stores of new
things.

Kalm is in good health, the second volume of his Travels is
just published; wherein with just Encomiums he extolls our
friend Bartram, which I beg you would signify to him

Osheck's Travels in China will be printed this wintter.

The Travels of Hasselquist into Egypt and the Holy Land
are now in the Press.

Prom Loefling who is in Mexico and couutrys adjacent, I have
recieved no Letters this year and a half.

Kohler is still at Rome.

This is the state of my Pupils.

I have not yeat received Brown's History of Jamaica, but I
saw it at a friend's house of whom I borrowed it for a dozeut
days. I read it over with the greatest attention and admiration ;
and no author did I ever quit more instructed. Pray be so kind
to take off my letter which is annexed to this, seal it and send
to the worthy Author, who has deserved so much of Botanic
Science beyond all others.

I am preparing a new Edition of my Systema Naturae, in which
I shall enumerate every species of animals known to me from the
gi'eatest to the least.

May God prolong you Life and preserve you in Health and
Safety. 0. Linn^us.

Upsal, October 19, 1796.

My Gardner Niezel is dead, nor do I know where to find
one worthy to succeed him.

56 PROCEEDINGS OF TUE

Pray give my thanks to Mr. Ehret for liis Beoveria most
neatly drawn, wliertlicr tlio plant is Male & Female is wanting ^
and tell him I have received his 9, 10, 11, and 12 Plates, and that
1 daily view them with admiration.

Lettee XI.

London, July 27, 1754.

My Dr. Friekd,

Doctor Hempe introduced to me a young Gentleman yester-
day, one Mr. Oeder, who is sent over by the King of Denmark's
order to make observations in order for the laying out a Botanic
Grarden of which he is to be Professor, be has been bred under
Haller, and knows Biittner, he is a very modest discreet young
man ; I sliew'd him my little collection, whicb pleased him and
begs to attend me to the sea-side next week, when we shall take a
trip towards the Isle of Sheppey in Kent. I hartely wish you
were of the party, but I fear we set out too soou, which is on
Tuesday next ; he proposes to acquire this knoAvledge as he is
intended to make a progress, through Norway as Linnseus did
through Lapland, and particularly he is to make the sea-coast
his Tract in that vast extent of country. I understand by Dr.
llempe that he has somethiug to propose to you to establish you
in the new projected Physick Garden. I told him I imagiu'd you
would rather live under this government than any arbitrary power
with twice as much, I dont find the King or Queen are curious
and that scheme is projected only by a favourite of the King's
who is his grand Marshall. The Garden is not yet laid out, so
that the view of your grand post is yet very distant. I believe
in 10 Days time, this Gentleman proposes to go to Oxford to
see the Garden and Library. The Gentleman longs to know
where 3'^ou are, which I would not inform him till I gave you this
Notice.

Mr. David Van Eoyen has sent me by him one of his Inaugu-
ration Orations directed to me in a polite manner by himself on
his being admitted Botanic Professor at Leyden. My Wife and
Sister send their compliments to you and be assured

I am my Dr. Friend,

Yours most heartily,

John Ellis.

Dr. Brown Salutes you unknown, he knows your merit and I
dont doubt you'll be properly gratified, but that we'll take care
to fix, when we all have the pleasure to meet.

Let me hear from you as soon as you can.

LINNEAN SOCIEXr OF LONBOX. 57

Abstracts of Papers.

On the Power of Penetrating the Skins of Animals possessed by
the Seed of Sfipa spartea. By Robert Miller Christt,
Esq. (Communicated by Alfred W. Bennett, M.A.,
P.L.S.)

[Read 21st February, 1884.— Abstract.]

This wide-spread species forms a more succulent grass than
any other of the prairie grasses, and is locally named " Buffalo-
grass," " Spear-oat," &c. The fruits ripen in July, and the awns
penetrate the hides of sheep and dogs, causing much damage to
the settlers. They are very like those of 8tlpa pennata described
by Francis Darwin, but about g inch in length, with an awn
nearly 2 inches long, twisted nine or ten times ; rather more than
3 inches beyond, it is produced into a delicate bristle, w^hich does
not twist, with many small teeth pointing upward : when wet the
whole awn is perfectly straight. The author experimented in
August, JSTovember, and December upon 8. spartea and S. pennata,
and found that actual penetrative power was possessed by the
hygrometric-awned seeds. Butchers repeatedly found these seeds
imbedded about half an inch beneath the skin of animals slaugh-
tered by them, and animals have not unfrequently to be destroyed
on account of their being infested with these fruits. The author
considers that Prof. Macoun is not justified in treating the
accounts of butchers and I'armers with ridicule.

Note on a Eemarkable Variation of Banksia marginata, Cav.
By J. G. O. Tepper, P.L.S. &c.

[Read 17th April, 1884.]

On October lltli last I met with a small plant of Banksia mar-
ginata, in the Mount-Lofty Eanges east of Adelaide, which at
once attracted my attention on account of the very different
appearance it presented as compared with the usual form of the
species. Growing on a steep scrubby hillside, facing N.W. and
formed of poor sandy soil thinly covering grey quartzite between
the numerous fragments, it exhibited such a regular and decided
variegation in the leaves that, could it be rendered permanent by
cultivation, a place among gardeners' ornamental shrubs would
be assured for it.

The size of the whole scarcely exceeded 12 inches, and it bore
but few branches, which, as well as the stem, were grey in
colour and slightly tomentose, especially near the summit, and
branched trichotomously (in one or two instances, dichotomously).
The leaves formed very closely packed rosettes at the apex of

LINN. see. proceedings. SESSION 18S3-8i. f

58

PEOCEEDINQS OF THE

every branchlet, but became more and more distant towards the
lower end, where also they had lost their position at right angles
to the axis, aud had assumed one more or less parallel to it and to-
ward the apex of the branchlet.

The midrib is thin, but quite distinct, and paler
than tlie remainder of the leaf, the adjoining portions
of which are dark shining green, but the margins of
both sides and apical extremity are clear golden
yellow, scarcely showing a trace of the shading of the
green and yellow into each other at the boundary,
though the "latter is somewhat uneven. This yellow
margin is wider in older than in younger leaves,
though present in all, extending from the place where
the peduncle merges into the blade to the apex.
The margins are more or less regularly serrated,
and scarcely, if at all, recurved, but bent longitudi-
nally upwards at considerable angles. The trans-
verse veins are distinct, numerous, very fine, and
their reticulation obscure. The underside is uni-
formly pale, almost white, and the yellow of the
upper border scarcely noticeable. The youngest
portions are of brownish tints, soft and densely
villous. The terminal buds are easily detached
by shaking ; they are developed in twos and Mature leaf of

,1 ° variegated form

threes. oiBankda

The accompanying sketch of a leaf (natural size) ^^^^^^-^^^^ Cav.
will show, in connexion with the above, that the
variety differs considerably from the description of BanJcsia margi-
nata given in Bentham's Plora Austr. v. p. 553 ; yet the latter is
the only species occurring m the neighbourhood for many miles
around. Neither flowers nor fruit were seen, the plant being too
young ; but I was told by a gentleman, whom there is no reason
to doubt, that a larger tree did exist in another locality among
the sauie hills some miles to the south.

Have we here an instance of the spontaneous production of
a new variety or sj)ecie3, or the last remnant of one near
extinction ?

linneak society of london". 59

Donations to Libeaet, 1883-84.

Volumes and more important pamplilets, exclusive of exchanges,

cliiefly from private individuals.

Achepohl, L. Das Nieclerrheinisch-Westfalisclie Steinkohlengebirge. Atlas
der fossilen Fauna unci Flora. Parts 1-9. Fol. Essen, 1881-1883. F. Crisp.

Adams, H. G. Humming Birds. 8vo. Lond., 1856. Dr. J. Murie.

Agricultural Students' Gazette. Vol. i. 8vo. Cirencester, 1884.

Prof. J. A. Harker.

Albrecht, Prof. P. (1) Epiphyses Osseuses sur les Apophyses Epineuses des
Vertebres d'un Rpptile. — (2) Memoire sur le Basiotique, un nouvel os de la
Base du Crane. — (3) Pelvisternum des Edentes. — (4) Sur les CopuliE Inter-
costoidales et les Hemisternoides du Sacrum des Mammiferes. 8vo. Brussels,
1883. And 5 other pamphlets by same Donor. Author.

Alien, Grant. Flowers and their Pedigrees. 8vo. Lond., 1883. Dr. Murie.

Anderson, Prof. J. Cat. of Fishing Appliances, Internat. Fisheries Exhib.
Govt, of Bengal. 8to. Calcutta, 1883. India Office.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 5th ser. vols, xi., xii. 8vo. Lund.,
1883. Dr. V7. Francis.

Armandi, Chev. P. Histoire Militaire des Elephants. 8yo. Paris, 1843.

Dr. J. Murie.

Atkinson, E. T. Notes on tlie Zoology of the N.W. Provinces of India.
8vo. St. Leonard's-on-Sea, 1882. Author.

Balfour, Prof. I. B. Socotra and its Associations. 8vo. Lond., 1883. Author.

Bean, Tarleton H. Catalogue of the Collections of Fishes, Internat. Fisheries
Exhib., Lond., 1883. 8vo. Washington, 1883. G. Brown Goode.

Bernays, L. A. Cultural Industries for Queensland. 8vo. Brisbane, 1883.

Author.

Blytt, A. (1) Bidrng til Kundskaben om Norges Soparter. Svo. Christiania,
1882. -(2) Clastoderma de Baryanum. 8vo. Christiania, 1882.— (3) Nye
Bidrag til Kundskaben om Karplanternes Udbredelse i Norge. 8vo. Chris-
tiania, 1882. — (4) Theorien om vexlende Kontinentale og insulare Klimaler
anvendt paa Norges Stigning. 8vo. Christiania, 1881. Sir J. Lubbock.

Borre, A. Preudhomme de. (1) La Feuille qui se Transforme en Insecte.
8vo. Bruxelles, 1883. — (2) Liste des Mautides du Musee Eoy. d'Hist. Nat.
de Belg. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1883. Author.

Bosquet, J. Description des Eutomostraces Fossiles des Terrains Tertiaires
de la France et de la Belgique. 4to. Brussels, 1850. F. Crisp.

Bourguet, M. Traite des Petrifactions. 4to. Paris, 1742. C. Berjeau.

Braithwaite, Dr. R. The British Moss Flora. Fam. vii. Dicranacea>, Part 3.
Eoy. 8vo. Lond., 1883. Author.

Britten, J. (1) Sketch of the Botany of Norfolk. 4to. Sheffield, 1883.—
(2) European Ferns. 1 vol. 4to. Lond. [1883]. Author.

Brongniart, C. (1) Aperc^u sur les Insecfes Fossiles en General et Observations
sur quelques Insectes des Terrains houillers de Comnientry (Allier). 8to.
Mont]uc;on, 1883. — (2) Les Hymtnopteres Fossiles. 8to. Paris, 1881. And
10 other pnniphlets by same Donor. Author.

Brook, G. Notes from my Aquarium. — i.-Ti. Svo. Huddersfield, 1883.

Author.

Brown, J. T. Whale Fishery and its Appliances (Int. Fish. Exhib. Lond.).
Svo. Wasliington, 1883. G. Brcwn Gocde.

Bulletin of Museum of Ccmp. Zoology at Harvard College. Vol. xi. pis. 6, 0.
Svo. Cambridge (Mass.), 1883. Prof. A. Agassiz.

Bulletin of Lnited States Fi.>h Commission. Yol. iii. Svo. ^Vab]]ington,
1883. CcnimiEsion.

Bunbury, Sir Charles J. F., Bart. Botanical Fragments. 1 vol. 8a o. Lond.,
1883. Author.

6o PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Campbell, F. M. Spiders of the Neighbourhood of Hoddesdon. 8vo. Hert-
ford, 1883. Author.

Candolle, M. C. de. Rides Formees a la Surface du Sable D6pos6 au Foud de
I'Eau et autres Pheuouienes analogues. 8vo. Geneve, 1883. Author.

Candolle, M. A!ph. de. (1) Darwin cousidere au Point de Vue des Causes de
son succts et de I'importance de ses Travaux. 8vo. Geneve, 1882.— (2)
Nouveiles Remarques sur la Nomenclature Botanique. 8vo. Geneve, 1883.

Author.

Carpenter, Dr. W. B. On an Abyssal Type of the Genus OrhitoUfes. 4to.
Lond., 1883. ' G. J. Romanes.

Caruel, IProf. T. Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano. Vol. xv. 8vo. Firenze,
1883. T. Caruel.

Catalogue of Exhibits in the New South Wales Court (Int. Fish Exhib.).
8vo. Lond., 1883. E. P. Ramsay.

Catalogue Swedish Coll. Fish. Exhib. Edinb., 1882. Oscar Dickson.

Certes, A. Note sur les Parasites et les Commensaux de I'Huitre. 8vo. Paris,

1882. Author.
Christy, T. (1) Ensilage. 8vo. Lond., 1883.— (2) New Commercial Plants

and'Drngs. No. 7. 8vo. Lond., 1884. Author.

Clarke, C. B. Monographias Phanerogamarum. — Vol. v. Cyrtandrea. 8vo.

Paris, 1883. Author.

Cobalce.scu, G. Studii Geologice so Paleontologice asupra Unor Teramuri

Tertiare diu unile Parti Ale Romaniei. 4to. Bucuresci, 1883. Author.
Cobbokl, Prof. T. S. (1) Destruction of Fish by Internal Parasites (Int. Fish.

Exhib.). 8vo. Lond., 1883.— (2) The Grouse Disease. 8vo. Lond., 1873.

And 50 other pamphlets. Author.

Colenso, Rev. W. Three Literary Papers : I. and II. On Nomenclature. III.

On Macaulay's ' New Zealander.' 8vo. New Zealand, 1883. Author.

Collett, R. Norges Fiske, med Bemserkninger om deres Udbredel.se. 8vo.

Christiania, 1875. Dr. J. Murie.

Comes, Prof. O. Reliquse Micologiche Notarisiano. 4to. Portici, 1883.

Author.
Cooke, M. C. Fungi Britannici Exsiccati. Cent, i.-vii. F. Crisp.

Dallas, W. S. Elements of Entomology. 8vo. Lond., 1857. Author.

Day, Dr. F. Catalogue of Exhibits in Indian Section, Int. Fish. Exhib. 8vo.

Lond., 1883. India Office.

. Why is Fish so Dear ? 8vo. Cheltenham, 1884. Author.

Debeaux, O. Florule de Shnng-Hai. 8vo. Paris, 1871. F. B. Forbes.

Duncan, Prof. P. M. On the Madreporarian Genus PA^was/r^a. 8vo. Lond.,

1883. Author.
Duthie, J. F., and J. B. Fuller. Field and Garden Crops of North-Western

Provinces and Oudh. Paris 1 & 2. 4to. Roorkee, 1882-83. J. F. Duthie.
EntomologiskTids-krift. Vols.i.-iv. 8vo. Stockholm, 1880-83. J.Spangberg.
Entomologist. Vol. xvi. 8vo. Lond., 1883. T. P. Newman.

Entomologist's Monthly Magazine. Vol. xx. 8vo. Lond., 1883-84. Editors.
Ernst, A. Resumen del Cur.<o de Zoologia. 8vo. Caracas, 1882. Author.
Evelyn, John. Silva, or, a Discourse of Forest-trees and the propagation of
Timber. 4th ed. Vols. i. & ii. 4to. York, 1812. Winslow Jones.

Feltoe, Rev. C. L. Memorials of John Flint South. 8vo. Lond., 1884.

Mrs. South.
Fisheries of Bombay Presidency (Int. Fish. Exhib.). Fol. Bombay, 1883.

Dr. F. Day.
Fitzgerald, R. D. Australian Orchids. Vol. i. Fol. Sydney, 1874-82.

Author.
Fleming, J. Philosophy of Zoology. Vols, i., ii. 8vo. Edinb., 1882.

F, Crisp.

Fleming, Rev. F. Southern Africa, a Geography and Natural History of.

(Appendix of Faima nnd Flora.) 8vo. Loud., 1858. Dr. J. Murie.

Foslie, M. Bidrag til Kundskab om de til Gruppen Digitatae horende Lami-

narier. 8to. Christiania, 1883. Sir J. Lubbock.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOKDOIS^. 6 1

Friedlander, J. R. (1) Bibliotheca Historico-Naturalis et Mathematica, 1883.
8to. Berlin, 1883.— (2) Naturte Noyitates. Vol. i. 8vo. Berlin, 1884.

Author.

Q-ardner, J. S., and Baron 0. Ettingshauscn. Monograph of the British
Eocene Flora. Vol. i. Filices. 4to. Lond., 1879-82. J. S. Gardner.

Godwin- Austen, Lieut.-Col. H. H. Freshwater Shells of Socotra collected by-
Prof. I. Bayley Balfour. Part iii. 8vo. Lond., 1883. Author.

Gorkom, Karel Wessel van. Handbook of Cinchona Culture. (Transl.) 8vo.
Lond., 1883. B. Daydon Jackson.

Gosch, C. C. A. On LatreiUe's Theory of ' Le Segment Mediaire.' 8vo.
Copenhagen, 1883. Author.

Gray, Prof. Asa. (1) Contributions to North-American Botany. I. 8vo. 1883. —
(2) Eeview of De Candolle's ' Origin of Cultivated Plants ' ; with Annota-
tions upon certain American Species. 8vo. 1883. — (3) Some points in
Botanical Nomenclature ; a Review of ' Nouvelles Remarques sur la Nomen-
clature Botanique, par M. Alph. de CandoUe,' Geneva, 1883, 8vo. 1883.
— (4) Synoptical Flora of North America. Vol. i., pt. 2. Caprifoliaceaa-
Compositte. Roy. 8vo. New York, 1884. Autjior.

Grimm, O. Fishing and Hunting on Russian Waters. 4to. St. Petersburg,
1883. Dr. J. Murie.

Guilfoyle, W. R. Catalogue of Plants under Cultivation in Melbourne Botanic
Gardens. 4to. Melbourne, 1883. Author.

Gunn, T. E. Catalogue British Sea- and Freshwater Fish and Fish-eating
Birds, &c. (Int. Fish. Exhib.) 8vo. Norwich, 1883. Author.

Haast, J. von. (1) Humanism and Realism in their Relations to Higher Edu-
cation. 8vo. — (2) The Progress of Geology. 8vo. Dunedin, 1883.

Author.

Harkness, Dr. H. W. Footprints found at the Carson State Prison. 8vo.
San Francisco, 1882. Author.

Haswell, W. A. Catalogue of Australian Stalk- and Sessile-eyed Crustacea.
8vo. Sydney, 1882. Trustees Austral. Mus.

Hector, j. Handbook of New Zealand. (3rd ed.) 8vo. Wellington, 1883.

Author.

Henslow, Rev. G. (1) Homology and Analogy of Plant Organs. 8vo. Hertford,
1880.— (2) The Fertihzation of Plants. 8vo. Watford, 1877. Author.

Hickson, S. J. On the Ciliated Groove (Siphonoglyphe) in the Stomodreum of
the Alcyonarians. 4to. Lond., 1883. G. J. Romanes.

. Structure and Relations of Tuhipora. 8vo. Lond., 1883. Author.

Higgins, H. H. Notes by an Invalid Field Naturalist at Grange-over-Sands.
8vo. Liverpool, 1883. Author.

Hinde, G. J. Catalogue of Fossil Sponges in Geological Depart, of British
Museum. 4to. Lond., 1883. Trustees Brit. Mus.

. Annelid Remains from Silurian Strata of Gothland. 8vo. Stockholm,

1882. Author.

Hogg, A. The Antiquities of Davan and Eiunord. Author.

Hoggan, Drs. G. and F. E. Degeneration et Regeneration du Cylindre-Axe.
8vo. Paris, 1882. Authors.

Holdsworth, E. W. H. Apparatus for Fishing. (Int. Fish. Exhib.) 8vo.
Lond., 1883. Author.

Hooker, Sir J. D. The Flora of British India. Vols, i.-iii. 8vo. Lond.,
1875-83. Author.

Hubrecht, Prof. Oyster Culture and Oyster Fisheries in the Netherlands. 8vo.
Lond., 1883. Author.

Hudleston, W. H. Deep-Sea InTCstigati on. 8vo. Lond., 1882. Author.

Hutton, Capt. F. W. (1) Notes on some New-Zealand Land Shells. 8vo. — (2)
Revision of the Land MoUusca of New Zealand. 8vo. — (3j On the Lower
Gorge of the Waimakariri. 8vo. Canterbury, N.Z., 1883. — (4) OntheOrigin
of the Fauna and Flora of New Zeeland, 8vo. Dunedin, 1884. Author.

Jackson, J. R. Official Guide to Museums of Economic Botany Roy. Gardens,
Kew. Ed.—. 8vo. Lond., 1883. Dr. J. Murie.

62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

JohnBtone, Rev. A. (1) Botany Notes for Students. 12mo. Edinb., 1883.—

(2) Bot.any Reading Books. Vols. i. & ii. Loud., 1883. Author.

Ki«?r, F. C. Genera Muscorum Macrohynieniinn et Rlicgmatodon reVi^a .spe-

cieque nova aiicta exposuit. 8vo. Christiania, 1882. Sir J. Lubbock.

Kidston, R. AlVinitles of Genua I'ofkocltes. 8vo. Lond., 1883. Author.

Koch, A. (1) Oestorreichischo Monatssclirift fiir Thierlieilkiinde mit Beriiek-

Bielitigung der Viehzucbt uud Landwirtlisclial't. Biinde iv.-vii. 4to. Wien,

188U-83. — (2) Revue fiii' Tliiei'hcilkuude und Tliierzuclit. Biinde i.-vii. 8vo.

Wien, 1878-1883. Prof. T. S. Cobbold.

KoHiker, Prof. A. Ueber die Chordahole und die Bildung der Chorda beini

Kauincheu. 8vo. Wiirzbiirg, 1883. Author.

Lang, Dr. H. 0. The Butterflies of Europe. 2 vols. Roy. 8vo. Lond., 1883.

Author.
Lawes, J. B., and J, II. Gilbert. Experiments on mixed Herbage of Permanent

Meadow. Parts 1 & 2. 4to. Lond., 1880-82. Dr. J. H. Gilbert.

Lee, H. Sea Monsters unmasked. 8vo. Loud., 1883. Author.

Leidy, Prof. J. (1) Urnatcl/u gracilis, a, Yveshwa.ter Folyzoan. Fol. I'hilad.,

Iii84.— (2) Parasites of the Termites. 4to roy. Philad., 1881. Author.

Leydig, Dr. F. Untersuchungen zur Anatomie und Histologie der Thiere.

8vo. Bonn, 1883. Sir J. Lubbock.

Lintner, J. A. Report, Injurious Insects of New York. 8vo. Albany, 1882.

Sir J. Lubbock.
Mathews, W. Flora of Clcnt and Lickey Hills and Neighbouring Parts of the

County of Worcester. 8vo. Lond., 1881. B. Daydon Jackson.

McCoy, F. Prodromus of Zoology of Victoria. Decade viii. 8vo. Melbourne,

1883. P. Macgillivray.

Maegillivray, P. H. Descriptions of new or little-known Polyzoa. Parts i.-v.

8vo. Melbourne, 1881-83. Author.

McLachlan, R. Monographic Revision of the Trichoptera and Supplement.

2 vols. 8vo. Lond., 1874-84. Author.

Megnin, P. On the Gapes Disease in Gallinaceous Birds, and on the Parasite

which causes the Disease, the Red Worm of Gamekeepers. 8vo. Lond., 1883.

Lord Walsinghain.
Milne-Edwards, Prof. M. A. (1) L'Exp^dition du Talisman. 8vo. Paris.— (2)

Rapport sur la Faune Sous-Marine dans les Grandes Profondeurs de la Medi-

terranee et de I'Ocean Atlantique. 8vo. Paris, 1882. Author.

Moloney, Captain C. A. West -African Fisheries. (Int. Fish. Exhib.) 8vo.

Loud., 1883. Author.

Moore, F. The Lepidoptera of Ceylon. Parts 7-8. 4to. Lond.

Govt, of Ceylon.
Morren, E. La Belgique Horticole, Annales de Botanique et d'Horticulture.

8vo. Liege, 1883. M. C. Cooke.

Mueller, Baron Ferd. von. (1) Plants indigenous around Sharks Bay and Vici-
nity. Fol. Perth, 1883.— (2) Observations on New Vegetable Fossils of the

Auriferous Drifts. Decade 2. 4to. Melbourne, 1883. Author.

. Systematic Census ot Australian Plants. Melbourne, 1882.

Victorian Govt.
Murray, J. A. Plants and Drugs of Sind. Svo. Lond. & Bombay, 1S81.

Author.
Nature. Vols, xsviii.. xxix. 4to. Lond., 1883-84. A. Macmillan.

Newton, Prof. A. Birds. (Encycl. Brit.) 4to. Edinb., 1882. Author.

Nilsson, S. Skandiuavisk Fauna. 3 vols. Svo. Lund, 1847-58. Dr. Murie.
Norman, Rev. A. M. Presidential Address, Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club.

1881. Svo. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1883. Author.

Olsen, O. T. Fisherman's Nautical Almanac. Svo. Grimsby, 1883. Author.
Osten Sacken, Baron C. R. (1) Western Diptcraof U.S. Svo. Washington, 1877.

— (2) Enumeration, Diptcra of the Malay Archipelago. Svo. Geneva, 1881.

— (3) Diptera from the Philippine Islands. Svo. Berlin, 1882. And 8 other

Entomol. pamphlets in 1 vol. Svo. Author.

Owen, Sir R. Essay on Conario-Hypophy.sial Tract and Aspects of the Body

in Vertebrate and Invertebrate Animals. Svo. Lond., 1883. Author.

LINlfEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 6^

Packard, A. S. (1) New Species of Polydesmus with eyes. 8vo. Philad., 1883. —
(2) Moulting of the Shell in Limidus. 8vo. Philad., 1883.— (3) Classification
of the Linnean Orders of Orthoptera and Neuroptera. 8vo. Philad., 1883.
— (4) Repugnatorial pores in Lysiopetalidte. 8vo. Philad., 1883. — (5) Re-
vision of the Lysiopetalidffi. 8vo. Philad,, 1883. — (ti) Systematic position of
the Archipolypoda. 8vo. Philad., 1883. — (7) Number of segments in head
of winged Insects. 8vo. Philad., 1883. Author.

Palmeu, Dr. J. A. Ueber Paarige Ausfiihrungsgiinge der Geschlechtsorgane
bei Insecten. 8yo. Helsingfors, 1884. Sir J. Lubbock.

Parker, Prof. T. Jeffery. — (1) Connection of the Air-bladders and the Auditory
organ iu the Red Cod (Lofella baochus). 8vo. — (2) On the Gravid Uterus
of Mustelus antarcficus. — (3) Notes, on the Anatomy and Embryology of
Scjpnniis lichia. 8vo. Wellington, 1882. Author.

Pascoe, F. P. (1) Notes on Natural Selection and the Origin of Species. 8vo.
Loud., 1884. — (2) The Student's List of British Coleoptera. 12mo. Lond.,
18S2. Author.

Pasquale, G. A. Flora Vesuviana. 4to. Napoli, 1869. Dr. R. C. A. Prior.
Pelzeln, A. von. Brasilische Siiugethiere. 8vo. Wien, 1883. Author.

Plateau, F. Recherches sur la Force Absolue des Muscles des Invertebres.
Parts i., ii. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1883-1884. And several other pamphlets.

Author.
Poli, A. Contribuzioni alia Istologia Vegetale. 8vo. Firenze, 1884. Author.
Porritt, Gt. T. List of Yorkshire Lepidoptera. Svo. Leeds, 1883. Author.
Preston, Rev. T. A. Wiltshire Rainfall 1883. 4to. Marlborough, 1884.

Author.
Proceedings, Perthshire Society of Natural Science. Vol. i. pts. 1-3. 4to.
Perth, 1881-83. Dr. F. Buchanan- White.

Proceedings, Scientific Association of Trinidad. 8vo. Port of Spain, 1882.

R. J. L. Guppy.

Proceedings, Society for Psychical Research. Vol. i. pts. 1-3. 8vo. Loud.,

1883. Council Soc.

Ramsay, Alex. The Scientific Roll. Vol. i. Svo. Lond., 1882-83. Author.

Ramsay, Edw. Catalogue, Collection of Fossils in the Australian Museum.

8vo. Sydney, 1883. Trustees Australian Mus.

. Catalogue of Exhibits in the New South Wales Court, Int Fish. Exhib.,

1883. Svo. Lond., 1883. Commissioners.

Rathbun, R. Collection of Economic Crustaceans, Worms, Echiuoderms, and
Sponges. (Intern. Fish. Exhib. Lond.) Svo. Washington, 1883.

_ G. Brown Goode.

Regnaidt, M. a. Considerations sur les Rapports des Lepidodendrons, des
Sigillaires et des Stigmaria. Svo. Paris, 1883. Author.

Report, Fisheries of Tasmania. Fol. Hobart, 1883. Commissioners.

Report, Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada for 1S8U-82, and
Maps of the Report. 8vo. Montreal, 1883. Survey.

Report, Hackney Microscopical Society, 1S82-83. Svo. Lond., 1883.

M. C. Cooke.

Report of the Australian Museum for 18S2. Fol. Sydney, 1883. Trustees.

Report of Meeting of the British Association (Southampton). Svo. Lond.,

1883. Council Brit, Assoc.

Report Roy. Com., Oyster Culture Association. Fol. Sydney, 1876-77.

E. P. Ramsay.
Retzius, Prof. G. Das Gehororgan der Wirbelthiere. Vol. i. Fol. Stockholm,
1881. Author.

Eidgway, R. Catalogue of Aquatic and Fish-eating Birds, Int. Fish. Exhib.,
Loud. Svo. Washington, 1883. G. BrovTTi Goode.

Riley, C. V. Third Report of United States Entomological Commission. Svo.
Washington, 1883. Sir J. Lubbock.

Rodrigues, J. Barboza. (1) Genera et Species Orchidearum Novarum. II.
Svo. Sebastianopolis, 1881-82. — (2) Les Palmiers, Observations sur la Mono-
graphic de cette Famille dans la Flora Brasiliensis. Svo. Rio de Janeiro,
1882. — (3) Structure des Orchidees. Svo. Rio de Janeiro, 1883. Author.

$4 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE LIJSNEAN SOCIETY.

Romanes, G. J. Mental Evolution in Animals, with a Posthumous Essay on
Instinct by Charles Darwin. 8vo. Lond., 1883. Author.

Bussel, A. The Salmon. 8vo. Edinb., 1864. Dr. J. Murie.

Saint Lager, Dr. Des Origines des Sciences Naturelles suivies de Remarques sur
la Nomenclature Zoologique. 8vo. Paris, 1883. Author.

Sars, Dr. G. A. (1) Bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Arktiske Fauna. 8vo.
Christiania, 1878. — (2) Carciuologiske Bidrag til Norges Fauna. I. Mono-
graph. Mysider. 4to. Christiania, 1879. — (3) Oversigt af Norges Crustaceer
med forelobige Bemerkninger over de ny aller mindre wellgendk Arten.

Sir J. Lubbock.
Schlich, Dr. W. Review, Forest Administration, British India, 1882-83.

India Office.
Science Gossip. Vol. xix. Roy. 8vo. Lond., 1883. Editor.

Scudder, S. H. (1) The Pine Moth of Nantucket {Betinia frustrana). 8vo.
Boston, 1883. — (2) The Devonian Insects of New Brunswick. 4to. Boston,
1880. Author.

Seebohm, H. Siberia in Asia. Svo. Lond., 1883. Author.

Seward, Anna. Memoirs of the Life of Dr. Darwin. Svo. Lond., 1804.

H. O. Huskisson.

Smart, A. Germs, Dust, and Disease. 8vo. Edinb., 1883. Dr. J. Murie.

Sorensen, W. Om Lydorganer hos Fiske. 8vo. Kjobenhavn, 1884. Author.

Spruce, R. On Cephalozia (a Genus of HepaticiE) ; its Subgenera and some

Allied Genera. 8vo. Malton, 1882. Author.

Steindachner, Dr. Beitriige zm* Kenntniss der Fische Japans. Parts 1-3.

4to. Wieu, 1883-84. Author.

Stone, Olivia M. Norway in June. 8vo. Lond., 1882. Author.

Studies in Microscopical Science. Vol. i. 8vo. Lond., 1883. A. C. Cole.

Tate, Prof. R. (1) Descriptions of some New Species of Squilla from South

Australia. Svo. — (2) Botany of Kangaroo Island. 8vo. — (3) List of Plants

unrecorded for Soutliem Eyre Peninsula. 8vo. — (4) Additions to the

Flora of South Australia. Svo. Adelaide, 1883. (And oUier pamphlets.)

Author.
The Garden. Vols, xxiv., xxv. 4to. Lond., 1883-84. W. Robinson.

The Gardener's Chronicle. Vols, xx., xxi. Fol. Lond., 1883-84. Editor.
The Veterinarian from 1828 to 1883 (48 vols.). Svo. Lond.

Prof. T. S. Cobbold.

Thomson, J. Development and Generic Relation of Corals of Carboniferous

System of Scotland. Svo. Glasg., 1883. Sir J. Lubbock.

Transactions of Cumberland Association. Pt. 6, 1880-81. Svo. Carlisle, 1881.

J. G, Baker.

Transactions of Edinburgh Naturalists' Field Club. Vol. i. pts. 1, 2. Svo.

Edinb., 1882-83. Symington Grieve.

Vasev, Dr. G. Agricultural Grasses of the United States. Svo. Washington,

1884. Author.

Vidal y Soler, Don Sebastian. Sinop-sis de Familias y Generos de Plantas

Lenosas de Filipinas. Svo. Text. 4to. Atlas. Manila, 1883. Author.

Vukotinovic, Ludovico de F. Formse Quercuum Croaticarum in Ditione

Zagrabiensi Provenientes. Svo. Zagrebu, 1883. B. Daydon Jackson.

White, Rev. W. Farren. Ants and their ways. Svo. Lond,, 1883. Author.

Whitehead, C. Profitable Fruit-Farming. Svo. Lond., 1884. Author.

Wille, N. (1) Om en ny endophytisk Alge; Algologiske Bidrag. Svo.

Christiania, 1880.— (2) Om PoUenkornenes hos Jimcaceer og Cyperaceer.

Svo. Christiania, 1882. Sir J. Lubbock.

Winslow, Lieut. F. Catalogue of Economic MoUu.sca, Int. Fish. Exhib., Lond.

Svo. Washington, 1883. G. Brown Goode.

Zigno, Baron Achille de. Flora Fossilis Formationis Oolithica;. Vol. i. Fol.

Padova, 1856-68. Author.

Zoologist. Svo. Lond,, 1883. T. P. Newman.

Zopf, W. Die Spaltpilze. Breslau, 1883. Sir J. Lubbock.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(SESSION 1884-85.)

November 6th, 1884.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The following Letter was read from the Chair: —

" Eoyal Gardens, Kew, 24 Sept., 1884.
" Dear Sir,

" As Executor of the late G. Bentham, Esq., F K.S., I have
to inform you that he has left the sum of £1000, free of legacy
duty, to the Linnean Society, which will be paid on the settle-
ment of his affairs.

Yours faithfully,
The Secretary Linnean Socieiy. Jos. D. Hooker."

Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer exhibited and made remarks on
the following plants and their products : — (1) Vaccinium Arctosta-
phylos, L., from which the Trebizonde Tea (" The-de-Bel-Dagh ")
IS prepared at Amassia and Tokat. The Tea has a pleasant odour,
but a somewhat harsh taste when drunk. (2) Pueraria Thun-
hergiana, Benth. : specimens of the plant and of the textile
fabric (resembling coarse-woven linen) made from its fibres and
obtained from Kew-Kiang and Chemulpo, Corea. (3) Pachy-
rhyza sinensis, with the native name of " Ko-poo :" a leguminous
plant, from the fibres of which the yellow and more expensive
kind of native summer cloth is made. This cloth, it is said, does

LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINQS. — SESSION 1884-85. g

66 PROCEEDINGS OF TUE

not adhere to tlie skin durinfi; perspiration, and accordingly is
more comfortable for wear. (4) Drawin<if oi Dendrobium TlialcB-
nossia, Fitzg., from a plant collected by Mr. II. O. Forbes during
his sojourn in the Tenimber Islands.

Mr. Thomas Christy showed a nut of Kola acuminata, which,
when planted, had thrown up a spike of flowers instead of f oliau;e,
and it had been in bloom without any sign of leaves for eight
mouths, the nut itself becoming of a bright green colour.

INIr. R. A. Eolfe afterwards exhibited some examples of British
Oak-galls, ])roduced by Cyuipidean insects of the genus Neuro-
terus, and collected by him chiefly in Kew Gardens and at Mort-
lake. They were: — (I) Tiie Silk-button Gall formed by N.
numismafis, rare tliis season, though more usually abundant ; he
lias found this on the common English Oak, Quercus Hobur, and
on Q- lusifanica, Q. infectoria, and Q. Turneri. (2) The Globose
Gall, produced by N. out reus, got from Quercus Bobur and Q. infec-
toria, on the leaves of which trees it is confined to the midrib or
principal veins. (3) The smooth Spangle Gall, of a greenish-
white or rose-colour, flattish and destitute of hairs, produced by
Ncurotenis fumipennis, and got on Q. Bobur and Q. lusitanica.

(4) The pale yellowish-green scarce Spangle Gall produced by
N. licviiisculus, and only got by Mr. Eolfe on the common Oak.

(5) Tiie common Spangle Gall, produced by N. lenticularis,
found not only on Q. Bobur, but also on Q. Tarnetto, Q. Toza,
Q. lusitanica, Q. infectoria, and Q. clentata; the last a Japanese
Oak. There was also shown a remarkable blackish-purple com-
mon Gall, found on Quercus Bobur, var. Qranbyana. He stated
that, as a rule, the plan and details of the Gall depended on
the nature of the irritating fluid deposited by the insect ; but,
on the other hand, the difl'erent species of Oak seem to have an
influence in detern\iniug certain variations as to colour, and, it
may be, general growth of the Galls.

The following papers were read : —

1. "On some Points in the Development of the Five-bearded
Eockling {Motella musfela).'" By George Brook, F.L.S.

2. " On a Collection of Plants made in the Timor-laut Islands."
By H. O. Forbes. (Communicated by AV. T. Thiseltou Dyer,
C.M.G., F.L.S.)

8. " Notes on some New-Zealand Birds." By Thomas Potts,
F.L.S,

4. "Eemarkson the Eeproduction of the Heteroecious Ure-
diues." By Charles B. Piowright. (Communicated by W. T.
Thiselton Dyer, C.M.G., F.L.S.)

LIISTNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 6^

November 20th, 1884.

Prof, P. Martin Duncan, P.E.S., Vice-President, in tlie Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirined.

Arthur Eoope Hunt, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

Mr. P. M. Campbell exhibited a Dragon-fly, caught in Sep-
tember, on the left bank of the Dordogne, from a flight of
Dragon-flies which were taking a south-easterly direction ; num-
bers were observed passing continuously for an hour and a half.
He also drew attention to the steady movement of the Humming-
bird Hawk-Moth when placed on its back.

Mr. Prancis B. Porbes drew attention to specimens of pods
and seeds used by the Chinese in place of soap. He stated, that
for ordinary detergent purposes an imj)ure earthy soda and a
lye made from ashes are employed. The leaves of Hibiscus
syriacus and Ginho hiloha are occasionally used for cleansing the
head. The most favourite substance, however, is the fruit of
certain Legumiuosae (Pei-tsao-low). The late Daniel Hanbury
figures these seeds as a species of Dialium. Dr. Porter Smith
says they are the product of Acacia concinna {Miviosa saponaria,
Eoxb.). Dr. Breitscimeider, on the contrary, asserts tliat they
belong to Gymnocladus cldnensis, originally described by Baillon
from pods only. Some young leaves, flowers, and fruit from
Poochow are at Kew, and have been figured in the ' Icones Plan-
tarum ;' those now shown are much finer examples, and from
Isingpo and Wa-hu. The pods are roasted and kneaded into
small balls, used for washing clothes and the head in bathing,
but on account of their unpleasant smell are prohibited in the
public baths in China. The pods of Gleditschia sinensis, La-
marck (Tsao-chio), are used for the same purposes as Gyimio-
cladus, those exhibited being from Pekin aijd Shanghai district;
one of them seems to answer to Dr. Hance's new G. xylocarpa.
The Chinese break the pods into small bits, which are soaiNcd in
boiling w ater until an oily substance exudes, when they are ready
for use. Btntham refers to a South-China tree as G. sinensis,
Linn. Lamarck founded his species on a tree growing in the
Jardin des Plantes, raised from seed sent by Pere Incarville from
Pekin 200 years ago. It is doubtful if the northern and southeru
plants are identical. Another saponaceous substance is derived
from Sapindus MaTcivinsi {8. chinensis or Kolreuteria pani
culata, Lam.), specimens of which from Ningpo were also
exhibited.

Messrs. H. and J. Groves exhibited specimens of: — (1) Qhara
connivens, collected at Slapton, S. Devon, the only known
British station, for no trace of the plant is now^ to be found at

68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Stokes Bay. (2) Chara canescens {=C. crinita), obtained from
a pool between Helston and the Lizard, W. Cornwall, by
Mesara. Gruardia and Groves, and also at Little Sea, Studlaud,
Dorset, by Mr. Mansell Pleydell.

Mr. George Murray showed dried and moistened examples of
an Alga, Glceocapsa, found by Mr. Pryer in bird's-nest caves in
North Borneo.

Mr. J. G. Baker read the followiug letter from Mr. W. Brock-
hurst, of Didsbury, dated November 17, 1884 : — " On April 2
I had the pleasure of exhibitiog to the Society a number of
prepared specimens of the Daftbdil, which appeared to prove
that double Daffodil flowers might produce seeds ; and I advanced
some arguments, based upon the observations I had made, to
show that they were spread over wide areas in a wild state by
seeding. The specimens showed the seed-vessels filled with
ovules ; but this did not fully prove that ripe seeds capable of
germination would be matured. I therefore carefully observed
a number of flowers of double Daffodils (^Narcissus telamonius
plenus) and marked them as they went out of bloom, to prevent
any mistakes. One of these produced a capsule containing nine
shining black seeds, which were gathered June 24th, and at once
sown in a pot and covered with a sheet of glass. Of these seeds
four have already germinated, and show grass-like growths an
inch above the soil. This therefore completes the proof; and if
you tbink it will interest the Liunean Society, I shall be glad if
you will communicate it on my behalf at the next meeting."

Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer showed and made some remarks on
some sterile runners of Mentha piperita, on the remains of
flowers of Epilobium hirsutum, both taken from a wreath found
by Prof. Maspero in a tomb near Thebes, and supposed to be of
tlie 20th or 20th dynasty. Mr. Dyer also exhibited fresh flowers
of Ipomcea purpureo-ccerulea.

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited two specimens of Lycaste
Skinneri, Lindl., one with two flowers on one stem, the other
with an abortive lip, adherent for the greater part of its length
to the column. He also drew attention to samples of the tea
(probably a species of Ilex) used largely in Bogota, but which isj
said to be deficient in flavour.

Mr. E. C. Stanford thereafter showed some of the products!
derived from Seaweed, viz. : — Algiu, the insoluble form of which)
(Alginic acid) can be made into shirt-studs resembling hornjl
the soluble Algin (or Alginate of Soda), which diminishes the]
brittleness of Shellac, besides other uses.

The following papers were read ; —
1. "Remarks on Cinchona Ledgeriana, Moens, as a Sj^ecies."]
By E. M. Holmes, P.L.S.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON". 6g

2. " Notes on the Habits of Australian Hymenoptera." By
H. L. Eoth. (Communicated by Sir John Lubbock, Bart., Pres.
L.S.)

3. " Singular Mode of Eeproduction in Atliynum Fllix-fcemina,
var. cJarissima. By Charles T. Druery. (Communicated by Dr.
J. Murie, F.L.S.)

December 4th, 1884.

"William Carruthees, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The Hon. P. Stanley Dobson, LL.D., William A. Haswell,
Esq., M.A., Greorge William Oldfield, Esq., M.A., Dr. George
William Parker, Michael Cresae, Esq., M.A., Vet. -Surg. Thomas
Jonathan Synionds, W. A. Talbot, Esq., and Joseph Henry
Thompson, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer exhibited: — (1) Examples of leaves
of Sagittaria monfevidensis, under different modes of cultivation,
the changes thus induced as regards size and general facies being
most remarkable, so much so that they might be deemed widely
separate genera. The small leaves were from a plant raised
from seeds collected in Chili by Mr. John Ball, F.E.S., and
sent to Kew in 1883, and grown in a pot half submerged in the
iV^w^j/^dEa-tank. The enormously large leaf and spike were those
of a plant raised from seeds ripened at Kew and sown in spring
1884. When strong enough the plant was planted in a bed of
muddy soil, kept saturated by means of a pipe running from the
bed to the N ympJicea-tn'nk. (2) A special and peculiar instru-
ment called a " Ladanisteriou," from Crete, it being a kind of
double rake with leathern thongs instead of teeth, and used in
the collecting of Gum Labdanum, a drug now dropped out of
modern pharmacy. The instrument in question was procured
for the Kew Museum by Mr. Sandwith, H.M. Consul in Crete.
(3) A collection of Marine Algse from West Australia, brought
to this country by Lady Broome.

The following ])apers were read : —

1. " Eelationship of Indian and African Freshwater Fish-
Faunas." By Dr. Francis Day, F.L.S.

2. " On HeterolepidoUis grandis, a Fossil Fish from the Lias."
By James W. Davis, F.L.S.

3. " On the Growth of Trees and Protoplasmic Continuity."
By Alfred Tyler, F.G.S. (Communicated by the Secretary.) This
last communication was illustrated by diagrams and transparent
photographs enlarged on the screen by the lantern and lime-light.

70 PKOCEEDTNOS OF THE

December ISth, 1884.

Sir John Ltjebock, Bart., President, in tlie Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Thomas Bates Blow, Esq., Henry George Greenish, Esq.,
Alfred G. Howard, Esq., Lieut. -Col. William Eowe Lewis, Lionel
dc ISiceville, Esq., Charles Bagge Plowright, Esq., and Frederick
Shrivell, Esq., were elected Eellows.

Mr. H. Ling Eoth sliowed some roots of the Sugar-Cane from
Queensland, preserved in spirit ; and stated that it appeared to
him that tlie plant possesses two sorts, viz. ordinary fibrous
roots, and others of a special kind, like taproots.

Mr. Edward Alfred Heath exhibited a stuffed adult specimen
of a Wild Cat, which had been found dead in a trap (Nov.
1884) in Ben Armiu Deer Eorest, Sutherlandshire, in which dis-
trict they are still frequently met with.

Mr. W. H. Beeby called attention to exaini)les of Bur-reeds
{Sjnirganirim), obtained by him at Albury ponds, near Guildford,
in Ort. 1883, and since then elsewliere in Surrey. The plant is
quite distinct from S. ramosum and S. simplex, and may be re-
garded as a new British species, for which he proposed the name
of S. neglect um.

Mr. Thomas E. Gunn showed an interesting series in varied
plumage of the (hitherto rare in Britain) Blue-throated Warbler,
Euficilla sveeica, L. The exam2:)le3 in question were procured
by Mr. G E. Power, at Eley, on the Norfolk coast, in Sept. last.
Mr. Gunn also exhibited an immature female specimen of the
Little Bittern {Botaurus minntus), shot by Mr. E. N. Beuning-
field, at Broxbourne Bridge, Herts, on 15th Oct. Lastly, Mr.
Gunn exhibited a hybrid between a cock Goldfinch and a hen
Bullfinch, which possessed the marked characteristics of both
parents.

There was exhibited, for Mr. E. Morton Middleton, examples
of varieties of Indian Corn {Zea Mays, L.) from the United
States, Natal, and the borders of the river Danube. These
markedly diftered from each other in size, colour, form, and orna-
mentation.

Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer exhibited and made remarks on
life-size iihotographs of cones of two species of Encephalnrtus
from South Africa, viz. E. longifolius aud E. latifrons, neither
hitherto figured in European books. He also showed tubei's of
Ullueus ivberosiis from Venezuela, which, though esteemed as an
esculent in South America, has proved inedible when grown at
Kew.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOJST. 7 1

The following papers were read : — •

1. " On Contrivances foi' ensuring Self-fertilization in some
Tropical Orchids." By Henry 0, Forbes. (Communicated, by
H. N. Eidley, F.L.S.)

2. " Notes on the Cerebral Convolutions of the Carnivora."
By Prof. St. G. Mivart. F.L.S.

3. " On Apospory in Ferns." By F. O. Bower, F.L.S.

4. "Aerial and &nhmer ged heaves oi'Haminctdus Lingim.^'' By
F. C. S. Eoper, F.L.S.

January 15th, 1885.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in tlie Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Stuart Carey, Esq., John Emmet, Esq., Henry George Stacey,
Esq., and Sydney de Courcy Thompson, Esq., were elected.
Fellows.

James E. Bagnall, Esq., was elected an Associate.

Mr. E. Alfred Heath exhibited a common Martin from Inver-
ness-shire, and a Stoat in its winter coat from Eoss-shire.

There was exhibited for Mr. J. Murison a series of dried
specimens of Cape Grasses and Bushes, and a cone and leaf of
Leucadendron gentium ; also some rare New-Zealand Grasses.

Dr. J. Murie called attention to specimens of Himalayan
Edelweiss transmitted to this country by Capt. Emil Boss,
wbich, through the courtesy of Mr. Douglas Freshtield, P.R.G.S.,
were for inspection on the table. The localities given are as
follows: — (1) Dunassorigde, July 1883, above 7000 feet; (2)
head of Oilatang valley, foot of Kabu, 15,000-15,500 feet, August
1883 ; (3) Independent Sikkim, August 1883, 16,500-17,000 feet
above sea-level.

Mr. McLaehlan exhibited a book of beautifully executed
chromo-lithographic figures of Japanese fishes, produced at the
government printing-press at Tokio. He remarked that the use
of Latin names is allowed, but all English names, or explanations
in any foreign language are forbidden.

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited a specimen of Mangabevia
Eubber from Haiicornia specwsa, which is considered superior
to the finest Para Eubber obtained from the Ilevea hrasiliensis.
It is a very important tree to introduce into Australia, as it
grows on sandy plains, and the fruit is very delicious, much
re-embling a large ph;m. If carefully tapped once a month, the
tree seems not to sufter.

72 PUOCEEDINGS OF THE

The following papers were read : —

1. " Plants collected by Mr. Joseph Thomson in the Mountains
of East Equatorial Africa." By Sir Joseph D. Hooker and
Prof. Oliver, F.L.S.

2. " Botanical Notes from Darjeeliug to Tonglo and Sunduk-
phoo." By C. B. Clarke, F.L.S.

3. " Further Contributions to the Flora of Madagascar." By
J. a. Baker, F.L.S.

4. " Tlie Orchids of Madagascar." By H. N. Eidley, F.L.S.

5. " Colydiidae collected by Mr. Lewis in Japan." By Mr.
David Sharp. (Communicated by George Lewis, F.L.S.)

6. *' On some Colydiidae from Ceylon." By Mr. David Sharp.
(Communicated by George Lewis, F.L.S.)

7. " Ornithological Notes." By T. E. Gunn, F.L.S,

8. " On some North-Atlantic Species of CeritJiiopsis dredged
off Madeira." By the Hev. K. Boog Watson, F.L.S.

February 5th, 1885.

Frank Crisp, LL.B., Vice-President and Treasurer, in the

Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

John Hodgkin, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Family Arbaciadse, Gray. — Part I. Tlie Mor-
phology of the Test in the Genera Coelopleurus and Arbacia." By
Prof P. Martin Duncan, Vice-Pres. L.S., and W. Percy Sladen,
F.L.S.

2. " Burmese Desmidiea?, with Descriptions of New Species
occurring in the neighbourhood of Eaugoon." By W. Joshua,
F.L.S.

3. " On the Employment of the Names proposed for Genera of
Orthoptera previously to 1840." By W. F. Kirby. (Communi-
cated by A. G. Butler, F.L.S.)

February 19th, 1885.
Prof. P. Martin Duncan, F.E.S., Vice-President, in tlie Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
The Eev. L. Martial Klein was elected a Fellow.

Mr. W. T. Tliiselton Dyer exhibited and made remarks on
specimens of peculiar Chniese " Square Bamboo " {Bovihusa
quadranyularis, Fenzi), and of articles made from the Hairy
Bamboo (probably Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Munro), sent from
"Wencliou to the Kew Museum by Dr. Macgowan.

LII^NEAN SOCIETY OF LOKDON. 73

Mr. Thomas Christy afterwards called attention to examples
o£ silk received from Auckland, New Zealand.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Eecent Ephemeridfe or Mayflies.— Part III." By the Rev.
A. E. Eaton. (Communicated by the President.)

2. " European and North-American Species of Mosses of the
Genus Fiss/dens.'' By W. Mitten, A.L.S.

3. " Anatomy of the Ambulacra of the Eecent Diadematidse."
By Prof. P. Martin Duncan, E.L.S.

March 5th, 1885.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

James Epps, Esq., James Grroves, Esq., and "Wilham Ransom,
Esq., were elected Eellows.

Mr. E. M. Holmes exhibited and made remarks on new British
Marine Alga^, viz. : — Casfagnea contorta, Ceramium divaricatum,
Chantransia luxurimis, Cladopliora prolifera, Ectocarpus insignis,
E. repians, Qratelovpia dicliotonia, Polgsiphonia cermnicceformis,
P. rhunensis, Caloilirix parasitica, Vaucheria pilohoJoides, from
the south coast of England ; and Porpltyra seucosticta, Caloilirix
Crustacea, Clado]}liora arctiusctila, Codiolum longipes, Phyllitis
fascia, and Sphacelaria ccespitula, from Berwick on Tweed and
Eifeshire. Mr. Holmes also called attention to specimens of the
leaves of Eucalyptus Staigeriana, which are remarkable for their
fragrant odour, resembling that of Verbena, due to a volatile oil,
which is stated by Mr. Bailey, the Government botanist at Bris-
bane, to be likely to form an article of commerce in the future.

There likewise was shown by Mr. Holmes a set of plant-labels
made from the leaves of the Talifat Palm.

Mr. "William Brockbank exhibited specimens of Leucojttm car-
pathicum, a variety of L. vernuvi, differing from the tyj)e by
having the flowers tipped with yellow instead of green. This
species of Leucojum is said now to be seldom m^-t with in English
gardens.

Mr. C. B. Plo Wright exhibited and made remarks on examples
of a Ranunculus infected with spores of Urocystis pompJiolgodes.

Mr. E. "Wethered exhibited some microscopic sections of the
" Better Bed " coal-seam of Yorkshire, and of the " Splint " coal
from "Whitehill Colliery, near Edinburgh. He mentioned that
Prof. Huxley had drawn attention to the former as containing an
unusual quantity of sporangia and spores of plants allied to the
recent Club-Mosses. Mr. Wethered averred that the spores

74 rnocEEDTNOS of the

were only found iu nuinbcrs in tlie topmost 3 inches of the coal-
bed, hut very spnrscly in the lower portion of the seam. In the
Edinburgh Splint Coal only 4 inches of the basal and but a small
part of the upper layer contained spores, Macrospores and
microspores, however, were present in both the coals ; and, judfi;ing
from these, he regarded them as belonging to plants resembling
or allied to the recent forms Selaginella or Isoefes.

The folloAving papers were 4'ead : —

1. " On the Breeding of Salmon from Parents which have never
descended to the Sea." By Dr. F. Day, F.L.S.

2. " On recently discovered Flowering Plants from the Inte-
rior of New Zealand (North Island), 1883-84." By the Eev.
W. Coleuso, F.L.S.

March 19th, 1885.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Dr. John Grieve and Charles Thomas Druery, Esq., were
elected Fellows.

Dr. Gr. J. Romanes exhibited two human crania from South
Africa. One was that of an aboriginal Bushman from Kruis
Hiver, Cango district, Gudsthoora, obtained through Dr. Stroud.

Mr. J. G. Baker exhibited a dried specimen of a supposed
hybrid between the two genera ^Zoe and Gasteria, which had been
grown in the Glasgow Botanic Gardens. He also ishowed and
made remarks on a curious new Fern, Polypodivm {^ Nij^liololus)
foJydaciylon, Han{ e, discovered by Mr. William Hancock, F.L.S.,
iu tlie island of Formosa.

The following papers were read: —

1. " Diagnoses of new Genera and Species of Hydroids from
the Collection of Miss Gatty." By Prof. Allmann, F.L.S.

2. " List of Plants noticed on Moret^by, Basilisk, O'Neill, and
Margaret Islands, South-eastern New Guinea." By Capl.
William E. Armit, F.L.S.

April 2nd, 1885.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Charles Hastings Dent, Esq., Thomas Gulliver, Esq., and Peter
Macowan, Esq., B.A., were elected Fellows.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON. 75

There was exliibited for the Ducliess of St. Albans a scries of
coloured drawings of flowers, fruits, and insects of the Bahamas.
These had been sketclied and painted from nature by Mrs. Blake,
the wife of the Governor, and were intended as a preliminary
towards elucidating the Natural History of the islands.

Mr. E. Morell Holmes exhibited specimens of the male and
female plants of the Mistletoe {Viscum albicm), aud pointed out
the existence of stipules which appear not to have been noticed
by previous observers. He also showed specimens of Lathrcea
Squamaria with four instead of two rows of flowers.

Mr. Thomas Christy drew attention to some .lapanese drawings
of plants, including the Square Bamboos exhibited at the evening
Meeting, 19th February.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Coast Flora of Japygia, South Italy." By Henry
Groves, F.L.S.

2. " Observations on the Continuity of Protoplasm." By
Spencer Le Marchant Moore, F.L.S.

3. " On Eosanoft"s Crystals in the Endosperm-Cells o? Mani-
Tiot GUziovii, Miill. Arg." By Spencer Le Marchant Moore,
F.L.S.

April IGth, 1885.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Cuthbert Eobert Blackett, Esq., Frank Richard Cheshire,
Esq., Charles French, Esq., and George Luehmann, Esq., were
elected Fellows.

The President announced that the following Auditors for tlie
examination of the Treasurer's Accounts had been nominated by
the Council : —

For the Fellows, Mr. Charles J. Breese and Mr. J.
Jenner Weir ; for the Council, Mr. Thomas Christy and Mr.
W. P. Sladen ; and, by a show of hands, these were unanimously
elected.

Dr. E. C. A. Prior exhibited a specimen in flower of Gagea
lutea, Ker, obtained by Mr. Thomas B. Flower, F.L.S., in the
woods near Bath, Somerset.

Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer exhibited specimens illustrating
the polymorphism of foliage in the same species of floweriug
plants. He also showed collections of drift fruits aud seeds
from the mouth of the Ambernoh Eiver, New Guinea, collected

76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

by Prof. Moseley in tlie ' Challenger' Expedition, and from the
Solomon Iislands.

Mr. Charles T. Druery, in support of the aposporous repro-
duction of Eerns, exhibited pinnae o'i Athyrium Filix-foemina., var.
clarissima, showing prothalli still adherent, which were produced
not from s2)ores, but from the stalks of aborted sporangia. Some
of tlieprotiialli had developed archegouia in about equal numbers
on both upper and under surfaces.

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited Kola-nuts a,nd a block of Kola
paste not unlike cocoa, but said to be five times stronger. It
is reported that a cup of Kola chocolate enables a man to work
a whole day without feeling fatigue.

Specimens were shown under the microscope of parasitic
growth within recent Coral {Lophelia prolifera), for Prof. P.
Martin Duncan; and of Batrachospermum, organ of Bojanus of
the Anodon, &c., for Mr. Arthur C. Cole.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On Forms of Leaves." By Sir John Lubbock, Bart.,
Pres. L.S.

2. " Description of a new Species of Minyad from Australia."
By Prof. P. Jeffrey Bell. (Communicated by Dr. A. Giiuther,
F.R.S., F.L.S.)

May 7th, 1885.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

James Backhouse, Esq.. Frederick Huth Meinertzhagen, Esq.,
and Arnold Andrew Eeischeck, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Prof. Julius Victor Cams, Leipzig, Prof. Robert Caspary,
Konigsberg, and Prof. Philippe van Tieghem, Paris, were elected
Foreign Members.

Mr. W. T. Thiseltou Dyer exhibited and made remarks on a series
of utensils used by the natives of Pani for collecting &c. the rubber
from the trees. Among the apparatus were: — Clay bowls for
fixing to the trunks of the trees ; " Cuia " or calabash for ladling
the milk from the large clay bowl and coating by a thin layer the
paddle or other mould ; gourd for receiving the fluid rubber ; axe
for tapping the trees ; and stove over which the rubber is
smoked.

Mr. Dyer also drew attention to the flowers and foliage of
species of Rhododendron grown at Kew from the oi'iginal Hima-
layan plants introduced into Britain. The specius shown were
R. Aucklandii, M. Veitchii, R. Nuttallii, R. ylaucum, R. Mdc/e-
worthii, and R. calophyllum.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OY LONDON. 77

Stuffed specimens of the Hen-Harrier, Common Buzzard,
Peregrine Falcon, J and 5 , and an old Eaven were shown for
Mr. Alfred Heath.

A fine collection of Palseolithic instruments from the Thames
valley was exhibited by Mr. John Evans.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Germiuation of Seeds after prolonged Immersion
in Salt "Water." By James Walter White, Esq. (Communicated
by Dr. E. C. A. Prior, F.L.S.) (See Appendix.)

2. " On Eocene Ferns from the Basalts of Ireland and Scot-
land." By J. Starkie Gardner, F.L.S.

May 26th, 1885.
Anniversary Meeting.

At 3 P.M., the time appointed by the Charter, only three
Members being in attendance, with no probability of a quorum,
the proceedings were closed, the Meeting not having been duly
constituted.

By previous announcement, the Anniversary Meeting was fixed
for the 11th June next at 8 p.m.*

June 4th, 1885.

Frank Ceisp, LL.B., Treasurer and Vice-President, in
the Chair.

The Minutes of the Meeting of 7th May and the Eeport on the
pro-forma Meeting of 25th May were read and confirmed.

The postponement of the Anniversary Meeting till Thursday,
11th June, at 8 p.m., was again announced from the Chair.

Dr. John E. Henderson was elected a Fellow.

Eobert Allen Eolfe, Esq., and Henry O. Forbes, Esq., were
elected Associates.

Dr. E. C. A. Prior exhibited a branch of a Silver Fir, Abies
pectinata, with an abnormal develoj)ment, composed of an aggre-
gation of long, nearly barren shoots. This specimen was obtained
from the woods at Eogate Lodge, near Petersfield, Hants. He
also called attention to an example of lEuphorhia Cyparissias,

* The Anniversai'y Meeting has fallen on Whitsunday four times during the
existence of the Society, namely 179.5, 1801, 1863, and 1874. It will also fall
on a Sunday in 189(5, 1931, and 1942. On no previous occasion has the
Anniversary Meeting been postponed on account of the 25th May being Whit-
monday.

78 PROCEEDINGS OF TUE

which was found growing in an apparently wild state near
Petersfield.

Dr. Francis Day exhibited a series of shells of Pearl Oysters,
pointing outtliattlie Avicula margaritifera is not the form from
which tlie pearls of" Ceylon and Northern India are obtained, the
latter being got from the smaller and more convex A.fucata. Also
that tlie little A. vexillum has been mistaken for the spat of the
Ceylon Pearl Oyster by the various Inspectors of the Pearl
Pisheries, except Captain Piiipps of Tuticorin, and Mr. H. S.
Thomas, F.L.S., who has lately inspected the banks and obtained
specimens. The A. vexillum rarely exceeds one third of an inch
in lengtl), is convex, perfectly smooth externally, and somewhat
of the shape represented by Eeeve's figure (Conchol. Icon.) ;
wliereas the A. fucata, even when jL- of an inch in length, is
covered with spines. The existence of numerous deposits of
A. vexillum, on the Ceylon and Madras pearl-banks, has unfor-
tunately given rise to error ; and the anticipation of obtaining a
crop of Pearl Oysters within the next three seasons is therefore
likt'ly to prove a disappointment. — Dr. Day also exhibited a sj)e-
cimen of a Trout three months old which had two heads. He
iurther mentioned that the hybrids between the female Lochleveu
Trout and the male Salmon, whieh were hatched in 1881 at
Howietoun, have lately shown symptoms of spawning; and on a
female being opened, it was found to contain somewhat large
ova, showing that they may be expected to breed this winter.

A characteristic series, from young to old stages, of the true
Pearl Oyster {A.fucata) of Cevlon, nndof the smalls, vexillum,
were also shown on behalf of Mr. Edmund W. H. Holdsworth.

Mr. James Groves showed dried specimens o^ JVitella capitata
collected in Cambridgeshire, an addition to the British Flora.

]Mr. Frank H. Cheshire drew attention to a microscopic pre-
paration demonstrating tlie peculiar dispositiou of the secretory
gland in the head of the Bee (worker).

Specimens of three kinds of Leucojum were exhibited for
Mr. William Brockbank, and the follomng note thereon was
read : — "Leucojum Heniandezii was, I believe, tirst described by
Cambessides in 1827, and was named after its discoverer. Dr.
Hernandez. When Dean Herbert wrote his ' Amaryllidaceje '
(published in 1837), he had the plant before him, and described it
as the third of Summer Snowflakes, the other two being L. cBstivum
and L. pulchellum ; but he states that he had never seen pul-
chellum, which he describes from Salisbury's plate in ' Paradisus,'
pi. 71'. Salisbury appears to have first described L. pulchellu7n
in 1807. These three Leucojums have thus appeared in our
botanical lists till now ; but the identity of L. Hernandezii has
bceu completely lost, whereas L. pulchellum has become a common

linnejlN society oe loxdon. 79

plaut. L. Ilernandezii does not appccar to have been figured ;
and it is not to be found in the Herbarium at Kew.

"As it appeared desirable to clear up this matter, I applied to
Mf. Baker for the name of some Spanish botanist wlio could
obtain fresh bulbs of it ; and by iiis advice I wrote last year to
Senor M. Juan Rodriguez, of Mahon, Minorca, wlio very kindly
had search made for the plant in the mountains, and who sent me
twenty bulbs of the true plant, the L. Hernandezil of Cambres-
sides. Several of these plants have bloomed, and they a i^pear to
be exactly the same as the L. piilchdlitni of Salisbury, as will be
seen from the examples now produced."

The Eev. Gr. Ilenslow showed an example of Pistillody in the
Tulip.

The Vice-President, from the Chair, announced a Meeting of
the International Congress of Botany and Horticulture to be
held at Antwerp from the 1st to the 10th August (next), 1885.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On Vernation and the Development of Foliage from
Buds." By the Eev. Greorge Henslow, F.L.S.

2. •' Supplementary Notes on the llestiacese." By Dr. Maxwell
Masters, P.L.S.

3. " On the Occurrence of Lycopodites {SigiUaria) Vanuxemi,
Goppert, in Britain, with remarks on its Affinities." By Robert
Kidston, F.Gr.S. (Communicated by Dr. Murie, F.L.S.")

June 11th, 1885.

Anniversary Meeting.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. J. Jenner "Weir, on behalf of the Auditors, presented thti
Annual Statement of Accounts as follows (p. 8i) : —

The Treasurer, Mr. Prank Crisp, then gave an account of
Mr. Bentham's Legacy, and the legal causes which permitted
only £500 to be received by the Society '\\\ lieu of the full sum
of £1000 as willed by the Testator.

The Secretary then read his Report of the deaths, withdrawals,
and elections of New Fellows for the past year as follows : —

Since the last Auuiversary Meeting 14 Fellows had died, or
their deaths been ascertained, viz. : —

8o PHOCEEDINGS OF THE

Fellows (14).

George Bentham.
James Buckman.
Lieut.-Col. George Eruest

Bulger.
Isaac Anderson Henry.
Dr. John Gwyn Jeffreys.
James Henry Mangles.
John Eigden Mummery.

Dr. John Daniel Vittoria

Blackman.
Major Frederick John Sidney

Parry.
AVilliam Henry Rudston Eead.
James Hobertson.
Joseph Sidebotham.
The Rev. Frederick Silver.

George Brettingham Sowerby.

Foreign Membees (3).

Dr. Heinrich Eobert Goppert.

Dr. Edward Riippell.

Prof. Carl Theodor Ernst von Siebold.

Associates (2).
William Laughrin. | Joseph Robsou.

During the past official year 4 Fellows had withdrawn, viz. : —

Ferdinand Cole.
Dr. John Colebrook.

Dr. George Harrison.
William John Joshua Scofield.

And 43 Fellows, 3 Foreign Members, and 3 Associates had
been elected.

During the past year there had been received as Donations
from private individuals to the Library 47 volumes and 252
pamphlets and separate impressions ot" Memoirs. From the
various Universities, Academies, and Scientific Societies there
had also been received in exchange and otherwise 145 volumes
and 2S1 detached parts ; besides 40 volumes obtained by ex-
change and donation from the editors and proprietors of inde-
pendent periodicals. The Council, at the recommendation of the
Library Committee, had sanctioned the purchase of 80 volumes
and 81 parts of important works. The total additions to the
Library wt-re therefore 312 volumes and 614 separate parts.

The following are the numbers of Books bound during the
last year : — In half morocco 120, in full clotli 500, in boards or
half-cloth 151, in roan 4, rebacked 78, relabelled 29=Total 888.
Of Linnaeus's ow^n Library there have been 351 volumes variously
repaired ; all after the old style, so as to retain their original
appearance as much as possible.

Professor Allman, in the name of some of the Fellows, pre-
sented to the Society a subscription portrait in oil of Mr. George
Busk, who had held the office of Zoological Secretary for nearly

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LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1884-85.

82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

10 years, aud whose labours for the welfare of the Society had
beeu thoroughly a])preciated. The portrait was executed by his
daughter, Miss"E. M. Busk.

Professor Duncan, on behalf of Mrs. Eobert Brown (wife of
our Fellow), presented a cast of the Bust of Linnaeus, executed
by a Swedish artist.

The President also called attention to the gift of a portrait in
chalk of the Society's late Secretary aud Treasurer, Mr. Frederick
Currey, which liad been presented to the Society by his son (Mr.
lunes Currey) and others of the family.

On the motion of the President, a unanimous vote of thanks
was accorded to the several donors.

The Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing the elec-
tions—

The President then opened the business of the day, and the
Fellows present proceeded to ballot for the Council and Officers.

The Ballot for the Council having closed, the President ap-
pointed Dr. Spencer T. Cobbold, Dr. Francis Day, aud Mr. John
Hopkinson, Scrutineers. The votes having been counted and
reported to the President, he declared the following Members to
be removed from the Council, viz. : — Professor Baley Balfour,
Professor P. M. Duncan, Col. Godwin- Austen, Mr. Edward M.
Holmes, and Mr. Henry T. Staintou.

And the following to be elected into the Council, viz. : —
Professor W. H. Flower, Mr. Francis B. Forbes, Prof. H. N.
Moseley, Mr. Dukinfield H. Scott, and Lord Walsingham.

The Ballot for the Officers having closed, the President nomi-
nated the same Scrutineers. The votes having been counted
and reported to the President, he declared the result as follows,
viz. : —

President, Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P. ; Treasurer, Mr.
Frank Crisp ; Secretaries, Mr. B. Day don Jackson and Mr. W.
Percy Sladen.

The President then delivered his Address (see p. 84).

Prof. W. C. Mcintosh then moved the following Eesolution,
viz. : — " That the thanks of the Society be given to the President
for his excellent address, and that he be requested to allow it to
be printed." This, having been seconded by Mr. G. S. Boulger,
was carried unanimously.

Mr. Boulger then proposed that a special vote of thanks be
accorded to the President aud Officers for tlieir valuable labours
during the Session, also expressing regret that Mr. Eomaues's
health should compel him to retire. This, having been seconded
by Mr. J. \V. Davis, was carried.

LINNEA.N SOCIETY OF LONDON. 83

Mr. J. Hopkinson also proposed a vote of thanks to Dr. Murie
for his services in the Library, &c. The President having seconded
the motion, it was carried.

The Senior Secretary read the Obituary notices of deceased
Tellows (see p. 90).

June 18th, 1885.

William Caeeuthees, F.R.S., Vice-President in the Chair.

The Minutes of the Anniversary Meeting (11th June) were
read and confirmed.

William Powell James, Esq., Prof. Eichard John Anderson,
Alfred Gribbs Bourne, Esq., James Brebner, Esq., Henry Deane,
Esq., Hugh Neville Dixon, Esq., E. Haviland, Esq., and Dr.
William Schlich, were elected Eellows.

The Chairman announced that the President had nominated
Mr. Wilham Carruthers, Mr. Frank Crisp, Mr. W. T. Thiselton
Dyer, and Prof. William H. Flower to be Vice-Presidents for
the ensuing year.

There were exhibited for Dr. Gorham specimens and sketches
illustrating the venation of the Myrtacese as a type of the vena-
tion in Pimpinella Saxifraga and P. magna, Umbelliferse.

There was also shown for Mr. L. A. T. Eoberti some dimorphic
twigs from the same Beech Tree, and flowers yellow and lilac
from Gytisus Adaml.

Prof. P. Martin Duncan showed specimens under the micro-
scope, and demonstrated on the blackboard the suj^posed
branchial structures found on the Tag of Gcelopleurus Maillardi.

Mr. Frank E. Cheshire drew attention to some curious
specimens of albinism in males of Apis mellifica. In certain
cases the cornea was perfectly faceted, bixt no pigment existed
between the rods. The stemmata also were perfectly colourless.
In other instances the cornea of the compound eyes was not
faceted and pigment existed in small quantities, irregularly dis-
tributed. He believed this imperfect development was due to
defect in the Worker Bee. Micro-organisms were frequently
found growing amongst the spermatozoa stored in the recepta-
culum seminis, and he had traced as results thereof a liability to
hermaphroditism.

Mr. Arthur Bennett exhibited four species of flowering plants
new to Britain, viz. : — (1) Schoenus ferrugineus, L., found July
1884 by Mr. Brebner in the neighbourhood of Loch Tummel,
Perthshire, a species whose continental distribution is quite in

A2

84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

favour of its so occurring. (2) Potamogeton Jluitans, Eoth,
found by Mr. A. Fryer, of Chatteris, iu the county of Hunting-
don, iu the summer of 1884 ; several times reported as British,
but always contradicted ; the specimen now shown is undoubtedly
the plant in question. (3) (Jarex inner vis, Degland, coast of
Norfolk, gathered by Mr. Grlasspoole about 1869-70, but un-
noticed among Ids duplicates till 1884; a West-European plant
confined to sandy sea-shores. (4) Carex salina, Wg., var. Kat-
tegatensis, Fries (sp.), gathered by Mr. James Grant, of Wick, on
the sandy bank of the Wick river in Caithness, in July and
August 1883-84 : an interesting addition, belonging to a section
of Carices inhabitants of arctic and boreal lands.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Occurrence of Articulated Laticiferous Vessels in
Reveal By Dukinfield H. Scott, F.L.S.

2. " On Golfingia Maclntosliii, a new ISipunculid from the
coast of Scotland!" By Prof. E. Eay Lankester, F.L.S.

Anniveesaet Addeess or the Peesident.

GrENTLEMEN, —

We meet this evening at the close of a year which has
been prosperous if uneventful.

Our meetings liave been well attended, and of much interest.
The exhibitions have been numerous, and once more our .'special
thanks are due to tlie authorities at Kew tor the many interest-
ing specimens which they have kindly sent for our inspection.
Indeed it has more than once occurred to me (though this does
not at all apply to tlie Kew exhibitions) that it is becoming
necessary to consider whether the description of and discussion on
specimens exhibited will not have to be somewhat limited as
regards time. It has happened more than once that A'aluable
papers have been postponed to a late hour, though I have
not liked to interrupt, on account of the interesting character
of the exhibitions themselves.

Foremost among those whose loss we have had to deplore during
the past year has been our ex-President, Mr. Bentham, at the
venerable age of 85. His death followed closely on the comple-
tion of the great work for which we are indebted to him and Sir
Joseph Hooker. His other contributions to Botanical Science
number over 100, and include many important works, es])ecially
those on the Flora of Australia and of Hong Kong. He was
elected President of this Society iu 1861, and occupied the Chair
for 13 years.

The Society are aware that he had intended to leave us in his

LIKNEAN" SOCIETY OF LO]N"DON. 85

will a legacy of £1000, but owing to certain legal technicalities,
into which it is unnecessary to enter, we have only received
£500.

Since ovir last Meeting we have also lost another of the former
officers of the Society, Dr. Grwyn Jeffreys, who was Treasurer
from 1875 to 1879. Dr. Jeftreys's name will always be associated
with those of Sir Wyville Thomson and Dr. Carpenter, as having
most successfully investigated the depths of the ocean by means
of the dredge. In Dr. Grwyn Jeftreys's case, as in that of Mr.
Bentham, we cannot but feel that, deeply as we deplore their
loss, we could not, considering their gi'eat age, hope to retain
them much louo;er among-st us.

During the year we have had the misfortune of losing three
Foreign Members. Edward Eiippel], the celebrated traveller,
who added so greatly to our knowledge of Abyssinian Zoology,
who was elected as long ago as 1831 ; Heinrich Goppert ; and
Yon Siebold, who, though not so long a Fellow of ours as
Eiippell, began his scientific work in the year 1828. Among
his researches perhaps the most remarkable were those on
Parthenogenesis, on Parasitic Worms, and on Freshwater Fish,
and last, not least, his great work on the Comparative Anatomy
of the Invertebrata.

During the past official year 1 Fellows have withdrawn ; and
43 Fellows, 3 Foreign Members, and. 3 Associates have been
elected. During the past four years the Members have been
as follows : —

Fellows Foreign. ■ . ,

Elected. Members. Associates.

1880 37 1 1

1881 40

1882 54 2

1883 30 3 - 1

1884 43 3 8

It is satisfactory therefore to see that the number of Fellows
has for some years been steadily increasing. Indeed, although
the increase in no one case has been very large, still, if we take
a |)eriod of years, it becomes very considerable, more especially
during the last decade, as is shown by the following Table : —

Numbers of Fellows of the Linnean Society of London during
each 10 years, from 1854 to 1884.
1854. 1864, 1874. 1884.

441 459 521 761

During the past year tliere have been received, as Donations
from private individuals to the Library, 47 volumes, 252
pamphlets and separate impressions of memoirs. From the
various Universities, Academies, and Scientific Societies there

86 PBOCEEDINOS OF THE

had also been received in exchange, and otherwise, 145 volumes
and 2S1 detached parts ; besides 40 volumes obtained by ex-
change and donation from tlie editors and proprietors of inde-
pendent periodicals. The Council, at the recommendation of the
Library Committee, have sanctioned the purchase of 80 volumes
and 81 parts of important works. The total additions to the
Library are therefore 312 volumes and 614 separate parts.
Among the donations to the Library, I may perhaps specially
mention 16 volumes' of the 'Challenger' Series (nearly half of
which, I may add, are the work of Fellows of our own Society),
and Eetzius's magnificent volume on the Structure of the Ear.

The only special feature in the accounts is the sum of £500
left us by Mr. Bentham, to which I have already alluded. One
half of the sum received for compositions has been invested, in
accordance with the usual practice, and the balance at the end
of the year shows an increase of £470.

The papers communicated to the Society during the past year
have been fully up to the average. In Zoology, for instance, I
may especially mention Mr. Eaton's important w^ork on the
Ephemeridse ; while the discoveries of Mr. Druery and Mr. Bower
constituted a most interesting addition to our knowledge of the
developmental history of Eerns.

Our gallery of portraits has this year again several interesting
additions. Eirst, there is an admirable likeness of Mr. Busk,
who acted as our Zoological Secretary for ten years with such
marked ability and great advantage to the Society. Many of us
had long looked to him as a future President, and I am sure
we all sincerely trust that his health and strength may ere long
be sufficiently restored to enable him to take once more an
active part amongst us. The portrait is, I think all will admit,
an admirable likeness, and all the more interesting as being
the work of his own daughter, with whom it has evidently been
a labour of love.

The likeness of Mr. Currey, for which we are indebted to his
son, will also be greatly appi'eciated by his many friends in the
Society.

We also receive this evening a bust of Linna?us, which will be
presented to us formaUy by Prof. Duncan, on behalf of the
donors Dr. and Mrs. Eobert Brown.

I must not anticipate the proceedings of to-morrow evening,
yet I must congratulate Prof. Lankester on the progress of the
Marine Biological Association, which is so greatly due to his
energy. The object is to erect one or more Laboratories on the
coast of the Lnited Kingdom, where studies may be carried on by
naturalists, leading to an improvement in zoological and botanical
science, and "especially to an adequate acquaintance with the food,
habits, spawning, and propagation of our marine food-fishes and
shell-fish," — to obtain more thorough knowledge of the life and
habits of our marine fauna ; and a more complete account of the

LINKEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 87

natural history of such fish, mollusca, and crustaceans as are of
special economic importance. Tables for study and other re-
sources are to be provided for British and other naturalists.

It is estimated that £10,000 at least will be required, of which
£8000 has been subscribed, and it is to be hoped that the rest
will soon be forthcoming. Several of the London Companies
have subscribed ; the Fishmongers leading with a handsome
donation, and it is hoped that others also will contribute. The
first Laboratoi-y will be on the shore of Plymouth Sound, which
is, no doubt, one of the best possible localities for such a purpose,
and I may add that the Town Council have oftered a suitable site
free of cost, and a contribution of £1000.

" With regard to the building, the Council of the Marine
Biological Association contemplate erecting a solid brick struc-
ture of about 100 X 40 feet ground area, and of two storeys.
The exterior will be simple and unpretentious. The building
will be placed close to the sea-shore so that the sea-water can
be readily pumped into the Laboratory-tank, and in order that
there may be easy communication with fishing-boats. It will
also be desirable to have a floating barge anchored near the
Laboratory, for special exjjeriments on the breeding of fish, &c.,
and, in close proximity, it will be necessary to erect tanks on the
foreshore, open to the tidal water, but arranged so as to prevent
the escape of the animals confined in them for study."

Important results have been obtained in other countries, espe-
cially in Italy and tlie United States.

With Prof Huxley as President, Mr. Crisp as Treasurer, Prof.
Moseley as Chairman of Council, and Prof. Lankester as Hon.
Sec, we may be sure that the Association will be conducted with
energy, ability, and success.

At the recent meeting of the Geogi'aphical Society Lord
Aberdare referred to JMr. Keltie's able report on the present
state of instruction in Geography which is given at most of our
great public schools, and commented on the manner in which
this important subject is unfortunately neglected.

This is no doubt true, but it must also be said that, with the
exception probably of arithmetic, geography, though so much
neglected, is yet the branch of science to which most attention is
paid. Geography is neglected no doubt, but other branches of
science are almost ignored. Out of 40 hours of study per week,
on an average less than 3 or 4 are given to all branches of science.
Such at least w-as the melancholy state of affairs disclosed in the
Parliamentary return published about five years ago. A similar
return, which was ordered last year, will shortly be issued *, but
I fear it will sliovv little improvement, and that the neglect of
science in our educational system remains still what it was de-
scribed by the Duke of Devonshire's Commission, " little better

* This report has since been issued, and fully bears out my worst fore-
bodings.

88 PROCE'EDTNGS OF TTTE

than a national misfortune." How long this state of things
will be tolerated it is difficult to say, but it is easy to foresee that
we shall pay dearly for our short-sightedness in the long run. I
believe I express tlio general feeling, almost the unanimous
feeling, of scientific men, when I say that, while we do not under-
value or wish to exclude literature — to do so indeed would also
be a fatal error — we cannot rest satisfied until Science receives its
fair share of time in the educational system of the country.

It is a matter of congratulation that the House of Commons,
with the cordial concurrence of the Government, has appointed
a Committee to inquire into the slate of Forestry in this
country, and consider whether the establishment of a School
of Forestry would not be advisable. I had previously visited the
Forest School at Nancy, and at Whitsuntide I paid a visit to
the Central Swiss School at Zurich. Prof. Schroter, who received
me most kindly, was astonished to hear that we had no forest
school whatever. He would hardly believe it. He asked where,
then, did those who managed our woodlands receive their
education ? when and by whom were they examined ? and
whether under such circumstances our woodlands were not
terribly mismanaged, which I was not in a position to deny.
I trust that the result of our Committee may not only be to
improve our National Forests, but also to render those in private
lands more remunerative to their owners.

We all heard with great regret of the illness of our zoologieal
secretary Mr. Romanes, and we were very pleased to see him
again amongst us at the last meeting. His physicians, however,
have ordered him abroad, and under the circumstances he has
felt it necessary to resign his office. We shall all trust that his
absence may be only temporary, and that we may often have the
pleasure of seeing him at our evening meetings. We have been
fortunate in inducing Mr. Percy Sladeu, who lias proved himself
a very efficient councillor, to give us his services as Zoological
Secretary.

Mr. Jackson also tendered his resignation ; the loss to the
Society would have been greatly aggravated if both its Secre-
taries had resigned at the same time; and he has very kindly
consented to act for another year.

I have on previous occasions mentioned the progress made in
the rearrangement of the Natural History Collections at the
British Museum, which may now be said to be almost completed,
and the rapidly increasing number of visitors shows how greatly
they are appreciated, 'ilie arrangement of the collections in
the Natural History JMuseum has steadily progressed. The
Gallery devoted to the exhibition of the Cetaceans was opened to
the public now several months ago. l''ive huge skeletons repre-
sent the largest species occurring in the British seas, whilst the
instructiveuess ol the series is enhanced by the additiou of figures
or stufied specimens showing the external appearance of the

LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOK. 89

animals. The arrangement of the Coral Gallery has also been
completed, and the contents — which include, beside Corals,
Polyzoa and Sponges — form by their nature, as well as by the
appropriate mode of tlieir exhibition, one of the most attractive
parts of the collection. The Fish Gallery will be opened mthin
a few weeks, awaiting only the completion of some table-cases for
the exhibition of a typical series of skeletons.

Of Guides to the Exhibition Galleries, those of Mammalia and
Eeptilia have been issued. They have been prepared with the
object of being of service not only to those who want an explana-
tory aid on a single visit to the Museum, but also to those, fewer
in number, who desire, by closer study, to acquaint themselves
with the general arrangement and the principal features of these
classes of animals. That the Guides fulfil this object may be
concluded from the fact that a second edition is already required
of that of Mammalia.

The arrangement of the collections formed for the purposes of
study has kept pace with the general progress, and three volumes
of the zoological publications have been issued since the last
anniversary of the Society. The first is the first volume of a
' Catalogue of Lizards,' by Mr. Boulenger, a work tlie want of
which has been long felt, not only by the Herpetologist, but
by all who have engaged in the examiuatiun of general biological
questions. The second is a ' Eeport on the Zoological Collections
made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Yoyage of H.M.S.
' Alert.' ' This goodly-sized volume of 680 pages and 54 plates
has been worked out by the members of the staff of the
Zoological Department, and shows with how much Zealand ability
Dr. Coppinger availed himself of his opportunities. The third
Museum pubhcation is the tenth volume of the ' Catalogue of
Birds,' with the scope and value of which all workers in Ornitho-
logy are familiar. And in connection with this, mention should be
made of the important and extensive additions which have been
made to the collection of birds within the last twelve months.
Two Fellows of our Society, who for many years have taken the
keenest interest in the development of the National Collection,
as they have done in the advancement of science, Messrs. Godman
and Salvin, have transferred their magnificent collection of South
and Central American birds to theTrustees of the British Museum.
Tiie arrival of the famed collection of Indian birds formed by A.
Hume, Esq., C.B., may be expected in the present year, and will
further contribute to render the National Collection unrivalled
in this branch of study. I cannot enter into the details of the
numerous additions recently made to the other branches of the
collection (some 45,000 in number) ; but entomologists will be
glad to hear that the better half of the types contained in the
collection of Lucanidce — to which Major Parry, a Fellow whose
recent loss by death the Society has to deplore, had devoted the
energy of a lifetime — has been secured for the National Collec-

go PROCEEBINGS OF THE

tion, in spite of a very determined foreign competition for their
possession.

Nor can I, in connection with the British Museum, omit to
mention the interesting ceremony of last Tuesday, when the
admirable statue of Darwin by Boehm was unveiled by Prof.
Huxley, and accepted on behalf of tlie Trustees l)y the Prince of
Wales. It is placed, most afipropriately, in the G-reat Hall.

By the kind permission of tlie Council I had the pleasure of
receiving the Fellows and other friends in these rooms in June
last year, and I think those who were present wnll join with me
in thanking the gentlemen to w^hom we were indebted for the
interesting objects then exhibited.

It now, Grentlemeu, only remains for me to express my gratitude
to you for your support during the past year. To the Council,
and particularly to the Officers, I would oiFer my very special
thanks. No one can be more conscious of my shortcomings,
especially in comparison with the services rendered to the Society
by the eminent men who have preceded me in this chair ; at the
same time (and though, of course, the result is due to other
causes) it is a great satisfaction to feel that, whether w'e consider
the work done, the number of our Members, the state of our
Library, or the condition of our Funds, we may fairly congratu-
late ourselves that the Society is in a vigorous condition, and
I hope has still in the future a long career of usefulness and
prosperity.

Obituaries.

George Bentham was born at Stoke, a village near Plymouth,
on September 22nd, 1800, the Coronation-day of Greorge III.,
so that he was accustomed to say that when he was a boy a royal
salute used to be fired on his birthday. He was the second son
of Greneral (afterwards Sir Samuel) Beutham, his mother being
the eldest daughter of Dr. Greorge Fordycc, F.R.S In 1805
Greneral Bentham was sent by the English Grovernuient to St.
Petersburg, w^here, and in Sweden, the family resided until 1807 ;
here George acquired his knowledge of the Eussian and Scan-
dinavian languages.

War breaking out in 1807 between Eussia and England,
General Bentham was recalled, and on liis return the family
settled at Hampstead ; the education of the younger members
being continued under private tutors, the subject of our notice
never attended a school of any kiiul. On the peace which fol-
lowed the banishment of Napoleon Bonaparte to Elba, the
Benthams removed to France, and took up their residence first
at Tours, then at Saumur and Paris, tiieir residence there being
during the excited times of the Hundred Days. After this the

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 9 1

family removed southward, travelling leisurely from one place
to another in the southern provinces of France.

Whilst at Angouleme, Bentham's attention was first turned
to Botany, by his mother possessing a copy of De Candolle's
' Flore Francaise,' and Cleorge, taking it up accidentally, was
struck with the dichotomous tables for the determination o£ the
plants, a plan which at once commended itself to his methodical
mind. Grathering the first plant he saw, he tried to run it down
by the aid o£ that book, and was long hindered by the articulation
of the stamens of his subject. Salvia pratensis; but persevering,
he succeeded in determining it, and Ins success induced him to
prosecute the study.

At Montauban Beutham spent many months, afterwards
looking back upon them as the happiest period of his life. He
was entered as student of the Faculte de Theologie at Tours
near by, and his time out of college was given up to drawing,
botany, and music. As a proof of his bodily vigour at that time,
he often boasted that when at that place he attended thirty-four
balls between Twelfth-night and Shrove Tuesday, thirteen of which
were consecutive, lasting from nine at night to the same hour the
next day.

During the next few years his life w^as very varied in its occupa-
tions. He studied exotic plants, besides insects, and philosophy
with John Stuart Mill, then a guest of his father for some
mouths ; he was his father's farm manager of an estate of 2000
acres, near Montpellier, his eldest brother having lost his life by
an accident some years before. Under his close methodical
application the farms and vineyards rapidly improved, and were
very profitable; but he did not neglect his botany, for he found
time for herborizations in the Pyrenees and the Cevennes, and
spare hours were given to translating his uncle Jeremy Ben-
tham's ' Chrestomathia ' into French, which came out in 1823.

He visited England in 1823 to buy agricultural implements,
and to inquire how further improvements might be effected in
his Montpellier estate. But on his return he was hindered from
doing all he wished by provincial jealou.sy, wiiich led finally to
the relinquishing of the estate in 1826, and the return of the
family to England. Soon after his arrival in this couutry he
took a tour through England and Scotland, taking letters of
introduction to the leading botanists. In 1826 he was elected
Fellow of the Linnean Society, and in the following year was
proposed by Robert Brown for the Royal Society, but withdrew
his candidature in common with several other scientific men,
on the election of a President not in accordance with their views.
In the same year he brought out his ' Catalogue des plautes
indigenes des Pyrenees.'

Jeremy Btntham, his uncle, now opened up a new career to
him, inviting him to devote some of his time m arranging MSS.
for the press, assuring him that he would make provision for him

92 PT^OCEEDTXQS OF THE

on his death. This jilan was only partially acceptable to George
Beiitham, who wished to embark on some profession which would
render him independent of his relatives. After much consul-
tation, it was arranged that he should enter Lincoln's Inn and
read for the bar, whilst giving some hours each morning to his
uncle's work, and again in tlie evening. This arrangement lasted
until Jeremy's death in 1832, when George Bentliam found him-
self master of a house in Queen-square Place, but, owing to
various circumstances, with less property than was expected ;
but his father's death in the previous year made this of com-
paratively small importance. During these six years his life was
one of incessant mental activity. Besides tlie work he accom-
plished for his uncle, he edited and partly rewrote his father's
papers on naval administration.

In 1827 he published his ' Outlines of a new System of Logic,'
with a criticism of Dr. Whateley's 'Elements,' in which the
doctrine of the quantification of the predicate is for the first time
set forth ; only a few copies of this work were disposed of, when
the publishers failed, and the stock was sold as w^aste paper.
Probably it was ow'ing to this that it was not until 1850 that
Bentham's discovery was recognized, in the ' Athenaeum ' for
December 21st; when a controversy arose as to his or Sir Wil-
liam Hamilton's claims to the discovery, wliich has been adju-
dicated ill flavour of Bentham.

In 1829 he undertook the Honorary Secretaryship of the Royal
Horticultural Society, at a period when, by excessively wasteful
expenditure, the Society was reduced to a very low ebb. Being a
common friend of Joseph Sabine, the Hon. Sec, and Dr. John
Lindley, the Assistant-Secretary, he took up the burden at their
joint solicitation, and only laid it down in 184^0, when the Society
had been successfully navigated by himself into more prosperous
times. It was during this space of time that so many of our
most popular garden plants were introduced by the ill-fated
Douglas, Hartweg, and other collectors, many of which plants
were named and described by Bentham in the Society's publi-
cations. The Chiswick fetes, too, were instituted whilst Bentliam
was Secretary, the first being held on April 3rd, 1832, 1700 people
being present.

He attended the gathering of scientific men at Hamburg in
1830, greatly to his delight, as testified by his pleasant recollection
of it after the lapse of half a century.

By the publication of his first important botanical work, ' La-
biatarum Genera et Species,' 1832-3G, he made his mark in the
scientific world. The Order needed a monographer of Bentham's
judicial and pliilosophical mind to classify its numerous species
and genera scientifically.

Three years later, in 1835, he married the daughter of Sir Har-
ford Brydges, Bart., of Boultibrooke, and the next year removed to
his late uncle's bouse in Queeu-square Place, where he resided till

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 93

1842, when he left London for Pontrilas House, Herefordsliire.
Here he continued to work unremittingly upon Botany, adding
to his herbarium and library, as every naturalist must do if far
removed from great centres of scientific industry; until 1854,
when he found that his expenses were increasing beyond his means.
He therefore determined to present his collections of plants and
his botanical books to the Royal Grardens at Kew, and to return
himself to London. Shortly after this he took up his quarters
first in Victoria Street, and then at 25 Wilton Place, where he
resided until his death.

U)itil the autumn of last year, Bentham pursued the same
quiet method : leaving home a few minutes after nine, he drove
to Yauxhall, proceeding thence by rail to Kew, where he worked
from ten to nearly four in the afternoon, returning by the
way he came. On his arrival at home he devoted an hour or
more to writing out fairly his notes of work done during the day,
and then dined. His meals were breakfast and dinner, separated,
as we have seen, by a long interval, and he never broke his fast at
other times, nor was he other than a spare eater.

This regular course of life was varied by a two mouths' holiday
in the autumn of each year, spent in the country or abroad, and
by devoting each Thursday to the affairs of the Linnean Society
whilst its President, from 1861 to 1874.

On settling down to the methodical work at Kew which we have
described above, he took in hand the ' Flora Hongkongeusis,' the
inauguration of the Colonial ' Floras ' which have from time to
time been issued under the auspices of the authorities at Kew.
That finished, he undei"took and completed the description of the
plants of the most extensive local exotic flora ever completed, that
of Australia, in which lie derived great assistance from the plants
and accompanying notes supplied by the Grovernment Botanist
of Victoria, Baron Perd. von Mueller. The main work of his
life, however, was done in conjunction with Dr. (now Sir Joseph)
Hooker, being a revision, after examination, of the known genera
of Phanerogams. Begun about 1858, the first part was issued in
1862, and the work was brought to a conclusion in 1883. Imme-
diately after this his health visibly declined, and, after eighteen
months of decreasing strength, he died at his house in Wilton
Place on 20th September last.

Li 1861 he was elected President of the Linnean Society in
succession to Prof. Bell ; and for thirteen years he devoted much
time, not only to the duties of the Presidentship, which he per-
formed with unremitting punctuality, but to the routine work of
the Society, taking on his own shoulders much of the labour pro-
perly belonging to the other oflicers. His purse was constantly
open for the purposes of the Society," and his series of Anniver-
sary Addresses, which are unparalleled in the annals of the Society,
were looked forward to by the body of Pellows as a most important
factor in the day's proceedings. His last published paper came

94

pnOCEEDINGS OF TTIK

out in the Society's ' Journal,' detailing the respective amount of
work contributed by Sir ,T. D. Hooker and himself to tlie ' Genera
Plantariim;' and upon liis death he was found to have bcqueatlied
to it the sum of one thousand pounds, free of legacy duty,
besides other scientific bequests.

A prominent feature of Mr. Bentham's character was a consti-
tutional reserve, or rather shyness, often harassing to himself,
which prevented many from appreciating his fine disposition
and generous qualities. He was the most helpful of living
botanists, sparing neither time nor trouble in aiding his brother
workers with head and hand, pen and microscope. After "Wal-
lich's return to India he undertook the cataloguing and distribu-
tion of the last portion (numbers 7684 to 9148) of that celebrated
botanist's gigantic herbarium, lithographing the tickets with his
own hand. So, too, he catalogued, arranged, and distributed
most of the plants collected by Eobert and Eichard Schomburgk
in Guiana ; also Hartvveg's collections from Colombia, Mexico,
and California ; and, besides many lesser ones, those of his friend
Eichard Spruce, made at intervals during the whole period (about
seven years) of that illustrious traveller's residence in Brazil and
Peru, and amounting to not less than 50,000 specimens. These
were all gratuitous services, undertaken solely in the interest of
botanical science ; and it is impossible to over-estimate their im-
portance as contributions to our knowledge of the flora of the
richest tropical regions of the globe. Nor did his kind offices end
with these acts, for in more tliau one instance he undertook the
collection of money due from subscribers, with the view of saving
his collecting friends the expense and trouble of agency and
commission.

A still greater task was the formation of the great general Her-
barium now at Cambi'idge, which consists for the most part of that
which his friend C. Leman bequeathed to Bentham. With this
and duplicates from his own herbarium he classified, named, and
had fastened down and enclosed in genus-covers no fewer than
30,000 species, forming a consulting herbarium superior to any
in Britain except the national ones. This gigantic task took him
ten years to complete. For this service he received the degree of
LL.D. from the ITuiversity of Cambridge.

The rebuilding of Burlington House, and the removal of the
Linneau Society from its old quarters, now occupied by the Eoyal
Academy, took place during Bentham's presidency. The plans
for our apartments were modified from time to time, as the
building progressed, at his suggestion ; and when the removal
took place he made all the arrangements for the transport of the
books, specimens, and other property. The present scheme of
classifying the books on the shelves \\as elaborated by him,
and the volumes were put in their places with his own hands.
The same office was fultilled by him when the old herbarium
buildiug at Kew was adapted to modern needs ; the library there

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

was arrauged largely according to his plans,
which was acquainted with his varied and powerful heljD'li^iJ
passed away, and one of the most modest of men failed to"
record it himself.

The honours which came to him were borne by him rather than
coveted. Mention has already been made of the circumstances
attending his degree of LL.D. at Cambridge ; for the service done
to colonial scieuce by his ' Flora Australiensis ' he was made
C.M.G. ; he also received one of the Royal Society's medals, and
tlie Clarke Medal of the Eoyal Society of New South Wales ; and
was a correspondent of the Institute of Prance.

Dr. Kanitz published a bibliography in ' Magyar Novenytani
Lapok,' which is given below with corrections and additions.
Particular attention may be called to a series of most interesting
letters addressed by him to Sir W. Hooker, containing in-
formation relative to the progress and condition of Botany in
many foreign countries, published, wholly or in part, as "from
an eminent botanist," in Sir William's v.-irious botanical jour-
nals *. These form, in a measure, a chapter of autobiography,
and are especially interesting, as, for instance, when Bentbam
tells how he has settled down for a winter's work at Vienna,
the result of which was his paper on Leguminoste in the ' Ann.
Wiener Museums ' f.

Mr. Bentham survived his wife, by whom he hud no family,
four years. The bulk of his estate passed to a great-niece,
resident in Prance.

List of Bentham's Works, etc.

1. Essai sur la nomenclature et la classification des principales
branches d'art-et-science, ouvrage extrait [et traduit] du'Chresto-
mathia' de J. Bentham par G. Bentham. Paris, 1823. 8vo.

2. Catalogue des plantes indigenes des Pyrenees et dn Bas-
Languedoc avec des notes et observations sur les especes nou-
velles ou pen counues ; precede d'une notice sur un voyage
botanique fait dans les Pyrenees pendant I'ete de 1825. Paris :
Huzard. 1826. 8vo ; pp. 128. (3 fr.)

3. Anon. Sketches of Manners in the South of France.
I. The Eousillonais. Pp. 7. Loud. Magazine, Jan. 1827. II. The
Eepublic of Anderoa. Pp. 7. Feb. 1827.

4. Outline of a new System of Logic, with a critical examination
of Dr. Whateley's ' Elements of Logic' 1827. 8vo ; pp. 287.

5. (J)bservations on the Registration Bill now pending before
the House of Commons, addressed to the Commissioners on the
Law of Real Property. 1831. 8vo ; pp. G4 ; App. 65-163.

* Hook. Coiup. Bot. Mag. ii. 74-78, 187-191 ; Hook. Journ. Bol. ii. (1840)
lUa-llS; Hook. Lond. Jouni. Bot. v. (184(5) 524-534, vi. 43-54.

t For other notices, see Nature, Oct. 2, 1884, pp. 539-543 ; Gard. Chron. Sept.
20, 1884, pp. 368-370; Magyar N5v6nytain Lapok, Sept., Oct., pp. 97-108.

96 PROCEEDINGS OP THE

0. De plantis in Expeditione speculatoria Eomanzoffiana obser-
vatia : Labiatfe. Liniia?a, vi. 1831, pp. 7G-82.

7. Report on some of tbe more remarkable hardy ornamental
Plants raised in the Society's G-arden from seed received from
Mr. D. Douglas. Hortic. Soc. Trans, i. 1831-35, pp. 403-414,
476-482 ; Ann. Sci. Nat. ii. (Bot.), 1834, pp. 80-89.

8. Labiatarum genera et species : or, a Description of the
genera and species of Plants of tbe order Labiatae ; with their
general history, characters, affinities, and geographical distri-
bution. London : Eidgway. 1832-36. 8vo ; pp. Ixviii, 783,
et mappa. (£1 16s.)

9. Account of Indian Labiatao in the collection of J. F. Eoyle.
Hooker, Botan. Miscell. iii. pp. 370-384 ; 1833.

10. Serophularinese Indicse. A Synopsis of the East-Indian
Scrophularinea? contained in the collections presented by the East-
Indian Company to the Linnean Society of London, and in those
of Mr. Eoyle and others ; with some general observations on the
affinities and subdivisions of the Order. London : J. Eidgway.
1835. 8vo ; pp. 57.

11. Synopsis of the Grerardiese, a tribe of Scrophulariaceae.
Hooker,* Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 1835, pp. 198-212.

12. Synopsis of the Buchnerese, a tribe of Scrophulariaceae.
Hooker, Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 1835, pp. 356-384.

13. Caracteres des tribus et des genres de la famille des Scro-
phularinees. Ann. Sci. Nat. iv. (Bot.), 1835, pp. 178-188.

14. Note upon a newly-introduced half-hardy species of Salvia
(S. 2xitens). Hortic. Soc. Trans, ii. 1835-41, pp. 222-224.

15. Enumeration of the Plants collected by Mr. Schomburgk in
British Guiana. Ann. Nat. Hist. ii. 1835, ])p. 105-111, 441-
451 ; iii. pp. 427-438.

16. Contributions tow ards a Flora of South America. Enumera-
tion of Plants collected by Mr. Schombui-gk in British Guiana.
Hooker, Journ. Bot. ii. 1840, pp. 38-103, 127-146, 210-223,
286-324 ; iii. pp. 212-250 ; iv. pp. 99-130, 321-323 ; Hooker,
Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 1842, pp. 193-203 ; ii. 1843, pp. 359-378 ;
iv. 1845, pp. 622-637 ; v. pp. 351-365.

17. Labiatse Orientales herbarii Montbretiani, sen Labiatarum
species novse vel minus cognitse quas in Syria et Asia Miuore
collegerunt Gust. Coquebert-de-Montbret et Aucher-Elov. Ann.
Sci. IS at. vi. (Bot.), 1836, pp. 37-57.

18. Anon. Extracts from Letters to Sir W. J. Hooker, dated
Berlin, Dresden, Yicnua, &c., containing current botanical infor-
mation. Hooker, Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. (1836), pp. 74-78, 187-
191 &c. (See last page.)

19. Synopsis of the Hemiraeridese, a tribe of Scrophulariaceae.
Hooker, Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 1836, pp. 13-23.

LIIOTEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 97

20. Observations on some little-known genera and species of
Scrophulariacese. Hooker, Corap. Bot. Mag. ii. 1836, pp. 53-
60.

21. Herbarii Wildenoviani Didynamia gymnospermia cum
monographia Benthamiaua comparata. Linnaea, xi. 1887,
pp. 327-348.

22. Eeview of the order Hydrophyllefe. [1834.] Linn. Soc.
Trans, xvii. 1837, pp. 267-282.

23. Observations on the genus HosacJcia and the American Loti.
[1835.] Linn. Soc. Trans, xvii. 1837, pp. 363-368.

24. On the Eriogonese, a tribe of the order Polygonacese.
[1835.] Linn. Soc. Trans, xvii. 1837, pp. 401-420.

25. Sileneae, Leguminosse, and Boragineae, " also for describing
inhis own works, the Labiatse and Serophulariueae." Prof. Royle's
' Illustrations of the Botany of the Himalayan Mountains.' 1839.

M. De Candolle's ' Prodromus ': —

26. Ericace». Vol. vii. 1839, pp. 612-712.

27. Polemoniacese. Vol. ix. 1845, pp. 302-322.

28. Scrophulariace*. Vol. x. 1846, pp. 186-586.

29. Labiate. Vol. xii. 1848, pp. 27-603.

30. Stackhousiacese. Vol. xv. 1864, pp. 499-502.

31. Plantae Hartwegianee. Londini : Gruil. Pamplin. 1839-57.
8vo ; pp. iv, 393. (12s.)

32. Anon. Prance and Pyrenees (1839). Hooker, Journ. Bot.
ii. (1840), pp. 103-118.

33. De Leguminosarum generibus commentationes. Wien.
Ann. Mus. ii. 1840, pp. 61-142.

34. Observations on the distinctive characters of the Papi
liouaceae and Csesalpiniese, suborders of Leguminosse. Hooker,
Journ. Bot. iii. 1841, pp. 125-133.

35. On the genus Harpalyce. Hooker, Journ. Bot. iii. 1841,
pp. 208-211.

36. On the structure and affinities of Arachis and Voandezia.
[1838.] LiuQ. Soc. Trans, xviii. 1841, pp. 155-162.

37. Observations on some genera of plants connected with the
Plora of Gruiana. [1838.] Linn. Soc. Trans, xviii. 1841,
pp. 225-238.

38. On the Heliamfliora nutans, a new Pitcher-plant from
British Guiana. [1840.] Linn. Soc. Trans, xviii. 1841, pp. 429-
434 ; Liun. Soc. Proc. i. 1849, p. 53.

39. Account of two new genera allied to Olacinese. [1840.]
Linn. Soc. Trans, xviii. 1841, pp. 671-686 ; Liun. Soc. Proc. i.
1849, pp. 85-85.

40. Notes on Mimoseae, with a short synopsis of species.
Hooker, Journ. Bot. iv. 1842, pp. 323-418 ; Hooker, Lond. Journ.

LIKN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1884-85. i

98 PEOCEBDINGS OF THE

Bot. 1. 1842, pp. 318-392, 494-528 ; iii. 1844, pp. 82-112, 195-
226 ; iv. 1845, pp. 577-622; v. 1846, pp. 75-108.

41. Enumeration of the Plants collected in Hong Kong by Mr.
Hinds. Hooker, Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 1842, pp. 482-494.

42. Enumeration of the Plants collected by R. B. Hinds and
Mr. Barclay in the Feejee Islands, Tanna, New Ireland, and
New Guinea ; to which are added a few species gathered in
Amboyna by Mr. Barclay. Hooker, Lond. Journ. Bot. ii. 1843,
pp. 211-240.

43. Enumeration of Leguiniuosa? indigenous to Southern Asia
and Central and Southern Africa. Hooker, Lond. Journ. Bot.
ii. 1843, pp. 423-483, 559-613 ; iii. 1844, pp. 338-365 ; vii. 1848,
pp. 580-657.

44. The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. ' Sulphur,' under the
command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, during the years
1836-42. Published under the authority of the Lords Com-
missioners of the Admiralty. Edited and superintended by
Richard Brinsley Hinds, attached to the Expedition. The
Botanical descrijDtions by George Bentham. London: Colburn.
1844. 4to ; 195 pp., 60 tab. (£3 Ss.)

45. Description of a new species of Bolivaria. Hooker, Lond
Journ. Bot. v. 1846, pp. 190, 191.

46. Anon. Notes made during a Continental Tour in the summer
and autumn of 1846-47, being extracted from letters addressed to
the Editor by a botanical fx'iend. Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v.
1846, pp. 524-534 ; vi. 1847, pp. 43-54, 477-482. Scandinavia,
Russia, Turkey, and Italy.

47. Anon. Numerical List of Dried Plants in the herbarium of
tlie Honourable East India Company, presented to the Linnean
Society of London, continued from Dr. Wallieh's List. — Euphor-
biacese and other plants which, on the first sorting, were mixed with
them, and have been roughly arranged in species for the purpose
of distribution. Nos. 7684-8324, initials at end. 1847.

48. Contributions to the Flora of Guiana. Enumeration of
Plants collected in British, Dutch, and French Guiana, by Robert
and Richard Schomburgk, Dr. Hostmanu, M. Leprieur, and otliers.
Hooker, Lond. Journ. Bot. vii. 1848, pp. 567, 568.

49. Note on the genus Benjaminia, Mart. Hook. Lond.
Journ. Bot. vii. 1848, pp. 567-568.

50. Plantse Regnellianse — Leguminosae, Scrophularinese, La-
biatse. Linnaea, xxii. 1849, pp. 511-531, 564-567.

51. Flora Nigritiana, or a Catalogue of the Plants of the River
Niger, the island of Fernando Po, and adjacent parts of Western
Tropical Africa, from the collections of Dr. T. Vogel, to which
are added those of Mr. G. Don and other travellers. Pp. 333-
577 : ChrysobalauesB to end. Pp. 203-332 : Ranunculaceae to

LIimEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 99

Leguminosse inclusive were worked up by Dr, J. D. Hooker, and
after his departure for India, were edited by Mr. Bentham. —
The whole forms a portion of Sir W. J. Hooker's Niger Flora.
1849.

52. E-eport on the Dried Plants collected by Mr. Spruce in the
neighbourhood of Para, North Brazil, in the mouths of July,
August, and September 1849. Hooker, Journ. Bot. ii. 1850,
pp. 209-212, 233-244; iii. pp. 111-120, 161-166, 191-200, 366-
373 ; iv. pp. 8-18.

53. Plantae Regnellianse — Rubiacese. Linnsea, xxiii. 1850,
pp. 443-446.

54. Florula Hongkongensis. An Enumeration of the Plants
collected in the island of Hong Kong by Major J. Gr. Champion,
95th Regt. Hooker, Journ. Bot. iii. 1851, pp. 255-264, 306-
312, 326-334; iv. pp. 41-50, 73-81, 116-123, 164-172, 193-199,
232-237, 296-305, 327-335 ; v. pp. 52-58, 129-137, 193-200 ;
vi. pp. 1-9, 72-78, 112-117; vii. pp. 33-39.

55. LeguminossB inter plantas Nilgherrenses Holienackeri.
Liimaea, xxiv. 1851, pp. 624-645.

56. Acanthacese novae inter plantas Nilgherrenses Hoheuackeri.
Linna^a, xxiv. 1851, pp. 646, 647.

57. Plautse Junghuhnianse. 8vo. 1851-55. (Leguminosae,
pp. 205-269.)

58. Notes on the American species of Myristica, Hooker,
Journ. Botany, v. 1853, pp. 1-9.

59. Notes on Humiriacese. Hooker, Journ. Botany, v. 1853,
pp. 97-104.

60. Note on the Leonia cymosa, Mart. Hooker, Journ.
Botauy, v. 1853, pp. 215 ,216.

61. On some new genera and species of Brazilian Eubiacese,
Hooker, Journ. Botany, v. 1853, pp. 229-236.

62. Notes on two little-known genera connected with the South-
American Flora {Taspura and Lecostemon) . Hooker, Journ.
Botany, v. 1853, pp. 289-296.

63. On three new genera connected with the Indian Flora.
Hooker, Journ. Botany, v. 1853, pp. 304-309.

64. Plautse Muellerianse ; Mimosse, additis speciebus novis uon-
nullis Australasicis, Drummondianis aliisque. Linnsea, xxvi,
1853, pp. 235-255.

65. Notes on North-Brazilian Q-eutianeae, from the collections
of Mr. Spruce and Sir Eobert Schomburgk. Hooker, Journ.
Botany, vi. 1854, pp. 193-204.

66. On a tree supplying the Sabian wood of Cuba. Hooker,
Journ. Botany, vi. 1854, pp. 235-237.

67. On the North-Brazilian Euphorbiaceae in the collections of

»2

100 PEOCEEDTNGS 01" THE

Mr. Spruce. Hooker, Journ. Botany, vi. 1854, pp. 321-333,
3G3-377.

68. On Renriquezia verticillata. Spruce, anew genus of Bigno-
niacefe from the Rio Negro, in North Brazil. Hooker, Journ.
Botany, vi. 1854, pp. 337-339.

69. On the Soutli-Aiuerican Triuridese and leafless Burman-
niacesD from the collections of Mr. Spruce. Hooker, Journ.
Botany, vii. 1855, pp. 8-17.

70. Additional note on Arachis hypogcea. Hooker, Journ.
Botany, vii. 1855, pp. 177-179 ; Silliman's Journ. xx. 1855,
pp. 202, 203.

71. Notes on the Eoogee of Kumaou, Megacarpcea polyandra.
Hooker, Journ. Botany, vii. 1855, pp. 353-357.

72. Anm. Historical Notes on Cultivated Plants by Dr.
Antonio Targioni-Tozzetti. Summary by G. B. Journ. Hortic.
Soc. ix. 1855, pp. 133-181.

73. Anon. 1. Geographie Botanique raisonnee, par Alph. de
Candolle. 2. Introductory Essay to the Flora of New Zealand,
by J. D. Hooker. 3. Introductory Essay to the Flora Indica,
by J. D. Hooker and T. Thomson. 4. The Ferns of Great Britain
and Ireland, by T. Moore, edited by J. Lindley. Edin. Eev. 1856,
pp. 490-518.

74. Description of two American species of Chietum. Hooker,
Journ. Botany, viii. 1856, pp. 357-359.

75. On Prof Nees von Esenbeck's Genera of Acanthacese, in
the eleventh volume of De CandoUe's 'Prodromus.' Hooker,
Journ. Botany, ix. 1857, pp. 75-78.

76. Notes on Loganiacese [1856]. Linn. Soc. Journ. i. 1857
(Bot.), pp. 52-114.

77. On BracTiynema and Phoxanfhus, two new genera of Bra-
■ zilian Plants. Linn. Soc. Trans, xxii. 1857, pp. 125-128.

78. Memorandum on the principles of Generic Nomenclature
in Botany [1857]. Linn. Soc. Journ. ii. 1858 (Bot.), pp. 30-33.

79. Synopsis of the genus Clitoria. [1857.] Linn. Soc. Journ.
ii. 1858 (Bot.), pp. 33-44.

80. On the Species and Genera of Plants, considered with re-
ference to their practical application to Systematic Botany.
(Extracted from a paper read before the Linuean Society of
London, Nov. 15, 1858.) Nat. Hist. Eev. 1861, pp. 133-151.

81. Handbook to the British Flora; a description of the
flowering plants and ferns indigenous to or naturalized in the
British Isles. For the use of beginners and amateurs. London :
Lovell Eeeve. 1858. 8vo ; pp. xvi, 655. (12s.)

Ed. II. ih. 1866. 8vo ; pp. Ixxx, 600.
Ed. IV., 1878. 8vo ; pp. Ixxx, 607. (Also dated 1880.)
Also an edition with 1295 illustrations from original drawings
by W. Fitch. 1865. 2 vols. 8vo.

LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LOTTDON. lOI

82. Synopsis of Legnotidese, a tribe of Eliizophoracese, [1858.]
Linu. Soc. Journ. iii. 1859 (Bot.), pp. 65-80.

83. Notice of the re-discovery of the genua Asteranthos, Desf.,
by Mr. Spruce. [1858.] Linn. Soc. Journ. iii. 1859 (Bot.),
pp. 80, 81.

84. On the genus B^enriqiiezia of Spruce. Linn. Soc. Trans,
xxii. 1859, pp. 295-298.

85. Martins, Flora Brasiliensis. Tom. xv. Pars I. Pp. 350,
127 tab. — LeguminossB, Papilionacese, exposuit Gr. B. Lipsise.
1859-62. Folio.

. Pars II. 520 cols., 138 tab. — Leguminosae, Swartzise,

Csesalpinise, and Mimosese. Lipsiae. 1870-76. Folio.

86. Notes on Somalium. [1859.] Linn. Soc. Journ. iv. 1860
(Bot.), pp. 31-38, 200.

87. Synopsis of Dalbergiese, a tribe of Leguminosae. Linn.
Soc. Journ. iv. 1860 (Bot.), Suppl.

88. Notes on Ternstroemiaceae. [I860.] Linn. Soc. Journ. v.
1861 (Bot.), pp. 53-65.

89. Notes on Anonacese. [I860.] Linn. Soc. Journ. v. 1861
(Bot.), pp. 67-72.

90. Botanical Memoranda. [I860.] Linn. Soc. Journ. v. 1861
(Bot.), pp. 33-78.

91. On Fissicalyx, a new genus of Dalbergieae. [I860.] Linn.
Soc. Journ. v. 1861 (Bot.), pp. 78, 79.

92. Notes on Menispermaceae. Linn. Soc. Trans, v. 1861
(Bot.), Suppl. ii. pp. 45-52. Tiliaceae, pp. 52-74.

93. Notes on Bixaeeae and Samydaceae. Linn. Soc. Trans, v.
1861 (Bot.), Suppl. ii. pp. 75-94.

94. On the species and genera of Plants, considered with
reference to their practical application to Systematic Botany.
[1858.] Nat. Hist. Eeview, 1861, pp. 133-151.

95. Anon. Primitiae Florae amurensis. By C. J. Maximowicz.
Nat. Hist. Eeview, April 1861, pp. 126-132.

96. Outlines of Elementary Botany, as introductory to local
floras. London : Lovell Eeeve. 1861. 8vo ; 45 pp. (2.?. Qd.)

97. Flora Hongkongensis : a description of the flowering
plants and ferns of the island of Hongkong. "With a map of the
island. London : Lovell Eeeve. 1861. 8vo ; pp. 20, Hi, 482.
(16s.)

98. Notes on Caryopbylleae, Portulaceae, and some allied Orders.
[1861.] Linn. Soc. Journ, vi. 1862 (Bot.), pp. 55-77.

99. Notes on Malvaceae and Sterculiaccae. [1861.] Linn. Soc.
Journ. vi. 1862 (Bot.), pp. 97-123.

100. On Inoeavpus. Linn. Soc. Journ. vi. 1862 (Bot.), pp.
146-150.

I02 PE0CEEDIN08 OF THE

101. On Fissicah/x and Prioria, two recently published genera
of Leguminosae. [1S61.] Linn. See. Trans, xxiii. 1862, pp. 389-
391.

102. On African Anonaceae. Linn. Soc. Trans, xxiii. 18G2, pp.
463-480.

103. Flora Australiensis : a Description of the Plants of the Aus-
tralian Territory. By George Bentham, assisted by Ferdinand
Mueller. Published under the authority of the several Govern-
ments of the Australian Colonies. London : L. Eeeve and Co.
7 vols. 8vo. 1863-1878.

104. Anniversary Address, 1863. [On the life-history of
organized beings.] Linn. Soc. Proc. vii. 1864, pp. xi-xxix.

105. On the genera Stveetia, Sprengel, and Glycine, Linn.,
simultaneously published under the name of Leptolohium.
[1864.] Linn. Soc. Journ. (Bot.), viii. 1865, pp. 259-267.

106. Anniversary Address, 1864. [Hybridism, dimorphism, &c.]
Linn. Soc. Proc. viii. 1865, pp. ix-xxiii.

107. Anon. Decaisne on the Variability of Species. Nat. Hist.
Eev., Jan. 1864.

108. Anon. South-European Floras. — 1. Prodromus Florae
Hispanicse, auctoribus M. Willkomm et J. Lange, i. 2. Flora
Italiana, di F. Parlatore, i-iii. 3. Prodromus della Flora
Toscana di T. Caruel, parts 1-3. Nat. Hist. Bev., July 1864,
pp. 369-384.

109. Anon. De CandoUe's Prodromus. Nat. Hist. Kev., Oct.
1864, pp. 506-528.

110. Anon. The Ancient and Modern Floras of Montpellier.
Nat. Hist. Eev., April 1865, pp. 202-225.

111. Description of some new genera and species of tropical
Leguminosaj. [1864.] Linn. Soc. Trans, xxv. 1866, pp. 297-320.

112. Note:? on Pueraria^'D.Q., correctly referred by the author
to Phaseolecs. [1865.] Linn. Soc. Journ. (Bot.), ix. 1867, pp.
121-125.

113. Note on the genera Darwinia, Eudge, and Bartlingia, Ad.
Brongn. [1865.] Linn. Soc. Journ. (Bot.), ix. 1867, pp. 176-
182.

114. Anon. Index to vols, i.-xxv. Trans. Linn. Soc. 4to.
1867. Pp. 107.

115. Notes on Myrtacese. [1866-67.] Linn. Soc. Journ.
(Bot.), X. 1869, pp. 101-166.

116. Note on the Stigmatic Apparatus of Goodenoviece. [1867.]
Linn. Soc. Journ. (Bot.), x. 1869, pp. 203-206.

117. On Geographical Biology : Anniversary Address. Linn.
Soc. Journ. x. 1869, pp. Ixv-c.

118. Anniversary Address, 1870. [Deep-sea fauna, succession
of races, &c.] Linn. Soc. Proc. 1869-70, pp. Ixxv-xciv.

LIIWEAN SOOIETT OF LONDON. I03

119. Anniversary Address, 1871. [Progress of systematic
biology.] Linn. Soe. Proe. 1870-71, pp. xxxiv-lxxviii.

120. Note on Myrocarpus frondosus, Allem. [1870.] Linn.
Soe. Journ. (Bot.), xi. 1871, p. 265.

12L Eevision of the genus Crtss^n;. [1869.] Linn. Soe. Trans,
xxvii. 1871, pp. 503-592.

122. Anniversary Address, 1872. [Notes on progress of
biology.] Linn. Soe. Proe. 1871-72, pp. xxxiii-lvii.

123. Anniversary Address, 1873. [Study of vegetable anatomy
and physiology.] Linn. Soe. Proe. 1872-73, pp. viii-xxix.

124. Outlines of Botany, witli special reference to local floras.
4th ed. 12mo. Is. 1873.

125. Notes on the styles of Australian Proteaceae. [1871.]
Linn. Soe. Journ. xiii. 1873 (Bot.), pp. 51-64.

126. Notes on the Classification, History, and G-eographical
Distribution of Compositse. Linn. Soe. Journ. xiii. 1873 (Bot.),
pp. 335-577.

127. On the recent progress and present state of Systematic
Botany. Eept. Brit. Assoc. 1874, pp. 27-54.

128. Notes on the Gamopetalous Orders belonging to the
Campanulaceous and Oleaceous Grroups. Journ. Linn. Soe.
(Bot.), XV. [1877], pp. 1-16. [1875.]

129. On tlie Distribution o*f the Monocotyledonous Orders into
Primary Groups, more especially in reference to the Australian
Plora, with notes on some points of Terminology. Journ. Linn.
Soe. (Bot.), XV. (1877), pp. 490-520.

130. Notes on Euphorbiaceae. .Tourn. Linn. Soe. (Bot.), xvii.
(1880), pp. 185-267. [1878.]

131. Notes on Orchidacese. Journ. Linn. Soe. (Bot.), xviii.
(1881), pp. 281-360.

132. Notes on Cyperaceae, with special reference to Lesti-
boudois's "Essai" on Beauvois's genera. Journ. Linn. Soe. (Bot.)
xviii. (1881), pp. 360-367.

133. Notes on Gramineee. Journ. Linn. Soe. (Bot.), xix. (1882),
pp. 14-134. [1881.]

134. On the Joint and Separate Work of the Authors of Ben-
tham and Hooker's ' Genera Plantarum.' .Tourn. Linn. Soe. (Bot.),
XX. (1884), pp. 305-308. [1883.]

In addition to these, there were various descriptions of plants
in Hooker's ' Icones,' Edwards's ' Botanical Register,' Curtis'a
' Botanical Magazine,' and Maunds's ' Botanist.'

In conjunction with Sir J. D. Hooker : —

135. Genera Plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis
Kewensibus servata defiuita, auctoribus G. Bentham et J. D.
Hooker. Volumen I. Sistens Dieotyledonum polypetalarum
ordines Ixxxiii. Eanunculaceas — Cornaceas. Londini: Eeeve et

I04 PROCEEDINGS OE THE

Co. 1862-67. 8vo; pp. xv, 1040. — Vol. II. Caprifoliacese ad
PlantaKiiieco. Pp. viii, 1279. 1876.— Vol. III. Mouochlamydese,
G-vmuospermea), Monocotyledones. Pp. xi, 1258. 1883.

136. Bentliam, George, and J. D. Hooker. Note on the era-
l?ryo of Ancistrocladus. Linn. Soc. Journ. vii. 1863 (Bot.),
p. 111.

The following papers are by Orsted only, Bentliam hav-
ing disclaimed any cooperation beyond supplying notes to the
plants : —

" Bcntham, George, og A. Orsted." Centralamerikas Rubia-
ceer. Kjobenh. Vidensk. Meddel. 1852, pp. 23-61.

" , ." Compositfe Centroamericanse. Kjobenh. Vi-
densk. Meddel. 1852, pp. 65-121.

" , ." Leguminosse Ceutroamerican£e. Kjobenh. Vi-
densk. Meddel. 1853, pp. 1-19.

" , ." 8crophularine8e Centro-americanse. Kjobenh.

Vidensk. Meddel. 1853, pp. 20-31.

" , ," Labiatge Centroamericauae. Kjobenh. Vidensk.

Meddel. 1853, pp. 32-42.

This is by Cosson, on a note by Bentham : —

" Bentham, George, et Cosson, E." Compositarum genus
novum Algeriense, Warionia. Paris : Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xix.
1872, pp. 165, 166.

James Buckman was born at Cheltenham in 1814, and was
educated for the medical profession ; but, disliking his studies
for it in London, he returned to his native place and began
business as a chemist.

Whilst in London he began to collect plants from the vicinity
of tlie metropolis, and made a considerable collection. In 1842
he was appointed Curator of the Birmingham Philosophical In-
stitute, which he quitted on his election as Professor at the
Agricultural College at Cirencester. This post he held for 16
years, retiring in 1863 to a farm at Bradford Abbas, in Dorset-
shire, where he died Nov. 23, 1884. He was elected Fellow Feb-
ruary 5, 1850. He stands as author of 37 papers in the Eoyal
Society's ' Catalogue,' on biological and geological subjects.

Heineich Robeet Goppeet was born in 1800, and died at
Broslau, where he was Professor of Natural History, on May 18,
1885. He was a man of tireless energy, nearly 250 papers being
assigned to his pen in the Royal Society's ' Catalogue.'

In addition he publislied Catalogues of the Botanic Garden,
botanical and pala?ontological publications in great abundance.
He was elected Foreign Member, May 1, 1855.

John Gwtn Jefeeets was born at Swansea, 18th Jan. 1809,
where three generations of his progenitors had practised as
solicitors. His father died in 1815 j our subject was the eldest

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. I05

of four children ; he received his early education at Swansea
Grammar School, ending by his becoming " head boy."

During his school-days he began to collect shells on the shore
of Swansea Bay ; and Mr. Griffiths, his schoolmaster, Mr. Dill-
wyn, and other friends having encouraged him, he made it a
regular pursuit. At seventeen he was articled to a solicitor in
his native town, but gave his spare time to dredging on the coast.
In 1828, when only nineteen, he sent a paper to this Society,
being a " Synopsis of the Pulmobranchous Mollusca of Great
Britain," which is printed in our ' Transactions,' occupying
60 pages. In 1836 he attended the Bristol Meeting of the
British Association, and there met Prof. E. Forbes. For
many years he continued a constant attendent of the Annual
Meetings of the Association, being Local Treasurer at Swansea
in 1848, President of the Biological Section in 1877 at Plymouth,
and Vice-President of tlie Association at its second visit to his
native town in 1880.

He entered into business as solicitor in Swansea, and married
a daughter of Mr. E. J. Nevill, of Llangenneck Park, but still
prosecuted his labours, first with a row-boat, afterwards with a
yacht, the ' Osprey,' which he purchased expressly. He removed
to London, and was called to the bar in 1856 with a view to
London practice, but finally retired from the legal profession in
1866 and removed to Ware Priory. In 1862 the first volume of
his valuable manual, ' British Conchology,' came out, in due time
followed by four others, ending in 1869.

Hit-herto his dredging operations had been within 200 fathoms ;
but during the cruise of the ' Lightning,' in 1868, a successful
haul had been made from 650 fathoms. The ' Porcupine ' was
in 1869 fitted up for deeper exploration, and Gwyn Jeffreys un-
dertook the superintendence of the scientific portion, as his co-
adjutors, Sir Wyville Thomson and Dr. Carpenter, were engaged
in official duties during the eai'ly part of the season. The dredge
was successfully worked at the then unprecedented depth of 1-176
fathoms, thus paving the way for the greater exploit in tlie next
cruise of 2435 fathoms. The Report of the Cruise was drawn
up by Jeftreys, and presented to the Royal Society, some of the
results being of the greatest importance and interest.

The second ' Porcupine ' expedition was also generalled by
Gwyn Jefl:reys ; the coast of Portugal being specially investigated.
In 1871 he visited the United States, and in 1875 he saw to the
outfit of the ' Valorous,' and reported on her cruise. In 1880 lie
engaged in his last deep-sea dredging, in the l!"Vench inquiry, in
the Bay of Biscay, in ' Le Travailleur.'

His wife died in 1881, and Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys removed from
"Ware to Kensington, where he died Jan. 24, 1885, from apoplexy ;
the previous evening he had attended a lecture given by his son-
in-law, Prof. Moseley, at the Royal Institution.

He was elected Fellow 7th Dec. 1865, and Treasurer to the

Io6 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE

Linnean Society from 1875 to 1880. He also exercised the same
function at the Geological Society : his methodical business habits
were also appreciated by the Royal Society, on whose Council
he served.

His splendid collections were bought by tlie American Govern-
ment two years ago.

James Henrt Ma^'Gles was the son of James Mangles, captain
in the Royal Navy, Chairman of the London and South Western
Railway Company. He was born in 1832, and studied for the
bar, but did not practise. He inherited his father's likings for
gardening pursuits and devoted himself particularly to the
genus Bliododendron, in which his knowledge was admitted to
be special. He took an active part in the work of the Royal
Horticultural Society for a few years before his death, which
happened at his residence Valewood, near Haslemere, August24,
1884. He was elected a Fellow of the Society, April 24, 1874.

Major F. J. Sidney Paeut, of 18 Onslow Square, was born in
1811, and joined the 17th Lancers as Cornet in 1881, but left the
army in 1835, and having devoted much of his time to entomology,
he gave himself henceforward almost exclusively to its pursuit.
His earliest paper seems to have been published in 1872, being a
communication to the Entomological Society in that year on a
new genus of Lucanidse from New Zealand. Although he did
not confine his labour to this family of Coleoptera, he became
more especially associated wdth it, publishing from time to time
several memoirs, and a revised list in 1870 of 357 species ; his
collection of this family being considered the most complete in
existence. He was elected Fellow, November 15, 1842, and died at
his daughter's house, the Warren, Bushy Heath, February 1, 1885.

Eduard RiJppELL was born on November 20, 1794, at Frank-
fort. On his father's death he left the Gymnasium and engaged
in business. His love for natural history impelled him in 1817
to undertake a journey to Egypt, where he spent some time.
The same year witnessed the founding of the Senekenberg Natural
History Society in his native town, and induced him to prosecute
studies in Pavia and Genoa universities, to prepare himself for
scientific travelling. In 1S22 he set out on a six years' journey
to Egypt, Nubia, and Kordofan ; and in 1832 he again journeyed
to Abyssinia and Arabia. He presented his ricli collections to
the Museum of his native city, and published his results in
the ' Abhandlungen,' besides contributing important papers to
various periodicals, as also issuing several volumes ou the Zoo-
logy of N.E. Africa. In 1831 he was elected Foreign Member
of the Linnean Society ; and died at Frankfort, December 10,
1884, aged 91 years, 53 years after Foreign Membership of the
Society. In 1840 he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal
Geographical Society.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 107

Joseph Sidebotham was born in 1822, and died at Erlesdene,
Bowdon, on Saturday, May 30, 1884.

He was brought up to the business of calico printing, and
for a long period was the head of a firm carrying on a very
successful trade in that department of industry, at Strines, in
Derbyshire. In early life he became interested in the study of
botli entomology and botany ; also in astronomical research, and
in counection with his intimate friend, Mr. James Nasmyth, C.E.,
then of Patricroft, constructed some large and effective reflecting
telescopes. Amongst his other numerous pursuits, Mr. Side-
botham did not neglect photography, and on the publication of the
collodion process in 1851, he sought and obtained an interview
with the late Frederick Scott Archer, and was probably the first
to introduce the working details of that beautiful process to
lovers of photography in the north of England.

He was one of the chief founders^of the Manchester Photo-
graphic Society, and became its first secretary, being a member
at the period of his death. The waxed-paper process in his hands,
as well as the collodio-albumen, were worked to great perfection,
and for several years he was a recognized leader in dry-plate
work. Of late years his health caused alarm to his family and
friends ; he spent two winters at Mentone, where he took a large
number of excellent negatives ou collodio-albumen plates. His
residence at that delightful watering-place seemed for a time to
recruit his strength considerably.

He left three sons and three daughters. The burial took
place at the parish-church of Bowdon on Wednesday, June 2ud.

Mr. Sidebotham published 25 papers, of which he is credited in
the Catalogue of Scientitic Papers of the Eoyal Society. His
first paj)er was " Plants collected in Westmoreland ;" and the
others are also of botanical and zoological character, entomology
being a favourite subject.

