LI B RARY OF THE UNIVERSITY or ILLINOIS 560. G 1 897/98 OCTOBER 1898.] [Price 4s. PROCEEDINGS OP THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 110th session. From November 1897 to June 1898. LONDON: printed for the LINNEAN SOCIETY, BURLINGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY, W., »Y TAYLOB AND FRANCIS, EED LION COUBT, FLEET STREET. PEOCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. (ONE HUNDEED AND TENTH SESSION, 1897-98.) November 4tli, 1897. Pr. Albert C Jj. G. Gunther, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting w ere read and confirmed. Messrs. Erank Tufnail and John Stewart Eemington were elected Fellows of the Society. Mr. F. Gr. Jackson, leader o£ the Jackson-Harmsworth Polar Expedition, exhibited a series of lantern-slides, illustrating some zoological observations of the Expedition, the most noteworthy being views of the hibernaculum of the Polar Bear and of the breeding liaunts in Franz Josef Land of the Ivory Grul[(Paffophila eburnea), the eggs of which were also shown. A discussion followed, in which Mes-^rs. Harting, H. Saunders, H. O. Forbes, H. J. Ehves, A. Trevor-Battye, the Eev. F. A. "Walker, and Dr. Murie took part. Mr. H. Fisher, Botanist to the Expedition, brought for exhibition a collection of Plants made by him in Franz Josef Land, the consideration of which was deferred for want of time. Mr. Reginald Lodge exhibited some laut.^rn-slides of Marsh Birds, their nests, eggs, and young, from photographs recently taken iu Spain and Holland. The following papers were read : — 1. " On tlie Attraction of Flowers for Insects." By the Eight Hon. Sir J(»hn Lubbock, Bart., F.E.S., F.L.S. 2. "On the Origin of Traust'usion-tissue in the Leaves of Gymnospermous Plants." By W. C. AVorsdell. (Communi- cated by Dr. Dukinfield 11. Scott, F.E.S., F.L.S.) LINN. SOC. PBOCEEDINOS. — SKSSION 1897-98. 6 PE0CEEDING8 OF THE November 18th, 1897. Dr. Albert C. L. G. Gukthee, F.E.S., President, in the Chair, The Minutes o£ the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Messrs. Daniel Angel Jones, Peter G-oiffon, and Edward' Russell Budden were admitted Fellows of the Society. The President announced that since the close of last Session thev had been so fortunate as to receive from Prof. G. J. Allman, a former President of the Society, a portrait of himself paiuted by Miss Busk, whose portrait of her late father w'as now hangincr near it. It was an excellent likeness, and he was sure it would be highly valued. He moved that a vote of thanks be recorded for the presentation, and this was unanimously agreed to. Mr. Alan P. Grossman, P.LS., exhibited photographs of a fasciated Lily {Liliuon auratiim\ on which some remarks were made by Mr. A. D. Michael, P.L.S. Mr. P. Morton Middleton, F.L.S., exhibited and made remarks on some Ants received from Epbesus. These had been referred' to in a previous communication as being made use of in Asia Minor for the purpose of holding together the edges of incised wounds by means of their strongly hooked and sharp mandibles (Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. vol. xxv. p. 405). The species was now identified as Catagh/phvs viatica, Fabr. Mr. Thomas Christy,. F.L.S., gave some additional information resulting I'rom inquiries he had made of foreign correspondents. Mr. J. E. Harting, F.L.S. , exhibited a specimen of the Great Black Woodpecker (Piciis martins) lately received from Col.- W. C. Dawson of Weston Hall, Otley, Yorkshire, where it had been shot in his presence by a friend on the Sth Sept. last. It was shown that this could not be the bird which had recently been lost from the Zoological Gardens, since the latter did not escape until Oct. 9th. Allusion was made to the numerous records of the occurrence of this species in England, some of which at least seemed worthy of credence, since the recorded specimens had been obtained by, and were preserved in the possession of trustworthy persons. Mr. Howard Saunders expressed the opinion that there was no sufiicient ground for including Picus martins in the list of British birds, as from its partiality for pine forests and its stationary habits, it was not likely to be a voluntary "visitor to this country. — The President remarked that the perfect state of plumage of the specimen exhibited was satisfactory evidence of its not having recently escaped from captivity; and that the late Lord Lilford, the year before his death (which occurred on \.? iB'^l/^fe LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 3 the 17th June, 189G), had two Black Woodpeckers in his aviary in Northamptonshire, and in consequence of their ailing in liealth, had given them their liberty. It seemed possible that one of these might be the bird lately shot in Yorkshire. Mr. J E. Hartiug also exhibited in the flesh a hybrid Pheasant and Black Grouse, which hud been received that day from Shrop- shire. In appearance it ) recisuly resembled a similar hybrid of which a coloured figure is given in early editions of White's ' Selborne.' On behalf oT Mr. Leonard Lush, of Stonehouse, Grloucester- shire, three white Partridges {Perdix cinerea) were exhibited, which had been shot by him on the Berwyn Mountains in Wales, early in October last. It was remarkable that in the covey, which consisted of nine birds, no less than five of them were white, four only being of the normal colour. Mr. Hamilton Leigh, F.L.S., exhibited the skull of a Eed Deer recently shot by hiin in Scotland, in which there was a singular distortion of the pedicel, resulting from an ancient fracture of the left temporal bone. The following papers were read : — 1. " On Pontoholbos manaarensis" By Prof. Arthur Dendy, F.L.S. 2. " On Hadilonia, a new genus of Foraminifera." By Frederick Chapman, A.L.S. December 2nd, 1897. Dr. Albert C. L. G. GtJNTHEE, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Messrs. John Stewart Eemington, Albert Henry Pawson, and George Creswell Turner were admitted ; and Messrs. John Donuell Smith, Thomas Jeff"ery Parker, Walter Wilson Froggatt, Henry William Marett Sims, AVilliam John Hume MoCorquodale, Jose de Campos IVovaes, and Alberto Lofgren were elected Fellows of the Society. Prof. J. B. Farmer, F.L.S. , exhibited specimens of Cecidomyia afrobiloides, which he collected in August last at Ithaca, NA''., and made remarks upon its cone-like galls which were found on Willows. Mr. M. F. Woodward exhibited and made remarks upon an egg of Echidna taken from the mammary pouch of the parent at Coorinja, \V. Australia, by Mr. B. H. Woodward, Curator of the Perth Museum. 52 4 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE . The following papers were read : — 1. " On the Anatomy of Gai(clina coriacea.'" By Prof. Arthur Deudv, F.L.S. 2. " On Protective Coloration in Mns miiscichis." By Mr. H. L. Jameson. (Communicated by Prof. G. B. Howe.<, Sec.L.S.) 3. " On some Desmids from the United States." By Messrs. W. West, F.L.S., and G. S. West. December 16th, 1897. Mr. Pkank Ckisp, LL.B., Yice-President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read find confirmed. Mr. W. J. H. McCorquodale was admitted a Fellow of the Society ; and Messrs. Alfred Fryer nnd George Claries Champion were elected ^Associates. Mr. W. Carruthers, F.E.S., exliibited and made remarks upon a Fungus, i?ose7/mm ligQiiarin, ISitschke, wliich had been found to attack living ash-trees, eventually causing the death of the tree. Additional observations were made by Mr. George Murray and Prof. Farmer. Mr. Edward Step, F.L.S., exhibited two specimens of a Hermit Crab, Evpaqiirtts Prideavxi, from Portscatho, Cornwall. Both were found naked and in rock-cavities, and special interest att.iched to the fact that, in the absence of the well-known Mollusoan shell which the species affects, each ipecimen was incrusted at precisely the same regions of its exterior bv " acorn- shells." The Eev. T. R. E. Stebbing, F.L.S., gave an account of the habits of this find other species of the genus Eiipaguo^us. dire cting special attention to the work of Aurivillius ; and Prof. Howes remarked thnt it was on record that in the absence of a shell tiie bowl of a clay-pijie did not come amiss to these animals, and that they will readily utilize broken test-tubes. The following papers were read : — 1. " On the Affinities of the Madreporarian genus Alveopora" By H. M. Bernard, F.L.S. 2. " On some Characese collected in the West Indies by 1\y. T. B. Blow, F.L.S." By Messrs. H. and J. Groves, F.L.S. Mr. B. Daydon Jackson referred to a correspondence which had taken place between the first President of the Society, Sir J. E. Smith, and Dr. Peter Camper, at a time when it Mas proposed to elect the latter a Foreign Member, vw honour which for curious reasons he declined. (See Appendix, ]>p. 55-57.) LINNEAN SOCIKTi' OF LONDOX. 5 J.uiuaiy 20tli, 1898. Dr. St. Gteorqe Mivaux, F.H.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the hist JVIeetini^ were read and conllrnieiJ. Messrs. Albert William Brown, Wilson Crosfield AVorsdell, and Wiekham Flower were elected Fellows of tlie Society. Mr. J. E. iLirtint;, P.L.S., exhibited a series of photographs of the Grey Seal {Ilalichcerus grypus) at various ages, taken from life by Mr. Henry Evans, of Jura, on the Ha^keir Eock, Outer Hebrides, to which place the animal resorts every autumn for breeding purposes. Some of the photographs t^howed the young thickly clotiied with white hair, which is ntaiued for several weeks af;er birth, but is gradually shed before the animal enters the watt-r. Del ails of measurement and weight were given, and occasion was taken to review the status of the Grey Se;d as a British species, aud to indicate its known breeding- statious iu the British Islands. Mr. W. J. H. McCorquodale, F.L.S,, exhibited a skull of a Hartebeeste whicli was one among some 50 skulls of various rumiuauts be had recently received, all having their horns invested by the larvae of Tinea vastella, upon the chrj^salids of which he offered some remarks. The collection was from Nigeria, aud was made by his brother the late Lieut. R. H. McCorquodale, yrd Dragoon Guards, while doing duty as a special service officer in W. Africa. He further recorded the capture by his brother, in 189G, of a Giraffe from the regions of the Benue Eiver, north of Calabar, remarking that the speciuien was the only one known from this region of Africa, and that its skull was now deposited in our National Collection. He added that through the kinduess of his friend Major A. E. Festing, now in command of the Nigei' Company's troops, he was expectant of further collections of specimens of all possible classes of animals, with localities accurately recorded. Mr. W. E. De Wiuton, who was present as a visitor, made some remarks ou the geographical distribution of the Giraffe in Africji, aud traced the limits of tne range of the Northern and Southern species as far as had been ascertained. The following papers were read : — • 1. " On the Larval Hyobranchial Skeleton of the Anurous Batrachiaus, with special reference to the Axial Parts." By \V^. G. Eidewood. D.Sc, F.L.S. 2. 'On the ' Porus genitalis' in the Myxinidce." By E. H. Burne, B.A. (Communicated by Prof. Howes, Sec. L.S.) PKOCEEDINGS OF THE February 3rd, 1S98. Dr. Albeet C. L. G. Gunthee, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Messrs. Wilson Crosfield Worsdell and Wickham Flower were admitted, and Professor Thomas WiJliam Bridge was elected a Fellow of the Society. Prof. Stewart, F.R.S., F.L.S., exhibited (1) specimens illus- trative of the articulation between the upper and lower jaw of a Skate, Baia hatis, Linn., upon which remarks were made by Prof. Howes and Mr. Holt ; and (2) drawings of Puccinia grnminis, showing the form of the teleutospores and aecidiospores, upon which some observations were made by Dr. D. H. Scott, F.R.S., confirmatory of the exhibitor's views. Mr. Thomas Christy, F.L.S., exhibited a portion of an iron chain through the links of which a Virginiim Creeper, Vitis hederacea,^hv\\., had grown and had become naturally intertwined. The following papers were read : — 1. " On the Muscular Attachment of the Animal to its Shell in some Fossil Cephalopoda (Ammonoidea)." By G. C. Crick, F.G.S., F.Z.S. (Communicated by the President.) 2. " On the Comparative Anatomy ot certain Genera of the Cycadace»." By W. C. Worsdell, F.L.S. February 17th, 1898. Dr. Albeet C. L. G. GtixTHEE, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Dr. Kakichi Mitsukuri, Professor of Zoology, Imperial Uni- versity, Tokyo, was admitted a Foi-eign Member of the Society. Prof. G. B. Howes, F.E.S., exhibited specimens of Dog-fishes — (1) ScyUlum canicula from the egg-case, and (2) Scyllium catulus prematurely hatched, which he had received from his friend and former pupil Mr. E. AV. L. Holt, of the Marine Biological Laboratory at Plymouth. The specimens showed the dorso- lateral and caudal placoids which ltd Filippi to propose the species Scyllium acanthonotum, shown by Dr. Giinther to be based upon a developmental character, and had in recent years been the subject of some interesting speculations by Paul Meyer. For comparison he exhibited also an embryo from the purse of CallorhyncTius ayitarcticus^ showing a similar set of organs, and gave reasons for surmising that they are not merely transitory LINKEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOIT. 7 vestiges but of service to the animal while encapsulated withm its egg-case. Some additional remarks were made by the President. Mr. J. E. Harting, F.L.S., exhibited a nearly white variety of Mus rattus recently obtained iu Carnarvonshire, and made some remarks on the difference of haunts and habits in the two species M. rattus and M. decunianus, and on their usual antagonism. In reply to Mr. H. J. Elwes on the question of occasional hybridism, lie stated that no well-established case of the kind liad been recorded, although some years ago Mr. Barrett Hamilton had ■described (Zoologist, ISSS, p. 14:\) a suspected hybrid which was partly brown in colour, partly black, and exhibited some other intermediate characters. He referred to the so-called Irish rat, Mus Jiiber?iicus of Thompson, which was now regarded as a permanent black variety of Mus decunianus not confined to Ireland. The following papers were read : — 1. " A Eevision of the Genus Arenaria.'' Bv F. X. Williams, F.L.S. 2. "On the Histology of the Salivary, Buccal, and Harderian Glands of the Colubridce, with Notes on their Tooth-succession and the Eelationships of the Poison-duct." By G. S. West, A.R.C.S. (Communicated b}'^ Prof. Howes, Sec, L.S.) March 3rd, 1898. Dr. St. Geoege Mivaet, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. Frank Tufuail was admitted, and Dr. Charles Symes and Prof. Arthur Mead Edwards were elected Fellows of the Society. Mr. Thomas Christy, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of the Mora Nut of British Guiana {Dimorphandra Mora, Schoinb.), of which Borne had been lately introduced into London by Colonial brokers as the Kola Nut {Cola acuminata). It appeared, however, on anal) sis that the former contains no Caffeine, a product for which the latter is of definite commercial value. It remained to be ascertained wnether the Mora Nut has any economic value. The following papers were read : — 1. " Observations on the Structure and Morphology of the Cranial Nerves and Lateral Sense-organs of Fishes, with special reference to the Genus Gadus." By Frank J. Cole. (Com- municated by Prof. W. A. Herdmau, F.RS., F.L.S.) 2. " On the Occurrence of Gar ex helvola in Britain." By George Claridge Drnce, F.L.S. 3. " On some Arctic Spiders collected in Franz Josef Land during the Jackson-IIarmsworth Polar Exj)editiou." By the Bev O. P. Cambridge. (Communicated by A. D. Michael, F.L.S.) JS PBOCEEDnrGS OP THE March 17th, 1898. • Dr. Albert C. L. Gr. GrtrKTHEH, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. Edward A. Pitzgerald was elected a Fellow of the Society, Mr. J. E. Harting, F.L.S., exhibited an egg of the G-reat Auk (Alca impennis) which had just been discovered after having been lost sight of for more than five-and-twenty years. He explained that the second Lord Grarvagh, who died in 1871, was the i;ossessor of three eggs of this bird, two of which he had pur- chased of Mr. T. H. Potts at Stevens's Sale Rooms in May. 1853, and the third he had acquired at the sale of Dr. N. Troifghton's collection in April 1869. After the death of Lord Garvagh, his executors disposed of the two eggs from Potts to the late Mr. G. Dawson Kowley, and they are now in the possession of his son. The Troughton (^g^, which was reported to have been broken to pieces through the carelessness of a servant, was merely cracked, and, having been put aside by the widowed Lady Garvagh, was lost sight of until the present week, when, on the death of her daughter who was her residuary legatee, it became necessary for the executor, Mr. James Puwell, to make an inventory of the per:Jonai eftects, and the egg exhibited was discovered by Mr. Harting when examining what remained of the collection, Lmg forgotten and stowed away in a dusty attic. Mr. Edward Bidwell exhibited photographs of the two eggs of the Great Auk acquired from T. H. Potts, and a water-colour sketch of the Troughton egg ttiade in 1861 before it became the property of Lord Garvagh. This sketch placed its identity beyond doubt. He remarked that tlie egg had been in Dr. Troughton's colh^ction for 17 years, he having acquired it in 1852 from the late A. D. Baitlett, who had then recently received it back from Mr. Maunde, to whom he had pieviously sold it in 1842. Mr. Howard Saunders, F.L.S., made some remarks on the N.W. limits of the area formerly inhabited by the G-reat Auk. Mr. Carruthers, F.R.S., recalled his acquaintance with Dr. John Fleming of Edinburgh, who died in 1857, and who. in 1821 was in temporary possession of a living Great Auk. This bird was allowed to swim in the sea with a cord attached to one leg, and through this indulgence eventually contrived to escape. Before another 25 years elapsed the species had become extinct. The following papers w^ere read : — 1. " On Limnocarjjus, a new genus of Fossil Plants from the Tertiary deposits of Hampshire." By Clement Eeid, F.L.S. 2. JNatural Selection the cause of Mimetic Resemblance and Common Warning Colours." By Prof. E. B. Puulton, F.R.S., F.L.S. LINNEAJT SOCIETY' OF LONDON. . 9 April 7tli, 1898. Dr. Albert C. L. G-. GtjyxniiR, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Dr. H. Marett Tims wa^* admitted ; and I'oe followinjij were elected Fellows of the ^Society: Messrs. Alfred .lames Ewart, AVilliam George Freeman, Ernest Ciiarle.s Horrell, Charles Edward Jones, and Richard Frank Huinl. Mr. J. E. Harting, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of tlie Asiatic Partridge, Perdix daurica, of which a large consignment had been lately received in London. The sjjeeies was described from the Altai and Danria so long ago as 1811 by Pallas (Zoogr. Ro.^s.-Asiatica), who reganled it as a variety of Perdix cinerea. It was re-described in 1S63, by Verreaux and Dcs Murs (Proc. Zool. Soe. 1S63, p. 62, pi. 9), from specimens procured by Taczanowski in Central Dauria, and was named bv them Perdix harhata from the peculiarly elongated fe:itbers of the chin, an excellent coloured figure of the bird by Josejih Wolf accompany- ing their description. According to Swinhoe tins bird is brought in numbers in a frozen state to tlie Peliin market, in winter, by the Mongolians who snare them ; and it seemed not unlikely that those received in London had been forwarded by Kussian agents t-m St. Petersburg, or perhaps trom Irkutsk nortli of the Mongolian territory, which is the true home of the species. Mr. W. E. De Winton, who brought another specimen of this bird for exhibition, made some remarks on the geographical distribution of the species, and expressed the opinion that it had been improperly described by certain writers as Manchurian, its true habitat lying to the Avest of the Ivhin;;!ia;i Mts. in Mongolia. The President observed that the market price of this Partridge in London (haJf-a-crowu per brace) could hardly pav the cost of so loiii^ a transport, although he tnougiit it more likely that the birds had reached St. Peterbtirg from Irkutsk at tije southern end of Lake Baikal, rather than from Pekiu. Mr. J. E. Harting also exhibited the skin and skull of a Wild Cat, Felis catus, recently obtained near Speanbridge, in Inverness-shire, He pointed out the present restricted range of the animal, which had not only disappeared eutirt-ly from England and Wales, but was no longer to be found in Scotland south of a line drawn from Oban to Ben Lui, along the southern and eastern boundary of Perthshire, and then^'e northward to Nairn. He explained the cause of reversion in the colour of emancipated liouse-cats to the wild type of Felis catus, and referred to the skulls of cats which had been exhumed on the site of the lioman city of Silchester, which he thought dis])rovoil the view of the late Prof. RoUeston (Journ. Aiiat. ynd Physiol.) to the effect that the domestic cat was not known to the Romans. lO PROCEEBINGS OF THE The following papers were read : — 1. " Ou the Brain of the Edentata, including Ghlamydophorusy By Dr. Elliott Smith. (Comniuuicated by Prot. Gr. B. Howes, Sec. L.S.) 2. " Preliminary Account of some New Zealand Actiniaria/' By Mr. H. Earquhar. (Coinmuaicated by T. W. Kirk, F.L.S.) April 21st, 1898. Dr. Albert C. L. Gr. Gunthek, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read aud confirmed. Messrs. Horace Taberer Brown and Albert Howard Trow were elected Fellows, and Dr. Otto Stapf aud Mr. William Plane Pycraft, xlssociates of the Society. In view of the approaching Anniversary Meeting, Messrs. Osbert Salvin aud Antony Gepp were elected Auditors on behalf of the Council, aud Messrs. Thomas Christy and Edward A. Batters on the j^art of the Fellows. On behalf of Lieut.-Col. Birch-Eeyuardson there Avas ex- hibited a portion of the truuk of au apple-tree which had beeu so seriously attacked by Water Voles (Arvicola amphihius) as to cause the death of the tree, and several others, it was stated, had been similarly injured. Such extensive damage from such a cause v\as regarded as unusual. Mr. G. E. Barrett Hamilton exhibited a head of the common Brown B/at (illiis decumanus) showing Hi curious deformity arising from injury to the incisor teeth. The following papers were read : — 1. " On the Structure of Deiidrocerosy By Prof. Douglas H. Campbell, F.M.L.S. 2. " On the Morphology of the Owls (Part I. Pterylography)." By W. P. Pycraft, A.L.S. 3. " On the Thymus and Thyroid of Marsupials." By James Johustone, A.li.C.S, (Communicated by Prof. G. B. Howes, SecL.S.) May 5th, 1898. Dr. Albert C. L. G. Gunther, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Messrs. William George Freeman, Albert William Brown, and Horace Taberer Brown were admitted Fellows of the Society, LINNEAN SOCIEir OF LONDON. II Mr. George Nicliolt^on was eltcted a Pellow, and Dr. Bernard Kenault and Prof. Max C. W. AV^eber were elected Foreign Members. The following papers were read : — 1. " On some Spitzbergen Collembola." By Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., F.K.S., F.L.S. 2. "On tbe Structure and Development of Soranihera.''