THE Xs^Uy^/^^X PROCEEDINGS (uj library LINNEAN SOCIETY NEW SOUTH WALES, FOR TIIK YEAR 1901. Vol. XXVI. WXXH F"OFtTY-X]HFtEE FIXATES. cS^bneg : PRINTED AND rUBLISHED FOR THE SOCIETY BY F. CUNNINGHAM E & CO., 146 PITT STREET AND SOLD BY THE SOCIETY. 1902. 0 ^^{^' SYDNEY : F. CUNNIN(JHAME AND CO., PRINTERS, I" ITT STREET, CONTENTS OF PKOCEEDINGS, 1901. PART I. (No. 101). (Lssited Aicgitst loth, 1001.) PAGE Description of a new Species of Acacia. By J. H. Maiden, F.L.S. (Plate i.) 12 Note on the Subgenus Sallnator of Hedley. By Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S., Corresponding Member 14 Studies on Australian Mollusca. Part iv. By C. Hedley, F.L.S. (Plate ii.) 16 Geological Notes on Kosciusko, with special Reference to Evidences of Glacial Action. By Professor David, B.A., F.R.S., Richard Helms, and P]. F. Pittman, Assoc. R.S.M. (Plates iii.-x.) .. 26 Notes from the Botanic Gardens, Sydney. No. 7. By J. H. Maiden, F.L.S., &c., and E. Betche 79 Notes on the Caves of Fiji, with special reference to Lau. By B. Sawyer, B.E., and E. C. Andrew;?, B.A .. 91 Bacteria and the Disintegration of Cement. By R. Greig Smith, M.Sc, Macleay Bacteriologist to the Society ... 107 Notes on Vibrio denitrijicaufi, Sewerin. By R. Greig Smith, M.Sc, Macleay Bacteriologist to the Society. (Plate xi.) 118 Observations on the Eucalypts of New South Wales. Part viii. By Henry Deaxe, M.A., F.L.S., &c., and J. H. Maiden, F.L.S.,&c 122 The Nature of the Bacteroids of the Leguminous Nodule, and the Culture of EJiizobium legiimiiio^ianuii. By R. Greig Smith, M.Sc, Macleay Bacteriologist to the Society ... ... ... ... 152 On one of the so-called Honeysuckles of Lord Howe Island. By J. H. Maiden, F.L.S. , Botanic Gardens, Sydney 156 Revision of the Genus Faropsis. By Rev. T. Blackburn, B.A., Corresponding Member. Part vi 159 Donations ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... I, 75, 147 Elections and Announcements 1,75,147 Notes and Exhibits .. 74,145 Note. — Ou page 136, line I'i — For B. paluduna, read E. caiiiphora. 27784 IV. CONTENTS. PART II. (No. 102). (Issued November 7th, 1901.) PAGE Notes on the Botany of the Interior of New South Wales. Partiii. By R. H. Cambage. (Plate xii.) 197 Note on the Nomenclature of CinfiuUna Brazieri, Angas, a Port Jackson Mollusc. By Professor Ralph Tate . 214 Note on some Richmond River Hepatics. By Rev. Walter W. Watts 215 The "Shot-Hole" Fungi of Stone-fruit Trees in Australia. By D. McAlpine. (Communicated by J. H. Maiden, F.L.S., cOc.) ... 221 On the "Onvar" of Malekula, New Hebrides. By Walter R. Harper ... . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 238 Notes on an Aboriginal Grave in the Darling River District, N.S.W. By Grahabi Officer, B.Sc. [Communicated by R. EtJieridge, Junr.] (Plate xiii.) 238 Australian Psyllida. Part ii. By Walter W. Froggatt, F.L.S. (Plates xiv.-xvi.) 242 Note on the Occurrence of Diatoms, Radiolaria and Infusoria in the Rolling Downs Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Queensland. By W. S. Dun, W. H. Rands, F.G.S., and Professor David, B.A., F.G.S., F.R.S. (Plates xvii.-xix.) 299 Notes on the Botany of the Interior of New South Wales. Part iv. By R. H. Cambage. (Plates xx.-xxi.) 317 Contributions to a Knowledge of Australian Entozoa. No. i. On a new Species of Distomum from the Platypus. By S. J. Johnston, B.A., Economic Zoologist, Technological Museum, Sydney. (Plate xxii.) 334 Further Notes on supposed Hybridisation amongst Eucalypts (includ- ing a Description of anew Species). By H. Deane, M.A., F.L.S., &c., and J. H Maiden, F.L.S., &c 339 Notes and Exhibits 213,310 Donations 217,312 Elections and Announcements ... ... ... ... ... ... 217 CONTENTS. PART III. (No. 103). (fssned December V.ith, I'.iiil.) A Revised Census of the Marine Mollusca of Tasmania, By Professok Ralph Tate and W. L. May. (Plates xxiii.-xxvii.) o44 Notes and Exhibits 471, 472 PART IV. (No. 104). (Issiied May 20th, 1002.) Additional Notes on the Mosses of New South Wales. By Rev. W Walter Watts Descriptions of New Species of Australian Coleoptera. Part vi. By Arthur M. Lea Aiachnida from the South Seas. By W. J. Rainbow, F.L.S., F.E.S Entomologist to the Australian Museum. (Plate xxviii.) The Systematic Position of Purpura tritoiuforiuis of Blainville. By H. Leighton Kesteven (Plate xxix. ) 1.— Notes on Eucalyptus pulverulenta, Sims. By J. H. Maiden Botanic Gardens, Sydney 2.— On Eucalyptus Stuartiana, F.v.M. By J. H. Maiden, Botanic Gardens, Sydney 3. — On Eucalyptus Gunnii, Hook. f. By J. H. Maiden, Botanic Gardens, Sydney The Gum Fermentation of Sugar Cane Juice. By R. Greig Smith M.Sc, Macleay Bacteriologist to the Society. (Plate xxx.) The Chemical Properties of Bacterial Gum Levan. By Thos. Steel F.L.S., F.C.S Note on the Synonymy of Malurus cyaneus and M. superbus. By A. J. North, C.M.Z.S Notes on some New South Wales Hepatics. By Rev. Walter W Watts ... Descriptions of New Australian Lepidoptera. By Oswald B. Lower F.E.S. , Lond., &c 473 481 521 533 547 556 561 589 626 632 633 639 VI. CONTENTS. PART IV. (continued.) PAGE Studies in Australian Entomology. No. xi. Description of a new Ground Beetle from Victoria. By Thomas G. Sloane ... ... 672 The Deterioration of Eaw and Refined Sugar Crystals in Bulk. By R. Greig Smith, M.Sc, Macleay Bacteriologist to the Society .., 674 The Acid I^'ermentation of Raw Sugar Crystals. By R. Gheig Smith, M.Sc. , Macleay Bacteriologist to the Society ... ... ... 684- Notes on the Botany of the Interior of New South Wales. Part v. By R. H. Cambage. (Plates xxxi.-xxxiii.) 685 Studies on Australian Mollusca. Part v. By C, Hedley, F.L.S. (Plate xxxiv.) 700 The Protoconchs of certain Port Jackson Gasteropoda. By H. Leighton Kesteven. (Plates xxxv.xxxvi.) ... ... ... 709 On the Skeleton of the Snout of the Mammary Ftetus of Monotremes. By Professor J. T. Wilson, M.B., Ch.M. (Plates xxxvii.-xlii.)... 717 Presidential Address delivered at the Twenty-seventh Annual General Meeting, March 26th, 1902. By J. H. Maiben, F.L.S. , c^'c. (Plate xliii.) 740 Supplementary Note to the Hon. Dr. Norton's Presidential Address (Proceedings, 1900, p. 794) 809 Elections and Announcements ... ... ... ... ...517,541,635 Donations 477, 517, 541, 635 Notes and Exhibits 473,514,530,031,738 Title-page, Contents, Index, &c. .. LIST OF PLATES. PROCEEDINGS, 1901. Plate I, — Acaciii Dorothea, Maiden, sp. n. Plate II. — Aastralian Mollusca. Plate ni. — Map showing Evidences of Glacial Action, Mt. Kosciusko, N..S. W. Plate IV.— Map and Sections illustrating Glaciation, Mt. Kosciusko, N.S.W. Plate V. — Sections illustrating Glaeiation, Mt. Kosciusko, N.S.W, Plate VI. —Geological Section from Cooma to Mt. Kosciusko, N.S.W. Plate VII. — Roche Moutonnee of Granite showing Glacial Grooves. Plate VIII.— Striated Quartzite Boulder., Plate IX. —Grooved and Striated Quartzite Boulder. Plate X. — Fig. 1. Grooved Pavement of Granite, Lake Albina, and Granite Erratics. Fig. 2. Relic of Lateral Moraine. Plate XI. — Vibrio f Mycobacterium ) denitrificans, Sewerin. Plate XII. — Fig. 1. Pittosponiiii. piiilUirceoidei^, DC, (Berrigan), Nymagee, N.S.W. Fig. '2. Kremophila lonriifolia , F.v. M., (Emu Bush), Bourke, N.S.W. Plate XIII. — Two views of an Australian Aboriginal Grave, Darling River District, N.S.W\ Plates XIV. -XV. — Australian Fsyllirhe (wings). Plate XVI. — Australian Psyllidce (genitalia, lerp scales, galls, and pupo3^ Plate XVII. — -Section showing the Horizon of the Lower Cretaceous Limestone containing Diatoms, &c., Maranoa River, Q. Plate XVIII. — Fig. 1. Coscinodiscux sp. Fig. 2. Diatom. Fig. 3. Radiola- rian Shell (? Astrophacns). Plate XIX. — Fig. 1. Diatom. Fig. 2. Tintinnii^ s\). Fig. 3. Radiolarian Shell. Plate XX.— Fig. 1. Capparis Mitchelli, Lijtidl., (Wild Orange), Cobar, N.S.W. Fig. 2. Flindersid maculosa, F.v.M., (Leopard-tree), Bourke, N.S.W. Finite \xi.- Fig. 1. Eucalyptus microtheca , F.v. .\I., (Coolabah), Bourke, N.S.W. Fig. 2. Atalaya hemiylauca, F.v.M., (Whitewood^, Bourke, N.S.W. LIST OF PLATES (continuexl). Plate XXII. —Dixtomiiiii ornithorhynchi, Johnston, sp. n. Plates XXIII. -XXVII. — Tasmanian Mollusca. Plate XXVIII. — Arachnida from the South Seas. Plate XXIX. — Purpura tritoniformis, and P. succincta. Plate XXX. — Bacillus lev ani for mans, R. G. Smith, sp. n. Plate XXXI. — Fig. 1. Acacia pendula, A. Cunn., (Myall or Boree), Forbes, N.S.W. Fig. 2. A. aneura, F.v.M., (Mulga); Geijera -parvifiora, Lindl., (Wilga), on the left; a young tree of Grevillea striata, R.Br., (Beef wood), on the right; Bourke, N.S.W. Plate XXXII. —Fig. 1. Heterodendron oleafollum, Desf. , (Rosewood), Forbes, N.S.W. Fig. 2. Casuarina Luelimanni, R. T. Baker (Bull Oak), Peak Hill, N.S.W. Plate XXXIII. — Casuarina glauca, Sieb., on the right near saltwater; C. Cunninghamiana, Miq., large trees in fresh water. Plate XXXIV. — Australian Mollusca, Plates xxxv.-xxxvi. -Port Jackson Gasteropoda. Plates XXXVII. ) sj^gie^on of Snout of Ornithorhynclius. XXXVIII. ) Plate XXXIX. — Skeleton of Snout of Echidna. Plates XL. -i Coronal Sections through the Region of the Snout of XLI. ) Ornithorhynclius. Plate xLii.— Portion of Coronal Section of the Snout of Ornitliorhynchns. Plate xLiii.— Botanical Map of New South Wales. CORRIGENDA. Page 136, line 13— for E. pdludosa read E. camphora. Page 200, line 25 -for Beyeria vicosa read Beyeria viscosa. Page 465, line 32 should ve^d—Syrnola Harrissoni, Tate & May; from the type. L-^- »^i<^ra is a different species, and is not figured]. Page 531, line 22— for Hasaris diloris read Hasarius diloris. Page 600, line 3— /or Lime water gives no precipitate read Lime water in excess (20-30 volumes) gives a precipitate. ZRE-OOEEIDinSTG-S OF THE LINNEAN. SOCIETY OF WEDNESDAY, MARCH 27th, 1901. The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Society was held at the Linnean Hall, Ithaca Road, Elizabeth Bay, on Wednesday evening, March 27th, 1901. Mr. J. H. Maiden, F.L.S., ifec, President, in the Chair. Mr. William T. Ball, Auckland, N.Z., was elected a Member of the Society. DONATIONS. (Received since the Meeting in November, 1900.) Department of Agriculture, Brisbane. — Annual Report for the year 1899-1900: Queensland Agricultural Journal. Vol. vii. Part 6 {T>QC., 1900); Vol. viii. Parts 1-3 (Jan.-March, 1900). From the Secretary for Agriculture. Geological Survey, Brisbane — Report on the Permo-Carbon- iferous Coal Measures of Clermont and Associated Formations (1900). By B. Dunstan, F.G.S. From the Director. 2 DONATIONS. Queensland Museum, Brisbane — Annals. No. 5 (1900) : Annual Report of the Trustees for the Year 1899 (1900). From the Trustees. The Queensland Flora. Part iii. (Cnponfoliacece-Qenfianecd). By F. M. Bailey, F.L.S., Government Botanist (8vo. Brisbane, 1900). From the Author. Australian Museum, Sydney— Memoir iv. Part 3 (Feb., I 901) : Records. Vol. iii. No. 8 (Dec, 1900). From tJce Trustees. Department of Mines and Agriculture, Sydney — Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales. Vol. xii. Parts 1-3 (January- March, 1901). From the Hon. the Minister for Mines and Agri- culture. New South Wales: Fisheries of the Colony — Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries for the Years 1890-1899 (eleven Reports): Report of the Royal Commission appointed on the 20th November, 1894, to inquire and report upon the best Means of Developing the Marine and other Fisheries of New South Wales, &c. (1895). From the Department of Fisheries. Pamphlet: "A Chat on Daffodils." By Peter Barr, V.M.H. (8vo. Sydney, 1900). Fi'om the Horticultural Association of New South Wales, Sydney. Royal Anthropological Society of Australasia, Sydney — Science of Man. Vol. iii. n.s. Nos. 1 1-12 (Dec, 1900-Jan. 1901); Vol. iv. No. 1 (Feb., 1901). From the Societtj. Royal Society of New South Wales, Sydney — Abstract, December 5, 1900. From the Society. The Observatory, Sydney — Records. No. 155. Results of Rain, River, and Evaporation Observations made in New South Wales during 1898. By H. C. Russell, B.A., C.M.G., F.R.S. (1900). From the Director. The Surveyor, Sydney. Vol. xiii. Nos. 11-12, T.p., &c. (Nov.- Dec, 1900); VoL xiv. Nos. 1-2 (Jan.-Feb., 1901). From the Editor. DONATIONS. 3 Statistical Account of the Seven Colonies of Australasia, 1899- 1900. ByT. A. Coghlan, Government Statistician of New South Wales. From the Author. Two Separates from the Agricultural Gazette of N.S.W., 1900, (being Miscellaneous Publications Nos. 423 and 437). By W. W. Froggatt, F.L.S., Government Entomologist. From the A^ithor. Australasian Institute of Mining Engineers, Melbourne — Pro- ceedings, Annual Meeting, January, 1901. From, the Institute. Australasian Journal of Pharmacy, Melbourne. Vol. xv. No. 180 (Dec, 1900); Vol. xvi. Nos. 181-183 (Jan.-March, 1891). From the Editor. Department of Agriculture, Victoria — Annual Report, 1899 (1900). From the Secretary for Agriculture. Department of Mines, Melbourne — Report re Utilization of Brown Uoal, ifec. By H. C. Jenkins: Report on the Queen, Moliagul, &c., Mines, Moliagul. ByS. B. Hunter (1900): Report on the Mount William Gold-field. By H. Herman, B.C.E., F.G.S. (1900). From the Secretary for Mines. Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria, Melbourne — Victorian Naturalist. Vol. xvii. Nos. 8-11 (Dec, 1900, Jan.-March, 1901). From, the Cluh. Public Librar}^, Melbourne — " The Insectivorous Birds of Vic- toria," &c. By R. Hall (8vo., 1900). From the Trustees. Royal Geographical Society of Australasia (Victoria), Melbourne — Journal. Vol. xviii. Part 2 (1900). From the Society. Royal Society of Victoria, Melbourne — Proceedings, n.s. Vol. xiii. Part 2 (1901). From the Society. University of Melbourne — Matriculation Examination Papers, November, 1900. From the University. Public Library, Museum, cfec, Adelaide — Report of the Board of Governors for 1899-1900 (1901). From the Trustees. ^."-TTTr- ujIlibrar 4 DONATIONS. Royal Society of South Australia, Adelaide — Transactions. Vol. xxiv. Part ii (Dec. 1900). From the Society. Woods and Forests Department, Adelaide, S.A. — Annual Progress Report upon State Forest Administration in S. Aus- tralia for the Year 1899-1900. Fy-om the Conservator of Forests. Department of Mines, Hobart— Progress of the Mineral Industry of Tasmania for Quarters ending 30th September and 30th December, 1900: Government Geologist's Reports on (1) The Mineral Districts of Mts. Huxley, Jukes, and Darwin (1900); (2) The Mineral Districts of Zeehan and Neighbourhood (1900); (3) The Mt. Farrel District (1900); and (4) The Blythe River Iron Ore Deposit (1901). From the Secretary for Mines. Department of Agriculture, Perth, W.A,— Journal. Vol. ii. Parts 5-6 (Nov.-Dec. 1900); Vol. iii. Parts 1-2 (Jan.-Feb. 1901). From the Secretary. Geological Survey, Perth — Bulletin. No. 5 (1900): Annual Progress Report for the Year 1899. From the Government Geologist. Western Australia — Report by the Under Secretary for Lands for the Year 1899. From the Victoria Public Library. Cambridge Philosophical Society — Proceedings. Vol. x. Part 7; Vol. xi. Part 1 (1901): List of Fellows, &c., January, 1901. From the Society. Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, JVI anchester — Journal of Conchology. Vol. x. Part 1 (Jan. 1901). From the Society. Entomological Society, London —Transactions, 1900. Parts iii.-iv. From the Society. Geological Society, London — Quarterly Journal. Vol. Ivi. Part 4 (No. 224; Nov., 1900); Vol. Ivii. Part 1 (No. 225; Feb., 1901): List, &c., November 1st, 1900. From the Society. Manchester Museum, Owens College — Publication No 29, Museum Labels (1900). From the Museum. \ DONATIONS. 5 Linnean Society, London — Journal. Botany. Vol.xxxiv. No.241 (Nov., 1900); Zoology. Vol.xxviii. No. 180 (Nov., 1900): Proceedings. 112th Session (Nov., 1899-June, 1900). From the Society. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth — Journal. Vol. vi. n.s. No. 2 (Nov. 1900). From the Director'. Queckett Microscopical Club, London — Journal, Ser. 2. Vol. vii. (Nos. 42-47; 1898-1900). From Professor Wilson, 31. B., Ch. M. Radcliffe Library, Oxford University Museum — Catalogue of Books added during the Year 1900. From the Librarian. Royal Societ}^, London — Proceedings. Vol. Ixvii. Nos. 436- 441 (Oct., 1900-Feb., 1901): Reports to the Malaria Committee. Third Series (Dec. 1900). From the Society. Royal Microscopical Society, London— Journal, 1900. Part 6. (Dec. 1900). From the Society. Zoological Results based on Material from New Britain, New Guinea, &c., Collected during the Years 1895-1897, by A. Willey, D. Sc, M.A. Parts iv.-v. (1900). From Dr. Willey, M.A. Zoological Society, London — Abstract, November 20th, Dec- ember 4th and 18th, 1900; January 15th, 1901 : Proceedings, 1900. Partiii. From the Society. Scottish Microscopical Society, Edinburgh — Proceedings. Vol. iii. No. 1 (1900). From the Society. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin — Proceedings. Third Series. Vol. vi. No. 1 (Oct., 1900). From the Academy. Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, -1894. Ix. Jahrgang. ii. Band. 1 Heft ; 1899. Ixv. Jahrgang. ii. Band. 2 Heft. 1 Hiilfte; 1901. Ixvii. Jahrgang. i. Band. 1 Heft. From the Editor. Gesellschaft fiir Erdkunde zu Berlin — Verhandlungen. Band xxvii. Nos. 5-6 (1900) : Zeitschrift. Band xxxv. Nos. 1-2 (1900). From the Society. 6 . DONATIONS. Entoraologischer Verein zu Berlin, xlv. Band. Heft iii, u. iv. (1900). From the Society. Medicinisch-naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft zu Jena — Jen- aische Zeitschrift. xxxiv. Band. Heft iv. (1900) ; xxxv. Band. Heft i.-iii. (1901). From the Society. Naturforschende Gesellschaft zu Freiberg i. B. — Berichte. xi. Band. 2 Heft (1900). From the Society. Natui'wissenschaftlicher Verein zu Bremen — Abhandlungen. xvi. Band. 3 Heft (1900). From the Society. Naturhistorischer Verein in Bonn — Verhandlungen, Ivii. Jahrgang (1900). 1 Halfte: Sitzungsberichte der Niederrhein- ischen Gesellschaft fiir Natur- und Heilkunde zu Bonn, 1900. Erste Halfte. From the Society, Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Frankfurt a. M. — Abhandlungen. xxv. Band. 1 Heft; xxvi. Band. 2 Heft; xxviii. Band (1900): Bericht, 1900. From the Society. Verein fiir Vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wiirttemberg, Stutt- gart— Jahreshefte. Ivi. Jahrgang (1900). From the Society. Zoologischer Anzeiger, Leipzig. xxiii. Band. Nos. 629-632, Tp., &c. (JSTov.