Gael Theodoe Eenst von Siebold was born at Wlirzburg
on February 16, 1801, and was brother of the Japanese traveller
and botanist. He was bred to the medical profession, and prac-
tised for some time at Ktinigsberg until 1835, when he was
appointed Master of the Lying-in Hospital at Dantzic. In 1840
he moved to Erlangen, there teaching comparative anatomy and
zoology. Five years later he was made Professor of Zoology at
Freiburg, and there began his ' Lehrbuch der vergleicheuden
Anatomie der wirbellosen Thiere,' in conjunction with others.
In 1849 he started, in conjunction with Kolliker, the ' Zeitschrift
fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie,' which still is the most prominent
zoological periodical in Germany. The next year he became
Professor at Breslau; and in 1853 he was appointed to the Uni-
versity of Munich to fill the chair of Comparative Anatomy, and
Director of the Zoological Cabinet ; these positions he retained
to the last. He was elected a Foreign Member of our Society

To8 PEOCEEDTNGS OF THE

and of the Royal in 1858, and in 1867 Corresponding Member ot
the Institute of France. His published memoirs amount to more
than 130. Since 1874 liis health declined, and on April 6 he
died at Munich. (See Biograph. Skizze, Zeitsch. f. Wissensch.
Zool. Bd. xlii. 1885.)

APPENDIX.

Absteact of PA-PEE.

On the Germination of Seeds after Prolonged Submersion in
Salt AV^ater. By James Waltee White, Esq. (Commu-
nicated by Dr. E. C. A. Peioe, F.L.S.)

[Eead 7th May, 1885.]

The facts described in the present paper bear upon the germina-
tion of seeds after prolonged submersion in salt water in the
estuary of the river Avon at and below Bristol.

Three or four years ago the Dock and Harbour authorities of
this city bestirred themselves to improve the navigation of the
port. In deepening the water-channels a large quantity of accu-
mulated deposit was taken up by steam-dredgers both from the
bed of the Avon and from the floating harbour. These dredgings
were deposited in a disused stone-quarry in the Avon gorge. A
staging was erected on the river-bank, barges were brought
alongside, and by means of steam cranes and tramways some
thousands of tons were tipped into the quarry. The bulk of the
matter scraped up irom the bed of the river was broken limestone
and alluvial mud, with a good deal of town and ship rubbish,
bones, and brickbats. From the basins there came also a quan-
tity of ashes and refuse thrown overboard from ships in the
harbour. All this was tipped from the trams by manual labour
until the bed of the quarry became raised above the level of the
tow-path ; and then the trams were hauled up the incline by
steam-power, while men distributed the contents. No horses
were employed on the work. The limestone-rubble and heavier
matters of course remained where they were thrown, but the semi-
fluid mud flowed, lava-like, into the recesses and depressions of
the surface. ]n this way a space of about an acre was covered
with dredgings to a depth of from twenty to thirty feet, and then
it was necessary to cease operations m order that the mass might
drain and settle before making further additions. This brings
us to the winter of 1882.

As time went on and spring advanced the soil, now drained
and washed free from salt by the rains, became firm enough to
walk upon, and shortly afterwards I noticed a profuse and varied
vegetation, both on the stony rubble heaps and on the softer soil

LrNTTEAN" SOCIETY OF LONDON.

109

around, and was much surprised at the interestiug character and
luxuriance of the plants which during the summer successively
came into prominence. I examined the spot periodically and
attentively, and collected the following species, which grow on
the banks of the Avon above and below Bristol, but have not
heretofore been found at or near this place, viz. : —

Ranuncuhis scelerafus.
Senebiera Goronopics.
S. (Udyma.
Sinapis arvensis.
S. nigra.

Nasturtium sylvestre.
Lepidium ruderale.
Cochlear ia anglica.
Diplotaxis muralis.
D. tenuifolia.
Malachium aquaticum.
Erodium cicutarium.
Trifolium frngifertmi.
Medicago denticulata.
M, maculata.
Melilotus officinalis.
Vicia angustifolia.
Y. hirsuta.
Apium graveolens.
Conium maculatum.
Helosciaditcfii rep ens.
Sedum acre.
Centranthus ruber.
Artemisia vulgaris.
Matricaria Ghamomilla.

Sympliytum officinale.
Erigeron acris.
Selminthia ecJdoides.
Tragopogon pratensis.
Aster Tripolium and var. dis-

coideus.
Tanacetum viclgare.
Solanum Dulcamara.
S. nigrum.

Veronica Beccahunga.
V. Anagallis.
Lin aria minor.
Scrojyhularia Balbisii.
Plant ago Goronopus.
Ghenopodium t'ubrum.
G. album.

Atriplex angustifolia,
A. liastata.
Suceda maritima.
Salicornia herbacea.
Triglochin maritimum.
Poa compressa.
SclerocMoa procumbens.
Bromus madritensis.
* Lepturus filiformis.

There were also some species which were formerly recorded as
growing in the Avon valley, but which have latterly become
extinct or extremely rare, viz. : —

Erodium moschatum. Polypogon monspeliensis,

Medicago minima. Gastridium lendigerum.

A few British plants (chiefly maritime) not before noted in the
Bristol district, viz. : —

Vicia lutea. Ghenopodium hybridum,

Ajuga Chamcepitys. *JRumex maritimus.

Echinochloa Grus- Galli.

Also the various cereal grasses — wheat, barley, oats, and rye —
with other grasses grown as fodder for animals, all of which are,
or have been, brought by shi]js into the port of Bristol ; as well
as sundry weeds of cultivation, presumably companions of the
cereals just mentioned, and from the same source, viz. : —

no PEOCEEDIiraS OF THE

Papaver jRhoeas. Setaria viridis.

Thlaspi arvense. *S. glnuca.

Siiiapis alba. Bromus arvensis.

Lychnis Githago. B. secalinus.
Gentaurea Gyanus.

And, lastly, aliens and casuals from various parts of the globe,
viz. : —

Saponana Vaccaria. Amsinkia, sp.

TrifoUum hyhridum. Polygonum Fagopyrum.

Melilotus alba. Cannabis sativa.

Cucurbifa maxima. Phalaris canariensis.

*Xanthium spinosum. *Panieum miliaceum.
* Astragalus, sp.

In the following winter dredging was resumed ; the barges and
steam-cranes were again busy with fresh material ; and a good
deal of tlie space which liad been alive witli luxuriant vegetation
was deeply buried under more seed-bearing soil of like compo-
sition. As the summer of 1884 advanced most of the plants
previously noted appeared again in company with some others.
The new arrivals are included in the above list, but are distin-
guished by asterisks.

It will be seen that many of these species are to be regarded
with interest, not because they are rare, but rather on account of
their unexpected appearance in such a peculiar situation. The
luxuriant dimensions of most of the plants is worthy of remark.
Some stems of Bromus madritensis were three feet high and bore
panicles as big as one's head ; and a single root of Sclerochloa
procumbens would overspread a square yard of ground.

And now by what means came such a large number of plants
to spring up spontaneously, and whence came the seed? In
reply to these questions, I will only venture to say that intimate
acquaintance with the locality and its botanical features, together
with close observation of the events herein described, have con-
vinced me that the seeds of all these plants were contained in
the soil at the time of its deposition; that they had previously been
lying imbedded in the Avon mud without losing their vitality ;
and that, notwithstanding their long submersion, tliey were ready
to spring into life when the favourable opportunity oftered.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. Ill

Donations to Libeart, 1884-85.

Volumes and more important pamphlets, exclusive of exchanges,
chiefly from private individuals.

Agassiz, A. The Tortugas and Florida Reefs. 4to. Cambridge (Mass.),

^ 1883. Sir J. Lubbock.

Ahrling, E. Carl von Linnes Brefvexling. 8vo. Stockholm, 1885. Author.

Albrecht, Prof. P. (1) Das Os Intermedium Tarsi der Saugethiere. 8vo.
Leipzig, 1883. — (2) Note sur le Basioccipital des Batraciens Anoures. 8vo.
Brussels, 1883. — (3) Note sur la Presence d'lm Rudiment de Proatlas sur un
exemplaire de Hatteria 'pimctata. 8vo. Brussels, 1883. — (4) Note sur une
Hemivertebre Gauche surnumeraire de Python Sebcs. 8vo. Brussels, 1883.
— (5) Notes sur un sixieiue Costoide cervical chez une Hippojiofanms amphibius,
L. 8vo. Brussels, 1882. — (6) Sur les Elements Morphologiques du Manu-
brium du Sternum chez les Mammiferes. 8vo. Brussels, 1884. — (7) Homo-
dynamies qui existent entre la Main et le Pied des Mammiferes. 8vo.
Brussels, 1884. — (8) Sur les Spondylocentres Epipituitaires du Crane, la
nno-existence de la Poch de Rathke, et la presence de la Cliorde Dorsale et
de Spondylocentres dans le Cartilage de la Cloison du Nez des Vertebres.
8vo. Brussels, 1884. — (9) Sur la valeur Morphologique de la Trompe
d'Eustache et les derives de I'Arc Palatin, de I'Arc Mandibulaire, et de I'Arc
Hyoidien des Vertebres. 8vo. Brussels, 1884. Author.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 5th ser., vols, xiii., xiv. 8vo. Lond.,

1884. Dr. W. Francis.
Annual Report of the Dulwich College Science Society. 8vo. Lond., 1879 and

1883. S. W. Carruthers,

Bailey, C. Structure, Occurrence in Lancashire, and Source of Origin oi'Naias

graminca, Del., var. Delilei, Magnus. 8vo. Lond., 1884. Author.

Baker, J. O. (ij Flora of the English Lake District. 8vo. Lond., 1885.— (2)

The Fathers of Yorkshire Botany. 8vo. Huddersfleld, 1884. Author.

Barr, P.and F. W. Ye Narcissus or Daffodyl. 8vo. Lond., 1884. Authors.
Battandier et Trabut. Flore d' Alger. 8vo. Alger., 1884. Authors,

Beccari, O. Malesia. Vol. ii. fasc. 1, 2. 4to. Geuova, 1884. Author.

Bertkau, Dr. P. Ueber den Verdauungsapparat der Spiunen. 8vo. Bonn,

1885. Sir J. Lubbock.
Bidie, G. (1) Coca, its Source, Culture, Uses, etc. 8vo. Madras, 1885. — (2)

Literature of South Indian Botany. 8vo. 1885. — (3) Fauna of Southern

India. 8vo. 1884. ' Author.

Blomefield, L. Reminiscences of Prideaux John Selby, and Twizell House ;

also, Brief Notices of other North Country Naturalists. 8vo. Bath, 1885.

Author.
Borre, A. Preudhomme de. Note des Glomerides de Belgique. Author.

Bos, H. Bijdrage tot de Kennis van den Lichaamsbouw der Roode Boschmier

{Formica rufa). 8vo. Groningen, 1885. Author.

Bowman, F. H. The Structure of the Wool-Fibre, in its Relation to the Use

of Wool for Technical Purposes. 8vo. Manchester, 1885. Author.

Braithwaite, Dr. R. The British Moss-Flora: fam. VIII. Torlulaceaj I.

Roy. 8vo. Lond., 1884. Author.

Bronguiart, C. Observations sur la Maniere dont les Mantes construisent leurs

ootheques ; sur la structure des ootheques, sur I'^closion et la premiei^e mue

des larves. 8vo. Paris, 1881. And 3 other pamphlets by same Author.

' Sir J Lubbock.
Brown, J. E. Forest Flora of South Australia. Pts. 4-6. Fol. Adelaide, 1884.

Author.
Buysman, M. Difference between Sea and Oontinent Climate, with regai-d to

Vegetation. B. Daydon Jackson.

1 1 2 PEOCEEDrFTGS OP THE

Campbell, F. M. On Instinct. 8vo. Hertford, 1884. Author.

Camel, Prof. T. Nuovo Griornale Botanico Italiauo. Vol. xvi. Svo. Firenze,
1884. T. Caruel.

Castle, L. Cactaceous Plants, their History and Culture. Svo. Lond., 1884.

Author.

Oathcart, Earl of. On the Oultiyated Potato. 8vo. Lond., 1884. Author.

Certes, A. (1) De Taction des hautes pressions sur la vitality des Micro-Orga-
nismes d'Eau Douce et d'Eau de Mer. 4to. Paris, 1884. — (2) De I'emploi des
Matieres Colorantes dans I'^tude physiologique et histologique des Inl'usoires
vivant.s. Svo. Paris, 188.'). Author.

Christy, R. M. On the Species of the Genus Primula in Essex. 8vo. Buck-
hurst Hill, Essex, 1884. Author.

Christy, T. New Commercial Plants and Drugs. No. 8. Svo. Loud., 1885.

Author.

Oolenso, Rev. W. An Account of Visits to, and Crossing over the Ruahine
Mountain-Range, Hawke's Bay, N. Z., and of the Natural History of that
Region (1845-1847). Svo. Napier, N. Z., 1884. Author.

Collin, J. Om Limfjordens tidligei-e og Nuvserende Marine Fauna raed .siurligt
hensyn til Bloddyrfaunaen. Svo. Kjobenhavu, 1884. Author.

Coues, Dr. E. Key to North-American Birds. 4to. Boston, 1884. Author.

Dawson, Prof. J. W. (1) Address to the American Assoc, for Advancement of
Science. Svo. Salem, 1883. — (2) Notes on Prehistoric Man in Egypt and
the Lebanon. Svo. Lend., 1884. — (3) Cretaceous and Tertiary Floras of
Brit. Columbia. 4to. Montreal, 1883. Author.

Day, Dr. F. Notes on Breechng of Fishes. Svo. Gloucester, 1884. Author.

Dehnecke, C. Uebor nicht assimilirende Ohlorophyllkorper. Svo. Coin, 1880.

Dr. D. Brandis.

Diising, Dr. Die Factoren welche die Sexualitat entscheiden. Svo. Jena,
1883, G. J. Romanes.

Entomologisk Tidskrift. Vol. v. Svo. Stockholm, 1884. J. Spl,ngberg.

Entomologist. Vol. xvii. Svo. Lond., 1884. T. P. Newman.

Entomologist's Monthly Magazine. Vol. xxi. Svo. Lond., 1884-85.

Editors.

Ernst, Prof. A. El Guachamaca. Svo. Caracas, 1885. Author.

Fletcher, J. J. Catalogue of Papers and Works relating to Mammalian Orders
Marsupialia and Monotremata. 8vo Sydney, 1884. Author.

Flower, Prof. W. H., and Dr. J. G. Garson. Catalogue of Specimens illus-
trating Osteology and Dentition of Vertebrated Animals, Recent and Extinct,
in Museum Roy. Coll. Surg, of Engl. Svo. Lond., 1884.

Council of College.

Forbes, H. O. Three Months' Exploration in the Tenimber Islands, or Timor
Laut. Svo. Lond., 1884. Author.

Fry, G. The Theory and Practice of Sweet Ensilage. Svo. Lond., 1885.

Author.

Gadow, Dr. H. Catalogue of Birds in British Museum. — Passeriformes.
Vol. ix. Svo. Lond., 1884. Trustees Brit. Mus.

Gardner, J. S. (1) British Cretaceous Nuculidaj. Svo. Lond., 1884. — (2)
Monograph of the British Eocene Flora. Vol. ii. Pts. 1-2. Gymno-
spermse 4to. Lond., 1883-84. Author.

Gordon, Surg.-Gen. C. A. Reports Medical OfBcers, Chinese Imp. Maritime
Customs Service, 1871-82. 4to. Lond., 1884. C. A. Gordon.

Graber, V. Ueber die Helligkeits- und Farbenempfindung einiger Meerthiere.
Svo. 1885. Author.

Gray, Prof. Asa. (1) Botanical Contributions 1884-85. Svo. 1885.— (2) Cha-
racteristics of North-American Flora. Svo. 1884. — (3) Gender of Names
of Varieties. Svo. New York, 1881. — (4) Memoir of G. Eugelniann and
Oswald Ileer. Svo. 1884. — (5) A Revi.sion of North-American Species of
the Genus Oxytropis. Author.

Griffin and Co. Year-Book of the Scientific and Learned Societies of Gt. Britain
and Ireland. Svo. Lond., 1884. Publishers.

I

LIITNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDOIS". II3

Guide to Galleries of Mammalia, British Museum. 8vo. Lond., 1885.

Trustees Brit. Mus.
Guide to Galleries of Fossil Fishes in British Museum. 8vo. Loud., 1885.

Trustees Brit. Mus.
Guun, T. E. Ornithological Invasions of East Anglia. 8vo. Norwich, 1885.

Author.

Gurney, J. H., jun. (1) Catalogue of Birds of Norfolk. Svo. Lond., 1884.

— (2) List of Diurnal Birds of Prey. 8vo. Lond., 1884. Author.

Hanstein, Dr.R. von. Bibliotheca Historico-Naturalis. 34 Jahi-g. 1884. Svo.

Gcittingen, 1884. Messrs. Williams and Norgate.

Herdman, Prof. W. A. Report on Tunicata, Voy. of H.M.S. ' Challenger.'

4to. Ediub., 1882. Author.

Higgins, Rev. H. H. Biographical Sketches in Botany. 8vo. Liverpool, 1880.

Author.

Hindc, G. J. (1) Fossil Calcisponges from the Well-boring at Richmond,

Surrey. Svo. Lond., 1884. — (2) Structure and Affinities of the Family

Receptaculitidffi. Svo. Loud., 1884. Author.

Hoggau, Dr. G. Nerve- Terminations and Lesions. 1882-84. Author.

Hooker, Sir J. D. (1) The Student's Flora of the British Islands. 3rd ed.

Svo. Lond., 1884.— (2) The Flora of British India. Vol. iv. Svo. Lond.,

1883-85. Author.

[Hoop, J. de.] Table Alphabetique des Especes et des Principales Varietes du

Genre Lis (Lilium). Svo. Gand, 18S4. Author.

Hopkinson, J. Transactions and Reports of Herts Nat. Hist. Soc. and

Field Club. Svo. Hertford, 1883-84. Editor.

. Remarks on Land Mollusca, with reference to their Investigation in

Hertfordshire. Svo. Hertford, 1884. Author,

Houghton, Rev. W. Birds of the Assyrian Monuments and Records. Svo.
Lond., 1884. Sir J. Lubbock.

Humphry, Prof. G. M. Observations in Myology. Svo. Cambridge, 1872.

Dr. J. Murie,

Hutton, Capt. F. W. Origin of Fauna and Flora of New Zealand. Pts. 1 and

2. Svo. Dunedin, 1883-84. Author.

Ibbotson, H. Ferns of York, including also Nidderdale and Districts around

Thirsk, Scarboro, and Whitby. Svo. York, 1884. J. G. Baker.

Kidston, R. (1) Fructification of Eusphenopferis tenella and Sphenoptcris

microcarpa. Svo. Lond., 1882. — (2) Report on Fossil Plants collected by

Geolog. Survey of Scotland in Eskdale and Liddesdale. 4to. Edinb., 1882.

Author.

Koch, A. (1) Oesterreichische Monatschrift fiir Thierheilkunde mit Beriicksich-

tigung der Viehsucht und Landwirthschaft. Band viii. 4to. Wien, 1884.

— (2) Revue fiir Thierheilkunde und Thierzucht. Band vii. Svo. Wien,

1884. Prof. T. S. Cobbold.

Kolliker, Pi-of. A. (1) Die Bedeutung der Zellenkerne fur die Vorgiinge der

Vererbung. Svo. Wiirzburg, 1885. — (2) Die embryonalen Keimblatter und

die Gewebe. Svo. Leipzig, 1884. Author.

Koenen, A. von. Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Placodermen des norddeutschen

Oberdevon's. 4to. Gottingen, 1883. Prof. P. M. Duncan,

Kuntze, O. Monographic der Gattung Clematis. Svo. Berlin, 1885. Author.

Langley, J. N. Structure of the Dog's Brain. Svo. Loud., 1870.

G. J. Romanes.
Lawes, Sir J. B., and J. H. Gilbert Animals fed and slaughtered as Food.
Svo. Lond., 1883. Author.

Lefroy, General Sir J. H. Botany of Bermuda. Svo. Washington, 1884.

Author,

Lendenfeld, Dr. R. von. Ueber Ccelenteraten der Siidseo. Pts. 1-4. Svo.

Leipzig, 1883. Sir J. Lubbock.

Lindberg, I. O. (1) Kritiske Granskning of Mossorna uti Dillenii Historia

Muscorum, 1741. 4to. Helsingfors, 1883. — (2) Sandca et Myriorrhynchus,

Nova Hepaticarum Genera. Svo. Helsingfors, 1884. Author,

LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDLNGS. — SESSION ISSl-SS. h

I 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Linton, W. J. Ferns of the English Lake Country. 2nd ed. 8vo. Winder-
mere, 1878. Rev. "W. Newbould.
Loven, Prof. S. On Pourtalesia, a Genus of Echinoidea. 4to. Stockholm, 1SS3.

Author.

Macoun, J. Catalogue of Canadian Plants. Parts 1-2. 8vo. Montreal,

1883-84. Canadian Survey.

M'Intosh, Prof. W. C. Bi-itish Species of Cyanea, and the Reproduction of

Mytilits edulis, L. 8vo. Lond.. 1885. Author.

Masters, Dr. M. T. Life on the Farm— Plant Life. 8vo. Lond., 1885.

AuthcjT.
Miall, Prof. 0. L. (1) Structure of Skull of Bkizodus.—(2) Structure and
Classification of Labvrinthodonts. G. J. Romanes.

Mivart, Prof. St. George. Man and Apes. 8to. Lond., 1873.

Dr. J. Mvirie.
Moore, F. Lepidoptera of Ceylon. Pts. 9-10, 4to. Lond., 1884-85.

Govt, of Ceylon.
Morren, E. La Belgique Hortieole : Anuales de Botanique et d'Horticiilture.

1884. 8vo. Liege, 1884. M. C. Cooke.
Mureau, L. A. M. Voyage of La Perouse round the World in 1785-88.

Vols, i., ii. 8vo. Lond., 1798. J. G. Galton.

Murphy, M. European Flax ; its Culture to the Soils of New Zealand. Pts.

1, 2, 3. 8vo. Christchurch, N. Z., 1880-82. Author,

Nature. Vols, xxx.-xxxi. 4to. London, 1884-85. F. Macmillan.

Newton, Prof. A. Ornithology. (Encycl. Brit.) 4to. Edinb. Author,

Nicholson, G. The Illustrated Dictionary of Gardening. Vol. i., A to E.

4to. Lond., 1885. L. Upcott Gill,

Nitzsch, Dr. C. L. Osteografi.sche Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte der Vogel.

Sto. Leipzig, 1811. Dr. J, Murie,

Norman, Eev. A. M. (1) Presidential Address, Tyneside Naturalists' Field

Club. 8vo. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1884. — (2) Exploration of the Faroe

Channel by ' Knight Errant.' 8vo. Author.

Olsen, O. T. The Fisherman's Nautical Almanac. Sto. Grimsby, 1884 &

1885. ' Author.
Owen, Sir R. Antiquity of Man. 8to. Lond., 1884. Author,
Phillips, E. (1) Origin of the Domestic Cock. 8vo. Lond., 1884.— (2) The

Dog of Sacred History. 8vo. Lond., 1885. Author,

Pierre, L. Flore Forestere de la Cochinchine. 5, 6 fasc. Fol. Paris. 1883.

Author.

Planchon, J. E. (1) La Vegetation de Moutpellier et des Cevennes. 8to.

Montpellier, 1879. — (2) Lettres Ineditesde Jacques Gayet de Victor Jacque-

mont. 8vo. Paris, 1884. ' Author.

Portraits of William J. Burchell, F.L.S., and Dr. Josef Maly.

Dr. R. C. A. Prior.
Preston, Eev. T. A. Wiltshire Rainfall, 1884. 4to. Marlborough, 1885.

Author.
Redtenbacher, J. Uebersicht der Myrmeleoniden-Larren. 4to. Wien. 1884.

Sir J. Lubbock.
Renault, B. Note sur les Sphenozamites. Author.

Report of Meeting of the British Association (Southport). 8to. Lond.. 1884.

Council Brit. Assoc.
Report of Botanical Record Club for 1883. 8vo. Manchester, 1884.

C. Bailey.
Reports of East of Scotland Union of Naturalists' Societies for 1884. 8vo.
Dundee, 1884. Union,

Report on the Horticultural Gardens, Lucknow. Fol. Allahabad, 1883-84.

Dr. H. Cleghom.

Report on Measurements of Growth of Australian Trees on the Nilgiris. Fol.

Madras, 1883. Dr. H. Cleghom.

Report on Measurements of Rates of Growth of Casuarina in the Nellore

District. Fol. Madras, 1884. Dr. H. Cleghom.

LINNEA.N SOCIETY OF LONDOIT. 1 1 S

Report on Government Botanical Gardens at Saharanpur and Mussoorie. Fol.
Allahabad, 1884. Dr. H. Cleghorn.

Report, Salmon Commissioners of Tasmania, to June, 1884. A. Johnston.

Results of 20 Years' Observations on Botany, Entomology, Ornithology, and
Meteorology taken at Marlborough College, 1865-1884. Long 4to.

Rev. T. A. Preston.

Retzius, Prof. G. Das Gehororgan der Wirbelthiere. Vol. ii. Fol. Stock-
holm, 1884. Author.

Reuter, 0. M. Catalogus prsGCursorius Poduridarum Fennise. 8vo.

Sir J. Lubbock.

Reuther, Dr. E. Beitrage zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Bliithe. Roy. 8vo.

Sir J. Lubbock.

Richardson, Dr. B. W. The Asclepiad. Vol. i. 8vo. Lond., 1884. Author.

Ringer, Prof. S. On the Frog's Heart. G. J. Romanes.

Robertson, D. Notes on the Common Limpet. 8vo. Glasgow, 1884.

Author.

Roth, H. L. Animal Parasites of the Sugar-Oane. 8vo. Lond., 1885.

Author.

Saint-Lager, Dr. Remarques historiques sur les Mots Plantes Males et
Plantes Femelles. 8vo. Paris, 1884. Author.

Saunders, E. (1) Synopsis of British Hymenoptera. Pt. 1. Andrenida.
Pt. 2. Apidffi. — And (2) Further notes on terminal segments of Aculeate
Hymenoptera. 8vo. Lond., 1882-84. Author.

Schlich, Dr. W. (1) Suggestions regarding Forest Administration in Central
Provinces, fol. Calcutta, 1883. — (2) Ditto in Hyderabad, fol. Calcutta,
1883.— (3) Ditto in Kulu. fol. Calcutta, 1883. India Office.

Schlegel, H. Essay on the Physiognomy of Serpents. Translated bv Prof T.
S. Traill. 8vo. Edinb., 1843. Dr. J. Murie.

Science Gossip. Vol. xx. Roy. 8vo. Lond., 1884. Editor.

Scott, D. H. Entwickelungsgeschichte der Gegliederten Milchrohren der
Pflanzen. 8vo. Wiirzburg, 1881. Author.

Selwyn, Alf. R. C, and G. M. Dawson. Physical Geography and Geology of
the Dominion of Canada. 8vo. Montreal, 1884. Authors.

Semper, C. Ueber Generationswechsel bei Steinkorallen und ueber das M.
Edwards'sche Wachsthumgesetz der Polypen. Svo. Leipzig, 1872.

Sir J. Lubbock.

South, R. Synonymic List of British Lepidoptera. Svo. Lond., 1884.

T. P. Newman.

Sturm, J. Deutschlands Flora in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschrei-
bungen. 12mo. Niirnberg, 1814. F. Crisp.

Tate, Prof. R. (1) Description of New Species of Mollusca of Upper Eocene
Beds at Table Cape. Svo. Hobart, 1884. — (2) Descriptions of New Species of
South-Australian Plants. 8vo. Adelaide, 1884. — (3) Notes of a Critical
Examination of the Mollusca of the Older Tertiary of Tasmania, Alleged to
have Living Representatives. Svo. — (4) Notes on Physical and Geological
Features of Basin of the Lower Murray River. 8vo. Adelaide, 1884.

Author.

Tepper, J. G. Otto. (1) A Beautiful and Rare Beetle. Svo. Adelaide, 1884.—
(2) A Rare and Curious Hemijjterous Insect. Svo. Adelaide, 1884. — (3)
Plants of Kangaroo Island. Svo. Adelaide, 1884; and several other
pamphlets. Author.

The Gardening World. 4to. Lond. Vol. i. 1884-85. B. Wyiine.

The Garden. Vols, xxvi.-xxvii. 4to. Lond., 1884-85. "W. Robinson.

The Gardener's Chronicle. Vols, xxii.-xxiii. Fol. Lond., 1884-85. Editor.

Thomas, Hon. H. S. Report on Pearl Fisheries and Chank Fisheries. Fol.
Madras, 1884. India Office.

Trois, E. F. (1) Ricerche suUa Struttura della Ranzania Truncata. Partes 1,
2. — (2) Sopra alcuni Esperimenti. Svo. Venezia, 1884-85. Author.

True, F. W. U.S.A. Cat. of Aquat. Mammals (Int. Fish. Exhib.). Svo.
Washington, 1884. Commissioners.

Vatke, W. Reliquiae Ruteubergiante. Svo. Bremen, 1885. Author.

I 1 6 PEOCEEDnfOS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON.

Walker, R«v. F. A. Nine Hundred Miles up the Nile. 8vo. Lond., 1884.

Author.
Walsinglifiin, Lord. On some Probable Causes of a Tendenc)- to Ifcianic

Variation in Lepidoptera of High Latitudes. Svo. Leeds, 1885. Author.
White, C. An Account of the Regular Gradation in Man and in diiTiTcnt

Animals and Vegetables. 4to. Lond., 1700. Dr. J. Murie.

Whitehead, C. Mould or Mildew on Hop Plants. Author.

Wood-Mason, J. Report on Tea-Mite and the Tea-Bug of Assam. Svo.

Lond., 1884. A. Whitehouse.

Young, A. Natural Historj- of Salmon. Svo. Lond., 1854. Dr. J. Millar.
Zigno, Barone Achille De. (1) Catalogo Ragionato dei Pesci Fossili. Svo.

Venezia, 1874.— (2) Nuovi Pesci Fossili della Famiglia dei Balistini scoperti

nel Terreno Eoceno del Veronese. 4to. Napoli, 1884. Author.

Zoological Collections, Voyage of H.M.S. 'Alert,' 18S1-82. 1 Vol. 8vo.

Lond., 1884. Trustees Brit. Mus.

Zoologist, 1884-85. Svo. Lond., 1S85. T. P. Newman.

PEOCEEDINGS

OP THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(SESSION 1885-86.)

November 5th,^1885.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. Christy exhibited Orchids of the genus Catasatum, show-
ing that, owing to the plants iiaving been moved, the flower in
both instances had become malformed.

Mr. E. A. Heath showed a Golden Eagle in its characteristic
plumage of the second year.

Mr. J. Carter exhibited a Collection of Seeds lately introduced,
remarkable for their peculiarities as specimens under the micro-
scope.

There was shown for the Baron Von Mueller a collection of
skeleton leaves of species of Eucalyptus prepared by Mrs. Lewellin
of Melbourne. These confirm Baron Von Mueller's observations
as to definite layers and the relation of these to tlie skeletonizing
process. The leaves in decaying produce no bad odour. Von
Mueller's observations do not support M. B/iviere's statement
that Bamboos are as good as Eucalypti to subdue malaria —
the former dry up, but do not exhale the volatile oil as do the
latter ; and the Eucalypts, moreover, absorb moisture as quickly
as Willows, Poplars, and Bamboos.

Dr. Ondaatje showed examples of walking-sticks from Ceylon
Palms, viz. the Kittool Palm {Gayota urens), the Areca, aad
Cocoa-nut.

LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1885-86. I

Il8 PBOCEEDINQS or THE

Mr. J. G. Baker made remarks on an exhibition by Mr. W. T.
Thiseltou Dyer of Darwin's Potato (Solanum Mar/lia) grown at
Kew, the weight of twelve tubers being 28 oz. ; also the Papa de
Oso, Bear's Potato {Solanum tuberosum, var.), grown out of doors
from tubers received from Dr. Ernst of Caracas, who obtained
them from Merida, where they are found wild.

The following papers were read : —

1. "Contributions to the Flora of the Peruvian Andes." By
John Ball, P.L.S.

2. " Monograph of Recent Brachiopoda." By Thos. Davidson,
F.L.S.

November 19th, 1885.

Professor H. IS. Moselet, F.E.S., afterwards Mr. Fbaij^k Ceisp,
Vice-President, in the Chair.

The IVIinutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. A. D. Michael exhibited and described the remarkable
nymphal stage of Tegeocranns ceplieAformis, a species belonging
to the family Oribatida', which he had lately discovered for the
first time in England. The whole life-history of this animal he
has succeeded in tracing, having iu the first instance been led to
the correct result by dissecting the already fully-formed imago
out of the inert nymph. The creature in its nymphal stage is an
exceedingly strange and beautiful one, carrying on its back as
concentric shields the dorsal portions of all its cast skius ; these
are bordered by a series of singular projections, each having a
roseleaf-like cuticular process of transparent membrane, with
chitinous nervures. The drawing of the nymph was first sent to
Mr. Michael two years ago by Herr Pappe of Bremen.

Mr. Charles Stewart showed, under the microscope, the pre-
sumed stridulating apparatus of a species of Sphcer other kim from
Borneo, which, however, possessed certain structural modifica-
tions diflfering from those described by Mr. G. C. Bourne.

The Secretary drew the notice of the Fellows to several port-
folios of British Alga? and Mosses, and of British and Australian
Ferns, Alga?, and Zoophytes, which had been prepared by Mr. F.
"\V. Smith of Falmouth.

Dr. J. Murie exhibited and made remarks on the caudal end
of the spine of a Haddock, w^hich showed an arched deformity,
partly recalliug what is recorded of the Humpbacked Cod
(Morrh ua viacrocephala) .

Mr. G. J. Fookes called attention to some twin Apples of tera-
tological interest. These were obtained from a tree 80 years
old growing at Shepherd's Bush. Last year the tree vvas almost
barren, but this season produced abundance of twin fruit, much

LINNE.VN SOCTETT OP LONDON. IIQ

of which, however, fell off early ; but a considerable number of
apples which grew to maturity were good examples of syncarpy.
(See Masters's ' Vegetable Teratology,' p. 47.)

The Secretary afterwards read a letteV from the Rev. Leonard
Blomefield (Jeuyus) intimating his presentation to the Society
of a large framed photograph of himself, he having been elected
a Fellow on the 19th November, 1822, viz, exactly 63 years
ago. The Secretary recox'ded the fact of his being the oldest
living Member of the Society ; and, furthermore, that while a
student at Cambridge, Mr. Blomefield was offered the post of
Naturalist to the exploring-expedition of the ' Beagle,' which
he declining was ultimately accepted by Mr. Charles Darwin.
The Chairman proposed that a special vote of thanks be accorded
to Mr. Blomefield for his donation, which resolution was uua-
nimously agreed to by the Fellows present.

The digestive glands of the Pitcher-plant and section of imma-
ture pollen-sacs of the Yew were shown under the microscope
for Mr. Arthur Cole.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Perignathic Qirdle of the Echinoidea." By Prof.
P. Martin Duncan, F.L.S.

2. " On the Anatomy of Sphcey-otherium.'" By Mr. Gr. C.
Bourne. (Communicated by Professor Moseley, F.L.S.)

3. " Contributions to South-African Botany. — Orchidese."
Part II. By Harry Bolus, Esq., F.L.S. ; with Additional Notes
by N. E. Brown, A.L.S.

Professor Moseley then read the following extracts from a
letter by Mr. Gr. C. Bourne, who is now investigating the natural
history of the Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean.

" Diego Garcia, 18th Sept. 1885 Arrived here on the

15th. The climate is at present very wet, but the rainy season
is nearly over. The lagoon is fifteen miles long by about five
miles across, with three islands. The main one is densely
covered with cocoa-nut trees and other vegetation. Judging by
the fragments thrown up on shore, there is a great variety of
Corals, Tuhipom being abundant, though Madrepora, Forites, and
Meanclrina are the common sorts ; but Fimyiu and Lohactls are
also plentiful. As yet I have seen but one Lepidopterou and
a few Beetles. Birds consist chiefly of Noddies and Terns.

" Of Crabs, Ocypoda, Gecarcinas, and various Hermit-Crabs
are in swarms. Birgus latro does not occur on our islet.
Periophthalmus is in great quantity on the outer shores. I have
found a peculiar Bryozoon growing on one of the buoys in the
lagoon ; also a remarkable-looking sea-Plauarian of a rich purple-
black colour, with a narrow band of bright yellow running round
the margin of its body. Large black Holothurians aro abun-
dant." ....

Z2

I20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Professor Moseley afterwards read extracts from another letter
of an Oxford Graduate, Mr. Sydney S. Hickson.

"Talisse Island, N. Celebes,
5th Sept., 1885.
" .... I have been able to make several dredging-expeditions
in shallow water, i. e. to 20 fathoms. The Straits are very rich in
Antedons. One species of a bright emerald-green colour is
abundant on the coral-reefs between thi.s island and Kinabo-
lioutar. Not 100 yards from the house where I am now wTiting
tlicre is Tuhipora (alive), Heliopora (alive), and of course nume-
rous other species of corals. At Limbe I found small species
of Stylaster (alive); but I hope to fiud it here also. Nautilus
sliells are common on tlie shore ; and I have noticed a few with
the animal decomposing in them. I am told they are sometimes
seen alive on the surface of the water ; but on the approach of a
canoe they at once dive into the sea and are then very difficult

to catch. I shall try lobster-pots and other dodges

Lingula I have not yet found ; but am told by the Comptrolleur
of the Senggir Islands that they are found in plenty there. . . .
Maleos are abundant, and I can get any number of them and
their eggs. At Koeang, when 1 was making the ascent of a
volcano, I saw hundreds, many of them Avithin a stone's throw of
me. I have found a cave filled with edible birds' nests ; but it
belongs to a chief who is very jealous of it. Have been on one
unsuccessful Babirussa hunt, but intend to organize another on
Limbe Island. The Sapiutan (Anoa depressiconiis) is common
in some places. The Black Monkey {Cynopithecus nigrescens) is
very common, being found in all the mangTove swamp?. Earth-
worms a^d Leeches I have not yet seen ; but perhaps they will
turn up in November or December when it rains. Periophthahnus
is very common here ; and I shall be able to make a study of it.
There are plenty of Butterflies, but very few Beetles. My thanks
are due to Captain Maclear and the Officers of the ' Flying Fish '
for much help. My present plan is to study here for some
months and do some quiet work ; later on to go to the mainland
to investigate fauna of the great inland lakes, which is very
interesting."

December 3rd, 1885.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Eichard A. Bastow, Esq., Lieut-Col. Linby Blathwayt, Samuel
James Capper, Esq., Charles Eord, Esq., John Henry Gurney,
Esq., jun., George Bond Howes, Esq., AVilliam Henry Jones,
Esq., Kev. Willis Fleming Aston Lambert, Sir Herbert Eustace
Maxwell, Bart., Charles Tuckor Musson, Esq., William D'Arcy

LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 12 T

G-odolphin Osborne, Esq., D. Petrie, Esq., and GTeorge Thom,
Esq., were elected Eellows.

The President announced from tlie Chair the receipt of three
letters, viz. : — (1) The Elizabeth Thompson Science Fund (Stam-
ford, Connecticut) of $25,000, to be appropriated to Scientific
Investigations, " not already otherwise jn'ovided for ;" applica-
tions to be forwarded to Dr. C. 8. Minot, 25 Mount Vernon Street,
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. The first grant to be made in
January 1886. — (2) Prize of 500 francs, founded by Augustin
Pyramus de Candolle, for the best monograph of a genus or a
family of plants. MSS. to be sent to the President de la Societe
de Physique et d'Histoire naturelle de Geneve, Switzerland by
the 1st October, 1889.— (3) The Eoyal Society of New South
Wales, Sydney, offer medals and money prizes for original re-
searches, among others, on Chemistry of Australian Grums and
Eesins, and on Marine Plora of Port Jackson, by 1st May, 1886,
and on Infusoria of Australia by 1st May, 1887.

The Secretary exhibited for Mr. Buysman of Middleburg,
Holland, a preparation of the floral parts of Aconitum Na-
pellus, L.

Mr. Vincent Ind Chamberlain, F.L.S., exhibited and made
remarks on a species of Trapdoor Spider and its nest, obtained
in California.

Dr. Charles Cogswell showed oil-paintings of Eugenia lamhos,
L., and Casparea porrecta, drawn by Miss E. Gray in Bermuda.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Contribution to the Study of the Relative Effects of Dif-
ferent Parts of the Solar Spectrum on Transpiration in Plants."
By the Eev. George Henslow, F.L.S.

2. "Notes on Parasites collected by the late Charles Darwin."
By Prof. T. Spencer Cobbold, F.L.S.

3. " On the Castilloa elastica of Cervantes, and some allied
Rubber-yielding Plants." By Sir J. D. Hooker, C.B., F.L.S.

4. " On Variations in the Form of the Cirri in certain Co-
matulae." By P. Herbert Carpenter, F.R.S. (Communicated by
W. Percy Sladen, Sec. L.S.)

5. " Colombiau Species of the Genus Diahrotica. — Part I." By
Joseph S. Baly, F.L.S.

December 17th, 1885.

Frank Crisp, LL.B., Treasurer and Vice-President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Dr, Maxwell Masters showed a branch with leaves and fruit of

122 PEOCEEDTKQS OP THE

Serifiera littoralis, var. onacropJiylla, received from Professor
Maxinu Cornu of the Jardiu dcs Plaiites, Paris. The adult leaves,
of very large size, are dark green above and silvery white beneath.
The glistening appearance is due to an investment of shining
peltate membranous scales ; and this peculiarity has given rise to
the name of " Looking-glass Tree." This Sterculaceous tree is a
native of the tropics of the Old World in the vicinity of coasts,
and occurs also in the inland hills of Eastern Bengal Kurz re-
garded H. littoralis and S. macropliylla as specifically distinct ;
but the points relied on, Dr. Masters says, are not constaiit or
trustworthy.

Mr. Charles Stewart exhibited the stridulating-organs of a
Spiny Lobster {Talinurus). He showed, under the microscope,
the file-like bow and its two tubercles ; also by means of a softened
specimen of the carapace he produced the peculiar grating noise
which the animal makes during life.

Mr. J. Gr. Baker exhibited, for Mr. G-eorge Nicholson, speci-
mens of Lycopodium complanatum collected by the Rev. A.
Lawson on the Somersetshire side of Exmoor, near Porlock, thus
corroborating those who hitherto have ascribed to it a British
habitat.

A fine example of the common Pole-Cat (Mustela putoritis)
from near Caermarthen was shown for Mr. Edward A. Heath.

Mr. Clement Eeid drew attiention to a series of fossil seeds and
plants from the Forest-bed of the Cromer district, Norfolk.
Among these were examples of Fiitus sylvestris, Abies excelsa,
and Trapa nutans from Muudesley ; Pinus Abies from Trim-
mingham ; Qiiercus Robtir from Happisburgh ; Osmuncla rer/alis
from Paston, near Barton ; and from various localities seeds of
Thalictrum, Sanunctilus aquatilis, N^ymjjliar lutea, Taxus bacca-
tus, mpptiris vulgaris, Potatnogeton heteropln/llus, P. erispus,
P. triclwicles, P. flabcllatus, Zannicliellia palustris^Pumex mari-
timus, and Ceratopliylhim demersum, all in a remarkably fine
condition of preservation.

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited a plant of Angrceciim sesquipedale
in flowei', and a plant of Catasetum purum showing flowers erect
and reversed on the same spike. In none of the flowers was the
ovary visibly twisted ; but in long-ovaried Orchids it is often
very difiicult to detect the twisting of the ovary by external
aspect. This specimen illustrated the fact that light, or the
absence of light, was not the cause of the alteration of position.

The following specimens were exhibited for Mr. Edward M.
Holmes, viz. : — (1) The irmt oiJfzelia cuangensis from Limpopo,
Natal, sent to him as the pod of a Mahogany-tree. (2) The
fruit of Trichilia Dregei from the same district ; oil is obtained

LINNEATf SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 23

from the seeds by boiling ; and with this as an insecticide the
Kaffirs anoint their bodies.

Mr. John .Tenner "Weir drew attention to, and made comments
on, the recently issued iUustrated folios of ' Exotische Schmetter-
linge ' by Drs. Staudinger and Langhaus.

Mr. F. E, Cheshire gave an epitome of his late researches on
the Tongue of the Bee, describing the structure and the mode in
which he believes the suction of nectar to take place.

The following papers were read : —

1. "Notes on Entomostraca collected by Mr. A. Haly in
Ceylon." By Dr. G-. Stewardson Brady, F.L.S.

2. " On a Small Collection of Orchids from Madagascar." By
Henry N. Eidley, F.L.S.

3. " E-evisional Monograph of the Eecent Ephemeridse. —
Part IV." By the Rev. A. Eaton, M.A.

4. " Colombian Species of the Grenus Diahrotica. — Part. II."
By Joseph S. Baly, F.L.S.

January 21st, 1886.
"William Caeruthers, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Messrs. Veitch exhibited, in illustration of Dr. Masters's paper,
a series of living examples of Conifers, amona which were Abies
magnifica, A. lasiocarpa, A. concolor, A. Forticnei, A. siihalpma,
A. nohilis, A. grancUs, and A. amabilis, Pseudo-Larix Kcempferi,
Picea Omorika, Pimcs Peiicei, Arthrotnxis selaginoides, and
A. laxifolia.

Mr. Edward Morell Holmes exhibited a specimen of the Ergot
of Diss (Aricndo ienax) from Algeria. This Ergot is said to be
more active medicinally, is slenderer than that of Eye, and
twice or thrice its length ; it is attributable to the fungus Cla-
viceps purpurea. Mr. Holmes also showed a fasciated branch
of the common Holly.

Dr. Charles Cogswell drew attention to dried specimens of the
six species of Maples {Acer) of Canada collected by him in Nova
Scotia, and of Sisyrincliium Bermudiamim and PryophyUum caly-
cinum from Bermuda. He contrasted the great difference of
climate and vegetation of the continent and island, observing
that the Gulf -stream liad doubtless an important influence on
the Bermudan Flora. Moreover, it was noticeable that Bryo-
phyllum, like the Maples, put on a brilliant autumnal tint.

There was exhibited, for Mr. Buysraan, examples of Bud-
heckia and Lupinus as teaching-specimens of medicinal plants.

124 PROCEEDINGS OF TUE

Mr. J. Starkie Gardner exhibited a large collection of Fossil
Plants from the island of Mull.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Contributions to the History of certain Species of Coni-
fers." By Dr. Maxwell Masters, F.L.S.

2. " Description of Strongylus Axei, with Eemarks on its
Affinities." By Professor T. Spencer Cobbold, F.L.S.

3. "Remarks on some Fossil Leaves from the Island of Mull,
Scotland." By J. Starkie Gardner, F.L.S.

February 4th, 1886.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. James Dallas exhibited a specimen of the Glossy Ibis
(PJeffadis falcinelhis, L.), which was purchased last spring from
Mr. James H. Clyde of Bradworthy Vicarage, near Holdsworthy,
Devon, in whose possession, or that of his family, it had been
from the time it was killed in the neighbourhood. It is men-
tioned by Morris in his ' British Birds,' vol. iv. p. 178, as fol-
lows :— " In the ' Western Times ' of Oct. 11th, 1851, it was
recorded that a specimen of this exceedingly rare and interesting
British visitor was shot at Holdsworthy in North Devon a few
days before the above date ; it was on the 7th September."
Tliis specimen has now been deposited in the Albert Memorial
Museum, Exeter. There is another specimen of this bird in
the collection, in which the beak is more curved. It is said to
have been shot at South Moulton, October 1851, and was pre-
sented to the Museum by Mr. William Toombs.

Mr. Fi'ederick J. Ilanbury exliibited and made remarks on a
sei'ies of forms of the genera Hieraciuin and Carex obtained
by him on the coasts of Caithness and Sutherland last autumn,
all being new to the British Flora, and representatives of Scan-
dinavian plants. Among them were H. norvegicum, Fr., and
its var.farinosa, Carex aquatilis, A^ahl, var. cuspidata, Laeshted.,
C. rigida, Good, var. infer-alpina, Laeshted., and others, besides a
large form of Euphrasia from Reay Links, Caithness.

Mr. Clarence Bartlett exhibited a remarkable specimen of
Caterpillar about 7 inches long, of a steel-grey colour, hairy and
spiny, which he believed to have been brought from Africa.

Mr. W. H. Beeby drew attention to an example of Equi-
setum litorale, Kuhlewein, gathered by him on Bisley Common,
Surrey, a species new to Britain.

f. Mr. John C. Sawer exhibited an example of a superior sort of
the essential oil of Lavandula vera, and a specimen spike of the

lilNNDAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 25

plant preserved in glycerine. The plant had been obtained by
crossing several good varieties, seeds having been obtained from
the South of France &c., and grown by him near Brighton under
conditions imitating the natural habitat of the plant.

Mr. A. Hammond drew attention to a microscopic section of
tlie integument of the larva of a Dipterous insect, Stratioonys
Chamceleon, raising the question as to whether the polygonal
areas, described by M. Viallanes, on the external surface of the
cuticle are cellular in their natiire, as Mr. Hammond suggested,
or mere surface-markings.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Relation between the Bloom on Leaves and the
Distribution of the Stomata." By Fraucis Darwin, F.L.S.

2. "On Slavina and Ojjhidonais." By Edward C. Bousfield,
Esq. (Communicated by Dr. .J. Murie, F.L.vS.)

3. " On the probable Wild Source of the whole Group of
Cultivated True Limes." By Brigade-Surgeon E. Bonavia, Lid.
Med. Depart. (Commuuicated by W. T. Thiselton Dyer, C.M.G.,
F.L.S.)

4. " The Relative Length of the Segments of Limbs in the
Chick during Development." By Prof. Richard J. Anderson,
F.L.S.

February 18th, 1886.

Professor St. Gteokge J. Mivart, F.R.S., in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Prof. Hutcheson Macaulay Posnett was elected a Fellow.

There was exhibited, for Mr. William Joshua, a series of over
180 specimens of Lieliens from Jamaica, tliese having been col-
lected and jjreserved by Mr. J. Hart, of Gordon Town, and after-
wards identified by Dr. J. Miiller (Arg.) of Geneva. A mounted
set of some of the rarer and most interesting of the above were
shown under low powers of the microscope.

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited some flowers preserved by a
new chemical process, wliich is said to retain the original colour-
ing very well. He also called attention to a new C/'ncJiona-hark
from South Africa, and to a j)lant of Erythoxylon Coca in fruit.

Mr. Herbert Goss showed examples of the Wild Parsnip {Pas-
tinaca sativa, L.) gathered by him on the Thames-side near
Moulsey, Surrey.

The following specimens were shown under the microscope,
in illustration of Mr. Michael's communication, viz. the S and
§ of Glycipliagus platygaster, and the two sexes in coitu of
O. dispar.

126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

The following papers were read : —

1. "On Acari of the Genus Glyciphaqus, found in Moles'
Nests." By Albert D. Michael, F.L.S.

2. " Notes on the Botany of Western South America." By
John Ball, F.L.S.

March 4th, 1886.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Gilbert C, Bourne, Esq., William Henry Catlett, Esq., and
Thomas A. Cotton, Esq., were elected Fellows.

There was exhibited, for Miss J. E. Onslow, a volume of water-
colour drawings of British Plants which had been sketched from
nature by the late Miss Moseley of Great Malvern. The volume
was one of nine drawn by her.

Dr. Spencer Cobbold exhibited specimens to illustrate his
paper, viz. : — Examples in spirit of the larvae of Stro7igylus tetra-
canthus in the so-called Trichofiemn-stsige : A, Free specimens
from the lumen of the intestine ; and B, Encysted or embedded
in small pellets or cocoons of vegetable debris. Both from the
Horse.

Mr. George Murray exhibited Rhipilia Andersonii, preserved
in spirit, from the Mergui Archipelago ; and Mr. J. G. Baker
exhibited dried specimens of Ferns, respectively to illustrate their
papers.

The following papers were read : —

1. "Description of Strongylus Ai'nJielcU (Cobb.), with Obser-
vations on ;S'. tetracantMs (Mehl) ." By Prof. T, Spencer Cobbold,
F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " On a new Species of Bhipilia (i?. Andersonii) from the
Mergui Archipelago." By George Murray, F.L.S.

3. "On two new Species of Lentiims, one of them growing
on a large Sclerotium .'" By George Murray, F.L.S.

4. " On a Collection of Ferns made in North Borneo by the
Bishop of vSingapore and Sarawak." By J. G. Baker, F.R.S.,
F.L.S.

March 18th, 1886.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Dr. Phillip Herbert Carpenter, The Hon. and Eev. J. T. Bos-
cawen, and Arthur Ernest Gibbs, Esq., were elected Fellows.

LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 27

Dr. Masters exhibited a specimen from the Duke of Devon-
shire's woods at Chatsworth, showing a large globular mass of
short densely branched shoots hanging from the end of a branch
of Finns sylvestris. Dr. Masters pointed out that such growths
were either the result of injury from Mites {Phytoptus) or from
other causes, or that in other cases they resulted from bud-varia-
tion. Seedling-variations also occasionally occurred. Such forms
were the origin of some of the curious dwarf Conifers met with
in gardens, such as the Chanbrassil Fir. A similar case of dimor-
phism in the foliage in a species of Leptospermum was also shown
by Dr. Masters, having been obtained from Baron Ferdinand
von Mueller of Melbourne.

Mr. Fawcett showed, under the microscope, sections of the
fruit and rhizome of Thonnincjia onalagasica ; and Professor
Duncan exhibited Corals, both in illustration of tlieir papers.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On new Species of Balanoplwra and Tlionningia, with a
Note on Brugmansia Lotoi.'' By "William Fawcett, F.L.S.

2. " On the Madreporaria of the Mergui Archipelago." By
Professor P. M. Duncan, F.L.S.

April 1st, 1886.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. J. G. Baker exhibited a specimen of Scolopendrmm De-
valagi, a new species discovered by the Abbe Devalay in the
province of Yunnan.

Dr. Day exhibited several photographs of the skulls of Sahno
salar and Sahno fario showing the great difference between the
two when adult. In 8. salar the premaxillaries and maxillaries
are expanded, thin, and shallow, whilst in S. fario quite the re-
verse obtains, namely they are shortened, thickened, and deep.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Botanical Observations in the Naga Hills." By C. B.
Clarke, F.L.S.

2. "Index Floe^ Sinensis. — An Enumeration of all the Plants
known from China proper, Formosa, Hainan, the Corea, the
Luchu Archipelago, and the Island of Hong Kong, together with
their Distribution and Synonymy." By Francis B. Forbes,
F.L.S., and W. Botting Hemsley, A.L.S.

3. " On the Freshwater Hydrocharideas of Africa and its
Islands." By H. N. Eidley, FiL.S.

4. " On the Vegetation of 'the Arctic Regions." By M.
Buysman. (Communicated by the Secretary.)

128 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

April 15th, 1886.

W. T. TniSELTON Dyer, C.M.G., F.E.S., Vice-President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Rochfort Connor, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

Specimens of so-called "Madrepore Marble" from Iowa
(U.S.A.), which contained abundance of a species of Stromafo-
pora, were exhibited for Mr. G. A. Treadwell.

Mr. E. A. Heath showed living examples of Dendrohium densi-
Jlorum and 7). snavissimum ; and Mr. J. G. Baker laid before
the Fellows drawings of new and remarkable Ferns in illustration
of the Roraima Report.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On some new G-enera and Species of African Curculionidae."
By Francis P. Pascoe, F.L.S.

2. " Botany of the Eoraima Expedition of 1884, being Notes on
the Plants observed by Everard im Thurn ; the Determinations
and Descriptions of new Plants by Prof. Oliver, F.R.S., F.L.S. ,
and others.'' (Communicated by W. T. Thiselton Dyer, C.M.G.,
F.L.S.)

3. " List of Fungi from Queensland and other parts of Aus-
tralia; with Descriptions of New Species. — Part III." By
Christopher E. Broome, F.L.S.. and tlie Rev. M. J. Berkeley,
F.R.S., F.L.S.

May 6th, 1886.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Prof Henry Marshall Ward was elected a Fellow.

The President alluded to the loss the Society had met with in
the somewhat sudden death of Prof Thomas Spencer Cobbold, a
Fellow of old standing, and who had contributed many important
papers to the Society's Journals and Transactions, his latest
being now in the press. Dr. Cobbold had bequeathed to the
Society's Library 60 handsomely bound volumes, chiefly rare and
valuable Monographs on his special subjects of Parasites. The
President then moved — " That a special vote of thanks be ac-
corded to Mrs. Cobbold and her Family for the donation from
her husband, our late much respected Fellow," which Resolution
was carried unanimously by acclamation.

The President announced that the following xluditors for the
Examination of the Treasurer's Accounts had been nominated
by the Council: —

LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. tZQ

For the Fellows, Mr. J. Jeuuer Weir and Mr. Frederick V.
Dickins ; for the Council, Mr. Thomas Christy and Mr. Francis
B. Forbes ; and by a show of hands these were unanimously
elected.

Mr. Daniel IMorris exhibited a number of living luminous
beetles (Pyroplionis noctilucus) from Dominica. These had been
obtained by him on a recent visit to that island, and kept alive
on the voyage by feeding them with pieces of sugar-cane. On
the meeting-room being darkened, the phosphorescent show of
light emitted by the insects was very brilliant.

Dr. Charles Cogswell called attention to two framed water-
coloured drawings of Lettsomia aggrer/ata and Fotherc/illa Gar-
deni, shown by him previous to their being deposited in the
Rooms of the Medical Society of London as a botanical memento
of the two distinguished physicians.

Sir John Lubbock explained that while prepared to read his
paper as announced — " On the Forms of Seedlings and the Causes
to which they are due" — he would, with the consent of the
Fellows, defer this and give it as his Address at the Anniversary
Meeting (24^th May), as Mr. Romanes's communication to follow,
was anticipated, would occupy a considerable time in delivery
and discussion.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Physiological Selection ; an additional suggestion on the
Origin of Species." By Dr. G-. J. Romanes, F.R.S., F.L.S.

2. " Descriptions of new Species of Gralerucidse." By Joseph
S. Baly, F.L.S.

3. " On some new Species of the Grenus Metzgeria^ By
William Mitten, A.L.S.

The Anniversary Meeting was announced for Monday, 24^ th
May, at 3 p.m.

May 24th, 1886.

Anniversary Meeting.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

Mr. J. Jenner Weir, on behalf of the Auditors, presented the
Annual Statement of Accounts as follows (p. 131).

The Secretary then read his Report of the deaths, withdrawals,
and elections of new Fellows for tiie past year, as follows : —

Since the last Anniversary Meeting 18 Fellows had died, or their
deaths been ascertained, viz. : —

130 peoceedings of the

Fellows (18).

Eaudal Hibbert Alcock. I The Eev. Henry Hawkes.

Dr. Thomas Boycott. ! John Sutherland Law.

Dr. George Dransfield Brown. John Armory Lowell.

Dr. Wm. Benjamin Carpenter. The Rev. AVilliam Williamson

Dr. Thomas Spencer Cobbold. Newbould.

Col. Alfred Augustus Davidson. James William Powell.

Dr. Thomas Davidson. Dr. Augustus Burke Shepherd.

James Deane. - Col. Charles RatclifF.

The Rev. James Hannington. H.H. The Maliaraja of Travan-

Dr. Francis Harris. j core.

FoEEiGN Members (4).

Edmond Boissier.

Prof. Henri Milne-Edwards.

Prof. Johann Roeper.
Louis Rene Tulasne.

Associates (2).

Thomas Edward.
Charles William Peach.

During the past official year 3 Fellows had withdrawn, viz. : —

Dr. Henry Cooper Rose.

The Rev. Thomas Richard Henry Sturges.

William AVright Wilson.

And 31 Fellows and 2 Associates had been elected.

During the past year there had been received as Donations
from private individuals to the Library 101 volumes and 387
pamphlets and separate impressions of memoirs. From the
various Universities, Academies, and Scientific Societies there had
also been received in exchange and otherwise 189 volumes and 309
detached parts ; besides 50 volumes obtained by exchange and
donation from the Editors and proprietors of independent
periodicals. The Council, at the recommendation of the
Library Committee, had sanctioned the purchase of 90 volumes
and 125 parts of important works. The total additions to the
Library were therefore 430 volumes and 812 separate parts.

The following are the numbers of Books bound during the last
year: — In half-morocco 122, in full cloth 377, in roan 33, in
boards or half-cloth 100, rebacked (half-morocco and cloth backs)
129, relabelled 50, sundry repairs 21 . Total 832.

The Secretary, on behalf of the President, having read the
Bye-Laws governing the elections, —

The President then opened the business of the day, and the
Fellows proceeded to ballot for the Council and Officers.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON.

131

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132 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

The Ballot for the Council having closed, the President appointed
Mr. James Britten, Mr. John Hopkiuson, and Mr. Charles Tyler,
Scrutineers. The votes having been counted and reported to
the President, he declared the following Members to be removed
from tlie Council, viz. : — Mr. Thomas Christy, Mr. G-eorge E. M.
Murray, Dr. G. J. Eomanes, Mr. Howard Saunders, and Lord
Walsingham.

And the following to be elected into the Council, viz. : —
Mr. Arthur Bennett, Mr. James Edmund Harting, Mr. Albert
D. Michael, Prof. St. Greorge J. Mivart, and Dr. Henry Trimen.

The Ballot for the Officers having closed, the President nomi-
nated the same Scrutineers. The votes having been counted
and reported to the President, he declared the result as follows,
viz. : — President, Mr. AVilliam Carruthers ; Treasurer, Mr. Prank
Crisp ; Secretaries, Mr. B. Daydon Jackson and Mr. W. Percy
Sladen.

The President then delivered his Address(seep. 135) and paper
"On the Forms of Seedlings and the Causes to which they are
due." (This will appear in the Journal with appropriate
illustrations.)

Prof. Mivart then moved the following resolution, viz.: —
" That the thanks of the Society be given to the President for
his excellent Address, and that he be requested to allow it to be
printed."

This having been seconded by Prof. Moseley, and spoken to by
Mr. J. Gr. Baker and Dr. Henry Trimen, was carried.

Afterwards Prof. Allman proposed: — " That the Fellows accord
a special vote of thanks to Sir John Lubbock for his valuable
services as President of the Society for the last five years,
during which time, at considerable sacrifice on his part, he has
given close attendance to the affairs of the Society, both in Council
and at the Evening Meetings, besides himself contributing several
most interesting papers, and as the Fellows generally regret his
retirement, those present desire that this expression should
apjjear on the Minutes."

This Eesolution, having been seconded by Mr. Frederic
Stratton, was carried.

Mr. Robert MacLachlan then moved: — "That a vote of thanks
be given to our Treasurer (Mr. Crisp) and Secretaries (Mr. Jack-
son and Mr. Sladen) for their valuable labours during the
Session."

This was seconded by Mr. Greorge Maw, spoken to by the
President, and carried.

Mr. William AVickham also proposed that a vote of thanks be
given to the Scrutineers for their services, which was seconded
by Mr. Francis L. Soper, and carried.

LINNEAIf SOCIETY OF LONDON. 133

June 3rd, 1886.

William Cahettthers, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Frederick Merryweather Burton, E-iq., James Fletcher, Esq.,
William Saunders, Esq., George William Carter, Esq., Prof.
John Macoun, Prof. Joseph Price Remington, James Kodway,
Esq., Martin John Sutton, Esq., and Pridham H. Wippell, Esq.,
were elected Fellows.

The President nominated Mr. Frank Crisp, Mr. W. T. Thisel-
ton Dyer, Prof. W. H, Flower, and Sir John Lubbock, Bart., to
be Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year.

There were exhibited for Mr, J. G-. Otto Tepper, of Adelaide,
South Australia, seeds of Xantliorrhoea Tatei (F. von Mueller),
collected by Mr. Tepper at Cape Barde, Kangaroo Island, South
Australia.

Two volumes of Coloured Drawings of Plants, said to have
been drawn in China about the beginning of this century, were
shown for Dr. Charles Cogswell.

Mr. George Murray exhibited specimens of the Fungus lleo-
dictyon cibarium, Tul., from New Zealand, brought home by Dr.
von Lendenfeld, who noted their bright luminosity. This fungus
is eaten wuen very young, before it bursts the volva; when
mature, the smell is peculiarly disgusting, and it is then never
eaten.

Specimens of Balanoplwra Thioaitesii, preserved in sj)irit, and
brought from Ceylon by Prof F. 0. Bower, F.L.S., and a
growing plant of Lqniris Loeselli, liich., from Cambridgeshire,
were shown by Dr. Henry Trimeu and Mr. H. JS[. liidley re-
spectively, in illustratiou of their pajDers.

The following papers were then read : —

1. "The Mosses and Hepaticse collected in Central Africa by
the late Eight Bev. James Haunmgton, Bishop of Mombasa,
F.L.S., with some others, including those gathered by Mr. H. H.
Johnston on Kilimanjaro." By W. Mitten, A.L.S.

2. " Enumeration of the Plants collected by Mr. H. H. John-
ston on the Kilimanjaro Expedition, lySJj." \^y Prof. Oliver,
F.B.S., and the Otiicers of the Kew Herbarium.

3. " On Balanoj[)hora Thwaitesii.'' By Dr. Henry Trimen,
F.L.S.

4. " A Revision of the Genus Liparis (Orchideae)." By H. N.
Eidley, F.L.S.

5. " Report on Dr. J. Anderson's Collection of Sponges made
in 1881-82 from tlie Muddy Flats on the North-western side

LINN. SCO. PllOCKEDINaS. SESSION 1885-86. m

134 PEOCEEDINOS OF THE

of King's Island, on Padaw, one of the Mergui Archipelago,
coast of Burniah." By H. J. Carter, T.E.S. (Communicated
by Prof. J. Anderson, F.L.S.)

6. " On the Ophiuridse of the Mergui Archipelago." By Prof.
P. Martin Duncan, F.R.S., F.L.S.

7. "On some Parts of the Anatomy of Ophiothrix variabilis
(Dune.) and Opliiokampsis peUucida (Dune.)." By Prof. P.
Martin Duncan, F.R S., F.L.S.

8. "The Holothurians of IMergui." By Prof. Jeffrey Bell,
M.A., Sec. P. M.S. (Communicated by Prof. John Anderson,
F.R.S., F.L.S.)

9. " A Monograph of Eecent Braehiopoda. — Part II." By the
late Dr. Thomas Davidson, F.Il.S., F.L.S.

June 17th, 1886.

"William Caeruthees, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

John Brazier, E.^q., James A. Dobson, Esq., and Peter Lund
Simmouds, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Photographs of Uydnora JoJiannis, a plant from Tropical Africa,
were exhibited for Mr. William Fawcett.

The Botanical Secretary called attention to, and made some
remarks on, specimens ot" malformed Dait^ies, shown for Mr.
Robert Draoe, F.L.S. These were characterized by the suppres-
sion of the ligulate florets of the ray, giving the flowers a
peculiar appearance. They had been found growing in patches
Dear Cardiff, and observed by Mr. Drane in the same spot for at
least two years.

Prof. John Macoun exhibited a fine series of dried Ferns from
Canada. He stated that several of t)iese were quite local iu
habitat, but where fouud they grew in abundance.

Mr. Thos. Christy showed examples of Jamaican plants
ornamentally mounted on the fibre of Lagetta lintearia and
Oreodoxa oleracea.

The follo\\ing papers were then read : —

1. "Sv}iopsis of the Genera of the Chalcididae, subfamily
Eiicharinfe, with Des-criptions of several new Genera and Species
of Chahididfp and Tenthredinidfe." By AVilliam F. Kirby.
(Communicated by Dr. J. Murie, F.L S.)

2. " Eocer.e representatives of /S'/«//«.r in Great Britain." By
J. Starkie Gardner. F.L.S.

3. " List of tlie Lepidoptera of the Mergui Archipelago." By
Frederick Moore, A.L.S.

4. "Index Flora} Smens^is. — Part II," By Francis B. Forbes,
F.L.S., and W. Betting Ilemsley, A.L.S.

LINNEAN SOCIEir OF LONDON". 13S

5. " On the Anatomy of the Perignathic Girdle and of other
parts of the Test of Biscoidea cyJindrica'' By Prof. P. M.
Duncan, E.E.S., and W. Percy Sladen, Sec. Linn. Soc.

6. "Monograph of Eecent Brachiopoda. — Part III." By the
late Dr. Thos. Davidson, F.R.S., P.L.S.

7. "List of Birds collected in the Mergui Archipelago." By
Prof. John Anderson, P.E.S., P.L.S.

8. "The Mollusca of the Mergui Archipelago." By Prof.
Eduard von Martens. (Communicated by Prof. J. Anderson,
r.E.S., F.L.S.)

9. " Eeport on a Collection of Podophthalmatous Crustacea
made in the Mergui Archipelago during the years 18S1 and
1882." B>^ Dr. J. G. De Man. (Communicated by Prof. J.
Anderson, F.E.S., P.L.S.)

10. " Eeport on the Vegetation of Diego Garcia." By W.
Betting Hemsley, A.L.S.

11. " Occurrence of Lmnpenus lampetriformis on the North
Coast of Scotland, with Notes on its habits, food, and the ground
it frequents." By George Sim. (Communicated by Dr. Francis
Day, F.L.S.)

Anniveesiey Address op the Pkesident.

I do not know that I was ever much more surprised than
■when, one day about five years ago, my excellent friend Prof.
Allman called on me and intimated your wish that I should
become your President. Of course I was well aware that there
were other naturalists with for higher claims — I need only
mention, for instance. Sir Joseph Hooker and Mr. Busk, to both of
whom the Society is deeply indebted, and who would have more fitly
occupied this Chair. We all regret, and no one more than myself,
the reason which deprived us of the pleasure of electing them.

That being impossible, I felt that, however unworthy I might
be to follow the distinguished men who have preceded me, I
ought not to decline. There is a story of one of the mediaeval
Popes, who, though a man of very moderate ability, attained
the highest position in the Eoman Catholic Church, much to the
astonisluneiit of all his friends. One of them once candidly
expressed his surprise, and asked the Pope how he could account
for it. " "Well," said the Pope, " I have in life acted on three
rules. I have never asked for anything ; I have never refused
anything that was offered me ; and in whatever office I have
been placed I have endeavoured to do my best." I did not
think 1 ought to refuse, and I hope I have done my best. In
accepting, I must say I was greatly influenced by the friendship
which it is my privilege to enjoy with so many of our Fellows ;
by the knowledge that I could rely on your kind assistance,
advice, and cooperation, and that you would look leniently on
all my shortcomings.

1 30 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

And now, Gentlemen, that the term of my office has arrived, it
is a matter of gj'eat satisfaction to me that, in quitting the Chair,
I leaTe the Society in a state of great efficiency and prosperity.
Never, I think, have our Meetings been more numerously
attended, the exhibitions more interesting, or the papers more
valuable. If we contrast our position with what it was five
years ago, we shall find that, while some other Societies have
fallen back, we have, on tlie contrary, made steady and material
progress. Every year has shown a substantial addition to our
numbers. This was the case even last year, when we had to
deplore a number of losses by death, not only above the average
in number, but, as you have heard, inflicting a loss on the Society
much severer tlian the mere number would indicate. Slill there
is a steady and considerable increase. Our annual income, as
contrasted with five years ago, shows an increase of over ^6300,
a verv coiisiderable addition in proportion to the whole ; we are
Bpending aGlOO a year more on our Library, ^£100 a year mere
on our Publications, and yet we have invested some ^'400
annually. Of course this satisfactory progress is mainly due
to the exertions of our Fellows, and especially of our Officers,
but I may not the less congratulate myself that the Society has
never, perhaps, flourished more than during the last five years.

On previous Anniversaries, Gentlemen, I have asked your
attention mainly to circumstances connected with the work of
the Society, and the principal events which during the year have
taken place in reference to Biological Science. On the present
occasion, as you are aware, it has been decided to take a difi'ereut
course. Ton will remember that I deferred at the last meeting
the paper which I had hoped to read, in order that we might
not lose the advantage of hearing Mr. Romanes's communication,
" Physiological Selection ; an Additional Suggestion ou the
Origin of Species," which, as he was just leaving England, he
would have had no other opportunity of delivering. It was in
consequence arranged that I should lay it before you on the
present occasion.

The President then delivered his Address, which will appear in
the Journal.

It is not usual, I am aware, to discuss a Presidential
Address, and under ordinary circumstances this is no doubt
a good rule. But I hope to-day may be an exception. It
would be very interesting to me, and I think to many of you, to
hear the views of some of the Botanists present on the suggestions
which I have ventured to make, and other illustrations which
will doubtless have occurred to them.

Before I sib down, however, on this the last occasion on which
I shall have the honour of addressing you as your President,
allow me to thank you. Gentlemen, for the kindness, the courtesy,
and the support which I have received from every one of you
during my term of office, and especially the Council and

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOIfDOIT. 137

OiEcers for their valuable assistance, and to assure you that I
shall always look back with pride to the period during which I
have occupied this chair — one of the greatest honours which any
Biologist can receive.

Obituaeies.

Rats-dal Hibbert Alcock was born at Gatley, Cheshire, July
21, 1833, but lived during the greater part of his life at Bury in
Lancashire, where he was a cotton-spinner. Taking a great
interest in Botany, he was mainly instrumental in establishing
the Bury Natural History Society, of which he was President
until his retirement from business; he also drew up a list of local
plants, which was printed in the report of that Society for 1871.

He was naturally brouglit into close contact with the working
men botanists of Lancashire and Cheshire, and for their use he
compiled his ' Botanical Names for English Readers,' an 8vo
volume, in 1876. In 1S82 he left business and removed to
Didsbury, where he died of congestion of the lungs rather
suddenly on Nov. 9, 1885.

He is described as a man of quiet and retiring disposition, of
much general information, a good letter-writer and contributor
to the local press. A MS. ' Flora of Virgil,' which he had woriied
upon for some years previous to his death, is so nearly complete
that it may possibly be published. He was elected a Fellow of
our Society December 7, 1876.

Edmond Boissiee came of an old Protestant family which
removed to Geneva from France on the revocation of the Edict
ot Nantes ; lie was born in that town May 25, 1810, and brought
up there, the summers being spent at his father's place at
Valeyres. His sister next in age is the Comtusse de Gaspariu.

When he had to choose a profession, he chose to study botany;
so, after careful preparation, he undertook a journey into Spain
in 1837, exploring Grenada and the Eastern Pyrenees; and in
1839-41 brought out his two sumptuous quarto volumes ' Voyage
botanique dans le midi de I'Espagne.' In 1842 he married his
cousin, Lucile de la Kive, and with his wife travelled in
Greece, Anatolia, Syria, and Egypt. To her he dedicated two of
their joint discoveries, Ompkalodes Lueilics and Ghiunodoxa
Lucillce. In 1849 he experienced the j.'reat sorrow of his life by
her death of typhoid fever during a second journey in Spain.
From 1842 to 1854 he brought out his ' Diagnoses,' hrst series, in
two vols., and a second series in 1855 ; his Monograph of Fliim-
iaginece was done m 1848 ; in 1862 he contributed a Monograph
of Euphorbia to DC. Prodromus, vol. xvii., the rest of the
order being worked up by Dr. Mueller of Aargau. Four years
later, 1866, he produced tiis ' Icones Euphorbiarum.' He paid an
eighth visit to Spain in 1881, but then in shattered health. His

138 rilOCEEDI>'OS OF THE

great work, the 'Flora Oriental is,' was completed in five thick
8vo Tolumes ; its range extends over parts of Greece and Turkey,
Crimea. Lower Egypt, Asia Minor, Armenia, parts of Turkestan,
Persia, Afghanistan, and the borders of India. Its issue extended
from 1867-84. The author was at work on a supplementary volume
when death stepped in. He was elected Foreign Member May 5,
18G0.

It was a noble life shadowed by an early loss, and in later years
worn by pain— tlie manly life of one who lived simply and wrought
industriously where many others, with his independent fortune,
would have lived idly and luxuriously. He was also a loyal and
public-spirited citizen, taking his sliare of personal service for
the State. He was a man of fine presence, and of much bodily
vigour till past middle life. His botanical work was confined to
systematic work only, wilh perhaps a faculty for over-discrimi-
nation. Xo one living knew the Eastern plants so Avell or could
describe them better ; and his herbarium is rich in his types.

He died at his ancestral home, Valevres, Sept. 25, 1885.
Geohge Draxsfield Brown was born about the year 1828,
and died at Ealing July 17, 1885. Educated for the medical
profession, he studied at St. Thomas's Hospital with distinction,
and was prizeman of his year. He was afterwards established
in practice in Ealing. He devoted much attention to natural
historv, taking special interest in cryptogamic botany and in
British Polyzoa, recent and fossil. He was a Member of the
Eoyal College of Surgeons, F.B-.M.S., and was elected a Fellow
of this Society in 187(3.

By the death of Dr. William Bexjamix Cakpexter on
November 10, 1885, this Society lost one of its most distinguished
FelliiWs, whose name will stand jjrominent in the records of
research as a pioneer of the present age of science, and will
occuj^y an unchallftnged place amongst the foremost thinkers of
our time. He was the eldest son of Dr. Lant Carpenter, an
eminent Unitarian divine. Born in Exeter, October 29, 1813,
William Benjamin Carpenter was educated under his father's care,
and afterwai-ds entered the Bristol School of Medicine, from which
he passed to University College, London. He then j)roceeded to
the University of Edinburgli, and graduated there as M.D. in
1839. He commenced practice in Brist(d, holding at the same
time lectureships on Medical Jurisprudence and Animal and
Vegetable Physiology ; but in the course of a few years he
resolved to devote himself to the scientific rather tlian the
practical side of his profession, and with tliat intention removed
to London in 1845. Here he held the appointments of Fulleriau
Professor of Physiology in the Koyal Institution, Lecturer oa
Physiology at the Medical School of the Loudon Hospital ;
afterwards Examiner in Physiology and Comparative Anatomy
in the University of London, and Professor of Medical Juris-
prudence iu University College. He was a^jpointed Registrar of

LIlJfXEAN- SOCIETY OF LOJfDON". 139

the University of London in 1856; and during the twenty- three
years he held that office contributed largely to the great extension
of the work of the University.

As an investigator and philosophical naturalist, Dr. Carpenter's
imperishable claim to be remembered lies in his important con-
tributions to the science of Pliysiulogy, a science which he was one
of the first to place on a true foundation, by marshalling, in oue
well-ordered scheme, the j^reviously isolated facts that represented
our-kuowledge of organic structure and function, wherein lay the
germ of that wider view of the scieuce of life which to-day is
known by the name of Biology.

His graduation thesis in 1S89, on "The Physiological Inferences
to be Deduced from the Structure of the Nervous System of In-
vertebiated Animals," was a remarkable production, and already
indicated the bent of his mind. This was followed in the same
year by his first great work, ' The Principles of General and
Comparative Physiology,' which was succeeded by ' The Principles
of Human Physiology,' and later by 'The Principles of Mental
Physiology,' — a series of works which, alone sufiicient to establish
their author's position amongst the leaders of science, will stand
as a lasting memorial of his profound knowledge of nature, and
philosojihical grasp of detail.

In addition to the above must be mentioned his well-known
work on ' The Microscope,' Avhich has probably contributed more
than any other to the popular understanding and advancement
of tliat important adjunct to research.

In the midst of arduous ^professional and editorial duties, Dr.
Carpenter found tune to carry on important special iuvestigatiojis.
Amongst these his memoirs on the loramiuifera, on the structure
of the Molluscan shell, on the structure and development of
Comatula, and on Eozoon canadense — a subject with which his
name will always be asisociated — may be mentioned as the most
prominent. His attainments, however, were so varied and his
knowledge so many-sided, that it is impossible in the brief space of
an obituary notice to indicate even the subjects wiiich his busy
pen has contributed to the advancement of human knowledge.

Another service rendered to Science — the importance ot which
it is impossible to overestimate — was the active part he took in
promoting the exploration of the deep sea. Indeed it was mainly
through his influence and energetic advocacy that systematic
investigations of that kind were first undertaken by the Govern-
ment of this country — an initiative that has been followed by
numerous foreign States, and has borne such remarkable fruits in
the increase of our know ledge of the forms of animal life, and of
the physical conditions of the ocean. In the earlier of these
Expeditions — the 'Lightning' and the 'Porcupine' — Dr. Car-
penter himself took a personal share, and the results attained by
these investigations led to the fitting-out of the now world-
renowned 'Challenger' Expedition. In connection with each of
these Expeditions, i)v. Carpenter has published valuable memoirs

I40 PEOCEEDIKQS OF THE

on the temperature and currents of the deep sea, and on the
causes to which their origin was due.

Dr. Carpenter was elected into the Royal Society in 1844, and
more than once served as Vice-President. He was the recipient
of one of the lioyal Medals in 18(31, and of the Lyell Medal of
the Grcological Society — of which Society he w'as also a Fellow —
in 1883. He was President of the Microscopical Society in
1854-55, and of the British Association at the Brighton Meeting
in 1872. In ls71 the University of Edinburgh conferred on him
the degree of LL.D. ; and in 1872 he was created a C.B., in recog-
nition of the services he had rendered to the University of London.
He was a Corresponding Member of the Institute of France and
of the American Philosopliical Society; and an Honorary Fellow
of the Boyal Medical and Chirurgical Society, and of the Cam-
bridge Philosophical Society. He became a Fellow of tiiis
Society in 185G.

Apart from his services to Science, it may be truly said that,
as a genial and ever-ready friend, as a philosopJier, and as a
philanthropist, in the highest sense of the word, the memory of
Dr. Carpenter will long be cherished.

Dr. Thomas Spexcer Cobbold, who was born in 1S28, was the
son of the Eev. Eichard Cobbold, of Wortham, in Suffolk. He was
educatedat Charterhouse, and commenced hismeflical career under
Mr. Crosse, the eminent surgeon of Norwich. He matriculated at
Edinburgh in 1847, and showing great ability in dissecting and
the making of preparations, was appointed by Prof. Goodsir as
his prosector, by whom also he was induced to devote himself
to morphological work in preference to practical medicine. He
was gold-medallist in 1851 ; and, shortly after he had graduated,
was appointed Curator of the University Anatomical Museum, in
which capacity he lectured on comparative osteology, and worked
energetically to improve the collections under his ciiarge. He
was also led, whilst in Edinburgh, to devote much attention to
the study of geology, through his intimacy with Edward Forbes,
with whom he was a frequent companion on his various excur-
sions. In 1856 Dr. Cobbold removed to London.

He has lield the appointments of Professor of Botany and
Helminthology at the Eoyal Veterinary College, the Swiney Pro-
fessorship of Geology, Lecturer at the Middlesex Hospital, and
Examiner in Comparative Anatomy, Zoology, and Botany at the
National Science School, St. Mary's Hospital.

The subject with which Dr. Cobbold's name is most closely
associated, and on which he was unquestionably the foremost
English authority, is Animal Parasites. His researches on the
anatomy, development, and life-history of the Entozoa are a
worthy memorial of patient and accurate labour, and will long
remain a standard of reference for all students of Helminthology.
Many of his most important special contributions have been
communicated to this Society, and a number of others have beea

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOK 141

published elsewhere. His first paper to this Society was read
Di'C. 1857, his last only a fortnight before his death.

He was a Fellow of the Royal Society, and a Corresponding
Member of the American Philosophical Society and of the
Royal Academy of Turin. He was elected a Fellow of this
Society in 1857.

Dr. Cobbold had been in delicate health for some time, aud
died suddenly on March 20th, 1886.

Lieut. -Col. Alfred Augustus Davidsois' entered the Madras
Army on 1st April, 1854, and served with the 4th Madras Native
Infantry ; in 1862 he entered the Staff" Corps, aud was for some
time attached to the Nair Brigade in Travancore, in the mountains
of which State he acquired a taste for Botany. He had not good
health, and had to come to England on sick-leave several times ;
in 1882 he returned to India from sick-leave o£ 20 months, but
he only remained in India a vear and a hall, when he retired
from the Service, and died in June last, after attending a
rehearsal of the Haudel Festival at the Crystal Palace, as an
amateur yiolinist. He was elected Fellow, February 3, 1881.

Thomas Davidson was born in Edinburgh, May 17, 1817, and
died at his residence in Brighton on October 14, 1885. He was
educated entirely on the continent, and showing at eleven years
of age a decided taste for natural science and for art, was sent to
Paris to prosecute his studies in those directions. He attended
the lectures at the Sorbonne, Jardiu des Plautes, Ecole des
Mines, and College de France ; and worked in the studios of
several of the most eminent French artists of that day. Having
attached himself specially to the study of geology and palaeon-
tology, he acquired, under the guidance of Prevost a practical
knovtledge of the stratigrapliy and fossils of the Paris IJasin. He
then returned to this country for a short time, matriculated at
Eduiburgh in 1835, and had the opportunity of assisting Mr. R.
Cunningham in his geological survey of tlie Lothians. In 1836
he revisited the continent, and made a personal examination of
the geological features of a considerable portion of France, Bel-
gium, Switzerland, Germany, and Italy. •

In the course of this tour, he became acquainted with the
eminent geologist Von Buch, by whom he was induced to take
up the special study of the Brachiopoda — a group at that time
comparatively little known. From that year (1837) up to the
time of his death, he devoted himself heart and soul to the work
then undertaken, with a loyalty, an energy, and a devotion rarely
equalled. His noble series of monograpiis on the Fossil Bracliio-
poda published by the Palseontographical Society, — occupying
five large quarto volumes, containing nearly 3000 pages of text,
and 250 plates — are a testimony to his industry aud patient
research. They are also a memorial of his great artistic talent,
for the whole of the magnificent illustrations were drawn on stone
by his own hand.

142 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

In addition to these monoj^raplis published by the Palaeonto-
graphical Society, Dr. Davidson contributed numerous memuirs to
various British and continental Societies and scientific journals;
his work comprising the whole group oi' the Brachiopoda, recent
as well as fossil. Tlie Report on the series of Brachiopoda col-
lected by the ' Challenger ' Expedition was written by liim ; and
his last work, the material for which he had been accumulating
for many years, which was completed only a few short weeks before
his deatli, was a comprehensive and fully illustrated monograph
on the species of recent Brachiopoda. This was contributed to
our Society, and will shortly be published in the ' Transactions.'

Dr. Davidson was a member or honorary member of a large
number of the learned Societies of Europe and America. He
was elected a Fellow of the E oyal Society in 1857, and received
one of the lloyal Medals in 1870, in recognition of his valuable
contributions to palaeontology. In 1805, the Geological Society
awarded him the WoUaston Medal ; and in 1882 the University
of St. Andrews conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D.
He became a Fellow of this Society in 1878.

Dr. Davidson has bequeathed to the nation his magniiicent
and unique collection of recent and fossil Brachiopoda, together
with his valuable collection of books and original drawings ; and
he has left a name that will be held in honour so long as the
work of to-day has a claim on human thought.

Thomas Edward, the well-known BaufF naturalist, died last
month (April 1880), in his 72nd year. He deservedly obtained
a high reputation as a shrewd and accurate observer of nature,
and as a most industrious and careful collector. Following the
poorly paid calling of a journeyman shoemaker in a small Scotch
town, his whole life was a struggle against poverty and hardship,
and the difficulties that beset tlie pursuit of knowledge without
means and without the necessary education. With Edward,
howe\er, the love for all things animate was inborn, and his
craving to rob Nature of her secrets was insatiable. Aotwith-
standing his many disadvantages he was able to add greatly to
the* knowledge of the fauna, marine as well as terrestrial, of his
native district, and made a great number of valuable collections.
Many specialists have acknowledged their indebtedness to him
for specimens sent and new species obtained. Edward himself
has also contributed the description of a number of his observa-
tions to various scientific jDublications, and some have appeared
in the Journal of this Society.

The story of his life has been eloquently told by Dr. Samuel
Smiles ; and as an appendix to that work is a list of the Verte-
brata and Crustacea collected by Edward in Baulfshire, which
alone occupies 47 pages.

He was elected an Associate of this Society in 186G, and for
some time he held the post of Curator of the Banff Museum.

During the latter years of his life he had not been able to do

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOIS'DOTC. 143

much, in consequence of failing^ health ; but circumstances were
easier for liim, a pension of ^'50 a year having been granted him
by the Queen, besides other pecuniary presentations.

There are few naturalists acquainted with his name and his
work, from whose lips, as an expression of admiration and respect,
have not escaped the words " Poor Thomas Edward ! "

Eey. James Hanningtow, D.D., Bishop of East Equatorial
Africa, was born at Brigliton, the son of Mr. Samuel Ilanniugton
of that town and Hurstpierpoint.

He was educated at St. Mary ITall, Oxford, taking his E.A,
degree in 1873 and M.A. in 1875, in which year he became
curate of St. George's, Hurstpierpoiiit, remaining there till 1882,
when he was appointed by the Church Missionary Society to
represent them in Nyauza, East Central Africa. He led his
party across that continent, but when he reached Lake Victoria
Nyanza he was so spent with fever and other climatic diseases
that he was obliged to retrace his steps and come home, where
liis health was soon reestablislied.

In 1884 the diocese of East Equatorial Africa was founded,
and Dr. Hanningto]i consecratrd tlie first bishop. He returned
to Africa by way of Palestine and Upper Egypt, reaching Mom-
basa in January 1885, thence starting to reach the Victoria
Nyanza Mission Stations. By the end of October he had got to
witliin tliree days of Uganda, the town of Mwanua, successor of
Mtesa, who thought his kingdom was threatened by the approach
of an English party. He was taken prisoner by the king's
order, and after being kept in contiuement eight days was, with
nearly all his followers, murdered on October 30th, 1885. Eour
porters only escaj)ed, who brought the sad tale to Mombasa.

The late Bishop was elected Eellow, Dec. 6, 1883. His old
friend Mr. Mitttn, who worked up the last packet of mosses sent
from Africa by the deceased, has recorded his ardent love of
plants, shown in the Alps and at home. His name is associated
with an Asjjlenhim, A. Hanningtoni, Baker, and a Passion-flower,
Tryi)liodemma Hanningtonianum, Mast.

Eet. Heket Hawkes was born at Dukinfield, 1st Eeb. 1805,
his father, the Kev. J. Hawkes, being the Unitarian minister in
that town. Having passed three years at Glasgow University, he
removed to York, where he passed another period of three 3'ears
in study. Early in 1833 he removed to Portsmouth, and lor 38
years was the Unitarian minister there ; altogether living 52 years
in that borough. His favourite pursuit was Botany, and he was
elected Eellow of this Society so far back as 1812 ; but he devoted
much of his time to helping, as lecturer or President, the local
Philosophical Society, the Athenasum, the Hampshire Library,
the Watt Institute, and the Koyal Portsmouth Hospital.

He never married, and having no relatives in the south, feeling
advancing age, he, in 1871, retired from active pastoral work,

144 PEOCEEDINQS OF THE

\intil August 1885, wheu lie left Portsmouth and removed to
LivtTpool, having previously given his library of more than two
thousand volumes to the borough. His portrait was painted by
a Portsmouth artist, presented to the Corporation, January
12th last, and ordered to be hung in the Public Library. Mr.
Havv-kes died a little more than a fortnight after this, namely,
Jan. 29, 1886.

Henrt MiLNE-EnwARns, the son of Lieut.-Col. AVilliam Edwards
by his marriage with Elizabeth Vaux, the descendant of an old
English family, was born at Bruges, October 23, 1800. He
received his early education in Belgium, and subsequently
studied Medicine in Paris, where he took his diploma in 1823.
Inspired with a love for natural history from his boyhood, he soon
abandoned the medical profession, and devoted himself to the
investigation of tlie lower forms of animal life.

Estimating with rare sagacity from the first the importance of
the alliance that ought to exist between anatomy and physiology,
Milne-Edwards was not content with merely studying the struc-
ture of dead organisms, but realized the necessity of carrying out
most careful researches into the habits, distribution, and deve-
lopment of the living animals. It was this foresight, elaborated
in later years into a guiding principle, which is, perhaps, the key-
note of Milne-Edwards's eminence, and upon w hich his claim to
be ranked as one of the foremost naturalists of the early part of
the present century may probably be most justly based.

Associated at Hrst with Victor Audouiu, he commenced in 1826
his zoological explorations on the coast of France, w^hich were
continued in subsequent years, and extended to Nice, Naples,
Algiers, and later to Sicily, the last-named expedition being
accompanied by MM. de Quatretages and Blancliard.

As an outcome of these earliest researches, the foreshadowing
of a theory of the bathymetrical distribution of marine lite was
formulated, which may be regarded as the foundation of those
laws of marine lite which in later times have received so large a
share of attention, and have borne so rich a harvest of results.

It is not surprising that the problems presented by the t>tudy
of what might at that day be regarded as a new field of natural-
history investigation should have appealed irresistibly for solu-
tion to a mind of such extensive scope and such far-penetrating
vision as Milne-Edwards's ; and history will record that his con-
tributions to the philosophy of living organisms are alike nume-
rous and important. His theories of the division of functional
labour, of centres of creation, and on the causes of the variety of
animal life, may be mentioned as amongst the most remarkable.
His publications, embracijig nearly all branches of zoology, form
a long list, upwards of 150 (about one third with colleagues)
being enumerated in the Catalogue of the Eoyal Society. Of
these, it is the highest praise to say that many rank as classical
works.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. I45

His ' HIstoire naturelle dea Crustacea,' the ' Introduction a
la Zoologie generale,' and the ' Le9ons sur la Physiologic et
I'Anatoniie comparees de I'homme et des animaux,' are alone
an imperishable monument to his industry, genius, and penetration.

In 1832 Milne-Edwards was appointed to the Professorship of
Katural History in the College Henri IV., and at the Ecole
centrale des Arts et Manufactures. In 1S41 he succeeded
Victor Audouin in the Chair of Entomology at the Museum d'His-
toire naturelle. On the death of Geoflroy Saint-Hilaire in 1844
he was elected to the Chair of Zoology at the Sorbonne, and be-
came Dean of the Eaculte des Sciences in 1849. In 1861 he
exchanged the chair of Entomology at the Jardin des Plantes for
that of Mammalogy, and was shortly afterwards appointed
Assistant-Director of the Museum.

He was elected member of the Academy of Sciences in 1838,
and was a member of most of the learned Societies and Acade-
mies of Europe and America. In 1856 the Eoyal Society awarded
him the Copley Medal ; and he was elected a Foreign Member of
this Society in 1839. He was a Grand-Officer of the Legion of
Honour, and had likewise been decorated with a number of
foreign orders.

Milne-Edwards died in Paris on the 29th of July last, in his
85th year. By his death the Society loses its oldest and one of
its most eminent Foreign Members.

Eet. William "Williamson Newbould was born at Shef-
field, Jan. 20, 1819 ; afier his schooldays he proceeded to Cam-
bridge, from which time some of his earliest friendshijjs date.
"Whilst an undergraduate he was with Prof. Henslow and a
party on an excursion, and asked the Professor a question as to
a certain genus {Cerasfium) which had been recently reviewed
by Mr. Babington. " You had better refer to the author him-
self," said Henslow ; " there he is," pointing him out, to New-
bould's consternation. The friendship thus begun lasted nearly
half a century, as testified by tiie tribute the survivor has paid
the deceased m the May Number of the ' Journal of Botany.'

Although he was entered on the books of Trinity, lie never
occupied rooms in the college-buildings, but he once pointed out
to the writer the lodgings he lived in opposite the gates. He
took his B.A. in 1842, and having taken orders, he was appointed
curate at Bluntisham, in Huntingdonshire. The next year wit-
nessed the publication of Babington's 'Manual,' an early copy of
which was sent by coach to New bould, wiio sat up through the
night till tour in the morning, deep in its perusal. It may be
imagined how great an attraction this novel account of the native
flora must have been to one who was unsatisfied with tlie current
floras, which took their tone from Smith. With the exception of
S. F. Gray's ' Natural Arrangement ' in 1821, and Lindley's
meagre ' Synopsis,' the student had to content himself with
manuals on the Liunean System, which had been handed down

146 PEOCEEDINQS OF THE

from a previous generation, without much effort to correlate British
forms with continental, or to keep touch Avith foreign workers.

]?abingtou's ' jNlanual ' is now in its eighth edition, and the
influence of the succes^^ive editions on field-botany during the
last 43 years can hardly be measured ; we are living iu a genera-
tion nourishi'd by a different atmosphere.

In ISio Newbould proceeded M.A., and, after his marriage
at Combertou with the niece of his Kector, he lived in or near
London the rest of his life, with short exceptions. The various
notices which have seen the light in botanical journals have testified
amply to the strong and unique individuality of the man, who was
so slaimch a worker for others, and yet has left so little to record
of himself.

There is scarcely a local flora during thirty years past which
does not owe much to his kuowlfdge and industry; and of yet
unpublis^hed works he has contributed to Hanbury's ' Kent,'
Pryor's 'Hertfordshire,' Hillhouse's 'Bedfordshire,' Warren's
' Clieshire,' and Beeby's ' New Flora of ^nrrey.'

The last four years of his life he lived at Monta^ju House,
Kew. In January last he was accidentally knocked down by a
cab, and although he seemed little the worse for it at the time,
some internal injury took place, as he complained of pain some
weeks afterwards. Shortly after he renewt'd a cold, and, refusing
to take any care of himself whilst unw ell, he exposed himself to a
fresh chill, which turned to acute pneumonia; from this he ap-
peared to be recovering, when weakness of the heart's action
set in, and he died on April IGth, after three weeks' illness,
leaving a widow, and a growni-up family of five sons and a daughter.
He was buried, 20th April, IS.SG, at Fulham Cemetery.

He was elected Fellow, June 15, 1863.

Chakles AVilliam Peach was born at Wansford in North-
amptonshire, September 30, 1800. At the age of 24 he waa
appointed to the Kevenue Coast Guard, and occupied various
stations on the south and east coasts of England, his longest
sojourn being at Mevagissey iu Cornwall, where he remained
eleven years. In 1845 he was transferred to the Customs, and
during the last twelve years of his service was stationed in the
north of Scotland, first at Peterhead, and afterwards at Wick.
He retired I'rom the Customs on a pension in 1861, and spent
the remainder of his life in Edinburgh, where he died, February
28, 18S6.

Whilst stationed in the south of England he acquired an inti-
mate knowledge of the marine fauna of that coast, and also
devoted much attention to Geology. One of his most important
discoveries was that of the presence ot fossils of Lower Silu-
rian age iu rocks in Cornwall that had previously been consi-
dered to be Azoic — a discovery that may be said to have fur-
nished Sir Henry de la Beche w ith a basis for mapping the rocka
of the south-west of England. It was in like manner Peach's

LINNEAJS" SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 47

good fortune, whilst stationed in the north, to discover at Dur-
ness fossils that were the key to the geological age o£ the rocks
of the Highlands.

A number of papers were communicated by Mr. Peach to the
British Association, the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural
History,' and to the publications of the three well-known County
Societies of Cornwall. Although he wrote comparatively little
himself, he was always ready to place bis knowledge and collec-
tions at the disposal of specialists ; and in this way furnished a
large amount of valuable material and information to many eminent
zoologists and palaeontologists, wliose cordial acknowledgments
are a lasting testimony to his zealous work and the service he
rendered to science.

He was elected an Associate of this Society in 18G8. In 1859
the Council of the Greological Society awarded him the Wollaston
Fund in recognition of his discoveries in the rocks of Devonshire
and Cornwall ; and in 1875 the Eoyal Society of Edinburgh
gave him the Neill Medal, for his services in the cause of Natural
History.

JoHANN" August Christian Eoeper was born in Germany,
some time in 1800 ; his first published work, on German Eu-
pho7'hicB, is dated 1S24, thus, as a botanical author, being senior
to Mr. Beutham by two years. In 1828 he was Director of the
Botanic Garden at Basel, and published his classical paper, " De
Organis Plantarum ; " his contribution to Seringe's ' Melanges
Botaniques,' on the Flower and Inflorescence, first put the
matter on a scientific basis, and established the present nomen-
clature. At that town he was Professor in 1830, the date of his
work on ' BMlsamine;e.' Some time before 1810 he was trans-
fei red to Rostock, where be remained professor for more than 40
years, without fulfilling the promise of his youth by any adccpiate
scientific work ; his latest productions seem to have been pub-
lished in 1859. He was elected Foreign Member, May 6, 1852,
and died at Kostock, March 17, 1884.

Louis E£ne Tulasne was born at Azay-le-Eideau (Indre-et-
Loire), Sept. 12, 1815, received a classical education, and was
intended for the Bar; but he felt that he lacked the readiness for
public speaking which was indispensabie to his success as a bar-
rister, whilst a strong inclination towards biology drew him in
another direction. He studied botany under A. St.-Hilaire, who
named hun as his colleague in his work on the Brazilian flora,
which did not see the light.

In 1842 he entered the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle as
Assistant, under Brongniart ; and then he began his researches
on the reproduction of Fungi, which so much contributed to the
existent knowledge of these forma. He published his researches
on UredmeiB in 1847, the Ustilaginea3 iu 1854, the Tremelliuese

I 48 PEOCEEDmaS OF THE

in 1853, the reproductive organs in Mushrooms, Ergot, Hypogseous
Fungi, with 21 plates, winding up with his masterpiece, ' Selecta
Fungorum Carpologia,' in 3 vols., fol., 1801-65.

The close rehitionship between Fungi and Lichens was recog-
nized by Tulasne before Schwendener, and published in 1852.

Be.sides these publications, he worked at phanerogamic botanv,
issuing memoirs on the collections under his care, on Legumiuosse,
the Flora of Colombia, Madagascar, on the Monimiaceae, the
American G-netaceae, and the singular group of Podostemaceae.
In addition to these taxonomic works, he published two papers
on Studies in Embryology.

For twenty years the delicacy of his health compelled him to
leave Paris, and reside on his property at Hyeres, where he died
of apoplexy, Dec. 22, 1885 ; his brother having died the year
before.

He was elected Foreign Member May 3, 1853, followed by his
election to the ' Institut,' Jan. 9, 1851, in the room of Adrieu de
Jussieu.

H. H. Rama Varma, Maharajah of Travancore, was born on the
19th May, 18:i7. His mother dying when he was only eight weeks
old, he was brought up by his great aunt; from the first he
was of a delicate constitution, which he did not outgrow. His
early education was carefully conducted bv his father, the Coil
Thampuran of Tiruvallah. In 1811^ he fell seriously ill, and was
pronounced consumptive; but by skilful treatment he recovered
his health. In 1819 the present liajah 8ir T. Madara How, a
distinguished pupil of the Government High School at Madras,
was appointed tutor to the young Prince, which post was held
for four years. The subject of our notice became an earnest
student of literature, and contributed many articles to the Indian
Press, especially the ' Madras Athenaeum ' and ' Calcutta lieview.'

Prince Eama Varma travelled much in Travancore, and took
copious notes of the things which struck him. He afcerwards
visited Madras twice, the last time in 1866. He corresponded
and exchanged plants with Kew, Drs. Anderson and King, of
Calcutta, Bennet of Australia, and Thvvaites of Ceylon. During
the period of twenty years after the death of his uncle in 1860,
when he became heir-apparent, he devoted the greater j^ortion of
his time and energy to acquiring a familiarity with the wants
and conditions of his people, which he afterwards turned to
signal account on becoming the ruler of Travancore. This
happened on the death of his elder brother in M:iy 18S0. Shortly
after he paid a visit to the Viceroy at Calcutta, aud was created
G rand Commander of the Star of India. For five years he was
unremitting in his endeavours to elevate and benefit his subjects
by many enlightened projects. In the middle of 1885 his health
gave way ; and he quietly passed away on the eveuing of Tuesday,
4th August, 1885.

He was elected Fellow of the Society December 6, 1883.

linnean society of london. i49

Donations to Libeaet, 1885-86.

Volumes and more important pamphlets, exclusive of exchanges,
chiefly from private individuals.

Agardh, J. G. Till Algernes Sjstematik Nya bidrag. vi., Tii. 4to. Lund.

Author.

Agassiz, L., and A. Gould. Outlines of Comparative Physiology. 8vo. Lond.,
1851. F. Crisp.

Aitken, Prof. W. The Doctrine of Evolution in its Application to Pathology.
8vo. Glasgow, 1886. Author.

Ami, H. M. Additional notes on the Geology and Paleontology of Ottawa and
vicinity. 8vo. Ottawa, 1886. Author.

Anderson, Prof. R. J. (I) Some considerations respecting Limbs. 8vo. Gal-
wav ?, 1884 ? — (2) The Relative Lengths of the Segments of the Limbs in
Mammals. 8vo. Gal way ?, 1884 ? Author.

Anderson, Richard. Lightning Conductors, their History, Nature, and Mode
of Application. 8vo., Lond., 1885. Author.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 6th ser. Vols, xv., xvi. 8vo.
Lond., 1886. Dr. W. Francis.

Arnold, Dr. F. Die Lichenen des frankischen Jura. 8vo. Regensburg, 1885.

Author.

Athenffium. Parts, July 1885 to June 1886. 4to. Lond., 1886. Ediror.

Atkinson, E. T. Notes on Indian Rhynchota. 8vo. Calcutta, 1885. Author.

Baker, J. G. Synopsis of the Genus iSelagivella. 8vo. Lond., 1883. Author.

Balfour (the late Francis Maitland). The Works of. Edited by.M. Foster and
Adam Sedgwick. Lond., 1885. Executois.

Beale, T. NaturalHistory of the Sperm-Whale. 8vo. Lond. Dr. J. Murie.

Beccari, Odoardo. Malesia. Vol. ii. fasc. 3. 4to. Geneva, 1885. Author.

Beeby, W. H. On Sj^arganivm tieglcctum. 8vo. Lond., 1885. Author.

Begoueu, Baron Henri. La Vibration Vitale. 8vo. Tours, 1885. Author.

Bennett, A. W. Freshwater AlgJE of the English Lake District ; with Descrip-
tions of twelve new species. 8vo. Lond., 188(i, Author.

Berger, A. M. Calendarium Florje, EUer Blomster-Almanach. 4to. Stockholm
1757. E. Ahrling.'

Berjeau, P. C. Varieties of Dog.s. 4to. Lond., 1863. Dr. J. Murie.

Bibliotheca Historiro-Naturahs, Physico-Chemica et Mathematica, 1867-'883.
8vo. Gottingen, 1867-83. P. Crisp.

Bidie, G. Report of Govt. Central Museum for 1884-85. Fol. Madras, 1885.

Author.

Blanford, H. F. (1) Age and Correlation of the Plant-bearing Series of India,
and former Existence ot Indo-oceanic Continent. 8vo. liOnd., 1875. — (2)
Physical Geography of the Great Indian Desert, with especial reference to
the former existence of the Sea in the Indus Valley. 8vo. Calcutta, 1876.
— (3) The African Element in the Fauna of India. 8vo. Lond.. 1876.

Prcf P. M. Duncan.

Blanford, W. T. Scientific Results of the Second Yarkand Mission. Mam-
malia. Fol. Calcutta, 1879. Author.

Blomefield, Rev. L. (1) Notice of a Second Capture of the rare Longicorn,
taken near Bath, in Sept. 1883. 8vo. Bath. — (2) Reminiscences of Wilham
Yarrell. 8vo. Bath, 1885. Author.

Bolus, H. Sketch of the Flora of South Africa. 8vo. Cape Town, 1886.

Author.

Bornet, E. Algues de Madagascar recoltees par M. Ch. Thiebaut. 8vo. Paris,
1885. Author.

Borre, A. Preudhomme de. (1) Analyse de deux travaux recents de MM.
Scudder et Ch. Brongniait sur lesArticul^s fossiles. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1885. —
(2) Note sur les Crustaces Isopodes de la Belgique. 8vo. Gand, 1886.

Sir J. Lubbock.

LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1885-86. n

150 PUOCEEDINGS OF THE

Boulenger, G. A. Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum. Vols, i.,
ii. 8vo. Lond., 1885. Trustees Brit. Mus.

Brazier, J. Synonjmy and Eemarks upon Specific Names and Autliorities of
Four !^pfcies of Australian Marine Shells, originally described by Dr. J. E.
Gray in 1J< 25 and 18:27. 8vo. Syt'ney, 1885. Author.

Brongniart, C. (1) Observations sur le /'%//oa-cra. 4to. Paris, 1881. — (2) Lea
Insectes Fossilcsoes Terrains Priniaires. 8a o. Eouen, 1885. — {-i) Translation
of same by Mark Stirrup. 8vo. Salford, 1885. C. Brcngniart.

Brook, G. (1 ) Kote on some of the Specimens sent in by the Ofliccrs of the Board.
(Eeprintcd from the 'J bird Annual Eeport of the Fishery Board of Scotland.)
8vo. Edinburgh. — (2) On the Development of the Herring. Part i. 8vo.
Edinb.— (3) The Spawning Period of the British Food-Fishes. 8vo. Edinb.,

1885. Author.
Burdon-Sanderson, J., and F. J. M. Page. Electrical Phenomena of Excitatory

Process in Hearts of Frog and Tortoise. 8vo. Lond. G. J. Eomanes.
Burmeister, Dr. H. (1) Atlas de la Description Physique de la Republique

Argentine. Fol. Buenos Aires, 1879. — (2) Sect. Mammiferes— Die Barten-

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Fol. Buenos Aires, 1883. Author.

Burrill, T. J. Parasitic Fungi of Illinois. Pt. 1. 8vo. 1885. Author.

Cambridge, O. P. Scientific Results of the Second Yarkand Mission. Araneidea,

Fol. Calcutta, 1885. India Office.

Cheltenham Natural Science Soc. Proceedings, 1884-85. 8vo. Cheltenham.

Dr. F. Day.
Cleghorn, H. Address delivered at Twenty-first Annual Meeting of Scottish

Arboricultural Society. 8vo. Edinb., 1875. Author.

Code of Instructions for the Conduct of Office Business and for the Eegulation

of Accounts in the Forest Department : with Forms. 8vo. Calcutta, 188fi.

Govt, of India.
Cooke, M. C. Some Remarkable Moulds. 8vo. Lond., 1885. Author.

CroU, J. The Ice of Greenland and the Antarctic Continent not due to Elevation

of the Land. 8vo. Lond., 1883. Dr. W. Francis.

Dalla-Torre, Prof. K. W. von. Tourist's Guide to the Flora of the Alps. Transl.

and ed. by Alf. W. Bennett. 12mo. Lond., 1886. Translator.

Dallas, J. On the Primary Divisions and Geographical Distribution of Man-
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Davidson, T. On a living spinose Ehy^ichoneUa from Japan. 8vo. Lond.,

1886. Mrs. Davidson.
Descourtilz, E. Voyages d'un Naturaliste, et les Observations. Tomes i.-iii.

8vo. Paris, 1809. B. Daydon Jackson.

Dulau&Co. Catalogueof Zoological and Anthropological Books. 8vo. Lond.,
1886. Publishers.

Duncan, Prof. P. M. (1) Answer to ' Observations on Some Imperfectly known
Madreporaria from the Cretaceous Formation of England, by R. F Tomes.'
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and Species of Regular Echinoidea. 8vo. Lond., 1885. A;:thor.

Eichwald, E. von. Nordenskiold und Nordmann, nach ihrem Leben imd
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Ekman, G. Hydrografiska L^nderstikningar vid Bohuskusten, 4to. Gciteborg,
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Entomologist. Vol. xviii. 8vo. Lond., 1885. T. P. Newman.

Entomologi.st's Monthly Magazine. Vol. xxii. 8vo. Lond., 1885-86. Editors.

Ernst, Prof. A. Biologische Beobachtungen an Eriodcndron mifractvosum, DC.
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Essex Field Club. (1) Transactions. Vol. iv. pt. 1. — (2) Journal of Pro-
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Fatio, Dr. V. Les Coregones de la Suisse. 8vo. Geneve, 1885. Author.

Feilden, II. W. The Post-Tertiary Beds of Grinnell Land and North Green-
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Author.

LTJSrifEAN SOCIETT OF LONDOJT. 151

Plower, W. H. List, Onsts of Fossils Reproduced from Specimens in Depart.

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Ford, 0. Cassia lignca {^Cinnamomum Cassia, Blame). Fol. Hongkong, 18S2.

Author.
Forrest, the Hon. J. Notes on Western Australia. Author.

Friedlauder, J. R. Natura; Novitates. 18S6, Nos. 1-18. 8vo. Berlin, 188G.

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Garden. Vols, xxriii., xxix. 4to. Lond., 1885-86. W. Robinson.

Gardener's Chronicle. Vols, xxiv., xxv. Fol. Lond., l885-8(i. Editor.

Gardner, J. Starkie. (1) On Relative Ages of American and Englisli Creta-
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Gorham, J. The Rotation of Coloured Discs, applied to Facilitate the Study

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Gravis, Dr. A. Recherches Anatomiques sur les Organes Vegetatives de 1' Urfica

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Gray, Prof. Asa. (1) Botanical Necrology of 1885. 8vo. 1886.— (2) Louis

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Han bury, F. J. The London Catalogue of British Plants. Part 1. Btii ed.
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Rev. G. Henslow.
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M. Le Chevr. C. P. Sandberg.
n2

I 52 PEOCEEDIN as OF TnE

Japanese Case containing illustrated 4to volumes on Japanese Botany. Be-
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Journal of the Royal Geological Society of Ireland. Yol. \i. Part 3. 8vo.
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Kobelt, W. Reiscerinncrungen aus Algerien und Tunis. 8vo. Frankfurt-am-
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Kolliker, Pnf. A. (1) Herr Paul Albrecht zum letzten Male. I. Die Chorda
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Kronfeld, M. L^eber einige Terbreitungsmittel der Compositenfriiciite. 8\o.
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Lauiic, J. Recherches sur les Plantes Naturalis^es dans le Sud-Ouest de la
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Langley, J. N. Formation of Ferment in the Sub-Maxillary Gland of Rabbit.
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Lees, E. The Botanical Looter-out among the Wild Flowers of the Fields,
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Lloyd, J. U. and C. G. Drugs and Medicines of North America. Vol. i.
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Lubbock, Sir J. (I) Flowers, Fruits, and Leaves. Svo. Lond., 1886.- (2)
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Lydekker, R. Catalogue of Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum. I'art 2.
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M'Coy, Frederick. Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria. Decade x. Roy.
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M'Intosh, Prof. W. C. (1) Address Biolog. Sect. Brit. Assoc. Svo. Aberdeen,
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i

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Morris, 0. Attack and Defence as Agents in Animal Evolution. 8vo. Phila-
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Naturalist.. Vols. x. & xi., 1885-86. Svo. Lond., 1886. Editors.

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Parfitt, E. (1) Crustacea Podophthalmata, and the Histology of their .Shells.
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— (8) Do., Hemiptera Heteroptera, or Plant Bugs. Svo. I'lymouth, 1884.
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7'i!:V/-«/)/ac«s, eine neue Scrophularineengattung aus Brasilien. Svo. Miinehen,

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Reitter, E. Bestinuuungs. Tabellen der europjiischen Coleopteren. Necro-

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154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Keport on Public Gardens and Plantations of Jamaica. Fol. Jamaica, 1882-83.

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Reports on: — (1) Botanic Gardens, Govt. House Grounds and Domain for
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R(?ports of Forest Department, Madras Presidency, 1883-84. Fol. Madras,
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Riley, 0. V. The Periodii'al Cicada : an Account of Cicada Scpte77idevim and
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Ringer, Prof. S. Regarding the Action of Hydrates of Soda, Ammonia, and
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Rodrigues, J. B. Esferhazya Stipcrha, especie nova da Familia das Scrophu-
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Schaffranek, Dr. The Flora of Palatka and Vicinity. Author.

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Scott, T. Curious Dwelling for a Hermit Crab. 8vo. Glasgow, 1885.

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Scottish Marine Station, Granton, Edinburgh. Price List of Specimens. 8vo.
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Somerville, A. List of Briti.sh Marine Shells, including the Brachiopoda ;
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Sundevall,Cai-l J. (1) Conspectum Avium Picinarum. Roy. Svo. Stockholm,
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Temple, Sir R. Address to the Geographical Section of British Association.
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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOJTDON". 1 55

Tepper, J. G. O. Our Local Orchids. (A Lecture before the Field Naturalists'
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Turner, Prof. W. Lectures on Comparative Anatomy of the Placenta. Svo.
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Vidal, D. Sebastian y Soler. Phanerogamse Cumingiante Philippinarum.
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Worsley-Benison, H. W. S. Charles Darwin : Presidential Address, 1885.

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Zigno, Baron Achille de. Sopra Uno Scheletro Fossile di Myliobatcs. 4to.

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INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS.

•SESSIONS 1883-1886.

Note. — The name of the Chairman at each Meeting is not indexed.

Abies pccfi7iafa, shown (Prior), 77.
Acacia conciima, 67.
Acari in Moles' nests (Michael), 126.
Acarina, life-history of (Michael), 5.
Accessions to Libi-ary, 14, 80, 130.
Accounts, Annual Statements, 12,81,131.
Aconitum Napellus shown (]3uysman),

121.
Address of President, (1885) 84, (1886)

135-
Address of Vice-President, (1884) 17.
Mcidkim bcliidis (Plowright), 9.
Afselia cua7?ffensis, fruit of shown

(Holmes), 122.
Ajvga ChamcepVys, 109.
Alcock, R. H., deceased, 130; obituary,

137- .

Alcyonium shown (Bourne), 16.

Algie and Mosses, shown (Smith), 118.

Alg£e, new British Marine, shown
(Holmes), 73 ; (Schaarschmidt), 8.

Alginate of soda, 68.

Alginie acid, 68.

Algo-Fungal-Lichen theory (Rev. J.
Crombie), 10.

Alhuan, Prof., Hydroids, 74; presents
portrait of G. Busk, 80 ; special vote
of thanks to President, 132.

Almis Bicharchoni (Gardner), 2.

Aloe and Gasferia, hybrid between,
shown (Baker'), 74.

Ambulaci'a of recent Diadematidse, ana-
tomy of (Duncan), 73.

Amsinkia sp., 110.

Anaphe (Walsingham), 9.

Ancient Egyptian garlands shown
(Thiselton Dyer), 7

Anderson, J., Birds of Mergui, 135 ;

coram, on Sponges of Mergui (Carter),
134; comm. on MoUusca of Mergui
(vun Martens), 135; comm. on Crus-
tacea of Mergui (De Man), 131;.

Andeison, Prof. R. J., electpcl, 83;
limbs of chick during development,
125.

Andi-opogon Gryllus shown (Jackson),
4-

AngrcBCum sesquipedale shown (Christy),
122.

Anniversary Meetings, (1884) 11 ; (1885)
79; (1886)29; ])()stp<)nement, 77.

Aiitennaj of Honey-Bee (Briant), 3.

Apis mellifica, albinism in, shown (Che-
shire). 83.

Apium graveolens, 109.

Ap|)leton, R. C, elected, 16.

Arbaciadte (Prof. Duncan and Sladen),
72.

Arctic Regions, vegetation of (Buysman),
127.

Areca (Ondaatje), 117.

Armit, Capt. W. A., plants from S.E.
New Guinea, 74.

Artemisia vulgaris, 109.

Articles made from hairy bamboo in
Kew Museum (Dyer), 72.

Ascaris bicolor s\i(.mn (Murie), 3.

Aster tripolium, 109, and var. discoideus,
109.

Asterope, 16.

Astragalus sp., no.

Astrangiacea, structure and variation in
(Ridley), 7-

Athyrimn Filix-foeinina (Druery), 17 ;
var. darissima (Druery), 69; pinnae of,
exhib. (Druery), 76.

158

Afhyrurus ternatas (Bower), 6.

Atkinson, A. S., elected, i6.

Atriplex aiigustifolia, 109; hastata,

109.
Auckland, silk from, shown (Christy),

73-
Auditors, elected, 10, 75, 129; report

presented, 11, 79, 129.
Aidacomiimipalustre, gemmae of (Bower),

6.
Australia, Minyad from (Bell), 76.
AviciUa manjarififera (Day), 78 ; fucata

(Day), 78 ; vexillutn (Day), 78.

Bacillus of Anthrax from Man exhib.
(Poland), 10.

B.ickhouse, J., elected, 76.

Bagnall, J. E., elected Associate, 71.

Bahamas, drawings of flowers &c. from,
shown (Duchess of St. Albans), 75.

Baker, Rev. 0. J., elected, 8.

Baker, J. G., comm. by (Brockhurst),
68 ; drawings of ferns, Roraiina
expedition, shown, 128 ; dried ferns
shown, 126; ferns from North Borneo,
126 ; Flora of Central Madagascar:
I. PolypL'taliu ; II. Calyciflorie, 17 ;
Flora of Madagascar, 72 ; hybrid be-
tween Aloe and Gasferia shown, 74 ;
exhib. hybrids of Pri/nida, 9 ; Foly-
podium (§ Nlphobolus) poli/dacfylon,
shown, 74; remarks on potatoes,
118; Scolopendriu7)i Devalai/i shown,
127 ; tuber-bearing species of So/aiium,
5 ; vote of thanks to President, 132.

Ba'aiiophura and Thonniiigia (Fawcett),
127.

Balanophora Thwaifesii (Tvimen), 133;
specimen shown, 133.

Balfour, Prof. I. Bayley, elected Coun-
cillor, 14; removed from Council,
82.

Balfour, Prof. J. H., deceased, 13 ;
obituary, 30.

Ball, J., botany of Western South Ame-
rica, 126 ; Flora of North Patagonia,
7 ; Flora of Peruvian Andes, 1 18.

Baly, J. S., Colombian species of Dia-
brotica, Part I., 121 ; Part II., 123 ;
Galerucidie, new species of, 129.

Bambusa quadrangularis shown (Dyer),

7^- . , . .

Banksia margmahs, variegation of

(Tepper), 10, 57.

Barber, Clias. A., elected, 4.

Bartlett, Clarence, remarkable cater-
pillar shown by, 124.

Bastow, R. A., elected, 20.

Bates, II. W., Longicorn beetles of
Japan, 16.

Bafrachospenniim shown (Cole), 76.

Bee, secretory gland in head of, shown
(Cheshire), 78.

Beeby, W. II., E(/ni.sc(um liforale shown,
124; Sparganium neglecittm, from
Guildford, shown, 70.

Beech-tree, twigs of, shown (Roberti),
83.

Bell, Prof. Jeffrey, drawings of Comatu-
lids of Ceylon exhib., 11 ; Holo-
thurians of Mergui, 1 34 ; Minyad
from Australia, 76.

Bennett, Arthur, Carex Ugerica shown,
4; elected to Council, 132; Najas
cdagncnsis, shown, 2 ; JV'. viaritima
shown, 2^ plants new to Britain
shown, 83 ; vegetable hedgehogs
shown, 4.

Bennett, A. W., comra. by (Miller
Christy), 7 ; observations on Proto-
plasm, 8 ; removed from Council, 14 ;
reproduction of Zygnemaceaj as a
sexual character, 3.

Bentham, G., deceased, 80 ; legacy
fi'om, 65 ; obituary, 90 ; works of,

95-
Benthaiu's legacy, account of, 69.
Birds of New Zealand (Potts), 66.
Blackett, C. R., elected, 75.
Blackman, Dr. J. D. V., deceased, 80.
Blake, Mrs., drawings of flowers &c.

from Bahama, 75.
Blathwayt, Lieut.-Col. L., elected, 120.
Blomefield, L., photograph, presenta-
tion of, 119.
Bloom on leaves and distribution of

stomata (Darwin), 125.
Blow. T. B., elected, 70.
Blue-throated Warblers shown (Gunn),

70.
Boissier, E., deceased, 130; obituary,

137-138.
Bolus, Harry, South-African Botany, 5 ;

Part II., 119.
Bonavia, E., source of true Limes, 125.
BoiielUa, 16.
Book of Japanese fishes shown (M'Lach-

l.in), 71.
Books, bequest of, by Dr. Cobbold, 128.
Books bound in Library, 80, 1 30.
Borneo, North, Ferns from (Baker),

126.
Boscawen, Hon. and Rev. J. T., elected,

126.
Bofaurus minufus shown (Gunn), 70.
Boulger, G. S., motion by, 82 ; seconder

of motion, 82.
Bourne, A. G., elected, 83 ; preservation

of marine animals exhib., 16.
Bourne, G. C, elected, 126 ; letter

INDEX.

159

from read, 119 ; S^phcerotherium, ana-
tomy of, I 1 9.

Bowei". F. O., Aposporj in Ferns, 71 ;
drew attention to a figure of Sciado-
•pytis verticillata, 8 ■, gemmie oi Aula-
comidon 'paludre, 6 ; structure of stem
of Bhpichopetalum monfanum, 4 ;
Tomica Memiesli shown, 6.

Boycott, Dr. T., deceased, 130.

Brachiopoda, recent (Davidson), 118 ;
Part II., 134; Part III., 135.

Brady, Dr. Gr. S., Eutoniostraca from
Ceylon, 123.

Brazier, J., elected, 134.

Brebner, J., elected, 83.

Breese, Chas. J., elected Auditor, 75;
remarks on Investments, 13 ; Scru-
tineer, 14.

Briant, T. J., anatomy of tongue of
honey-bee, 10; antennae of honey-
bee, 3.

Britain, plants new to, shown (Bennett),
83.

British Guiana, timbers shown (Dr.
Prior), 5,

— marine Algae shown (Holmes), 73.

— oak-galls shown (Rolfe), 66.
Britten, J., Scrutineer, 132.
Brockbank, W., elected, 8 ; exhib. double

daffodils, 9 ; Leucojum carpathicum
shoivn, 73 ; Leucojum cBstimim, Her-
iiandesii, fulchellum, shown, 78, 79 ;
double daffodil, 68.

Brogden, Dr. J., withdrawn, 13.

Uromus arvensis, 110; B. madritensis,
1 10; B. secalinus, no.

Brook, G., development of ^/o/e^^araws-
tela, 66 ; development of weeverflsh
{Trachinus vipera), 11; preparation
of embryology of weeverflsh shown,
II.

Broome, 0. E., Fungi from Queensland,
128.

Brositnum Aubletei, shown (Dr. Prior),

5-
Brown, G. D., deceased, 1 30 ; obituary,

138.
Brown, Mrs. R., presents cast of bust of

Linnaeus, 82.
Brown, N. E., additional notes on Mr.

Bolus's paper, 1 1 9.
Buccleuch, Duke of, deceased, 1 3 ; obi-
tuary, 31.
Buckman, J., deceased, 80 ; obituary,

104.
Bulger, Lieut.-Col. G. E., deceased, 80.
Burmese Desmidiea; (Joshua), 5.
Burton, F. M., elected, 133.
Bushman crania from Congo, shown

(Romanes), 74.

Busk, G., portrait of, 80 ; seconder of

motion, 15.
Butler, A. G., comm. by (Kirby), 72.
Buysman, Mr., Aconitum Napellus

shown, 121 ; medicinal plants shown,

123 ; vegetation of Arctic Regions,

127.
Buzzard shown (Heath), 77.

Callifhamnion (Bennett, A. W.), 8.

Calothrix Crustacea (Holmes), 73 ; C.
parasitica (Holmes), 73.

Campbell, F. M., dragon-fly and hum-
muig-bird hawk-moth shown, 67 ;
Teijouiria Guyonii shown, 4.

Candolle de, A. P., prize of 500 francs
announced, 121,

Cannabis sativa, no.

Cantley, Nathaniel, elected, 4.

Cape grasses and rushes shown (Muri-
son), 71.

Capper, S. J., elected, 120.

Cardamine pratensis (Power), 6.

Care.v arenaria (Bennett), 4 ; C. ligerica
(Bennett) shown, 4 ; (J. salina (Ben-
nett) shown, 84; C. trinervis (Ben-
nett) shown, 84.

Carey, S., elected, 71.

Carnivora, cerebral convolutions of (Mi-
vart), 71.

Carpenter, P. H., elected, 126; Meta-
crinus, 1 6 ; variations of cirri in Co-
ma tula, 121.

Carpenter, Dr. W. B., comm. by (Car-
penter and von Graaf ), 16; deceased,
130; obituary, 138-140.

Carruthers, W., elected Councillor, 14;
elected President, 132; nom. V.-P.,
I 5, 83 ; vote of thanks to Officers, 15.

Carter, G. W., elected, 133.

Carter, H. J., Sponges from Mergui,
134.

Carter, J., seeds shown, 117.

Carus, Prof. J. V., elected Foreign
Member, 76.

Caspary, Prof. R., elected Foreign
Member, 76.

Castar/nca contorta (Holmes), 73.

CastiUoa elastica (Hooker), 121.

Catasatum shown (Chri^ty), 117.

Caterpillar, remarkable, shown (Bart-
lett). 124.

Catlett, W. H., elected, 126.

Cayota urens (Ondaatje), 117.

Celebes, nat. hist., letter on (Hickson),
120.

Cenfaurea depressa shown (Thiselton
Dyer), 7 ; Cyanus, no.

Centranthus ruber, 109.

Ceramium divaricatum (Holmes), 73. -

i6o

INDEX.

Cerithiopsis (Rev. R. B. Watson), 72.

Ceylon, Colydiidae from (Sharp), 72.

Ch<etopterus, 1 6.

Chagos andiipelago, nat. hist., letter on
(Bourne), 1 19.

Chaleiclid;t', synopsis of (Kirby), 134.

'Challenger' Exped., drift-fruits and
seeds from New Guinea, &c., shown
(Dyer), 75-

Oinma, new species or variety of (Han-
ley), 17-

Chamberlain, V. I., trap-door spider
shown, 121.

Changes in liabits fauna and flora in N.
Zealand (Dr. Carl), 2.

Chantransia /uxunati,^ (Holmes), 73.

Chantre, M. C, withdrawn, 13.

Cktra Brannii shown (Groves), 2 ; C. ca-
nescens {■= C.crinita) shown (Christy),
67 ; (J. conyiivens, from S. Devon,
shown (Christy), 67.

Chenopodium album, 109; C.hyhridum,
109.

Cheshire, K,. F., albinism in Apis melli-
Jica sliown, 83 ; elected, 75 ; secretory
gland in head of bee sho^vn, 78 ;
tongue of bee, epitome of researches,
123.

Chi>k, limbs of, during development
(Anderson), 125.

Chinese drawings of plants shown (Cogs-
well), 133.

Christ,, R. Miller, Lepidoptera, Hyme-
noptera, and collection of dried plants
from Manitoba shown, 7 ; seed of
Stipa sparlea penetrating bodies of
animals, 7, 57.

Christy, T., Angractim sesqtdpcdale
shown, 122; Auditor, 10, 75, 129;
Cataxafum, malformed, shown, 117;
Gastonia palmata siiown, 3 ; flowers
preserved by chemical process shown,
125; Cinchona-bark shown, 125;
Eri/(ho.rylon coco shown, 125; Ja-
maican "plants shown, mounted, 134.;
Japanese drawings of plants shown,
75 ; Japanese Menthol plant {Mentha
arvcitsin, var. pipercsccna), shown, 16 ;
Kola acuminuta shown, 66 ; Kola-
nuts and paste shown, 76 ; Lycaste
« Skinneri shown, 68 ; samples of tea

of Ilex shown, 68 ; Mangabevia rub-
ber from Hancornia speciosa shown,
71 ; Orchids, malformed, shown, 117;
remarks on ventilation, i 3 ; removed
from Council, 1 32 ; seconder of pro-
po.sal, I 5 ; silk from Auckland shown,
73; Trcvesia sundaica shown, 3; ve-
getable fur shown, 1 1.

Cinchona- bark shown (Christy), 125.

Cinchona Ledgeriana (Holmes), 68.

Cirri in Comatulce, variations of (Car-
penter), 121.

Cladophora arcfiuscula (Holmes), 73;
proiifcra (Holmes), 73.

Clarke, C. B., Botanical notes from Dar-
jeeling to Tonglo and Sundukphoo,
72 ; Botanical observations in Naga
hills, 127; Flora of Parasnath (Ben-
gal), 17; Indian species of Ci/perus, 8.

Club-mosses in coal shown (Wethered),

73-

Cobbold, Prof. T. S., allusion to death of,
128; bequest of books, 128; comm.
by (Dr. Manson), 8; deceased, 130;
obituary, 140-141 ; motion by, 15;
parasites collected by the late Clias.
Darwin, 121 ; reiuoved from Council,
14; S^'rutineer, 82; Sfrongylus Arn-
fieldi and tttracanfhus, 126; 8. Axei;
124; S. (efracanfhits shown, 126.

Cobbold, Mrs., vote of thanks accorded
to, 128.

Coch!earia afiglica, 109.

Cocoa-nut (Oiulaaije), 117.

Codiolnm longipes (Holmes), 73.

CaZttCffW'AMs (Davis), 17.

Coilopleurus and Arh^icia, morphology
of test in (Prof. Duncan and Sladen),
72.

Ccelophurus Maillurdi, branchial struc-
tures of, shown (Duncan), 83

Cogswe I, 0., Chinese drawings of plants
shown, 133; drawings of I.eiUomia
aggregota and FofhergiUa Gardeni
sliown, 129; maples from Nova Scotia
shown, 123 ; Sit<j/rinchium Bermudia-
niimAwA Bryophglhtm calycinuin,iroux
Bermuda, siiown, 123; oil paintings
by Miss E. Gray shown, 121.

Cole, A. C, Butrachospermum shown,
76 ; microscopical preparations
shown, 6 ; pitcher-plant, glands of
shown, 1 19.

Cole, F., withdrawn, 80.

Colebrook, Dr. J., withdrawn, 80.

Colenso, Rev. W., flowering plants from
New Zealand, 74.

Colydiidre (Sharp), 72.

ComatuJida of Ceylon, drawings of,
eshib. (Bell), 11.

Common Buzzard shown (Heath), 77.

Compound \ision of Insects (Lowue),
6.

Congress, International, Botany and
Horticult., Antwerp, 79 ; proposed
Ornithological, at Vienna, 7, 8.

Conifers, history of (Masters), 124;
living, shown (Veitch), 123.

Conium maculatum, 109.

INDEX.

l6l

Connor, R., elected, 128.

Cooke, Dr. M. C, structure and affinity
of Spficeria pocula, 5.

Cojorosma Baueriana, glands of (Gar-
diner), 5.

Correspondencebetween Linnaeus, Ehret,
and others, 44-56.

Corry, Thos. H., deceased, 1 3 ; obituary,

3'-

Coioneaster imcrophylla, branch of
shown (Middleton), 15.

Cotton, T. A., elected, 126.

Council, ballot for, 14, 82, 132.

Cresse, M., elected, 69.

Crisp, F., account of Bentliam's Legacy,
79 ; drew attention to mode of pre-
serving delicate organisms of Medusre,
2 ; Limiiocodiu7)i tSuwcrhii (drew at-
tention to), 2 ; nom. V.-P., 15, 83, 133 ;
re-elected Treasurer, 14, 82, 132;
statements of Accounts, 12, 81, 131.

Crombie, Eev. J. M., Algo-Fungal-
Lichen Theory, and Schvvendenerian
hypothesis, 10.

Cromer, fossil seeds and plants from,
shown (Reid), 122.

Crowley, P-, elected, 2.

Crustacea,European and North-Atlantic
(Rev. A. M. Norman), 6.

CiLCurhita maxima, 1 10.

Curl, Dr. J. M.. changes habits fauna
and flora of New Zealand, 2.

Currey, F., portrait of, 82.

Currey, I., presents portrait of his
father, 82.

Cyclops, morphology of (Hartog), 17.

Cydostoniatous Bryozoa (Waters), 9.

CyperacesE, west coast of Africa, in
Welwitsih Herbarium (Ridley), 7.

Cyjicrus, Indian species of (Clarke), 8.

Cypripedium calceolus shown (Middle-
ton), 16.

Cytisus Adami shown (Roberti), 83.

Daffodil, double (Brockhurst), 68.
Daisies, malformed, shown (Draue),

Dallas, James, elected, 7 ; Glossy Ibis

shown, 124.
Darjeeling to Tonglo and Sundukphoo,

Botan. notes from (Clarke), 72.
Darwin, Chas., essaj' on Instinct, 4.
Darwin, F., bloom on leaves and stomata,

125 ; removed from Council, 14.
Davidson, A. A., deceased, 130; obituar)-,

141.
Davidson, T., Brachiopoda, 46, 1 34, 135;

deceased, 130; obituary, 141, 142.
Davies, J. W., Cmlacanthus from

Yorkshire cannel coal, 17 ; Hctero-

lepidotm grandis, 69 ; seconder of
motion, 82.