^ By Miss Ethel Barton. (Commuuicated by George Murray, F.R.S., F.L.S.) 3. " The Species, the Sex, and tbe Individual." By Mr. J. T. Cuiuiingliani. (Communicated by Prof. G. B. Howes, Sec. L.S.) May 24tli, 1898. Anniversary Meeting. Dr. Albeet G. L. G. Gunthee, F.R.S., President in the Chair. The Min utes of the last Meeting w^ere read and confirmed. Mr. Osbert Saivin, on behalf of tlie Auditors, presented the Treasurer's Annual Statement of Accouuts, duly audited, as shown on p. 12. The Senior Secretary read his report of deaths, withdrawals, and elections of new Fellows for the past year as follows : — Since the last Anniversary Meeting 18 Fellows had died, or their deaths been ascertained, viz. : — Mr. Joseph Armitage. Mr. Edmuiul Jolin Baillie. Mr. James Bateman. Mr. Isaac Byerley. Sir AVilliam Lambert Dobson. Mr. Joseph William Dunning, Dr. John Braxton Hicks, Mr. Thomas Kirk. Prof. Mark Henry Lackersteen. Mr. Charles John Leaf. Dr. Jose Camillo Lisboa. Sir J, B,. Gibson Maitland. Dr. Christopher Knox Ord. liev. Cliarles William Penny. Mr. Alfred Geo. Benshaw. Mr, William Scott. Mr. Robert Warner. Mr. William Wickham. Associate, 1. Dr. Thomas Jeffery Parker. FoHEIGN MeMBEES, 3. Dr. Rudolph Leuckart. Dr. Julius von Sachs. Prof. Johanu Japetus Steenstrup. PROCEEDINGS OF THK O CO CQ ►a' Ci O C CO i« ec ?q t^ «s CI C<1 C5 O O oc l> t- ■>» O cr I ot) l^ L.- r-l O 'ST 1 lO 00 i-l r-^ (M O 05 00 ^ a x"-;: ^ ^ '«;=; ' t— --^ l^ i^ 30 to ccm ^ ID fcjb 1 5-- .^3 S3 ) ^^, 00 5- Si. o CO •^ ■>* 00 o t- o oa" ■* CX) O t- C: , , O iC' CO O ID M^ O C5 ir; a> Ci CO — 1 .— :^ ^3 ^ 1^ ft^ CT c; -H CO i ^3 I? 02 o 5 o -^ o S o _^ ^?r^pi| p^ ^ fc'i i = o m O O ^ J- o <» s- c; " to C -^ S t^ C o»S± s s '^ ® S) -:§) @ @) I o — 1 o O CO CN LINNEAIT SOCIETY OF LONDON. I3 During the past official year 3 Fellows had withdrawn, viz. : Rev. H. Aldwin Soamcs, Mr. F. Victor Dickins, and Mr. Donald Petrie ; and 1 Associate, viz., Mr. Henry O. Forbes ; Mr. George Nicholson had been removed by election from the list of Associates to that of the Fellows ; And 23 Fellows, 4 Associates, and 2 Foreign Members had been elected. The Librarian's Report was read as follows : — " During the pa i tt Proi. beorge Bond Howes. The President then delivered his Address. 14 PBOCEEDIIfGS OF THE The Peesident's Anniveesaet Addeess. The subject which I have selected for my Address is one to which I paid much attention some twenty years ago, which I have never lost sight of since, and the study of which I intend to resume, not only with much larger materials, but also with the advantage of the labours of others who have opened up new vistas, or thrown light into corners where I groped in the dark. The subject is that Chelonian type which is generally known as " Gigantic Land-Tortoises ; " which in Tertiary ages occupied a wide range in the Northern Hemisphere, but is now reduced to the fast expiring tenancy of a few oceanic islands. I trust I shall be able to awaken your interest in this type. Although long neglected, it should take its due position in the inquiry inta certain great biological questions, quite apart from the smaller problems which legitimately fall to the share of the specialist. In order to render the following remarks readily intelligible to all, I may be permitted to recapitulate shortly the principal facts of the history and distribution of these animals. They are typical Land-Tortoises whose structure does not essentially difier from that of our small European species : they are only gigantic reproductions of the ordinary type, some of the living forms attaining a weight of some 700 pounds, and a length of carapace of 4 or 5 feet. Yet, even such giants are far surpassed in size by some of the Tertiary species, notably those of the Sivalik Hills. Large species of Testudo occur, among a host of smaller forms, as far back as the Eocene, in North America * as well as Europef . Their remains are more numerous in Miocene and Pliocene formations. They have been found in various localities in France and South Germany, in Malta, on the Lebanon, in the Sivaliks ; and, in North America, in similar formations of Nebraska and Wyoming J. Some of these fossils, so far as they are known, approach very closely to the species of our time. Even such a slight advance of specialization as distinguishes the Testudo atlas of India, and which consists in the bifurcation of tlie epiplastron, reappears, though in a modified form, in a Mauritian tortoise recently described by Gadow. These Tertiary Tortoises have left no descendants on the continents of the Old or New World : they were unable to survive * Hadrianus, Cope. t Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Eept. B. M. iii. p. 91. \ Tlie Chelonian remains hitherto discovered in South America are in too fragmentary a condition to admit of useful comparison. So far as I know, none are known from the African continent. LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 5 ihe changes of climate in the northern latitudes, or to co-exist with the large Carnivora, and especially with man, in the more congenial South*. But there are two spots on tiie earth where they continued to flourish to within a centuiy or two of our time : viz., Madagascar and the neighbouring islands in tlie Western Indian Ocean, and the Galapagos Arcliipelago in the Ea^stern- most part of the Pacific. The historical evidence of tlu'ir existence in Madigasear is extremely scanty and vague f. They had been cleared olf from the inhabited parts of the island at the time wfien the first Europeans landed. If any of them had existed near the dis- tricts occupied by the French settlors of the seventeenth century, they would have been mentioned in some of the reports oa the natural productions of the country w^hich these people sent home. But their osseous remains, some in very perfect con- dition, and of comparatively recent appearance, show that these animals were at one time widely spi-ead over the island ; they are often found associated with bones of ^Epyornithes, Hippo- potamu-*, cattle, and belong to two or three species. Their extermination probably began with the arrival of mau in Mada- gascar ; and it is highly improbable, though by no means impossible, that some individuals liave survived and still linger in the vast tracts of country which are still unexplored. Very ditferent were the conditions of life in the islands which are scattered over the ocean in a semicircle round the north of Madagascar. With the excej^tion of the Comoro group, none of these islands were inhabited by man or large mammals. Conse- quently the Tortoises lived there in absolute security for ages, and multiplied to a degree which excited the admiration of all the early European visitors. They occupied in incredible numbers not only the larger islands of the Aldabra group, the Seychelles, Reunion, Mauritius, Rodriguez, but also the small ones with an area of a few square miles only, and with their highest points raised scarcely 100 feet above the level of the water, provided that the coral soil produced a sulficieut amount of vegetation to supply them with food aud shelter from the Run. Of this we have not only the testimony of trustworthy voyagers of the last two centuries, but the direct evidence of remains which accident now and then brings to the surface. A short time ago I received from my friend, Di\ Bruce, a I'esident at Mahe, to whom many a naturalist is iudtbted for assistance and hospitality, the well-preserved ei:fi;-sheiis of a gigantic Laud-Tortoise, imbedded in a conglomerated mass of corul-kand. Tliey came from a small island of the Amirante group, on which Dr. Bruce formed a plantation of Coconut-palms, aud on which * Lydekker (lo), p. 164. t For instance, " Nous les [le3 tortues de tcrre] faisons venir des Seychelles et de Madagascar, q:; bientot ne pourront plus nous en fouruir." Billiard, Voj'. ^ux Colonies orient. : Paris, 1822, p. 451. l6 ' PliOCliEDINGS OF THE BO Tortoise hadevcr been Icnown to live. In order to seciire the moisture requisite for germination and the growth of the seedling, it was necessary to plant th,e nuts in pits dug througli loose sand to a depth of about 3 feet, and then through a crust of solidified coral-sand of one foot thickness. It was below this crust that the eggs were found, showing that probably centuries had elapsed since the eggs were deposited, and indicating at the same time that we shall have to go below the surface, if we want to become acquainted with the extinct autochthont races of these islands. The sad history of the extermination of iheMascarene Tortoises is so well known that I may dispense with a repetition of its del ails. I will only allude to some facts with which I have become recently acquainted. The Tortoises, as you know, had proved excellent and more wholesome food than Turtle. Therefore every passing ship stowed away fur her long voyage as uiany as she could carry. With the increase of the population of the settlements, angmented by ndlitary and naval forces, the indi- genous supply was rapidly exhausted ; it was tlien supplemented by importaticm from other islands, and we can form an idea of the extent to which this inter-insular transport was carried from official reports to the French Indian Company *, In 1759 four small vessels were specially appwiuted for the service of bringing Tortoises from Kudriguez to Mauritius : one vessel carried a cargo of GOOO ; and altogether more than 30,000 were imported into Mauritius within the space of eighteen months 1 t The result of this prodigality was that, at the beginning of our century, the Tortoises had been pretty well swept oti' the whole of the islands in the Indian Ocean, so that at the present time only one spot remains where they have survived in a wild state, viz. the South Island of the Aldabran atoll. Although only 18 miles long and about one mile wide, it offers by its rugged, deeply fissured surface, which is overgrown with impenetrable bush, a safe retreat to the small number of the survivors J. Aldabra has * Milne-Edwards (i), 1876. t It seems almost incredible that such a large number could have been con- sumed within so short a time by a population which, at that time, possessed already a considerable meat-supply in the herds of cattle and goats which had spread over the island. At any rate, a large proportion of the Tortoises must have been of small size, perhaps not more than lU or 16 pounds in weight, and yielding about one-third of that weight in eatable meat. A portion of the imported stock may also have been used for provisioning passing Grovernment vessels. ^ A statement made by the present lessee of Aldabra, and contained in an ofRcial despatch (dated June lo, 1892) of Mr. T. Eisely Griffith, the Admini- strator of the Seychelles, to the Governor of Mauritius, to the effect that " there cannot be less than one 1 honsand (Tortoises) in all the island " has got into print (Sauzier (33 ). pp- 19, 20) and requires correction. In a later despatch (April 4, 1893) Mr. Griffith refers to Dr. Abbott's visit to Aldabra, who mformed him " that, whilst he s;iw some of the Land-Tortoises (during a four months' .stay), he was of opinion that Mr. Spurs's estimate of their number was very con- siderably over-estimated " Mr. Griffit h himself, when he visited the island, saw none. But Dr. Voeltzkow, who stayed in the island a month in 1894, obtained seven, which afterwards "w ere for sale at Hamburg. LIKNEATf SOCIETY OF LONDON. 17 never been inhabited, and only within recent years a sfation has been established on it for a few men who are engaged in industrial pursuits for the lessee, who rents the island, from the Mauritian Government. The history of the Tortoises of the Galapagos Islands is almost a counterpart of that of the Iiidiun races. At the time of the discovery of this Archipelago, in the sixteentli century, the Tortoises were distributed in immense numbers over most of the inlands ; they are now restricted to three onlv — Albemarle, Duncan, and Abingdon. In the first, the largest island of the group, the conditions of large tracts of the interior are similar to those in Aldabra, and ofi'er to the Tortoises effective protection. A search, in which four persons were engaged for ten davs, rewarded Dr. Baur, who visited the island in 1S91, with the capture of five adult specimens. Duncan Island seems to be much more accessible and less adapted for concealment, so that in all probability the life of the race peculiar to this island will not be prolonged for many years ; but of this we may exj^ect to receive before long positive and valuable iulormation, when the results of the Kothschild expedition to the Galapagos shall be made known. IS'othing is known of the state of the Tortoises in Abingdon since Capt:iin Cookson's visit in 1875, There are no settlements on either of the.-e islands. The ease with which, in a congenial climate, these large Tor- toises can be kept in a state of captivity, and the regularity with whicli they annually produce their progeny, have induced many colonists, especially in Mauritius and the Seythelles, to add them to tiieir domestic stock. They were occasionally brought thence to Europe, giving rise to the belief that those islands were their true and original home. However, fiom the information which I obtained from residents and visitors to the Seschelles, as well as from actual examination of the specimens, I came to the conclusions*, first, that the whole of this domestic stock liad been imported from Aldabra, or had been bred from Aldabran parents, there being frequent communication between tlie two islands t; and, secondly, that if the Seychelles had produced a peculiar race it was extinct, like those of Mauritius, Keunion, and the other Mascarenes M. T. Sauzier, whu has paid much atteiition to the hisiurical aspects of the question, difiers from this view : he has collected trom ancient lecords undeniable evidence that the Seychelles were really occupied by Gigantic Tortoises, like the other islands, and he moreover expresses it as his belief that this race has left its direct descendants among the semi-domesticated * Gigant. Land-Tort. p. 3. t Caiitain F. Moresby, in a memoir on the Seychelles written in 1821, says that the Land-Tortoises are very abundant in Aldabra, tkat thej- grow tu a large size and are impurted to Mabe or Mauritius, where they .sell for three Spanish piastres apiece (ISaut. Mag. for 1842, vi. p. G7t)) ; and 7-9S. c 18 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE Tortoises. M. Sanzier may be correct in this belief, but be bas failed to bring forward any satisfactory proof of his assertion. I shall bave to return to tbis subject later on, wben referring to tbe Colombo Tortoise. "When I commenced the study of these animals, I found the opinion of zoologists with regard to them very much divided. Pew adopted the view of the Prench herpetologists, Dumeril and Bibron, who bad described eigbt distinct species in their great work. The majority were inclined to regard all tbese animals as belonging to two (an Indian and a Pacific type), or even to one species whicb, by man's agency, had been carried to, and dis- tributed over, various distant parts of the globe, and for which the general appellation " Testudo indica " was adopted. On the whole, the zoologists of my younger years took little interest in them, and many a specimen which is now valued as one of the treasures in a collection had been stowed away among the curiosities of the lumber-room. I was enabled to throw some light on the matter by the fortunate concurrence of several circumstances, chief of which were — the discovery of numerous remains in Mauritius, where the search for Dodo- and other bird-bones was actively carried on by the late Sir E. Newton ; the arrival of the large collections made during the Transit-of- Venus expedition in Eodriy;uez, and entrusted to me by the Eoyal Society ; the assistance which I received from Lord Stanmore, then Governor of Mauritius, from Capt. (now Sir) W. J. L. Wharton, F.R.S., who was engaged in a survey of the East-African coast, from Admii'al the Hoq. A. A. Cochrane, by whose orders Commander Cookson visited the Galapagos, and from many other correspondents. I was able to show that among the material thus brought together three distinct types could be distinguished, either by osteological characters or the number of dermal scutes, viz. : 1. The Aldabran type, 2. The Mascarene type, 3. The Galapagos type ; and, moreover, that several species were included in each of these three groups ; that each species seemed to be limited to a parti- cular island, but that some of the islands, like Aidabra, Mauritius, Albemarle, were tenanted by several species. The subject was full of conteutional matter, and, after all, the material upon which I based my conclusions was most perplexing in its incompleteness. But I have the satisfaction of seeing that since the publication of my work some 50 papers and memoirs * have appeared, all contributing towards our knowledge of one or the other of these animals, and some opening up ques- tions of wider biological interest. The material which one of our Pellows, the Hon. Walter Rothschild, is at present bringing together with his usual energy and directness of purpose, no * See Appendix, pp. 26-29. LINNEAJiT SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 9 doubt will offer, by its completeness, an opportunity of revising the subject in all its details. The contributions which, in my opinion, mark the most im- portant advance, aud which throw a flood of light on the origin of this Chelonian type and its distribution in space and time, are tho3e referring to its occurrence in Madagascar. Indeed, (xrandidier, as tar back as 1868, had mentioned his discovery of Chelonian bones; but their true inter()retation was left to Vaillant and Boulenger, wbo sbowed that they were true Testudo, and, moreover, that they belonged to the Aldabran section. Vaillant referred them to two species ; but additional materials, more recently received in Ed gland, t^eem to indicate that the species were more numerous, as we might have anticipated from the wide distribution of the type in Madagascar, to which I have referred already. The second important discovery to which I would draw your attention is published in a paper by Dr. Gradow, who described a number of Chelonian remains that were found in the Mare-aux- Songes about 1890; this is the same locality from which I bad previously described two species. Of the live '•'' forms''^ distin- guished by Dr. Gadow, one claims our particular attention, although it is known from fragments of the sternum only. It differs from all the other Mascarene Tortoises, not only in having a divided gular shield, but by having the anterior part of the sternum bifurcated, reminding us of a simihir modification of the corresponding part in Testudn atlas irom the Sivaliks *. I do not think that this discovery affects my division of the Gigantic Land- Tortoises into tbree sections ; I have no doubt that when we shall have more information, notably of the form and scuteJlation of the head, tlierewill be found sufficiently strong ground to establish a fourth section for this new Mascarene species. Nor can we be certain that this Tortoise (or, perhaps, another of those found in the Mare-aux-Songes) was really indigenous to Mauritius, as Dr Gadow assumes. The Mare-aux-Songes is a swamp close to the sea, separated from it by a ridge, and situated near Grand Port, a place founded by the early Dutch visitors, where, of course, in the course of succeeding years many ships landed. Therefore, the possibility of some of the bones from this locality being thuse of imported individuals cannot be excluded; and this will apply more to the forms occurring in small numbers than to the more common ones, although no one will suggest any other origin but from some part of the Mascarene region. It must appear a matter of some surprise that zoologists who have studied the distribution of animals in space and time have * Is the bifurcated sternum a sexual character? Mr. Lydekker seems lo think so, as far as Testudo atlas is concerned. It may be so in one species, and yet be absent in both sexes in another. The large specimen with double gulars in the military barracks at Port Louis is a male, aud shows no sign of bifurcation. c2 20 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE made so little use of tlie evidence afforded by Land-Tortoisps. Darwin, no doubt, would bave paid more attention to tbem if he had been in possession of facts with which we are acquainted now. As it is, he saw in them (together with the large Liz;irds) the most characteristic feature of the zoology of the Galapagos ; but he found them illustrative only as far as they couhrmed results obtained from the plants, which had been worked out by the highest authority on geographical botany. Mr. Blanford (i8. p. 54), in one of his Anniversary Addresses to the Geological Society, says : — " The occurrence of Land- Tortoises on what appear to be evidently oceanic islands, such as the Galapagos, although unexplained, rendtrs the Chelonia less important as evidence of laud-connection." Of terrestrial vertebrates I do not know of another type which, from its organization and mode of life, would assist Ufore in the solution of that and other problems than Batrachians and Land-Tortoises. There must be a satisfactory way of accounting for t'le presence of those gigantic forms in two island groups separated from the mainland by hundreds of miles. But I confess that theexphma- tion suggested by Mr. "Wallace ('Island Life,' p. 279) does not appeal to me as the probable solution of the problem. He says * : — " Considering the well-known tenacity of life of thes^ animals, and the large number of allied forms which have aquatic or subaquatic habits, it is not a very extravagant supposition that some ancestral form carried out to sea by a flood, was once or twice safely drifted as far as the Gahq^agos, and has originated the races which now inhabit them." Are the difficulties offered in this suggestion not quite as weighty from a biological point of view as the objections raised by geology? We cannot be sur- prised to see the latest student of the Galapagos fauna, Dr. G. Baur, returning for help to the explanation by the long-disputed land-connection in the Tertiary epoch. Dr. Baur treats in a series of papers of the very peculiar composition and distribution of the Flora and Fauna of the Galapagos. Tiiese peculiarities have been long known through the labours of Hooker and Darwin, and have been described t by the latter in his admirably simple language. " It is the circum- stance that several of the islands possess their own species of the tortoise, mocking-thrush, finches, and numerous plants, these species having the same general habits, occupying analogous situations, and obviously filling the same place in the natural economy of this Archipelago, that strikes me with wonder. It may be suspected that some of these representative species, at * Wallace has misunderstood my words (Gigaut. Laud-Tort. jDp. 8, 9) when he says tliat "Dr. Giinther believes that they (t)ie Galapagos Tortoises) have been originally derived from the American continent." Without committing myself to adherence to either theory, 1 merely indicated the manner in which the advocate or the opponent of the doctrine of a common origin of similar but locally separated types may account for the presence of the Tortoises in distant oceanic islands. t Journal of Researches, ed. 1873, p. 397. LINNKAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 21 least in the case of the tortoise aud of some of the birds, may hereafter prove to be ouly well-marked races ; but this would be of equally great interest to the philosophical naturalist." Dr. Baur lays particular stress upon this condition, to which he applies the term " liarmonic distribution," maintaining that sucli a distribution could uever have come about by the accidental arrival of a miscellaneous set of plants and animals, of some on this, of others on another island, and that it can be only explained by, and therefore proves, the formation of the islands by sub- sidence of their common base. They are the tops of the volcanic mountains elevated on a large and continuous mass of land * which is now submerged below the water, but which probably in the Ei'cene period, and possibly a little later, was still in connection with the continent, possibly in the direction of the great Mexican and Sonorau province. At the time when the islands were still connected, the number of species inhabiting the district was small ; when they became separated, " through isolation the peculiar specialization of the species began: an originally single species was differentiated in many different forms ; every island developed its peculiar race."t Professor Alex. Agassiz (30) has severely criticised Dr. Baur's view, on the ground ttiat it is entircjly opposed to geological evidence. Separated from the mainland east and northw-ards by a broad plain, declining in the deepest parts to 1500 and 2000 fathoms, without an intervening series of shallower soundings or islands in the direction of the supposed former con- nection with America, the Arcliipelago shows no trace of archaic rocks, and, moreover, the petrographic character of its volcanoes is basaltic, thus differing from the volcanoes of the mainland, w hich are made up of trachytic and andesian material. Suess +, in alluding to the divergence of opinion as regards kienozoic changes of land and w'ater, considers biological facts to be of but secondary importance, and therefore would lend the weight of his authority to the opinion of Agas^iz. Yet the position taken up by Dr. Baur need not be abandoned as hopeless, in spite of the absence of direct geological evidence. Tlie biologist now and then may give a helping hand to the geologist. The analogy between the Galapagos and Eastern Gigantic * Mr. Blanford concurs with Prof. Bouney that the occurrence cf volcanic islands does not prove that the area in which they occur is not a sunken con- tinent. " If Africa south of the AtUvs subsided liUUU fathoms, what would remain above water? Si> far as our present knowledge goes, the remaining islands would consist of four volcanic peaks — Camaroons, Kenia, Kilimanjaro, and Kuweuzori, — together with an island " etc. (.