-Dec, 1900): xxiv. Band. Nos. 633-636 (Jan.-Feb., 1901). From the Editor. Societe Beige de Microscopic, Bruxelles — Annales. Tome xxv. (1899). From the Society. Societe Royale de Botanique de Belgique, Bruxelles — Bulletin. Tome xxix. (1900). From the Society. Societe Royale de Geographic d' An vers — Bulletin. Tome xxiv. 3^ Fasc. (1900). From the Society. Societe Entomologique de Belgique — Memoires. Tome vii. (1900). From the Society. Societe Royale Linneenne de Bruxelles — Bulletin. 25""® Annee. Nos. 8-9 (Juin-Juillet, 1900) ; 26°^'^ Annee. Nos. 1-3 (Nov., 1900- Jan., 1901). From the Society. DONATIONS. 7 Journcal de Conchyliogie, Paris. Vol. xlviii. Nos. 3-4 (1900). From the Director. Museum d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris — Bulletin. Annee 1900. Nos. 5-6 : Nouvelles Archives. 4°°® Serie. Tome ii. P"" Fasc. (1900). From the Museujn. tSociete des Sciences JSTaturelles de I'Ouest de la France, Nantes. Bulletin. Tome x. V' et 2^ Trimestres (1900). F'rom the Society. Royal Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam — Jaarboek, 1896, and 1898: Proceedings of the Section of Sciences. Vols, i-ii (1899- 1900) : Verhandelingen. Afd. Natuurkunde. 2^ Sectie. Deel vi. ISTos. 3-8 (1898-99); Deel vii. Nos. 1-3 (1899-1900): Zittings- verslagen. Afd. Natuurkunde. Deel vii.-viii. (1898-1900). From the A carl em ij. Societe Hollandaise des Sciences a Harlem— Archives Neer- landaises. Serie ii™^. Tome iv. P Livraison (1900); Tome v. (1900). From the Society. Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg — Annuaire du Musee Zoologique. Tome v. No. 3 (1900) : Bulletin. v« Serie. Tome X. No. o (1899) ; T. xi. Nos. 1-5 (1899) ; T. xii. No. 1 (19001: Memoires. viii« Serie. Vol. viii. Nos. 6-7 (1899) ; Vol. ix. Nos. 2 and 6 (1899); Vol. x. No. 1 (1900). From the Academy. Russisch-Kaiserliche Mineralogische Gesellschaft zu St. Peters- burg.— Verhandlungen. Zweite Serie. xxxvii. Band. 2 Lief. (1899); xxxviii. Band. 1 Lief. (1900): Materialien zu Geologic Russlands. Band xx (1900). From the Society. Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou — Bulletin. Annee 1900. Nos. 1-2. From the ^Society. Entomologiska Foreningen i Stockholm — Entomologisk Tids- krift. Arg. xxi. Haft 1-4 (1900). From the Society. L' Academie Royale des Sciences a Stockholm — -Bihang. Vol. XXV. Sections 1-4 (1899). From the Academy. 8 DONATIONS. Upsala Universitets Mineralogisk-Geologiska Institution — Meddelanden, 25 (1900). From the University. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, Christiania. Bind xxxviii. Hefte 1 (1900). From the Editor. Societe Scientifique du Chili, Santiago — Actes. Tome ix. 4°^® et 5™« Livraisons (1899) ; T.x. V^-'yj^^ Livraisons (1900). From the Society. K. K. Naturhistorisches Hof-Museum, Wien — Annalen. Band xiv. Nr. 1-4 ; Band XV. Nr. 1 (1899-1900). From the Museum. Musee National Hongrois a Budapest — Termeszetrajzi Fiizetek. Yol. xxiii. Partes i.-iv. (1900). From the Museum. Yidenskabs-Selskabet i Christiania — Forhandlinger, 1899. Nos. 2-4: Oversigt, 1899: Skrifter i., Mathematisk-naturvi- denskabelig Klasse, 1899. Nos. 1, 5, 8-9 ;1900. Nos. 2-4. From the Society. Societe des Sciences de Finlande, Helsingfors — Bidrag, Haftet 59-60 (1900) : Oefversigt. xlii. (1899-1900). From the Society. Academie Royale des Sciences, &c., de Danemark, Copenhague — Bulletin, 1900. N*"- 4-5. From the Academy. Nederlandsche Dierkundige Yereeniging, Helder — Tijdschrift. 2^®Serie. Deelvi. Ail. 4. From the Society. La Nuova Notarisia, Padova — Serie xii. Gennaio, 1901. From the Editor, Dr. G. B. De Toni. Museo di Zoologia ed Anat. Comp. della R. Universita di Torino. — Bolletino. Yol. xv. Nos. 377-381, Tp., kc. (1900). From the Museum. Indian Museum, Calcutta — Materials for a Carcinological Fauna of India. No. 6 (1900). By A. Alcock, M.B., C.M.Z.S. From the Super iiitendent. Memorandum on the Organisation of Indian Museums. By George Watt, Esq. (1900). From the Super intende7it of Govern- ment Printing, India, Calcutta. DONATIONS. 9 Perak Government Gazette, Taiping. Vol. xiii. Nos. 33-34, 37-43 (Oct. -Dec, 1900): Vol. xiv. Nos. 1-10 (Jan.-Feb., 1901). From, the Government Secretary. College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo — Journal. Vol. xiii. Part 3 (1900). From the University. Canadian Institute, Toronto — Proceedings, n s. Vol. ii. Part 4 (No. 10; Jan. 1901). From the Institute. Royal Society of Canada — Proceedings and Transactions. Second Series. Vol. v. (May, 1899). From the Society. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia — Proceedings, 1900. Part 2 (March-Aug.). From the Academy. Academy of Science of St. Louis — Transactions. Vol. ix. Nos. 6-9; Vol. X. Nos. 1-8 (1899-1900). From the Academy. American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston — Proceedings. Vol. XXXV. Nos. 23-27 (May-June, 1900); Vol. xxxvi. Nos. 1-8 (July- August, 1900). From the Academy. American Geographical Society, New York — Bulletin. Vol. xxxii. Nos. 4-5 (1900). From the Society. American Museum of Natural History, New York — Annual Report for the Year 1899: Bulletin. Vol. xiii. Articles viii., xii.-xiv., xvi. -xxii., (May -December, 1900) : Memoirs. Vol. ii. (Anthropology i.). Parts iv.-vi. ; Vol. iii. (Anthropology ii.) Parti.; Vol. iv. (Anthropology. Vol. iii.). Part i. (1900). From the Museum. American Naturalist, Cambridge, U. S. A. Vol. xxxi v. N os. 406- 408 (Oct.-Dec, 1900) ; Vol. xxxv. No. 409 (Jan., 1901). From the Editor. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia — Proceedings. Vol. xxxix. No. 162 (April-June, 1900), From the Society. Augustana College, Rock Island, 111. — Publications. No. 2^ (1900). From the College. d' ^ \> 10 DONATIONS. Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh — Publications. Nos. 6-7 (1899. 1900). From the Director. Chicago Academy of Sciences — Bulletin. N"o. iii. Part i. of Natural History Survey (Sept., 1898). From the Academy. Field Columbian Museum, Chicago — Botanical Series. Yol. i. No. 6; Yol. ii. No. 2 (Aug., 1900): Zoological Series. Yol. i. No. 18; Yol. iii. Nos. 1-2 (June-July, 1900). From the Director. Hamilton Scientific Association, Hamilton — Journal and Pro- ceedings. No. xvi. (1900). From the Association. Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cam- bridge—Annual Report, 1899-1900: Bulletin. Yol. xxxvi. Nos. 1-4; Yol. xxxvii. Nos. 1-2 (June-Aug., 1900). From the Director. New York Academy of Sciences— Annals. Yol. ix. Nos. 6-12 (August, 1897); Yol. xii. Parts ii.-iii. (1900). From the Academy. Smithsonian Institution, Washington: U.S. National Museum — Report for the Year ending June, 1898 (1900). From the Director. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington — Secretary's Report, 1900: Division of Agrostoloyy—^yxSiQ^XJm. No. 24(1900); Circular No. 28 (1900): Division of Biological Survey — Bulletin No. 14(1900): Division of Botany — Contributions. Yol. vii. No. 1 (Dec, 1900) : Division of Entomology — Bulletin, n.s. Nos. 23 and 26 (1900); Circular. Second Series. Nos. 41-42 (1900); Farmers' Bulletin. No. 1 20 (1 900) : Division of Vegetable Physiology and Fathology—^yxW^Xkn. Nos. 17-18, 20-21, 23, 25, 27 (1899- 1900). From the Secretary for Agricidture. Washington Academy of Sciences — Proceedings. Yol. ii. pp. 341-676 (18 Nos., Nov.-Dec, 1900). From the Academy. Wisconsin Natural History Society — Bulletin. Yol. i. n.s. No. 3 (July, 1900). From the Society. Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires — Comunicaciones. Tomo i. No. 7 (Oct., 1900). From the Museum. DONATIONS. 11 Museo Nacional de Montevideo — Anales. Tomo ii. Fasc. xv.- xvi (1900). From the Museum. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu — Fauna Hawaii- ensis. Vol. ii. Part iv. (1900): Memoirs. Vol. i. No. 2 (1900): Occasional Papers. Vol. i. No. 2 (1900). From the Museum. Department of Agriculture, Cape of Good Hope — Marine Investigations in South Africa. The Alcyoyiaria and Hydrocoral- lince of the Cape of Good Hope. By S. J. Hickson, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S. (1900). Fro7n the Under Secretary for Agriculture. South African Museum, Cape Town — Annals. Vol.ii. Part 4 (Dec, 1900). From the Museum. South African Philosophical Society, Capetown — Transactions. Vol. xi. Part 2 (1900); List of Contents of Vols. i-xi. (1900). From the Society. 12 DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ACACIA. By J. H. Maiden. (Plate i.) AcAciA Dorothea, sp. nov. An erect shrub of several feet, with angular branches, more or less covered all over with appressed white hairs, occasionally rubbed oif on the old leaves, very dense on the younc;" shoots. Phyllodia linear-lanceolate, falcate, rather more than 21 inches long and 4 to 5 lines broad, rarely attaining ^ an inch in breadth, obscurely veined, except the prominent mid-vein, with pro- minently thickened margins, and frequently with a small oblique or recurved point, the single large marginal gland about half- way between the point and the base. Flower-heads oblong, about 6 to 8 on short pedicels, in stout axillary or terminal racemes much shorter than the leaves. Flowers about 20 in the heads. Calyx small, shortly n-lobed, very hairy. Petals 5, glabrous or nearly so, more than twice as long as the calyx, united at the base. Ovarium densely hairy. Pods flat, stipitate, generally 1 to 1^ inches long, and about ^ inch broad, somewhat curved, with thickened margins, much constricted between the seeds, densely covered with soft hairs, especiall}^ in the unripe state. Seeds longitudinally arranged, small, ovate, only 2 or 3 or solitary in the few ripe pods seen ; funicle folded under the seed, the last fold much thickened. Mount Wilson (J. H. Maiden, April, 1896, in bud ; October, 1899, in flower) ; Mount Victoria (J. H. Maiden, August and September, 1898, in bud and in flower) ; near Hartley (J. H. Maiden, February, 1899, in bud) ; Clarence Siding (J. H. Maiden, September, 1899, in flov/er, and in April, 1900 ; J. L. Boorman, December, 1900, with unripe pods ; January, 1901, with ripe seeds). BY J. H. MAIDEN. 15 The species is named in honour of my daughter, Acacia Dorothy Maiden (in fulfilment of a long-standing promise) The affinity of this species lies with A. rubida, A. Cunn., A. obtitsata, Sieb., and A. amoena, Wendl.; but it is distinguished from them all by the oblong flower-head attaining fully \ inch in length, and almost connecting it with the section Juliflorce. Its hairy pods distinguish it also from the allied species. EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fig. 1. — Flowering twig. Fig. 2. — Showing the oblong flower-heads, best seen in bud. Fig. 3.---Pentamerous flower, showing the hairy calyx. Fig. 4. — Pod, showing the constriction between the seed. Fig. 5. — Seed, with funicle, enlarged. 14 NOTE ON THE SUBGENUS SALINATOR OF HEDLEY. By Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S., Cokr. Mem. Ill the last Part of the Proceedings of this Society (Vol. xxv., p. 511) Mr. Hedley has suggested a new subgeneric name (Salinator) for the Australian shell commonly known as Amphi- hola fragilis, to take the place of Ainpullarina of authors which he shovvs to have a different signification from the Amqnillarina of Sowerby. In his remarks he merely casually refers to the genus Ampul- lacera of Quoy and Gaimard, described in 1832*, which included both the genus Amphibola as restricted by Mr. Hedley, and the subgenus Ampullarina, auct. ( = Salinator). The question first of all arises whether there are sufficient grounds for subgeneric separation, and secondly, if this be granted, whether the name Ampullacera should not have been used. It is a recognised custom, where an author has included various forms under one generic title, for his successors to limit the genus, retaining the original name, and to apply fresh terms to the forms considered distinct. As Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard did not indicate either species in particular as the tj'^pe of their genus, it is open to any succeed- ing writer to apply the name Amindlacera either to A. aveUana or to A. fragilis, supposing he considers them generically or subgenerically different. Now, as the species avellana was previously, in 1817, appro- priated by Schumacher as the type of his Amj^hihola, it could not be retained for Ampullacera, and, therefore, it seems to me that Mr. Hedley would have acted more wisely if he had used * V'oy. Astrolabe, Zool. Moll. Vol. ii., p. 196. BY EDGAR A. SMITH. 15 the latter term for the fragilis group of species, instead of further burdening science with a new name. Oonchologically the two forms are, in my opinion, inseparable subgenericall}^ and M. Bouvier*, who has studied the anatomy of both, although pointing out differences in the genitalia, does not appear to have considered them sufficient for generic or sub- generic distinction. In conclusion it may be of interest to point out that the proper name to apply to the New Zealand species is Amphihohi crenata, as the following synonymy will shew :— 1784 — Limax crenala, Martyn, Univ. Conch. Vol. ii., pi. 69. 1789 — Bulimns avel/ana, Bruguiere, Ency. Method, f Vers. Vol. i. p. 297. 1790— Helix avellana, Gmelin, iSyst. Nat.* p. 3640. * Bull, Soc. Philom, Paris, ser.8. Vol. pp. 146-153. t The correct dates of those works have been kindly supplied to me by Mr. C Davies Sherborn. 16 STUDIES ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA. Part IV. {Continued from Vol. xxv., |?. 732.) By C. Hedley, RL.S. (Plate ii.) Flammulina gayndahensis, Brazier. Helix (Thalassia) Gayndahensis, Braz., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, i. 1875, p. 2. (Plate ii., figs. 17-19.) An example from the original lot has supplied the opportunity of illustrating this hitherto unfigured shell. It measures : height, 4 mm. ; major diameter, 7 mm. ; minor diameter, 6 mm. With- out some knowledge of the anatom}^ its classification cannot be certain. The consideration of shell characters suggests to me that its place is next F. delta, Pfr., as a second member of the subgenus called Hedleyoconcha by Pilsbry."^' Tritonium sinense, Reeve. Try on, Man. Conch, iii., p. 20, pi. xi., fig. 85. This tropical species appears to have escaped notice as an inhabitant of the coast of N. S. Wales. I have seen an adult specimen taken at the Black Rocks, near Ballina, N. S. Wales. A near ally, T. caudatum, Reeve, has already been recorded b}'" Angasf from Port Stephens and near the mouth of the Macleay * Pilsbry, Guide to the Study of Helices, 1894, p. 18. fAngas, P.Z.S., 1877, p. 179. BY C. HEDLEY. 17 River. I have seen an adult shell from the Black Rocks, and a young dead specimen was lately found at Balmoral Beach b}^ Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N. Mangilia alticostata, Sowerby. Sowerby, Proc. Malacol. Soc. ii., 1896, p. 31, pl.iii., fig. 16. This species has hitherto been known only from St. Vincent's Gulf, S. Australia. I have lately recognised it in a single beach shell collected by Mr. J. Brazier in the dyke-trough at Hunter's Beach, Middle Harbour. ScALA minutula, Tate & May. Tate & May, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia, 1900, p. 95. This species has been found in N. S. Wales by Mr. H. L. Kesteven, who has shown rae an example which he collected at the North Head of Botany Bay. He has since generously presented his specimen to the Australian Museum. Odontostomia varians, Tate & May. Tate & May, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia, 1900, p. 97. An example of this species which I collected on Balmoral Beach, Middle Harbour, was identified for me by Prof. Tate. LlOTIA VENUSTA, n.sp. (Plate ii., figs. 1-3.) Shell flattened, widely umbilicate, solid, glossy, white. Whorls four and a-half. Upper ones smooth; the last two with one keel at the periphery and another at a third of the distance between that and the suture; on the last whorl these are beaded (32 beads on the periphery), but on the penultimate they are plain. On the base a keel follows the rim of the umbilicus, and at equal distances three others are disposed between that and the periphery. For minor sculpture there are raised spiral threads between the suture and upper beaded keel. The spaces between the other keels are latticed by oblique threads in the line of 18 STUDIES ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA, growth, which appear again within the umbilicus. Aperture oblique, ovate; lip very little thickened and expanded. Major diam., 4-9; minor diam., 3-8 ; height, 2*2 mm. Hah. — Darnley Island, Torres Straits. One specimen taken by Mr. J. Brazier in 30 fathoms. Type. — To be preserved in the Australian Museum. This species is not like the typical Liotla ; it possibly belongs to Microtheca, a genus not sufficiently elaborated by its author for satisfactory use. LlOTIA DEVEXA, n.Sp. (Plate ii., figs. 4-6.) Shell turbinate, whorls in transverse section nearly square, widely umbilicate, ver}^ solid, dull. Colour creamy white, whorls four, the upper two nnsculptured, the last descending steeply and suddenly. The whole surface is densely covered by fine, close, radiating threads. Periphery flattened, with a keel at the upper and lower angles, the superior crenulated. Outside the deeply impressed suture runs a row of denticules. Base flattened, the abrupt margin of the aperture scalloped. Aperture semilunate, very oblique, with two massive lips, one within the other. Major diam., 4*5; minor diam., 3*5; height, 3'3 mm. Hah. — Torres Straits; dredged by Mr. J. Brazier, in 12 fathoms. Type. — To be preserved in the Australian Museum. Teinostoma vesta, n.sp. (Plate ii., figs. 14-16.) Shell subdiscoidal, solid, smooth, glossy, white, and widely umbilicate. Whorls four, parted by a furrowed suture, last whorl broadened near the aperture, above ascending on the previous whorl, below with incipient transverse ribs. Spire a little elevated. Umbilicus infundibuliform, sharply angled at the margin. Aperture oval, a little thickened within. Major diam., 3-15 ; minor diam., 2-3 ; height, 1-5 mm. BY C. IIEDLEY. 