Day, Dr. F., breeding of salmon from
parents which have never descended to
sea, 74 ; comm. by (Sim), 135; pearl
oysters shown, 78 ; trout with two
heads shown. 78 ; relationship of
Indian and African freshwater fish-
faunas, 69 ; Scrutineer, 82 ; skulls of
Salmonidae shown, 127.

Deane, J., deceased, 130.

Deane, H., elected, 83.

Deaths of Associates, 80, 130.

Deaths of Foreign Members, 6, 13, 80,
130.

Deaths, withdrawals, and elections, re-
port on, 13, 79, 129.

De Man, Dr. J. G., Crustacea of
Mergui, 135.

Dendrohmm, living examples shown
(Heath), 128; B. Thalanossia, Ava,^-
ing of, shown (Dyer), 66.

Bendrocalamus latijlonis shown (Dyer),

72-

Dennis, J. M., elected, 16,

Dent, Chas. H., elected, 74.

Desinidife, Burmese (Joshua), 5, 72.

Bcsmophyllum crista g a Hi shown (Dun-
can), 3.

Diahotica, Colombian species of (Baly),
121, 123.

Diadematidffi (Duncan), 73.

Dkdium, 67.

DiatomaceiE from island of Socotra
(Kitton), 9.

Dickens, F. V., elected Auditor. 129.

Diego Garcia, vegetation of (Hemsley),

Dijyiofaxismuralis, 109 ; tcnuifolia, 109.

Discocoeliti, 16.

Diicoidca cylindrica, anatomy of (Dun-
can and Sladen), 135.

Bispanpes hombi shown (Michael), 5.

Dixon, H. N., elected, 83.

Dobson, Hon. F Stanley, elected, 69.

Dobson, J. A., elected, 154.

Dobson, Hon. W. Lambert, elected, 4.

Donations to Library, 59-64, 1 1 1-
115, i4f)-i55-

Doran, Alban, ear-bones of Ehytina
Sfelleri, 5.

Braha ahoides exhib. (Dr. Prior), 10.

Bracreim Braco, 15.

Dragon-fly shown (Campbell), 67.

Dragon-tree of Canaries, 15 ; photo-
graphs, exhib. (Stone), 15.

Drane, R., malformed daisies shown,
134.

Drawings of flowers &c. from Bahamas
shown (Duchess of St. Albans), 75.

l62

INDEX.

Dresser, 11. E., removed from Council,

Drift fruits and seeds from New Guinea,
&c., sliown, 75..

Druce, G., variety of Melampyrtim
prafensc, 15.

Druery, Chas. F., development in Lady
Fern {Afkyrium Filix-fa-mhia), 17 ;
elected, 74; piiinjE oi Athyrium FilLv-
faemina, var. clarisiihna, exliib., 76 ;
reproduction in Afhyriam Filix-
foemina, var. clarissima, 69.

Duncan, Prof. P. M., his Address, 17;
anatomy of ambulacra of recent Dia-
dematidae, 73 ; anatomy of Ophiofhrix
variabilis, 1 34 ; CoelopleurusMaillardi,
branchial structure, 83; Desi7iophyl-
lu7}i crista gain shown, 3; Madrepo-
raria of Mergui (Corals shown), 127;
new genus of Fungida, 15 ; nom. V.-
Pres., 15 ; Ophiuridaof ilergui, 134 ;
parasitic growth within coral shown,
76 ; perignatliic girdle of Ecliinoidea,
119; removed from Council, 82 ; re-
placement of true theca bj epitheca
in corals, 3 ; revision of Sclerodermic
Zoantharia (Rugosa excepted), 9.

Duncan and Sladen, anatomy of Dis-
coidca cylindrica, 135; Family Arba-
ciadaj. — Part I. Morphology of test
in Coelopli'urus and Arhacia, 72.

Dyer, W. T. Tliiselton, ancient Egyptian
garlands shown, 7 ; Bamhttsa quad-
rangidaris exhib., 72 ; Cenfaurca dc-
pressa shown, 7 ; cloth from Pachy-
rhyza sinensis shown, 65 ; coll. of
marine Algae from West Australia
exhib., 69; comm. by (Forbes), 66;
comm. by (C. B. Plowright), 9, 66 ;
comm. by (Bonavia), 125 ; comm. by
(Thurn), 128; Dendrocahtmus lafi-
jlorus, exhib., 72 ; drawing of Ben-
drobium Thalxsnossia, shown, 65 ;
elected Councillor, 14 ; fabric of
Puerraria Thunbergiana shown, 65 ;
flowers of Epilobium hirsufvm, from
a tomb near Thebes, shown, 68 ;
Ipommi purpureo-C(Bnilca, shown, 68 ;
Mentha piperita, sterile runners
shown, 68; nom. V.-Pres., 83, 133;
Papavcr Khaas, shown, 7 ; peculiar
instrument, " Ladanisterion,' from
Crete shown, 69; photographs of
Encephalartus from S. Africa shown,
70 ; polymorphism of foliage shown,
75 ; Khododeudron from Himalaya
shown, 76 ; Sagitfaria montevidensis,
shown, 69 ; Salix Safsaf .shown, 7 ;
Solaniim Maglia shown, 118 ; tubero-
sum, y&r.,s\ioyfn, 118; tea of Vacci-

ninm Arcfostaphylos shown, 65 ;
tubers of Ullucus tid)erosus, from
Venezuela, shown, 70; uten.sils from
Para for collecting rubber siiown, 76;
vegetable products shown, 16.

Ear-bones of Rhytina Stcllcri (Doran),

5-
Eaton, Rev. A. E., recent Ephemerira:

or May-flies, 6, 73, 123.
Echinochloa Cms- G alii, 109.
Ectocarpus insignis (Holmes), 73 ; rep'

tans (Hohnes), 73.
Edelweiss, Himalayan, shown (Murie),

7'-
Edward, T., deceased, 130; obituary,

142-143.
Ehret, G. D.. memoir of, 42.
Embryology of weever-fish, prepara-
tion of, shown (Brook), 11.
Emmet, J., elected, 71.
Encephalartus lo7igifolius shown (Dyer),

70.
Engelmann, Dr. G., deceased, 13 ;

obituary, 32.
Entomostraca from Ceylon (Brady),

123.
Eocene Ferns (Gardner), 77.
Ephemerid;c or May-flies, recent (Rev.

A. E. Eaton), 6, 73, 123.
Epi/obium kirsufum, flowers of, shown

(Dyer), 68.
Epitheca (Duncan), 3.
Epps, J., elected, 73.
Equatorial Africa, birds from (Sharpe),

II ; plants of (Sir J. D. Hooker and

Prof. Oliver), 71.
Equisetum Utorale s))own (Beeby), 124.
Ergot of Diss shown (Holmes), 123.
Erigcron acris, 109.
Erodium cicidarium, 109 ; moschatum,

109.
Erytho.rylon coco sliown (Christy), 125.
Essay on Instinct (Darwin, Chas.), 4.
Ei'.calyptns, skeleton leaves, shown (von

Mueller), 117 ; Haigeriana, sliown

(Holmes), 73 ; latifrons, shown (Dyer),

70-
Euphorbia Cyparissias, shovm (Prior),

77 ; starch-grains in lacteal cells of

(Potter), 5.
Eurojiean and Tvorth-Atlantic Crustacea

(Rev. A. M. Norman), 6.
Evans, J., letter from, concerning G.

D. Ehret and letters of Linna?us, i ;

Palieolitliic instruments shown, 77.
Exotische Sclimetterliiige, folios of,

shown (Weir), 123.
Fasciated branch of Holly shown (Rid-

ley), 5-

INDEX.

163

Fauna, wave-currents on (Hunt), 16.

Fawcett, W., Balanophora and Thon-
niiigia {T. vialagadca shown), 127;
photographs ot Hydnora Johannis
shown, 134; Testacella Maiiffei shovfn,

2.

Ferns, apospory in (Bower), 71 ; dried,

shown (Baker), 126; from Canada,

shown (Macoun), 134..
Filaria sanguinis-hoininis (Manson), 8.
Fissidcns, genus (Mitten), 73.
Fletcher, J., elected, 133.
Flora of North Patagonia (Ball), 7 ; of

Peruvian Andes (Ball), 118.
Flower, Prof. W. H., comm. by (Doran),

5 ; elected Councillor, 82 ; nom.

V.-Pres., S3, 133.
Flowers joreserved by chemical process

shown (Christy), 125.
Foliage from buds, development of

(Henslow), 72.
Fookes, G. J., syncarpy in apj^les shown,

118.
Forbes, F. B., elected Auditor, 129 ;

elected Councillor, 82 ; pods and seeds

used by Chinese as soap shown, 67.
Forbes and Hemsley, Index Florre

Sinensis, Part I., 127 ; Part II.,

135-
Forbes, H". O., elected Associate, jj ;
plants of Timor-laut islands, 66 ;
self-fertilization in tropical orchids,

71-
Ford, C, elected, 120.
Formosa, new fern from, 74..
Fossil leaves from Mull (Gardner),

124.
Foidkoonia floribunda shown (Dyer),

16.
French, Chas., elected, 75.
French, Rev. H., elected, 4.
Freshwater Fish-Faunas of India and

Africa (Day), 69.
Fungida, new genus of (Duncan), 15.

Gagca lufea (Prior), shown, 75.
Galerucidffi, new species of (Baly),

129.
GaUimda chloropus shown (Gunn), 8.
Gardiner, Walter, glands of Coprosma,

Bcnieriana, 5.
Gardner, J. Starkie, Ahms Eichardsoni,

paper on, 2 ; Eocene ferns, 77 ;

Eocene representatives of Sviilax,

134; fossil leaves from Mull, 124;

fossil plants from Mull shown, 1 24.
Ga.'<teria and Aloe, hybrid between,

shown (Baker), 74.
Gasfonia palmafa shown (Christy), 3.
Gasfridkim lendigenim, 109.

Gemmje of Aulacomnion palustre
(Bower), 6.

Gibbs, A. E., elected, 126.

Gingko hiloba, 67.

Glands of Coprosma Baucriana (Gar-
diner), 5 ; of Hypericacere (Green), 5.

Glediischia sinensis, 67.

Glceocapsa shown (Murray), 68.

Glossy Ibis shown (Dallas), 124.

Glyci-phagus, specimens of, shown
(Michael), 125.

Godwin-Austen, Lieut.-Col. H. H.,
comm. by, 9 ; elected Councillor, 14 ;
removed from Council, 82.

Golden Eagle .shown (Heath), 117.

Golfivgia Maclnfoshii (Lankester), 84.

Goppert, Dr. H. R., deceased, 80 ;
obituary, 104.

Gorham, Dr., venation of Myrtaceae
shown, 83.

Goss, H., wild parsley shown, 125.

Goucher, J., withdrawn, 13.

Graaf, Prof, von, Myzosfoma, 16.

Grasses from Cape and New Zealand
shown (Murison), 71.

Grcdeloupia dichofoma (Holmes), 73.

Gray, Miss E., oil paintings shown (Dr.
Cogswell), 121.

Green, J. R., glands of Hypericace«, 5.

Greenish, H. G., elected, 70.

Grieve, Dr. J., elected, 74.

Grindrod, Dr. R. B., deceased, 13.

Groves, H., Char a Braunii shown, 2 ;
new British plants shown, 2.

Groves, H., coast ilora of South Italy,
75 ; elected, 6.

Groves, H. and J., Chara connivens
shown, 67 ; Chara canescens ( = C.
crhiifa) shown, 68.

Groves, J., elected, 73 ; Nitella capitata
shown, 78.

Grut, F., nom. Scrutineer, 14,

Gulliver, T., elected, 74.

Gunn, T. E., elected, i ; exhibited a
male variety of the Common Moorhen
( GaUinula chloropits), 8 ; ornitho-
logical notes, 72 ; liuticUla siiecica
shown, 70.

Gurney, J. H, elected, 120.

Gynnwcladus, 67 ; chit>cnsis, 67 ; sinen-
sis, 67 ; aylocarpa, 67.

Haddock, spine of, shown (Murie),

118.
Haeckel, Prof. E., elected Foreign

Member, 1 1 .
Hairs occurring on stamens in plants

(Pim), 8.
Halogcfon sativa, Spanish Barilla from,

shown (Dyer), 16.

164

INDEX.

Hammond, A., Stratiomys ChamcBleon,

integument of, ehown, 125.
Ilanbiiry, F. J., Hieraciiim and Carex,

forms of. shown, 124.
Hancock, W., elected, 1 6.
Uancornia speciosa shown (Christy),

71-

Hunley, S., new species or variety of
Cfiai/ia, 17.

Hannington, Rev. J., elected, 4 ; deceased,
130 ; obituary, 143.

Harris, F., deceased, 130.

Harrison, Dr. G., withdrawn, 80.

Harting, J. E., elected to Council, 132.

Hartog, Prof. M. M., morphology of
Cyrlops, 17.

Haswell, \V. A., electsd, 69.

Haviland, E., elected, 83.

Hawkes, Rev. H., deceased, 1 30 ; obi-
tuary, 143-144.

Heath, E. A., common martin from
Inverness-shire shown, 71 ; common
buzzard shown, 77 ; Dendroh'mni,
living examples shown, 128; elected,
8; golden eagle .shown, 117; hen-
harrier shown, 77 ; polecat shown,
122; ravens shown, 77; stoat in
winter coat from Ross-shire shown,
71 ; wild cat from Sutherlandshire
shown, 70.

Heer. Prof. Oswald, death of Foreign
Memb r, 6 ;fVce.ised, i 3 ; obituary, 34.

Hchnivihia eihioidc^, IC9.

Htlosciadh'-m repens, 1 09.

Hemsley, W. E., vegetation of Diego
Garcia, 135.

Henderson, Dr. J. R., elected, 77.

Hen-harrier shown (Hi-alh), 77.

Henry, T. A., deceaMd, 80.

Hen^low, Rev. G., development of
foliage fr(.m buds, 79 ; pistillody in
tulip shown, 79 ; effect of solar spec-
trum on transpiration, 121.

Herititra littoralis shown (Masters),
121.

Heterspcious Uredines (Plowright), 66.

Beterolejidotvs grandis (Davis), 69.

Hevea bTosi/imfiis, 7 1 ; laticiferous ves-
sels in (Scott), 84.

Hihi^cvs si/riacus, 67.

Hicks, J. Sibley, elected, 4.

Hickson, S. S., letter from, read, 120.

Hkracivm and Carex, torms of, shown
(Hanbury), 124.

Hodgkin, J., elected, 72.

Hodgson, W., elected Associate, 7.

Holdsworth, E. W. H., pearl oysters
shown, 78.

Holly, fasciated branch shown (Ridley),
5 ; (Holmes), 123.

Holmes, E. M., Afzelia ctiangensis,
fruit of, shown, 122; British marine
Algae exhib., 73 ; Cinchona Ledger-
iana, 68 ; ergot of Diss shown, 123 ;
Eucalyptus Haigeriana shown, 73 ;
holly, fasciated, shown, 123 ; Lath-
rwa Squamaria shown, 75 ; mistletoe
shown, 75; plant-labels from leaves
of Talifat palm shown, 73; removed
from Council, 82 ; Trkhilia Bregei,
fruit of, shown, 122 ; Viscum album
shown, 7.

Honey-bee, anatomy of tongue of
(Briant), 10 ; antennae of (Briant\ 3.

Hooker, Sir J. D., Castilloa e'astica,
121; motion by, 14; removed from
Council, 14.

— and Prof. Oliver, plants of East
Equatorial Africa, 72.

Hopkinson, J., motion by, 83 ;
Scrutineer, 14, 82, 132.

Howard, A. G., elected, 70.

Howard, J. E., deceased, 13 ; obituary,

35-
Howes, G. B., elected, 120.
Humming-bird hawk-moth shown

(Campbell), 67.
Hunt, A. R., elected, 67 ; wave-ciir-

reuts on fauna, 16.
Hutton, A., elected, i.
Hyalocalyx from Madagascar (Rolfe),

10.
Hybrid between Aloe, and Gasteria

shown (Baker), 74.
Hydnora lohannis, photographs shown

(Fawcett), 134.
H\droiharidrae, freshwater, of Africa

(Ric'ley). 127.
Hydroids (Prof. Allman^. 74.
Hyiiieroptera.of Au>tr;i]ia(Roth), 69; of

Manitoba shown (R Miller Christy), 7.
Hypericjiccce, glands of (Green), 5.
hyfopvs question, or life-history of

certain Acarina (Michaelj, 5.

Heodiciyon ciLarium shown (Murray),

Index FlorjB Sinensis (Forbes and
Hcmslcy), 127, 135.

India and Alrica, freshwater fish-
faunas of (Day), 69.

Insects, coTnpound vision of (Lowne), 6.

Instinct and other vital processes
(Prof. Mivart\ 8.

Investments, remarks on (Breese), 1 3.

Ipomceafurpureo-caridea shown (Dyer),
68.

Isoetes (Wethered), 74.

Jackdaw, albino (Middleton), shown, 9.

i65

Jackson, B. Daydon, Andropogon Gryl-
lus, 4; como]. by (Briant), 10; Mexi-
can whiRks from La Piiebla shown,
4; re-elected Secretarj-, 14, 82, 132.

Jacob, Ernest, Lepidoptei-a exhib. from
Colorado and Missouri, 4.

Jamaican plants shown mounted
(Christy), 134.

James, W. P., elected, 83 ; deceased, loO.

Jajjan, ColydiidiB of (Sharp), 72 ; Longi-
corn Beetles of (Bates), 16.

Jajjanese book on timber exhib. (Rev.
T. Wiltshire), 2.

— drawings of plants shown (Christy),

75-

— fishes, book of, shown (McLachlan),

7I-.

— Liguridse (Lewis), 3.

Jeffreys, Dr. J. Gwyn, comm. by (Hunt),
16; deceased, 80; obituaiy, 104.

Jones, W. II., elected, 120.

Joshua, W., Burmese Desmideae, 5, 72 ;
Lichens from Jamaica shown, 125.

Keays, Fred. Lovell, elected, 6.
Keuipton, Dr. H. T. K., withdrawn,

Kew, cultivation of Sagittaria monte-
vidensis at, 69 ; museum, articles
made from hairy bamboo in, 72 ;
" Ladanisterion," peculiar instrument
from Crete, shown (Dyer), 69 ; rho-
dodendron from Himalaya, grown at,
shown (Dyer), 76 ; Solanum Maglia,
tuhcrosum, var., grown at, 118 ;
Ullucus titberosus grown at, 70.

Kidston, R., Lycopodites (§ SigiUaria)
Vanurejiii, 79.

Kilimanjaro Expedition, plants of
(Oliver), 133,

Kirby, W. F., employment of names
of Orthoptei'a, 72 ; synopsis of Chal-
cididcE, 1 34.

Kitton, F., on Diatomacese from island
of ISocotra, 9.

Kittool Palm (Ondaatje), 1 17.

Klein, Rev. L. M., elected, 72.

Kola acuminata shown (Christy), (i(>.

Kola- nuts and paste shown (Christy),
76.

KoJreuferia jpaniculata, 67.

Kowalevsky, Prof. A., elected Foreign
Member, 11.

Lady fern, development in (Druery),

17.
Lambert, Rev. W. F. A., elected, 120.
Lankester, Prof. E. Ray, Golfingia

Maclntoshii , 84.
Lathraa Squamaria shown (Holmes),

75-

LINN. SOC. PEOCKEDINGS. — SLSSIONS 1883-86.

Laughrin, W., deceased, 80.
Lavandula vera, oil and plant shown

(Sawer), 124.
Law, J. S., deceased, 130.
Leaves, forms of (Lubbock), 76.
Legacy (Bentham), 65.
i<'H?'/«Ms (Murray), 126.
Lepldium riiderale, 109.
Lepidoptera, from Colorado and Mis-
souri, exhib. (Jacob), 4 ; from Mani-
toba, shown (K,. Miller Christy), 7.
Le-pfurus filiformis, 109.
Letters of Linnaeus and Ehret, 14.
Letfsrmiia aggrega.ta and Fothergilla
Gardcni, drawings of, shown (Cogs-
well), 129.
Leucadendron gentium shown (Murison),

71- .
Leucojum (estimim shown (Brockbank),
78, 79 ; caipathiciom shown (Brock-
bank), 73 ; Hernandez a shown
(Brockbank), 78, 79 ; pulchellum
shown (Brockbank), 78, 79.
Lewis, (jr., comm. by (Shai-p), 72 ;

Japanese Liguridte, 3.
Lewis, W. R., Lieut. -Col, elected, 70.
Library, accessions to, 14, 80, 130 ;
books bound, 80, 130; donations
to, 59-64, 111-116, 149-155.
Lichens from Jamaica, shown (Joshua),

125.
Life-history of Acarina (Michael), 5.
Liguridie, Jajianese (Lewis), 3.
Limes, true, source of (Bonavia), 125.
Liinnocodium Sowerbii shown (F.

Crisp), 2.
Linaria minor, 109.
LinnjBus, bust of (Mrs. Brown), 82.
— , and Ehret, letters of, 14.
Liparis, genus, revision of (Ridley), 133 ;

specimen shown, 133.
Lister, Miss G., origin placenta in Alsi-

nese, ord. Caryophyllea?, 2.
Little Bittern shown (Gunn), 70.
Lomax, B., elected, 10.
Looking-glass tree shown (Masters),

121.
Lophclia prolifera shown (Duncan), 76.
Lowell, J. A., deceased, 130.
Lowne, Benj. T., compound vision in
insects, 6 ; specimens illustrating
compound vision in insects shown, 6.
Lubbock, Sir John, coium by (Rev. A. E.
Eaton), 6, 73 ; comm. by (Roth), 69;
forms of leaves, 76 ; noin. V.-Pres.,
133 ; paperon seedlings deferred, 129 ;
reelected President, 14, 82 ; seconder
of motion, 83.
Luehmann, G., elected, 75.
Luminous beetles shown (Morris),
129.

1 65

Lumpemis lampetriformis (G. Sim), 135.

Lycasfc Skhuuri shown (Obristy), 68.

Lychnis GUhacjo, no.

Li/copoditcs (§ Sic/illaria) Vanuxemi
(Kidston), 79.

Lycopodium complanatum shown (Ni-
cholson), 122.

Macintosh, Prof. W. 0., motion by, 82.

MacLachlan, R., book of Japanese
fishes shown, 71 ; vote of thanks to
Treasurer and Secretaries, 132.

Macoun, J., elected, 133; ferns from
Canada shown, 1 34.

Macowan, P., elected, 74.

Madagascar, flora of (Baker), 17, 72;
HyulocaJyx from (Rulfe), 10; orcliids
of (Ridley), 72.

Madreporaria of Mergui (Duncan), 1 27 ;
see Astrangiacea, 7.

Madrepore marble shown (Treadwell),
128.

Maharajah of Travaucore, deceased, 130;
elected Fellow, 3 ; obituary, 148.

Malachium aqiwfiruin, 109.

Mangabevia rubber shown (Christy),
71.

Mangles, J. H., deceased, 80 ; obituary,
106.

Manihot Glaziovii, crystals (Moore), 75.

Manson, Dr. P., metamorphosis of
Filaria saiicfiiinis-hominis in the mos-
quito, 8.

Maples from Nova Scotia sbown (Cogs-
well), 123.

Marine Algae from W. Australia exliib.
(Dyer), 69.

— animals, preservation of, exliib.
(Bourne), 16.

Martens, E. von, Mollusea of Mergui,

135-
Martin, common, from Inverness-shire,

shown (Heath), 71.
Mason, R., elected, 8.
Masters, Dr. M. T., Conifers, history of,

124; Heriticra liff oralis shuwn, 121 ;

Pinus sylvcstris, abnormal formation,

8, 127 ; Restiacene, 79.
Matricaria Chamomilla, 109.
Maw, G-., vote of thanks to Treasurer

and Secretaries.
Maxwell, Sir H. E., elected, 120.
Mayflies (Eaton), 73.
Medicago denticulata, 109 ; macidata,

109 ; minima, 109.
Medicinal plants as teaching-specimens

shown (Buysman), 123.
Meek, B. O., elected, 16.
Meinertzliagcn, F. H., elected, 76.
Milampyrimi prafeiise, variety of

(Druce), 15.

Melilotus officinalis, 109; alba, no.
Moitha arvensis, var. piperescens, shown
(Christy), 16 ; piperita, sterile runners
of, .shown (Dyer), 68.
Mergui, Birds of (Anderson), 135 ;
Crustacea of (DeMan), 135 ; IIolo-
tliurians of (Bell), 134; Lepidoptera
of (Moore), 135 ; j\Iollusca of
(Marten.s), 135; Ophiuridse of (Dun-
can), 134; Sponges from (Carter), 134.

Metacrinus (Carpenter), 16.

Metzgeria, new species of (Mitten),
129.

Mexican whisks from La Puebla shown
(Jack.son), 4.

Michael, A. D., Acari in moles' nests,
126 ; Disparipes bombi shown, 5 ;
elected to Council, 1 32 ; Glyciphagus,
specimens of shown, 125 ; Hypopus-
question, or life-history of certain
Acarina, y, Tegeocranus cepheiformis
shown, 1 18.

Microscopical preparations, shown
(Cole), 6.

Middleton, R. M., albino jackdaw
shown, 9 ; branch of Cotoneaster
micropliylla shown, 1 5 ; Indian corn
{Zea Mays), from U. States, NaUl,
and river Danube, shown, 70 ; Lady's-
slipper Orchis ( Cypripediwm Calceo-
lus) shown, 16.

Miller, Dr. J., Auditor, 10.

Milligan, J., deceased, 13 ; obituary,
36.

Milne-Edwards, H., deceased, 130 ;
obituary, 144, 145.

Milner, E., deceased, 13; obituary, 37.

Mimosa saponaria, (i7.

Miuyad from Australia (Bell), 76.

Mistletoe shown (Holmes), 75.

Mitten, W., Metzgeria, new species of,
129 ; Mosses and Hepaticre from Cen-
tral Africa, 133; North- American
Mosses of genus Fissidens, 73.

Mivart, Prof. St. G., cerebral convolu-
tions of Carnivora, 71 ; elected to
Council, 132 ; instinct and other vital
processes, 8 ; vote of thanks to Presi-
dent, 132.

Moore, F., Lepidoptera of Mergui,

135-

Moore, Spencer, continuity of proto-
plasm, 75; Manihot Glaziovii, crys-
tals, 75.

Morris, D., luminous beetles shown,
129.

Moseley, Prof., comm. by (Bourne),
119; elected Councillor, 82; vote of
thanks to President, 132.

Moseley, the late Miss, drawings of
plants by, shown (Onslow, Miss), 126.

INDEX.

167

Mosses and Hepaticas from Central

Africa (Mitten), 133.
— of North America (Mitten), 73.
Moiclla mustela, development of (Brook),

66.
Mueller, Baron von, Eucalyptus skeleton
leaves shown, 117.

Mull, fossil plants from, shown (Gard-
ner), 124.

Mummerj, J. R., deceased, 80.

Murie, I)r. J., Ascaris hicolor shown,
3 ; coram, by (Druery), 69 ; comm. by
(Kidston), 79 ; comm. by (Kirby),
134.; comm. by (Druery), 17; had-
dock, spine of, shown, 118; Hima-
layan Edelweiss shown, 71 ; portrait
of Linnreus shown (Piercy), 5.

Murison, J., Cape grasses and rushes
shown, 71 ; cone and leaf of Lcuca-
denclron gentium shown, 71 ; New-
Zealand grasses shown, 71.

Murray, Gr., removed from Council,
1 32 ; Gloeocapsa shown, 68 ; Ilco-
dictyon Ciharium shown, 133; Len-
tmus, 126; Bhi-pilia Andersonii shown ,
126.

Murray, Dr. J. J., deceased, 13 ; obit-
uary, 37.

Murray, John, elected Fellow, 2.

Miisson, C. T., elected, 120.

Myrtaceas, venation of, shown (Gorham),
83.

Mysostoma (Prof, von Graaf), 16.

Naga Hills, botanical observations in

(Clarke), 127.
Najas alayuensis shown (Bennett), 2 ;

marina shown (Bennett), 2.
Narcissus pseudo-narcissus (Brockbank),

9 ; tdamonius (Broekhurst), 68.
Nasturiiion sylvestrc, 109.
Neuroptera, British oak-galls of, shown

(Rolle), 66.
Neuroterus fumipc7inig, 66 ; Iwviusculus,

66 ; Icnticularis, 66.
Newbould, Eev. W. W., deceased, 130 ;

obituary, 145.
New Guinea, drift fruits and seeds of

' Challenger ' exped. from, sliown

(Dyer), 75 ; ornithology of (Sharpe),

10 ; plants from (Armit), 74.

New South Wales Royal Soc, medals

and money prizes announced, 121.
New Zealand, birds of (Potts), 66;

flowering plants from (Coleuso), 74 ;

grasses, shown (Murison), 71.
Niceville, L. de. elected, 70.
Nicholson, G., Lycopodium coviplanatum

shown, 122.

Nitella capitata shown (Groves), 78.
Norman, Rev. A. M., European and

North-Atlantic Crustacea, 6.
North America, Mosses of (Mitten),

73-
Nyctandra Eodiei shown (Dr. Prior), 5.

Obituaries, 30-42, 90-108, 137-148.

Oldfield, G. W., elected, 69.

Oliver, Prof., comm. by (Rolfe), 10;
(Schaarschmidt), 8 ; plants of Kili-
manjaro expedition, 133.

— ■, and Sir J. D. Hooker, plants of
East Equatorial Africa, 72.

Oinplialohium Lamherti shown (Dr.
Prior), 5.

Ondaatje, Dr., walking-sticks from Cej'-
lon palms shown, 117.

Onslow, Miss J. E., drawings of plants
bv the late Miss Moseley shown,
126. ^

Ophiofhrix variabilis, anatomy of (Dun-
can), 134.

Orchids, of Madagascar (Ridley), 72,
123 ; self-fertilization in (Forbes), 71.

Orchis incarnata shown (Warner), 3.

Oribatidffi (Michael), 118.

Origin of placenta in AlsineiC (Lister,
Miss), 2.

Ornithological notes (Gunn), 72.

Ornithology of New Guinea, IX.
(Sliarpe), 10.

Orthoptera, employment of names for
genera prior to 1840 (Kirby), 72.

Osborne, W. D. G., elected, 120.

Owen, Dr. R. B., deceased, 13.

Pachyr}iy~cc sinensis, cloth from, shown

(Dyer), 65.
Pahtolithic instruments from Thames

shown (Evans), 77.
Palms, walking-sticks shown (Ondaatje),

117.
ranicum (Jackson), 4.
Papavcr Ehaas shown (Thiselton Dyer),

7, 110.
Para, utensils from, shown (Dyer), 76.
Parameria glandulifcra, bark and caout-
chouc of, shown (Dyer), 1 6.
Parasitic growth within coral shown

(Duncan), 76.
Parasnath (Bengal), flora of (Clarke),

17-
Parker, Dr. G. W., elected, 69.
Parry, Major F. J. S., deceased, 80 ;

obituary, 106.
Patterson, R. L., elected, 10.
Peach, C. W., deceased, 1 30 ; obituary,

146.

0 2

1 68

INDEX.

Pearl oysters from Ceylon eh own
(Iloldswortli), 78 ; shown (Day), 78.

Peinnii{;ton, A. S., elected, 5.

Perignatliie girdle of Echinoidea (Dun-
csm), 1 19-

PeruTian AiidcB, flora of (Ball), 118.

Peters, Dr. W. C. H., death of, 6.

Petrie, D., elected, 121.

Pha/aris ca7iaric7iKis, no.

Philippine Islands, fauna of (Kolfe), 11.

Thuroviti. 16.

Photograph, presentation of (Blome-
field), 119,

Phi/lllf is fascia (Holmes), 73.

Physiological selection (Romanes), 129.

Pim, Greenwood, hairs occurring on
stamens in plant.«, 8.

Pmpinclla Saxifraffa shown (Gorham),
83 ; magna, shown (Gorham), 83.

Pimts si/lvesfiis (Masters, Dr.), 8 ; ab-
normal formation on (Masters),
127.

Pistillody in tulip shown (Henslow),

79-

Pitcher-plant, glands of, shown (Cole),
118.

Plantar/o Coronojnis, 109.

Plants, from Australia shown (Robin-
son), 4 ; from Manitoba shown (R.
Miller Christy), 7 ; of Timor- Laut
Islands (Forbes), 66 ; new to Britain
(Bennett), 42, 83.

Pleurubranchaa, 16.

P/euruhranch/ts, 16.

Plcuroj)hi/l/idia, 16.

Plowright, C. B., elected, 70 ; exhibits
Boestelia canceUata and Puccinia yra m-
inis, 2 ; hetertecious Uredines, 66 ;
life-history of Mcidium hellldis, 9 ;
Sanmiculus ini'ected with spores of
Urocystis pompholyodes, shown, 73.

Poa comjyressa, 109.

Poland, Dr. J., e.xhib. Bacillus of An-
thrax from man, 10.

Polecat shown (Heath), 122.

Pollen from funeral garlands in an
Egyptian tomb (White), 10.

Polycijclus, 16.

Polygonum Fagopyrum, no.

Polymorphism of foliage shown (Dyer),

75-
Polypodium (§ Kiphobohs) polydac^ylon

shown (Baker), 74.
Polypogon movsjulicnsiK, 109.
Polysiplmnia ccramicd-fornds (Holmes),

73 ; rhuncnsin (Holmes), 73.
Porphyra scncofiicta (Holmes), 73.
Portrait of Lady Smith, 14.
— of Linnicus (Pieroy), shown by Dr.

Murie, 5.

Posnett, Prof. H. M., elected, 125.
Poiamogefon fiuituns shown (Bennett),

84.
Potatoes, remarks on (Baker), 118.
PofentiUa riqycsiris sliown (Dr. Prior),

15-

Potter, M. C, starch-grains in lacteal
cells of Eiiphurhiu, 5.

Pott.s, Thos., New-Zealand birds, 66.

President, Address delirered, 84, 1 32 ;
elected, 14, 82, 132; paper on seed-
lings read, 132; thanks of Society
voted to, 132 ; special do., 132.

Primula elafior, 9 ; vcris, 9.

— , supposed hybrids between P. elatior
and P. verbi (Baker), 9.

Prior, Dr. R. C. A., Abies pectinata
shown, 77 ; BroKimiim Aublctei shown,
5 ; comm. by (White), 108 ;
Gagea lutea shown, 75 ; Kyctandra
Bodiei siiown, 5 ; OmphahMum Lam-
ierti shown, 5 ; Potenfilla rupestris
shown, 15; Bumex sa7iguineus shown,

— , seconder of motion, 15; timbers,
British Guiana, shown, 5 ; yellow
alpine whitlow grass from Peunard
Castle, Swansea, exhib., 10.

Prizes &c., Foreign, announcements of,
121.

Protoplasm, continuity of, in Algae,
8 ; Moore on, 75.

Paiofa (Bennett, A. W.), 8.

Puerraria Thiuibergiana, fabric of,
shown (Dyer), 65.

Queensland, Fungi from (Broome),
128.

Quercits, 66 ; dentata, 66 ; Tar. Gravhy-
ana, 66 ; infecforia, 66 ; lusitanica,
66 ; ostreus, 66 ; Eobur, 66 ; Tar-
nctfo, 66 ; Toca, 66 ; Turneri, 66.

Quina^ jamaicensix, leaves, flowers, and
necklace of, shown (Dyer), 1 6.

Ramsay, E. P., New Guinea birds
shown, 3.

Ransom, W., elected, 73.

Bammcnlus Lingua (Roper), 71 ; scele-
ratus (White), 109 ; siiown (Plow-
right), 73.

Ratcliff, C, deceased, 130.

R;iven, shown (Heath), 77.

Read, W. H. R., deceased, 80.

Reid, C, fossil seeds and plants from
Cromer shown, 122.

Reischeck, A. A., elected, 76.

Remington, J. P., elected, 133.

Replacenient of true theca by epitheca
in corals (Duncan), 3.

INDEX.

169

Reproduction of Zj^guemacea; as a
sexual character (Bennett), 3.

Eestiacese (Masters), 79.

lihipilia Andcraonii shown (Murray),
126.

Rhododendron Aucklandii, shown
(Dyer), -jj ; Caloj^hijllum , shown
(Dyer), 77 ; Edgcworthii, shown
(Dyer), 77 ; glaucum, shown (Dyer),
77 ; Is'uttcdlli, shown (Dyer), 77 ;
Vcitehii, shown (Dyer), 77.

— from Himalayas, grown at Kew,
76.

Eh)/nchopetali(m montanum, structure
of stem of (Bower), 4.

lihytina Sfcllcri, ear-hones of(Doran),

5-

Richardson, J., elected, 4.

Ridley, H. N., comm. by (Forbes), 71 ;
Cyperacetc of west coast of Africa
in Welwitsch Herbarium, 7 ; fasciated
branch of holly from Herefordshire
shown, 5 ; freshwater Hydrocharidese
of Africa, 127; orchids of Madagas-
car, 72, 125 ; revision of Genus Li-
paris, 133; specimen shown, 133.

Ridley, Stuart O., drawings of .sponges
and Actiniae of Ceylon, exhib., 1 1 ;
series of sponges exhib., collected by
Dr. Ondaatje in Ceylon, 4 ; structure
and variation in Astraugiacea', 7.

Roberti, L. A. T., twigs of beech-tree
shown, 83; Cytisus Adanii shown,
83.

Robertson, J., deceased, 80 ; dried
plants from Australia shown, 4.

Robsou, J., deceased, 80.

Rodway, J., elected, 133.

Roebuck, W. D., elected, 11.

Roejjer, J., deceased, 130; obituary,

H7-

Rolfe, R. A., British oak-galls (Neurop-
terous) shown, 66 ; elected Asso-
ciate, 77 ; fauna of Philippine Is-
lands, 14 ; Hyalocalyx from Mada-
gascar, 10.

Romanes, Dr. G. J., comm. by (Dar-
win), 4 ; human crania from South
Africa, shown, 74 ; physiological se-
lection, 129; re-elected Secretary-, 14;
removed from Council, 132.

Roper, F. C. S., Bununadus Lingua,

7'-. . . . o

Roraima Expedition, drawings of ferns

shown (Baker), 128 ; plants of

(im Thurn), 128.

Rose, H. C, withdrawn, 130.

Roth, II. L., Australian Ilymenoptcra,
69 ; roots of sugar-cane from Queens-
land shown, 70.

Royal Soe. N.S.W., medals and money

prizes aimounced, 121.
Humcx maritiiuus, 109 ; sanguineus

shown (Dr. Prior), 15.
Riippell, Dr. E., deceased, 80 ; obituary,

106.
EuticiUa S2cecica shown (Gunu), 70.

Sagitfaria 7)ionfevidensis shown (Dyer),

09.
Saint Albans, Duchess of, drawings of

jjlants &c. from Bahamas, exhib.,

75-
Salicornia herhacea, 109.
Sulix Safsaf shown (Thiselton Dyer), 7.
Salmon from pai-ents which have never

descended to sea, breeding of (Day),

74-
Salmonidse, skulls of, shown (Day),

127.
Sapindus chinensis, 67 ; MaJcwinsi

shown (Forbes), 67.
Saponaria Vaccaria, no.
Saundei-s, H., removed from Council,

132.
Saunders, W., elected, 133.
Sawer, J. C, Lavandula vera, oil and

plant shown, 124.
Schaarschmidt, Dr. Jules, Afghanistan

Alg£e, 8.
Schlegel, Prof. Herm., death of Foreign

Member, 6, 13 ; obituary, 39,
Schlich, Dr. W., elected, 83.
Schosnus femigineus shown (Bennett),

Schwendener, Prof. S., elected Foreign

Member, 11.
Sciadopytis verticilJata (Bower), 8.
Sclcrofhloa procumbens, 109, no.
Sclerodermic Zoantharia, revision of

(Duncan), 10.
Scofield, W. J. J., withdrawn, 80.
Scolopeiidrium Devalayi shown (Baker),

127.
Scott, Bart., Sir Arthur, deceased, 13;

obituary, 39.
Scott, D. H., elected Councillor, 82 ;

laticiferous vessels in Hevea, 84.
Scrophuluria Bulhisii, 109.
Scrutineers appointed, 14, 82, 132 ; vote

of thanks to, 132.
Seaweed, products of, shown (Stanford),

68.
Secretaries elected, 14, 82, 132; vote of

thanks, 15, 82, 132.
Scdum acre, 109.
Seedlings, paper on deferred (Lubbock),

129.
Seeds after immersion in salt water,

germination of (White), 77, 108.

170

Seeds shown (Carter), 117.
Scluf/inelfd (Wetliered), 74.
Seueliicra Coronojnis, 109 ; didj/ma, 109.
Series of sponges collected by Dr.

Ondaatje in Ceylon exhib. (Ridley,

S. O.). 4-
Setaria viridis, no; glauca, no.
Sharp, Dr. D., Colydiidoe from Ceylon,

72 ; from Japan, 72.
Sharpe, R. Bowdler, birds from Equa-
torial Africa, 11 ; ornithology of New

Guinea, IX., 10.
Sheijherd.Dr. Augustas Burke, deceased,

13 ; elected, 7 ; obituary, 40.
Shrivell, F., elected, 70.
Sidebotham, J., deceased, 80 ; obituary,

107.
Siebold, Prof. C. T. E. Ton, deceased,

80 ; obituary, 107.
Si gal ion, 16.

Silver, Rev. R, deceased, 80.
Sim, Or., iMmpenus lampefriformis, 135.
Simmonds, P. L., elected, 134.
Sinapis alba, no ; arvensis, 109 ; vigra,

109.
Siptincidif.", 16.
Sis>/ri7)(hii(}7i Berm^dianKm and Bryo-

phi/Uum cahjcinum shown, 123.
Skeleton leaves, Etwah/ptus (von

Mueller), 117.
Sladen, W. P., coram, by (Carpenter),

121; elected Auditor, 75; elected

Councillor, 14 ; elected Secretary, 82,

132.
— , and Prof. Duncan, Arbacida;, Part I.

Morjihologj- of test in Caelopleurus

and Arbacia, 72.
Smart, Francis Gray, elected, 4.
Smila.r, Eocene representatives of

(Gardner), 134.
Smith, W., Algffi and Mosses shown,

118.
Soap, pods and seeds used by Chinese

as (Forbes), 67.
Solanum Dulcamara, 109 ; nigrum, 109;

Maglia, shown (Dyer), 118: Maglia,

Tar. tidicrcmm, grown at Kew, 118;

tuber-bearing species of (Baker), 5 ;

tuberosum, var., shown (Dyer), 118.
Solar spectrum, effects of, on transpi-
ration in plants (Henslow), 121.
Soper, F. L., vote of thanks to Scruti-
neers, 132.
South Africa, human crania from,

shown (Romanes), 74.
South-African Botany (Bolus), 5, 119.
South Italy, coast flora of (Groves),

S'lwcrby. G. B., deceased. 80.
Spanish Barilla shown (Dyer), 16.

Sparganium ncglectum, shown (Beeby),

70 ; ramosum, 70 ; simplex, 70.
Specimens illustrating compound vision

in insects shown (Lowne), 6.
Sphacclaria ccBspitula (Holmes), 73.
SphcBria pocula, structure and affinity

of (Dr. Cooke), 5.
Spkarotherimn, anatomy of (Bourne),

119; shown (Stewart), ii8.
Spiny lobster, stridulating organs of,

shown (Stewart), 122.
SpongesandActinioeof Ceylon, drawings

of, exhib. (Ridley), 11.
Squire, P., deceased, 13 ; obituary, 40.
Stacy, H. G., elected, 71.
Stainton, H. T., Auditor, 10 ; nom.

V.-P., 15; presentation of Auditor's

report by, 1 1 ; removed from Council,

82.
Stanford, E. C, products of seaweed

shown, 68.
Starch-grains in lacteal cells of Eu-

2^horbia (Potter), 5.
Stewart, C, Spheerofhcrium shown, 2 ;

spiny lobster, stridulating organs of,

shown. 122.
Stipa pcnnafa, 57 ; spartca, 57 ; pene-
trating bodies of animals (Miller

Christy), 7.
Stoat in winter coat shown (Heath),

71.
Stone, J. H., photographs of dragon-
tree exbib., 15.
Stratiomys CJuimaleon, integument of,

shown (Hammond), 125.
Stratton, F., special vote of thanks to

President, 132.
S^rongylus Arnfieldi and tefracanfhus

(Cobbold), 126.

— Axci (Cobbold), 124.

— tctracanthus, shown (Cobbold),
126.

Structure and affinity of SpheBria j)0cula
(Dr. Cooke), 5.

— of stem of Ehynchopetalum mon-
tanum (Bower), 4.

Sturges, Eev. T. R. H., withdrawn,

130.
Sfylorhnit, 16.
Sumla maritima. 109.
Sugar-cane, roots of, shown (Roth), 70.
Sullivan, D., elected, 7.
Sutton, M. S., elected, 133.
Symonds, T. J., elected, 69.
Si/mphyfum officinale, 109.
Syncarpy in apples shown (Fookes), i iS.

Talbot, W. A., elected. 69.
Talifat palm, plant-labels of leaves of,
shown (Holmes), 73.

171

Tanacetuni vidgare, 109.

Tate, Prof. R., elected Fellow, 4.

Tea-samples shown (Christy), 68.

Tvgenaria Cr?ryo?H'js]iown (Campbell), 4.

Tcgcocraniis ce^hdforviis shown (Mi-
chael). 1 18.

Tepper, J. G-. 0., seeds of XanthorrhcBa
Tatci shown, 133 ; variegation of
Bankiiia margiyialis, 10, 57.

Tcstacclla Mcu/gei shown (Fawcett), 2.

Tiieca (Duncan), 3.

Thlca^lii arvensc, no.

Thom, G., elected, 121.

Thorn, Eev. R., elected, 4.

Thompson, E., Science Fund, an-
nounced, 121.

Thompson, J. H., elected, 69.

Thompson, S. de Courcy, elected, 71.

Thomson, Prof. A., deceased, 13 ; obitu-
ary, 40.

Thurn, E. F. im, plants, ' Roraima ' Ex-
pedition, 128.

Thi/sanosoma, 16.

Tlcdemannia, 16.

Tiegheiu, Prof. P. van, elected Foreign
Member, 76.

Timbers, British Guiana, shown (Dr.
Prior), 5.

Timor-laut islands, plants of (Forbes),
66.

Tingle, Thos., deceased, 13.

Tisdall, H., elected, 4.

Tomica Menziesii, shown (Bower), 6.

Tongue of honey-bee, epitome of re-
searches (Cheshire), 123.

Trucliitms vipcra (Brook), 11,

Tragopogon 'prafensis^ 1 09.

Trapdoor spider shown (Chamber-
Iain), 121.

Travancore, Maharajah of, elected, 3;
deceased, 130; obituary, 148.

Treadwell, G. A., madrepore marble
shown, 128.

Treasurer elected, 14, 82, 132; his state-
ment, 81 ; vote of thanks to, 15, 82,
132.

Trees and protoplasmic continuity,
growth of (Tyler), 69.

Trevcsia sundaica shown (Christy), 3.

Trichilia Dregei, fruit of, shown

(Holmes), 122.
Trifo/ium fragiferum, 109 ; hgbridum,

1 10.
Triglochin maritimum, 109.

Triuien, Dr. II., Balanophora Thwaitesii,
133 ; specimen shown, 133 ; elected
to Couucil, 132; vote of thanks to
President, 132.

Tro))ical orchids, self-fertilization in
(Forbes), 71.

Trout with two heads shown (Day),

78.
Tuber-bearing species of Solanum

(Baker), 5.
Tulasne, L. R., deceased, 130 ; obituary,

147.
Tulip, pistillody in, shown (Henslow),

79-

Tyler, A., growth of trees and proto-
plasmic continuity, 69.

Tyler, C, Scrutineer, 132.

Ullucus tuherosus, grown at Kew, 70 ;
shown (Dyer), 70.

Umbelliferae (Gorliam), 83.

Uroci/stis pompholgodes shown (Plow-
right), 73.

Vaccinhcm Arotostaphylos, tea of, exhib.

(Dyer), 65.
Valentine, W., deceased, 13.
Vaucheria piiloboloides (Holmes), 73.
Vegetable, fur shown (Christy), 11.
— hedgehogs shown (Bennett), 4,
Veitch, Messrs., living conifers shown,

123.
Ventilation, remarks on (Christy), 13.
Verbena, 73.
Veronica Anagallis, 109; Beccabunga,

109.
Vicia angustifoUa, 109 ; hirsuta, 109 ;

lutea, 109.
Vines, Dr. S. H., comm. by (Gardiner),

5 ; comm. by (Green), 5 ; comm. by

(Potter), 5.
Viscum album shown (Holmes), 75.
Vote of thanks to Officers, 15, 82,

132.

Wainwright, J., deceased, 13 ; obituary,
42.

WaLsingham, Lord, elected Councillor,
82 ; removed from Council, 132 ;
Anapke, 9 ; exhib. nest, cocoous, and
perfect insects of Anapke, also dipte-
rous parasite, 9.

Ward, H. M., elected, 128.

Warner, F. J., Orchis incarnata shown,

3-

Waters, A. W., closure of Cyclostoma-
tous Bryozoa, 9.

Watson, Rev. R. B., Cerithiopsis from
Madeira, 72.

Weeverfish, development of (Brook), 1 1.

Weir, J. J., Annual Statement of Ac-
counts presented by, 129; Auditor,
10, 79, 129; Auditor's report presented
by, 79 ; elected Auditor, 10, 75, 129;
Exotische Schmetterlinge, folios of,
shown, 123.

172

INDEX.

Western South America, botany of (Ball),
126.

Wetlierod, E., microscopic sections of
coal containing club-iuosses shown, 73.

White, Chas. F., pollen from funeral
garlands in an Egyptian touib, 10.

White, J. W., germination of seeds
after immersion in salt water, 77, 108.

Wiekham, W., vote of thanks to Scru-
tineers, 132.

Wild cat shown (Heath), 70.

Wild parsnip shown (Cross), 125.

WilHains, F. N., elected, 11.

Wilson, W. W., withdrawn, 130.

Wiltshire, Ect. T., exhib. Japanese book
on timbers, 2.

Wippell, P. n., elected, 133.
Wright, Dr. S., deceased, i 3.

Xanthium spinosum, no.
Xanthorrhcea, Tatei, seeds of, shown
(Tepper), 133.

Yellow alpine whitlow grass from
Pennard Castle, Swansea, exhib. (Dr.
Prior), ID.

Yomig, Alf. Prentice, elected, 7.

Zca Mays, from U. States, Natal, and
rirer Danube, shown (Middleton),
70.

ZvgnemaceaJ (Bennett), 3.

Printed by Iaylok and Fpancis, Bed Lion Court. Fli'tt Street.

1

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(SESSION 1886-87.)

November 4th, 1886.

"William Caeeuthees, F.E.S., President, ia the Chair.

The Minutes of tlie last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The President, in welcoming tlie Pellows to the first Meeting
of tiie new Session, made some remarks as to what work had
been done during the Recess, and in a passing tribute com-
mented on the loss which Science and the Society had sustained
by the death of Mr. George Busk, a former Secretary and Vice-
President.

The President afterwards drew attention to stained specimens
under the microscope of phosphorescent organisms obtained by
him in the Firth of Clyde in September last, the chief object
being Ceratium tripos.

Mr. John Murray thereafter made further remarks on the
same, stating that near Cumbrae Islands immense quantities of
yellow material containing these organisms in abundance were
obtained at every haul. He alluded to his own observations of
the species being found in long chains in the ocean (Narr,
Cruise of the ' Challenger'), and to Klebs's opinion of Ceratium
being a genus of unicellular Algae, and not an Infusorian animal
as commonly supposed.

Prof. J. Macoun made remarks on a series of Cones of Canadian

LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1886-87. h

2 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

Piceas. He showed that the various forms occurrinor from the
east to the west of the Coutinent, which had been hitherto con-
sidered different species, were doubtless local varieties of only one
species, slightly modified according to altitude and the region they
inhabit.

Dr. Francis Day exhibited a Salmon Parr twenty months old,
raised at Howietoun from parents whicli had never visited the
sea. Dr. Day also showed some coloured drawings made in
October 1886 of hybrids raised there. One of these was a cross
between the American Charr and the Loch-Leven Trout ; another
across between the American and the British Charr; and a third
betw( en the last- mentioned hybrid and the Loch-Leveu Trout ; all
being fertile.

There was shown for Mr. W. D' Arcy Godolphin Osborne fresh
specimens of a white variety of Crocus nudijlorvs, gathered by
him in the neifrhbonrhood of Biarritz, France. This variety was
first found by him there in the autumn of 1882, and has been
figured by Mr. George Maw in his recent monograph of the
genus.

Mr. E. M. Holmes exhibited examples of Lycoperdon echina-
ium, Pers., viz. the young plants, and specimens showing the reticu-
late appearance of the peridium left by the fallmg off of the
spines.

Mr. F. P. Pascoe exhibited one of the round olive-green balls
from Sicily formed by the action of the sea on fragments of the
Posidonia caulinia, and reduced after a few days' exposure to a
flat cake-like body densely covered with minute crystals of salt.
He also exhibited examples of a remarkable mode of growth
of the common Acorn-shell (Bala?iiis). It would appear that
several individunl animals had united their shells to form a
common tube ; the outer valves of each individual had also more
or less lengthened, formino; a series of irregular subsidiary tubes
radiating from the apex of the primary one.

The following papers were read : —

1. *' Tiie Natural History of the Genus DeroT By Edward
C. Bousfield, L.E.C.P. Loud. (Communicated by Dr. J. Murie,
F.L.S.)

2. " Berberidearum Japonise Consjjectus." By Tokutaro Ito.
(Communicated by W. T. Thiselton Dyer, C.M.G., F.L.S.)

3. " On the Genus Lophopus, witli a Description and Eemarks
on a new Species from New South AVales." By Stuart 0. Ridley,
F.L.S.

LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 3

JS'ovember 18th, 1886.

William Carruthebs, F.E.S., President, iii the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Henry Bury, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

Mr. W. H. Beeby showed specimens of CaJlitriche fruncata,
Gruss., from near Westerham, Kent. The species had long been
supposed to be extinct in this country. It was only known as
British from dried specimens from Sussex in Borrer's Herbarium.
Mr. Beeby's attention was directed to the WesttTham station by
dried specimens (also in Borrer's Herbarium) labelled C. pedun-
culata, and collected by the E-ev. G. E. Smith. Dr. Trimen re-
marked that he had some years ago sought for the plant in
its old Sussex station, but without success, as it seemed to have
been driven out of the field by Anacharis.

Mr. D. Morris exhibited two enlarged photographs of the Cas-
tilloa Eubber-Tree of Central xVmerica (see Trans. Linn. Soc.
ser. 2, Bot. vol. ii. pt. 9). The larger photograph illustrated the
manner in which trees were treated to extract rubber by a
spiral cut from above downwards. Trees of ten years old and
upwards are said to } ield about eight gallons of milk at the
fii'st bleeding. This milk is coagulated by the use of the juice of
Calonyctijon speciosum, and the rubber prepared by washing and
pressing. Mr. Morris described the habit and growth of the
trees in their native forests, and expressed the opinion that for
cultural purposes this rubber-tree may be better suited to the
circumstances of planters than any othor. It could be utilized
as a shade-tree in Cacao- and Coffee-plantations, and yield at the
end of ten years at the rate of twenty shillings per tree in
marketable rubber. In British Honduras trees are tapped for
rubber every three or four years.

Mr. A. D. Michael exhibited living specimens and prepara-
tions of an Argas, received from Mrs. Crawford, the State Ento-
mologist of Adelaide, Australia. These appear to be identical
with the much dreaded Argas persiczis, Fiscb., the bite of which
was supposed to cause maduLSS and death.

Mr. H. N. Eidley made remarks on specimens in spirit, and
drawings by Mr. J. Nugent Fitch, of species of Coryanthes, viz.
C. macrantha, Huok., and C. maculafa, var. punctata. He men-
tioned tliat Mr. Eodway, of Demerara, had lately published some
observations showing that the statement hitherto prevalent
as to the fertilization of certain species of the genus by
Bees, as averred by Criiger, was not true in every case, as in

62

4 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

C. speciosa he (Mr. Rodway) had noticed that a kind of green
fly was the fertilizer.

Mr. George Murray exhibited specimens of Rliipilia in spirit,
lately obtained by him in G-renada, West Indies, from a depth of
live fathoms.

Mr. W. Fawcett showed coloured drawings of Hydnora abys-
siiiica and H. hoyotensis, sent by Sig. Beccari from Florence.
They clearly manifest the difference between the two species ;
for, besides diifering in colour, H. abijssinica has a hook-like pro-
cess below the apex, and its ramentiferous surfaces have long
ramenta at their margins, whereas there is no hook-like process
in H. hogoten.sis and the margins are naked. Both species are
distinguished from the common H. africana by the ramentiferous
surfaces not extending to the apex.

Mr. C. T. Musson exhibited (1) a branch of a Blackthorn ob-
tained near Newark, and showing a curious proliferation of the
branchlets ; (2) an old wooden snuff-box (probably satin-wood)
having on its polished surface in the graining the figure of a head
resembling that of Napoleon I.

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited roots, stems, and pods of an African
Stropliantlius. The pods were in their native packing, and pro-
bably the finest that have hitherto been received in England. Of
S. hisjndus from East Africa, the seed is made into a paste with
clay, and a small portion of this placed on the arrow-heads by the
natives. It is now imported into this country as a remedy in fatty
degeneration of the heart. The West- African Stropha^ithus is as
yet but imperfectly known ; it is a climbing plant, running up to
the tops of the highest trees.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Floral Conformation of the Genus Cypripediumy
By Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, F.L.S.

2. " Monograph of Kecent Ephemeridse." — Part V. and Con-
clusion. By the Eev. A. E. Eaton, M.A. (Communicated by
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.L.S.)

3. " Further Contributions to the Flora of Madagascar." By
John G. Baker, F.E.S., F.L.S.

December 2nd, 1886.

William Carruthees, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

John William Willis Bund, Esq., Arthur Dendy, Esq., Anthony
Gepp, Esq., Tokutaro Ito, Esq., F. Krau^^e, Esq., Francis Moles-

LTNNEAK" SOCIETY OF LONDON. 5

wortli Laseelles, Esq.,, Frederick Sander, Esq., Eobert von Len-
denfeld, Esq., John Samson, Esq., Harry Sauford Burton, Esq.,
Arthur Warwick Sutton, Esq., and Charles "Westwood Wilson,
Esq., were elected Fellows.

George Sim, Esq., was elected an Associate.

The President read a letter from the Rev. M. J. Berkeley inti-
mating the lamented death of his old fellow-worker Mr. C. E.
Broome, a short obituary of whom he had drawn up for the
Society.

Mr. George Maw exhibited ten photographs of living NarcisU
made in the iiiviera in 1870. He afterwards gave a short account
of the North-African and South Spanish Narcissi, as met with by
him on recent visits there. N. fapyraceus extends as far as Eez
in Morocco, south of which N. JBroussonetii takes its place,
extending from Saffi to Mogador. Allusion was then made to
the smallest of the white forms of N. Tazzetta in the island of
Teneriffe. Of the autumnal species reference was made to N. nu-
diflorus, which had been lost sight of for half a century, but
which Mr. Maw had re-discovered in 1883 in the neighbouffiood
of Gibraltar, and again recently near Tangier. A hybrid between
N. viridifiorus and N. serotinus was found by him near Gibraltar ;
and a series of hybrids between N. viridifiorus and N. elerjans
were gathered in North Morocco. Mr. Maw observed that
N. serotinus was limited to the south of Spain and N. elegans to
the TMorocco coast, tlie latter plant bearing true leaves. N. vi-
ridifiorus and N. serotinus he asserted to be leafless, the scape
appearing without leaves ; and what seemed leaf-organs he as-
sumed were flowerless scapes. Mr. Maw also referred to the
abundance of a small Amaryllid, Tapeinanthus humilis, Herb.
{Pancratium humile, Cav.), about eight miles south of Tangier,
w^hich he collected both in fruit and flower. Of miscellaneous
plants collected by him during the tour, Pceonia coriacea, Lavan-
dula lunata, Eryngium glaciate, and Asplenium Petrarchai were
obtained on the Sierra Nevada, and Saxifraga hiternata at El Forcal
near Antiquerra, in South Spain.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Loch-Leven Trout {Salmo levenensis).^^ By Dr.
Francis Day, F.L.S.

2. " Herraajm's Ceylon Herbarium and Linnseus's Flora Zey-
lanica." By Dr. Henry Trinieu, F.L.S.

3. " On a new Species of JBraehyonychtts from the Mergui Arcln-
pelago." By Henry W. Bates, F.K.S., F.L.S.

PEOCEEDINOS OF TUK

December I6th, 1886.

William CAEHUTHEns, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and eontirmed.

Arthur Wells Bawtree, Esq., Frederick Juslen, E.sq., Trailoksa
Nath Mukharji, Esq., Francis AVall Oliver, Esq., and Richard
Vowell Slierriug, Esq., were elected Fellows ; and George
Nicholson, Esq., was elected an Associate.

The President announced that Sir Geor^ie MacLeay, K.C.M.G.,
F.L.S., had presented to the Society a framed water-colour por-
trait of the Rev. AV^illiara Kirby, F.L.S., the distinguished ento-
mologist; also the manuscripts and currcspondeuce of his father,
Alexander MacLeay (elected F.L.S. 1794), for many ^'ears Secre-
tary to the Society.

For these valuable donations a special vote of thanks was
unanimously accorded.

Prof. F. O. Bower exhibited and made comments on a number
of large photographs tnken iu Ceylon, chiefly representing the
Vegetation of the island, and of the Botanic Garden of Pera-
deniya. Among the plants were : — Ficus religiosa, said to be
2000 years old, F. Trimeni, F. elasiica, the Bunyan Tree at
Nequimbo, the Travellers' Palm, Havenala madacjascariensis, the
avenue of Oreodoxa regin at Peradeniya, Jack-fruir, Artoearpus
integrifolia , the Great Bamboo, Dendrocalamus (jiganteus, Also-
phila crinita, Corypha umhracidifera, Caryota nrens, Lodoicea
seychellariim, <fcc.

Mr. Edward A. Heath exhibited a Stormy Petrel (Mother
Carey's Chick), FroceUaria p)e]ariica, which was picked up alive
in Kensington Gardens on the 9th December, the bird evidently
having been driven inland during the great storm of the preceding
day.

Mr. Daniel Morris exhibited the fresh leaves and the fibres
thence extracted of Agave Salmdyckia, Baker, and A. Ixtli, the
product of the latter being known as Sisal Hemp. Mr. Morris
stated that the fibre extracted from A. Salmdyckia is relatively of
little value, owing to its singularly curly texture ; whereas that
from A IxtU has beautifully straight glossy threads, admirably
adapted for ropc-niakiug. The export of Sisal Hemp from
Yucatan is said to reach the annual amount of £500,000.

Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer showed a Japanese volume on
Botany, one of a set of the ilonzo Zufu (Illustrations and brief
descriptions of the Plants of Japan) by Iwasatli Teanemassa.

LINlSrEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 7

xhe work in question consists of 96 volumes, containing 2000
coloured figures, many of which are not to be found elsewhere.
Of the Honzo Zutu only two or three copies are known to be
complete in the original native manuscript form, as only pare
was published at Tedo (Tokio) in 1828.

[The entire memor.mdum, as drawn up by Mr. F. V. Dickins,
is published in the 'Journal of Botany' for May 1887, pp. 147-
148.]

The President exhibited and made remarks on a spike of Maize
obtained from an ancient grave at Ancon, Peru, and on samples
of pre-historic Wheat from ancient British and Eomano-British
burial mounds near Salisbury and Winidebury, AVilts, together
with wheat, lor comparison, from Dunstable market, mounted by
Mr. Worthmgton tx. Smith, P.L.S.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Experiments on the Sense of Smell in Dogs." By Greorge
J. Eomanes, I'.E.S., P.L.S.

2. "On a new Instance of Apospory in Polysticlium angulare,
Y&T. jjulcherrimiim.'''' By Charles T. Druery, I'.L.S.

8. " On Apospory and Allied Phenomena." By Prof. F. O.
Bower, P.L.S.

The President having announced that H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales had expressed a wish to belong to the Society (Bye-
Laws, Chap. III. Sect. 1), proposed from the Chair the Prince as
an Honorary Member ; and by open vote His Koyal Highness
was unanimously elected.

January 20th, 1887.
William Carruthees, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

John Benbow, Esq., and Fiennes Stanley Wickliam Cornwallis,
Esq., were elected Fellows.

It was announced from the Chair that H.E.H. the Prince of
Wales had officially inscribed his name on the Eoll of the
Society.

The President presented to the Society a portrait in oil of
Francis Masson, tlie botanical collector, who was elected F.L.S.
1796. (Cf. Journ. Bot. xxii. 1881, pp. 111-128.)

Prof. Bayley Balfour exhibited specimens of the so-called
" Ginger-beer " Plant, with slides showing its microscopic struc-
ture. He pointed out that, although well known to many

8 PBOCEEDTWaS OF THE

people, and used as a means of manufacturing an acid drink
from a sugar solution and ginger, yet no scientific account of
the organism had appeared except a short note by Mr. G.
Wortbingtou Smith in the ' Gardener's Chronicle,' 1884. The
plant in question has the appearance of a white iVbs^oc, and is
composed of a Bacterium (passing through all forms of rods, coils,
and filaments), which apparently constitutes its greater part ;
and associated with this is a sprouting fungus. Judging from
the descriptions and figures of Kern of the " Kephir " used in the
Caucasus to induce fermentation in milk, the " Gringer-beer "
Plant resembles it, but with modifications. In connexion there-
with it is of interest to note that it is said the '' Ginger-beer "
Plant was introduced into Britain by soldiers from the Crimea in
1855.

A letter was read from Mr. Benjamin T. Lowne, referring to
an exhibition by him of photograj^hs from microscopical speci-
mens of the retina of Insects. One section represented the
retinal layer detached from the opticon ; other sections showed
the basilar layer : thus practically affording evidence that the
nerves terminate in end-organs, viz. rods placed in groups
beneath the opticon, a view promulgated by Mr. Lowne in his
memoir published in the Society's Transactions (2nd ser. Zool. ii.
pp. 389-420).

Mr. J. Waller exhibited a block of wood, part of an Oak
grown in Sussex, which, on being sawn through in a longitudinal
direction, was found to contain an excavated tunnel and a large
living larva of the Longicorn Beetle, Prionus coriarius.

Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer showed and made remarks on two
sheets of dried specimens of Alpine Plants fi-om the Corea.

The following papers were read : —

1. " The Efl'ects of Stimulation on Turgescent Vegetable Tis-
sues." By Anna Bateson and I'rancis Darwin, P.L.S.

2. " On the Anatomy, Development, and Morphology of the
Tissues of the Sporophore in Mosses. — I. Polytrichaceae." By
J. Eeynolds Vaizey, B.A. (Communicated by S. H. Vines,

r.L.s.)

3. " Report on the Hydroida and Polyzoa of the Mergui
Archipelago." By Eev. Thomas Hincks. (Communicated by
Dr. J. Anderson, F.L.S.)

LINNEA3T SOCIETY OP LONDON.

February 3rd, 1887.

William Careuthees, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Michael Comport Grrabham, Esq., and George Wingate, Esq.,
were elected Fellows.

The vacancies among the Foreign Members, caused by the
deaths of Dr. Edmond Boissier, Dr. Johann Roeper, M. Louis
Eene Tulasne, Prof. Carl Theodor von Siebold, and Prof. Henri
Milne-Edwards, having been announced by the President, the
following nominations were made and the certificates ordered to
be suspended : —

Dr. Georg August Schweinfurtb, Professor of Botany, Cairo,
Egypt.

Count Hermann Solms-Laubach, Professor of Botany, Uni-
versity of Gcittingen.

Dr. Franz Steindachner, of the Academy of Sciences, Vienna,
Austria, Conservator of Herpetology and Ichthyology, Eoyal
Museum of Vienna.

Dr. Melchior Treub, Membre de I'Academie Eoyale Neerlan-
daise des Sciences, Dii'ector of the Botanic Garden, Buitenzorg,
Java.

Dr. Augustus Weissmann, Professor of Zoology, University of
Freiburg, Baden.

The President read a letter from Sir Francis Knollys, conveying
the regret of H.E.H. the Prince of Wales that his engagements
did not permit of his presence that evening to hear Dr. Aitchison's
paper.

Mr. George Maw exhibited a specimen in flower of JVat^cissus
cyclamineus, grown by him from bulbs sent by Mr. A. W. Tait of
Oporto. The plant in question was known to Parkinson in 1640
(' Theatrum Botanicum '); it was also figured in the ' Jardin du
Eoy,' 1623, as N. Jiispanicus minor, amplo calice, foUis reflexis,
and in the ' Theatrum Florae ' in 1687, part 20, as N. his-
panicus minor luteus, amplo calice, foliis reJlexis, = N. minor,
var. cyclami^ieus of Haworth. Afterwards, having been lost
sight of, it was rediscovered near Oporto by Mr. Johnston in
1885.

Mr. Maw also showed a drawing of Crocus Karducharum and
another of C. zonatiis for comparison. The former was intro-
duced in 1885, and flowered iu September 1886. It was origi-
nally discovered by Theodor Kotschy in the neighbourhood of
Sivas, 3° or 4° west of Mokas and Schewan, that shown beinsi

lO PEOCEEDlUaS OF THE

from the same locality. The plant is allied to G. zonatus of the
Taurus ; but it is a much s'naller plant with exceptionally short
leaves, wliich are retained till the ensuing flowering-time, the two
years' sets of leaves occurring simultaneously.

Mr. W. Simpson exhibited a series of sketches of the Afghan
boundary, as illustrative of the region traversed by the Delimi-
tation Commission.

A large series of Dr. Aitchisou's collections were shown, among
which were examples of the Mammals, Birds, Eeptiles, and
Insects ; beside dried plants, economic products, and other objects
connected with the Flora of the localities visited.

The following paper was read and discussed: —
" On the Fauna and Flora of the Afghan Boundary." By Dr.
J. E. T. Aitchison, F.E.S., F.L.S.

Among the speakers who took part in the discusj^ion were Sir
J. D. Hooker, Mr. J. G. Baker, Dr. A. Guntber, Mr. J. BaU,
Mr. G. A. Boulenger, Dr. P. L. Sclater, Dr. W. T. Blanford,
Mr. Oldfield Thomas, Sir Joseph Phayrer, Mr. E. Bowdler Sharpe,
Mr. Howard Saunders, Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer, and Mr. C
O. Waterhou:>e.

February 17th, 1887.

AViLLiAM Caeeuthees, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The Eev. Andrew Johnson exhibited drawings of an abnormal
Begonia Veitchii, growu by him the preceding autumn. The pecu-
liarity consisted in the flower liaving a single large central
flask-shaped organ, surmounted by a single simple straight style,
thus indicating an hermaphrodite condition, while presenting an
apparent resemblance to the normal female organs of Laurus
nob ills.

Mr. E. Morell Holmes exhibited some irregularly developed
Lemons, in which the carpels were more or less separated at the
apex ; the arrest of the normal union of the carpels being attri-
buted to the bite of an insect in tiie early stage of the growth of
the fruit.

There was exhibited for Mr. J. G. Otto Tepper a new Sfyli-
dium {S. Tepperiana, F. Muell.), collected by Mr. Tepper, 13tii
November, 1886, on Mount Taylor, Kangaroo Island, Victoria,
Australia.

LINNEAN SOCIETY Of LO^'DON. II

Specimens of Peziza coccinea, sent by Mr. W. H. Lamb,
from Ilfracombe, were exliibited by Sir John Lubbock,
V.P.L.S.

A dried specimen of Pnmf/« imperialis, Jungh., collected by
Dr. Sydney Hickson in Java, was exhibited from the Eoyal Gar-
dens, Kew. This is a giant form of Primula, being over three
feet in height. Plants of tliis Himalayan and Malayan species
are now under cultivation at Kew.

Mr. George Maw showed two Narcissi, both of which have
been known under tlie name of N. cernuus. The White Daifodil,
or Ajax, discovered by Mr. Buxton at a height of 7000 feet iu a
valley of the Spanish Pyrenees, is of interest because it is the only
white Daffodil now kuowii in a wild station, though four, more
or less distinct, viz. iV^. onoschatus, N. cernuus, JV. albicans, and
iV. tortuosus, were known to the earlier botanists, probably as
early as the year 1600. It is open to question whether the white
Datibdil exhibited should be referred to N. cernuus or iV^. mos-
chatus. Liunaeus's name moscliatus was applied to a white
Daftodil from the Pyrenees. The name cernuus as applied to an
Ajax or Daffodil was used by iioth, Schultes, and Haworth in
lsl7, 1831, and 1835 ; but Salisbury in 18u6 applied the name
cernuus to N. triandrus, Linn., or a vai'iety of it. Dr. Will-
komm, iu his ' lliustrationes Florae Hispanicae,' has recently
described a third species under the name of N. cernuus. The
specimen exhibited was flowered by the liev. C. "Woolley Dod,
from bulbs collected by Dr, Henriques of Coimbra, in the Serra
d'Estrella, Portugal. It is a very diminutive self-coloured orange
species, with suddenly reflexed segments barely half an inch iu
length, and with a corona half an inch long. It is allied to N.
triandrus ; but is evidently distinct from the yellow forms of
that species, and may be identical with a plant collected by
Blanco at Puente Horrida (? Fuente Torrido), in the province
of Jaen, a single specimen of which exists in the British
Museum.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Phytobiological Observations. — Part II. Forms of Seed-
lings; and on the \jQ?Jt oi Liriodendron {\\\q Tulip-Tree)." By
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., Vice-Pres. Linn. Soc.

2. " On Dichelaspis ijellucida, ivom the Scales of an Hydrophid
obtained at Mergui." By Dr. P. Hoek of Leiden. (Communi-
cated by Dr. John Anderson, F.L.S.)

I a PROCEEDINGS OF THE

March 3rd, 1887.
"William Cabeuthees, E.E.S., President, in the Cliair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Bernard S. Dyer, Esq., Et. Hon Sir Edward Ery, Sydney
Turner Klein, Esq., Charles Maries, Esq., Rev. Edward Shear-
burn Marshall, Alfred Wilby Tait, Esq., Robert Morgan, Esq.;
and John Benjamin Stone, Esq., were elected Fellows.

The President announced that in future the entrance to the
Tea-Room during the Meetings would be from the Entrance-Hall,
and not by the door leading directly into it.

The following papers were read: —

1. "The Genetic Affinities and Classification of Algae." By
Alfred W. Bennett, F.L.S.

2. "Fungoid Disease oi Colocasia in Jamaica." By Greorge
Massee. (Communicated, with an Introductory Note, by Daniel
Morris, Esq., F.L.S.)

March l7th, 1887.

William Carruthebs, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Travers James Briant, Esq., John Errington de la Croix, Esq.,
and William West, Esq., were elected Fellows.

The Meeting having been made Special, the President an-
nounced that the Ballot would be taken for the election of Mr.
Charles Baron Clarke as Councillor, in the room of Dr. Henry
Trimen, resigned.

The following recommendations of the Seed-Cabinet Committee
were submitted by tlie Council to the Fellows at the Meeting,
made Special by notice, viz. : —

" That the Carpological Collection be disposed of, as being of
no practical value to the Society, or of any intrinsic value, a few
specimens belonging to the Wallichian Herbarium excepted."

" That representatives of the National Collection (British
Museum and Kew)be invited to select such specimens as may be
desired by those Institutions, and the residue be oflered to the
Oxford Botanic Gardens, where a Museum is in course of
formation."

" That the small Earthenware Vase in the Carpological Col-

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 3

lection be offered to the Ethnological Department, British
Museum."

On the Ballot being taken, these recommendations were not
approved by the Fellows present.

The Ballot for a Member of the Council having closed, the
President appointed Mr. Charles James Breese, Mr. Daniel
Morris, and Mr. Charles Tyler, Scrutineers. The votes having
been counted and reported to the President, he declared Mr.
Charles Baron Clarke duly elected.

The following papers were read : —

1. "Crustacea from Singapore." By Alfred 0. Walker,
P.L.S.

2. " Observations on the Grenus Ficus." By Dr. G-eorge King,
P.L.S.

April 7th, 1887.

William Cabeuthebs, P.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Hunter Jackson, Esq., Edward B. Poulton, Esq., and James
Henry Dugdale, Esq., were elected Pellows.

Presh specimens of a pure white variety of Primrose, which
had been gathered growing wild near Biarritz, Prance, by Mr.
D'Arcy Grodolphin Osborne, P.L.S., were exhibited.

A series of photographs, taken instantaneously from life, of
the White Stork (Cico)iia alba) were exhibited by Mr. Edward
Bidwell. These had been executed in Germany, and most accu-
rately represented the birds during the breeding-season. Not
only were the nests, young, and old birds thereon well shown,
but also the remarkable attitudes assumed preparatory to alighting
and commencing flight, as well as the peculiar twist of the neck
in calling.

Dr. Francis Day exhibited and described the peculiarities of
some malformed Trout in an early stage of development.

The following paper was read : —

" Observations on the Grentians." By Prof. T. H. Huxley,
F.R.S., F.L.S.

14 PUOCKKUINCiS OF THE

April 21st, 1887.

William Carhuthers, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

William Isaac Spencer, Esq., was elected a Fellow,

Mr. E. M. Holmes exhibited specimens of various species of
Thoren from Borneo and Sumatrn, which plants yield ves^etable
fats for technical purposes. Several species of Dichopsis, afford-
iiiff gutta-perclia from th^ bark and fat from the seeds, were also
shown. Mr. Holmes pointed out the importance of the cultiva-
tion of the more valuable of these trees, among others Z). ohlongi-
folia and Ceratoplwrus Loerii, since they are being rapidly de-
stroyed by the natives. Tlioir cultivation has already been com-
menced by the Dutch ; but not a day too soon, as the trees take
at least twenty years before becoming reproductive and valuable.

The following papers were read : —

1. "Variations in Plants and Animals." By P. Greddes.
(Communicated by Dr. J. Murie, F.L.S.)

2. " TheGephyreans of Mergui." By Prof . E. Selenka. (Com-
municated by Dr. J. Anderson, F.L.S.)

May 5th, 1887.

William Caeeutheus, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The President announced tliat the following Auditors to exa-
mine the Treasurer's Accounts had been nominated by the
Council: —

For the Fellows, Mr. Frederick V. Dickins and Mr. George
Maw ; for the Council, Mr. James E. Harting and Mr. A. D.
Michael. And by a inhow of iiands these were unanimously
elected.

Ernest William Forrest, Esq., and George Perrin, Esq., w^ere
elected Fellows.

William Haddon Beeby, Esq., Adolphus Kent, Esq., and John
Medley Wood, Esq., were elected Associates.

Dr. Gcorg August Schweiul'urth, Caiio, Count Hermann
Solms-Laubach, (Joltingcn, Dr. Franz Steindachner, Vienna,
Dr. Melchior Treub, Buitenzorg, Java, and Dr. Augustus Weiss-
mann, of Freiburg, Baden, were elected Foreign Memberg,

LTNNEAK SOCIBTY OF LONDON. I 5

Mr. J. R. Willis Bund exhibited specimens in spirit of the
Eainbow Trout {Salmo irridens), which bad been reared at the
Hatcheries of the Fisb-Cultiire Establishment at Delaford Park.
He pointed out the great difference in size of members of the
brood which were of the same age, and reared from the same
batch. He mentioned that circumstances tended to show that
it was a migratory fish ; hence, as such, the value of its in-
troduction into this country as a stream Trout would materially
be diminished.

Photographs were exhibited and a letter read from Mr. J. Gr.
Otto Tepper, P.L.S., retrarding a Gall-formation on SccBVola
spinescens, E. Br. (Benth. Flora Austral, iv. p. 87), observed by
him in South Australia. The following is an extract from Mr.
Tepper's letter: — "Tiie shrub in question is very densely branched,
but not usually more than from 1| to 3 feet high, in the neigh-
bourhood of Ardrossan, York Peninsula. It occurs either solitarily
among other shrubs on Tertiary ground of a poor clay intermixed
and resting upon fossiliferous siliceous grits, or in small groups
in shallow grassy depressions. As sheep were depasturing on
the latter locality, the white fluffy lumps, promiscuously scattei-ed
among the spiny branches, were j^assed frequently unheeded under
the supposition that they were locks of wool torn by the spiny
branches from the passing sheep. The Grail is often seen on
other shrubs, such as Bursaria spinosa &c. One day, being in
want of some wool for a plug, I discovered that the supposed
locks were really galls, each containing a single inhabitant, pro-
bably a member of the Coceidae. Of these there are a consider-
able number of indigenous sjiecies, some producing very extra-
ordinary forms of galls, often exhibiting some parts much
exaggerated which are normally minute. In the present instance
the hairs of the flower-buds were affected; while in other kinds
of galls, very common on Oasuarina quadrivalvis, the minute leaf-
scales appeared, enlarged, at the same time that the internodes
between the whorls were almost entirely suppressed. 1 forward
two copies of a photograph of galls, kindly taken by Praser S.
Crawford, Esq., Government Photo-lithographer ; the specimens
themselves will be forwarded as soon as possible for examination
by some of the Linuean Society's specialists."

On behalf of Mr. W. Brockbank, P.L.S., Mr. J. G. Baker

exhibited photographs of a series of forms of Narcissus refiexus
of Brotero, from Ancora, N. Portugal, and grown in his garden
at Didsbury. N. rejiexus is ranked as a species by Nymnn ; but
in the Portuguese plant the variation in the size and shape of the
corona is so great, that it is evident that no definite line of de-
marcation can be drawn between the Spanish N. triandrus and
the Brittany N. calnthinus ; and therefore that all the varietal
forms of the section Oanymedes constitute a single species.

1 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Mr. J. Harris Stone, M.A., exhibited a dried specimen of
Nicotiana gJauca which he found in the island of Fuerte-
ventura, one of the easterly islands of the Canary group. The
plant is a native of Buenos Ayres, where it grows to a height
o£ 10 feet. In the islands of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote
Mr. Stone found the plant growing in the village-streets and by
the path-sides as a weed. From investigations made on the spot,
he found that in some way or other it was introduced into the
Canaries in 1867-69, since which date it has spread in a mar-
vellously rapid manner. The plant is known to the islanders by
the name of " mismo " (same), an appellation which arose from
the suddenness of the plant's advent in the Canaries, the natives
asking one another if they too had the plant at home, the answer
being always "the same " (mismo). In general physiognomy,
the Canary plant differs from the specimens in the British
Museum from other parts of the world ; and in the islands it only
grows to a height of 3 or 4 feet.

Mr. E. Vowell Sherring exhibited a photograph of the mud-
volcanoes of " Devil's Wood Yard," Trinidad, West Indies. It
was mentioned that the amount of saline material in the mud
seemed to have an influence on the vegetation which sprung up
around.

There was also exhibited a photograph, taken in 1886 by Mr.
E. D. M. Yerbeck, of the Peak of Eakata, volcano of Krakatau,
showing the changes that had taken place since the great erup-
tion in 1883.

Some fresh Primulas from the neighbourhood of Saffron Walden
were exhibited by Mr. Frederick J. Hanbury, including two in-
teresting hybrids, viz. Primula elatior X vulgaris and P. elatior x
veris. The latter is exceedingly rare, and has only been known
as British during the last four years. Both are intermediate
in their character between the parents, and neither of them
produce any fruit in cultivation, but wither away immediately
after flowering.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Experimental Observations on certain British Heteroecious
Uredines." By Charles B. Plowright, F.L.S.

2. '■^Vaccinium intermedium^ Ruthe, a new British Plant." By
N. E. Brown, A.L.S.

3. " Bigeneric Orchid Hybrids." By Eobert Allen Eolfe,
A.L.S.

4. " Eeport on the Alcyoniid and Gorgouiid Alcyonaria col-
lected in the Mergui Archipelago by Dr. John Anderson." By
Stuart 0. Eidley, M.A., F.L.S.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 1 7

May 24tb, 1887.
Anniversary Meeting.

William Caeetjthees, P.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. Albert D. Michael, on behalf o£ the Auditors, presented
the Annual Statement of Accounts, as shown on p. i8.

The Secretary then read his Report of the deaths, withdrawals,
and elections of new Fellows for the past year as follows : —

Since the last Anniversary Meeting 17 Eellows had died, or
their deaths been ascertained, viz. : —

Fellows (17).

George French Angas.
Christopher Edmund Broome.
Sir Charles James Fox Bun-
bury.
George Busk.
Sir Walter Elliot.
Arthur Grote.
Henry Fletcher Hance.
Eev. Edward Adolphus Holmes.

Arthur Edward Knox.
Thomas Moore.
Dr. Heury Muuroe.
Eev. Thomas Powell.
Charles Prentis.
Hon. Edward Eomilly.
Eev. Benedict Scortechini.
William Southall.
Edwin Story.

Foreign Member (1).
Prof. August Wilhelm Eicliler.

During the past official year 8 Fellows had withdrawn, viz. : —

Dr. Bernard Edward Broadhurst.
Lieut. -Col. Godwin-Austen.
Eev. William Allport Leighton.
, G-eorge William Oldfield.
Dr. Eobert E. Peterson.
Frederick W. Phillips.
Charles Sharp.
Dr. Paul Henry Stokoe.

And 51 Fellows, 5 Foreign Members, and 5 Associates had
been elected.

During the past year there had been received as Donations
from private individuals to the Library 110 volumes and 522
pamphlets and separate impressions of memoirs. From the
various Universities, Academies, and Scientific Societies there had
also been received in exchange and otherwise 191 volumes and
211 detached parts ; besides G9 volumes and 103 parts obtained
by exchange and donation from the Editors and proprietors of
independent periodicals. The Council, at the recommendation of

linn. soc. proceedings. — session 1886-87. c

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PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

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LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. I9

the Library Committee, had sanctioned the purchase of 95 volumes
and 114 parts of important works. The total additions to the
Library were therefore 465 volumes and 950 sejDarate parts.

The following are the numbers of Books bound during the last
year : — In half-morocco 157, in full cloth 149, in vellum 160, in
buckram 47, in boards or half-cloth 55, rebacked (half-morocco
and cloth backs) 78, relabelled 135. Total 781.

It was proposed by Prof. Gr. J. Allman, seconded by Mr.
Jenner Weir, and carried unanimously — " That an humble
Address be presented to Her Majesty the Queen, Patron of the
Society, on the occasion of the completion of the fiftieth year of
her reign, and that the Council be instructed to prepare the
same."

The Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing the
elections, —

The President then opened the business of the day, and the
Fellows proceeded to ballot for the Council and Officers.

The Ballot for the Council having closed, the President ap-
pointed Dr. Robert Braithwaite, Mr. John Hopkiuson, and Dr.
Eichard C. A. Prior, Scrutineers. The votes having been counted
and reported to the President, he declared the following Members
to be removed from the Council, viz. : — Mr. W. T. Thiselton
Dyer, Prof. W. H. Flower, Mr. Francis B. Forbes, Sir John
Lubbock, and Prof. H. N. Moseley.

And the following to be elected into the Council, viz. : — Dr.
John Anderson, Prof. Greorge Bond Howes. Dr. Maxwell T.
Masters, Mr. Henry Seebohm, and Prof. H. Marshall Ward.

The Ballot for the Officers having closed, the President nomi-
nated the same Scrutineers. The votes having been counted and
reported to the President, he declared the result as follows, viz. :
— President, Mr. William Carruthers, F.E.S. ; Treasurer, Mr.
Frank Crisp ; Secretaries, Mr. B. Daydon Jackson and Mr. W.
Percy Sladen.

The President then delivered his Address (see p. 23).

Dr. Francis Day then moved the following Resolution, viz. : —
" That the thanks of the Society be given to the President for
his excellent Address, and that he be requested to allow it to be
printed."

This having been seconded by Mr. John Forrest, was carried
unanimously.

It was moved by Dr. John Millar, seconded by Mr. A. D.
Michael, and carried, — " That in accordance with the strong wish
expressed at this Anniversary Meeting the Council be requested to

c2

20 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

arrange for a Special G-eneral Meeting to celebrate the 100th
anniversary of the founding of the Society."

The Senior Secretary read the Obituary notices of deceased
Fellows.

Mr. Edward A. Fitch then proposed that a special vote of
thanks be accorded to the President and Officers for their valu-
able labours during the Session, and this having been seconded
by Mr. H. T. Stainton, was carried.

June 2nd, 1887.
William Caeeuthees, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the Anniversary Meeting (24th May) were
read and confirmed.

Prof. Eobert "Wallace, Frederic M. Halford, Esq., Harry
Berkeley James, Esq., and Ernest Clarke, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

The President read the Address prepared by the Council, in
compliance with the resolution passed at the Anniversary Meeting
(24th May), for presentation to the Queen, as follows : —

" To the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty.

" Madam,

" We, the President, Council, and Fellows of the Linnean
Society of London, desire to approach your Majesty with senti-
ments of the most loyal attachment, and to tender our dutiful
congratulations on the Jubilee of your Majesty's accession to the
throne.

" We rejoice in the great material and moral progress that the
country has made under your benignant sway ; and especially as
a Society devoted to the advancement of Science, we recognize
with the highest satisfaction the immense advance in the know-
ledge of nature and the numerous apjilications of science to the
amelioration and welfare of the people during the fifty years of
your Majesty's reign.

" We give thanks to God, the Supreme Governor among the
nations, for the protection and favour which He has extended to
our Country under your Sceptre, and we pray Him to guard and
bless your Majesty to your life's end."

The President nominated Dr. John Anderson, Mr. Frank
Crisp, Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, and Prof. St. Geo. J. Mivart to
be Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year.

Mr. D. H. Scott showed, under a high microscopic power, the
presence of nuclei in Oscillaria and Tolypothrix. He explained
that the plants were treated with picronigrosine for two hours,

LINNEAN" SOCIETY OF LONDON. 21

afterwards for two minutes with a concentrated solution of
chloral hydrate, and then mounted in glycerine. The nuclei re-
semble the knot stage of those of higher plants, division stages
being visible. The observation is important (1) with reference
to the physiological question of the essential value of the nucleus
to the vegetable cell, and (2) from a systematic point of view.
Hitherto, from the alleged absence of a nucleus in the Schizo-
phytes, these have been separated from the Thallopliytes ; but
the distinction between the Cyanophycese and the true Algae
would now seem broken down. These conclusions confirm those
of Zacharias lately published in the ' Botanische Zeitung,' but
whose investigations appear to have been in a measure antici-
pated by Wille in 1883.

Some preparations of the stem of Macrocystis were shown by
Mr. F. W. Oliver, which demonstrated the presence of plates of
callus on the sieve-tubes which occur in this gigantic Laininarioid.
He had compared the reactions given by the callus-plates in
question, and had found them identical with those given by the
same structures in such a plant as Cucurhita. The presence in
Macrocystis of sieve-tubes was originally demonstrated by Prof.
Parker, A.L.S., of New Zealand.

The following papers were read : —

1. "Transpiration as a Punction of Living Protoplasm." By
the Eev. G. Henslow, P'.L.S.

2. " Vegetable Biology. — Part III. Influence of Light on Pro-
toplasm." By Spencer le Marchant Moore, P.LiS.

3. "On an Alga on the European Tortoise." ByMichaelCresse
Potter, F.L.S.

4. " A new Genus of Orchideae from St. Thomas." By H. N.
Eidley, P.L.S.

June 16th, 1887.
William Caeeuthebs, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

William Elborue, Esq., J. Thornhill, Esq., William Threlfall,
Esq., and Edmund G. Baker, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. Tokutaro Ito, F.L.S., exhibited a Japanese work, " Suizoku
Shashin," or Illustration of Fishes ; by Ohkura Tatsuyuki. 2 vols.,
text and coloured plates, published at Teddo (Tokio), in 1857.

There were shown for Sir Walter BuUer, K.C.B., F.L.S, several
of the royal quarto Plates in Chromo-lithograph, intended to
Dlustrate his new edition, now in the press, of the ' Historv of
the Birds of New Zealand.'

22 PEOCKEDINGS OF THE

A very fine case of feathers of the now extinct Moa was also
exhibited for Sir Walter Buller.

Lord "Walsinpjham exhibited and made remarks on a living
plant of Datum as a notable example of vefi;etable repair. The
plant by accident was broken almost right across the stem.
After being bandaged the gardener put it carelessly away in an
outhouse, believing it sure to die. Some time after Lord Wal-
singliam found tlie plant, not dead or drooping, but showing fair
signs of vitality. It was tlien taken back to the greenhouse, and
in due time such union of the stem occurred as ultimately to
leave only a scar as e^adence of the fracture, the plant meanwhile
thriving and showing vigorous growth.

Mr. A. W. Waters showed a series of enlarged photographs
of Bryozoa, taken to elucidate their structuial peculiarities.
Mr. Waters also showed a photograph of an Agave americana,
grown by T. Eowley Hill, Esq., at Worcester.

Mr. E. V. Sherriug exhibited some of the fronds of Asplenium
de?ificu]afum, which Eern he had obtained in Jamaica, and since
successfully grown near Bristol.

Mr. Christy called attention to samples of Coffee-Beans in a
diseased condition.

Tlie following papers were read : —

1. "Ou the Flora of Munipore and Kohima." By Charles
Baron Clarke, F.L.S.

2. " On some Grregarious Pyralichne from the Punjaub." By
Lord Walsingham, M.A., F.L.S.

3. " On a further Collection of Ferns fi'om West Borneo made
by Dr. Hose, Bishop of Singapore and Sarawak." By J. Gr.
Baker, F.E.S., F.L.S.

4. " Fungi Japonici nounulli." By Dr. C. Spegazzini and
Tokutaro Ito, F.L.S.

5. " Contributions to South-African Botany. — Part III.''
By Harry Bolus, F.L.S.

6. "AEevisionof the Grenera Microstt/Us smd Malaoeis.'' By
H. N. Eidley, M.A., F.L.S.

7. " Eej)ort on the Annelids of the Mergui Expedition." By
Frank E. Beddard, M.A. (Communicated by Dr. John Ander-
son, F.L.S.)

8. " Ou Nuclei in Oscillaria and Tolypothrix.^' By Dukinfield
H. Scott, F.L.S.

0. " Index Flora) Sinensis." — Part III. By Francis Black-
well Forbes, F.L.S., and AVilliam Botting Hemsley, A.L.S.

10. " On a Species of Balanophora new to the Japanese Flora."
By Tokutaro Ito, F.L.S.

11. " Ou the Actinia; of the Mergui Expedition." By Prof.
Haddon. (Communicated by Dr. John Anderson, F.L.S.)

lnwean society of londok. 23

Anniyersabt Address op the President.

In looking back ou anotlier year o£ the Society's history from
the standpoint of an Anniversary Meeting I am compelled to
renew my expression of gratitude for the high honour you did
me in placing me in this chair, nor can I fail to recall the sense
of personal unfitness which oppressed me when you invited me
to occupy this honourable and responsible position. T entered
ou the duties with the full conviction that, in their discharge, I
W'ould receive your sympathy and help, and I am now able to
look back on a year of exceptional activity and honourable work,
in which my defects have been covered by your considerate
indulgence.

The first thing that arrests the mind in our annual retrospect
is the disappearance from our roll of some loved and honoured
names. I desire not to infringe on the task of recording the
individual losses we have sustained, so admirably performed by
our Senior Secretary, but if he will pardon me 1 would like, in a
sentence, to recall one or two personally known to me whom we
shall see here no more. Early in the year we had to mourn the loss
of Greorge Busk, an upright man, a true friend, and a distinguished
naturalist. For several years he discharged the duties of Secre-
tary, and he was worthy of any honour the Society could give
him. "VVe miss the quiet unobtrusive form of C. E. Broome, who,
never neglecting the duties that devolved upon him as a country
gentleman, found opportunity for indulging his ardent love for
Botany, and became, as our publications testify, a justly recoo--
nized authority on the group of plants to which he specially
devoted himself. Sir Charles J. F. Bunbury seldom came to our
meetings, and was consequently known to only a few of the
Fellows, but every one who knew him held him in high esteem.
Sir Charles was a careful botanist, and used his knowledge of
recent forms to interpret extinct plants. I should like to say a
word about Hanee and Scortechini, who, though never present
at our meetmgs, have advanced our science in the far East, and
about Elliot, Grote, Moore, and others — but i should only fore-
stall Mr. Jackson in his work.

Hope, however, replaces sadness when we turn to the additions
to our roll, and recognize, in some who have joined us, youuf
naturalists, with advantages greater than those enjoyed by their
predecessors, and with promise that justify us in believing that
they will take up the work of those who have left us, and of
those who happily are still with us, but whose age entitles them
to lay down their tools.

Perhaps the most visible sign of our prosperity has beeu our
large meetings. On several occasions our commodious room has
been barely sufficient to accommodate the audience. This is
itself a testimony to the value of the communications that have
been submitted to us.

24 PEOCEEDINGS 01" THE

No one can look back in the most casual way without recalling
several exceptionally important papers that occupied our atten-
tion. The various divisions of science witliin the province of
the Society have supplied subjects of investigation. In Sys-
tematic Botany we have had the important memoir on the genus
Ficus by Dr. King, embodying the results of much original ob-
servation, for which the author had exceptioual opportunities in
the large tropical garden at Calcutta under his care. The study
of the living plants has led him to adopt a classification based
upon the difiFerent kinds of flowers wliich occur in the genus, and
which greatly modifies our estimate of the species of Ficus. Mr.
H. N. Ridley laid before us a monograph of the genus Lijjaris,
in which he carefully revised the work of his predecessors, and
described no less than 'one hundred and ten species, of which a
considerable number were new to science.

In Geographical Botany we have had Dr. Trimen's thorough
revision of the original materials for the Flora of Ceylon, the
plants collected two centuries ago by Hermann, on which Lin-
naeus constructed his ' Flora Zeylanica.' The acquaintance Dr.
Trimen has made with the plants of Ceylon, during his residence
in that island as Director of the Grardens at Peradeniya, fitted
him to undertake the critical exranination of this historical col-
lection, and enabled him to clear up difficulties and misappre-
hensions that have hitherto been connected with some of the
Linnean species. The short paper on the Barberries of Japan
by our young member Mr. Tokutaro Ito introduced us to an
oriental who, on his own account as well as on account of his
accomplished relatives, we welcomed as a fitting representative
of a people that had made considerable progress in the critical
knowledge of the indigenous flora of that country, even when
they were cut off from all intercourse with the Western nations.
Several papers have dealt with the vegetation of different regions
of Africa, a continent that has supplied the larger number of new
plants of recent years. Mr. Mitten described the Mosses and Liver-
worts collected by our late Fellow, Bishop Hannington, whose
sad fate, i>till fresh in our memories, cut short a life full of the
brightest promise for the high work to which he had devoted
himself, as well as to science, to which he was warmly devoted.
Prof. Oliver submitted to us an account of the plants collected
by Mr. Johnston in his Kilimanjaro expedition ; and Mr. Baker
continued his exposition of the novelties that had reached him
from Madagascar. The little oceanic island of Diego Grarcia
contains a limited flora which the waves have brought to it from
distant continents, as Mr. Hemsley showed in his short commu-
nication regarding a collection of plants from that island. In
Morphological Botany Dr. Masters communicated his studies
on the conformation of the flower of Ci/pripedium, tracing, chiefly
by the arrangement of the tibro-vascular bundles, its affinities
to the normal type of the monocotyledoaous flower. Sir John

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 2$

Lubbock continued his phytobiological observations on the forms
of seedling plants, and on the causes to which they are due ; and
Prof. Huxley placed before us the results of his study of the
Gentians, and expounded the bearing of the peculiarities in the
structure of the flower on the evolution and classification of this
Order of plants.

The occurrence of a prothallus produced directly from the
fronds of some Terns without the intervention of a spore liad
been observed and described to the Society by Mr. Druery ; a
further instance, which he had observed, was brought to our
notice by him. Prof. Bower investigated these abnormal growths
and, in an exhaustive memoir, established that the prothallus was
produced from a spore arrested in its development, and was to
be considered a sport rather than a reversion. Tlie structure
and afiinities of the various groups of Algse were placed before
us by Mr. Bennett, together with a review of the classification
of the Order, and an exhibition of his view of the genetic re-
lationships of the various forms.

The true nature of a malady which threatens destruction to a
valuable food-plant in tropical America has been shown by
Messrs. Massee and Morris to be a fungus nearly allied to that
which has so seriously injured our potato-crops. The experi-
ments on turgescent tissue, and its conduct under various re-
agents, were clearly expounded by Mr. Darwin, joint author of
the communication on this subject with Miss Batesou. A long
series of observations on the structure and affinities of the sporo-
phore of Mosses were placed before us by Mr. Vaizey. Mr.
Eolfe brought to our notice some remarkable hybrid Orchids, the
produce of the artificial fertilization of a plant of one genus by
the pollen of one of another genus.

One of the objects the Liuneau Society had before it at its
institution was the investigation and illustration of the Natural
History of Grreat Britain and Ireland. This has not been
neglected by the Pellows during the past year. We have had
an account of observations and experiments by Mr, Plowright
on the life-history of some of our parasitic Fungi, which not
only add to the knowledge of our indigenous plants, but extend
the number of those minute Pungi which have been ascertained
in their individual histories to pass tlirough such remarkably
different jDhases. Mr. N. E. Brown has described to us the
natural hybrid between Vaccinium My Hill us, L., and V. Vitis-
Idcsa, L., detected by Prof. Bouney on Cannock Chase, and which,
though not previously observed in Britain, had been met with
in several localities on the continent.

In British Zoology we have had an account, by Mr. Sim, of
Lumpenus lampetriformis on the north coast of Scotland, a fish
recently added to our Fauna ; and experiments on the Lochleven
Trout have been placed before us by Dr. Day, showing that the

26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

characters peculiar to this fish in its native habitat disappear
when it is removed to other localities.

In Systematic Zoolof^y we have had before us the completion
of two great works tliat already have in part appeared in our
' Transactions,' — I refer to the fifth and last part of the Eev. A.
E. Eaton's Monograpli of tlie Ma\ flies, in which he has added
5 new genera and GS new species to the Ephenieridge, and to the
third and concluding part of the Monograph of r( cent Brachio-
poda, the last work of Dr Thos. Davidson, whose memoirs on
the fossil as well as on the recent Mollusca of this group will
remain a unique and lasting memorial to our late Fellow. We
have monographs presented to us on the family Chalcididse by
Mr. Kirby, on the ge^nus Lophopus by Mr. S. O. llidley, and on
Dero by Mr. Bousfield. In Geographical Zoology we have had
communicated to us an important series of papers on the collec-
tions made by Dr. Anderson in his exploration of the Mergui
Archipelago. Dr. Anderson himself described the Birds ; the
other groups have been dealt with in separate memoirs by Carter,
Duncan, Bell, Moore, von Martens, De Man, Bates, Hincks,
Hoek, Selenka, and S. O. Ridley. Some of these have alread}'
been published in our Journal, and it has been resolved to de-
dicate two volumes of the Journal to this extensive series of
memoirs which so greatly extend our knowledge of the Fauna of
the Indian Ocean. Another equally important series of papers
have dealt ^vith the large collections made by Dr. Aitchison in
the Afghan Boundary Expedition. He obtained 800 species of
plants, of which 100 were new to science; and his zoological
collections were also very extensive. The night devoted to these
papers was all too short lor the purpose ; their real value will
only be fully appreciated when the parts of the ' Transactions '
to be devoted to them are in our hands. Consitlerable progress
has already been made towards this end. A liberal donation
from the Government of India will assist the Society in meeting
the necessarily heavy cost of this work.

Dr. Duncan and our Secretary, ]Mr. Sladen, have investigated
the structure of the test of Discoidea cylindrica, a common
Echinoid from the Upper Cretaceous formation ; and by the help
of a singularly well-preserved specimen in the British Museum
these gentlemen expounded the structure and h imologies of the
various parts, and cleared up differences of opinion which exist
among [previous observers. To Mr. Romanes we ai e indebted
for an extremely interesting account of his ex|)eriments in regard
to the sense of smell in dogs ; and to Mr Geddes for his lucid
paper on variations in plants and animals, in which he proposed
to find, in the constructive and destructive changes that are
essential to living protoplasm, the source of the modifications in
cells, organs, and individuals.

This rapid review is suflBcient evidence that the subjects which
have occupied our attention during the year have been of the

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 27

first importance. The large meetings and the intelligent dis-
cussions of the subjects corroborate this estimate. It would be
diflBcult now to imagine a meeting at which the communications
were listened to in solemn silence, and not a word of criticism
or corroboration was uttered. Tet for a long time in the history
of our Society this was the case. Now, the discussion which
follows each paper, besides adding greatly to the interest of the
meeting, is often the means of drawing oat new informatioti, and
it has even proved useful in correcting mistakes. It has been a
matter of regret to me that the valuable observations made at
some of our meetings on the subject under consideration were
not in some way recorded. No doubt the presence of a reporter
might liave injurious effects in different directions, it might re-
strain some who had something to say, and might encourage
otheis who ivished to say something. Sut a short and authentic
abstract, like that which is taken by some of our. sister societies,
might supply a want without developing any of the changes to
be avoided.

This notice of the proceedings at our general meetings would
be incomplete without some reference to the exhibits which
generally precede the reading of the papers. During the past
year we have had in this way brought under our notice important
matters, and have had the opportunity of inspecting many
new, rare, or otherwise interesting objects. In looking over the
early records of the Society, I was not a little pleased to find
that exhibits were no recent innovation. At the second general
meeting of the Society, held on the 6th of May, 1788, when Sir
James (then Dr.) Smith had completed the reading of his Dis-
course on the rise and progress of Natural History, it is recorded
that Mr. rairbairn, of Chelsea Grardens, " produced a Vicia and
an Astragalus apparently new." Dr. Smith undertook to inves-
tigate their claims to novelty, and at a subsequent meeting he
reported that the AstragaJtis was new, and described it as A. leu-
cophcEus. It is in accordance, then, with the earliest traditions
of the Society, and I believe with its best interests, to encourage
exhibits, though the time devoted to them must not encroach on
that required for the full consideration of the memoirs that have
been carefully prepared for, and that must always be the principal
work of, the meeting.

Another evidence of our prosperity and of our usefulness is
manifested in the unusual extent and importance of our publica-
tions. Our place in the commonwealth of science must mainly
depend on the value of our Journal and Transactions. The high
appreciation of the honour of connection with our Society by
men of science abroad is no doubt based upon their estimate of
the value of our work as testified to by our publications ; it is
accordingly most important that we should maintain their
efficiency. During the past year the Proceedings and Journals
of Botany and Zoology have consisted of 970 pages of letterpress

28 PEOCEEDINQS OE THE

illustrated with 43 plates and 199 woodcuts. Before completing
the twenty-second volume of our Journal of Botany we have
begun a new volume devoted to the Flora of China, of which
two [)arts have been published, and in our Journal of Zoology
three parts have been issued of the two extra volumes to be de-
voted to tlie results of Dr. Anderson's Exploration of the Mergui
Archipelago. The Transactions issued during the year have con-
tained 114 pages of letterpress illustrated with 23 plates and 8
woodcuts. The special volume devoted to Mr. Eaton's ' Mono-
graph of the Ephemeridse' will be completed with the next part
now being pushed forward ; while another separate volume de-
voted to Dr. Davidson's ' Monograph of the Eecent Bracliiopoda'
has been begun, and may be expected to be completed without
much delay.

The Society has expended the large sum of £1283 on its pub-
lications during the year. The average amount spent for this
purpose during the previous ten years was £903. The illustra-
tions necessarily absorb a large portion of this money ; towards
this expense a sum of about £100 has been contributed by or
on behalf of the authors. The full illustration of our memoirs
is of the first importance, and has always been a characteristic
of the publicatious of the Society, although our funds have not
always been able to meet the cost. The whole expense of the
coppers and of engraving the plates for the first volume of the
Transactions was defrayed by Sir Joseph Banks, and all through
generous donors have frequently borne a portion of this heavy
burden.

We are now proceeding with the 36th volume of the Transac-
tions. The 23rd volume of the Journal of Botany and the 21st
volume of tlie Journal of Zoology are in hand. Satisfactory
indexes to these extensive publications are of the first importance
to those who have occasion to consult them. One of the many
great services that our late distinguished President, Mr. George
Bentham, rendered to the Society was the preparation of the
index to the first 25 volumes of the Transactions. I am glad
that I am able to announce that a like service for the Journal of
Botany is being rendered to the Society by our indefatigable
Senior Secretary. Mr. Jackson has been for some time engaged
in this work, which will include, besides the Journal, all the
botanical references in the earlier volumes of the Proceedings of
the Society.

The Library is another great means we possess of carrying
out the objects of the Society in promoting biological science,
and the necessity of maintaining it in full efficiency cannot be
doubted by any Eellow. The Council have opened a special
fund for its augmentation, and they have, in accordance with
the known desire of Mr. Bentham, placed the whole amount re-
ceived from his Bequest to the credit of this fund. They place
this matter before the Fellows, and request coutributious or

LINXEAN SOCIETY OF L01!TD0N. 29

bequests to increase tlie capital of this most important fund. I
hope that the action of the Council will meet with the cordial
approval of, and a generous response from, the Fellows. The
additions to the Library during the past year have been made at
an expense of £140, and a further sum of £82 has been spent in
binding. The Library lias been further increased by gifts. As a
memorial of our late Fellow, Mr. Arthur Grote, Ins daugliter,
Mrs. Stirling, generously presented 200 volumes, 100 pamphlets,
and a number of maps. The Reports of the ' Challenger ' Ex-
pedition have been presented by the Grovernment ; the Royal
Society gave us 16 volumes from the duplicates in their library,
which were desiderata in ours; and our Treasurer has presented
to us several volumes. From Sir Greorge MacLeay we have re-
ceived a large collection of manuscripts and scientific corre-
spondence formerly belonging to his father Alexander MacLeay,
who was Librarian to our Society in the years 1796-7, and after-
wards Secretary from 1798 till 1824. To various Fellows, authors,
and publishers we are indebted for the presentation of numerous
volumes. Through exchange the Library is largely increased by
the publications of Scientific Societies over the world. So many
years of great activity in the Library have passed since the
catalogue was published that it now gives but a faint, I ought
rather to say a misleading, notion of tlie value of the Library,
and affords little help to the Fellows in consulting it. The pre-
paration of a new catalogue for the press is hindered only by the
heavy expense its production would entail, and the necessary
alienation for this object of funds which would more accomplish
the primary duty of the Society when devoted to the publication
of original memoirs by its Fellows.

It has been found that the printed catalogue of the Library,
in which the Linnean books are indicated by a prefixed old
English capital L, does not contain a record of all the volumes
in our possession which belonged to Linn^us. Dr. Murie is
consequentl}'^ engaged in the preparation of a complete catalogue
of these volumes. He has also in hand the arranging the wliole
of the manuscripts and scientific correspondence of Linnaeus, and
though the work is far from complete, much benefit has already
been derived from this important undertaking.

Our now extensive and valuable collection of portraits of
natui'alists has been added to by the gift of a water-colour portrait
of the Rev. William Kirby, the entomologist, from Sir George
MacLeay, and an oil-jjainting of Francis Masson, one of the early
explorers of the vegetation of South Africa, and a Fellow of this
Society elected in 1796, which 1 had the pleasure of securing for
the Society. Mrs. Stirling presented a photograph of Dr. Sto-
liczka, the Indian naturalist ; Mr. Fookes an engraving of T. A.
Knight, a Fellow of this Society, and one of the founders of the
Horticultural Society ; and Mr. Crisp an engraving of Sir
Richard Owen.

30 PEOCEEDINQS OF THE

The collections we possess, tlioufi;h of the greatest value,
happily cost nothing for their maintenance. As in other
Societies, it was originally our purpose to form collections which
would be useful to the Fellows, and Avould assist in the advance-
ment of Science. But we have, with these Societies, arrived at
the conclusion that with great institutions maintained by
Government for the special purpose of acquiring and preserving
objects of natural history, and freely accessible to every one,
there is no advantage in maintaining small and imperfect collec-
tions. The cost of their preservation and the space they occupy
is too great a price to pay for them. In 1863 the Society le-
solved to dispose of their general collections ; some were pre-
sented to museums, and others were sold by auction, but all, I
believe, became more serviceable to Science than v^^hen — hidden
away and inaccessible — they remained in our possession. Now
we have in our rooms the invaluable Linnagan collections, the
Herbarium of Sir James Smith, the great Wallichian Herbarium,
and the British Herbai'ium, with some other complete but less
important collections. With one exception these are in the
most satisfactory order, arranged in good cabinets, and requiring
no outlay for their maintenance. The Linusean Herbarium, still
preserved in the cabinets which they occupied in Linnaeus's study
at Upsala, is arranged according to the ' Species Plantarum ' ;
it has been rendered more easy of reference by placing on each
shelf the numbers of the genera which are placed on it. The
exception which I noted is the zoological collection of Linnaeus.
A Committee of Council has been examining into the state of
this collection. On account of the nature of the objects, and
because of the introduction of additional specimens by Sir James
Smith, the somewhat unwise zeal, subsequently manifested, for
putting some of the collections into new and neat order, and the
overcrowded state of others, these collections require some atten-
tion. Steps are being taken to secure their better accommoda-
tion and their preservation, as far as it is possible, in the state
in which they were acquired by the Society. This will be done
at a small cost.

The revenue of the Society has been placed so clearly and
fully before you by the Treasurer that it would be presumption
in me to say anything whatever in regard to it. But as I liave
placed before you suwe details of the great spending departments
— the publications and the library — let me press on you the im-
portance of securing a suitable income to cany on the Society's
work. This income must be derived mainly from the annual
payments of the Fellows. The admission fees supply a some-
what regular revenue. They have averaged duriug the last five
years £250 a year. This means that we have added on an
average 42 members annually to the Society. The compositions
are a more irregular source of income. In 1882 they amounted
to £600, while in 1885 they yielded only £90. The number of

LlNNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 3 1

compounders has, no doubt, been affected by the change in the
amount of composition which was made nine years ago, wlien the
sum was raised from £30 to £45, in stricter accordance with the
actuarial value of the annual payments of the Fellows. We
have at present on our roll 297 members who have compounded.
For some years it has been the practice to invest one half of the
compositions, and we have now, independent of the Bentham
bequest, £5700 thus invested. I£ the estimate on which the
present composition is based be correct, this sum is less than
half what should be invested to cover our responsibilities to the
compounders.

With tiie decrease in the compositions there has been a con-
sequent increase in the annual payments. Twenty years ago the
Members paying annually were 205, they now amouut to 420;
and the revenue from yearly payments has risen correspondingly
with the Members from £603 m 1807 to £12S0 in 18S6. Anotiier
gratifying item in our revenue is the regularly iucreasing sum
accruiug from invested capital. In 1860 we had ouly £8 from
this source, year by year it has been creeping up till last year
we received £190.

It is plain, then, that if our work is to be maintaiued, and, yet
more, if our usefulness is to be extended, we must secure a con-
siderable annual addition to our roll. Our Society exists for the
advancement of science, but its Members are not limited to pro-
ficients in biology. Were it so our Members and our usefulness
would be curtailed. We welcome the friends and patrons of
science — the lovers of nature. In their fellowship with us we
hope to lead them on to a closer acquaintance with the studies
we pursue. Their contributions will increase our means of use-
fulness. As science develops and our Society increases, the claims
on our funds increase also.

Before another anniversary comes round we shall have com-
pleted the hundredth year of our existence. On the 26th of
February, 1788, seven men met in the Marlborough Coffee House,
Great Marlborough Street, and held tlie first meeting of the
Liunean Society. Dr. Smith, the happy possessor of the Lin-
nean collections and library, was placed in the chair, a position
which be occupied for the long period of forty years. Dr. Grood-
enough, then living at Ealing, was elected Treasurer. He made
a careful study of our British Carices, and published the results in
a model monograph in the second volume of the Society's Trans-
actions. In 1808 he was promoted to the Bishopric of Carlisle,
which see he occupied till his death in 1827 ; and so late as 1880
his herbarium was presented by the civic authorities of Carlisle to
Kew. Mr. Marsham was appointed Secretary. He was a distin-
guished entomologist, and commuuicated several papers to the
Society which duly found place in the Transactions. Jonas Dry-
ander, a distinguished pupil of Liuureus, and successor to Solander
as Librarian to Sir Joseph Banks, was, at a subsequent meeting,

32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

appointed the first Librarian. James Dickson, a youn^ gardener
from Peebles, with a great love for botany and a critical know-
ledge of British mosses, was also present. He had prospered in
business and had a shop in Covent G-arden. Mr. Beckwith, an
entomoliigist who described four new British moths at the
meeting in March 1789, but was dead before the paper was pub-
lished in 179 i, and Mr. John Timothy Swainson, of H.M.
Customs, and father of the illustrious zoologist, complete the
number who were present at this first meeting. We seem now
far separated from that meeting, yet I am happy to say that we
have still with us Fellows who were admitted to the Society
under its fiirst President, and who connect us by a single link
with that small meeting in the Marlborough Coftee House. The
Eev. Leonard Blomefield was elected on the 19th November,
1822. I had reason to hope that we might have been honoured
with his presence here to-day. Students two generations ago
were familiar with his ' Manual of British Vertebrate Animals,'
1835. John B. Mackay, an accurate British botanist, elected in
1824, now enjoys a green old age at Totteridge, and Prof.
Westwood, admitted May 1st, 1827 is still, and I trust may yet
long be, an active scientific worker. I hope we may have the
presence of these veterans when we celebrate our hundredth
anniversary.

At the second meeting, held on the 18th of March, the roll of
the original members of the Society was incorporated in the
minutes. It consists of twenty names, and to it is added this
note : " The Eev. John Lightfoot, F.R.S., was one of the in-
stitutors of the Society, but died a day or two after the first
meeting."

Prom the foundation of the Society its meetings have been
held twice a month ; the first meeting in each month was con-
fined to the Fellows, and was entirely devoted to business ; the
second, or general meeting, was open to Associates and visitors
introduced by Fellows, and was held for reading memoirs and
receiving exhibits.

The Society for many years possessed only a very modest in-
come, beginning, in its first year, with a total of £65. But its
expenses were also small. No publications for some time swal-
lowed up its funds. It was content to occupy, for a modest
rent, two rooms in Dr. Smith's house. No. 12 Great Marlborough
Street. And it appointed the young and unfortunate Francis
Borone its first officer, giving him the handsome salary of Five
Guineas a year " for his attendance on the Society at all times."

Our centenary falls then on the 20th of February, 1888. On
that day we shall be full one hundred years old. I venture to
suggest that such an occasion should not be allow^ed to pass
without some special celebration. The services we have, as a
Society, rendered to biological science more than justify our
right to exist. The story of tlie Linnean Society dui-iug the

LINNEAlSr SOCIETY OE LONDON. 33

century is the history of Biology. That story would centre
around three names which will ever be held in high honour by,
I will not say all Linueans, but by all the world — the names, I
mean, of our founder Sir James Edward Smith, of Eobert Brown,
and of Charles Darwin. These men represent the three great
steps in Biological Science — the maintenance of the Linnean
system, the philosophic illustration and establishment of the
Natural System, and the study of the phenomena of life in the
organism.

Obitfaeies.

G-EORftE TEENcn Angas was born on the 25th April, 1822, in
the county of Durham. Some years afterwards his family re-
moved to Dawlish, in Devonshire; and it was there that he ac-
quired as a boy that taste for collecting seaside specimens which
ultimately developed into his love for conchology, the branch of
natural history to which in after-life he especially directed his
attention.

After being at various country schools he was finally sent to
Tavistock for four years, and was then placed by his father in a
business house in the city. Commercial pursuits were, however,
distasteful to young Angas ; and after a year or so of unpleasant
drudgery, he determined to relinquish his uncongenial employ-
ment and see something of the world. His great ambition was
to travel, and having a natural taste for drawing, he hoped to
turn this talent to some account. His first trip was to Malta on
board a small schooner which belonged to a relative. Taking
passage in a native boat from Malta to Syracuse, he made his way
to Etna, which he ascended, and, after rambling over Sicily,
finally reached Messina, an exploit not without difficulty and
adventure in those days, when the journey had to be made on a
mule and the island was overrun with brigands. On his return,
home he published a description of his journey, entitled ' A
liamble in Malta and Sicily,' which was illustrated from his own
sketches.

With a view to perfect himself as a draughtsman, he now studied
anatomical drawing under Waterhouse Hawkins, and also learnt
the methods of lithography. Then in 1843, at the age of twenty-
one he sailed for South Australia — a colony at that time in its
infancy. There he joined several of Capt. (now Sir George) G-rey'a
expeditions, and made sketches in water-colours of the scenery,
aborigines, and natural history of South Australia. He then pro-
ceeded to Nevi' Zealand, travelling over 800 miles on foot in the
wildest regions, making many valuable sketches of the country, its
inhabitants, their buildings, customs, &c. After an absence of
more than three years Mr. Angas returned to England, and sub-
sequently published his sketches in two imperial folio volumes,
entitled ' South Australia Illustrated ' and ' The New Zea-

LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1886-87. cl

34 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

landers Illustrated.' He also wrote an account of his travels
under the title of ' Savage Life in Australia and New Zealand,'
which Avas published in two volumes.

Still thirsting for fresh adventures, he started for South Africa,
where he spent two years. He travelled through the Zulu
country, working very hard and undergoing all sorts of hair-
breadth escapes before reaching England again. The result of
his labours was published in another imperial folio work, entitled
' The Kaffirs Illustrated,' several of the original drawings of
which have since been purchased for the Print-Eoom Collection
in the British Museum.

Soon afterwards he was appointed naturalist to the Turko-
Persian Boundary Commission ; but after a long series of delays
in Turkey he was laid up with fever at Belgrade, and had to
return home invalided.

In 1849 he married, and went out to South A ustralia again, the
year before the " gold fever " broke out there. He accompanied
one of the first parties to the Ophir diggings, and made many
sketches of the gold-fields, which were sent home and published
in London. He afterwards visited other diggings, and passed
through many adventures in those wild first days of Australian
gold. Finally settling down in Sydney, he obtained the appoint-
ment of Director and Secretary of the Government Museum
there, a post which he held for more than seven years, during
which time he made several journeys collecting and sketching.
On his retirement he again returned to Soutli Australia, and
spent three years there, acting as magistrate, returning officer,
and chairman of the District Council, before he finally returned
to England with his wife and family.

Since then he resided in London until his death ; ill-health,
however, compelling him to winter abroad.

He was a Eellow of the Eoyal Geographical Society, and of the
Zoological Society, of which he was Corresponding Member for
over twenty years. He was elected a Eellow of this Society on
the 3rd May, 1866.

He contributed a large number of papers on Mollusca,
and several on Australian Mammals, to the Zoological Society,
which are published in their ' Proceedings.' He of late years
wrote tales of adventure and travels for various journals,
and contributed sketches to the ' Graphic ' and ' Illustratfd
London News.' He was also the author of a long series
of articles on " Commercial Natural History," published in
' Colonies and India,' and of other minor works. He died on the
8th October, 1886.

Chbistophee Edmund Beoome Avas born at Berkhampstead,
on July 24, 1812, the son of Christopher Broome, a solicitor, and
a niece of Lady Kuightley of Eawesley, her maiden name being
Seller.

LINNEAlSr SOCIETY OF LONDOK. 35

When nine years of age, Mr. Broome was sent to school at
Kensington under Dr. Jamieson, who removed to Heston near
Hounslow a few months later, and there Mr. Broome remained
until he was eighteen, in 1830. In this year he lost his
father; two years later, he and his mother went to live at
Chelsea, thence he went to be the pupil of the curate at Swaffliam
Prior in Cambridgeshire, with whom he read until he went up to
the University. He was entered at Trinity Hall, Cambridge,
October 23rd, 1832, and took bis degree in January 1836. In
the April following he married Charlotte Herman, fourth
daughter of the Rev. Jobn Bush, of Chelsea.

A few months after his marriage he removed to the neighbour-
hood of Bath, then for nine years at Clifton, where he became
acquainted with Thwaites, afterwards of Peradeniya, and finally
settled at Elmhurst, in November 1848, where he remained to
the end of his life.

Mr. Broome's studies in Natural History began whilst he was
reading for Holy Orders at SwafFham Prior, but were not fully
prosecuted witli steadfast and earnest aim until conscientious
scruples had caused him to relinquish all intention of entering the
Cliurch. His services to local botany have been fully recounted by
his life-long friend, the father of the Liunean Society, the Rev.
Leonard Blomefield, in an address to the Bath Pield Club,
December 8th, 1886 ; whilst Mr. Greorge Murray has testified in
the current number of the ' Journal of Botany ' to the esteem in
which Mr. Broome's painstaking and accurate work is held by
mycologists. During forty years he was closely associated with
the Eev. M. J. Berkeley. Mr. Broome's last paper was published
in our ' Transactions ' after his death, which took place in London.
He regularly visited his Essex property at stated times, and last
November he was staying at Wood's Hotel, Purnival's Inn. On
the evening of Friday, 12th November, after a tiring day in wet
weather in Essex, he came back to his hotel as usual. Shortly
after retiring, he received some distressing private intelligence,
was seized with a paralytic attack, and did not resume conscious-
ness, passing away at 11 p.m. on Monday, 15th November, 1S86.
He leaves a widow and family, the eldest being Vicar of Hurst,
Twyford. Mr. Broome was elected a Fellow, February 1, 1866.

Sir Charles James Fox Bunbuey, Bart., F.E.S., F.G.S., was
born at Messina in the year 1809, and was the son of Sir Henry
Bunbury by his first wife, a niece of Charles James Fox. He
early acquired a love for Botany, for on leaving Trinity College,
Cambridge, at the end of 1837, he went with Sir George Napier
to the Cape for rare plants ; the result being published in
Hooker's ' Journal of Botany,' and in 1818 there appeared the
' Journal of a Eesidence at the Cape of Grood Hope.' After his
return, Mr. Bunbury, in 1844, married Frances, second daughter

36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

of Mr. Leonard Horrer, and sister of Lady Lyell. This family
connection with Sir Charles Lyell appears to have drawn much
of his attention from Botany to Geology, and at one time he
seriously thought of bringing out a new edition of Lindley and
Hutton's ' Fossil Flora of Great Britain.'

Testimony to Sir C. Bunbury's attainments as a geologist will
be found in Proc. Geol. Soc. (1887) pp. 39, 40. He was elected
Fellow of our Society November 19, 1S33, so that he was one of
the oldest Fellows on our Eoll. He contributed two botauical
papers to our Journal, the earlier, on Madeira plants, being the
first paper of the first volume of that publication. He died
June 19, 1886.

Geoege Busk, the second son of Mr. Robert Busk, of St.
Petersburg, was born in 1807. He was educated for the medical
profession, and on the completion of his studies gained the
appointment of surgeon to the hospital-ship 'Dreadnought.'
He held this post for twenty-five years, and discharged its duties
in a manner which has placed him amongst the foremost members
of his profession. In 1856 he resigned his appointment and
retired from practice, for the purpose of devoting" himself to
scientific work. From that time until his death his contributions
to Biology have been many and important.

His researches were mainly concerned with tlie lower forms of
life, and it is with the Polyzoa that his name will always be
specially associated, for not only was he the first to formulate a
scientific arrangement of the group and to ^^oint out structural
characters upon which a philosophical classification could be
based, but his additions to our knowledge of the Polyzoa as a
whole will justly rank amongst the classics of moderu Natural
History. His first important work on the Polyzoa appeared in
1856 as an article in the ' English Cyclopaedia,' in which he gave
an exhaustive account of the structure of the group. This was
followed by an ' Illustrated Catalogue of the Polyzoa contained
in the collection of the British Museum ;' a ' Eeport on the Poly-
zoa and Hydroids collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Eattle-
snake ;' a ' Monograph of the Fossil Polyzoa of tlie Crag,'
published by the Palseontographical Society; and, finally, a ' Re-
port on the Polyzoa collected during the voyage of H.M.S.
Challenger.' This was his last work, the concluding part
being only finished just before his death, and he unhappily did
not live to see the sheets through the press.

Mr. Busk's investigations were by no means confined to the
lower forms of life. In 1864 he accompanied Dr. Falconer to
investigate the caves of Gibraltar, and a mouograjih embodying
their results was subsequently published. His other palseonto-
logical publications comprise papers on the dentition of fossil
Bears, on the extinct species of Elephant collected by Captain
Spratt in the ossiferous caverns of Zebbug in the island of Malta,

lIlSTNEAlSr SOCIETY OF LONDON. 37

a Eeport on the animal remains in the Brixham Cave, and
a Eeport on the animal remains found by Captain Lane-Fox
in the Terrace-Gravels at Acton and Turnham Green.

As an Ethnologist, Mr. Busk was no less distinguished. He
formed one of a joint Commission of Erench and English
savants which met for the purpose of investigating the delicate
and now celebrated question of the authenticity of the discovery
of a human jaw in the Gravel at Moulin Quignon, near Abbe-
ville. He also contributed a number of important papers, chiefly
on craniology, to the Anthropological Institute, of which body
he was President in 1873 and 1874, and Member of Council from
its foundation in 1871 until a short time before his death.

Euglish science also owes to George Busk excellent transla-
tions of Steenstrup's celebrated memoir on the ' Alternation of
Generations'; and, in conjunction with Prof. Huxley, of Kolli-
ker's ' Manual of Human Histology.' About fifty papers are
cited under his name in the Catalogue of the Eoyal Society,
exclusive of those in association with other authors. In addition
to these labours of personal investigation, he was for a time one
of the editors of the ' Microscopical Journal ' and of the ' Natural
History Eeview.'

In recognition of his eminent services to the medical profession,
he was elected President of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1871.
He held for three years the Hunterian Professorship of Compara-
tive Anatomy, and was one of the Trustees of the Hunterian
Museum. He was a member of the Senate of the University of
London, and for many years Treasurer of the Eoyal Institution
of Great Britain ; and was recently nominated one of the
Governors of Charterhouse School. On the passing of the
Cruelty to Animals Act, for the purpose of regulating the per-
formance of vivisectional experiments, he was appointed by
Government Inspector of the various Laboratories registered
under that Act in England and Scotland, the duties of which
he performed with great tact and broad-minded justice.

He was elected a Eellow of the Eoyal Society in 1850, was
afterwai'ds nominated one of the Vice-Presidents, and served on
the Council on several occasions. For his researches in Zoology,
Physiology, and Comparative Anatomy, a Eoyal Medal was
awarded him in 1871. He was a Eellow of the Geological
Society, and received from that body the Wollaston and the
Lyell Medals in recognition of his palseontological researches.
He was a Eellow of the Zoological Society ; and was President
of the Microscopical Society in 1818-49, and was also President
of the Anthropological Society.

He was elected a Eellow of this Society on the 1st December,
1840, and held the office of Zoological Secretary from 1857 to
1868, the duties of which he discharged with zealous attention,
and constantly exerted himself to promote the welfare of the
Society. He served on the Council and was nominated Vice-

38 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

President on several occasions between the years 1869-1882. It
was the unanimous wish of the Council that he should have
accepted the Presidency of the Society ; but the state of his
hcaltli unfortunately prevented him from undertaking the duties
incumbent on tliat post.

Mr. Busk died on the 10th August, 188G, in his seventy-eighth
year. By his death the Society has lost a distinguished Pel low,
and British Science an enthusiastic worker, who has left his mark
on many fields of research.

August Wilhelm Etchler was born at Neukirchen in Hesse,
on the 22nd April, 1839, the eldest son of his father, Johann
Adam Eichler, and received his early education at Eschwege
and Hersfeld. In 1857 he went to study at Marburg, giving
special attention to Mathematics and Natural History, but ulti-
mately, as the result of Wigand's lectures, devoting himself to
Botany, and he chose asthe subject of the thesis for his degree,
" On Leaf-development, with special reference to the forms of
bracts."

He intended entering the scholastic profession, but, on the
recommendation of Buchenau and AVigand, he became in 1861
assistant to Martius at Munich, his special function being to
help in tlie preparation of the ' Plora Brasiliensis.' This colossal
work began to ai:)pear in 1840, then stopped until the present
Emperor of Brazil, Don Pedro II., in 1852, gave it the support
which it has since enjoyed. After the death of Martius, Eichler
became sole editor, and, according to Dr. Garcke, under his care,
46 parts were issued out of a total of 100. For his services in
this work, he was decorated with the third degree of the Brazilian
order of the Kose. With Eichler's death we have to record the
death of four editors of this noble work — Martius, Eudlicher, and
Penzl being the others.

Dr. Eichler was Professor of Botany successively at Munich,
Graz, Kiel, and Berlin, the last from Easter 1878. After Alex-
ander Braun's death in 1877, the Chair of Botany in Berlin
University was divided. Eichler was appointed to the Chair of
Systematic and Morphologic Botany, in conjunction with the
charge of the lioyal Botanic Gardens and Museum ; whilst
Schwendener w-as cliosen Professor of Plant-Anatomy and Phy-
siology, and Director of the University Garden. In 1880 he was
elected a Member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, and in
1881 a Eoreign Member of our Society, During the last few
months of his life his strength and eyesight failed ; and, after a
painful illness, he died at Berlin, on 2nd March, 1887, and was
buried 5th March.

The Garden at Berlin owes much to Eichler's energetic ad-
ministration. Under his orders there were laid out an Alpine
garden, quarters for officinal and economic plants, plants in geo-
graphical groups, a new Victoria-house, and a series of tanks for

LINIS^EAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 39

water-plants. On the discontinuance of ' Linnrea,' Dr. Eichler
began to publish his ' Jahrblicher des Konigl. botanischen Gar-
tens/ of which one volume annually was intended to be issued,
but the later issues have fallen behind, no doubt due to the
Editor's illness.

Eicliler's chief work is unquestionably his ' Bluethendia-
gramme,' Leipzig, 1875-78, and his editorship of the ' Flora Bra-
siliensis.' As a Professor, his lectures were much frequented, due
to his clear and simple method and charm of delivery.

Sir Walter Elliot, the son of Mr. James Elliot of Wolflee,
Hawick, N.B., was born at Edinburgh in 1805. He was educated
at Doncaster and Haileybury, and, after leaving school with
distinction, he entered the East-India Company's service in 1820.
Erom 1822 to 1833 he held the post of Assistant to the Political
Agent of the Southern Mahratta country, and in 1837 was private
secretary to Lord Elphinstoue, then Governor of Madras. He
was subsequently for twelve years a member of the Madras Board
of Revenue. Erom 1849 to 1854 he was Commissioner for the
Northern Circars. Finally, from 1854 until his retirement from
the service in 1859, he was Senior Member of Council in Madras.

His contributions to Zoology were numerous and valuable,
and he may justly be ranked amongst those who laid the founda-
tions of our present knowledge of the Eauna of British India.
As a naturalist, Sir Walter Elliot was an observer and a collector
rather than a writer. He contributed, however, to the ' Madras
Journal of Science' for 1844 a "Catalogue of the Species of
Mammalia found in the Southern Mahratta country," which is
especially noteworthy on account of the record of his personal ob-
servation of the habits of the animals described, a number of which,
comprising most of the smaller rodents, were discovered by
himself. The British Museum has been enriched by numerous
zoological collections made by him, and amongst these may
be mentioned a valuable series of Cetacea, which formed the
subject of a memoir by Sir E/ichard Owen, published in the
6th volume of the 'Transactions' of the Zoological Society.

In Botany, Sir Walter printed at Madras, in 1859, the ' Flora
Andlirica,' viz. the plants of the Telugu Districts, a work of con-
siderable local value as containing the vernacular and botanical
names.

Sir Walter Elliot was a man of varied and extensive attain-
ments, and was equally distinguished as an ethnologist, philo-
logist, and numismatist. Indeed it will probably be considered
that his most important literary contribution was a monograph
of the Coins of Southern India, the publication of which was
completed last year, notwithstanding the author's total loss of
sight before the work was finished. He also contributed, during
a number of years, many notes to the ' Indian Antiquary ' and the
' Madras Journal of Literature and Science ' on his favourite
studies.

40 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

Sir ■Walter Elliot was created a K.C.S.I. in 1866 ; and was
elected a Fellow of the Eoyal Society in 1878, and of this Society
on the 20th January, 1859. He died somewhat suddealy on the
1st March, 1887, in his eighty-fifth year, at "Wolflee, the resi-
dence of many generations of his ancestors. By his death the
Society loses a genial and generous Fellow, one of the old school
of Indian administrators, and a devoted student of Oriental
learning.