\nniv. Address Geol. Soc. 18'.)0, p. 34). Tliis same idea is expressed by Dr. Baur (1891, p. 307) tlius : — '• If Lientral America should disappear by-and-by througli subsidence, the result would be that the tops of the highest mountaius would form voicauic islands, Bome with still active volcanoes." t 22. p. 3U8. I AntiiU d. Erde, i. p. 530. 22 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE Land-Tortoises is so great that, having failed to account in a generally convincing manner for the presence of these animals in the Galapagos, we naturally turn to the other group to see whether a consideration of the geological conditions in the Indian Ocean leads to more satisfactory results. Will that consideration give us a clue as to the direct genetic relations between those Pleistocene giants and their insular representatives ? In a masterly treatise on ancient land-connections which Mr. W. T. Blanford embodied in his Anniversary Address to the Geological Society in 1S96, all the evidence, geological as well as biological, is collected, by which he proves that such a connection did exist across the Indian Ocean between India and Madagascar. Even Mr. "Wallace, who is one of the most emphatic opponents of the doctrine of extensive changes of land and water in Tertiary times, feels compelled to assume that the areas now occupied by the Laccadive, Maldive, and Chagos atolls, and the Saya de Malha and Cargados reefs, are the remains of great islands which existed in late Tertiary times. He admits subsidence so far, because the existence of such intervening islands would facilitate the intro- duction of certain Birds and Bats which are common to India and Madagascar. But the distances by which these Tertiary islands were separated from the Mascarenes and Madagascar are stiil too great to meet the requirements of the case of the Tortoises. Absolutely helpless, these animals could not make active progress iu the water and would perish long before a favourable current carried them to a distant shore. Dispersal by accidental means may be set aside in their case as utterly incomprehensible and inadequate; they require, for spontaneous dispersal, continuity of land. Now the researches of W. T. Blanford, of his brother H. P. Blanford, and other Indian geologists, of Suess, and Neu- inayer, definitely prove the existence of a wide area which con- jiectfdSouth Africa and India, and of course included Madagascar, the Seychelles, Mascarenes, and other islands. The continuity of this area began to be encroached upon by the Ocean in Mesozoic times, and was gradually broken up into islands at an early Tertiary date {Blanford). On the other hand, the slow evolution of this Chelonian type, which has scarcel}' changed since the Eocene, and its wide distribution in that era over the Northern Hemisphere, justify the supposition that it was in existence already before the Tertiary, before the bridge was broken through which allowed of its passage southwards or northwards. From the available nalajoutological evidence, the majority of naturalists would indine to the belief that the Pliocene conti- nental foi ms were the ancestors of the insular races, or, in other v.ords, that the ij^e has migrated southwards. Thus Mr. Lydekker (1885, p. 163) says that "it appears not improbable that the Aldabra Tortoises are a branch which has taken origin irom the old Indian stock of gigantic Land-Tortoises." How- ever, Continental and Insular Jorins difter structurally so slightly from each other, that we cannot draw from their structure sate conclusions as to their relative ages. Porms with a bifurcated LINNEAJT SOCIETY OF LONDON'. 23 epiplastron might be regarded as more highly specialized than those without ; but they occur iu the Mascareues as well as iu the Sivaliks : or, if we look upon the Hat-headed Mascarene races as the more generalized Ibrm, we find it equally represented in the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Europe. The great ancient Southern Continent, the Grondwana Land of Suess, of the e.\ist- ence of which we cannot entertain any doubt, must have been the birthplace of a variety of plants and animals, of terrestrial A'ertebrates, possibly of gigantic Laud-Tortoises : if this be so, then these Testudinata would have to be regarded, not as acci- dental importations from some distant continent, but as members of the autochthont Crondwaua-fauna, which spread through Asia into Europe in pre-Tertiary or early Tertiary times, and survived on the insular fragments of the old continent. However the direction in which the dispersal of the Tortoises proceeded, either from the north southwards or vice versa, is a secondary question which could be more profitably discussed, if we knew more of the palaeontology of the Seychelles and Mada- gascar. But, so much we may claim at present, that Dr. Baur's theory of the origin of the Galapagos fauna, when applied to the problem otfered by the Tortoises in the Indian Ocean, is actually removed from the hvpothetical area, and supported by geological and biological facts. It thereby has gathered strength, and deserves our serious consideration. It has met with strong opposition Irom some, with favour by others, of whom I will mention only one of our own fellows, Mr. Hemsley*, who has paid so much attention to Insular Elorast. Before concluding my Address I must ask you to return with me once more to the small stock of Tortoises which have survived to our time. I wish shortlv to refer to certain individuals that are known to have been living in captivity for a long time, for so many years that they carry us baek into the period when some of the now extinct races were still in existence. Curiosity is naturally excited as to the origin of these specimens, and the race to which they belong. 1. Perhaps the most famous of these individuals is the large Tortoise which lived at Colombo for nearly a century. According to one account it was brought from Java to Ceylon when this island was still a Dutch possession ; according to another it came direct from the Seychelles in 1708 +. It died four years ago, * Science Progress, v. 1896, pp. 298-302. t A few weeks after the delivery of this Address, the sad news of the premature death of Dr. Baur reached London. He died at Munich on June 25, in the fortieth year of liis age. \ " The Colombo Tortoise for many years belonged to my father-in-law. the late Sir William Ogle Carr, Chief Justice of Ceyion, and was still in the grounds of Uplands in 1882 when I saw it, and hive since seen a photo tiiken at Colombo as late as 1889. This one is said to have been brought as tribute to Ceylon from the Seychelles about 1798, and remained on the grounds where it was "landed, descending with the Estate to ejich proprietor."— Letter to Dr. Giiuther by Mr. J. Carr S. Dyer, dated Hazeley, Keuley, Jan. 12, 1893. 24 PEOCEEDIKGS OF THE and was preserved for the Colombo Museum by Mr. Haly, to wliom I am indebted for sketches of the stuffed animal and for the loan of some of the bones. So far as I am able to judge from these somewhat incomplete materials, this animal certainly belongs to the same group of races with a narrow bridge of the pehis which includes the Madigascar and Aldabra Tortoises. Unable to identify it with any of the races described, I con- sider it not improbable that this animal really came originally from the Seychelles, and was the last, or one of the last survivors of the Seychelles race. On geographical giounds one may anti- cipate that the Seychelles race would belong to the Aldabran group rather than the Mascarene. But positive evidence on this point can only be given when remains of undoubtedly indigenous specimens are examined, and these have still to be discovered. 2. M. Sauzier has drawn attention to a most interesting speci- men which has been known to have been kept at Port Louis since Mauritius became a British possession iu 1810, and is still living there in the barracks of the garri.son. Captain Pasfit-ld Oliver carries irs history still farther back, and (on what grounds I am unable to find out) ascribes its importation into Mauritius from the Seychelles in 1766 to a rreuchman, Captain Marion du Fresne. M. Sauzier and Dr. Gradow, however, consider it a native of Mauritius. From various photographs which have been published, and others for which I am indebted to Capt. Oliver, it is evident that this Tortoise, named Testudo smne.irei by Sauzier, belongs to the group of Mascarene Tortoises with double gulars which has been described by Gadow, and, there- fore, is also a survivor, perhaps the last, of an extinct race, the original home of which is not yet known. 3. The third specimen to which I would draw your attention, is the Tortoise so well known for many years to visitors to St. Helena. The information which has reached me about it shows that tradition as regards the history of these animals is very unreliable, and has to be received with great caution. According to all accounts, the specimen is a female w^hich was brought to St. Helena from Mautitius more than a century ago. At a later period a male, larger than the female, was imported as her companion ; and both were in excellent health when seen by Mr. H. Eingler Thomson, to whom I am indebted lor this information. The male is reported to have died in 1877, but another seems to have been provided, as would appear from a letter of Mr. Grey "Wilson, Governor of the Island, to Capt. P. Oliver *. The shell of the specimen which died in 1877, and * St. Helena, 26 Oct. 1894. " The old Tortoise is still hale and hearty, i. e., the female of about 2U0 summers. We have a rather larger one also, a male which was imported in 1882 ; and they had a happy existence, always going to the lower lands in winter, and coming to our lawn in the summer. The male arrived yesterday, but I hear the female is in Friar's valley below the waterfall [some 3 or 4 miles distant from the Plantation house] ; and I expect I shall have to send a rescue party to get her up, as she ought to have arrived with her husband yesterday." LINSEAN SOCIETY OE LONDOIf. 25 which was said to have been the first husband, has fortunately been preserved, and is in the Natural History Museum. It proves to be the shell of a female, and without doubt tiiat of the individual originally imported into !St. Helena. If this shell had not been pre.-erved, the whole of its age would have been placed to the credit of one of the two survivors. The specimen is of great interest, being distinguished by a nuchal shield of unusual size, divided into two by a transverse suture. 4. For the first information of another of these patriarchs we are likewise indebted to M. Sauzier (1895), who ascertained its existence in Egmont Island, Chagos Archipelago. Its original habitatis supposed to be Aldabra, but when and by whom it was carried to Egmont Island is not known *. This specimen (be- lieved to be the largest living Tortoise) has been acquired by the Hon. W. Rothschild, and is now living in the Zoological Gardens, so that in course of time the whole of its structure can be examined. 5. Another very large Tortoise, of the Gralapagos type, is the latest acquisition of Mr. Kothschild, and lives now side by side with the Egmont Island Tortoise. Only the latest phase of its adventurous wanderings is known. It was brought to Sydney about the year 1880 by a Captain Alexander Macdonald, who had received it as a present from a chief in Rotumah Island (Madison IsliUid)t. When we recollect that Captain Porter J, on his voyage from the Gralapagos, visited Madison Island in 1813, that he " distributed there from his stock several young Tortoises among the chiefs, and permitted a great many to escape into the bushes and among the grass," we shall look upon this specimen as one which actually witnessed the depopulation of its island home. For the future preservation of the Tortoises which still survive in the Galapagos, we must, and can, trust to the difficulty of access to their lava recesses. But we cannot be equally conHdent as to the smaller remnant on Aldabra. Since a station was established in that island, about the year 1880, for fishermen and orchilla- gatherers, the animals were undoubtedly exposed to the danger of complete extermination at an early date. How- ever, an appeal § to ihe Mauritian Government, which was supported by bir Josej^h Hooker, then President of the Royal Society, had the iuimediate result that the protection of the Tortoises was made one of the conditions under which the island * AltboKgh of very large size, this specimen does not show the signs of extreme age which were manifest iu the Colombo Tortoise. Mr. Rot! s^iiild was informed by its owner, tiiat it had been known to exist on Egmont Island some loU years (jSov. Zool. 181)7, p. 4(J7), but M b'auzier tells us (La Xature, l8'J5, p. 2~4) that the first settlement was formed from Mauritius at the com- mencement of the century. t 1 am indebted for this information to Hon. W. Rothschild. + Journal of a Cruise made to the Pacific Ocean, 182j, vol. ii. p. 109. § Gigaut. Laiid-lort. p. 20. 26 PEOCEEDINQS OP THE ■was leased. I believe tliat the Administrator of tlie Seyclielles is responsible lor the conditions of the lease being adhered to. Of course, it is difficult to exercise supervision and enforce obedience to orders in an out-of-the-way place like Aldabra, huudreds of miles away from administrative headquarters. But it is highly satisfactory that ever since the matter was brought under the notice of the Mauritian Government, not only the succeeding Governors, but also the Colonial Office, .have con- tinued to watch with interest over the safety of these animals. Besides, I see from the official reports which are sent to me from time to time, that Tortoises, whenever procurable, are located in suitable places nearer to the seat of Government, where they can be kept under immediate supervision. Thus, in 1883, several were placed on Flat Island; and Mr. Cockburn Stewart, the present Administrator of the Seychelles, reported in 1896 that forty-two were deposited on Curieuse Island, and eight in the Government House grounds : all thriving well. Thus the existence of this type may be considered assured for our time at least, but it will be the duty of the Biologists who come after us to see that this protection, for which we ofl'er our grateful acl^nowledgments to tlie men who direct Colonial atliairs at present, will be continued by their successors. APPENDIX. List of Publications on Gigantic Land-Toktoises letiveen the years 1875-1898. 1875. 1. Milne-Edwards, A. Nouveaux documents sur I'epoque de la disparition de la Faune ancienne de file Rodriouez. Ann. So. Nat. art. no. 4, pp. 20. (Abstract in Compt. Rend. 10 May, 1875, t. Ixxx. p. 1212.) 2. Caldavell, J. Notes on the Zoology of Kodriguez. Proc.Zool. Soc. 1875, pp. 644-7. 1877. 3. Adams, A. Leith. On Gigantic Ijand- Tortoises and a small Fresh- water species from the Ossiferous Caverns of Malta, together with a List of their Fossil Fauna ; and a Note on Chelonian remains from the Rock-cavities of Gibraltar. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxxiii. 1877, pp. 177-191, pis. 5 & 6. 1878. 4. [Official.] Report on the Islands of Astove and Assumption and the Cosmoledo and Aldabra Groups. Seychelles, fol. [Report by Sergeant F. Rivers to the Chief Civil Commissioner of the Sej^- chelles, d. Decbr. 11, 1878.] Pp. 7. 1879. 5. Wolf, Th. Ein Besuch der Galapagos Inseln. Heidelberg. Svo : pp. 44, with 3 maps. 1881. 6. HuBRECHT, A. A. W. On certain Tortoises in the collections of the Leydeu Museum. Notes from Leyden Mus. iii. pp. 41-44. LDTNEAN SOCIETT OF LONDOy. 2^ 1881. 7. Haddon, a. C. Oa the Extinct Land-Tortoises of Mauritius and Rodriguez. Traui. Linn. S02., Z jol. ii. pp. 155-lt)3, pi. 13. 1882. 8. Peters, W. Reise nach Mo33ambic[ue. Amphibien. Berlin, fol. : pp. 3 & 4, pi. iii. B. 1883. 9. LiTTLETOX, W. Aldabra Island Tortoises. Nature, Aug. 23, 1883. p. 398. 1885. 10. Lydkkker, a. Siwalik and Narbada Chelonia. In Mem. Geolog. Surv. Ind. Palueoutul. Ind. ser. x. vol. iii. part 0, Calcutta. 4to : pp. 1 55-1 70. 11. Vaii.lant, L. R^marques compl6mentaire8 sur les Tortues gigan- tesques de Madagascar. Conipt. Rend. 1885, Mars 23, pp. 4. 12. Description d'une Tortue terrestre d'espece nouvelle (Testudo yniphorn). Couipt. ll^nd. 1885, ci. p. 440; Bull. Soc. Philom. ix. p. 118 ; NouT. Arch. Mus. ser. 3, i. pp. 101-168, pis. 12-15. 1887. 13. Gaudry, a. Di?couTerte d'une Tortue gigantesque par M. le L)r. Donnezan. Compt. Rend. cv. pp. 1225-6. 14.. Deperet, C, et Donnezan, A. iiwx\& Testudo perpiniuna,J)e^6vQt, gigantesque Tortue du pliocene moven de Perpignan. Compt. Rend. cv. pp. 1275-8. 1889. 15. BocLENGER, G. A. Catalogue of the Chelonian*, Rhynchocephalians, and Crocodiles in the British Museum. Loudon. 8vo : pp. 167- 173. 16. LvDEKKER, R. Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum. Part III. Loudon. 8vo : pp. 73-90. 1890. 17. Stbauch, a. Bemerkungen iiber die Schildkrotensammlung im zoologischen Museum der Kais. Akademie der Wisseiischaften zu St. Petersburg. Mem. Ac. Imp. Sc. St. Petersb. xxxviii. pp. 52-54. 18. Blanfobd, W. T. Address delivered at the Anniversary Meeting of the Geological Society of London, Feb. 21st, 1890 : pp. 29 et seqq. 19. Baur, (t. The Gigantic Land-Tortoises of the Galapagos Islands. Am. Nat. xxiii. pp. 1039-57. 1891. 20. Oliver, P. The Voyage of Francois Leguat of Bresse to Rodriguez, Mauritius, Java, aud tlie Cape of Guod Hope. Edited and anno- tated by Captain P. O. Loudon (Hakluyt Soc), 1891. 8vo, in two volumes. 21. Bdulenger, G. a. On some Chelonian remains preserved in the Museum of the R. College of Surgeons. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1891, pp. 4-5, with fig. 22. Baur, G. On the Origin of the Galapagos Islands. Am. Nat. 1891, pp. 217-229, 307-326. 23. Lucas, F. A. The Galapagos and Masoarene Tortoises. Smithson. Rep. for 18S9, pp. 643-64^, with a plate. 28 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE 1892. 24. Wallace, A. E. Island Life. 2nd edit. 1892. 8vo : p. 278 et passim. 25. [Official.] Spuk.s, J. Letter from— to T. R. Griffith, Esq., on Aldabra d. July 19, 1891. In ' Colonial Repons,' C. 6563. Lond. 1892. 8vo: pp. 46-50. 26. Baub, G. Ein Besuch der Galapagos Inseln. Miinchen, 1892. 16mo : pp. 46. (From the 'Beilage zur Allgenieinen Zeitung,' Febr. 1-4, 1892.) 27. — — The Galapagos Islands. Proc. Am. Antiquar. Soc, Annual Meeting, Oct. 21, 1891. Worcester. Pp. 6. 28. Sauziek, Th. Tortue de terre gigantesque a Tile Maurice. La Nature, Nov. 1892, pp. 395-398, with figures. 29. Oliver, S. P. Mauritius and its Gigantic Tortoise. Illustr. Lond. News, Dec. 3, 1892, p. 715, with fig. — Also letter in 'Ihe Times/ Jan. 11, 1893. 30. Agassiz, a. General Sketch of the Expedition of the ' Albatross ' from February to May 1891. The Galapagos Islands. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xxiii. no. 1, pp. 56-74. 1893. 31. GtJNTHEH, A. The Mauritian Gigantic Land-Tortoise. 'Times,' Jan. 12, 1893. 32. Sauzieb, Th. Les Tortues de terre gifi-antesques de Madagascar, et de certaines autres iles de la mer des Indes. Paris, G. Masson. Svo : pp. 22. [This pamphlet, for a copy of which I am indebted to the Hon. W. Rothschild, seems to have been withdrawn from the book market.] 33. Toitue de terre gigantesque a Tile Maurice. La Nature, April 22, 1893, p. 336, with figure. 34. Vaillant, L. Les Tortues eteintes de Vile Rodriguez d'apres les pieces conservees dans les galeries du Museum. Centenaire du Mus. d Hist. Nat. Paris, 1893, pp. 255-288, pis. 1-3. 1894. 35. BouLENGER, G. A. On Remains of an extinct Gigantic Tortoise from Madagascar {Texiudo grandidieri, Vaillant). Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. xiii. pp. 305-311, pis. xxxix.-xli. 36. Gadow, H. On the Remains of some Gigantic Land-Tortoises, and of an extinct Lizard, recently discovered in Mauritius. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. xiii. pp. 31.3-324, pis. xlii.-xliv. 37. Rothschild, W. On Giant Land-Tortoises. Novit. Zool. i. pp. 676 7, pi. 11. 38. Remarks and Corrections relating to the living Giant Tortoise of Mauritius. Ihid. p. 690. 39. Further Notes on Gigantic Land-Tortoises. Novit. Zool. ii. p. 483. 40. [Official.] Haly, a. Ceylon. Administration Reports, 1894. The Colombo Museum, fol. (p. 12). 1895. 41. Sauzieb, Th. Gigantesque Tortue terrestre, d'apres un specimen vivant. La Nature, Sept. 28, 1895, pp. 273-275, with figures. 42. [Official.] Report on the Aldabra Group of Islands. Seychelles, Crown Lands Department, fol. : pp. 18, with maps. 43. Baur, G. The Differentiation of Species on the Galapagos Islands and the Origin of the Group. Biolog. Lectures delivered at the Marine Biological Laboratory of Wood's Holl. Summer Session, 1894. Boston, 1895, pp. 67-78, LnfNEAy SOCIETY OF LOXDOK. 29 1896. 4.4.. Rothschild, W. Further Notes on Gigantic Land-Tortoises. Xov. Zool. iii. 189G, pp. So -'.)!. 45. Gu.NTHEU, A. Testudo ephqjpiuui. Nov. Zool. iii. 1896, pp. 329- 334, pis. 20-22. 46. VoKLTZKOW, A. Riesenscliildkroten von Aldabra. Zoolog. Gart. 1896, pp. 30-31. 1897. 47. Oliver, P. The Voyages made bv the Sieur D. B. to the i-^lands Dauphine or Madagascar, Bourbon or Mascarenne in the years 1669-72. Translated and elited by Capt. P. O. London, 1897. '8vo. 48. Rothschild, W. Further Notes on Gigantic Land-Tortoises. Nov. Zool. iv. pp. 407-8, pi. 13. 