19 Hah. — Darnle}^ Island, Torres Straits; several examples dredged by Mr. J. Brazier, in 30 fathoms. Type. — To be preserved in the Australian Museum. Cyllene lactea, Adams & Angas. Adams k Angas, P.Z.S., 1863, p. 422; 1867, p. 191. (Plate ii., fig. 10.) A drawing is now presented of this hitherto unfigured species. The original is 13 mm. in length and 6-5 in breadth. It was identified by Mr. Brazier, and was dredged by him in 8 fathoms off the inner North Head, Sydney Harbour. The colour is not always as described by the specific name. Some shells are marbled with pale brown, and have below the suture alternate white and da.rk brown spaces. Cantharidus decoratus, Philippi. This common shell varies a little;^' some specimens are more sharply keeled and some are broader in proportion to their height than others ; the spiral lines of granules differ in their develop- ment, and the colouration is not always the same. Owing partly to this, but chiefly to insufficient material, it seems to me that several names have been applied to it. After diligent study I can find no essential difference between the descriptions and figures in the Conchylien Cabinet of Trochus decoratus {^. 59), T, fragum (p. 257), and T. pyrgos (p. 297), all of Philippi. Indeed, my chief difficulty in uniting these is to believe that so careful an author could thus err. No subsequent conchologist has recognised all three species. For instance. Smith sees T. decoratus in the Sydney shell, but refers to fragum as only known to him in literature ; again, Pilsbry recognises the Sydney shell as I', pyrgos^ but T. decoratus is for him a name in books. The description of Thalotia zeh7'ides by A. Adams is without measurement or locality, and is quite useless for discrimination. Angas, doubtless informed by Adams, thus determined and * As noticed by Reeve, Conch. Icon, xiv., 1863, Ziziphinus, PI. v., f. 36. 20 STUDIES ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA, redescribed the common Sydney shell. "^ Pilsbry doubtfully subordinates T. zehrides to Cantharidus pyrgos.^ These names appeared in the following order : — Trockus (lecoratus, Philippi, Zeitsch. f. Mai., July, 1846, p. 102. Locality unknown ; from Gruner's collection. Trochus fragutn, Philippi, Zeitsch. f. Mai., 1848, ^. 106. Locality unknown ; also from Gruner's collection. Trochus pyrgos, Philippi, Zeitsch. f. Mai., 1849, p. 189. Locality Australia; from Hanley's collection. Thalotia zehrides, A. Ad., P.Z.S., 1851, p. 173. Locality un- known. Canthiridus decoratus, Ad. & Ang. (P.Z.S. 1864, p. 37), is identified by Prof. Tate as Gihhula tiberiana, Crosse, 1863. It is submitted that the different rendering of the generic name of that species permits Cantharidus decoratus, Philippi, to be used for the Sydney shell. CUSPIDARIA LATESULCATA, Ten. Woods. Necera latesulcata, Woods, P.L.S. N.S.W. ii., 1877 (1878), pp. 123, 124. (Plate ii., figs. 11-13.) That an illustration of this hitherto unfigured species might be supplied, Dr. J. C. Cox has kindly lent me his original series studied by the Rev. J. T. Woods. The valve represented is 31 mm. long. C. latesulcata was taken in Torres Straits by Prof. A. C. Haddon.+ Smith, who writes the name, N. lati sulcata, marks the species as one he personally examined and includes it in his section A. or Necera proper. § Dall has pointed out that because Necera is preoccupied in entomology, Cuspida7'ia must necessarily be adopted. || * Angas, P.Z.S., 1867, p. 215. t Pilsbry, Man. Conch. xi.,p. 144. + Melvill & Standen, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xxvii., 1899, p. 202. § Smith, Chall. Keport, Lamellibranchiata, 1885, p. 35. II Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xii., p. 292. BY C. HEDLEY. 21 CuspiDARiA TASMANICA, Ten. Woods. T. Woods, Proc. R. Soc. Tcasmania, 1875, p. 27. For comparison with the fore- going species I include illustrations of this hitlierto unfigured species, derived from an authentic specimen kindly lent to me by the Rev. H. D. Atkinson. (Fig. 20). Lima brunnea, n.sp. (Plate ii., figs. 7-9.) Shell thin, translucent, small, shaped like an axehead, with no gape, very inequilateral. Pos- teriorly the shell is truncate for almost the whole height, the trun- cated portion being sharply and CuspiDARiA TASMANICA. deeply infolded. A curve of ^ig- 20. half a circle is approximately described by the ventral and anterior margin. Colour, pale brown. Sculpture : the whole surface is evenly covered by fine, close, radiating riblets, which are microscopically beaded, diverge from a median parting and are occasionally disjointed by concentric growth lines. Cardinal area triangular, overhung by the in- curved beak and sharply defined by a ridge above. Hinge line short. Auricles almost obsolete, cartilage narrow, in an obliquely descending, shallow sulcus, which barely undulates the hinge margin. Inside polished, faintly tinged with purple; the margins denticulated by the radiating riblets. Height, 8 mm.; length, 6 mm.; breath of conjoined valves, 4 mm. Hah. — Only known within Sydney Heads; dredged alive in 8 fathoms off Green Point, Watson's Bay, by Mr. J. Brazier; found dead on Chinaman's Beach, Middle Harbour, by myself, and at the inner South Head by Mr. H. L. Kesteven. 22 STUDIES ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA, Type — To be preserved in the Australian Museum. I have had the pleasure of showing this remarkable little shell to Prof. Tate, who confirms me in regarding it as new. The feeble ligament and tightly closed valves suggest to me that this Lima is no swimmer. On the Challenger Station, 164 B. One of the Australian "Stations" of the cruise of H.M.S. Challenger is known as 164 B. It is situated a little distance east of Sydney in a depth of 410 fathoms. Here the expedition is reputed to have obtained a quantity of shells. Most are known from this haul alone. Of these are: — Necera angasi, Lima muri^ayi, L. aitstralis, Pecten challengeri, JVucula umbonata, JV. dilecta, Tellimya Huhacu- minata, Solarium atkinsoni, Scahi distincta, Mitra miranda, Marginella carinata, M. brazie^'i, Cancellaria exigua, Pleici'otoma challengeri, P. crossei, P. hoylei, P. watsoni, Odostomia fischeri, 0. consanguinea, 0. constricta, Bulla incommoda, Cylichna ordinaria and Lej)eta alta, all of E. A. Smith ; Trochus glyptus, Trophon carduelis, Fusus jx^yodoides and Nassaria campyla, of R. B. Watson; Tiirritella smithiana and T. crenulata of Miss J. Donald. Except for their presence in this haul the remainder of the species are known only from the North Atlantic Ocean, namely: — ■Rissoa deliciosa, Jeffreys; Dentalium ensicidus, Jeffreys; D. panormitanum, Chenu; C'usjndaria teres, Jeffreys; Poromya neceroides, Seguenza; Cadulns propinquus, Sars (or C curtus, Jeffreys) ; Dentalium capillosuin, Jeffreys ; Scaphander gracilis, Watson; Scissurella crispata, Fleming; and Seguenzia carinata, Jeffreys. Mr. E. A. Smith, who has dealt with this collection, remarks on it as follows: — "The specimens in question were picked out of samples of sea-bottom, which have been examined since the reports on the Gasteropoda and Lamellibranchiata by the Rev. R. Boog Watson and myself respectively were published. Mr. BY C. HEDLEY. 23 Watson, who examined the Gasteropods, questioned the correct- ness of the locality from the presence of these Atlantic forms, and was inclined to believe that some mistake must have occurred. I also at first held the same view; but as Dr. Murray is convinced that no such error in the locality could possibly exist, I feel bound to withdraw that opinion."* Probably most naturalists will fail to reconcile the facts with the conclusion quoted. Personally I cannot believe that an extensive series of marine shells could be taken in the neighbour- hood of Sydney, which on the one hand should contain no Pacific species, but on the other have so large a proportion as one quarter of North Atlantic forms. A consultation of the " Summary of Results " of the Challenger expedition, strengthens the presump- tion that these shells are foreign to Australian seas. For it is written (i., p. 574) that at station 164 B., the operations con- sisted of sounding and putting over the trawl which came up V with a few specimens." In fact, the dredge was not put down at all. If the record of these specimens be correct, then one of the most profitable hauls of the voyage, rich in species and exceptionally rich in individuals, was made without using a dredge and appeared to the officer-in-charge as "a few specimens." With reference to D. ensiculus, Pilsbryf writes : — "Taking into account the association of species of other genera, it seems to us quite incredible that these forms actually occurred at the station alleged. It is more likely that a locality label became misplaced." Following this suggestion, it occurred to me that "164 B." might be a mistaken label for "64." Examination of the record of the latter station gives some support to this hypothe- sis. For Challenger Station 64 is in mid- Atlantic, between Bermuda and the Azores, with a depth of 2,700 fathoms. Here the dredge was put down "to get a good sample of the * E. A. Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc. i., 1894, pp. 59, 60, t Pilsbry, Man. Conch, xvii. p. 122. /. cit.^ p. 230), " But I am persuaded that formerly true glacier ice was formed on the Muniong, and I have always thought that the effect of it may have produced a kind of gold moraine in places, where auriferous veins came into contact with ice." BY PROF. DAVID, RICHARD HELMS, AND E. P. PITTMAN. 27 In 1855 the late Baron Ferdinand von Miiller explored the Kosciusko region, chiefly botanically. He speaks of "glaciers" and "ice masses" at Kosciusko, but really refers not to true glacier ice but to snow masses which are characteristic of Kosciusko in winter, and which Mr. Clarke aptly describes thus {pp. cit. p. 225) : — "The snow itself was not exactl}' in the condition of that which I saw on the glaciers of Mont Blanc, and which is called "neve," nor was it strictly "neige;" it partook of the characters of both, and though not lying on ice but on the rocks, was certainly in a transition state, being partially con- solidated. It had been, I doubt not, often partially thawed and re-congealed, the snows of many winters contributing to it. Hence its imperfect crystalline structure." In January, 1885, Dr. R. von Lendenfeld made a cursory examination of the Kosciusko Plateau, spending a couple of days near the summit (ii, 12). Although he did not actually observe ice-grooved rock surface, nor striated boulders nor moraines, he nevertheless concluded from the general aspect of the surface of the granite above the altitude of 5,800 feet, that the Kosciusko Plateau had at one time been glaciated from its highest points (over 7,000 feet), down to that level. During 1889 and 1893 one of us (Mr. Richard Helms) visited the Australian Alps and found very definite traces of glaciation in the form of moraines, and exhibited to this Societ}^ an ice- scratched block from Kosciusko ( 6 )• The conclusion arrived at in a subsequent paper was that the ice which glaciated Kosciusko came down at least as low as 5,200 feet above the sea. It is suggested that the numerous small circular lakes in the Monaro region, not far from the Kosciusko Plateau^ and lying at altitudes of only about 3,000 feet, may also be of glacial origin ( 7 ). In 1895 Mr. J. B. Jaquet, A.R.S.M., RG.S., examined and reported upon a part of the Kosciusko Plateau ( 9 ). Mr. Jaquet did not see any definite traces of glacial action in the part of the plateau visited by him, and as a matter of fact in the localities examined by him such traces are not conspicuous. 28 GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON KOSCIUSKO, 111 1897 the Rev. J. Milne Curran made a detailed examination of the greater part of the Kosciusko Plateau and embodied the results in a paper to this Society. He concluded that evidences of the former presence of moving glacier ice in the region examined by him were wanting (4, 5). During the same year Messrs. A. E. Kitson, F.G.S., and W. Thorn examined the Kosciusko Plateau, but not sufficiently far north to come within reach of the principal areas, where the glacial evidences now described in this paper exist (10). They conclude, however, that there are evidences of glacial markings at Mount Etheridge, not far from the summit of Kosciusko (10, p. 369). During February and March of this year we examined a large portion of the Kosciusko Plateau in company with Mr. F. B. Guthrie, F.C.8., and on these occasions found such clear evidences of ice-action as places the former existence of glacier ice at Kosciusko absolutely beyond dispute. II. General Geological Features. The section (Plate vi.) accompanying this paper illustrates our views as to the general geology of the region examined by us. At Cooma a gneissic granite traversed by coarse veins of pegmatite prevails. The folia dip in a general direction of about E. 10° N. at 65°. These gneisses differ materially from the gneissic granite of Kosciusko. The Cooma gneisses are very much crushed and strongly foliated, and, as mentioned, are traversed by veins of pegmatite, whereas the gneissic granite of the Kosciusko Plateau is only slightly foliated, and is devoid of the very coarsely crystalline pegmatites, although containing occasional veins of a hard, fine-grained aplite. The gneisses continue from Cooma towards Jindabyne for about 7 J miles, with smallflows of Tertiary olivine basalt capping it at 5|- miles and 6J miles. Beyond 7J miles the micaceous gneissic rocks give place to sedimentary rocks, apparently part of the series of Lower Silurian radiolarian rocks observed further on towards Jindabyne. At 8 J miles BY PROF. DAVID, RICHARD HELMS, A\D E. F. PITTMAN. 29 towards Jindab3'ne there is a strong outcrop of these sedimentary rocks. At 9 miles granite of the Kosciusko Phxteau type first makes its appearance. It has the general aspect of being newer than the gneiss of Cooma. An actual junction, however, between the two was not observed. This granite continues, with occasional cappings of basalt and Tertiary gravels at the points shown on the section to about half a mile beyond Berridale, a total of 21 miles beyond Cooma. At the latter spot there is a sharp junction line between this granite and some black chiastolitic shales and radiolarian cherts. The altitude of this junction line on the main road is about 2,530 feet. The chiastolite slates and shales here dip N. 15° W. at 70^. At 22|- miles an interesting lake, Lake Coolapatong, is seen about half a mile to left of the road. One of us (Mr. Helms) has suggested that it may be of glacial origin. Its altitude is approximately 2,400 feet. At Barney's Ridge, from 24 miles to 27 miles, 15 chains from Cooma, there is a great development of radiolarian cherts and shales. As these are striking in the direction of Stockyard Creek, Byadbo, where Mr. J. E. Carne, F.G.S., has discovered, in rocks lithologically identical, numerous Lower Silurian graptolites (47). There can be little doubt, we think, that these rocks too at Barney's ridge are Lower Silurian. This supposition is much strengthened by the recent discovery by Mr. W. S. Dun, Palaeontologist to the Geological Survey of New South Wales, of abundant casts of radiolaria in the graptolite shales of Byadbo, similar to the casts in the Barney's Ridge cherts. The latter, moreover, closely resemble the Lower Silurian graptolitic cherts and shales of Mandurama in New South Wales, in which one of us (Mr. Pittman) has discovered and described Lower Silurian graptolites. The chalcedonic pseudomorphs after radiolaria in the cherts at Barney's Ridge vary from 0-75 mm. to 0-150 mm. in diameter. By far the greater number are exactly 0*115 mm. in diameter. The casts are all more or less spherical. 30 GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON KOSCIUSKO, It is obvious that the sedimentary rocks at Barnej^'s Ridge form a basin bounded by granite on the east and on the west sides. From the point previously mentioned, 27 miles and 15 chains on the road from Cooma to Jindabyne, the typical Kosciusko granite replaces the Lower Silurian rocks, and continues, more or less, without interruption to the Kosciusko Plateau. The Kosciusko Plateau rises abruptly from the valley of the Crackenback River to an altitude of a little over 5,000 feet (about 5,200 feet) at Boggy Plains up to 6,000 feet at Pretty Point (top of Point) and culminates at an altitude of 7,328 feet at the summit of Kosciusko, where Mr. Wragge's Meteorological Observatory now stands. The plateau is for the most part formed of gneisssic granite very full of dark enclosures. These are mostly not basic segregations or secretions, but fragments torn from older rocks, some of them being fragments of micaceous quartzite and quartz schist. The folia of the granite strike about 8.S. W. and N.N.E., dipping chiefly to E.S.E. at varying angles, perhaps 70° being near the average. The granite is traversed by dykes of pyroxene-amphibolite rocks, passing by decomposition into a chlorite rock. There are also present whitish veins of hard aj^litic granite, which seem of somewhat later origin than the mass of the granite. One of these veins is shown in Plate vii The granite is also traversed by dykes of olivine-basalt con- taining enclosures of granite. A large dyke of this kind may be observed at Strzelecki's Pass (Lendenfeld), close to Russell's Tarn (Helms), a short distance from Mount Townsend. Another on the main dividing ridge above Garrard Tarn (Harnett's Lake), and a third on the west side of Lake Mere wether (Blue Lake). (Plate iii.). A very interesting dyke rock was discovered by us at a point about one-quarter of a mile up Evidence Valley (Valley of Blue Lake) from its junction with the Snowy River. The dyke is about 7 feet wide and strikes E. 5^^' N., and is vertical. It is almost entirely formed of the minerals nepheline and BY PROF. DAVID, RICHARD HELMS, AND E. F. PITTMAN. 31 ^girine. Mr. G. W. Card, A.R.S.M., F.G.S., determined the latter mineral for us. The nepheline is in beautifully developed idiomorphic to hypidiomorphic crystals, showing perfect rect- angular or hexagonal outlines in thin sections. Sanidine is present in long delicate acicular crystals, singly twinned. The rock is therefore essentially a phonolite. Sedimentary rocks, as shown on the map (Plate iii.), are represented by slates, phyllites, and felspathic quartzites, which are very possibly of Lower Silurian age. No fossils, however, macroscopic or micro- scopic were observed in them by us. We would add that the frequency of earthquake shocks in the neighbourhood of Cooma (see appendix, 51) indicates that crustal cracking and orogenic movement is probably still in progress in this region. III. Evidences of Glacial Action. These may be grouped as follows : — 1 . Smoothing of rock surfaces. 