Aethtjr Geote was born at Beckenham in 1814, the historian
of Greece being an elder brother. He entered Haileyburj
College when seventeen years of age, remaining there until
December 1833, when he passed out " highly distinguished,''
having taken prizes in Classics, Bengali, Persian, Hindustani,
and A.rabic. He reached India in June 1834, and was first
appointed writer on the Bengal establishment in the Aligarh
division, and afterwards assistant to the collector of Jessor. In
1839 he was stationed at Midnapur, and in 1845 transferred to
Champarun as magistrate. In the next year he came to Europe
on fui'lough, returning in 1849. From that period till his retire-
ment in 1868 he filled various appointments ; then, having spent
more thau thirty years of actual service in India, Mr. Grote
came home, and spent the most of his time in London, until his
death, 4th December, 1886. He took part in the work of many
scientific societies ; was elected Fellow of the Linnean Society
3rd November, 1846, and served more than once on the Council
and as Vice-President. Mr. Grote published few scientific
papers ; but he possessed a good library, and many scarce volumes
have been added to our collection since his death, by the generosity
of his surviving daughter, Mrs. Stirling.

Henet Fletchee Hance was born on August 4th, 1827, in
London, but, being delicate, he passed his early years at his
grandfather's at Plyuiouth. When seventeen years old, in 1844,
he was nominated to the Civil Service of Hongkong ; and, ten
years later, was transferred to the Superintendency of Trade in
China. In December 1856, when the Foreign Factories were
burned at Canton, he lost his books and collections, aud returned
to Hongkong. In 1859 he was ordered to Canton, but two
years later he was moved to AYliampoa as Yice-Consul. Here he
remained for 17 years, when he took charge of tlie Canton Con-
sulate from March 1878, at intervals lasting till May 1885. In
September 1883 serious riots took place at Canton, and Dr. Hance
feared for the safety of collections and library. He was appointed
Acting Consul at Amoy in 1886, but only passed a few weeks at
his new post, when he died suddenly on June 22nd, 1886, and was
buried at Hongkong.

Dr. Hance's services to Botany are well known, his knowledge
of Chinese plants was extensive aud accurate, aud in this special

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON". 4 1

field he leaves no successor. It is to be deplored that no con-
nected account of Chinese botany should have been drawn up by
him, but the " Index Flora? Sinensis," now in course of publication
in our Journal, vol. xxiv., by Messrs. Forbes and Hemsley, will
act as gatherer of the widely scattered records. His lierbarium
is now part of the British-Museum collections, and his botanical
and miscellaneous books are to be sold in London. He was
twice married, and leaves a widow and young family to lament his
loss. He became a Fellow of this Society 21st February, 1878.

Arthur Edward Knox was the son of Mr. John Knox, of
Castlerea. After graduating at Oxford, he entered the 2nd Life
Guards, but retired from the army on getting his troop. He
married Lady Jane Parsons, eldest daughter of Lord Hosse.

Mr. Knox was an enthusiastic sportsman and a careful ob-
server of the habits of animals. He devoted his attention especially
to ornithology, and his collection of Sussex birds was exceedingly
good and noted for the many rarities it contained. He was an
accomplished writer on his favourite branch of Natural History.
He contributed a series of articles to ' The Zoologist ' on " The
Birds of Sussex." These were followed by his more important
works — ' Ornithological Rambles in Sussex,' ' Game Birds aud
Wild Fowl: their Friends and Foes,' and ' Autumns on the Spey.'

He also took a great interest in Falconry, and was considered
an authority on the literature and technicalities of that sport.

He died after a long illness, on the 23rd September, 1886, in
his seventy-ninth year. He was elected a Fellow of this Society
6th June, 1848.

Thomas Moore was born at Guildford, on 21st May, 1821.
After various situations as a gardener, he was chosen in 1848
curator of the garden of the Apothecaries' Company at Chelsea,
vacant by E-obert Fortune's resignation. In this he was re-
elected annually thirty-seven times, whilst his duties were li^-ht
enough to permit of his devoting a large share of his time
to garden literature. He was one of the first men in this
country to popularize ferns, and his ' Handbook of British Ferns '
ran through several editions of increasing bulk. With Dr. Lind-
ley, he published the sumptuous folio of ' Nature- printed British
Ferns ' in 1844 ; and he began an ' Index Filicum,' which was
issued as far as letter G, but stopped when Mr. Pamplin, the pub-
lisher, retired from business. Mr. Moore's services as organizer
and judge were much sought for horticultural exhibitions; whilst
his knowledge of florist's varieties was special. Hence his value as
assistant editor of the ' Gardeners' Chronicle,' from 1841 to 1881
his cooperation in Lindley and Moore's ' Treasury of Botany,' the
article " Gardening " for the ' Encyclopsedia Britannica,' which he
undertook in conjunction with Dr. Masters, aud as solely respon-
sible for the ' Florist and Pomologist,' the last edition of Thomp-
son's ' Gardener's Assistant,' and the like. After partial with-
drawal from public work for the last two or three years, through
LINN, SOC. proceedings. SESSION 1886-87. e

42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

impaired health, Mr. Moore died suddenly on Ist January, 1887,
and was buried at Brompton Cemetery.

Dr. IIenrt Mukeoe died on the 4th January, 1SS7, in his
sixty-eighth year, being at the time of his death one of the oldest
medical practitioners in Hull. The son of a whaling-captain, he
directed his attention to the study of the Cetacea, and was the
author of a work on the ' History of the Greenland Fisheries.'
He also contributed a memoir to the British Association at the
Hull Meeting in 1853 on Statistics relative to the Northern
Whale Fisheries from 1772 to 1852, in which he gave a full
account of the rise and progress of that industry. For many
years he took a great interest in the temperance movement.

He was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 5th May, 1859,
and was a M.E.C.S. and L.S.A.

Edwin Story died on the 1st February, 1886, in his fifty-ninth
year. He was educated at Shrewsbury School, and afterwards
entered St. John's College, Cambridge, where he took a scholar-
ship and ultimately graduated. He was a devout lover of scien-
tific truth, and in Natural History devoted his attention especially
to the study of entomology.

He was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 18th June,
1868, and was also a Fellow of the Geological, Astronomical, and
Geographical Societies.

By tbe death of Isaac Andeesok Henrt, Esq., of Hay Lodge,
Trinity, Edinburgh, Horticulture has lost one of its most devoted
cultivators and liberal patrons. During many years of a very
long life he was a prominent representative in Scotland of a class
of cultivators who occupy a position between that of a scientific
botanist or horticulturist and a practical gardener, benefitting
and being benefitted by both.

Mr. Anderson Henry was born in Caputh, Perthshire, at the
beginning of the century, and was descended from the Ander-
sons of Auchranie, who for several centuries held their land
of the Crown on the payment of a white rose at Midsummer.
He was educated for the Law, and for some years practised as a
Solicitor before the Suj^reme Courts of Edinburgh, a profession
which he abandoned on his accession to estates that brought him
independence, at the same time requiring him to assume the name
of Henry. The result of this change of circumstances was the
enabling him to devote his life to Horticulture, a pursuit for
which he had early developed a passion, and to the formation
of a garden which as early as 1836 was known for the rarity
of some of its contents, as was its owner for his liberality in
promoting scientific horticulture. These were emphatically the
days of Botanical Gardens in Great Britain, public and pri-
vate, when, under the elder McNab, the Edinburgh Botanical
Garden was the first in the United Kingdom, and when those of
Liverpool, Edinburgh, and Glasgow, and of Glasnevin and Trinity

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 43

College, Dublin, were celebrated for tlieir collections o£ curious
and rare plants ; whilst of private collections those of Dr. Patrick
Neill, of Canon Mills, Edinburgh, of Dean Herbert at Sj^of-
forth near Manchester, and Mr. Anderson Henry, were amongst
the best known at home and abroad. These kept up an active inter-
change of plants, and contributed largely to the earlier volumes
of the ' Botanical Magazine,' ' Register,' and other periodicals.

Early in 1841 Mr. Anderson Henry was elected a Fellow of
the Caledonian Horticultural Society, then no unworth}^ rival of
the Eoyal Horticultural in the value of its labours. This pro-
bably gave that direction to his pursuits which lasted through
life, especially his passion for hybridizing and his attempts to
formulate the conditions required for the successful raising of
plants from seeds, cuttings, &c. In an early volume of that
Society's publications he contributed a paper on the neces-
sity of allowing the free access of air to the roots of growing
plants, illustrating this by cuttings struck in water the surface of
which was alternately exposed to the air or protected from it ;
and he proceeded to show the injurious effects of covering the
roots of trees by flagstones and other materials impervious to air.
It was not till late iu life that Mr. Anderson Henry published
any of the results of his experiments upon hybridization, being
incited thereto, we believe, through a correspondence with Mr.
Darwin. He had, however, for upwards of forty years been
actively engaged in crossing plants ; and it is characteristic of
his modesty and singleness of purpose that, whilst never obtru-
ding himself before the public as an experimenter, his methods
and the results of his labours were alike at the disposal of every
enquirer and cultivator, and were largely adopted by nurserymen
and practical gardeners, with whom his name was a household
word iu Scotland. To enumerate his successes and his no less
instructive failures would be out of place ; the former are in one
instance commemorated by the Veronica Andersonii, a hybrid
between two New-Zealand species, V. speciosa and V. salicifolia,
which has become one of the most popular of conservatory and
half-hardy plants, though of so old a date that few now connect its
name with that of the veteran who was the author of its being.
Other genera to which he devoted much attention, and in which
he was most successful, were Campanula, Clematis, Primula, and
especially Rhododendron, in which genus he was the first to
recognize tlie prepotency of the pollen of the short stamens in
each flower. Of his published papers on the subject of Hybri-
dization, the most important is that in the ninth volume of the
Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, and which
has been highly appreciated by practical horticulturalists for its
suggestions and directions.

As a successful raiser of rare plants from distant quarters of
the globe, Mr. Anderson Henry was latterly better known than
as a hybridizer ; and he was eminently fortunate in the choice of
localities wherein to encourage collectors. Of these there were

LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. SESSIOJ^f 1886-87. /

44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

three in particular : the Andes of Ecuador, the North-western
Himalayas, and New Zealand.

In the Andes he had an indefatif^able correspondent in the late
venerable Professor Jameson of Quito, who devoted a life-time to
the botanical exploration of the Andes of Ecuador and Colombia,
and especially of their loftier regions. For naany years Prof.
Jameson had at intervals sent seeds of alpine Andean plants
to both English and Scotch gardeners ; but owing to their deten-
tion in the hot damp port of Gruyaquil and the long subseijuent
voyage, these rarely arrived alive. When, however, the Isthmus
of Panama was traversed by thu rail, and by means of swift steamers
the passage from New Grenada to England was rendered compara-
tively short, Mr. Anderson Henry urged his friend to repeated
trials, the result of which and of the skill employed at the garden at
Hay Lodge was that a great many half-hardy Andean plants were
for the first time introduced into Europe in a living state. Of these
it is sufficient to specify the genera Fuchsia, Calceolaria, Draha,
Salvia, Tacsnnia, and various Jlelastomacece.

In the North-western Himalaya Mr. Anderson Henry's corre-
spondents were relatives of his own ; and. to them w'e owe vai'ious
species of Primula, Androsace, Morina, Salvia, Genliana, Dra-
cocephalum, &c. To him, too, we owe the i-aising of the giant
Primula, P. prolifera (P. imperialis, Jungh.), from seeds sent by
Mr. Elwes from the Sikhim Himalaya, a single plant alone having
survived out of tlie whole batcb of sixty-seven !

Perhaps, however, the most remarkable of the many novelties
raised at Hay Lodge were the New-Zealand plants, wiiich
also \vere collected by relatives of his own ; and chief amongst
these were the Veronicas, of which the forms, both shrubby and
herbaceous {Li/allii, ■pinguifolia, salicornioides, Traversii, &c.),
were totally unlike any thing previously seen in cultivation, and
as grown together in a large frame in his garden presented a
most singular appearance ; for no one acquainted wath the
European Speedwells would, without proof by flower, imagine
that these were their congeners.

It remains to add that Mr. Anderson Henry was as highly
esteemed as a man as he was as a horticulturalist ; he was a genial
companion with a fund of dry humour, and liberal in all relations
of life. He was twice mai'ried ; his first wife being Margaret
Johnston, who died in 1857 ; by her he had two children,
James, who died about 185(3, and a daughter who died in infancy.
Some years afier he married Jessie, daughter o^' the late Laurence
Brown, Esip, of Broughty Ferry ; she took the name of Henry on
succeeding to the estates of Woodend, Perthshire, as heiress of
entail. When considerably upwards of eighty, though still pos-
sessed of all his faculties, he was struck with apoplexy ; and,
after lingering some months, died amongst his plants, which
were daily brought to his room for his inspection, on the 21st
September, 1884.

He was a Fellow of the Caledonian Horticultural Society, of
the Koyal and Botanical Societies of Edinburgh ; and at one
time was President of the latter. He was elected a Fellow of
the Liuneau Society in 18(35. [J. D. H.]

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 45

Donations to Library, 1886-87.

Yolumt's and more inipoiiant pamphlets, exclusive of exchanges,
chiefly from private individuals.

Agardb, J. Cr. Till Algernes Systematik. VIII. Sipboneae. 4to. Lund, 18S7.

Author.
Ahrling. E. Oiu Karl von Linne. 8vo. Stockholm, 1885. Vita Caroli

Linnan. Author.

Albert!, Dr. A. Del modo di conoscere i funghi mangerecci. 4to. Milauo,

1829. F. Crisp.

Albrecbt. Prof. P. (1) Ueber die cetoide Natur der Promammalia. 8vo. 1886.

— (2) .59. Vers, deulscber Naturforscber und Aerzte zii Berlin. Aus der

Sektiou fur Anatoinie. 8vo. 1880. — (3) Verliiuft der Nervenstrom in nicbt

gescblossener, oder geseblossener Strombahn, und wie gelangt er, wenn

letzteres der Fall ist, zum Sitze der elektromotoriscben Kraft zuriick ? 8vo.

1887. — (4) Anatomiscbe Sebriften. 8vo. 1886. Author.

Allen, Dr. T. F. Cbaraceje of America. Parts 1 & 2. 4to. Boston, IS'^l ?

Arthur Bennett.
Almanack Severn Fisberj- District. 8vo. Gloucester, 1887.

J. Willis Bund.
Anderson, Dr. Jobn. Guide to Calcutta Zoological Gardens. 8vo. Calcutta,

1883. (A. Grote's Library.) Mrs. Stirling.

Anderson, Dr. Tbomas. Catalogue of Seeds collected in Botanical Gardens,

Calcutta. 8vo. Calcutta, 1SG6. (A. Grote's Library.) Mrs. Stirling.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 5 ser. Vols, xvii., xviii. 8vo. Lond.,

1886. Dr. W. Francis.

Arcbivos do Museu Nacional. Vol. vi. 4to. Rio de Janeiro, 1 885. Govt.

Argus ? Was Adam the First Man Created ? 8vo. Lond., 1879 ? (A. Grote's

Library.) Mrs. Stirling.

Arnold, Dr. F. (1) Lichenologische Ausfliige in Tirol. 8vo. Wien, 1887. —

(2) Lichenologische Fragniente. 8vo. Regensburg, 1887. Author.

Athenffium. Parts, July 1886 to July 1887. 4to. Lond., 1886. Editor.

Atkinson, E. T. Notes on Indian Rbyncbota. No. 6. 8vo. Calcutta, 1886.

Author.
Azara, Dom Felix de. Natural Historv of the Quadrujjeds of Paraguay and

the River La Plata. Engl. Transl. by W. P. Hunter. Vol. i. 8vo. Lond.,

1838. Dr. J. Murie.

Babington, C. Catalogue Birds of Suffolk. 8vo. Lond., 1884-86.

Author.
Baikie, Dr. W. B., and R. Heddle. Historia Naturalis Orcadensis, Zoology.

Parti. 8vo. Edinb., 1848. (A. Grote's Library.) Mrs. Stirling.

Baker, J. G. (1) Botany of the Cumberland Border Marches. 8vo. Lond.,

1886. — (2) On Kew Gardens and some of the Botanical Statistics of the

British Possessions. 8vo. Lond., 1886. — (3) Synopsis of the Rhizocarpeic.

8vo. Lond., 1886. Author.

Balfour, Dr. E. Agricultural Pests of India. 8vo. Lond., 1887. Author.
Ballenstedt. Die Urwelt. Abth. 1-3. 8vo. Quedlinburg und Leipzig, 1818.

N. Hanhart.
Bastian, Dr. H. C. Modes of Origin of Lowest Organisms. 8vo. Lond., 1871.

(A. Grote's Library.) Mrs. Stirling.

Bastow, R. A. Mosses of Tasmania. 8vo. Hobart, 1886. Author.

Battarra, A. J. Fungorura Agri Ariminensis Historia. 4to. Faventi.T, 1755.

F. Crisp,
Batten, J. H. Notes and Recollections on Tea Cultivation in Kuinaon and

Gurhwal. 8vo. Lond., 1877. (A. Grote's Library.) Mrs. Stirling.

46 PROCEEDINQS OV TlfK

Beale, E. J. English Tobacco Culture. 8vo. Lond., 1887. Author.

Beavan, R. 0. (1) Avifauna of tlie Andaman Islands. 8vo. Lond., 1867. — ■
(2) The Birds of India. 8vo. Calcutta, 1805. (A. Grote's Library.)

Mrs. Stirling.

Beccari, Odoardo. Malesia. Vol. iii. fasc. 1, 2. 4to. Firenze, 1886. Author.

Bcddard, E. E. Report on the Isopoda, 'Challenger' E.xped. (2ud pt.). 4to.
Lond., 188(5. Author.

Beeby, W. II. On the Flora of Shetland. 8vo. Perth, 1887. Author.

Belcher, Capt. Sir Edward. Narrative of Voyage round the World, in H.M.S.
'Sulphur/ during 1836-1842. 2 vols. 8vo. Lond., 1S43. Dr. J. Murie.

Bennett, Arthur. (1) First Report of the Botanical Siib-Commitlee. 8vo.
Lond., 1878. — (2) On Occurrence of Carex salina, Wahlnbg., /3. Kattcgatensis,
Fries, in Scotland, 188."). — (3) Additional Records of Plants from Scotland.
8vo. 1886. — (4) On Calamagrostis strigosa (Hartman) as a British Plant,
and two Carex Forms new to Scotland, &c. — {b) Carex helvola, Blytt, in
Scotland. 8to. Edinb., 1886. Author.

Bennett, A. W. Freshwater Algie (including Chlorophyllaceous Protophyta)
of North Cornwall ; with descript. of six new species. 8vo. Lond., 1887.

Author.

Bennie, J., and R. Kidston. On the Occurrence of Spores in Carboniferous For-
mation of Scotland. 8vo. Edinb., 1886. R. Kidston.

Bentham, G. Handbook of the British Flora, ed. by Sir J. D. Hooker. 5th ed.
8vo. Lond., 1887. Sir J. D. Hooker.

Berce, — . Catalogue Methodique des Lepidopteres d'Europe. 8vo. Paris,
1861. Dr. J. Murie.

BibHotheca Historico-Naturalis. 36 Jahrg. 1 & 2 Heft. 8vo. Gottingen, 1886.

F. Crisp.

Biddulph, Major J. Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh. 8vo. Calcutta, 1880. (A.
Grote's Library.) Mrs. Stirling.

Blainville, M. H. Ducrotay. Memoire sur les Belemnites, considerees zoolo-
giquement et geologiquement. 4to. Paris, 1827. Royal Society.

Blomefield, Rev. L. (1) Addi'ess to Members Bath Field Club, in reference to
Death of C. E. Broome. 8vo. Bath, 1887.— (2) Further Results of Meteo-
rological Observations. 8vo. Bath, 1887. Author.

Blow, Thos. B. A Bee-Keeper's Experience in the East. 8vo. Welwyn, Herts,
1887. "^Author.

Blyth, Edw. Natural History of the Cranes. 8vo. Lond., 1881. (A. Grote's
Library.) Mrs. Stirling.

Boletim do Sociedade Broteriana. IV. fasc. 1, 2. 4to. Coimbra, 188(5.

Prof. J. A. Henriques.

Bonney, Prof. T. G. Anniversary Address, Geological Society. 8vo. Lond.,

1886. Dr. J. Murie.
Bornet, Dr. Ed. Notice sur L. R. Tulasne. 8vo. Paris, 1887. Author.
Boulenger, G. A. Catalogue of Lizards in British Museum. 2nd ed. Vol. iii.

8vo. Lond., 1887. Trustees Brit. Mus.

Boulger, Prof. G. S. On the Connection in Time of Changes in Fossil Floras

with those of Faunas. 8vo. Lond., 1886. Author.

Bourne, G. C. On the Island of Diego Garcia of the Chagos Group. 8vo.

Lond., 1886. Author.

Bowman, F. H. (1) Report on Wools. 8vo. ? — (2) Variations in Structure

of Wool and other Allied Fibres. 8vo. Edinb., 1880. Author.

Braith waite. Dr. R. The British Moss-Flora. Parts 9 & 10. Roy. 8vo. Lond. ,

1887. Author.
Brander, Gustavo. Fossilia Hautoniensia collecta, et in Musieo Britannico

deposita, a G. B. 4to. Lond., 17ti6. Royal Society.

Brazier, J. (1) Notes on Recent Mollusca found in Port Jackson and Coast of
N.S.Wales and other Localities (18S0).— (2) Critical List of Mollusca from
N.W. Coast of Australia (1884). — (3) List of Cypraas found in Moreton Bay,
Queensland, 1879. — (4) Synonymy of Australian and Polynesian Land and
Marine Mollusca, 188.'}. — (5) Remarks on some Fluviatile Shells of New S.

LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 47

Wales, 1882. — (6) New Species of Laud- and Freshwater MoUusca from

Maclay Coast and Triton Bay, New Guinea ; and nine other Pamphlets.

Author.
Brillantowski, Sam. De Animi Affectuum in Motus Musculares Involuntarios

EfRcacitate. 8vo. Berolini, 1846. (A Grote's Library.) Mrs. Stirling.
Britten, J. William Williamson Newbould. A Memoir. Svo. Lond.. 1886.

Author.
Britten, J., and R. Holland. Dictionary of English Plant-Names. Pt. 3. 8vo.

Lond., 1886. J. Britten.

Broun, Capt. T. Manual of New Zealand Coleoptera. Parts 3 & 4. 8to.

Wellington, N.Z., 1886. Govt. N.Z.'

Brown, J. C. School of Forest-Engineers in Spain. Svo. Edinb., 1886.

Sir J. Lubbock.
Bund, J. W. Willis. Salmon Problems. 8vo. Lond., 1885. Author.

Burnes, Lord. Zoologj- of Afghanistan. Drawings, fol. (A. Grote's Library.)

Mrs. Stirling.
BurreU, A. Indian or Chinese Tea. A Controversy with Mr. J. C. Sillar and

others. Svo. Loud., 1878. (A. Grote's Library.) Mrs. Stirling.

Busk, G. On the Caves of Gibraltar in which Human Remains and Works of

Art have been found. Svo. Lond., 1864. (A. Grote's Library.)

Mrs. Stirling.
Butler, A. G. Lepidoptera Heterocera in the British Museum. Part iv. 4to.

Lond., 1886. Trustees Brit. Mus.

Buysman, M. Nature, Climate, and Vegetation of the Arctic Region. MS

Middelburg, 1886. Author.'

Caii-ns, J. Practical Treatise on Growing and Curing Tobacco in Ireland.

Svo. Dublin, 1886. Dr. Masters.

Canadian Economics. Svo. Montreal, 1885. Govt, of Canada.

Candolle, C. de. Sur uue Monstruosite du Cyclamen neapolitanum. 4to. Geneve

1887. Author!

Carter, H. J. Geological Papers on Western India, including Cutch, Sinde,

and S.E. Coast of Arabia. Svo. Bombay, 1857. (A. Grote's Library.)

Mrs. Stirling.
Caspary, Prof. R. (1) Einige fossile Holzer Preussens. 4to. Konigsberg,

1887. — (2) Einige neue Pflanzenreste aus dem samlandischen Bernstein.'

4to. Konigsberg i/Pr., 1886.— (3) Truffeln und triiffelahnliche Pilze in

Preus.sen. 4to. Konigsberg i/Pr., 1887. Author.

Castle, L. Orchids: their Structure, History, and Culture. Svo. Lond., 1886,

Author.
Chambers, R. Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. 10 ed. Svo.

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Cheltenham Natural Science Society. Session 1885-86. Svo Cheltenham

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Chenu, Dr. J. C. Notice sur le Musee Conchyliologique de M. le Baron Benj.

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Christy, T. New Commercial Plants and Drugs. Nos. 9&10. Svo. Lond.'

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Cobbold, Dr. T. The Lung Parasites of Cattle and Sheep, with Report on

Experiments. Svo. Lond., 1886. Mrs. Cobbold.

Cole, A. C. Studies in Microscopical Science. Sect. I. no. 9, vol. iv. 8vo!

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Couder, F. R. Iron Process, for Dealing with Sewage. Svo. Guildford, 1886!

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Conwentz, Dr. H. Flora desBernsteins. Bandii. 4to. Danzig, 1886. Author
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Davy, Sir Humphry. Salmonia ; or Days of Fly-fishing. Svo. Lond., 185l!

(A. Grote's Library.) Mrs. Stirling!

48 PEOCEKDINOS OP THE

Dawson, Sir J. W. (1) Fossil Plants of Laramie Formation of Canada. 4t().

Montreal, 188(5. — (2) On Rliizocarps in the Erian (I)e>oijian) Period in

America. 8vo. Chicago, I88G. Author.

Delessort, A. Souvenirs d'un Voyage dans I'lnde, 1834-1839. 8vo. Paris,

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Delpiiio, Prof. F. (I) 11 Malerialismo nella Scienza. Svo. Gcnova, 1881).—

(2) Teoria Generale della Tillotassi. 8vo. Geneva, 1883. Author.

De Man, Dr. J. G. Anatoniisclie Untersuchungen viber frei lebende Nordsee-

Nematoden. fol. Leipzig, 188'). Author.
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der Nciderlaudisehen Fauna, fol. Leiden, 1884. Mrs. Cobbold.

Dent, H. C. A Year in Brazil. 8vo. Lond., 1886. Author.

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Vols, i., ii. 8vo. Paris, 182."). Royal Society.

Douglas, J. W. The World of Insects. Svo. Lend., 18515. (A. Grole's

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Dresser, C. Unity in Variety. 8vo. Lond., 1859. F. Crisp.

Dresser, Henry E. List of European Birds. 8to. Lond., 1881. (A. Groto's

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Druce, G. 0. The Flora of Oxfordshire. Svo. Oxford and Lund., 1S8().

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Duinaine, C. J. (1) Eemarks on the Wild Silk-yielders found in the Hazaree-

bau'i- District. Svo. 1880. — (2) Notes on the Tusser-Seed Cocoon {Antheraa

mylitfa), and some Symptoms of the Disease of its Larvae. Svo. Hazareebaug,

ls8(). ' Author.

Duthie, J. F. Illustrations of the Indigenous Fodder -Grasses of the Plains of

ISorth-western India, fol. Eoorkee, 188(). Author.

Du Val, J., et Jules Migneaux. Genera des Coleopteres d'Europe. Vol. iii.

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Edwards, Dr. W. F. De I'lnfluence des Agens Physiques sur la Vie. Svo.

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Elliot. W. Flora Andhrica, a Vernacular and Botanical List of Plants com-
monly met with in Telugu Districts of Northern Circars. Part I. Svo.

Madras, 1859. (A. Grote's Library.) Mrs. Stirling.

Ellis, Rev. W. Three Visits to Madagascar, 1853-1854-1856. Svo. Lond.,

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Entomologist. Vol. xix. Svo. Lond., 1886. T. P. Newman.

Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. Vol. xxiii. Svo. Lond., 1886-87.

Editors.
Ernst Dr. A. (1) Eine Botanische Excur.sion auf der Insel Margarita. 1886.

/•)) Ein zweites Beispiel eines pathologischen TaL-a-Sehadels. — (3) Ethno-

graphische Mittheilungen aus Venezuela. Svo. Berlin, 1886. — (4) La Ex-

posicion Naeional do Venezuela en 1883, obra escrita de Ordeu del Ilustre

Americano General Guzman Blanco. Tome I., texto. roy. Svo. Caracas,

1886. . , Author.

Espent, W. B. The Most Effective and Practical means oi Ameliorating and

Extending the Agricultural and Productive Capabilities of Jamaica. Svo.

Jamaica, 1886. Author.

Essex Naturalist. Journal Essex Field Club. Nos. 1-6. Svo. Buckhurst

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Etheridge, R., Jun., and P. H. Carpenter. Catalogue of Blastoidea in Geol.

Department ol British Museum. 4to. Lond., 1886. Trustees Brit. Mus.
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Royal Society.
Ferguson, W. The Vascular Cryptogams of Ceylon. Svo. Colombo, 18S().

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Fischer Dr L Flora von Bern. Svo. Bern, 1S63. (A. Grote's Library.)

' Mrs. Stirling.

Fletcher, L. Introduction to the Study of Metfiorites. Svo. Lond., 1886.

Trustees Brit. Mus.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON". 49

Flower, W. H. General Guide to the British Museum (Naturcal History),
Cromwell Road, London, S.VV., with Plans and a View of the Building.
8vo. Loud., 1887. Trustees Brit. Mus.

Fhig;j;e, D. Joanne. Graminum Monographic. Pars 1. 8vo. Haniburgi,
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Forbes, Dr. S. A. Arsenical Poisons for the Codling Moth. 8yo. Springfield,
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Ford, Chas. Report on Botanical Afforestation Department for 188G. fol.
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Ford, Chas., Ho Kai, and W. E. Crow. Notes on Chinese Materia Medica.
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Forskal, Petrus. (1) Descriptiones Animalium, Avium, Amphibiorum, Piseiuin,
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4to. Hauni:i3, 1775. Royal Society.

Forster, A. South Australia, its Progress and Prosperity. Svo. Lond., 18()6.
(A. Grote's Library.) Mrs. Stirling.

Fowler. Rev. W. W. The Coleoptera of the British Islands. Parts l-S. 8vo.
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Francis, F., and A. W. Cooper. Sporting Sketches with Pen and Pencil. 4to.
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Fraser, Alex. Natural History of the Salmon, Herring, Cod, Ling, &c. 8vo.
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Friedliinder mid Sohn, R. (1) Bibliotheca Hislorico-Naturalis et Mathematica.
Svo. Berlin, 1886.— (2) Naturte Novitates, for 1886. Svo. Lond., 1886.

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Garden. Vols, xxix., xxx. 4to. Lond., 1886-87. W. Robinson.

Gardeners' Chronicle. Vols, xxv., xxvi. 4to. Lond., 1886-87. Editor.

Gardner, J. Starkie. (1) Fossil Grasses. Svo. Lond., 1886. — (2) Second Re-
port of Committee on the Fossil Plants of the Tertiary and Secondary Beds
of the United Kingdom. Svo. Lond., 1886. Author.

Geddes, P. (1) A Synthetic Outline of the History of Biology, 188(>.— (2)
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Gennoe, T. A. M. Notes on the Cultivation of Poppy. Svo. Benares, 1861.
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Geologists' Association. August 2nd to 7th. Svo. Lond., 1886. Association.

Gibson, R. J. Harvey. (1) Report on the Vermes. — (2) Notes on some of the
Polychseta. — (3) On a New Species of 8ycandra. Svo. Liverpool, 188(').

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Gilbert, Prof. J. H. (1) Remarques sur la Relation qui existe entre les Sommes
de Temperature et la Production Agricole. Svo. Geneve, 1886. — (2) Re-
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Goode, G. Brown. Presidential Address. The Beginnings of Natural History
in America. Svo. Washington, 1886. Author.

Gory, H., and A. Percheron. Monograpliie des Cetoines. Svo. Paris, 1833.
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Gosse, P. H. (1) Birds of Jamaica. Svo. Lond., 1847. — (2) Natural History.
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Gray, Prof. Asa. (1) Botanical Contributions, 1886-87. Svo. Boston, 1886-S7.

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to distinguish the North-American Species. Svo. — (4) Memorial of Edward

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Grieve, Dr. John. On the Pagoda Stone of the Chinese {Orthcceras, sp.). Svo.

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Giiuther, A. Guide to Galleries of Reptiles and Fishes in Depart. Zuolotry of

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Hart, H. C. Botany ol' Sinai and South Palestine. 4to. Dublin, 1885.

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Harting, J. E. Fauna of the Pry bilov Islands. 8vo. Lond., 1875. (A. G rote's

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Harvie-Brown, J. A. Capercaillie in Scotland. 8vo. Edinb., 187!J.

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Hayter, H. H. Victorian Year-Book for 1885-86. 8vo, Melbourne. 1886.

Govt, of Victoria.

Heape, Walter. Preliminary Report on the Fishing Industry of Plymouth.

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Hector, Dr. J. Handbook of New Zealand. 4th ed, 8vo. Wellington, 1886.

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Henderson, E. Iceland, or the Journal of a Residence in that Island during

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Huxley, Prof. T. H. (1) On the Classification and Distribution of the Alecto-
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Jones, Prof. T. Rupert. History of the Sarsens. 8vo. Lond., 1886.

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Jones, Prof. T. Rupert, and Jas. W. Kirkby. (1) Carboniferous Ostracoda

tlNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOl^.

51

>

from the Gayton Boring, Northamptoushire, 1886 — (2) Fourth Eeport of
the Oomniittee on the Fossil Phyllopoda of the Palasozoic Rocks. 8to.
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1886.— (4) List of the Genera and Species of Bivalved Entomostraca f(jLind
in the Carboniferous Formations of Great Britain and Ireland, with I^ptes
on the Genera and their Distribution, 1886.— (it) Notes on the Pateozoio
Entomostraca. No. xxii. On some undescribed Species of British Carboni-
ferous Ostracoda, 1886. — (6) On Ostracoda of the Carboniferous Formations

of the British Isles, 1886. Svo. Lond., 1886
Journal of the East India Association. Vol. xix. nos

87.
Journal of the National Fish Culture Association.

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Kerner, A. Schedte ad Floram Exsiccatam Austro-Hungaricam

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1-5. Svo. Lond., 1886-

E. I. Assoc.

Vol. i. nos. 1 & 2. Svo.

J. Willis Bvuid.

Nos. 1-4.

Author.

Kidston, E. (1) Notes on Fossil Plants collected by Mr. R. Dunlop, Airdrie,
from the Lanarkshire Coal-field. Svo. Glasgovc, 1886. — (2) On a new Species
of Psilotites from the Lanarkshire Coal-field. Svo. Lond., 1886.- (3) On
Fructification of some Ferns from Carboniferous Formation. 4to. Edinb.,
1887.— (4) On the Species of the Genus Pcdao.vi/ris, Brongniart, occurring
in British Carboniferous Rocks. Svo. Edinb., 1886. Author.

Klein, Sydney T. Thirty-six Hours' Hunting among the Lepidoptera and
Hymenoptera of Middlesex. Svo. Bath, 1887. Author.

Koch, G. Die geographische Verbreitung der europaischen Schmetterlinge.
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Kolliker, A. (1) Das Karyoplasma und die Vererbung, 1886.— (2) Der jetzige
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Kiichenmeister (Dr. F.) und Dr. F. A. Zurn. Die Parasiten des Menschen.
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Kurtz, Dr. Federico. Informe Pi'eliminar de un Viaje Botanico. Svo. Buenos
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Lankester, Prof. E. Ray. Notes on Embryology and Classification for the use
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Laporte, fils, Ernest. Faune Ichthyologique du Departement de la Gironde.
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Latreille, P. A. Cours d'Entomologie. Svo. Paris, 1831. (A. Grote's Library.)

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Lawes, Sir J. Bennet. Memoranda of Origin, Plan, and Results of Field and
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Layard, E. L. Birds of South Africa. Svo. Cape Town, 1867. (A. Grote's
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Lea, Isaac. Index to Vols. i. to xi. of Observations on the Genus Unio. fol.
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Leeds. Transactions of the Leeds Naturalists' Club and Scientific Association
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Lees, W. U. Report on the Cultivation and Propagation of Chinchonac. Svo.
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Lendenfeld, Dr. R. von. (1) Der gegeawartige Stand unsrer Kenntuiss der
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Leuckart, Dr. Rudolph. Die Parasiten des Menschen und die von ihuen her-
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Lindberg, Dr. S. O. Sur la Morphologic des Mousses. Svo. 1886. Author.

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LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1886-87.

9

52 PKOCEEDIIirGS OF THE

Liverpool Flora. List by L. Naturalists' Field Club. 8to. Liverpool 1872-
70. Dr. Masters.

Llovd, J. U., and C. G. Drugs and Medicines of North America. Vol. ii.
8vo. Cinciunati, 1886. Authors.

Lloyd, VV. A. (1) Aquaria and its Contents of Fisb, Insect, and Plant. How
to Manage. 5tb ed. 8vo. Loud., 18— .—(2) OfUcial Hand-book to the
Marine Aquarium of the Crystal Palace Aquarium Company, ord ed. 8vo.
1872. — (o) Some Ob.'servations on Public Aquaria. 12mo. Lond., 1874. —
(4) Supplement to a List of whatever relates to Aquaria ; containing Prac-
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Lookwood, Prof. S. Eaising Diatoms in the Laboratory. 8vo. IS'ew York,
1886. Author.

Lydekker, R. Catalogue of Fossil Mammalia in British Museum. Pt. 4.
Order Ungulata, Suborder Proboscidea. 8vo. Loud., 1886.

Trustees Brit. Mus.

McCoy, F. Prodromus of the Zoologj- of Victoria. Decades xii., xiii. Eoy.
8vo. Melbourne, 1886. P. H. Macgillivray.

Maefie, M. Vancouver Island and British Columbia. 8vo. Lond., 186.5.
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McGibbon, J. Catalogue of Plants in the Botanic Garden, Cape Town, Cape
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Mrs. Stirling.

Macgillivray, P. H. (1) Catalogue of the Marine Polyzoa of Victoria. 8vo.
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Mcintosh, Prof. W. C. (1) Additional Remarks on the External Aspect of
the Tunny.— (2) On the Bi-itish Weevers, the Bib, and the Poor-Cod. 8vo.
Lond., 1886. -(3) Notes from the St. Andrew's Marine Laboratory (under
the Fishery Board for Scotland). — (4) Ditto, No. iv. On a Male Tunny
(Orcynus thi/nmis, L.).— (5) Ditto, No. v. On the Paternal Instincts of
Ci/clopteriis ^hmrpus, L..— (6) Ditto, No. vi. On the very young Cod and
other Food Fishes. 8vo. Lond., 1886.— (7) Report of the St. Andrew's
Marine Laboratory, No. 3. 8vo. Aberdeen, 1885. Author.

McLachlan, R. Presidential Address, Entomological Society, January 1887.
8vo. Lond., 1887. Author.

Macoiui, J. Catalogue of Canadian Plants. Pt. 3. Apetalas. 8vo. Montreal,
1886. Canadian Survey.

Magalhaes, Dr. Pedro S. De. Descripcao de Uma Especie de Filarias Encon-
tradas no CoracTio Humano, Filariose de Wucherer. (Medicina Rio de
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Maisouueuve, Paul. Theses 1* These : Osteologie et Myologie du Vcspcrtilio
murinus. 2* These : Propositions donnees par la Faculte. 8to. Paris,
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Maitland, Sir J. Ramsay Gibson. The History of Howietoun. Vol. i. roy. 8vo.
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Manley, J. J. Notes on Fish and Fishing. 8vo. Lond., 1881. (A. Grote's
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Mansill. R. (1) Six Titles of Natural Law. 8vo. Lond., 1871.— (2) Unusual
Changes in Natural Elements. 8vo. Lond., 1871. Dr. J. Murie.

Mantell, G. A. Petrifactions and their Teachings. 8vo. Lond., 1851. (A.
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Markham, C. R. (1) Botanical Descriptions of the Species of Cincliona;.
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Tibet, and of tiie Journey of Thomas Manning to Lhasa. 8vo. Loud., 1876.
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Marriott, W. On the Frost of December 1879 and January 1881 (jver tiie
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Mason. Rev. F. Burmah, its People and Natural Productions. 8vo. Rangoon,
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Massachusetts Horticultural Society. (1) Catalogue of tlie Librarv. — (2)
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LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 53

Meteorological and Magnetical Observations of the International Polar Expe-

dition3; 1882-83, Fort Rae. 4to. Loud., 1886. Meteorol. Soc.

Metschnikoff, Elias. (1) Medusologische Mittheiluugen. 8vo. Wien, 18(S(i. —

(2) Vergleichend-embryologiscbe Studien. 8vo. Leipzig, 1886. Author.

Miall, L. 0. Descriptive Guide to tlie Collection of British Birds. 8vo. Leeds,

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Miall, L. C., and A. Denny- The Structure and Life-History of the Cockroach.

8vo. Loud., 1886. ' Prof. Miall.

Mivart, Prof. St. George. The Common Frog. 8vo. Lond., 1874.

Dr. J. Murie.
Moore, F. Lepidoptera of Ceylon. Vol. iii. part 12. 4to. Lond., 1886.

Govt, of Ceylon.

Morris, D. The Colony of British Honduras, its Resources and Prospects.

8vo. Lond., 1883. Author.

Morse, Edward S. Ancient and Modern Methods of Arrow-Release. 8vo.

Salem, 1885. . _ Author.

Mueller, Baron Ferd. von. Description and Illustrations of the Myoporinous

Plants of Australia. II. Lithograms. 4to. Melbourne, 1886.

Victorian Govt.

. Index Perfectus ad Caroli Linna?i Species Plantarum. Svo. Melbourne,

1880. Author.

Mukharji, T. N. (1) Descriptive Catalogue of Indian Produce contributed to

the Amsterdam Exhibition, 1883. 8vo. Calcutta, 1883. — (2) Handbook of

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Murphy, M. Reminiscences of Tasmania. 8vo. Christchurch (N. Z.), 1886.

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Naturalist. Vols. xi. & xii., 1886-87. 8vo. Lond., 1887. Editors.

Nature. Vols, xxxiv., xxxv. 4to. Loud., 1886-87. A. Macmillan.

Nevins, Dr. J. Birkbeck. (1) On Nature and Structure Fruit of the Cruciferie.
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time Canal tlirough the Jordan Valley. 8vo, 1883. — (3) On Recent Plagues
in Cyprus and in North America. 8vo, 188(5. — (4) The Introduction of
Peruvian Bark Trees and present state of Cultivation in India. Svo. Liver-
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Newton, Prof. Alfred, and J. W. Clark. The Woodwardian Professor and the
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Norwegian Govt.
Ochsenheimer (Ferd.), und F. Treitschke. Die Schmetterlinge von Europa.
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Mrs. Stirling,

OfSeial Guide to the Museums of Economic Botany, Royal Gardens, Kew.

(Revise.) Nos. 1 & 3. 2nd ed. fol. Lond., 1886. Director Kew.

Oliver, F. W. Ueber Fortleitung des Reizes bei reizbaren Narben. Svo.

Berlin, 1887. Author.

Osten-Sacken, Baron C. R. (1) Correction to my article on Apiocera. Svo.

Berlin, 1886. — (2) Characters of the Larva; of Mycetophilidai. Reprint.

Svo. Heidelberg, 1886. —(3) On Mr. Portchinski's publications on the Larvae

of Muscidffi. Svo. Berlin, 1887. — (4) Studies on Tipulidae. Part 1. Svo.

Berlin, 1886. Author.

Paolucci, Prof. L. Sulla Fillossera in Lombardia. 4to. Ancona, 1880.

Arthur Bennett.

Pascoe, F. P. Analytical Lists of the Classes, Orders, &c. of the Animal

Kingdom. 12mo. Lond., 1886. Author.

Patterson, R. Lloyd. The Birds, Fishes, and Cetacea of Belfast Lough. Svo.

Lond., 1880. Author.

54

PBOCEEDnfGS OF THE

Payot, Venance. Florule Bryologique, oii Guide du Botaniste au Mont Elanc.

8vo. Geneve, 1886. Author.

Pelzeln, Aug. von. Ueber die Malayische Saugethier-Fauna. 4to. Wien, 1870.

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Petlierick, E. A. Catalogue of the York Gate Library, formed by Mr. S.

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Petterd, W. F. Monograph of the Land Shells of Tasmania. 8vo. Tasmania,

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Peyer, Job. Conrad. Merycologia sive de Euminantibus et Euiiiinatione

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Plateau. Felix. (1) Une Experience sur la Fonction des Antenne.s chez la

Blatte {Periplaneta orienfalis). 870. Brussels, 1886. — (2) Palpes des

Mvriopodes et des Araneides. 8vo. Menlan, 1886. Mrs. Cobbold.

Plowright, Chas. B. On Mildews of Wheat. 8vo. Lond., 1882.

Dr. Masters.
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Dr. Masters.
Powell, Eev. Thos. (1) A Samoan Tradition of Creation and the Deluge. 8vo.
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Preudhomme de Borre, A. — (1) Anomalie Observee chez un Leuccrpholis
rorida. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1886. — (2) Discours du President de la Societe
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EctinohopUu, Eedtenbacher. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1886. Author.

Prince, Edward E. (1 1 Early Stages in tbe Development of the Food Fisbes. —
(2) On A'est and Development of Gasfrosfeu-i splnachia at St. Andrew's
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Proceedings of Belfast Natural History and Philosopbical Society for 1871-
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Pye-Smith, Dr. T. H. Catalogue, Preparations of Comparative Anatomy in
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Eadlkofer, Prof. L. (1) Conspectus Sectionura Specierumque Generis Ser-
jani(B, auctus. 4to. Monachii, 1886. — (2) Erganzungen zur Monographic
"der Sapindaceen-Gattung Scrjania. 4to. Miincben, 1836. — (3) Neue Beo-
bachtungen iiber Pflanzen mit durchsichtig punktirten Blatter und Systema-
tische Uebersicht .solcher. 8vo. Miincben, 1886.— (4) Eede. Ueber die
Arbeit and das Wirken der Pflanze. 8vo. — (5) Ueber die durch.sichtigen
Punkte und andere anatomische Charactere der Connaraceen. 8vo. —
(6) Ueber fischvergiftende Pflanzen. 8vo. Author.

Eamsay, E. P. Catalogue of Echinodermata in the Australian Museum.
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Eapport met bijlagen over eenige buitenlandsche musea vau natuuilijke His-
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Trustees Austral. Mus.
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Eeid, Clement. (1) Norfolk Amber. 1886.— (2) On the Flora of the Cromer
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Eeport, Botanical Exchange Club of British Isles for 1885. Svo. Manchester,
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Eeport of the British Association (Aberdeen). Svo. Lond., 1885.

Council Brit. Assoc

LINKEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOIS". 55

Report Ealing Micros. & Nat. Hist. Soc. 1885-86. 8vo. Ealing, 1886.

Rev. G. Henslow.

Eeport of Department of Agriculture, Statistics, and Health of Province of

Manitoba for 1883. 8vo. Winnipeg, 1884. R. Miller Christy.

Report of Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario for 1884. 8vo. Toronto,

1885. Horace Pearce.

Report, Mineral Statistics of Victoria for 1885. fol. Melbourne, 188(5.

Victorian Govt.
Report of the Severn Fishery District. 8vo. Worcester, 1887.

J. Willis Bund.
Report of Secretary for Agriculture. 8vo. Melbourne, 1875. Dr. Masters.
Report on Coffee Cultivation in Dominica, fol. Trinidad, 1885.

Dr. Masters.
Report on Disease among Salmon in the Tweed, Eden, and other Rivers in
England and Scotland. 8vo. Lond., 1880. Dr. Masters.

Report on Government Botanical Gardens at Saharanpur and M\issoorie for
1885. fol. Allahabad, 1885 & 1886. Dr. Cleghorn.

Report on Horticultural Gardens, Luckuow. Dr. Cleghorn.

Report on Indian Wheat, by Dr. Forbes Watson, fol. Lond., 1879.

Dr. Masters,
Report, Peabody Academy of Science. (18th.) 8vo. Salem, 1886.

Academy.

Report by Director of Public Works, on the Public Works of the Colony, for

the year 1885. fol. Perth, 1886. W. Austral. Govt.

Reports of Forest Department, Madras Presidency, 1884-85. fol. Madras,

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Reports of Public Gardens and Plantations of Jamaica, fol. Jamaica, 1880-

82. Dr. Masters.

Reports, Royal Gardens, Kew, for 1866-1882. 8vo. Lond., 1867-83. (A.
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Reports, Scientific Results, Exploring Voyage of H.M.S. ' Challenger.' 1873-76.
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Reuss, E. LExposition Forestiere Internationale de 1884 a Edimbourg
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Mr. H. O. Forbes. 8vo. Lond., 1886. Author.

Ridley, S. O. Polyzoa. (1) Coelenterata and Spongiida ' Alert' Survey. 8vo.

1881. — (2) On the Geographical Distribution of Corals. 8vo. — (3) On the

Genus Pfocrtmift, Schmidt. 8fo. 1881. And 10 other pamphlets. Author.
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Rivers, Thos. The Orchid-house. 5tli ed. 8vo. Lond., 1858. (A. Grote's

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Mrs. Stirling.
Roper, F. C. S. List of the Natural History of Eastbourne and its Vicinity,

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Roth, H. Ling. On the Origin of Agriculture. 8vo. Lond., 1886.

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Routledge, Thos. Bamboo and its Treatment. 8vo. Claxheugh, Sunderland,

1879. Dr. Masters.

Royal Botanic Society of London. Quarterly Record. January, February,

March 1887. Society.

Royal Gardens, Kew. Bidletin of Miscellaneous Information. Nos. 1-4. 8vo.

Lond., 1887. Director Roy. Gard.

56 VBOCEEDlNttS OF THE

Eoyal Society of South Australia. Transactions and Proceedings and Report.
Vol. viii. 8vo. Adelaide, 188(3. Society.

Russell, J. Cook. G-eoiogical History of Lake Lahontan. Vol. xi. of Mono-
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U.S. Geol. Survey.

Saint-Fargeau, Lepeletier de. Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Hymenopteres.
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Mrs. Stirling.

Saint-Lager, Dr. Histoire des Herbiers. Svo. Paris, 1885. Author.

Saunders, W"in. (1) Annual Address, President of Entomological Society of
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Growers' Association of Ontario. 8vo. Ontario. — (3) Insects Injurious to
Fruits. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1883. Author.

Scharff, R. On Ctcnodrilas parviilus. Svo. Loud., 1887. Author,

Schlagintweit-Sakunliinski, Herm. von. Bericht iiber Anlage des Herb:u'iums
wahrend der Reisen nebst Erliiuterung der topographiscben Angaben. 4to.
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Schlich, Dr. W. (1) Afforestation in Great Britain and Ireland. Svo. Roorkee,
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(2) Review of Forest Administration in the several Provinces under the

Government of India for 1880-1882. fol. Calcutta, 1882-83.

Dr. Masters.

Schobinger-Pfister, J. Taschenbuch fiir reisende Botaniker un Kanton Luzern.
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Schiiheler, Dr. F. C. Viridarium Norvegicum. Norges V^xlrige et Bidrag
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Science Gossip. Vol. xxii. Svo. Lond., 1887. Editor.

Sclater, P. L. Catalogue of Birds in British Museum. Vol. xi. Svo. Lond.,
1886. Trustees Brit. Mus.

Seebohm, H. Physiological Selection. Svo. Lond., 188(J. Author.

Seeley, Prof. H. 0. Freshwater .Fishes of Europe. Svo. Lond., 1886.

Cassell &/ Co.

Sherborn, C. D., and F. Chapman. On some Microzoa from the London Clay
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Authors.

Simmonds, P. L. (1) A Dictionary of Useful Animals and their Products.
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Smith, J. Records of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Svo. Lond., 1880.

Author.

Smitt, F. A. Kritisk forteckning ijfver de i riksmuseum befintliga Salmonider.
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Stirling, Jas. Hutchison. As Regards Protoplasm, in Relation to Professor
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Sundevall, C. J. Die Thierarteu des Ari.stoteles von den Klassen der Siiuge-
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LTNNEAJT SOCIETY OP LONDON. 57

and Classification of Quadrupeds. 8vo. Lond., 1835. — (5) Natural History

of Fishes, Amphibians, and Eeptiles. 2 vols., i. &ii. 8vo. Lond., 1838-39.

—(6) On Habits and Instincts of Animals. 8vo. Lond., 1840.— (7) Treatise

on Geography and Classification of Animals. 8to. Lond., 1835. — (8)

Treatise on Malacology. 8vo. Lond., 1840. (A. Grrote's Library.)

Mrs. Stirling.
Swainson, W., and W. E. Shuckard. On the History and Natural Arrange-
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Mrs. Stirling
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Mrs. Stirling.
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Adelaide, 1886. Author.

Theobald, W. Catalogue of the Land and Freshwater Shells of British India.

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Dr. J. Murie.
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Transactions and Eeports of Fruit-Growers' Association and Intei-national Show

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Horace Pearce.
Transactions of Yorkshire Naturalists' Union. Part 9. 8vo. Leeds, 1886.

W. Denison Roebuck.
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sum. 8vo. Lond., 1887. H. J. Veitch.

Vejdovsky, Dr. F. Beitrage zur Vergleicheuden Morphologie der Anneliden.

fol. Prag, 1879. Royal Society.

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Vidal y Soler, Don Seb. Revision de Plantas Vasculares Filipinas. 8vo.

Manila, 1886. Author.

Vines, S. H. Lectures on the Physiology of Plants. 8vo. Cambridge, 1886.

Author.
Wainio, Dr. E. Revisio Lichenum in herbario Linnsei asservatorum. 8vo.

Helsingfors, 1886. Author.

Walsh, E. The Dog in Health and Disease by Stonehenge. 8vo. Lond., 1859.

(A. Grote's Libi-ary.) Mrs. Stirling.

Waterhouse, F. H. Catalogue Library Zoological Society. 4tli ed. 8vo.

Lond., 1887. Author.

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J. C. Galton.
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Wharton, H. Thornton. A List of Birds. 8vo. Lond., 1877. (A. Grote's

Library.) Mrs. Stirling.

Whitehead, Chas. (1) Reports on Insects Injurious to Root and certain other

Crops in Great Britain. 8vo. Lond., 1887. — (2) Report on the Hessian Fly.

8vo. Loud., 1886. Author.

58 PROCEEDIKGS OF THE LmNEAN 80CTETT OF LO^^)ON.

WilBOn. Jun., Wm. Practical Observations on Agricultural Grasses and otlier
Pasture Plants. 8vo. Aberdeen, 1886. Mrs. Farquharson.

Wise, T. A. History of Paganism in Caledonia. 4to. Lond., 18«4.

Author.
Wood, Rev. J. G. Fresh- and Salt-water Aquariums. 8vo. Lond.

Dr. J. Millar.
Woodward, 11. Guide to Exhibition Galleries of Department ot Geology and
Pala'oiitolopy in Brit. Mus. 8vo. Lund., 188fi. Trustees Brit. IVIus.
WooUs, W. The Plants of Kcw South Wales. 8vo. Sydney, 18S.").

Sir J. Lubbock.

Worsley-Benison, H. W. S. On the Power of Movement in Plants. *^vo.

Bath, 1886. Author.

Zeiller, R. On Ulodevdron and Bothrodendron. 8vo. Paris, 1885. Author.

Zoologist, 1886-87. 8vo. Lond., 1887. T. P Newman.

INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS.

SESSION 1886-18S7.

Note. — The name of the Ohairmau at each Meotiao; is not indexed.

Accessions to Library, 17.
Accounts, Annual iStatements, 18.
Actinite of Mergui Bxped. (Prof. Had-

don), 22.
Address of President, 19, 23-33.
Address to Her Majesty the Queen, 20 ;

proposed, 19.
Afghan boundary, sketches of, shown

(Simpson) 10 ; coll. of Fauna and

Flora shown (Aitchison), 10.
African Strcphanthus shown (Christy),

4-

Agave, photographs of, shown (Waters),
22.

Agave Ixtli, 6 ; Salmdyckia, 6.

Aitchison, Dr., Fauna and Flora of
Afghan Boundary, 10; collections
shown, 10.

Alg£e, Genetic Affinities and Classifica-
tion of (A. W. Bennett), 12.

— on living Tortoise (Potter), 21.

Alhuan, Prof., proposed an Address to
Her Majesty the C^ueen, 19.

Alpine plants from Corea shown (Dyer),
8.

Alsophila crlnita, 6.

Anaclmris, 3.

Anatomy, Development, and Morpho-
logy of Tissues of Sporophore in
Mosses (Vaizey), 8.

Anderson, Dr. J., comm. by, Annelids
of Mergui (Beddard), 22 ; counn. by,
Actinia; of Mergui (Haddon), 22 ;
comm. by, Bichelus^ns of Mergui
(Hoek), 11; comm. by, Hydroida
and Polyzoa of Mergui (Hinuks), 8 ;
comm. by, Gephyreai.s of Mergui

(Selenka), 14; elected to Council, 19;

nom. Vice-Pres., 20.
Anderson Henry, I., obituary, 42.
Angas, G. F., deceased, 17 ; obituary, 33,

34- .
Annelids of Mergui Exped., Report on

(Beddard), 22.
Anniversary Meeting, 17.
Apospory and alUed phenomena

(Bower), 7.
Apospory, new instance of, in Polysti-

chum angulare, var. ■jpidchcrrimum

(Druery), 7.
Argas persicics, living specimens from

Adelaide shown (Michael), 3.
Artocarpus integrifolia, 6.
Asplenium dentlculatum from Jamaica

shown (Sheri'ing), 22; PetrarchcB, 5.
Astragalus Icucophceus, 27.
Auditors elected, 14; Report by pre-
sented, 17.

Baker, E. G., elected, 21.

Baker, J. G., Collection Ferns W.
Borneo made by Bishop of Singapore
and Sarawak, 22 ; Further Contribu-
tions to Flora of Madagascar, 4.

Balanopliora sp. new to Japan Flora
(T. Ito), 22.

Balanus, growth of, Acorn-sliell sbown
(Pascoe), 2

Balfour, Prof. Bayley, " Ginger-beer"
plant exliib., 7.

Ballot for Council and Officers, 19.

Bates, H. W., species of Brarhyonychu&
from Mergui, 5.

Bateson, A., and F. Darwin, Eilects of

f;iNN. SOC. i'KOCKEDINua. SJiSSIOJS 1880-87.

6o

INDEX.

Stimulation on Turgescent Vegetable

Tissues, 8.
Bawtree, A. W., elected, 6.
Beddard, F. E., Report Annelids of

Mergui Exped., 22.
Beeby, W. H., Callifriche truncata from

Westerham, Kent, shown, 3 ; elected

Associate, 14.
Begonia Veitchii, drawings exbib. (Eev.

A. Johnson), 10.
Benbow, J., elected, 7.
Benuet (A. W.), Genetic Affinities and

Classificatian of Algae, 12.
Berberidearum Japonias Conspectus

(Ito), 2.
Bidwell, E., photographs White Stork

shown, 13.
Birds of N. Zealand, plates of, shown

(SirW. Buller), 21.
Boissier, Dr. E., death of Foreign

Member, 9.
Bolus, H., Contributions S. -African

Botany, Part III., 22.
Books bound for Library, 19.
Borneo, Colleetiou Ferns from (Baker),

22.
Bower, F. O., on Apospory and Allied

Phenomena, 7 , photographs Ceylon

Vegetation exhib., 6.
Braitliwaite, Dr. R., Scrutineer, 19.
Branch of Blackthorn with proliferation

of branchlets shown (Musson), 4.
Breese, Chas. J., Scrutineer, 13.
Briant, T. J., elected, 12.
Broadhurst, Dr. B. E., withdrawn, 17.
Brockbank, W., photographs of Nar-

cisms reflcxus from Ancora exhib., 15.
Broome, C. E., deceased, 5,17; obi-
tuary, 34, 3 5.
Brown, N. E., Vaccinium intermedium,

Ruthe, a new Bi-itish plant, 16.
Bryozoa, photographs of, shown

(Waters), 22.
Buller, Sir W., feathers of extinct Moa

exhib., 22 ; plates Birds of N. Zea-
land shown, 21.
Bunbury, Sir J., deceased, 17; obituary,

33. 36.

Bund, J. W. Willis, elected, 4; Rain-
bow Troni {Salmo irridens) exhib., 15.

Bursaria spinom, 15.

Burton, H. S., elected, 5.

Bury, H., elected, 3.

Busk, G-., deceased,!, 1 7; obituary, 36-38.

Callitriche peduncidafa, 3 ; truncata
from Westerham, Kent, shown
(Becby), 3.

Calonyctyon speciosum, 3.

Oariuthers, W., re-elected President, 19.

Caryota rirens, 6.

Casuarina qtuidrivalvis, 15.

Ceratium tripos shown, i.

Ceratophorus Loerii, 14.

Ciconia alba, photographs, shown (Bid-
well), 13.

Chalcididffi (Kirby), 26.

Christy, T., diseased Coffee-beans
shown, 22 ; stems and pods of African
Strophanthiia e.x\\\\)., 4

Clarke, C. B., elected to Council, 12, 13 ;
Flora of Munipore and Kohima, 22.

Clarke, E., elected, 20.

Coffee-beans, diseased, shown (Christy),
22.

Coll. of Ferns from W. Borneo (Baker),
22.

Cornwallis, F. S. W., elected, 8.

Coryanthes macracantha, 3 ; maculata,
var. punctata, 3 ; speciosa, 4.

Corypha umhraculifera, 6.

Council, Ballot for, 19.

Crisp, F., engraving of Sir R. Owen pre-
sented by, 29; nom. Vice-Pres., 20;
re-elected Treasurer, 19.

Crocus nudijlorus, white variety of, from
Biarritz, shown (Osborne), 2 ; Kar-
ducharum, 9 ; zonatus, 9, 1 o.

Crustacea from Singapore (Walkei-), 13.

Cucurbita, 21.

Cypripedium, 24; Floral Conforma-
tion of (Masters), 4.

Darwin, F.. and A. Bateson, Effects of
Stimulation on Turgescent Vegetable
Tissues, 8.

Datura, repair in stem of, exhib. (Lord
Walsingham), 22.

Day, Dr. F., exhibited Salmon Parr, 2 ;
Hybrids American Charr and Loch-
Leven Trout shown, 2 ; Loch-Leven
Trout {Sahno levenensis), 5 ; mal-
formed Trout exhib., 13 ; vote of
thanks to President, 19.

Deaths of Fellows, 17.

Deaths of Foreign Members, 17.

Deaths, withdrawals, and elections, re-
port on, 17.

De la Croix, J. E., elected, 12.

Dendrocalamis gigantetis, 6.

Dendy, A., elected, 4.

Dero. Natural History of Genus (Bous-
iield), 2, 26.

Dichelaspis pellucida, from Hydrophid,
Mergui (jfloek), 1 1 .

Bichopsis ohlongifoUa, sliown (Holmes),
14.

Dickins, F. V., elected Auditor, 14.

Discoidea cylindrica, 26.

Donations to Library, 43.

INDEX.

6r

Drawings, Crocus karducharum and C.
zonatus, shown (Maw), 9.

— , Hybrids, American Charr and
Loch-Leven Trout, shown (Day), 2.

— , Hydnora abi/ssinica and hogofensis,
shown (Fawcett), 4.

Druery, C. T., New Instaiace of Apo-
spory in Polystichum angidare, var.
'pulcherrhmim, 7.

Dugdale, J. H., elected, 13.

Dyer, Bernard S., elected, 12.

Dyer, W. T. Thiselton, comin. on Ber-
beridearum Japoniaj Conspectus
(Ito), 2 : dried Alpine Plants from
Oorea shown, 8 ; Japanese vol. Bot-
any, Honzo Zufu, shown, 6 ; removed
from Council, 19.

Eaton, Eev. A. B., Recent Ephemerid*,

conclusion, 4.
Eichler, Prof. A. W., deceased, 17;

obituary, 38, 39.
Elborne, W., elected, 21.
Elliot, Sir W., deceased, 17; obituary,

39, 4°- .
Ephemeridte, Monograph of Recent

(Eaton). 4.
Eryngmm glaciale, 5.
Experiments on Sense of Smell in Dogs

(Romanes), 7.

Fauna and Flora, Afghan Boundary

(Aitchison), 10.
Fawcett, W., drawings Hydnora ahys-

siiiica and H. bogotensis shown, 4.
Feathers of extinct Moa exhib. (Sir W.

Duller), 22.
Fellows, deaths of, 17.

— not approved recommendation as to
Seed-Cabinet, 13.

— withdrawn, 17.

Ferns from W. Borneo (Baker), 22.
Ficus, 24; religiosa, 6 ; elasHca, 6 ;

Observations on Genus (Dr. G.

King), 13.
Fishes, Japanese work on, exhib. (Ito),

21.
Fitch, E. A., vote of thanks to Presi-

sident and Officers, 20.
Flora of Madagascar (Baker), 4.

— of Munipore and Koliima (Clarke),
22.

Floroe Sinensis, Index, Part III. (Forbes

and Hemsley), 22.
Flower, W. H., removed from Council,

19-
Fly, fertilizer of Coryanthes speciom, 4.
Fookes, G. J., engraving of T. A. Knight

presented by, 29.
Forbes, F. B., removed from Council, 1 9.

Forbes and Hemsley, Index Floroe

Sinensis, Part III., 22,
Foreign Members, deaths of, 17.
Forrest, E. W., elected, 14.
Forrest, J., vote of thanks to President,

19.
Fry, Rt. Hon. Sir E., elected, 12.
Fungi Japonici nonnuUi (Spegazzini

& Ito), 22.
Fungoid Disease of Colocasin in Jamaica

(Massee), 12.

Ganymedes, 1 5.

Geddes, P., Variations in Plants and
Animals, 14.

Gentians, observaticms on (Huxley), 13.

Gepp, A., elected, 4.

Gephyreans of Mergui (Selenka), 14.

Ginger-beer plant exhib. (Balfour), 7.

Godwin- Austen, Lieut.-Col., withdrawn,
17-

Grabham, M. C, elected, 9.

Grote, A., bequest of books, 29 ; de-
ceased, 17 ; obituary, 40.

Haddon, Prof., ActiniiB Mergui Exped.,
22.

Halford, F. M., elected, 20.

Hanbury, F. J., Primulas from Saffron
Walden shown, 16.

Hance, H. F., deceased, 17; obituary, 40,
41.

Harting, J. E., elected Auditor, 14.

Heath, E. A., Stormy Petrel, Procel-
laria fdagica, exhib., 6.

Hemsley and Forbes, Index Florte Si-
nensis, Pai't III., 22.

Henry, I. A., obituary, 42.

Henslow, Rev. G., Transpiration as
Function of Living Protoplasm, 21.

Hermann's Ceylon Herbarium and Lin-
nreus's Floi-a Zeylauica (Trimen), 5.

Hincks, Rev. T., Hydroida and Polyzoa
of Mergui, 8.

II.R.H. Prince of Wales, elected Hono-
rary Member, 7.

Hoek, Dr. P., on Dichelaspis pellucida,
from Ilydrophid, Mergui, 11.

Holmes, Rev. E. A., deceased, 17.

Holmes, E. M., abnormal Lemons
exhib., 10; i'/f/iOjjsw, affording gutta-
percha, shown, 14; LycojX'rdon cchi-
natus, Pers., exhib., 2 ; Thorca from
Bonieo and Sumatra, exhib., 14.

Hopkinson, J., Scrutineer, 19.

Howes, Prof. G. B., elected to Council,
19.

Huxley, Prof. T. H., observations on
Gentians, 13.

62

rNDEX.

Hydnora ahyssinica, 4 ; africana, 4 ;

boqofensix, 4.
Hydroida and Polyzoa.Mergui (Hincka),

Index Florfc Sinensis, Part III. (Forbes j

it Ilcinsley), 22.
Ito, Tokuta'ro, Bahinophora new to

Japan, 22 ; Borbcridenrum Japonic,

2; elected, 4; Japsneee work on

Fisbes exliib., 21.
Ito, T., & Dr. Spegazzini, Fungi Ja-

ponici nonnulli, 22.

Jackson, B. Daydon, re-elected Secre-
tary, 19.

Jackson, IT., elected, 13.

James, H. B., elected, 20.

Japanese vol. Botany sbown (Dyer), 6.

Johnson, Eev. A., drawings of Begonia
Veifrhii esliib., 10.

Jiisten, F., elected, 6.

Kent, A., elected Associate. 14.
King, Dr., ob.^ervations on Fiats, 13.
Kirby, Rev. W., portrait of, 6, 29.
Klein. S. T., elected, 12.
Knight, T. A., engraving of, 29.
Knox, A. E., deceased, 17 ; obituary, 41.
Kohiina and Munipore, Flora (Clarke),

22.
Krause, F., elected, 4.

Lascelles, F. M., elected, 5.

Laurus vobilis, 10

Lavandula limata, 5.

Leaves and Fibres of Agave exbib.

(Morris), 6.
Leighton, Eev. W. A., withdrawn,

17.
Lemons, irregularly developed, exhib.

(Holmes), 10.
Lendenfeld, R. von, elected, 5.
Letter, Rev. M. J. Berkeley, concerning

death of Mr. C. E. Broome, 5.
Library, acces-tiions to, 17 ; booksbound,

19; donations to, 43.
Liparis, 24.
Loch-Leven Trout {Salmo levenensis)

(Day), 5.
Lodoicea sei/chellarum, 6.
Lophopus. on genus (Ridley), 2, 26.
Lowne. B. T., photographs retina of

Insects exhib., 8.
Lubbock, Sir J., connn. on Epheme-

ridse (Rev. A. E. Eaton), 4; Phyto-

biological Observations, Part II., 11 ;

specimens of TezLa coccirtea from

II fra combe exhib., 11 ; removed from

Council, 19.
Jjumpenus lampefriformi'^, 25.

Ly coper don echinatum exhib. (Holmes),

MacLeay, A., MS. and Correspondence, 6.
MacLeay, Sir G., present, portrait of

Kev. W. Kirby and ^IS. and Corresp.

of his father, A. MacLeay, 6.
Macoun, Prof. J., remarks on Cones

of Canadian Piceas, i.
Macroey/<tis. preparations of its stem

shown (Oliver), 21.
Maize from ancient grave at Ancon,

Peru, exhib. (President), 7.
Malnxis and Microsfy/is. revision of

genera (II. K. Ridley), 22.
Maries, C, elected, 12.
Marshall, Rev. E. S., elected, 12.
Massee, G., Fungoid Disease of Colo-

casia in Jamaica, 12.
Masson, F., portrait of (Carruthers),

7, 29-

Masters, Dr. M. T., elected to Council,
19; Floral Conformation of Cypri-
j)(dium, 4; nora. Vice-Pres., 20.

Maw, G., drawing Crocus karduchanim
and C. zonatns shown, 9 ; elected
Auditor, 14 ; Narcissus cyclamineus
in flower, from Oporto, exhib., 9 ;
photographs of Narcissi from Riviera
exhib., 5 ; two Narcissi from Pyrenees
shown, II.

Meeting, Anniversary, 17.

Mergui, Actiniae of (Haddon), 22 ; Al-
cyonaria of, 16; Annelids (Beddard),
22 ; Brachyonychus (Bates), 5 ; Di-
chela»pis pellucida (Hoek), 1 1 ; Ge-
phyreans of (Selenka). 14; Hydroida
and Polyzoa (Hincks), 8 ; Polyzoa and
Hydroida (Hincks), 8.

Michael, A. D., annual statement of
Accounts presented by, 16 ; Argas
from Adelaide shown, 3 ; elected
Auditor, 14.

Microstylis and Malaxis, revision of
(Ridley). 22.

Millar, Dr. J., Special General Meeting
to celebrate 100th Anniversary, motion

by, 19-

Milne-Edwards, Prof. 11., death of
Foreign Member, 9.

Mivart, Prof. St. Geo. J., uom. Vice-
Pres., 20.

Moa, feathers of, exhib. (Sir W. BuUer),
22.

Moore, Spencer, Influence of Light on
Protoplasm, 21.

Moore, Thos., deceased, 17 ; obituary,

41. 4^-
Morgan, R., elected, 12.
Morris, D., comm. Fungoid disease of

Colocasiu in Jamaica (Massee), 12;

INDEX.

63

leaves and fibres of Agave exliib., 6 ;
photographs of Castillca Rubber-
tree shown, 3; Scrutineer, 13.

Moseley, Prof , removed from Council, 1 9.

Mud-volcanoes, photo, exhib. (Siier-
ring), 16.

Mukharji, T. N., elected, 6.

Munipore and Kohima, flora (Clarke), 2 2.

Munroc, Dr. H., deceased, 17 ; obituary,
42.

Murie, Dr. J., comm., on nat. hist. gen.
Dcro (Bousfield), 2 ; comm., on Varia-
tion in Plants and Animals (Geddes),

H-

Murray, Gr., Bhrpilia from Grenada
shovs'n, 4.

Murray, J., remarks on Ceratium, i.

Musson, C. T., Blackthorn, with pro-
liferation of branchlets, shown, 4.

Narcissus albicans, 11 ; Broussonettii, 5 ;

calathinus, 1 5 ; cernuiis, 1 1 ; cycla-

mineus, 9 ; elegans, 5 ; hispanicus

minor, 9, var. luteus, 9, var. cyclami-

neus, 9 ; moschatus, 1 1 ; nudiflorus, 5 ;

refiexus, 15 ; serotinus, 5 ; Tazetta, 5 ;

tortuosiis, 1 1 ; triandrus, 11,15; viri-

diflurus, 5.
— cyclaminens in flower, from Oporto,

exhib. (Maw), 9 ; reflcxus, photos.

exhib. (Brockbank), 15.
New Airican Orchid (Ridley), 21.
New species of Brcu-hyon//chus, Mergui

(Bates), 5.
Nicholson, G., elected Associate, 6.
Nicofiana glavca exhib. (Stone), 16.
Nuclei in Oscillaiia and Tolypothrix

sliown (Scott), 20, 22.

Obituaries, 33-42.

Oldfield, G. W., withdrawn, 17.

Oliver, F. W., elected, 6 ; preparations

of Macrocystis shown, 21.
Orchid bigeneric hybrids (Rolfe), 16.
Orchid, new genus of, from St. Thomas

(Ridley), 21.
Orcodoxa rcgia, 6.

Organisms, Firth of Clyde, shown, i.
Osborne, W. D'Arcy Godolphin, white

variety of Crocus nudiflorus from

Biarritz shown, 2 ; white variety of

Primrose exhib., 13.
Oscitlaria and Tolypothrix, nuclei in,

shown (Scott), 20.
Owen, Sir R., engraving of, 29.

PcBonia coriacea, 5.

Pancratimn humile, 5.

Pascoe, F. P., growth of common Acorn-
shell (Balaiius) shown, 2 ; Posidonia
caulinia from Sicily shown, 2.

Perrin, G., elected, 14.

Peterson, IDr. E. E., withdrawn, 17.

Pecica coccinca from Ilfracombe exhib.

(Lubbock), II.
Piccas, remarks on cones of Canadian

(Macomi). i.
Phillips, F. W., withdrawn, 17.
Photographs, Bryozoa and Agave, shown
(Waters), 22 ; Castilloa rubber-tree
of Central America shown (Morris),
3 ; Gall-formation on Sccevola spi-
nesccns exhib. (Tepper), 1 5 ; Narciss-i
fr( m Riviera exhib. (Maw), 5 ; Retina
of Insects exhib. (Lowne), 8.
Phytobiological Observations, Part II.

(Lubbock), II.
Plants and animals, variations in (Ged-
des), 14.
Plowright, C. B., experiments on Britisli

Heteroecious Uredines, 1 6.
Posidonia caulinia from Sicily shown

(Pascoe), 2.
Potter, M. C, Algce on Tortoise, 21.
Poulton, E. B., elected, 13.
Powell, Rev. Thos., deceased, 17.
Prentis, Chas., deceased, 17.
Pi'esident, Address to Queen, 20 ; an-
nounced Prince of Wales on Roll of
Society, 7 ; announced Sir G. Mac-
Lea-y's presentations, 6 ; Annual Ad-
dress, 19, 23-33; Letter from Sir F.
KuoUys, 9 ; Maize from ancient grave,
Peru, exhib., 7 ; nomination of Vice-
Presidents, 20 ; organisms from Clyde
shown, I ; presented portrait of F.
Masson, 7 ; proposed Prince of Wales
as Hon. Member, 7 ; read letter from
Rev. M. J. Berkeley, concerning death
of Mr. Broome, 5 ; re-elected Presi-
dent, 9 ; remarks on work during
Recess, i.
Primrose, white variety of, exhib. (Os-
borne), 13.
Primula elatior X vulgaris, 16, X veris,
16; from Saffron Walden, shown
(Hanbury), 16; imperialis exhih., 11.
Prince of Wales elected Honorary

Member, 7.
Priomiscoriarius, larvaexhib. (Waller), 8.
Prior, Dr. R. C. A., Scrutineer, 19.
Proccllaria pclagica, 6.
Pyralidas from Puujaub (Lord Walsing-
ham), 22.

Queen, Address to, 20.

Euvenala madagascariensis, 6.

Report on Gorgoniid Alcyonaria, Mer-
gui (Ridley), 16.

Revision of genera Microstylis and Ma-
laxis (Ridley), 22.

«4

INDEX.

Bhipilia from Grenada showu (Mur-

•■ay). 4-
Ridley, II. N., drawings of Coryanthes

shown, 3 ; new Orchid from St.

Thomas, 21 ; revision of genera Micrn-

stylia and Malaxis, 22.
Ridley, S. O., f,'en"s Lophojms &c., 2,

21 ; Report Alcyonariii, Mergui, 16.
Roeper, Dr. J., death of Foreign Mem-
ber, 9.
Rolfe, R. A., bigeneric Orchid hybrids,

16.
Romanes, G. J., smell in Dogs, 7.
Romilly, Hon. E., deceased, 17.
Roots and pods African Stropkanthus

exhib. (Christy), 4.
Royal Gardens,' Kew, Primula irnpe-

rialis from Japan exhib., 11.

Salmo irridens exhib. (Bund), 15.

Salmon Parr exhib. (Day), 2.

Samples of British pre-historic wheat

exhib. (Carruthers), 7.
Samson, J., elected, 5.
Sander, R, elected, 5.
Saxifraga biternata, 5.
SccBVola spinescens, galls on, 15.
Schweinfurth, Dr. G. A., nominated, 9,

elected Foreign Member, 14.
Scortechini. Rev. B., deceased, 17.
Scott, D. H., nuclei in Oscillaria and

Tolypothrix shown, 20, 22.
Secretaries elected, 19.
Seebohm, H., elected to Council, 19.
Seed-Cabinet Committee Report, 12.
Selenka, Prof. E., Gephyreans, Mergui,

14.
Sharp, Chas., withdrawn, 17.
Sherring, R. V., A-'iplenium denticulatum,
from Jamaica, shown, 22 ; elected, 6 ;
photo, mud-volcanoes Trinidad ex-
hib., 16.
Siebold, Dr. C. Theod. von, dejith of

Foreign Member, 9.
Sim, G., elected Associate, 5.
Simpson, W., Sketches Afghan Bound-
ary exhib., 10.
Sladen, W. Percy, re-elected Secretary,

Snuff-box, old wooden, shown (Musson;,

4-
Solms-Laubach, Count H., nominated,

9; elected Foreign Member, 14.
South-African Botany, pt. iii. (Bolus),

22.
Southall, W., deceased, 17.
Specimens Corya?j('A('s shown (Ridley), 3.
Spegazzini, Dr., andT. Ito, Fungi Japo-

nici nonnuUi, 22.
Spencer, W. I., elected, 14.

Staiuton, H. T., seconded vote of thanks

to President and Officers, 20.
Steindachner, Dr. F., nominated, 9 ;

elected Foreign Member, 14.
Stimulation on Turgescent Vegetable

Tissues (Bateson and Darwin), 8.
Stirling, Mrs., photograph of Dr.

Stoliczka presented by, 29.
Stokoe, Dr. P. H., withdrawn, 17.
Stoliczka, Dr., photograph of, 29.
Stone, J. B., elected, 12.
Stone, J. II., Nkotiana glauca from

Canaries exhib., 16.
Storm V Petrel (Mother Carey's Chick)

exhib. (Heath), 6.
Story, E., deceased, 17; obituary, 42.
Strophanthus /ii.<pidus (African), 4.
Sutton, A. W., elected, 5.
Stylidium Tcppcriana, exhib. (Tepper),

Tait, A. W., elected, 12.
Tapeinanthus hiimilis shown, 5.
Tatsuyuki, O., Japanese work on Fishes

by, exhib. (Ito), 21.
Tepper, J. G. O., new Stylidium from
Kangaroo Island exhib. 10; photo.
Gall-formation on SccBVola spinescens
exhib., 15.
Thorea from Borneo and Sumatra

(Holmes), 14.
Thornhill, J., elected, 21.
Threlfall, W., elected, 21.
Tolypothrix and Oscillaria, nuclei in

shown (Scott), 20.
Transpiration as Function of Living

Protoplasm (Heuslow), 21.
Treasurer, elected, 19 ; his statement, 18.
Treub, Dr. M., nominated, 9 ; elected

Foreign Member, 14.
Trimen, Dr. H., Hermann's Ceylon
Herbarium, and Linua;us's Flora Zey-
lanica, 5 ; resignation as Councillor,
12.
Trout, malformed, exhib. (Day), 13.
Tsanemassa. I., Japanese volume of

Botany (llonzo Zufu) by, 6.
Tulasne, L. R., death of Foreign Mem-
ber, 9.
Tyler, Chas., Scrutineer, 13.

Uredines, Exper. observations on British
Hetercecious (Plowright), 16.

Vaccinium intermedium, new British
Plant (Brown), 1 6 ; Myrtillus, 2 5 ;
Vitis-idxea, 25.

Vaizey, J. R., Morphology Tissues Spo-
rophore in Mosses, 8.

INDEX.

65

Vegetable Biology, III., Influence of

Light on Protoplasm (Moore), 21.
Verbeck, R. D. M., photo. Peak of Ra-

kata shown, 16.
Vicia, 27.
Vines, S. H., coram. Morphology Spo-

rophore Mosses (J. E. Vaizey), 8.
Volcano of Krakatau, photo, shown

(Verbeck), 16.

Wallace, R., elected, 20.

Walker, A. O., Crustacea from Singa-
pore, 13.

Waller, J., block of Oak cont. living
larva of Longicorn Beetle, Prionus
coriarius, exhib., 8.

Walsingham,Lord, gregarious Pyralidse
from the Punjaub, 22 ; repairs in
Datura exhib., 22.

Ward, Prof. H. Marshall, elected to

Council, 19.
Waters, A. W., photos. Bryozoa and

Agave shown, 22.
Wingate, G., elected, 9.
Weir, J. Jenner, seconded Address to

he Queen, 19.
Weissmann, Dr. A., nominated, 9 ;

elected Foreign Member, 14.
West Borneo, Ferns from (Baker), 22.
West, W., elected, 12.
Wheat, British pre-historic, exhib.

(Carruthers), 7.
White Daffodil from Pyrenees shown,

(Maw), II.
White Stork, photos, shown (Bidwell),

13-
Wilson, C. W., elected, 5.
Wood, J. M., elected Associate, 14.

Printed by Taylob and Feancis, Eed Lion Court, Fleet Street.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

HNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(SESSION 1887-88.)

November 3rd, 1887.

"William Caeetjthees, P.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

John H. Hart, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

The President, in opening the Session, congratulated the Society
that although they had to deplore the deaths of several workers,
yet the losses were fewer than on the previous occasion twelve
months since. Prof. Caspary and Prof. Spencer Baird were
specially mentioned. Reference was also made to the cleaning
and painting carried out during the recess, with very satisfactory
results.

Mr. Henry N. Eidley gave an account of his Natural History
Collection in Pernando Noronha. The group of islands in ques-
tion is in the S. Atlantic, 194 miles east of Cape San Roque.
The largest is about 5 miles loiig and 2 miles across, at the
broadest part. Although chiefly basaltic, phonolite rocks crop up
here and there. Of Mammals the Cat is reported to have become
feral, and Rats and Mice swarm ; Cetacea occasionally frequent
the coast. The Land-Birds comprise a species of Dove, a Tyrant,
and a Greenlet (Vireo). Sea-Birds are numerous, but less so
than formerly when the island was first discovered. Among
the Reptiles were found a species of Amphisbsena, a Skink
{JEuprepes punctatus), and a Gecko ; Turtles were also frequently
seen in the bays. Batrachians and Freshwater Pish are entirely

LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1887-88. h

2 PROCEEDINGS 01" THE

absent. One Butterfly, a well-known Brazilian species, was
plentiful, but insects, though abundant in numbers, were poor in
species. Two species of Trochus called for remark as having a
southern distribution, the remainder of the marine shells, and
indeed most of the marine fauna and flora, being of West-Indian
facies. Owing to the destruction of the forests the indigenous
flora is much destroyed, but several interesting endemic species
were obtained. One common species of fern, a few mosses and.
hepatics, several lichens, and some fungi were collected, and with
the other objects were shown at the Meeting.

Mr. George Murray exhibited specimens of Valonia ovalis, Ag.,
from Bermuda, obtained by Mrs. Whelpdale, and from G-renada
collected by himself The specimens from Bermuda, consisting
each of a single cell, were always of a balloon-shape, and attained
a diameter of upwards of an inch, while the greatest girth
exceeded two inches. The Grenada specimens were considerably
larger and either sjoherical or oval in shape, agreeing in this
respect with specimens from Guadaloupe in the British Museum.
There was possibly specific difference between them. Mr. Murray
then gave an account, illustrated with diagrams, of the develop-
ment of Valonia utricularis, Ag., as described by Niigeli, and
incidentally compared the mode with that observed in SciaJium.
He also exhibited the germ-cells of F. ovalis obtained from the
Grenada specimens under the microscope, stating that he had
not been able to obtain their further development.

Prof. H. Marshall "Ward exhibited specimens and made remarks
on the peculiar development of Agaricus {Armillaria) melleus
from Rhizomorpha .

An interesting example of a Wasps' nest was shown from
Dovercourt.

Mr. E. Alfred Heath exhibited well-preserved examples of the
fruit of two species of Solanum (S. mammosa and another) from
Barbadoes.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Scars occurring on the Stem of Dammara robusta."
By Samuel G. Shattock. (Communicated by W. T. Thiselton
Dyer, F.L.S.)

2. " Eeport on the Pennatulida of the Mergui Archipelago."
By Prof A. Milnes Marshall and Dr. Herbert Powler. (Com-
municated by Dr. John Anderson, P.L.S.)

3. " Supplementary Notes on the Ferns of North India." By
J. G. Baker, F.L.S., and C. B. Clarke, F.L.S.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

:N'overaber 17th, 1887.

Prof. St. Gteo. J. Mivart, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. Arthur Bennett drew attention to the following new
British plants : —

1. Arahis alpina, Linn. Exhibited on behalf of Mr. H.
C. Hart, F.L.S., of Letterkenny, Co. Donegal, and gathered on
the Cuchullin range of mountains in the Isle of Skye in July 1887.
An alpine and sub-alpine species found throughout Europe,
except Turkey, Greece, and Sicily ; also in Canada, Alaska,
G-reenland, Labrador, Arctic Siberia, and Kamtschatka.

2. Jimcus alpinus, Vill. Exhibited on behalf of Dr. T. Bu-
chanan White, F.L.S., of Perth, and gathered in three stations
in Perthshire by Dr. White and friends. Found also in Iceland,
North and INIiddle Europe, South European Alps, Caucasus,
Altai and Baikal ranges in Asia, and in Grreenland.

3. Juncus tenuis, Willd. Grathered by Mr. J. McAndrew near
New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland. Formerly reported
by Don as a Scottish plant, and named successively J. gracilis
and J. Gesneri by Sir J. E. Smith, who regarded it as distinct
from Willdenow's species.

Mr. W. H. Beeby exhibited and made some remarks on Carex
ccBspitosa, Linn., from Shetland.

Photographs of Palmyra Palms were exhibited for Surgeon-
General G. Bidie, and a letter from him was read dated Oota-
camund, Oct. 8, 1887, of which the following is an extract : —

" I am sending you by book-post by this Mail for presentation
to the Linnean Society two interesting photographs, one of which
is a Palmyra Palm {Borassus Jiabelliformis) with its stem divided
into 8 branches. The tiee from which the photograph was taken
is growing about 8 miles from the town of Tanjore, on the road
to a village called Paducottah. Some notices of such abnormal
Palm-stems and theories as to their origin have appeared in the
Society's records, but at the present moment I am not within
reach of any library containing them. It may, however, be men-
tioned that some years ago I had sent to me the flower-spike
of a Cocoa-nut Palm, in which one of the flower-buds had
developed into a small leaf. If I can lay my hand on this speci-
men on getting back to Madras, 1 will forward it to the Society.

The other photograph, which was taken at Thayetmayo

in Burmah, speaks for itself."

The latter photograph is of Elephants in coitu, in correction of
a plate in Houel's work ' Hist. Nat. des Elephans,' 1803, and
also contradicting the old traveller De Varthema, as to the un-

h2

4 PEOCEEDINOS OF TUE

usual position in the act of copulation, which in fact, as is shown
by the ])hotograph, is as in other Pachyderms.

Mr. William Wilson, junior, sent for exhibition branches with
ripe berries of Toxus haccata and its variety hibemica produced
by natural cross-fertilization ; this occurrence of a large crop of
Tew-bcrries is very rare so far north as Central Aberdeenshire,
where these grew.

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited specimens of the seed-pods of
Strojyhanthus hispidus, lately received from the Eiver Niger.
This form is distinguished by its brown velvety seeds, and is
intensely bitter in taste. He also showed another kind, Stro-
pTinntlius aurantiacus, grown in Mauritius, from seeds received
from Madagascar. This yields a small, very bitter, light-coloured
seed, which has yet to be tested for mediciual purposes.

Mr. J. G. Baker exhibited specimens of Lycopodium albidum,
a new species from the Andes of Ecuador, received from Mr. E.
V. Sherring ; it is allied to L. clavatum, but with the leaves
entirely destitute of chlorophyll except at the very base. There
was also shown Neoharonia xipJioclades, a new phyllodineous
papilionaceous plant, just received from Madagascar, from the
Eev. E. Baron, F.L.S.

Mr. D. Morris exhibited the following specimens, viz. : —

(1) A fibre exported from Vera Cruz to the value of nearly
£60,000, under the name of Broom Eoot. This was a new article
of industry, and investigations carried on at Kew proved that
Broom Eoot was simply the root-fibres of one or more species of
grass belonging to the genus Epicampes ; one species, viz. Epi-
campes macroura, Beuth., was undoubtedly used. The local name
is Zacaton, and hence the fibre is known among the Mexicans as
Eaiz de Zacaton.

(2) A Mexican fibre or Ixtli, largely used in this country in
the manufacture of nail-brushes, &c. The origin of this fibre
has been for a long time obscure. Dr. Percy exhibited at the
Kew Museum in 1879 fibre and brushes made from it, said to be
derived from Af/ave Sechiquilla, Torr. This species is identical
with Af/ave PoseJgerii, Salmdyck, and A. heteracantha, Zucc. A
careful examination of the fibre derived from living plants at Kew
of A. heteracantlia has established its identity with Mexican
fibre or Ixtli. The fibre is short, very tough and rigid, and is
evidently well adapted for use in the place of animal bristles.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Certain Factors of Variation in Plants and Animals." By
Patrick Geddes, F.E.S.Edinb. (Communicated by Dr. James
Murie, F.L.S.)

2. " Copepoda of the Canaries." By Isaac Cooke Thompson.
(Communicated by Prof. W. A. Herdman, F.L.S.)

LnrtTEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON.

December 1st, 1887.

William Caebtjthees, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of tlie last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Kenric Harold Bennett, Esq., Lord Egerton of Tatton, William
Francis, Esq., William Singer M'^Millan, Esq., Alfred James
North, Esq., John Douglas Ogilby, Esq., Alfred Samuel Castle-
Stuart Stuart, Esq., George Swainson, Esq., Isaac Cooke Thomp-
son, Esq., Charles Topp, Esq., and the Rev. Erancis William
Galpin, were elected Eellows.

There was exhibited for Mr. Oscar Eraser, E.L.S., of the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, a specimen picked up on the Madras coast,
of what was supposed to be a weather-worn seed of a Palm,
though its exact nature could not be determined by the Indian
authorities. The object in question having been examined by
Dr. John Anderson, late of Calcutta, and Mr. A. Dendy of the
British Museum, they inclined to regard it as possibly the
consolidated roe of a fish, while Prof. Charles Stewart surmised
the substance to be vegetable in structure. Positive decision
was left pending further microscopic and cbemical investigation.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Observations on Ants, Bees, and Wasps. — Part XI." By
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., E.E.S., E.L.S.

2. " On a new Species of Fanicum, with remarks on the Ter-
minology of the Graminese." By Charles Baron Clarke, E.E.S.,
E.L.S.

December 15tb, 1887. .

William Caeetjthees, E.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

John William Groves, Esq., William Edward Mathews, Esq.,
and the Eev. Percy Watkin Myles, were elected Eellows.

The following letter was read from Mr. John Quelch, Curator
of the British Guiana Museum at Demerara, and the accompany-
ing photograph shown therewith : —

British Guiana Museum,
Demerara, Aug. 4th, 1887.

Deae Sie,

I enclose a photograph of a specimen showing fasciation in
the Pineapple. The specimen was sent to the Museum recently
by a Mr. Duggin of New Amsterdam, and was obtained from
the upper part of the Berbice Kiver. The basal portion below

6 PEOCEEDINQS OF THE

the point of separation of the stems was raised from the ground
about a foot, and bore a few adventitious roots. Some of the
small stems bore one, some two, some four or five small pines,
several of which were ripe when the specimen was obtained. In
all there were more than 20 pines on the one coalesced mass.

I am, yours truly,

JoHJf J. QuELCH {Curator).
The Secretary of the Linnean Society.

Tiiere were exhibited for Messrs. Johnston and More;an speci-
mens illustrating the agency of Insects in the fertilization of
Arauja sericifera. The power of entrapping insects possessed by
this plant is regarded as a provision for not allowing its pollen-
masses to be dragged out before maturity.

Prof. F. Orpeu Bower made remarks, illustrated by diagrams,
on Apogamy and Apospory in Tricliomanes.

Dr. Charles Cogswell showed leaves of Bryophyllum proli-
ferum with young plants growing from the margins of the leaves,
and others on the midrib, this result having been obtained, as in
JBryophyllum calycinum, by ])lacing the cut leaves on the soil in
flower-pots and keeping them at a warm temperature. Bryo-
phyUum proliferum is figured in the ' Botanical Magazine,' t. 5147,
by Sir William Hooker, who draws a distinction between the
proliferation of this plant and that of the Bryophyllum caly-
cinum.

The Eev. Eichard Paget Murray exhibited a collection of
plants that he had made in Portugal.

Some specimens of Bellotas or edible acorns w^ere exhibited for
Mr. Lewis Joel, H.M. Consul at Cadiz.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Myriopoda of the Mergui Archipelago." By E. Innes
Pocock. (Communicated by Dr. John Anderson, P.L.S.)

2. "On J3ivergent Evolution through Cumulative Segregation."
By the Eev. John T. Grulick. (Communicated by Alfred E.
AVallace, P.L.S.)

January 19th, 1888.

William Caeruthebs, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Albert Charles Frederick Morgan, Esq., and Alexander Why te,
Esq., were elected Fellows.

l\Ir. W. n. Beeby, A.L.S., exhibited CaUitrlche polymorphn,
Loennr., from Scotland, a plant new to Britain and previously

LITWEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 7

recognized only in Norway and Sweden ; likewise Ranunculus
Flammula showing reversion of the var. radicans to type, as
described in ' Journal of Botany ' for December 1887.

Dr. Day exhibited specimens of Poor-Cod.

Prof. H. Marshall Ward exhibited specimens of the root-
tubercles of Podocarpus, and made the following observations
thereon: — Some time ago the author received specimens of roots
of P. andina furnished with peculiar tubercular outgrowths.
Investigation of these and of the roots of various species oiPodo-
carpus growing at Kew showed tljat in nearly all the species of
the genus the roots are provided with spheroidal tubercles, at
first sight very like those observed on the roots of Leguminosae.
The author finds, however, that although they are, like these, due
to the action of a fungus, they are not only morphologically
different structures, but the fungus with which they are infested
is very diff"erent in character. The tubercles have been examined
especially in the two species P. andina and P. elongata, and
several diflerences can be made out in these, as well as in others
not yet so carefully investigated.

The tubercles are about 1 millim. in diameter, and are developed
in two longitudinal rows on the roots, arising iu the same plane
as the normal lateral rootlets, and with the same reference to
the diarch vascular bundles of the central cylinder. The origin,
mode of development, and structure of the tubercles prove that
they are morphologically of the nature of lateral roots, the growth
in length of which is arrested.

The tubercles as well as the parent roots are infested with a
fungus which attacks them from the exterior, bores through the
epidermis and cortex, and is able to pass on from ro(jtlet to
tubercle. The fungus is intracellular, aud presents mauy points
of resemblance to certain species of Pi/thium, but differs in im-
portant characters also. It develops reproductive organs in the
interior of the cells, and its action causes the partial arrest of
the growth of the tissues, which results in the formation of the
spheroidal tubercles.

The only observer known to have examined the tubercles is
Balbiani (Malpighia, 1887, pj). 474-477), who makes no mention
of the fungus, and regards the tubercles as bodies for the storage
of water. The author sees no reason to suppose that this sugges-
tion meets the case, and is at present content to point out the
relations of the fungus to the tubercles and roots, reserving any
opinion as to po.'^sible functions until his researches are further
advanced.

Mr. E. A. Eolfe, A.L.S., exhibited specimens of hybrid Orchids,
both wild aud the same raised artificially.

Dr. Prior showed fresh Bellotas, the Spanish edible acorns, of
this year's crop.

8 PEOCEEDTNGS OF THE

The following papers were read : —

1. " Influence of Light on Protoplasmic Movement. — Part II."
By Spencer Le Marchant Moore, P.L.S.

2. " Studies of the Macrochires." By Dr. E. W. Shufeldt.
(Communicated by Prof. William Kitchen Parker, F.R.S.,
P.L.S.)

Pebruary 2nd, 1888.

"William Caeeuthers, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The vacancies among the Foreign Members caused by the
deaths of Prof. Spencer Baird, Prof. Asa Gray, Prof. Anton de
Bary, Prof. Dr. Eobert Caspary, and Prof. Dr. August Wilhelm
Eicliler, having been announced by the President, the following
nominations were made, and the Certificates ordered to be sus-
pended:—

Dr. Adolph Engler, Professor of Botany at Breslau. Dr. Thore
Fries, Professorof Botany at TJpsala, Sweden, and present occupant
of the Chair formerly occupied by Carl von Linne. Dr. Robert
Hartig, of Munich. Dr. Eugen Warming, of Stockholm. Dr.
Anton Dohrn, Director of the Zoological Station at Naples.

Mr. C. T. Druery exhibited a collection of Nature Prints of
abnormal British Wild Ferns, prepared by Col. Jones, and made
some remarks on the extraordinary number of named varieties
which had been recognized, and now required to be carefully
examined with a view to some systematic arrangement of them.

Dr. Amadeo exhibited and made some observations on a pre-
sumed new species of TaberncBmontana.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Ferns of Simla." By Henry F. Blanford, F.R.S.
(Communicated by C B. Clarke, F.R.S., F.L.S.)

2. " On the Fertilization of Cattleya lahiata, var. Mossice." By
Harry J. Veitch, F.L.S.

3. " Descriptions of new Species of Galerucincd.'" By Joseph
S. Baly, F.L.S.

February 16th, 1888.

William Caebuthees, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The President announced the receipt of a letter from the Com-
mittee of Schnyder von Wartensee's Foundation at Zurich,

LINNEATT SOCIETY OF LONDON. 9

offering a Prize for the year 1890 for the following researches in
natural history, viz. : —

" New investigations are desired regarding the relation which
the formation of the hones bears to the statics and mechanics
of the vertebrate skeleton. The results of the investigations as
a whole are to be demonstrated in detail on the skeleton of a
definite species."

Announcement was also made of an acceptable donation of
books to the Library by the widow of the late Dr. John Millar,
Tellow of the Society, recently deceased, and a unanimous vote
of thanks was accorded.

Mr. Spencer Moore exhibited and made remarks upon speci-
mens illustrative of the Palmella state of Draparnaldia glome-
rata, Ag.

Mr. D. Morris exhibited a piece of wood of Hieronyma alchor-
nioides received from Trinidad, showing in its fissures mineral
deposits, which on chemical analysis proved to be calcic car-
bonate. For comparison Dr. Morris also exhibited and made
some observations upon some deposits of calcic phosphate in
Teak. Deposits in Bamboo known as tabaslieer (silicate) were
shown, as also pearls (carbonate of lime) from Cocoa-nuts
received from Dr. Sidney J. Hickson.

Dr. Burn Murdoch exhibited and offered remarks upon the
so-called intra-marginal veins in the section Areolata of the
genus Erythroxylon, of which E. Coca is the most familiar species.
These lines are due to a thickening of the parenchymatous
tissue which takes place in the bud stage, and are in no way
connected with the venation of the leaf.

Mr. G. P. Sherwood exhibited a collection of photographs
taken in Samoa, illustrating the scenery and people, together
with a number of necklets formed with strings of various bright-
coloured seeds.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On Self-fertilization and Cleistogamy in Orchids." By
H. N. Eidley, M.A., F.L.S.

2. "Notes on the Birds and Mammals of Hudson's Bay
Territory." By Dr. John Eae, F.E.S. (Communicated by
Geo. J. Eomanes, F.E.S., F.L.S.)

PEOCEEDINQS OF THE

March 1st, 1888.

William Cabktjthers, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

George Thomas Baker, Esq., John Bretland Farmer, Esq.,
Henry Powis Greenwood, Esq., Joseph Henry Maiden, Esq.,
Alfred George Renshaw, Esq., Arthur Everett Shipley, Esq., and
John Augustus Voelcker, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. W. Ransom exhibited a collection of Ferns from the
Yosemite Valley, Califoruia, and a series of photographs of rare
North-American plants.

Mr. James E. Harting exhibited a coloured drawing, life-size,
of a South-American Game-bird, the Rufous Tinainu, which has
been successfully introduced into this country at Brightlingsea,
Essex, by Mr. J. Bateman, and made some remarks on its affi-
nities and peculiarities of structure and habits.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On a new Genus of Cytiuaceae from Madagascar." By
Edmund G. Baker, F.L.S.

2. " On the Fauna and Flora of the Kermadec Islands." By
J. F. Cheeseman." (Communicated by Sir J. D.Hooker, F.R.S.,
F.L.S.)

March 15tb, 1888.

William Caeeuthees, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

John "William Taylor, Esq., Walter Gardiner, Esq., and David
Sharp, Esq., were elected Fellows : —

Mr. James E. Harting exhibited the frontal portion of the
skull of a Red-deer Stag, vvhich although an adult animal had
never possessed horus, and made some remarks on the occasional
occurrence of this abnormality. The Stag in question was one
which had been shot some years ago by the late Emperor of
Germany in the royal forest of Georde, in Hanover.

The following papers were read : —

1. " A Monograph of the Thelephorece — Part I." By George
Massee. (Communicated by W. T. Thiselton Dyer, F. U.S.,
F.L.S.)

2. "Descriptions of three new Marine Algae." By E. A.
L. Batters, F.L.S.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. II

April Sth, 1888.

"William Cabruthers, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

George Bretlingham Sowerby, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

Mr. Daniel Morris showed a native bracelet from Martinique.
Although formed apparently of seeds, or beads of wood or bone,
its real composition had puzzled both botanists and zoologists,
and until microscopically examined could not be determined.

Mr, J. Gr. Baker, F.E.S., exhibited a series of specimens of
Adiantum Fergiisoni and A. GapilUs-Veneris, and offered some
remarks upon their specific and varietal characters.

Mr. J. E. Harting exhibited a specimen of a rare British animal,
the Pine-Marten, which had been trapped in Cumberland, and
made some observations on the present distribution of the species
in the British Islands.

Mr. Clement Eeid exhibited a series of fruits and seeds, ob-
tained by Mr. J. Bennie from intergiacial deposits near Edin-
burgh, affording evidence of a colder climate than that now pre-
vailing in tiie Lowlands of Scotland.

Mr. F. Crisp exhibited some fragmentary remains of a wild
Goose shot in Somersetshire, which had been reported as the
Lesser White-fronted Goose, Anser erythropus, Linn., but
which was apparently an immature specimen of Anser alhifrons,
Scopoli.

In the absence of tlie author, the following paper was read by
the Secretary : —

" On some Ovicells of the Cyclostomatous Polyzoa." By
Arthur William Waters, F.L.S.

April 19th, 1888.

William Caeruthers, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Frederick Ernest Weiss, Esq., E-ev. William Johnson, and
Dr. Reginald Gervase Alexander were elected Fellows.

The Meeting having been declared special for the election of
a Councillor in the place of Mr. James E. Harting, resigned, the
President announced that the Ballot would be taken to fill the
vacancy thus caused.

12 PEOCEEDINOS OF THE

The President then announced that the following Auditors to
examine the Treasurer's Accounts had been nominated by the
Council : —

For the Fellows, Mr. Daniel Morris and Mr. Geo, E. M.
Murray; for the Council, Mr. Albert D. Michael and Prof.
John Anderson ; and by a show of hands these were unanimously
elected.

Prof. Martin Duncan exhibited a specimen of Seterocentrotus
mammillatus, showing the apertures of three of the genital ducts
to be in the median interradial sutures ; the corresponding basal
plates being imperforate.

Mr. George Murray exhibited some specimens of Spongocladia,
with explanatory coloured diagrams, and made some remarks on
the presence of Sponge-spicules in Algae, at present unaccounted
for.

Mr. Daniel Morris exhibited and made some remarks upon the
Bird-catching Sedge, Uncinia jamaicensis.

Mr. John 'R. Jackson, A.L.S., exhibited some table-mats from
Canada, made of the highly-scented grass Hierochloe horealis ;
and a sample of the so-called Pine- Wool, prepared from the
leaves of the American long-leaved or turpentiue-yieldiug Pine
(Finns australis), with a mat made from the wool, an industry
which has been recently started on a large scale at Wilmington,
North Carolina.

Mr. J. E. Harting exhibited a living specimen of Natterer's
Bat, which had been captured the previous day at Christchurch,
Hants, together with a water-colour drawing from life of Dau-
benton's Bat, recently taken at the same place.

The Ballot for a Member of the Council having been closed,
the President appointed Dr. John Meiklejohn, Mr. Frederick
J. Hanbury, and Mr. Stephen W. Silver, Scrutineers, and the
votes having been counted and reported to the President, he
declared Mr. John Jenner Weir to be duly elected.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Description of New Plants from Palestine." By the
Rev. George Post. (Communicated by W. T. Thiselton Dyer,
F.L.S.)

2. " On the Flora of Water-Meadows." By Prof. William
Fream, F,L,S.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 1 3

May 3rd, 1888.
De. John Andeeson, P.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read aud confirmed.

Alfred Vaughan Jennings, Esq., Leonard Alfred Boodle, Esq.,
William Cash, Esq., and Augustine Henry, Esq., were elected
Eellows.

Dr. Prof. Adolf Engler, Dr. Prof Thore Pries, Dr. Eobert
Hartig, Dr. Eugen Warming, and Dr. Anton Dohrn were
elected Foreign Members.

The Chairman read the following resolution of the Council,
passed at a Meeting held the same day at 4.30 p.m.

Eesolved: — That in connection with Centenary of the Society,
a Medal to be called " The Linnean Medal " be founded under
the following regulations : —

1. The Medal shall be o£ gold, costing not less than £14.

2. The Medal shall have on the obverse the head of
Linnaeus, modelled from the bust in the Library ; and on
the reverse the arms of the Society, with the name of the
recipient.

3. The Medal shall be given in the present year to a
Botanist and a Zoologist, and in future years to a Botanist
and a Zoologist alternately, commencing with a Botanist.

4. Any Biologist shall be eligible to receive the Medal
who is not at the time a Member of the Council.

5. The person to whom the Medal is to be presented shall
be selected by the Council.

6. The Medal shall be presented to the person to whom it
is awarded, or his representative, by the President at the
Anniversary Meeting, and the President in presenting the
same shall specify the grounds on which the Medal has
been awarded.

Dr. Prancis Day exhibited some specimens of Lochleven and
Sea Trout, raised at Howietoun, to illustrate his observation
that the markings usually relied upon to distinguish the species
are not constant, and therefore, taken alone, of no value for the
purpose of identification. He also exhibited specimens of Trout
from Otago, N. Z., descendants of some which had been intro-
duced there, presenting some curious modifications of structure.

There were shown for Mr. Miller Christy some specimens of
the Bardfield Oxlip, Primula elatior, Jacq., gathered near Dun-
mow, and peculiar to this part of England.

14 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

Mr. C. Baron Clarke, F.E.S., F.L.S., read a note on Eoot-
Pressure, in which he contested the views of Sachs and his
followers, that root-pressure is sufficient to sustain the weight o£
a column of water of the height of 100 (or even 300) feet, and to
force out drops at particular points of the leaves. He main-
tained that it was a mathematical error to apply the equation
•p^gpz to the case of water in plants, but that in a collection of
cells and longitudinal tubes of varying size, all very small, the
only mechanical ideas that could be applied were those of capillary
attraction and motion. He also argued that in the uninjured
l)lant the fluid pressure in any cell was very small, and that the
pressure due to a column 300, or even 30, feet would utterly
shatter the cells.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Life-Histories of Glyciphagus domesticus and
G. spinipes^' By Albert D. Michael, F.L.8.

2. " On the Ovicells of some Lichenoporae." By A. W. Waters,
F.L.S.

May 2J:th, 1888.

Centenary Anniversary Meeting.

This day, being the day appointed by the Charter, the hundredth
Anniversary Meeting of the Society was held in the Library, the
President's chair being placed at the west end of the room. The
portrait of Linnaeus was flanked by tall palms, and the front of
the ofiicial bureau was decorated with a bank of flowers and
ornamental plants, the whole of these decorations having been
lent for the occasion by Htirry Veitch, Esq., F.L.S.

The President announced the presentation to the Society by
Mr. Frederick Justen of 16 Volumes of Dictionaries of ancient
and modern languages and three Atlases, for which valuable
present a special vote of thanks to the donor was unanimously
accorded.

H.M. Oscar II., King of Sweden and Norway, was unani-
mously elected by show of hands to be an Honorary Member of
the Society.

The Treasurer presented the Annual Statement of Accounts
duly audited, as shown on p. 15, and made a few remarks on the
financial history of the Society from its foundation.

(An abstract compiled by the senior Secretary is appended to
the President's Address, on \^. 42.)

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

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l6 PE0CEEDING8 OP THE

The Secretary then read his report of the deaths, withdrawals,
and elections of new Fellows for the past year as follows : —

Since the last Anniversary Meeting 18 Fellows had died, or
their deaths been ascertained, viz. : —

Fellows (18).

Patrick DuflEy.
John Beswick Perrin.
Eobert Maulkin Lingwood.
Eobert Gillies.
Rev. John Hillier.
William Fei'gusson.
Sir J. F. Julius von Haast.
Thomas Eoutledge.
Et. Hon. Alex. J. B. Beresford
Hope.

Sir W. Vernon Guise.

Edwin Lees.

W. D'Arcy Godolphin

Osborne.
Prof. Alexander Dickson.
Edward Bradford.
John Millar.
John T. Irvine Boswell.
David Williams.
William Threlfall.

Associate (1).
John Smith.

Foreign Membees (5).

Prof. Spencer J. Baird.
Prof. Eobert Caspary.
Prof. Anton de Bary.
Prof. Asa Gray.
Prof. Jules Emile Planchon.

During the past oflScial year 6 Fellows had withdrawn, viz. : —

Sir Herbert Eustace Maxwell.
Henry Bowman Brady.
John Cory Havers.
Thomas Lane Bancroft.
Walter George Woolcombe.
Chas. E. Barnard.

7 Fellows had been struck off the Society's list for non-payment
of arrears ; and 31 Fellows and 5 Foreign Members had been
elected.

During the past year there had been received as Donations
from private individuals to the Library 105 volumes and 213
pamphlets and separate impressions of memoirs. From the
various Universities, Academies, and Scientific Societies there
had also been received in exchange or otherwise 163 volumes and
200 detached parts ; besides 62 volumes and 118 parts obtained
by exchange and donation from the editors and proprietors of
independent periodicals.

LINNEAN SOCIETT OF LONDON. 1 7

The Council, at the recouimendatioii of the Library Committee,
had sanctioned the purchase of 105 volumes and 125 parts of
important works. The total additions to the Library were
therefore 433 volumes and 716 separate parts.

The following is the number of Books bound during the last
year : — In whole morocco 8, in half morocco 261, in cloth 183,
iu vellum 166, in buckram 7, in boards or half cloth GG, rebacked
102, relabelled 53. Total 846.

The Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing the
elections, —

The President then opened the business of the day, and
the Fellows present proceeded to ballot for the Council and
Officers.

The Ballot for the Council having closed, the President
appointed Mr. J. Gr. Baker, Mr. J. W. Dunning, and Mr. Ole
Theodor Olsen, Scrutineers. The votes having been counted and
reported to the President, he declared the following Members to
be removed from the Council, viz. : — Mr. Arthur Bennett,
Mr. Albert D. Michael, Prof St. George Mivart, Dr. Dukinfield
H. Scott, and Mr. Henry Seebohm.

And the following to be elected into the Council, viz. : — Eev.
W. H. Dallinger, Mr. Francis Darwin, Prof P. M. Duncan,

Mr. Henry N, Eidley, and Lord Arthur Russell.

The Ballot for the Officers having closed, the President nomi-
nated the same Scrutineers, and the votes having been counted
and. rejDorted to the President, he declared the result as follows,
viz. : — President, Mr. William Carruthers, F.E.S. ; Treasurer,
Mr. Frank Crisp ; Secretaries, Mr. B. Davdon Jackson, and
Mr. W. Percy Sladen.

The Senior Secretary read a history of the Liunean Books and.
Collections as follows : —

LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1887-88.

1 8 PROCEEDINGS OV THE

HISTORY

OF THE

LINNEAN COLLECTIONS,

PEEPARED FOR THE

CENTEMEY ANNIVERSARY OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY
BY THE SENIOR SECRETARY.

The History of the Liunean Collections in tlie possession of tlie
Society divides itself naturally into three periods — 1st, the period
of their growth; 2nd, their possession by Sir J. E. Smith ; and
3rd, their acquisition and tenure by the Linnean Society.

I. The GrEOWTH of the Collections.

The scanty information afforded by the collections as to the
place whence obtained and date, makes it a matter of consider-
able difficulty to ascertain the progress of the herbarium and
zoological specimens in our Cabinets. We find a few scattered
hints in Linnseus's Autobiography, of which a translation is given
in Maton'a edition of Pulteney's ' Greneral View of the Writings of
Linnfcus,' 1805 ; these, being the actual statements of Linnaeus,
are the foundation of our ivnowledge on this matter, Linnaeus
first became acquainted with dried plants when living with
Dr. Kilian Stobaeus at Lund in 1727. " He was highly de-
lighted with the mode of making a hortus siccus, and imme-
diately began to collect all the plants that grew in the vicinity
of Lund, and to glue them on paper" (p. 515), Having, on the
advice of his old friend Eothmann, removed from Lund to Upsala,
where he would find amongst other advantages " a most exten-
sive botanical garden to gratify his taste for botany," he became
known to Olof Celsius, the author of ' Hierobotanicon.' In the
autumn of 1729 he was examining plants in the academical
garden when Celsius noticed him, and, in reply to his question,
Linua}us said " that he had above GOO indigenous plants preserved
in his Cabinet," and he afterwards showed his herbarium (pp. 517,
518). In 1736 Linnaeus paid his visit to England at the expense

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 9

o£ his patron George Clifford of Hartecamp. The note " Miller
f^ave him many rare plants from Chelsea " (Pulteney's ' General
View,' p. 528), probably refers to living plants for the garden. On
his return to the Netherlands Linnaeus wrote and printed liis splen-
did ' Hortus Cliffortianus,' the types of which are in the Botanical
department of the British Museum. In 1748 he received from
Gmelin, who travelled through Siberia, a collection of the greater
number of the plants of that country. He had before received,
from Grouovius, a collection of Virginia plants, and from Pro-
fessor Sauvages all those that grew about Montpellier {op. cit.
p. 542). Three years later, in 1751, Kalm returned from
Canada " loaded with a very considerable collection of plants,
of every one of which Linnaeus got specimens. In this manner
Linnaeus' s herbarium increased so fast, that it rivalled every
one in the world, he having collected all the species that were
to be found in Sweden, Lapland, and in the gardens of Clifford,
Leyden, Oxford, Chelsea, and Paris, besides all the plants from
Virginia through Gronovius, from Siberia through Gmelin,
from Kamtschatka through Demidoff, from Languedoc through
Sauvages; not to mention tliose he got from the garden at
Upsala and from all his other correspondents " {pp. cit. p. 544).

In 1753 " Osbeck returned from China, and n)ade Linnaeus a
present of his collection, consisting of more than 600 Chinese
plants. Lofling's collection of plants from Spain and Portugal
amounted to a similar number. For two years j)ast Gmelin had
sent all the Siberian plants from that country ; Demidoff the
whole of Steller's collection ; Sauvages had made him a present of
the whole of Ids collection ; these, in addition to what Linnaeus
had collected in Lapland, Sweden, Denmark, Zealand, Holland,
England, and France, and what he had received from Kalm and
Gronovius from North America, and from all botanists through-
out Europe, rendered his herbarium one of the largest in the
world " (p. 51G) . . . Lolling was commanded by the King of
Spain to travel through South America, in order to collect speci-
mens for the Spanish Court, the Prime Minister, the King of
France, the Queen of Sweden, and Linnaeus " {op. cit. p. 547).

" 1769. Linnaeus built at his country-place a Museum, which
was on a hill, and in which he kept his plants, zoophytes, shells,
insects, and minerals .... Eeceived an incomparable collection
of dried plants, bulbs, and seeds, from Governor Tulbagh, at the
Cape of Good Hope, and likewise a similar one made by M. Kiinig
at the same place and at Maderaspatan " {op. cit. p. 552).

'' Linnaeus collected and described every Swedish insect, and
procured others from both the Indies, nay, even from the
Southern hemisphere " (op. cit. p. 560).

" He [the Creator] hath given him the largest collection of
plants that ever existed in the world, and his greatest delight "
\op. cit. p. 564).

c2

20 PROCEKDINOS OF TRF.

" Linnffus's Herbarium. The largest, uudoubtedly, that ever
was seen.

" 1. I have collected, from my infancy, all the plants of Sweden,

top;ether with those of the Swedish gardens.
'2. All those of Lapland I collected with incredible diligence.
" 3. On my travels through Denmark, Germany, Holland,
England, and France, 1 did all I could to procure plants.
" J. Clifford's garden, being under uiy management for the
space of three years, and as I was empowered to write for
all I could get, afforded me a considerable number, which
I carefully preserved.
" 5. Clifford had an excellent herbarium, from which he gave

me all the duplicates.
" 6. On my assisting Yan Koyen to arrange the garden be-
longing to the IJniversity of Leyden, I obtained not only
a large number of recent plants, but also many dried
ones.
" 7. When I assisted Dr. Gronovius in examining Clayton's

plants from Virginia, I got du|ili' ates of most of them.
"8. Miller, of Chelsea, permitted me to collect many in the
garden, and gave me several dried specimens, collected by
Houston in Suuth America.
" 9, I likewise got many from the garden at Oxford, then
under the management of Dillenius.
"10. Jussieu also gave me a great many dried specimens, be-
sides the rare ones I got from the Paris garden.
"11. Professor Sauvages had received from Magnol (the great
botanist) his entire herbarium, which Sauvages made me a
present of.
" 12. On Gmelin's return from Siberia, in which country he had
travelled many years, he gave me a specimen of every
plant he had collected, in order to learn my opinion of
each.
" 13. Steller, who was Gmelin's assistant on his travels in
Siberia, and who went as far as Kamtschatka and the
northern part of America (born as it were to collect
plants), died at Kiumeni, on his return home. Leubel
took his collection and sold it to Demidoff, who forwarded
to me the whole of it, that I miglit affix the names, with
permission to keep all the duplicates.
" 14. Brown[e] made a fine collection of plants in Jamaica, and
published on them in folio, when lie returned to London.
On his return to America, he sold the collection to me.
It was a fine and rare herbarium.
" 15. Prof. Kalm, born to investigate plants, collected a vast
number in North America, and gave me a specimen of
each.
** IG. Prof. Lofling, who with incredible care collected the

LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 21

Spanish plants, likewise presented to me one of every
kind.
" 17. I have a specimen of every one of the plants found by
Hasselquist, in Natolia, Egypt, and Palestine.

" 18. Pastor Osbeck gave me one of every species he found in
China and Java.

" 19. Doctor Baster, of Zealand, sent me a collectiou of plants
from Java, consistiug of more than 300 plants.

" 20. Lagerstrom, Director of the East India Company, ordered
the Captains of the East India ships, every year, to collect
plants, and gave all that were collected to me.

"21. Alstromer, having travelled observantly through England,
Fiance, Spain, and Italy, sent me several packets, which he
had partly collected liimself,and partly received from others.

" 22. In no garden have there been sown so many kinds of seed
as in that of Upsala during any time. I have received
seeds from all the curious throughout the world, and have
never neglected preserving such of the plants raised from
them as I had not before.

" 23. Kleinhof, who formed the largest botanical garden in Java,
and there raised a great many East-India plants, on his
return home to Holland sent me a large trunk full.

" 24. All the botanists of my time contended, as it were, in
sending me sj^ecimens of new and rare vegetables, in
order to hear my opinion, and to gratify me with some-
thing remarkable ; for instance, Jacquin, Schreber, Haller,
Arduino, Turra, Bassi, Miller, D. Royen, L. N. Burmann,
Scopoli, Duchesne, Grouan, Seguier, Allioni, Hudson, and
G-arden.

" 25. Koenig, on his return home from Iceland, sent me the
Iceland plants, among wdiich the collection of Euci and
other marine plants was incomparable.

" 26. Prof. Burmann has at several times sent me plants from
the Cape of Grood Hope, and I believe that I possess one
of the largest collections of plants from tliat place.

" 27. Eolander collected in the islauds near America a great
many plants, which he gave to M. de Greer, Chamberlain
of the Household, who made me a present of every one of
tiiem.

" 28. Tulbagh, Governor of the Cape of Good Hope, made me a
present of above 200 of the rarest plants that grow there,
all put up with great care, besides a number of roots and
bulbs alive, for the purpose of being planted in the
garden.

■' 29. Kciuig not also sent me all the rarest plants from Iceland, but
even afterwards from Madeira, the Cape of Good Hope,
Maderaspan [Madras], and Ti-anquebar, a large collection
consisting of several hundreds, among which were many
quite new.

22 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

" Indisputably no botanist has ever possessed a larger collection
of dried plants, or a richer herbarium. It is placed in order,
according to Genera, Orders, and Classes, and tlie Nomina
specifica are written on them.

" Each of all these species I have glued wiih isinglass on half a
sheet of paper, and all the half-sheets that belong to one genus I
have put up in a Avhole sheet of paper, and on the whole sheet I
have written the name of the Genus, and on the half-sheet the
name of the Species. All these whole sheets, or Genera, I have
arranged according to the Orders and Classes, in two presses,
with partitions in them suited to the Classes, in order that,
when the Genus and Class are known, one may immediately
find out the specimen. So simple a mode of arrangement has
never before existed. When several specimens are required on
account of Varieties or some differences of a species, there are
several quarter-sheets placed between, and the quarter-sheets
belonging to the same species are fastened together with a pin
at the edges." (Pulteney's ' General View,' ed. Maton, pp. 574-
576.)

" On the death of Linuseus his own son was obliged to buy the
collections and library at a price fixed by his mother. Having
a great desire to travel, he pawned his juvenile herbarium to
Baron Alstroemer for fifty-five pounds sterling, to provide himself
with the needful funds. He found himself received with the
greatest attention, as the son and successor of the great Swedish
naturalist, and in his jouruey was the reciijieut of many gifts
to enrich his herbarium. He reached London in May 17S1,
and was received as a guest by Sir Joseph Banks during the
three months he spent in England. In August he was in Paris,
where he was given duplicates of Commersou's plants from
Thouin's herbai'ium, amounting to 1100 species ; no dujilicates
had been before imparted to any foreigner. The spring of the
next year, 1782, he was in Holland, tracing the steps of his
father's progress, and receiving abundant presents of dried
plants, books, shells, and insects." (Smith in Kees's Cyclopaedia,
Art. Linnaeus.)

II. Possession by Sie J. E. Smith.

Upon the death of the younger Linnaeus, Dr. Acrel, Professor
of Medicine at Upsala, made the offer of the whole of the
collections to Sir Joseph Banks for the sum of oue thousand
guineas, through the agency of Dr. Eugelhart. " It appeared,"
says Smith, " that I breakfasted with Sir Joseph upon the day
the letter arrived, which was the 23rd of December, 1783 ; and
he told me of the offer he had, saying he should decline it ; and,
handing me the letter to read, advised me strongly to make tlie
purchase, as a thing suitable to my tai-te, and which would do me
honour." Smitli went at once to Engelhart, whom he had

LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONBON. 23

known at Edinburgh when a student there, and both wrote
that day to Dr. Acrel, Smith asking for a Catalogue and agreeing
to buy the collections at the price named, if they answered his
expections. The following day Smith wrote to his father, and
after stating the case as above, he continues " .... I am so
ambitious as to wish to possess this treasure, with a view to
settle as a pliysician in London, and read lectures on natural
history. Sir Joseph Banks and all my friends . . . approve of it
highly .... There is no time to be lost, for the affair is now
talked of in all companies, and a number of people wish to be
purchasers."

This was the beginning of a brisk correspondence on the sub-
ject, the elder Smith questioning the advisability of such a step
being taken ; in a later letter we find Smith saying : — " I have
learnt from Mr. Dryander [Banks's Librarian and Curator]
what the collection consists of; he has often seen it ; it was kept
in a room built on purpose by itself, for fear of hre. One side
of this room was quite occupied by the cabinets of fossils, which
are very fine ; in another part was a large cabinet of corals, and
some animals, as he thinks ; there was also a very large collection
of insects and shells. The dried plants of the elder Linnseus
were about 8000 ; and his son's collections in his travels, from
Sir Joseph, and in France, about as many more. There were
many cabinets round the room, and also a few books for common
use; but his principal library was kept in another place, and this
Dryander never saw ; he tells me it was considered to be a good
one."

Dr. Acrel, in due course, sent a reply, dated Upsala, 9 Feb.
1784, in which he stated that time did not permit of a Catalogue
being drawn up to send with his letter, but gave a rough sum-
mary of the collections ; that the volumes exceeded 1500 in
number, besides the MSS. and letters, which were not yet put
into order ; many were in paper wrappers, but the greater part
and the important ones were bound ; defective volumes were
practically absent ; many rarities were in the library, and medical
books hardly any ; that the collections should be divided into
those of the father and the sou, of which : —

The elder Linne's consisted of about 14,000 contained in three
cases, w hich were made for use, not for show ; and that of injury
by insects there was hardly a trace.

The younger Linne's, of more recent collection, and more
presentable, but the number was yet uncertain ; but it had con-
siderable accessions from his English journey, and from Smeath-
man, Masson, Aublet, Sonnerat, Dombey, and others ; the col-
lection of shells was very fine ; that the insecti^, if offered
separately, would readily fetch 170 rix-dollars [£46 15s. Od.].
Corals and other marine objects tine ; about 50 birds preserved
in glazed boxes ; fishes, both in spirit and glued to cardboard in
great number ; nothing could as yet be said about the fruits,

24 PROCEEDINQS OF TUE

birds' nests, Dative garments from India and tlie Pacific ; but no
materia medica ; about 3000 letters.

Purther, it was the wish of the family that the MSS. should not
be printed, save under competent editorship and in the jiublic
interest. The letter concludes w^ith a promise tliat nothing
should be withdrawn from the collections, so far as he could
prevent, and that the Catalogue should speedily follow.

On April Gth Smith received the Catalogue above-mentioned,
and conmiunicated the gist of it to his father ; in a letter, dated
April 10th, he says: — "On Tuesday I received the wished for
Catalogue from Sw^eden ; it is very full and exact, much better
than 1 expected. There are many valuable books .... Sloane's
Jamaica, worth ten or twelve guineas ; and many others w orth
from five to ten pounds .... one little book on insects,
coloured, for a copy of which Sir Joseph Banks gave books to
the value of thirty pounds, and which has long been sought for
in vain for the lloyal Library .... Plants 19,000; insects,
shells, &c. are said to be very valuable and numerous . . . Tliere
is a collection of plants called the small herbarium of young
Linna3us, which was collected before his father's death, and
contains nothing but what is in the great herbarium ; this he
desired before his death might go to Baron Alstromer to satisfy
a debt of 200 rix-dollars (fifty-five pounds) which he owed him
The executors, unwilling to separate anything from the collection,
offered the whole to Baron Alstromer for 1000 guineas ; they
have not had his answer, nor do they expect he Avill buy it, as lie
is quite paralytic, and can neither read nor write at present ;
they therefore do not doubt his taking the small herbarium
only, and in that case they ofter me all the rest for 900 guineas,
as the very lowest price ; they have had oilers of an unlimited
sum from a Eussian nobleman, but have declined treating with
him till they have my final answer.

" 1 wrote last night . . . and I agreed to take the whole, witliout
the small herbarium, for 900 guineas, or with that, and pay Baron
Alstriimer's debt. . . . The executors demand 500 guineas to be
paid as soon as the bargain is concluded, the rest six mouths
after."

The foregoing is based u])ou a letter of Acrel's dated 6 March
1784, sending the Catalogue, and stating that the sale must be
concluded soon, as the house had to be vacated for the incoming
professor, and damage might accrue by removal. He had un-
earthed many moie MSS. than tlie Catalogue noted, and in a
postscrijjt added that the consignment could be made by vessel
direct to London.

A subsequent note was written by Acre], in May, giving the
numbers in gross, as under : —

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 25

Insecta. Coleoptera 1153

Hemiptera 315

Neuroptera 66

Lepidoptera 923

Hymenoptera 362

Di'ptera 266

Aptera 113

Total 3198

Couehylia 1564

Minerals, in two Cabinets 2424

Birds in glass boxes 45

Birds' beaks —

Eisbes, on card 158

Fishes, in spirit —

Corallia, in large number, but not counted.
Mammalia 0

After some enquiries as to customs, insurance, &c., Acrel
proposes to entrust the collections to a trustworthy seaman,
Captain Browell, who sails between London and Stockiiolm
once or twice a year. He further requests permission to pur-
chase eight English v/orks which he names, as being difRcult to
procure in Sweden ; and gives this extract from one of two
letters which he had recently received from Bibthorp : — " If I am
not too late to become a purchaser, I will immediately, on the
receipt o£ your answer, set off for Upsal." He had replied that
he was in treaty already for the disposal of the collections to
another. The difficulty of j^acking the collections, particularly
the insects, so as to obviate damage in transit, is the last part of
the letter.

Acrel acknowledged the receipt of the first portion of the
purchase money on 13th July, 1784.

On August 31st, 1784, Smith wrote to his father: — " ... it is
now unnecessary for us to trouble our friends any further about
the Custom-house business, for I went there yesterday and was
told that an order had come from the Treasury that everything
except the books should be admitted and delivered to me without
duty, or any charges whatever. I was at the same time assured
that every attention possible should be shown me, and the
greatest care taken that nothing should be injured. I am
principally obliged to Sir John Jervis for this indulgence, and I
understand it is almost a singular instance."

Sir John Jervis was at this time one of the members for Great

26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Yarmouth, and a complete stranger to Smith; he afterwards
became Earl St. A'^incent.

On August 13th, l78i, Acrel wrote that the transportation of
the collections to Stockholm liad been safely accomplished ; they
were packed in 26 wooden cases, under government seal, so as
not to be opened by the Custom-house officers at Stockholm ;
included were 97 woodcuts prepared for Kudbeck's ' Campi
Elysii,' which work was almost entirely destroyed by fire in
1702. Smith received this letter on Sept. Gth, and wrote con-
cerning it to his father : — " . . . haA'ing now received half the sum,
the heirs had consented to forward the collection, and it was sent
to Stockholm on August 4th under the care of a trusty mercantile
friend, to be put on board the first good ship for England.
Captain Browell would not wait for it. Dr. Acrel says, there is
among the books a copy of that very rare book the 1st volume
of Rudbeck's ' Campi Elysii,' of which there are only two or
three copies in the world, almost the whole edition having been
consumed, with the whole towu of Upsal, in 1702. I have heard
Mr. Dryander say, Sir J. Banks would gladly give 100/. for it ;
he has the 2nd volume, and so shall I. . . ." [This was a misappre-
hension, see the account given ot" this work when exhibited at
the Officers' Conversazione, May 25th.]

October 2, 1784. " Upon enquiring this day about the pro-
bable time of the arrival of the ship from Sweden, I find it may be
here in a day or two. Its name, ' The Appearance,' Captain
Axel Daniel Sweder. The cases are marked J. E. S., no. 1 to
26, and must be very large, as the books, which are near three
thousand, take up six of them only, the plants five, minerals
four, insects two, shells, fish, and corals occupy three. The
freight 80/. and 51. for the Captain's fee. I Avas at the Custom-
house to day, and s^aw the letter from the Treasury, which is very
handsome and full. All the expenses that Dr. Acrel has been at
on my account amount to 4/. 10s., which he det^ires I'll repay him
in medical books."

The ship which was conveying this valuable cargo hnd just
sailed, when the King of Sweden, Grustavus 111., who had been
absent in France, returned home, and sent a vessel to the Sound
to intercept its A'oyage ; but happily it was too late. A courier
was also dispatched by laud to stop the vessel at the Sound, but
he was also unable to arrive in time. (Smith's Correspondence,
i. \). 126). At the end of October, 1784, the packages were safely
landed at the Custom-house *.

The whole cost of the collection, including freight, was
£1088 5s.

A report was circulated that Acrel had been bribed with a
hundred pounds to complete the sale to Smith. The latter

* He afterwards learned from Acrel that he was very near losing the col-
lections "by a plot of Baron Alstroemer, who wanted to have them, and who
procured authority to confiscate the wliole after it was sold. How his scheme
failed I know not." (Smith's Corresp. i. p. 271.)

LTI^NEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 27

wTiting to Acrel says : — " Dryander immediately contradicted this
malicious falsehood ; but it gives me much concern that your
conduct, wliich has been so honourable, should have made you
enemies . . . Between ourselves, it is certainly a disgrace to the
University that they sutVered such a treasure to leave them."

Smith's first notion was to deposit the collections in some
spare rooms in tlie British Museum, but decided at last to take a
house, where they would be more accessible. He therefore hired
apartments in Paradise-row, Chelsea, wdiither the cases were at
once conveyed. During the following winter he examined the
whole, in company with 8ir Joseph Banks and Dryander, par-
ticularly the herbarium, and arranged the whole ; on the title-
page of each book or pamphlet he wrute " E. Bibl. propr. Linn.
1784."

In 1786 Smith went abroad, to take his degree of M.D. at
Leyden. During his tour he found that the possessor of the
Linneau Collections was received with the greatest consideration.
He returned in November, 17S7, after seventeen months' ab-
sence.

In 1789 he printed impressions from the woodblocks illus-
trating the elder Rudbeck's ' Campus Elysius ' which had escaped
the disastrous fire at Upsala, 16 May, L702, and which formed part
of the Linnean possessions entitled ' Eeliquse E-udbeckiauie.' la
tliat year also he began his ' Plantarum icones hactenus ineditse,
pkrumque in herbario Linna^a conservatse,' of which 3 fasciculi
came out. His 'Flora Britannica' was an attempt to correct,
by means of the types in the Linnean herbarium, some of the
errors into which Hudson and later British botanists had fallen.