49. Bauu, G. New Observations on the Origin of the Galapagos Islands, with Remarks on the Gejloijical Age of the Pajitic Ocean. Am. Nat. 1897, pp. 061-080, 804-896. 1898. 50. V.AILLAXT, L. Desins inedits de Cheloniens, tire; des Manu^crits de Comoiersou. Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. pp. 133-139 (with wood- cuts). 1664. 51. Kerckhovkx, Johannes van. Wytloopig breade en waerachtige beschryvinge van de ongeluckige voyage van't schip Aernhem ; van Batavia vertrocken den 23 December IGiil in compagnie van no-^h ses andere schepen. onder 't commando van de heer Aernout de Jlamiii(/h van Ontahoorn. Ilaer honist met de boot van't verloore schip op het eylandt Mauritius, met de beschi'vvinge van 't selbe eylandt, etc. J^eschraven door J. v. K., van Middelborg. Amster- dam, 1004. 4to : pp. 28. Sir Jolin Murray tlien moved : — " That the thanks o£ the Society be given to the President for Ms exeelleut iVddress, and tliat he be requested to allow it to be printed and circulated a nongst the Fellows;" and this, having been seconded by Prof. Charles Stewart, was carried unanimously. The Gold Medal of the Society was formallv awarded to Sur- geon-Major GrEORGE Chaeles Wallich, M.D., in recognition of his researches into the problcns connected wirh bathyi)ial and pelagic life. In consequence of his inability lo attend in person, his son was deputed to receive it on his behalf. In presenting the medal the President, Dr. Griiuther, spoke as follows : — " The gold medal of the Society is awarded this year to a zoo- logist, to Dr. George Charles Wallich. Although Dr. TVallich's scientific work commenced some years before, it was the year 1860 in which he entered upon the line of inquiry with which his name will be ever associated. Ou the recommendation of Sir Koderick Murchison and Prof. Huxley he was attached iu that year as naturalist to H.M.S. ' Bulldog,' ou her voyage across the Atlantic to survey the sea-bottom for the laying of the pro- posed Ailautic cable. The materials obtained by the sounding 30 PEOCEEDINGS OE THE operations were slender ; but in working them out, Dr. Wallieh showed that he had already grasped all the principal problems of deep-sea research. To the solution of these problems he applied his wide range of knowledge, the soundness and power of his reasoning, his originality and independence of thought. His work, ' The North Atlantic Sea-Bed,' incomplete as it is, stands as a lasting record of the progress made by him in our knowledge of deep-sea life, and of the impetus which he gave to subsequent deep-sea exploration. " For more than twenty years he continued to work in the same line of inquiry, and in investigating collatei'al subjects, notably the life-history, structure, and relationships of those unicellular organisms which play so important a part in pelagic and bathybial life, and the lithological identity of the ancient chalk formation and of the calcareous deposits in the oceans of the present time. " The remarkable results which he obtained in his investigations were due not only to his accuracy and keenness as an observer, but also to the ingenuity of the methods applied by him. Thus at a time wlien our modern micro-chemical methods were un- kjiown, he employed the electric discliarge as a means of differ- entiating the nucleus, and he determined the excretory function of the contractile vacuole. " Tour Council were of opinion that work of such originality, advancing so many branches of Biology, was peculiarly fit to be honoured by the award of the Linnean medal." A special Gold Medal was awarded by the Society to Sir Joseph Daltojs^ Hooker, G.C.S.I., C.B., P.-P.E.S., on the occasion of the completion of ' The Flora of British India,' in recognition of the Services rendered by him to Science, during sixty years of unremitting labour. In presenting the Medal Dr. Giinther made the following remarks : — - " The completion of a monumental work in Botany, the ' Flora of British India,' has been chosen by our Council as a fit occasion for the Linnean Society to pay its tribute to the recognition of the eminent services which have been rendered to biological science by Joseph Dalton Hooker. A gold medal, specially struck for the occasion, of which copies could be distributed among his numerous friends and admirers, was considered to be the most appropriate and the most euduriug form to serve as a memorial of this desire of the Society. "If I attempted, or were competent, to pass in review the work by which J. D. Hooker has advanced botanical science and enriched its literature, the few words I intend to address to you would swell into a biography ; for of the sixty years which have elapsed since he entered the service of science, there are but few in which he has not left his mark upon its history. " The four years uhich he passed with the Antarctic expedition, and the three years during which he wandered among the ranges LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 3 1 of the Himalayas, were the period in whicli he saw nature in her most diversified, grandest, and purest aspects, and was brought face to face with the mysteries of the distribution of life over the globe. Then, and for many years afterwards, he made these phenomena and their causes the object of his special study. His writings on the subject have had the most powerful influence on, and were the guide, in all subsequent inquiries. His travels were of the highest importance, and that not with regard to our biolo- gical knowledge alone : his intimate acquaintance with geology, meteorology, his proficiency as a surveyor, have rendered his accounts of the couutries visited, by him equally valuable to the geographer. " W hen biology entered upon that eA^entf ul period of its history, in which the doctrine of continuous evolution by natural selection was strivino^ to replace that of distinct creations, Hooker was one of the foremost champions of the former. Many systematic workers in zoology and botany were apprehensive at the time of dangers arising to their methods from the new doctrine. Hooker dispelled such fears by his own example ; he continued his syste- matic work, but he sliowed at the same time that it was not the end, but only the means to the end, of biological researcli. " The part which he took, during the lifetime of his father, and during the twenty years of his directorship, in raising the Eoyal Gardens at Kew to their importance and eminence, is known to all of you. But I cannot pass this short allusion to his official work without referring to the position which Kew has taken as the centre of advice and help for the kindred institutions in India and the Colonies. This bond had been already established by the father; I'ut it was strengthened by the son's personal acquaintance with their capabilities, and his sympathy with their needs. " His official duties, sufficiently aiduuus by tiiemselves, did not prevent him from obeying other demands of science, when he was called upon to perform the Junctions of President of the British Association in 1868, and of the Eoyal Society from 1873-]8/8. And since his retirement from the public service in 1885, at an age when most men seek for rest from their labours, we have seen him still prosecuting his work with that single-minded devotion to science which has been characteristic of the whole of his life. " The prosperity of the Linnean Society, of which he has been a Fellow since 1842, has always been to him an object of special interest. Some of his most remarkable memoirs appeared in our ' Transactions.' Bentham, who devoted years of care to the welfare of the Society, was connected with him by ties of closest frif ndship. And last, but not least, we remember that in honouring the sou we are doing homage to the memories of the father and grandfather, both of whom were illustrious Pellows of the Society." 32 PEOCEEDINGS OP THE Sir Josepli Hooker, in acknowledging the presentation, said : — " Mk. President, I cannot express my sense of the great, the exceptionally great honour which your Council has conferred upon me in the founding and awarding of this beautiful medal. In receiving it, let me assure you that I value it as much for the evidence it bears of the friendly regard of my associates as for their all too high estimate of my endeavours towards the pro- motion of science. Furthermore, let me say that from no scientific body could it be received by me with more cordial wel- come than from the Liunean Society, which was the first to which I have the honour of belonging to enrol me amongst its Fellows, and which especially cultivates those branches of knowledge to which I have devoted the best years of my life. To these con- siderations must be added what you yourself have alluded to, namely, my hereditary interest in a Society of which my father and grandfather were very early Fellows, and both of them con- tributors to its 'Transactions.' To this latter circumstance it may perhaps be due that I was elected at a very early age, being, 1 believe, the youngest member of our body, with no further scientific claims on the support of my electors than that I was serving as a naturali-^t in the Antarctic expedition under Captain Eoss, where I happened to be the youngest, as I am now the only surviving officer of those then under the command of tliat intrepid navigator. I may mention that Captain Ross was himself a Fellow, and had a copy of our ' Transactions ' in bis cabin, which was a godsend to me. I was in the Falkland Isles when my election took place, and nearly a year and a ha f elap.'ed before my captain and I knew that we were fellow Liuneans. " In 184)2 the Lord Bishop of Norwich was Pre-ident. He was the first of t n under whom I have been privileged to s^it. Had the Society adopted the rule <>f biennial presidents I should have sat under thirty at least, which, in my estimation, would have detracted gieatly frum the dignity wliich 1 attach to the chair, and I venture to think from its utility also. In the year 1842 there were 610 members of the Society (including fellows, foreign members, and associates), with fully one-fourth of whom I soon became personally acquainted. Twenty-eight years afterwards, that is about midway between the former date and tiie present time, the number of my personal friends in the Society had risen to one-half of the whole body. Our numbers are now 820, but the proportion of my personal friends among them ha-* inevitably shrunk from my having outlived so many associate-! of my middle age. And this leads me to ask your indulgence for one mure egoti>tical detail. It is that I am perhaps the only Fellow who personally knew four of t le 169 naturalists who, 110 years ago, formed tlie luicleus of our Society. Of these fnur I knew two during my later teens : they were the Eev. W. Kirby, the author, with Spence, of the immortal 'Introduction to Entomology'; and Dr. Heysham, of Carlisle; an excellent entomologist and LISXEA.y SOCIETr OF LONDON". 33 ornithologist. The others were Aylmer Bourke Lambert, a former Pre-ident, and the last, as I have been informed, who wore in the chair the presidential three-cornered hat; and Archibald Menzies, who as naturalist accompanied Vancouver iu liis voyage in the Pacific, and who introduced the Araucaria imbricata into England. These all died very near the ye ir of ray election. " Eeferring now to the progress ot the Society in status and efficiency during the years that have elipsed since 1812, the record cannot but be gratifying to its Fellows. Ot this the best proofs are the increment in extent and value of its publications, and the interest taken in its meetings. From its foundation up to the date referred to (fifty-four years) eighteen volumes of the 'Transactions' in quarto had been published. During the succeeding fifty-four years about double that amount have been produced in the same form, besides fifty-eight volumes of the ' Journal ' iu octavo, which latter was not commenced till 1857. "Then as regards attendance at the meetings, during the first \ears of mv fellowship it was miserably small. If my memory does not deceive me, 1 recall a night in Soho Square when only five Fellows supported the President and Secretary. There was a dearth of papers too, aud the discussion of such as were brought forward was discountenanced by the chair. All this is now happily a thing of the past, and I should not have alluded to those bad times had not the Society given proof of that inherent vitality which supported it under a temporary depression, and subsequently raised it to its present posi.ion. " It remains. Sir, to thank you cordially for coupling my father's name with my own in this awaid, but for which, indeed, I could not have accepted it without a protest. I inherited from him my love of knowledge for its own sake, but this would have availed me little were it not for the guiding hand of one who had himself attained scientific eminence ; who by example, precept, and encouragement kept me to the paths which I should follow ; launched me in the fields of exploration and research, liberally aided me during his lifetime, and paved for me the way to the position he so long held at Kew with so great credit to himself, and benefit especially to our Indian aud Colonial possessions." The obituary notices of deceased Fellows and Foreign Members uere laid betore the Meeting by the Secretaries, as follows : — Joseph Armitage, son of the late Eev. Francis James Armitage, of Casteitou, near Kirkby Lonsdale, AV^estmorlaud, Avas born iu Iy53, and educated at Kugby, aud iSew College, Oxford, where be took a First Class in iSatural Science in 1870 and gained the Burdett-Coutts University Scholarship in Geology in the loUowing year. He studied medicine at St. Bartholomew's LLNN. SOC. PBOCEECiyuS.— SESSIO>' 1897-98. d 34 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE Hospital, and took his M.E.C.S. and B.M.Oxon. in 1880 ; lie was appointed House Physician at St. Bartholomew's, and Eesident Clinical Assistant at the City of London Hospital for Diseases of the Chest. In 188 L he left Englaud and settled in Emu Bay, Tasmania, wliere lie bought land and devoted what time could be spared from his medical practice to his farm. His health gave way in 1896 ; and he turned homeward, but died at sea on the 23rd Oct. 1897. His opportunities for original work were practi- cally none, but be retained his zest for botany and geology from the' early days, when he gained prizes at Kugby in those two sciences, to the last. He was elected a Fellow of the Society on 17tb March, 1881, before his departure for Tasmania. Edmtjkd JoHif Baillie was born in 1852, and on leaving school entered the firm of E. & A. Dickson, of Eastgate, Cliester, Seedsmen. Beginning as a junior in the correspondence depart- ment, he eventually became its head, then cashier and confidential adviser to the firm, a partner, and finally the managing partner. On the amalgamation of the two firms of Dickson, Mr. Baillie became deputy Chairman of Dicksons, Limited. He was a successful man of business, but cultivated other sph.eres of thought and action. He was an enthusiastic disciple and personal friend of John Euskin, and, at the time of his death, the President of the Liverpool Huskin Society. For some years he was honorary secretary and treasurer of the Grosvenor Museum at Chester, and an active member of the Chester Society of Natural Science, in whose ' Transactions ' was published his work " The City Flora," an account of the plants round Chester. These do not exhaust the number of the institutions in which he was interested ; he also belonged to the Eoyal Horticultural Society, believed in vegetarianism, and had other tastes. He was elected into our Society on 21st June, 1878, and died at his house, "Woodbine, Upton, on 18th October, 1897. Ja^ies Batemak, one of the pioneers of Orchid culture as now practised, and the knowledge of which united in one person the botanist and cultivator, passed away at his house at Worthing, 27th November, 1897, at the ripe age of 87. Born in the year 1810, he gatiiered his first orchid. Orchis masciila, Avhen a child of eight. At Oxford he seems to have shown his passion for orchids, awakened, it is stated, by a coloured drawing of Eenanthera coccinea, and whilst still ad- miring the beauties of that plant, he, as a gentleman-commoner of Magdalen College, incurred the rebuke of the Vice-President, Dr. Daubeny, afterwards Professor of Botany. For having in- fringed the regulations as to hours, Mr. Bateman was required to write out half the book of Psalms. He took his degree of B.A., 17th May, 1834, but had been elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society the year before, LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 35 10th Marcli, 1833, so tliat at his death he waa the Father of the Society. He proceeded M.A., 3rd May, 181-5. Eacoura^ed by his father, in 1832 Mr. Bateman despatched Colley to British Gruiana, chiefly in search of orchids : the expe- dition was not very successful, Oncidium Lanceaniim being the most noteworthy result; but to one of the novelties Dr. Lindley gave the name Bateiiinti7ua CoUei/i, thus commemorating at once the employer and his collector. Some time after this, Mr. Bateman made the acquaintance of Gr. Ure Skinner, at tliat time living in Gnatemala, and from him received from time to time cons^ignments of living orchids, which were then distributed among cultivators. Mr. Bateman's first book was in point of size not only his greatest, but is actually the largest in any purely botanical library. ' The OrchidacesB of Mexico and Guatemala' consists of 40 elephant folio plates and text, besides woodcuts, two of which were by George Cruckshank, issued at twenty guineas, fi-om 1837 to 1843; the edition was limited to 125 copies. Whilst this splendid but costly work was coming out the author married, his wife sharing his love of plants. Hence the gardens, first at Biddulph Grange and subsequently at Knypersley Hall, became well known for the large number of beautiful and interesting plants contained in them. The climate of Staffordshire proved unfavourable to the health of Mrs. Bateman, and they rem.oved about the year 18G0 to Kensington. The Horticultural Society was then in its palmy days, and Mr. Bateman w^is in the habit of showing something new or striking at the various meetings. It was at this time that he drew up the text for many of the orchid novelties de- scribed in the ' Botanical Magazine,' which were afterwards col- lected and issued as ' A Second Century of Orchidaceous Plants,' 1864-70; the First Century being by Sir William Hooker. Concurrently with this he produced his third important work, ' A Monograph of Odontoglossum,' w^aich, if a smaller folio thiin his first venture, consisted of half tiie number of plates. Four parts were brought out, at a guinea apiece, from 1864-70. From 1862-64 he published in ' The Gardeners' Chronicle' a series of 12 papers, " Dies Orchidiauae," under the pseudonym of ' Serapias,' and in 1864 brought out a ' Guide to Cool Orchid- growing.' In contrast to bis fellow orchidists, all his life long he had a great aversion to hybrids, especially artificial hybi'ids. About 1885 Mr. Bateman withdrew from London and" lived at "Worthing, still interested in his plants and ecclesiastical matters ; indeed, he is stated for some time to have been editor of the ' Ilock ' newspaper. One of his last ajjpearances in our midst was to bring up the spadix of a Palm, Track i/carjjus excelsa, to one of our conversazioni in 1887. A short time since a small volume of coloured drawings of Orchids was added to the library of the Herbarium at Kevv ; no name was attached, but from internal evidence it was ascertained that they were the oroduction of our late Fellow, d2 36 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE I-!AAC Eterlet was born in tlie Isle of Wi^lit, and early mo-^ed to Liverpool, where he studied medicine, afterwards completing his course in Dublin and London. Qualifying in 1831, too young to receive his diploma, he took a voyage to the "West Indies, and therein cultivated that love of nature which dominated his later life. He started practice at Upton, where he remained in charge of an immense district until 1S54, when he removed to Seacombe, on the death of one Dr. Halliday. Meanwhile he had become a Member of the Eoyal College of Siir2:eons, En>iland, of whii-h he was made a Fellow in 1857. In 1886 he retired from practice and devoted himself entirely to his long cherished naturalist pursuits and his garden, and with the aid of a faithful servant " Sam " he so developed his estate and its surroundings that they became a local byword, with which he was himself as-^o- ciated as " The Old Duke." AVhile at Upton he became en- grossed in tho local flora and fauna ; and, following the example of his friend the late Dr. Dickinson of Liverpool, he edited a riora of that district and the neigiibourho id, for which he was afterwards awarded the annual Medal of the Ringsley Natural History Society of Chester. His investigations on the banks of the" Dee resulted in the discovery of new species of both plants and animals, conspicuously of Crustaceans, and many and amusing are the anecdotes told of his adventures on some of these occasions in company with his friend the late Dr. Higgins, ■well known in connection with the Liverpool Museum. He was Surgeon to the "Wallasey Dispensary and Seacombe Cottage Hospital, in which lie took the greatest interest till his death. He served on the Local Board of Commissioners for public water-supply, and became in due course Medical Officer of Health. Mr. Byerley was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society on ] 8th April, 1851 ; and died on Sunday, 20th June, lb97, at the age of 83, revered and respected by all about him. The Hon. Sir William Laaibert Dobsox, E.C.M.Gr., Chief Justice of Tasmania, was the eldest sou of John Dobson, of Hobart Town, and was born in 1833. He was called to the Bar of the Middle Temple in 1856, and to the Tasmanian Bar the following year, became Attorney-Greneral of Tasmania in 18G1, puisne jud^ge 1870, Chiet Justice in 1865, knighted the foil )wing Tear, and created K.C.M.Gr. in 1897. He administered the government of the Colony from November 1886 to March 1887, a period of fourteen weeks. He was elected Fellow of this Society on 20th December, 1883, aud aied on 17th March, 1898. Joseph AV^illtam Duiskiis"G, only son of Joseph Dunning, Solicitor, of Leeds, was born there on 5th November, 1833. He was educated near Huddersfield, at the school of Peter Inchbald, an enthusiastic naturalist, and young Duninng under his watchful care, while still a schoolboy, rediscovered the Agropliila sulpliu- ralis. Leaving school he went to Pari; to read with a,u English LISNEAN SOCIEXr OF LOXDOX. 