2. Roches inoutonnees. 3. Grooved and striated rock surfaces and striated boulders. 4. Erratics and perched blocks. 5. Terminal and lateral moraines. 6. Lakes and tarns of glacial origin. As regards No. 1, Professor Lendenfeld has. already noted that the rocks of gneissic granite at the Wilkinson Valley, near Kos- ciusko, and at "Tom's Flat" (Thompson's Flat), near Pretty Point, are smoothed and hoUowed-out in a manner very suggestive of glacier action (11,12); and one of us (Mr. Helms) has already commented on the fact that from Mount Kosciusko down to the level of Boggy Plains, the granite surface over a large area shows evidence of having been planed down by glacier ice ( 7 )• The recent examination by us of part of the Kosciusko high- lands has confirmed these opinions as to the general smoothing of the rock surfaces in the Kosciusko region between altitudes of 7,150 feet and 5,600 feet. In a paper of an introductory character like the present, it may be convenient to describe these evidences in the order in which 32 GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON KOSCIUSKO, a traveller following the usual route from Cooma via Jindabyne and Boggy Plains to Kosciusko would be likely to see them. We have, however, departed from this rule in the case of localities where the evidence of glaciation is obscure, such areas being treated of last. If, therefore, the evidences at Boggy Plains, Pretty Point, and the flats near Porcupine Ridge and Betts' Camp be passed over for the present, it may be assumed that the observer has reached the right branch of the Snowy River near its source. At the point where the track to Kosciusko from Botts' Camp crosses the right branch of the Snowy River there is a little morainic material in the valley bottom with a few tarns lying higher up. At about 30 chains N.N.W. of this point, more in the direction of the dray track than of the bridle track, the observer may notice two moraines of rough angular granite blocks trailing down from a spur of the Etheridge Range towards the Snowy River. If this spur be now followed in a south-west direction for half a mile, so as to rejoin the bridle track to Kosciusko, the observer will see a fairly well marked lateral moraine just before the crest of the ridge of the Etheridge Range is reached, at a point IJ miles E. 33° N. from the Kosciusko Observatory. The altitude of the upper end of this moraine is about 6,660 feet, which is only a trifle lower than the upper end of the moraine to be described later near Townsend's Pass (Lendenfeld) in the Snowy Valley, these two being the highest moraines observed by us in the Kosciusko region. Further along the bridle track to Kosciusko a number of hummocky rock masses, having all the appearance of Nunatahr^ form the capping of the Etheridge Range. The altitude at the base of these is about 6,910 feet. The rocks up to the base of the Nunatakr show evidence of having been much smoothed; and as grooved rocks were seen by us near Mount Townsend up to a level of at least 6,850 feet, it is only reasonable to conclude that the ice surface near these Nunatakr stood at an altitude of at least 6,910 feet. Half a mile further along the bridle track is Ramshead Pass, about one-quarter of a mile E.S.E. from the Kosciusko Observatory. The BY PROF. DAVID, RICHARD HELMS, AND E. F. PITTMAN. 33 rocks at this pass, 7,000 high, show evidence of having been smoothed, probably by ice, from the bottom of the pass up to a level of 7,150 feet, this being the extreme upward limit to which possible ice-action was traced by us in the Kosciusko Plateau. From Ramshead Pass (Lendenfeld) a view may be obtained of the first of the glacial lakes, Lake May (or Cootapatamba, or Kosciusko). Lake May [Lake Cootapatamba, Lake Kosciusko). — This lake bears S. by E. from the Kosciusko Observatory, and is distant from it about three-quarters of a mile. An examination of the valley which descends from Ramshead Pass to the lake shows throughout ice-smoothed rock surfaces and moraine material with occasional ice-scratched blocks. The last mentioned are rare, as might have been expected in a locality where the dominant rock is a coarsely crystalline gneissic granite, very unsuited to receiving or retaining glacial markings. Such few boulders as exhibit glacial markings are of felspathic quartzite, and were derived from the east side of the valley. The lake which is about one-quarter of a mile long and has a maxi- mum depth of about 17 feet, is bounded, at its lower end, by a very well marked terminal moraine. The latter is slightly crescent- shaped with the convex side of the crescent directed down the valley. From its west extremity the moraine trends E. 10° S. for 6 chains, then E. 8° N. for 6 chains, then N.E. for about 8 chains, passing in this last direction into lateral moraine. The best ice- scratched blocks obtained by us were at the base of the terminal moraine near its east end. While the length of this terminal moraine does not exceed one- quarter of a mile, its height, at this east end, is a little over 40 feet, and near the centre about 75 feet. The blocks in the moraine are nearly all granite, and are mostly from 3 feet up to about 8 feet in diameter; a great number being of this larger size. Occasionally blocks were observed up to 10 or even 12 feet in diameter. 3 34 GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON KOSCIUSKO, It was only on the east side of the moraine that fragments of phyllite and quartzite were found. This is accounted for by the fact that these sedimentary rocks form the bed rock only on the eastern side of the valley, as shown by the geological sketch map (Plate iii.)- The general strike of these sedimentary rocks is about S. 8° E., and is, therefore, nearly parallel with the trend of the valley. It is probable that these quartzites are identical with those upon which is situated the striated rock surface near Townsend's Pass, about two miles distant, in a N. by E. direction, and to be described later. At a total of about 22 chains below the south end of Lake May is a second terminal moraine obviously older than the preceding. Like the latter it is crescent-shaped, being thickest at the middle and slightly looped down the valley (Plate v., fig. 1). It is about 18 chains in length as terminal moraine proper, and is extended further, in a N.E. direction, as lateral moraine. The level of the creek where it has cut through this lower terminal moraine, at the lower side of the embankment, is 95 feet below the top of the embankment immediately to the west, and is 180 feet below the level of the western end of this moraine, which is its highest point. As there can be little doubt that the height of the central part of this moraine has been lowered a good deal by denudation, it may fairly be assumed that at its centre it was formerly, perhaps, at least from 20 to 30 feet higher than at present, which would make its thickness from 100 feet up to about 120 feet. If, however, this moraine was originally as high at the centre as at the sides, its height at the centre would have been originally 180 feet. As regards the development of the glacier ice in this valley it is evident from the duplication of the terminal moraine embank- ments and from the space which separates them, that there have been two distinct epochs or phases there of glaciation, the older glacier being about one quarter of a mile longer than the newer and having a larger terminal moraine. BY PROF. DAVID, RICHARD HELMS, AND B. F. PITTMAN. 35 There must have been a long pause of the glacier snout at the present position of the lower moraine. Subsequently the glacier retreated more or less rapidly up the valley until its front rested upon the present site of Lake May. There was then a second long pause during which the second terminal moraine embankment, about one-quarter of a mile long and 75 feet in greatest thickness, was slowly built up. Then came a second retreat of the glacier up the valley, perhaps more gradual than the first, and the ice melted back to near Ramshead Pass without leaving any further definite terminal moraine embank- ment, although its retreat is marked by deposition of a certain amount of irregularly distributed moraine matter along the bottom of the valley, with a little lateral moraine along its eastern side. As regards the thickness of the ice during the later of these two glaciations, an examination of the smoothed granite surfaces on the west side of this valley shows that the valley must have been glaciated up to a level of at least 150 feet above the present level of Lake May, and as the moraine dam at this lake is about 75 feet high, a farther thickness of perhaps that amount might be added for the former depth of the glacier ice at this epoch. The ice, therefore, in this valley was probably at this time at least 200 feet in thickness. During the earlier phase of this valley glaciation, when the lower terminal moraine was formed, as the moraine is now 95 feet high and was formerly at least 120 feet high, possibly 180 feet, the ice at this terminal moraine must at one time have been probably from 150 to 200 feet thick, and higher up the valley cannot have been much less than 300 feet thick. A cursory examination of the rocks for a short distance below the level of this older terminal moraine showed that they were more or less smoothed, apparently by ice, for some distance down the valley. Definite evidence, however, of ice action was not observed below the low^er moraine dam, but it would be premature, in the absence of detailed examination, to conclude that no glacial evidences exist at a lower altitude. 36 GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON KOSCIUSKO, The Wilkinson Valley. — The highest part of this valley, just beneath Mount Townsend, was not examined by us, and the following remarks apply only to the portion of it which lies within a distance of about a mile below the above limit. Evidences of glacial action are not so fresh or distinct there as in other localities, about to be described, at Kosciusko. Neither grooved nor ice-scratched rocks were observed, but the granite surface was seen to be smoothed and hollowed-out in a manner which cannot well be explained except by ice-action, as Professor Lendenfeld has already argued (12, p. 47). In the small valley, the head of which is separated by a very low divide from the Wilkinson Valley, and which lies immediately below and due west of the Kosciusko Observatory, several low moraine banks were noticed by us. The two principal ones bear about 315° and 333° respectively from the Kosciusko Observatory. They are not more than from 10 to at least 15 feet in height. The Snowy Valley {le/t branch). — As already mentioned, near Ramshead Pass, which divides the head of the Snowy River from the Lake May Yalley, the granite shows evidence of ice- wear up to a level of about 7,150 feet, that is up to about 150 feet above the level of Ramshead Pass. If a descent be made into the head of the Snowy Valley from this pass, it will be seen that a large amount of moraine material extends for several hundred feet above the valley bottom. This is deposited chiefly on the west side of the valley. Smoothed surfaces of quartzites were observed at three places between the head of the valley and the small recent landslip, \\ miles northerly from Ramshead Pass. Beyond this point the valley bends sharply to the east, but if the observer continues on a northerly course for a little over one- quarter of a mile further so as to cross the Snowy and ascend towards "Townsend's Pass," to the south of Lake Albina, he comes upon a beautifully preserved remnant of a lateral moraine, already alluded to by one of us (Mr. Helms, 7, p- 358). (See Plate X., fig. 2). This moraine trends in a S.E. direction from Townsend's Pass towards the Snowy River. It bears about N. 15° E. from BY PROF. DAVID, RICHARD HELMS, AND E. F. PITTMAN. 37 Kosciusko Observcatory, and is a mile and a half distant. It forms a conspicuous feature in the landscape, bearing a striking- resemblance to a railway embankment. Its trend is E.S.E. and W.S.W., its upper end lying in the latter direction. It is nearly a third of a mile in length, the exact measurement being ab(jut 32 chains. Beyond this limit, however, it has been considerably denuded, and for a further distance of over one-quarter of a mile it is repre- sented merely by irregular hummocks of more or less redistributed moraine material. Its summit is flat, from 20 to 30 yards wide, and has a slope to the E.S.E. of 1 in 4i for the first 100 yards, and 1 in 5 for the remainder of the distance. The moraine is composed chiefly of angular and subangular blocks of granite and slate with a certain amount of interstitial sandy material. The fragments of granite are usually from 3 inches to 1 foot in diameter and are mostly subangular or rounded. Blocks up to 2 feet in diameter are not infrequent. Three angular granite erratics were observed by us in this moraine, respectively measuring 61 ft. x 5 ft. x 41 ft, 12 ft. x 4 f t. x 3 ft., and 14 ft. x 8 ft. x 5^ ft. As a rule the granite boulders show neither grooves nor striae, the coarsely crystalline character. of the rock and its easy weathering being unfavourable to the forming or preserving of such glacial markings. A block, however, now exhibited, of fine-grained aplitic granite (which we dug in situ out of the moraine) has distinct glacial grooves on its under surface. The fragments of slate (phyllite) in the moraine vary from 2 inches up to 6 inches and rarely 1 foot in diameter. They are mostly subangular, and out of some hundreds of specimens examined the majority exhibit irregular glacial cuts, grooves, and coarse scratches. The material of this micaceous phyllite is wholly unsuited to receive or retain fine striae. The upper surfaces of the slate fragments in this moraine seldom, if ever, exhibit either scratches or grooves, all traces of such having been effaced through weathering. 38 GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON KOSCIUSKO, That the whole moraine, as well as the rock surface to the N.E. on which it originally reposed, has undergone an appreciable amount of erosion, since the disappearance of the last of the glaciers is proved b}^ the evidence shown in Plate iv. Careful measurements convinced us that not less than 9 feet (measured vertically) of moraine and 10 feet of phyllite have been eroded since the retreat of the ice, and this has led to the for- mation of the small gully which bounds this lateral moraine on the N.E. A total lowering of the surface, therefore, to the extent of at least 1 9 feet has taken place since the disappearance of the last of the ice. The evidence afforded by the erosion of this small gully, at the side of the lateral moraine, was about the best we were able to obtain as to the approximate date of the latest glaciation at Kosciusko. It is, of course, impossible to estimate the exact time- value of this erosion, but in this respect we would quote the statistics recently obtained by Mr. C. C. Brittlebank, F.G.S., for the rate of erosion of the Myrniong Creek Valley, in Victoria."^ Mr. Brittlebank summarises (op. cit. p. 321) the results of his observations as follows : — Rate of erosion in Werribee River and tributary creeks, Victoria. Basalt ... 002 inches in 5 years = 1 inch in 250 years. Silurian ... 0*03 ,, ,, =1 ,, 166| ,, (Slates— T.W.E.D.) Granite ... 0-04 ,, „ =1 „ 125 ,, Glacial ... 0-05 „ „ -1 „ 100 „ (Compact Permo-Carbonif erous mudstone with small glacial boulders — T.W.E.D.) The moraine at Townsend's Pass, Kosciusko, would no doubt have been eroded much more rapidly than any of the rocks studied by Mr. Brittlebank, and the time needed for its erosion * Austr. Association Adv. of Science, Melbourne, Jan. 1901. "The rate of erosion of some river valleys." By C. C. Brittlebank. Geol. Mag. No. 433. New Series, Dee. iv. Vol. vii. July, 1900, pp. 320-322. BY PROF. DAVID, RICHARD HELMS, AND E. F. PITTMAN. 39 would be relatively so small as to be negligible; and it has accord- ingly been omitted from the following calculations. As regards the phyllites in view of their highly cleaved and jointed character and their soft micaceous nature, it is probable that erosion, in their case, too, may have progressed at least as rapidly as in the case of the Permo-Carboniferous glacial beds studied by Mr. Brittlebank, and if further allowance be made for exposure to frosts on Kosciusko, and for the great range of temperature to which the rocks there are exposed, it may reasonably be assumed that the erosion at Kosciusko was more rapid than at the Werribee River. At the same time the fact must not be lost sight of that for about six months in the year the moraine at Townsend's Pass is under snow, during which time erosion and weathering would be at a minimum. Even if the phyllites at the above moraine were eroded at the same rate as the Permo-Carboniferous beds of the Werribee River, that is at the rate of 1 inch in 100 years, at least 10 feet of phyllite having been eroded since the latest glaciation, this would obviously need for its accomplishment 10x12x100 years = 12,000 years. For reasons, however, stated above it is pro- bable that these figures are too high. This supposition is confirmed by the freshness and good state of preservation of the glaciated surfaces of granite even in highly exposed positions in the Kosciusko Plateau, not more than one-sixteenth of an inch to 1 inch having been removed by weathering. The original glaciated surface, however, is rarely preserved, except where it has been protected by a covering of moraine. If the gully to the N.E. of the lateral moraine be followed down from the end of the moraine embankment towards the Snowy River, a small striated rock surface may be noticed of hard slate, and about a couple of yards square, about three chains below the base of the moraine embankment ; and at a point still further down towards the Snowy River 7| chains below the foot of the moraine, and a few feet above the bed of the creek, is another small striated rock surface. The rock in this case is a hard quartzite. It is a few feet above the east bank of the creek, and 40 GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON KOSCIUSKO, the magnetic bearing from it to the Kosciusko Observatory is 200° 20'. The surface measures about 8 feet long by 2 feet wide at the centre, and 1 foot wide at either end. It trends S. 5° E. and N. 5° W., and its surface dips S. 10° W. at 10°. The whole surface has been ground smooth, and is faintly striated. A portion of this is now exhibited. The strise run N. 30° W., and S. 30° E., the strike side being on the N.W., as might have been expected, as the valley here falls from the N.W. towards the S.E. At a point nearly one-quarter of a mile south-east of the pre- ceding is another striated rock surface of quartzite, of the nature of a small roche moutonnee. The striae run from N.W. to S.E. The altitude of this is about 6,340 feet, whereas that of the previous glaciated surface of quartzite is about 6,400 feet. The level of the summit of the lateral moraine at its lower end is 6,510 feet, while that of the extreme upper end is 6,720 feet. The Snowy Yalley below the 6,340 feet roche mouto7inee was not examined by us in detail, excepting between a point due west of Charlotte's Pass, at the junction of Club Lake (Harnett's Lake, or Garrard Tarn), and the junction lower down of Evidence Valley Creek with the Snowy River. Near the junction of Club Lake Oreek with the Snowy River there is a well-marked terrace of what appears to be redistributed moraine material on the right bank of the Snowy River ; and several ice-scratched boulders were picked up by us on the left bank of the Snowy, just above its junction with Evidence Valley Creek, the latter having its source in Lake Merewether (the Blue Lake). About 5,520 feet is the altitude by aneroid of the lowest spot were such ice-scratched pebbles were found by us. This is the lowest level at which any ice-scratched pebbles were observed. It is of course possible that these were not in situ, but had drifted down from higher levels. At the same time the gneissic granite along this part of the Snowy Valle}^ shows almost certain evidence of ice-wear, down to at least as far as the junction BY PROF. DAVID, RICHARD HELMS, AND E. F. PITTMAN. 