Smith remained at Clielseafrom the autumn of 1784 till March
1788, when he removed to Great Marlborough Street, the first
home of the Linnean Society. Here he remained about six years,
when he again transferred his collections to a house at Ham-
mersmith, near Lee's nursery.

In this locality he lived two years, when he was induced by
family reasons to tliiuk of fixing his headquarters in his native
city. As a first step he sold the Linnean minerals, as the fol-
lowing title-page shows : —

"Linnean Cabinet of Minerals. — A Catalogue of the ge.iuiue
and entire Collection of the late celebrated Swedish Natura-
list Sir Charles Linne, together with many valuable post-
humous additions. (The whole having correct refei'ences
to the last improved edition of the ' Systema Naturse ' by
Professor Gmelin.) Which will be sold by Auction. By
Mr, King, at his Great Room, King Street, Covent Garden,
on Tuesday, March 1, 1796, and following day at Twelve
o'clock. To be viewed on Monday preceding, and Catalogues
then had at the Room."

In the autumn of 1796 he finally removed the collections to

28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

his native city, Norwich, where he thenceforth lived the greater
part of the year, giving two to three months in each year to
London in the spring, for the Anniversary Meeting of the
Society, until lie died in March, 1828.

It is not very easy to trace Smith's usage of the Linnean
Collections, as slender indications have to be pieced together to
form a whole.

The Minerals, as already recorded, were sold in 1796.

The Zoological collections were not retained intact, for many
drawers of Lcpidoptera now contain specimens ticketed exclu-
sively in Smith's handwriting; whether these were interpolations
or substitutions cannot now be ascertained, but the bulk of the
collection appear to be of Liimsean origin, many having Linnseus's
original tickets in proof of this.

Of the Botanical specimens, some were given away, Banks
receiving certain of Mutis's plants*, and a specimen of Dia-
pensia laj)j)ou/ca gathered by Liuna-us given to Davall f, &c.
Smith made many notes in pencil on the sheets of the herbarium,
but happily the herbarium, as a whole, is substantially as it was
left by the younger Liune. Of its present state, a fuller account
will be given hereafter.

III. Possession by the Linnean Society.

It Avas the universal expectation of the Society that its founder
would bequeatli to it the Linnean Collections, and in this
belief it continued to annually re-elect him President, although
for thirty -two years he had only resided in London during two
or three months in each year, leaving the conduct of the Society's
affairs to the Council and the Chairmanship during three-fourths
of each Session to the Vice-Presidents. It was therefore with
great surprise that on 15th March, 1828, the Council received
an oiFer from the executor of Sir James Smith of the collections
for the sum of £5000. On the 6th of the following month the
Council resolved to place the offer before the Anniversary Meet-
ing, which was done, a sub-committee being appointed to con-
sider the proposal. The outcome of the negotiations was, that
on Dec. lt)th tlie Society was about to decline to purchase, even
at the reduced amount of £40U0, but no positive decision was
taken. On February 10th, 1S29, the executor reduced his
terms to 3000 guii:eas, which was accepted, and on March 24th
the Treasurer was authorized to pay £2000, and to raise the
balance of £1150 by bonds bearing interest at 5 per cent. The
Subscription raised amongst the Fellows amounted to £1593 8s.

* " The Banksian Herbarium was in the course of seven mouths compared
with that of Limuvus throughout, to their mutual advantJige, by a copious
intcrcliange, not only of infornnition, but of specimens." Lacliesis, pref. p. ix.
In otlier words, tlic herbai-ia of Banks and Smith were enriched at the exijense
of the Linnean herbarium.

t Smith, Corresp. ii. pp. 22, 27.

LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LOHDON. 2g

(Trans, vol. xvi. pp. 755-7GO), and the purchase was ultimately
made on these terms.

The financial history of the Society given on p. 42 shows how
heavily this burden o£ debt weighed upon the Society for nearly
forty years. The interest could not always be met, and by 1842
the total indebtedness reached to a pitch that a second sub-
scription was opened to lighten the burden of debt. This pro-
duced a sum of £994 3s. (Trans, vol. xix. pp. 496-497; Proc.
vol. i. pp. 149-150, 174) ; and although it somewhat relieved
the pressure, still left an amount of £900 due to the bond-
holders.

From this time an occasional redemption of a bond of £100
decreased the sum payable as interest, until the year 1851, wdieu
the Society removed from Soho Square to apartments provided
gratuitously by the Grovernment at Burlington House, the costs
of removal being met by a general subscription. In 1859 the
first investment was made of .£300 in Consols, derived in part
from a legacy, the interest from which helped to neutralize
the drain caused by the bond-debt. In that year Robert
Brown, by will, ordered his two bonds to be given up to the
Society to be cancelled, a most welcome gift ; the last bond
was paid off in 1861.

On the receipt of the herbarium by the Liunean Society steps
were taken to preserve tlie specimens from the Loudon atmo-
sphere. The plants had already been poisoned with corrosive
sublimate, and they were now enveloped in the wrappers which
are described below, and are familiar to all who have con-
sulted the herbarium.

Extracts from the Reports of the Committee which advised
these methods of protection, follow : —

Council Minutes, May 21st, 1836.

" The Secretary reported that the Committee appointed to
inspect the state of tlie Liunean Herbarium had met and agreed
on the following Report : —

"The Committee having inspected the Liunean Herbarium
have to report that they have ordered additional shelves, and the
papers holdmg Genera to be enclosed in brown paper haviug
cotton-cloth pasted on the inside of the folds.

"The shelves to be numbered, and a Catalogue of the Genera
to be made in an alphabetical and systematic order. The space
between the shelves to be numbered, and a double row of numbers
corresponding to the spaces to be affixed to the central partition
in the Cabinets, these numbers to be inscribed in the Catalogue
opposite each genus . . . ."

Council Minutes, April 5J 1836.
" On the motion of Mr. Ward, a Committee was appointed, con-
sisting of Mr. Ward, Mr. Brown, Mr. Forster, and Dr. Boott,

30 PROCEEDINGS OF TUB

to report of the state of the Liunean Herbarium, and to suggest
any desirable means of pres^ervirig it from injury, a due con-
sideration to the facility of reference being observed."

At the Anniversary Meeting iu 1856, the President, Prof.
Thomas Bell, read a report presented to the previous Council,
from which the following extracts are taken : —

" Eeport presented to the Council, May 6, 1856.

" The Committee of Council, consisting of the President, Mr.
Bentham, Mr. "Wilson Saunders, and the Secretary [Mr. J. J.
Bennett], were appointed, on the 1st of April, 1856, ' to examine
the Books, Manuscripts, and Collections, forming the Library and
Museum of Linnaeus, and to report to the Council : —

" '"What they respectively consist of;

" ' "Where they are now respectively deposited ;

" ' In what state they are respectively ; and

" ' "Whether any suggestions may occur to the Committee
with reference to their preservation and exhibition to the Fel-
lows of the Society and Visitors,' reported as follows : —

" The Committee have held several meetings . . . ; the results
of their investigation may best be stated under the general
heads of Books, Manuscripts, Plants, Insects, Shells, Fishes, and
Miscellaneous Zoological specimens. "

"1. Books.

"... The Committee consider it highly desirable that the
Natural-History Library of Linnaeus should be separated from
the rest of the Society's books . . . That for the future these
volumes be not lent out to the Fellows without the special
permission of the Council."

" 2 . Man uscrip ts.

" The Manuscripts .... are in an excellent state of preser-
vation .... "When the Society is able to afford it, the corre-
spondence should be mounted on guards and bound in volumes."

"3. Plants.

"The Herbarium is contained in three upright narrow cabinets
formerly belonging to Linnaeus, and in which it has remained up
to the present time ; these cabinets are placed in the meeting-
room of the Society. The plants are in excellent condition, and
well protected in conformity with directions given by the Council
on the recommendation of a Committee in 1836. The Committee
recommend that these cabinets should be ... . conspicuously
distinguished . . . . "

LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. 3 1

"4. Insects.

" The Insects are in a good and secure cabinet .... and are in
an excellent state of preservation. While in the possession of
the first President of the Society, the late Sir J. E. Smith, a
number of additional insects were incorporated with those of
Linnaeus ; and the Committee recommend that, as soon as oppor-
tunity offers, these insects be separated from the Linnean, and
the two collections be arranged in distinct parts of the Cabinet."

"5. Shells.

" In the examiuation of the collection of shells the Committee
requested and obtained the valuable assistance of Mr. Hanley.
. , . The Committee regret to state that serious injury has
resulted to the Linnean collection of shells from the careless
mode in which they have been occasionally referred to by visitors,
and from the attempt of a former subcurator to arrange them
according to a modern method. Many of the specimens have
thus been displaced from their original receptacles, and other
difficulties have been created to the complete identification of the
Linnean species, and their discrimination from the specimens
added by Sir J. E. Smith.

" On Mr. Hanley's recommendation, the Committee resolved
that it is highly desirable :

" That the Linnean collection should, as fiir as possible, be
separated from the specimens subsequently added :

" That all the specimens which can be undoubtedly identified as
Linnean should be attached to boards with the Linnean name
added, and any useful memoranda relating to them.

" Mr. Hanley kindly oftered iiis assistance in carrying out
these recommendations, and stated it as his opinion .... that
very little expense would be incurred."

"6. Fishes.

" With the valuable assistance of Mr. Tarrell, who consented
to join the Committee for the purpose, the Committee proceeded
to examine the collection of Eishes, which .... consists of half-
skins pasted upon paper, and generally in fair condition. Many
of these undoubtedly belonged to Linnseus ; some appear to liave
formed part of the collections of his son ; and others were pro-
bably added by Sir J. E. Smith.

" Mr. Tarrell recommended that they should be pasted on card-
board in such a manner as to retain all the original papers and
the writing upon them ; and the Committee resolved :

" That it be recommended to the Council to accept the kind
offer of Mr. Tarrell to superintend the operation.

"That the specimens, when so laid down, be systematically
arranged, and placed in drawers in a more easily accessible
situation."

32 PEOOEEDINGS OF THE

" 7. Miscellaneous Zoological Specimens.

" These chiefly consist of a few Eeptiles and Crustacea, ....
which the President undertook to examine, and to separate
wliatevcr can be identified as Linnean.

" "VVliile examining the miscellaneous specimens .... the
Committee observed several bundles of Swedish academical
announcements, and anatomical and otlier dissertations not
immediately connected Avith natural history. They recommend
that these parcels .... be labelled .... Twelve copies of
Broussonet's ' Descriptiones et Icones piscium,' w^liich are dujjli-
cates in the Library, are recommended to be sold.

"In the Linnean shell-cabinet the Committee find a large
number of bad or injured specimens of Lichens on stones,
chiefly British, and forming no part of the Linnean Collection.
These ajjpear to be utterly worthless, and tlie Committee recom-
mend that they be thrown away."

Proc. 1855-56, pp. 25-28.

The approach of the Centenary of the Society having directed
special attention to the state of the Collections and their arrange-
ment, a Committee was appointed to examine into these matters,
with a view to rearrange the zoological portion in a form more
easily available for inspection. The results are as under : —

The Committee appointed by the Council, Nov. 18, 1886, met
on Dec. 9tli, and drew up an ad interim report, followed by a
fuller report on 10 Feb. 1887. Tlie members consisted of the
President, the Secretaries, Prof. Plower, Prof. Mivart, Mr.
Michael, Mr. Harting, and Prof. Moseley.

The following are extracts from the report : —

" . . . . Tbe Herbarium .... is in perfect j)resfrvation, and
only needs the addition of numbers to the shelves for the con-
venience of reference.

"That the insects should be carefully examined with a view to
secure any loose specimen or fragment, but that they should not
otherwise be disturbed.

"That the shells have been almost entirely rearranged by
Mr. Sylvanus Hanley, who has published the results in his ' Ipsa
Linnsei Conchylia,' and it is to be regretted .... that the
specimens have been removed from the original small metal cases
in which Liunseus originally placed them, which bore the number
corresponding to the MSS. Catalogue of the ' Museum Ulricse.'
The Committee recommends that the specimens still remaining in
tlieir cases be preserved and specially enclosed in small glass-
topped boxes.

" That the Pishes attached to paper be secured by mounting
on tablets, and be placed iu a cabinet formerly belonging to
Linnseus in the Secretaries' room, due care being taken to pre-
vent their resting on each other.

" That the remaining Invertebrates and Tortoises be placed in
glass-topped boxes, as far as practicable.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 33

'* The Committee reserve the questions of Catalogues and the
departments of the Library and Manuscripts for a future
occasion."

During the entire period during which the collections have
been iu the possessiou of the Society, they have been freely con-
sulted by botanists and others, whose investigations have been
embodied iu various monographs and floras. Certain portions
have received closer attention than others, and amongst the
memoirs which tend to elucidate the Liunean plants may be
mentioned : —

Dr. T. Anderson's study of the Acanthacese (Journ. Linn.
Soc, Bot. vol. vii. pp. 111-118) ; General Munro's work on the
Grasses (Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. vol. vi. pp. 33-55) ; Dr. Schimper
on the Mosses (Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. vol. xi. pp. 246-252); and
the younger Hartman's critical observations on the Scandinavian
plants (Stockholm ffifvers. Acad. Handl. 1849, pp. 145-193;
1851, pp. 211-426).

The last-named botanist prefaced his account with the most
minute account of the herbarium which has appeared, and his
remarks were, soon after their publication, translated into
German in 'Flora' (1850), pp. 746-748, 752-756, and a fuller
account was rendered into English by Dr. Wallich, which came
out in Hooker's Kew Journal, iv. (1852) pp. 217-220, 252-254,
V. (1853) pp. 25-29.

The chief portions of the collections are now placed in the
Meeting Eoom opposite the windows, the herbarium in its
three original green-painted cabinets in which Linnseus kept
his plants, as far as possible in the same state as at the death ot
the younger Linne. The genera, protected as described on
p. 29, with list on the hinges and openings of the Linnean
Cabinets, are further enclosed iu glazed, dust-proof cases.
Similar cases are employed for the zoological specimens, the
drawers containing the Insecta being top-glazed.

The medical books, duplicates, and rarely-consulted volumes
are housed in one of the galleries of the library, but the important
volumes ai'e placed on shelves, alongside of the collections. The
report of the last Committee showed that special attention had
been given to the question of rearranging the Zoological col-
lections, so as to exclude obviously later additions, such as the
Lepidoptera inserted by Smith, but it was felt that the difficulties
in the way of accomplishment were insuperable, and that the
whole should be regarded as an historic collection, the value of
which would be diminished by any attempt to arrange them in
conformity with present ideas.

The condition of the collections is annually reported upon to
the Council by two examiners, whose duty is to search for any
signs of dust lodging, want of camphor in the insect-drawers, or

LINN. SOC. PKOCEKDINGS. SESSTQN 1887-88. d

34 PB0CEEUINQ8 OF THE

warping or receiii injury to the cabinets likely to i)rove harmful
to the specimens of which the Linuean Society is the guardian.

The books are ke])t in the same condition as when received,
except that lettering-pieces have had to be affixed to many volumes,
whose dusky backs made it impossible to discover their titles.

The MS. are in course of gradual binding, and a selection will
be on view at the President and Officers' Conversazione, and de-
scribed in the special Catalogue.

Annivebsaey Addeess of the Peesident.

The President then proceeded to deliver his Annual Address,
as follows : —

OuE first thoughts, in looking over the closed record of another
year, are sad and sorrowful from the many entries of departed
friends and fellow- workers. In no previous year have we had to
mourn the loss of so many and so illustrious a company. The
life-long friend, the wise and trusty counsellor, the devoted
worker, the ardent beginner, and the venerated father have alike
received the summons and have been taken from us. Need I
record the names of Asa (xray and A.ntou do Bary, of Alexander
Dickson and J. T. Boswell, of Robei't Caspary and J. E. Plauchou,
of Spencer Baird and Julius von liaast, of John iNlillar and our
aged Associate John Smith : and as we muster here, we have still
ringing in our ears the sad news c-f the sudden termination of a
young and promising life. William Threlfall was but a few
months ago enrolled as a Fellow of our Society : thereafter he
set out for the East to explore the flora of some districts in the
Ottoman Empire in Asia. Your Council had taken steps to help
him in his work, and we were all looking forward to important
results from his travels when the news startles and saddens us,
that by a distressing accident he has lost his life.

Notwithstanding the empty places of so many loved and
honoured workers, the great work, for the furtlierance of which
our Society exists, is still being carried on — and now more actively
than ever. Young, able, and earnest men are stepping to the
front. I can set before them no better encouragement than the
examples of the men we mourn. If in honest and persevering
labours they follow in their footsteps, they will secure similar
victories and obtain a like measure of the gratitude and esteem
of their fellow-workers in science.

But to-day we have to look over a longer period than the year
that has just passed.

LINNEAN SOCIETT OF LONDON. 35

The acquisition by Dr. Jas. Smith of everything which Liuuteus
possessed relating to Natural History or Medicine, with his entire
library and manuscripts, and the correspondence of his whole
life, raised him at once to a position of high eminence among the
students of Natural History in England. He liad just finished
his medical education in Edinburgh, having specially distinguished
himself in the study of Botany, and had resolved to settle iu
London and devote himself to his profession. The widow of
Linnteus, on the death of her son in 1783, offered the museum
and library formed by her husband and increased by her sou,
which had again become her property, to Sir Joseph Banks for
the high price, as she thought, of one thousand guineas, liightly
estimating the value of the collections, and yet not inclined to
acquire tiiem himself, he urged young Smith to purchase them.
The proposal being favoured by Smith's father, a man of cultivated
mind and in prosperous circumstances, the price was provided,
and Dr. Smitli became the fortunate possessor of the Linnean
collections in 1784, when he was not yet 25 years of age. The
transaction was precipitated from the fear of the owner that,
on the return of tlie King of Sweden from his travels, she might
be compelled to dispose of them at a cheaper rate to the Uni-
versity of UpsaLi.

The transference of the Linnean collections to England created
a second centi-e for Naturalists in London. Sir Joseph Banks
had opened his house, and given free access to his collections and
library, to scientific enquirers. Abundant evidence could be
adduced of the unselfish aud important services tiiat he rendered
to science during the long time he occupied the illustrious
position in which scientific men had placed him ; but no more
laappy instance could be given than this occasion, on which he
exerted his iufluence with the view of inducing Smith to secure a
collection which would rival, aud in some respects sur2:)ass, that
which he himself possessed.

The system of Linnaeus had completely displaced all others.
The happy inventions and the careful definitions by Linneeus of
the words he employed, the precision of his descriptive characters,
his binomial nomenclature, aud, above all, the clear and certain
divisions of his sexual system, presented such favourable contrasts
to the systematic works of earlier authors, that he had secured
absolute sway over English naturalists. They looked to him as
the schoolmen looked to Aristotle or Dioscorides. The great
work was to discover the name of an object if it had been already
described by Linnaeus, and, if not, to determine its place in the
Artificial System and intercalate it with a concise description and
a suitable name. The Artificial Classification did not encourage
investigation ; it was suflicient in the case, for instance, of a plant
that the number of its stamens and pistils should be ascertained,
and. its position determined, it was then disposed of in its proper
cover in the herbarium. Under these circumstances the possession

36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

of the jiutlioritative materials of tlie systematic and descriptive
work of Liun^eus was of the first im])ortance. They were the
court of final appeal in regard to every thing Linnaeus had described
from materials in his own possession, and they supplied the means
of authoritatively determining the value of the names which had
been given by Hudson and AVithering to the plants of Britain,
and of discovering the synonyms of earlier authors.

There existed in London, at the time to which we refer, a small
society devoted to the study of natural history. It seems to have
been a kind of mutual improvement society, having no purpose
of adding to general knowledge hy the publication of memoirs.
The Natural History Society was founded in October 1782, and
continued to hold its meetings for several 3-ears after the beginning
of the present century. When the meetings could no longer be
kept up and the Society was dissolved, the books and other pro-
perty Avere handed over to the Linnean Society, including the
ivory hammer Avhich is still used by your President at every
meeting of the Society. The illustrious John Hunter was a
member of this society ; and Dr. Smith was received into its fellow-
ship when he settled in London. In 1785 he became a Fellow
of the Eoyal Society.

The need of a Natural History Society which should not limit
its operation to the mutual benefit of its members became obvious.
Extensive collections both in zoology and botany existed in Lon-
don : the Botanic Grardens contained many uudescribed novelties,
and the natural history of Grreat Britain \Aas not fully explored.
The Eoyal Society, having the whole range of the sciences as its
field, did not condescend to this systematic work. No medium
for publication existed. The novelties included in Museums and
Grardens, or brought home by collectors, and the observations of
students, were being lost to the world except ia the few cases
where the costs of publication Avere borne by wealthy authors or
patrons.

The new impetus given to natural-history investigations by the
arrival of the Linnean collections in London made the need of
isuch a society more urgent. Dr. Smith secured the co-operation
of twenty naturalists, and summoned a meetiug for the 26th
February 1788. Seven men, in resj^onse to the invitation, met at
the Marlborough Cofl'cc-house, near Dr. Smith's own house.
Though the youngest individual present, Dr. Smith was installed
as President and delivered as his inaugural discourse an able and
learned exposition of the "Kise and Progress of Natural History,'
and placed before his colleagues a succinct statement of the
purposes for which the society Avas established. It is not sur-
prising that a young man, not yet 30 years of age, filling the
presidential chair, the possessor of the Linnean collections, and
the scientific representative, so to speak, of the illustrious
Swede, should have been impressed with the great authority of
Tiinnjeus and have enforced it on the society. He thought that

LINJTEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON". 37

nothing would, with more reason, be expected from tlie society
than a strict attention to the laws and principles of Linnaeus, so
far as they have been found good, and that the most useful scien-
tific work they could undertake would be by studying the pub-
lications of Linnn?us as a foundation, endeavouring to give them
that perfection of which they were capable, and incorporating
mth them all new discoveries. He dej)recated the silly vanity of
making new systems or arrangements which some undertook
merely for the sake of being talked about.

At this first meeting there were present six others besides the
President.

The Eev. Dr. Goodenough, afterwards Bishop of Carlisle, who
will always be remembered by his classical monograph of the
British Carices in the second volume of the Society's ' Transac-
tions,' was appointed Treasurer. T. Marshamwas elected Secre-
tary: for twenty years he continued to contribute papers on ento-
mological subjects. Jonas Dryander, a Swede and a distinguished
pupil of Linnaeus, was, at the April meeting, appointed Librarian
to the Society. Dryander was singularly fitted to lay the foun-
dations of our library. He had succeeded Solander as librarian
to Sir J. Banks, and to his wonderful knowledge and zeal was
mainly due the completeness of that magnificent library which
Sir J. Banks bequeathed to the British Museum. He was besides
an excellent botanist, leaving many evidences of his extensive
and critical knowledge of plants in the herbarium of Sir Joseph
Banks, in the assistance he rendered to Alton in the first two
volumes of the second edition of his ' Hortus Kewensis,' and in
several memoirs published in our 'Transactions,' to one of which,
that on Lindscea, I would specially call attention as a model of
critical examination and precise description worthy of his great
master. Sir Joseph Banks was singularly happy in having
Solander, Dryander, and then Eobert Brown as assistants in his
herbarium and library.

James Dickson was also present at the first meeting. He
was a gardener from Scotland who had gradually worked his way
up until he was able to establish himself as a seedsman and florist
in Covent Grarden. He had a good knowledge of British plants,
and contributed several papers to the ' Transactions ' ; but he is
better known by his work on the Cryptogamous plants of Britain.
Dr. J. Beckwith was also at the first meeting. He read a paper
on four new British Moths to the Society in the beginning of
1789, but was dead when the paper was published in 1794. Mr.
J. T. Swainson completes the list. He was a lover of science and
transmitted his tastes to his son, the distinguished zoologist.

At the second meeting, held on the 18th March, only six indi-
viduals were present ; but the roll of the foundation members
was made up, and consisted of 20 ordinary Pellows, including,
besides those who have been already mentioned, Salisbury, Lam-
bert, Sibthorp and "William Curtis, 3 Honorary Members, Sir

38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Joseph Banks, the Due de Noailles, and Dr. Camper, and 11 As-
sociates, among whom were Woodward of Bungay, Dr. Francis
Buchanan-Hamilton, Fairbairn of Chelsea, and Dr. E. W. Gi'ay
of the British Museum.

Tlie income of the first year amounted to only £65 17s. 6d.
The financial progress of the Society, its long struggle with the
debt incurred in purchasing the Linnean collections, the liberality
of many of our Fellows, and its present satisfactory state have
been dealt with by our Senior Secretary (])p. 42-45).

The coffee-house in which the early meetings were held not
being a suitable place for depositing the property of the Society,
and affording free access to it by the Fellows, it was arranged to
occupy, at a small cost, two rooms in the neighbouring house of
the President. While lodged here the Society obtained its charter
of incorporation from George III. The Society continued to
meet in Dr. Smith's house until 1802, when he resolved to give
up his house in London, having some years before removed to
Norwich.

The Society then took possession of a house in Panton Street,
oiF the Haymarket, which they occupied along with the West-
minster Library, engaging as their officer a clerk in that library.
This arrangement continued for only three years. In 1805 the
Society removed to rooms in Gerrard Street, Soho, where they
remained till 1820, when, after the death of Sir Joseph Banks,
they got possession of those rooms in his house which look into
Soho Square, the remainder of the house being occupied by Robert
Brown. In 1857 the Society removed to Burlington House,
having received from the Government permission to occupy a
handsome suite of rooms in the old building, in close joroximity
to the Eoyal Society. This recognition of the Linnean Society
by the Government helped to increase its prestige, and the
financial prosperity, consequent on the considerable addition to
its membership and the freedom from rent, enabled the Society
to improve and enlarge its publications. The Fellows, rising to
the importance of the event, subscribed the large sum of £1100
to cover the expenses of removal and to fit up the new rooms.
The latest, and as we hope the last, change was accomplished in
1873, when we got possession of these premises specially erected
by the Government to meet our requirements and handed over
to us without reserving any right of interference with us in our
proper work. Here we found admirable accommodation for our
collections as well as for our library, and we were able to
arrange and classify the volumes so that they can be conve-
niently consulted by the Fellows who use them. Wo have a
good meeting-room and accommodation for the Council and the
Secretaries, as well as suitabk; residences for our librarian and
housekeeper. The hopeful outlook which Mr. Bentham presented
to the Fellows ou the occasion of our first meeting in this building

LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 39

has been fully realized. Our roll of Fellows is larger, our income
is correspondingly increased, the library has had many gaps filled
up and is being kept abreast of scientific literature, and our pub-
lications have so improved that the extent of the letterpress and
the fulness of the illustrations must, I am sure, often surprise
the Fellows.

For the first fifty years of our existence the members were
satisfied with one annual part of the Transactions, which in two
three, or four years made up a volume. In 1838, under the pre-
sidency of the Bishop of Norwich, the octavo Proceedings were
instituted with a view of giving to the Fellows a regular account
of each meeting of the Society, in place of the occasional and
fragmentary abstracts from the Minutes which occupied a few
pages at the end of each volume of the Transactions. This serial,
issued without a cover, in sheets or half-sheets, as occasion re-
quired, received the numerous short and less important commu-
nications which otherwise would not have been published by the
Society. In 1855 this ephemeral serial was found to be inadequate
to the requirements of the Society, and it was resolved to issue a
regular quarterly journal, in which would be published communi-
cations for which the quarto form was neither necessary nor
desirable. For more than thirty years this Journal has been
issued, the necessities of the Society, however, requiring in later
years more frequent publication ; each year it has increased in
importance, without diminishing in extent or value the quarto
Transactions, the 45 volumes of which, together with an equal
number of volumes of the octavo Journal, containing a series of
zoological and botanical memoirs fully illustrated, supply the
best testimony to the great services which the Linnean Society
is rendering to science. Our distinguished position among the
scientific societies of the country, and indeed of the world, is, I
venture to say, less due to our venerable age than to the remark-
able activity of our Fellows, the importance of their work, and
the speedy and efficient manner in which their communications
are put before the world.

During the past year we have published seven parts of our
Transactions, four devoted to botany and three to zoology, con-
taining 429 pages, 89 plates, and 2 maps. Twenty numbers of
the Journal have been issued during the same time, nine being
botanical and eleven zoological, containing 1151 pages, 51 plates,
and 54 woodcuts, together with the Proceedings for the year,
requiring G5 pages of letterpress. It requires but a hasty glance
at these various publications to show that their bulk is not their
most remarkable feature. They contain papers of the higliest
importance in all departments of science. Not everything sub-
mitted to the Society finds a place in our publications. As is
well known, every communication is reported upon by one or
more experts in the subject treated, and is afterwards carefully

40 PEOCEEDrNGS OF THE

considered by the Council, and only those that are real contri-
butions to knowledge, and are expressed in fitting language, are
published.

During the past year we completed the great monograph of
Eaton on the E])hemeridaE>, and added a large instalment to that
of Davidson on Eccent Brachiopoda. We published the Botany
of the Afghan Delimitation Commission by Aitchison, of the
Expedition to Eoraima by Im Thuru, and of the Expedition to
Kilima-njaro by Johnston. We issued further instalmcuts of
the Flora of China, and the greater portion of the zoological
results of Dr. Anderson's exploration of the Mergui Archipelago.

Had the last year's publications been printed in the size and
type of the original quarto Transactions, they would have required
seven and a half volumes with suitable illustrations, and, at the
rate of those days, would have occupied sixteen years in publi-
cation.

But a year so fertile in publications means a year of heavy
expenditure. Our only source of income is the payments by
Fellows — the sums contributed by those v.ho pay annually, and
the interest from the investments which represent compositions.
Our house-expenses are very moderate, a considerable sum is spent
on our library, though not great relatively to our income, the chief
charge on our funds being the cost of our publications. It would
be a great misfortune if we were compelled to refuse publication to
communications that deserved it from want of funds. Last year
we lost 18 members by death, 6 by withdrawal, and the Council
had to strike off the list 7 names of Fellows who had failed
to meet their obligations, making a total of 31 Fellows, being
exactly the number of Fellows elected during the year. Vie are
consequently beginning the year with the same number of Fel-
lows on our roll that we had last year. It is in every way desi-
rable that our numbers should be increased. Almost every name
of eminence in biological science in Britaiii is inscribed on our
roll, and our list of Foreign Members incorporates with us all
the masters in our science throughout the world. It would be
well if we could secure the addition to our Fellowship of all en-
lightened workers in biology iu our country. But were we to
limit Fellowship to men of science, our numbers would be small,
and our opportunities of usefulness few. From the foundation
of the Linnean Society we have sought to include in our number
the lovers and patrons of science as well as its workers, and such
members have often rendered services to the Society that woiild
be miserably represented were we to take into account only their
money-payments to our funds. Our strength lies iu progress
on the same lines in the future.

The first property of the Society, beyoud its ofilcial books, was
the Library, which was established at the foundation of the
Society, with Dr. Dryander, as 1 have said, as its first librarian.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOISTDO^T, 41

This has gone on increasing regularly, until now the Pellows are
in possession of one of the largest and best collections of books
on natural history in England. Mr. Bentham took a special
interest in the Library, and when President made himself ac-
quainted, I may say without exaggeration, with every volume on
its shelves. Many deficiencies have through his efforts been
supplied, and under his care a catalogue of the books was prepared
and printed in ISG-i, which now most imperfectly represents the
extent and value of the Library.

In the earlier years of tlie Society numerous objects of natural
history and several collections were presented to it, and received
with the vague idea of forming a museum which should be open
to the Fellows for consultation. In 1829 the Society purchased
the books, manuscripts, and collectious of Linn jbus, together with
the herbarium and collections of Sir James E. Smith, as our senior
Secretary has narrated. Then followed, in 1833, the munificent
gift by the East-India Company, on the recommendation of Dr.
Wallieh, of the type-collection of the great series of Indian plants
distributed by him, containing the complete set of all the
species. By a special subscription cases were provided for the
accommodation of these plants. But many of the collections
presented by generous and grateful Fellows had to be hidden
away in store-rooms or tied up and placed on shelves much needed
for the Library. After careful consideration the Fellows in 1863
adopted the recommendation of the Council to abandon the idea
of forming a regular museum, which they had not the means of
ever making practically useful, to retain the Linnean herbarium
and collections of every description, together with all the completed
and arranged collectious which would require the expenditure of
neither time nor money for preservation, and to get rid, either
by presentation or sale, of all the other isolated objects or col-
lections. This important resolution was immediately acted upou.
The Society retained in its possession only the priceless collections
of Linnaeus, Smith's herbarium, the great Indian herbarium,
a valuable British hei"barium, a small xlustralian herbarium, a
collection of fruits, and the Salmon collection of birds' eggs.
Except a small annual outlay for camphor, these collections entail
no cost to the Society, and we are able to devote all our available
revenue to the maintenance and increase of the Library and to the
illustration and publication of the memoirs and researches laid
before the meetings of the Fellows.

This hasty sketch of our property would be incomplete with-
out a reference to the large series of paintings and sculptures
which adorn our rooms — valuable mainly, not because of the
artistic merits which they possess, but because they give us the
means ot vividly realizing the features of men whom vve all delight
to honour, of recalling departed Fellows whose society and frieud-
ship are priceless memories, or of looking on men who are held in

42 PEOCEEDINOS OF THE

honour by all antl are happily still doing good service for
science.

In his preliminary discourse on the Study of Natural History,
published in 1834^, Mr. Swainson speaks somewhat plainly of the
scientific societies of London, exposing what he deems their defects
and freely suggesting improvements. Tliroughout he speaks in
approviug terms of our Society, and his only suggestion in respect
to us he tlius expresses : — " If there is anything to be regretted
in the constitution of the Linnean Society, it is the exclusion of
oral discussions."

It is difficult for those of us who are acquainted with the Society
only during the past thirty years, to realize that in the earlier
days it was the custom of the Fellows to sit in solemn silence
and listen to the papers, whether dull or interesting, without the
opportuuity of hazarding a single remark upon the subject of
tliem. The proposal to permit conversational discussions on the
communications was met by strong opposition from some of the
most distinguished members of the Society, wlio prophesied that
the new plan would convert the meeting-room into an arena for
ghidiatorial combats of rival intellects, and lead to the ruin of
the Society. Happily the conciliatory management of Prof. Bell,
the then President, secured the carrying out of the experiment
W'ith results that have ever since given a living interest to our
meetings. The discussions, carried on in good temper and kindly
feeling, liave often elicited fresh information, sometimes corrected
mistakes, and always developed friendly relations between the
Fellows of the Society.

To another innovation introduced by Prof. Bell I cannot give
so hearty an approbation. In an evil hour he began the unhappy
practice of delivering an address from the Chair at the Anuiver-
sary Meeting, from which none of his successors have been able
to liberate thenisielves.

As no account of the Society's history would be complete
without some notice of its financial progression during the
century, the senior Secretary has compiled the following brief
statement.

To show the growth o£ the Society, the receipts have been
tabulated in decades of years, with the amount expended on
publications aud the library. A more detailed statement is
hardly practicable, for in addition to the large amount of time
required to investigate every payment, the accounts of the
Society have not been kept on a strictly uniform plan. The
details are not intelligible at the present time, though no doubt
perfectly so when presented to the Fellows, wiiile the totals at
the close of each financial year are now wanting in clearness.
Thus, to take one instance, for fifty-eight years, from 1824 to
1881, the heading " Binding and Stationery " was used without

LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOIS. 43

stating the relative amounts for each, or the proportion due to
publications and library. An attempt to assess a fair share to
each has been made.

The first Treasurer, Dr. Goodenough, held that position during
ten years ; the first year showed nothing then for annual pay-
ments, but only for entrance fees, £1 11.?. 6d., the annual guinea
subscription and compositions of ten guineas falling in tlie next
year. In 1S02, the year of the Cliarter, the fees were raised to
two guineas, and the composition to tweuty guineas respectively,
and in 1829 the sums due from new members were augmented
to their present amount with the exception of the composition
fee, then £30, which was in 1878 brought up to fifteen years'
purcliase, £45.

The Society began with a modest payment of six shillings
per meeting at the Marlborough Coffee House, and the annual
outlay of £20 a year to the President, for tb.e use of two rooms
in his house ; but on his removal to Norwich in 1802, the head-
quarters were shifted to Panton Street for three years, and in 1805
the sum of £300 was spent in acquiring the lease of 9 Gerrard
Street, Soho, and a further sum of £300 18s. for fitting up the
same ; the rent of these premises came to £102 5s. Ten years later
another sum of £300 liad to be met for the renewal of the lease :
but in 1820, when the death of Sir Joseph Banks made his house
in Soho Square vacant, tlie Society moved thither, and there
remaiued until the Government in 1857 assigned apartments in
the old Burlington House to the Linnean Society, with a most
welcome exemption from rent, rates, and taxes; the large share
hitherto consumed of the annual income by these outgoings had
acted prejudicially to its publishing work, by diminishing the
amount available. The last removal was effected in the autumn of
1873, when tlie property of the Society was transferred to the
present apartments, under the personal superintendence of the
President, Mr. Beutham, who not only schemed the proper
arrangement of books in the library, but actually placed a large
ntiniber of them on the new shelves with his own hands. Towards
the needful cost he contributed a sum of £50, which was further
eked out by the sale of the old shelving (£155 5s.) and dupli-
cate volumes (£64 10s.).

Salaries naiurally account for a considerable part of the
expenditure, and the Society can congratulate itself on having
always had at its disposal the services of a hard-working and
most efficient and distinguished staff. Beginning with the ill-
fated I'rancis Borone, at a salary of £5 per annum, the roll of
the Society can boast of such names as Eobert Brown, David
Don, Eichard Kippist, and James Murie.

At the outset a museum was started, and for many years the
cost of providing cabinefs and due supervision taxed the funds
of the Society. With the formation and growing accessibility of

44 PROCEEDDfaS OF THE

the collections at the British Museum and Kew, the need of the
Society's Museum gradually died away, and in 1864 the miscel-
laneous colled ions were sold at a return which did not represent
a tithe of their cost to the Society, irrespective of the constant
gifts, by which they had been increased in the course of three
quarters of a century. The collections still retained by the
Society, were the Linnean, those of Sir J. E. Smith, the British
herbarium founded on Winch's collection, the type-set of
A\^allich's East-Indian Herbarium, a small set of Ilorsfield's
.Tavan plants, and the lichens of Acharius. These, which are
to be looked upon as closed collections, only need to be care-
fully preserved from injury.

The investments of the Society exhibit the varying fortunes of
the Association. The first few years show that sums were from
time to time invested, beginning in 1791 with the sum of
£57 lis. 3(7. to represent £50 in 5 per cent, annuities, bought at
114, and realized a few years later at 74, thus showing a loss of
rather more than £20 on this small investment. Other amounts
were invested at intervals until the death of the founder,
when the question of buying the Linnean collections forced all
other matters into the background. Not only were all invest-
ments swallowed up, and the subscription of £1593 absorbed, and
a bond debt of £1300 was incurred, with a yearly payment for its
interest ; but bills for printing and other requirements were per-
force allowed to stand over and press upon the Society as a burden
which well-nigh paralysed its activities. Ou page 29 will be
found an account of the slow extinction of the bond debt. The
actual present condition of the funds invested takes its origin
from 1859, and, partly by the liberality of Mr. Bentham's bequest,
the sum now stands at £0327 9s. 5d.

Donations in aid of printing or illustrating certain papers and
bequests have been noteworthy features of the Society ; amongst
these benefactors may be mentioned Sir J. Banks, Dr. Pulteney
for £300, Sir W. J.' Hooker 100 guineas, Prof. Bell, Messrs.
Daniel Hanbury, Solly, Janson, donors of £100 each, Mr. Ben-
thani just mentioned, and Mr. Brown's two £100 bonds. Besides
these we have had gifts of books, and an intended bequest of £200
to found a gold medal from Mr. Eudge, which was declined for
the reasons set forth (Proc. vol. i. pp. 315-317).

Subscriptions for special pur])oses have been liberally made by
the Fellows, for the Linnean purchase, Wallich's collection
(£315 14s.), &c., removals and fittings, and cabinets as required.
The amount of £422 9s. (Sd. was subscribed for towards the cost
of the charter out of £4G0 5s. (5d., the patent of arms defrayed
by the corporate exchequer, £G1 Gs. lOd.

The payments on account of the publications and the Library
having been recounted in this Address, the following figures are
left to speak for themselves : —

LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 45

Summary.

Decades.

Total Eeceipts.

Publications.

Lit

)rary,

£

5. d.

£

s.

d.

£

.s.

d.

1798

1632

1 6

187

14

0

7

1

0

1808

5912

3 4

1463

2

1

140

5

(5

1818

7572

2 0

2834

11

2

213

>>

11

1828

9337

10 7

3396

8

5

276

4

4

1838

9020

18 4

2392

9

6

412

19

10

1848

7787

19 3

1850

16

4

331

11

3

1858

7966

8 11

1745

8

8

184

11

11

1868

12504

16 10

6958

13

0

650

8

4

1878

15741

16 8

9011

16

5

920

2

7

1888

, 20128

5 0

10096

3

10

5

1950

12

10

Totals ...

. i:97604

2 5

1-39937

3

1-5087

0

6

Sir Jolin Lubbock then moved the followiug resolution, viz. : —
That the thanks of the Society be given to the President for his
excellent address, and that he be requested to allow it to be
printed. This having been seconded by Dr. Maxwell T. Masters,
■was carried unanimously.

The following Eulogia were then pronounced, viz. :—

On Linnaeus. By Prof. There Pries of Upsala, which, in the
absence of the author, was read from the Chair.

On Eobert Brown. By Sir Joseph Hooker, K.C.S.I., F.K.S.

On Charles Darwin. By Prof. Flower, C.B., F.E.S.

On George Bentham. By W. T. Thiselton Dyer, C.M.G.

EULOGIUM ON LINN.EUS.

By Peof. Tn. M. Fbies, F.M.L.S.

PitoFouND was the sleep of the natural sciences througliout the
long Middle Age, during which they showed scarcely any signs
of life except for a short time among the Arabs. To awake them
out of tlie lethargy of centuries required the mighty impulse of
the great discoveries which characterize the beginning of a new
era. Who, indeed, can wonder that the first utterances of
active life exhibit the picture of one suddenly aroused out of
sleep ? Hard battles had to be fought before men of science
could liberate themselves from the fetters which a narrow-minded

46 I'EOCEEDINaS OP THE

orthodoxy imposed upon them, elevatinj^, as it did, to an article
of faith tlie claim tliat the Bible and the writings of the Fathers of
the Church should be considered as documents of Natural Science.
Equally diflicult was it to loosen the restraining bonds which
scientific men had forged for themselves by attributing to the
old Greek and Eoman authors such infallibility and complete-
ness that, for a right knowledge of nature, it was considered less
necessary to study licr works than those of Aristotle, Dioscoridcs,
Galen, Pliny, and others. But slowly they worked forward to
a truer conception, and there were not a few men, worthy of
admiration, who during the 16th and 17th centuries produced in
ponderous volumes the fruits of their assiduous work in the field
of natural history and who, in various ways, may be regarded as
the worthy precursors of a reformer soon to come. As brighter
days appeared and existing defects were brought to light, ever
greater became the longing after one who should bring all into
order and quicken life.

At last this reformer came — Carolus Linnceus. Born in a
lowly hut, on that little bit of land then recently crushed and
despoiled by the bloody battles and final fall of the hero-king
Charles XII., he appeared, and, although but a poor, and as yet
unknown, youth, the world almost immediately paid homage to
him as to a master of the extensive dominion of natural history.
To-day, more than a hundred years after his death, his name is
mentioned with the highest respect in all lands upon which cul-
ture has shed its benign rays.

It is concerning him that I have been honoured with a request
to speak to you, Fellows of a Society worthily bearing his uauie,
on tliis the hundredth anniversary of its foundation. The subject
is altogether so vast that I shall be unable in the short space
of time allotted me to dispose of it in a satisfactoiy manner.
May I therefore be allowed to pass over in silence the story of his
eventful life, however alluring that appears, even if we take
away from it some of its poetical glamour, the invented legends
with which it has been adorned by the fancy of his less accurate
biographers r' Let us instead make a hasty survey of the part
taken by Linnaeus in the development of those sciences to which
his penetrating activity extended itself.

First and foremost comes Botani/, on which Liuna)us's systema-
tic mind for all time stamped his impress ; for it is here that the
words of his contemporaries, " Deus creavit, Linnceufi disjjosuit,''
are in the highest degree appropriate. Industrious naturalists
had, indeed, already, as well as they could, described the plants
which were found in different parts of Europe and brought
from newly discovered countries on the other side of the mighty
ocean ; but the work thus brought together may be compared to
a shapeless mass of material from which, indeed, later on, a temple
might be raised when the foundations had been firmly laid, but

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 47

which iu their actual state seemed likely to overwhelm the
architect.

Under such circumstances the need of a leadin^^ fundamental
idea must have been deeply felt, a system by which the nume-
rous forms of the Vegetable Kingdom could in an easily intel-
ligible way be so classified that not only the experienced, but
even beginners might easily search for and find them. As far as
attempts at systems were concerned, there certainly Avas no lack.
Most of our " patres hotanici " had proposed one or another as
fruits of a lifelong, toilsome work ; yet none of them satisfied
even the modest demands of those times. Moreover, the most
celebrated of them all, was so difficult of comprehension, that its
expounder, Tournefort, thought a whole volume of plates requi-
site for its satisfactory explanation.

It was under such circumstances that the Upsala student, then
22 years old, exhibited to his teacher Olof Rudbeck the younger,
some outlines of a system of the Vegetable Kingdom, wliich he
published in 1735 under the name of the Sexual System. With
astonishing rapidity this system supplanted all predecessors.
It excellently satisfied the then pressing needs : it was so simple
that a cliild could grasp it without any special diflBculty, and it
included within its well-defined " Classes " and " Orders " all
species hitherto known ; for distinguishing characters it turned to
those parts which are most essentinl for the continued existence
and multiplication of the plants. No wonder, therefore, that the
contemporaries and nearest successors of Linn?eus rejoiced at the
discovery of this Ariadne-thread of the labyrinth which during
centuries had been sought in vain. Many of his disciples regarded
the sexual system as his most eminent work, and considered as
almost heretical every attempt to produce any other.

Their manner of procedure is all the more apt to arouse our
astonishment, since Linnaeus himself with clear, unmistakable
insight saw and openly expressed the weakness of his system. It
did, to be sure, facilitate the naming of plants after examination ;
but the near or distant affinity of one form to another aa as, by no
means, distinctly or clearly indicated. At this early period, there-
fore, he put forward the establisliment of a Natural System as the
" Alpha and Omega among the desiderata of Botany " ; through-
out his long life he endeavoured to find this, and encouraged others
to take part in the work. The small number of plants till then
discovered rendered it, however, impossible to attain the desired
goal. Being too honest to publish as complete that which he
himself considered deficient, he was content with merely selecting
certain" Ordiues Naturales." The method and rulesforconnecting
them together into a regular systematic whole he left to later
workers — expecting, however, as he put it, that the complete solu-
tion of this problem would only be reached coevally with that of the
quadrature of tlie circle. Up to our days botanists have tried to
raise the edifice of a Natural System of plants, without getting

48 PROCEEDINGS OP THE

it complete or cvcu being able to agree on a ground-plan. In
one pai'ticular, however, they are all in accord, namely, that Lin-
naeus was the first who, to use the words of a prominent natura-
list, "against the artificial system set forth in a clear light
the character and form of the natural one, marked out the way
for its further development, and secured its supremacy." As gene-
rally it is admitted also, that those contributions left by him, his
" Ordines Naturales," are of lasting value and give evidence of a
keen penetration, rarely manifested. Hence, in the field of sys-
tematic botany Liuntous appears at once as the man through whom
the Artificial System was brought to its perfection, and as the one
wlio laid the chief ground-work of the Natural System.

The general applause, however, that greeted Linuccus on his first
a})pcarauce, and was continually increasing, did not merely de-
pend on his merits as a systematist. Continuing the figure already
used, picturing the system as an edifice, it is easy to see that it is
not suflicient to prepare the drawings and plans, but that every
portion of the material must also be adequately tested. No little
material, as already indicated, had been gathered for this great
structure in times gone by ; but in this very fact lay great danger,
because amidst the good and useful was also much that was
useless, which had first to be taken out, and other material put
in its stead. It meant, consequently, no less a task than that
of verifying critically, fearlessly, and thoroughly, all that his pre-
decessors had accom2)lished in the field of botany. AVith as-
tounding rapidity he produced one work after another ; already,
at the age of 30, he had published Si/stema NaturcB, Fundamenta
hofanica. Flora Lajjponica, Bihliotlieca hotanica, Genera Plantaruni,
Corollarhim (jeiieruut, Critica hotanica, Museum Cliffortianum,
Ilortus Cliff or tianus, Classes Flantarum, not to mention minor
writings. Even to-day most of these are regarded as possess-
ing a classical finish, and any one of them would have been suffi-
cient to secure its author a name of renown in the history of
botany. By these writings he reconstructed descriptive botany
in aluiost every detail, and that in such a manner that the opinions
he expressed, and the laws he established, are even to this day
a})p roved of as in all essentials correct. He sAvept away from
botanical language itsinrooted barbarism, and gave proper stability
by accurately limiting every botanical idea, and furnishing it
with definite, appropriate nomenclature ; for describing plants
and naming ihem, he set up simple practical rules based on a
careful analytic examination of the structure of many thousand
species, especially their flowers and fruits, and thus laid a proper
foundation for generic limitations. In opposition to all his pre-
decessors he drew a sharp line between what should be regarded
as a species or as a mere accidental form (variation). To all the
then known 8000 species he not only gave new and appropriate
names, but also new definitions, and added to them critically
tested statements of their nomenclature by prior authors, to-

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOIfDON. 49

gether with an account of their native country, manner of appear-
ing, properties, uses, and so fortb, — and all this in a way easily
apprehended in accordance with the simple laws he himself had
established, which have never been surpassed. All his work he
endeavoured to arrange on the most natural and easily compre-
hended plan, whence also many of his most radical changes in
descriptive botany (and even in zoology) — for instance, denoting
the natural object with but one name for the genus and one for
the species, in place of the prior customary, tedious descriptions
— remind one somewhat of the egg of Columbus. In short, in
small as well as large things, he proved himself a master yet un-
surpassed in producing regularity and order where previously
ignorance, carelessness, or arbitrariness had generated obscurity
and confusion.

The greatness and Bcientific importance of Linnteus as the real
lawgiver in the realm of descriptive botany is now no longer
denied, yet to that not seldom his merits are limited. Special
stress has sometimes been laid on what seemed to some an un-
pardonable defect, that he was not qualified for the study of vege-
table anatomy, and that, by this very fact, he revealed a one-sided
love for descriptive botany. This reproach is chiefly jiut forth
by such anatomists as are themselves so one-sided that they look
down on other parts of botany with contempt, and particularly on
the descriptive branch. They overlook thereby not only the fact
that the pure anatomy of plants is itself principally descriptive,
but even that, far from making up the sv;m total of the science, it
is but a means to reach to a deeper insight in the life-activity
which reveals itself by the different parts of the plant, and into
the manner in which all the different links in the great chain of
innumerable forms are united with one another. Moreover, how
could Linnaeus have found the time for such work ? Does it not
border on the miraculous to have accomplislied what he did ? At
his death he had published 32 larger special works (some of them
in several complete revised editions), 187 academic dissertations,
63 treatises for learned societies, 17 programs, together with no
insignificant number of lesser articles, besides what he left in
manuscript, which has since been published in part. And here, too,
we ought not to forget his untiring activity as a teaclier, as Di-
rector of the Botanic Garden, and as correspondent with students
and patrons of natural science in the whole world, not to mention
many other things that taxed his time and strength.

For the rest, one can with good reason assert against those
who charge Linnaeus with being too partial to descriptive botany,
that they either disclose gross ignorance or else speak untruth
when they really know better. In unmistakable w^ords Linnieus
himself declares that the naming, describing, and classifying of
plants is not the onlj^ and highest function of the science, but
only a necessary condition for a successful study of the more im-
portant parts. To learn a language, says he, in that remarkable

LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1887-88. 6

so

PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

speech Delicice Noturce, requires an acquaintance (to some extent
at least) with its letters, words, and grammar. Then only, and not
till then, can one enjoy all the beautiful compositions in that
laii<^nn>Te. The same also holds good as regards that language in
which the history of plants is written ; the botanical terms cor-
respond to letters, the names of plants to words, and the system
to the grammar.

Does this ntterance of Linnaeus contain merely empty words?
Ko; on the contrary, it is well nigh impossible to point to an
investigator in botany who has studied the world of plants from
80 many sides, and who pointed out so many new aspects from
which it ought to be examined. Even if Linnaeus in many cases
did not bring to a final issue the special questions presenting
themselves in detailed investigations, he nevertheless endeavoured
to give the primary idea in a few keen, striking touches, to be com-
pleted afterwards by his successors, who not seldom got credit
for the whole.

However alluring this theme may be, the swift flight of time
forbids a more extended presentation of it. In a very brief way
we may be allowed to point out that it was, in fact, Linnaeus who
drew the outlines of the geography of plants, although Hum-
boldt and AVahleiiberg are generally mentioned as the creators of
them ; so also regarding the doctrine of the metamorphosis
of plants, the author of which is equally generally believed
to be the poet Goethe. And what a multitude of important
contributions to a knowledge of the phenomena of plant-life
has he not brought to light ! We may call to mind that it
was he who partly discovered, and partly restated more clearly
after renewed observations, such fundamental phenomena of
plant-life as fecundation, hybridization, dispersion of seeds,
the structure of buds, development depending upon seasoiis
(phenology), the periodically varying positions of the leaves
and flowers (somnus et vigiliae plantarum), malformations (tera-
tologv), the connection between external characters and the more
active properties, protective agencies, the relation of plants to
the animal kingdom, and so forth. Even the burning questions
of the day we find were not altogether foreign to him, such as
"the struggle for existence," protective resemblances (mimicry),
and others, although he gave, at least in certain cases, to the
facts gathered by him another interpretation than they, rightly
or wrongly, receive to-day. Linna^us's exploratious of nature
therefoi'e form no ^harp contrast with those of our days. On the
contrary, one might adduce, for instance, that the doctrine about
the constancy of species from the creation of the world, so genc-
rall}' declared to be an axiom of Linujcus, in reality underwent
an essential modification during his long and busy authorship, and
it is not at all diflicult to ])ick out expressions that are in perfect
accord with Darwin's doctrine " On the Origin of Species."
Nevertheless the activity of Liunacsus did not confine itself to

LINNEAN" SOCIETY OF LONDON. 51

Botany. At the age of 28 he published the first edition of his
Systema Natures, " the golden book of the naturalist " (as it has
been called), wherein he depicts in concise and brilliant touches
the peculiarilies of the throe Kingdoms of Nature, and assigns to
different natural objects the relative positions which he thought
belonged to them. Before his death 10 editions of this book
were issued, its dimensions having increased continually (the
first comprised 12 printed folio pages, the last one edited by
Linnaeus himself 2300 pages octavo) — a circumstance that elo-
quently vouches for the value his contemporaries set upon a
work that in the strongest terms appeals to heart as well as
head. Especially should emphasis be laid ou the definite
boundary he drew between organic and inorganic nature; un-
hesitatingly, and supported by actual facts, he maintained tliat no
living thing ever came from dead matter, but only from the living
e^^ or seed. So fully was he convinced of the truth of it, that
when knighted he set in the middle of his coat of arms an egg in
remembrance of his favourite motto : " Omne vivum ex ovo."
In our days, through the investigations of Pasteur and others, this
century's dispute concerning a " generatio sequivoca " may at last
be considered as settled, and that with complete victory for the
Linnsean adage.

Concerning, now, his special activity in the department of Zo-
oJocjij ; much of what has been said about Botany applies also
here. By establishing new, easily understood laws he made
scientific descriptive zoology possible, and he it was who laid
tlie first groundwork of a real system. Here, too, the work
of older naturalists was subjected to his critical scrutiny, and
innumerable are the mistakes that were corrected and the
incongruities that Avere rooted out. AVe might point to the
transferring of whales from fishes to the class Mammalia due to his
observations, also the employment of tlie difi^erences of dentition
in the classification of Mammalia, the rearrangement and descrip-
tion of reptiles, fishes, shells, &c. Even to a knowledge of the
conditions of animal life in general, and especially that of insects,
he has left contributions of considerable value.

In the history of Mineralogy likewise he occupies a by no means
unimportant position, and that chiefly through his rearrangement
of the mineral kingdom. That this had to give place to another
system, founded on better grounds, is a natural consequence of
the rapid development of natural science during the last century ;
nevertheless his system forms one of the steps but for which
the mineralogists of our days would not have attained their pre-
sent position. No more stress need we lay upon the facts than
that the opinions of Linnaeus about the formation of crystals and
their value in the classification of minerals was held to be of such
importance that he was even called " the founder of crystallo-
graphy."

Still more conspicuous was his energetic zeal in tlio fi.eld of

52 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

Medicine. His attempt to scientifically arrange the different
forms of diseases bears, like all his productions, the stamp of hia
genius and elevates him over at least the majority of his prede-
cessors, and his Materia medica will always he reckoned among
the classical works of pharmacology. In medical research he
stood in many respects far in advance of his contemporaries, and
in more recent times they have fully acknowledged the importance
of some views he defended as proved or stated as probable. Here
we can refer to questions about the uses of electricity in some
diseases, about certain skin-diseases produced by parasitic life,
about the nursing of infants, about the harmfulness of intoxi-
cating drinks, about general sanitary inspection, and so forth.
Nay even the Bacteria, so much discussed in our days, appear
in his writings as causes of not only several diseases (" feb-
rium exanthematicarum contagium, febrium exacerbantium causa,
siphilitidis virus"), but also of all fermentation and putrefaction
(" fermenti putredinisque septicum*'). His physical eye had,
indeed, never seen a single one of those microscopic organisms ;
nevertheless for the development and spreading of these diseases,
together with the process of putrefaction, he well thought any
other conclusion scarcely possible to arrive at than that they
were due to " minute living particles " (" moleculae vivae ").

AVe have cast a hasty glance over the chief fruits of the exten-
sive, deep-reaching life-work of Linnaeus. Natural history was by
him rejuvenated and beautified, and no longer can any one with
propriety contest his right to occupy a prominent place in the
sphere of science. On the contrary, it has become the most
renowned ornament of the day, the proclaimed public favourite.
The high respect, now so willingly bestowed upon the natural
sciences, forming a sharp contrast with the low estimation in
which they used often to be held, is owing, in no small degree,
to the influence of Linnaeus.

Great minds stamp their mark upon their time, and it does not
seem difficult to discover in the 18th century, especially the latter
half, many a genuine Linnaean trait : such as the then awakening
of a lively interest for a wider knowledge of the products of
nature in different lands. Tn our days, with easier communica-
tions, richer material resources, and greater number of scientific
men, it is a comparatively easy task to obtain from the most
widely separated localities collections of natural objects ; but
quite different was the case in the time of Linujcus. Untir-
ing was his zeal and unparallelled his power of stimulating persons
of the most varied positions in life — mighty monarchs and un-
assuming students, rich lords and poor seamen, learned bishops
and ignorant tradesmen — all to work to one end. From widely
separated tracts of the world continually streamed the gathered up
treasures to the little insigtuficant Upsala, to be there scrutinized
and described by the master. And what a wonderful scientific life
had been conjured up through him alone in his own land ! Around

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 53

his professorial chair flocked a multitude of devoted scholars, not
only youths from the University, but also hoary-headed pillars
of Church and State ; not only his own countrymen, but strangers
from afar as well. The produce of the soil of Sweden, heretofore
looked on with indifference or learned contempt, became the
object of more careful examinations ; but even far fi'om tbe
borders of his native country the disciples of Linnaeus extended
their exploring excursions. Light-hearted, in good spirits and
glowing enthusiasm, they went to unknown regions, so that they
might collect for their beloved teacher treasures of nature till
then undescribed, and many of them perished in foreign lands
as the martyrs of natural science. That was the Viking- epoch
of Swedish scientists, and the whole cultured part of Europe
looked with astonishment and admiration towards that land,
recently thrown from its eminence of poKtical greatness, but
now, through Linnaeus, elevated to a high place in the realm of
thought.

More than a hundred years have since passed ; much, very
much, then considered great and of primary importance has by
a closer investigation proved itself of no moment or below the
standard. Has the honour of Linnaeus shared the same fate ?
Attempts have not been lacking to overthrow or drag down to
the mire his noble form by low-minded self-conceit and ignorant
perverseness ; but, as the poet says,

" The hooting mob of yesterday in silent awe return,
To gather up the ashes into history's golden urn."

And even more unanimously investigators in all lands admit
that, with Linnaeus, scientific research took a giant step in
advance, and that his memory will always be entitled to grateful
veneration.

Nowhere, next to his own native laud, has the name of Linnaeus
been so highly revered in years gone by as in England. Even
150 years ago, when he first appeared as an author, and many
looked at him suspiciously as a reckless revolutionary, he was re-
ceived during his short visit in England (1736) with so hearty
a welcome that he might, had he so chosen, have remained there
for good. The venerable botanist Dillenius, of Oxford, according
to Linnaeus's autobiography, " kept him at his house a whole
month, not leaving him out of sight an hour a day, and when he
finally allowed him to go, he embraced him with tears ; before
that, he had begged him to live and die with him, adding, that
his professorial salary was sufficient for both." During the
whole of his life he remained in active and friendly correspond-
ence with well nigh all of England's naturalists, several of whom
had enjoyed his instructions during their sojourn in Upsala.
One of these English students. Lord Baltimore, in his " Gaudia
poetica," enthusiastically sung his praise ; another, Rotherham by
name, was one of the two persons at Linnaeus's death- bed wheu

54 PHOCEEDINGS OF THE

lie breathed hia last sigh. England finally became, in a sense, his
heir, wljen — unluckily for Sweden — his precious scientific relics
were gained for lier. Many are consequently the ties by which
the memory of Linnaeus is united with England ; tlie strongest,
however, is tlie Linna^an spirit, the genuine spirit of freshness
and enterprise, in which scientific research has continued and
still continues in Eiigliind. Is it not probable that this fact is
due, in some measure at least, to the transfer of the Linnseau
collections here? At any rate it was that v.hieh gave the pri-
mary incentive to the formation of this Society, which has now
tor a hundred years uninterruptedly manifested its vigorous life,
extending its useful activity more and more over the whole globe.
The precious gift of Sir James Edward Smith was, indeed, a noble
seed, since grown up into a strong plant, which has borne fiovvers
and fruits from year to year in abundance. Its vitality is a
guarantee that it will thrive and flourish so long as the Linnasa
horealis, ever green, spreads its fragrance over young and old, high
and low, rich and poor, in the mighty forests of the north.

EULOGIUM ON ROBERT BROV/N".
By SiE Joseph Hooker, K.C.S.I., C.B., F.R.S., &c.

Me. President, —

The Nineteenth Century is fast waning, and as one of the
Fellows of this Society who can recall some years of the scientific
activity of its first half, you have done me the honour of asking
me to attempt a concise exposition of the works of a Fellow to
whom the title of the greatest Botanist of his age was unques-
tioningly conceded during the whole of the latter period.

It is not required of me that I should dwell upon the life-
history and personality of Robert Brown, for these have been
narrated with truth and force by a loving disciple in our obituary
notices *. My attempt will be to give some — however inade-
quate— account of his investigations and discoveries, relating to
the morphology, classification, and distribution of plants, and
especially to their reproductive organs, their structure and (eco-
nomy— investigations which display an untiring industry, an
accuracy of observation and exposition, a keenness of perception,
together with sagacity, caution, and soundness of judgment,

* Other reviews of Brown's life and labours will be found iu the Obituary
Notices of the Royal Society, in the Address of the President of that Society
on the occasion of Brown being the recipient of the Copley Medal ; in the
elogo of Von Martins, translated by Henfrey, and printed in the ' Annals and
Magazine of Natural History' (May 185'J); and in two articles (by myself) in
the ' Gardeners' Cln-onide' (for LSoS, pp. 493, 701, 732).

LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDOIf. 55

in wliicli he has not been surpassed by any botanical writer.
Whatever research Brown undertook, he followed to the extreme
point attainable with the instruments and apjDliances * at his
command, and where others have advanced beyond the goal lie
attained to, it has been by working on the foundations he laid,
by tlie light and aids of correlative advances in chemistry and
physics, and by the use of optical instruments unknown in his
day.

First in order I will take the ' Prodromus Floras Novae
HoUandiae '; for though preceded by his account of iheProteacece,
read before this Society in 1809, and by his paper on Asclepiadece,
communicated later in the same year to the Weruerian Society of
Edinburgh, the first of these is devoted in great measure to
plants described in the ' Prodromus,' and the latter is more con-
veniently taken up with the far more important papers on the
same subject that appeared at a much later date.

The first and only volume of the ' Prodromus ' which was
published appeared in 1810. In point of novelty of plant forms
and structures which it describes, accuracy in details, precision
of language, wealth of observations, and far-reaching views of
classification, it maintains to this day the unique position which
was assigned to it on its appearance. Furthermore, it is rightly
regarded as the complement to the great work of Jussieu in
respect of the perfecting and extending the natural system of
plants, for it modified many of the Jussieuan families, amplified
others by hitherto neglected or misinterpreted characters of the
highest systematic value, and illustrated all that were described by
observations obtained through a study of the plants of other
countries than Australia, and a profound knowledge of the
writings of his predecessors. I may cite, as notable examples of
this, his observations under or upon the Orders Marsiliacece,
Graminecs, Rutacece, Scitaviinece, Orcliidece, Aroidece, Cycadecd
(where their plurality of embryos is first indicated), Santalacece,
AcanthacecB, Myrsinece, Epacridece, ICricece, and Goodenoviece.

The ' Prodromus ' embraces 46i genera, of which nearly one
third were described for the first time, and upwards of 2000
species, three fourths of which were new to science. Of these a
very large number (a far larger number than any other Flora
contains) are, in relation to the known vegetation of other parts
of the globe, anomalous or abnormal in structure and habit.
They are antipodean alike in character and country, and yet
tliree quarters of a century of further knowledge of the Australian
Flora has in but few instances disturbed the position, limita-
tion, or diagnoses of the orders, genera, and species contained in
the ' Prodromus.'

Nor are the circumstances under which the ' Prodromus '
was composed less noteworthy than the work itself. It contains

* Brown's microscopical work was wholly performed by the simple micro-
scope, aud protoplasm was unheard of when he wrote.

56 PROCEEDINaS OP THE

nearly 450 closely printed pages : and it is to be understood
from the preface that the descriptions of all the species brought
home by Brown, together witli the additions from the same
country, collected or published by other botanists, were ready for
the press in 1810*. Now Brown, in the Appendix to Flinders's
Voyage, states that he collected nearly 4000 species (3900) in
Australia, and that the additions, not collected by himself,
amounted to only 300 more, whence it follows that the amazing
number of 4200 species of plants belonging to all Orders,
Cryptogamous and Phanerogamous, at least three-fourths of which
were new to Science, were collected (with the exception of 300),
accurately described, and accompanied by such observations t as
appear in the published volume of the ' Prodromus,' by one
tinaickMJ botanist, and this between the very end of 1801, when
he lauded in Australia, and 1810, by which time one half of the
manuscript had been actually seen through the press.

This is a feat unexampled in the history of botanical science,
and it may interest the Fellows present if I be allowed to bring
under their notice several circumstances connected with Brown's
early life, some already on record, others communicated to me
by himself or by his friends, that in some degree explain how it
was that these great results were obtained in so short a time.

During boyhood Brown acquired such a knowledge of the
plants of his native country, that when only 18 he communicated
to the Natural History Society of Edinburgh a list of additions
made to the ' Flora Scotica' of Lightfoot, accompanied by critical
observations. When employed in Ireland as Assistant Sur-
geon and Ensign in a regiment of Fencibles, he botanized
assiduously, not merely collecting, but studying his collections ;
aud when transferred to London he was enabled to devote
months of study in the Herbarium and Library of Sir Joseph
Banks, to which the most liberal access was given him, and where he
enjoyed the friendship of Dryauder, Banks's Librarian. Here
his appetite for acquiring botanical knowledge amounted, I

* Not only were the commencing and concluding parts of the ' Prodromus*
never printed, but the published volume was withdrawn from sale \ery shortly
after its appearance. This circumstance is mentioned in the 61oge pronounced
on Brown by Martius, wiio adds that it was owing to a hostile criticism of its
latinity that appeared iu the ' Edinburgh Review.' In the translation of the
eloge communicated to the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History' (for
May 1859) by the late Prol'. Ilenfrey, it is stated that the ' Prodromus ' remained
in the hands of the publisher for many years. I may add that in 1856
Mr. Ijrown informed me that the ' Prodromus' was printed by himself, costing
him about i'lOO, and that after about 2G copies were sold at ISa. each, he re-
oilled all the remaining copies. I made a note of this at the time (1856) and
nserted it in a copy which he gave me in 1839.

t That the treatment of the unpublished Orders was the same as that of the
published may bo inferred from a reference to Brown's two papers on Musci,
read before this Society, and by the descriptions and notes on tlie Thalamifloral
and Calycilloral Orders publislied in the Botanical Appendix to Flinders's
Voyage, and which, being counterparts of the Orders contained in the published
volume of the ' Prodromus,' are presumably excerpts from the unpublished one.

LTNKEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 57

believe, to voracity, whilst his wonderful memory enabled him
to retain, and his methodical faculties to classify, all he had
acquired. Of that memory and of his readiness in utilizing
it I had, thanks to his kindness, much experience. He seemed to
me never to forget a plant that presented auy feature of interest,
if he had but once seen it, and he could single out the specimen
that he had examined from a sheet full of duplicates. It was the
same with books ; those of the old authors especially, as Ray,
Linnaeus, Euraph, and Rheede, were all familiar to him, and he
could often turn to a volume, and sometimes to a page, for a
statement or figure without the aid of a reference. Thus at
the age of 28, when he sailed for Australia, it was as an accom-
plished botanist, but it remained to be seen how far he was con-
stitutionally fitted for the duties of a naturalist-voyager; and this
he proved to be in every way. When preparing myself for a
similar voyage to that he had undertaken, he gave me much
information respecting his own sea-life, together with invalu-
able advice. Above all things he told me not only to collect
assiduously and in duplicate, but to make notes and observations
on the living plant, and an accessible classified herbarium of small
specimens of every species collected, stowing away the duplicates
in empty rum- casks, headed up, where they should be safe from
damp, rats, and insects. It was to this practice of reserving a
working herbai'ium of the plants he had examined in a fresh
state that he was enabled to employ his time on shipboard in syste-
matically describing the materials for the ' Prodromus.'

During the voyage of the ' Investigator' he suffered little from
seasickness, and had the services of a most accomplished botanical
draftsman, Ferdinand Bauer (who made drawings of 1200 species
of plants, most of them with exquisite analyses), of a gardener, and
of a personal servant. These advantages would have availed
little without Brown's unflagging industry. When in Australia
I had the privilege of seeing much of Sir John Franklin, then
Grovernor of Tasmania, who was a midshipman under Flinders in
the ' Investigator,' and who became Brown's life-long friend. He
told me of Brown's extraordinary industry and powers of appli-
cation, whether when cribbed, cabined, and confined within the
lurching and rolling wooden walls of a slooj) of 350 tons, or
collecting under the tropical sun of the hottest regions in the
world. And herein is the secret of the preparation and pub-
lication of the Australian Flora ; the species were, m great
measure at any rate, described as collected in Australia itself,
the descriptions were written out in the homew^ard voyage, and
it only remained on the return to England to complete the work.

I have dwelt at greatest length upon the ' Prodromus,' although
it was far from being the most far-reaching outcome of Brown's
scientific labours. It was certainly the largest in various ways ;
it shows him as the "all round " botanist *, student, voyager,

* Von Martins says of him in his eloge that he was as a botanist both peri-
patetic and anaporetic, as great in the field as in the closet.

58 PUOCKEDINGS OF THE

collector, observer, and systematist, and it foreshadows his
most important discoveries — embryological, tuorphological, and
structural. It establislied his reputation as the possessor of a
greater grasp of scientific botany than any predecessor or
contemporary, and it has been called in Germany his " Opus
aurt'um."

1 uou- pass in review his other more important works ; taking
them, as a rule, in order of date, except in cases where tlie
later researches are the direct outcome of the earlier.

As already stated, the appearance of his monograph of the
Proteacete was communicated to this Society in the year before
the publication of the ' Prodromus.' It commences with a
tribute to the value of the confessedly artificial system of Liii-
njeus, as facilitating a knowledge of species and directing atten-
tion to essential characters ; and then proceeds to inculcate the
study of floral organs before their expansion, announcing as a
proof of their value, his discovery thereby of the origin of the
polleti-masses of AsclepiadecB being distinct from that of the
glands and processes of the stigma, to which they become subse-
quently attached. After a long excursus on Asclepiadece and
ApocynccB, the geographical distribution of Proteacece is next
discussed, and here, amongst the general observations, are two
very important ones — that as aruleoligotypic genera of plants are
local, and that they present the greatest deviations from the
structure of the Order to which they belong ; and that with regard
to social or gregarious species, they are characteristic of tem-
perate regions, but that such as do occur in the tropics are
littoral or are found only at great elevations. Other suggestive
remarks are that the character of pubescence on the ovary or
fruit is of no generic value, except when of manifest functional
importance, as in assisting dissemination; and that it is hence
valueless in the cases of capsulai- and drupaceous genera. The
description of the pollen of Proteacece and its adaptation to the
peculiarities of the stigma, and of these to the singular oeconomy
of the calyx and the symmetry of the flower, will repay a careful
study. The conversion of the 1-celled 2-ovuled ovary into tlie
2-celled fruit of some species of Persoonia by the intervention of
a septum after impregnation is detected, as is their plurality of
cotyledons. The function of the chalaza is discussed, the origin
and development of the albumen described, and the great im-
portance of the character of the position of the radicle in respect
of the fruit, and this independently of the situation of the um-
bilicus, is insisted upon as distinguishing tlie Order from its allies.
A learned discussion on the history and nomenclature of the
Order and monograph of its species completes the work.

The substance of Brown's next contribution to Botany, that on
Asclepiadece and its removal from ApocijnecB, is (as stated above)
referred to and in part published in his paper on Proteacece.
Considerable additious were subsequently made to it, and as the

LIin)fEAN SOCIETY OP LONDOIS". 59

subject is treated at far greater length in his paper on Asclepiadecp.
and OrcliidefB, communicated to this Society many years later, it
will be more convenient to postpone the consideration of it.

In the same year Brown read before this Society his observa-
tions oQ tlie organs of fructification of Mosses ; and ia 1819 his
account of Li/ellia and other remarkable genera of the Order.
In the first of these lie discusses the hypotheses of the sexes of
mosses, and the oeconomy of the capsule. The discussion is
curious, as showing how crude were the ideas entertained at that
period of the nature of this organ aud its contents, as expressed
by the terms applied to them.

In the second paper the development of the columella is
demonstrated, and natural characters are for the first time
indicated for the formation of genera and higher groups, to
which are subordinated those of tlie peristome; the pores at the
base of the capsule in LyelJia are detected ; and the curious (I
need not add, untenable) speculations hazarded, that these may
assist in the dispersion of the seeds, and that they indicate the
possible existence of allied plants in which the capsule is closed,
aud the pores sufficiently large to admit of the complete dis-
charges of the seeds thereby *.

In 1812 Brown read before this Society his description of
Woodsia, which with that on Matonia, published in Wallich's
' Plantse Asiaticse Rariores ' in 1830, and on Dipteris in Bennett's
' Plantoe Javanicse Rariores ' (1838), comprise the principal results
of his study of the Ferns. Under the first-named genus he
explains the nature and development of the involucrum, and
gives a history of the classification of the genera of the Order,
noticing the successive improvements introduced since the time
of Eay by Sir J. Smith, Swartz, Bernardi, and Willdeuow,
Under the other genera, in the Appendix to Flinders's Voyage, he
gives his own more scientific conceptions of their classification
by venation, and by the relation of the sori to the veins, whilst
regarding the sori themselves and the capsule and spores as
available for sections or subgenera. Tlie structure of the
caudex in the ferns is for the first time described, aud the curious
cellular matrix iu which the " capsules " of Dipteris Wallioliii are
imbedded, is detected and explained.

In 1814) the narrative of Flinders's Voyage was published, with
the Botanical Appendix by Brown. This is one of his most
important contributions to Botany, for the number, variety, aud
suggestiveness of the new facts, observations, aud generalizations
it contains, and of which the following are amongst the salient.
The numerical proportions of the Classes of plants as aftected by

* It was on the rarest occasions that Brown hazarded a speculation ; his
caution was proverbial, and he habitually listened to the speculations of others
in silence, or treated them with caustic humour. It is a singular fact that
whereas Brown's many theoretical views were so often as true as profound, his
very few specidative ones should be the reverse.

6o PHOCEEDINQS OF THE

latitude and temperature in the tropical and temperate regions
and in the whole world is here first introduced into the study of
IJotany. This mode of treatment of the vegetation of the globe
occurred simultaneously to Humboldt, who introduced it into
his celebrated 'Prolegomena,' published in 1815 (a year after
that of the Appendix to Flinders's Voyage), under the title of
"Arithmetical botanices," where the investigation is extended
to the natural orders. In the Appendix to Tuckey's Congo
Expedition, Brown again discusses this subject and alludes to
Humboldt's work ; and he also treats of it in the Appendix to
Parry's Voyage (1823), where the data are supplied by an Arctic
flora.

Other noteworthy matters in the Appendix to Flinders's Voyage
relate to the importance of embryonic characters and of aestiva-
tion ; to the inflorescence of Eiijjiwrlia, and the proofs of the
real nature of its staminal pedicel ; on the inflorescence of Gra-
minece, and the resolution of the Order into the two primary
divisions of PanicecB and Ponceae (first indicated in the ' Pro-
dromus'); on the corolla audits nervation in Composifce (dis-
cussed at length in his paper on that Order, read in 1817) ; on the
anomalous placentation of SantalacecB; on the organs of reproduc-
tion and mode of impregnation in Sti/lidietE and Goodenoviece ; and
on the structure of the female flowers of Coniferce, and especially
of Podocarprts and Dacrijdium. The systematic part which follows
the more general dissertation may be supposed to consist of the
observations and descriptions of some of the new genera and
orders, that were prepared for the unpublished volume of the
' Prodromus.'

In 1816 Brown communicated to this Society an account of
the remarkable deviations from the usual structure of fruits and
seeds occurring in Leontice, Peliosanthes, Sfercuh'acece, Reseda,
HMzophora, Amaryllidece, and Aroidecs, w^hich had been either
overlooked or misinterpreted by previous authors.

In the following year his observations upon Gompositoi were
read before this Society. As in the Appendix to Flinders's
Voyage, this memoir contains a wealth of miscellaneous matter,
more or less germane to the subject in hand. Brown commences
with a discussion on the aestivation and nervation of the corolla,
the true nature of which he had, as above indicated, already dis-
covered and announced, and proceeds to comment on the inflores-
cence, and that o^ Dipsacea: and Granmiece ; and then treats of the
stamens, disk, style, ovary, and its " chordae pistillares." Amongst
the observations and general conclusions introduced or indicated
are those on the order in which the reduction of stamina takes
place in families with definite stamens (alluded to under Juncece in
the Appendix to Flinders's Voyage) ; on the relations betw^een pre-
cocity and perfection or imperfection of development in aggregated
inflorescences; on the position of the female flower in unisexual
plants : on the grounds for assuming the superior perfection of

LINNEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON. 6 I

male over female flowers ; oa proterandry and protogyuy, and on
the convertibility of hermaphrodite into female flowers. There is
also a detailed description of the floral organs of Brunonia, a
comparison of them with those of Gompositce and Ooodenovicce,
coucluding with the reasons for regarding the genus as a type of
a new Order, to be placed between the two others. It concludes
with a discussion on the characters and affinities of Calycereee,
with special reference to their inflorescence and the condition of
the disk in this and other families.

The Botanical Appendix to Capt. Tuckey's Voyage to the Congo
appeared in 1818. Its most valuable contents relate to geo-
graphical, systematic, and economic botany. The treatment by
numerical proportions is applied to the tropical African Flora ;
and upwards of thirty Natural Orders have their characters en-
larged or affinities discussed, and supplemented by a host of acute
and instructive observations, derived from African, Indian, and
American genera and species. But the most remarkable part of
this work is the history of the origin and distribution of tropical
cultivated fruits and vegetables, a subject that lays under con-
tribution all the resources supplied by ancient and modern history,
voyages, and travels, the migrations and languages of mankind,
consideration of temperature, humidity, and elevation, and the
means and facilities for transport possessed by the plants them-
selves or their fruits or seeds.

Between 1819 and 1823, Brown's attention was directed to the
Arctic Flora, from the polar plants procured during Scoresby's,
Eoss's, and Parry's first expedition having been placed in his
hands for description. Of the tliree papers, that on the flora
of Melville Island, entitled " Chloris Melvilliana," is the only
one that gives any general views, and these are chiefly confined
to numerical proportions ; it contains critical notes on many
species, and no fewer than six new genera* are described in a
Mora of 43 genera and 67 species of flowering plants.

In 1820 Brown communicated to this Society what, in respect
of the interest of the subject and the beauty of the illustrations,
is perhaps the best known of his Memoirs ; this was his account
of the male flower oi Raffles ia, with eight plates by Franz Bauer,
to be followed eleven years later by another, on the female flower
and fruit of that plant, accompanied by nine additional plates
from the pencil of the same distinguished botanical artist, thus
completing the history of the genus. This memoir further em-
braces all the plants referred by Brown to the same Order, which
he designated Rafflesiacece f. The plant itself is described in detail
and the description is followed by an excursus on the regular
structure or type of anther, and its relation to the leaf on the
one hand, and on the other to the carpel. The hypothesis of
the formation of all parts of the flower from the homologues

* Of these two have been suppressed by later authors,
t By right of priority Rafflesiacece gives place to Cytinea.

62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

of the leaf is alluded to in a footnote; and this hypothesis
he considers as " having originated with Linnaeus * in his
' Prolepsis Plantarum,' though he had not clearly stated it,
and had also connected it with other speculations which have
since been generally abandoned." The theory of the mar-
ginal production of pollen is advanced, and compared with tl)at
of ovules on the margins of the carpellary leaf. Further proof of
the structure of the pistillum follows. In the same note occurs
the following pregnant observation, that " ConiferoB and Cifcadece
will perhaps be found to differ from all other phanerogamous
plants in the more simple structure, both of their ovaria and
anther<e." In the second paper, the composition of the ovarium,
placeutation, and the development of the ovule in BafflesiacecB
are treated of at length, and a very elaborate discussion of the
vascular system in this and other Orders occurs in a footnote.

In the year 1825 was read before this Society what is one of
the most noteworthy of all his Memoirs, that entitled " Characters
and description of Kingia, a new genus of plants found on the
S.W. coast of New Holland, with observations on the structure
of its unimpregnated ovulum, and on the female flower of Cy-
cadeoB and Conifer ce.''^ Commencing with a detailed description
of Kingia, the author resumes the subject of the ovule of plants,
of which he traces the history, from the observations of Grew,
who not only described the ovular coats, but detected the fora-
men in the seeds of Leguminosae and defined its position as oppo-
site to the radicle of the embryo, to those of Link in 1824. The
functions of its several parts are then described, and its develop-
ment into the seed in many genera. In the course of this in-
vestigation he corrects many errors of his predecessors and sup-
plies hiati in their descriptions. Tliis is followed by similar
treatment of the anther and ovule in Couifercs, CgcadecB, and Gne-
taceof. These observations are supplemented by a paper read
before the meeting of the British Association at Ecliuburgh
nearly ten years afterwards, in which he describes the corpuscles,
the development of the susi)ensor, and the retarded action of tne
pollen after it reaches the ovule in some plants of these Orders.

The Appendix to the Ti-avels of Major Deuham and Capt. Clap-
perton contains an account of the plants collected by Dr. Oudney,
and was published iu 1826. It is chiefly systematic, but contains
important disquisitions, relative to some new genera of Crueifercd,
on the hypogynous glands, pistils, placeutation, and septum of
the fruit. It further ex])lains the structure of the petals in
Reseda, shows the affinities of LeguminoscB with Rosacece and
Polygalece, and describes the number and position of pistilla iu

* It originated with Wolff, was faultily enunciated by Linnaeus, and correctly
by Goethe. It. is impossible to say whether or not the two latter authors
were or were not acquainted with tlicir predecessor's works. They were learned
men, and it is inconceivable that Goethe should not have seen Limiaeus's ' Pro-
lepsis.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 63

various plants, and the order of their reduction in relation to
other parts of the flower.

In 1828 Brown printed for private circulation a Memoir
which attracted a great deal of attention, entitled " A brief
account of Microscopical Observations made in the months of July,
August, and September, 1827, on the Particles contained in the
Pollen of Plants ; and on the general Existence of Active Mole-
cules in Organic and Inorganic bodies ; " and in the following
year " Additional Observations on Active Molecules." For
reasons that will afterwards appear, it is very difficult to give a
clear account of this curious investigation. Brown states that the
research was suggested by his desire to study, more minutely than
he had done, the structure of pollen, and to inquire into its mode
of action on the pistillum. The pollen he commenced with
was that of Clarkia pulchella, in which, when immersed in
water, he detected particles of two kinds, both exhibiting motion.
In the pollen-grains taken from the undehisced anther of this
plant he observed only particles of unusually large size, of a figure
between cyliudric and oblong, which had motions both of change
of position and of form ; but in the case of pollen-grains of the
same plant taken from the anther after it had dehisced, he found,
mixed with a reduced number of the same large moving particles,
other particles at least as numerous, of a spherical form, and in
rapid rotatory motion. These smaller particles he designated
molecules, to distinguish them from the larger. Extending his
observations to many other plants of the same Natural Order as
Clarkia, he found the same phenomena in all. The pollen of
many species of the more important and remarkable orders of
Phanerogams was then subjected to examination, always with the
result that they contained particles in motion, but with modifi-
cations. From polleu, Brown proceeded to the examination of
other vegetable tissues, living, dead, and dried (even that of mosses
that had been dried for upwards of 100 years), with the result
that when these were reduced to the condition of minute particles,
and floated in water, they invariably exhibited motion. Amongst
other bodies, he examined the " cylindrical anther or pollen " of
Mosses ; he does not say whether these were in a living or dead
state; if the formei", he narrowly escaped being the discoverer of
the Antherozoids of plants.

It is needless to carry further the history of Brown's inde-
fatigable endeavours to fiud in the motion within the pollen
the " test of the male organ," of which he was in quest : his
sagacity must soon have led him to perceive that the motions
which he had detected, or some of them, were physical. Pur-
suing the inquiry into inorganic substances, of which he examined
an enormous number, using many methods of demonstrating that
the motions were independent of evaporation, currents of the
fluid in which the particles were immersed, or other external
conditions, he at length established the fact of that oscillatory

64 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

motion of all sufficiently minute particles if suspended in fluid,
which has received the name of the Brovvnian or Brunonian
motion.

It remains to be seen which of the motions Brown saw were
physical (i. e. Browniaii) or biological {i. e. protoplasmic) ; for
it is to be remembered that at the time he made his observations
he could have known nothing of the movements of protoplasm, to
which the motions of the large particles within the pollen-grain may
be ftttributable.

At the conclusion of his Additional Eemarks, he gives an
interesting account of the observations on the movements of
particles in organic substances made by previous observers,
amongst whom he mentions Gleichen as the discoverer of
motions in the particles contained within the pollen and in the
ovulum of Zea Mays. In another place he alludes to the obser-
vations of Brongniart on the same subject, contained in that
author's " Eecherches sur la generation et le developpement de
I'embryon dans les Vegetaux Phanerogames," observing that
he was evidently unacquainted with the fact that the active
spherical molecules generally exist in the grains of pollen along
with its proper particles.

I have ventured to dwell at length upon this memoir of
Brown's, because it is in many respects the most remarkable as
an investigation, because I think that his observations and experi-
ments have not been repeated as perhaps they deserve to be,
because I find that very few of the younger generation of
botanists are carefully acquainted with the singular history of
the Brownian motion.

As before stated, Brown, in 1831, read before this Society his
observations on the fecundation of Orcliidece and Asdepiadecd ;
and, in 1832, his " Additional Observations " on the same subject,
along with which may be noticed the " Supplementary Observa-
tions," which were intended to be a reprint from a separate pub-
lication, but which were reserved for private distribution, and I
believe never published.

The sum of these memoirs represents what is unquestionably
the masterpiece of Brown's many works, and includes his most
valuable contributions to botanical science. The investigation
is alike remarkable for the difficulty of the subject, the amount
of labour expended upon it, the multitude of details mastered,
its completeness as far as the author could carry it, and its far-
reaching results. Commencing with the OrcJiidece, tlie labours
of all who have investigated their reproductive organs and their
functions, from Haller in 1760 to Lindley in 1830, are recorded,
to be followed by his own far more accurate, profound, and com-
plete analyses. In the course of these investigations he detects
the " areola or nucleus " of the vegetable cell, which, indeed, had
been seen by a few previous observers, who had not, however,
recognized its importance. This Brown did, and it led him to

LTNNEAN SOCTETT OF LOXDON. 65

search for it in other Orders than Orchideix>, and thus establish its
" prevalence " ui the cells, first of Monocotyledons and then of
Dicotylt dons. Pnrsuing the investigation, on examining the hairs
on the filaments of Tradescantia, he discovered the circulation
of currents of granular matter within their component cells, of
which currents he says tliat their course seemed often in some
degree " to be aftected by the nucleus, towards or from which many
of them occasionally tended or appeared to proceed." The
supreme importance of this observatioii as the first stage in the
history of cell-growth and multiplication, leading to undreamt
of conceptions of the fundamental phenomena of organic life, is
acknowledged by all investigators.

The Asclepiadecs are treated of in the same masterly manner,
with the same completeness as the Orchidece, and with even
more striking results in respect of the processes of fecundation.
Of the latter 1 will mention only the simultaneous bursting of
every pollen-grain of the pollinium at the moment of its contact
witli the stigma, and the expulsioji from one and always the same
point of its surface of the pollen-tubes, collected in the form of
cords. In his description of this mysterious phenomenon he
says : — " As there are no visible conductors of this stimulus (from
the stigma) within the mass, it must either be supposed to be
propagated from one cell to another, or conveyed from the pro-
minent point of the edge (of the pollinium) to every other part
of the surface of the covering itself." In conversation with me,
Mr. Brown has talked of this singular phenomenon as an inscru-
table mystery.

Throughout these investigations the behaviour of the pollen-
tube seems to have been the leading object of study, and especially
its descent and insertion into the foramen of the ovule. In
searching out this matter, his patience seems to have been equalled
only by his extreme caution, for even after having seen the
connection in some plants, and failed to find any insuperable
objections to its occurring in others, he concludes with the
following remark : — " Though the descent of tubes derived from
the pollen into the cavity of the ovarium, and their insertion into
that point of the ovulum where the radicle of the future embryo is
seated, has been absolutely ascertained in several species of Or-
cJiidecB and in one of Asclepladece, and probably will be found iu
the whole of these extensive families, yet it does not follow
that the descent and insertion of the tubes should be expected to
extend to all phanerogamous plants ; for among these some
structures of the female organ exist which hardly admit of this
economy"*.

Amongst other curious observations in these memoirs is that of

* It would be interesting to know to what planls Brown here alludes — pos-
sibly to such Eiiphorbiaccce as have the ovule cajiped by a caruncle or obturator.
He cannot allude to arillate ovules, for he elsewhere observes that the aril does
not cover the foramen until after impregnation.

LINN. SOU. PKOCEEDINUS. — SESSION 1887-88. f

66 PROCEEDINGS OK TlIK

liis li;i\ iiif,' iini)re{,'uated all the flowers ou a spike of a Bonatca by
vwv pollen-ma Bti, a prc-Darwinian experiment; and that impreg-
nation in Ophriin is frequently accomplished without the aid of
insects. It is singular that this last remark should have seduced
the autlior of this, perhaps the most cautious of all his works,
into the region of speculation ; for he goes on to say that it may
be conjectured that the remarkable forms of the flower iu tliis
r'eiius are intended to deter, not to attract insects, and that the
insect-forms of Orchideous flowers resemble those of the insects
belonging to th(> native country of the plants.

It remains to indicate Brown's researches in fossil botany.
These, witli one I'xception, hardly extended beyond tlie study of
the calcified and silicified stems, especially of tree-ferns, in which
he took a deep interest, and upon which he communicated to liis
friends mucli curious and most valuable information, but pub-
lished nothing. In the works of Buckland, Lyell, and Murchison,
&c., will be found bis conclusions regarding certain Cycadeous,
Coniferous, and other fruits, to which his attention had been
drawn. As a characteristic example of his reticence, I may cite a
characteristic response of his to a request that he would give an
account of a collection of vegetable remains foimd. below the Chalk.
Of these he says : — " They belong to two nearly related families,
Coiiifcrcc and Cycuclece, which liave been regarded as forming
a di*tinct class, characterized by greater simplicity of the parts
of fructification, but also by some peculiarities of the internal
structure, and thence have been considered as intermediate be-
tween Phanerogams and Cryptogams and Acotyledonous plants."
There is something almost grotesque in such a delphic utter-
ance from the great expositor of gymnospermous structure, aud
it further ai)pears to me that it Avould be difficult to give to an
eager inquirer an answer wrapped in a wetter blanket*.

With like caution and better reason, he refrained from giving
an opinion on fossil foliage specimens. His comprehensive know-
ledge of the protean forms of the leaves of living plants, aud of the
frequent recurrence of identical forms in the most distant natural
families, and in the most remote countries, forbad his authorita-
tively assenting to the identification of the leaves of fossil with
those of existing plants. That such a fossil leaf or fruit was
" more or less like" such auotlier existing one, was usually the
utmost that could be extorted from him ; and he published
nothing on the subject. The solitary printed memoir ou a fossil
plant, alluded to above, was also iiis last botanical one of any
moment. It is that on Trijjlosporites, read before this Society

* I am indebted for auotlier cliaracteristic example of Brown's caution to
I'rof. Huxley. Wlicu showing bim. the collection of i'ossil plants in the
Jerniyn Street Jluseuni, Prof. Huxley jilaced in his hands a specimen which
had been referred, and apparently with good reason, to Conifvra, and asked for
liis coniirniation of the identification ; I can imagine the twinkle of liis eye as
he gave for an answer, "It is conical."

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 67

in 1847, but withdrawn and not published till 1851, and is of
first-rate importance as proving the Lycopodiaceous nature of
Lepidodendron. He was at first disposed to regard Trlplospoi'ltes
as a genus, but afterwards with due reservation withdrew it.

For a list of Brown's minor labours, I must refer to the reprint
of his works by Mr. Bennett in the volumes of the Eay Society.
They are chiefly systematic, and were conti'ibuted to Alton's
' Hortus Kewensis,' the ' Botanical Register,' and ' Botanical
Magazine,' and especiallj^ to Bennett's " Plantse Javaniea; Ba-
riores," which include his observations on the classification of
ferus,and his monograph oi Stei'culiaccce,Cy)'tandrece,Phi/toc)'ene(B,
and on other plants of singular structure and obscure affinities.
In 1832, he contributed to the first volume of the 'Journal of the
Eoyal Greograjiliical Society ' a paper on the Botany of the Swan
Eiver Settlement. In 1850 he laid before this Society, at the
request of Humboldt, his views as to the origin and propagation
of the Gulf-weed ; in which he opposed the prevalent view that
that plant originates, as well as jn'opagates itself, wliere now
found. This is his penultimate contribution to our Society's
publications.

In the above imperfect sketch of some of Brown's great labours
and discoveries, I feel that I have inadequately acknowledged the
debt which botanical science owes to him. To compare his
labours with those of his successors in the latter half of that
century, the first half of whicli he so greatly adorned, would bean
invidious task. It will be for the botanists of the nineteenth
century to say for how long a period the name of Brown should
carry with it the proud title conferred upon it by Humboldt,
and confirmed with acclamation by the botanists of every country
in Europe, of " Botauicorum facile priuceps, Britanniarum gloria
et ornamentum, totam botanices scientiam ingenio mirifico com-
plectens."

EFLOGTUM ON CHAELES DAEAYIN.
By Professor W. H. Flower, C.B., F.E.S., F.L.S.

The Council of the Linnean Society has honoured me with the
request that I would say some words regarding the life and work
of our illustrious member Charles Darwin, whose name, it may be
said with truth, is more widely known throughout the civilized
world than any other that has been enrolled upon the list of
Fellows of the Society.

Darwin has, moreover, special claims for consideration from us
on such an occasion as this, inasmuch as a large and very im-
portant portion of his work was first communicated to the world
by means of papers read at our Meetings and published in our
Journal.

/2

68 rUOCEEDINGS OF THE

Here, on the 1st of July 185S, was read the celebrated essay
" 0)1 the Variatiou of Organic Beings in a State of Nature, on
the Nat\iral means of Selection, on the Comparison of Domestic
Kaces and True Species."

Here also were iii'st made Icuowu, in a succession of memoirs,
extending over many years, tliose remarkable investigations into
the structure and lite-liistory of plants, " any one of Avhich, taken
on its own merits " (I quote the words of one of our leading
authorities in this department of science), "would alone have
made the reputation of any ordinary botanist."

Darwin's life and Darwin's work are, however, so familiar to
every one here, and have been so recently and so exhaustively
treated of, in every asj^ect in which they can be viewed, that to
attempt to say anything new upon them, or even to clothe what is
well known in any original form, would be for me a hopeless task.

The brevity with which I will speak will therefore be not a
measure of our ap])reciation of the .subject or of the man, but of
a conviction that few words are needed to express what we all
know and all feel.

The recently publi.shed ' Life and Letters ' has brought before
a wide circle of readers a most vivid presentiment of what
Darwin really was.

A character so simple, so transparent, so unaffected, duly
recognizing its own strength, and at the same time fully con-
scious of its own imperfections, a life so singularly consistent, so
steadily uniform throughout in its aims, and so undeviatingly
honest to all its convictions : such a character and snch a life,
already well known to his intimate friends, is now before the
whole world revealed, as one may say, to its very depths.

Nothing more of any importance, either of character or life,
will ever be known. Any additional detail of incident or adven-
ture tliat can ever be brought to light, any further publication of
his voluminous correspondence, would only till in little vacuities
that may be left in the picture, but will never alter the outlines,
or the colour, or the tone. The picture, as already drawn in that
book, will remain, substantially, the same, for it is that of the man
himself, and, as I have said, of a man singularly free from the
com])lexities and contradictions which make up the composite
chai'acter of many whose names have risen conspicuous above
those of their fellow men. To the admirable qualities of his
domestic life, his modesty, his graciousness, his geniality, his
generous appreciation of the work and opinions of otliers, justice
has been fully rendered, even by the least sympathetic critics of
his scientific work. One of the most recent of these is con-
strained to say, " To know Darwin w\as to feel attracted to him, to
know much of him was to love him."

It concerns us here to speak rather of the one great charac-
teristic which, throughout the whole of his lengthened career,
dominated all others, and made him what he was, — the consuming,

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOK. 69

irrepressible lougiug- to unravel the mysteries of living nature, to
penetrate the shroud wliicli conceals the causes and methods by
whicli all the wonders and all tlie diversity, all the beauty, yes,
and all the deformity, too, which we see around us in the life of
animals and plants have been brought about.

Against our ignorance on tliese subjects his life was one
long battle, and in reading its history and seeing the gradual
development of his plan of operations, one is continually reminded
of a great strategist directing a vast army spread over a wide
and varied field of operations ; now surveying tlie whole at a
glance, now pressing on his various forces wherever an opening
presents itself anywhere along the line, now carefully scrutinizing
the weak and the strong points of every position ; omitting no
precaution where danger threatens, now bringing one branch of
the forces to bear, followed up and supported, if need be, by
others of a different kind, one after another in close and telling
array ; masses of tacts, experiments, observations, and arguments
thrown in to stop a breach or strengthen any menaced or waver-
ing post, and all arranged, grouped, marshalled, and handled with
the skill and vigilance with which a successful general handles a
living army in the conduct of a great and complicated campaign.

To all this, most of the work which we others do is but irre-
gular guerilla warfare, attacks on isolated points, mere outpost
skirmishing, while his was the indefatigable, patient, intermittent
toil, conducted in such a manner and on such a scale that it
could scarcely fail to secure victory in the end.

The main victory gained by his work was, as we all know, the
destruction of the conception of species as being beyond certain
narrow limits fixed and unchangeable, a conception which pre-
vailed almost universally before his lime. That this has been
gained chiefly by means of Darwin's w'ork and writing, there can
be no doubt. Let us admit that others had prepared the way,
that the work was carried ou simultaneously by many others
also, that if the present generally accepted view is true, it must
have made its way if Darwin had not lived or spoken ; I say,
grant all this to the fullest, and the fact remains that he was the
main agent in the conversion of almost the whole scientific world
from one to a totally opposite conception of one of the most
important operations of nature.

Such a revolution as this, with all its momentous consequences
to the study of zoology and botany, effected in so short a space
of time, is, as has often been said, without a parallel in the
history of science, and it is one the full significance of which
those who have not lived through it, and been workers at biology
in both the pre-Darwiuian and post-Darwinian epochs, must find
difficulty in realizing.

There is, moreover, no doubt but that this rapid conversion
was much facilitated by the fascinating nature of the theory of
the operation of natural selection in intensifying and fixing

L

/(' PROCKEDTNOS OF THE

variation, as originally propounded in these rooms independently
and simultaneously by Darwin and byAVallace. This theory has
been subjected to keen criticism, and difliculties have undoubtedly
been sliowu in accepting it as a complete explanation of many of
the phenomena of evolution. That other factors have been at
work besides natural selection in bringing about the present con-
dition of the organic world, [)ro])ahly every one now admits, as, I
need not say, Darwin did liiinsclf. There is, however, not now
tbe time, nor is this the occasion to enter into a critical exami-
nation of this large and complex subject. Indeed, the time
seems scarcely yet come wlu-n we can do so with the necessary
cahnness and impartiality. Prejudices on tlie one hand and on
the other, and the cloud of side-issues which were aroused Avhen
the theory was first promulgated, and wliich prevented many
from understanding what was really implied by it, still hover
around, and many of us deem it best to rest with suspended
judgment not oidy upon this, but upon tbe various other hypo-
tlieses put forward to account for the origin of species, and to
turn again with increased interest and zeal to investigate the
facts upon which these hypotheses are based. No one can deny
that, whatever opinion may ultimately pre\ail regarding Darwin
and his works, the controversies that have gathered round them
liave proved a marvellous stimulus to research, and have given
new life to investigations into a great variety of subjects, — sub-
jects so diverse as paljeontology, morj^hology, embryology, the
geogi-aplucal distribution, tlie habits, and the life-history of all
living things, — into every branch, in fact, of biological science.

They have made us also realize in fuller measure than ever
before the depth of the still unfathomed mysteries that con-
front us everywhere. The endeavour to 2)cuetrate these mys-
teries, to solve some of these problems wliich lie everywliere in
our path in wandering through the field of nature, is surely a
most legitimate employment for the faculties of man ; and he wlio
has devoted to this endeavour a life of patient, eager, and, above
all, lione.vt toil, undaunted by constant physical weakness and
sufi'ering, and lias steadily persevered lo the end in his one great
aim, alike through evil report and good i'e|)ort, deserves our
gratitude and our reverence.

Though Darwin did not tear down the curtain which obscures
our gaze into the past and lay bare to our vision the birth of life,
and all iis various manifestations upon earth, as has been too
rashly said by some of his enthusiastic disciples, he lifted the
veil here and there, and gave us glimpses which will light the
path of those who follow in his steps, and, even more than this,
he showed by his life and by his work, beyond any one of the age
in which we live, the true methods by which alone the secrets of
nature may be won.

LTNMEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. 7 I

EULOGITJM ON GEORGE BENTHAM, E.E.S.
W. T. TnisELTON Dyer, C.M.G., M.A., F.R.S.

Mr. President,— 7

The interesting story of Bentham'a early life has been so
admirably told in the Obituary Notices by his two friends, Sir
Joseph Hooker * and Prof. Oliver t, that it is needless to repeat
it at any length. They are partly based on an autobiographic
fragment left by himself, which his failing powers prevented
in)happily his completing.

Those who hesitate to accept the modern theory that the course
of development of the race is independent of the influence of the
environment might take some comfort from the history of
Bentham's parentage. Descended from a family of City lawyers,
the qualities of exactitude, method, and admiiiistrative skill v\'ere no
less his natural inheritance than they were of his father and uncle.
In the latter, the well-known publicist, Jeremy Bentham, they
found their outlet in those studies, to trace the results of which, it
has been said, " would be to write a history of the legislation of
half a century." In Bentham's father the family capacity deve-
loped on its administrative side ; while his mother, herself a
person of notable mental powers, was a daughter of Dr. Fordyce,
a Fellow of the Eoyal Society.

The whole bent of Bentham's early education was unconsciously
the best possible preparation for his ultimate scientific career.
Gifted with an extraordinary power of acquiring languages, he
rapidly learnt those of the different countries which be traversed
in his youth in prolonged continental journeys with his parents.
There were, in fact, only a few of the minor European languages
with which he had not some acquaintance. To the same circum-
stance he owed his remarkable knowledge of the scientific society
and resources of the principal Europeaii capitals in the early
part of the century. The influence of his uncle Jeremy had
early imbued him with a taste for the methodizing and logical
analysis of the data of any subject which occupied his attention.
And while still a lad he began a work on physical geography in
which he received the encouragement of Humboldt.

He himself told, from the Chair of this Society, the circum-
stance which first attracted his attention to botanical study, and
Sir Joseph Hooker has narrated it with some additional parti-
culars. Bentham's mother was fond of plants, and a great friend
of Alton at Kew. When residing at Angouleme she had pur-
chased a copy of the elder De Candolle's ' Flore Francaise.'

* Nature, vol. xxx. pp. 539-543.
I Proc. R. S. vol. xxxviii. pp. i-v.

^2 PROCEED! N (IS OF THE

Boutliam, taking np the book, was struck with the analytical
key for dcterniiniug the names of plants. It exactly fitted in
with the habits of tabulation which he had derived from his
uncle. He immediately sought in the courtyard of the house a
plant upon which to test its value. The first that came to his
hand was Salvia 2)rafe}isis ; and this he succeeded in identifying.
He now closely studied the subject, and though during the next
ten years his versatile mind was diverted to a variety of other
topics, it is evident that he never sliook oft' its fascinations, which
holiday excursions in the Pyrenees and the Cevennes no doubt
irresistibly riveted. A visit to London in 1823 brought him
in contact with the brilliant circle of English botanists. He
availed himself of the resources which our own body, the foster-
motlier of all our modern naturalists, then, as now, liberally
extended even to those who were not members of its fellowshij).
During a tour in England and Scotland he made the friendship
of Dr. Arnott, with whom he subsequently in 1S25 made an
extended journey in the Pyrenees. The results of this expedi-
tion were the foundation of his first botanical work, ' Catalogue
des Plantes indigenes des Pyrenees et du Bas Languedoc ' *. This
is remarkable even now for much careful detailed observation ;
and it is interesting to notice that in it Eenthara adopted the
principle, from which he never deviated, of citing nothing at
second-hand or any fact or reference which he had not himself
independently verified.

From 1820 to 1832, when his uncle died, Beutham was asso-
ciated with him as Secretary. This must have been in many
resi}ects the ciitical period of his life. He was called to the bar
by Lincoln's Inn. But his legal studies soon gave way to tlie
more abstract ones of logic and jurisprudence. In 1827 he pub-
lisluxl his outlines of a New System of Logic. Tliis contained
the first promulgation of the doctrine of the Quantification of the
Predicate, a discovery which was for some years attributed to Sir
AVilliam Hamilton, and was only finally vindicated for Beutham
in 1873 by Herbert Spencer. In 1828 he became a Eellow of the
Liunean Society, and the continuous botanical labours of his life
may be said to have begun from this date, when he became asso-
ciated with AVallich in the distribution of the lattcr's vast East-
Indian collections.

Prom 1812 to 18o4 he resided in Herefordshire, and was prin-
cipally occupied with the elaboration of various Orders of plants
for De Candolle's ' Prodromus.' In 1851' he gave to Kew his
fine library and herbarium. At this time he seems to have enter-
tained the idea of abandoning botany, as, Sir Joseph Hooker tells
us, " with characteristic modesty regarding himself as an amateur
who had hitherto pursued the science rather as an intellectual
exercise in systematizing than as a scientific botanist, who, in

* Paris, 18-20.

LTNNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. 73

his opiuiou, shoixld unite a competent knowledge of anatomy,
physiology, and of cryptogamie plants, to skill as a classifier and
describe!' of Phanerogams." Happily he was persuaded, and in
great measure by Sir William Hooker, to continue his botanical
work; and in 1S55 he seltled down to the course of hfe which
witli uudeviating devotion he pursued till within a short time of
his death, thirty years later.

Every day, with the brief intervals of vacation, he worked at Kew
from TO to i. Latterly he was in the habit of reserving Thursday
for his own affairs, though during his eleven years of tenure of
office as President of this Society the best part of that day was
devoted to its business. His method was to work during the
hours spent at Kew continuously, making copious notes. In the
evening he wrote out the work of each day in its final form ready
for the printer. These habits of intense concentration no doubt
were the foundation of that aspoct of reserve which gradually
replaced the buoyancy of his earlier years. Plis uncle under-
went a similar change. Eegarding " general society as a waste
of time," he obtained in the popuhir estimation the reputation
of a morose \isionary. The world was in error in both cases,
and mistook a persistent consciousness of purpose for a constitu-
tional defect of geniality. In society it would be diHicult to
imagine a more charming companion thanBentham. To the dis-
tinction of high-bred courtesy he added a vast knowledge of the
most interesting European society of his earlier years. One
cannot but regret that no permanent record remains of the fund
of anecdote and reminiscence vshich he could pour out so
effectively.

After the completion of the 'Hong Kong Elora ' (1861), with
which he inaugurated the series of works descriptive of the vege-
tation of our colonies which had been planned at Kew by Sir
William Hooker, the remainder of his life was devoted to the
two great works, both of which he lived to complete, the ' Elora
Australiensis ' and the ' Genera Plantarum.' These he carried
on simultaneously.

The ' Elora Australiensis ' (18G3-1870), in seven volumes, de-
scribes about 7000 species, and is the first flora of any large
continental area that has ever been finished. It is a work which
alone would found a reputation. Its method of execution is
such as to embarrass as little as possible those who are able to
make additions to it. Bentham would never go beyond the evi-
dence before him ; but what he grasped is presented with admi-
rable lucidity and accuracy. The publication of the ' Genera
Plantarum ' was commenced in 18G2 and concluded in 1883, " the
greater portion of it," being, as Sir Joseph Hooker tells us, " the
product of Bentham's indefatigable industry." What that in-
dustry was I can best illustrate to you by a story which is one
of the traditions of the Kew Herbarium. Bentliam had com-
pleted, after much assiduous labour, his elaboration of the

y4 PROCEEDINGS OF TTTK

Orchidece, half an hour before the close of liis day's work. Most
men would have put down their pen with a sigh of relief and
attempted nothinp; fresh for the moment. Not so Bentham :
without a moment's hesitation be begged one of the assistants to
bring him the unnamed and doubtful specimens belonging to the
next part of his task, the Graminece on which lie at once commenced.
All will remember the pathetic words in which G-ibbon de-
scribes the completion of his great ' History.' "A sober melancholy
was spread OA-er my mind by the idea that I had taken an ever-
lastin*'- leave of an old and agreeable companion, and tliat what-
soever might bo the future date of my History, the life of the
historian must be short and precarious," In the latter years
of liis life Bentham was not less imbued with atlection for his
task, though the sense of the precariousness of life chiefly
affected liim with anxiety as to its completion. The flame of his
intellectual powers never burnt more brightly, too brightly
perhaps for a frame which slowly but ])erceptibly enfeebled.
During the last years of wliat was a supreme effort it was
impossible not to feel a degree of awe for the intense devotion
with which he pursued without intermission his self-imposed
labour. Towards the last it seemed to me that by mere effort of
will he actually sustained his bodily vitality. When the last
revise of the last sheet was returned to the printer, the stimulus
was v.ithdrawn ; his powers seemed suddenly to fail him.
Nature, long indulgent, would no longer be withstood. He
came once or twice again to Kew, but found no task that he
could settle to. At home he commenced a brief autobiography.
The pen with which he had written his two greatest works
broke in his hand in the middle of a page. He accepted the
omen, laid aside the unfinished manuscript, and patiently awaited
the not distant end.

Bentham, like all really able men, had a perfectly just, but
a perfectly modest, appreciation of his own powers. He knew
tliat his gifts lay in tlie direction of systematic work ; and he
never attemited to travel beyond ground on which he felt per-
fectly sure. He would often ask men junior to himself to assist
him in the elucidation of some morjjhological point with the
handling of which he felt himself unfamiliar. It must not be
suj)posed that he reciprocated in the smallest degree the want of
sympathy towards morphology which the students of that branch
of biology are too apt to display towards taxonomy. But he
insisted that a sound taxonomy was the essential basis of all
biological work*

He had seen " systematists, bred up in the doctrine of the
lixed immutability of species .... shaken and ])uzzled .... by
the promulgation of the Darwinian theories "f. Those theories

* See Address to Linn. Soc. 1871, p. T).
t Ibid. p. 4.

LINNEAN" SOCIETY OF LOKDON. 75

Bentham readily accepted ; and bis old logical training soon
enabled him to reconstruct bis position and to revindicate, as it
seems to me on unassailable ground, tbe true meaning and status
of taxonomic science. But he did not do this without a severe
struggle, of ^Ybicb be has given an interesting account in a letter
to i'rancis Darwin*, written May 30 of tbe year before bis
death : —

"Ibave always been throughout one of bis (Mr. Darwin's)
most sincere admirers, and fully adopted his theories and con-
clusions, notwithstanding tbe severe pain and disappointment
they at first occasioned me. On the day that his celebrated
paper was read at the Linnean Society, .Inly 1st, 1S58, a long
paper of mine bad been set down for reading, in which, in com-
menting on the ' British Flora,' I bad collected a number of
observations and facts illustrating what I then believed to be a
fixity of species, however difficult it might be to assign their
limits, and showing a tendency of abuormal forms produced by
cultivation or otherwise to withdraw within those original limits
when left to themselves. Most fortunately my paper bad to
give way to Mr. Darwin's ; and when once that was read, I felt
bound to defer mine for reconsideration ; I began to entertain
doubts on the subject ; and on tbe appearance of tbe ' Origin of
Species ' I was forced, however reluctantly, to give up my long
cherished convictions, the results of much labour and study ;
and I cancelled all that part of my paper which urged original
fi.'sity."

It will, I think, be useful to recall the position upon which
Bentham, in bis Address f to the Society, jjut the basis of modern
taxonomic science : —

" It must, in the first place, be remembered that the races
whose relations to each other we study can only be present to
our minds in an abstract form. In treating of a genus, a species,
or a variety-, it is not enough to have one individual before our
eyes ; we must combine the properties belonging to the whole
I'ace we are considering abstracted from those peculiar to sub-
ordinate races or individuals. We cannot form a correct idea of
a species from a single individual, nor of a genus from a single
one of its species. We can no more set u]) a typical species than
a typical individual."

It follows from this that taxonomy is only a kind of generali-
zation based on accurate objective observations. This is the
essential note of Bentham's work. He was always animated
with the judicial spirit. It was the evidence of facts wliicb be
required ; and be was impatient of mere speculation about them.
But he agreed that taxonomic generalizations are subject to the
same law as all others, and must admit, if necessary, of enlarge-

* 'Life and Letters of Charles Darwin,' vol. ii. p. 293.
t 1871, pp. 5, G.

76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

ment and modification. " No species or genus," he tells us, " we
establish can be considered as absolute ; it will ever have to be
completed, corrected, or modified, as more and more individuals
come to be correctly observed." As we rise in the scale of taxo-
nomic groups the same principle is always applicable. And
this was really the view of Linnreus himself. Tiiose, in my
judgment, have done scant justice to his immortal memory who
find in his nrtificial system his chief claim to lame. AV^c see the
man in his real intellectual greatness in those " Eragmenta
Methodi Naturalis " which are included in his ' Classes Planta-
rum.' AVhat is more noble or more animated by the modern
spirit than the following confession of faith : —

" Diu et Ego circa method um naturalem inveniendam laboravi,
bene multa qua> adderem obtinui, perficere nou potui, continua-
turus dum vixero"*.

This is the problem which presses ou biologists with still
more urgent insistence today tlian it did ou Liumeus, — the per-
fection of the nutui'al method. Taxonomy has become, as it were,
the algebraic sum of all other branches of biological research.
Beutham saw that it took a new life when emaucipated froui the
idea of the fixity of species. It may be objected that, after all,
the natural method as regards great groujis does not find its
highest development in the ' Genera Plautarum.' Every writer
of a German textbook hazards uow-a-days a new classification
of the A'egetable Kingdom, while Beutham was content to adhere
pretty closely to the Caiulolleau sequence. But he saw that the
real difliculty was to begin Irom the bottom. Things had come
to siu'h a pass that the chaos in which Beutham found genera
reproduced that in which Linnajus found species. AVhen genera
have been got into something approaching discipline, it is a com-
paratively easy task to discuss the relations of orders. Beutham
lias himself given an illustration of the fuudameutal necessity of
ascertaining the accurate facts about genera before larger aggre-
gates can be accurately marked out. The genus Magallana was
allowed materially to invalidate the character of TropuoIecB till it
was discovered that it was founded upon the fruit of one natural
order carele.<sly attached to a llowering specimen of auolhei- f .

This is uot the place to attempt any criticism of the ' Genera ' as
a whole. It is enough that the scientific world has received the
book with as unanimous an assent as was accorded to the ' Spe-
cies Plautarum ' of Linnaus. Never perhaps was a collaboratuin
of authors so ha])py J. Beutham brought to it, as Professor
Oliver has remarked, " an insight of so special a character, as to
deserve the name of genius, into the relative value of characters

* ' Classes riantanini ' (1738), p. 484.

I Address to Liiincau Society, 1871, p. 14.

\ liontluiin Las given an aecouiit of the method of work and re.spcctive
share.-* of liiiiitielf and Sii- Joseiili Ilookoi- in the elaboration of the ' (icnera
Plantannn' in a paper in the Jonru. Linn. Soc. (Eotany) vol. xx. pp. 3U4-308,

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 77

for practical systematic work, and, as a consequence of this, a sure
sifting of essentials from non-essentials in each respectiA'e grade."
Sir Joseph Hooker brought an insight no less remarkable.
But if a distinction may be made, his vast experience of plants
in the living state had given him a keen appreciation of the value
of morphological characters as a gnide to affinity. This Bentham
had not to so great an extent ; but his knowledge of the ])ractical
value of distinctive characters fortaxonomic purposes had become
trained almost into an instinct. It must not, however, be supposed
that Bentham had not in his day been a close observer of Nature.
His ' British Flora,' drawn up on the same lines as those adopted
for the ' Flora Australiensis,' was criticised as if its author had
no knowledge of plants in the field. The way, however, in
which he handled tiie facts on the nature of close and varying
species extracted from Darwin the characteristic exclamation,
" Good Heavens ! to think of the British botanists turning up
their noses, and saying that he knows nothing of Britisli
plants"*.

I cannot omit some mention of Bentham's services to this
Society as its President from 1863-1874. His devotion to our
interests knew no bounds. Bentham was a man who shrank
from no labour, however great, which would further an end in
which he was interested. I believe we owe to him the aduiirable
' Index ' to the last ten volumes of the old series of our ' Transac-
tions ' f. And when the Society moved into its present quarters
he superintended tlie removal of our library, and actually arranged
the bulk of the books upon the shelves with his own hands. But
it is iu his Addresses that his best memorial as our President will
be found. I may be permitted to say a few words on the most
important. That for 1863 deals with the discussions relating to
the origin of species. One passage is worth quoting, as showing
how very gradual Avas Bentham's adhesion to the new views : —
" I scarcely think that due allowance is made for those who, like
myself, through a long course of study of the phenomena of
organic life, had been led more and. more to believe in the immu-
tability of species within certain limits, and have now felt their
theories rudely shaken by the new light opened on the field by
Mr. Darwin, but who cannot surrender at discretion so long as
many important outworks remain contestable." He was in cor-
respondence with Darwin about some of these outworks ; and
the latter, writing to Bentham about the elfect of the Address
as a whole, said : — " I verily believe that your Address, written as
it is, will do more to shake the unshaken and bring on those
leaning to our side than any thing written directly in favour
of transmutation "J. It is very interesting to find that in 1870 he
thoroughly grappled with what had evidently perplexed him much

* 'Life and Letters,' vul. ii. p. SiJU. 1' (/. Proc. Liim. Soc. 18()()-(.)7, p. u.
I ' Life aud Letters,' vul. iii. p. 26.

78 PROCEEDTITGS OF THE

bdore, " tlie coexistence of indefinite permaiioncy, und of gradual
or nii)id change in dift'orent races in the same area and under the
same pliysieal conditions " *.

The Addresses for ISGO and 1872 are mainly devoted to geo-
graphical botany; and the former especially is the most masterly
discussion of the subject from the moderu point of view which
had appeared up to that date.

I can only but briefly refer to the last of these Addresses, the
Report on the recent progress of Systematic Botany communicated
to the British Association in 187-4. In 1861 Darwin writesf:
" I asked Bentham to give us his ideas of species ; whether par-
tially with us or dead against us, he would write excellent matter."
And in this Keport we get the answer: — "In the limitation of
his orders, genera, species, &c. [the systematist] must carefully
observe those cases Avhere the extinctioji of races has definitely
isolated groups having a common parentage ; and in other
groups, where the preservation of intermediate forms has left
no such gaps, he is compelled to draw arbitrary lines of distinc-
tion wherever it appears to be most convenient for use. In the
pre-Darwinian state of the science we were taught, and I had
myself sti'ongly urged, that species alone had a definite existence,
and that genera, orders, &e. were more arbitrary, established for
practical use, and founded on the combination of such chnracters
as ajipeared the must constant in the greater number of species,
aud therefore the most important ; we must now test our spe-
cies, as well as genera or other groups, by such evidences as we
can collect of affinity derived from consanguinity."

I trouble you with these extracts because on an occasion like
the present it appears to me of signal im[)ortauce to prove to
you not merely the judicial caution of Bentham, but the rarer
quality to find combined with it, liis mental elasticity. During
his scientific life Bentham saw the whole point of view of taxo-
nomy undergo a fundamental change. Tar from being dis-
mayed at the almost painful destruction of old and deeply rooted
beliefs, he gradually, as I have shown, reconstructed the logical
basis of his brancli of botanical science afresh, only to find it
yield a wider possibility of interest. I have dwelt at some length
on this topic because his period of mental transition in this im-
portant matter coincided, as we have seen, with his tentireof the
Chair of this Society. When the history of the evolutionary theory
comes to be written, the part which Bentham took in securing its
acceptance will be seen to be all the more efl'ective, because it was
the solid acquiescence of slowly matured conviction.

I began by pointing out that the same inherited aptitude and con-
temporary influences which produced a great publicist in Jeremy
Bentham, yielded by an almost accidental deflection a great sys-

* Compare Darwin's letter to Bentham, ' Life and Letters,' vol. iii. pp. 24, 25.
t ' Lifo and Letters,' vol. ii. p. 303.

LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 79

temutic botanist in his nephew. It seems to me that Jeremy
Bentham and his school did for Eugland by purely intellectual
persuasion, and in an orderly and constitutional manner, very
much what the literary precursors of the Revolution of France
did for the French, though the means by which effect was given
to their ideas were far different. In the social circle of the
Benthams, the Mills, fatlier and son, were conspicuous figures.
It is a noteworthy fact that John Stuart Mill, like Whcwell,
had a deep conviction of the intellectual and educational value of
classificatoi'y botany. Mill's own botanical tastes did not drive
him, as they did Bentham, from more abstract studies; and
tliough he was all his life an assiduous amateur botanist, his
contributions to the subject never reached a higher field of dis-
tinction than the records of localities contained in a county Flora.
The apparent inclination of the members of the Benthamian circle
towards botanical study seemed to me, however, to be more than
accidental. That in point of fact it was so is, I think, indicated
by the following passage from Mill's ' Outlines of Logic '*: —

" The proper arrangement, for example, of a code of laws
depends on the same scientific conditions as the classifications
in natural history ; nor could there be a better preparatory
discipline for tliat important function than the study of the prin-
ciples of a natural arrangement, not only in the abstract, but in
their actual application to the class of phenomena for which they
were first elaborated, and which are still the best school for
learning their use. Of this the great authority on codification,
Bentham, was perfectly aware ; and his early Fragment on
Government, the admirable introduction to a series of writings
unequalled in their department, contains clear and just views (as far
as they could go) on the meaning of a natural arrangement, such
as could scarcely have occurred to any one who lived anterior to
the age of Linnaeus and Bernard de Jussieu."

Now the case of Darwin shows in the most striking way how
far beyond the field of phenomena, for the exjjlanation of which
a scientific theory was first devised, its influence upon human
life and thought may ultimately come to extend. Linueeus
could never for a moment have dreamt that the methods of classi-
fication which he perfected would stimulate a Bentham in the
pursuit of an ideal jurisprudence, to, in turn, stimulate, through
the indirect path of scientific method, the course in life of the
greatest systematic botanist of our time. The younger Bentham,
at any rate, repaid the debt with interest. If, as I think, 1 am
justified in saying he stood in the footsteps of Linujeus, we may
even admit that, though the mode of descent is sufficiently oblique,
he inherited the mantle of the master wliose memory we have met
this day to commemorate.

* Vol. ii. pp. -'82, 283.

8o PBOCEEDINOS OF THE

I'ri)}'. St. George Mivart tlicn moved that a vote of tliauks be
acconled to tlie authors of these eulogia, aiul tliis havin;; been
seconded by the Rt. llou. Sir M. E. Grant Dull", was cairied
iiiiaiiiinously.

The Linueaii Medals, struck in couuuemoratioii of the Cente-
nary of the Society |)ursuant to Council Minute, 3rd May, 1888,
were tlien presented to Sir Joseph D, Hooker, K.C.S.I., and Sir
Kichard Owen, K.C.B.

In conformity with the constitution of tlie Linnean Medal,
the President made the following remarks in presenting the
Medals : —

" In considering ho\v the Society could specially signalize the
celebration of their hundredth Anniversary, tlie Council resolved
to institute a medal, to be known as the Linnean Medal, and to
be ])resented at each xlnniversary to one of the most illustrious
biologists as an expression of the Society's estimate of his services
to science. The following rules were adopted to guide the
Council in awarding the medal : —

" Ext ract from Council Minute, 'Srd Mai/, 1888.

" It was resolved that in coimectiou with the Ceiitemuy of the Society,
a Medal, to be called the ' Liuuean Medal,' be founded under the following
regulations : —

" 1. The Medal shall be of Gold, and costing not less than £14.

" 2. The Medal shall have on the obver^se the head of Liunieus,

Oljverse. He verse.

modelled from tlie bust in the Library, and on tliereverse the arms
of the Society witli the name of the recipient.

'i. The Medal .-hall be given in the present year to a IJotanisl and
a Zoologist, and in future years to a Itotanist and Zoologist alter-
nately, commencing -with a IJotauist.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 8 1

" 4. Any Biologist shall be eligible to receive the Medal who is uot
at the time a Member of the Council.-

" 5. The pel-sou to whom the Medal is to be preseuted shall be
selected by the Council.

" 6. The Medal shall be preseuted to the person to whom it is
awarded, or hisrepresentative, by the President at the Auuiversary
Meeting, aud the President, in presenting the same, shall specify
the grounds on which the Medal has been awarded.

" This is uot the first occasion ou wliich the question of a Medal
has been considered by the Council and Fellows of the Society.
Edward Eudge, who was elected a Fellow in 1S02, and who for
forty-four years thereafter took a warm interest in its welfare,
bequeathed to us the sum of £200 to found a Grold Medal to be
called ' The Linneau Medal,' to be given to the Fellow who should
contribute the best memoir in each volume of the Transactions
after his decease. The Council carefully considered the matter,
and at a meeting convened for the purpose on the 8th of January,
IStty, the Society adopted the recommendation of the Council to
decline the bequest, because the terms under which it required to
be administered would, in all probability, be injurious to the best
interests of the Society.

" Now, with the cordial approval of every one, a medal has been
established on terms which it is believed cau reflect only honour
on the recipient and on the donor. The occasion of the foundation
of the medal being the centenary of the Society, it has been re-
solved that two medals be given, the one to a botanist, the other
to a zoologist, representing the two departments of biology, the
proper field of the Society's work. It has been a matter of not
a little anxiety to the Council that, in selecting the first recipients
of the Medal, they should choose men not only worthy in them-
selves to receive this honour, but men so universally esteemed
for their scientific labours that tlieir choice would testify to the
world the great importance attached by the Liuuean Society to
the award of the Linneau Medal. 1 have the great satisfaction
of anuouncing that as a botanist the Council have unanimously
selected Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker for the one Medal, and as a
zoologist, with the same unanimity. Sir Richard Owen for the
other Medal."

The President presented the Linneau Medal to Sir Kichard
Owen, addressing him as follows : —

'' It is a great satisfaction to me that I should be the instrument
on behalf of the Linneau Society of placing in your hands this
Linneau Medal, which has been awarded to you by the Council of
the Society in recognition of your distinguished services to
Zoology.

" These services to science have occupied a long aud Dusy life,
aud are so universally acknowledged that I am happily relieved

LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — S£SSIO> 1887-88. y

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

from d\vellinf]f upon them. But I must refer to your numerous
expositions of tlu' structure and affinities of particular species, to
your pliilosophic interpretation of the vertebrate skeleton, and to
the marvellous exposition and restoration of extinct animals from
their fraj^mentary remains preserved to us. Tou have given to
ancient continents tlieir former inhabitants — South America with
its sloths and armadilloes, South Africa with its turtles, Australia
with its giant marsupials, and New Zealand with its huge moas
— so that they stand before us almost as vividly as their living
representatives. Tifty years ago the Greological Society recog-
nized your services to Pakeoutology by bestowing on you the
highest honour in their gift— the AVollaston Medal. Now, after
half a century's further work, towards the close of an active and
honoured life, this Society presents to you their Linneau Medal.
" It is a special gratification to me that, after a long friendship
and a close official fellowship with you in the British Museum,
and with grateful memories of benefits derived from your intro-
ductory works in my student-days, that I now hand to you this
Medal."

Sir Kichard Owen, with some emotion, suitably acknowledged
his appreciation of the award of the Linneau Medal.

The President then presented the Linneau Medal to Sir Joseph
TJ. Hooker, addressing him as follows : —

" It is with siucere gratification that I place in your hands
this Linneau Medal, which has been awarded to you by the
Council of the Society in recognition of your distinguished ser-
vices to Botany.

" There was, happily, no difficulty in determining what botanist
should be the recipient of this first Medal. Your numerous
labours in all departments of botanical science are known not only
to the Pellows of this Society but to the whole world.

" The botanical explorations to which you devoted some of the
earlier years of your life supplied materials for the important
Floras of New Zealand and Tasmania and the islands of the
Southern Ocean visited by you. By the examination and philo-
sophic exposition of remarkable plants or special groups, mainly
published in the Transactions of our Society, you have greatly
advanced botanical science ; let me mention only your memoirs
on Welwitschia,BalanophoyecB, and Myzodendron. Your investi-
gations into the strncture and affinities of fossil plants were of
such value that every pakeontologit^t regrets they are so few. In
fellowship with our late distinguished President, you have given
us a ' Genera Plant arum ' whicli is universally accepted as the ex-
pression of long and faithful work, of extensive knowledge, and
of philosophic appreciation and interpretation of the position aud

LINITEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 83

affinities of the members of the Phanerogamous division of the
Vegetable Kingdom.

" And now, witli all these labours past and honours gained,
instead of seeking a well-earned rest, we find you enthusiastically
investigating the vegetation of our great Indian Empire, and
presenting to us part after part of the ' Flora of British India,'
now happily neariug completion.

" It is to me a special satisfaction that it has fallen to my lot
to deliver to you, on behalf of the Linnean Society, this recog-
nition— the highest they can bestow — of your life-long services
to Botany."

Sir Joseph Hooker made a brief reply, embodying his cordial
gratification on the receipt of the Medal.

The Medallists having severally received their Medals, the
Senior Secretary laid the following Obituary Notices before the
Meeting : —

Spenceb Fulleeton Baiud was boi'u at Reading, Pennsylvania,
on February 2, 1823 ; his father, Mr, Samuel Baird, being a lawyer
whose family came from Scotland in the seventeenth century.
Young Baird was first sent to a Quaker school in Maryland,
afterwards to the Reading GraDimar School, and went from there
to Dickinson College, where he graduated in 1810 at the age of
seventeen. His taste for science, which had made him an ardent
collector and observer of birds, had already shaped the course of
his future career. After devoting several years to the study of
natural history and medicine, he was elected in 1845 Professor of
Natural History in Dickinson College, to which post the duties
and emoluments of the Chair of Chemistry in the same institution
were added in the following year. In 1850 he accepted the
position of Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution,
and maintained his connection with that great undertaking until
his death.

In 1838 Prof. Baird became acquainted with Audubon, who, in
1842, gave him the greater part of his collection of birds, including
most of his types of new species. From this time onward Baird
worked assiduovisly both in the closet and the field ; and in 1858,
aided by Cassin and Lawrence, published his first great mono-
graph on the ' Birds of North America,' by which his reputation
as an ornithologist was established. This was followed by the
' Review of American Birds ' in 1864-66 ; by the ' Ornithology
of California' (edited by Baird) ; and by the ' History of North-
American Birds,' in conjunction with Robert Ridgway and T. M.
Brewer, in 1874. His separate ornithological publications, nearly
eighty in number, are important contributions to the systematic
literature of the subject and models of careful and accurate
research.

9'^

$4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

During the last thirteen years Prof. Baird has been occupied
chiefly witli his official duties as head of tlie Smithsonian Insti-
tution and of tlio United States Museum, and with the Unitctl
States Fish Commission, of which lie was also President, In all
these capacities he has rendered signal service to science, his
personal zeal and his genial disposition producing a world-wide
influence. His colleague and fellow-countryman, Mr. Eobert
Ridgway, has written of him as " one who in history must hold
a place at the head of American naturalists, and in the hearts of
those who knew him a place which none other can fill."

Prof. Baird was elected a Foreign Member of this Society in
1870. He died at AVood's Hall, Massachusetts, on 22nd August,
1887.

John Thomas Irvine Boswell (formerly Syme) was born in
Queen Street, Edinburgh, on December 1st, 1822, in the house now
occupied by the Philosophical Institution. His father was Patrick
Syme, an artist who paid much attention to Natural History and
published a small work on the correct denomination of colours in
descriptions of plants and animals, also an illustrated work on
British Song-birds. His mother had been a Miss Boswell, a
daugliter of Lord Balmuto, and had a keen love for botany as well
as being an excellent artist. Young Syme was put to school at
Dollar, where his father held an appointment as teacher of draw-
ing, and in early days he showed an aptitude for the study of
plants, insects, and shells.

On leaving school he was articled to an engineering firm at
Edinburgh, and on the expii'atiou of his time he spent a few
years as land-surveyor, taking every opportunity during his
journeys of botanical exploration. He helped Hewett Cottrell
Watson by supplying him with checked lists for the counties
of Fife and Kincardine, also for West Perthshire and Orkney.
About 1850 he undertook the curatorshij) of the Edinburgh Bo-
tanical Society, and in February of that year he read a pajjer
before that bod}^ on the plants he collected in Orkney whilst
visiting his relations in the summer of 1819, which, being printed
in the fourth volume of the ' Transactions,' led to correspondence
with Watson, ending in his undertaking the Curatorship of the
Botanical Society of London in 1851. This was immediately
succeeded by his removing to Loudon, where he first lived at
Provost Road, and later in Adelaide Road, Haverstock Hill.

The two following years he gave to exploring the country
around London and the investigation of the many southern forms,
which he then first gathered, publishing his remarks in the
fourth volume of the ' Phytologist.'