37 clergyman, and ou bis returu entered at Trinity College, Cam- bridge, graduating iu lHoii, and taking his M.A.. degree three yearrf laier. He iu due course became a i^ellovv and a Tutur of his College. In 1861 lie was called to the Bar at Lincola's lun, where lie attained to high esteem both as a pleader and asau editur of law-books, in October IbUO he bad an apoplectic stroke, and from the effects of this he never fully recovered, retiring into private life in 18*J1. In 1857, when at Cambridge, Dunning was prominent in the establishment of an Entomological iSociety, iu emulation of a similar event which had happemd the year before in Oxford; and in 1858 the two Societies combined to produce an 'Accentuated List of British Lepidoptera,' Dunning being responsible lor the chief share iu the work. He was an e\cellenc linguist and scholar, and highly critical in questious concerning philology, as is proved by his published writings ; and his chief paper, dealing with the genus Aceiitroj)Us, shows him to have been capable of doing good work under difficult and highly in- volved circumstances. At the age of It) Dunning joined the Entomological Society of Loudon, and was in 1862 elected one of its Hon. JSecretaiies, and in that capacity he performed a nine years' service, now" memorable in the Socieiy's history. Difficulty, iuterual dissen- sion, ai.d confusion, under his inliuence gave place to order and prosperity, the tiuancial position being to a great extent assured by his personal liberality. His interest in tJie welfare of this Socieiy ne\er waned. He was iu 1883-8-1 its President, and anxious to secure it a Charter of Licorporation ; but althoui^h this desiie was not realized until two years later, he then de- frayed tne heavy expeut-es incurred m ihe transaction. He was a genial, humorous uian, endeared to all wim wdioin he came in contact; earnest, enthusiastic, warm-heuned, Dunning jemaiued till the last a true friend of entomologists and a beiiLfacLor to their calling. He died on 15th October, 1897, from the effects of a renewed attack of apoplexy. He was elected a Eellow of the Linnean Society on 2nd i^ebruary, 18G0. John Bbaxton Hicks, second son of Edward Hicks, of Lyming- ton, Hants, Was born in 1828, and educated privately. He later became an ariicled pupil of Dr. lluder, of L» mington, and at 18 entered as a medical student at Ou} 's Hospital, J^ondon, where he took a series of hrst prizes iu both scientitic and professional subjects, adding thereto u medal for double sculling given by the Boat Club. His caieer at the University of London was no less eventful, since he in 181-5 passed with houours the Eirst M.B. Examinatieu, obtaining an exhibition and a gold medal. The hual M.B. \\as in due course attained, also with houours; and lie in turn btrcame a Member of the li. College of Surgeous, England, and a Licentiate of the Apotliecaries' Company. In 1851 he became an M.D. of London, aud eight years later passed the examination lor the Membeiship of the li. College of Bhysiciaus 38 PEOCEEDIKGS OF THE of London, a Ptllow of which he became in ]8fi6. He was in 1856 appointed assistant obstetric physician to Gruy's Hospital, being in 1868 made full physician and lecturer in that subject, and on relinquishing the more active portion of this task lie was in 1883 made consulting obstetric physician. In 1888 he ac- cepted the inA'itation to become obstetric physician and lecturer at 8t. Mary's Hospital, and at the end of the term was appointed consulting obstetric physician to that institution also. He was for many years physician to the Eoyal Maternity Charity, and to the Koyal Infirmary, Waterloo Road. He was President and Orator of the Hunterian Society in 1879; and during the years 1872-1876, and again in 1889-1893, served as examiner in Obstetrics to the University of London and the Royal College of Physicians. Dr. Hicks was a frequent contributor to the pages of numerous volumes aud Societies' publications, both medical and scientific, and published papers in Italian, American, and Australiaa journals. Among his better-known books may be named the ' Combined Internal and External Version,' and (in conjunction with Ja^'. Samuelson) the ' Earthw'orm and the Common House- Ply,' and the ' Honey Bee,' well known treatises published in the sixties, some of the illustrations to which were engraved with his own hands. He was from youth an ardent student of nature ; and among his scientific papers may be recalled those dealing with the "Eyes of Invertebrata," the "Circulation in the Uterus," and the " Anatomy of the Human Placenta." To the publications of the Koyal, Linnean, and Microscopical Societies he contributed numerous papers on both Botanical aud Zoological subjects, — ranging from Lichens and Mosses to Volvox and the unicellular Algie, Protozoa, and the sense-organs of Insects. Nor was he deficient as a student of and writer upon physio- logical subjects ; while the practical and applied side of his work revealed itself in his invention of several apparatus U'^eful in nursing and conducive to the welfare of the sick. He was the founder of the Lymington Ambulance Centre, and in London delivered lectures to ambulance classes. Pupil of Gull, friend aud fellow student of "Wilks, Habershon, Cooper Poster, and Daniel Hooper, some of whom shared his early devotion to the study of natural science ; amiable, cheerful, methodical, and versatile, always busy, and like most busy men ever ready to assist his fellows, he has left us a brilliant record of noble work largely performed for its own sake. He was in 1862 elected a Eellow of the Eoyal Society, and was also an Hon. Fellow of the Obstetrical Societies of Berlin, Edinburgh, and Philadelphia, as of the American Gynaecological Society, while but a lew months before his death he was made an Honorary Eellow of the Obstetrical Society of London. He was elected a Eellow of the Linnean Society on 1st June, 1852, and died 28th August, 1897. LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 39 One of our most valued Colonial Fellows has passed away in the person of Thomas Kirk, of Wellins;ton, New Zealnnd. He was born at Coventry, Warwickshire, in 1828, and in early life was employed in a large timber-mill in his native town, there acquiring a complete knowledge of the business. In 1865 he emigrated to Auckland, and for several years was Curator and Secretary of the Auckland Museum and Institute ; in 1874 he removed to AVellinston, having received the appointment of Lecturer on Natural Science at Wellington College, which at that time was affiliated to the New Zealand University. Here he proved his value, and was very successful in training his pupils. "When the stall' was reorganized owing to the College ceasing its connection with the University, Professor Kirk retired, but soon after was appointed Lecturer on Biology at Lincoln Agricultural College, which position he held until he was appointed Chief Commissioner of State Forests. Upon him devolved the duty of oi'ganizing the Forest De|.)artraent, but it was abolished on a change of Grovernment. The 'Forest Flora of ISew Zealand" is a testimony to his zeal and knowledge of the flora in question. For many years previous to his death he was engaged on a Student's Flora of the Colony, but although began to print the early part, it proves to be only half com- pleted. The need of such a work is great, and it is to be hoped that his son may be able to complete the father's book. The reports on the forests under his charge are standard works, and display the early training in timber-knowledge, as well as the later acquired hiological and special insight. He died somewhat suddenly on Tuesday, 8th March, 1898, at Plimmerton, a seaside resort, eighteen miles I'rom AVellingfcon. He had suffered from hepatitis and intercostal rheumatism, but the actual cause of death was tlie bursting of an abscess on the pleura. He was buried two days after death, in a coffin of polished kauri-wood, his favourite timber. The family lei't con- sists of three daughters and two sons, the elder of whom is Government biologist, and the other in the Education Depart- ment. Professor Kirk was elected Fellow of the Linnean Society on 19th January, 1871. Charles John Leaf was a member of the weU-known firm of drapers and warehousemen, Leaf, Sons & Co., of Old Change, now merged in that of Pawsou, Leaf & Co., of St. Paul's Churchyard. He occupied a prominent position among those City men who seek relaxation in the delights of science, and was altogether exemplary among large employers of labour in the extent to which he encouraged a taste for science and literature among his employes. By his influence prominent scientific men of the day were induced to lecture lo them, and on their behalf he fouuded the " Old Change Microscopical Club."' 40 PEOCEEDINGS OP THK He died on 2lst October, 1897. He was a Fellow of tTie Geological Society and of the Society of Arts, and was elected a Fellow of the Liunean Society 5th on December, 1861. EuDOLPH LErcKAUT, whose name is a talisman in zoological circles, and whose work has marked more than one epoch in the history and development of modern zoology, was borii at Helm- stadt in 1823. His father was a bookseller in that town, a former seat of one of the prominent Universities of Brunswick, and his uncle, Friedrich Sigis^mund Leuckart, a zoologist of repute ; wherefore it would appear that there was in the family a taste for the study of natural history. Leuckart's memory will ever centre in his famous resolution of the great Cuvierian division ' Eadiata' into the Coelenterata and Echinodermata ; a masterly achievement which, with its correlated recognition of the Vermes, Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Vertebrata, furnished the key-stones in the fabric of the Zoological system still in vogue. All this was set forth in the pages of the 'Morphologie und Verwandtschaftsverhiiltuisse der vvirbellosen Thiere,' pub- lished in 1848. To have thus revolutionized au entire branch of science at the early age of 25 was to have given proof of genius, and the event came before tbe world a fitting sequel to the fact that its author wliile still a student had completed the ' Lehrbuch der Zootomie ' of his teacher Eudolph Wagner; and as early as 1847 had published, in conjunction with Heiurich Frey, the ever noteworthy ' Beitrage zur Kenntniss der wirbelloseu Thiere.' On the completion of his student career at Gottingen, Leuckart was made Assistant in the Physiological In!^titule of that Uni- versity. In 1850 he was appointed Professor Extraordinarius of Physiology at the University of Giessen, the fame of which was then, through the genius of Liebig, resounding throughout the Fatherland. He was in 1855 promoted to the office of Ordinary Professor, and in 1870 he was transferred to Leipzig, "where, as Professor of Zoology and Zootomy, and Director of the Zoological-Zootomical Institute and Museum, he worked out the later triumphs of his career. Among the topics with which hia name will be ever memorably associated, there may be mentioned that of division of labour in the animal kingdom, of the develop- mental processes in the Apidse and in the Ceijhalopoda, of the recognition of the osphradium in certain Mollusca, and of the determination of the molluscan affinities oi Neomemia, all highly technical, and each productive of far-reaching results. Great as were Leuckart's powers of research, and inspiriting his discourses, his erudition and literary resources, begotten of intense devotion and close application to his calling, were no less remarkable. "Witness his Editorship of the ' Bibliotheca Zoologica,' and the lr>ng series of summaries of contemporary research which he year after year contributed to the pages of VViegmanu's Archiv ; and — more popular among his numerous writings — his standard LINNEAJf SOCIETY OF LONDON. 4 1 ' Menschliclien Parasiten,' the first volume of wliich has bepn translated into English. Cyi-lopEedic in its contents, this work is at the same time tlie embodiment of years of laborious experi- mental observation, in which he himself determined the life- history and hosts of by far the greater majority of cystic worms then known, to say nothing of other parasites. And witness the old Brunswicker at the age of 60, working out, contempora- neously with A. P. Thomas, the life-hisiory of the Liver-Huke, that foremost piece of Britisli Helminthology ! Nor must his ' Zoologisihe Wandtafeln ' be forgotten, by way of a sustained effort in the cause of scientific education. Duiing the 48 years of his active life tliere emanated from his pen a continuously flowing series of some 200 monographs and papers, all of which are important and have borne the test; of time. A few of these are in English and were publislied in our own scientific journals, his association with us dating from 1848, when, in conjunction with his teacher Kudolph Wagner, he contributed an article to Todd's ' Encyclopedia of Anatomy.' The contemporary of Huxley, Loven, Kolliker, and Gregen- baur, a man who lived through the Darwinian epoch, the teacher of Alexd. Brandt, of Biitschli, Hatschek, Korschelt, Mark, Eabl, Salensky, Siinroth, and Whitman, zealous, per- sistent, painstaking, and unostentatious, a continuous w^orker, a profound philosopher, content could he but untold the pages of Nature, he has passed away, leaving a name which will be ever venerated by zoologists and all earnest workers in science, a noble example for the rest of time. He was in 1877 elected a Foreign Member of both the Royal and Linuean Societies, and in ls83 received corresponding recognition from the Zoological Society. Don JosE Camillo Ltsboa was born about 1822, and an early pupil of the Grrant Medical College, Bombay. After a long and successful medical career, he retired from practice to devote his leisure to botanical pursuits, especially the grasses of Bombay. Part of his list; has already appeared in a Bombay journal, and the remainder is stated to be lu the press. He was elected into the Linnean Society, 6th Dec. 1885>, and withdrew in 1893. Subsequently he again was elected, on loth Ma;ch 1894). He died at Poona, ist xMay, 1897, aged 75. Sir James Eamsay-Gibson-Maitland, 4th Baronet, was born on the 29th March, 1818. He was fourth in descent Iroiu the Hon. Alexander Maitlaud, the fifth son of Charles, 6th Earl of Lauderdale. He was educated at St. Andrews's University and at Sandhurst, and iu 1867 received a commission in the 4th Dragoon Guards, but only remained for a shorb time in the Army. Subsequently he was a Captain in the Highland Bor- derers Militia. In 18U9 he married Frances Lucy Fowke, the youngest 42 PROCEEDINGS OP THE daiigliter of Sir Thomas "Woollastou "White, Bart., of AValling- wells, Notts. She took much interest in natural science, and more especially in bird-life and in geology. James Mainland's attention was turned to fish culture by Prank Bucklaud in 1873, and in the latter part of that year he began operations on a burn in bis father's property of Sauchie near Stirling. He first made a box on the plan recommended in the 2nd edition of Francis Francis's ' Fish Culture.' He then got some slate trays on which to hatch trout ova, and he built a plank pond, 9 ft. long, 2 ft. 5 ins. wide, and 1 ft. 2 ins. deep (outside measurements). During the winter he found frost a trouble, and consequently iu 1874 he built a hatching-house. During the same season, 1874-75, he made a pond near the burn which flows from Loch Coulter to the Bannockburn. The site selected was close to a disused water-mill, and was known as the Howietoun, It was admirably adapted for fish-culture : year by year ponds were added, and the whole establishment received the name of the Hovvietoun Fishery. It is interesting to note at what an early period Maitland struck out on the lines upon which he was to work to the end. The rectangular plank pond was followed in 1874 by very similar plank-ponds, 20 ft. long and 2 ft. deep, and in 1887 by others 130 ft. long aiid 7 ft. deep : and even when the ponds had earth or rock sides, the rectangular ground-plan was nearly always retained though the sides sloped to the bottom instead of being perpendicular. Then the leaf-screen and the safety-screen were invented by Maitland for the 9 ft. plank-pond, the former of which is prac- tically the same as the leaf-screen now used for the intake at Howietoun, and safety-screens are fitted to every box in the hatching-houses. From the first, too, he realized that his ponds must be so constructed that fish could neitlier get in nor out, and the inlet and outlet consequently received special attention ; and in order to avoid any possibility of flood, the ponds were placed a little out of the course of the stream, and were well protected by an over- flow above them. Maitland at a very early period realized the importance of the production of ova from earel'uliy selected breeders, and was the first carefully to rear a stock of eight- or nine-year-olds in order to breed from them. His original stock of breeders was raised from eggs taken at Lochleven in 1874 and 1875, and from some eggs of the trout of the burns on his father's Sauchie Moor, v/hich were laid down in the latter year. As the fish grew older he found that the size of their eggs increased and that the fry from them were each season bigger and stronger, and he thus came to the con- chision that the ova of old trout were the most valuable. After the first year or two he used a form of glass grille invented by liimself on which to hatch his ova, for thou^-h they are rather expensive and take up a good deal of space, he LINXEAN SOCIETT OF LONDON'. 43 said his object was to incubate ova so as to produce the largest possible number ot healthy and satisfactory fish, and not merely to hatch the largest possible number of eggs in a given space. lu 1S81 he published a pamphlet on ' Stocking Waters, Formation of Redds,' &c., and an Essay on the Salmon disease. Sir James Maitland obtained a gold and a silver medal for fish- culture at the Edinburgh Eisheries Exhibition of 1882, and a gold medal from the Societe d'Acclimatation, Paris. In the following year he obtained several awards at the International Eisiieries Exhibition in Loudou, and he read a paper at a con- ference at that exhibition, which was published under the title ' On the Culture of Siilmouidse and the. Acclimatization of Pish.' Sir James devoted much attention to the transport of both ova aud live fish, and attained great success. In 1881 he interested himself in the transport of salmon and trout ova to the Antipodes, and in December of that year he despatched a consignment to New Zealand. It was not successful ; but after one or two other attempts success was achieved, aud the problem once solved, he found very little difficulty in sending live ova to that or any other jtart of the world. The Government of New Zealaud presented him with a pair of silver vases in recognition of his services. The ponds at Howietoun are admirably adapted for ex- periments in hybridization, and Sir James obtained many results of great interest, which have been to some extent described in papers and in his ' British Salmonidse ' by the late Dr. F. Day, who first visited the Howietoun establishment ia 1S82 and took great interest in it till his death. The cross between the Lochleven trout and the American charr (S. fonti- nalis) has turned out a beautiful fish, and has been used to some extent for stocking waters. Tlie question ot breeding from salmon that were not allowed to visit the sea also aroused Sir James's interest, and a paper on one of his salmon by Dr. Day is published in the Linnean Soc. Transactions, Ser. II. ii. (1885) pp. 4J<7-468, tt. 53, 51. One of the salmon, from ova obtained from the Eoith District Board in December 1880, and reared in the Howietoun j)onds, spawned three seasons, and was found in the first week of November 1888 to be clean. It weighed just under three pounds, and was very silvery, with about 30 jet-black star-like spots. The flesli cut pink, and the flavour was like that of a fish a week in fresh water. The smolts and grilse bred from these fish grew more rapidly than the parents. In 1887 Maitland published the first part of ' The History of Howietoun.' The volume contains tlie history of the Fishery from its commencement in 1873 to the middle of the year 1879, and it was intended that a second volume should complete the story up to 1887. A part of this was written and some illustrations were prepared for it, but it has not been completed. A fourth edition of his pamphlet on stockiug rivers with 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SalmoDidse appeared in 1892. Ic was almost entirely rewritten, and is practically a new work Sir James served on the Forth District Board and on the Fishery Beard for Scotland. He was a J. P. and D.L. for Stirlingshire, and a J.P. tor Midlothian. For some years lie was the Convener of the County of Stirling, and when by the Act of 1887 County Councils were et*tablished in Scotland, he became Chairman of the Stirlingshire County CouQcil, aud continued to hold that office until his death. He built a new mansion bouse on the Sauchie estate and named it Sauchieburn, and he, with his wife and daughtt-r, moved into it in the summer of 1893. Lady Maitlaud died on March 17th, 1896, and her death was felt as a very severe loss by her husband. Sir James died at Sauchieburn, of heart disease, on Tuesday, 9ch November, 1897. He leaves an only daugbter, who succeeds to his estates. He was a Fellow of the Zoological and Geological Societies, and was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society on 15th June, 1852. [H. W. M.] Thomas Jeffekt Pabkee, D.Sc, F.E.S., eldest son of AVilliam Kitchen Parker, was born in London on October 17th, 1850. As a boy he showed more taste for literature and art than for science, and was not, like his father, a born naturalist. On leaving school he entered as a student at the Jioyal College of Chemistry and Koyal School of Mines, where he came under Professor Huxley's influence ; and when tl)e latter uiigrated to S. Kensington and began to organize practical courses, he oft'ered the post of Demonstrator in Biology to Paiker. Tbe working out of Huxley's splendidly conceived plan of practical teaching was left largely m Parker's hands, and iiovv successful he was in this task can only be appreciated by those who studied under him, many of whom now hold iuipoitant scientific positions in various parts of the world. The whole course, in fact, set an example which has since been widely followed, both in this country and abroad. In the intervals between the courses Parker gradually orga- nized a Teacliing Collection, and also made a number of ex- quisite dissections of various types of animals, and prepared ora\\ings of them. In this work he was subsequently most efficiently aided by Mr. (now Professor) O. B. Howes, who, in addition to making oissections, prepared the now weJl-known series of coloured laboratory drawings which adorn the walls of the Biological Laboratory at S, Kensington, and copies of which viere afterwards lurnisned to most of the Universities aud Colleges m the United Kingdom and to others in Ameuca and on the Continent. These were at first based upon Parker's originals ; but subsequently the series was enlarged and improved upon by Howes, who utilized Bome of them in the preparatiun LINNEAN SOCIETT OF LONDON. 45 ff tlie 'Atlas of Elementary BiolojTy,' published by him in 18S5. Piirkei-'s original researches during this period were under- tiken entirely on his own initia'ive, and, in addition to several original papers, he wrote a number of more popular articles in the ' Nineteentli Century ' and elsenvhere. In 1879 he became one of the Assistant Editors of the Journal of the Royal Micro- scopical Society, and the same year lield the Lectureship in Biology at Bedford College. In 187^ Pai'ker married Charlotte Elizabeth Rossell, daughter of the Kev. John Rossell, and on his a])poincment to the chair of Biologv at the University of Otago in 1880, left England with his wife and two-year old son for Dunediu. A number of lec- tures and addresses on biological and educational topics which he there delivered show that Parker possessed a marked power of exposition, combined with literary facility, quiet humour, and common-sense views on educational questions. In coiinectini with his University his interest was not limited to his own de- partment, and to him is largely due the credit of introducing many improvements in its Degree regulations. lie was a strong advocate of higher educational aims, and lost no opportunity of ins'sting on the importance of post-graduate study. The duties of the Professor of Biology at Dunedin include the Curator.