41 with Evidence Valley Creek. The distance to this point from Townsend's Pass is about 4| miles, and we think it may safely be inferred that the Snowy Valley was at one time filled with ice to at least as far down as this. Before considering the possible thickness of ice in this valley it will be advisable to describe the important collateral evidence in the Lake Albina Valley. Lake Albina Valley. — The finest glaciated rock surfaces hitherto observed by us are in the Lake Albina Valley. The upper end of the valley, where the evidences of past glacial action are pronounced, is only about three-quarters of a mile in length, the slope of the bottom of the valley being- gradual for this distance, but below the north end of Lake Albina plunging steeply down towards the Murray River. Traced to its commencement the valley is found to begin on the north side of Townsend's Pass (the pass over the main Dividing Range between the Murray and the Snowy River watersheds, due south of Lake Albina). The altitude (by aneroid) of this pass is 6,650 feet. From the base of the northern slope of this pass to the northern end of Lake Albina the bottom of the valley is filled with hummocky masses of moraine material, surmounted by large granite erratics up to 20 feet in diameter, and it appeared to us to contain more morainic material than any other of the valleys examined by us on the Kosciusko Plateau, with the exception, perhaps, of the Evidence Valley. The moraine drift has been carried beyond the north end of Lake Albina, and to some height up the eastern slope of the valley, numerous large erratics of granite having there invaded the area of the slate (phyllite) formation. These can be seen in the distance in a photograph by one of us (Mr. E. F. Pittman). (Plate X., fig. 8). Several small tarns are situated near the upper end of the moraine debris, south of Lake Albina. Lake Albina itself owes its origin to a moraine dam. This has been cut through by the creek, and huge boulders derived from it now fill the bed of the 42 GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON KOSCIUSKO, water course at lower levels, the creek north of this moraine plunging down rapidly towards the Murray River. The lake is a little under one-quarter of a mile in length by from about 3 to 5 chains in width. It appears to be fairly deep in places in pro- portion to its size. Its surface, as measured by aneroid, is about 6,340 feet above the sea. The moraine stuff in the neighbourhood of the lake has been much redistributed, and is partly masked by a covering of recently slipped slate-rubble along its eastern shore. Under these circumstances ice-scratched blocks would not be expected to occur, except very sparingly, and as a matter of fact none were observed by us. The moraine material hides the granite surface from view for the most part up to a level of about 150 to 200 feet above the Lake, but from this level up to the very summit of the ridge connecting Mount Townsend with the main Dividing Range, the steep, and in places almost precipitous, granite surface shows abundant and beautiful evidence of having been intensely glaciated. Projecting corners are rasped off, and more or less deeply grooved. Even sheltered recesses have not escaped the abrading action of the ice, and the grooves and strise are so fresh on some of them as to appear to be of quite recent origin. Seven more or less extensive grooved surfaces were observed by one of us in an hour's examination of this western side of the valley. The positions of these are shown on the plan, and their altitudes range from 6,530 feet up to 6,820 feet. The last level is within 30 feet of the top of the ridge, separating the Lake Albina Valley from the Wilkinson Valley. It is quite evident from the way in which the rocks have been ground down on the summit of the ridge that ice of considerable thickness must at one time have passed over it. The finest grooved pavement observed by us is situated at a point bearing due west of the south end of Lake Albina, and 15 chains distant. There is a smaller grooved pavement about 10 feet below the larger pavement. The larger one measures about 28 yards from N. to S., and about 25 yards from E. to W. The surface has been ground down to a nearly uniform level, is nearly horizontal BY PROF. DAVID, RICHARD HELMS, AND E. F. PITTMAN. 43 and is deeply grooved, the grooves running in perfectly straight lines across the platform in a direction E. 15° N. They are nearly at right angles to the gneissic structure of the granite, and many of them are at least 50 feet in length, and are cut to a depth of one-half to one inch. These grooves form the most incon- trovertible evidence as to the grinding action of moving glacier ice. If the observer sights along these grooves in a direction E. 15° N. he will see that they point direct to the large polished roche moutonnee on the west shore of Lake Albina, near its southern end, at the point where the lake is so contracted as to be almost divided into two. This beautiful grooved pavement had to be photographed by one of us under rather disadvantageous circumstances, as the sun was shining straight down the grooves, so that they cast scarcely any shadow. The photograph never- theless gives a fair idea of what part of the pavement is like (Plate X., fig. 1) ; the pavement must, however, be seen in order to be properly appreciated. The surface is slightly weathered, just sufficiently so to remove the striae, while the deep groo\'es, and even some of the shallower, are retained. One very large groove was observed to trend E. 33° N., thus making an angle of about 16° with the general trend of the grooves on the west side of Lake Albina Valley, viz., E. 17° N. Some of the larger grooves every here and there showed traces of having been slightly pitted as though the block of rock, which acted as the graving tool, had dug in more deeply at such points, joggling as a chisel sometimes does in planing iron. Nowhere, in the part of the Kosciusko Plateau visited by us, was the intenseness of the glaciation more apparent than in this Lake Albina Yalle}^, it being obvious that the ice not only furrowed out the bottom of the valley, but that it moved in thick, heavy masses over the top of the high- ridge separating the Lake Albina Valley from the Wilkinson Valley. The minimum thick- ness of the ice in the Lake Albina Valley may be estimated from the difference in level between Lake Albina and the top of the glaciated ridge to the west of it. Lake Albina being about 6,340 feet above the sea, and the top of the ridge 6,850 feet; the ice in 44 GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON KOSCIUSKO, this valley must have attained a thickness of at least 500 feet. As, however, the top of the ridge itself has evidently been heavily glaciated, this implies that the ice on top of this ridge must have been probably not much less than 100 feet in thickness. If this were so, as seems most probable, the ice would have been 600 feet thick in the Lake Albina Valley, and its surface close upon 6,950 feet above the sea. As already mentioned the bases of the Nunatakr of the Etheridge Range are about 6,908 feet high. Now interesting conclusions necessarily follow from this. As Townsend's Pass is only 6,650 feet high, part of the Snowy Valley glacier may have come over the top of Townsend's Pass, the ice at the Pass being perhaps at one time 200 feet or even 300 feet thick. Similarly at Adams' Pass (between the Snowy Valley and the Wilkinson Valley), the level of which is only about 6,587 feet, the ice must have escaped from the Snowy Valley ice sheet into the Wilkinson Valley below in masses which, at Adams' Pass, were probably at least 250 feet, perhaps 350 feet or more in thickncwss. An interesting problem now suggests itself in connection with the glaciation of this ridge between the head of the Wilkinson Valley and Lake Albina, viz.: in what direction did the ice move which so powerfully glaciated the western granite slopes of the Lake Albina Valley up to the top of the ridge? The mean trend of the grooves on the seven glaciated surfaces specially observed is E. 17^ N. and W. 17° S. Now did the ice move from the east end or from the west end ? If from the west, it must probably have been supplied by the overflow from the Mt. Townsend glacier, which may have overpowered the western part of the ice coming over Townsend's Pass from the Snowj'- Valley glacier. If it moved from the east, it probably was derived from the Snowy Valley glacier, extended via Townsend's Pass into the Lake Albina Valley, and overflowing the dividing ridge between Lake Albina and the Wilkinson Valley, so as to reinforce the Wilkinson Valley glacier. The carry of the material in the moraine of the Lake Albina Valley suggests a westerly move- ment of the ice, as while the junction line between the granite BY PROF. DAVID, RICHARD HELMS, AND E. F. PITTMAN. 45 and slate nearly coincides with the trend of the Lake Albina Valley (N. & S.), the area west of this line being granite, and that to the east slate, the granite erratics have invaded the slate area, but no slate erratics were noticed as having trespassed into the granite area. Here, however, the fact must be remembered that the carry of moraine material, especially superficial moraine, as distinct from ground moraine, usually indicates the direction of ice movement during late7' phases of glaciation when the ice, of perhaps, originally, a mer de glace, has through reduction in volume been split up into a number of small glaciers, the direction of move- ment of which has had to conform to the trend of the valleys, whereas the ice of the mer de glace, of the earlier phase of glacia- tion, may have radiated out from its centre of movement more or less independent of the physical features of the underlying rock surface. Judged by the phenomena of " strike- side " and " lee- side" alone, it appeared to one of us (Professor David) that the ice which produced the grooved pavements in the Lake Albina Valley probably moved from the east towards the west. Further observation, however, will be necessary before this interesting question can be settled. We are now also in a better position to estimate the maximum thickness of the ice in the Snowy Valley, at the time when the ridge from Mount Townsend, west of Lake Albina, was being glaciated. If the surface level of the ice at Ramshead Pass was not less than perhaps 7,150 feet, as seems probable, it would have been possible for it to have had a fall of 250 feet to the top of the ridge west of Lake Albina, even if it be assumed that the ice on that ridge was at least 50 feet thick. This would give a fall (the distance being two miles) of in round numbers 1 in 42, that is an angle of inclination for the surface of the glacier of 1^°. It is doubtful, however, whether ice will flow at such a low angle of slope as 1J°, 3° being usually about the minimum angle of surface slope observed in moving ice.* * The Great Ice Age. 46 GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON KOSCIUSKO, If, therefore, the gLaciation of this ridge was the work of the Snowy River glacier or ice sheet, the surface of the sheet, if its inclination was o°, must have been probably at its starting point, if situated close to Kosciusko Observatory, as high as 7,450 feet, that is, as the level of the Observatory is 7,328 feet, over 100 feet above the level of the Observatory, probably a far-fetched hypothesis. The culminating point, however, of the ice sheet on the Kosciusko Plateau, during the maximum glaciation, need not necessarily have coincided with the present highest point of the land, and may have lain at some point between the Observatory and Lake Albina. In this case the ice in the Snowy Valley may have been about 650 feet to 700 feet or more in thickness opposite Townsend's Pass. If, on the other hand, the ridge near Lake Albina was glaciated by ice coming from the direction of Mount Townsend, such ice at a fall of 3° would barely have overflowed Townsend's Pass, the level of which is 6,650 feet, the distance from the glaciated ridge being half a mile, and its level 6,850 feet. The distance from Mount Townsend to the glaciated ridge is about half a mile, the level of Mount Townsend 7,260 and that of the ridge 6,850 feet. At a fall of 3°, that is 278 feet per mile and consequently 140 feet per half-mile, on the assumption that the ice was 50 feet thick on top of the glaciated ridge, this would bring the top of the ice below Mount Townsend to a level of 7,040 feet, which is a, by no means improbable height for it to have attained. In this case, which seems the less hypothetical of the two assumptions, the ice in the Snowy River Valley need not have been thicker than about the difference in level between Townsend's Pass and the bottom of the Snowy Valley opposite to it, viz. 300 feet. Whichever hypothesis be adopted, the thickness of ice in the Lake Albina Valley during the glaciation of the ridge west of Lake Albina would be the same, viz., about 500 feet. This agrees closely with the thickness of the ice in the Lake BY PROF, DAVID, RICHARD HELMS, AND E. F. PITTMAN. 47 Merewether (Blue Lake) Valley during the maximum develop- ment of the local glacier, as will appear presently. Lake Merewether [Blue Lake) and Evidence Valley {Helvis), to helotv Hedley Tarn. — Splendid evidences of past glacial action, including the largest and most complete moraine as yet observed in this region, are to be seen at the above locality. If the area be approached from the west, from the direction of the main Dividing Range, moraine material with ice-scratched fragments of slate (phyllite) may be seen at an elevation of about 6,530 feet at a point about 20 chains W. of the S. W. end of Lake Merewether. Up to this same level also the granite rocks show evidence of having been planed down by ice-action; and a few feet lower, at about 6,500 feet, they exhibit distinct glacial grooves. Further east, at 12 to 15 chains west of Lake Merewether, the surface of the gneissic granite is most wonderfully grooved and dressed in a manner which could only have been accomplished by a thick mass of moving glacier ice (see Plate vii.). The level of this rocky promontory at the spot photographed is about 6,260 feet. It affords a fine and impressive piece of evidence as to the former presence of moving glacier ice. Though the granite surface has been somewhat weathered since the glaciation, so that all striae have disappeared, the grooves remain, and in many cases are in a very good state of preserva- tion. For every foot in width of granite surface, measured at right angles to the trend of the grooves, there are from 4 to 5 grooves. The grooves are from 1 inch up to 6 inches in width, and from \ inch up to about IJ inches in depth. At the spot mentioned above they run in a direction of 140° (that is S. 40° E., is the lee side) and preserve an almost absolutely straight course irrespective of the ups and downs of the granite surface, their trend being straight towards the large moraine which bounds Lake Merewether (the Blue Lake) on the south. Even small vertical faces of granite, opposed to the path of the ice, are 48 GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON KOSCIUSKO, deeply grooved. The grooves cross the planes of foliation in the granite at a wide angle, as the latter trend N.N.E. and S.S.W., whereas the grooves run nearly N.W. and S.E. In Plate vii., the white vein of euritic granite is parallel to the planes of foliation, and the plate shows that obviously the grooves in the granite make a wide angle with the foliation planes. If the gully be followed down to the edge of Lake Merewether the grooves may still be traced on the sloping surface of granite close to the lake shore, and it is obvious that they dip below the surface of the water, the level of which is about 6,150 feet. In every case it is obvious that, in this vicinity, the N.W. is the strike side, and the S.E. the lee side. If now a northerly course be followed towards the head of the main valley, it will be noticed that the valley very nearly follows the junction line between the slate and granite (see map, Plate iii.). Slate erratics are found in places resting on glaciated surfaces of granite. One of these measured 5 feet x 3 feet x 4 feet, and in several cases typical perched blocks may be seen, one of which is shown in the photograph exhibited, taken by one of us (Mr. Pittman). At a quarter of a mile above the Blue Lake, a small terminal moraine crosses the valley, slightly breached by the creek at its west end. It is about 10 chains long and trends in a W.S.W. and E.N.E. direction, and is of no great height. It obviousl}'- forms one of the last embankments left by the glacier as it retreated to the head of the valley. Its level is about 6430 feet. At about a quarter of a mile still higher up the valley on its eastern side, and about 12 feet above the level of the creek, is a small surface of quartzite, ground smooth and striated in two directions, viz., N. 12° W. and S. 12° E. and W.N.W. and E.S.E. If, now, we return to Lake Merewether, it will be noticed that the water flowing out of it escapes through a breach in the terminal moraine, at a level of about 6,150 feet. The terminal moraine extends from the outlet of the lake in a direction about S. 35° W. for about 15 chains, and for about 10 BY PROF. DAVID, RICHARD HELMS, AND E. F. PITTMAN. 