On March 21, 1854, he was elected Fellow of this Society and
became Botanical Lecturer at the Charing Cross School of Medi-
cine, and afterwards at that of AVestminster, a post he occupied
for several years. About this time the parcels of dried plants

LINNEAlSr SOCIETY OF LONDON. 85

distributed by the Botanical Society o£ London were mainly made
up from the collections of AVatson and Syme. In 1857 that
Society was dissolved, wlien the Thirsk Botanical Exchange Club
became the medium of interchange, afterwards, in 1866, being
transferred to Londoii. In the year last mentioned Syme took
part in editing a new edition (the fifth) of the ' London Catalogue
of Plants,' and his hand was also in the sixth and seventh.

The work on wliich his reputation will rest is his edition of
Sowerby's ' English Botany,' which he undertook at the strong
recommendation of friends, the late Eev. AV. W. Newbould being
one who afterwards took great jjleasure in alluding to that fact.
By this time, 1863, he had amassed a large herbarium of British
and Euro2)ean plants, many being the results of his widely ex-
tended trips in Grreat Britain. The whole of Syme's portion,
eleven volumes, from 1863 to 1872, when the Grasses were finished,
was dictated to his wife, who has since placed upon record his
pains to make the work as complete and truthful as he could.
Those to whom the work is familiar know full well the admirable
description fi-om the specimens, which the third edition of 'English
Botany ' presents ; here also, for the first time, was introduced
into full acceptance subordinate grades of plants, intermediate
between undoubted species and equally undoubted varieties —
that of sub-species. To many, this attemj)t to place jilants in nicely
graduated ranks of sujier-species, sub-species, varieties, and forms,
is not regarded with much favour ; but there can be no diflPereuce
of opinion as to the way in which that plan was there carried out.

In 1868 he left London for the family estate of Balmuto, near
Kirkcaldy, Eife, henceforth adopting the name of Boswell-Syrae,
until 1875, when, by the death of his uncle, he became the head
of that branch of the Boswell family, and discontinued the use of
his patronymic. It was also in 1875 that he received the honor-
ary degree of LL.D. from the University of St. Andrews. Erom
1870 to 1875 he distributed the plants in the Exchange Club, and
his critical remarks in each annual report were reprinted each
year in the 'Journal of Botany ;' after he gave up the arduous
part of distributing, he remained a referee, and his coumients
were furnished to 1883. He long had a plan of revising 'English
Botany ' and publishing it without the plates ; but his health
failed and caused the compulsory relinquishment of that, and of
finishing the twelfth volume, which had been drafted by liim, but
was carried to completion by Mr. N. E. Brown, A.L.S.

For the last two years of his life he was kept a close prisoner
by an ulcerated leg, in addition to valvular disease of the heart,
and, after two slight attacks of paralysis, he died on the 29th
January, 1888.

His British herbarium has, since his death, been bought by Mr.
E. J. Hanbury, of Stoke Newington, who intends to arrange it
for the ready consultation of Britisli botanists ; but his European
herbarium remains in the hands of Mrs. Boswell.

g5 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

JoHANN Xaveb Egbert Caspart was born at Kiinigsherg on
January 29th, 1S18, the son of a commission-asent : he received
liis early education at the Kneiphof Gymnasium, leaving it at
Michaelmas in 18:37 to study Philosophy and Theology at the
Albertina, a collegiate foundation in his birthplace. As a relief
to his severer studies he took up the study of entomology
and botany, a thing i-arely done by theological students. ITe
jjasscd both examinations in theology, with no intention of
becoming a clergyman, but to obtain the means of getting funds
for a TJnivei-sity "training. Unhappily the means were wanting,
and he Avas compelled to teach in schools and give lectures during
1841-43.

At Easter in 1843 he proceeded to Bonn to study natural his-
tory and modern languages, whei'e he stayed until Michaelmas
1846. At first he gave most of his attention to zoology, and
during the greater part of the time was assistant to the zoologist
Goldfuss, but without giving up his plant studies. Indeed, while
there in 1845 he was teaching natural history and mathematics
in schools.

In 1846 he accepted the post of tutor to a rich merchant's son
at Elberfeld, with whom he travelled through France and Italy, a
nine months' tour, in 1846-47 : considerable collections were the
result, both of animals and plants; the shells were afterwards given
to the Berlin and Popplesdorf museums. He remained ^vith this
family until 1848, and kept up a friendly correspondence with
them to the last, dedicating a genus of fossil palms found in amber
to the mother of his pupil, as Bemhergia. In this year he took
his degree of Phil. Doc. at Bonn, and from this time onward a
host of articles proceeded from his prolific pen, more than 290
being his literary record. On quitting the Bembergs, Caspary
came to England and lived in this country till 1850, at first at
Greenwich, then at Cromer and London ; in the latter year he
travelled with his pupil's family to Germany and the Netherlands;
after this he left for France, which he traversed from north to
south, with another pupil.

liecalled home by the deaths of his parents within a very few
days of each other, a post at Berlin was given to him in the fol-
lowing year, 1851, in the same month in which Alexander Braun
was appointed to the direction of the botanic garden there.
Between the two men there soon sprang up a strong friend-
ship, which afterwards developed into the marriage of Caspary
with one of Braun's daughters. In 1855 he took a journey
to North Bohemia in order to study on the spot the forms of
water-lilies there growing, a group of plants he had taken
up in the previous year, and destined to be his speciality in
afterlife.

At Easter 1856, at the pressing request of his old professor
Treviranus, he returned to Bonn to take upon him the excursions
ami share the lectures on botany. AVith this was joined the post

LINNEA.N SOCIETT OF LONDON. 87

of Director of the Eoyal University Herbarium, with an increase
of salary which was very acceptable.

The death of Ernst Meyer occurred at Konigsberg in 1858,
and Caspary v.as nominated to the vacancy, with the supervision
of the botanic garden, which he took up in January 1859. Thus
provided for, in the following June he married Marie Emilia
Dorothea Braun, on the same day as her sister was married to
Prof Mettenius.

The phytology of the neighbourhood of Konigsberg was very
imperfectly known when Caspary settled down to his duties, but,
gathering to his aid some kindred spirits, he founded the Prussian
Botanical Club, of which he became the president in 1862 until
his death. In 1877 he had the grief of losing his wife, who left
him with three children, henceforth his pride and solace.

1868 witnessed his last long journey, which was to Sweden, on
his favourite quest of Nymphaeaceae. It lasted eight weeks :fi*om
Stockholm he w^ent to Pitea and Lulefi as far as Quickjock, then
back by Haparanda and Tornea. In 1875 he went to Leyden to
take part in its tercentenary festival, and also once to Berlin, to
his father-in-law's twenty-fifth anniversary of his appointment.

Strong and vigorous to the last, both in mind and body, the
veteran of seventy showed no signs of failing health, when an
unfortunate fall down stairs over an unseen step in a friend's
house at Ulowo, near Vandsberg in West Prussia, resulted in
fracture of the skull, and, after lying unconscious for some hours,
he died there 18th September 1887.

Caspary was best known as the chief authority on Nymphsea-
ceae ; but his numerous memoirs on these plants were regarded
by him only as materials for a great work which Avas not com-
plete at the time of his decease. Aquatic plants had a great
fascination for him, as many of his best known papers testify.
Fossil plants and Cryjitogams were also studied with avidity, a
large amount of material remaining unpublished, and too fragmen-
tary for posthumous issue. A full list of his writings may be seen
in the 28th volume of the Konigsberg Schriften der phys.-okon.
Ges. pp. 127-134. He was elected a Foreign Member of this
Society on May 7th, 1885.

Heinrich Anton De Baky, whose memory will long be cherished
by a large circle of scientific friends, was born at Frankfort 26th
January, 1831, studied medicine at Heidelberg, Marburg, and
Berlin, and settled at Frankfort in 1853.

His career as a botanic teacher began in 1851; as Privatdocent
at Tubingen, whence he was called in 1855 to Freiburg-im-
Breisgau, in which place he became Professor in 1857 till
1867, in which year he succeeded Schlechtendal at Halle. When
the new University at Strassburg was constituted, De Bary was
inducted as Eector, and at a later date he was enabled to build a
new Botanic Institute. From that time until his too early death

88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

he has interested and astonished the botanic world with the out-
come of his investigations in masterly treatises which may be
termed epoch-making. Mucli of the present knowledge of the
life-history of the lower vegetable organisms is due either to De
Barv's own observations, or the system of research and culture
which he instituted. He collected the scattered ideas concerning
some of the vital problems, and, after subjecting them to rigid
and conscientious scrutiny, set them in a new light before the
world. Of such may be mentioned his many works on Fungi,
other allied plants, Algff, Chara, and Cycads, his startling work
on the Mycetozoa, and his investigation of the Potato-disease ; of
later date, his lectures on Bacteria. For many years he was editor
of the ' Botanische Zeitung,' which contained many of his shorter
papers. lie had a naturalist's love for the plants of his neigh-
bourhood, and had a critical knowledge of the Alpine forms of
vegetation.

In 1887 De Bary visited England, and Avas present at the
British Association meeting at Manchester ; but he was then
suffering great pain from the affection which at last proved fatal,
cancer ; he underwent an operation, the diseased portion of the
face being removed, but without experiencing relief, for he died
at Strassburg, 19th January 1888. His Foreign Membership
of our Society dated from May 2, 1867.

AlexajS'dee Dickson was born in Edinburgh on 21st February,
1836 ; the second son of David Dickson, who was in the prac-
tice of the law and the proprietor of valuable estates in Lanark-
shire and Peebleshire. He was brought up at first in the home
circle, then as a student at the University of Edinburgh, where
he graduated M.D. in 1860, on which occasion his thesis was
on the structure of the seed-vessel in Caryophyllese. Although
qualified to practise medicine, his inclination lay towards mor-
phological botany, and it was with a feeling of relief that he was
enabled to pursue his favourite line of study and give up the un-
congenial one of medical practice. He became teacher of Botany
at Aberdeen as locum tenens in 1862 for Prof. Dickie, who was
then in bad health. On the death of Wm. Harvey in 1866, he
became professor at Dublin, and two years later succeeded Walker-
Arnott at Glasgow, in 1879 finally passing to Edinburgh in
succession to J. H. Balfour, resigned.

His death was quite unexpected ; on Friday, 80th December,
1 887, he was engaged in a curling match, and was entering some
notes, when he Avas seen to fall backwards into the arms of a
friend, and shortly after breathed his last.

His association with the Linnean Society is of comparatively
recent date ; he was elected Fellow, April 15th, 1875. His pub-
lished papers are mostly morphological, and his death has i-emoved
one of t lie most accomplished of that school. In private life he
was endeared to his tenantry, as a professor his students loved

lilNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 89

him ; quiet and retiring in disposition, he bound his friends
staunchly to him by his nobility of character and sympathetic
nature.

William Ferguson wa^ born some time during 1820. He
arrived in Ceylon in December 1839. During his early career
as surveyor in that colony, he suflered terribly from exposure
to the climate. Several times liis life hung- in a balance from
inflammation of the lungs, malarious fever, dysentery, and
hepatic abscess. He afterwards became Superintendent of works
to the Colombo Municipality : but tlie position was rendered
irksome by the annoyances from some members of the Board.
During his long residence of -18 years in the Island he noted
many occurrences iu natural history, which were freely given to
other writers, such as Sir Emerson Tennant aud Dr. Tliwaites.
Plis sympathies were extended to all branches of natural history,
and ' Ferguson's Handbook,' 1885-86, gives a list of sixteen books
or papers written by him on Cingalese botany and zoology.

He died early in tlie morning of August 1st, 1887, and was
buried the same eveniug in the Greneral Cemetery at Colombo.
His connexion with the Linnean Society dates from 6th February,
1862.

No heavier loss has this year befallen the Society than the
death of Asa Gtkat. Not only was he the foremost American
botanist, and took rank in the world-wide community amongst
the leaders in botanic science, but to very many of us he was far
more as a dear personal friend, a delightful companion, and a
skilled adviser.

He was born at Sauquoit, in the township of Paris, Oneida
county, state of New York, on 18th November, 1810, and when
a few years old his father removed to Paris Furnace, there set-
ting up a tannery. He was nearly twelve before he weut to
school, at first at the Grammar School at Clinton for two years,
and then at the Fairfield Academy ; thence he was transferred to
the Fairfield Medical School, his father wishing young Gray to
study the medical profession. Whilst here, in the winter of 1827
-28, Gray met with the article " Botany " in the ' Edinburgh
Encyclopaedia,' and it so deeply interested him that he at once
bought a copy of ' Eaton's Botany ' and longed for the spring.
Henceforward collecting plants became his chief delight. In the
spring of 1831 he finished liis medical course and took his degree
of M.D.

Before this he had corresponded with Dr. Lewis C. Beck, a
prominent botanist at Albany, whilst Dr. John Torrey, whose
name was afterwards to be so closely linked with Gray's, named
a collection for him. His first course of botanical lectures was
given as Dr. Beck's substitute, aud iu 1833-3-1 he lectured on
botany and mineralogy at Clinton for Prof. Hadley, an old pupil
of Dr. Eli Ives.

90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Gray became instructor in chemistry, mineralogy, and botany
in the autumn of 1831 at Bartlett's High School at Utica, pub-
lisliing his first paper, on new mineral localities, in 'Silliman's
Journal ' in 1833. The following year (1834) ho accepted the
post of assistant to Dr. Torrey in the chemical laboratory of the
Medical School of New York. The spring of 1835 saw his last
instruction at tlie Utica lligli School, and lie returned to New
York, althougli the Medical School was so poor that Dr. Torrey
was not able to continue him as assistant. He became Curatm*
and Librarian of the Lyceum of Natural History, and set to work
on his ' Elements of Botany,' which came out in 1836. This j'ear
he was offered the post of Botanist to the Wilkes's Exploring
Expedition, which he accepted ; but certain changes in its plan
caused him to withdraw, although he was destined to describe
a large portion of the botany of that voyage. The expedition
did not sail until August 1838 ; in the meantime Gray had been
busy with Torrey on a joint Elora ; and in October, two months
after Commander Wilkes had sailed, two parts of ' Torrey and
Gray ' were issued. In their preparation, a host of doubtful
points had been brought to light, so that a study of types in
various foreign herbaria was a necessity. In accepting the chair
of botany the previous summer in the newly founded University
of INlichigan, he liad stipulated for a twelvemonth abroad for
study ; this twelvemonth was accordingly spent in a European
trip. The chief European herbaria were visited, and all American
species carefully examined and noted for future use. In ' Silli-
man's Journal ' lor 1841 he gave an account of his scientific tour,
describing the herbaria he visited, including, of course, the Lin-
nean, with its past history.

During this trip he made the personal acquaintance of the
foremost men in botanic science. At Glasgow he met Sir Wm.
Jackson Hooker and his distinguished son Sir Joseph, then a
medical student, seven years Gray's junior. At Edinburgh he
found Dr. Grevillc, tlie cryptogamist, and in London Dr. Francis
Boott, at that time Secretai'y to ti.e Linuean Society, who intro-
duced him to Kobert Brown, A. B. Lambert, the possessor of the
hue library and whose herbarium contained Pursh's types, the
veteran Archibald Menzies, who had sailed with Vancouver to tlie
North-west coast of America half a century before, George
Bentham, who has only recently passed away, Dr. Lindley, and
the famous draughtsman Francis Bauer.

Paris, too, was a rich field for new acquaintances: P. B.
Webb, who had just begun to publish with Berthelot his great
work on the botany of the Canaries, Baron Delessert, the younger
Kichard, Mirbel, Spath, Decaisne, Aug. St.-Hilairc, Jacques Gay,
Gaudichaud, Buissier, and Adrien de Jussieu, the last of that illus-
trious line. ?<lontpellier was visited, to see Delile and Dunal ;
Vienna for Endliclier, who was hard at work upon his 'Genera
Plantarum :' and Munich, where Martins was living, and alsoZuc -

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 9I

cariiie, tlie Japanese botanist. G-eneva could not be passed over,
for there resided the elder De Candolle and his son Alphonse,
happily still with us and one of our Foreign Members. He saw
Sclilechtendal at Halle ; Klotzsch, Kunth, and Elirenberg at
Berlin. Of all this brilliant array, we have only two left, M.
Alph. De Candolle and Sir Joseph Hooker.

On his return he prosecuted his labours with renewed energy ;
the first volume of ' Torrey and Grray ' was finished in 1840
and the second in 1843. About this time he revised his ' Elements '
and issued it in a more comprehensive form as the ' Botanical Text-
book.' The fifth edition was more restricted in its scope, Physio-
logical and Cryptogamic Botany being left for others, Prof.
Groodall supplying the former in 1885, whilst the Cryptogams
are looked for from the pen of another colleague, Prof. Farlow.

Michigan Univer.sity did not enjoy Gray's occupation of its
Botanic Chair, as he felt it impossible to carry on his work so far
from New York with its libraries aud herbaria. In 1842 he was
invited to become Fisher Professor of Natural History, his duties
being to lecture on botany and to direct a small garden, which
had been established in 1805 and formerly in charge of Thomas
Nuttall from 1822 to 1828. The funds were low, and there was
not even the nucleus of an herbarium, but Grray entered on bis
duties with zeal and discharged them with distinguished success
until his retirement in 1872. Li 1864|he offered his fine herbarium
and library to Harvard College, on condition that a fire-proof
building should be built to contain tliem, and his offer was
accepted.

Within these thirty years Gray's activities had resulted, amongst
other publications, in those of Lindheimer's, Fendler's, Wright's,
and Thurber's plants, on the Boundarj' and Eailroad route sur-
veys, and a host of smaller papers in the American Journals and
Societies' publications.

In 1878 a continuation of the large AmiCrican Flora was brought
out, in his ' Synoptical Flora,' resuming Gramopetalse after Com-
positse, and in 1884 a second part was issued, taking the same
range as the second volume of ' Torrey and Gray,' Caprifoliacese
to Composite inclusive. Thus we have a masterly summary of
American botany of Gamopetalae brought down to the last few
years ; the Polypetalse, by Torrey and G-ray, eked out by later
papers, are summarized in Sereuo Watson's ' Bibliographical
Index,' whilst the Monopetalse and Monocotyledons are still
awaiting an orderly enumeration.

Nor were his energies confined to these works. His ' Manual,'
issued in 1848, reached a fifth edition in 18G7 ; it is a descriptive
account of all species growing east of the Mississi2)pi and north of
Tennessee and North Carolina. As a companion work ' Genera
Illustrata ' began in 1848, but stopped in 1849 on account of the
cost. ' Field, Forest, and Garden Botany,' in 1868, was meant
for school use, whilst ' How Plants Grow ' appeared in 1858.

92 PROCEEDINGS OP THE

He devoted much time to the problems of plant- distribution,
and became a. constant correspondent of Charles Darwin, whose
philoso])hical views on evolution early won his regard. ' How
Plants Behave,' 1875, vvas written under the influence of Darwin's
' Fertilization of Orchids.' (liray's wide knowledge of plants
made him extremely useful to Dai-win in his preparation of the
' Origiji of Species ' and later works ; and he was aware of Darwin's
views before their promulgation before this Society in July 1858.
(xray republislied his scattered writings oil these to])ics in 1876,
entitled ' Darwiniana.'

Asa Gray visited Europe six times ; in 1881 he spent nearly a
twelvemonth in the Old World, and his last visit during the
autumn of 1887 was induced by his always feeling exhilarated by
that trip. During the redecoration of our apartments he was just
able to move amongst the scaffolding to consult the Linnean
herbarium, an occupation he had never neglected during his visits
to our shores. His repeated visits had made his honoured face
more familiar to us than that of any other of our Foreign Members,
and it is hard to realize that we shall look no more upon his
happy and serene countenance. Happily we have an excellent
portrait, taken during the Manchester Meeting of the British
Association in last year, the last ever taken of him.

In October last he returned to America, when a paralytic
stroke on 27th November last put a stop to his labours. He
lingered until 30th January of this year, without regaining the
power of sjjeech, and then quietly passed away.

Asa Gray was mai-ried in 1848 ; his widow survives him.

Many of the foregoing details have been taken from the obit-
uary notices written by Profs. Sargent and Dana.

Sir William Verxon Guise, Bart., born in 1816, succeeded
to tlie baronetcy in 1865, and became a prominent figure at many
of the West of England scientific and archaeological meetings.
He was, during 28 years. President of the Cotteswold Natura-
lists' Field Club, taking an active interest in natural history,
especially ornithology, geology, and autiquariauism. He died at
his scat, Elmore Court, near Gloucester, 24 Septmember, 1887.

He was a Fellow of the Geological Society as well as of our
own, to whicli he was elected 20 .lanuary, 1857.

Sm Julius von Haast was a native of Bonn, where he was
born May 1, 1821, his father being a well-to-do merchant. He
derivid his earlj^ education in the grammar schools of Bonn
and Cologne, returning to the University of his native place for
later studies. After this he lived some years in France, and
also visited Eussia, Austria, and Italy. He came to London on
the invitation of a firm of shipowners, who wished to ascertain
the fitness of New Zealand as a field for German emigration, and
on the longest day of the antarctic summer, Dec. 21, 1858, he

LINNEAN SOCIETY Or LONDON. 93

arrived at Auckland. The Austrian ft-igate ' ISTovara,' then on her
eventful cruize, put into that port the very next day, no that
Dr. Hochstetter, who was left behind, found a zealous coadjutor
in Dr. Haast during those journeys, which resulted in Hoch-
stetter's volume on these islands.

After this the New Zealand Government engaged him to ex-
plore the west coast of Nelson Province ; on this he investi-
gated the Southern Alps, publishing his report under date Jan. 1,
1861.

Before this report saw the light he had undertaken the govern-
ment survey-work as to the possibility of constructing a tunnel
between Cliristchurch and its port, Lyttletou. The next year he
received the command of the Greological Survey of Canterbury,
the first appointment of the kind in the colony. He was now
in his right place : he mapped the great glacier district of the
Southern Alps, and made innumerable observations in many
branches of science, embodying them in his chief book, ' The
Greology o£ Canterbury and Westland.' In 1886 he visited this
country as New Zealand Commissioner at the Indian and Colonial
Exhibition. Before his return he visited many of the continental
capitals, obtaining abundance of material for the Canterbury
Museum ; but his labours in this respect were doubtless the cause
of his death, of heart-disease, one month after his return to New
Zealand, on Aug. ]6, 1887. He was knighted in 1886, elected
F.K.S. 1867, and joined our Society 21st January 186i.

Edwin Lees, well known as a Worcestershire naturalist, was
born in 1800. He began life as a printer and stationer, and his
first essay as a botanist was his Catalogue of local plants, pub-
lished in 1821 as an appendix to his ' Guide to the City aud
Cathedral,' under the pseudonym o£ Ambrose Florence. He
gave up business early in life, and thenceforward devoted himself
to the promotion of Natural History. He was prominent in
founding the Worcester Natural History Society, the Worcester
Naturalists' Club (of which he was first President), and the
Malvern Club, and remained a frequent attendant and contri-
butor to their proceedings.

His best known works are ' Botany of the Malvern Hills ' in
184)3, which reached a third edition in 18G8, ' Botany of Wor-
cestershire ' in 18G7, ' Botanical Looker-out,' and ' Pictures of
Nature.'

His name is botanically commemorated by Buhiis Lcesii, Bab.,
he being an early student of the brambles. He was elected
Eellow of the Society as far back as November 17, 1835, died at
Worcester October 21, 1887, and was buried on the 28th of that
month at Eudock, near Tewkesbury.

John Millar was born in Scotland in 1818, and educated at
Glasgow University. In 1838 he received the License of the

94 PEOCEEDINOS OF THE

College ot Surgeons, Ediuburgh. aud in 1859 was admitted
Licentiate of the College of Physicians there.

His professioiuil duties were devoted to the care of the iusaue.
His first superintendencv was at Bucks County Asylum ; but in
1857 he was appointed Superintendent at Bethnal House Asylum,
London, where he had formerly been an assistant. His treat-
ment of those under his care was very snoeessful, and his sym-
pathy with the poor led to his writing ' A Plea for the Insane
Poor.' About 23 years ago he published a small handbook,
'Hints on Insanity,' being induced by the imperfect knowledge
possessed by the general practitioner with the forms needful for
admission of patients to asylums.

Dr. !Millar was elected Fellow of the Liuneau Society on 17th
January, 1871 : he was also Fellow of the Geological and Eoyal
Microscopical Societies ; of the latter he was, during twenty
years, a Member of the Council.

Although he did not directly contribute to the literature of
science, he spent much of his leisure in microscopical work, the
results of which were freely placed at the disposal of workers.
His special branch was the Spongida, and his reseiu'ches have
aided our knowledge of their structure. One species, which bores
into the shell of the ovster, has been named after him Alectona
Milhiri.

During each winter he was compelled to be careful on account
of susceptibility to bronchial asthma. On January 9 last he was
advised to keep indoors, but. compelled to go out on business,
be caught a severe cold. In spite of the best medical skill, he
gradually became worse, and died 19th January, peacefully, in the
presence of his family . He was buried at Shii'ley .

Dr. Millar's death is felt by a large circle of friends as a
personal calamity. Upright in character, devoid of deception,
and straightforward, he looked for the like return ; kind and
hearty in his hospitality, generous and good without ostentation :
such is the judgment of tho^e who knew him best.

John Bkswick Perri>' was born in 18i3 at Abram, 34 miles
S.E. of AVigau, the son of a eoliiery -manager. He went to a
private school in his native place, afterwards moving to King's
College, London, where he proved himself a most enthusiastic
student, afterwards becoming a Fellow of the College, and Junior
Demonstrator of Anatomy in tlie College Hospital, acting as
Prof. Huxley's assistant during the lectures. Theuce he went to
Owens College, ^lauchester, as Demonstrator of Anatomy, but,
failing to obtain the Professoriate by the Chairman's casting vote,
he resigned, and settled in a private practice at Leigh, in Lan-
cashire. On Feb. 1, 1876, he married a daughter of Dr. James
Brideoake of that place, and three children were born to him.

He was one of the first to call attention to the danger of dust
firing a mine, as well as fire-damp ; this he constantly kept before

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 95

the miulng populace. He was lecturer to several of the ambu-
lance classes connected witli the collieries in his ueighbourhood.

Towards the end of 18S6 his health showed signs of" failing,
and he died June 13, 18S7, after a few weeks of acute illness.

Jules Emile Planchon, who died at Montpellier, April 1
last, was born at Ganges, Herault, on March 28, 1823. At the
age of 21 he produced his thesis ' Memoire sur les developpe-
ments et les caracteres des vrais et des faux Arilles,' 1844, and
shortly afterwards, on the strong recommendation of Auguste
St.-Hilaire, he was engaged by Sir William Hooker to take
charge of his splendid herbarium, then recently removed from
Grlasgow to a house betu-een Morthike and Kew. Here he
stayed until 1851, busily investigating the large amount of new
material which was then coming in so freely as to rapidly raise
that collection to its known high condition of excellence. Many
traces of his life in England are to be found in that herbarium, in
the shape of notes and suggested names. During his stay in this
country he took his share in working up the ' Niger Flora,'
which was edited by Sir William Hooker, with Dr. Joseph
Hooker and Mr. Bentham as fellow-labourers. On quitting
England, Planchon spent a short period at Ghent with Van
Houtte, occupied on horticultural botany, and in the ' Elore des
Serres ' may be noticed how fond he was of entering into full
details of the history and literary aspects of any plants he took
in hand. During the period of 1841-55, Planchon contributed
studies on Droseracece, Nympha^accce, and Ulmacea) to the
' Annales des Sciences Naturelles,' a brilliant epoch in the career
of that publication.

He returned to Montpellier to complete his medical studies,
and soon after he began to teach in botany. Fi-om 1851 to
1853 he was Professor of Medicine and Phurmac}' at Nancy ; he
then returned to Montpellier to be the occupant of the botanical
chairs at the Eacultc des Sciences and the Ecole de Pharmacic.

In the course of one of his visits to Paris he sustained a lively
discussion with Naudin, an early advocate of evolution, but the
debate was rendered one-sided by the almost total deafness of
Naudin, who put aside his ear-trumpet when Planchon attempted
to reply.

His im])ortant memoir on Guttiferte and the unhnished Flora
of Colombia were drawn up in conjunction with Triana, while the
monograph on Ulmacea) in De Candolle's ' Prodromus' was written
by Planchon alone. His last botanic publication was an elabora-
tion of Ampelidcce, which came out in 1887, and is at the time of
\vriting this, the latest issued part of De Candolle's ' Mono-
graphise.'

Although his services to botany -were thus of a very distin-
guished character, his researches on Fhylloxera were perhaps
more conspicuous, as aftectiug the welfare of so large a number

96 PEOCEEBINGS OF THF,

of his fellow-couutryraen. As far back as 1863 it was noticed
that vines were perishing from some unknown cause, and by May
I8G7 the effect on the vineyards had become most marked and
disastrous. In July ISGS it was known that it was due to insect
agency, and a Commission was engaged in tracing out its history,
but it was a twelvemonth later before Planchon detected the
galls, resembling those of an American species 0^ Pemphigus. A
few days later specimens of Phi/lloxera were found at Bordeaux,
and Planchon and his colleague Lichtensteiu at once thought that
the two were not only related, but were actually Pemphigus
citifolia, a supposition afterwards confirmed by Riley, the United
States entomologist, who came over expressly to investigate the
matter. In 1878 Planchon and Lichtensteiu presented a memoir
to the Academy, recounting the progress and life-history of the
pest, followed up by a still more important one the next year ;
Planchon's interest in the subject only ceasing with his life. He
took an active part in advising remedies to stay the plague, and
in introducing the American varieties of vines for stocks.

Professor Planchon went to the United States in 1873, and
his second and last visit to this country was paid in August 1886,
after an interval of twenty-five years. He was elected a Foreign
Member of this Society on May 1st, 1855.

John Smith was born at Aberdour in the county of Fife,
October 5, 1798, where his father was a gentleman's gardener,
and his early education was of the usual type of young Scotchmen
of his station, costing as a whole, as he himself recorded, not
more than five pounds.

In 1818 he was a journeyman in the Edinburgh Botanic
Garden, living in a bothy with four others, with a money wage of
nine shillings per week. Out of this scanty stipend he managed
to save enough to buy Sir J. E. Smith's ' Compendium Flora?
Britannic£E ' and some drying-paper for specimens. In 1820 he
came south, and on the recommendation of Wm. Townsend Aiton,
Superintendent of the Royal Grardeus, was appointed to a place
in the Royal Gardens at Kensington. Two years later he was
transferred to Kew, where he was employed in the propagating
pits, the wages of the young gardeners then being twelve shillings
a week. The following year he was appointed foreman of the
hothouses and propagacing department, and soon began to mani-
fest a special interest in ferns ; at this time there were about
eighty species in cultivation at Kew, one half of that number
being hardy. From this time until the Royal Gardens became
public property, John Smith was the acting chief, at a salary of
.£40 a year, whilst the titular head, the younger Aiton, was
receiving .£1200 annual for practically a nominal superintendence
of the whole of the Royal Gardens. In 1810, when a scheme had
been propounded to hand over Kew to the Horticultural Society,
Dr. Lindley, Mr. Bentham, and Mr. Joseph Paxton were ap-
pointed a Commission to investigate the condition of the Gardens,

LINNEAN SOOIEXr OF LOJ^JDON. 97

and in their report they stated that whatever names were
attached to the plants " have been furnished by Mr. Smith, the
foreman, and that the Director does not hold himself responsible
for tliem." At this time it was the practice to attach nnnibers
to the plants, and the corresponding names were recorded in a
book, kept privately by the younger Alton, tiie gardeners them-
selves not knowing the names of the subjects under their charge,
Mr. Smith was a witness at the famous trial of Robert Sweet,
regarding the theft of a plant from Kew ; the counsel and bench
could not believe that a particular spt-cimen could possibly be
sworn to, and Sweet was acquitted, to the public satisfaction, the
seclusion of the gardens from all save a section of the community
being widely resented.

In 1841 the control of the gardens was transferred to the
Commissioners of Woods and Forests, Sir Wm. J. Hooker was
appointed the Director, with Smith as Curator, and the establish-
ment began its career of scientific usefulness. By 1846 the
collection of fei-ns had increased from 80 to 400, in 1857 to 600,
and by 1866, when Sir Wm. Hooker died, to a thousand species
and well-marked varieties. Many of these had been raised from
spores taken from herbarium specimens. In 1838 Smith had read
a paper before the Linnean Society on Ergot ; and in 1839 had
published his genus Caelehogyne in our Transactions, with a
plate. In 1841 he described Cuming's splendid collection of
ferns from the Philippine Islands in Hooker's Journal, vol. iii.,
shortly followed by his scheme of fern-classification in the fourth
volume of the same journal, and in Hooker's ' London Journal,'
vols, i., ii., which had been previously read at one of our meet-
ings. Seemanu's Ferns of the ' Herald ' voyage were worked up
by him, and issued in 1856. During 1861 his eyesight began
to fail, and in 1863 he retired upon a pension, the old in-
justice of inadequate salary during Alton's time having long
since been made good, and was succeeded by another Curator
of the same name. Three years later his collection of dried ferns
of 2000 species on 6000 sheets was bought for the British Mu-
seum. His wife died in 1838, and his six children died one after
another by consumption, the last in 1871, one of them, Alexander,
having held positions in the Museum and Herbarium at Kew.
The tombstone, with its pathetic record of successive losses, stands
at the extreme soutli-east corner of Kew Churchyard.

Mr. Smith did not permit his blindness to hinder his labours
in his retirement, his memory was well stored and retentive, and
was unimpaired to the last. He lived in lodgings at Kew, and
employed a young lady secretary t^ix hours a day reading to him
and writing from his dictation. In the ' Gardener's Chronicle '
he published from time to time anecdotes of old Kew times or
short notices of his early contemporaries, who were employed at
Kew or collected for that garden. The principal books written
during this closing period were ' Fern;;, British and Foreign,' in

LINN, SOC. PliOCEEDINQS. — SESSION 1887-88. h

98 PE0CEEDING8 OF THE

1866, a list of all the ferns known to be in cultivation ; ' Domestic
Botany,' 1871 ; ' Bible Plants,' 1878 ; ' Eecords ' of the Botanic
Garden, Kew, 18S0 ; and ' Dictionary of Economic Plants,' 1882.
He died suddenly on the 12th February, 1888, and was buried in
Kew Churchyard, in the same spot where his wife and children rest.
He was elected an Associate April 18, 1837.

"William Thijelfall, one of the latest additions to our roll,
was the second son of the late Richard Threlfall, of Hollowforth,
Preston, Lancashire, and was born in 1862. He was greatly
attached to the study of plants, and having contributed articles
on horticultural matters in Germany and liussia, he determined
to make a longer journey wdtb purely scientific intent. After
consultation with competent advisers, he determined to investi-
gate the flora of the vast tract of country lying between the
Caucasus and Persia. As a help in this enterprise, the Council
furnished him on 15th March 1888 with a letter under the Society's
seal to the English. Ambassador to the Porte, and he set out on
his journey with tbe highest hope. Most unhappily, these were
frustrated by bis being drowned whilst bathing in the river
Dryala, in Kurdestan, at the end of March, and he was buried
in the English Cemetery at Bagdad, April 7, 1888.
He was elected Fellow June 16th, 1887.

The Members of the Society dined together at the Victoria
Hotel, Northumberland Avenue, the President in the Chair. In
addition to the usual loyal and Society toasts, that of the " Medal-
lists " was proposed, and acknowledged by Sir Joseph Hooker.

May 25th, 1888.

A Reception was held in the rooms of the Society at 8.30 p.m.
by the President and Officers. The following is a list of the
various exhibitions : —

Catalogue of the Memorials of Linn^us exhibited at the
Conversazione of the President and Officers of the Linnean
Society, at Burlington Souse, May 2oth, 1888.

PERSONAL RELICS.

ALMA>Acn pa i,hret efter Jesu Christi ulderika fiidelse 1735. . . .
Skara, 16™". [Almanack for the year 1735 irom the gracious
birth of Jesus Christ.]

Interleaved, with short memoranda by Linnaeus of daily occurrences
during that eventful year, which saw his betrothal, journey to the Nether-

LINNEAN SOUIEXY OF LONDON. 99

lands, his doctorate, engagement by Cliiford at Hartecamp, and the printing
and issue of the ' Systema Natur?e.' It has later entries in three several
places by country-folk, one of whom has altered the date on the titlepage
to 1765. Linnaeus has entered against 26 April, " Sara Lisa Moraea,
fodelse dag," in large letters backwards (rijjlit to left) ; and in the same
way against his own birthday, 13 May (Swedish Style) — i.e. 23 May (New
Style), — " Carl Liunsei, fodelse dag."

These notes were first printed in the original tongue by Lindblora, in
' Botaniska Notiser,' Dec. 1845, pp. 210-218, which appeared in German
by Beilschmid in ' Flora,' Feb. 18-17, jjp. 97-104, and in English by Wal-
lich in our own ' Proceedings/ ii. pp. 5-12 (1848).

Walking-Stick, formerly iii possession of Liuua>us, who is said
to have cut aud carved it himself ou his Journey through
Lapland in 1732.

The successive possessors were Sarah Christiana Liane, whose daughter
married Dr. Ridderbjelke ; he gave it to Mr. Hiikert, whose son gave it
to Prof. Carl Johan Hartman, by whom it .was presented to the Society,
15th August, 1849.

The Linncea is carved on the upper ])art; the handle has been broken
long ago, as appears by the fracture being worn smooth.

This cannot be the stick Linnaeus took with him to Lapland, for he
describes that as "an octagonal stick, graduated for the purpose of mea-
suring " (' Lachesis Lapponica,' p. 2). Vide infra, p. 102.

Cabved Ehinocekos Horn, mentioued by Linnaeus as " Cornu
itidem Ehinocerotis, in quo sumniaartis vestigia Chinensium
relucent, insculptis imagiuibus Persicae, Mespili, Sagittariae,
Nelumbi, Pothos, Labruscae, cum Iguanis, tarn eximiis, iit
vii simile unquam viderim, inter stupenda N. D, Praesidis
propria collectanea, ab optimo iiostro Maecenate anissum "
(Amoen. Acad. iv. p. 234).

"An exquisite specimen of Oriental sculpture, evidently alluding to the
mythology of Lidia. The whole inverted base of the horn is carved into
an elegant leaf of Nelumbo, rising from the water amid a grouj) of perfo-
rated Chinese rocks. It is encompassed with various plants of more
diminutive projiortion ; a peach tree and a medlar (or rather perhaps the
mangostan), with Sagittaria, Pothos, and Nelumbo itself in flower and
seed, cover the outer surface. Some fantastic lizards, with bunches of
grapes and the Lit-chi fruit in their mouths are crawling over the whole."
— Smith, Exotic Botany, i. p. 61.

Engraved in Smith's Correspondence, ii. p. 230.

Presented by Lady Smith, 18th May, 1869.

MEDALS.

Silver Medal, struck in 1746 for Count Tessin, to whom he
dedicated the 1st vol. of the lOtb edition of the ' Systema.'

Obverse. — Head and bust of Linnaus, in wig, to right. Cakolus
Linnaeus, M.D., Bot. Prof. Ups., aet. 39.

Reverse. — Carolo Gustavo Tessin et immortalm ati effigiem

A 2

100 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE

Caroli LiNNAEi Cl. Ekeblad And. Hopken N, Palmstierna et

C. HaRLEMAN Die. MDCCXLVI.

Gold Medal, struck for Count Tessiu in 1758.

Ohverse.— Bust as in the last. C. Linnaeus Equ. Aur. Archiat.

ET Pr. Ul'S.

Reverse. — Three crowns, representing the three Kingdoms of Nature.
Motto, Illcstrat.

Silver Medal.

See the Medals exhibited by Sir Joseph Hooker, K. C.S.I.

Silver Medal by Liuugberger, struck by commaud of Grustavus
III., in 1778.

Obverse. — Bust of Linnaeus, in wig, to right. Motto, Carolus Lin-
naeus Aech. Reg. Equ. auratus.

Reverse. — Cybele, with Key and Lion as symbols, surrounded by animals
and plants, her head reposing on her hand, bewailing her loss. Motto,
Deam luctus angit amissi.

In the Exergue. — Post obitum Upsaliae D. x. Jan. mdcclxxviii.
Rege jubente.

These three Medals were presented by Mrs. J. J. Bennett, 15th May,
18/6, after the death of her husband, to whom they had been given by
Robert Brown.

Bkonze Medal : copy of the last.

Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray, 20th October, 18/4.

These Medals are figured in Afzelius's Egenh. Anteck. tab. 3.

Small Broxze, with reverse blauk.
Lent by Sir Joseph Hooker, K. C.S.I.

MANUSCEIPTS.

[Since the following list was drawn up, some of the previously uni)ub-
lished manuscripts have been issued by the Royal Academy of Sciences at
Stockholm ; they were prepared by the late Dr. Ahrling, and brought out
since his death, under the title of ' Carl von Linne's Ungtlomsskrifter
samlade af Ewald Ahrling och efter bans dod med statsunderstiid utgifna
af K. Vetenskaps-akadeuiien,' 2 vols., 8vo, Stockholm, 1888-89.

References to these volumes have been supplied in the annexed list.]

HoHTUS Uplandicus, sive Enunieratio Plontaruni, quae in variis
Hortis Uplandiae, iiuprimis autem in Horto Botanico TJpsa-
licusi coluntur. Methodo Tournefortiana in Classes redactae.

[1730?]

The earliest Linnean Manuscript in the Society's possession, and believed
to be the earliest production extant of the author. It is recorded in various
states : e. y. " Hortus Uplandicus, methodo propria in 21 Classes distributa
d. 2!) Julii 17-'i() "' (the first hint of the sexual system) ; a third in 1731 ; a
fourth, "Adonis Uplandicus, sive Hortus Uplandicus secundum methodum

LINIfEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. lOI

plantarum sexualem proprlara. Upsalite, 1731 Maji 13, styl. vet."; and a
fifth, Dec. 1/31. Concerning these reworked copies, see Ahrling's ' Carl
von Linne's Svenska Arbeten,' ii. pp. 37, 38.
[Ungsdomsskr. i, 1-48.]

Photographed Title of a copy in private hands of the ' Hortus
Uplandicus,' 1731, arranged on the sexual system.

Ceees Noverca Aectoum quae deficiente segete pauperi egenti
panes 20 vicarios e plantis sylvestribus praesertim couficere
docet ....

Unpublished.

Najades Svecicae quae Scaturigiues medicamentosas seu Aquas
acidulares per Provincias Sveciae detectas recenset ....
Unpublished.

Pharmacopaea Holmensis in qua medicamenta simplicia quae
in OflBcinis Pharmaceutis Sveciae systematice secundum
Eegna 3 Naturae recensentur.
Unpublished.

Pan Europaeus qui Eegno animali supra centum Naturalia
Quadrupedia per Kegiones Europaeas praesertim descripta

exhibet

Unpublished.

Pundamentorum Botanicorum, Tomus IV., continens Varia-
tiones, Conclusiones, Synonyma, Adumbrationes Historias
Classesq. naturales, etc. XJpsal , 1731, Jun. 24.
Published in ' Philosophia Botanica,' Holmiae, 1751, 8".

Insecta Svecica

Published in ' Fauna Suecica,' Lugduni Batavorum, 1746, 8°.

Autobiography of Linnjeus, inserted at the end of a copy of
Sclieuehzer's ' Agrostographici Idea' (Tiguri, 1719, 8°),
having Linnseus's signature on the titlepage, " Upsal., 1728."
The last date given is 17 Aug., 1734.

VuLCANus DociMASTicus, Gieldcu forestaller 1734,

Octobr. Fahlun.
Unpublished.

Notes on Assaying, by tbe wet and dry methods. No title, but
probably compiled in 1733.

Systema Morborum

A preliminary draft of the ' Genera Morborum,' published in 1763. 8".

IO» PROCEEniNOS OF THE

Collegium Docimasticum in quo Ars Docimasticavulgo Prober-

konst dicta Upsaliae, 1733, sm. 4°.

Unpublished.

Clatis Medicinae Duplex, exterior & interior. Ilolmiae,
1766. 8".
Printed and interleaved, with coi)ious additional notes.

Museum Eeginae . . . Ludoticae Ulkicae Svecorum G-othorum
Yandalorq. Heginae in cujus parte prima Testacea et secunda
Insecta exotica exliibentur redacta ad Classes Genera Species
Varietates cum descriptionibua Synonymis figuris 0[iera C.
L. Vol. I. Testacea. Fol.
Observations on this MS. by Mr. S. Hanley will be found in the Journ.

Linn. Soc. (Zool.) iv. (1859) pp. 4;i-90.

The Second volume, containing the Insecta Exotica.
Published, Holmiae, l/W. S".

Iter Lappoxicum. 1734-. Fol.

Printed by Sir J. E. Smith in 1811 (2 vols., 8") as' Lachesis Lapponica,'
from a translation by Carl Troilius. " The manuscripts proved to be tlie
identical journal written on the spot during the tour. . . . ; but the diffi-
culty of decyphering it proved .... very great. The bulk of the compo-
sition is Swedish, .... intermixed with Latin, even in half- sentences

The w hole abounds also with frequent cyphers and abbreviations .... in-
tended as memorandums for subsequent consideration." — Preface, pp. x,
xi.

Most of the pen-sketches were engraved in facsimile for this edition ;
but the MS. was recently lent to the Royal Academy of Sciences at Stock-
holm, for accurate transcription by Dr. Ewald Ahrling, and a complete
edition in the original form. [Ungdomsskr. ii. 1-2U2.J

Iteb Dalekaelicum, 1734. Fol.

Unpublished. The MS. ' Flora Dalecarlica,' 1734, was published by Dr.
Ahrling, Oerebro, 1^73, from one of six Linnean MSS. in the Library of
the University of Upsala. [Ungdomsskr. ii. 233-3GS.]

Itee Oelaxdicum. 1741. FcjI.

Iter GoTHLA>'DicrM. 1711. Fol.

Published, Olanska och Gothlandska resa. . . .' Stockh. 1/45. 8°.

ObSERVATIONER BoSKAPZDODEN I TORNEA.

In Swedish : an account of the fatality amongst cattle in Torne.^, which
Linnaeus found was caused by their eating Cicuta virosa, which grew in
abundance in the ditches near their pastures. Dated 10th February, 1733.

Vita Caroli Linnaei. Jan. 22, 1770. Fol.

Autobiography ; translated in the A])pendix to Maton's edition of Pul-
teney's ' General View of the Writings of Linnaeus,' 4°, 1805.
Presented by Miss Wray (niece of Dr. Maton) in 1858.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOKDON. I03

LINN^US'S WORKS.
(Author's copies.)

Ststema Naturae, ed. I. Lugd.-Bat., 1735. Fol.

The same, ed. II. Stockh., 1740. 8°.
Interleaved, with MS. notes.

The same, ed. VI. Stockh., 1748. 8°.
Interleaved, w ith MS. notes and corrections.

The same, ed. X. Holmiae, 1758. 2 vols., 8°.
Interleaved, with copious annotations.

The same, ed. XII. Holmiae, 1766-67.

Interleaved, with MS. notes by both father and son. On p. 233 are
notes written by the younger Linnaeus.

Note. — The foregoing are all the authentic editions of the ' Systema
Naturae ' ; intermediate and subsequent issues being due to other editors
and not revised by Linnaeus.

!Floba Sdecica, ed. II. Stockli., 1755. 8°.

Interleaved, with numerous additions. The page exhibited shows an
inserted water-colour drawing of Malaxis paludosa, Sw.

G-eneea Plantarum, ed. II. Lugd.-Bat., 1737. 8°.

Interleaved, with a few MS. notes. The volume has been used for drying
plants and thereby damaged, as seen by the |)ages displayed.

The same, ed. VI. Holmiae, 1764. 8°.

Interleaved, with MS. notes, chiefly by the younger Linnaeus, as shown
on pages 402, 403.

Species Plantaeum, ed. I. Holmiae, 1753. 2 vols., 8".
Interleaved, with profuse annotations.

The same, ed. II. Holmiae, 1762-63. 2 vols. 8°.

Interleaved, with copious MS. notes. The use made by Linnaeus of his
notes may be seen by comparing the diagnosis of Iris persica in ed. I.
p. 40, with that in ed. II. p. 59.

EAUE BOOKS FHOM LINN^US'S LIBRARY.

RuDBECK, Olof (father and son). Campi Elysii liber secundus
Upsaliae, 1701. Pol.

This second volume was jirinted before the first, in the belief that the
bulbous plants figured in it would be a better advertisement for the work
than the grasses and similar plants lo which the first volume was devoted.
The first volume was printed in 1/02, but, with the exception of two

104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

eopics mid about fifteen of the second, it was burnt in the disastrous fire
wliich niviif^od Upsala, Ifith May, 1702, old style (27 May, N.S.), and de-
stroyed the r.ithedral, in wliich was lodged the whole of the stock, the
remaiiiinj:^ MS., and the majority of the wood-blocks prepared for the re-
maiiiiu}; ten volumes. The elder Rudbeck never rallied from the shock,
but died in the follow inp; December. A list of fourteen copies, with their
owners, is given by WikstriJm (Consp. lit. Sueciae, p. 229), with four
others, some of which may be those previously enumerated.

The first volume is by far the scarcer ; two copies only are known to
have escaped the fire : one is in the Sherardian Library at the Botanic
Garden, O.xford ; the other was formerly (in 1792) in De Geer's library,
but has since been lost sight of. Impressions from some of the wood-blocks
are shown.

EuDBECK, Olof. Proof-impressions from blocks prepared for
' Campi Elysii lib. primus,' with some of the blocks them-
selves.

. Wood-blocks from above. The upper engraved surface

appears to be of pear-tree, and the requisite heiglit is some-
times given by niiderlays of deal, attached by a couple of
iron nails.

Proofs of Engravings from a MS. copy of Dioscorides in the
Imperial Library at Vienna.

Engraved under the direction of Jacquin during the reign of the Empress
Maria Theresa. Two copies only are stated to have been taken from the
plates, as the work was not carried to completion. The copy here shown
was sent to Linna?us, with notes by Jacquin; it consists of 142 plates in
oblong folio in alphabetical order, beginning with apia-Tokoxin fioKpd and
ending with ev^ojfiov. The other cojjy was lent by Jacquin to Dr. John
Sibthorp for his ' Flora Graeca,' and is now in the Library of the Botanic
Garden at O.vford.

COREESPONDENCE.

The Society possesses 3000 letters addressed fo Linnaeus, but
comparatively few written bi/ him, which are widely dispersed ;
those exhibited are selected from some addressed to Eliret, the
botanical draughtsman, presented by the descendants of the latter,
the Misses Grover and Mr. C. Ehret Grrover, in October 1883.

29th Nov. 1736. Linnjjius to George Diontsius Ehret. —
Holograph in Latin from Amsterdam on botanical subjects,
and acknowledging a letter from Ehret of Oct. 3rd.

16th Jan. 1738. — Holograph in Latin from Leydeu, acknowledging
receipt of a picture, offering books, &c. Seal, a lily with the

motto CONSIDERATE LILIA.

12th Aug. 1747. — Holograph in Latin from Upsala, expressing
regret that Ehret cauuot go to Upsala, asking for seeds from
Chelsea Garden &c. Seal, two serpents intertwined around
a lily aud holding in their mouths an open book, on one page

fjINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. I05

of which the sun ia represented as shining, on the other the
inscription nvnqvam otiosvs; around the seal, diosco-
EiDEs SECVNDVS, LinnsBUs's cognomen in the Academia
Naturae Curiosorum.

On the address-side are some directions in Swedish for the
delivery of the letter into Ehret's own hands and not into
those of [Philip] Miller.

'2nd Oct. 1747. — Holograph in Latin from Upsala introducing
Dr. Pehr Kalm, who delivered it the 20th May, 1748.

28th Sept. 1749. — Holograph in Latin from Upsala, acknow-
ledging the receipt of some pictures and offering remarks on
certain plants.

(Somewhat imperfect and damaged.)

12th April, 1759. — Holograph from Upsala, introducing Dr. Dan,
Solander. Seal, a shield bearing the Linncea boreaUs, with
the cross of the Order of the Polar Star below ; encircled by
the motto famam extollere factis.

Undated, but probably March 1769. — Holograph in Latin, re-
ceived 3rd April, 1769, acknowledging letter ot 18th Pebru-
ary, and on botanical subjects. The writer in this instance
signs himiself Car. Linne. Seal, a mantled coat of arms with
a knight's helmet ; crest, the Linncea borealis ; motto, famam

EXTOLLERE FACTIS.

The seven foregoing letters are printed in the 'Proceedings '
(1883-86), pp. 45-51.

Impressions of Seals used by Linnaeus.
Lent for exhibition by Dr. Murie.

Lithographed sketches of the Liunean Seals.

^Notification of the death of the last surviving daughter of
Linnaeus, Lovisa von Linne, w^ho died at Upsala, 20 March,
1839, aged 90.

POETRAITS.

Bust, by Thorwaldsen. A cast from the statue erected at
Copenhagen.

Presented by Mrs. Robert Brown (Campster).
Placed in the Library, over the chimney-piece.

Io6 PROCEEDINOS OP THE

Bust, cast from the original, possessed by the Royal Academy of

Sciences, Stockholm.

Presented by Dr. N. J. Andersson, May 1858.

Placed in the Council Room, above the British Herbarium.

Af/ABASTKR Medallion, in rosewood frame.

Presented by the Medical Society of Stockholm. (In table-case.)

Wedgewood Medallion", in ebouized frame.

" Sir T!\omas CulUim assures me that Dr. Solander always said that this
medallion was a better likeness of Linnicus than any of the paintings "
(Dawson Turner, 1822).

Lent for exhibition by Sir Joseph Hooker, K.C.S.I.

Photogeaph op Bronze Medallion, 28 inches in diameter, by
J. T. Sergell, 1794.

Oil-painting on parchment, by Magnus Hallman.
Presented by Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P.

Oil-painting, copied by Pasch from the original by Roslin, be-
longing to the Eoyal Academy of Stockholm.

Formerly in the possession of Sir Joseph Banks, and presented by
Robert Brown. Engraved by Roberts for Maton's edition of Pulteney's
' General View of the Writings of Linnseus,' 4°, 1805. In a proof-
impression of this plate in the Society's collection the painter's name given
is Roselin.

Oil-painting. Artist unknown.

Presented by Joseph Sabine, F.L.S., in 1819.

Placed in the Meeting Room, over the President's Chair.

Coloured Engraving, from Thornton's 'Temple of Flora.'
Portrait after " HoUman, pupil of Liimteus," embellishments
by Bartolozzi ; engraved by Ogburne. Dated May 1, 1806.

The same, uncoloured, in frame.

Enghaying, by Chapman [? after Roslin]. Dated Oct. 16, 1802.

Engraying, by J. Heath ; frontispiece to Trapp's translation of
Stoever's ' Life of Linnaeus.' Proof, presented by Mr. Trapp.

Engraying, within a border ; portrait reduced from the above.

Engraa'^ing, undated ; source unknown.

Engraying, by A. Ehrensverd, 1740. Proof .
Presented by Dr. G. Lindstrora.

Engraying, after Eoslin, reversed, by Clement Bervie.
Framed, and usually hung in the Secretaries' Room.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. I07

Lithograph, by J. G. Schreiner, " Zur Eriniierung an dieFeyer
des Limie's Geburtstages."
Framed, and usually hung in the Secretaries' Room.

Mezzotint (full length) ov Linn^tjs, in Lapland dress ; painted
by Hoffman, engraved by H. Kingsburv, and publishfd
6 April, 1795.

Presented by Richard Chambers, F.L.S., in 1851 . (See Trans. Linn.
Soc. XX. p. 608.)

Framed, and usually hung in the Secretaries' Room.

EjfURAViNa by J. Snack, from a painting by Krafft, 1774.
Framed. Presented by Mr. S, Rootsey.

Engraving, by W. Evans, published Feb. 1st, 1806.

Photograph of his father. Nils Linn.^us.
From an oil-painting. Presented by Dr. Ahrling.

Photograph of his brother, Samuel Linn^us.
From an oil-painting. Presented by Dr. Ahrling.

Engraving of Linn^us's Memorial in Upsala Cathedral.

PHOTOOEAPHS.

From the series edited by Elias Magxus Fries.
Obtained through Mr. Oscar Dickson in 1864.

The marble Statue of Linnaeus by the Swedish sculptor Bystrom,
erected in the botanic garden at the expense of the Upsala
Students, who collected the necessary funds by contributions
raised each term.

LiNN^us's dwelling-house in the town, situated at the S.E.
angle of tlie old botanic garden. It is jjreserved in an un-
altered condition, but contains no relics of Linnaeus.

LiNN^us's COUNTRY-SEAT, Hammarby, situated in the parish of
Danmark, five English miles from Upsala. The main building
has been preserved unchanged , not only as regards tl.e ex-
terior, but also tlie interior division into rooms ; the sur-
rounding houses have been in part rebuilt.

It was here that Lmnseus spent the summer months, and wrote his most
important works. Hither, too, he was often accompanied by his pupils to
profit by his instruction during the summer.

At Ilainmarby Liun;i us had laid out his own botanic garden, in which
he chiefly cultivated Siberian ])lauts. it is now a wiklerness, but only a
few years ago many plants were yet remaining that had been there in the
time of the great naturalist. Even now Sempervivum globiferum, Crepis
sibirica, Asarum, and a few others still survive.

Io8 PEOCEEDINOS OF TUE

LiNNiBUs's Study anb Bedchamber at Ilainmarby, preserved in
the same condition as in his time, together with sundry in-
struments and pieces of furniture used by him.

LiNN^us's Museum, situated on the hill above Hammarby, sur-
rounded by a pine-wood, and thus protected from fire. Here
also Linnaeus gave lectures to his pupils, who gathered around
him during the vacation. It is now disused, but unaltered
as regards its exterior.

A PoBTRAiT OF LiNN^us at the age of 40, together with sundry
articles belonging to him, e. g. his doctor's hat, walking-stick,
and easy-chair, together with tea-cups on which the Linncea
is represented, belonging to a service which one of his ad-
mirers in Holland had specially made for him in China.

A Portrait of Linn^us, after the original by Eoslin, which he
himself declared to be the best among his portraits.

A Letter of Linn^us, one of the last penned with his own
hand, being dated " 177G Maji 26," and accordingly written
during the period of his last illness and bodily weakness, less
than a year and eight months before his death (Jan. 10, 1778).

Photograph of Two Bridal Stools, " with turned feet, painted
yellow, and cross-pieces of the same colour ; the cushions
or seats are stuffed and covered with pressed velvet plush
covers, the ground of which is white, having greyish-blue
and broad violet stripes."

Certified to have been in use, 26th June, 1739, on the occasion of the
marriage of Linnaeus with Sara Lisa Moraea.

GENEEAL LIST OF EXHIBITS.

Library.

Memorials of LiNNiEUS. (See foregoing Catalogue, pp. 98-108.)

Plants, exhibited by the Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick.

Plants, exhibited by Mr. H. J. Veitch, Royal Exotic Nursery,
Chelsea.

Council Room.
Lent by Sir Joseph Hooker, K.C.S.L

Wedgewood Medallions of Eminent Scientific Men.

Li2iN.a:u8, exhibited with his other portraits (p. 106.)

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IO9

Captain James Cook, profile.

The same, three-quarter face.

The same, in plaster.

Companions of Captain Cook : —

Sir Joseph Banks, P.R.S., H.M.L.S.

Dr. D2VNIEL SOLANDER.

Dr. John Keinhold Eoesteb.
Lady Banks. Sir Isaac Newton, P.H.S.

Sir Christopher Wren, F.E.S. Sir W. J.Hookek, F.E.S., F.L.S.
Dr. J. Priestley, F.E.S. Inigo Jones.

William Eoscoe, F.L.S. Dr. Kirwan.

Dr. BucHAN. Dr. Bergman.

Dr. Herman Boerhaaye.

Bronze Medals.
LiNN^us, 1788 : a counterpart of that shown by the Society.
LiNN^us, small size, shown with the Linnean Memorials.
Captain Cook, struck in his houour for the Eoyal Society.
Chr. Gottfr. Ehrenberg.

Dr. J. E. Gray, F.E.S. , and Mrs. Gray, struck in 1863.
A counterpart of that in the Society's collection.

Seal with portrait of Linnjlus, by Tassie.
Sev7'es Medallions.

CUYIER. DeNON.

Memorials of George Bentham, F.E.S.
(Pres. L.S. 1860-/3.)

Water-colour Portrait, as a boy aged 10, with Atlas,

Water-colour Portrait, as a young man, aged 34.

EoFAL Medal, awarded in 1850 by the Eoyal Society.

Clarke Medal, awarded in 1878 by the Eoyal Society of New
South Wales.

Galileo Medal ol' the Eoyal Museum of Natural Sciences,
Florence.

no PEOCKEDINttS OF XUE

Medallion in Clav, bv Flaxmau, of his design for the Medal of
Dr. Fordyce, F.K.S., and John Hunter, F.E.S. (Mr. Ben-
tliam was a grandson of Dr. Fordyce.)

Gold AVatcu and Chain.

Antique Silver Watch, formerly belonging to Jeremy Bentham,
uuclo of George Bentham.

Silver Medals struck fo)'
the Itoija.1 Academy of Sciences at Stockholm.

LiNN^us (a counterpart of the Gold Medal
exhibited by the Society).

SWARTZ. HiSINGEE.

De Geeh. Eetzius.

B. & P. J. Beeoius. Achaeius.

Beezelius. Thunbeeq.
swedenboeg.

Memorials of Robert Brown, F.B.S., P.L.S.
PoETBAiT. Painted for Lady Franklin by Pierce,

Watch, Chain, &c. belonging formerly to Eobert Brown.
The Seal attached was worn by J. Dryander.

Lenses and Ete-glasses used by Eobert BrowTi.
Lent by M. A. de CandoUe, F.M.L.S.

Memorial of Sir TV. J. Hooker.
PoETEAiT, painted about 1835 by Sir D. D. McNee.

Plate belonging to a service made by Josiah Wedgewood for
Erasmus Darwin, commemorating the "Loves of the Plants"
(see Darwin's 'Botanic Garden,' part ii.). The leaves,
flowers, and fruit of Nymphcea Lotus, AT. stellaris, and Ae-
lumhium speciosum are accurately represented.

Natural History Collections.

A Collection of Eggs of the Common Guillemot, Uria troile,
illustrating the remarkable variation to which the eggs of
this sea-bird are liable.
Lent by Phili)) Crowley, F.L.S.

LINNEAJy SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ill

A SMALL CoLiECTiON OF Deeh-hoens, comprising —

(1) A pair of Fallow-deer horns from Epping Forest, showing

the attenuation resulting from isolation, as compared
with

(2) A pair o£ Fallow-deer horns of the normal character

from LTppark, Sussex.

(3) Single horns of the Eoe and Fallow-d^er which have

been partially eaten by their kind, thus explaining the
infrequeucy with which shed horns are found.

(4) Frontal portion of the skull of a hornless stag shot in

tlie Royal forest of Goerde, in Hanover, by the late
Emperor of Grermany.
Lent by J. E. Harting, F.L.S.

June 7th, 1888.
William Cabeuthebs, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the previous Meeting, the Centenary Anni-
versary, were read and confirmed.

Mr. Christy moved, and Mr. Breese seconded, a vote of thanks
to the President and Officers for their services during the past
twelve months, and for the increased work undertaken by them
in connection with the Centenary of the Society. The motion
having been carried unanimously, the President, in reply, referred
to the cordial and unfailing support he had received from his
colleagues, in whose names, as well as his own, he returned
thanks.

George Charles Haite, Esq., and Charles Alfred Hebbert, Esq.,
were elected Fellows.

The President nominated Mr. Frank Crisp, Dr. Maxwell T.
Masters, Dr. John Anderson, and Mr. Charles Baron Clarke to
be the Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year.

Prof. P. Martin Duncan exhibited, under the microscope, de-
calcified and stained portions of the test of Lnganum depressum,
and remarked on the structural characters to be relied on for the
discrimination of the species.

Mr. Daniel Morris exhibited some drawings of an Exohasidiiim,
a Fungus which causes singular distortions of the leaves of
Lyonia in Jamaica.

The following paper was read : —

" On the Natural History of Fernando Noronha." Bv Heurv
N, Ridley, M.A., F.L.S. ' ' ^

112 PROCEEDINGS OE THE

June 21st, 1888.

Frank Ckisp, Esq., Treasurer and Vice-President, in the Chair,
afterwards Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, F.E.S., Vice-President.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Prof. D'Arcy AVilliam Thompson, Lorenzo Gordin Yates, Esq.,
Edward Francis Johns, Esq., Charles Nathan ier Peal, Esq., and
Lieut. -Col. Leonard Howard Irby were elected Fellows.

Mr. F. "Wall Oliver exhibited the aquatic and terrestrial forms
o^TrapeUa sinensis, of which he gave a detailed account illustrated
by diagrams.

Dr. E. C. A Prior exhibited a branch of the so-called " Cornish
Elm," and described its peculiar mode of growth, which suggested
its recognition as a distinct species. By botanists present it was
regarded merely as a well-marked variety of the common Elm.

On behalf of Mr. E. Newstead, of the Grosvenor Museum,
Chester, photographs and drawings of the Little Grebe, Podiceps
minor, were exhibited, to illustrate a peculiarity observed in the
mechanism of the leg-bones.

Mr. A. W. Bennett exhibited under the microscope, and made
remaiks upon, filaments of Sphceroplea annuUna Irom a tank at
Kew, containing fertilized oospores.

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited specimens of natural and manu-
factured Kola nuts, and explained how the latter might always
be detected.

The following papers were read : —

1 . " On the Comatulse of the Mergui Archipelago." By Dr.
P. H. Carpenter, F.L.S.

2. " On the Echinoidea of the Mergui Archipelago." By P.
Martin Duncan, F.E.S., and AV. Percy Sladeu, Sec. L.S.

3. "On the Asteroidea of the Mergui Archipelago." By "NV.
Percy Sladen, Sec. L.S.

4. " Contributions to South-African Botany : Orchideae. — Part
IIL" By Harry Bolus, F.L.S.

5. " A Morphologic and Systematic Eevision of the Apo-
Btasia;." By Eobert Allen Eolie, A. L.S.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF liO'ffDOX. 1 13

Donations to Libkart, 1887-88.

Volumes and more important pamphlets, exclusive of exchanges,
chiefly from private individuals.

Agricultural Student's Gazette. New ser., vol. iii. parts l-G. Svo. Cirencester,

1887-88. College.

Allen, Dr. T. F. The Charaeeae of America. Part 1. 8vo. New York, 1888.

Author.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 5 ser. Vols, xix., xx. 8vo. Lond.,

1887. Dr. W. Francis.

Archiv des Vereins der Freunde der Naturgeschichte in Mecklenburg. 40 &

41 Jahrg. (1886-87). 8vo. Giistrow, 1886-88. Verein.

Ashburuer, Chas. A. (1) Geologic Distribution of Natural Gas in the United

States. Svo. St. Louis, 1886. — (2) Geologic Eelations of the Nanticoke

Disaster. Svo. St. Louis, 1886. Author.

Athenreuni. Parts, July 1887 to July 1888. 4to. Lond., 1887-88. Editor.
Bagnall, Jas. E. (1) Notes ou Rubi of Warwickshire. Svo. — (2) On Ac/ rost is

vigra, With. Svo. Loud., 1882. — (3) Notes ou Warwickshire Stour Valley

and its Flora. Svo. Birmiughaiu, 1888. Author.

Bailey, Col. Fred. Forestry in Hungary. Svo. Edinburgh, 1887. Author.
Bailey, F. M., and P. R. Gordon. Plants reputed poisonous and injurious to

Stock. Svo. Brisbane, 18S7. P. R. Gordon.

Baker, J. G. (1) Handbook of the Feru-AlUes. Svo. Lond., 1887.— (2)

Handb. of the Amaryllideix', including the Alstroemerieaj and Agaveae. Svo.

Lond., 1888. — (3) On the Botany of Cumberland part of Pennine Range.

Svo. Lond., 1888. Author.

Barhoza du Bocage, J. V. Melanges Erpetologiques. 1-6. Svo. Lisbon, 1887.

Author.
Barrois, J. Recherches sui- L'Embryologie des Bryozoaires. 4to. Lille, 1877.

Sir J. Lubbock.
Beccari, Odoardo. Malesia. Vol. iii. fasc. 3. 4to. Firenze-Eoma, 1886.

Author.
Beeby, W. H. On the Flora of Shetland. Svo. Perth, 1S88. Author.

Bees, The Natural History of. Svo. Lond., 1744. (Dr. John Millar's Library.)

Mrs. Millar.
Bellamy, J. 0. Natural History of South Devon. Svo. Lond., 1839.

J. C, Galton.
Bennett, Arthur. (1) Additional Records of Scottish Plants for 1887. Svo.

— (2)Arabis alpma, Jj., also Jiinciis fenuis, '^il\d.,\n Scotland. Svo. Perth,

1888.— (3) Notes on British Species of Epilobium. Svo. Edinb., 1887.

Author.
Bennett, A. W. Freshwater Algoe (including Chlorophyllaceous Protophyta)

of the English Lake-District, II. ; with descriptions of a new genus and live

new species. 8vo. Lond., 1888. Author.

Bergens Museums Aarsberetning for 1886. Svo. Bergen, 1887. Mus.

Blanford, H. F. On the Influence of Indian Forests on the Rainfall. Svo.

Calcutta, 1887. Author.

Bleicher, Prof, et Prof. Fliche. Note sur la Flore Pliocene du Monte-ilario.

Svo. Nancy, 1886. Sir J. Lubbock.

Blomefield, Rev. L. Chapters in my Life. Svo. Bath, 1887. Author.

Boccius, G. Fish in Rivers and Streams. Svo. Lond., 1848. (Dr. J. Millar's

Library.) Mrs. Millar.

Boletim da Sociedade Brotei'iana. Vol. iv. fasc. 3, 4; Vol. v. fasc. 1-3. Svo.

Coimbra, 1886-87. Prof. J. A. Henriques.

LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1887-88. i

1 14 phoceedings of the

Bonnier, G., et G. De Layens. NouvcUe Floro dn Nord dc la France ot do la
Bclgiqiie. 8vo. Paris, 1887. G. Bonnier.

Boulger, Prof. G. S. Econoune Forestry. 8vo. Edinburgii, 1887. Author.

Boiirno, Q. C. Anatomy of the Madreporarian Coral Fii7if/ia. 8\n. Lond.,
1887. Author.

On tiie Anatomy of i>/«.ssrt and Kiiphi/flia and the Morphology of tiie

Madreporarian Skeleton. 8vo. Lond., 1887. Sir J. Lubbock.

Brady, (1. S. Notes on the Freshwater Entomostraca from 8011II1 Auslrali.i.
8\6. Lond., 188G. Sir J. Lubbock.

Brady, H. B., W. Kitchen Parker, and T. Rupert Jones. On some Foriuiiinifera

from tiie Abrohlo.s Bank. 4to. Lond., 1888. Authors.

Brandt, J. F. Untersuehungen iiber die Fossilen iind Subfossilen Cctaceen

Europa's. 4to. St. Petersbourg, 1873. Dr. J. Murie.

Brongniart. Clias. Fossil Insects of Primary group of Rocks. (Trausl. by
Mark Stirrup.) 8vo. Salford, 1885. Sir J. Lubbock.

Buil'on, G. L. L., Comte de. (1) Barr's Buffon's Nat. History ; from the Frencii,
with notes by the translator. 10 vols. 8vo. Lond., 1797. — (2) Natural
History of Birds, Fish, Insects, and Reptiles. 5 vols. 8vo. Lond., 1708.

Dr. Jas. Murie.

Bulletin of the Botanical Department, Jamaica. Nos. l-C Fol. Jamaica,
1887-88, W. Fawcett,

Bidl. Soc. Toscana Orticultura. 1879, nos. 2, 9-12; 1883, nos. 1-12,' 1884,
nos. 1-3, 5-12; 1885, nos. 2-12 ; 1886, nos. 1-7, 10-12. 8vo. Firenze, 1879
-86. Dr. Maxwell T. Masters.

Calendar of the Imperial University of Japan for 1887-88. 8vo. Tokyo, 1888.

Univ.

Cameron, J. Annual Report on Govt. Botanical Gardens, Bangalore, for 1880
-87. Fol. Bangalore, 1887. Govt. India.

Campbell, F. M. (1) Hessian Fly. Svo. Hertf., 1887.— (2) The Means of
Protection possessed by Plants ; an Address delivered at Anniversarv Meeting
Hertf. Nat. Hist. Soc, Svo. Herllbrd, 1888. Author.

Canadian Entomologist. Vols. 14-18. Svo. Lond., 1882-8G.

Jas. Fletcher.

Cantley, N. (1) Report of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, for 18S(').— (2)
Report of the Forest Department, Straits Settlements, for 188(5. Fol. Sin-
gapore, 1887. Author.

C'aruel, Prof. T. Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano. Vols, xvii.-xix. 8vo.
Firenze, 188r)-87. T, Camel.

Catalogue of Books in the Depart, of Zoology, Brit. Mus. 3rd. ed. Svo. Lond.,
1884. Trustees Brit. Mus.

Chai'leswortb, E. Catalogue of British Marine Recent Shells. Svo. York, 18.5(5.
(Dr. J. Millar's Library.) Mrs. Millar.

Christy's New and Rare Drugs. 5th ed. Svo. Lond., 1888. Thos. Christy.

Christy, Miller. Durrant's Handbook for Essex. Svo. Chelmsford, 1887.

Author.

Claparede, Edouard. Recherches sur la Structure des Annelides Sedent;ures.
4to. Geneve, 1873. Sir J. Lubbock.

Clarke, C. B. A List of the Flowering Plants, Ferns, and Mosses at Andover.
8vo. Calcutta, ISGfi. Author.

Claus, C. Keuntniss der Malacostracenlarven. Svo. Sir J. Lubbock.

Cole, A. C. Studies in Microscopical Science. Vol. iv. sect. 1-4, nos. 10, 11,
12. Svo. Birmingham, 1887. Editor.

Colenso, W. (1) Notes on Bones of Species of Sphcnodon (S. divcrsiim, Col.j.
Svo. 1885. — (2) Description of new Cryptogamic Plants. Svo. 1885-86. —
(3) Description of new and rarelndigenous Plants. Svo. 1885.— (4) British
Plants recently introduced in New Zealand. Svo. 1885. — (5) Description of
curiously deformed bill of a Huia (Hcferaloc/ia acufiro^itrls, Gould), an endemic
New-Zealand Bird. Svo. 188(1.— (0) On new Phajnogamic Phmts. Svo.
188(>.— (7) On new Species of Fungi. Svo. 1886. Svo. Wellington. N.Z.,
1885-86. Author.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

115

Comte's Philosophy of the Sciences, by G. H. Lewis. 8yo. Lond., 1853.

Frank Crisp.

Cooke, M. C. Mycographia sen Icones Fiingorum. Parts l-G. Svo. Lond
1875-79. (Dr. J. Millar's Library.) Mrs. Millar.'

Cotes, B. C, and Col. C. Swinhoe. * Catalogue of the Moths of India. Parts 1
& 2. Svo. Calcutta, 18S7. Trustees Ind. Mus.

Crombie, Kev. Jas. M. Lichenological Contributions. Vol. i. Svo. Lond
1871-85. Author.

Cross, C. F., E. J. Bevan, C. M. King, and E. Jonson. Rpport on Indian
Fibres and Fibrous Substances exhib. at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition,
188(). With Notes of Methods of Treatment and Uses Prevalent in India, by
Dr. G. Watt. Svo. Lond., 1887. Authors.

Crosse, H. Faune Malacologique du Lac Tanganyika. Svo. Paris, 1881.

Author.

Cupani, Francisco. (1) Hortus Catholicus. Svo. Neapoli, 169(i. — (2) Sup-
pleraen Alteram ad Hortuni Catholioum. Syo. Panormi, 1607.

B. Daydon Jackson.

Cuvier, Bai'on G. (1) The Aninial Kingdom ; translated by Dr. H. McMurtrie.
8 vols. 8vo. Lond., 18.j4-;j7. — (2) The Class Inseota, with Sujiplementary
Additions to each Order, by E. Griffith and E. Pidgeon, and Notices of New
Genera and Species by George Gray. Vols. i. & ii. Svo. Lond., 1832. (Dr.
J. Millar's Library.) ' Mrs. Millar."

Cuvier and Natural History. 12mo. Lond., 1844. Dr. Jas. Murie.

Dalyell, Sir John Graham. (1) Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland,
I'epresented from Living Subjects, with Practical Observations on tiieir Nature.
Vol. i. 4to. Lond., 1847.— (2) The Powers of theCreator disj^layed in Creation,
or Observations on Life amidst the various forms of the Iliunbler Tribes of
Animated Nature, with Practical Comments and Illustrations. Yoh. i.-iii.
4to. Lond., 1851-58. (Dr. J.Millar's Library.) Mrs. Millar.

David, T. W. Edgoworth. Geology of Vegetable-Creek Tin-Mining Field. 4to.
Sydney, 1887. Govt, of N.S. Wales.

Davies, \V. Catalogue of the Pleistocene A'^ertebrata in the Collection of Sir
Ant. Brady. 4to. Lond., 1874. (Dr. J. Millar's Library.) Mrs. Millar.

Dawson, Sir J. W. (1) Notes on Fossil Woods and other Plant Remains from
Cretaceous and Laramie Formations of Western Territories of Canada. 4to.
Montreal, 18S7.— (2) The Geological History of Plants. Svo. New York
1888. ■ Author!

Day, Dr. F. (1) British and Irish Sahnonidte. Svo.— (2) Notes upon Breeding
of Salmonidic. Svo. — (3) Notes on Cajcal Appendages of Cardiganshire
Trout. 8vo. — (4) Note? on Severn Fisheries. Svo. — (5) Occurrence of
.SVor/.(«;?« sr-ro/r/ off South Coast of England. Svo. — (fi) The Plymouth Ob-
servatory of the Marine Biological Association. Svo. Lond., 1887. Author.

De Man, Dr. J. G. L^ebersicht der iudo-pacifischen Arten der Gattung Scsarma,
Say, nebst einer Ki-itik der von W. Hess and E. Nauck in den Jahren 1865
und 1880 beschriebenen Decapoden. Svo. Jena, 1887. Author.

Dendy, A. (1) Regeneration of Visceral Mass in ^M?'ef7(*« r(/s«ce?«s. Svo. 1886. —
(2) New System of Chalininae, with some brief observations upon Zoological
Nomenclature. Svo. 1887. — (3) On a remarkable new Species of Cladarhi-a
obtained by H.M.S. ' Challenger.' Svo, 1887.— (4) The Sponge Fauna of
Madras. Svo. Lond., 1887. Author.

Dictionaries. (1) English-Dutch and Dutch-English ; by I. M. Carlisch. 2 vols.
Svo. Ticl, 1875. — (2) English-German and German-English ; Fliigel's, by C.
A. Felling, A. Heimann, and John Oxenford. 2 vols. Svo. Lond.-^(3)
English-Italian and Italian-English ; by G. Cuinclati and John Davenport .
2 vols. Svo. Lond., 1854.— (4) Enghsll-Latin ; by W. Smith and Theophihia
D. Hall. 5th ed. Svo. Lond., 1888.— (5) Englisli-Ru.-^sian and Ru.ssian-
Englisli ; by A. Alexandrow. 2 vols. Svo. St. Petei-sburg, 1879. — (6)
English-Spanish and Spani.sh-English ; by Neuman and Barelti. 2 vols. Svo.
Lond., 1(S54. — (7) English-Swedish; by Nilsson, Widmark, Collin. 8vo.
Stockholm, 1875.— (8) Swedish-English • by V. E. Oman. Svo. Stockholm,

12

U6 PB0CEEDING8 OF THE

1881. — (9) Modern-Greek and English Lexicon, by N. Contopoulos. 8vo.
Athens, 1880-82. — (10) Eoynl rbraseological Dictionary; Englisb-Frencb
and Frencb-Englisb. 2 vols. 8vo. Lond., 1879. ' F. Jxisteil.

Dninunond, A. T. Distribution and Physical and Past Geological Eolations of
British North-American Plants. Svo. Montreal, 1887. Author.

(1) The Prairies of Manitoba. 8vo.— (2) Distrib. and Physical and

Past Geological Kelation.«i of Brit. North-American Plants. Svo. Montreal,
1888. Sir J. Lubbock.

Duchartre, P. (1) Note .sur la Situation do Bulbilles cbez le Bciitmia dmulor,
R.Br. Svo. 187fl. — (2) ilonslrueuses de Grenadier (P««?V« G rcaiat urn, Ij.).
Svo. 1879. — (.')) Notes sur dcs Safrans {Crori(s) a (leur Monstrueuse. Svo.
1879. — (4) Observations sur Ics flours double des Begonias Tubereux. Svo.
1880.— (.">) Note sur des feuilles Raniiferes de Cbou. Svo. 1881.— And 15
more pampb. Svo. Paris, 1879-81. Author.

Elwes, H. J. On Butterflies of the Genus P«;-««.ss;V,s'. Eoy. Svo. Lond., 1886.

Sir J. Lubbock.

Engelmann, Dr. George. (1) De Antbolysi Prodromus, Inaug. Dissert. Svo.
Francofurti ad Moenum, 1832. —(2) Genus Isoctes in North America. Svo.
St. Louis, 1882. — (3) Mean and Extreme Daily Temperatures in St. Louis
for 47 years. Svo. St. Louis, 1883. — (4) Note's on Genus Yucca. Svo. St.
Louis, 1873.— 05) Oaks of the United States. Svo. St. Loui.s, 1870-77. (6)
Revision of North-American Species of Genus Jitncus. Svo. St. Louis, ISGS.
(7) Synopsis of Amei'ican Firs {Abies, Link). Svo. St. Louis, 1878.

The Botanical Works of the Late Dr., edited by W. Trelease and Asa

Gray. 4to. Cambridge, Mass., 1887. ' Henry Shaw.

Engler, Prof. A. Guttifera; et Quiinacea2. fol. Lipsia^, 1888. Author.

Entomologist. Vol. xx. Svo. Lond., 1887. T. P. Newman.

Entomologist's Monthly Magazine. Yol. xxiv. Svo. Lond., 1887-88.

Editors.
Espeut, Hon. W. B. The Advantages to result from Railway Extension in

Jamaicji. Svo. Jamaica, 1887. Author.

Essex Naturalist. Journal Essex Field Club. Vol. i. nos. 7-12 ; Vol. ii. no?.

1-4. Svo. Buckhurst Hill, 1S37-8S. Club.

Etheridge, Rob. Anniversary Addresses Geological Society, 18S1, 1882. Svo.

Lond., 1881-82. ' ' J. E. Harting.

Evans, W. F. British LibelluHn.T, or Dragon-Flies. Svo. Lond., 1S45. (Dr.

J. Millar's Library.) Mrs. Millar.

Ferguson, Wm. Notice of tlie late Sir W. Elliot ; and of a Bazaar Drug called

Gunta Barnigi, Bhooi Jamb, Siritekku, &c., identified for the first time as

Premtia hcrhacea, Roxb. Svo. Colombo, 1887. " Author.

Forbes, Henry O. A Naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago. Svo.

Lond., 188o. Horace Pearce.

Ford, Chas., and W. E. Crow. Notes on Chinese Materia Medica. Svo.

Hong Kong, 1887. Chcis. Ford.

Fowler, Eev. W. W. The Coleoptera of the British Islands. Parts 9-lG. Svo.

Lond., 1887-88. F. L. Soper.

Friedlander und Sohn. E. Naturae Novitates for 1887. Svo. Berlin, 1887.

Authors.
Galpiu, Rev. F. W., and Chas. Candler. The Flowering Plants and Birds of

Harleston. Svo. Lond., ISSS. Authors.

Garden. Vols, xxxi., xxxii. 4to. Lond., 1SS7. W. Robinson.

Gardeners' Chronicle, .'ird ser. Vols, i., ii. 4to. Lond., 1887. Editor.

Gartenflora. Jahrg. 34, 35. Svo. Berlin, 188G-87.

Professor Dr. L. Wittmack.
Gervais, Paul. Th^orie du Squelette Humain. Nvo. Paris, 185().

Dr. Jas. Murie.
Gilbert, Prof. J. II. Residts of Experiments at Rothamstcd on the Growtii of

Root-crops. Svo. Cirencester, 1887. Author.

Gluisher, E. IT. A Journey on the Borbice Eivoraiid Wieroonio Crook. 8vo.

Georgetown, 1885. ' Dr. Jas. Murie.

lUfNEilf SOCIETY OP LONDON. I , .

naecJfel, Ji. System der Siplionoplioren. 8vo. Jena, 1888 -^^T^^or.

Hiuisen, H. J. OvplN^o■^ nvfi- ri^f ,,„=*!• ^ ■ , , „ ^^^ ^- Lubbock.
Ha*.*,,;,. ^ricX,;!r;,,T88f '''■°"''"'* """"■ -fMnlatotafe

8vf if 188t ^'"'"'"""'' ™°'*°«>' -^^--S. -■! S-«l w2f<l;°J:
Hart, H.C. Flora of Howtli. 8to. Dublin 18R7 ^"9?°''-

Hauler, H. H. Victorian Year-Bo^ilst^'sT^'s'™. Melboarue, 18*""'"-

''i;5o"'lV"' '="'»""■<'»-■" WHting, of Dr. A. S. PacSl.^-8™.''S
Hensl„„.,Be,,6. The Origin of Floral Structures. 8™. Lond^'lFss'""''''

=E<i^^ELC-"^^;S<l -t-fe2"l5T ^^

Herdman, W. A. An Id«.l Natn^l-Histor, M.s,um. 8,-0. Lh'^i^ool^Js?

Hinterhuber, J., uud Praii7 PinMina^,. v> ^ • ^, Author.

Humbert, A. Essai .u. les Myna^odes de Ceylan. 4to. Gene.tfme^'^Z:
Hutchinson, F. B. Anuiversarv Add,-... .i.,;....„,i ... .,.„ ..^^f ^- ^.^^'^ock.

Deer:A„te,opes^l^;Sr^."r;7' t^'S'iriJgl.f -r '• ""'»'°'^^^

'tS'anfl Z^tl ?S'^ «°^»' ^"- "' Mo<lern Oeogr^V^fSij:
'"sSc^^ Tsl- ""'" "" "™« «"""»" O^-'O" "»- GotbTa Jrfv^:

Journal of .Botany. Vols 24 '^'i Sv,-. T^r,.i loar o" Sir J. Lubbock.

"T'/t^. t^:!'i§j!^-. C-vts.,«Wa.,. ^^s.f,sri

University.

Il8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

.Tournal of the East-India Association. Vol. xix. nos. ()&7 ; Vol. xx. nos. 1 & 2.

8vo. Loml., 1^87-88. E.I. Assoc.

Jouruul of tlio Elislui Mitchell Scientific Society. Vol. iv. pts. 1 &, 2. 8vo.

Raleigii, N.C., 1887. Soc.

Journal National Fish-Culture Association. Vol. i. nos. ;i, 4. Svo. Lood.,

1887. J. "W". Willis Bund.

Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club. 2nd ser. vol. iii. nos. 17-21. 8vo.

Loud., 1887-88. . Club.

Journal of tlie Royal Agricultural Society of England, 2ud ser. vol. xxiii. 8vo.

Lond., 1887. Society.

Journal of the Simla Natural-History Society. Vol. i. parts 1, 2. 8v(). Simla,

188o-8(>. D. Morris.

Karsteu, H. llistologischc Untersuchuiigen. 4to. Berlin, 18(52.

Sir J. Lubbock.
Keferstein, Dr. W., and E. Ehlers. Zoologische Beitragege.sannnelt iiii Winter

18i")U-()0 in Neapel und Messina. 4to. Leipzig, 1861. Sir J. Lubbock.
King, G. Tlie Species ol' Ficiis of Indo-Malayan and Chinese Countries. Part i.

fol. Calcutta, 1887. Govt, of India.

Kirby, Kov. W. On the Power, AVisdom, and Goodness of God. New ed.

Edited, with notes, by T. Evnier Jones. Vol. ii. 8ro. Lond., 1853, (Dr. J.

Millar's Library.) ' Mrs. Millar.

Kleinenberg, N. SuU' Origine del Sistenia Nervoso Centrale degli Aneliidi.

4to. Roma, 1881. Sir J. Lubbock.

Knaggs, n. Valentine. Short Treatise on Cure of Diphtheria by Sulphur. Svo.

Lond., 188G. Author.

Knight, Chas. The Elephant principally viewed in Relation to Man. New ed.

12nio. Lond., 1844. Dr. Jas. Murie.

KoUar, V. A Treatise ou Insects injurious to Gardeners, Foresters, and

Farmers. Svo. Lond., 1840. (Dr. J. Millar's Library.) Mrs. Millar.

Kolliker, A. Icones Histiologica- : oder Atlas der Vergleichcnden Gewebelehre.

2 Abih. Heft 1. fol. Leipzig, 18()G. Sir J. Lubbock.

L^eber die Entstehung des Pigmentes in deu Oberhautgebiklen. 8vo.

Leipzig, 1887. Author.

Kowalewsky, Dr. W. (1) Oesteologie des Genus Entelodon, Aym. 4to.
— (2) Monographic der Gattung Anthracothcrluni, Cuv. 4to. jMiinchen,
1873. — (3) Monograpliie des Genus .^;i;'^rac'o//<erj«/«, Cuv. 4to. Cassel, 1874.

Sir J. Lubbock.

Kronfeld, Dr. M. (1) Ueber die Ausstreuung der Friichtchen von Scufdlarla
ijalcrktdata, L. Svo. 1886. — (2) Ueber den Bliitheiistand der Rhorkolben.
8vo. 188G. (3) Hat Goethe das Ergrilnen der Coniferenkeinilinge im
Dunklen entdeckt? Svo. 1887. — (4) Ueber Verbreituug der T[/}iha Shidflc-
worthii, Koch etSond. 8vo.l887. — (5) Ueber die Beziehungen der Nebeublatter
zu ihreni Ilauptblatte. Svo. 1887.— ('>) Zur Biologic der Mistel {Jlt^cum
alhuiii). Svo. 1887. — (7) Ueber vergriinte Bliiten von Viola alba, Bess.
Svo. 1888. Wien, 1886-88. Author.

Kuntze, Dr. Otto. Plantse Orientali-Ros3ici\;. Svo. St. Petersburg, 1887.

Author.

Lamarck, J. B. de. llistoire Natui-elle des Auimaux saus Vertebres. Ed. 1.
Tome i. 3-6. Svo. Paris, 1815-1819. Dr. Jas. Murie.

Lawes, Sir J. B., and Prof. J. II. Gilbert. Sources of the Nitrogen of A'ege-
tation. Svo. Lond., 1887. Author.

Lee, Henry. Aquarium Notes. The Octopus. Svo. Lond., 1875.

Dr. Jas. Murie.

Vegetable Lamb of Tartarv. Svo. Loud., 1887. Author.

Lees, F. A. Report Botanical Club for 1884-1886. Svo. Manchester, 1887.

Chas. Bailey,
Leeuwenhoek, Antony vou. The Select Works of, translated by S. Hoole.

4to. Lend., 1798. (Dr. J. Millar's Library.) Mrs. Millar.

Lendenfeld, R. von. Descriptive Catalogue of Medusa: 'of the Australian Seas.

Svo. Sydney, 1887. Trustees Austral. Mus.

L1NNEA.N SOCIETY OP LONDON. II9

Leuckart, E.. Uutersucliuugen liber Trichina spiralis. 4to. Leipzig aud

Heidelberg, 1866. Sir J. Lubbock,

Lilljeborg, W. Les Genres Liriopc et PcUogastcr, H. Eathke, et Suppleiaent.

4to. Upsala, 1859-60. Sir J. Lubbock.

Lloyd, J. U., and C. G. Lloyd. Drugs and Medicines of North America. Vol. ii,

nos. 4, 5. 8vo. Cincinnati, 1887. Authors.

Lobley, J. Logan. (1) Mount Vesuvius. Svo. Lond., 1868.— (2) Principal

Features of Stratigraphical Distribution of British Fossil Laniellibranchiata.

Svo. Lond., 1871. — (3) Excursion of Geologists' Association to Malvern.

Svo, 1873. — (4) Eocenes of England and their Extension in Hertfordshire.

Svo. 1877.- (5) Study of Geology. 8vo. Hertford, 1879. Author.

Loven, Sven. On the Species of Echiuoidea de.scribed by Linna3Us in his work

Museum Ludovicie Ulricee. Svo. Stockholm, 1887. Author.

Liitken, Dr. Chr. F. Dijmphna-Togtets zoologisk-botaniske Udbytte. 8vo.

Kjobenhavn, 1887.' Ulliv. Zool. Mus.
(1) Bidrag til Kundskab om Arterne af Sltegten Ci/amus, Latr., eller

Hvallusene. 4to. — (2) Bidrag til Kundskab om de arktiske Dybhavs-Tudse-

fiske, sa^rligt Sla^gten Himantolophus. 4to. Kjobenhavn, 1887.

Sir J. Lubbock.
Lydekker, R. Catalogue of Fossil Mammalia in British Museum (Natural

History). Pt. .5. Svo. Lond., 1887. Trustees Brit. Mus.

Lyonet, P. Recherches sur I'Anatomie et Metamorphoses de differentes

Especes d'Insectes. 4to. Paris, 1832. (Dr. J. Millar's Library).

iVIrs. Millar.
McCoy, F. Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria. Decades 1-15. Svo.

Melbourne, 187 -87. Govt, of Victoria.

M'Intosh, Dr. W. C. Structure of the British Nemerteans and some New

British Annelids. 4to. Edinburgh, 1869. Sir J. Lubbock.

Magalhaes, Dr. P. S. De. Notas Helminthologicas. Svo. Rio de Janeiro.

Author.
Maiden, J. H. (1 ) Notes on Indigenous Sago aud Tobacco from New Guinea.

Svo.— (2) Some N. S. Wales Tan-substances. Svo. Sydney, 1887.

Author.
Majoi-, Joshua. A Ti-eatise on the Insects most prevalent on Fruit-trees, and

Garden-produce, &c. Svo. Lond , 1829. (Dr. J. Millar's Library.)

Mrs. Millar.
Mallet, F. R. A Manual of the Geology of India. Part 4. Svo. Calcutta,

1887. Govt, of India.
Mansel-Pleydell, J. C. The Birds of Dorsetshire Svo. Lond., 1SS8.

Author.
Martin, W. C. L. The History of the Dog. 12mo. Loud., 1845.

Dr. Jas. Murie.
Marshall, Dr. W. Atlas der Tierverbreitung. Fol. Gotha, 1887.

P. Justen.

Maskell, W. M. (1) Freshwatei' Infusoria of Wellington District. Svo. —

(2) Further Notes on New Zealand Ooccidaj. Svo. — (3) " Honeydew " of

Coceidse, and the Fungus accompanying these Insects. Svo. Wellington,

1886. Author.

Maury, M. F. The Physical Geography of the Sea. Svo. Lond., 1855.

Dr. Jas. Murie.

Memorias de la Sociedad Oientifica, " Antonio Alzate," Mexico. Tom. i.

Nos. 1-5. Svo. Mexico, 1887-88. Society.

Messurier, Col. A. Le. Game, Shore and Water Birds of India. Svo. Calcutta.

1888. Dr. Jas. Murie.
Minute-Book of the Botanical Society of London. MSS. Fol. 1844-51.

Director Roy. Gard. Kew,
Mitteilungen aus der Medicinischen Facultiit der Kaiserlich-Japanischeu Uni-

versitiit. Bd. i. no. 1. 4to. Tokio, 1887. Universitat.

Moore, Spencer. On Epidermal Chlorophyll. Svo. Lond., 1887. Author.
Morrell's Voyage to the African Guano Islands, with a Preface by Lieut. P.

Petrie. Svo. Lond., 1844. Dr. Jas. Murie.

I 20 VROCEEDINttS OF THE

Morris, D. Vegetable Resources of the West Indies. 8vo. Loud., 1888.

Author.

Mueller, Baron Ferd. von. Iconography of Australian Species of Acacia and
Cognate Genera. Decades 1-8. 4to. Melbourne, 1887.

Govt, of Victoria.

Murray, G. Catalogue of Ceylon Alga3 in the Herbarium of the British
Museum. 8vo. Lond., 1887. Author.

Murray, R. A. F. Geology and Physical Geography of Victoria. 8vo. Mel-
bourne, 1887. Govt, of Victoria.

Naturalist. Nos. 150-154. 8vo. Lond., 1888. Editors.

Naturalist's Monthly. Vol. i. Nos. 1-5. Roy. 4to. Lond., 1887-88.

Editor.

Nature. Vols, xxxvi., xxxvii. 4to. Lond., 1887-88. A. Macmillan.

Naudin, Ch. Especes Affines et la Th^orie de rEvolution. Roy. 8vo. Paris,
1875. Sir J. Lubbock.

Newton, E. T. On the Skull, Brain, and Auditory Organ of a new Species of
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Nicholson, Dr. H. A. Scientific Works and Memoirs by. 8to. St. And)ews,
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A Manual of Zoology. 7th ed. 8vo. Lond., 1887. Author.

Nordstedt, Dr. A. (1) Desmidieer sauilade af Sv. Berggren under Nordeus-
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Nurman, Rer. A. M., and Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing. On the Crustacea Isopoda
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Oliver, F. W. (1) On Obliteration of the Sieve-tubes in Laminariea-. 8vo.
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1888. Oxford, 1887-88. Author.

01sen,0. T. Fisherman's Nautical Almanack. 8vo. Grimsby, 1888. Author.

Ormerod, E. A. Notes on Austrahan Bug {Iccrya Furchasi) iu South Afrii-a.
8vo. Lond., 1887. T. P. Newman.

Ormerod, Dr. E. L. British Social Wasps. 8vo. Loud., 1SG8. (Dr. J. Millar's
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Osteu-Sacken, Baron C. R. Studies on Tipididae. Part 2. 8vo. Berlin, 1887.

Author.

Owen, Sir Richard. Anatomy of tlie King Crab {Limulus poli/phcinus, Latr.).
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Oyster, Dr. J. II. Catalogue of North- American Plants. 2nd ed. 8vo. Paola,
1888. Author.

Parkinson, Jas. An Introduction to the Study of Fossil Organic Eemaiiis.
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Peekham, G. W. and E. G. Genera of the Family Attida\ 8vo. Madison
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Plateau, Prof. Felix. (1) Observations sur les Mceui-sdu Blaniidiis gutttdattis,
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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 121

Proceedings of the Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field-Club. Vol. vi.

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Eeport of the British Association (Manchester), 1887. Svo. Lond., 1888.

Council Brit. Assoc.
Eeport of the Commissioners appointed by the Government to enquire into the
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Fifth Eeport of the Committee, consisting of Mr. E. Etheridge, Dr. H. Wood-
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Govt, of N. S. Wales.
Eeport on the Gold Fields of Victoria, 1886-87. fol. Melbourne, 1886-87.

Govt, of Victoria.
Eeport Ealing Microscopical and Natural History Society, 1886-88. Svo.
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Eeport on Fisheries in Ilenzada District, fol. Eangoou, 1880.

Govt, of India.
Eeport on Government Botanical Gardens at Sahiiranpur and Mussoorie for
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Eeport on Horticultural Gardens, Lucknow, for 1887. fol. Allahabad, 1887.

Govt, of India.
Eeport of the Marlborough College Natural History Society for 1887. Svo.
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Eeport on Migration of Birds. Sth, 1886. Svo. Edinburgh, 1 887.

W. Eagle Clarke.
Ee)jort of the Mysore Government Museum. No. 18. fol. Bangalore, 1887.

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Seventh Eeport of the Technological, Industrial, and Sanitary Museum, fol.

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Eeport and Transactions of the Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall

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Eeport of the Trustees of the Australian Museum for 1886. fol. Sydney, 1887.

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Eeports of Forest Department, Madras Presidency, 18S5-86. fol. Madras,

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Eepox'ts of Gold Fields of Victoria, fol. Melbourne, 1887.

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Eeports on the Mining Industries of New Zealand for 1887. fol. Wellington,

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Eeports, Scientific Eesults, Exploring Voyage of H.M.S. ' Challenger.' 1873-70.

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122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

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/'

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INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS.

SESSION 1887-88.

Note— The name of the Chairman at each Meetin" is not indexed.

Aberdeen, yew fruiting at, 4.
Accounts, 1887-88, 15.
Acorus, edible, sliown, 6, 7.
Acrel, corresp. re bb. Linn., 22-27.
Adiantum Capilh'.s-J'everis, shown, 11 ;

A. Ferguson i, shown, n.
Africa, South, Orchids of (Bolus), 112.
AyaricHS melieiis (Ward), 2.
Agave, species yielding fibre, 4.
Alexander, R. G., elected, 1 1 .
Alga?, new (Batters), 10.
— sponge-spicules in, 12.
Alstromer, plants sent to Linnaeus, 21.
Amadeo, Dr., presumed new species of

Tubernct monta na , 8.
Anderson, Dr. J., comm. by, 2, 6 ;

elected auditor, 12; nom. V.P., iii.
Animals, variation in (Geddes), 4.
Anniversary Dinner, 98.
Anniversary Meeting, 100th, 14-98.
Auf^cr alhlfrons, bones of, shown, 11.
Ants (Lubbock), 5.
Apogamy and Apospory in Tric/winanes

(Bower), 6.
Apostasite (Rolfe), 112.
Arahis alpina found in Skyc, 3.
Arauja sericifera, insect-fertiHzed, 6.
Asteroidea of Mergui (Sladeii), 112.
Auditors elected, 12.

Baird, S. F., death alluded to. i ; obi-
tuary, 83.

Baker, G-. T., elected, 10.

Baker, J. G., on Adiantum Fergusoni,
1 1 ; Ferns N. India, 2 ; Scrutineer,

17-

Baly, J. S., new Galerucinw, 8.

Barbadoes, Solanmu from, shown, 2.
Bary, H. A. de, obituary, 87.
Baster, J., plants sent to Liunanis, 21.
Bat, Natterer's, shown, 12.
Bateman, J., Tinamu iutrod. by, 10.
Batters, E. A. L., New Algce, 10.
Beeby, W. H., Carex cesspit osa from

Shetland, 3 ; CaUitriche polymorphu,

6.
Bees (Lubbock), 5.
Bellotas shown, 6, 7.
Bennett, A.; Councillor, retired, 17 ;

new British plants shown, 3.
Bennett, A. W., Sphceroplea sliown by,

1 12.
Bennett, I\. H., elected, 5,
Beunie, J., interglacial fossils, 11.
Bentham, G., Eulogium on (Dyer), 71-

79 ; memorials of, shown, 109.
Bermuda, Valouia from, shown, 2.
Bidie, G., photo, of branched Borassus

&c., 3,
Birds of Hudson's Bay (Eae), 9,
Blanford, IL F., Ferns of Simla, 8.
Bolus, H., Orchids of S. Africa, 1 12.
Boodle, L. A., elected, 13.
Boraasus flabclliformis, branched, 3.
Boswell, J. T. 1, obituary, 84.
Bower, F. O., on Apospory, &c., 6.
Bracelet of Seeds, shown, 11.
Branched Palms, Borasms, 3.
Breese, C. J., vote of thanks sec. by,

III.
Brightlingsea, Tinamu introd. at, 10.
Broom -root = Epicampes, 4.
Brown, R., Eulogium on (Hooker), 54-
67; memorials of, shown, no.

126

INDEX.

Browne, P., plants in lib. Linn., 20.
Brt/(iphyllum, proliferation of two

species (Cogswell), 6.
Burmann, Cape plants .«ent tx) Linnaeus,

California, plants from, shown, 10.
Vallitriche new to Britain, 6.
Canaries, Copepoda uf (Tiionipson;, 4.
Care.r caspifosa from Shetland, 3.
Carpenter, P. H., Mergui ComatuUi?,

IIZ.

Carruthers, W., re-elect€d President,

17-
Cash, W., elected, 13.
Caspary, J. X. E., death alluded to, i ;

obituary, 87.
Cuttkya, fertilization of (Veitch), 8.
Centenary Medal instituted, 1 3 ; figured,

80; awarded, 81, 82.
Centenary Meeting, 1+-98.
Cheeseman, J. F., Kermadec-Island flora

and fauna, 10.
Cliristy, R. M., Oxlips shown, 13.
Christy, T., Kola nuts, natural and fic-
titious, 112; Stropkanthiis, two species

shown, 4 ; vote of thanks moved by,

III.
Clarke, C. B., comm. by, 8 ; Ferns N.

India, 2 ; New Panicum, 5 ; nom.

V.P., III ; on root-pi-essure, 14.
Cleistogamy in Orchids (Ridley), 9.
Clifford's plants given to Linnaeus, 19,

20.
Cocoa-nut palm, abnormal, 3.
Cogswell, Dr., proliferation of Bryi)-

phyUuiii, 6.
Collections, Linnean, their history, i8-

3+-
Comatula% Mergui (Carpenter), 112.
Commerson, plants in hb. Linn., 22.
Copepoda of the Canaries (Thompson),

4-
Cornish Elm shown, 112.
Correspondence of Linnaeus shown,

10+.
Council elected, 17.
Cri.sp, F.. nom. V.P., in ; re-elected

Treasurer, 17 ; Wild-Goose bones

shown by, 1 1 .
Crowley, P., eggs of Guillemot shown

by, no.
Cumberland, Pine-Marten from, 11.
Cumulative yegregatiuu (Gulick), 6.
Cyciostomatous Polyzoa (Waters), 11.
Cylinaceae, new genus of (E. G. Baker),

Dallinger, W. II., elected Councillor,
»7.

Dammara rohusfa, scars of (Shattock),

2.
Darwin, C. R., Eulogium on (Flower),

67-70.
Darwin, F., elected Councillor, 17.
Day, F., Trout shown, 13; Poor-Cod

shown, 7.
Deaths recorded, 16.
De Bary, H. A., obituary, 87.
Deer, hornless, 10.
Deer-horns shown, in.
De Geer, present made to Linnojus, 21.
Demidoff, plants from, in hb. Linn.,

19, 20.
Dohrn, A., elected Foreign Member, 13.
Donations to Library, 16, 113.
Dovercourt, wasps' nest from, 2.
Draparnaldia, I'almeUa state of, 9.
Druery, C. T., nature prints of abnor-
mal ferns, 8.
Dickson, A., obituary, 88.
Dillcnius. pi. from, in hb. Linn., 20.
Dinner, Anniversary, 98.
Divergent Evolution (Gulick), 6.
Duff, Sir M. E., vote of thanks sec. by,

80.
Duncan, P. M., elected Councillor, 17 ;

Heterocentriis shown by, 12 ; Laga

iium shown by, in.
Dunmow, Oxlips from, i 3.
Dunning, J. W., app. Scrutineer, 17.
Dyer, W. T. T., comm. by, 2, 10, 12;

Eulogium on Bentham, 71-79.

Ecuador, new Lyeopod from, 4.

Edible acorns shown, 6, 7.

Egerton of Tatton, Lord, elected, 5.

Eggs! of Guillemot shown, no.

Elephants in coitu, 3.

Ehu, Corni.sh, shown, 112.

Engler, A., elected Foreign Member,

13-
Epicampes, roots as fibre, 4.
Krythroxylon Coca (Murdoch), 9.
Eulogia priinounced, 45.
Evolution, Divergent (Gulick), 6.
Exobasidium on Lyonia (Morris), in.

Farmer, J. B., elected, 10.
Fasciation in pineapple, 5.
Ferguson, W., obituary, 89.
Fernando Noronha (Ridley), i. 1 1 1.
Ferns, abnormal (Druery), 8.
— of Northern India (Baker i Clarke),

2.
-- of Simla (Blanford), 8.
Financial history of the Society, 42-45.
Flower, W. H., Eulogium on Darwin,

67-70.
Fossil fruits and seetls (Reid), 11.

INDEX.

127

Fowler, H., Mergui Pennatulidfe, 2.
Francis, W., elected, 5.
Fraser, O., doubtful sea-borne body, 5.
Freain, W., Flora of Water-meadows,

12.
Fries, T. M., elected Foreign Member,

13 ; Eulogium on Linnaeus, +5-5+.

Galerucinse, new (Baly), 8.

Galpin, F. W., elected, 5.

Gardiner, W., elected, 10.

Geddes, P., variation in plants and

animals, 4.
GIt/cqjJiaguft, life-liistory (Michael), 14.
Gmelin's Siberian plants in lib. Linn.,

19, 20.
Gold Linnean Medal instituted, 13 ;

figured, 80; awarded, 81, 82.
Grauiineie, terminology of (Clarke), 5.
Grant-Dufl", .sw Duff.
Gray, Asa, obituary, 89-92.
Grebe, leg-bones of, 112.
Greenwood, H. P., elected, 10.
Grenada, J^ahiiia from, shown, 2.
Gronovius's plants in hb. Linn., 19, 20.
Groves, J. AV., elected, 5.
Guillemot, variation iueggs of, no.
Guise, Sir W. V., obituary, 92.
Gulick, J. T., Divergent Evolution, 6.

Haast, Sir J. von, obituary, 92.

Haite, G. C, elected, in.

Hanbury, F. J., app. Scrutineer, 12.

Hart, H. 0., Arabis alpina found by, 3.

Hart, J. H., elected, i.

Hartig, R., elected Foreign Member,

13-
Harting, J. E., Deer-horns shown, in ;

Hornless Eed Deer, 10; batterer's Bat

shown, 12; Pine-Marten, 1 1; resigned

Councillor, 1 1 ; Tinamu, drawing of,

shown. 10.
Hasselquist's plants in hb. Linn., 21.
Hebbert, C. A., elected, in.
Henry, A., elected, 13.
Herbarium, Linnean, 18-34.
Herdman, W. A., comm. hy, 4.
Heterocentrus shown (Duncan), 12.
Hierochloe, mats of, shown, 12.
Hieronyma alchorneoides with mineral

deposits, 9.
Hooker, Sir J. D.,comra., 10 ; Eulogium

on Brown, 54-67 ; Linnean Medal

awarded to, 82.
Hooker, Sir W.J. , memorials of, shown,

no.
Horns of deer sliown, in.
Houston, pi. in hb. Linn., 20.
Hudson, W., plants sent to Linnivus,

21.

Hudson's Bay Fauna (Rae), 9.
Hybrid Orchids (Rolfe), 7.

India, Ferns of (Baker & Clarke), 2.
Interglacial fruits and seeds, n.
Irby, L. H., elected, 112.
Txtli fibre, 4.

Jackson, B. Daydon, account of Linnean
Collection, 18-34; financial history,
42-45; re-elected Seci-etary. 17.

Jackson, J. R., mats of Hierochloe and
Pine- wool, 12.

Jennings, A. V., elected, 13.

Joel, L., edible acorns shown by, 6.

Johns, E. F., elected, 112.

Johnson, W., elected, 1 1.

Jancus alpinus from Perthshire, 3.

— Gesneri, Sm., 3.

— gracilis, 3.

— tenuis, from Kirkcudbrightshire, 3.
Jussieu, plants in hb. Linn., 20.
Justen, F., donation of books, 14.

Kalm, plants in hb. Linn., 20, 19.
Kermadec Island biology, 10.
Kew, SphcBroplea from, shown, 112.
Kirkcudbrightshire, Jiincits tenuis from,

3;

Kleinhof, plants sent from, to Linnaeus,

21.
Koenig, plants sent to Linnajus, 21, 19,
Kola-nuts, natural and fictitious, 112.

Lagaiitun, shown (Duncan), in.
Lagerstrom, plants sent to Linnteus by

order of, 21.
Lees, E., obituary, 93.
Library, Linnean, 18-34.
Lichenoporre, ovicells (Waters), 14.
Light and Protoplasm (Moore), 8.
Linnaius, Eulogium on (Fries), 45-54 ;

Memorials of, shown, 9S-108.
Linnean Collections, their history, iS-

34; Committee (183G) on, 29; do.

(185C.), 30 ; do. (1.S86), 32.
Linnean Medal instituted, 1 3 ; figured,

80 ; awarded, 81, 82.
Linnean Minerals sold by Smitli, 27.
Linnean Society, iiistory, 36-39.
Loehleven trout, shown, 13.
Loefling, pi. in hb. Linn., 20, 19.
Lubbock, Sir J., Ants, Bees, and Wasps,

part XL, 5.
LycopodiuDt albidam, shown, 4.
Lyonia distorted by fungus, in.

McAndrew, Jiohiis tenuis found hy, 3.
McMillan, W. S., elected, 5.
Macrochires (Shufeklt), 8.

128

INDEX.

Madagascar, new" genus of Cytinacea;

from, 10 ; new plants from, 4.
Magnol, herbarium passed to Linnaeus,

20.
Maiden, J. II., elected, 10.
IMaminals of Hudson's Bay (Kao), 9.
Manuscripts of Linnaeus, 100-102.
Marsliall, A. M., Mergui Pennatulidie,

2.
Martinique, bracelet fr., shown, 11.
Massee, G., on Thch/phorcff, 10.
Masters, M. T.. noiii. V.P., 11 1.
Mathews, W. E., elected, 5.
I\Iats of Hiiroihloc, shown, 12.
Medal, Centenary, instituted. 13;

figured, 80; awarded, 81, 82.
Medals, Liunrean, 99.

— Naturalists, other than Linna^an,
no.

Meiklejohn, J., app. Scrutineer, 12.
Memorials, shown, of Benthara, 109 ;

Brown, no; Hooker, W. J., no;

Linna-us, 98-108.
Mergui Asteroidea (Sladen), 112.

— GoniatuUii (Carpenter), 112.

— Pennatulidai (Marshall and Fowler),
2.

— Myriapoda (Pocoek), 6.

Michael, A. 1)., Councillor retired, 17 ;

elecled Auditor, 12; Gh/ciphac/us,

14.
Millar, Dr. J., Donation to Library. 9 ;

obituary, 95.
Miller, P., Chelsea pi. in lib. Linn., 20.
Mineral deposits in plants (Morris), 9.
Minerals, Liunean, sold by Smith, 29.
Mivart, St. G. J., Councillor retired,

17 ; vole of thanks proposed by, 80.
Moore, S. L. M., Dniparnaldiu glom-

cratu, 9 ; Light and Protoplasm, 8.
Morgan, A. C. F., elected, 6.
Morris, D., P.ird-catcliing sedge, 12 ;

bracelet from ^Martinique, 11 ; elected

Auditor, 12 ; E.vohasidium, in ; fibres

shown by, 4 ; mineral deposits in

plants, 9.
Murdoch, B., venation of Eri/ihruxi/lon,

9-
Murie, Dr. .J., comm. by, 4.
Murray, R. G. M., elected Auditor, 12 ;

Sponguc/adia shown by, 12; Vdlonia

ocitlia, shown, 2.
Murray, Rev. R. P., plants from Portugal

shown, 6.
Myles, P. W., elected, 5.
Myria]>oda of Mergui (I'ocock), 6.

Natteror'a bat shown, 12.
Natural History Society, 56.
Nidburonia .viplunludcs shown, 4.

Nest of wasp shown, 2.

Newstead, R., leg-bone of Podiceps

minor, 112.
North, A. J., elected, 5.

Obituaries, 83-98.

Officers elected, 17.

Ogilby, J. D., elected, 5.

Oliver, F. W., TrapcUa shown by, 112.

Olsen, O. T., ap]i. Scrutineer, 17.

Orchid hybrids (Rolfe), 7.

Orchids, self-fertilization (Ridley), 9.

Orchids of S. Africa (Bolus), 112.

Osbeck, plants from, in hb. Linn., 21, 19.

Oscar II., His Majesty, elected Hon.

Member, 14.
Ovicells of Lichenoporo; (Waters), 14 ;

of Polyzoa (Waters), 1 1 .
Owen, Sir R., Linnean Medal awarded

to, 81.
Oxford Garden, pi. in hb. Linn., 20.

Palestine, new ])lants from (Post), 12.
FalmcUa state of Drapariia/dia, g.
Palms, branched, 3.
J'(mlci()it, new sp. (Clarke), 5.
Parker, W. Iv., comm. by, 8.
Peal, C. N., elected, 112.
Pearls, so-called, from Cocoa-nuts, 9.
Pennatulida; of Mergui (Marshall and

Fowler), 2.
Perrin, J. P., obituary, 94.
Perthshire, Jniicidi alplnus from. 3.
Pineapple, fasciated, shown, 5.
Pine-Marten shown, n.
Pine-wool shown, 12.
I'i/iiis ai/.^ifra/is, giving pine-wool, 12.
Planchon, J. E., obituary, 95.
Plants, variation in (Geddes), 4.
Pocoek, R. I., Mergui Myriapoda, 6.
Podiceps minor, leg-bones, 112.
Podocaipus, root-tubercles of (Ward), 7.
Poor-Cod shown (Day), 7.
I'ortrails of Linnanis shown, 105.
Portugal, plants from, 6.
Post, G., new plants fr. Palestine, 12.
President's Address, 34-42.
Primula chdior shown, 13.
Prior, R. C. A., Cornisii elm shown by,

112; edible acorns sliown by, 7.
Prodromus, Brown's, 56.
Proliferation of two species of L'ri/oj>/ii//-

hiiii (Cogswell), 6.
Protoplasm and Light (Moore), 8.
Publications of the Society, 39.

Quelch, J., fasciated pine shown, 5.

Rae, J., Birds and Mammals of Hud-
son's Bay, 9.

129

Raiz de Zacaton, fibre, 4.

Ransom, W., plants and photos, from
North America shown, 10.

Reception, Officers, 98-111.

Reid, C, fossil fruits and seeds, 11.

Relics, personal, of Linnteus, 98.

Renshaw, A. Gr., elected, 10.

Rhizomorpha, Agariciis mcllciis from
(Ward), 2.

Ridley, II. N., elected Councillor, 17 ;
Fernando Noroiilia, i, 11 1 ; self-ferti-
lization, &e., in Orchids, 9.

Rolandei", plants from, in hb. Linn., 21.

Rolfe, R. A., ApostasisE, 112; Orchid
hybrids, 7.

Romanes, Gr. J., comm. by, 9.

Root -pressure (Clarke), 14.

Root-tubercles of Podocarpus (Ward), 7.

Royen, plants given to Linnasus, 20, 21.

Rudbeck's ' Campi Elysii,' 26, 27.

Kudge, E., prop, medal declined, 81.

Russell, Lord Arthur, elected Coun-
cillor, 17.

Sauyages, pi. in hb. Linn., 20, 19.
Scars on Danwiara (Shattock), 2.
Schnyder von Wartensee, proposed

prizes, 8-9.
Scott, D. H., Councillor retired, 17.
Scrutineers appointed, 12, 17.
Sedge, bird-catching, 12.
Seebohm, H., Councillor retired, 17.
Seeds for necklaces in Samoa, 9.
Segregration, Cumulative (Gulick), 6.
Sharp, D., elected, 10.
Shattock, S. G., scars on Bammara

robusta, 2.
Sherwood, G. F., Samoa photos., 9.
Shetland, Carex ccBspitosa from, 3.
Shipley, A. E., elected, 10.
Shufeldt, R. W., Macrochires, 8.
Sibthorp, J., in treaty for hb. Linn., 25.
Silver, S. W., app. Scrutineer, 12.
Simla, ferns of (Blanford), 8.
Skye, Arahis alpina from, 3.
Sladen, W. P., Mergui Asteroidea, 112;

re-elected Secretary, 17.
Smith, Sir James E., obtains hb. Linn.,

22-28.
Smith, John, obituary, 96.
Solanum 7nammosa shown (Heath), 2.
Somersetshire, wild goose-bones from,ii.
Sowerby, G. B., elected, 11.
Sphcsroplea annulina shown, 112.
Sponge-spicules in Algie, 12.
Spongocladia shown, 12.
Stag, hornless, lo.
Steller's pi. in hb. Linn., 20.
Strophanthus auranilacus and S. hls-

pidus shown (Christy), 4.

Stuart, A. S. C, elected, 5.
Swainson, G., elected, 5.
Syme, J. T. I., see Boswell.

Tabasheer (Morris), 9.
TahcrtKBmontana (Amadeo), 8.
Taxiisbaccata, berries from Aberdeen, 4.
Taylor, J. W., elected, 10.
Terminology of Grasses (Clarke), 5.
Thelyphoreaj (Massee), 10.
Thompson, D'A. W., elected, 112.
Thompson, I. C, Copepoda of Canaries,

4 ; elected, 5.
Threlfall, W., obituary, 98.
Tinamu, drawing of, shown, 10.
Topp, 0., elected, 5.
Trapella sinensis shown, 112.
Trichomancs, apospory, &c., in(Bower), 6.
Tubercles on roots of Podocarpus

(Ward), 7.
Tulbagh, Cape plants from, in bb.

Linn., 21, 19.

Uncenia jainaicensis (Morris), 12.
Upsala Garden imder Linnteus, 21.
Uria troile, variation in eggs of, u i .

Valonia ovalis, shown (Murray), 2 ;

V. utricularis, mentioned, 2.
Variations in animals and plants

(Geddes), 4.
Veitch, II. J., fertilization of Caftleya.

8 ; plants lent for decoration, 14.
Vice-Presidents nominated, iii.
Voelcker, J. A., elected, 10.

Wallace, A. R., comm. by, 6.

Ward, 11. M., on Agaricus mclleus, 2 ;

root-tubercles of Podocarpus, 7.
Warming, E., elected Foreign Member,

13-

Wasps (Lubbock), 5.

Wasps' nest shown, 2.

Water-meadows flora (Fream), 12.

Waters, A. W., ovicells of Liclieno-
porie, 14; of Polyzoa, 11,

Weir, J. J., elected Councillor, 12.

Weiss, F. E., elected, 11.

White, B., Juncus alpinus from Perth-
shire, 3.

Whytc, A., elected, 6.

Wilson, W.,yew-borrics from Aberdeen,

4-
Withdrawals recorded, 16,

Yates, L. G., elected, 1 12.
Yew-berries from Aberdefin, 4.

Zacaton, fibre, 4.

LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1887-88.

PBINTED nV TAYLOR AND FRANCIB,
RED LION COUKT, FLEET STREET.

PEOCEEDIiNGS

\

OF THE

LINNEAiN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(SESSION" 188S-89.)

Nuvember 1st, 1888.
William Careutheks, F.R.S., President, iu the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were i*ead and confirmed.

Dr. AVilliam Overend Priestley, John Evans, Esq., and John
Way, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Prof. P. Orpen Bower exhibited and made remarks upon some
adventitious buds on a leaf of Giietuni Gnemon.

Mr. John Young exhibited : —

1. A rare bird, Pluvianellus soeiahiUs, unobserved for fifty
years, and lately rediscovered by him in Patagonia.

2. A cluster of nests formed of lichen ( Usnia) by a Swift, as
supposed of the genus CoUocalia, from a cave in Eimeo, one of
the Society Islands.

.3. Some remarkably elongated tail-feathers of the domestic
Cock, 11 feet in length, artificially produced by the Japanese.

4. Nest and eggs of the Snow-Bunting, Plecfrophanes nivalis,
taken during the past summer in Scotland.

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited a new method of transmitting
light to a microscope by means of a curved rod of glass.

Mr. D. Morris exhibited some specimens of huskless barley
from Saharunpore, India.

LIIfN. SOC. PROCEEDIXas. — SESSION 1888-89. h

PROCEEDINQS OF THE

The following papers were read :— „ „ „ t,- i i
1. "On the Flora of Madagascar." By the Rev. liichard

Baron, F.L.S. , ,„ n^r -, n -o

2 " Further Contributions to the Ilora of Madagascar. By
J. Gilbert Baker, F.li.S., F.L.S.

November 15th, 1888.
William CARRUTnEiis, F.II.S., President, in the Cliair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and contirnicd.
James William Stroud, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

On behalf of Mr. II. Bolus, F.L.S., Mr. J. G. Baker exhibited
a specimen oi Eriospenmim folioJiferum, a plant showing a very
remarkable type of leaf-structure. It was figured by Andrews in
his ' Botanists' Repository ' in 1807, and lost sight of until recently
refound by Mr. Bolus in Namaqua-land.

Prof. Stewart exhibited a substance which had been picked up
on the sea-shore, the nature of which it had puzzled many to
determine, its structure being regarded by some as animal, by
others as vegetable. He proposed to submit it to careful micri^-
scopical examination.

Mr. J. E. Harting exhibited a South-American Bat, Noctilio
leporinus, from Trinidad, alleged to be of piscivorous habits,
and remarked upon a similar habit which had been observed in a
species of Fieropus in India.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On tlie Mountain-Range of Plants in Ireland." By H.
Chichester Hart, F.L.S.

2. " On the Mammals of Fernando Noronha." By Oldfitld
Thomas. (Communicated by H. N. Ridley, M.A., F.L.S.)

3. " On the Birds of Fernando Noronha." By R. Bowdler
Sharpe, F.L.S.

December 6th, 1888.
"William Caukutiiebs, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

St.-Eloy D' Alton, Et^q., Peter Goyen, Esq., George Arthur
Grierson, Esq., Maurice lloltze, Esq., Richmond William Hullctt,
Esq., Dr. John Charles Lisboa. Dighy S. W. Nicholl, Esq.,

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON". 3

Dr. David Thompson Playfaii-, Clement Reid, Esq., Alfred Barton
Eendle, Esq., Dr. Peter Yates David Pr.iin, Esq., J. II. Lace,
Esq., Prof. James Bunyan Lillie Mackay, aud E. W. A. A.
Mayhew, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. W. H. Beeby exhibited, and made some remarks on, spe-
cimens of Valeriana MiJcanii and V. snmhucifolia, and a series of
Potamogeton fluitans.

Mr. F. W. Oliver described the nature and grovi'th of leaf-
emergencies in Eriosjiermum folioliferum.

Mr. E. M. Holmes exhibited specimens of a new Asaf(jetida-
plant, Ferula foetidissima, aud a monstrosity oi Zea Hays.

Mr. J. Gr. Baker exhibited a curious variety of Vicia Sepium
found in North Yorkshire.

Mr T. Christy exhibited specimens of an undetermined species
of Ecldum received from Persia, and employed medicinally as a
good alterative.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On MaUurmations in Fuchsia glohosay By J. C. Costerus.
(Communicated by Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, F.R.S., F.L.S.)

2. " On the Development of the Egg and Blastoderm of the
Blowfly." By B. T. Lowne, F.L.S.

3. " On the Eeptiles and Fishes of Fernando Noronha." By
G. A. Bouleuger. (Communicated by H. N. Eidley, M.A.,
F.L.S.)

December 20th, 1888.

WiLLTAM Carruthers, F-R.S,, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The Eev. Greorge Edward Post was elected a Fellow.

There was exhibited for Prof. E. J. Anderson a photograph of
an apparatus for the microscope which he had designed, con-
sisting of a revolving disc with clips, by means of which a number
of sbdes may be successively brought opposite the microscope,
which is fixed in a horizontal position in front of it.

Mr. Clement Eeid exhibited some fruits of tlie Hornbeam from
the pre-glacial forest-bed at Pakefield, near Lowestoft, not pre-
viously recorded as occurring in any British de])osit.

h 2

4 PnOCBEDINGS OF TUK

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited a collection received from Java
of hairs from the base of various Ferns, notably Cihotium Cum-
ingii, ajul a species, as supposed, of Dicksonia, used as a
styptic for staiincluDg blood. Prof. Stewart, in poiiitinn; out
that the use of similar material for a like purpose in China was
well knowu to surgeons, took occasion to explain the nature of
the so-called " Lamb of Tartnry," on which a small volume hud
been published by tbe late Mr. Henry Lee, F.L.S. Mr. 1").
Morris remarked that the use of feru-bairs was also known as a
styptic in South America, whence specimens had been forwarded
to the Herbarium at Ivew.

The following papers were read : —

1. "On the Botanical Characters of Erythroxylon Coca."" By
D. Morris, F.L.S.

2. '^Apioci/stis a Volvocinea." By Spencer Moore, F.L.S.

3. " Descriptions of fourteen new Species of Shells." By G.
B. Sowerby, F.L.S.

January 17th, 1889.
AViLLTAM CAiiEUTiiEES, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutt-s of tlie last Meeting were read and confirmed.

B. J. Harvey Gibson, Esq., Prof. Joseph Eeynolds Green,
Herbert Stone, Esq., and James W. White, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

On behalf of M. Buysman, of Middelburg, there was exhibited
a series of dissections of Ni/mphcea ccxnilea, collected by Dr.
Schwcinfurth in Egypt, in illustration of his ' Herbarium
Analyticum.'

Mr. D. Morris exhibited specimens of a drift- fruit from Jamaica,
where he had collected no less than thirty-five difterent kinds
brought by the Gulf-stream from the mouths of the Orinoco and
Amazon rivers. Although the species exhibited had not been
determined with certainty, it was believed to be probably Humi-
rium halsomiferiim. It was commonly known in French Guiana
vl^ Bois- rouge; and from it was obtained a gum used medicinally
and burnt as incense.

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited a material felted from Manila
hemp and waterproofed, very strong and light, and particularly
useful for surgical bandages, for which purpose it was highly
recommended by army-surgeons.

Mr. Frank Crisp exhibited some sjiecimens of agate so curiously

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 5

marked as to lead to the erroneous supposition tliat tliey enclosed
fossil insects and Crustacea.

The following paper was read : —

" On the Natural History of the Kangaroo Island Grass-Tree
{Xantlwrrlma Tateana, F. Muell.)." By J. G. Otto Tepper,
E.L.S. (For Abstract, see p. 54.)

February 7th, 1889.

Charles Baron Clarke, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The Eight Hon. the Earl of Ducie, Henry Hutton, Esq., and
Malcolm Laurie, Esq., were elected Fellows.

The vac;incy among the Foreign Members caused by the death
of Prof. Jules Emile Planchon having been announced by the
Vice-President, the following nomination was made and the cer-
tificate ordered to be suspended : —

Dr. Wilhelm Pfeffer, Professor of Botany in the University of
Tiibingen.

TheEev. E. S. MarshaU exhibited several interesting varieties
of British Plants collected by him in Scotland, and made remarks
thereon.

Mr. E. M. Holmes exhibited a new British Seaweed from
]3ognor, Rhododerinis elegans var. polystromatica, a variety new
to science.

The follo\ving papers were read : —

1. " On some unrecorded British Parasitic Acari." By Albert
D. Michael, F.L.S.

2. "A Eevision of the Echinoidea, Eeceut and Fossil." By
P. Martin Duncan, F.E.S., F.L.S.

February 21st, 1S89.
William Carruthers, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

William Kirkby, Esq., Arthur Courtould Willoughby Lowe,
Esq., William Thomas Hindmarsh, Esq., and Alexander Morton,
Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. George Murray exhibited a fossil Alga, Neiiiaioj)hi/cus
Loqani, Carruth.

6 I'ltOCEEDINOS OF THE

Mr. G. C. Drucc exhibited some rare British rinnta from
Scotland, amongst whieli were Calamar/rostis hormlis, Ranunculus
arris \ar. pumifus, Bromus mollis var. interruptus, and Saccifraga
decipiens var. groenlandiea.

Prof. ]\rars^hall Ward exhibited a Sclerotium of a Fungus pro-
duced from a Botrytis spore, and explained the method by which
it had been obtained.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Notes on Euphrasia officinalis:' By Frederick Townsend,
M.P., F.L.S.

2. " On Soral Apospory in PolysticTium angularey By Charles
Thomas Druery, F.L.S. (For Abstract, see p. 55.)

3. •' On Boodlea, a new Genus of Green Alga;." By George
E. M. Murray, F.L.S.

4. " On the Eetiua of the Blowfly." By Benjamin T. Lowne,
F.L.S.

March 7th, 1889.

William Carruthees, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

JohnBigwood, Esq., and Christopher Mudd, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

Mr. J. E. Harting exhibited specimens of a South-American
Bat, Noctilio leporinus, alleged to be of piscivorous habits,
which, tlirough the kindness of Sir William Eobinson, K.C.M.G.,
the Governor of Trinidad, had been forwarded from that island
by Professor M'^Carthy, together with a report on the subject.
From this report it appeared that the stomach of one specimen,
opened within half an hour after it had been shot, on the evening
of December 29th, " contained much fish in a finely divided and
partly digested state." In three others procured at G a.m. the
following morning the stomachs were empty. On the morning
of December Slst at 3 a.m. numbers of these Bats were observed
rctuniiug to their caves: two were shot, and " both contained
considerable quantities of fish." Professor M*^Carthy added,
that in the sttmiachs of other specimens examined by him fish-
scales were undoubtedly present. Of the specimens forwarded
in spirit to this country, two had been skinned, and the
stomach and intestines examined by Mr. JIarting. The sac-like
stomach was much less muscular than might have been expected
in a fish-eating mammal ; but in one of them (the other being
empty) fragments of a finely striated and iridescent substance
rcsemblin<r fish-scales were found.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON.

The following paper was read : —

" Ou the Vascular System of Floral Organs." By the Rev.
George Henslow, M.A., E.L.S.

March 21st, 1889.

William CAEEUTnEus, F.E.S., Pr'^sident, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Henry Bendelack Hewetson, Esq., William Narramore, Esq.,
William Thomas Eabbits, Esq., and Matthew B. Slater, Esq.,
were elected Fellows.

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited the fruit, 36 iuches in length, of
an Apocynaceous plant received from the Gaboon as Strophan-
tlnis, but believed to be allied to Holarrhena.

Prof. Stewart, referring to the specimens of Noctilio leporinus
exhibited at the last Meeting of the Society, stated that he had
examined the contents of the stomachs submitted to him by Mr.
Harting, and had found without doubt fragments of fish, scales
and fin-i'ays, and a portion of the lower jaw of a small fish,
proving the correctness of the assertions which had been made
regarding the piscivorous habits of this Bat.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Report on Botanical Collections from Christmas Island."
By W. Betting Hemsley, A.L.S.

2. " On the Sexual Forms of Catasetum, with special reference
to the researches of Darwin and others." By Robert Allen
Rolfe, A.L.S.

3. " On some New Cape Plants." By Peter McOwan, P.L.S.

April 4th, 1889.

William Careutheks, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Thomas William Cowan, Esq., and Rupert Vallentin, Esq.,
were elected Fellows.

Mr, Daniel Morris exhibited a specimen of the hymenopterous
iusect Eulcena cayenensis, concerned in the fertilization of
Coryanthes macrantha, obtained from Mr. Hart, of Trinidad, and
explained the process carried out by the insects in removing the
pollinia, and subsequently attaching them to the stigma.

Sir Edward Fry exhibited aud made some remarks upon a copy

8 PROCEEDINGS Of THE

of Grislcy'd * Viridarium Lusitanicum,' 1661, ])reseiited by Lin-
naeus to his pupil Loefling, the author of the ' Iter Hispaiiicum.'

Prof. E. J. Anderson exhibited some photographs of edu-
cational Museum cases in Queen's College, Galway.

Tlie following papers were read : —

1. "Notes on the Ingestion of Food-material by the Swarm-
cells of M} xomycetes." By A. Lif^tcr, T.L.S.

2. " Oa the Deep-water Fauna of the Firth of Clyde." By W.
E. Hoyle. (Communicated by John MuiTay, F.L.S.)

April 18th, 1889.

"William Carruthers, F.K.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Peter Goiffon,Esq., Thomas William Shore, Esq., and Eegiiiald
■\Villiam Scully, Et^q., were elected Fellows.

The President called attention to a valuable donation of books
on Fishes, including the celebrated work of Bloch, recently pre-
sented to the Society's Library by Dr. Francis Day, C.I.E., F.L.S.,
who, he regretted to say, was lying seriously ill at Cheltenham.
It was proposed by Mr. Chas. Jas. Breese, seconded by Mr. Tho?.
Christy, and carried unanimously, that a cordial vote of thanks
for the gift, and of sympathy in his illness, be accorded to Dr. Day.

The President then announced that the following Auditors to
examine the Ti-easurer's accounts had been nominated by the
Council : —

For the Fellows, Mr. Thomas Christy and Mr. Daniel Morris ;
for the Council, Mr. John Jenner Weir and Dr. John Anderson;
and by a show of hands these were unanimously elected.

Mr. John E. Jackson exhibited specimens illustrating the mode
of collecting at Ichang, China, the varnish obtained from jRlais
vernicifera, so largely used by the Chinese and Japanese for
lacquering. He also exhibited some Chinese candles made from
varnish-seed oil.