-hip of a Lirge and important University Museum, and in this work Parker showed exceptional talent. In addition to arranging the collection so as to make it educational in the highest sense, he introduced several new methods, amongst which may be mentioned his mode of preparation of cartilaginous •skeletons so that they can be mounted dry without shrinkage. Specimens of his efforts iu this direction m\y be seen in the Br'tish Museum at S. Kensington; and records of some of his Museum work were from time to time published in ' Nature ' under the title " Notes from the Otago University jMuseum." Although Parker's time for research was strictly limited he had publ shed, since leaving England, some thirty papers dealing with a variety of zocdogical subjects. Amongst the more im- portant of these may be mentioned those on the development of Apteri/x (Phd. Trans.), and on the Dinornithidoe (Trans. Zool. Sue), as well as others on Palinurus, A/ustelus, and Reqalecus. All these papers are characterized by thoroughness of observa- tion, clearness of style, and extreme caution as regards generali- zation, and most of them are illustrated by numerous origin;d drawings. Throughout his career at Dunedin Parker acted as Professor of Biologv, but although mainly a zoologist, he did not neglect the botanical side of the subject, and published a paper or two dealing with plants, in one of which he announced the discovery of sieve-tubes inan A.V^?i {Macrocystis). He also attempted to secure a greater uniformity of terminology iu Biology. Seveial of his pupds undertook research on his instigation. Before leaving England L'arker had in preparation his ' Course 46 PEOCEEDINOS OV THE of Instruction in Zootomy (Yertebrata),' which was published a few years later ; but bis power as an expositor of his subject can best'be judged by the ' Lessons in Elementary Biology,' which is now in its tliird edition, and which has been translated into Grernian. His literary ability is perhaps even better seen in the charming biographical sketch of his father (1S93). Parker's affectionate nature and charm of personal manner endeared him to a wide circle of friends, and amongst his students he was a general favourite. His unassuming character and his literary, artistic, and musical tastes resulted in a wide sympathy with all sorts and conditions of men, and he took an active part in the social life of Dunedin. The gradual decline of his wife's health did much to sadden many years of Parker's life, and some little time after her death symptoms of an organic ailment became apparent, from which he eventually succumbed. In the autumn of 1892 he paid a visit to England, and had the great delight of spending a few days with his old chief, Huxley, at Eastbourne. Parker's last completed piece of work was the large ' Text- book of Zoology,' written in conjunction with Professor W. A. Haswell : this was begun in 189U, and though all the proofs were corrected before his death, he did not live to see it published. The original plan of this beautifully illustrated book, the clearness of the well-balanced descriptions, as well as of the parts dealing with the more general aspects of the subject, place it in the front rank of elementary zoological text- books. A sliorter form of this work was also in preparation at the time of Paiker'a death, and he had nearly comf)leted half the manuscript of a new 'Biology for Beginners.' He had also begun, in conjunction with Mr. J. P. Hill of Sydney, an in- vestigation on ?ome Emeu chicks, and had already obtained interesting results. In the summer of last year he was prostrated by a second attack of influenza, and this was followed by serious symptoms. At the close of the session, in October, he left Dunedin for a rest and change, but never reached his journey's end, and was forced to return by easy stages. Arrived at Warrington he gradually sank, and died on JS^ov. 7th. His unexpected death at the age of 47 is a severe loss to Biological science in the Antipodes. He was elected an Associate of the Linnean Society on 15th January, 1880, and a Eellow on 2nd December, 1897, the news of his death being then unknown in England. [P. W.] The Eev. Chaeles "William Penny was born at the Rectory, West Ilsley, Berkshire, in the month of December 1837. His father, the Eev. Charles Penny, D.D., was for many years Head Master of the Crewkerne Grammar School, and Charles William was educated under his father, and lived at home until he went to Oxford. He gained an exhibition at Corpus Christi, Oxfoid, LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 47 and in 1860 took a first in final Mathematical Honours — B.A. and M.A. 1861. In 1861 he was appointed one of the Assistant Masters at Wellington College, and soon afterwards became the tutor of the Anglesey Dormitory. He was ordained Deacon in 1862 and Priest in 1866 by Samuel "Wilberforce, Bishop of Oxford. He devoted bimself from tbe first to tbe study of the tlora and entomology of the neighbourbood, and was one of the most energetic members of the Wellington College Natural History Society (now the JN'atural Science Society). The list of plants found in the neighbourhood of tbe College, and published in tbe Keports of the IS'atural Science Society under tbe heading "Flora Wellingtonensis," were largely the result of bis labour, and bear striking testmiony to his great energy and industry, especially when we remember that he was engaged in the arduous work of Bursar Form-Master or Tutor. In 1867 he became Secretary to Dr. Benson (the late Arch- bisliop of Canterbury), who was at the time Head Master of Wellington, and from 1869 to 1880 he filled the post of Bursar to the College. In the latter year he found it necessary, owino- to ill-health, to resign the appointment, and he took one of the College Houses, which he held for 11 years. He left Wel- lington in 1891, and from that time till his death lived at Wckingham. Mr. Penny was President of the Natural Science Society from May 1871 to October 1876. He contributed information for Mr. Britten's Berkshire List of Plants, and is appi'eciatively mentioned in Mr. Druce's recently published ' Flora of Berk- shire.' He also took consideiable interest in tbe insects 01 the neighbourhood, more especially in the spiders, and made at least one addition to the list for Britain (Eeport Well. Coll. ]V. S. S. 1879, p. 67). He died at Wokingham on 30th March last, and is buried there in the churchyard of St. Paul's. His collections of plants and insects are in tbe Wellington College Museum. Mr. Penny was elected a Fellow of this Society on 7th November, 1872, but did not contribute to our publications. [H. W. M.] Alfeed Geoege Benshaw died unexpectedly at Svenningdal, Korrland, Norway, on the 14th July, 1897. He was an enthu- siastic observer and lover of nature, having a special leaning towards botany and ornitbology, and was a collector of books. He is best known in association with literature as editor of Belt's ' Naturalist in Nicaragua.' His name is a talisman in European travelling circles, as that of a founder and main supporter of the Norway Club. His bright demeanour and enthusiastic interest in a wide series of subjects combined to make him a most agree- 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE nhle companion. His loss will be deeply mourned by a wide circle of friends. He was elected a Fellow of tbe Linnean Society in March 1888. Ferdikat^d Gustat Julifs Toy Sachs was the third son of Graveur Saclis, and born at Breslau on 2 ad October, 1832. Evren whilst a child he was passionately devoted to the study of plants and their cultivation, in companionship with the two sous of J. E. Purkinje. In 1818 he lost his father by apoplexy, and a few months after, by cholera, he lost his mother. Thus thrown upoa his own resources, young Sachs endeavoui'ed to maintain himself by lithosraphv and painting, but discouraged bj^his poor success, had determined to become a sailor, when he was invited by Pur- kinje to tak^ up his abode in his house at Prague as his assistant. This enabled him to complete his course at the Gymnasium, and in 18')1 he was a student at the University of Prague, where he attended lectures on botany by Kosteletzky and AVillkomm. During his six years' sojourn with Purkinje young Sachs pub- lished nearly a dozen papers in the Bohemian journal ' Ziva ' ; his first German paper came out in 1855 in the ' Botanische Zeitung,' on CoUema, in which he gave a foreshadowing of the now accepted duality of lichen-life. In 1856 Sachs received his degree, but his dissertation on Difl^usion is stated not to have been published. In 1859, on the recommendation of Hofmeister, Sachs was called to Tharaud as assistant to Prof. Stockhardt, and there continued his experi- ments on water-cultures which he had started in Prague, and afterwards turned to such striking accoaut. Early in 1861 he was made chief of the experiment station at Chemnitz, but before entering upon his duties thei*e, he accepted a post in the agricultural academy at Poppelsdorf. During his stay at this place he married an Austrian lady, whose income supplemented his own slender stipend of 700 Thalers or £105 sterling. Erum this period must be dated some of his most important work upon what is now termed metabolism, influence of light and temperature on plant-functions, prompting the idea that the true organs of assimilation must be sought for in the chloro- plastids. In 1865 appeared his ' Handbuch der Experimental- Phvsiologie der Pflanzen,' being the fourth volume of ilofmeister's 'Handbuch der Physiologischen Bofauik.' De Bary left Ereiburg-im-Breisgau for Strassburg in 1867, and Sachs was selected to succeed him ; one year later succeeding Schenk at "Wiirzburg. Here he found himself in congenial environment, his wanderings ceased, and here he remained to the close of his life, altnough he had tempting offers of advancement from Jena, Heidelberg, Vienna, Dorpat, Berlin, Bonn, and Munich. It was during the first year of his work at Wiirzburg that LIWNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 49 liis renowned * Lehrbuch ' appeared ; although a work of such magnitude, embodying such an amount of research, it was the outcome of many strenuous years' application. A second editiou was called for in 1870, a third in 1872, a fourth (and last) ia 1874. He resisted all importunities to revise it again, as it has " ceased to represent his ideas." Nevertheless its influence was immense, and in its translation it has become a classic of reference. The accumulation of facts and references which are so marked a feature of the ' Lehrbuch ' had become distasteful to the author, who preferred to concentrate his attention on a more artistic presentation of particular sections. Resuming his researches in Wiirzburg, he began his ' Arbeiten des botanischen Instituts in AViirzburg,' the first volume ap- pearing in 1871, the third and last in 1888, nearly coinciding with his wil-hdravval from active work. In 1875 he brought out his ' Geschichte der Botanik ' from the 10th century to 1860 : a characteristic but imequal wo)k. His next volume was his ' Vorlesungeu ' in 188'J, the second edition in 1887, which, like his ' Lehrbuch ' and ' Greschichte,' are known also in their English translations. His published works give but a poor idea of his influence as a professor ; his conception of a teacher was high, the function of teaching supereminent. His pupils, who were limited in number, and only charily admitted into his Institute after testing, were destined to carry his ideas and methods of work into distant parts, and to the leaven thus disseminated must be attributed much of the present aspect of botany as now taught. For the last 15 years of his life his scientific work was inter- rupted by long illness, and on 29th May, 1897, after six weeks' acute phthisis following influenza, he quietly passed away at Wiirzburg. He was elected Foreign Member, May 1878 ; ten years later on the similar list of the Royal Society. He travelled but little, soon wearying of the unaccustomed sights and sounds, and un- controllably drawn back to his beloved pursuits. His old colleague Prof. Groebel in ' Flora ' gives a list of 99 papers from Sachs's pen, besides the independent volumes which are men- tioned in the foregoing account. William Scott was born at Lomnay, Aberdeenshire, on 12th September, 1859, and was apprenticed as gardener at Aden House. After passing through two other garden establishments in Scotland, he came to the Royal Gardens, Kew, whence, in 1881, after six months' service, he was appointed assistant to Mr. John Home, then head of the Mauritius gardens and forest department. On his chief completing his term of service in 1890, Mr. Scott succeeded him, with the three gardens under his charge at Pamplemousses, Curepeep, and the private garden of the Governor's house at Redway. These gardens suffered in 1892 terrible losses by a hurricane, which it is stated stripped every LINN. SOC. PKOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1897-98. C JO PROCEEBTNaS OF THE leaf. Mr. Scott proved himself an active and diligent official, especially in promoting planting of suitable trees in fore?>t8 in the comparatively denuded parts of the island, and the amount of available timber is greatly increased by his exertions. On leaving for a furlough in this country, he was presented with an address from his staff at Pamplemousses, and on his reaching home in September last he presented the picture of health. Shortly alterwards he made a tour in the West Highlands, but on ascending Ben Nevis, too late in the autumn, he took a severe cold, which, complicated by an attack; of fever, produced pneu- monia, under which he rapidly sank, and passed away at Stirling on 3rd October, 1897. He was elected a Fellow of this Society so recently as lOth December, 1895. Johannes Ja.pettis Smith Steenstrup was born at Aalborg, in the district of Thy, North Jutland, on March 8, 1813. His father was a parson and educated his son at the Cathedral school, and afterwards at the University of Copenhagen. A desire for the study of nature appears early to have revealed itself, and it was at first cultivated under the fostering care of an uncle, a gifted parson and pupil of Melchior. Schouw, the elder Reinhardt, Drejer, and Liebmann were among Steenstrup's early friends, and it is said that of these Eeinliardt, by his lectures, made an ineffaceable impression on his mind. Gifted as a student alike of all branches of Natural History, Steenstrup, early in his career, entered also the historical field, publishing essays upon ' Ottar's relation to King Alfred on his travels in Northern Seas, and on the pa^isage of King Harold through the Limfjord ' ; and his archaeological leaning, always strong, reasserted itself after his retirement from active professorial work in the eighties, in the production of important monographs at the advanced age of more than 70 years. In 1839 he was sent by the Government to Iceland in company with Schytte, the chemist, and during the exploration of that countiy he did memorable work upon the fossil plants and volcanic formations. "While on the journey he made some observations upon tlie metamorphosis of the Crabs which lie at the foundation of our knowledge of Crustacean development, with which, subject his name will be ever historically associated. And in the fuller working out of the materials obtained on this noteworthy expedition, the names of Eatlike and Oswald Heer stand conspicuous. In 1841, shortly after his return from Iceland, Steenstrup was appointed lecturer in Botany and Geologyin the Seeland Academy of Soroe, and it was then that he contributed his famous essays on ' The Alternation of Generations ' and ' Hermaphroditism in Nature,' by which he attained a world-wide reputation, the former being now a classic, and even today the subject of frequent citation and criticism. Beyond these epoch-marking essays, Steenstrup is best known as the master of Cephalopod mor- phology ; his system, collections, and writings rank foremost LUnfEi-ir SOCIETY OP LOUDON. 5 I among tbose ot specialists in this department, while to the lay mind he will remain famous as the man who unravelled the mystery of the ' Sea Monk ' (Architeuthis). In other depart- ments of marine zoology he has left a mark upon time. His work upon the hectocotylus, the marine annelids, crustaceans, and fishes, his observations and novel ideas concerning the translocation of the eyes in the flat-fishes, are all of prime im- portance ; and equally interesting historically is perhaps the ftict that by early using bis influence with mariners, inducing them to utilize their leisure hours in collecting and making notes and systematic observations upon the surface-fauna, he stands out a pioneer in oceanology, and what we now term ' plankton ' exploration. Nor was he unwilling to risk reform ; as in his novel interpretation of the Brachiopoda, and his argument that the '• Operculate Corals " may be non-Anthozoa and perhaps allied even to these, if not to the Serpulidae or Hippuritidae. But while the bulk of his work on the Zoological side dealt with the Invertebrata, apart from his investigations upon the mor- phology of fishes, we find him during his residence in Soroe making important observations upon the Ranidap, which today receive expression in our synonymy; and while reptiles fell within his palaeontological studies, and mammals within botli these and his strictly zoological, the migration of birds furnished material for one of two prize essays during the forties and the early part of bis career. In 1846, on the deatb of the elder Eeinhardt, Steenstrup became Professor of Zoology at the University of Copenhagen, and Director of its Zoological Museum. While there he took a leading part in the work of the Boyal Society of Science, of which he was Secretary, and of the Natural History Society, refusing the Presidentship of the former and the Rectorship of the Uni- versity in order the better to devote himself to pure science and professorial duties. He was, in 1848, with Forchammer, put in command of the " Eoyal Natural History Museum," which, after years of turmoil and official opposition, he was mainly successful in replacing in the building which now stands in the grounds of the University, a monument to his memory. Steenstrup, as friend, teacher, and worker, is said by those who knew him to have realized the very ideal of human desires. He was honoured by the highest distinctions which his country could confer, as with others by the leading scientific bodies of Berlin, Christiania, London, Paris, and Stockholm. Equally profound as zoologist, botanist, and geologist, as historian, antiquarian, archaeologist, a man of mark, he has set us a splendid example of excellence and of prolonged and disinterested de- votion to science for its own sake, and with his decease a link with the historic past has been lost. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Eoyal Society in 1863, of the Linnean on 5th May, 1864, and of the Zoological in 1879, and died at Copenhagen, 20th June, 1897, aged 84. 6 2 u. OF ILL. ua 52 PEOCEEDIIirOS OF THE lioBEBT "Wabneb died at his residence, Widford Lodge, Chelms- ford, on 17th Dec, 1896, aged 81 ; he was therefore born about 1815. He was a zealous cultivator of Orchids, and his chief productions, ' Select Orchideous Plants,' 1862-91, three series, fol., and the * Orchid Album,' 1882-97, eleven vols., 4to, testify to his enthusiasm for that order of plants. In gardening circles he is well remembered for having taken fifty large specimens to a horticultural exhibition at St. Petersburg in 1869 ; the journey thither lasted twenty days, but the plants arrived uninjured. Cattleya Mossiw is stated to have been his favourite flower, and he possessed a large number of the species and varieties. It is therefore appropriate that another member of the genus should bear his name, Cattleya Warneri, T. Moore ; although botanically now merged in C. lahiata, gardeners are very prone to retain old names in use. Mr. Warner was elected Eellow on 19th February, 1894. June 2nd, 1898. Mr. Albeet D. Michael, F.Z.S., P.R.M.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Messrs. Ernest Charles Horrell and Greorge Nicholson were admitted, and Mr. Eugene Frederick Augustus Obach was elected a Fellow of the Society. The Chairman announced that the President had appointed Mr. William Carruthers, Mr. Frank Crisp, Mr. Albert D. Michael, and Dr. Dukinfield fl. Scott to be Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year. The following papers were read : — 1. " Notes on Lories." By Dr. St. George J. Mivart, F.E.S., F.L.S. 2. " A Eevision of the Genus SymblepJiarisy By E. S. Salmon. (Communicated by E. M. Holmes, F.L.S.) 3. " On the Food of the IJropoda." By Surg.-Capt. H. Cummins, F.L.S. 4. " Observations on the Subdivision of Biologic Areas in India/' By Charles Baron Clarke, F.L.S. LIIfNEiLN SOCIETY OF LONDON". 53, June 16th, 1898. Dr. Albert C. L. G. Gpnther, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Messrs. Eus:ene F. A. Obach and Selmar Schonland were admitted, and Messrs. Charles Chamberlain Hurst and William Toogood were elected Fellows of the Society. Prof. J. B. Farmer, F.L.S., and Mr. W. G. Freeman, F.L.S., demonstrated the action of germinating peas, cress, and barley in causing the deoxidation of a watery solution of methylene blue to a colourless liquid on shaking up the latter with air, while on adding a drop of hydrogen peroxide the blue colour was restored. Green plants placed in the solution were found to act in a manner precisely similar to the seedlings, though the action may be moditied by assimilation in sufficient light. A number of experiments were shown. A discussion followed, in which Mr. A. W. Bennett, Prof. Howes, and Mr. Thomas Christy took part. Mr. F. Enock, F.L.S., exhibited and made remarks on the eggs of an Hemipterous insect containing living parasites {Prestwichia aquattca), of whose life-history aud habits he gave a detailed account. Prof. Herdman, D.Sc, F.E.S., exhibited some dissections, microscopic preparations, and drawings to illustrate the presence of modified pedal muscles in the Oyster. It was shown that there was reason to believe that these muscles, the insertion of which into the shell had been noticed in the American Oyster by Eyder and Jackson, were the representatives of the protractor pedis of other Pelecypoda. But, as the oyster has no foot in the adult, the muscles have been modified in their distribution and have acquired a new function. The fibres can be traced in sections to the external (anterior) lateral palps and to the anterior end of the external gills ; and experiments and observations upon the living animals show that the action of the muscles in question, when the oyster opens its shell for the purpose of feeding, is to draw the anterior palps and the external branchije forwards and outwards, and so open up more widely the ciliated food-avenue on each side which leads to the mouth. Some remarks were made by the Rev. T. E.. K. Stebbing. The following papers were read : — 1. " Observations on the Seasonal Variations of Elevation ia a Branch of a Horse-Chestnut Tree." By R. Miller Christy, F.L.S. 54 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE 2. " On Pantopoda collected by Mr. "W. S. Bruce in Pranz Josef Land." By Gr. H. Carpenter, B.Sc. (Communicated by W. Eagle Clarke, P.L.S.) 3. " Morphological Eelationships of the Actiniaria and Madre- poraria." By J. E. Duerden. (Communicated by Prof. G. B. Howes, Sec.L S.) 4. " On some Eossil Leporines." By Dr. Eorsytb-Major. (Communicated by Prof. G. B. Howes, Sec.L. S.) June 30fch, 1898. Dr. Albert C. L. G. Gunther, P.E.