49 chains in a direction N. 10° E. from the east side of the outlet. The top of the moraine rises to a level of 6340 feet, about 160 feet above the surface of Lake Merewether. The exact depth of the lake is not known, but it is thought by local residents to be not less than 40 feet in its deepest part, in which case the terminal moraine is probably about 200 feet in height. It is difficult, however, to draw the line (if any exists) between this terminal moraine and the remarkable moraine now to be described. If the spur to the west of the outlet of Lake Mere- wether be ascended further to the west, it is found to lead up to one of the most interesting glacial features in the whole Kosciusko region, a wonderfully perfect mioraine, even more like a huge railway embankment than the smaller one already described near Townsend's Pass. This remarkable feature has already been referred to by one of us (Mr. Helms) in an earlier paper (7, pp. 357- 358). This moraine is about 29 chains in length, measured along the top of the ridge, its width at the top being uniformly about 16 yards. Its trend from its western end, where it abuts against the junction line between the slate and granite, is first E. 5° S. for 15 chains, then E. 7° S. for 14 chains. It is bounded on either side by steep slopes, its summit is nearly level, and its altitude is about 6,550 feet, that is just 400 feet above the level of the surface of Lake Merewether. The whole amount, how- ever, of the material between these levels is not moraine, as to the S.W. of Lake Merewether the grooved granite surfaces can be traced up to a level of 6,280 feet, where they disappear under the moraine. The remainder, therefore, of the slope between 6,280 feet and 6,550 feet, in all a thickness of 270 feet, may be looked upon as moraine, so far as the northern slope of the moraine is concerned. As regards the southern slope, grooved surfaces of granite out- crop the levels up to 6,330 feet, so that on this side the moraine material may not be more than 220 feet in thickness. The number of beautifully glaciated boulders in this moraine is remarkable. A cart-load of such boulders could be collected from the moraine by a couple of men in half an hour. The 4 50 GEOLOGICAL NOTES OX KOSCIUSKO, blocks of rock in the moraine are mostly of granite, but slate and quartzite fragments are numerous. The last-mentioned, of course, retain the stri?e best. Two of these are now exhibited. (See Plates viii.-ix.). The blocks are mostly from about 9 inches up to 1 J feet in diameter, occasionally as much as 5 feet. All the fragments of quartzite and slate examined showed glacial markings. If this moraine be viewed from a distance of three-quarters of a mile to the S.W., it will be seen that it is apparently confluent with the closely crowded group of terminal moraines immediately below Hedley Tarn. It was not clear to us as to whether it should be regarded as a lateral, median or terminal moraine. The grooves on the glaciated granite surface immediately N. of the moraine trend, as already stated from N. 40' W. towards S. 40° E., whereas the general trend of the moraine is W. 6° N. and E. 6° S., so that the ice which glaciated the granite beneath the moraine appears to have moved at an angle of about 45° to the general trend of the moraine. More observation is needed for the correct interpretation of the mode of origin of this remark- able and beautifully preserved moraine. About one-quarter of a mile below the outlet to Lake Mere- wether, the grooves on some of the large blocks of granite in the ground moraine trend S. 35° E., and at a point a little further down the valley, and about 300 yards above the upper end of Hedley Tarn, and a few chains to the S.W. of the creek flowing from Lake Merewether to Hedley Tarn, the surface of the granite, where it emerges from beneath the morainic material, shows abundant evidence of having been powerfully ground down and grooved by moving glacier ice. The grooves may be traced right up the shoulder of the ridge to the west of Hedley Tarn to an altitude of about 6,380 feet, whereas the level of Hedley Tarn is about 6,110 feet. This shows that the glacier ice was at least as thick as the difference in level between these points, viz., 270 feet. As, however, the rocks are deeply grooved up to 270 feet above Hedley Tarn, allowance must be made for a further thickness of glacier ice suflicient to supply the necessary pressure for the BY PROF. DAVID, RICHARD HELMS, AND E. F. PITTMAN. 51 grooving at the highest levels. Some idea of what this thickness was may be formed from the height of the adjacent E. and W. moraine previously described, its altitude being 6,550 feet, that is 480 feet above Hedley Tarn. It may therefore safely be assumed that the ice was at least 400 feet, perhaps 500 feet thick, at the time when the glacier extended from Mount Tw^ynam to Hedley Tarn, a distance of one and one-half miles. The small boulder exhibited was picked up b}'^ one of us with its scored surface resting on the grooved surface of the granite beneath at a point about 100 feet above the level of Hedley Tarn. Hedley Tarn, like Lake Merewether, owes its origin chiefly to a terminal moraine, or rather to what appear to be four closely packed terminal moraines. It is much shallower than Lake Merewether. Its general appearance is shown on the photograph exhibited ; the granite promontory on the left being grooved up to the highest limit shown in the photograph. The nature of the terminal moraine dam is shown. The terminal moraine has four ridges, each doubtless marking a pause in the retreat of the glacier. They are slightly curved, with the convex side directed down the valley. They are formed almost entirely of blocks of slightly foliated granite, from one foot or so up to 10 or 15 feet, or even more, in diameter. There is not now much sandy material between the blocks, which, on the lower side of the moraines, facing the Snowy River, form a rugged belt of huge boulders, difficult to traverse even on foot, the deep hollows between being largely concealed from view by a growth of shrub. This moraine has already been described by one of us (R. Helms, 7, p. 359). The base of the lowest bank of this moraine material lies at a level of about 5,810 feet, whereas the top of the same bank has an altitude of 5,950 feet, showing a thickness for this lowest and oldest moraine of about 140 feet. This level of 5,810 feet marks the lowest limit down to which undoubted evidence of glacial action has been found as yet in the Kosciusko region, about 1,500 feet below the summit of Kosciusko, the altitude of which is 7,328 feet. 52 GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON KOSCIUSKO, An examination, however, of Evidence Valley further down to its junction with the Snowy River Valley showed that the rocks were much worn down in a manner very suggestive of glaciation ; and as already mentioned, a few ice-scratched blocks were found there by us down to an altitude of 5,550 feet. The level of the junction of Evidence Valley with the Snowy Valley is about 5,500 feet. At a point a little over one-quarter of a mile up Evidence Valley from its junction with the Snowy is the interesting dyke of phonolite referred to earlier in this paper. Betts^ Camp^ Porcupine Ridge, Thompson's Flat, Pretty Point, Boggy Plains, and Valleys of Spencer's Greek and Perisher Creek. — From Betts' Camp to Porcupine Ridge and thence via Thomp- son's Flat to Pretty Point, and on to Boggy Plains, there occur at frequent intervals small flats, 200 to 300 yards wide, the floors of which are strewn with small boulders, tightly packed in thin sandy clay, resting on a smooth surface of granite. To the S.E. these flats, are terminated abruptly by slopes towards the Cracken- back River, so steep as to be almost precipitous. In a N. by W. direction they slope gradually down to the creeks which flow into the Snowy River. The smoothing of the granite surface is not apparent at the sides of these flats or on the intervening hills. On the assumption that these smoothed surfaces are of glacial origin, it would appear that the glaciation must have been of somewhat high antiquity, as the granite on the intervening hills is weathered into large domes, pinnacles and tors. As regards the boulders which are plentifully distributed over the floors of these flats, they were in almost every case such as might have been derived either from the local granites or enclosures in them, or from dykes traversing the granite. A pyroxene amphibolite, in places nearly approaching a hornblende andesite, and passing through decomposition into a chlorite rock, was of frequent occurrence. Clear evidence was obtained that they were derived from dykes intersecting the granite. A great number of these boulders, which varied from a few inches up to 2^ ft. x 1 ft. 8 in. X 1 ft. 3 in. in diameter, were examined by us. In most cases BY PROF. DAVID, RICHARD HELMS, AND E, F. PITTMAN. 53 they were far too much weathered to retain the original surface of erosion, and those which did seldom exhibited any grooves or scratches. In the case, howe\er, of one boulder, found by us in situ near Porcupine Ridge, a small cut, apparently of glacial origin, was noticed on its under surface. Marks were also observed on a few blocks of similar rock at Thompson's Flat, but as the latter were not in sihi and had been moved in the bed of a mountain creek the evidence is not of much value. Amongst other rocks represented in these detrital deposits, besides the prevailing granite, were felspar porphyries, basalt, and mica schist, in addition to large subangular blocks of quartz ; the largest seen, which bears about N. 10° W. from Pretty Point, about half a mile distant, measuring 4 ft. x 4 ft. x 1 J ft. None of the blocks examined by us from the shallow prospecting shafts near Pretty Point or Boggy Plains exhibited definite glacial cuts or striae. With regard to the general evidence of a possible extensive glaciation along the whole Kosciusko Plateau as far down as Boggy Plains (the altitude of which is about 5,220 feet), great caution should, in our opinion, be exercised in interpreting the phenomena. The wide flats strewn with small and large boulders and the smoothed granite rocks bounding such flats are very suggestive of ice-action. If of glacial origin, they may have been formed by ice choking up the Snowy Valley and seeking an escape in an easterly direction into the watershed of the Cracken- back River. One of us (Mr. Helms) has elsewhere advocated this view, and is still of the same opinion, the evidence being gi^ en by him in considerable detail in his paper to the Linnean Society of New South Wales (7, pp. 3.H-356). Professor Lendenfeld had previously published a general state- ment as to a former universal glaciation of the Kosciusko Plateau. Two of us (Professor David and Mr. Pittman), while admitting that there is nothing in the evidence inconsistent with the interpretation put upon it by Mr. Helms and Professor 54 GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON KOSCIUSKO, Lendenfeld, would prefer to await more definite evidence before concluding that the whole of the Kosciusko Plateau was formerly buried in ice down to the level of Boggy Plains, or even lower. At the same time the fact may be repeated here that there is positive evidence that the glacier, descending from Mount Twynam via Evidence Valley and Hedley Tarn towards the Snow}' Kiver, came down to a level of about 5,800 feet above the sea; and there is probable evidence of ice-action in this part of the Snowy Valley even as far down as to about 5,500 feet above the sea. The level of Pretty Point is about 5,990 feet and that of Boggy Plains about 5,220 feet, so that the hypothesis of a wider and older glaciation extending to Boggy Plains does not demand the lowering of the limit which moving ice may have reached very much below that to which we have positive evidence that it did actually descend. If the Kosciusko Plateau ever underwent such a mer de glace glaciation on a small scale, in Cainozoic time, probably the most enduring evidence of it would be in the form of moraine p7-qfo7ide, or even a terminal moraine some distance down the Snowy River Valley. A more extended examination of this region may 3'^et lead to the discovery of such evidence. IV. — Correlation of the Evidences of Glacial Action at Kosciusko with those observed elsewhere Before drawing certain provisional deductions which are given in our summary of this paper, it is necessar}'- to review briefly similar evidences of glaciation in Cainozoic time in other parts of the Southern Hemisphere. We have omitted the evidences, described by some authors, from Victoria, as in the opinion of Professor J. W. Gregory the evidences of Post-Tertiary glaciation in such parts of Victoria as he has already examined are doubtful. References, however, to the chief papers referring to this subject are given in the appendix. BY PROF. DAVID, RICHARD HELMS, AND B. F. PITTMAN. 55 (1) Tasmania. —Mr, C. Gould, formerly Government Geologist, Mr. C. P. Sprent, formerly Surveyor-General, and Mr. R. M. Johnston, the present Government Statistician, have seen evidences of glaciation in Tasmania in Cainozoic time. The last- named authority has recorded these evidences in his large and detailed work on the Geology of Tasmania, as well as in the Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania (23, 34). Mr. T. B. Moore, M. E. J. Dunn, F.G.S., Mr. A. Montgomery, M.A., and Messrs. Graham Officer, B.Sc, Lewis Balfour, B.A., and E. G. Hogg, M.A., have all recorded clear and indisputable evidences of glaciation in Tasmania in late Cainozoic time (26-29). There is some question as to (a) how much of the evidences are Cainozoic and how much Permo-Carboniferous, and {h) as to how low down the glaciation extended. All are agreed that the western highlands of Tasmania in late Tertiary or Post-Tertiary time supported extensive glaciers, which have left memorials of their former presence in the form of lakes, tarns, terminal moraines, striated and grooved rock-surfaces and glacially transported erratics. Mr. R. M. Johnston has published a map to show the directions in which the ice moved in the Lake St. Clair district (25). It is also generally agreed that the evidences of this Pleistocene or Pliocene glaciation are clear from levels of 4,000 feet or upwards, down to at least 2,000 feet above the sea (27). Mr. A. Montgomery, M.A., the late Government Geologist of Tasmania, makes the following statement (26) : — " I think we must come to the conclusion that the whole of the deep gorges among these western mountains now occupied by the head waters of the Pieman, Hent}^ and King Rivers, have been at no wery distant period of time occupied by rivers of ice. The erratic blocks noted by Mr. R. M. Johnston in the Mackintosh Valley bear out this conclusion. . . . If we allow that the deep valleys at the head of the Pieman were once occupied by glaciers, we must admit that the ice came doiun to within 500 or 600 Jeet of the present sea level [the italics are ours], for these gorges are very deep, or, perhaps, we should rather say, to points 56 GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON KOSCIUSKO, which are now that distance above the sea, for of course it is quite possible that there has been elevation or subsidence of the land as a whole since the ice age." Mr. Montgomery also concludes {op. cit. p. 162) that the glaciation could not have been very ancient, basing his inference on the excellent state of preservation of the greenstone erratics and glaciated rock surfaces near East Mount Pelion, among the branches of the River Forth. Mr. T. B. Moore maintains that the ice during part of this late Cainozoic glaciation came down to within 150 feet of sea level, probably even to sea level on the west coast of Tasmania, near Macquarie Harbour. He records the occurrence of large ice- worn boulders near Upper Landing on King's River, which flows into Macquarie Harbour, and also at the neighbouring locality of Harvey's Creek, the altitute being only 100 feet above the sea. He states that between Strahan and Lyell there is a well- marked moraine, quite distinct from and far newer than the Permo-Oarboniferous glacial beds, and that a "Giant's Kettle" occurs in connection with this moraine. Messrs. Officer, Balfour and Hogg, however, consider this moraine to be of Permo-Carboniferous Age (29). Whether the age of this glaciation at so low a level be Permo- Carboniferous or Post-Miocene, it would appear from Mr. Montgomery's observations that the glaciation near East Mount Pelion at elevations of 2,000-3,000 feet has taken place in Post- Tertiary, possibly in recent geological times. Messrs. Officer, Balfour and Hogg {op. cit. p. 129) state that as the "last of the previous winter's snow had not melted on Olympus by the end of January, it is not necessary to assume a very extensive fall of temperature to account for perpetual snow in these regions." (2) New Zealand. — Dr Haast, Captain F. W. Hutton and Dr. R. von Lendenfeld, and others, have described evidences of what Captain Hutton terms a glacier epoch, as distinct from a glacial epoch in New Zealand (30-33). It is generally agreed by these BY PROF. DAVID, RICHARD HELMS, AND E. F. PITTMAN. 