On behalf of Mr. Henry Hutton, of Kimberley, some photo-
graphs were exhibited showing the singular parasuic growth of
Cuscuta append iculaio on Nicotiana glauca.

Dr. Cogswell exhibited specimens of vegetables belonging to
four dificrent families of plants, to illustrate the symmetiical
development of the rootlets.

Prof. P. Martin Duncan exhibited under the microsco])e and
made remarks iipon the sphfcridia of an Echiiiodorm.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

The following paper was then read : —

"On the Morphology, Anatomy, and Life History of the
Coniferaj." By Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, F.ll.S., F.L.S.

May 2 lid, 1889.

Charles Baron Clarke, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair,

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

C. Hedley, Esq., Theophilus William Girdlestoiie, Esq., and
Edward Ernest Prince, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Dr. Wilhelfli Pfeffer, Tiibingen, was elected a Foreign Member.

Mr. Thomas Christy made some remarks upon the leaves of a
variety of Coca from Japan. These he described as brittle and
thin, with hardly any trace of cocaine, though yielding 8 per
cent, of crj stallizable substance. The thicker leaves of the Peru-
vian plant yielded a larger percentage of cocaine, though at first
rejected on account of their more gelatinous nature.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Cyatocarps of Ehodymenia palmata.'''' By John
B. Carruthers. (Communicated by William Carruthers, P.L.S.,
F.E.S.)

2. "AMonographof the Thelephorea).— Part III." By George
Massee. (Communicated by W . T. Thiselton Dyer, F.E.S.,
F.L.S.)

8. " An Enumeration of Japanese Musci and Hepatica)." By
William Mitten, A.L.S.

May 24th, 1889.
Anniversarii Meeting.
William Carruthers, F.E.S. , President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

A portrait of John Jacob Dillenius (1687-1747), the first
Sherardian Professor of Botany at Oxford, copied from the ori-
ginal picture at that place, was presented to the Society by the
President, Avho gave a brief outline of the career of Dillenius, and
of his personal acquaintance with Linnaeus.

The Treasurer presented the Annual Statement of Accounts
duly audited as follows ; —

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LTNNKAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

The Senior Secretary read his Report of deaths, withdrawals,
and elections of New Fellows for the past year as ioUows : —

Since the last Anniversary
their deaths been ascertained,

Rev. Churchill Babington.
AVilliam Hellier Bail3^
Hunter Jackson Barron.
Nathaniel Cantley.
James Cowherd.
Henry Gibbs Daltou.
John Day.
William Eassie.
James Charles Hurst.
Henry Lee.
John Mackay.

Meeting 22 Fellows had died, or
viz. : —

E. Holman Peck.

Thomas Henry Potts.

Robert Romanis.

Henry Cadogan Rothery.

James Smith.

William Hammond Solly.

Henry Stevenson.

James Thomson.

James Townley.

John Davidson Walker.

William Richard Winch.

FoEErGN Member (1).
Prof. Heinrich Gustav Reichenbaeh.

During the past official year 13 Fellows had withdrawn, viz : —

Richard A. Bastow

Geo. Vernon Blunt,

Geo. SteAvardson Brady.

Henry Charles Burdett.

Eev. G. E. Con>erford-Casey

Edwin Haviland.

Col. William Rowe Lewis.

Arthur Pearson Luff.
Dr. W. J. H. Lush.
Hugh McCallnm.
William Ondaatje.
John Richardson.
Dr. Edward J. Waring.

And 46 Fellows and one Foreign Member had been elected.

During the past year there h;id been received as Donations
from private individuals to the Library 82 volumes and 176
pamphlets and separate impressions of memoirs.

From the various Universities, Academies, and Scientific
Societies there had also been received in exchange and otherwise
186 volumes and 128 detached parts, besides 57 volumes and 36
parts obtained by exchange and donation from the editors and
proprietors of independent periodicals.

The Council, at the recommendation of the Library Committee,
had sanctioned the purchase of 84 volumes and 100 parts of
important works.

The total additions to the Library were, therefore, 409 volumes
and 440 separate parts.

The following is the number of books bound during the last
year : — In half-morocco 126 volumes, in full cloth 69, in vellum
32, in buckram 10, in boards or half-cloth 31, rcbackcd (half-
morocco and cloth backs) 45, relabelled 25. Total 338 volumes.

12 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

The Senior Secretary having read the Bye-laws governing the
elections, —

The President then opened the business of the day, and the
Fellows present proceeded to ballot for the Council and Officers.

The Ballot for the Council having closed, the President
appointed 'Mr. Tlioinas Cliristy, Mr. Herbert Druco, and Mr. E.
Morell Holmes, Scrutineers, and the votes having been counted
and reported to the President, lie declared the following members
to be removed from the Council, viz. : — Mr. II. N. Ridley, Mr.
IVancis Darwin, Mr. Charles Baron Clarke, Dr. Maxwell T.
Masters, and Prof. H. Marshall W:ird ; and the following to be
elected into the Council, viz.: — Mr. John Gilbert Baker, Dr.
Robert Braitliwaite, Prof. Dukinfield H. Scott, Mr. George R.
M. Murray, and Mr. Alfred W. Bennett.

The Ballot for the Officers having closed, the President
nominated the same Scrutineers, and the votes having been
counted and reported, he declared the result as follows : —

President, Mr. William Carruthers, F.R.S.

Treasurer, M •. Frank Crisp.

ri J ■ \ Mr. B. Davdon Jackson.
lUecre/aries < ^r -ijr ry ■' ci j

[ JNJr. U . Percy Sbiden.

The President then delivered his Address, as follows : —

An>iversary Address.

The return of the reputed birthday of Linnseus*, which happ'ly
coincides with the birthday of our illustrious patron, brings with
it the annual assembly of the Fellows for the discharge of the duties
enjoined iu our charter. For the greater part of the Society's
history these duties were carried through with a dignified silence
that became the distinguished Fellows, who were, in those earlier
years, the occupants of this Chair. Thomas Bell ended, in 1854,
this taciturnity, and imposed on himself and his successors, and
perhaps I should add on tlie Fellows, an annual address, which
he intended should be mainly a rcAacw of the year's work and an
estimate of the ci ndition of the Society.

The reports of the Council and the statement of the Treasurer
testify that both retrospect and estimate this year are satis-
factory.

It must be a great satisfaction to the Fellows, as it is to me,
that the list vi Members, decreased as it is by the death of some
and the withdrawal of others, is at the close of the year larger by
eleven names than it was a twelvemonth ago, through the
election of 40 candidates to our Fellowship.

* Our Seorctary, Mr. I?. Daydun Jiickson, has sliown in his biography of
Liuua-usin tlic- ' Kiicvcl. iiritannica ' tliat tlio Inrtlicliiv was rcallv thi'.2;jrcl nCMar.

LI]S"?fEAlSr SOCIETY OF LONDON. IJ

The revenue for the past year has beeu so large that we 'nave
not only iuvested the jiroportion of the Compositions that by a
wise resolution of Council has been invested for some years past,
but we have been able to re-invest tlie money that the heavy but
temporary expenses of the previous year compelled us to with-
draw.

The annual expenditure on our publications and on our
library are on a scale more liberal than one had a right to expect
from a Society with so limited a membership, and so small a total
income; but so long as the Linneau Society retains the con-
fidence o£ men of science, and the enrolment among its Fellows is
an ambition to students of science, we may hope thus eificiently to
discharge the important work committed to us. Let me, however,
remind the Fellows that the future is in their hands. They must
supply t;he communications that will engage the attention of our
meetings and maintain the credit of our publications. They
must also secure the new recruits — students and lovers of science
— who shall occupy the places of those lost to us, and sujjply the
income needed for our work.

During the past session our meetings have been well attended,
and the subjects engaging our attention have been varied and
important.

The series of papers that have dealt with Dr. Anderson's
exploration of the Mergui Archipelago has been finished. Mr.
Ridley, with the aid of other workers, placed before us the
results of his ex,)loration of Fernando do Norouha. Mr. Barftn,
assisted by Mr. J. Gr. B^ker, has submitted to us the conclusions
drawn from many years' study of the Flora of Madagascar. Mr.
Hemsley described the nature and investigated the origin of the
Flora of Christmas Island. Prof. MacOvvan and Mr. Bolus
added to our knowledge of the Flora of the Cape; and Mr.
Mitten submitted an exhaustive enumeration of the Mosses and
Hej^atics of Japan. From Dr. Masters we had an important
memoir on the morphology and life-history of the Coniferae ; and
from Prof Henslow a suggestive communication on the vascular
systems of floi*al organs. Mr. Massee gave us the second part of
his Monograph of the Thelephorese ; and from Mr. Lister we had
a singularly lucid account of the forms and life-history of the
Myxomycetes. Mr. Murray described a new genus of Grreen
Algse ; and Mr. liolfe communicated a revision of the Apostasice,
and a paper on the sexual forms of Catasctum. Mr. Spencer
Moore discussed the structure and systematic position of Apio-
cystis, regarding it as a genus of Folvocitiece. Dr. Costerus
placed before us some malformations he had observed in Fuchsia.

From Prof Duncan we had a Eevisiou of the families and
genera of the Echinoidea, both recent and fossil. Mr. Lowue
submitted a continuation of his important observations on the
Blow-fly, dealing with the development of the egg and blasto-
derm, and the structure of the retina. Mr. Michael described

14 PUOCF.KDINOS OF TIIK

some new species of parasitic Acari, and Mi-. Sowerby some new
sheila.

In British Natural History we had memoirs from Mr. IToyh^
on the deep-water Fauna of the Firth of Clyrie ; from Mr. Hart
on the mountain rangi; of plants in Ireland ; from Mr. Townseiul
oil Eiiphntsid oj/icinalis : and from Mr. J. B. Carruthers on the
Cvstocarps of Rhodymenia -palmata.

For some time I have been examining the materials which
flie Society ))ossesses illustrating the features and personal
appearance of Liunjeus. This has led me to inquire into the
authentic portraits that exist, and into the trustworthiness of the
engravings which are intended to give some idea of the features
of Linnaeus. Perhaps the result of these inquiries may be of
some interest to the Fellows of the Linnean Society.

Before proceeding further I wish to express my great obliga-
tions to Mr. Hubert M. G-epp, of Upsala Univei'sity, who has
made for me the most diligent and successful investigations in
Sweden, and to Dr. Carl Bovallius, of Upsala, who has, through
Mr. Grcpp, presented a considerable series of engraved porti'aits
of Linntous to the Society, together wiih photographs of two
original portraits in his possession which he believes to be
portraits of Linmeus.

Linnaeus left Sweden in 1735 with some £15 in his pocket-
Having obtained his degree at Harderwyck in June, he pro-
cee'ded to Amsterdam, where he found himself penniless. The
distinguished botanists Burman, Gronovius, and Boerhaave came
to his help. Boerhaave urged his friend. Count Clitfort, to
obtain the assistance of Linnaeus for scientific work '\w his botanic
garden at Hartek-amp. The generous treatment of Clitfort, and
the free use of his library and collections, enabled Linnaeus to
complete several works on which he had been engaged before
leaving Sweden. At the expense of Burman he had already
published the seven sheets of tables which form the now rare
first edition of the ' Systema Naturae.' The botanical treasures
collected in Lapland were described in the ' Flora Lapp»ouica,'
published in 1737. The landscape frontispiece of this work was
designed by Martinus Hofman. In that year this same Hofman
painted, for his patron Count Cliffort, the first authentic
portrait of Linnaeus. It is a full-length portrait, representing
him as a young man with regular features and large bright eyes.
He is in his Lapland dress, and has a pair of fur gloves and
various implements employed iu his expedition suspended from
his waist. His right hand holds a plant of Linncea, and his left
a figured drum. Copies of the works he had published rest on
the pedestal of the column by which he stands, and a loose roll
of the few leaves composing the first edition of the ' Systema
Naturrc ' rest against the column.

A similar iiortrait was in the possession of Dr. Thornton at

LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. I 5

the beginning of the centnry. In 1804 ho I'.ad an exhibition of
his botanical paintings in a gallery in New Bond Street, one of
the catalogues of which is to be found in the Library of the
British Museum, He describes this picture as " A whole length
of Linnfeus, aged only thirty-two, in his Lapland dress. By
Hoffman. An original picture." And in a footnote he adds,
" This was painted for Gronovius in Holland, and is the only
original picture of Linnseus in England." As the original
portrait painted for Count ClifFort is at Hartekamp in the
possession of bis representative, A. H. ClifFort, Thornton's
picture was probably a replica painted for Gronovius. The costly
])ublications of Thornton do not appear to have brought in the
revenue which he anticipated. With the view of obtaining a
good price for the botanical paintings, including the portrait of
Linnfeus, and the remainders of his various works, he obtained
an Act of Parliament (21 May, 1811) permitting him to dispose of
the whole by way of lottery. I have failed to discover whether
the lottery ever came off, or what has become of the portrait of
Linnaeus.

Thornton's picture was engraved in mezzotint by Henry
Kingsbury, and published by him in April 1795. One of the
scarce impressions from the original plate is in the possession of
the Society. The different volumes of the works of Linnaeus are
lettered on the back, the plant in his hand is labelled " Linnfea
Gronov." and the margin of the drum has this inscription engraved
on it : " Carolus Linnaeus a Lapponia Redux ^tat. 30, Anno 1737.
Mart. Hoffman fecit." In 1805 this plate was republished by
Thornton ; some impressions preserve the name of the engraver,
while in others it has been erased from the bottom of the plate,
and " Dunkerton sculpt." subt^tituted, though the name of the
engraver still remains on the plinth of the pedestal where
Kingsbury originally engraved it, in addition to the usual signa-
ture at the bottom of the plate. Dunkerton has touched up the
plate, and somewhat modified it, especially in the form and defini-
tion of the eyes, and he has given a more distinct curve in the
outline of the nose.

The original painting from Hartekamp, and two impressions
of this engraving, formed part of the Linnaean Exhibition at
Amsterdam in 1878, held in connection with the Zoological Society
of that city. The catalogue describes these engravings as repro-
ductions of the Hartekamp picture.

Lizars reproduced Kingsbury's engraving, as a three quarter
portrait, on a small plate for Jardine's ' Naturalist's Library,'
and his engraving was badly copied by Winkler for the German
translation of Jardine's work.

The Zoological Society of Amsterdam possess a three quarter's
length oil painting after the Hartekamp picture, prepared for the
Society and presented by H. Hollander, Jr., in 1852. The
copyist has used some liberty, having got rid of the constrained

l6 PEOCEEDINQS OF THE

position of the right arm by lowering the hand to the level of the
girdle. This painting was engraved by Andorf for the Stettin
Entomological Society, and published in their Zeitung for 1858 ;
copies of it jjrinted on quarto paper were issued se])arately.
Another engraving of this modern painting, by J. Wolf, is pre-
fixed lo the first volume of Ahrling's ' Linne's Svenska Arbeten,'
and this has been again employed as the frontispiece to ' The
Floral King' of Alberg, 1888.

Copies in oil of the Hartekamp ])icture exist in the Academy
at Stockholm and the rooms of the Medical Faculty at TJpsala.

The next portrait of Liuna?us is an octavo engraving dated
1740. Having returned to Sweden he had been elected a
member of the Stockholm xlcademy, and by ballot unexpectedly
raised to the Presidential Chair ; he had secured a small income,
had married and taken up liouse in Stockholm, and was buoyed
with the hope that he would speedily occupy a Chair in Upsala,
At this time the new portrait was taken, the original of which,
as far as is known, is the plate on which the engraver thus
records his part: " Au. Ehreusverd arnica manu se. 1740."
Linnaeus, now in his 33rd year, is represented nearly full face,
but slightly directed towards the left. There is a distinct curve
in the outline of the nose. The head is covered with a full wig.
The right hand rests on an Svo volume lettered ' Syst. Nat.,' but
too thick for any edition of the ' Systema Naturae ' then exi.stiiig,
and the left hand, resting on the right, holds a sprig of Linncea.
He has on a loose garment over his left shoulder ; his shirt is
open at the neck. The two w^arts, which occur in this and most
of the later portraits, are faintly shown and incorrectly on the
left side of the face, one on the cheek above the line of the
mouth, and the other near the middle of the nose where it joins
the cheek. Linnaeus in his diary, when speaking of his personal
appearance, says : — " Verruca obliterata in bucca dextra et alia in
nasi dextro latere." The plate is inscribed : " Carolus Linnaeus
Med. Doct. Natus 1707, Maj. if, ^Etat. 33." It is octavo size, and
has, as far as I know, never been published. The plate still
exists, and is in the possession of a Greve Lewenhaupt of
Upsala ; impressions have recently been printed from it, one of
which the Society possesses, presented by Dr. Gr. Liudstrom.

The portraits prefixed to the different editions of the works of
Linnaeus are modifications of Ehrensverd's engraving. That
inscribed " J. M. Bernigeroth sc. Lips. 1748 " was issued as a
frontispiece to the sixth edition of the ' Systema Naturte,'
published at Leipsig in that year. Tlie face looks somewhat
older than it appears in Ehrensverd, the nose is more straight
and the double chin larger. A short black tie is passed through
the holes in the collar of the shirt, but the breast is still left
open ; the breast and cuffs of the shirt are edged with trimming
as becomes the dress of an Archiater. The engraving is lettered
" Carolus Linnaeus, M.D.," and four lines of titles are added.

LIIOfEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 7

The same plate was eiiiployed for the edition of the ' Philoaophia
Botauiea ' published at Stockholm in 1751, the date of the
engraving being changed from 1748 to 1749, though it is also
inscribed " Delin. 1748." Linnaeus appends to his diary an ac-
count of his person. Tlie manuscript copy of the diary which
came into the possession of Dr. Maton, and which he printed in
his edition of Pulteney's ' View of tlie Writings of Linnaeus,'
does not go beyond the year 1769. In this Linnaeus says :
" The portrait prefixed to the ' Pailosophia Botanica ' of 1751 is
the best." Afzehus published the diary from the autograph of
Linnaeus (1823). The entries in the diary come down to 1776.
The note I have quoted as to his appearance is modified to read :
" The portrait prefixed to the ' Philosophia Botanica ' for 1751
is among the best. But that which the Academy of Sciences
had painted in 1774 [1775] can be little improved."

Bernigeroth's engraving was reproduced by Volkart for the
German translation of the ' Systema Naturae,' published at
Nuremberg in 1777 ; by B. Grhtssbach for the edition of the
'Philosophia Botanica ' published at Berlin in 1780, and,
without an engraver's name, for Willdenow's edition of the same
work published at Berlin in 1790. On this last it is stated that
it represents Linnaeus at the age of forty.

A further modification of Ehrensverd appears in the frontis-
piece to the second edition of the ' Species Plantarum,' published
at Stockholm in 1762. The portrait has been copied directly on
the plate, so that it comes out reversed in the print. One i*esult
is that the two warts on his face appear on the proper side.
The body is slightly to the left, but the face is nearly full,
only a very little to the right. The sprig of Linncea, the volume
of the ' Systema,' and tlie general treatment is the same as in
the earlier engraving ; but the left arm is brouglit to the left
side of the body so as to expose the decoration of the Polar
Star now attached to his coat, and the breast is covered by a
frilled and fastened up shirt. The two lines by Aurivillius are
engraved after the name and titles of Linnaeus. The engraver's
name is not given ; a manuscript note by Eichhorn, on a copy
which I obtained at the sale of his collections in Stockholm,
ascribes it to Bergquist and gives the date 1761. An unsigned
and reversed reproduction of this portrait was issued in the
edition of the 'Philosophia Botanica' published at Vienna in
1770. Eabricius says of this portrait, " his countenance was
open, almost constantly serene, and bore great resemblance to
his portrait in the ' Species Plantarum.' "

A very iudifterent reproduction of this engraving, but reversed,
was issued in England without an engraver's name, and insci'ibed
"Sir Charles Linnaeus."

A bright and beautiful engraving by P. Tanje, published by
Wishoff, of Leyden, follows in its chief characteristics this work
of Ehrensverd, though the engraver has obviously studied the

LliJN. SOC. PliOCEEDIKGS. — SESSION 188S-S9. c

iS i'liOCEEDINUS OF lilt;

Hartekaiup picture, or Kingsbury's mezzotint, and modified the
features iu accordauce with Ilot'man's portrait. The face has
not been reversed in engraving, and therefore looks a little to
the right. Tlie accidental peculiarities of the one side of the
face iu Elircnsverd's portrait are also transferred to the other,
80 that the two warts appear here on the proper side. Tanje's
engraving was reproduced by "W. Evans, iu 8vo size, as a
frontispiece to Turtou's ' General System of Nature,' 1806. A
small octagonal engraving by "Wachsmann is also copied from
Tanje.

The profile of Linnaeus on the medal struck in his honour iu
17-10 may be considered an independent portrait. In his diary
Linujcus says of this medal : — " Baron Harlemau, Baron Hopken,
Baron Palmstjerna, and Count Ekeblad agreed among themselves
to distinguish Linnaeus, and moreover to encourage him by a
medal which they caused to be struck, and dedicated to Count
Tessin. On the one side was the head of Linnaeus, with this
inscription, 'Carol. Linnaeus, M.D., Bot. Prof. Tips., set. 39,'
and on the other side ' Carolo Gustavo Tessiu et immortalitati
effigiem Caroli Linnaei, CI. Ekeblad, And. Hopken, N. Palm-
stjerna, et C. Harleman Die. mdccxlvi.' "

The Society possesses one of these medals. It has been
engraved iu Afzelius's 'Egenhiiudiga Anteckningar ' (tab. iii.
fig. 1) ; and by Basire for Maton's edition of Pulteney's ' Wri-
tings of Linuseus' (p. 112, fig. 3).

A reproduction of the same profile is found on the gold medal
struck by Count Tessiu in 1758, to celebrate the publication of
the tenth edition of the ' Systema Natura?,' with the inscription
" C. Linnaeus Equ. Aur. Archiat. et Pr. Ups." On the reverse
are three crowns representing the three kingdoms of nature with
the motto " Illustrat." The Society has a copy of this medal
also. It is engraved by Basire for Maton's Pulteney (p. 112,
fig. 1) ; it is also engraved in Back's ' Aminnelse-Tal ' (p. 5),
1779, and in Afzelius's ' Egenh. Anteck.' (tab. iii. fig. 2).

Two pencil sketches of Linnaeus were taken in 17^7 by J. E.
Eehn. They do not exhibit any artistic qualities, but both
appear to be faithful representations. The one is a small profile
showing the lefc side of the face. The nose is nearly straight as
iu the other profiles of Linnaeus. A facsimile reproduction in
lithography has been published 8vo size, but with no information
as to the lithographer or publisher. The second sketch is of
greater interest, as it is a full-length and exhibits the general
appearance and every-day dress of Linnaeus at this time. The
original sketch was in the possession of Henry Watkiu Williams
Wynn in 1830. This was rejn'oduced iu facsimile on stone by
J. S. Teiiipletou and published by Colnaghi in 1830. It represents
Linnseus in a long frock coat, a frock vest, knee breeches, and
gaiters buttoned to the kuee. He has on a wig, wears a sword,
and seems to be meditatiug under the influence of the iveed,

LINNEIN SOCIETY 01" LONDON. I9

which lie is enjoyiiii;- from a pi2)e equalling iu length but scarcely
agreeing iu form with a moderu " churchwarden." Fabricius, iu
writing of Linuseus at the time this portrait was takeu, says : " In
winter we lived directly opposite his house, and he came to us
almost every day in his short red robe de chamhre, with a green
fur cap on his head and a pipe in his hand ;" and he adds, " while
we danced Liuue sat looking on, and smoking his pipe."

A good copy of this lithograpli was published in the number
of the ' Ny Illustrerad Tidning ' for 4th Dec, 1875, which was
devoted to Linmeus.

In the house of Linna?us at Hammarby there exists a portrait
inscribed on the back with the name and titles of Linnjeus, and
the year 1755 is given as the date when it was painted. The
artist's name has not been discovered on the picture. But in the
Smaland's Nationshus, Upsala, there is a very poor copy of this
])icture, which was presented to the Hus iu 1822 by Dr. Nord-
stedt, who had bought it at the auction of Archbishop Eosen-
stein's effects. It is described as a copy of J. Scheffel's picture
at Hammarby. The original is a half-length portrait represent-
ing Linnaeus with a short wig, and a buttoned-uj) coat decorated
with the cross of the Polar Star, and holding in his right hand a
sprig of LiniKra.

This portrait was admirably engraved in octavo form by I. M.
Preisler. The engraving is inscribed " Carolus von Linne "
with four lines of titles, the two lines by Aurivillius and the
words " Natus 1707 Maji if. ^Etat. 55.'"' The arms and crest,
wliich were granted to him in 17G1 when he was ennobled, are
engraved iu the middle of the inscription. The picture itself is
dated 1755, and there seems no reason to doubt that this is
correct, though Preisler must have executed his engraving after
1761, and probably inscribed Linuseus's age at the time the
engraving was finished.

It appears that SchefFel, having got hold of the features of
Linnaeus, exercised his imagination in producing portraits repre-
senting Linnaeus at two previous stages in his life, — when he
was married, and, yet earlier, when he entered the University of
Lund as a student.

The painting re])resenting Linmcus as a bridegroom, with
scarlet coat and long flowing wig, which is at Hammarby, is in-
scribed on the back : —

" Carl Linnaeus Med. Doctor Dioscorides 2"""" dictus
Nat. 1707 . . 13 Maij. J. H. Scbeftel p: 1739."
Tlie younger portrait engraved by Kuckmau on the titlepagc
of Afzelius's ' Egenhiindiga Anteckningar,' represents Liunreus
at the age of 20. This engraving has been reproduced as a
lithograph for Rudolph's translation of Afzelius, published at
Berlin in 182G, and again for Fee's ' Vic de Linne,' 1832.

Mr. Gepp has seen in the Upaala Library a large iithogrnph
by Carl Schroder said to be after an original picture in the Ducal

c2

20 I'ROCKKDINas OK TItK

Museum at Eruii.swick, which reminds him very much ol"
Schollcl's Hammurhy portrait.

At the request of the King, Inlander executed a small wax
profile portrait of Liutitcus in 1773. This portrait is still pre-
served at Ilaiumarby. On the back of it is a note written by
Liiiurpus to the effect that it was done ou August 17th, 1773,
by Carl Fridr. Inlander. On the following day, Linnaeus wrote
a letter printed by Ahrling (Svenska Arbeiten, No. 229), which
Mr. Gepp has been good enough to translate for me. In it
he says, " A new and great proof of my good Sire's favour
towards me I have lately had by the band of Mr. Inlander, who
has modelled me in wax so skilfully that all say that they have
never seen anything more skilfully done or more like me."
This portrait was reproduced by Liungberger in the medal struck
by the command of the King after the death of Linnjeus. Two
copies of this medal are in the possession of this Society, one in
silver and the other in bronze. The medal is engraved in
Afzelius's ' Egenh. Anteck.' (tab. iii. fig. 6), and more accu-
rately l)y Basire for Maton's Pulteuey (p. 112, fig. 2).

Tlie Society possesses two reproductions of Inlander's medal-
lion,— the one in white alabaster, presented by the Medical
Society of Stockholm, and the other in a plastic material, pre-
sented by Sir Joseph Banks ; tbis latter is the original, I believe,
of the beautiful cameo by AVedgewood, of which I regret to say
the Society has no example. Solander, a favourite pupil of
Linnoous, is said to have considered AV^edgewood's cameo a better
likeness of his master than any of the paintings. A fine engrav-
ing of the cameo is prefixed to Walcott's ' Flora Britannica,'
Bath, 17S8. There is no engraver's name. The lower half of
the plate is occupied with a garden scene representing three
botanists attended by a gardener. The portrait is reversed.
It is inscribed " Sr Cha. Linneus, Knt.," and below the plate is
" Pubd. 1 May, 1788."

Inlander's medallion is the foundation for the many profile
portraits of Linnaeus that exist. It was introduced by J, Miller
into the frontispiece of his ' lUustratio Systematis Linusei,'
1777 ; and it is beautifully engraved by Woolnoth in Thornton's
' New Illustrations,' 1807. An engraving in a circular frame on
a mural design, with the Linuean arms and motto, Avas executed
by A. Akermau. The two warts are here indicated in the jjosi-
tions described by Linnseus. " Carolus a Linnc," with five lines
of titles, is engraved on a tablet. A copy of this in a small oval
frame was engraved by Liebe of Leipzig.

The frontispiece to Zoru's ' Icones Plantarum Medicinalium,'
1784, contains a reproduction of Inlander's portrait on a plate
with a winged figure holding a crown over the head, and two
small portraits inscribed Tournefort and Ray at the top. The
engraver, H. T. Tyrolf, did not know the Linncea in the button-
hole of the coat, and he has replaced it with a more familiar

LIlSINEA?r SOCIETY OF LONDON. 21

looking plant. A furtlier singular alteration of the Linncea has
been made by the engraver of the frontispiece to Stoever's ' Leben
des Ritters Carl von Liime,' 1792. He has converted the insignia
of the Polar Star into a passion-flower, and the insignificant
spray of Limxcea into a considerable branch, more suited, as
he thought, to the large flower ! J. Heath reproduced this
blunder in his engraving of Linna>us prefixed to Trapp's transla-
tion of Stoever, 1794 ; and it is found also in a small portrait
surrounded by a rectangular engine-turned frame engraved on
" Perkiu's patent hardened steel," and inscribed " Linnseus."

P. Kraftt in 1774 painted a portrait of Linnaeus to be placed
among the " Fuudatores " of the Eoyal Academy of Sciences at
Mtockliolm. It is a short half-length with the face almost full,
very slightly directed to the right, and the eyes looliing straight
forward. The wart on tlie right cheek is very prominent, and
that on the nose is placed on the ridge slightly to the left side.
The left hand is resting on a large book, some plants of Linncea
placed on the book below tlie hand. This portrait was
engraved by J. Snack in 1780 in octavo size. One of the
impressions bears the inscription that the engraving was done
at the expense of J. C. Holmberg. A much better engraving of
the same portrait was executed by Akrel in 1797. It is said to
be " Ex Efiigie simillima, Coll. Med. Svec." Maton says that
the original painting by Krafft belongs to the College of Physi-
cians at Stockholm ; as lie adds that it has been engraved, by
Akrel, it appears that he obtained his information from Akrel's
engraving. Prof. Pries informs me that Krafft' s portrait is not
to be found now at the College of Physicians; but Mr. Gepp
says that a portrait by Kraff"!; like that engraved by Akrel is in
the possession of the Sundhetsnamd (Board of Health) at
Stockholm.

Probably to this time belongs an oval medallion engraved by
Snack at tlie expense of J. C. Holmberg. It is inscribed round
the upper part of the oval " Carolus a Linne." It is a poor
production, and it is not likely to be an independent portrait
from the life.

The last authentic portrait of Linnsous was that painted by
Eoslin. This painter was a native of Sweden and was born in 1718.
He went to Germany in 1745, Italy in 1747, and came in 1752
to Paris, where he s])ent the rest of his life. He visited Sweden
in 1774 and 1775, when he painted portraits of the meuibers of
the Eo\al Pamil}", and be.-ides of only two private people, —
Schefter the Minister, and Liuna?us. He died in 1703.

In the following letter to the Secretary of the Eoyal Academy
Linnteus refers to Eosliu's work : —

" Mv GOOD Sir,—

As I am staying at Ilammarby I have had no post till
to-day. Mr. Eoslin did the portrait for iiothing and therefore
was free to dispose of it even without my consent, but by this

22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

act ho pays me a double compliment, for it is painted only for
the sake of posterity, and besides it can nowhere be better or
mure accurately copied tliau in Paris. Give him my respectful
tiiaiiks if he is still here, and tell him that I am doubly grateful
to him.

" I am, my good Sir, most obedient,
■' llammarby, 1775, Sept. 17." " Linn6."

Linne in his diary says: — "Mr. Rosliu, who asks of others
1000 plfitar, paints Linne's portrait for nothiug, and so excel-
lently tliat none could be more like; all the other portraits are
somewhat unlike." (Afz-elius's Egenh. Anteck. p. 68.)

The further story of this p(n'trait is so well told in the official
minutes of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Stockholm that I
need only read the extracts so kiudlv furnished and translated
by Mr. Gepp. Under date July 21,^1779, it is recorded:— "A
copy of the portrait of the late Archiater v. Linne engraved in
Paris was now shown. 150 copies of it had been sent by
Mr. Eoslin by the hand of the good Swedish sculptor, Mr. Ser-
gei, who has just returned home. Further Roslin's letter of
the 12th of May to the Secretary was read, in which he states
that the whole expense of the engraving of the portrait has
amounted to 108G Trench livres, the paper and printing 500
copies included, and that of these 500 copies he had kept 350. . .
. . . .That the amount is entered, against the Royal Academy, in
Paris. All the members present found the engraving a very
good ])iece of work, but opinions as to its greater or less resem-
blance to our much missed Linue were divided. The Academy
resolved that the widow and son, together with Mr. Biick, who
bad spoken at the grave, and Mr. Sergei should ea(!h be pre-
sented with a copy, while the rest that had been sent should be
sold to the members and others who might like to buy them at
half a Riksdaler a piece. Mr. Roslin in his letter also offers to
present to the Academy the original portrait itself, which he
painted four years ago, and after which the engraving has been
made in Paris. The Secretary was instructed to thank him in
the choicest language for the offer, which is accepted by the
Academy with the greatest delight, and at the same time to
request him to present copies of the engraving on the part of
the Academy to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris, tlie
new Medical Society, and to both their Secretaries, the Marquis
de Condorcet and M. Vicq d'Azir, who spoke at our Linne's
grave, and furthermore to its former correspondent M. Guettard
and Prof, de Ener."

Under date of September 13th of the same year we read : —

" A letter was read from the portrait painter and Knight of

the Royal Wasa Order, Mr. Roslin, dated Paris, Aug. 11, in

which he presents to the Academy the portrait whicii he has

painted of the deceased member, the Archiater and Knight of

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOT^". 23

the Eoyal NorJ. Order, v. Liniu', and whicli he has now sent
from Paris with this letter. This portrait was begun when Mr.
Eoslin was in his native country in 1776 [1775], and when v.
Linne was still alive. Subsequently Roslin took it with him to
Paris in order to finish it."

This portrait is still in the possession of the Eoyal Academy
of Sciences at Stockholm. The face is turned a little to the
right. The right arm is to the front, and the queue of the wig
rests on the right shoulder. The principal wart on the face is
properly represented on the right cheek. The painting takes in
the bust and a portion of the upper arm, and terminates at the
lower end of the Cross of the Polar Star.

Eoslin presented a replica of his portrait to the family of
Linnaeus. At the death of Linnaeus this was bought by Grustaf
III., and it is now in the Eoyal Castle of Gripsholm. It is
painted on an oval canvas, and differs little from the original.
The bvittons on the coat, and especially on the vest, are more
distinctly painted, and the Linncea is diiferently treated, while
the cross of his Order is absent, because the curve of the oval
cuts away the part of the coat to which it was affixed.

I am not aware of any published reproduction of the
replica.

The original portrait was beautifully engraved hj Clementus
Bervic under the eye of Eoslin, as recorded in the minutes
of the Academy which I have quoted. It is a reproduction
of the complete painting, and is enclosed in a frame. It is
inscribed " Carolus a Ljnne," with arms and four lines of titles.
Bnt it is surprising that in so fine a work Bervic did not repro-
duce Eoslin's portrait in the original position. He transferred
it directly on the plate, and the engraving consequeutly has the
face turned to the left. Bervic overlooked that in doing this
he changed the two sides of tlie face, and so erroneously
placed the wart on the left cheek. The queue of the wig rests on
the left shoulder. Bervic has accommodated the dress to the
reversed position of the body, and has improved the eifect of the
picture by placing the ribbon and cross of the Polar Star, and
the sprig of the Linncea, in the centre of the engraving. There
is scratched on the upper left corner of the plate, " 2 Pche
1779."

A beautiful aquatint, printed in colours, was early produced
from Bervic's engraving by P. M. Alix. It is an oval, surrounded
by a single thick black line, and is somewhat larger than Bervic's
engraving. It is inscribed " Charles Linne."

The numerous engravings and lithographs after Eoslin's por-
trait are all directly or indirectly reproduced from Bervic's
engraving. The original painting having been sent to Stockholm
by Eoslin, was practically out of the reach of engravers. I have
seen engraved copies by Zuliani, Bollinger, Cathelin, Sluyter,
Tardieu, Landon, a lithograph by Vigneron, and an admirable

24 I'KOCRKDINOS OP THK

wood facsimile of Bervic's engraving by Evald Hansen in the
'Ny Tllustrcrad Tidning' for 13tli May, 1885.

in a small coj)y by Jacquemot the Linncea is engraved on the
snrface of the ribbon of the Polar Star ; and a fair woodcut repro-
duction of tliis has bt'ou recently issued as a supplement to
' The Oologist's Exchange,' an American journal.

Three lithographs may be grouped together whicli are easily
distinguished by the treatment of the Linncea. This plant on
tlie left bnast of the coat is reversed from Bervic's engraving,
and so drawn out that it reaches the collar of the coat. T. Cardon,
1835, seems to have made this change, and he has been followed
by Domberg, and then by Handt in his portrait of Linna?us in
the centre of a group of Swedes of the time of Gustaf III.

There is a small group, consisting of one engraving and three
lithograjjhs, in which Bervic's engraving has been treated some-
what as he treated Eosliu's painting. Boily, by transferring
Bervic's jiortrait direct to his plate, has restored the original
aspect of Eoslin's picture. He has modified the dress to suit
the change, but in carefullj^ carrying out his reversal of the
features, he has omitted the wart tVom the right clieek to which
it really belonged, and indicated its presence on the left cheek
where it is erroneously represented by Bervic. The lithograph
by Schreiner is a very good copy of the original engraving, but
the artist, not having reflected that he was reversing tlie portrait
in transferring it direct to the stone, represents the buttons and
buttonlioles on the wrong sides of the coat and vest, while froiu
the same oversight he restores the wart to the proper side of the
face. This is the only copy of Eosliu's portrait which altogether
omits the Linncea. Sudre reproduces the original more accu-
rately in his vigorous oval lithograph, having reversed the dress,
but not the wart, which consequently appears on the right cheek.
The other lithograph of this group is by Ohlson, a poor repro-
duction, with the face tinted.

The oil painting of Liuna?us which is placed above the Presi-
dent's chair in the meeting room here was presented by Joseph
Sabine to the Society in 1819. Its history is unknown. It agrees
in the direction of the face and in the strong lights on the nose
with the engraving by Bervic, and as Bervic was evidently a master
of his art, and likely to have reproduced faithfully the work he en-
graved, I entertained the hope for gome time that the Society were
the owners of the original Eoslin. The minutes of the Stockholm
Academy, however, destroyed this hope. I fear this ])ainting is
only a copy in oil of Bervic's engiaving. It differs from Eosliu's
painting iu a general softness of treatment, in the forehead
being lower, the eyes more sunk, and the nose more curved.

The painting in the rooms of the Stockholm Academy was
copied by Prof. Laurent Pasch for Archbishop von Troil. This
copy was sent by the Archbishop as a jn'osent to Sir Joseph Banks.
Pascli's painting difiers iu several respects from the original.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 2$

lloslin's portrait represents only the bust of Linnceus, while
Pascli's picture is a three-quarter length. The face is very care-
I'ully studied and reproduced. Linnseus is seated ; his left hand
rests on a small table, holding a sprig of Linncea, and the plant
does not appear above the ribbon and cross of the Polar 8tar.

This portrait became, on the death of Sir Joseph Banks, the
property of llobert Brown, who presented it to the Society in
1853 ; it is now hung in the Library.

The first engraving from Pasch's Eoslin was by S. Gr. and J. Gr.
Facius, 1788. It is a careful engraving, but the lines of the face
are stronger and more definite than in the original. It is a repro-
duction of the whole picture. This engraving has been copied
by Chapman, Scriven, Penny, and Holl, and for the ' Conversations
Lexikon.' An indejjendent engraving was made from the original
by Roberts for Maton's edition of Pulteney's ' Writings of Lin-
naeus," 1805. The copy is only half-length. Tlie face is well ren-
dered, excejit that the eyes are too small. Another good engraving
from the original was executed by C. E. Wagstaff, and published
in Knight's ' Gallery of Portraits,' 1835 ; this has been copied
as a vignette by S. Freeman for Ehind's ' Vegetable Kingdom.'

There are several portraits by Magnus Hfillman (sometimes
erroneously written Hollman), who is styled " a pupil of Linnaeus "
on the engraving published by Dr. Thornton. The earliest is an
oil painting (23 in. by 17 in.) at Hammarby, which Mr. Gepp says
is a " tolerable daub, unlike any other porti'ait yet seen." On tlie
back there is this inscription: " C. Linne, Mt. 63, Mag. Haliman
pinx. 1769." In the rooms of the Medical Faculty in the Uni-
versity buildings, TJpsala, there is a short half-length portrait by
Ilallman, painted, according to an inscription on the back, in 1774.
A. B. Lambert, for many years a Vice-President of the Linneau
Society, had a portrait by Ilallman in his possession from the
beginnini; of the century until his death in 1842, when it was dis-
posed of by auction at the sale of his effects. The catalogue of the
sale states that there was the following manuscript note on the
back : — " A stronger likeness than Sir Joseph Banks's Portrait of
him [/. e. Pasch's copy of Eoslin] — Dryander." This portrait was
engraved for Dr. Thornton by Ogburne in an oval, surrounded by
an ornament designed by Bartolozzi. The inscription on this
engraving is " Carol us Linnaeus, Knight of the Polar Star, First
Physician to the King, Professor of Botany in the University of
Upsala, &e., &c. From the Original Picture in the Possession of
Aylmer Bourke Lambert, Esq., Vice-President of the Liiinean
Society. Hollman, pupil of Linnaeus pinx. ad viv. : Bartolozzi,
E.A. ornavit. Ogburne sculps. London, Published by Di\
Thornton, May 1, 1806." In a later state of the plate, Ogburue's
name is taken out and replaced by that of 11. Me^er. The same
portrait was re-engraved by Meyer in octavo size and published
1829. The lettering is " Linnaeus. Painted by Hollman. En-
graved by H. Meyer. Published by J. Eobins & Co., London.

26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Juiio 1, 1S20." Another painting by Hallman, wliich had been
the property of Louisa, the last surviving daughter of Linnaeus,
nnd after licr death of Dr, P. A. Martin, a great-graudson of
Linnffius, was purchased by Sir Jolin Lubbock, Bart., and by him
presented to the Society. It is painted iu oil on parchment,
8 inches by 6 inches, and has this long inscription on the back : —
" Carolus a Linne ; Equ. Ord. Ueg. Stellac Polaris, Eegis Sueciae
Archiater, Medicinae & Botanicis Professor iu UniA'ersitate Eegia
TJpsaliensi ; Acad. Keg. Scient. Stockholm. Upsalae. Paris. Loudon.
Petrop. Berol. Florent. Montpell. Toulous. Bern. Vien. Ediub.
Trundh.Celle.Philadelph.Zeeland.Socius. Natusdiel3 Maij 1707.
Denatus die 10 Januarij 1778. Deam luctus angit amissi Cybele.
Magu. IlMllman pinxit." A similar inscription is on the back of
the portrait belonging to the Medical Paculty at Upsala, but the
date is given " Afmalad 1774 af Magno Hallman." Mr. Gepp
writes, in reference to the Latin quotation at the close of the
inscription in both pictures, " This is evidently a quaint adap-
tation of Ovid Metani. xiii. iii. 3, ' Cura Deam propior luctusque
domesticus angit Memnonis amissi,' where Aurora is referred to,
Cybele being naively added as the goddess of generative nature,
to make the quotation appropriate."

Excluding the Hammarby portrait dated 1769, 1 have no doubt
that the others by HfUlman are copies of Eoslin's painting with
slight modifications in the dress. The position of the head and the
expression of the features are precisely those in Eoslin's portrait,
and could not have been so exactly reproduced in the original
and independent work of another artist. It may be that Hallman
painted the " tolerabJe daub " at Hammarby from life in 1769,
but it seems to me more probable that all his works are copies of
Eoslin's portrait with unimportant modifications.

Dr. Bovallius has sent two photograplis to the Society of original
portraits in his possession, which he believes are those of Linuoeus.
The one is a half-length oil painting signed " Hoffman 1775."
The positiou of the figure and the aspect of the face are precisely
those of Eoslin's portrait painted in the same year. There are
some differences in unimportant details, but the smoother and
flatter face and the straighter nose are defects iu so far as they
diiier from Eoslin's work, whicli, according to Linnaeus, was
painted " so excellently that none could be more like." It seems
to me probable that this portrait is after Eoslin, and perhaps
Hoflman may have known Linnajus and so modified his treat-
ment of the face as to make it, in his opinion, a better
portrait.

The second photograph sent by Dr. Bovallius is from an
Indian-ink sketch. This was bought in Holland, and though it
presents some points that recall the portrait of Linnaeus, it
exhibits a iace that differs so much in the outline of the fore-
head, the lines of the eyebrows, the shape of the nose, the
expression of the mouth, and the form of the cliin, that I cannot

LINNEAN Sf^CTETT OP LONDOT^. 27

believe it to have been drawn from Liniifcus. It is evidently the
work of one vfho was expert with the pencil.

A pastel of Liunseus said to be by Luudberg is in the
possession of O. Wijk, a merchant at Goteborg, who purchased it
some twelve years ago at an auction. It was previously unknown.

A small oil portrait, reported to have been given by Linnseus
to his brother, a pastor in 8m?iland, came into the possession of
the late Prof. Eetzius, whose widow now has it at Stockholm.

Prof. TuUberg of TJpsala has a drawing of Linnjeus, which is,
however, in a very bad condition.

An unsigned and very poor portrait, to which I have not
before referred, hangs on the walls of the house at Hammarby.

Sir Joseph Banks presented to the Society a large medallion of
Linna?us, which he attributed to Archeveque. The original in
white marble was placed in the palace at Drotningholm. Prof.
Torell informs me that it is not the work of Archeveque, but of
his distinguished pupil Sergei. It differs so much from the
other representations of Linnanis in the line of the forehead and
nose, and in the projection of the eyebrows, that I hesitate to
accept it as a trustworthy likeness. These peculiarities do not
apjDcar in Sergei's bronze medallion on the monument of Lin-
naeus in Upsala Cathedral, a copy of which is in the Museum at
Kew. Other copies of the Sergei profile exist at Stockholm and
Upsala. There is an engraving by Snack, to which I have already
referred, of a profile portrait in an oval frame. It is a poor
work, and may be a modified copy of Sergei's profile, or perhaps
an attempt to convert Krafft's full-face painting into a profile
medallion.

The busts aud statues of Linnaeus are all posthumous. Dr.
N. J. Andersson presented to the Society a copy of a bust
by Forsslund which belongs to the Royal x\cademy at Stockholm.
An engraving of this was made by Akerland, which is inscribed
" Carolo a Linne Smalando Immortali Naturae Interpi'eti diem
ejus post saeculum natalem xxiv. Mali mdcccvii. festive agen-
tes Conterranei."

The cast of a second bust is placed above the Pasch portrait
in the Library. It was presented by Mrs. Brown in 1885. I
have not been able to ascertain the name of the sculptor, or
where the original bust exists. This busit was used for the
profile on the Society's Linnean Medal.

The students of Upsala, in 1822, placed in the Botanic Garden
there a msirble statue of Linnaeus by Byslrom. Linnaeus has on
his Academic gown, and is seated witli a book in his left hand
and his right slightly raised, as if addressing his students.

In 1885 a bronze statue of Linnams was unveiled at Stock-
holm. It is the work of J. P. Kjellberg. The artist's model for
this fine statue was reproduced in metal, three copies only being
cast. One is the property of the King of Sweden, who is an
honorary member of this Society ; the second is in the National

28

PROCtEDINGS Of THE

Museum at Stockholm ; and the third lias been presented to the
Societ}' by our Treasurer, and is placed in the Library (see the
Letter on p. 58).

TIio result of this inqnir}' shows that there are at least eight
original and independent portraits of Linnaeus, to one or other
of which all tlic published portraits can be traced. Hieseare : —
1, tlie full-length painting by Hoffmann in 1737, when Linnaeus
was thirty years of age ; 2, the engraving by Ehrensverd in
1740; 3 & 4, the pencil sketclies by Kehn in 1747, the one a
bust in profile, the otler a full-length ; 5, the half-length oil
portrait at ITammarby by Scheffel in 1755 ; 6, the wax medal-
lion, also at Hammarby, by Inlander in 1773; 7, the full-face oil
portrait at Slockholm by Krafit in 1774 ; and S, the oil painting
at Stockholm by Eoslin in ] 775.

The relation of the various published portraits which I have
examined to these originals will lie more ajiparent from the
following table.

1737. JTiiFMAX [otherwiiie IlnrFMANN], ^I. Fii.i.-i.knotii in L.M'i.ANn Duess

AT ITaktekajii'.

Eeplica {?) in possession of Dr. Tliorntoii. 18n4.
Do. Ileiirv Kingsbury .so. Mezzotint, J "'.'.'».

r.ater state, touelied up by Duukartmi and
tigned by him. ISO-").
Do. do. Lizar.s sc. Frontispiece to .Jardine's ' Naturalist's Library.'

vol. vi. " Linnans, setatis Zif), in Lapland dress," with autograph.
Do. do. do. Winkler sc. Frontispiece to Gerniau translation of

Jardine's ' Nat Libr.' With Autograph.
Do. Oil painting. | length, .somewhat modified. Zoological Society,

Amsterdam, 18:'2.
Do. do. Andorf sc. Berlin. Stettin Entomological Society's ' Zeitung,'

1852, and sejiarately on quarto paper.
Do. do. do. J. Wolf sc. Frontispiece to Ahrliug's ' Linne's Svenska

Arbeiten,'1870.
1740. Au. EuREN.svKRi) AMiCA MANU .SC. 17^0. S\ 0 plate. " Carolus Linnaeus

Med : Doct : Natus 1707 Maj : i^. .Ftat : 3,3."
Do. J. M. Bernigeroth so. Lips. 1749. Frontispiece to ' Syst. Nat.'

ed. vi. 1748, and to ' Phil. Bot.,' Slockholm, 17^1.
Do. do. Volkart sc. German translation of 'Syst. Nat.,' 1777.
Do. do. B. Glassbach sc. Frontispiece to ' Phi'l. Bot..' 1780.
Do. do. Without name. Frontispiece to Willdenow's Ed. of ' I'hil.

Bot.,' 1790.
Do. Bergquist sc. (not .signed). Frontispiece to the ' Sp. Plant.' Ed. ii.

1702, " Carolus Liniineus : '' witli .'} lines of titles and 2 lines by Auri-

viliius.
Do. do. Without name. Fi-ontispieee to ' Phil. Bot.,' Vienna, 1770.
Do. do. \Vithout name. Englisli : lettered " Sir Charles Linnaeus."
Do. P. Tauje sculp. Lettered "Carolus Linnaeus," and two lines ol'

titles. Apparently modified after Hoffman.
Do. do. ^\ . Evans sculp. Frontis])iece to Turton's ' General System

of Nature," 18(1C). '-Carl miu Linne, Knight of the Polar Star, &e. ic."
Do. do. Wachsmann sc. Lettered •' Linne."
1746. Mkiiai, WITH rRoni.r., " Carol. Linnaeus. M.-D. Bot. Prof. I'ps. .Ft. .'59."
Do. Buckman sc. Afzelius's ' Egenh. .\nteck.,' tab. iii fig. 1.
Do. Js. B:'sire del et sc. Maton's ru'teney. ]i. 112. fig. 3.
Do. Medal struck by Te.-^sin, 17.'"8.

Do. do. Ruckman sc. .Vfzelius's ' Egenh. .\nteck.,' tab. iii. fig. 4.
Do. do. Js. Basii-e del. et sc. Muton's Pulteney, p. 112, fig. 1,

LINN BAN SOCIKTY OP LONDON. 29

1747. J. E. Reiin". Pencil skki'Ch — pkoi'ilk. Original not known.

Do. LitliogiMph without name, inscribed '' Fac-Simile tl'un profil de.-?-

sine d'apres nature par J. E. Rehn," and facsimile signature " Carl

Linnaeus."
1747. J. E. Reiix. Fltll-lkngtu rioNciL sketch in possession of H. W. W.

Wjun in 18-30.
Do. Ou stoue by J. S. Tenipleton, Januai-y 1830 ; facsimile signatui-e

" Carl Linne."
Do. do. J. Engberg so. Somewhat enlarged. 'NylUustreradTiduing,'

4 Dec. 1875.
1755. J. ScuEFrEL. Half-length at H.vmmauby.

Do. Copy in the Smahmd's Nationshus, Upsala.

Do. I. M. Preisler .sculps. Inscribed " Carolus Ton Linne." Arms,

four lines of titles, two lines by C. Aurivillius, date of birth and age.
*J. Schefiel. Linuoeus as a bridegroom : at Hammarby : never engraved.
J. Scheffel. Linniisus at the age of 20. Original not known.
Do. Ruckman sc. Ou titlepage of Afzelius's ' Egenh. Anteck.'
Do. do. Lithograph in Lappe's translation of Afzelius, Berlin,

182(5.
Do. do. Lithograph in Fee's ' Vie de Linne,' 1832.

1773. C.MMy Fnn)[{. Ini.anuer. Ww MEOALtaox at HASniARnv.
Do. Medal by Liungberger. I'lf^.

Do. Copy in clay. Presented to Linnean Soi-iety by 8ir Joseph Banks.

Bart.
Do. do. Wedgewood's Cameo.
Do. do. do. J. Miller sc. in frontispiece of liis ' lUustratio Syst.

Linn.' 1777.
Do. do. do. Without name. Frontispiece to Walcott's ' Flora Bri-

tannica,' 1778.
Do. do. do. T. Woolnoth sc. in Thornton's ' jS'ew lllustr.itions,' 1807.

" Linmvus. Born May 24, 1707. Obiit Jany. 10, 1778."
Do. A. Akerman sculpsil. Ou a mural frame. Arui-*, '• Carolus a

Linne," with five lines of titles.
Do. do. Liube sc. Leips. In oval locket frame, "Carl v. Linne."
Do. H. I. Tyrolf deliuieb. et seulpeb. Norimbergje. Winged figure

holding crown, " Carolus a Linne," with three lines of title*.
Do. Without name. Frontispiece to Stoever's ' Leben des Ritters

Carl voii Linne,' 17U2. Arms. '' Deus cre.ivit, Linnseus disposuit."
Do. do. J. Heath sc. F'rontispioce to Trapp's translation of Stoever,

1794. Arms. " Deus creavit, Linmvus disp )suit."
Do. do. do. Perkins and Heatli Patent Ha rdeited Steel Plate, " Lin-
naeus."
Do. Alabaster Medalli(ju presented to Linnean Society by the Medical

Society of Stockliolm.

1774. P. Krafft. Half-length. Board of Health, Stockholm.

Do. J. Snack sf., 1780. "Carolus a Linne," with arms and four

lines of titles.
Do. Akrel sc. '" Ijinneiis. I']': Elligie simillima. Coll. Med. Svec.

1707."

1775. RosLis. Heau AND Busi'. Royal Academy of Sciences. Stockholm.

Replica. Royal Palace at Clripsholm.
Do. Clemautus Bervic seulp. "Carolus a Ljime," arms and four

lines of titles. Engraved frame. 1779. Reversed.
Do. do. P. M. Alix sculpt. An oval mezzotint printed in colours,

inscribed " Charles Limie."
Do. do. Tramontinidis. ])er dalla Libera Felice Zidiani inc. "Carolus

Linneo."
Do. do. Ambrose Tavdieu direxit. Oval. ' JJict. Sc. Nat.' 1823.
Do. do. Landon direxit. 8vo outli!ie. " Liiuia^us." From ' Hist, de

Suede,' vol. xxiv.
Do. do. F. W. Bollinger fee. inscribed " Carl von Liune."

,?C I'llOCEEDINGS 01" THE

1775. Eiisi.iN. Head Axii BUST. Dessin6et Grave cl'apresRoslin par Catbelin.
" Cluu-lcs Linn^e."
JJo. do. Slujtor sc. Vignette.
Do. do. Vigneroii litb , inscribed " C. Linnc."
Do. do. J. Engberg sc. Woodcut on title of Abnfelt's ' Linne's Lef-

nadsminnen,' 1877.
Do. do. Jaquemot sculp. Vignette inscribed " Liune."
Do. do. do. Woodcut. ' Oologist's Excbange,' June 1889.
Do. do. J. Cardon, 1835, lith., inscribed " Carl von Linne."
Do. do. do. Doniberg litb., inscribed " Carl von Linn^."
Do. do. do. Ilardb & Co. litb., in a group entitled " Kon. Gustaf Ill's

Samlidn."
Do. do. C. Boily sc. Oval inscribed " Obarles Linne." Reversed

from Bervic.
Do. do. J. P. Sudre. Lifli. de Langlume. Oval. " Obarles Linne."
Do. do. Par MM. Voiart & Le Forestier. " Litb. de Langluiiie,

Rue de I'Abbaye, no. 4." " Hommage a la Socicte Linneene de Paris."

l""'ornis tbe Frontispiece to tbe Fasciculus of 4to plates to vol, i. of tbe

' Monioires de la Sociel e Linneenne de Paris,' 1822. Tbe litbograpb

is identical witb tbe preceding.
Do. do. J. G. Scbreiner litb. Reversed fro'n Bervic.
Do. do. Oblson litb. Tinted litbograpb. Reversed from Bervic.
Do. do. S. G-. Lilb. dc L. Danel Fic's ' Vie de Linne.'
Do. do. do. Litb. Lemercier. 'Letti'es Inedites dc Linne,' 18ttO.
Do. do.? Painting. Artist unknown. Presented to Linnean Society

by Joscpb Sabine.
Do. Painting by Paseb, three quarters. Linnean Society.
Do. do. S. G. & J. G. Facius sculpseruut, 1788. Tlie wbole painting

reproduced.
Do. do. do. Cbapiimn sculp., 1802. Oval, witb figure below, inscribed

" Sir Obarles Linnaeus."
Do. do. do. V^itbout name, in engraved frame for 'Conv. Lexikon.'
Do. do. do. IIoU .'■culp. Biograpliical Mag. i., 1819. Small oval.
Do. do. do. Without name. " Linne geb. zu Roesclmlt in Sciiwe-

den 1707, gest. 1778." Front. Schmidt's 'AngebendeBotaniker,' 1849.
Do. do. P. Roberts sc. Reduced to half-length. " Carl von Linne.

Born May 24, 1707. Died Jany. 10, 1778." Front. Maton's ' Pul-

teney,' 1805.
Do. do. Engraved by C. E. WagstafF. Reduced to half-length.

Knight's ' Gallery of Portraits,' 1835.
Do. do. do. Engraved by 8. Freeman. " Linnaeus." Published,

Blackie & Son. Front. Rliind's ' A'egetable Kingdom.'
Do. do. E. Scriven sc. Svo. " Linneus." Front, to Banks's ' Intro-
duction to the Study of English Botany,' lSi>2.
Do. Painting by Magnus Ilalhnan. 1. Medical Faculty, Ujisala

University, dated 1774.
Do. do. 2. Belonged to Louisa, daughter of Linne, now at Linnean

Society.
Do. do. o. Belonged to A. B. Lambert from beginning of century till

his death. 1842.
Do. do. do. Ogburne sculps., ornamented by Bartolozzi, 180(>.
Do. do. do. do. Same plate, but signed " H. Meyer sculpt."
Do. do. do. Re-engraved " H. Meyer." 1829.
Do. do. do. Penny sculpt. Front. Barton and Castle's ' Flora

Medica,'1821.

Ill adtlition to tlie engravings iu tliis list I have noted several
published portraits which I have not seen. Most of them are
iuc'ludcd in Dr. Coster's Catalogue of the Exhibition of Liuna^aua
at Amsterdam in 1878. Tliey are : — Eudner fee., Lips. 1774', Svo ;
C. Fritzsch sc, Svo ; Lauzedelly lith., folio ; van Lier lith., Svo ;

LINNEAJ^^ SOCIETT OF LONDON. 3 I

Heiiii*. Mansfeld sc, 8\^o ; Eoux piax., E. Desinaisous lith. ; F. W.
Schwarz fecit, Nb^, 179] ; Soetens exc. (lith.), 8vo ; Sysang sc,
8vo; Saudberg; T. Tyroff piuxt., I. Romaey sculp., Svo.

CATALOGUE OF THE FOETEAITS OF FELLOWS etc.
BELONGINO TO THE SOCIETY.

Louis John Rudolph Aoassiz. 1807-1873.

Cast of bust by Hiram Power, iu the Museum of Comparative
Anatomy, Cambridge, U.S. — Presented by the Sculptor's
son, 21 May, 1883.

Wlieii studying at Munich in 1826 he had placed in his hands, on the death
of Spix, the collection of fishes made by that traveller and Martins in Brazil.
Tliis led to his study of Ichthyology, and to tlie publication not onl}' of
this Collection from Brazil, but of an luifiuished work by Sjjix on the
freshwater fishes of C entral Europe, and of his great work ' Fossil Fishes.'
His paheontological labours were afterwards directed to Echiuoderms and
Molluscs. His study of glaciers gave a m\v direction to post-Tertiary
Geology. Agassiz was elected a Foreign Member of the Linnean Society
iu 1844. In 1816 he went to America, having been appointed to a
Chair at Harvard. He devoted himself with his accustomed ardour to
investigations and problems connected with the New World. He died in
December, 1873.

Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., P.K.S. 1743-1820.

Portrait by Thomas Phillips, R.A. — Presented by Capt. Sir E.
Home, Bart., li.N., 21 May, 1819.

Marble Bust by Sir Frauds Cliautrey. — Presented by Sub-
scribers, 21 May, 1822.

Cast from the bronze Bust by the Hou. Mrs. Darner in the
Banksian Library, British Museum. — Presented by J. J.
Bennett, Esq., 3 JN"ov., 1859.

When Banks came of age he visited Newfoundland, and explored the
botany of that island and of the shore of Lapland. AVith Dr. Solander as
his companion and a band of assistants he accompanied Capt. Cook in
his first voyage round the world, forming extensive collections. He was
disappointed in not being able to join Cook in his second voyage. He
visited Iceland and Staffa in 1772. In 1778 he was elected President of
the Royal Society, occupying the Chair till his death in 1820. He was
the first Honorary Member of the Linnean Society, and liberally assisted
it in its earliest years. His house was the great centre in Ijondoii for
naturalists. His Herbarium and Library, which were freely opened to all
inquirers, were bequeathed to the British Museum after Mr. Brown's
death, uuder conditions which enabled Mr. Brown to transfer them to the
Museum iu 1827.

Et. Eev. Shute Bahrington, LL.D., Bishop of Durham. 1731-
1826.
Cast of a Bust by Abraham Behnes. — Presented by J. J.
Bennett, Esq., 3 Nov., 1859.

Dr. Barrington was Bishop of LlandatF, then of Salisbury, and finally of

.^2 PROCKEDINGS OF THK

IJuihniii. Ih- was nmcli di-voted to tlic study of Botany. He was ek-cted
»u Honorary Mt-ml)er of tin- Liiini-an Society m 1S12. Lord Bute ])re-
sented to Mrs. Harrington one of the twelve copies of his Botanical
Tables.

Thomas Bkll, F.K.S. 1792-1880.

Portrjiit hv II. W. Pickersgill, E.A. — Presented bv Subscribers,

21 May, 18o7.
^Marble Bust by Peter Slater. — Prescultd by tbe Liuneau

Club, G Nov., 1862.
Cast of a Medallion Portrait by Tupper. — Presented 1858.

Mr. Bell was Professor of Zoology at King's College, London, and the
author of many zoological works and memoirs. He w as elected a Fellow
of the Linnean Society in 1815, and President in 185."i, occii])ying the
Chair eight years. He was a good administrator ; and introduced many
ini))rovem<.'nts into the ])roceedings of the Society. The discussion of the
])a])L'rs, the annual Presidential Address, and the improved series of our
Joiunal we owe largely to Mr. Bell ; and to his ])erseverin<r efforts are due
our location in Biulington House. He was greatly beloved by all who
knew him ; his gracious ))resence in the Chair was. as I well remember,
singularly encouraging to the younger and more diffident Fellows to take
part in the business of the Meetings. Mr. Bell spent the last twenty-five
years of his life in the old house of Gilbert White.

John Joseph BErmETi, F.E.S. 1801-1875.

Portrait by — Eddis. — Presented by Subscribers, 7 May, 1863.
Cast of Bust by H. AVeekes, R.A. — Presented by Subscribers,
24 May, 1871.

'I'he colleague of Robert Brown in the Botanical Department of the
British Museum, and, after him, the Keeper of the Dei)artment until 1870.
.Vuthor of the ' Plant;c Javanicie.' Elected a Fellow in 1828 ; was
Secretary from 1840 to 18()0. On the occasion of his resignation of the
Secretariat, Mr. Bell testified to the unwearied constancy, the rare judg-
ment, the extensive and varied knowledge, the devotion to the Society's
interest, and the aff'-ctionate attachment which had all been brought to
bear upon the welfare of a Society of which he had for so long a j)eriod
been the stav and ornament, the (Ipcus et ftifamen.

Gkorgk Bentham, F.K.S. 1800-1884.

Portrait bv Lowes Dickinson. — Presented bv Subscribers,

16 Feb., 1871.
Small half-leugth "Water-Colour Avben 10 years of age.
Full-length Water-colour by Ch. Leblanc when 84 years of age.

— Buth presented by Sir Joseph D. Hooker.

His attention bting drawn to Botany by the tables in DeCaudolle's ' Flore
Franyaise,' he devoted his life to the study of plants. In 182.9 he under-
took the Honorary Secretaryship of the Horticultural Society when it was
very low, and laicl this office down in 1840, when the Society was in the
heigiit of prosperity. He published many monogiajjhs of Orders and
(jenera. the ' Flora of Hong Kouu:,' in cooperation with F. von ^Ineller
the ' Flora of .\nstralia,' and with Sir J. Hooker the ' (iencra Plantarum.'
His remarkable tenacity of purpose seemed to sustain him till this great
work was tiiiishcd, when his health began to decline, and he died 20tb Sept.,
1884. Mr. Bentham was elected a Fellow in 1828, and was President from

J.INNEAN SOCIETY' OF LONDON. ;^^

1861 to 18/4. No man ever occupied the Chair who was more whole-
hearted in his devotion to the Society, more unceasing in his lahours on
its behalf, or more liberal in its support. lie bequeathed one thousand
))ounds to the Society.

Rev. Miles Joseph BERKELEr, M.A., F.R.S. 1803-1889.

Portrait by James Peel. — Presented by Subscribers, 7 Nov.,
1878.

Mr. Berkeley was a clergyman of the Cluirch of England, first at King's
Cliffe, Wansford, and for the last twenty years of his life at Sibbertoft,
Market Harborough. He early manifested a great devotion to natural-
history pursuits. His first papers were zoological ; but he soon took up
cryptogamic botany, especially fungology ; and for many years he was
the first mycologist in England. His admirable revision of the British
species for the ' English Flora ' in 1836 gave him this position, which he
retained till his death. His ' Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany ' was
published in 1857; and his numerous memoirs jjublished in different
journals testify to a singularly active life. He was elected a Fellow of the
Society in 1879.

James Ebenezer Bicheno. 1785-1851.

Portrait by Mr. Eddis.— Presented by Mr. Bicheuo, 1 Nov.,
1842.

A barrister, and afterwards Colonial Secretary of Tasmania, where he
died in 1851. He joined this Society in 1812, and in 1824 succeeded
Mr. MacLeay as Secretary, holding the office for several years. Mr.
Bicheno attached himself to the study of British plants; but his informa-
tion on many other subjects was accurate and extensive.

Jacob Bobakt. 1599-1668.

Artist unknown. — Purchased, 1883.

When the Earl of Danby founded the Botanic Carden at O.'iford in
1G32, he placed over it Jacob Bobart, a native of Brunswick. At this
time herbaria were scarcely known. The collection of living i)lauts in
gardens was practically the only means of getting acquainted with exotic
species. The first public garden established in England was that at
Oxford, and in the Catalogue of the plants Bobart ])ublished in 1648 he
says that he had growing there no less than 1600 species, of which 600
were natives of Britain.

Pkancis Boott, M.D., F.R.S. 1792-1863.

Copy of painting by Gambardella. — Presented by Mrs. Boott,
"2 May, 1867.

Established himself as a professional man in London ; but, inheriting a
competency, he devoted his time to literature, and to the minute study
of the genus Carex, which he began to monograph in a magnificent work
in which every species was to be figured. He issued two volumes with
more than 400 plates, and the materials left Iiy him having been placed
in the hands of Sir J. D. Hooker, the work was completed in four volumes.
Dr. Boott was elected a Fellow in 1819, acted as Secretary from 1832 to
1839, and as Treasurer from 1856 to 1861. His tall and fragile figure,
clad in a high-necked blue coat with brass buttons and a buff vest, is still
remembered by many Fellows of the Society ; and his mental charac
teristics were equally striking -his force of character, his irresistible

LINN. see. i'KOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1888-89. d

^4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

kiiulliness of tiiaimer, and boumlless sympathy for all that was good aud
beautiful.

lioBKux Bkown, D.C.L., F.E.S. 1773-1858.

Portrait by II. AV. rickersgill, E. A. — Presented by Subscribers,

1 Dec, 1885.
Marble Bust by Peter Slater. — Presented by Subscribers,

7 Nov., 1801.

While studyiug medicine at Edinburgh, Brown developed a great love for
botany; and, becoming acquainted with Sir Joseidi Banks, he .iccepted an
invitation from him to accompany, as Naturalist, the expedition to Australia
under Fluulers. After four years' exploration, he returned in 180.5 with
some -1000 sjiecies of |)lants. Mr. Brown was elected an Associate of the
Society in 1 7!'^. On his return from Australia he was appointed Librarian,
a position of great importance to hiin. from the facilities it su])plied in
his working out his great collections. In 1810 he jiublished the fragment
of his ' Prodromus.' In the same year his friend Dryander died, and
Mr. Brown succeeded him as Librarian to Sir Jose])h Banks, who be-
queathed to him for life his library and collections. In accordance with
conditions in the will, Mr. Brown transferred this bequest to the British
Museum, and was appointed Keeper. Mr. Brown resigned the Librarian-
ship of the Society in 1822, and was elected a Fellow, and in 18^9 Pre-
sident, which office be retained till 1853.

The Society ijossesses water-colour drawings of the house in Montrose
in which Brown was born, and of that in Dean Street, Soho, where he died.
These were ])resented bv Mr. Kijjpist, who was Librarian to the Society
from 1842 to 1882.

Geoege Busk, F.E.S. 1807-1886.

Portrait by his daughter, Miss E. M. Busk. — Presented by
Subscribers, 11 June, 1885.

Was for twenty-five jears Surgeon to the ' Dreadnought.' Resigned in
185(), and devoted himself to scientific work. Distinguished as an eth-
nologist and zoologist. His chief study was the Polyzoa, both recent
and fossil. Ilis last work was on the Polyzoa collected during the
' Challenger ' Expedition. He was elected a Fellow in 1846, and hekl
office as Zoological Secretary from 1857 to 1868.

Allax Cl'NNIngham. 1791-1839.

AValer-colour Portrait by J. E. H. liobinson.

Was clerk to W. T. Aiton. Went as Collector for the Royal Gardens,
Kew, to Brazil with .Ta:iies Bowie, and afterwards to New South Wales,
where he was for a short time Colonial Botanist. Finding the official work
not agreeable, he resigned, visited New Zealand, and, in feeble health, was
ou his way home, when he died at Sydney on the 27th June, 183!>. He
was elected a Fellow, 18.52.

Feedeeick Cubbey, M.A., F.E.S. 1819-1881.

Crayon. — Presented by his son, Mr. F. Innes Currey, 11 June,
1885.

Though actively engaged as a barrister, he devoted much attention to
botany, aud especially to the study of Fungi. He translated Hofmeister's
' Higher Crjptogamia,' and contributed to the Transactions of the Society

LINNEAX SOCIETI' OF LONDON. 35

and other ))ublicatioiis memoirs on British and Exotic Fungi. He became
a Fellow in 1S5(), was elected to succeed Mr. Bennett as Secretary in 18(50,
and resigned this office to be Treasurer in 1880, which he held until his
death in September, 1881.

CiiAiiLEs Egbert Darwin, F.E.8. 1809-1882.

Portrait by the Hon. John Collier.— Presented by Subscribers,
24 May, 1883.

Studied medicine at Edinburgh. Relinquished medicine and went to
Cambridge to study for the Church. Influenced in his pursuits by
Llenslow and Sedgwick. Accom))anied Fitzroy on the voyage of the
' Beagle,' 1831-3G, aiul subsequently published his observations. Devoted
himself to science, and published his investigations on Coral Reefs, Vol-
canic Islands, &c. In 18-lG he began the study of Cirripedes, and
issued his nionogra])h on the group in 1854. The first sketch of ' The
Origin of Sjiecies ' appeared in the Journal of the Linnean Society m
1858, and the work itself in November 1859. His investigations into the
life-history and modifications of plants and animals were communicated to
this Society or published in independent volumes.

He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1854.

The Baron Benjamin Delessert. 1763-1847.

Cast of a Bust. — Presented by M. V. Delessert.

The liberal and enlightened ])atron of science, whose great herbarium,
extensive collection of JMollusca, and valuable library were freely open and
largely used by scientific workers in the first half of the century. These
collections were, by his will, placed at Geneva, provision having been
made by him for their maintenance and use. Elected a Foreign Member
of the Society, 1835.

James Dickson. 1737 P-1822.

Water-colour sketch by Wageuuin, March, 1822. — Presented
by Eobert Chambers, P.L.S., 1858.

Came to London to work in a nursery-garden at Brompton. Began
business in Covent Garden in 177-- Had an extensive knowledge of
British ])lants, esi)ecially the Cryptogams. Made several excursions in
the North of Scotland collecting plants. Published several fascicles of
British ))lants ; is best known by his ' Fasciculi Plantarum Cryptogami-
carum Britanniic,' and by his memoirs in the Transactions of the Society.
He was one of the original Members of the Society.

John Jacob Dillenius. 1G87-1717.

Early copy of the Portrait in the Botanic Grardens, Oxford. —
Presented by A\^. Carruthers, 24 May, 1889.

Dillenius was born at Darmstadt in 1()87. He published his Catalogue
of the Plants of Giessen in 1719. In 1721 he was induced to come to
England by Wui. Sherard with the view of assisting in the revision of
Bauhhi's ' Pinax.' His first work after settling in England was the pre-
paration of the third edition of Ray's ' Synopsis,' published in 17-4.

In 17-8 Sherard died, having bequeathed his library, herbarium, and the
untinished ' Pinax ' to Oxford University, with ,£'3000 to endow a Chair
of Botany, to which he nominated Dillenius. During his residence with his
patron's brother James at Eltham he described and figured the plants in his
garden, and in 1732 published the ' Hortus EUhamensis.' He was visited

d'2

36 PEOCEEDINGS OF TUE

by Linnjcns at Oxford in I7'"ifi; but having obtained early sheets of the
' (lene-ni Phintarum,' he strongly objected to the api)arent confusion that
Liiniicus was iutrothicing into Botany, and expressed these objections on
tlic occasion of the first interview. Linnieus was hurt at his recc])tion,
and resolved to return at unce to London ; but in a walk in the Botanic
Garden, when conversing about the plants, Dillenius was ini])ressed with
the extensive knowledge of Linnicus, and with the practical value and
easy ap|)licatiou of his method. Thereupon he pressed Linna;us to remain
ami divide with him his work and his income, but without success. The
great work by which Dillenius is bcft kno\\n is his ' Historia Muscorum,'
published in 17-11. He died suddenly in 1747 from apoplexy. Sherard's
'Pinax' remains unfinished, as Dillenius left it, in the keeping of the
Sherardian Professor.

EuwAED FoKBES, F.E.S. 181.5-1854.

Cast of a Bust by Sir Johu Steel iu the Scottish National
Portrait Gallery.— Presented by Gr. J. Romanes, Esq.

As a child he was a lover of science and a student of its literature. Ilis
original investigations were among marine invertebrates, especially the
MoUusca and Radiata. For some years he was Palaeontologist to the
Geological Survey ; aud, at the death of his former teacher, Prof. Jameson
of Edinburgh, he was elected to the vacant Chair; but delivered only a
short summer course of lectures, having died suddenly after opening the
winter session. His genial disposition made him the centre of a large
body of attached friends; and his speculative mind led him to advance
many theoretical views which rendered important service to science.

Edwakd Forstee, F.R.S. 17<^5-1849.

Portrait by Mr. Eddis. — Presented by Subscribers, 7 June, 1836.

Was early attached to the study of British i)lants, and continne<l an
ardent botanist throughout his long and active life. His h?rbarium was,
after his death, ))urchased by Robert Brown, aud is incorporated with the
Herbarium of British Plants in the British Museum. He was elected a
Fellow of the Society in 18U(), became its Treasurer in ISUi, holding the
office till his death in 1849. The memory of his kindly disposition, un-
remitting attention to the finance of the Society, aud zeal for its general
interest is not Aet forgotten.

JoHANN Hedwio. 1730-1799.

Miniature in a ring. — Presented by tiie younger Hedwig to
Sir J. E. Sinitli, aud given by Lady Smitli to Dr. F. Boott,
who presented it to the Society, 7 April, 1859.

Siu Joseph Daltox Hookeb, D.C.L., F.K.S.

Portrait by Hubert Herkomer, R.A. — Presented by Sub-
scribers, 17 April, 1890.

Elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society, 7th June, 1842. Received
the Linnean Medal on the occasion of its foundation in 1888.

Sir William Jacksox Hooker, D.C.L., F.E.S. 1785-1865.
Portrait by Gambardella. — Presented by Subscribers, 7 Nov.,

184,3.
Cast of Bust by Thos. Woolner, R.A. — Presented by H.

Christy, F.L.S., 24 May, 1859.
In 1820 he became Professor of Botany in Glasgow University. In

LINNEAN SOCIETT OF LONDON. 37

1841 appointed Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew, andwitn remarkable
energy undertook their reorganization. From the time (1816) he pub-
lished his first work (on British Jungermanniae) he continued with untiring
industry to issue from the ]iress the results of his scientific investigations.
He left behind him more numerous publications than any living botanist,
a botanical garden of unrivalled interest and value, and an immense her-
l)arium. He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1806.

JoHK Hunter, F.E.S. 1728-1793.

Copy of Bust by unknown sculptor. — Presented by J, J.
Bennett, Esq., 3 Nov., 1859.

The illustrious physiologist and surgeon. His collected works were
published, with a memoir, in 1835.

Eev. "William: Kirbt, M.A., F.E.S. 1759-1850.

"Water-colour portrait. — Presented by Sir (reorf^e MacLeay
K.C.M.G., IG Dec, 1886.

For sixty-eight years Rector of Barham, near Ipswich. First, he made
a collection of the plants of the neighboiu-hood, and then turning to ento-
raology, he added greatly to the knowledge of British insects, and pre-
sented in an interesting form his gathered information in the ' Introduction
to Entomology,' written in conjunction with Mr. Sjience, and in his
Bridgewater treatise, 'On the History, Habits, and Instincts of Animals.'
He died at Barham in 1850. He was elected a Fellow of this Society in
1796. ^

Atlmee Botjeke Lambert, r.E.8. 1761-1842.

Portrait. Painter unknown.

Portrait in crayon by Eussell. — Presented by Eobert Brown,
15 Nov., 1853.

An original Member of the Linnean Society. Mr. Lambert, being pos-
sessed of a considerable fortune, was able to devote himself to science. He
formed a large herbarium which was liberally opened to men of science.
His name will be always associated with the genus Piuus, which he mono-
graphed in two magnificent volumes. Douglas dedicated to him a fine
species which he discovered in Western America : its tall stem, horizontal
branches and huge pendent cones make it a striking feature on the slopes
of the Rocky Mountains. Lambert ])resented to the Society several papers
on the zoology and botany of Britain, and interesting biogra])hical notices
of Peter Collinson and Patrick Browne. He was, at his death in 18'42,
the last survivor of the original Members of the Society, and he had been
one of its Vice-Presidents for nearly fifty years.

John Claudius Loudon. 1783-1843.

Portrait by John Linnell. — Presented by Subscribers, 18 April
1878.

The well-known author on Agriculture and Horticulture, who, notwith-
standing a life of much suffering and infirmity, issued, almost without
intermission, a series of works of a most useful and practical character.
He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1806.

Alexander MacLeat, P.E.S. 1767-1848.

Portrait by Sir Thos. Lawrence, P.E.A. — Presented by Sub-
scribers.
Was Secretary of the Transport Board until the abolition of the Board in

38 PROCEEDTNOS OF THE

1818. Atthe request of Eiirl Bathurst, he undertook tlie office of Colonial
Secretiirv to the Govcrnnieut of New South "Wales in 1825. Was appointed
first Speaker of the Legislative Couneil in 1843. Mr. MacLeay was elected
a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1794, and succeeded our first Secretary,
Mr. Marshani, in 17^8, dischargin<> the duties of this office for twenty-
seven years, until he left for New South Wales, when the Society expressed
to him their high estimation of his unremitting and unrequited labours, and
assured him that he carried with him the cordial esteem and sincere regret
of the Fellows. ^Mr. MacLeay had an intimate know ledge of insects, and
possessed an extensive and fine collection. His great work was the ' Horae
EntomologiCcC,' in which he published his quinary system of classification.
He was the first who clearly pointed out the difference between analogies
and affinities.

Fbancis Masson. 1711-1805.

Portrait, painter unlaiow-n. — Presented hv Wm. Carrutliers.
20 Jan., 1887.

Masson was for some time a gardener at Kevv. He was sent out in 177-,
at the suggestion of Sir Joseph Banks, to the Cape of Good Hope to collect
seeds and plants for the Royal Gardens. After a visit to England, he again
left in 177fi, visitnig Madeira, the Canary Isles, several of the West Indies,
then Portugal, and finally reaching again the Cape. In 17^5 he returned
to England, and published his ' Stapelise Nova3.' In 1797 he went to
America to collect new plants, and, after travelling about, he reached
Montreal, where he died in December 1805. He was elected a Fellow,
1796.

William George Maton, M.D., F.E.W. 1774-1835.

Cast of Bust by W. Belmes. — Presented by Eobcrt Brown.

Maton was a distinguished British naturalist. He published a volume on
the Natural History of the Western Counties in 1797; and a posthumous
work on the Natural History of Wiltshire appeared in 1843. He was
elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1794.

AncniBALD Menzies. 1754-1812.

Portrait by Mr. Eddis. — Presented by Subscribers, 15 Nov.,
183G.

Was Naturalist and Surgeon on board the ' Discovery,' under Van-
couver, and visited Australia, New Zealand, Tahiti, the Sandwich Islands ,
and North-West America, bringing home extensive collections which he
freely communicated to scientific workers. He pul)lished in the Trans-
actions of the Society a valuable monograph of the genus Polyirichuni.
Early in the century he settled as a medical man in London, still coa-
tiuuing to devote his leisure to botanical i)nrsuits. He was elected a
I'Y'Uow of the Linnean Society in 1790. He died at Notting Ilill in his
88th year.

John Miers, F.R.S. 1789-1879.

A small Oil-painting from a photograph. — Presented by bis son,
Mr. J. W. Miers, 24 June, 1881.

Early in life Mr. Miers went to South Ainerica, and while carrying onim-
jtortant professional work he found time to make extensive collections of
|)lants, and recorded many ol)sc'rvations regarding their structure and
habits in his journeys across that continent. lie returned to England in

LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 39

1838, and settling in London he devoted himself to the working out of the
valuable materials he had collected. He published numerous memoirs
in the Society's ' Transactions,' or in independent works. He was able to
continue his labours to the close of his long life. He died in the end of
187!^ esteemed by all who knew him for his genial manners and upright
character. He was elected a Fellow of the Linuean Society in 1839.

St. George Jackson Mivakt, M.D., P.E.S.

Portrait by Miss Solomon. — Presented by Subscribers, 24 May,
1881.

Elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society, 24 March, 18(12, and was
Zoological Secretary from 18/4 to 1880.

Colonel George Montagf. 1753-1815.

Miniature.

Elected a Fellow, 1/95.

Bequeathed by H. Dorville, Esq., together with interleaved and anno-
tated copies of Montagu's ' Ornithological Dictionary ' and ' Testacea
Britannica,' together with the coloured drawings from which the illustra-
tions of these works were made, and several volumes of liis unpublished
manuscripts. Received from the Executor, 3rd Dec. 1874.

Jonathan Pereira, M.D., F.R.S. 1804-1853.

Copy of a Bust hj McDowall. — Presented by Mrs. Pereira
18 Marcli, 1858.

The well-known pharmacologist, author of the ' Elements of Materia
Medica,' and lecturer at the London Hospital and to the Pharmaceutical
Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society, in 1828.

"William Pilkington. 1758-1848.

Pencil sketch. — Bequeathed by Dr. Maton.

An architect who devoted his leisure to botany, conchology, and
mineralogy. He formed a herbarium as well as fine collections of shells
and minerals, was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society on 17th
March, 1795, and published a "Description of some Fossil Shells found
in Hants " in the Transactions of the Society.

Richard Pltltenev, M.D., P.E.S. 17;30-1801.

Portrait by S. Beach, 1788.

Began his professional life at Leicester, removed to London, and then to
Blanford. He was a regular contributor of popular papers on Natural
History to the ' Gentleman's Magazine,' the author of ' A General View
of the Writings of Linnanis,' and the ' Historical and Biographica
Sketches of the Progress of Botany in England, from its Origin to the
Introduction of the Linnican System.' He was elected a Fellow of the
Society in 1790, and bequeathed his collections to the Society.

Eev. Thomas Eackett. 1755-1840.

Pencil sketch, bequeathed by Dr. Maton.

Author of several memoirs on British Zoolos^y. Elected a Fellow,
1795.

40

PROCEEDLNGS OF THE

JouN Eay. 1697-1705.

Copy of Bust by Koubilliae. — Prcscuted by Mr. J. Van Voorst,
'15 Dec, 1859.

He was the father of the critical knowledge of British Plants, as well as
of the Natural Systems in Zoology and Botany. The merits of the bi-
nominal nomenclature and the ])lain and easy classification of the Linnean
System overshadowed Hay and his System ; l)ut when his method aj^ain
cnicrp:cd, the lahonrs of the Jnssicus, Brown, and others have secured for
it universal adoption.

Henry Setmer. 1745-1800.

Portrait, painter unknown. — Presented by Mr. A. B. Lambert,
V.P.L.S.

"Was a great collector of Natural History specimens, especially insects,
shells, and minerals. He carried on an extensive correspondence with the
naturalists of his time, and was intimate with some of the founders of the
Linnean Society. In his memory Pursh named a genus of plants Sey-
meria. Mr. Seymer resided at Hanford, Dorset.

Sir James Edward Smith, M.D., F.E.S. 1759-1828.

Portrait, painter unknown.
Bust by Sir Francis Chantrey, E.A. — Presented by Subscribers,

24 May, 1S25.
Cast of Bust, sculptor unknown.— Presented by Mr. J. J.
Bennett, 3 Nov., 1859.

Early manifested a love for botany, studied at Edinburgh. On the
death of the younger Linnaeus he acquired at the suggestion of Sir
.Toseph Banks, and by the liberality of his father, the whole of the collec-
tions, library and manuscripts of Linnaus, purchasing them from the
widow for .^1088. He settled in London with the view of practising
medicine, and in 1/88 he founded the Linnean Society and was chosen its
first President. In 1796 he removed to Norwich. He was the author of
the text to Sowerby's ' English Botany,' and from Sibthorpe's materials
he iirepared the ' Flora Graeca.' He also published 'Flora Britannica'
and the ' English Flora,' and wrote the botanical articles, and the menu)irs
of botanists in Rees's ' CyeloptTdia.' He continued President of the
Society for forty years, until his death in 1828.

The Society possesses a portrait in oil of Lady Smith, from a photo-
graph taken in her I'.undredth year (18/2), said to be a very characteristic
likeness. Presented by Mr. Henry Stevenson, F.L.S., 24 May, 1884.

Daniel Charles Solander, M.D., F.E.S. 173G-1782.

Portrait, painter unknown. — Presented by E. A. Salisbury.

A distinguished pupil of Linnaeus, who accompanied Sir Josejdi Banks
in Captain Cook's first voyage round the World. In 1 773 he was
appointed Kee])er of the Department of Printed Books in the British
Museum. He continued to work u]) the extensive collections of plants
and animals which had been collected during the voyage ; but his sudden
death from apoi)lexy, in 1/82, at the early age of 46, arrested the work.
He was no less esteemed for his polite and agreeable manners than for his
extensive knowledge.

LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 4 1

Et. Eev. Edward Stanley, D.D., E.E.S., Bishop of Norwich.

1779-1849.
Portrait by J. H. Maguire. — Presented by Subscribers, 24

May, 1850.
Copy of Bust by W. Behnes. — Presented by E. Brown.

"Was Rector of Aklcrley for more than thirty years. His favourite
relaxation uas the investigation of the habits of birds. In 183/ he was
noniiiiaied to the see of Norwich, and during an episcopate of twelve years
he was universally respected and esteemed. He became a Fellow of the
Society in 1S28, and was elected to be President in 18,'>7, holding the
office to within a few months of his death. lie was characterized by a
l)enevolence of disposition, frankness of manners, and warm enthusiasm of
temper which made a deep impression on all, and singularly endeared him
to the members of the Societ}'.

Nathaniel Wallich, M.D., F.E.S. 1786-1854.

Portrait by Lucas. — Presented by Mrs. Smith, 6 Nov.,

1838.

A native of Copenhagen, he went to India in 1807 as surgeon to the
Danish Settlement at Serampore. He entered the medical service of the
East India Comjiany, and received the charge of the Botanic Gardens,
Calcutta, in 1815. By his extensive explorations, his important publi-
cations, and by the enormous collections which lie liberally distributed
among the great public establishments and principal private herbaria of
the World, he rendered immense service to the Botany of India. The
type collection, containing a comj)lete series of all the species, was, on his
recommendation, presented by the Court of Directors to this Society, and
now occupies the series of cases in the Council Room. He was elected a
Fellow in 1818, and was nominated a Vice-President bv Mr. Brown in
1849.

Nathaniel Bagshaw Wakd, F.E.S. 1791-18G8.

Portrait by J. P. Kuipht. — Presented by Subscribers, 24 May,

1858.

A medical man in the East of London, who found time amidst the duties
of his anxious and laborious ])rofcssion to prosecute Ijotaiiical studies.
He was an active member, and then Master of the Apothecaries' Company.
He used all his opportunities, whether as a public man or a ])rivate friend,
to develo)) a taste for science. He had a singularly charming manner,
v>as utterly free from all vanity or self-love, and ever ready to encourage
anything good or true in others. His most useful and admirable in-
vention of closely glazed cases for the growth of plants enabled him
not only to make his own home beautiful, but to introduce an elevating
pleasure into numberless others. The artist has happily represented him
with the Wardian case which was such a continual source of pleasure to
him at his house at Clapham. He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean
Society in 1817-

AVilliam Taerell, F.E.S. 1784-185G.

Portrait by Mrs. Carpenter. — Presented by Subscribers, 24

May, 1839.
Medallion.— Presented by Mr. J. Van Voorst, 15 Dec, 1859.
Drawn to the study of Natural History by his love for field sjiorts.

42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

His 'History of British Fishes,' piihhshed in 18.'^fi, was the first of Mr.
Van Voorst's tine scries of works on the Natural History of the British
Islands. This was followed in 18-1.'^ hy his ' History of British Birds,' the
third edition of which was jmhlished dnring the year in which he died.
Thou<'h actively engaged in bnsiness, he found time for scientific
work, and was the author of many ])apers in the ' Transactions' of the
Liniican Society and in other publications. He was a thoroughly amiable,
estimable, and honourable man. He was elected a rdlow of the Linnean
Society in 1825, and was Treasurer from 184!) till his death in 1856.

The Society possesses Evgrnved or Lithographed Portraits of
the folhxvinf/ Fellows'. —

Sin Joseph Baxks, Bart. 1743-1820.

Engraving, by William Daniell, of drawing by George Dance,

1803. Engraving, by J. Collyer, of portrait by J. Russell,

E.A., 17S9. Engraving, by S. Cousins, of Statue by Sir

E, Chantrey.

Wtlltam Baxter. 1784-1871.

Engraving, by J. "WhesselJ, irom a drawing by A. Burt.

Elected an Associate, 1817.

JouN Joseph Benkett. 1801-1875.

Lithograpli from Photograph.

Key. Leonard Blomefielt), M.A.
Enlarged photograph.
Elected a Fellow in 1822.

William Arnold Bromeield, M.D. 1800-1850.

Lithograpli, li. I. Lane, from drawing by ]Mi?s Knowlcs.
Elected a Fellow in I8.'j().

Sir William Bowman, LL.D., F.R.S.

Engraving, by John C. Wells, of portrait by W. A\ . Oiiless.

Elected a Fellow in 1SG(5.

Robert Brown. 1773-1858.

Engraving, by Ciiarles Eox, from a painting by IT. AV. Pickers-
gill.
Lithograph by J. H. Maguire (Ipswich Series).

Sir Thomas Browne, M.D. 100.J-1G82.

Lithograph from original painting at Norwich.

William John Blrchell, D.C.L. 1782-18G3.

Lithograph by J. H. Maguire (Ipswich Series).

Elected a Fellow, 1803.

John George Children, F.R.S. 1777-18-52.

Engraving, by W. Raddon, of painting by Eddis.

Elected a Fellow in 180/.

tjxneax society of london. 43

Hugh Cuming, F.R.S. ^ 1791-1865.

Lithograph by J. H. Maguire (Ipswich Series).
Elected a Fellow, 1832.

John Curtis. 1791-1802.

Lithograph by J. H. Maguire (Tpswicli Series).
Elected a Fellow, 1822.

William Curtis. 1/46-1799.

Engraving, 1800.
Original Fellow.

Charles Egbert Darwin. 1809-1882.

Lithograpli by J. H. Maguire (Ipswich Series).
Etching from the picture by the Hon. John Collier.

Lewis Weston Uillwyn, M.P. 1778-1855.

Lithograph. E. U. Eddis, delt. 1833.
Elected a Fellow ia 1800.

Edward Doubledat. 1811-1849.

Lithograph by J. H. Maguire (Ipswich Series).

Elected a Fellow in 1843.

David Douglas. 1798-1834.

Lithograph.

Elected an Associate, 1824, and a Fellow in 1828.

John Edward Gray, E.E.S. 1800-1875,

Lithograph by J. H. Maguire (Ipswich Series).
Bronze Medal by G. Adams, 1863.
Elected a Fellow, 18.57.

George Robert Gray. 1808-1872.

Lithograph of profile.
Elected a Fellow, 1845.

Rey. James Hamilton, D.D. 1814-1807.

Engraving by Geo. B. Shaw of picture by II. Annelay.

Elected a Fellow, 1848.

Daniel Hanbury. 1825-1875.

Eugi-aving, C. H. Jeens.
Elected a Fellow, 1855. Treasurer at the time of his death.

Adrian Hardy Hawortei. 1767-1833.

Lithograph by Weld Taylor.

Sir Joseph Daltox Hooker, F.E.S.

Lithograph by J. H. Maguii'e (Ipswich Series).

44 proceedings of the

Sir AVii.ltam Jacksok Hooker, F.E.S. 1785-1865.

Mezzotint of jiainting by Gambardella.

Thomas IIorsfield, M.D., F.R.S. 1773-1850.

Lithograph by J. Erxleben, 1842.
Elected a Fellow in 1820.

George Johnston, M.D. 1797-1855.

Engraving, by T. ]3onnar, from a painting by "W. Bonnar.

Rev. WiLLiAAr Kirby, F.E.S. _ 1759-1850.

Lithograpli by J. II. Magnire (Ipswich Series).

Thomas Andrew Knight, F.R.S. 1759-1838.

Engraving, by S. (Cousins, irom a painting by Solomon Cole.
Elected a Fellow, 1807.

Atlmer Bourke Lambert, F.R.S. 1761-1842.

Engraving, by W. Evans, of drawing by II. Edridge.

John Lindlev, LL.D., F.R.S. 1799-1865.

Lithograph by J. H. Magnire (Ipswich Series).
Elected a Fellow, 1820.

Alexander MacLeay, F.R.S. 1767-1848,

Engraving, by Ciiarles Fox, of painting by Sir Thomas
Lawrence,

William George Maton, M.D., F.R.S. 1774-1835.

Lithograph.

Thomas Nuttall. 1786-1859.

Lithograpli.
Elected .1 Fellow, 181,3.

Sir Richard Owen, U.CL., F.R.S.

Lithograpli by J. If. Magnire (Ipswich Series).
Plioto engraving from photograph by Elliott and Fry.
Engraving from painting by 11. 1. Thaddens, presented by Frank
Owen, Esq.

Elected a Fellow, 183(i.

Robert Patterson,

Lithograph by J, IT. Maguire (Ipswich Series),

Thomas Pennant, 1726-1798.

Engraving, by J. K. Sherwin 1778, of painting by Gains-
boron gh.

Elected Honorary Member, 17'^-J.

LINNEAN SOCIETy OF LONDON. 45

ElCHABD PCLTENET, M.D., F.E.S. 1730-1801.

Eugraviug, by P. Roberts, of painting by T. Beach.

Sir TnoMAs Stamfoud Eaffles.

Eugraving, by S. Cousins, of drawing by H. Corbould of

Chantrey's bust.
Elected a Fellow in 1825.

LovELL Reeve. 1814-1865.

Lithograph by J. H. Maguire (Ipswich Series).

Elected a Fellow, 1846.

Joseph Sabine, F.R.S. 1770-1837.

Lithograph : drawu by Elizabeth Rigby, 1834.

Elected a Fellow, 1798.

Philip Ltttley Scla.teu, F.R.S.
Lithograph by Akim, 1873.

Elected a Fellow, 183(i.

Berthold Seemann, Ph.D. 1825-1871.

Lithograph from photograph.
Elected a Fellow, 1852.

Prideaux John Selbj-. 1789-1867.

Lithograph by J. H. Maguire (Ipswich Series).

Elected a Fellow, 1826.

Sir James Edward Smitei, M.D., F.R.S. 1759-1828.

Engraving, by F. C. Lewis, of drawing by W. Lane.

Daniel Charles Solander, M.D., F.R.S. 1736-1782-

Eugraving without name.

Oval medallion presented by Dryander.

James Sowerbt. 1757-1822.

Engraving, by J. C. Edwards, of painting by T. Heaply.
Elected an Associate, 1788 ; a Fellow, 1793.

William Spenoe, F.R.S. 1783-1860.

Engraving, by W. Ruddou, of painting by Masqueriere.
Elected a Fellow, 1806.

Richard Taylor. 1781-1858.

Eugraving by R. Hicks.

Lithograph by J. H. Maguire (Ipswich Series).
Elected a Fellow iu 1807.

Nathaniel Wallich, M.D., F.R.S. 1786-1854.

Litliograph from a painting by A. Robertson.
Lithograph by J. H. Maguire (Ipswich Series).
Engraving of painting by John Lucas.

4^> I'KOOEEUliNCiS or TIIK

.lollN OUADIAH AVkSTWOOU, M.A.

Jiitliogni]))! by J. H. Maguii'c (Tph^wich Series).
Klfcttil a Follow, 18l'7.

LiLi-vWiGO. 17'19-1829.

AViitcr-colour sketch by Charles John Paget, 1828.
Elected an Associate, IJ^O.

JosKi'ii AVooDs. 177G-18(jl.

Lithograph : J. S. Colmtui delt. 1822.

Elected a Fellow in 1801.

AVii.LiAM TAnuKLL, F.E.S. 1781-1850.

Lilliograph by J. 11. Maguire (Ipswich (Series).

Mr. 11. T. Staiiitoii tlien moved the followiug resolution, viz. :
"That the thanks of the Society be given to the President for
liis excellent address, and that he be requested to allow it to be
printed." This having been seconded by Mr. John Hopkinson,
was carried unanimously.

The Senior Secretary read the obituary notices of deceased
Fellows, as follows : —

Obituauy Notices.

Kev. CiiUKCUiLL Babinoton, was born at Eoeclifte, in Leices-
tershire, March 11, 1821, his father being the incumbent of
Thringstone in that county. His lather being an excellent
scholar, he received his early education chiefly at home, and after-
wards he entered at St. John's College, Cambridge, in October
1839, graduating as Senior Optime and seventh in the First Class,
Classical Tripos, in 1843. On March 30, 184G, he was elected
Fellow of his College, and immediately after he started on a tour
to the South of Euro])e, visiting his parents at Messina, as the
then state of his father's health had compelled them to take up
their abode there. He made large collections, both of plants and
of lioman antiquities, whilst in Italy, and on his return he settled
at Cambridge as resident Fellow and occupied himself with
literary and scientific pursuits. He must have already devoted
considerable attention to Lichens, for in the next year, 1847, he
determined those for the ' Flora Antarctica ' of Sir Josepli Hooker,
who therein speaks of Babingtou's profound knowledge of the

linneAlX soouktv of londox. 47

forms of this difficult order and acquaiutaucc with the most receut
writings of European licheiiologista. Otlxer collectious he worked
up were those of Seexnanu's Arctic Lieheas iu Hooker's ' Journal
of Botany ' for 1851, and those of the ' Herald,' and the
Lichens of Sfcrachey aud Winterbottom in 1817-18 ; thg Lichens
of New Zealand were also elaborated by him, and were afterwards
referred to by Sir Joseph Hooker as the production of a learned
man and sagacious lichenist. He had also a good knowledge of
flowering plants and, in coujuaction with the Hqv. AndrewBloxam,
he drew up a list of those growing in Charnwood Forest, which
was published in T. 11. Potter's account of that part of Leicester-
shire in 1812, and a list for the whole county in Watson's ' New
Botanists' Guide.' The chapelry of Horningsey, in Cambridge-
shire, was held by him from 181G to 1861 ; but in 1866 he was
presented to the living of Cockfield, Suffolk, which he held until
his death. In 1869 he married Matilda AVhyte, the third daughter
of Colonel J. A. Wilson, E..A. He took the degree of Doctor of
Divinity in 1879, and the following year he was elected an
Honorary Fellow of his College. One of the last works upon
which he was occupied was the ' Birds of Suffolk,' which appeared
in 1886, and he largely contributed to Dr. Hinds's ' Flora of
Suffolk ' now in course of preparation. His strength was never
fully recovered after a very severe illness four years before his
decease in 1889. On January 3rd of that year he was attacked
by rheumatic fever, died on the 12th of that month, and was
buried on the 17th in his old parish of Cockfield.

It was as a naturalist tliat we knew him best ; but no account
of him would be approximately complete without some reference
to his distinguished attainments as a profound and elegant
scholar. He was the most eminent Greek palaeographer resident
at Cambridge in his day, aud he edited the ' Oration of Hyperides'
from a difficult papyrus in the British Museum.

He was elected a Fellow of this Society January 18, 1853 ;
but so long ago as 1839 a paper by him on " British Lichens and
Fungi " had been coannuuicated to the Society, of which an
abstract will be found in our ' Proceedings,' i. (1839) p. 32.

William Hellieh BiiLif was born at Bristol, July 7, 1819.
At the age of eighteen he entered the Bristol Museum as Assist-
ant Curator, and held that post for seven years. Inheriting the
artistic tastes of liis grandfather, father, and uncle — the latter
being the well-known sculptor and Academician — he was attached
in 1811 as draughtsman to the Geological Survey of Great Britain ;
and in the following year was appointed Assistant Geologist
under Sir Henry Do la Beche, his duties being conhucd to pakc-
ontological work. In 1857 he was appointed Palajontologist to
the Irish Survey, a post he held until his death. In 1868 he was
appointed Demonstrator in Palseoutology to the Royal College of
Science for Ireland.

48 PROCEEDINGS OP THE

Mr. Baily's published works and papers, which are upwards of
forty in number, are all on palajontological and kindred subjects.
Ilis most ini])ortant work was the ' Figures of Cliaracteristic
Hritisli Fossils ' with descriptive remarks, of whicli, however, only
the Palffiiozoic portion was published, as the undertaking unfor-
tunately did not prove a financial success. In these works,
and in his numerous carefully executed plates and figures Mr.
Baily has left behind him a lasting record, not only of his ability
and artistic power, but also of his extensive range of palieon-
tological knowledge.

He was elected a Fellow of this Society March 19, 1863, and
died at Eathmines, near Dublin, on August 6, 1888, at the age
of sixty-nine.

Dr. Hunter Jackson Barron was born in 1857. He was educated
for the medical profession and studied at Edinburgh, where he took
Sir Wyville Thomson's special silver medal for practical zoology
in 1879. His taste for natural history was deeply rooted, and he
continued throughout life an ardent student worthy of that school
which has produced so many able naturalists. He devoted his
attention especially to the British Mollusca, of which he formed
an extensive and carefully arranged collection. This collection
he bequeathed to the Council of this Society as Trustees to be
placed in some institution where it might be utilized and pre-
served intact, and it is now in the possession of the Mason
Science College at Birmingham.

Outside the duties of his profession and his scientific pursuits.
Dr. Hunter Barron took great interest in, and did much to
popularize, the art of swimming, being well known as an expert
amateur swimmer. He died at the early age of thirty-one, on
ihe 9th February, 1888, at his residence, The Hawthorns, Finchley,
after a long illness borne with great fortitude.

He was elected a Fellow of this Society in 1887.

TnoMAS Henry Potts, the well-known New-Zealand ornith-
ologist, died during the past year. Mr. Potts's name has been
connected with the natural history of New Zealand for a number
of years, and his observations on the nesting and life-history of
the birds of his native country are among the most interesting
contributions to the Transactions of the New-Zealand Institute.
He was elected a Fellow of this Society, January 18, 1872.

Heinrick Gustav Eeiciienback was the son of the Dresden
Professor of Botany, Hcinrich Gfottlieb Eeichenbach, and was
born at Leipzig 3rd .January, 1823. His early training under his
father familiarized him with botanical topics, and when he was
about eighteen years of age he turned his special attention to

LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. 49

the Orchids, which, during nearly lialf a century, were his close
and all-absorbing study.

It was quite appro])riate that when iie became associated with
bis father's great work, the ' Icones Florte Germanictc et Helve-
tia%' his first care sliould be the Orchids ; this volume appeared
in 1851, followed, in 1852, by his thesis, ' De pollinis Orchidearum
genesis ac structura,' which procured for him the appointment of
University Lecturer at Leipzig, rising in 1855 to the rank of
Extraordinary Professor in the same University.

Next appeared Eeichenbach's most valuable contribution to
Orchidic literature, his elaboration of the waxy-pollened species
in A¥alpers's ' Auuales,' vol. vi., his px'ojected continuation un-
happily remaining unperformed; this came out in 185G ; but in
1854 he started a quarto work, ' Xenia Orchidacea : Beitriige zur
Orcbideenkunde,' which has slowly gone ou, the first volume
being completed in 1858, until at the present time it stands at
the third part af the third volume, bearing the date of 1883.
In 18G5 his father celebrated his jubilee as a member of the
University staff, and the same day the son was elected a
member of the Academia Naturse Curiosorum, under the name of
" Eichard."

The year 1863 witnessed the choice of Reichenbach as successor
to the chair of Botany at Hamburgh, vacant by the death of Leh-
mann, three years before, he being one of five competitors for the
post. With this was coupled the duty of Director of the
Botanical Garden at that place.

Another quarto volume was soon begun here, entitled ' Otia
botanica Hamburgensia,' in 1878, which, like its fellow above
mentioned, is still incomplete. A third production on the
same scale, but fortunately finished, is liis 'Beitriige zur
Orchideeiikuude Central-Americas,' forming part of the 35th
volume of the Nov. Acta Acad. Nat. Cur. in 1870; but the
bulk of his work from that time forward lay in descriptions
in magazines, chieHy the ' Hamburger Grarten-Zeitung,' ' Mora,'
' Linnsea,' ' The Gardeners' Chronicle,' and ' Reicheubachia.'

A frequent visitor to this country, his distinct personality was
known to all, whilst his conversation was constantly enlivened by
sarcastic witticisms. He was jealous to excess of any supposed
encroachment on his special prcserv'i ; his resentment of the same
was characteristic, and oven amusing to those who were merely
onlookers and were not exposed to the brunt of his attacks.
During the last thirty years, that is since Lindley ceased to labour
on these plants, lieiclienbach has been the sponsor of an innu-
merable host of new species, varieties, and hybrids ; every scrap
or drawing or memorandum was carefully hoarded for his her-
barium. This, therefore, has become the key to his life-long
labours, and the destination of it will be eagerly awaited ; a care-
ful working of it by competent hands will be needed to clear up
the many puzzles in his descriptions, which of late years had

LINN. SOC. PliOCEEDINGS. — ^SESSION 1888-89. 6

5© PHOCKKDINOS OF THP:

assumed an edoteric character, presuiniug ou an almost equal
kuovvledge of plants to that possessed by the author. The
state of his herbarium is also quite uukuowu, for during long
years past no botanist has been permitted to have even a glimpse
of the collection.

At liis last visit to this country lleichenbach was looking for-
ward to his retirement from the professorial chair, with prolonged
visits to Kew, and the preparation of a projected 'Index E-eichen-
liachianus,' which was to give a much needed guide to the widely-
scattered descriptions of species and varieties; but this last, if
even begun, is unfinished.

At the Ghent Exhibition of 1888 it was noticed he was
looking unwell, and had shrunk from his accustomed portliness ;
nevertheless the news of his death, on the 6th of May, 1889, at
Hamburg, came as a surprise to everyone in this country. By
iiis death a gaj) is made wliich no one man is ever likely to fill.

He was elected a Foreign Member of tiiis Society on Mav 1,
1879.

[Since the foregoing was drawn up, intelligence has reached us
of the testamentary disposition of his herbarium. Eeichenbach
directs his collections to be offered to the Vienna Museum on
condition that they be kept intact in sealed boxes for the full
term of twenty-five years from the date of iiis death. If declined
on these terms, a similar oft'er is to be made in succession to TJp-
sala. Harvard, and the Jardin des Plantes, Paris. Thus of three
great botanic centres, Berlin and London (British Museum and
Kew) are quite shut out, and Paris only has the fourth chance.
The Vienna Muiieum has accepted the bequest on these con-
ditions.]

Hexry Stevkxsox was born at Norwich on the 80th March,
18:^3, and died there ou the 18th August, 1SS8, aged fifty-eight.
As pro])rietor of ' The Norfolk Chronicle,' his life was devoted
to literary work. Secretary for some time of the jN"orfolk and
Norwich Naturalists' Society and President in 1871-72, he was
a frequent contributor to the ' Transactions ' of that Society,
' The Ibis,' 'The Zoologist,' and other ])eriodicals ; he was well
known as an accurate observer of Nature and an able writer on the
haunts and habits of the animals he loved to study. He was the
autlior of an important work on the ' Birds of Norfolk,' in three
viijuiiies which ai)peared at intervals in the years 18GG, 1870, and
1890. The third volume was edited after his death by his friend.
Thomas Southwell, of Norwich, and contains an extended memoir
of hiui.

He was elected a I'ellow of this Society 3rd November, 1864;
and the Society owes to his generosity the portrait of the late
Lady Smith (wife of Sir James Smith, our first President) taken in
lier 100th year, which now haugs in the Library.

LFNNKAN SOCIKTV OF LONDOiV. 5I

The Linnean Gold Meual.

The Linneaii Gold Medal for the year was then presented to
M. Alplionse De Candolle, of Geneva, who had appointed his
graudsou, M. Augustin De Caudollo, accompanied bv Dr. Marcet,
to receive it.

In presenting it the President said : —

It is a great satisfaction to me to place in your Jiands,for trans-
mission to your distinguished grandfather, the Linnean Medal, in
recognition of his many important services to botanical science.
These services have been so great, and are so universally
acknowledged, that it is unnecessaiy for me to do more than
refer to them. His many systematic monographs justify his
being awarded any honour that botanists can confer. His philo-
sophical treatment of the geograpliical distribution of plants has
greatly advanced this department of science, and his successful
codification of the laws of botanical nomenclature has been of the
greatest practical service to systematists. But botanists will always
look with gratitude to Alphonse De Candolle for the successful
carrying on of Ihe gigantic enterprise inaugurated by his father
when he undertook the publication of the ' Prodromus Systematis
Naturalis Eegni Vegetabilis.' By his own work, by securing the
aid of accomplished collahorateurs, and perhaps not least by the
plodding toil of reading the proof-sheets volume after volume ot
dry systematic descriptions during the 32 years in wdiicli he took
charge of the ' Prodromus,' he has laid science under a debt which
eainiot be estimated. The work as now completed contains de-
scriptions of all the species of Dicotyledonous Phanerogams and
of Gymnosperms, as far as tiiey were known at the time the
diflfereut volnmes were published, amounting to nearly 60,000.

By his numerous labours Alphonse De Candolle has added
lustre to a name that had already obtained a first place among
botanists. His sou, Casimir, maintains the credit of that name,
and now, in handing this medal to yon, the repi'esentative of the
fourth generation, may I venture to hope that this imperfect note
of the services rendered to science by Alphonse De Candolle
may help you to realize the honour of the name 30U inherit, and
encoui"age you by similar true and honest labour to transmit it
with added renown to posterity ?

Dr. Marcet, on behalf of M. De Candolle, having made a
suitable reply, the proceedings terminated.

52

I'ROCEEDINaS OF THE

JuneOth, 1889.
AVii.i.iA.M Cahkltuers, 1MI..S., President, in the Chair.

The INIinutes of the Anniversary Meeting were read and cou-
Hruied.

The Eight Hon. T1)C Marquis of Lothian, the Eev. AVilliani
Williams, C. S. Wikl, Esq., and William Schaus, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

The President nominated Dr. John Anderson, Mr. John Gil-
bert IJaker, Dr. Eobert Braithwaite, and Mr. Frank Crisp to be
A'ice-Presideuts for the ensuing year.

A cireular received from the Botanical Society of France, rela-
tive to a Botanical Congress pro])osed to be held iu Paris in
August, was read from the Chair.

Prof. P. M. Duncan exhibited under the microscope the ambu-
lacral tentacles of Cidaris i)apillata, and drew attention to the
fact (stated to be hitherto unrecorded) that the tentacles of the
abactinal region of the test differ in form and character from
those of the actinal region. The latter have a well-developed
terminal disc and are richly spiculated ; whereas the abactinal
tentacles have no disc, but terminate distally in a pointed ex-
tremity, and the spicules present are few in number and dift'erent
in form as compared with those in the actinal tentacles.

Mr. S. J. Narracott showed a singular fasciated growth of
lianunciilus sceleratus found at Castlebar Hill, Ealing.

Mr. H. B. Hewetson showed under the microscope a parasite
of Pallas's Saiul-G-rouse, S^rrJiajjfes 2)fO'adoxi(S,ta\s.en from a bird
killed in Yorkshire.

Dr. Chas. Cogswell showed some examples of Jerusalem Arti-
choke and Potato to illustrate the spiral development of the
shoots from right to left.

Captain Moloney (Governor of Lagos) exhibited a collection of
Birds and Insects i'rom the Gambia.

Mr. Clement lleid exhibited some fossil plants from a uewly
discovered Pleistocene deposit at South Crop, Southelmham, near
Harieston.

Mr. ])aniel Morris exhibited the so-called Miraculous Berry,
ISidi' o.Vuloii Jutcijcriiin, and Miraculous Fruit, Plirj/nium Da-
niel//, now i-eferred to the genus T/iauma/ococcus, living specimens
of which had lately been received at Kew from Governor Mo-
loney at Lagcs. These fruits have the power of imparting to the
palate a sensation which renders it possible to partake of sour
substances, and even of tartaric acid, lime-juice, and vinegar, and
sjjives them a flavour of absolute sweetness. Accounts of these

LINNEAN SOCIETr OF LONDON. 53

plants may be fouud in the ' Pharmaceutical Journal,' 1852,
p. 445, and 1855, p. 159.

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited specimens ofAnf/'ar/'s to.rienria,
the Upas tree, and Strophanihis Komle, to show the similarity
of the foliage between these two highly poisonous plants.

The following paper was then read : —

" A Revision of the British Willows." Bv Dr. F. Buchanan
White, r.L.S.

.lunc 20th, 1889.
William CAi^raTTiiERS, r.E.8., President, in the Chair.
The JNIinutes of the last Meeting were read and condrmed.

Alfred Denny, Esq., Robcrb INEiller Christy, Esq., and John
Eraser, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Dr. II. Triinen exhibited specimens and drawings of the Tuber-
culated Lime of Ceylon.

Governor Moloney, of the Colony of Lagos, West Africa, ex-
hibited an extensive collection of Butterflies and Moths, the result
of twelve-months' collecting during the rainy season ; these had
been named and arranged by Mr. Herbert Druce, F.L.S. A few
Chelonians were also exhibited, belonging to the genera Trionyjc,
Sternotlicenis, and Cinixys, and a remarkably large block of resi-
nous gum, which, in the opinion of Prof. Oliver, was referable to
some species of Bani cilia, and which had been found in Ijo
Country. As an article of commerce it possessed the advantage
of requiring a heat of G00° F. to " run " it, so as to unite wifcii
linseed oil in the manufacture of varnish. In addition to these
specimens, Governor Moloney exhibited some long bows and cross
bows, obtained through chiefs of Ibadan from some battle-field
in that neighbourhood, and used by nations 800 miles from the
eoast-line.

Prof. Stewart next exhibited isome skulls, adult and immature,
of Ornitliorlnjnclms paradoxus, and explained the veiy curious
dentition of this animal,

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Mammals, Beptiles, and Batrachians of the Mergui
Archipelago." By Dr. John Anderson, F.E.8.

2. " On Prolonged Vitality in a Fritillary Bulb." By Charles
Paoke, F.L.S. (For Abstract, see p. 57.}

A demonstration on Animal Locomotion was then given by
Mr. E. Muybridge, illustrated by projections on the screen, by
oxyhydrogen light, of instantaneous photographs taken by him
to which motion was imparted by means of the zoopraxiscope.

54

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Coutribution to the Natural History of the Kaugaroo-Island
Grass-tree {Xanthorrhoea Tateana, F. Muell.). By J. Gr. O.
TEi'PEit, F.L.S.

[Eead 17th January, 1889.]
(Abstract.)

The Grass-trees form the geuus Xantliorr'hcea and comprise a
number of speL-ies, all Australian, I have had the opportunity
of observing four, namely, A^ minor, R. Br., A', semiplana, F.
Muell,, X. qiiad/'anf/uliifa, F, Muell., and X Tateana, F, Muell,,
which difter widely iu the development of certain peculiar charac-
ters. The first two have no elongated stem and no woody "core";
the third and fourth possess a tall trunk, the former sometimes
a small core, while the last develops this feature regularly and
strongly. This peculiarity of the Grass-trees a[)pears to have
escaped notice hitherto, or is but imperfectly known, which is
the reason for tendering the following remarks referring mainly
to the last-named species.

Xanthorrhoea Tateana, F. Muell., locally known as " Yacka "
(Yucca?), occurs iu vast numbers in Kangaroo Island, from
Cape Willoughby to Ca])e Borda, and grows in very poor, gravelly
and sandy soil intermixed with ferruginous concretions. It raiiges
in heiglit of trunk from 6 to 14 feet, with a diameter of G to 18
inches, while its floral spike attains an additional elevation of 10
to 19 feet. In its home it is the most conspicuous plant and
lends a peculiarly weird aspect to the country it occupies, notably
the more elevated tracts of pre-Silurian age.

The earliest published notice of its occurrence as a feature of
the island-scenery I have seen is an engraving in the ' Melbourne
Illustrated Post,' 1865, p. lOG ; but it is there faultily represented
witli curving and drooping leaves. In the ' Transactions of the
Royal Society of S. Australia' (vol. vi., 1883, pp. 116-171), Prof.
R, Tate, F,G.S,, F.L.IS., published liis " Botany of Kangaroo
Island," wherein he mentions the Grass-trees as occurring from
the Cygnet to the Stuusailboom Rivers and at Dudley Peninsula
(the eastern extremity), but under the name of AT. quaJranfjidnta.
When, in the following year, 1 i)assed over part of the grouiid,
and the mistake was noticed, I drew the attention of Baron Ferd.
von Mueller, K.C,M,G,, &c., to the fact, and sent him specimens,
from which this distinguished Australian botanist determined it
to be a distinct species, while 1 1'ead a short note on so^ie of the
])eculiarities before the Society named on .Tuly 15, 1884 {op. cif.
vol, vii. p, 52),

AVhile the vegetative process remains undisturbed by exterior
agencies, spontaneous flowering is rarely observed among the
species studied (most frequently, perhaps, with A'', quadrangulata);
but if the Grass-trees are subjected to the scorching of a busli-
fire in the summer months, which withers all the separated leaves

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 55

and strongly heats the trunk, but not svifficiently to affect its
vitality, a flower-bud is formed in the centre of the uninjured
bud, and the following spring and summer witnesses the almost
uniform production of the gigantic floral spike by all the older
plants so affected, while those missed by the fire remain barren.
Were all other signs of the fire absent, the flowering and non-
flowering Grrass-trees would fairly well indicate the boundary of
the fire.

The increase in height and dimensions of the Kangaroo-Island
Grasri-trees seems to bo very slow. Old settlers intimate with the
aspect of particularly remarkable individuals assert that they
could discern but little change in from twenty to thirty years.
If this be correct, many of the larger ones may exceed a hundred
years of age, and some of the oldest may have seen several cen-
turies pass. In that case the branches would indicate excep-
tionally severe disturbances of the vegetative life, and the remains
of flowei'-stalks seasons of bush-fires and other smaller accidents.
It is to be regretted that the wonderful plants are totally unpro-
tected, and that the larger ones are year by year becoming fewer.

The most remarkable structural feature is the presence of a
ligneous " core " immediately above the roots ; universally present
in X. Tateana and rare in A'^, quadrangulata, it appears to be
absent from the other species of the genus. The core is conical,
as hard as maliogany, the largest obtained being 13 X 7f inches,
and, in the author's opinion, the structure approximates to exo-
genous growth.

Soral Apospory on Polystichum angulare var. pulcherrimum,
Moly. By C. T. Dkuert, F.L.S.

[Read 21st February, 1889.]

In sundry papers which were read before the Linnean Society
as the results of investigations made from 1884- to 1886, a series
which culminated in Prof. F. 0. Bower's monograph of Dec. 16,
1886, "On Apospory and allied Phenomena," detailed records
were given of the discovery of a faculty' of aposporous reproduc-
tion in abnormal varieties of two distinct species of Ferns, viz. in
Atlujrium Filix-fcemina var. clarissima and Polysticlium angulare
var. 2'>ulcherrimum, Padley ; and on the last-named date I reported
a third instance, which I had recently observed upon another
form of P. angulare, also of tlje 2)i(Ic/ierriviHm-ty\ie, but found
by Dr. Wills in Dorsetshire some 80 miles distant froni Mr.
Padley's discovery.

The forms of apospory in Athyriiim and Folgsticliiim difler very
essentially, the phenomenon being confined in the first case to the
sorus, whore the sporangia became abortive at an early stage and
prothalli developed from their stalks ; in Polystichum, however,
either the extreme tips of the pinnules ran out into slender pro-

56 PROCEEDINOS OF THK

cesses toriniiiating in prothalli, or, more rarely, veinlots near the
extremities of the pinnules were extruded, their tips then ex-
pandinfj into club-shaped protuberances wliich bore root-hairs
and arehegonia even prior to their subsequent assumption of the
in'otliallus-form by the expansion of their extremities. Professor
Bower furfhcrmore observed that the apparently abortive sori
which were produced upon tlie Polystichmn were also capable
under culture of developing prothalli here and there from the
sporangium-stalk, though these were of imperfect character, the
reproductive energy being very feeble in this direction, so much
so, indeed, that careful microscopic scrutiny was needed to detect
the phenomenon at all. Both forms of the Polystichum displayed
all three characters, a singular fiict considering their manifestly
independent origin.

The fresh discovery which I now desire to place on record is
due to Mr. F. W. Stansfield of Sale, near Manchester, who is in
possession of a third form of P. a » r/idare vav. j^nlcherritnum ioxind
by Mr. Moly in Dorsetshire, and very simihir in character to tlie
others. This plant, however, tliough found some years ago, has
never been observed to bear the apical form of apospory ; but,
strange to say, this season upon two fronds it had developed
the soral form of that phenomenon in almost precisely the same
fashion as Alhi/rium Filix-foemina var. chirissima. Naturally,
however, the inasses of pseudo-prothalli are round instead of
oblong, due to the specific differences between the sori of the
two plants. The grow^th appears also to be more robust, one
consequence of which is that here and there, among the slender
clavate forms through which the aborted sporangia pass to the
prothallus-shape, there may be seen much larger irregularly-
formed bodies precisely akin to the peai'-shaped pseudo-bulbils
which led to the discovery of the phenomenon on Athi/riinn Filix-
fosminn var. clarissima in the first place, but which have not
reappeared. This additional robustness also leads to the pro-
duction of obvious prothalli even before the pinnre are laid down
for culture, a fact which drew Mr. Stansfield's attention to the
phenomenon. It is of interest to know that this plant is only
semi-constant, a proportion of normal fronds being intermixed
with those typical of the variety, and upon these normal fronds
Mr. Stansfield informs me nornial spores are produced.

In a former paper I hazarded the theory that the abnormal
slenderness and elongated character of the portions of the Ferns
which develop ai)ospory were correlated with that phenomenon,
and 1 think that the last-mentioned fact materially strengthens this
view, especially when it is borne in mind that even on the typical
fronds o}i the jmlcJierrimuin varieties the upper pinnules on each
pinna are nearly normal, and upon these the apical ])rothalli are
far more sparingly produced than upon the long slenderly-falcate
and divided pinnules which form the lower part of the pinnae.
A. FUix-fwmina var. clarissima is also very slender in all its parts^

LINNEATSr SOCIETF OV LONDON. 57

SO that in point of fact the two plienomena are certainly correlated
in the four cases so far observed, and I am sanguine that this may
form a clue to further discoveries.

It is to he observed that soral apospory is associated with
both deciduous and evergreen species, and that the additional
robustness remarked in the Polysticlmm may be attributed to the
fact that as an evergreen Eeru the fronds would not fall until
very much later than in the case of a deciduous one, and mani-
festly the prothalli could only find a congenial nidus for full de-
velopment when brought in contact with the soil by the decay of
the parent frond. With regard to Athyrium Filix-foemina, var.
cJarissima it is remarkable that the aposporous fronds remain
green much longer than the normal forms under quite similar
conditions, the reproductive organs evidently acting as a
sustaining power.

In conclusion I should add that it is due to the courtesy and
generosity of Mr. Stausfield, whe has provided me with one frond
out of the two affected, that I am enabled to give this description
of the case from personal observation. The whole of the material
has been laid down for culture ; but a portion is available for
microscopic examination with a view to the further elucidation of
the phenomenon ; meanwhile, however, I thought it well to make
a preliminary record of the matter, and of my observations as
far as they have gone.

Note on Prolonged Suspended Vitality in a Fritillary Bulb.
By C. Packe, P.L.S.

[Read 20th June, 1889.]

In 1876 I visited the Maritime Alps specially with the object
of finding a yellow Fritillary, which was indicated as having been
found there by Moggridge.

On June 16th of that year, in the Val Ammolina above Limone,
north of the Col di Tenda, I found the Fritillary, and gathered
five plants which I brought home, and having ])reserved three
specimens dried in iny herbarium, I planted the other two in a
marked spot in my garden, probably in July, but I do not know
the day.

The next year I looked in vain for the Fritillaries to come up
and also in the year succeeding. There were no signs of them,
and 1 concluded that, as in the case of so many other Alpine
plants when transplanted, that the uncongenial soil and climate
had proved fatal and that the bulbs had perished.

On May 5th this year my wife drew my attention to a new
yellow Fritillary that had made its appearance in the garden, and
there, on exactly the spot where I had planted it, was a perfectly
grown plant and flower of the same yellow Fritillary after a lapse

58

PnOCEEDINGS OF THE

of thirteen years ! The second one also came up, but did not
succeed in developing a flower.

There was no mistaking it. Though we have other Fritillariea
ill the garden, F. pijrenaica^ F. MeJeagris, and also white varieties,
we have no yellow one ; and there w^as no Fritillary growing in
the same bed as these two. I am quite sure that if the plant had
made its appearance in any of the intervening years we should
have noticed it. The soil is stiff clay with an upper layer of
made garden-ground.

The form also of this Frltillary is perfectly distinct. Its name
is variously given as F. Moggridgei and F. Burnati var. lutea ;
but there is an exact representation of it in my edition, accurately
coloured, of Eeichenbach's ' Icones,' vol. x. fig. ccccxlii. It is
there called F. Jutea, and from the letterpress which refers to
]\[!B. (Marschall von Biebersteiu) would seem to be a Caucasian
plant.

I have never been a second time to Limone, or had any chance
of obtaining the rrilillary since my first visit, and am quite sure
that the plants are groAAU from the original bulbs ; that they
should have maintained their vitality, lying dormant for so long
a period as thirteen years, seems to me quite a prodigy, and if
you should think tbe fact worth communicating to the Linnean
Society, I should be glad to know if any of its Members can
account for it or authenticate similar instances.

(Cebtificate referred to on p. 28.)

Sveriges Geologiska TJndersokning,

Stockholm, — Chefen.

Stockholm, 15th May, 1889.

The copy in bronzed zinc, which ]\Ir. Carleman has sold to the
Linnean ISociety in London, is a reproduction from tbe original
model of the statue of Linnaeus in Stockholm by Professor Kjell-
berg. Mr. Biirjesson, Professor at the Koyal Academy of Arts,
and successor to Mr. Kjellberg as statuary sculptor to tbe King.
has upon my request examined and approved this copy.

(Signed) Otto Toeell.

LiyNKA^f SOCIETY" OF LONDON. 59

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Duncan, Prof. P. M., and W. Percy Sladen. Objections to the Genera Pseudo-
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LTNXEA.X SOCIETi' OF r.OXDO:^'.

6i

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Foord, A. H. Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda in the British Museum.

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Authors.
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G. J. Romanes.

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Part 2, 4to. Calcutta, 1888. Govt, of Bengal.

Kullikcr, A. Die Entwicklung des menschlichen Nagels. Svo. Leipzig, 1888.

Author.

Lange, Dr. Job. Conspectus Flora; Gramlandic®. Pars 2. Svo. Kjobenhavn,

1887. Author.

Diwes, Sir J. B. Memoranda of the Origin, Plan, and Results of the Field and

(jtber Experiments on the Farm at Rolhamstcd. 4to. Lond., 1888.

Author.
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Authors.

Leiidenfeld, R. von. Descriptive Catalogue of the Sponges in the Australian

Museum, Sydney. Svo. Lond., 1888. Trustees Austr. Mus.

Lydekker, R. Catalogue of Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in British iluscum.

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Macoun, J. Catalogue of Canadian Plants. Part 4. Svo. Montreal, 1888.

Canad. Survey.

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Maiden, J. H. (1) Indigenous Australian Forage Plants (Non-Grasses), in-
cluding Plants injiu-ions to Stock. Svo. Sydney, 1888. — (2) Some New South
Wales Tan-Substanees. Part 5. 8vo. Sydney, 1888.— (3) Some Keputed
Medicinal Plants of Neu Soutli Wales. Svo. Sydney, 1888.— (4) The Useful
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Author.

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Man, Dr. J. (t. de. (1) Fspeces et Genres Nouveaux de Nematodes Libres de
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Maskcll, AV. M. An Account of the Insects noxious to Agriculture and Plants
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Mawer, W. Primer of Micro-Petrology. 12nio. Loud., 1888. Author.

I\Ielvill, J. 0. A Survey of the Genus Cifprcea (Linn.), its Nomenclatui-e, Geo-
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Species and Varieties of 0/p/v«/. 8vo. Mancliester, 1888. Author,

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Moore, T., and J. G. Baker. The Botany of the Rose. 4to. Lond., 1888 ?

J. G. Baker.

Moseuthal, Julius de, and J. E. Ilarting. Ostriches and Ostrieli-Farining.
8vo. Lond., 187<). Jas. E. Harting.

Mueller, Baron Ferd. \t.}\\. Iconography of Australian Species of Araein and
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Murphy, M. Handbook of Gardening for New Zealand, witli Chapters on
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Naturalist. Vol. xiii, 8vo. Lond., 1888. Editors.

Nature. Vols, xxxviii., xxxix. 4to. Lond., 1888-89. A. Macmillan.

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Parlatore. G. Flora Italiaua. A'ol. viii. parts 1, 2. Svo. Firenze, 18S8-89.

Prof. T. Caruel.

Pascoe, F. 1*. A List of the desci-ibed Longicornia of Australia and Tasmama.
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Pierre, L. Flore Fore.sticrc de la Cochinchiue. P'asc. 8 11. fol. Paris, 1887 -
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Plateau, Felix. Reclierches Experimentales sur la V^ision chcz les Arthru|,odcs.
Parts 4, 5. Svo. Bru.xelles, 188S. Author.

Post, Rev. George E. The Botanical Geography of Syria and Palestine. Svo.
Lond., 1888. . \, " Author.

Preetou, Rev. T. A. The Flowering Plants of Wilts. Svo. Leicester, 1888.

Author.

Preudhomme de Borre, A. Repertoire Al])habetiLiue des noms specifiquo.s ad-
mis ou proposes dans la Sous-Famille des Libellulines. Svo. Bruxclles,
1889. Author.

64 PROCEEDINGS or TJIli

Proceedings of the Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field-Club. Vol. vi.

no. 3. 8vo. Bath, 1888. Club.

Trococdings and Transiictions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Jicienee.

Vol. vii. part 2. 8vo. Halifax, 1.S88. IlXSt.

Proceedings and Transactions of the Koyal Society of Canada. Vol. v. 4to.

.Montreal, 1888. Soc

rrodrunius of the Zuology of Victoria. Decades .\vi., xvii. 8vo. Melbourne.

1888. P. H. Macgillivray.

Report of tlie Australian Mu.seum for 1887-88. fol. Sydney, 1837-88.

Trustees.
Keptrt of the British Association (Bath), 1888. 8vo. Lond., 18811.

Council Brit. Assoc.
Repurt of the Botanical Exchange Club uf the British Isles for 1887. 8vo.

ilanciiester, 1888. Chas. Bailey.

Report of the Felsted School Natural History Society for 1886-88. 8vo.

Cliehnsford, 1887-89. Soc.

Report, Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada. Vol. ii., and Maps

of the Report. 8vo. Montreal. 1887. ' Surv.

Report on Government Botanical Gardens at Saharanpur and Mussoorie for

1888. fol. Allahabad, 1888. Govt, of India.

Report of the Government Central Museum for 1887-88. fol. Madras, 1888.

Govt, of Madras.
Report of the Marlborough College Natui-al History Society for 1888. 8vo.

iIarlbt>rough, 1889. Soc.

Report, Mineral Statistics of ^'ictoria for 1887. fol. Melbourne, 1888.

Govt, of Victoria.
Report of the Secretary of Miners and Water Supply in Victoria for 1887.

8vo. Melbourne, 1888. Govt, of Victoria.

Report of the Soutli London Microscopical and Natural History Club. No. 17.

Svo. Lond., 1888. ' Club.

Rejjort of the Trustees of the American Museum of Natural History for 1887-

88. Svo. New York, 1888. Trustees.

Report of tlie "West India (Natural Historyl Exploration Committee presented

at the Bath Meeting of the British Association, 1888. Svo. Bath, 1888.

D. Morris.
Report and Transactions of the Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian

Society. N. ser. Vols. 1 & 2. Svo. Plymouth, 1880-88. Soc.

Report and Transactions of the Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall

Natural History Society. Vol. x. part 1. Svo. Plymouth, 1888. Instit.
Reports of the Forest Department in the Bombay Presidencv, including Siud,

for 1887-88. fol. Bombay, 1889. Govt, of India.

Reports of Forest Department, Madras Presidency, 1886-87. fol. Madras,

1888. Govt, of India.

Reports on the Gold-Fields of Victoria for 1888. fol. Melbourne, 1888.

Govt, of Victoria.
Reports on the Mining Industry of New Zealand for 1888. Svo. Wellington,

1888. Govt, of New Zealand.

R.-ports, Scientific Results, Exploring Voyage of H.M.S. ' Challenger.' 187o-76.