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. Henry George Flanagan was elected a Pellow of the Society. The Meeting having been declared special for the election of a Councillor in the place of Mr. Osbert Salvin, deceased, the President announced that a ballot would be taken to fill the vacancy thus caused, and would remain open till half-past eight o'clock. The following papers were read : — 1. " A Revisiou of the Genus Elceocarpus, Linn." By Sir D. Brandis, K.C.I.E., P.R.S., P.L.S. [In Abstract, see Appendix, No. 2.] 2. " Observations on the Membraniporidae, a Pamily of Marine Bryozoa." By A. W. Waters, P.L.S. 3. " On the Pruit of Chnoospora fastigiata, J. Agardh." By Miss Ethel S. Barton. (Communicated by George Murray, P.E.S., P.L.S.) The President made remarks on some of the larger Tortoises recently examined by him in the Paris Museum. The Ballot for a new Member of the Council having beau closed, the President appointed Mr. A. Smith Woodward, Mr. Arthur Lister, and Mr. W. Lindsay Brown, Scrutineers, and the votes having been counted and reported to the President, he declared Mr. W. Percy Sladen to be duly elected. LINNEAN SOCIEXr OF LONDON. 55 APPENDIX. No. 1. The following correspondence has oq more than one occa- pion been mentioned at meetings of the Linnean Society, the latest being 16th Dec, 1897. The whole transaction beiug connected with the early history of the Society, makes it worthy of being printed here. Camper was elected one of the first Poreign Members, but declined it in the letter which heads the correspondence. [B. D. J.J (Copy.) The Hague, June 22, 1788. Sir, The proposal you forwarded me within your moste respected letter dated Loudon the 12th surprised me very much. I should esteem it to be a great favour to be one of the four Honourable Members of a Society for the prosecution of Natural History settled in your Metropolis. But it would do me little honour, I fancy, to be it of a Linnean Society whatsoever. I look upon Linneus as a mere Catalogist, and the most superficial Naturalist I ever knew. He did in this century little honour to that science. His sexual system of Botany however has some merits, tho' not new. To return to your proposal ; I must beg leave to thank you, and the Eight Honourable members of that Society for the honour they intended to confer upon me, having net the least inclination to bear a title of the Swedish author, tho' universally accredited by the Natural Historians of Europe in these days. As I have given myself great pains on Quadrupeds, Birds, Amphibious Animals and Cetaceous fishes, I discovered every day his errors and his unpardonable ignorance. In Botany the pompous Greek titles of his Classes, Ordines, &.c. impose upou the ignorants. But consider the Cryptogamia and you'll confess that his key to put plants under theyre proper ranks to be useless for more than the half part of vegetables. I love Grtr-at Britain, and indeed I love it too much to suffer the name of the well merited Pay or P. Hook to be effaced by that of Linneus. Mr. Pennant is superior to the Swedisli naturalist, tho' likewise superficial and defective. Why cannot the new Society be entitled for the prosecution of Natural History ? or of the Naturae Curiosorium ? of the Naturfor.^chende Preunde as in Berlin ? Why not the London Society for Natural History ? or any other except that of Linneus ? 1 am very glad you have been so kind as to recall your name to my mind, nothing could be more flattering for me, than to deserve your esteem, and that of my dear friend Dr. Thomson, of whom I have heard uuthing since 1 left England two years ago, tho' I have sent him severall auatomicall observations and figures 56 rROCEEDIlS'GS. OF TIIE from Harwich (I read it ao) about which I never have as yet s:ot any answer from him. Be so kind as to put him in mind that I long very much to get some information from him about his occupations &c. Thanking most respectfully for the honour you intended for me, I subscribe myself with the most perfect consideration, Sirr, Tour most obedient Humble Servant, Petrus Camper, r^ -.^ T -n o Member of the Council of State at the Hague. To Dr. J. E. Smith, " Great Marlborough Street, No. 12, London. (Copy of letter in Sir J. E. Smith's handwriting.) Mr. Petrus CAMPER,Memb.of the Council of State, at theHague, July 21 [1788]. v5IR, I am honr'd with your letter of the 22" June, & should have answered it immediately had I not been ill. — Tou will pardon me for troubling you again before I lay the contents of y'' letter before the Soc^. Having been the sole proposer of you to the Soc^ and my choice having been very handsomely & unanimously approved by them, I was extremely concerned to find a scheme, wh. I flatter'd myself would be agreeable to all parties, so unexpectedly frustrated. Nothing could exceed my surprize at hearing your sentiments of the great naturalist whose name we have adopted, as I always conceived, from your eminent know- ledge, as well as from y'' having been the editor of some of his works, that you must have esteemed Lin* highly. I did not expect to find in a mind like yours any thing like narrow jealousy, or the petulancy of little minds, who are angry with Lin" because he cannot teach them what they have not abilities to learn. You must have other reasons for your iudgement, & with respect to the classes of animals wh. you mention, Quad^, Birds, Amphib. & the Cetaceous fishes, my liutle knowledge would sink before yours, & I might be in- duced to give up my opinion, did I not know the merits of Lin. in other departments to which perhaps you have paid less attention. Surely, Sir, a botanist need never be ashamed to con- fess himself a pupil of Lin* ? Nor do I know a systematic entomologist worthy to be compared with him. But I do not mean to trouble you with a defence of Lin'. I only beg leave to reply to some others of y' objections. The Lin° Socy is a body of naturalists associated for the purpose of cultivating the science, not to enlist themselves as the followers of any person whatever, any further than truth directs them. They have taken the name which you unfortunately dislike, but wch. I do not think they w*^ readily change, unless it were generally disapproved, nor should I soon be brought to con- sent to such an alteration. We have always conceived this LIXXKAX SOCIETr OF LOXDON. 57 name peculiarly proper for us, who have among us the very museum & Lib'' of Lin* in the house where we meet, for you kuow. Sir, I purchased all his remains. We consider his works as a good foundation to work upon, we are best able to determine the different objects he described, to correct his errors & improve what he has left imperfect. On this ground we call ourselves the Lin" Soc'', and I hope you will not thiuk it an improper one. A similar society has been formed in Paris in imitation of ours, wch. has taken the same name: this shows there is nothing giarinaly improper in it. We have ainong us some gentlemen who think in some measure with yourself as to the merits of the illustrious Swede, but all approve of the title of our Soc'' for the reasons above mentioned. — I venerate Ray extremely & admire Hook, but there w*^ be no propriety in taking their names, & the mere title of a Nat' Hist^ Soc'' has been taken by another Soc'' in London. — Pardon me Sir for having to so long intruded upon your valuable time dedicated to so much more important objects. I hope you will pardon the freedom with which I write. I have expressed my thoughts without reserve on the above subject, but shall not have compleatly done so unless I assure you of the high veneration and esteem which I sincerely feel for your char'' & abilities. One w** wish for the honor of human nature that such a character were always free from weaknesses & prejudices, but perhaps that cannot be. That no such may be attributed to you by those who have contrary preposse>sions, or who may not be acquainted with your work, I have kept your letter to myself. You are too respectable to be submitted to the judgement of mere commoa opinion & I could not bear to hear you slighting y spoken of. I only beg leave as a particular favor, that you will inform me whether you continue in the same sentiments, & if so, how you would have it made known to the Soc^, or whether you have deigned to listen to the arguments I have presumed to oiler you, & that you will allow your name to stand as it does at present. I have the honor to be with the sincerest respect and con- sideration, Sir, y'' most ob' & very h'''" Servant, Lond", July 21, 1788. ' " J. E. S. (Pencil note at foot.) This, tho' headed a co^^y, is in the handwriting of Sir Jas. Edwd. Smith himself, and was found among his papers af uer his death, when it was given me by his widow. S. D. (Extract of a letter from Professor Allman.) Dec. 2, 1896. ... I enclose two letters. ... I think the correspondence is too interesting to allow of its being lost without a record. My idea was that in consequence of its general interest as ihrowing 58 PEOCEEBINQS OF THE light on the cliaracters of two eminent men of science as well as of Linnaeus himself, it would find an appropriate place in one of our literary periodicals . . . but if you tiiink the Linn. Soc. the best medium for its publication I am quite willing to have it read there. Indeed I have Mr. Davis's permission to do whatever I liked with it. . . . Geobge J. Allman. APPENDIX. No. 2. A E-evision of the Grenus Elcsocarpus, Linn., based chiefly upon the specimens preserved at the Uoyal Herbarium and Museum Kew. By Sir Dietrich Brandis, K.C.I.E., RE.S., E.L.tS. (Abstract.) [Eead 30th June, 1898.] LiNN^us based the genus upon Elceocarpus serratus, described in his ' Flora Zeylanica.' At present 123 species are known, the majority of which are at home in the two Indian Peninsulas and the Indian Archipelagoes. A number of species, however, are found outside this area, on the west side in Madagascar, Mauritius, and Socotra, while eastward the genus is repieisented in Cliina, Japan, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and ou many islands of the Pacific Ocean. All the spec'.es are trees and shrubs, and they are remarkable in two respects. Many species are polygamous, the anthers of the female flower having the appearance of perfect anthers, but without any pollen, whde the male flowers are generally without the rudiment of an ovary. No less than 22 species are poly- gamous, forming the section Acronodia In regard to other characters however, the polygamous species migut be distributed among the other sections of the genus. Secondly : many species may be classed under groups, the species of one group being so closely allied each to the other that it often is difiicult to keep them apart. These polymorphous types are most numerous within the central area, where the genus has received its greatest development. LINNEA.N SOCIETY OF LONDON. 59 APPENDIX. No. 3. Enquiries are frequently made regarding former Officers of the Society, and as the answers are soon lost sight of in the Letter book, it has been thought advisable to put them on record here for ready reference. An asterisk denotes the present occupant of each post. [B. D. J.] Presidents. 1788-1828. Sir James Edward Smith. 1828-1834. Edward, Lord Stanley (eldest son of 12th Earl of Derby). 1834-1837. Edward Adolphus, 11th Duke of Somerset. 1837-1849. Edward Stanley, Bishop of Norwich. 1849-1853. Robert Brown. 1853-1861. Thomas Bell. 1861-1874. George Bentham, 1874-1881. George James Allman. 1881-1886. Sir John Lubbock, Bart. 1886-1890. William Carruthers. 1890-1894. Charles Stewart. 1894-1896. Charles Baron Clarke. 1896- * Albert Carl Lewis Gotthilf Gunthkr. Treasurers. 1778-1798. Samuel Goodenough, Bishop of Carlisle. 1798-1815. Thomas Marsham. 1816-1849. Edward Forsteb. 1849-1855. William Yarrell. 1856-1862. Francis Boott. 1862-1873. William Wilson Saunders, 1873-1875. Daniel Hanbury. 1875-1880. John Gwyn Jeffreys. 1880-1881. Frederick Currey. 1881- * Fran-k Crisp. 6o PROCEEDINGS OF THE Secretaries. 1788-1798. Thomas Marsham. 1798-1825. Alexander Macleay. (Richard Taylor, 1810-1857, Under-Secretary. ) 1825-1832. James Ebenezer Bicheno. 1832-1840. Francis Boott. 1840-1860. John Joseph Bennett. 1857-1869. George Busk (1857-1860, Under-Secretary). Z. 1860-1880. Frederick Currey (1860-1862, Under-Secretary). B. ' 1869-1874. Henry Tibbats Stainton. Z. 1874-1880. St. George Jackson Mivart. Z. 1880- * Benjamin Daydon Jackson. B. 1880-1881. Edward Richard Alston. Z. 1881-1885. George James Romanes. Z. 1885-1895. Walter Percy Sladen. Z. 1895- * George Bond Howes. Z. Assistant Secretaries. 1876-1886. James Murie. 1897- * James Edmund Harting. The office was abolished from 1886-1897 and revived in the latter year. Librarians. 1778-1795 ? .Jonas Dryander. 1795-1805. B. Price (as ' Clerk '). 1805-1822. Robert Brown (elected as ' Clerk, Librarian and House- keeper '). 1822-1841. David Don. 1842-1881, Richard Kippist (Assist. Lib. 1830-1842). 1881-1886. James Murie. 1886-1897. James Edmund Harting. 1897- * August Wilhelm Kappel (Assistant from 1884), Linn. Soc. Froc. 1897-98.] [To face p. 6i. LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 6 1 APPENDIX. No. 4. The Hooker Medal. The circumstance uader which this Medal was designed and presented have beeu detailed on p. 30. The accompanj'ing illustration shows the design. Obverse. Bust of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker to left ; inscribed, " J.D.H. ^t. LXXX." Modelled from life by Prank Bowcher. Reverse. A wreath of Sikkim Ehododendrons, surrounding the following inscription : — To Sir JOSEPH DALTOX HOOKEPt, M.D.R.N. G.C.SJ. C.B. D.C.L. LL.D. P.P.R.S. F.L.S. F.G.S., in recognition of his services to Science. From the Linnean Society of London. 1898. Designed by John Pinches, by whom the medal was struck. The arrangements were initiated by a Committee of the OflBcers, with Sir John Evans, K.C.B., Dr. D. H. Scott, and Mr. W. Carruthers ; the cost of the Medal, viz. £200 12*. 61^, was defrayed by a subscription from 119 Fellows. 62 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEA.W SOCIETY. APPENDIX. No. 5. Recipients of the Linnean Medal, founded on the occasion of the Society attaining its Hundredth Anniversary, 24:th May, 1888. 1888. Sir Richard Owen. Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker. 1889. Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyramus de Candolle. 1890. Thomas Henry Huxley. 1891. EdoUard Bornet. 1892. Alfred Russel Wallace. 1893. Daniel Oliver. 1894. Ernst Heinrich Haeckel. 1895. Ferdinand Julius Cohn. 1896. George James Allman. 1897. Jakob Georg Agardh. 1898. George Charles Wallich. ADDITIONS AND DONATIONS TO TUB LIB 11 All Y. 1897-98. Abroineit (Johannes). Grefassbiindelkryptogamen aus dein Uma- nakdistrikt. (Bibl. Bot. Heft 42.) 4to. Stuttgart, 1897. Adcock (George Henry). Ceusus of Indigenous Plants of the (ieelong District. Pp. V6, Svo. Geelong, 1897. Author. Adelaide. Woods and Forests Department. Annual Progress Eeport upon State Forest Administration in South Australia, by Walter Gill, for the years 1892- 97. foL Adelaide, 1892-1897. Walter Gill. Agardh (Jakoh Georg). Analecta Algologica. Continuatio IV. (Acta K. Univ. Lund, xxxiii.) 4to. Land, 1897. Author. Agassiz (Jean Louis Rudolph). Life, Letters, and Work of, by Jules Marcou. 2 vols. Vol. I., pp. XX, 302. Vol. II., pp. viii, 318. 8vo. New York ^- London, 1896. Albert Honore Charles (Prince de Monaco), llesultats des Cam- pagnes Scientifiques accomplies sur son Taeht \V Hirondelle]. 4to. Monaco, 1889-98. XII. fichinides et Ophiures (Golfede Gascogne, TerreNeuve, A9ores). By Eene Koeiilkk. 1898. Alcock (Alfred William). Eeport on the Natural History Results of the Pamir Boundary Commission. With a list of the Plants, by J. F. DuTHiE and a Notice of the Eoek-Specimens, by T. Holland. Pp. 45. fol. Calcutta, 1698. A. W. Alcock. Allescher (Andreas) und Hennings (Paul). Pilze aus dem Uma- nakdistrikt. (Bibl. Bot. Heft 42.) 4to. Stuttgart, 1897- Allioni (Charles). Eeflexions sur tons les ouvrages publics et luedits du Dr. Chas. Allioni. See Buniva (Michel). Amsterdam. Eerste Xederlandsch Natuur-en Geneeskundig Congres, gehouden te Amsterdam op den 30*""' September en den l'^*"" October, 1887. Uitgegeven door het Bestuur. Handelingeu. 8vo. Haarlem, 1888. Koninklijk Zoologi'^ch Genootschap '* Natura Artis Magistra," 1838- Mei, 1898. 4to. Amsterdam, \^2S. 64 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE Andersson (Nils Johan). Plantae Scandinaviae descriptionibus et liguris analyticis adumbratae. Fasc. I. Cyperaeeas. Fasc. II. Graminese. 8vo. Bolmice, 1849-52. Arnold (Dr. F.). Flechten auf dem Ararat. (Bull. I'Herb. Boissier, v.) 8vo. Geneve, 1897. ■ Lichenologische Ausfliige in Tirol. (Verb. k.-k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, Bd. 47.) 8vo. Wien, 1897. Zur Licbenenflora von Miinchen. Pp. 1-82. Eoy. 8vo. Miinclien, 1898. Author. Attems-Petzenstein (Karl), Graf. Myriopoden. ^ee Hamburger Magalhaensische Sammelreise. Bailey (Frederick Manson). Contributions to tbe Flora of Queensland. (Queensl. Agrie. Journ. vol. i. pt. 6, ii. pts. 1, 2, 3, 4.) 8vo. Brisbane, 1897-98. Author. A Companion for tbe Queensland Student of Plaut Life and Botany. Abridged. Second edition. 8vo. Brisbane, 1897. Bastin (Edson Sewell) and Trimble (Henry). Some JN'ortb- American Coniferse. (Amer. Joui-n. Pharm., Jan. 1896 to July 1897.) 8vo. Philadeljjliia, 1897. H. Trimble. Bayley (William). The Marquette Iron-beariug District of Michigan, with Atlas ; including a Chapter on the Republic Trough, by H. Lloyd Smtth. See Van Hise (C. R.). Beitrage zur Anatomie und Embryologie, als Festgabe Jacob Henle zum 4 April, 1882, dargebracht von seinen Schiilern. fol. Bonn, 1882. Beitrage zur Biologic, als Festgabe dem Anatomen und Physiologen, Theoboe Litdwig Wilhelm yon Bischoef zum 50 jahrigen medicinischen Doktorjubilaum gewidmet von seinen Schiilern. Eoy. 8vo. Stuttgart, 1882. Bemmelen (J. F. van). Bemerkungen iiber den Schadelbau von Dermochelys conacea. (Gegenb. Festschr. ii.) 4to. Leipzig, 1896. Beneden (Edouard van). Die Anthozoen der Plankton-Expedi- tion. See Plantton-Exped. Berlin. Das Tierreich. Herausgegeben von der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft. Generalredakteur : Fbanz Eilhaeb Schtjlze. 8vo. Berlin, 1897-98. Liefg. 2. Aves. Paradiseidae, von the Hon. Walter Eothschild. 1898. „ 3. Acarina. Oribatidae, von Albert D. Michael. 1898. „ 4. „ Eriophyidae (Phytoptid^), von Dr. Alfred Nalepa. 1898. Verein zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues in den Koniglich Preussischen Staaten. Katalog, 6*^ Auflage. 8vo. Berlin, 1897. Bibliographie Anatomique. Eevue des travaux en langue fran^aise. Anatomie — Histologie — Embryologie — Anthropo- logie. Sous la direction de M. Adolphe ISicolas. Vols. 1-6. 8vo. Pans Sf Nancy, 1893-98. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 65 Bibliotheca Botauica (continued). B.md VII. Heft 42. Bofanischc Ergebnisse der von der Gesellsehaft fiir Erdkiuide zu Berlin unlcr Loituiig Dr. v. Drvgalski's ansgcsaudten Gronland-ExpediLion nacli Dr. Van- hoffei 's Sammlungen bearbeitet. — A. Kryptogamen. 4to. Stuttgart, 1897. I. RicnTEij (P.). GronUindische Siisswasseralgen. 1897. II. Gran (H. H.). Bacillariaceen des Karaiakfjords. 1897. III. Vaniiofpen (E.). Groiiliindische Peridineon nnd Dinobryeen. 1897. IV. KucKucK (P.). Meeresalgen vom Sermitdlet- iind kleinen Xarajakljord. 1897. V. Allesciibh (A.) & Hennin(!S (P.). Pilze aus deui UinanakdiBtrikt. 1897. VI. Dauiusiuue (O. v.). Flechten aus dein Umanak- distrikt. 1897. VII. Stei'hani (F.). Lebermoose aus dem Umanak- distrikt. 1897. VIII. Waiinstoup (0.). Torfmoose vom Karajak- Nunatak. 1897. IX. KiNDBKKG (N. C). LaubmooseausdemUmauak- distrikt. 1897. X. Abro.meit (J.). Gefaesbiindelkryptogamen au8 dem Umanakdistrikt. 1897. Heft 43. EiciiTEit (Ai.adar). Ueber die Blattstructur der Gattung Cecropia insbesondere einiger bislier unbekannter Imbaiiba - Bauine des tropiscbea Amerika. 1898. Heft 44. Geheeb (Adalbert). Weitere Beitrage zur Moos- flora von Neu-Guinea. 1898. Bibliotheca Zoologica {continued). Baud IV. Heft 23. Braeji (Fritz). Die gescblechtliche Eutwickelung von Vlumatella fungosa. 1897. ,, Heft 24. Liefg. 1. Thiele (Johannes). Studien iiber pazi- fische Spongien. 1898. Bienaime (Capitaine). See ' Manche' (La). Bischoff (Theodor Liidwig Wilhelm von). See Beitrage zur Biologic, als Festgabe dem Anatomeu und JPIiysiologeu, Tii. L. W. vonBisciioff ziimfuufzigjiihrigeu mediciuischeii Doktorjubiliium gewjdmet von seinen 8cliiileru. Roy. 8vo. Stuttr/art, 1882. Blancbard (Raphael). Traite de Zoologie. Public sous la Direc- tion de 3i. Blanciiard. Eoy. 8vo. Paris, 1897 Fascicule XI. Nemertiens, par Louis Joubin. 1897. „ XVI. Mollusques, par Paul Pelseneer. 1897. Boas (Johan Erik Vesti). Ueber Neofcenie. (G-egenb. Festschr. ii.) 4to. Leipziy, 1896 Boerlage (J. G.). Icones Bogorienses. See Buitenzorg. Bombay Natural History Society. Journal. Vols. 1-11. 8vo. Bombay, 1886-98. Bombay Presidency. Forest Department. Administration Reports (includiog Sind), 1891-97. fol. Bombay, 1892-98. Boston, U.S.A. See Zoological Bulletin. LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDTXGS. SESSION 1897-98. /" 66 PHOCEEDINGS OF THE Boston, U.S.A. Marine Biological Laboratory. Biological Lectures, 1890, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896-97. 8vo. Boston, U.S.A., 1891-98, Bonlenger (George Albert). The Tailless Batrachians of Europe, See Ray Society. Braem (Fritz). Die geschlechtliche Entwickelung von Plumatella fungosa. (Bibl. Zool. Heft 23.) 4to. Stuttgart, 1897. Braitiiwaite (Eobert). The British Moss-Elora. Part 18. 8vo. London, 1898. Author.- Breddin (Gustav). Hemipteren. See Hamburger Magalhaens- ische Sammelreise. Brisbane. Department of Agriculture, A Companion for the (Queensland Student of Plant Life and Botany abridged. 2nd edition, bv P. M. Bailey. 8vo. Brisbane, 1897.- Queensland Museum. Annals. No. 4. 8vo. Brisbane, 1897. British Association for the Advancement of Science (Toronto). Beport, 1897. 8vo. London, 1898. Council Brit. Assoc. British Museum. Anthozoa. Catalogue of the Madreporarian Corals in the British Museum, Vol. III. The Genera Montipora and Anacropora. By Heistrt M. Bernard. 1897. Britton (Nathaniel Lord) and Brown {Hon. Addison). An Illus- trated Plora of the Northern United States, Canada, and the British Possessions from Newfoundland to the Parallel of the Southern Boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean Westward to the 102 0 Meridian. Vol. 3. Eoy. 8vo. Neiv York, 1898. Brotero (Felix de Avellar). Phytographia Lusitanise selectior, seu novarum et aliarum minus coguitarum stirpium, quse in^ Lusitania sponte veniunt, descriptiones. Paso. I., pp. vi, 79, plates 8. fol. Olissipone, 1800. Phytographia Lusitanise selectior, seu novarum, rariorum, et aliarum minus cognitarum stirpium, quae in Lusitania sponte veniunt, ejusdemque Floram spectant, descriptiones iconibus illustratse. Vol. L, pp. v, 235, plates 82. fol. Olisdpone, I^IQ. Plora Lusitanica, seu plantarum quse in Lusitania vel sponte crescunt, vel frequentius coluntur, ex florum prsesertim sexubus systematice di&tributarum, Synopsis. 2 vols. : Pars I., pp. xviii, 607 ; Pars II., pp. 557. 