57 authorities that New Zealand during Cainozoic time has passed through an epoch when the glaciers have had a far greater development than at present, for whereas the largest modern glacier of New Zealand, the Tasman Glacier, is 18 miles in length, some of the New Zealand glaciers in Post-Miocene time were upwards of 50 miles long, and in the case of the Wakatipu Glacier, 80 miles long. Captain Hutton has furnished a map showing the relative sizes of the areas formerly glaciated and those at present occupied by glaciers in New Zealand. The two chief points at present at issue in connection with the glaciation of New Zealand are: — [a) As to the date of this glacier epoch ; (6) as to whether it was due ^^i) to a general refrigeration of the climate in the Southern Hemisphere, or (ii) to the New Zealand mountains standing several thousand feet higher than they do at present. Captain Hutton inclines to the last-mentioned view as to the cause of the New Zealand Glacier Epoch. He says (30, p. 211), "I have elsewhere given reasons for concluding that the former great extension of our glaciers was caused by greater elevation of the land during the interval between the Pareora System and the marine beds of the Wangauui System. As these beds are fossiliferous in the North Island only, where there are no traces of former glaciation, it is not possible to get direct proof of this, but in Otago the old Taieri moraine, between Lake Waihola and the sea, which forms low rounded hills between 400 and 500 feet in height, is on the seaward side, covered nearly to the top by marine gravels, which may belong to this sytem or may be younger." In the Wanganui System, Captain Hutton states (ibidem) that from 70 to 90 per cent, of the mollusca and all the brachiopoda are recent. He also states (32, p. 174) that marine fossils in the sandy clays underlying the old Taieri moraine appear to indicate a Miocene Age for these beds, and he suggests that the moraine may be older Pliocene. He adds that Dr. von Haast found moa l)ones in morainic deposits belonging to the Wanganui System. He further states 58 GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON KOSCIUSKO, (32, p. 176;, "It has been calculated that an elevation of between 3,000 feet and 4,000 feet would be sufficient to expand our glaciers to their former dimensions. That the New Zealand Alps did formerly stand higher than now, we have direct evidence in the deep fiords of South West Otago and Marlborough, which must have been excavated when the land was considerably elevated. The greatest depth recorded in the West Coast Sounds is 1,728 feet in Break Sea Sound; but in many places no bottom was reached with the line used, and we may safely assume that when the valleys were scooped out they stood more than 2,000 feet higher than they do now, and this agrees fairly well with the quite independent estimate that an elevation of 3,000 to 4,000 feet would be sufficient to reproduce all the phenomena." Captain Hutton thus considers the glaciation of Nev/ Zealand to have occurred in Pliocene, perhaps older Pliocene time, and to have been due to a former greater elevation of the New Zealand land. On the other hand, Dr. R. von Lendenfeld is strongly of opinion that the former great extension of the New Zealand glaciers took place in comparatively late geological time, and that it was due to a glacial period synchronous with that which caused the glaciation of Kosciusko (33, p. 808; and 12, p. 52). In the former paper above referred to. Dr. Lendenfeld states, " The minuteness of the deltas mentioned above (at the heads of the West Coast Sounds, N.Z.) would lead one to suppose that they are of no great age, and comparing them to similar alluvial formations which have been produced in the European Alps in historic time, one must come to the conclusion that the Glacial Period in New Zealand has not been more remote than 2,000 or 3,000 years. This would account also for the extremely fresh appearance of the old moraines and ice scratches." In the latter paper referred to he expresses the opinion that " the state of the preservation of the roches moiUorinees in the Australian Alps is nothing like so good as in the New Zealand Alps. I am, how- ever, not inclined to ascribe that to a difference in age. I consider it simply as a consequence of the difference in the rocks; there hard metamorphosed slates, here granite." One of us (Mr. BY PROF. DAVID, RICHARD HELMS, AND E. F. PITTMAN. 59 R. Helms) who is familiar with some of the glacial evidences in New Zealand, agrees with Dr. Lendenfeld as to the good state of preservation of the glacial phenomena pointing to a comparatively recent origin, at all events Post-Pliocene. In view of the fact that all the Cainozoic glacial deposits of South America are now considered to be Post- Pliocene, as will presently be explained, the Pliocene, or even older Pliocene Age of the New Zealand glacial evidences may be viewed with great caution, unless it may be admitted that in the Southern Hemisphere, as in the Northern, the glacial epochs of the Ice Age commenced in late Pliocene time, and extended down to at least the close of Pleistocene time. Kerguelen Island. — H. N. Moseley records e\'idence of ice action at Betsey Cove and Royal Sound, Kerguelen, close to and even at sea level. The following statement occurs in the " Challenger " Report (p. 356) : — " The interesting feature in relation to these glaciers is that whereas they are to-day confined to the higher valleys of the higher ranges, there are abundant and indisputable evidences that the whole island to and below the sea level was buried under ice at a comparatively recent period. The furrows of glaciers are seen wherever the island has been explored. . . . Every harbour is an ice-cut fiord." At present, on the south side of the island where the above evidence was obtained, the snow line is between 900 feet and 1,000 feet above sea level. South America. —Charles Darwin has commented on the greater former extension of the glaciers at Terra del Fuego.* Also in the same work (pp 242-251) he ably contrasts the climates of Southern South America with those of lands in similar latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. The Rev. W. B. Clarke has commented on the analogy between part of Chili and the Australian Alps. He says, " There is a case in South America which very much resembles that of the * Naturalist's Voyage Round the World, p. 225. 2nd. edit., 1882. 60 GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON KOSCIUSKO, Muniong (Australian Alps, authors), viz., that of Antuco in the southern part of Chili, in lat. 37° 40'^ on which snow lies at the height of 7,960 feet, yet even this is far higher in proportion than the snow of Kosciusko" (3, p. 225). If further observations be omitted (including Baron ISTorden- skj old's preliminary report in "Die Geographische Zeitschrift" for 1896) down to within the last few years, we find a summary of his observations in the work noted below, in which he compares the glacial deposits of the Magellan region to the boulder-cla}^ of Europe.* The same author states in another paper f (p. 408), " Here also (in the neighbourhead of the Gallegos Valley, authors) in the neighbourhood of the large depression occupied by the muddy, brackish water of the ' White Lake,' Laguna Blanca, and from there eastwards to the Straits, we find the curious, steep, lofty hills composed of boulder clay, which I observed first in Terra del Fuego, and which are so characteristic of the formerly glaciated territory in this region." Mr. J. B. Hatcher has also described the Magellan glacial deposits. I Referring in a later paper to Mr. Hatcher's observations, Nordenskjold makes the important statement§ that as regards the age of the Magellan glacial deposits, Hatcher collected some molluscan shells from the Cape Fairweather beds, and Pilsbry has determined these shells to be not older than Pliocene. It is also stated that these shells underlie the oldest glacial deposits of the Magellan Territories. * Anales de la SociedacI Cientifica Argentina. Tomo 43-44, 1897, pp. 194- 195. t Geographical Journal. Vol. x. No. 4, October, 1897. A Journey in South -Western Patagonia. By Dr. Otto Nordenskjijld, pp. 401-410. X American Journal of Science. Nov. , 1897. Geology of Southern Pata- gonia. By J. B. Hatcher. § American Geologist. Vol. xxi. No. 5, May, 1898. Tertiary and Quarter- nary Deposits in the Magellan Territories, pp. 300-309. By Otto Nordenskjold. BY PROF. DAVID, RICHARD HELMS, AND E. F. PITTMAN. 61 Nordenskjold's conclusions are {op. cit. 30^-307), that towards the close of the Pliocene Period glaciation set in in the Andean Cordilleras, and enormous quantities of ice collected there giving rise to extensive moraines and a huge development of pampean glacial gravels. Then followed, in his opinion, an inter-glacial period or temporary retreat of the glaciers, with powerful river floods and redistribution of the earlier moraines, " then once more the ice advanced {op. cit. p. 307) and extended far down the valleys." He adds (op. cit. pp. 307-308), "Many reasons seem to point to the glacial period having lasted down in these regions to, from a geological point of view, quite a recent date, one of the most telling being the great poverty in both the fauna and flora in Terra del Fuego in comparison with Patagonia.'" A further account of the glacial deposits of Patagonia is given in a later paper by Hatcher.* A very important paper bearing on this subject is that by Dr. Francisco P. Moreno in the two numbers of the Geographical Journal, f Dr. Moreno sums up as follows {op. cit. p. 370) : — " In Pata- gonia an immense ice-sheet extended to the present Atlantic Coast, and further east during the first ice period; while during the second terminal moraines have been generally left as far as 30 miles north and 50 miles south to the east of the present crest of the Cordillera. These ice-sheets, which scooped out the greater part of the longitudinal depressions, and appear to have rapidly retreated to the point where the glaciers now exist, did not succeed in filling with their detritus, in their rapid retirement, the Cordilleran fiords now occupied by deep lakes on the east and by the Pacific channels on the west.'' * Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina. Tomo xlvii. Primer Semestre de 1899. Buenos Aires, 1899. Estudios Geologicos de la Patagonia. Per J. B. Hatcher. t Geographical Journal. Vol. xiv. No. 3, Sept., 1899, pp. 241-2G9, and No. 4, Oct., 1899, pp. 353-378. 62 GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON KOSCIUSKO, With reference to evidences of former greater extension of the Andean glaciers further north, Sir Martin Conway states* {oj). cit. p. 15), "Evidence is plentiful that in ancient times the glaciers enveloped a large part of these slopes, and reached down many miles further than they do now, depositing the rocks that they carried into the waters of the ancient sea. ... In the immense pile of debris deep valleys were afterwards cut by the action of water, and into these valleys the glaciers in a second period of advance (the italics are ours) protruded their snouts, depositing moraines which can still be traced in siiic as much as four or even five miles below the present limit of ice. One such glacier cast was carefully examined by me near the foot of Mount Sorata. The terminal moraine now forms the dam of a large lake, 500 feet above the level of whose waters the two lateral moraines can be traced with perfect distinctness." The evidence, therefore, is overwhelming to show that South America has in Cainozoic time passed through, at all events, two distinct and extensive glaciations, which may range from very late Pliocene into comparatively recent geological time. Y. — Summary. The evidence obtained in the Australian Alps proves (a) that the snowfields of Kosciusko in late Cainozoic time sent small glaciers down the valleys on either side of the Main Dividing Range. On the western fall, that towards the Murray River, the glaciers at Lake May and Lake Albina descended to levels respectively of about at least as low as 6,600 feet and 6,300 feet. On the eastern fall, towards the Snowy, the glaciers descended to still lower levels. For example, the glacier from Lake Merewether (Blue Lake) in Evidence Valley (Helms) descended to at least as low as 5,800 feet, and probably to 5,500 feet. It would appear, therefore, that the glaciers at Kosciusko * Geographical Journal. Vol, xiv. No. 1. Explorations in the Bolivian Andes. BY PROF. DAVID, RICHARD HELMS, AND E. F. PITTMAN. 63 descended 500 to 800 feet lower on the eastern fall of the main divide than on the western. There were probably three reasons for this, as already pointed out by one of us (Mr. Helms). (1) The Kosciusko Plateau being constantly exposed to the strong sweep of the W.N.W. anti-trade wind, the chief snow drifts and snow- fields gather to leeward of the main dividing ridge, ?;.e., on its E.8.E. side, the general trend of the ridge being nearly meridional. (2) The western slopes of the main divide are more heated by the sun's rays than are the eastern, so that snow melts oS them quicker than off the eastern slopes. (3) The eastern slopes furnish a more favourable lodging for snow than the western, the eastern slopes being the more gradual of the two. (6) The evidence proves that, apart from the consideration of possible much older and much more extensive glaciation, there have been at least two epochs of glaciation at Kosciusko, of which the traces are clear and fresh, viz. (i) an older epoch which may be termed the Hedley Tarn Epoch; and (ii) a new epoch which may be termed the Lake Merewether Epoch. The double series of terminal moraines on either side of the Main Dividing Range obviously points to this conclusion. The height of these moraine embankments, from 80 up to over 200 feet, and their length, between J and h mile, prove that the pauses of the ice front at the spots where the moraines became developed must have been of considerable duration. (c) As regards thickness, the evidence shows that the glacier ice must have been about 200 feet and 500 feet thick in the Lake May and Lake Albina valleys on the western fall towards the Murray, while on the eastern fall towards the Snowy it was at least 300 feet thick near the head of the Snowy River, and at least 400 feet thick in Evidence Valley. {d) The longest glacier, that of the"" Snowy, was perhaps about 3 miles in length. (e) As regards the age of the glaciation, it can be estimated at Kosciusko, as far as we could see, only by the amount of sub- sequent erosion. Such estimates can, of course, be only ver}^ approximate. 64 GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON KOSCIUSKO, The data, however, ah^eady quoted show that the limit of time may lie somewhere between 3,000 and 10,000 years from the present. The wonderful freshness of the grooves on some of the "dressed" surfaces and roches moutonnees, west of Lake Merewether, Kos- ciusko, in positions where the rocks could not have been sheltered by moraine material proves that the glaciation was in a geological sense comparatively recent We would here like to emphasise the opinion that it is out of the question to refer either the Hedley Tarn glacial epoch or the Lake Merewether glacial epoch of Kosciusko to Tertiary time. We are strongly of opinion that these epochs belong to the Post- Tertiary. If, however, later examination proves that there was a much earlier and far more extensive glaciation which affected the whole of the Kosciusko Plateau and extended even as far down as Lake Coolamatong near Berridale (Plate vi.), (about 2,500 ft. above the sea) as one of us (Mr. Helms) thinks, it is quite possible that this older glaciation may belong to Tertiary time. (/) As regards the position of the snow line at Kosciusko at the maximum extension of ice during the earlier of the two glacial epochs (of the existence of which we have definite proof), the present mean temperature of Kosciusko may be taken to be about 35° Fahr. At the sea-level, in the latitude of Kosciusko, the mean temperature would be about 59° Fahr. At a rate of fall of 1° Fahr. for 345 feet a mean temperature of 32° should be reached at Kosciusko at about 8,200 feet. (The present level at the summit of Kosciusko is 7,328 feet). During therefore the earlier glaciation of the two comparatively recent glacial epochs at Kosciusko, as the ice came down to about 5,500 feet above the sea, the snow line may have been lowered from 8,200 feet to about 5,500 feet (though of course the glaciers of Kos- ciusko, like many modern glaciers, may have descended below the snow line). This would have meant a lowering of the snow line to the extent of from 2,200 to about 2,700 feet, equal to a lowering of the mean temperature by about 6J° up to about 8°, and if Lake Coolamatong near Berridale be glacial, the level BY PROP. DAVID, RICHARD HELMS, AND E. P. PITTMAN. 65 being about 2,500 feet above the sea, the lowering of the temper- ature ma}^ have been somewhere about 15° to 16^ Fahr. This estimate assumes, of course, that since the glaciation tho Kosci- usko Plateau altitude has not been appreciably affected by crustal movements or by denudation, and that in other respects meteoro- logical conditions in the past have resembled those of the present {g) As regards collateral evidences, in the Southern Hemisphere, of glaciation in late Cainozoic time, Tasmania shows a lowering of the snow line by about at least 2,500 to 3,000 feet, possibly as much as 4,000 feet, if Mr. T. B. Moore's views as to the age of the moraines near sea-level in the neighbourhood of Macquarie Harbour oi\ West Coast of Tasmania are correct. This might mean a lowering of the temperture by about 1 2° Fahr., subject, of course, to assumptions similar to those just made in the case of Kosciusko. In New Zealand the evidence adduced shows that the glaciers in the South Island on the east side of the Alps came down to probably at least 3,000 to 4,000 feet below their present terminations. Captain Hutton, however, argues that this did not necessarily imply a general lowering of the snow line to the same amount. He thinks that the extension of the glaciers in New Zealand in late Cainozoic time was due, as already stated, to the South Island at that time standing 3,000 to 4,000 feet higher than it does at present. He states emphatically, " The biological evidence is therefore to the effect that the ocean round New Zealand has not been much colder than at present ever since the Miocene Period.""