Zoology, Vols, xxviii.-sxxi. 4to. Lond., 1888-89. H.M. Govt

Reports of the Westminster Hospital. \'ols. i.-iv. Svo. Lond., 188.3-88.

C. A. Hebbert
Rovista Cientifica dc la L'niversidad Central de Venezuela. Tomo i. 4to.

Caracas, 1888. Prof. A. Ernst.

Richardson, Dr. B. W. The Asclepiad. Vol. v. Svo. Lond., 1888.

Author.
Ridley, II. N. Annual Report on the Botanical Gardens, Singapore, for 1888.

fol. Singapore, 1889. Author

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Author.
Riley, Chas. V. Insect Life. Vol. i. nos. 1-10. Svo. Washington, 1888-89.

Sir John Lubbock.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 65

Riley, Chas. V. Ou the Causes of Variation in Organic Forms, Address. Svo.

Salem, 1888. Sir John Lubbock.

EoUeston (the late George). Forms of Animal Lite. 2nd ed. Revised and

enlarged by W. Hatchett Jackson. Svo. Oxford, 1888.

W. Hatchett Jackson.
Royal Botanic Gardens, Trinidad, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information.

Nos. 6-9. Svo. Port of Spain, 1888. J. H. Hart.

Royal Botanic Society of London. Quarterly Record. Vol. iii. nos. 33-36,

April-Sept. 1888. Svo. Lond., 1888-89. Soc.

Royal Gardens, Kew. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Liformation. Nos. 18-30.

Svo. Lond., 1888-89. Director Roy. Gard.

Schomburgk, Dr. R. Report on the Progress and Condition of Botanic Garden,

S. Australia, for 1887. fol. Adelaide, 1888. Author.

Science Gossip. Vol. xxiv. Svo. Lond., 1888. Cditor.

Scientific Memoirs by Medical Oiricers of the Army of India. Edited by Dr. B.

Simpson. Parts 1-4. 4to. Calcutt.i, 1885-89. Govt, of India.

Sclater, P. L. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Vol. xiv. Svo.

Lond., 1888. Trustees Brit. Mus.

Scottish KaturaUst. Nos. xx.-xxiv. Svo. Perth, 1888-89. Editor.

Seeley, Prof. H. G. Researches on Structure, Organization, and Classification

of the Fossil Reptilia. Part 3. 4to. Lond., 1888. Author.

Selections from the Records of the Government of India, Revenue and Agricul-
tural Department, by the Reporter on Economic Products. Vol. i. nos. 1-

16. Svo. Calcutta, 1889. Govt, of India.

Sherborn, Chas. D. A Bibliography of the Foraminifera, Recent and Fossil,

from 1565-1888. Svo. Lond., 1888. F. Justen.

Shortt, Dr. J. A Manual of Indian Agriculture. Svo. Madras, 1889. Author.
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Edited by. Parts 1-4. 4to. Calcutta, 1885-89. Govt, of India.

Stossich, Prof. M. (1) Prospetto della Fauna de Mare Adriatico. Partes 1-

5. Svo. Trieste, 1880-83. — (2) Appendice al mio lavoro "I Distomi dei
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Eudol2)hi. Svo. Trieste, 1889. Author.

Studies from the Museum of Zoology in the University College, Dundee.
Edited by D'Arcy W. Thompson. Vol. i. nos. 1-4. 4to. Dundee, 1888-89.

D'Arcy W. Thompson.
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6. Svo. Calcutta, 1889. Trustees Ind, Mus.
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Adelaide. 4to. Sydney, 1888 ? Author.

Thomas, O. Catalogue of the Marsupialia and Monotremata in the Collection
of the British Museum. Svo. Loud., 1888. Trustees Brit. Mus.

Thurston, E. Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia and Apoda of Southern
India. Svo. Madras, 1888. Author.

Timehri. New series. Vol. ii. Svo. Demerara, 1888. J. J. Quelch.

Transactions of the Cumberland Association. Nos. S, 9, 11, 12, 13. Svo. Car-
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Transactions of the Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club.
Vol. iv. parts 8, 9 ; v. pts. 1-4. Svo. Lond., 1888-89. Soc.

Transactions of the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society. Parts 3-12.
Svo. Leicester, 1888-89. Soc.

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Victorian Govt.

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Oxford, 1888. Author.

LINN. soc. PBOCEEDINaS. — SESSION 18S8-S9. /'

66 l'ROCEKUIN(iS Ol THK LTNNEAN SOCrETY.

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fiiltiing der Magnolia. 8vo. Berlin, 1888. Author.

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Edible Fruits of Newfouudland and Labrador. 8vo. St. Johns, Newfound-
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1889. ' Author.

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Dr. W. Schlich.

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8vo. Loud., 1881). Author.

Woodward, A. S. Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in Ihc British Museum.
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. (1) Nuove Aggiunte alia Attiofauna dell" Epoca Eocena. -ito. — (2)

Antracoterio di Monteviale. 4to. Venezia, 1888. Author.

Donations in. aid of Piihlications.
188s. £ s. d.

April 16. x\rrcuisoN, Dr. Jas. E. T. Coiitribu-
tiou towards coh-t of Eoute Map accom-
panying paper, Afghan Delimitation
Commission 25 0 0

May 17. Gulick, J.T. Contribution towards pub-
lication of a paper on Evolution lo 0 0

jSov. y. Dayidso-, Wm. Contribution towards

publishing Davidson's Bracliiopoda ... 50 U 0
1880.

April 3. Indian Museum, TjtusTEEs, per Dr. J.
Anderson. Contribution towards pub-
lication of the Fauna and Flora, Mergui
Archipelago 21U 0 U

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(SESSION 1889-90.)

November 7th, 1889.

William Carrutuers, F.R.S., Presideut, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

A. J. Campbell, Esq., and Thomas Scott, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

Mr. H. Veitch and the Eev. George Henslow exhibited a
large series of East-Indian hybrid Rhododendrons, on which
Mr. Henslow made some interesting remarks on the results of
cross-fertilization as regards alteration of both colour and form.

Mr. E. M. Holmes exhibited some new British Marine Algae,
and described their habitat and relationship to well-known forms.

Dr. St. George Mivart exhibited a drawing by a Surgeon
consulted a-s to amputation of a tail-like process in the human
subject, being a prolongation o^ the coccyx to the extent of IJ
centimetres.

Dr. Mivart also exhibited a photograph belonging to Mr. A. .1 .
Tepper, F.E.C.S., showing a remarkable resemblance between
two arm-stump.s, one the result of an amputation, the otlier a
congenital defect in the child of a nurse who had attended the
patient whose arm was amputated.

The following paper was read : —

" On a Collection of dried Plants from the Southern Shan States,
Upper Burmah." By Brigadier-Gen. H. Collett, F.L.S., and W.
Betting Hemslev. F.E.S., A.L.S.

68 phoceedinos of the

November 21st, 1889.

William Caeruthees, F.U.S., President, in the Chair.

Tlie Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Col. James Henry Bowker was elected a Fellow.

Prof. P. Martin Duncan exliibitcd, and made remarks on, a
stem of Hyulonema Hiehohlii dredged between Aden and Bombay,
a remarkable position, inasmuch as tlie Glass-sponge had not
previously been met witii in any w'aters west of the Indian Pen-
insula. Prof. Stewart made some further observations, and re-
ferred to a parasite on the sponge which bad been found to be
identical with one from the Japanese seas.

^Ir. James Groves exhibited, and gave some account of, anew
British Chara, Nitella batrachosperma, which had been collected
in the Island of Harris, Outer Hebrides.

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited specimens of the bark of Quil-
laria saponarin, from Chili, which has the property of producing
a lather, and is extensively used for washing silk and wool. It
had been lately discovered that it would solidify hydrocarbon oils
and benzoline, and thus ensure their safe transport on long
voyages, a small quantity of citric acid being all that is required
to render the oils again liquid.

The Eev. Augustus Walker exhibited, and made remarks on,
a collection of Plants from Iceland. (See Remarks by Mr. Arthur
Bennett, p. loi.)

The following papers were read : —

1. " The External Anatomical Characters indicating Sex in
Cbrysalids, and on the Development of the Azygos Oviduct and
its Accessory Organs in Vanessa lo^ By W. Hatchett Jackaon,
P.L.S.

2. " The External Morphology of the Lepidopterous Pupa." —
Part I. By E. B. Poulton, F.L.S.

3. " On a Collection of Lepidoptera from the neighbourhood
of Ichaug, Central China." By John H. Leech, F.L.S.

December 5th, 1889.

JoHK GiLBEET Bakeb, F.R S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The Eev. James Hunter Crawford, Major Alfred E. F. Dor-
ward, Samuel Alfred Moor, Esq., William Eome, Esq., John
Shirley, Esq., Henry L. Stonhnm, Esq., Clifford Winslow Turner,

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 69

Esq., John Tristram Tristram-Valentine, Esq., James Herbert
Veitch, Esq., James John Walker, Esq., and John Watson, Esq.,
were elected Fellows.

Ml*. Alfred W. Bennett communicated some observations on
some new and little-known British freshwater Alg?e, Schizothrix
anglica and Sphceroplea anmilina. It was pointed out that Schi-
zothrix of Harvey's ' Phycologia Britaunica ' is really an Inactis.

Mr. E. M. Holmes exhibited as a new British Marine Alga a
specimen of Gmcillaria divergens, a rare native of the warmer
portions of the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, which had been
recently found at Brighton by Mr. John Myles. The specimen
exhibited possessed tetrasporic and cystocarpic fruits not described
by Agardh.

Mr. Pascoe exhibited a number of Crustacea and certain shells
of the genus Phorus, having various foreign substances attached
to them.

Mr. Thos. Christy exhibited, and made remarks on, some
" liquid amber," or resin, Altingia excelsa, from Cochin China.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Life-History of a Stipitate Freshwater Alga." By George
Massee. (Communicated by the Secretary.)

2. " On the Anatomy of Pallas's Sand-Grouse." By George
Sim, A.L.S.

December 19th, 1889.

John Gilbeet Baker, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Charles Curtis, Esq., and Percy Groom, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

Prof P. M. Duncan made some supplementary remarks on a
specimen of Syalonema Sicholdii, which he had exhibited at a
previous Meeting.

Mr. W. Hatchett Jackson exhibited, and gave an account of,
an Electric Centipede (G'co/ji/i/Z^/s electricus), detailing the circum-
stances under which he had found it at Oxford and the result of
experiments which he had made with a view of determiuino- the
nature and properties of the luminous fluid secreted by it. This
he found could be separated from the insect, and could be com-
municated by it to every portion of the integument. It was
pointed out by Mr. J. E. Harting that these observations had
been anticipated by Mr. Macartney in an elaborate paper on Lu-
minous Insects, published in the ' JPhilosophical Transactions ' for
1810 (vol. 100. p. 277).

yo PKOCEEDINGS OF THE

The following papers were read : —

1. " On Intensive Segregation and Divergent Evolution in
Land-Mollusca." By Rev. John T. Grulick. (Communicated by
W. Percy Sladen, Sec. L.S.)

2. " On Bicti/optcris, with Eemarks on the Systematic Position
of the Dicti/otacece." By T. Johnson. (Communicated by Prof.
D. H. Scott, FX.S.)

January 16th, 1890.

John Gilbert Bakee, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Samuel Lithgow, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

Mr. Clement Eeid exhibited, and made remarks upon, a col-
lection of fruit of Trapa nutans from the Cromer Forest-bed at
Mundesley.

Mr. J. G-. Baker exhibited and described a collection of Crypto-
gamie Plants from New Gruiuea.

The following papers were read: —

1. " On the Life-history of a remarkable Urediue on Jasminum
qrandijlorumP By Surgeon -Major A. Barclay. (Communicated
by G. E. M. Murray, EX.S.)

2. " On some Protective Provisions in certain Larval British
Teleosteans." By Edward E. Prince, F.L.S.

February 6th, 1890.

William Cabbuthees, F.E.S., President, in the Ciiair.

The Miuutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Thomas W. Kirk, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

The vacancies among the Foreigu Members caused by the
deaths of Prof . H. G. Eeicheiibach and Dr. Ernest Cosson having
been announced by the President, the following nominations
were made and the Certificates oi-dered to be suspended : —

Geheimrath Dr.Eduard von Eegel, Director of the Imperial
Botanic Gardens at St. Peter^burg.

Sereno Watson, Esq., Curator of the Harvard Herbarium,
Cambridge, Massachuseli^, U.S.A.

Eeferring to an exhibition at u previous meeting, Prof. Charles
Stewart communicated some interesting observations on the habits
of certain seaweed- covered Crabs. He also made some I'^marks
on the pitchers of Nepenthes Mastersiana,

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 7 I

Prof. Gr. S. Boulger exhibited a series of original water-colour
drawings of animals and jilants of the Falkland Islands.

Mr. "W. H. Beeby exhibited some forms, new to Britain, of
plants from Shetland.

The following papers were then read : —

1. " On the Stamens and Setae o? Scirpeo'." By Charh s Baron
Clarke, F.E.S., F.L.S. (See p. 102.)

2. " Further Contributions to the Flora of Patagonia." By
the late John Ball, M.A., F.E.S., F.L.S.

February 20th, 1890.

William Careuthees, F.E.S., President, in the Chair,

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

James Jack, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

Mr. George Claridge Druce exhibited specimens of Agrostis
canina var. scotica, and a small collection of flowering plants
dried after treatment with sulphurous acid and alcohol, showing
a partial preservation of the natural colours of the flowers.

Mr. Francis P. Piiscoe exhibited specimens of Coleopterous
and Lepidopterous Insects to show the great diversity between
insects of the same family.

The following papers by Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., F.R.S.,
F.L.S., were read : —

1. " On the Fruit and Seed of the Jucjlandecd'''

2. " On the Presence and Functions of Stipules."
8. " On the Shape of the Leaf of the English Oak."
4. " On the Form of the Leaf of Vihurnwu.'"

March Gth, 1890.

William Careuthees, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

John Lowe, Esq., Edgar Eaveuswood Waite, Esi]., and George
Francis Scott Elliot, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited a di*ied specimen of Picramnia
Antidesma, the plant from the bark of which a medicine known
as Cascara amarga is believed to be prepared, which is a useful
alterative in diseases of the blood and skin.

Mr. J. E. Harting exhibited a series of horns of the American
Prongbuck {Antilocapra americana), to illustrate the mode in

72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

wliicli ihe bbedding and uew growth of horn is effected in this
animal.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Production of Seed in some Varieties of the Common
Sugar-Cane." By Daniel Morris, M.A., 1\L.S.

2. "An Investigation into the True Nature of Callus. — The
A'egctahle-Marrow and Ballia callitricha.'" By Spencer Moore,
F.L.S.

March 20th, 1890.

"William Caebuthebs, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Henry Ernest Milner, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

The President announced the presentation to the Society by
Mr. Prank Crisp, the Treasurer, of a nev\' Oak Table for the
Meeting Eoom, and moved the following resolution, which was
unanimously adopted, viz. : — " That tlie Linnean Society desire,
on the occasion of the gift of a handsome oak table for their
Meeting Koora, to record their deep sense of tlie valuable services
rendered to the Society by Mr. Crisp, not only as their Treasurer,
but by numerous acts which are not generally appreciated because
they are practically unknown to the Fellows."

Prof. P. Martin Duncan, F.E.S., exliibited several specimens
of DesmopliyUum crista galU obtained from an electric cable at a
depth of 550 fathoms. Though showing great variation in the
shape and nature of the wall, the specific characters of the septa
were maintained. The base, extending as a thin lamina far be-
yond the peduncle, had no connexion with the septa. A section
of CaryopliyJlia lorealis showed theca? between the septa, and a
BQction oH Loj)]io7ielia jjrolifera exh\hited a true theca extending
far beyond the septa.

Mr. E. B. Poulton, F.E.S., exhibited some Lepidopterous larvae
showing the variation in colour induced by natural surroundings,
and some Lizards in spirit from the West Indies showing the
pineal eye very clearly.

The following papers were read : —

1. "The External Morphology of the Lepidopterous Pupa. —
Part II. The Antenna and Wings." By E. B. Poulton, F.ll S.,
F.L.S.

2. " On the Intestinal Canal of the Ichthyopsida, with especial
reference to its Arterial Supply." By G. Bond Howes, F.L.S.

3. " Heredity and Sex in the Honey-Bee." By II. A, Grim-
shaw. (Communicated by T. B. Blow, F.L.S.)

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOJSDON. 73

April 3rd, 1890.

"William Cauetjthees, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read aud contirraed.

The Eev. James Tait Scott was elected a Fellow.

Prof. P. M. Duncan exhibited, under the microscope, a section
o£ the corallum of Carifophyllia claims, showing septa aud irre-
gular thecsB between them.

Mr. B. Dajdon Jackson exhibited, some capsules oiMystacidium
fiUcornu, an epiphytic Orchid, forwarded from Cape Towu by
Mr. Henry Hutton.

The following paper was read : —

1. " On the Morphology of the Gallinacece.'" By Prof. W.
Kitchen Parker, F.K.S., F.L.S.

April 17th, 1890.

William Caekuthers, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

John Bennett Carruthers, Esq., William Forsell Kirby, Esq.,
Ernest E. Galpin, Esq., Thomas Johnson, Esq., and John Sidney
Turner, Esq., were elected Fellows.

The President announced that the following Auditors to
examine the Treasurer's accounts had been nominated by the
Council : —

For the Fellows, Dr. John Meiklejohn and Mr. Charles James
Breese ; for the Council, Mr. Greorge E. M. Murray aud Prof.
Dukinfield H. Scott; and by a show of hands these were unani-
mously elected.

Lord Arthur EusselJ, on behalf of the Subscribers, presented to
the Society a portrait of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, painted by
Mr. Hubert Herkomer, A.E.A., and expressed the satisfaction
which he was sure would be felt at the acquisition of the likeness
of so distinguished a botanist. It was announced that a photo-
gravure of the portrait was in preparation, a copy of which would
be presented to every subscriber to the portrait fund.

Prof. P. M. Duncan, F.E.S., exhibited a vertical section thiougli
a large Coral {Fungia echinata) cutting through and across the
septa and synapticula? aud the so-called base. The union of the
sides of continuous septa at the base is either incomplete or bv
means of synaptic ulse.

Dr. Eduard Fischer, of Ziirich, exhibited and made remarks on

74 PROCEEDINGS OK THE

certain sjpct'ics of Foh/povus bearing a sclerotium possessing the
structure of P</e//j/«ia cocos; but it was doubtful whether the
Polijporus represented the fructilicatiou of the Pachyma or was
merely parasitic on it (see p. 102.)

i\[r. J. E. Ilartiug exhibited a live so-called siugiug-niousc
captured at Maidenhead. With regard to the cause usually
assigned for this phenomenon, viz. some obstruction or malform-
atioa of the trachea, Prof. Stewart stated that he had observed
alive, and dissected when dead, a similar specimen and had found
no trace of any organic disease or malformation.

Sir Charles Sawle, Bart., exhibited a specimen of the Little
Green Herou {Butorides virescens) of North America, which had
been shot by his keeper at Penrice, St. Austell, Cornwall, in
October last. Mr. J. E. Hartiug suggested various ways in which
the bird might have reached England, and observed that the
larger American Bittern (Botai/rus Jentiginosus) had been met
with some five-and-twenty or thirty times in the British Islands,
and, strange to say, had been first described and named by an
English naturalis^t, and a Fellow of this Society, Colonel George
Montagu (who obtained a specimen of the bird in Dorsetsiiire), a
year before it was described by Wilson as a native of the United
States.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On some Micro-chemical Reactions of Tannin." By
Spencer Moore, F.L.S.

2. " On tlie Tongue of the British Hymenoptera Anthophila.'
By E. Sanuders, E.'L.S.

May 1st, 1890.

John Gilbert Baker, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

John Henry Garrett, Esq., and John Young, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

Dr. Eduard von Eegel, St. Petersburg, and Sereuo Watson,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, were elected Foreign Members.

Mr. R. Miller Christy exhibited and made remarks on specimens
of the so-called Bardfield Oxlip (Primula elatior, Jaeq.), which
grows alnindantly not only in the neighbonrhood of Bardfield,
Essex, but over a considerable area to the north and west of it.

Mr. Buffham exhibited under the microscope specimens of
Mi/ris/rirJiia clavceformis with pluriloeular sporangia, and the
conjugation of Tihahdonemn arcuatum found upon Zostem
marina.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON". 75

The Eev. Greorge TIenslow exhibited a collectiou of edible
Mollusca which he had recently brought from Malta, and de-
scribed the native methods of collecting and cooking them.

Prof. Charles Stewart exhibited some spirit-specimens of a
Lizard in which the pineal eye was clearly apparent.

Mr. Sherriug exhibited a series of excellent photographs he
had taken near Falmouth, which showed the effect of climatic
influence on subtropical and rare plants cultivated in the open
air.

The following papers were read : —

1. " A Quantitative Examination of Water- Meadow Herbage."
By Prof. W. Fream, F.L.S.

2. " On some Old- World Species of Scorpions." By E. Inues
Pocock. (Communicated by W. Percy Sladen, Sec. L.S.)

May 24, 1890.

Anniversary Meeting.

William Carruthebs, F.Pv.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Tlie Treasurer presented the Annual Statement of Accounts,
duly audited, as shown on p. 76.

The Secretary read his report of the deaths, withdrawals, and
elections of new Fellows for the past year, as follows : —

Since the last Anniversary Meeting 20 Fellows had died, or
their deaths been ascertained, viz. : —

Dr. Ralph Fawcett Ainsworth

Mr. John Ball.

Mr. Joseph 8. Bal}'.

Eev. Miles Joseph Berkeley.

Hon. & Kev. J. T. Boscawen.

Mr. Benjannn Clai-ke.

Mr. Joshua Clarke.

Dr. Francis Day.

Mr. Arthur Todd Holroyd.

Major Auguste F. Lendy.

Prof. W. K. McNab.

Fellows (20).

Mr. John Marshall.

Prof. Robert llomanis.

Dr. John Shortt.

Mr. Thos. Moss Shnttlewurth.

Mr. Alexander Young Stewart.

Mr. Christopher Eice IMausel

Talbot.
Mr. Josepli Henry Tompson.
Sir James Tyler.
J^ev. Julian Edmund Tenison-

Woods.

FoKKlON MeMBKK (L).

Dr. Ernest Cosson.

76

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LINNEAN SOCIETi' OF LONDON". 77

During the past official year 5 Fellows had withdrawn, viz. : —
Mr. Lewis A. Bernays.
Mr. James Brebuer.
Mr. AVilliam Joshua.
Rev. Samuel David Titmas.
Mr. Neville Scott Whitney.
And 38 Fellows and 2 Foreign Members had been elected.

During the past year there had been received as Donations
from private individuals to the Library 53 volumes and 185
pamphlets and separate impressions of memoirs. From the
various Universities, Academies, and Scientific Societies there
had also been received in exchange and otherwise 227 volumes and
114 detached parts; besides 42 volumes and 11 parts obtained
by exchange and donation from the editors and proprietors of
independent periodicals.

The Council, at the recommendation of the Library Committee,
had sanctioned the purchase of 108 volumes and 122 parts of
important works.

The total additions to the Library were therefore 430 volumes
and 432 separate pai-ts.

The following is the number of Books bound during the last
year : — In half morocco 301 volumes, in half calf 23, in full
cloth 241, in vellum 250, in buckram 12, iu boards or half cloth
29, rebacked (half morocco and cloth backs) 25, relabelled 24.
Total 90S volumes.

The Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing the
elections, —

The President then opened the business of the day, and the
Fellows present proceeded to ballot for the Council and Officers.

The Ballot for the Council haviug closed, the President
appointed Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, Mr. Thomas Eogers, and
Mr. Ferdinand Grut Scrutineers ; and the votes having been
counted and reported to the Presidentjie declared the following
Members to be removed from the Council, viz.: Dr. John
Anderson, Rev. W. H. Dallinger, Prof, Greorge Bond Howes,
Lord Arthur J. E. Eussell, and Mr. John Jenuer Weir; and
the following to be elected into the Council, viz. : Dr. Philip
Herbert Carpenter, Dr. John William S. Meiklejohu, Mr.
Edward B. Poulton, Mr. David Sharp, and Prof. Charles
Stewart.

The Ballot for the Officers having been closed, the President
nominated the same Scrutineers ; and the votes having been
counted and reported, he declared the result as follows, viz. : —
President, Professor Charles Stewart; Treasurer, Mr. Frank
Crisp ; Secretaries, Mr. B. Daydon Jackson and Mr. W. Percy
Sladeu.

yS I'UOCKEDINliS OF THK

The Presidont delivered his Address as follows : —

Peesibknt's Adbhkss.

It is with yrcat satisfaction that I liave to-day to congratulate
the Fellows on another year of continued prosperity and of
usefulness. The meetings have been well attended, and the
subjects brought before the Fellows have been of great im-
])ortance, and valuable additions to scientific knowledge.

In Systematic Zoology wo have had submitted to us Dr.
Anderson's memoir on the Mammals, Eeptiies, and Batrachians
of the Mergui Archi2:)elago, completing the exposition of the
collections made by Dr. Anderson in his expedition to these
islands, Mr. John H. Leech's account of Lepidopterafrora Ichang
in Central Chin;i, and INIr. E. Innes Pocock's descriptions of some
Scorpions from the Old World.

In Anatomy and Morphology we had under our consideration
Pruf. AV. Kitchen Parker's Morphology of the Gallinaceee ;
Prof. G. B. Howes's memoir on the Intestinal Canal of the
Ichthyopsida ; Mr. George Sim's account of the Anatomy of
Pallas's Sand-Grouse ; Mr. E. Saunders's memoir on the Tongues
of tlie British Hyinciioptera AnthopMla ; Prof. W. Hatchett
Jackson's on «ome External Anatomical Characters in Chrysa-
lids ; and two memoirs on the External Morphology of the
Lepidopterous Pupa by Mr. E. B. Poulton. We had also read
to us the llev. J. T. Gulick's account of Intensive Segregation
and Divergent Evolution in Land-MoUusca ; Mr. Edw. E.
Prince's description of the Protective Provisions in some Larval
British Teleosteans, and Mr. E. A. Grimshaw's inquiries into
Heredity and Sex in the Honey-Bee.

In Systematic Botany we had placed before us Further Obser-
vations on the Flora of Patagonia by our late Fellow^ Mr. John
Ball; Brig.-General Collett and Mr. Hemsley's account of the
Plants collected in the Southern Shan States of Upper Burmah ;
a Eevision of the British AVillows by Dr. Buchanan White ;
Prof. Johnson's memoir on Diclijopteris ; Mr. Massee's Life-
History of a Stipitate Freshwater Alga ; and Mr. A. Barclay's
memoir on the Lite-History of a Urediue on Jasminum grandi-
Jloriun.

In Morphological and Anatomical subjects we have had sub-
mitted to us Sir John Lubbock's memoirs on the Fruit and
Seed of e72<y/r<»(/(?(2'. on the presence and functions of Stipules,
on tlie Shape of the Leaf of the English Oak, and on the Form of
the Leaf of Viburnum; Mr. Spencer Moore's investigation into
the true nature of Callus, and his exposition of some Micro-
chemical Keactions of Tannin ; Mr. C. B. Clarke's inquiry into
tlie Stamens and Sette in (S'cwyeis?; Mr. D. Morris on the Pro-
duction of Seed in the Sugar-Cane, and Dr. Fream's Quantitative
Examination of the Herbage of Water-Meadows.

The revenue of the Society has been during the past year the

IjINN^EAN SOCIKTiT OF LONDOf^. 79

largest that the Treasiu-er and Council have ever been called to
administer. The obvious improvement in our Meeting E-oom
might be taken as an indication that the Council were somewhat
embarrassed with the riches poured into their coifers were it not
known that this is only one among many evidences of the warm
interest and generous liberality manifested by one of its Officers
to the Society.

Since the last anniversary the Society has published 1386 pages
of their Journal, illustrated by 42 lithographic plates and 19
woodcuts, and 43 pages of quarto Transactions with 5 plates.
The Council have nearly completed the preparation of a new
Catalogue of the Library, which will be sent to press in the
course of a few months, and when ready will be distributed
among the Fellows. Considerable progress has also been made
in the preparation of an index to the twenty volumes of the
Zoological Journal which are now completed, and which will
prove as valuable an aid in the use of this section of our Journal
as Mr. Jackson's index has been for the Botanical portion.

It is one of the sad things connected with an anniversary that
it recalls the blanks which death has made among us. Our
senior Secretary takes it as his special duty to prepare an
account of those who are lost to us. I do not wish to interfere
with a service which he so efficiently discharges. But I must
notice if it be only to name the venerable Miles Joseph Berkeley,
who closed at a ripe age his services to science — services equally
eminent whether we look at them in connection with the study
and exposition of that group in which he was an acknowledged
master, or to the use he made of his extensive knowledge in
solving the difficulties that practical men meet with in the
cultivation of plants for profit or for pleasure ; John Ball, too,
whose travels and expositions of local floras and investigations
of the problems connected with the geographical distribution of
plants are known to all the recipients of our. publications ;
Francis Day, whose services to Zoology and practical interest in
our Society cannot be forgotten; and lastly William MacNab,
who at a comparatively early age was taken from a life of service
which he was certain to have made useful to his generation.

I will now ask your attention, during the time that our Bye-
Laws require the ballots to remain open for the election of the
Council and Officers for the ensuing year, to some observations
on The early hislori/ of some oj" the species of Plants now consti'
tuting a portion of the Flora of England.

In our day considerable attention has been devoted to the
nature and contents of the post-Tertiary deposits of Britain,
because of the light they throw on early man and his couteu\-
poraries. Scattered notices and fragmentary lists of the plant-
remains contained in these beds occur in Greological memoirs,
but it is to the singularly persevering and successful labours- of
our Fellow Mr. Clement Ueid, of the Greological Survey of

8o PROCEEBrNGS OF THE

England and AVales, that we are indebted for our present
extensive knowledge of them. Mr. Iteid has determined the
occurrence in the glacial deposits of no less than 130 species of
plants, nearly a tenth of our existing flora. No doubt this
number represents only a portion of the plant-forms which took
possession of our country as its ice-covering disappeared, but
it is sufficient to convey to us a fair idea of the facies of that
vegetation, and to supply material for correcting erroneous
views as to the origin of our Flora, as well as to afford data for
the more intelligent prosecution of such an investigation.

The question of the Greographical Distribution of the plants
of our existing Flora was taken up in early life by Hewett
Cottrell Watson, and became the subject of investigation during
his long and active life. His mental constitution singularly fitted
him for collecting and sifting the innumerable details which
were brought together in his various works. He was cautious,
logical, and unimaginative. He had no theories to support. His
only object was to present the facts to students in such a form
that they would tell their own story. The publication of his
' Cybele ' is rightly regarded by De Candolle as an epoch in
the history of Botany.

His grouping of the plants so as to show their geographical
relations was based on the distribution of the plants in Britain,
and had no relation to exotic floras with which they might
have any special affinities. He established six groups : — (i) The
British Type, containing species widely spread throughout
Britain ; (2) The English type, including those found only in
the Southern part of the Island ; (3) The Scottish type, those
found in the Northern part ; (4) The Highland type, containing
the alpine plants ; (5) The Grermauic type, those found in the
East of England ; and (6) Tlie Atlantic type, those growing only
in the West of England. These various groups do not represent
any relationship other than that of Greographical Association.

Edward Forbes devoted his attention to the Greographical
Distribution of British plants, and published in 1840 his im-
portant memoir ' On the connexion between the Distribution
of the existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles and the
Geological Changes which have affected their area, especially
during the Epoch of the Northern Drift.' He sought to
discover the sources from which the existing assemblage of
plants in the British Islands had been obtained, and the means
by which they were transported to their present localities. He
detected the presence of five well-marked Floras making wp the
existing vegetation : — 1. The group of Peninsular plants found
in the West and Suuth-west of Ireland. 2. The plants of the
Channel Islands and tlie North-west of France occurring in the
South-west of England and the South-east of Ireland. 3. The
plants of the North-east of France growing on the opposite
shores of the English Channel in the South-east of Enofland.

LTXXEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. 8l

4. The Scandinavian plants growing on the sumurits of our
rnonntains and in an increasing number as we proceed north-
wards. 5. The plants of Central and Western Europe which
made up the general Flora of the British Isles.

In investigating this important question of their transport to
our islands, he concluded that the great mass of our Flora had
migrated from the continent after tlic bed of the glacial sea had
been elevated to form a land-passage to England. The ai'rival
of the Scandinavian contingent was, ho considered, much earlier,
because the areas of their growth had become isolated on moun-
tain-ranges before the appearance of the Central-European
plants. So he conceived that daring a part of the Grlacial
Period the land was submerged under the sea, until the higher
mountains appeared as scattered islands, when they were taken
possession of by the Northern plants.

The French Floras in Kent and Devon must have reached our
shores over a tract of laud now destroyed, probably before the
advent of the great bulk of our Flora from Grermany. And
lastly the Peninsular species at a still earlier period reached
Ireland by a tract of laud which stretched across the Bay of
Biscay ; and of these plants only the hardy representatives
remained througli the climatal vicissitudes to our day.

Charles Darwin in his 'Origin of Species' investigated the
means by which Oceanic Islands were peopled with plants, and
concluded that the different species reached thetn without the
aid of intervening laud. Seeds were floated by ocean-currents,
spores and minute seeds were borne by winds, and others were
carried by birds, either passing through their intestinal canal
without digestion or being attached to their feet or their
feathers.

Sir J. D. Hooker, while admitting the force of Darwin's array
of facts and argumeuts, is yet unwilling to give up land connec-
tion witli continents in the past as an efficient means of trans-
porting seeds to islands.

Mr. Hemsley has more recently made Insular Floras a special
study, and wliile he looks upon a Southern Continent connecting
America, Africa, and Australia as the solution of the problems
in connection with the distribution of plant-life in the Oceanic
Islands of the Southern Ocean as well as on the great Southern
Continents, he j^et demonstrates hj the investigation of many
island floras the influence of ocean currents and of birds in tlie
transport of the elements of their floras. Dealing with the Flora
of Bermuda, which he critically investigated in counectiou with his
Avork on the collections of the ' Challenger' Expedition, he thus
classifies the plants according to the means by which they reached
the islands : — 45 species, chiefl}' littoral plants, conveyed by
ocean currents, 2 marsh plants, introduced by their small seedis
adhering with mud to the feet of birds ; he thinks it, however,
more probable that many of these two grouj^s may have come m

LTTSTN. SOC. PH0CKP:DTN(JS. — SESSION lS,S9-9(). g

82 I'llOCEEDINGS OF THE

vef^elablo drift cast ashore during violent storms. 13 species,
witli more or less fleshy fruits, were probably carried to the
islands by frugivorous birds. lu this group is included all the
trees of JSerimula, and among them the cndcmii' Sabal, which he
considers to be, like tlie other endemic ])lants, only the differ-
entiated descendant of the same stock as the respective allied
species on the American Continent. And lastly, 21' species which
are probably indigenous, but may have been introduced by man.

Mr. Hemsley describes the gradual accession of the various
elements of a flora in a new coral island, and he holds that with-
out the action of ocean currents and birds the numerous remote
coral islands would be utterly devoid of phanerogamic vegetation.

More recently our Foreign Member, Dr. Treub, of Buitenzoig,
has examined the beginning of vegetation on the fragments of
Krakatao that remained after the extraordinary explosion and
volcanic outburst of August 1883. The present island is a
mountain rising about 2500 feet out of the sea almost perpen-
dicularly on one side, and Avitli an inclined slope and very narrow
beach on the other. In 1883 Krakatao was covered from tlie
summit to below the sea-level with a continuous layer of ashes
and burning pumice, varying from 3 to 200 feet in thickness, so
that every vestige of life on the island was destroyed. As the
island is uninhabited and uninhabitable, man has had nothing to
do with the appearance of the new vegetation. Krakatao is
distant 10 miles from the island of Sibesia and about 20 miles
distant from both Sumatra and Java. Dr. Treub found in June,
1886, a littoral flora grown from ocean-carried seeds, and con-
sisting of 9 species, all of them, with the exception of the Javan
Grass, belonging to the list of plants which stock new coral
islands within the tropics. These were : —

Erytbi'iua sp.

Calojihylluiu luophyllum, LinU:
Oerbera Odallam, Gacrtn.
Hernandia >Sonora, Linn.
Ipouijea Pes-Cai^rn.', tiw.
Sca'vola Koeiiigii, Vahl.
2 species of Cyperaceaj.
Gymnotbrix elegans, JJlisc.

The surface of the island Avas covered almost everywhere with
a thin layer of Confcrvoid Alga? belonging to six species. Three
were species of Lynyhya, aud one each of Tohjpothrix, Anabana,
and Symjjloca.

Besides two Mosses, Bv. Treub found eleven species of
Ferns : —

Gyiiinograinme Calomelanus, KaulJ.
Blecbmuu orientale, Linu.
AcrosticbuiM scaiideus, J. Sm.

aureum, Cim.

Plcris longilblia, Linn.
Xfpln-dlciiis oxaltahi, Sthoft.

LINNE.VN SOCIETY OF LONDON. h^

Nephroclium ealcaratuin, Hook.

flaccidiim, Hook.

Pteris aquiliua, Linn., var.

marginata, Bori/.

Ouychiiim auratmn, Kmilf.

And finally eight species of Phanerogams : —

WoUastonia sp.

2 species of Conyza.

Senecio s]3.

Scit'vola Koenigii, Vahl.

Tournefortia argentea, Linn.

CTyuiiiothrix elegaiis, Bme.

Phragmites Eoxburgliii, Kees.

These ])lants from the general snrface of the island, with
perhaps a single exception, were grown from small seeds or
spores easily carried by the wind. Probably the large number
of Forns growing on the barren ash found a soil on wdiich tlie
spores could germinate and develop the prothallus in the algal
covering of the ash.

There can be little doubt that in the case of new islands,
whether of coral or volcanic origin, the first vegetation is borne
to them by water and air currents.

Returning to our own island, let us see what was its con-
dition when the first members of our present Flora made their
ap])earance.

The Tertiary Period had closed. Only in the immediately pre-
ceding Upj)er Ci'etaceous rocks had there been any association of
species in a Flora analogous to the geographical groups of our
own day. The plants that have been discovered in the Eocene
beds possess the facies of a tropical flora; the Miocene plants
indicate a slight decrease in temperature, and this continues
till we reach the subtropical flora of the Pliocene. There then
appeared a remarkable change in the climate, and the Pliocene
phxnts perished before the advancing boreal cold. The Pliocene
plants do not belong to the same genera, seldom even to the
irame Orders as the flora which follows; and they could not con-
sequently have any ancestral relation to it. The cold that drove
before it the subtropical vegetation was the forerunner of the
great ice age. Advancing in front of the ice, the first repre-
sentatives of our existing flora reached us from the north, where
they had not, however, long established themselves, seeing that
the Tropical and Subtropical floras of the Tertiary period
flourished far within the Arctic Circle. The remains of these
earliest members of our present vegetation are buried in the
Cromer Forest-bed with the bones of the extinct mammoth, the
rhinoceros, the hippopotamus, and the cave-bear, and of tlie still
living horse, red deer, beaver, mole, &c. Only in a single case
has it been impossible to correlate wliat appear to be empt^
follicles with the corresponding parts of an existing plant ; and it
is possible these fruits may represent an extinct species, though

:/2

84 PROCEEDINGS OF TUK

tlie imperfect materials would not justify our asserting this with-
out gi'eat reserve. Three of the species are no longer members
of our indigenous flora, though they still persist, like the beaver
among the animals, in other lands.

I'ifiy-three species of plants have been found in the Cromer
beds, and all, except two, belong to the Germanic type of our
Flora. Of these, six are now confined in Britain as indigenous
plants to England, viz. : —

Stellaria aquatica, Sci'2j.
Pcucedanuin palustre, Moench.
Cornus sauguinea, Linn.
Riimex maritimus, Linn.
Euphorbia amygdaloides, Lhin,
Fagus sylyatica, Limi.

Thirteen species found in England extend also into Scotland,
though tliey do not I'each the extreme north. They are : —

Thalictrum flavuni, Linn.
Poterium oflicinale, Hook. ,/'.
(Enaiitbe Lachenalii, C. Gmcl.
Bidens ti-ipurtita, Linn.
Lycopus curop;viis, Linn.
Oeratophylluin dcmersum, Liiin.
Salix cinerea, Linn.
Alisma Plantago, Linn.
Potamogeton luceus, Linn.

pra-longiis, Wulf.

Eleocbaris pauciflora, Link.
Carex paludosa, Guod.
Taxus baecata, Linn.

Thirty species from the Cromer Forest-bed are now found
scattered over the whole of Britain. These are : —

Thalictrum minus, Linn. Corylus Avcllana, Linn.

Ranunculus aquatilis, Lini.

repeus, Linn.

Pi-inuis communis, Hufh,
Rubus fruticosus, Lin)i.
liip))uris vulgaris, Linn.
Myriopliyllum spicatum, Linn.
Meiiyantlics trilbliata, Linn.
MyosoLis liugulata, Lclim.
Stachys palustris, Linn.
Rumex crispus, lAnn.

Acetosella, Linn.

Atrijjlcx patula, Linn.
SuiTijda maritima, Buniort.
Quercus Robur, Linn.

Betula alba, Linn.
Aluus gluliuosa, Linn,
Potamogeton heteropbyllus, Schrch.

■ ■ tricboides, Cham.

pectinatus, Lin)i.

Zannicbcllia palustris, Linn.
Spargauium ramosum, Huds.
Scirpus lacustris, Linn.
Isolepis fluitans, 11. Br.
Eleocbaris caspitosa. Link.
Eriopborium augustifolium, lioth.
Pbragmites communis, Trin.
Pinus sylvestris, Linn.
Osmunda regalis, Linn.

In addition to the species 1 have enumerated, we find among
these earliest representatives of our indigenous flora two plants
which have been lost to us, l)aving been driven from our island
before the advancing cold, and having failed to return when the
ice retreated. The one is Trapa natans, Linn., and the other
Pinus Abies, Linn., still widely distributed on the continent.
Two other species complete the list of the hitherto discovered

LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 85

plants of the Cromer beds : — Isoetes lacnsfris, Linn,, represeuting
a plant of a colder region ; and the still moi-e prouounced Betitia
nana, Linn., now confined in Britain to mountains in Scotland.

With the exception of these two plants, the Cromer Forest-
bed, which contains as I have said the earliest records of our
existing Flora, presents us with a fair selection of that great
section of our present vegetation which we refer to the Grermanic
or Central Europe type. This temperate Flora, however, dis-
appeared befoi'e the advancing ice-cap and its accompanying
arctic temperature. In the presence at Cromer of Sali.v polaris,
"Wahlenb., now found only within the Arctic Circle, and Hypnum
turc/esoens, an Arctic moss, we have the evidence of this extreme
cold. These two plants were discovered by Prof. Nathorst, of
Stockholm, who concluded that some evidence of the change from
the temperate climate indicated by the plants of the Forest-bed
to the severe cold of the superimposed Boulder Clay might be
found. And he was successful, in a visit to Cromer in 1872, in
discovering the Arctic Salix and Hypnum in a bed immediately
below the Boulder Clay.

But the cold was too severe even for the Arctic plants, and
they were puslied out before the still advancing ice-cap. There
then reigned a death over the land as complete as on Krakatao
when six yeai's ago it was covered with the thick layer of hot
pumice. It is difficult to realize the condition of the North of
Europe at this time. INot only was the surface of the land
covered with ice, and great glaciers ploughed their way down all
our mountain- sides, but tlie mountains of Scandinavia gave
origin to huge fields of land-ice which spread over the North of
Germany and, crossing the North Sea, pushed their way into our
own land until they were arrested by the laud-ice of Britain.
They have left as witnesses of their presence numerous fragments
of the granitic rocks of Sweden enclosed in the Boulder Clay of
the South-east of England.

The physical conditions which drove out of the land the Arctic
plants would not permit the continuance of the Spanish plants
which were supposed to have reached Ireland, nor the French
plants which had been established in the South of England. The
creation oi preylacial laud-bridges across the Bay of Biscay and
the English Channel could not have brought the present repre-
seutatives of the French and Peninsular floras to the South-west
of Ireland and the South of England.

The Ice Age in Britain was not a continuous period of un-
changing low temperature. There is physical evidence that in
its covirse there was a very decided advance in the temperature
and a coi'responding retreat of the ice-covering. The interval of
improved temperature lasted long enough to permit the exposed
surfaces of the laud to be occupied by vegetation. The plants
followed the retreating ice. They have left their remains in beds
intercalated with the true Boulder Clay in the valleys of the Forth

86

IM.OCKEDlN(iS OF HIE

and (.'lycle. Niiioty-two species have been {letormined, and they
represent on the whole a similar flora to that which had been
driven out by the advancing ice, though perliaps of a slightly
inoro northern aspect. The six species found at Cromer, and
now confined to England, are absent from these interglacial
deposits : bnt a considerable proportion of the other species had
rotnrned to occupy the land, while many others now associated
with them wore their companions.

iMl'leen species occur which are to-day found in England and
pass over into Scotland. These are : —

Nupbar luteum, Sm,

Fuuiaria officinalis, Linn.

Hypericum quadranguhiru, Linn.
*Poteriuiii officinale, Hook. f.

Apiiiui nodiflorum, licichh.

jEtiiusa Cynapiuni, Linn.

Sambiicus nigra, Linn.

Oentaurea Cyanus, Linn.

Eupatoriuni cannabinuni, Linn.

Bidens cermia, Jjinn.

Crepis virens, Linn.
*Lyco])iis ciiropjsus, Linn.
*Alisnia Plantago, TAnn.
»Eleocliari.s paucillorus, lAnh.

Carex canescens, lAnn.

Seventy-four species are found in the interglacial beds which
are now found distributed over both Scotland and England.
These are : —

^Ranunculus aqualilis, hinn.

— Lingua, lAnn.

Flammula, Linn.

* repeus, Linn.

Caltba palustris, Linn.

Viola palustris, Linn.

Lvcbnis Flos-Cuculi, LAnn.

diurna, Sihth.

Stellaria media, Ci/r.

uliginosa, Miirr.

Spergula arvensis, Linn.

Moutia foutana. Linn.

ITvpcricum Elodes, Linn,

Linum perenne, Linn.

Oxalis Acotosella, Li7m.
*rrunus communis, Huds.

Padus; Linn.

Spiraea Ulmaria, Linn.

Kubus Ida;us, TAnn.
* fruticosus, Linn.

l^tentilla Comarum, Nail.

Torment ilia, Sihlh.

Alcliemilla arvensis. Lam.

llosa canina, Linn.
*llippuris vulgaris, lAnn.

«Myriopbyllum spicatum, Linn.

Carum Carui, Linn.

Valeriana officinalis, Linn.

Cardans lanceolatus, Linn.

palustris, Linn.

Tu.ssilago Fariara, Linn.

Matricaria inodora, Linn.

C'lirysantberaum segetura, Linn.

Senecio sylvaticus, Linn.

Lapsana communis, Linn.

Leontodon autumnalis, Linn.

Taraxacum officinale, WiffffCiv.

Soncbus arvensis, Linn.
•if-Menyantbes trifoliata, Linn.

Littorella lacustris, Li?m.

Pedicularis palustris, Linn,

Prunella vulgaris, Linn.

iStacbys jiabistris, Linn.

Galeopsis Tetrabit, Linn.

Ajuga reptans, lAnn.

Polygonum aviculare, Linn.

Persicaria, Linn.

Rumex obtusifolius, Linn.
* crispns, Linn.

Eupborbia Kelioscopia, Linn,

* Speoice found also in tbe Lower Glacial deposit at Cromer.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOIf. 87

Salix berbacea, Linn.

Isolepis setacea, li. Ilr.

Eleocbai'is palustris, It. Br.
Carex dioica, Liun.

echinata, Murr.

jjauicea, Linn,

flava, Linn.

Holcus lanalus, Unit,
Dactylus glomcrata, Liun.
Poa trivialis, Linn.
*Pinus sylvestris, Linn.

*Quercus Robur, Linn.
*Corylus Avellana, Linn.
*Betiila alba, I^inn.
¥rWn\\B glutinosa, Linn.
:tPotamogetoa lieteroplijllus, Schirb.

pusillugi, Linn.

* pectinatiis, fjinn.

■xZinnichellia paliisiris, Linn.
*Sparganiuiii raniosuni. Muds.
*Scirpiis lacustris, Linn.

Three other species are found in these beds whicli indicate a
colder temperature : —

Empeti'um nigrum, Ljinn.
Salix herbacea, Liiin.
■ifTsoetes lacustris, Linn.

A very large proportion of the plants now enumerated from
the Interglaeial beds are either aquatic or water-loving plants.
Ten of them are woody plants. The Mora, as a whole, represents
the general type of the existing English Plor.i. It is not a little
remarkable to tind these plants growing on the ground cleared of
ice during a warm interval in the glacial period. This interval
must have lasted sufficiently long to permit the return of the
plants, and their establishment in these localities.

Another decrease in the temperature caused the advance of
the land-ice, and the re-destruction of the vegetation. The
newer Boulder Clay is the evidence of this fresh advance, and as
the terminal debris of the retreating ice-cap it is also the
evidence of the final disappearance of the great Ice Age. The
improving temperature once more brought back the ancient
vegetation. We find its remains in the sedimentary deposits
above the Boulder Clays, and in the older peats. The two sub-
arctic species, Betula nana, Linn., and Isoefes lacustris, Linn.,
occur in these later glacial deposits in England, though in our
existing vegetation they have retired to the North or to the moun-
tains. Seven species are found in the later glacial beds which
are now scattered over England and the South of Scotland.
These are : —

Nuphar liitcuiu, Sm.
ffinantlie Lachenalii, C. Gmel.
Sambucus nigra, Linn.
Ceratopliyllum demersum, Linn.
Salix repens, Linn.
Potauiogeton crispum, Linn.
Taxus baccata, Linn.

Twenty-four species are now scattered over the whole of

Britain, namely : —

Ranunculus sceleratus, Ijinn.

Flammula, Linn.

repens, Linn.

Lychnis Flos-Cuculi, Linn.
Prunus Padus, Linn.

Rubus Idffius, Linn.
Eu})atoriuiu cannabinuni, Linn.
Taraxacum oflicinalc, Wigc/ov.
Menyanthes trifolinta, Linn.
r>artsia Odontites, Linn.

* Species found also in the ]jo\ver Glacial deposit at Cromer.

88

IMIOCKEDTNQS OF Tllli;

'I'hyimis Serpvlliiiii, Linn. Sparganiiim ramosura, Huch.

Ruiiicx crisptis, Linn. Potamogoton rufescens, Schrad.

Atriplcx prittila, TAnn. Caivx dioica, Linn.

Quercus Robiir, Tjinn. \ Anthoxantliiim odoratiim, LAnn.

Coryliis Avcllana, lAnn. riiragiuites coiuinunis, Trin.

Almis gliitiiiosa, Linn. Poa trivialis, Linn.

Bet Ilia nana, Linn.

Through the post-glacial ages tlie vegetation of our islands
became richer tlirough the transport, by water and air-currents
and by birds, of additional species. At no time can it be said
that this influx has stopped. In a flora entirely derived from
nearer or more remote lands we must include all plants which
have reached our shores, whether early during the ice age, in the
ages intervening, or quite recently in our own day, if such
additions are independent of human agency.

The existence of the American JEriocaulon septangulare. With.,
on the western coasts of Scotland and Ireland — the only member
of an exti'a-Europeau order which is found nowhere else in
Europe — is no doubt due to the agency of some American bird.
It is included in our native flora as Anacliaris Alsinastrum, Bab.,
should also be, though it has been added to our Flora in our own
day. This plant was first observed in County Down about 1836, and
made its way to England in 1841. There is no evidence to show
and no reason to suppose that its presence in Ireland was due in
any way to the agency of man. The occasional occui*reuce of
American birds on our sliores is well known, and only a few weeks
ago wo had submitted for our examination a specimen of a bittern
(Bvtorides virescens) which, having crossed the Atlantic, was shot
in Cornwall. Such a visitant might have brought to our shores
the seeds of plants like Eriocaulon or Anacliaris.

The most remarkable case in recent times of the introduction
and wide distribution of a plant by wind currents is that of
Phytophthora infestans, De Bary. Towards the end of July 1845,
this plant was first detected in the Old World in Belgium, and
within two months thereafter it had spread itself over England,
Scotland, and Ireland, over France, Germany, Denmark, and
Kussia, doing serious injury everywhere to the potato crops of
these countries.

Though so recently introduced, the Phytophtliora and the
Anacliaris must be reckoned as much members of our indigenous
Flora as the others which reached us by agents free from the
influence of man during the ages that have intervened since the
glacial ice disappeared from our land.

Various estimates have been made of the centnries that have
run their course since the glacial epoch. Beyond the date at
which man began to record time we can have no definite inform-
ation. AVe can trace the succession of events, but the statement
of the time required to bring about these events, being based on
deductions from the accompanying or resultant physical or
liiological phenomena, must differ according to the estimates of

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 89

the various observers. To all, the interval between our own day
and the glacial period is, as we express time, very great, though
small relatively to the history of the globe. It must, however,
be admitted to represent an appreciable fraction of the time that
has elapsed since we meet with the first record of Dicotyledonous
plants in the Earth's strata. As we have seeu, the plants con-
stituting our British Flora then possessed all the characters
which are now used to distinguish tliem as independent species.
JTor instance, the somewhat miuitte peculiarities which sepai'ate
Salix 2?olaris, Wahlen., from SaJix herlacea, Linn., were present
in the specimens of these plants which gi-ew in glacial times in
Britain, and they liave not been added to or even intensified in
the living ])lants of the two species, tliough the changed physical
environments have driven the one north within the Arctic Circle,
and the other to the tops of our higher mountains. And what is
true of the two Salices is true of all tlie other plants which have
hitherto been discovered in the glacial beds. The mosses and
ferns, the gymnosperms and angiosj)ern)s exhibit the same
characters, without reduction or moditicatiou, which their living
descendants possess.

Sir Joseph Hooker then moved the following resolution,
viz. : — " That the thanks of the Society be given to the President
for his excellent Address, and that he be requc^sted to allow it to be
printed." This having been seconded by Mr. H. T, Staiuton, was
carried unanimously.

The Linnean Gtold Medal.

The Linnean Gold Mednl for the year was presented to Prof
Thomas Henry Huxley ; the President addressing him as
follows : —

It has added greatly to the honour which the Fellows did me
in placing me in this Chair, that during the period of its tenancy
the Society has founded the Linnean Medal and permitted me
already to place three of these medals in the hands of as many
leaders of science, who have been at the same time most honoured
members of our Society. And now it is a great satisfaction to
me to present to you, as the last of my official acts, this Linnean
Medal which has been awarded to you by the Couucil of the
Society in recognition of your eminent services to Biological
science.

For the past forty years your investigations into organisms of
every class of the Animal Kingdom have been numerous and
important. Not only have the details of structure which you
have worked out added immensely to general knowledge, but your
philosophical interpretations and deductions from the structure
and development of the oi'ganisms you have investigated have
illuminated every department of Biology.

90 PROCEEDINGS OF TKR

And this extensive acquaintance Avith living beings has happily
been applied by you to the exposition and illustration of the
fragmentary remains of former tenants of our globe. You have
thus extended our knowledge of animal forms, and added greatly
to the intelligeiit apprehension of the history of life on the
Earth.

In the wealth of works and memoirs which justify these observa-
tions, I would only refer S2)ecifically to your early work on Oceanic
Ilydrozoa, because of my own memories of it, when it opened to
me a new and rich field of investigation at a time when zoological
studies had a larger share in my thoughts than they have had
for many a year.

I must also allude to tlie great services you have rendered to
Biology by yoiu' labours as a teacher, and to the still wider in-
fluence of the " Introductions " you have prepared for the use of
Students.

In appreciation of your many and invaluable services to science,
I have the pleasure of presenting you, by authority of the
Council, with this Linuean Medal — the highest honour they can
confer.

Prof. Huxley having expressed his gratification at the presen-
tation, the Senior Seci'ctary read the obituary notices of deceased
Fellow's, as follows : —

Obituaut Notices.

Ralph Fawsett Aiimswoeth was born in 1811, at Manchester,
where he spent his life, and died there at his residence, Cliff"
Point, Lower Broughton, on 6th of March, 1890. He was an
enthusiastic cultivator of Orchids, and took an active part in the
management of the Manchester botanic gardens at Old Trafford,
so far as his i^rofessional duties as a surgeon would permit. He
joined this Society on 21st Januai'y, 1869.

John Ball was the eldest of the four sons of the Rt. Hon.
Nicholas Ball, Judge in the Irish Court of Common Pleas, and was
born at Dublin, 20th August, 1818. He early became attracted
to natural science, geology being his favourite study. He had
his first view of the European Alps, with which he had afterwards
so much to do, in the year 1825, and the following year he was
with his father at Ems. At thirteen years of age he was sent
to the Eoman Catholic college at Oscott, near Birmingham, his
family being of that fiiith. The British Association met at
Dublin at 1835, and Ball was present; after its meetings he
went on a trip to Galway and Counemara with Professor C. C.
Babington, who has printed an account of the excursion in
Loudon's 'Magazine of Natural History,' ix. 119, «&c. He then

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 9 1

proceeded to Cambridge, as a student at Christ's College, and
in 1839 came out as 37tli wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos.

On quitting Cambridge, he travelled during four years in
Europe, including Sicily, at that time but rarely visited by tourists.
In 1845 he was called to the Irish bar ; but, like a former Presi-
dent of this Society, Mr. Bentham, he did not enter on practice.
Tlie next year he was appointed Assistant Poor Law Commis-
sioner, just at the time of the outbreak of the Irish famine, caused
by the failure of the potato crop, and threw himself into his
duties with untiring energy till his health broke down in about
a year, and he was compelled to give up the post, and seek rest
abroad.

He was reappointed in 1819 as second Commissioner, and
held it until his election as Liberal member for Carlow in 1852.

Lord Palmerston gave him the post of Under Secretary of
State for the Colonies, and in this ofBce, which he retained for
two years, he was able to advance the claims of science in a w'ay
which is but too seldom done by those holding official positions.
At the general election in 1858 he stood for Limerick ; but the
Italian question, which had been for some time claiming public
attention, caused him to be defeated at the poll; he thereupon
retired from public life, and devoted himself to scientific studies.
In explanation of his rejection at Limerick, it must be remarked
that the Irish priesthood had long foreseen the coming struggle
for Italian unity, and had strictly enjoined upon their eougre-
gations the duty of discountenancing all supporters of it ; now
Ball had always been an ardent upholder of the national aspi-
rations in o])position to the prevailing feeling of his co-reli-
gionists, hence his failure to win the seat cannot be wondered at.

The Alpine Club was founded in 1858, and the subject of these
remarks became its first president till 1860 ; he also acted as
editor of " Peaks, Passes, and Glaciers," the popularity of which
may be gauged by the fact that the first series went through four
editions. A far more important work, which was Ball's alone,
was his ' Guide to the Alps ; ' it came out in three volumes
in 1863-4-8, and. has been from the first recognized as a wonder-
fully true account of the Alpine mountain-chain, botli with
regard to the climbers' point of view, and the constant allusion
to topics of botanic and geologic interest. The precision of
his topographic knowledge is w^ell illustrated by an anecdote
which is told of him. At a time when the Italian troops were
foiled in their attack on a fort iield by the Austrians, Ball showed
how the position might be turned, a hint which was acted upon
with prompt success, and for which he received the thanks of the
Italian Government.

In 1871 he went to Marocco with Sir Joseph Hooker and
Mr. Maw, and the account of the collections, worked up chiefly
by Mr. Ball, came out in the sixteenth volume of our Journal, and
must be considered as the author's most important productiou.

9.T piiocEicDrffas op titk

The last considerable journey which he made was to Soutli
America in 1882, a trip wliich he had long wished to make. The
botanic notes were ])riiitcd in our Journal in 1883-5, and his
narrative of the entire journey as 'Notes of a Naturalist in
South America ' issued from the press in 1887,

About two years before hia death, it became evident to Mr.
Ball's friends that his health was failing ; last year he went to the
Engadine, but feeling seriously unwell there, he turned home-
wards, and at Geneva sought medical advice. It was then found
that if lie wished to reach England, he must travel without further
loss of time. A\'^ith great difficulty he came home, and almost
immediately underwent an operation for internal cancer; but
his frame was too enfeebled to withstand the shock, and he died
at midnight on October 21st, at his house, 10 Southwell Gardens,
Kensington. lie was buried at the Roman Catholic Church of
St. Thomas, at Walham Green, on the 25th of that month ;
amongst the botanic friends who paid the last offices of friend-
ship, were Professor Oliver, Mr. Thiselton Dyer, Mr. C. B.
Clarke, and the President and Secretary of this Society.

Mr. Ball was twice married, first, iu 1856, to Eliza, daugliter
of Count Alberto Parolini, who brought him estates at Bassano,
by whom he had two sons : and the second time to Julia, daughter
of V. O'Beirne, of Jamestown, Co. Loitrim, who survives him.

Tie joined our Society December 2nd, 1856, and was also
Eellow of the Royal Society (1868), the Royal Geographical, the
Society of Antiquaries, and a Member of the Royal Irish Academy.
Another honour which especially gratified him was his election
to an honorary fellowship of his old college, which, iu his academic
days, was precluded from granting such honours to members of
his faith.

Joseph Sugar Baly was born in 1817, and Avas educated for
the medical profession. He became M.R.C.S. in ISIO and L.S.A.
in 1811. He was established in an extensive practice in the
North of Loudon, and remained there until 1868, when, ou the
death of a relative, he relinquished his London practice and
removed to Warwick, where he resumed private practice, and
held several professional and other public appointments. In his
scientific work, Mr. Baly was a distinguished entomologist ; and,
excepting a certain amount of attention paid to the higher
groups of exotic llyinenoptera, his investigations were devoted
almost solely to Phytophagous Coleoptera, a subject upon which
he became one of the foremost authorities. He is respousible
for a large number of new species and many new genera ; and
his descriptions are printed in nearly every available serial
medium of publication. He was a Eellow of the Entomological
Societies of London, France, and Stettin. He was elected a
Fellow of tliis Society in 1865. He died at hia house in Warw* ick
on March 27, 1890.

LI>"NEAy SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 93

The Eev. Miles Joseph Berkeley was born at Biggiu, near
Ouudle, some time in 1803, and received his early education at
Eugby. At Cambridge lie took his degree of B.A. in 1S25, and,
having received deacon's orders in 1826, lie was ordained priest
in the following year by the Bishop of Peterborough. He pro-
ceeded M.A. in 182S, and his next recorded clerical duty was at
Margate, where he was appointed curate in 1829. At this place
he remained till 1833, and here he began that series of inde-
fatigable researches which have rendered his name for ever
memorable. Preceded by a few papers in various journals,
Berkeley made his first essay in independent authorship by his
' Gleanings of British Algse,' in 1833, the same year which
witnessed his acceptance of the living of xlpethorpe with Wood-
newton, in Northamptonshire. It was whilst he held this
perpetual curacy that his main life-work was achieved. The first
great work which he here published Avas his volume on Fungi,
as supplemental to Sir James Smith's ' English Flora ' in 1836 ;
the manner of execution of this admirable production has repeat-
edly been the subject of praise from all competent mycologists.
The following year, 1837, saw the beginning of a long series of
papers in various! journals, the ' Magazine of Zoology and
Botany/ afterwards the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural
History,' Hooker's Journals, our own, and the pages of the
' Gardener's Chronicle.' It fell to his lot to describe the
novelties from many collectors — Darwin's ' Beagle ' fungi,
Cuming's Philippine ones, the fungi in the herbarium of the
British Museum and of Sir William Hooker. About 1811 he
became acquainted with Mr. Broome, and, with him, co-operation
only ceased with the death of the latter in 1886. In 1S4<4< he
began his valuable t-eries of papers on plant-diseases and vege-
table pathology in the ' Gardeners' Chronicle,' then under the
editorship of l)r. Lindley. It is much to be wished that a full
index of these striking memoirs should be put on record, for
they are totally omitted from the Eoyal Society'*! Catalogue of
Scientific papers, and the indexes to the various volumes in
which they appeared are wanting in fulness ; a synoptic index
has, however, been given in the volume for 1857, p. 676, for his
articles to that date. He continued to be a constant contri-
butor up to about 1886. Soon after this, Berkeley's attention
was directed, by the iuA'asion of the potato fungus, to the
morphologic aspects of his chosen study. The ' Introduction
to Cryptogamic Botany ' came out in 1857, followed by his
' Outlines of British Fnngology ' in 1860; these works had a
remarkable eflect on the study of Fungi in this country. In
1868 he was presented to the vicarage of Sibbertoft, which he
retained till his death. From this time forward his life was, in
many senses, a much easier one. He had had hard work to
bring uji a large family and prosecute his scientific labours on a
country parson's small stipend. Nonv, with easier means,

94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

honours began to flow in upon liim. In 1863 he had received
the bestoAvmeut of a Dloyal Medal; and in 1879, forty-three
years after his first important work, with unceasing contributions
of the greatest value to mycologic literature, he was elected to
the Fello\vsl)ip of the lloyal Society. We have had the honour
of bearing Berkeley's name on our roll since April 19th, 1836.

For some years past Mr. Berkeley's health had been declining,
and his contributions to science had at length quite ceased ;
it was therefore with no feelings of surprise, but only with
regret, that intelligence came of his death on 30th July, 1889, at
Sibbcrtoft, near Market Harborough. The Society possesses a
portrait, which hangs in the meeting-room, and a woodcut ap-
|)eured some years since in the ' Gardeners' Chronicle.' The
h(!rbai'ium, accumulated during his laborious life, is now at Kew,
to wliich institution he also presented his books, a few months
after he had given his plants.

There is one feature of his career which must nut be past^ed
uver in silence. Mr. Bentham has stated in this room that the
whole of tlie proofs of the ' Grencra Platitarum ' were read criti-
cally by Mr. Berkeley with a view of correcting any faults in the
latinity of tbat great work.

The Hon. and Eev. John Townsuend Boscawen, younger
brother of the 6th Viscount Falmouth, and uncle to the present
holder of that title, was born in the year 1820, and in later
times was very proud of his descent from John Evelyn, of
Wootou. He was an undergraduate at Magdalen College, Cam-
biidge, and took his degree of B.A. in 1845. In 1817 he receivKd
his title to orders, and was ordained deacon, taking priest's orders
in 1819; three years later, in 1852, he proceeded M.A. Since
1849 he held the rectory of Lamorran, Probus, Cornwall, and
threw himself with great spirit into horticultural matters. He
was for some time a member of the Council of the Eoyal Horti-
cultural Society, but retired when he found that some of his
projects did not find favour with tlie majority of his colleagues.
His election was of comparativelv recent date, 18th March, 1886.
lie died 6th July, 1889.

Benjamin Clabke was born at Saffron Walden, Essex, on Septem-
ber 5th, 1813, and died at Hampstead of apoplexy on February
4th, 1890. He regularly entered the medical profession, but
devoted himself from his youth to the study of natural history,
especially botany. Out of the 19 papers which stand in his name
in the lloyal Society Catalogue, 5 are in the publications of this
Society. His two papers in the 'Transactions," vol. xxii. (1859),
are illustrated by a fine plate, t. 68, drawn by himself. His period
of greatest botanic activity was 1849-65. During the last 25
years of his life liis ])rincipal botanic work has been producing
and im[)roving his work, ' The Natural System of Botany,' — a
work which is the record of a great mass of skilful dissections,

LfiNNEAN SOCEETY OF LONDOX. 95

though the System of Classification which tliey are all designed to
support is ueither in practical use nor perhaps more natural than
many other proposed systems.

Mr. B. Clarke also made many experiments with new vegetable
therapeutic agents, and was much interested in advocating the
isolation (by police regulations) of patients suffering from in-
fectious diseases.

His simplicity of character, and pure devotion to scientific
inquiry, commanded the sympathy of all with whom he came in
contact.

He was elected Fellow of the Society May 6th, 1845.

Joshua Claeke, elder brother of the foregoing, was born 10th
April, 1805, and died at Saffron AValden on 27th February, 1S9L).
Although it was never directly acknowledged, it is nevertheless
true, that Joshua Clarke was the instigator of Gibson's ' Flora
of Essex,' in the preface of which we read, that "... he has
studied its botany for more than thirty years." This was written
in 1862, and puts on record the attention to Essex botany paid
by our late Fellow for so long a time.
He was elected 18th January, 1853.

CossoK, Ernest, was born in 1819, and was the son of a well-to-do
father engaged in commercial pursuits, w-ho, seeing that his son
had bat little liking for his own calling, allowed him to study
medicine, and young Cosson in due time took his degree of M.D.
He had hardly reached the age of tvventj^ when he allied him-
self with Germain de St. Pierre in a work on certain critical
plants growiug in the vicinity of Paris, which came out in 1810,
followed two years later by a more general work on the flora of
that neighbourhood, Weddell also taking part in this venture.
With the same coadjutors he issued in 1813 a catalogue of the
vascular plants of the locality, and in the next he brought out
his w^ell-known ' Flore descriptive et analytique des environs
de Paris,' which reached a third edition in 1876. After a
few small contributions to the same subject, he published in
1852 his first work on that flora which he was destined to make
so peculiarly his own, ' Eapport sur uu voyage botanique en
Algerie ; ' an-d thenceforward his efforts were almost wholly
confined to the Flora of Northern Africa, either by himself or
Avith his helpers, Louis Kralik, and Durieu de Maisonueuve.
Altogether he made ten journeys in the northern pavis of Africa,
fur the accumulation of immense materials for his intended great
work on a general account of the Mediterranean region of
Africa. A preliminary volume on some introductory details saw
the light in 1881, and the first descriptive volume of the great work
in 1883-87 ; but the plan sketched out was on too extensive a scale
to permit of the hope of its ever being finished by Cosson; at the
rate of publication it would have needed close upon thirty years*
labour to complete it. Four fasciculi of plates were issued in
1882-90.

()6 PHOCEEUrNGS OF THK

His iutimate acquaiutaiicc witli the boreal flora of Africa caused
liir< help to be soiiglit by all botanists who had occasion to inves-
tigate the flora of the vast district of wliich, botauically speaking,
he might be said to possess the key. Our late lamented Fellow,
Mr. John Ball, when working up the collection of plants made
by himself and .Sir Joseph Hooker in Marocco, which came out
in the sixteenth volume of our botanical journal, fully acknow-
ledged iiis obligations to Mr. Cossou for valuable help in clearing
up many doubtful 2)lants.

He died in Paris on December 31st, 18S9, after a short illness,
an attack of the so-called " influenza " proving more than his
bodily powers were able to resist.

lie was elected a Foreign Member, 2nd May, 1878.

FitANCis Day, after leaving Shrewsbury School, studied for the
Army Medical Service. Ordered to India after his appointment,
he was attached to tiic Madras Establishment in 1852, and
took part in the military operations of the second Burmese war,
fur which he received the medal. An enthusiastic na,turalist,
especially devoted to Ichthyology, he seized every opportunity
for extending his knowledge of the fish-fauna of the countries
through which he passed, and thus built up the extensive prac-
tical experience which justified him in ultimately devoting him-
self to that branch of research, and led to his subsequent
appointment as Inspector-General of Fisheries in India. In
tliis capacity ho was the author of valuable reports to the Govern-
ment, ranging from 1SG5 to 1877. He also published the follow-
ing works, which bear worthy testimony to his ability and
industry :— ' The Fishes of Malabar,' 1865 ; ' The Fishes of
India,' 18G8 ; 'The Fishes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands,
&c.,' 1870; 'The Freshwater Fish and Fisheries of India and
Burmah,' 1873 ; ' The Fishes of India,' second edition, 1875-
1879 ; and ' The Fishes of the Nilghiri Hills and the Wynaad,'
1876.

Holding the rank of Deputy Surgeon-General, he retired
from the Madras Medical staflE" in 1877, and returned to this
cjuntry. He then devoted himself with characteristic energy to
the study of the Fish and Fisheries of the United Kingdom,
which resulted in the publication of ' The Fishes of Great
Britain and Ireland,' 1880-83. An ardent follower of the craft
of Izaak AValton, he paid special attention to the Salmonidie;
and took great interest in the fish-cultural w^ork carried on at
Howietoun, under the auspices of Sir James Gibson Maitland,
aud published au important volume upon the experiments and
investigations there undertaken.

The last work on which Dr. Day was engaged was his contri-
bution on the Fishes of India for the series of monographs on
the Fauna of India now in course of publication, edited by Dr.
W. T. Blauford. In addition to these larger works. Dr. Day

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 97

contributed numerous papers to this Society and to the Zoolo-
gical Society, as well as to nearly every English periodical open
to the discussion of questions on Fish and Fish-culture, He
took an active part in the Fisheries Exhibition of 1883, and
lent a number of important exhibits. Collections formed by him
are in the British Museum, and in the museums of Cambridge,
Calcutta, Leyden, Berlin, Florence, and Sydney. Only a few
months before his death he gave to the University of Cambridge
a large series of birds, and to the National Collection several
thousand specimens of Fishes and Crustaceans. And during his
last illness, Avhen the end was very near, he presented a number
of valuable works on Ichthyology to this Society's library.

Dr. Day was created a Companion of the Order of the Indian
Empire in 1885, and also received the Cross of the Order of the
Crown of Italy. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred
upon him; he was a Fellow of the Zoological Society, and was
elected a Fellow of this Society in 1857. He died at Cheltenham,
after a long and painful illness, on July 10th, 1889.

AuGusTE FiiEDEEic Lendi was born about 1826, and, after service
on the French Staff, held the position of Captain in the Middlesex
Eegimeut, retiring with the rank of Major. His chief delight
was the culture of Orchids ; and he was in the habit of constantly
using our library on points of interest in this relation. He was
elected Fellow, ?"lst February, 1861. He died at Sunbury October
10th, L8S9, and was buried at Woking five days later.

John Marshall was born at Tauuton, Somersetshire, in 1838,
and died there. His charming gardens at that place were freely
thrown open to the public, and he was active in the promotion
of horticultural interests. His connection with our Society was
of a late date, having been elected Fellow on the 2nd February,
1882.

"William Eamsay McNab was born on November 9th, 18M, at
Edinburgh, where his father and grandfather held successively
the post of Curator to the Botanic Oardeu. After he left school,
he entered the University of his native city, and speedily attracted
the notice of the late Professor Balfour, wlio appointed him his
assistant in his classes. In pursuance of his biological studies,
he went to Berlin, and theie studied botany under Alexander
Braun and Karl Kocli, and pathology and histology under Vir-
chow. He took his degree of Doctor of Medicine at his own
University when only 22 years of age, and then embarked on
medical practice. Three years later lie received the appointment
of Professor of Natural History at the Royal Agricultural Col-
lege, Cirencester, and thus quitted the niedical profession. In
or about the year 1869, he was inducted into the chair of Botany
at the Eoyal College of Science, Dublin, which he lield till his

LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINGS.— SESSION 1889-90. h

98 VHOCEEDINOS OF THE

decease. Willi this post, he held the miuor offices of Examiuer
and Superiuteiideiit of the Botanic Gardeaa, the last-named
post having been specially created for him by the 8cieuce and
Art Department in 1S80. He contributed to the ])ages of our
'Transactions ' a paper on the flowers of the IVelwitschia, which
came out in 1873. Ili.s origuial contributions to scientific liter-
ature were on the morphology and physiology of plants, but he
also drew up two little text-books, one on Classification and the
other on Morphology and Physiology, the latter presenting in a
succinct form the modern method of botanical teaching as prac-
tised on the Continent.

He died suddenly of heart disease at Dublin, on December 3rd,
1889. He was elected Fellow of the Linueau Society, 7th Juue,
1877.

Christopher Kice Mansicl Talbot was born at Peurice Castle,
Oxwich, on May 10th, 1803. He was the eldest son of the late
Mr. Tliomas Mansel Talbot of Margam by his marriage with
Lady Mary Lucy, daughter of the second Earl of Ilchester. He
was educated at Harrow and Oxford, where he graduated in 1824,
after taking a first class in mathematics. He succeeded to the
family estates in 1824. Mr. Talbot gained the honour of being
Father of the House of Commons after an experience which is
almost unprecedented, for he sat for the same constituency for
the long ])eriod of fifty-nine years. Mr. Talbot was a Fellow of
the Euyal (Society. He was elected a Fellow of this Society in
1850, and died January 17th, 1890.

Sir James Tyler was born in 1816. For ten years, from 1843
to 1853, he was connected with the Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms,
aud he was knighted in 1851, shortly after his appointment as
lieutenant of that Corps. One of his latest acts was a donation
of £1000 to the Building-fund of the Bethnal Grreen Free
Library. He was elected a Fellow of this Society in 1869. He
died April 5th, 1890.

Julian Edmund Tenison- Woods, born in 1832, was a son of the
late Mr. J. D. Woods, Q.C., a well-kuown member of the
literary etaft' of ' The Times.' He studied at Oxford, and, falling
under the influence of the leaders of the Tractarian movement, he
seceded from the Church of England and joined that of Rome.
He subsequently qualified himself for its ministry and was or-
dained about 1856. Previous to his ordination he had visited
Tasmania for the benefit of his health, and, finding the climate
suitable, he decided to settle in Australia. He there acepted the
charge of a pastoral diocese, and was activel}'^ engaged in mission-
ary work throughout the remainder of his life, and he was ulti-
mately appointed Vicar-General of Adelaide.

In AusLialia his natural tendency towards science found full

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 99

scope for its development, and hia investigations iu Greology and
Natural History generally were very extensive. His industry
was indefatigable, and he contributed a large uuiuber of papers,
which embrace a wide range of subjects, to various scientific
journals and magazines, both British and Colonial. In addition
to writing on Australian Geology, Palseoutology, and Faunistic
Zoology, lie also described recent and fossil organisms from New
Gruinea, New Caledonia, the Fiji Islands, and other parts of the
Australasian area, devoting especial attention to recent Mollusca.
As independent works he was the author of ' A History of the
Discovery and Exploration of Australia,' ' Geological Obser-
vations in !South AustraHa,' ' North Australia and its Physical
Geography,' ' Australian Essays,' ' Australian Bibliography,'
and ' Not quite as Old as the Hills,' — works which showed much
careful observation and a passionate devotion to the study of the
many-sided charms of Nature by which he was surrounded.

From 1883 to 1886 Mr. Tenison-Woods visited Singapore
and portions of the Malayan Archipelago, his journey extending
as far as China and Japan, and during which he made extensive
collections. Unfortunately the malaria to which he had been
exposed daring his travels had undermined his constitution, his
health was broken and he gradually sank, dying at Sydney,
October 7th, 1889.

In 1880, Mr. Tenison-Woods was President of the Linnean
Society of New South Wales. He was a Fellow of the Geo-
logical Society. He was elected a Fellow of this Society in
1863, but did not contribute any paper to its publications.

June 5th, 1890.

Prof. Chakles Stewart, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the Anniversary Meeting were read and con-
firmed.

William Haddon Beeby, Esq., and the Eev. Samuel Gaskiug
were elected Fellows.

The President nominated Mr. William Carruthers, Prof. P.
M. Duncan, Mr. Frank Crisp, and Mr. John Gilbert Baker to be
Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year.

The President then read the following resolution, which was
carried by acclamation : —

" That this Society desires to record its sense of the value of the
services rendered by Mr. Carruthers as its President for four
years, during which period he was conspicuous for the unremit-
ting attention he gave to the business of the Society in all its
details, and most jealously watched o\er its interests and welfare,

h 2

lOO PROCEEDINGS OF THE

haviug, ill additioa to the ordinary duties of his office, orgauized
aud carried out with great success the Ceatenary Celebration of
1888."

Mr. H. Little exliibited and made remarks upon a photograph
oi' a remarkable Aroid, Amorphojyhallus Titanum, which had
flowered for the first time in this country.

Mr. James Groves exhibited a specimen of an Orolanche
parasitic upon a zonal Pelargonium.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On a Collection of Plants from Madagascar." By Gr. F.
Scott Elliot, F.L.S.

2. " On Weissmann's Theory of Heredity applied to Plants."
By Eev. G. ITenslow, F.L.S.

3. " Teratological Evidence as to the Heredity of Acquired
Conditions." By Prof. Wiudle. (Communicated by E B. Poulton,
F.L.S.)

4. "On the Development of the Sporangia of Uliodocliorton^^
By E. J. Harvey Gibson, F.L.S.

5. " On the Position of Chantransia, with description of a
new species." By George Murray, F.L.S., and Miss Ethel
S. Barton.

6. " On the Development of the Cystocarps in Galophyllis laci-
niata." By Miss A. L. Smith. (Communicated by D. H. Scott,
F.L.S.)

7. " On the Cystocarps of some Genera of Floridese." By J.
B, Carruthers, F.L.S.

A circular letter from the Australian Association for the Ad-
vaucpment of Science, detailing the objects of the Association
aud the terms of admittance thereto, was read from the Chair
and ordered to be suspended.

June 19th, 1890.
Prof. Charles Stewaet, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

William Cross, Esq., and Selmar Schonland, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

Mr. W. H. Beeby exhibited a specimen o^ Rumex propinquus,
new to Britain, and procured in Shetland.

Mr. Thomas Christy exliibited and made remarks upon a speci-
men of Callistemon rigidum.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, lOI

Mr. E. M. Holmes exhibited some Marine Algse new to Britain,
including Ascocydus reptans, Halothrix himhriculus, Porocarpus
uvceformis, Harveyella mirahilis, and Vauclieria littorea. xllso
specimens of Bhodymenia pahnata with antheridia and Punctaria
tenuissima in fructification, the last two not having been previously
recorded to occur in this state in Grreat Britain.

The following papers were then read : —

1. "Observations on the Protection of Buds in the Tropics."
By M. C. Potter, F.L.S.

2. " On the Distribution of the South-American Bell-Birds of
the genus OJiasmorJit/ncJius." By J. E. Harting, F.L.S.

3. " On the Vertical Eange of Plants in tlie Caucasus." By
Dr. Gustav Radde. (Communicated by Sir .1. D. Hooker, X.C.S.I.,
F.E.S., F.L.S., and translated by the Secretary.)

4. " Notes on the Forficuliclce, with Descriptions of new Genera
and Species in the Britisli Museum." By W. F. Kirby, F.L.S.

Abstracts.

Note by Mr. Aethur Bennett, F.L.S., on the Specimens of Plants
gathered in Iceland in 1889, exhibited by the Rev. Dr.
"Walker, 21st November, 1889.

The collection made by Dr. Walker consisted of about 82
species, gathered in various parts of the south-west, west, north,
and north-east of the island. The species of interest were : —
Silene inflata : this was recorded by four of the authors who have
written on the flora, but not accepted by Groenlund in his ' Flora '
(1881) ; there is only a scrap, but sufficient to determine tlie
species. Alchemilla fissa, Schum., Yva\faroensis, Lange ; this has
been recorded by Stromfelt (Stockholm Trans.) as A. conjuncta,
Bab., which it certainly is not. Clilora perfoliata, L., and Erytlircea
Centaurimn, L. : these can hardly be anything but introductions,
their geographical limit is entirely against their being indigenous
species. Plantago Coronopus, L. : this lias only been recorded by
Carrol ( Jouru. of Botany, 1870, p. 356) ; a single scrap is all I find
among Dr. Walker's specimens. Polygonum avicidare, Liun.,var.
littorale: clearly this form, but only a single specimen. Orchis
Jatifolia, L., var. : a second station for the island, the first specimen
having been gathered by Miss Thora Fridriksson. A small form of
Daucus CV/ro^ff, Linn., was gathered at Eskifjordr ; this has not
been recorded for the island, and is a considerable extension of
its known northern limit in Europe.

I02 pnocKEnrxds of thk

On the Stamens and tlie Seta? in the Scirperr.
By Mr. C. B. Clauke, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S.

[Bead 6th February, 1800.]

(Abstract.)

Mn. Clarke said that in a large number of the species of
Cyperarca^ allied to Scirpus the stamens were three. Authors
had hitherto depicted tliese opposite the three angles of the nut ;
and (in order to reduce the structure to the normnl type of
Monocotyledons) had supposed the inner wliorl of the three
stamens wholly suppressed. Mr. Clarice stated that in tliis set of
Seirpece the three stamens present were on the anterior face of
the nut; and he attemjjted to show that the middle one belonged
to the exterior, the two lateral to the interior wliorl of stamens.
Mr. Clarke then ])ut forward that where the setae exceeded six in
number, the additional seta? were the missing stamens. — In repl}',
Mr. Baker considered that the three stamens in Scirjyea; belonged
to the outer whorl, as Kunth and all authors since him had
maintained, tliat two were often displaced, and that j\Ir. Clarke
had entirely failed to prove his case. As to the explanation of
the setfe, Mr. Baker considered it very unlikely that any of the
setae were staminodes.

On the Sclerotium of a Species of Polyporus. By Dr. Ed.
FisCHEE, of Zurich. (Communicated byG. Mureay, £8q.,E.L.S.)

[Read 17th April, 1890.]

For a long time mycologists have known of a number of large,
striking, tuber-like bodies, as to the nature of which, although
their structure is known, there has always been some uncertainty.
In most cases they are regarded as Sclerotia, but the fructification
belonging to them is unknown. Such are especially those objects
known as the Pietra funghaja, Tuber-regium, Mylitta, aiul
Pachyma Cocos.

The fructifications of Hymcnomycetes have been observed in
connection with several of these bodies. For example, it seems
to be certain that the Pietia funghaja is simply the mycelium of
Polyporus tuherastcr mixed with earth"'. Again, the fructifications
of species of Lent inns have been found in association with Tuber-
regium, and on a case of this kind Mr. Murray laid before you
some years ago an interesting paper f. lu the case, however, of
the most remarkable of these bodies, 1 mean MyJi/ta and Pachyma
Cocos, no such observations have been made to my knowledge.
At Mr. Murray's suggestion, and as bearing upon his paper, I
may be permitted to submit to you to-night anotlier case, and to

* See De Bary, ' Vergleichende Morphologie u. Biologic der Pilze,' 1884, p. 44.
t Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 2nd ser. Botany, vol. ii.
part 11, Sept. 1880.

LTNNEAN SOCIKTT OF LONDON. I03

illustrate by means of these photographs a relationship between
Pachyma Cocos and a fructification — in this instance, that of a
Poli/porus.

Throiigli the kindness of Professor Cramer of Ziirich, I received
for investigation a beautiful Polj/porus with a central stalk, col-
lected by Dr. Keller in Madagascar. It is certainly closely allied
to Polj/jiorns sneer, if not identical with it But what is par-
ticularly interesting is the circumstance that it springs from a
large well-formed sclerotinin, which shows on microscopical ex-
amination the same structure as Pachtjmn Cocos. Sections of it
exhibit those peculiar highly refractive starch-grain-like bodies
so characteristic o^Pnehyma Cocos *, but the nature of which has
not yet been certainly ascertained. These bodies are inclosed in
a loose web of hyph.e. On coming to London I made a point of
going further into the matter. In the herbarium of the late
Mr. Berkeley and in the British Museum there are specimens of
Polijporus sneer attached to sclerotia ; and on close examination
there were found in the sclerotia the peculiar starch-grain-like
bodies mentioned. On the other hand, the specimen of Pohjporus
sneer, described by Mr. Berkeley in the 'Annals and Magazine of
Natural History,' vol. x. t, preserved in the British Museum, has
110 distinct sclerotium and only a root-like process, in which I
have not found any of these starch-like bodies. However, the
base of this root-like formation is not present, and it is possible
that the specimen may have originally sprung from a sclerotium.
However, this much may safely be said : tJiere are species of
Polyporus (e.f/. P. sacer) tchich nrise from a selerotium jjossessing
tJie striic/ lire of Fachjma Cocos. I would willingly here draw the
conclusion that PaeJri/ ma Cocos is to be regarded as the sclerotium
of certain species of Pohjporus ; but the appearances admit of two
interpretations. The Pohjporus may actually represent the
fructification of the Pacliyma, or it may be merely parasitic on it.
Mr. Muri'ay decided in favour of the latter alternative in his
paper on Lentinus sclerotina on Tuber-regium J. In the case of
Polliporus I do not now venture any opinion, since I have not
yet been able to prove a direct conneciion between the hyphse
of the Poljjporus and the refractive starch-like bodies. Beyond
this there is no certainty that the starch-like bodies are of fungal
nature. I have undertaken to follow the matter up, and to
submit Pacliyma Coeos itself to a more searching examination. If
I may here express a request, it would be for aid in the form of
material, such as specimens of Pachyma, esj^ecially those in a
young state and such as are in situ on the roots on which it
commonly grows. I must also request you to excuse this partial
communication, which I have made only at the suggestion by
Mr. Murray that the matter would be of interest §.

* Cf. Currey and Hanbury, in Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxiii. p. 04.

t Page 371, plate ix. | L. c.

§ I am also indebted to Mr. Murray for the translation of this paper.

I04 PEOCKEDINGS OF TUB

Donations to Library, 1889-90.

Volumes and more important Pami)hlet8, exclusive of exchanges,
chiefly from private individuals.

Agardh, J. G. Species Sargassorum Australise, Deseripbf et Dispositae. 4lo.
Stockliolm, 1889. Author.

Almanacks, for 1742-48, 12uio. Stockholm, 1742-48.

Roy. Acad. Stockholm.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History. G ser. A^ol.s. iii., iv. 8to. Loncl.,
1889. Dr. W. Francis.

Annual Report (23rd) on the Colonial Museum and Laboratory. 8vo. Wel-
lington, N. Z., 1889. Sir Jas. Hector.

Annual Report (titli) of the Watson Botaniad-Exehauge Club. 1889-90. Svo.
York, 1890. T. A. Cotton.

Annual Report (20th) of the Wellington College Natural Science Society, 1889.
8vo. Wellington. 1890. Society.

Australian Museum, Sydney. Memoirs, No. 2. Lord Howe Island, its Zoology.
Greology, and Physical Characters. 870. Sydney, 1889.

Trustees AustraL Mus.

Backhouse, Jun., Jas. A Handbook of Em-opean Birds. 8yo. Lond., 1890.

J. E. Hartiiig.

Baker, J. Ot. Handbook of the Bromeliacea. 8vo. Lond., 1889. Author.

Beccari, O. (1) Malesia. Vol. iii. fasc. 4, o- 4to. Eirenze-Eoma, 1889-90. —
(2) Fioritura AeW AinorphophaUus Tifunum. 8vo. Toscana, 18S9. (3) Le
Palme incliise nel Genere Cocos, Linn. 8vo. Genova, 1889. Author.

Belt, Thos. The Naturalist in Nicaragua. 2nd Ed. 8vo. Lond., 1888.

A. G. Kenshaw.

Bennett, Arthur, (1) Notes on the Flora of the Outer Hebrides. 8vo. Glasgovr,
1889.— (2) Notes on the Records of Scottish Plants during 1888. 8to. Edin-
burgh, 1889.— (3) Records of Scottish Plants for 1889. 8to. Perth, 1890.

Author.

Bennett, A. W, Freshwater Algae and Schizophyceae of Hampshire and Devon-
shire. 8ro. Lond., 1890. Author.

Blanford, H, F. A List of Ferns of Simla in N.W. Himalaya, between levels
of 4,.")00 and 10,.300 feet. 8vo. Calcutta, 1888. Author.

Boerlage, Dr. J. G. Haudleiding tot de kennis der flora van Nederlandsch
Indie. Deel ^, Stuk 1". 8vo. Leiden, 1890.

Govt, of the Netherlands,

Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana. Vol. vi. fasc. 3, 4 : Vol. vii. fasc. 1-3. 4to.
Coimbra, 1888-89. Prof. J, A. Henricjues,

BoUettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia, comparata della E. L'niversita di
Torino. Vol. iv. 8vo. Torino, 1889, Univ.

Bornet, Ed. Les Nostocacees H6terocystees du Systema Algarum. 8vo. Paris,

1889. ' Author.
Brown, H. T., and G. H. Morris. Researches on the Germination of some of

the Graminea;. Part 1. 8vo. Lond., 1890. Authors.

Browne, Montagu. The Vertebrate Animals of Leicestershire aud Rutland,

4to. Birmingham and Leicester, 1889. J. E. Harting.

Bulletin of the Botanical Department, Jamaica. Nos. 7-13. Fol. Jamaica,

1888-89. W. Fawcett.

Bulletin Mensuel de la Society Linneenne de Paris. Nos. 104-lO(). 8vo. Paris.

1890. Prof. H, E. Baillon.
Burmeister, Dr. Hermann. Los Caballos Fosiles de La Pampa Argentina.

Snpplemento. fol. Buenos Aires, 1889. Author,

LIKKEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 05

Butler, A. Gr. Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera ITeterocerain

the Collection of the British Museum. Part 7. 4to. Loud., 1889.

Trustees Brit. Miis.
Caruel, Prof. T. Nuoto Giornale Botanico Italiauo. Vol. xsi. Svo. Firenze,

1889. T. Caruel.

Catalogue of Exhibits of Metals, Minerals, Fossils, and Timbers, N. S. Wales

Mineral Court. Melbourne Centenniallnternational Exhibition, 1888. 8vo.

Sydney, 1889. Govt, of N. S. Wales.

Chiisty & Co. New and Eare Drugs. 10th ed. Svo. Lond., 1889.

Thos. Christy.
Christy, R. Miller. The Birds of Essex. Svo. Chelmsford and Lond., 1890.

Author.
Coldstream, W. Illustrations of some of the Grasses of the Southern Punjab.

Fol. Lend., 1889. Author.

Colenso, Rev. W. (1) A Description of a Species of Orohanche (supposed to be

new) parasitical on a Plnwt o^ Hi/drocotijle. Svo. Wellington, 1888.— (2) A

Description of a new and large Species of Orthopterous Insect of the Genus

Hemideina, Walker. Svo. Wellington, ISSS. Author.

Collins, F. Howard. An Epitome of the Synthetic Philosophy. Svo. Lond.,

1889. ' Author.

Cunningham, J. T. On the Relations of the Yolk to the Gastrula in Teleosteans,

and in other Vertebrate Types. Svo. Lond., 1S85. G. J. Romanes.
. On the Structiu-e and Development of the Reproductive Elements in

Myxine glutinosa, L. Svo. Lond., 1887. G. J. Romanes.

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G. J. Romanes.
Day, Dr. F. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma.

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Dawson, Sir J. William. (1) New Species of Fossil Sponges from the Siluro-

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Delpino, Prof. F. (1) Applicazione di Nuovi Criterii per la Classificazione delle

Piante, Memoria 1,2. 4to. Bologna 1888-89. — (2) Osservazioni sopra i

batteriocecidii e la sorgente d'azoto in una pianta di Galega officinalis. Svo.

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and Calcutta, 1889. Trustees Ind. Mus.

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Giglioli, Prof. E. IT. Primo Eesoconto dei EisuUati della inchiestaornitologica

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Donation in Aid of Publications.
1890.
Jan. 3. ludia Office. Contributions towards publicatiou
of Botauy and Zoology of Afghan Delim.
Commission £350.

(This makes the sum of £600 contributed by the Secretary of
State for India in Council, £250 having been expended on the
illustrations, which did not come into the accounts of the
Society.)

EEEATA.

Page 1, line II from bottom, for Usnia read Usnca.
„ 42, line 11, after Fcllowa insert and other Naturalists.
„ 62, line 7 from bottom, fur dulciferum read dulcijiciim.
„ 08, line l(j, for Qidllarla read QaUlaiu.

INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS.

SESSIONS 1888-89, 1889-90.

Note. — The name of the Chairman at each Meetinsr is not indexed.

Abstracts, 54-58, 101-103.
Acari, new JBritish (Michael), 5.
Arcounis, 1888-89, 10; 1889-90, 76.
Aden, Hyaloncma dredged from near,

67.
Address, Presidential, 12-46, 78-89.
Agate, resembling Insects and Crustacea,

shown, 5.
Agassiz, L. J. R., bust of, 31.
A<jrO!<(is canina, var. scofica, 71.
Ainsworth, Dr. R. F., deceased, 75 ;

obituary, 90.
Aitcbisou, Dr. J. E. T., donation, 66.
Alga, fossil, shown (Murray), 5.

, stipitate freshwater (Massee), 69.

Alga% new British, 67 ; marine, loi.
Alfhiyia exceha, resin from, 69.
American Bittern, 74.
American Prougbuck, horns shown,

71-

Amorphophallus Titamnn, 100.

Anderson, Dr. J., Mannnals, Reptiles,
and Bati-achians of Mergui Archi-
pelago, 53; nom. Auditor, 8; nom.
V.P., 52 ; removed from Council,

Anderson, Prof. R. J., disc of slides, 3 ;

nuiseum cases, 8.
Aniuial locomotion, 57.
Anniversary Addresses, 12-46, 78-89.
Antenn.-c in lepidopterous pupae, 75.
Antiaris toxicaria, shown, 53.
Antilocwpra antericana, 71.
Apiocygtis (Moore), 4.
Apocynaceous fruit shown, 7.
Apospory (Druery), 6, 55.
Asafcetida, new plant yielding, shown, 3.

Ascocyclus repfans, loi.

Auditors elected, (1888-89) 8, (1889-
90) 73.

Australian Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, letter from, 100.

Azygos oviduct, 68.

Babington, Rev. Churchill, deceased,

1 1 ; obituary, 49.

Baily, W. H., deceased, 11 ; obituary,

47-

Baker, J. G., Cryptogams from New
Guinea, 70 ; elected Councillor, 12 ;
Eriospermum foliotiferum, 2 ; Flora
of Madagascar, 2 ; nom. V.P., 52,
99 ; Vicia tiepium, var., shown, 3.

Ball, J., deceased, 75 ; Flora of Pata-
gonia, 71 ; obituary, 90.

Ballia caUltricha, callus of, 72.

Ballot for Council and Officers, 1888-89,

12 ; 1889-90, 77 .

Baly, J. S., deceased, 75 ; obituary,

92.
Banks, Sir J., busts and portraits of,

31 ; engr. of, 42.
Barclay, A., new Uredine, 70.
Bardfield 0.\lip, 74.
Barley, huskless, shown, i.
Baron, Rev. R., Flora of Madagascar, 2,
Barrington, Rev. Sbute, bust of, 31.
Barron, H. J., deceased, 11; obituary,

47-
Barton, Miss E., Chanfranda, 100.
Bastow, R. A., withdrawn, 11.
Bat, piscivorous, shown, 2, 6.
Batrachians of Mergui, 53.
Baxter, W., portrait of, 42,

LINN. SOC. PKOCEEDINGS. SESSIONS 1888-90.

114

INDEX.

Bee, berodihv in, 72.

Boebv, W. il., elected, 99 ; new Shet-
land plants, 71 ; Ji'umcx propinqum,
100 ; Valeriana and Potantoc/don,
shown by, 3.

Bell, Trof. T., bust and portrait of,

32-
Bell-birds, S.-Anierican, loi.
Bennett, Ar., on Iceland plants collected

bv Hev. Dr. Walker, 10 1.
Bennett, A. W., elected Councillor, 12 ;

new British freshwater Algre, 69.
Bennett, J. J., portrait of, 32, 42.
Benthani, G., portrait of, 32.
Berkeley, Rev. M. J., deceased, 75 ;

obituary, 93 ; portrait of, 33.
Bernays, L. A., withdrawn, 77.
Bicheno, J. E., portrait of, 33.
Bigwood, J., elected, 6.
Birds from the Gambia, 52.
Birds of Fernando Noronha (Sharpe), 2.
Bittern, American, 74.
Blastoderm of Blowfly (Lowne), 3.
Bloniefield, Rev. L., portrait of, 42.
Blow, T. B., comm. by (Grimsliaw),

72-
Blowfly, development of egg (Lowne),

3 ; retina (Lmvnc), 3.
Blunt, G. v., withdrawn, 11.
Bobart, J., portrait of, 33.
Bognor, Rhahdudermis from, 5.
Bois-rouge of Guiana, 4.
Bolus, H., Eriospermum folioliferum

shown, 2.
Bombay, Hyalonema from near, 67.
Boodlca (Murray), 6.
Boott, F., portrait of, 33.
Boscawen, Hon. and Rev. J. T., de-
ceased, 75; obituary, 94.
B';tanical Congress at Paris, 52.
Botattrus lenfkfhiosits, 74.
Bofrytis, sclerotium shown, 6.
Bouienger, G. A., Reptiles and Fishes

of Fernando Noronha, 3.
Boulger, G. S., drawings of Falkland

Islands animals and plants, 71.
Bower, F. O., Gnctum Gnomon ex-
hibited, I.
Bowker, Col. J. H., elected, 68.
Bowman, Sir W., portrait of, 42.
Brady, G. S., witiidraAvn, 1 1.
Braitiiwaite, Dr. R., elected Councillor,

II ; nom. V.P., 52.
Brebner, J., withdrawn, 77.
Breese. C. J., elected Auditor, 73 ; vote

of thanks, 8.
Brighton, Gracrl/aria from, 69.
Britisli Acari, new (Midiael), 5.
— Alg:e, new, 67.
, marine (Holmes), 10 1.

Briti.sh Chara, new, 68.

— Hymenoptera, tongues, 74.

— Plants, new, from Shetlands, 71.

— 'J eleost.eans, 70.

— Willows, Revision of, 53.
Bromfield, Dr. W. A., portrait of, 42.
Bromus mollis, var. interrupt us, shown,

6.
Brown, R., bust and portraits, 34, 42.
Browne, Sir T., portrait of, 42.
Buds, adventitious of Gnetum Gnemon,

shown, I.
Butfliam, T., Algae in fruit, 74.
Bulb, vitality in (Packe), 53 ; abstract,

57-
Burchell, W. J., portrait of, 42.
Burdett, H. C, withdrawn, 11.
Burmah, plants from, 67.
M\\<k, G., portrait of, 34.
Busts of Fellows, &c., 31-41.
Butorides virescens, shown, 74.
Buysmau, M., KymphcBa cmnUea, 4.

Calamagrostis borealis, shown, 6.

CaUistcmon rigidtim, 100.

Callus, its nature, 72.

Calophyllis laciniata, cystocarps of, loo.

Campbell, A. J., elected, 67.

Candles, from varnish-seed-oil, 8.

Candolle, Alph. de, Linnean Medal

presented to, 51.
Candolle, Aug. de, receipt of Linnean

Medal, 51.
Cantley, N., deceased, 11.
Cape plants, new(McOwan), 7.
Carpenter, Dr. P. H., elected Coun-
cillor, 77.
Carruthers, J. B., Cystocarps in Fio-

rideiB, 100; Cystocarps of Rhodyme-

nia, 9 ; elected, 73.
Carruthers, W^., comm. by, 9 ; portrait

of Dillenius presented by, 9 ; nom.

V.P., 99 ; re-elected President 12 ;

vote of thanks to, 99.
Caryophyllia borealis, 72.

— Clavtis, 73.
Cascara amarga, 71.

Catasetum, sexual forms of (Rolfe), 7.
Caucasus, alpine plants in, 101.
Centipede, electric, 69.
Certificate of Statue of Linnanis, 58.
Chant ransia, new species, 100.
Chasmorhynchus, distrib. of, 10 1.
Clielonians from Lagos, 53.
Ci)ildren, J. G., portrait of, 42.
Chili, QuiUaia from, 68.
Cliina, ferns as styptics from, 4.
Christmas Island flora (Hemsley), 7.
Christy, R. M., elected, 53 ; Primula
elatior, 74.

INDEX.

115

Christy, T., Antiaris and Strophanthus,
shown, 5 3 ; Apocynaceous fruit shown,
7; appointed Scrutineer, 12; ban-
dage from Manila heuip, 4 ; Calli-
nfenum rigiditm, 100 ; Echiuiii from
Persia shown, 3 ; glass rod for micro-
scopic illumination, i ; Japanese-
grown Coca, 9; nominated Auditor,
8; Picranmia Aiifidcsina, 71 ; Quillaia
saponaria, 68 ; resin fi-om Altivgia,
69 ; styptics of Fern-hairs, 4 ; vote of
thanks, 8.

Clu'ysalis, sex in, 68.

Cibutium Cumiiiyii, as styptic, 4.
Chhiris paj)illufa shown, 52.

Cinixys from Lagos, 53.

Clarke, B., deceased, 76 ; obituary, 94.

Clarke, C. B., removed from Council,
12 ; stamens and setae of Scirpeae, 71,
absti'act, 102.

Clarke, J., deceased, 75 ; obituary, 95.

Cljde, fauna (Iloyle), 8.

Coca from Japan, 9.

Coccyx prolonged into a tail, 67.

Cochin-China, Altirtgia resin from, 69.

Cock, tail-feathers of abnormallength, i.

Cogswell, Dr. C, Potato and Jerusalem
Artichoke, 52 ; rootlets of plants, 8.

Coleoptera, diversity in form of, 71.

Collett, Maj.-Gen. H., and W. B.
Hemsley, plants from Shan States,
67.

Collocalia, nest of, shown, i.

Colour preserved in dried plants, 71.

Comerford-Casey, Rev. G.E., withdrawn,
1 1.

Conifera; (Masters), 9.

Conjugation of Rhahdonema, 74.

Cornwall, Little Green Heron from,

74-
Coryanthes macrantha, fertilization of,

7-
Cosson, Dr. E., deceased, 75 ; obituary,

95-

Costerus, J. C, malformations in Fuchsia

gluhosa, 3.
Council elected, 12, jj.
Cowan, T. W., elected, 7.
Cowherd, J., deceased, 11.
Crabs, with disguise of seaweed, 70.
Crawford, Rev. J. H., elected, 68.
Crisp, F., agate shown, 4 ; nom. V.P.,

52, 99 ; oak table presented by, 72 ;

re-elected Treasurer, 12, 77.
Cromer, Trapa nafans i'ruit from, 70.
Cross, W., elected, 100.
Crustacea, shown, 6g.
Cryptogams from New Guinea, 70.
Cuming, H., portrait of 43.
Cunningham, A., portrait, 34.

Currey, F., portrait of, 34.

Curtis, C, elected, 69.

Curtis, J., portrait of, 43,

Curtis, W., portrait of, 43.

Cuscuta ap'pendlculata on Nicotiana, 8.

Cystocarps in Cahiphyllis (Smith), 100 ;

in FlorideiB (Carruthers), 100; Rho-

dymenia (Carruthers), 9.

Dallinger, Rev., W. II., removed from

Council, 77.

Dalton, H. G., deceased, 11.

D'Alton, St. E., elected, 2.

Danuilia yielding gum, 53.

Darwin, C. R., portraits of, 35, 43.

Darwin, F., removed from Council,
12.

Davidson, W., donation, 66.

Day, Dr. F., deceased, 75; donation of
books, 8 ; obituary, 96.

Day, J., deceased, 11.

Deaths reported, 11, 75.

Delessert, Baron, portrait of, 35.

Denny, A., elected, 53.

Dcsmophyllum Crista-galli, 72.

Dickson, J., portrait of, 35.

D'wksonla as styptic, 4.

Dictyopteris, Johnson on, 70.

Dietyotaceae, position of, 70.

Dillenius, J. J., portrait of, 35; pre-
sented, 9.

Dillwyn, L. W., portrait of, 43.

Donations to Library, (1883-89) 59-66 ;
(1889-9UJ 1 04- 1 10.

Dorsetshire, American Bittern from,

74-

Dorward, Maj. A. R. F., elected, 68.

Doubleday, E., portrait of, 43.

Douglas, D., portrait of, 43.

Drift-fruit shown (Morris), 4.

Druce, G. C, Agrostis canina, var.
scotka, 7 1 ; rare plants shown, 6.

Druce, H., appointed Scrutineer, 12 ;
insects named by, 53.

Druery, C .T., soral apospory, 6 ; abs-
tract, 55.

Ducie, Earl of, elected, 5.

Duncan, Prof. P. M., Caryopkyllia
Clavus, 73 ; Cidaris papUlata shown
by, 52 ; BeamojihyllumCristagalli, 72 ;
Fioigia echlvata, 73 ; Hyaloncma near
Bombay, 68, 69 ; nom. V.P., 99 ; Re-
vision of Echinoidea, 5 ; Sphicridia
of an Echinoderm, 8.

Dyer, W. T. T., comm. by (Massee), 9.

Ealing, fasciated Ranunctdus from, 52.
Eassie, W., deceased, 11.
Echinoderm, sph:\!ridia of, 8.
Echinoidea, Revision of (Duncan), 5.

ii6

INDKX.

Echinm from Persia, shown, 3.

Ediic.itionnl Museum cases, 8.

Egg of Blow-fly (Lowne), 3.

Eimeo, Swift's nest from, shown, i.

Electric Centipede, 69.

Elliot, O. F. S., elected, 71 ; Madagascar
plants, 100.

Engraved portraits of Fellows, 42.

Eriospermum fofioltforum shown, 2.

leaf-emergencies of, 3.

Errata, 1 11.

ErQlhroxylon Coca (Morris), 4.

Euhena cai/ennensis, fertilizing Coryan-
thes, 7.

Euphrasia officinalis, note on (Towns-
end), 6.

Evans, J., elected, i.

Evolution, divergent, 70.

Eye, pineal, of Lizards shown, 72, 75.

Falkland Islands animals and plants, 71.
Falmouth, plants growing at, 75.
Fasciated Banunculus sceleraius shown,

Si-

Fauna of Firth of Clyde (Hoyle), 8.

Fellows, portraits of, 31-46.

Ferns as .-typtics, 4.

Fernando Noronha, Birds (Sharpe), 2 ;
Mammals (Thomas), 2 ; Reptiles and
Fishes (Boulenger), 3.

Fertilization of Cori/cmthes, 7.

Ferula foetidissima shown, 3.

Fischer, Dr. E., sclerotium oiPolyporus,
74 ; abstract, 102.

Fish-eating Bat, 2, 6, 7.

Fishes of Fernando Noronha (Boulen-
ger), 3.

Flora of Christmas Island (Hemslej), 7.

Floral organs, vascular system of
(Heuslow), 7.

Floridea;, cystocarps in, 100,

Forbes, E., bust of, 36.

Forficulida; (Kirby), loi.

Forster, E., portrait of, 36.

Fossil plants from Harleston, 52.

Eraser, J. elected, 53.

Fream, Prof. W., water-meadow her-
bage, 75.

Fritillary bulb, vitality in (Packe), 53 ;
abstract, 58.

Fry, Sir E., on Grisley's ' Viridarium,'
7.8.

Fiuhsia globosa, malformations in (Cos-
t.TUs), 3.

Funyia echinata, 73.

Gaboon, Apocynaccous fruit from,

shown, 7.
GallinacetE, morphology of, 73.
Ghilpin, E. E., elected, 53.

Gambia, Birds and Insects from, shown,

52-

Garrett, J. H., elected, 74.

Gasking, S., elected, 99.

Geophilus electricus, 69.

Gibson, R. J. II., elected, 4 ; lihodo-
chorion, 100.

Girdlestone, T. W., elected, 9.

Glass Sponge, 68.

Gnetum Gnemon shown, i.

Goiffon, P., elected, 8.

Goyen, P., elected, 2.

Gracillaria divergens, 69.

Grass-tree of Kangaroo Island (Teppor),
5 ; abstract, 54.

Gray, G. R., portrait of, 43.

Gray, J. E., portrait of, 43.

Green, Prof. J. R., elected, 4.

Grierson, G. A., elected, 2.

Grimshaw, R. A., heredity in Honey-
Bee, 72.

Grislev, copy of his ' Viridarium' shown
(Fry), 8.

Groom, P., elected, 69.

Groves, J., new British Chnra, 68 ;
Orohanche parasitic on zonal Pelar-
gonium, 100.

Grut, F., nominated Scrutineer, 77.

Gulick, Rev. J. T., donation, 66 ; In-
tensive Segregation, 70.

Gum from Humiriuvi, 4.

— , resinous, from Lagos, 53.

Haloihrix lumhriculus, loi.

Hamilton, Rev. J., portrait of, 43.

Hanbury, I)., portrait of, 43.

Harleston, fossil plants from, 52.

Harris, new Chara from, 68.

Hart, H. C, mountain range of Irish
plants, 2.

Hart, J. H., Eulana sent by, 7.

Harting, J. E., American Prongbuck,
71; Electric Centipede, 69; Little
Green Heron, 74; Piscivorous Bat,
2, 6; Singing Mouse, 74; South-
American Bell-Birds, loi.

Harveyella mirabilis, loi.

Haviland, E., withdrawn, 11.

Hawdrth, A. H., portrait of, 43.

Hedley, C, elected, 9.

Hedwig, J., miniature of, 36,

Hemsley, W. B., Flora of Christmas
Island, 7 ; plants from Shan States,

67.
Henslow, Rev. G., edible Mollusea of

Malta. 75; Heredity in Plants, 100;

Hybrid Rhododendrons, 67; Vascular

System of Floral Organs. 7.
HepaticiU in Japan (Mitten), 9.
Herbarium analyticum, 4.

INDEX,

117

Heredity of Honey-Bee, 72 ; in plants
(Henslow), 100; of acquired condi-
tions (Windle), 100.

Hetkonier, H., portrait of Sir J. D.
Hooker, 7 •5.

Heron, Little Green, shown, 74.

Hewetson, H. B., elected, 7; Parasite of
Pallas's Sand-Ciroiise, 52.

Hindniarsli, \V. T., elected, 5.

Holai-rhota fruit, 7.

Holmes, E. M., appointed Scrutineer,
2 ; Ferula foetidiasima and Zea Mays
shown, 3 ; new British marine Algas
67, 69, loi ; lihododermis elegans
sliowu, 5.

Holroyd, A. T., deceased, 75.

Holize, M., elected, 2.

Honey-Bee, heredity in, 72.

Hooker, Sir J. D., coinni. by (Eadde),
loi ; portrait, 36 ; do. presented, 73 ;
do. litho., 43 ; resolution moved by,
89.

Hooker, Sir W. J., bust and portrait,
36 ; litlio., 44.

Ho])kinson, J., resolution seconded bv,
46.

Hornbeam, fossil fruits shown, 3.

Horns of American Prongbuck shown,
71-

Horsfield, T., portrait of, 44.

Howes, Prof. G-. B., Ichthyopsida, 72 ;
removed from Council, 77.

Hovle, W. E., Famia of Firth of Clyde,8.

Hullett, E. W., elected, 2.

Humirium bahamiferum, drift-fruit of,

4-
Hunter, J., bust of, 37.
Hurst, J. C, deceased, 11.
Hutton, H., elected, 5 ; Cvscida on Nico-

tiana, 8 ; N yt^iacidittm filicornii . 73.
Huxley, Prof. T. H., Linnean Medal

presented to, 89.
Hyaloncma Sicholdii, 68, 69.
Hybrid Rliododendrons, 67.
Hymenoptera, tongues of, 74.

Iceland, plants from, 68 ; (Bennett),

lOI.

Ichang, Lepidoptera from, 68 ; varnish

from, 8.
Ichthyopsida, intestinal canal of, 72.
Indian Museum, Trustees of, donation,

66.
Indian Rhododendrons, hybrid, 67.
Ingestion of food by Myxomycetes

(Lister), 8.
Insects from the Gambia, 52, ';3.
Intestinal canal of Ichthyt)])8ida, 72.
Ireland, mountain-rause of plants in

(Hart), 2.

Jack, J., elected, 71.

Jackson, B. D., Mysfacidlum fiUcornu,

73; re-elected Secretary, 12, 77;

transl. by (Radde), 101.
Jackson, J. R., coll. of lacquer, 8.
Jackson, W. II., Electric Centipede, 69 ;

sex in ChrysMlids, 68.
Jamaica, drift-fruit from, shown, 4.
Japan, Musci and HepaticiE of (Mitten),

9-

Jagminum grandijlorum, L^redine on,

"°-
Java, ferns used as Styptics in, 4.

Jerusalem Artichoke, growth of, 52.

Johnson, Prof. T., Dicfyoptcris, 70;

elected, 73.

Johnston, Dr. G., portrait of, 44.

Joshua, W., withdrawn, 77.

Juglandei\>, fruit and seed of, 71.

Kangaroo Island grass-tree (Tcpj^er),

5 ; abstract, 54.
Kirby, Rev. W., portrait of, 37, 44.
Kirby, W. F., elected, 73 ; Forficulidiv,

101.
Kirk, T. W., elected, 70.
Kirkby, W., elected, 5.
Knight, T. A., portrait of, 44,

Lace, J. H, elected, 3.
Lacquer-varnish, coll. at Ichang, 8.
Lagos, Miraculous Berry and Fruit

from, 52; Insects, &c., from, 53.
Lamb, Tartarian, 4.
Lambert, A. B., portraits of, 37, 44.
Land-MoUusca, Evolution in, 70.
Laurie, M., elected, 5.
Leaf-emergencies of Eriospcrmum, 3.
Leaf of Oak and Viburnum, 71.
Lee, H., deceased, 11.
Leech, J. H., Lepidoptera from Ichang,

68.
Lendy, Maj. A. F., deceased, 75 ;

obituary, 97.
Lepido]itera, diversitj- in form of, 71 ;

from Ichang, 68.
Lepidopterous larva; shown, 72.
— pupa (Poulton), Part i., 68 ; do..

Part ii., 7s.
Lewis, Col. W. A., withdrawn, 11.
Library, Donations to, (1888-80) 59-66 ;

(1889-90) 104-110.
— , Report on, 11, 77.
Lime, tubercniated, 53.
Lindlcy, Dr. J., portrait of, 44.
Liunanis, book prcs. by, to Loefling, 8.
— , portraits of, 14-31.
Liimcan Medal, pres. to Alph. de Can-

doUc, 51.
, do., T. H. Huxley, 89.

ii8

INDEX.

Liquid amber from Alfingia, 69.

ListKw, Dr. J. C, elected, 2.

Lister, A., Ingestion of food by Myxo-

myfetes, 8.
Li'ligDW, S., elected, 70.
Litliograpli.s of Fellows. 42.
Little, H., Amui'phojj/ia/lus Titanum,

100.
Lizards showing Pineal eye, 72, 75.
Locomotion, Animal, 57.
Loeiling, ]jre8. to, from Linnaius, 8.
Lophohelia prolifera, -jz.
Lothian, Marq. of, elected, 52.
Tjoudon, J. C, portrait of, 37.
Lowe, A. C. W., elected, 5.
Lowe, J., elected, 71.
Lowne, B. T., Development of Blowfly,

3 ; Retina of same, 6.
Lubbock, Sir J., Jiiglandeae, Stipules,

Leaf of Oak. and J iburmim, 71.
Luff, A. P., witbdr., 11.
Lush, Dr. W. J. H., withdr., n.

Macartney, Mr., Electric Centipede,

69.
McCallnm, H., withdr., 11.
McCartliy, Prof, Eeport on piscivorous

Bat, 6.
Mackay, J., deceased, 11.
Mackiiy, J. B., elected, 3.
ilacl-eay, A., portrait of, 37, 44.
McJsab, Prof. W. E., deceased, 75 ;

obiluaiy, 97.
McOwan, P., new Cape plants, 7.
Madagascar, Flora of (Baker), 2 ;

(Baron), 2.

— plants (Elliot), ico.
Maidenhead, singing Mouse from, 74.
Malformation resembling amputation,

67.
Malformations in Fiichsui glohosa, 3.
Malta, edible Mollusca of, 75.
Mammals of Fernando Noronha

(Thomas), 2.

— of Mergui, 53.

Manila hemp, bandage of, 4.

Marcet, Dr., delegated to receive

Linnean Medal, 51.
Marshall, Rev. E. S., British plants,

shown, 5.
Marshall, J., deceased, 75; obituary,

97-
Massee, G., Stipitate Freshwater Alga,

69 ; Thelyphoriic, Part iii , 9.
Ma.s!<on, F., portrait of, 38.
Masters, Dr. M.T., comm. by, 3 ; Coni-

feia;, 9 ; nom. b'crutineer, 77 ;

removed from Council, 12.
Maton, W. (t., bust of, 38 ; eiigr., 44.
Miiyhcw, E. W. A. O., elected, 3.

Meiklejohn, Dr. J. W. S., elected
Audit(jr, 73 ; elected Councillor,

77-.
Menzies, A., portrait of, 38.
Mergui Vertebrates, 53.
Michael, A. D., new British Acari, 5.
Microscopic illumiaation, 1; disc with

slides, 3.
Miers, J., portrait of, 38.
Milner, H. E., elected, 72.
Miraculous Berry, shown, 52.
Mitten, W., Japanese Musci and

Hepaticaj, 9.
Mivart, St. G. J., portrait of, 39 ; tail-
like process, 67.
Molluscn, edible, of Malta, 75.
— , Evolution in, 70.
Moloney, Capt. A., Birds and Insects

from the Gambia, 52, 53.
— , Miraculous Berry and Fruit from,

52.
Monstrous Zea Mays shown, 3.
Montagu, Col. G., American Bittern,

74 ; Miniature of, oO.
Moor, S. A., elected, 68.
Moore, S. L., Apiuci/stis, i^; Nature of

Callus, 72 ; Reactions of Tannin,

74-

Morris, D., Drift fruit, shown, 4;
Erythroxylon Cuca, 4 ; Fern Styptics,
4 ; Fertil. of Coryanthes, 7 , Husk-
less Barley, 1 ; Miraculous Berry,
52 ; nom. Auditor, 8 ; seed of Sugar-
Cane, 72.

Morton, A., elected, 5.

Mosses of Japan (Mitten), 9.

Mountain-range of Irish plants, 2.

Mouse, singing, 74.

Mudd, C, elected, 6.

Mundesley, Trapa nutans from, 70.

Murray, G. R. M., Boodlva, 6 ; Chan-
transia, 100 ; comm. by (Barclay), 70 ;
(Fischer), 102; elected Auditor, 73;
do. Councillor, 12 ; fossil Alga shown

5-

Murray, J., comm. by, 8.
Musci of Japan (Mitten), 9.
Myrisfrichia cktvceformis, iu fruit, 74.
JMystoiidiii in filico riiu, 73.
Muybridge, E., Animal locomotion, 57.
Myxomycetes, food ingestion (Lister),
8.

Narracott, S. J., fasciated Raiiuiicufiis

sc/erafiis .shown, 52.
Narramore, W., elected, 7.
Ni'iuafiiphycits Lcyani shown, 5.
Ke/ioi/his Masters/ana, 70,
New Guinea, Cryptogams from, 70.
Nicholl, D. S. W., elected, 2.

INDEX.

119

Nicotiana glauca, the host of a Cuscufa,

8.
Nitella batrachospcrma, new to Britain,

68.
JSoctUio kporinus, shown, 2, 6, 7.
Nuttall, T., portrait of, 44.
SymphcBa ccBrulea, shown, 4.

Oak, leaf of English, 71.

Oak table presented by F. Crisp, 72.

Obituary Notices, (1889)46-50; (1890)

90-99.
Officers elected, (1889) 12; (1890) 77.
Oliver, Prof. D., Daniillia gum, 53.
Oliver, Prof. F. W., leaf-emergencies of

Eriosperminn, 3.
Ondaatje, W., withdrawn, 1 1.
Ornithorhynchiis paradoxus shown, 53.
Orobaiichc on Felarc/ov u<7n, 100.
Oviduct in Vanessa lo, 68.
Owen, Sir R., portrait of, 44.
0.vi'ord, Geophilus decfricus from, 69.

Tachyma Cocos, 74; abstract, 102.

Packe, C, Vitality in Fritillary bulb,
53 ; abstract, 57.

Pakefield, Hornbeam fossil fruits from,
shown, 3.

Pallas's Sand-Grouse, anat., 69 ; para-
site from, 52.

Parasite, from Pallas's Sand-Grouse,
52 ; on Glass Sponge, 68.

Paris, Bot. Congress at, 52.

Parker, W. K., Gallinacetr, 73.

Pascue, F. P., Crustacea and Shells, 69 ;
diversity of form in same family, 71,

Patagonia, flora of, 7 1 .

• — , Fluviandlus from, shown, i.

Patterson, E.., portrait of, 44.

Peck, R. H., deceased, 11.

Pelaryonium with Orobanchc para-
sitic on it, 100.

Pennant, T., portrait of, 44.

Pereira, J., bust of, 39.

Persia, medicinal Echium from, shown,

3-
Pfeffer, Dr. W., elected as For. Memb.

9; proposed, 5.
I'hvrus, shown, 69.
Phry Ilium La nielli, 52.
Picrawnia Antidesiiui shown, 71.
Pilkington, W., portrait of, 39.
Pineal eye of Lizards shown, 72, 75.
Piscivorous Bat shown, 2, 6.
Pitchers of Nepenthes Masfersiana, 70.
Playfair, Dr. 1). T., elected, 3.
Plectrophanes nivalis from Scotland,

shown, I.
Plurilocular sporangia of Myristrichia,

74-

Plnviajiellus sociabilis shown, i.
Pocock, R. I., Scorpions, 75.
Pulyportis bearing Sclerotium, 74,

102.
PolysHchum angulare, apospory in

(l)ruery), 6, 55.
Porocarpus urdformis, loi.
Portrait of Sir J. D. Hooker, presented,

73-
Portraits of Fellows, 31-46; of Linnaeus,

14-31.
Post, Rev. G. E., elected, 3.
Pofamngefon flaitans shown, 3.
Potato, sjjiral growth, 52.
Potter, M. C, Pi-otet-tion of buds in

Tropics, 10 1.
Potts, T. H., deceased, 11; obituary,

48.
Poulton, E. B., comm. by (Windle), 100 ;

elected Councillor, 77 ; Lepidojitera

and Lizards shown, 72; Lcpido-

pterouB Pupa, 68, 75.
Prain, D., elected, 3.
Preservation of Colour in dried plants,

71-
Presidential Address, (1889) 12-46;

(1890), 78-89.
Priestley, Dr. W. 0., elected, i.
Primula elatior, 74,
Prince, E. E., British Teleosteans, 70 ;

elected, 9.
Prougbuck horns shown, 71.
Protective provisions in Teleosteans,

70.
Protection of buds in tropics, 101.
Pterojnis, piscivorous, 2.
Publications, donation towards, 66 ;

(India Office), no.
Pulteney, R., portrait of, 39, 45.
Punctaria tenuissima in fruit, loi.
Pupa, lepidopterous, 68, 75.

Quillaia saponaria, 68.

Rabbits, W. T., elected, 7.

Rackett, Rev. T., portrait, 39.

Radde, G., Vertical range of Alpine

plants in the Caucasus, loi.
Raflle.s, Sir T. S., portrait of, 45.
li'anunculus acris, var. pumihos, shown,

6.
— sceleratus, fasciated, shown, 52.
Ray, J., bust of, 40.
Reactions of Tannin, 74.
Reeve, L., portrait of, 45.
Regel, Dr. E. von, elected Foreign

Member, 74 ; proposed, 70.
Reichenbach, H. G., deceased, 11 ;

obituary, 48.
Reid, C, elected, 3 ; fossil plants from

INDKX.

Ilarleston, 52 ; irornboam fruits,
fossil, sliowu, 3 ; Trapa nafans, 70.

Rendle, A. J}., elecrted, 3.

Reptiles of Fernsuulo Nuronha (Bou-
loiiger), 3.

— of iVlerfjiii, 53.

Refill from Altiiigia, 69 ; from Lagoa,

5.3-
Rntin I of Blowdy (Lowne), 6.
Rhalnlonema arcuutum ia conjugation,

7+-
Jihodorhorfon, sporangia of, 100.
Rliododcndrons, Hybrid, 67.
lihododermis elrgans, var. poh/afroma-

fica, shown, 5.
Bhodi/menia palmatd , anllieridia, loi.

— , cystocarps of (Carriitliers), 9.

Rhus vrnici/cra, method of collecting

varnish froni, 8.
Richardson. J., withdrawn, 11.
Ridley, II. N.,comra. by, 2, 3 ; removed

from Council, 12.
Robinson, Sir W., Bat from Trinidad,

6.
Rog-irs, T., nom. Scrutineer, 77.
Rolfe, R. A., Sexual forms of Catasetum,

7.
Romanis, R., deceased, 11, 75.
Rome, W., elected, 68.
Rothery, II. 0., deceased, 11.
liuine.v iJropiyiquvs, 100.
Russell, Lord Arthur, portrait of Sir J.

J). Hooker, 73 ; removed from

Council, 77.

Sabine, J., portrait of, 45.
Sand-Grouse, Anat. of, 69.
Saunders, E., T<mgues of Bees, 74.
Sawle, Sir C, Jiuforides viresccns, 74.
Saaifraga decipiens, var. groenlandica,

shown, 6.
Schaus, W., elected, 52.
Schica/hria: aiiglica, 69.
Schonlaud, 8., elected, 100.
Schweinfurth, Dr., ]\'ymph(Ba coll. by,

4-

Scirpcffi, stamens and setae of, 71;
abstract, 102.

Sclater, P. L., portrait of, 45.

Sflerotium (roni Botn/fis, shown, 6.

Scuri)ions, Old World, 75.

Scotland, plants from, shown (Mar-
shall), 5 ; (Druce), 6.

Scott, I). H., connn. by (Johnson), 70 ;
(Smith), 100; elected Auditor, 73;
do.. Councillor, 12.

Scott, Rev. J. T.. elected, 73.

Scolt, T., elected, 67.

Scrutineers appointed, 12, 77.

Scully, R. W., elected. 8.

Seaweed covering of Crabs, 70.

Secretary, coinm. by (Massee), 69; Re-
port on Library, 12, 77; transl. by
(Rad(le), loi.

Seed of Sugar-cane, 72.

Seemann, B., portrait of, 45.

Segregation, Intensive, 70.

Selby, P. J., portrait of, 45.

Set;« of Scirpeaj, 71 ; abstract, 102.

Sex, in Crysalids, 68 ; in Honey-Bee,
72.

Sexual forms of Cafasefum (Rolfe), 7.

Seyiner, H., portrait of, 40,

Shan States, plants from, 67.

Sharp, D., elected Councillor, 77.

Sliarpe, R. B., Birds of Fernando
Noronha, 2.

Sliells, new (Sowerby), 4; shown, 69.

Slierring, R. V., Photos, of rare plants,

75-
Shetland, plants new, 7 1 ; Rumex pro-

piiiquus from, 100.
Shirley, J., elected, 68.
Shore, T. W., elected, 8.
Shortt, Dr. J., deceased, 75.
Shuttleworth, T. M., deceased, 75.
Sideroxglon didcificiim, 52.
Sim, G., Anat. of Pallas's Sand-Grouse,

69.
Singing Mouse, 74.
Sladen, W. P., re-elected Secretary, 12,

77-
Slater, M. B., elected, 7.
Smith, J., deceased, 11.
Smith, Lady, portrait, 40, 50.
Smith, Miss A. L., Cystocarps of Calo-

pk///lis, 100.
Smith, Sir J. E., busts and portraits, 40,

45-
Snow-Bunting from Scotland, shown,

I.
Solander, D. C, portrait of, 40, 45.
Solly, W. H., deceased, 1 1.
Sowerby, G. B., new Shells, 4.
Sowerby, J., portrait of, 45.
Spenco, W., portrait of, 45.
Sjjluvridia of an Echinoderm, 8,
SpIiaQplca annnltiia, 69.
Sporangia of Rhodochorfon, 100.
Stainton, H. T., resolution moved by,

46, 89.
Stamens of Scirpeae, 71 ; abstract, 102.
Stanley, Bp. E., bust and portrait of,

4«-

Stemotherus from Ijagos, 53.
Stevenson, H., deceased, 11 ; obituary,

50; gift of Lady Smith's portrait,

50.
Stewart, A. Y., deceased, 75.

Stewart, Prof. C, disguised Crabs, 70 ;
doubtful drift substi\nce, 2 ; elected
Councillor, 77 ; do. President, 77 ;
Fern Styptics, 4 ; Ornithorhi/nchus
paradoxus, 53 ; parasite on Glass
Sponge, 68 ; Pineal eye of Lizai'd,
75; Piscivorous Bat, 7; Singing
Mouse, 74.

Stipules, function of, 71.

Stone, H., elected, 4.

Stonham, J., elected, 68.

Strophanthus, fruit, 7.

— Kombe, sliown, 53.

Stroud, J. W., elected, 2.

Styptics from ferns, 4.

Sugar-cane, seeds, 72.

St/rrhajitcs 2^«r«(/(y.i7(.s, parasite from,
52.

Table presented by F. Crisp, 72.
Talbot, C. E,. M., deceased, 75 ; obituarv.

Tannin, reactions of, 74.
Tartarian Lamb, 4.
Taylor, R., portrait of, 45.
Teleosteans, Britisb, 70.
Teuison-Woods, Rev. J. E., deceased,

75 ; obituary, 98.
Tepper, A. J., photo, of malformation,

67.
Tepper, J. C O., Xanthorrh(xa Tateana,

5 ; abstract, 54.
Tkaitmafutoccus shown, 52.
ThelyphorttB, Part iii. (Massee), 9.
Thomas, O., Mammals from Fernando

jSoronha, 2.
Thomson, J., deceased, 11.
Tit mas, S. D., withdrawn, 77,
Tompson, J. 11., deceased, 75.
Tongue of British Bees, 74.
Towiiley, J., deceased, 11.
Townsheud, F., Euphrat^ia officinalis,

6.
Trapa nutans, fruit from Cromer beds,

70.
Trimen, Dr. H., Tuberculated Lime of

Ceylon, 53.
Trinidad, piscivorous Bat from, shown,

2.
Trionyx from Lagos, 53.
Tristram-Yale.it iue, J. T., elected, 69.
Tropics, protection of buds in, 101.
Tuberculated Lime of Ceylon, 53.
Turner, C. W., elected, 68.
Turner, J. S., elected, 73.
Tyler, Sir J., deceased, 75 ; obituary,

Uredine on Jasmimim, 70.
Usnea, nest made of, shown, i.

LINN. SOC. PKOCEtDlNOS. — SESS

Valeriana MikMiii and V. sxmbucifolia

shown, 3.
Vallentin, R., elected, 7.
Vanessa lo, oviduct of, 68.
Vascular System of flowers (Ilenslow),
, 7-

Vaiicheria liftorea, i o i .
Vegetable-marrow, callus of, 72,
Veitch, 11. , Hybrid Rliododendron,

67.
Veitch, J. H , elected, 69.
Viburnum, leif of, 71.
Vice-Presidents nominated, (1889) 52 ;
^(1890) 99.

Vicia Scpi'jiii, curious var. shown, 3.
Vitality in Fritillary bulb (Packe), 53 ;

abstract, 57.

Waite, E. R., elected, 71.

Walker, Rev. F. A., Plants from Ice-
land, 68; (Bennett), loi.

Walker, J. D., deceased, 11.

Walker, J. J., elected, 69.

Wallich, N., portrait of, 41, 45.

Ward, Prof. H. M., removed from
Council, 12; sclerotium of fungus,
shown, 6.

Ward, W. B., portrait of, 41.

Waring, Dr. E. J., withdrawn, i\.

Water-meadow herb.ige, 75.

Watson, J., elected, ti'.l.

Watson, S., elected Foreign Member,
74 ; proposed, 70.

Way, J., elected, i.

Weir, J. J., nom. Auditor, 8 ; removed
from Council, 77.

Weissmanu's Theory of Heredity,
100.

Westwood, J. C, portrait of, 46.

Wliite, F. B., Rev. of British Willows,

53-
White, J. W., elected, 4.
Whitney, N. S , withdrawn, 77.
Wigg, L., portrait of, 46.
Wild, C. S., elected, 52.
Williams, Rev. W. W., elected, 52.
Willows, Revision of British, 53.
Winch, W. R., deceased, 1 1.
Windle, Prof., Heredity of Aci[iiired

Conditions, 100.
Wings in Lepidopterous jiupoe, 75.
Withdrawals reported, 11, 77.
Woods, J., portrait of, 46.

Xanthorrhoea minor, 54.

— qaadranyulata, 54.

— H'miplana, 54.

— Tateana, 5, 54.

" Yacka,'' 54.

IONS 1888-yO. ' k

ISUKX.

Yan-ell, W., portrait of, 41, 46.

Yates, P., elected, 3.

Vorksliire, curious ricia froin. sliowii,

— , Sand-Grouse fraui, 52.

Young, J., Birds shown by, 1 -. elected
74-

Zra Muyii, monstrous, shown. 3.
Zontcra marina with lihabthviiin., 74.

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