8vo. OKssipone, 1804. NoticiaBiograpbica do DoutorPelixde Avellar Brotero, tirada dos Apontamentos escriptos por nm seu parente e coordenada por urn distincto Litterato. Pp. 19. 8vo. Lisboa, 1847. Brussels. Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux- Arts de Belgique. Anunaire, 1896-97. 12mo. Bruxelhs, 1896-97. Eeglements et Documents concernant les Trois Classes. 1896. 12mo. Bruxelhs, 1896. LlNTfEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 6j Buenos Aires. Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires. Memoria. 1894-96. Edited by Carlos Berg, liov. 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1897. Btisgen (M.). Bau und Lebeu uuserer AValdbiiume. Pp. viii, 230, 8vo. Jena, 1897. Buitenzorg. 's Lands Plantentuin, Icones Bogorienses, fasc. l-> 8vo. Batavia, Leide, 1897. Buniva (Michel). Jidflexions sur tous les ouvrages publics et inedits du Docteur Charles Allioni. Pp. 150. 8vo. Turin [1805]. Burckhardt (Rudolf). Das Centralnervensystem von Proto- pterus annecien'^. Eine vergleichend-anatomische Studie. Pp. 64 & 5 Tafeln. 8vo. Berlin, 1892. Bureau (Edouard). Liste des plantes phandrogaraes recueillies a Jan Mayen et an Spitzberg. See ' Manche ' (La). Cambridge Natural Science Manuals. Biological Series. General Editor, Artuue. E. Shipley, 8vo. Cambridge, 1898. Fossil Plants, Vol. I. By Albert C. Seward. 1898. Cambridge, U.S.A. Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Memoirs. Vols. 20, 21. 4to. Cambridge, U.S.A., 1897. Canada. Agricultural Department. Bulletin of the Experimeutal Farm. No. 28, 8vo. Ottaioa, 1897. Reports of the Experimental Farm for 1896. 8vo. Ottawa, 1897. Cardiff. Naturalists' Society. Keport and Transactions. Vols. 1-13. 8vo. i/07ir?ou, 1868-82. Carfort (R. de). See ' Manche ' (La). Casey (C). Riviera Nature Notes. Pp. xx, 373. 8vo. Manchester, 1898. Thos. Hanbury. Cassini (Alexandre Henri Gabriel), Comte de. Notice sur M. H. de Cassini. See Gossin ( — ). Chamisso (Adelbsrt von). De animalibus quibusdam e classe ver- mium Linnseana in circumnavigatione terra? auspicante Comite N. Eomanzoft duee Ottone de Kotzebue annis 1315-18 per- acta observatis. Fasciculus primus, De Salpa. 4to. BeroUni, 1819. et Eysenhardt (Carl Wilhelm), De animahbus quibusdam e classe vermium Liuneana in circumnavigatione terra auspi- cante Comite N. 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Weher (Max C W.). Yorstudien iiber das Hirngewicht der Siiugethiere. (Gegenb. Festschr. iii.) 4to. T^eip)zig, 1897. Werner (Franz). Die Eeptilien und Batrachier der Sammlung von Dr. L. H. Plate. (Spengel, Zool. Jahrb. Snppl. iv.) Svo. Jena, 1897. Wettstein (Richard Eitter von Westersheim). Grundziige der geogiaphisch-morphologischeu Methode der Pflanzensystematik. Pp. 64, Karten 7. Svo. Jena, 1898. Wheeler (William M.). See Zoological Bulletin. White (Francis Buchanan White). The Plora of Perthshire. Edited, with an Introduction and Life of the Author, a list of his Scientific Publications, and an Appendix, by James AY. H. Trail. Svo. Edinburgh, 1898. Jas. W. H. Trail. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON'. 87 Whitman (Charles 0.). ^ee Zoological Bulletin. Wood (John Medley). New Natal Plauts. Decade I. (Joiirn. Bot. XXXV.) 8vo. London, 1897. and Evans (Maurice S.). New Natal Plants. Decade II. (Journ. Bot. xxxv.) Svo. London, 1897. Authors. Natal Plants. Vol. I. Part 1. 4to. Durban, 1898. Authors York. Watson Botanical Exchange Club. Reports 1-13. Svo. Yorh, 1884-98. T. A. Cotton. Zoological Bulletin. Edited by Chaeles O. Whitman and William M. Wheeler. Vols. 1-2. Svo. Boston, U.S.A., 1897-98. Zoologische Jahrbticher. Zeitschrift ftir Systematik, Geographic und Biologic der Thiere. Herausg. vou Dr. J. W. Spengel. Svo. Jena. Supplement III. Studii sui Treraatodi endoparassiti, di Fr. Sav. MONTICELLI. 1893. Supplement IV. Heft. 1, 2. Fauna Chilensis. Abhandlungen zur Kenntnis der Zoologie Chiles nach den Sammlungen Dr. L. H. Plvte. 1897-98. DOXATIONS IX AID OF PUBLICATIONS. 1898. £ s. d. Feb. 21. Lubbock:, Sir John. Contribution towards his paper on Stipules 43 14 9 July 2. The Eotal Society. Contribution towards Mr, Cole's paper on the Structure and Morphology of the Cranial Nerves and Lateral Sense-organs of Fishes 50 0 0 „ 20. Contribution towards Messrs. Murray and Blackman's paper on the Phjtoplankton of the Atlantic — Section " Peridiniaceae " . 80 0 0 „ „ Contribution towards Dr. EHiott Smith's paper on the Brain of the Eden- tata, including Chlamydophorus 50 0 0 Contribution towards Dr. Forsyth Major's paper on some Fossil Leporines . . 50 0 0 INDEX TO THE PilOOEKDINGS. SESSION 1897-98. Note. — The name of the Chairman at each Meetia» is not indexed. Abdominal Pore in Myxinidte (Burne), Accounts presented, 1 1 ; tabular view, iz. Actiniaria, New Zealand (Farquhar), 10. Actiniaria and Madreporaria (Duerden), 54- Additions to Library, 63-87. Address, Presidential, 14-29. jEcidiospores oi Puccinia graminis, 6. Affinities of Alveopora (Bernard), 4. Africa, Giraffe from, 5. Alca impennis, egg shown, 8. Allman, G. J., letter re Smith-Camper correspondence, 57 ; portrait pre- sented, 2. Alveopora, its aflinities (Bernard), 4. Apple-tree killed by Water-Voles, 10. Anatomy of Caudina coriacea (Dendy), 4- Anderson, Dr. J., removed from Coun- cil, 13. Ants from Ephesus shown, 2. Areas, biologic, in India (Clarke), 52. Arenaria, revision of (Williams), 7. Armitage, J., deceased, 11 ; obituary, 33- Articulation of jaw in Skate, 6. Arvicola amphibia destroying apple- trees, 10. Asia Minor, use of Ants in, 2. Asiatic Partridge shown, 9. Assistant Secretaries of the Society, list of, 60. Attraction of Flowers for Insects (Lub- bock), I. LINN. SOC. PE0CBBDING8. — SESSION Auditors elected, lo. Auk's egg shown, 8. Australia, West, Echidna - egg from, shown, 3. Baillie, E. J., deceased, 11 ; obituary, 34- Ballot for Council and Officers, 13. Barley, germinating, 53. Bartlett, A. D., his Great Auk's egg, 8. Barton, E, S., Fruit of Chnoospora fustigiata, 54; on Soranthera, 11. Bateman, J., deceased, 11 ; obituary, 34. Batrachians, larval hyobranchial ske- leton (Ridewood), 5. Batters, E. A., elected Auditor, 10. Bear, Polar, its hibernaculum (Jack- son), I. Bennett (A. W.), remarks on germi- nating seeds, 53. Bernard, H. M., affinities of Alveopora, 4- Berwyn Mountains, white Partridges from, shown, 3. Bibliography of Gigantic Land-Tor- toises, 26-29. Bidwell, E., photographs of Great Auk's eggs, 8. Bireh-Reynardson, Lt.-Col., Apple-treo destroyed by Water-Voles, 10. Black Grouse hybrid, shown, 3. Blow, T. B , Charaeeae collected by, 4. Botany of Franz Josef Land (Fisher), I. Brain of the Edentata (Smith), 10, Brandis, Sir D., Revision of Mao- carpus, 54 ; do. Abstract). 58. • . 1897-98. h. 90 TNDRI. Bridge, T. W., elected Fellow, 6. Britain, Carex helvola in (Druce), 7 ; Great Black Woodpecker in, 2. Brown, A. W., admitted, 10; elected Fellow, 5. Brown, H. T., admitted, 10; elected Fellow, 10. Brown, W. L., appointed Scrutineer, 54- Bruce, W. S., Pantopoda collected by, in Franz Josef Land (Carpenter), 54. Bryozoa, obs. on Membraniporidae (Waters), 54. Buccal glands of Colubridas (West), 7. Biidden, E. E., admitted, 2. Burne, E,. H., abdominal pore in Myxinidffi, 5. Busk, Miss Marian, portrait of Prof. G. J. Allman by, 2. Byerley, I., deceased, 11 ; obituary, 36. Caffeine, Mora nut destitute of, 7. Callorhi/nchiis (nitarcticiis shown, 6. Cambridge, Eev. O. P., Spiders from Franz Josef Land, 7. Campbell, D. H., on Bendroceros, 10. Camper, P., correspondence with Sir J. E. Smith (Jackson), 4; App. 55- 57- Campos Novaes, J. de, elected Fellow, 3- Carex helvola in Britain (Di-uce), 7. Carnarvonshire, white variety of Mus rattvs from, shown, 7. Carpenter, G. H., Pantopoda from Franz Josef Land, 54. Carruthers, W., appointed Vice-Pre- sident, 52 ; on a living Great Auk, 8 ; Bosellinia destroying Ash-trees, 4. Cat, wild, from Inverness-shire, 9. Cataglyphus viatica shown, 2. Caudina coriacea, anatomy of (Dendy), 4- Cecidomyia strobilioides shown, 3. Cephalopoda, muscular attachment in (Crick), 6. Champion, G. C, elected Associate, 4. Chapman, F., on Haddonia, 3. Characese, West-Indian (Groves), 4. Chlamydophorvs, brain of (Smith), 10. ChnoosporafacTlgiaia, {rnit of (Barton), 54- Christy, J., Ants from Ephesus, 2 ; iron chain intergrown with Virginian creeper, 6 ; elected Auditor, 10 ; Mora nut of Guiana shown, 7 ; remarks on germinating seeds, 53. Christy, E. M., Seasonal variations in branch of Horse-Chestnut, 53. Clarke, C. B., Biologic areas in India, 52 ; elected Councillor, 13. Clarke, W. E., comm. by (Carpenter), 54. Cola acuminata, Mora a fraudulent substitute for, 7. Cole, F. J., Cranial Nerves and Lateral Sense-organs of Fishes, 7. Collembola (rom Spitzbergen (Lubbock), II. Coloration, Protective, in Mus musculus (Jameson), 4. Colours and mimicry (Poulton), 8. Colubridffi, glands and tooth-succession of, (West), 7. Comparative anatomy of Oycadese (Worsdell), 6. Coorinja, Eohidiia-egg from, shown, 3. Cornwall, Hermit Crabs from, 4. Council elected, 13. Councillor elected in place of O. Salvin, deceased, 54. Cranial nerves of fishes (Cole), 7. Cress, germinating, 53. Crick, G. C, Muscular attachment in Ceplialopoda, 6. Crisp, F., appointed Vice-President, 52 ; re-elected Treasurer, 13. Grossman, A. F., fasciated Lilium auratum shown, 2. Cummins, H., Food of Uropoda, 52. Cunningham, J. T., Species, Sex, and Individual, 11. Cycadete, comparative anatomy of (Worsdell), 6. Dauria, Asiatic Partridge from, 9. Davis, S., note on Smith-Camper cor- respondence, 57. Dawson, Col. W. C, Great Black Woodpecker from Otley, 2. Deceased Fellows, 11 ; obituaries, 33-52. Deer, distorted skull shown, 3. Deformity of teeth in Brown Eat, 10. Bendroceros, structure of (Campbell), 10. Dendy, A., anatomy of Caudina coriacea, 4 ; Fontobolhos manaarensis, 3- . . Deoxidation by germinating seeds, 53. Desmids from the United States (West), 4- De Winton, W. E., distribution of the Giraffe in Africa, 5 ; on Asiatic Partridge, 9. Dickins, F. V., withdrawn, 13. Bimorphandra Mora, fruit shown, 7. Distortion in skull of Bed Deer shown, 3- Dobson, Sir W. L., deceased, 1 1 ; obituary, 36. IXUKX. Douatious, 88. Druce, G-. 0., Carex hclvola iu Britain, 7- Duerden, J. E., Actiniaria and Madre- puniria, 54. Dunning, J, W., deceased, 1 1 ; obituary, 36. Kkidna-cgg shown, 3. Edentata, Brain of (Smith), 10. Edwards, Prof. A. M., elected Fellow, 7. Egg of Great Auk shown, 8. Egg.s of Dogfishes shown, 6. Ei(eocarput<, revision of (Brandis), 54 ; Abstract of same, 58. Elected Fellow.s, 11, 13. Elwes, ir. J., Franz Josef Land, i : on bjbrids of rats, 7. England, Great Black Woodpecker in, 2. Enock, F., on Prcrfwichia aqitatica. 53. Epliesus, ants from, shown, 2. Eupuc/urKS. iia'nits of, 4. Prideaiciii, its substitutions for sliells, 4. Evans, H., photograplis of Grey Seal, 5. Ewart, A. J., elected Fellow, 9. Cecidomyia sfrohi- fungus on Ash- Fanner, Prof. J. B. lioidcs shown, 3 trees, 4. Farmer, J. B., and W. G. Freeman, deoxidation by germinating seeds, 53- Farquhar, II., ?\cw Zealand Actiniarin, 10. Fasciation in Lilium auratiim shown, 2. Felis catiis from Inverness-shire, 9. Fellows, deceased, elected, and with- drawn, II. Fisher, H., Plants of Franz Josef Land, I. Fisiies. nerves and sense-organs of (Cole). 7. Fitzgerald. E. A., elected Fellow, 8. Flanagan, H. G., elected Fellow, 54. Fleming, D"*. J., his living Great Auk, 8. Flowers, their attraction for Insects (Lubbock), I. Ilower, W., admitted, 6 ; elected Fellow, 5- Food of Uropoda (Cummins), 52. Forbes, H. O., Franz Josef Land, 1 ; withdrawn, 13. Foreign Members, deceased, 1 1 ; elected, II. Forsyth-Major, Dr., Fossil Leporines, 54- Fossil genus Limnccarpus (Reid), 8. Fossil LeporineB ^Forsyth-Major), 54, Franz Josef Land, animals of (Jackson), I ; plants of (Fisher), i ; Pantopoda from (Carpenter), 54 ; Spiders of (Cambridge), 7. Freeman, W. G.. admitted, 10 ; elected Fellow, 9; on germinating seeds, 53. Froggatt, W. W., elected Fellow, 3. Fryer, A., elected Associate, 4. Gaduii, nerves in (Cole), 7. Galls on WiUow from Ithaca, shown, 3. Garvagh, Lord, egg of Gi-eat Auk for- merly hi.s, 8. Gepp, A., elected Auditor, 10 ; removed I'mm Council. 13. Giraffe from Africa, and it.s distribution, 5- Glands of Colubrida; (West), 7. Gloucestershire, white Partridges from, shown, 3. Goiffon, P., admitted, 2. Great Auk, account of eggs of, 8. Groses, H. & J., West Indian Cha- racere, 4. Guiana, Mora nut froni, shown, 7. Gull, Ivor}', breeding haunts of (Jack- son), I. Giinther, Dr. A. C. L., re-elected Pre- sident, 13; Address by, 14-29; on Asiatic Partridge, 9 ; comm. by (Crick), 6 : remarks on Dog-fishes, 6-7 ; Tortoises iu the Paris Museum, 54- Gymnosjierms, Transfusion-tissue of (Worsdell), i. Haddo'"ia (Chapman), 3. Halic/iariit: grt/pus in Outer Hebrides, 5. Hamilton, G. E. B.. deformity of teeth of Brown Rat, 10; suspeited rat- hybrid, 7. Hampshire, Limnocarpiis from (Reid), 8. Harderian Glands of Colubridas (West), 7- Hartebeeste skull infested with Tinea. 5. Harting, J. E., animals of Franz Josef Land, i ; Asiatic Partridge shown, 9; egg of Great Ank shown, 8 ; Great. Black Woodpecker shown, 2 ; hybrid Pheasant, 3 ; i^hotographs of Great Seal in Hebrides. 5 ; skin and skull of Wild Cat shown, 9 ; white var. of Mtts rnffiri, 7. ITaskeir Rock, Grey Seal from, 5. Hebrides, Grey Seal in, 5. Ilerdman, W. A., comm. by (Cole), 7; elected Councillor, 13 ; pedal muscles in Oyster, 53. Hermit Crab, its substitutes for shells, 4- 92 IS-DEX. Hicks, J. B., deceased, ii ; obituary, 39. Histology of gl ands of Oolubridae ( W es t), 7- Holland, Marsh-birds' eggs from (Lodge), I. Holmes, E. M., comm. by (Salmon), 52. Holt, E. W. L., Dog-fishes sent by, 6 ; jaw of Skate, 6. Hooker Medal, description of, 61, Hooker, Sir J. D., Medal presented, 30 ; response, 32. Horrell, E. 0., admitted, 52 ; elected Fellow, 9. Horse-Chestnut, seasonal variations in (Christy), 53. Howes, G. B., bowl of tobacco-pipe and test-tubes used by Hermit Crab, 4 ; comui., (Burne) 5, (Cunningham) 11, (Duerden) 54, (Forsyth -Major) 54, (Jameson) 4, (Johnstone) 10, (Smith) 10, (West) 7 ; Dog-fishes shown, 6 ; jaw of Skate, 6 ; re-elected Secretary, 13 ; remarks ou germi- nating seeds, 53. Hurst, C. C, elected Fellow, 53. Hybrid Pheasant and Black Grouse shown, 3. India, Biologic areas in (Clarke), 52. Individual, Species, and Sex (Cunning- liam), II. Insects attracted by Flowers (Lubbock), I. Ithaca, N.Y,, galls from, shown, 3. Jackson, B. D., re-elected ^eeretar)', 13; Camper-Smith correspondence, 4, Appendix, 55-57. Jackson, F. G., on Franz Josef L'lud, i. Jack.sc>n-IIarmswortli Polar Expedition, results of (Jackson), 1 ; Franz-Josef Land Spiders (Cambridge), 7. Jameson, H. L., Protective coloration in Mus muscuhis, 4. Jaw of Skate, articulation, 6. Johnstone, J., Thymus and Thyroid of Marsupials, 10. Jones, C. E., elected Fellow, 9. Jones, D. A., admitted, 2. Kirk, T., deceased, 11 ; obituary, 39. Kirk, T. W., comm. by (Farquhar), 10. Kola nut, substitution of Mora for it, 7. Lackersteen, M. H., deceased, 11. Lateral sense-organs of fishes (Cole), 7. Leaf, C. J., deceased, 11 ; obituary, 39. Leaves of Gyranosperms, Transfusion- tissue in (Worsdell), i. Leigh, H., distoited Deer's skull shown. Leporines, fossil (Forsyth-Major), 54. Leuckart, R., deceased, 1 1 ; obituary, 40. Librarian's Report, 13. Librarians of the Society, List of, 60, Library, Additions to, 63-87. Lilford, Lord, allusion to his Aviary, 2. Liliiim auratum, fasciation shown, 2. Limnocarpus (Reid), 8. Linnean Medal presented, 29. Liunean Medalists, List of, 62. Lisboa, J. C, deceased, 11 ; obituary, 41- Lister, A., appointed Scrutineer, 13, 54. Lodge, R., Marsh-birds, their eggs and nests, X. Lofgren, A., elected Fellow, 3. Lories, notes on (Mivart), 52. Lubbock, Sir J., attraction of Flowers for Insects, i ; Spitzbergen CoUem- bola, II. Lush, L., white Partridges shown, 3. McCorquodale, Lt. R. H,, collection of ruminant skulls, 5. McCorquodale, W. J. H., admitted, 4 ; elected Fellow, 3 ; skull of Harte- beeste shown, 5. Madreporaria and Actiniaria (Duerden), 54- Maitland, Sir J. G., deceased, ii ; obituary, 41. Maunde, — , Great Auk's egg sold to him, 8. Medal, Hooker, description of, 61 ; pre- sented. 30. , Linnean, presented (Wallich), 29, Membraniporidge (Waters), 58. Meyer, P., speculations on Dog-fishes, 6. Michael, A. D., appointed Vice-Presi- dent, 52 ; comm. by (Cambridge), 7 ; elected Councillor, 13 ; on fasciated Lil.ium auratum, z. Middleton, R, M., CataglypKus viatica, from Ephesus, 2. Mimiciy and Natural Selection (Poul- ton), 8. Mitsukuri, K., admitted For. Memb., 6. Mivart, St. G. J., Notes on Lories, 52; removed from Council, 13. Monckton, H. W., elected Councillor, Mongolia, Asiatic Partridge in, 9. Mora Nut of Guiana shown, 7. Morphology of Actiniaria, etc. (Duer- den), 54; of nerves in fishes (Cole), 7; of the Owls (Pycraft), 10. Murie, Dr. J., 01. Fi'anz Josef Land, i. Murray, G. R. M., comm. (Barton), 11, 54 ; fungus on Ash-trees, 4. Murray, Sir J., vote of thanks to Pre- sident, 29. 1>'DEI. 93 Mus decuinanus, alluded to, 7 ; de- formed teeth, 10. hibernicus, Thompson, mentioned, 7- muscidus, protective coloration (Jameson), 4. ra/tus, white var. shown, 7. Muscles, pedal, in Oyster, 53. Muscular attachment of Cephalopoda (Crick), 6. Myxinida, abdominal pore (Burne), 5. Natural selection and Mimici-y(Poulton), 8. Nerves of fishes (Cole), 7. New Zealand Actiniaria(Farquhar), 10. Nicholson, G , admitted, 52 ; elected Fellow, 10; v-i.cates Associateship, II. Nigeria, horns from, 5. No\aes, J. de C, »tt Campos Novaes, J. de. Obach, E. F. A., admitted, 53 ; elected Fellow, 52. Obituary notices, 33-52. Officers elected, 13. Ord, C. K., deceased. 11. Otley, Great Black Woodpecker from, shown, 2. Oyster, pedal muscles in, 53. Pagophila ehtirnea, breeding haunts of (Jackson), i. Pantopoda from Franz Josef Land (Car- penter), 54. Paris Museum, Tortoises in (Giinther), 54- Parker, T. J., deceased, 1 1 ; elected Fellow, 3 ; obituary, 44. Partridge, Asiatic, shown, 9. Partridges, white, from Gloucestershire, shown, 3. Pawson, A. H., admitted, 3. Peas, germinating, 53. Pedal muscles in Oyster. 53. Pedicel, distorted, of Red Deer skull shown, 3. Penny, Eev. C. W., deceased, 1 1 ; obit- uary, 46. Perdix barbata mentioned, 9. cintrea mentioned, 9. daurica shown, 9. Petrie, D-, withdrawn, 13. Pheasant, hybrid, shown, 3. Piais martius, from Yorkshire, shown, 2. Plants of Franz Josef Land (Fisher), i. Poison-duct of Colubrida? (West), 7. Pontoholbos maiiaarmsi.^ (Dendy), 3. Portrait of Prof. G. J. AUman, pre- sented, 2. Portacatho, Hermit Crabs from, 4. Potts, T. H., Great Auk's eggs, 8. Poulton, Prof. E. B., Natural Selection and Mimetic Resemblance, 8. President, the, on the Asiatic Partridge, 9 ; comm. by (Crick), 6 ; re-elected, 1 3 ; remarks on Dog-fishes, 6, 7 ; on Tortoises in Paris Museum, 54. President's Address, 14-29. Presidents of the Society, List of, 59. PresfU'ichia aquatica, 53. Protective coloration in Mus musculus (Jameson), 4. Pterylography of the Owls (Pycraft), 10. Puccinia fframiiiis, spores of, 6. Pycraft, W. P., elected Associate, 10 ; Pterylography of the Owls, ic. Bam bafL'', articulation of jaw, 6. Rand. R. F.. elected Fellow. 9. Red Deer, distorted skull shown, 3. Reid, C, Litnnocarpus, 8. Remingtotv, J. S., elected Fellow, i ; admitted, 3. Renault, B., elected Foreign Member, II. Renshaw, A. G., deceased, 1 1 ; obituary, 47- Ridewood, W. G., Larval Hyobrauchial Skeleton of Batrachians, 5. Rogers, T.. appointed Scrutineer, 13. Eosellinia liyviaria destroying ash-tree.'-, 4- Rowley, G. D., his Auk's egg, 8. Sachs, F. G. J. von, deceased, 11 ; obit- uary. 48. Salivary glands of Colubridte (We«t), 7- Salmon, E. S., Revision of Symblepharis, Salvin.O., deceased, 54 ; electedAudiior, 10 ; election of C<.uncilor in his stead, 54; presents Accounts, 1 1. Saunders, H., distribution of Great Auk, 8; distribution of Great Black Woodpecker, 2 ; elected Councillor, 13; on Franz Josef Lard, i. Schonland, S., admitted, 53. Scott, D. H., appointed Yice-President. 52 ; comm. by (Worsdell), i ; spores of Puccinia, 6. Scott, W., deceased, 1 1 ; obituary, 49. Scrutineers appointed, 13 Set/ilium acavtkonofu?/!, Filippi, 6. m7(?eM/a shown, 6. ■ catiilus shown, 6. Seal, Grey, in Outer Hebrides, 5. Secretaries of the Society, List of, 60. Secretaries re-elected, 1 3. 94 INDEX. Secretary's Report, 1 1 . Sex, S}3ecies, and Individual (Cunning- ham), II. Shropshire, hybrid Pheasant from, shown, 3. Silchester, skulls of Cats found at, 9. Sims, H. W. M., 'elected Fellow, 3. Skate, jaw-articulation, 6. Skull of Red Deer, distorted, shown, 3. Sladen, W. P., elected Councillor, 54 ; removed from Council, i^. Smith, Dr. E., Brain of the Edentata, 10. Smith, J. D., elected Fellow, 3. Smith, Sir J. E., correspondence with P. Camper (Jackson), 4 ; App. 55-57. Soanies, Rev. H. A., witlidi'awn, 1 3. Soranthcra, Structure and Development (Barton), 11. Spain, Marsli-birds' eggs from (Lodge), i. Species, Sex, and Individual (Cunning- ham), II. Spiders from Franz Josef Land (Cam- bridge), 7. Spitzbergen Collembola (Lubbock), 11. StapF, Dr. O., elected Associate, 10. Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R, appointed Scrutineer, 1 3 ; on Etipagurus, 4 ; remarks on pedal muscles in Oyster, 53- Steenstrup, J. J. S., deceased, 1 1 ; obit- uary, 50. Step, E., EiqKiguncs PrideauxH desti- tute of raoUufcan shell, 4. Stewart, C, articulation of jaw of Skate, 6 ; drawings of Paccinia graminis. 6 ; vote of thanks to President, 29. Stonehouse, white Partridge sent from, shown, 3. Structure of nerves in Fishes (Cole), 7. Sgmlilqjharis, revision of (Sah.ion), 52. Symes, C, elected Fellow, 7. Teeth, deformed, in Brown Rat, 10. Teleutospores of Pucciuia graminis, drawings shown, 6. Test-tubes used by Hei-mit Crabs, 4. Thymus of Marsupials (.Johnstone), ic. Thyroid of Miu'supials (Johnstone), 10. Tims, H. M., admitted, 9. Tinea vasteUa infesting horns, 5. Toogood, W., elected Fellow, 53. Tooth-succession of Colubridje (West), 7. Tortoises, gigantic Land, Bibliography, 26-29 j i"^ Paris Museum (Giinther) 54- Transfusion-tissue (Woi'sdell), i. Treasurer, elected, 13. Treasurer's Accounts, 12. Treasurers of the Society, List of, 59. Trevor-Battye,A.,onFranz Josef Land, i. Troughton, Dr. N., his Auk's Egg, S. Trow, A. H., elected Fellow, 10. Tufnail,F., admitted, 7; elected Fellow, i. Turner, G. C, admitted, 3. United States, Desmids from (West), 4. Uropoda, food of (Cummins), 52. Vice-Presidents appointed, 52. Vitis hcderacea, Virginian Creeper, grown through links of chain, 6. Vole, apple-tree killed by, 10. Wales, white Partridges from, shown, 3. Walker, Rev. F. A., Franz Josef Land, i. Wallich, G. C, Linnean Medal pre- sented to, 2g. Warner, R., deceased, 11 ; obituary, 52. Wiirning Colours and Natural Seleo tiun (Poulton). 8. Watei--vole, apple-tree killed by, i o. Waters, A. W., on Membranip )rida', 58. Weber, Prof. M. C. W., elected Foreign Member, 16. West, G. S., Glands of the Colubridre, 7. West, W., & G. S. West, Desmids from the United States, 4. West Indies, Characeaj from (Groves), 4. White, Rev. Gilbert, figure of hybrid Pheasant, 3. Wickliain, W., deceased, 1 1. Williams, F. N., Revision of ^re?;aria, 7. W^illow-galls from Ithaca shown, 3. Withdrawals of Fellows, 13. Woodpecker, Great Black, shown, 2. Woodward, A. S., appointed Scrutineer, 54: removed from Counril, 13. Woodward, B. H., £'t7i/c^«.«-egg obtained by, 3- Woodward, M. F., egg oi Echidna, 3. Worsdell, W. C, admitted, 6 ; compara- tive anatomy of Cycadea\ 6 ; elected Fellow, 5 ; traiisfusion-lissue in leaves of Gymnosperms; i. Yorkshire, Great Black Woodpecker from, shown, 2. Zoology of Franz Josef Land (Jackson), PEIMKD BT TAYLOR AMI KHA.VCIS, UEI) LIO.V COUKT, ILKKT STREET.