^ Even biological evidence, however, is not always reliable, as Charles Darwin has pointed out.f * Kept. Aust. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Vol. v. 1893, p. 240. t Naturalist's Voyage Koimd the World, 1882, p. 243. "A large Voluta is abundant in Southern Terra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands. At Bahia Blanca, in lat. 39° S. , the most abundant shells were three species of Oliva (one of large size), one or two Volutas, and a Terebra. Now these are among the best characterised tropical forms. It is doubtful whether even one small species of Oliva exists on the southern shores of Europe, and there are no species of the two other genera. If a geologist were to find in lat. 39° on the coast of Portugal a bed containing numerous shells belonging to three species of Oliva, to a Voluta and a Terebra, he would probably assert that the climate at the period of their existence must have been tropical ; but judging from South America such an inference might be erroneous." 5 66 GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON KOSCIUSKO, It would be presumption on our part to express any opinion on this important point. At the same time, in view of the evidence lately obtained in South America, Tasmania and Kosci- usko, it might be as well for the New Zealand geologists to enquire further into the interpretation of their evidence. In Kerguelen Island the snow line would appear to have been formerly (in late Cainozoic time) at least 1,000 feet lower than at present, and in South America several thousand feet lower, though, as far as we can learn, the exact amount has not yet been calculated. In South America, moreover, there is evidence of at least two distinct epochs of glaciation. (h) In our opinion, even if the case of New Zealand, as being still sub judice, be omitted from consideration, the general evidence points to a universal glacial period, of at least two phases or epochs, in the Southern Hemisphere. If these pro- visional deductions are correct, at least two very important questions suggest themselves for further investigation: — (1.) Did the glaciation of the Southern Hemisphere lead to definite biological migrations similar to those due to the " Great Ice Age " in the Northern Hemisphere "? (2) If the glaciation of the Southern Hemisphere was syn- chronous with that of the Northern Hemisphere, as now seems probable, was it due to some great cosmic atmospheric cause, as suggested long ago by Tyndall, such as the variation of the amount of COg in the earth's atmosphere, as lately investigated by Dr. Arrhenius and Mr. Hogbom,* and advocated by Professor Chamberlin ? f * Phil. Mag., April, 1896, pp. 287-276, and Journ. Geology, Vol. vii. Nos. 6, 7 and 8, 1899. t In connection with this one of us (Prof. David) would suggest that the greater cold at present of the Southern Hemisphere as compared with the Northern may be due to the former having a thinner blanket of air than the latter. The data on this point at present are insufficient, of course, for generalisation, but as far as they go are in favour of the view that atmospheric pressure, and consequently atmospheric thickness, is less in the Southern than in the Northern Hemisphere. BY PROF. DAVID, RICHARD HELMS, AND E. F. PITTMAN. 67 (3) If the glaciation of the Southern Hemisphere was synchro- nous with that of the Northern, and was accompanied by an appreciable increase in size of the Antarctic ice-sheet, to what extent was sea level lowered in various latitudes through the withdrawal of so much sea water to form the ice-sheets in each hemisphere ? In submitting to this Society the above notes, we are sensible that the information contributed is indeed small in proportion to the wideness and grandeur of the subject. A vast unknown remains behind full of promise for future investigators. Our observations have, however, we think, finally set at rest a vexed question, and have entirely confirmed the view that the " Roof of Australia," at no very distant date, certainly supported glaciers, and, perhaps, at some earlier date may have even been buried under a " mer de glace." We desire to express our special obligation to Mr. W. S. Dun for much valuable information as to current literature relating to the glaciation of the Southern Hemisphere in late Cainozoic time. We are also much indebted to Mr. F. B. Guthrie, F.C.S., who accompanied us to Kosciusko, for his constant help and kindly criticism. We also gratefully acknowledge the courteous hospi- tality of Messrs. P. S. Whelan and P. A. Harding, the officers in charge at Mr. Clement Wragge's Meteorological Observatory at Kosciusko, and the kind help of Mr. G. W. Card, Assoc. R.S.M., F.G.S., in the determination of the rock specimens from Kosciusko, as well as to Professor J. W. Gregory, of Melbourne, for his note on Dr. Arrhenius' theory. PosTCRiPT (added June 10th, 1901)— Since the above paper was read. Professor J. W. Gregory, of Melbourne, has written to one of us with reference to Dr. Arrfienius' theory as follows : — " Thinking again over the COo theory of glaciation, I am less inclined to it for the following reasons : — "(1) Glaciations are not synchronous. There is no evidence of glaciation in Europe or America at the time of the Palaeozoic X 68 GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON KOSCIUSKO, glaciation in Australia and South Africa (Ramsay's Permian breccia is now otherwise explained). Similarly, though there are remains of Pleistocene glaciation in the lands between 40-50° S., there does not appear to have been any such extreme glaciation as affected corresponding latitudes in Europe and America. " (2) Even adjacent glacial areas are not subject to their maxi- mum glaciation at the same time. Thus N. America has had four main glacial centres, the Cordilleran (Rocky Mountains), the Kewatin (Minnesota, ikc), Labrador, and Greenland. The glacia- tions at these centres succeeded one another from west to east. The Labradorian glaciation was the last on the mainland; it was succeeded by the growth of the Greenland glaciers, which have perhaps not yet reached their maximum. The evidence certainly points to the fact that the Greenland glaciers have now a greater extension than they have ever had before. " (3) Schloessing's theory seems probable. According to this the sea is a great reservoir of COo held in the form of bicarbonates; any diminution in the COo content in the atmosphere at once leads to dissociation of the bicarbonates in the sea, which thus automatically regulates the amount of CO 2 in the air. Any such variation as Arrhenius' theory requires would, therefore, be impossible. "In face of the evidence of the variation of COg in latitude (summarised by Letts & Blake), and of Dittmar's opinion that Schloessing is right, we cannot safely assume an adequate CO 2 variation in the atmosphere. Dittmar's opinion was founded on his own experiment,. showing that the dissociation of bicarbonates in sea water corresponds to the COo tension in the air." With reference to argument (1) mentioned above by Professor Gregory, we think should be considered the very important dis- covery by Mr. Walter Howchin, F.G.S., of immense glacial boulder beds in the Lower Cambrian of S. Australia, extending over at least 400 miles of latitude, as recorded in his paper just read to the Royal Society of South Australia. This glaciation may perhaps be homotaxial (though not necessarily synchronous) with that of the Cambrian (?) glacial beds of Scandinavia. BY PROF. DAVID, RICHARD HELMS, AND E. F. PITTMAN. 69 EXPLA.NATION OF PLATES III.-X. Plate iii. Map showing some of the chief evidences of glacial action, Mount Kosciusko, New South Wales. Plate iv. Fig. ]. — Map showing the glacial moraine and striated pavement near the head of the Snowy River, about IJ miles N. by E. from Mount Kosciusko. Fig. 2. — Longitudinal Section on line AB. Fig. 3. — Section on CD across lower end of moraine showing amount of erosion by creek since close of latest glaciation, viz. , about 9 feet in depth of moraine and an additional 10 feet of slate rock (phyllite). Plate V. Fig. 1. — Longitudinal Section showing terminal moraines and former thickness of glacier ice in Cootapatamba Lake Valley, Mount Kosciusko. Fig. 2. — Section across Lake Albina Valley showing probable former thickness of glacier ice. Fig. 3. — Longitudinal Section from Mount Twynam to Snowy River showing terminal moraines and former thickness of glacier ice in the Blue Lake Valley (Evidence Valley). Plate vi. Geological Section from Cooma to Mount Kosciusko. Plate vii. Roche Moutonnee of gneissic granite showing glacial grooves, the "lee- side" lying to the left. The white vein is aplitic granite parallel to the gneissic folia. About 200 yards S.W. of Lake Mere wether, Kosciusko, and looking S.W. Photo by E. F. Pittman. Plate viii. Striated boulder of quartzite found on surface of glaciated granite north of Lake Merewether, Kosciusko. Photo by E. F. Pittman. 70 GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON KOSCIUSKO, Plate ix. Grooved and striated boulder of quartzite found resting on glaciated surface of gneissic granite, about 300 yards S. W. of Lake Merewether, Kosciusko. Plate X. Fig. 1. — Grooved pavement of gneissic granite in foreground, with Lake Albina, Kosciusko, in middle distance, with large granite erratics stranded on the slope of the slate hill at the back, toward the left and middle of the picture. Photo by E. F. Pittman. Fig. 2. — Relic of lateral moraine, near Townsend's Pass, Kosciusko, with Snowy Valley in distance, looking easterly. Photo by T. W. E. David. APPENDIX OF CHIEF WORKS CONSULTED, i. — Cainozoic Glaciation in Southern Hemisphere. A. Australia in general. 1. — Tenison-Woods (Rev. J. E.) — On the Glacial Period in Australia. Tran$. db Proc. R. 8oc. Vietoria, viii., 1867, pp. 43-47. 2. Physical Structure and Geology of Australia. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, vii., 1882, pp. 371-389. B. New Soutli Wales. 3. — Clarke (Rev. W. B.) — Researches in the Southern Gold Fields of New South Wales. Sydney, 1860. See especially pp. 225, 226, 228, and 230. 4. — CuRRAN (Rev. J. M.) — Exhibit of photographs and rock-specimens illus- trative of the physiography and geology of the Mt. Kosciusko Plateau, especially in relation to the so-called evidences of Glacia- tion; with Remarks thereon. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, xxi. Pt. 4, p. 819, Nov. 1896 [May, 1897]. 5. On the Evidence (so-called) of Glacier Action on Mount Kosci- usko Plateau. Op. cit. xxii. Pt. 4, pp. 796-809, pis. xxxvii.-xxxix., Nov. 1897 [June, 1898]. BY PROF. DAVID, RICHARD HELMS, AND E. F. PITTMAN. 71 6.— Helms (R.)- Exhibit of Glacier-polished Slab from Moraine at base of Mt. Twynan, Snowy Mts., Australian Alps. Proc. Linn Soc. N.S. Walea, (2), viii. Pt. 2, p. 328, September. 1893 [March, 1894J. 7. On the recently observed Evidences of an extensive Glacier Action at Mount Kosciusko Plateau. Op. cit. (2), viii., Pt. 3 pp. 349-364, pi. xviii., October, 1893 [April, 18941. 8. The Australian Alps, or Snowy Mountains. Journ. R. Geog. Soc. Aust, Sydney, iv. No. 4, pp. 75-96, Oct.-Dec, 1896. See especially pp. 78 and 83. 9. — Jaquet (J. B.)— Geological Notes upona Trip to Mount Kosciusko, New South Wales. Records Geol. Surv. N.S. Wales, v., Pt. 3, 1897, pp. 113-117. 10.— KiTSON (A. E.) and Thoen (W.)— Contributions to the Geology of Mount Kosciusko and the Indi-Monaro Track. Report Aust. Assoc. Adv. Sc, vii., Sydney, 1898 [1899], pp. 367-370. 11. — Lendenfeld (R. von)— Report on the Results of his recent Examina- tion of the Central Part of the Australian Alps, pp. 1-16, pis. i.-vi. Govt. Printer, Sydney, Jan. 21st, 1885. 12. The Glacial Period in Australia. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, X. Pt. 1, pp. 44-53, pis. vii. -viii., Jan., 1885 [June]. 13. Petermann's Mittlieilungen, 1887, Ergdnzungsheft, No. 87, C. Victoria. 14.— Griffiths (G. S.) — On the Evidences of a Glacial Epoch in Victoria during Post-Miocene Times. Trans. & Proc. R. Soc. Victoria, xxi., 1884 [1885], pp. 1-28. 15. — HowiTT (A. W.)— The Physical Geography and Geology of North Gipps- land, Victoria. Q.J.G.S., xxxv., 1879, pp. 1-41. See especially p. 35. 16. Notes on Lake Karng. Reports and Statistics of the Mining Department, Victoria, for Quarter ended 30th September, 1891, pp. 26-30, with plates. 17.— KiTsoN (A. E.)— Geological Notes on the Gehi and Indi Rivers and Monaro Gap, Mount Kosciusko, N.S.W. Proc. R. Soc. Victoria, n.s. ix., 1897, pp. 22-28. 18.— Stirling (J.)— The Physical Features of the Australian Alps. Trans. d- Proc. R. Soc. Victoria, xviii., 1881, [1882], pp. 98-110, with two plates. 72 GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON KOSCIUSKO, 19. — Stirling (J.) — Notes on the Meteorology of the Australian Alps. Op. cit. xxi., 1884, [1885], pp. 144-145. 20. Notes on Evidences of Glaciation in the Australian Alps. Op. cit., xxii., 1885 [1886], pp. 20-34. 21. Physiography of the Tambo Valley. Trans. Geol. Soc. Austra- lasia, Vol. i. Pt. 2, Melbourne, 1887. See especially p. 49. D. Tasmania. 22. — Dunn (E. J.) — Glaciation of the Western Highlands of Tasmania. Proc. R. Soc. Victoria, n.s. vi-, 1893, [1894], pi. viii. See especi- ally pp. 134-135, 137-138. 23. — Johnston (E. M. )~ Geology of Tasmania. By authority- Hobart, 1888. See especially pp. 254-257, and 296. 24. The Glacier Epoch of Australasia. Papers d' Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania for 1893, pp. 73-134, [June, 1894]. 25. Notes on the Geology of Lake St. Clair and its immediate Neighbourhood, together with Observations regarding the probable Origin of our numerous Tasmanian Lakes and Tarns. Op. cit. for 1893, pp. 135-146, [1894]. 26. — Montgomery (A.) — Glacial Action in Tasmania. Op. cit. for 1893, [1894], pp. 159-169. See especially pp. 162 and 164. 27. — Moore (T. B.)— Discovery of Glaciation in the Vicinity of Mount Tyn- dall, in Tasmania, with Supplementary Notes. Op. cit. for 1893, pp. 147-149, [1894]. 28. Notes on further Proofs of Glaciation at lower Levels. Ojj. cit. for 1894-95, [August, 1896], pp. 73-77. 29. — Officer (G.), Balfour (L.), and Hogg (E. G. )— Geological Notes on the country between Strahan and Lake St. Clair, Tasmania. Proc. R. Soc. Victoria, n.s. vii., 1894 [1895]. See especially pp. 119, 124, 125, and 127-130. E, Neiv Zealand. 30.— Hutton (F. W.)— Sketch of the Geology of New Zealand. Q.J.G.S., xli., Pt. 2, May, 1885. See especially pp. 211 and 218. 31. Glacier Action in New Zealand. Report Aust. Assoc. Adv. Sc, v., Adelaide, 1893 [1894], pp. 232-240. 32. The Geological History of New Zealand. Trans, d- Proc. N.Z. Inst., xxxii., 1899 [1900], pp. 159-183. See especially pp. 174 and 176. BY PROF. DAVID, RICHARD HELMS, AND E. F. PITTMAN. 73 33. — Lendenfeld (E. von) — The Time of the Glacial Period in New Zealand. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wale>i, ix., 1884 [1885], pp. 806-808. F. Kerguelen. 34. — MosELEY (H. N.) - Notes by a Naturalist on the Challenger. London, 1879, pp. 197-199. 35. Report of the Challenger Expedition. Narrative, i., Pt. i., pp. 348, 349, 374. G. South America. 36. — Conway (Sib M.) — Explorations in the Bolivian Andes. Geogr. Jonvn. xiv.. No. 1, July, 1899. See especially pp. 14-15. 37. — Dakwin (C. ) — Naturalist's Voyage round the World. 2nd ed. London, 1882. See especially pp. 225 and 242-251. 38. — Hatchek (J. B. ) — Geology of Southern Patagonia. Avier. Jonvn. Set., Vol. iv., 1897, pp. 246-248, 327-354. 39. Estudios Geologicos de la Patagonia. An. Soc. Cient. Argentina. Tomo xlvii. , Primer Semestre de 1899, pp. 77-79. 40. — MoKENO (F. P.) — Explorations in Patagonia. Geogr. Journ., xiv.. No. 3, Sept., 1899, pp. 241-269 ; No. 4, Oct., 1899, pp. 353-372. 41. — NoRDENSKJOLD (0.)— Ticrra de Fuego. Geograpli. ZeitscJi., 1896. 42. Algunos datos sobre la Naturaleza de la Eegion Majellanica. An. Soc. Cient. Argentina. Tomo xliii. -xliv. , 1897, pp. 190-197. 43. A Journey in South Western Patagonia. Geogr. Journ., x., No. 4, Oct., 1897, pp. 401-410. 44. Tertiary and Quarternary Deposits in the Magellan Territories. Amer. GeoU, xxi. , No. 5, May, 1898, pp. 300-309. ii. — Miscellaneous. 45. — Arrhenius and Hoegbom. — On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground. Phil. Mag., April, 1896, pp. 237-276. 46. — Brittlebank (C. C. ) — The Rate of Erosion of some River Valleys. Geol Mag. No. 433, n.s. Dec. iv.. Vol. vii., July, 1900, pp. 320-322. (A paper read at the Meeting of the Aust. Assoc. Adv. Sc. in Melbourne in January, 1900). 47. — Carne (J. E.) — Annual Report, Dept. Mines and Agric. N.S. Wales for 1897, pp. 150-155. 74 GEOLOGICAL NOTES ON KOSCIUSKO. 48.- -Chamberlin (Prof.) — Papers on the subjects treated of in No. 45. in relation to Glacial Epochs. Journ. of Geology, vii., Nos. 6, 7 and 8. 49.— HoGBEN {G.)— Report Aust. Assoc. Adv. Sc, iv., Hobart, 1892 [1893], pp. 294-295. 50.— HoEGBOM (A. G.)—Svensk Kemisk Tidskrift, Bd. vi., p. 169 (1894). 51. — HowiTT (A. W.) — Notes on Samples of Eocks collected by A. E. Kitson and W. Thorn. Report Aust. Assoc. Adv. Sc, vii., Sydney, 1898 [1899], pp. 370-374. 52.— LuiGi (De Marchi) — Le Cause dell 'Era Glaciale, premiato dal R. Instituto Lombardo, Pavia, 1895. 53. — Stbzelecki [P.) — Report on the Geographical Mineralogy of New South Wales. Appendix C to Governor Sir George Gipps's Despatch dated Sydney, 28th Sept., 1840, p. 12. Abstract in Tasm. Journ. Sc. i., 1842, p. 67. NOTES AND EXHIBITS. Mr. Maiden exhibited specimens of the Acacia described in his paper. Messrs. David, Helms and Pittman exhibited a series of lantern views, photographs, coloured diagrams, glaciated boulders, rock specimens, and rock-sections under microscopes, illustrating in detail the geology of the Kosciusko plateau. DONATIONS. 75 WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24th, 1901. The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Society was held at the Linnean Hall, Ithaca Road, Elizabeth Bay, on Wednesday evening, April 24th, 1901. Mr. J. H. Maiden, F.L.S.,