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Ree > D>» "> y Dom)> ?e-’ >> — DD 532 233 ae 5 Syn s 3 > Se s > < 2». Y) jy > ay > > > DDI5>.» WDB, ote eae eae " v PROCEEDINGS OF THE LITERARY & ee SOCTETY LIVERPOO OL, DURING THE FORTY-THIBRD SESSION, 18a] p42. No. VIII. LIVERPOOL: DEIGHTON AND LAUGHTON. «MDCCCLIYV. The Council beg to state that the Authors of Papers are alone responsible fo for the facts and opinions contained in their respective communications, ate Ppa 3 . 7, i = =A a ; Fis 2 tea Bee. e Yeu~* LIVERPOOL: q , a PRINTED BY HENRY GREENWOOD, 16, CANNING PLACE. 4 i 5 a —_— i a oS CONTENTS, Page List or MremBers sh oh HE Fi Vv Councin, Report of Session sie 1853- 4 ors ay 1 M‘Anprew, Ropert, “On the Gepeannital Disteibonion of Testaceous Mollusca in the North-East Atlantic and Neighbouring Seas” se 8 Bovrt, Josepu, “ The Most Marked Daves of he ins Promoted by War” si se aie ee 58 Towson, J. T., “ On Great Circle Santi” ae ea 66 Home, Rey. ee ‘On English Dialects”... %: “92, 175 Tune, Dr., “ On the Paradise Lost of Milton” a “98, 94 Ferrcuson, WiniiAm, “ On the Raised Beaches of the Frith of Clyde; with Notices of the Discovery of Numerous Ancient Canoes in the Neighbourhood of Glasgow” ... 181 Broxam, F. W., “ On the Minor Poets of the Day” ... : 144 Fiscugex, Rev. A., “On the Life and Writings of Joost Van Vondel” ... % as a di ell Home, Rev. Dr., “‘ On rales” or 158 Coxtxixs, Marruew, “On the Attraction of Bille geoids consileian Geometrically”... : 159 Moss, Rev. J. J., ‘On the Ghensitad Puspathies of the: Takhane Hill Mineral”... } oni, supine Ramsay, Rev. A., “ On the Life wid ae of Hobbes” hie 159 Donations to fas Taber sag a os ae Pring sai tiie: TREAsSURER’s ACCOUNTS 50 ah hot ns i Lists. Index... Ar aie sas “fe ate sar 181 Byrrtry, Isaac, ‘The Fauna of Liverpool” ... a: Jonenies 99ers “ERRATA. ; Page 93, line 27, for Inocenamus, read Inoceramus. Page 158, lines 14 and 15, for Bloxham, read Bloxam. Page 159, line 8, for Rev. J. B. Moss, read J. J. Moss. 3 ed , ss , es = L on | } i 2 “ e » 4 —, * f a : ria News rae LIST OF MEMBERS. SESSION XLIII 1853--54. Cu NEO TE present. JosEPH Dickinson, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., M.R.LA., F.LS., &e. Vice- Presidents. JosmPH Brookes YAtTnHS, F.S.A., M.R.G.S. RoserT M‘AnpreEw, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. Tuomas InMAN, M.D., F.B.SE. Crengurer. Epwarp Heatu, Esa. Aon. Secretary. THomMAS SAnsom, A.L.S., F.B.S.E. Other embers of Council: Francis ARCHER, Esq, | WituiaM Inne, Ph.D. Isaac BYERLEY, Esq. Ws. LASSELL, F.B.8., F.R.A.S., &c, JOHN Hartnup, F.R.A.S, | J.P. G. Sirs, Esq. Rey. J. S. Howson, M.A. Davip PurpdIE THomson, M.D, Joun TromsAs Towson, Esq. ORDINARY MEMBERS. Elected. 1833 Aikin, James, 1, Gloree-piazeas, and 1, Alfred-strect. 1851 Anderson, Robert Worrall, 23, Fatkner-square. 1841 Anderson, Thomas Francis, 3, Cable-street, and Holly-lodge, Fairfield. 1844 Archer, Francis, M.R.C.8.l., Corresp. Mem. Nat. Hist. SS. Boston and Belfast, 49, Rodney-street. 1853 Archer, Thomas Croxon, Revenue-bwildings and Higher Tranmere. 1854 Aspinall, John B., 1, South John-street, and 47, Oxford-street, 1854 Bahr, G. W., 4, Cable-strect. 1834 Baines, Thomas, Castle-strect, and Marine-terrace, Liscard. 1853 Baldey, Alexander, Baltic-buildings, Redcross-street. 1845 Balman, Thomas, M.D. St. And., M.R.C.S.E., 4, O.cford-strect. 1854 Banister, Rev. W., B.A. Oxon., Mount Cemetery, Upper Duke-strect. 1851 Bean, William, Revenue-buildings, and 21, Wellington-road. 1850 Behrend, Henry, M.R.C.S.E., 15, Canning-street. 1854 Bennett, William, 69, Shaw-street. 1812 Bickersteth, Robert, Hon, F.R.C\S.E., Sen. Surg. Liverp, Infirmary, 2, Rodney-strect. VI. Elected. 1848 Bishop, Rey. Francis, 7, Park-road. 1847 Bloxam, Fred. William, 16, West Derby-street. 1834 Boult, Francis, Jun., 6, Rumford-place, and Clifton-park. 1835 Boult, Swinton, 37, Custle-street, and Heswell, Cheshire. 1852 Brewer, John, Barrister-at-Law, 2, South John-street. 1844 Bright, Samuel, 1, North John-street, and Sandheys, Mill-lane, West Derby. 1851 Brougham, James Rigg, Reg. Court of Bankr., South John-street. 1849 Burke, William, Revenwe-buildings, and 36, Percy-street. 1848 Byerley, Isaac, F.L.S., M.R.C.S.E., Myrtle Cottage, Seacombe, Cheshire, 1848 Casey, George, North View, Everton-valley. 1853 Cauty, Henry John, M.R.C.8.E., 31, Norton-street. 1851 Clare, John Leigh, 11, Exchange-buildings. 1844 Clay, Robert, 38, Saint Anne-street. 1853 Cohen, Douglas, M.D., 16, Hardy-street. 1850 Cox, Henry, 24, Exchange-alley North, and Spring-bank, Wulton-brech. 1844 Dale, R. N., 12, Exchange-street East, and Hill-house, Higher Tranmere. 1845 Davis, George Millett, M.R.C.S.E., 78, Rodney-street. 1848 De Finance, G., 39, North Bedford-street. 1840 Dickinson, Joseph, M.A. and M.D. Trin. Coll. Dub. and Cantab., M.R.C.P.L., F.R.S., M.R.LA., F.L.S., F.B.S.E., Lect. on Princip. and Pract. of Med. Liverp. School of Med., Phys, to Liverpool Infirmary, 5, Nelson-street. 1848 Dove, Perey M., 1, North John-street, and 49, Hamilton-square, Birkenhead. 1847 Driffield, W. W., York-buildings, Sweeting-street, and Prescot. 1848 Drysdale, John J., M.D. Edin., L.R.C.8.E., 44, Rodney-street. 1836 Duncan, William H., M.D. Edin., Medical Officer of Health, Cornwallis- street, and Peel-terrace, Falkner-square. 1833 Eden, Thomas, M.R.C.S.E., 105, Park-road, (Dingle-hill.) 1848 Edwards, John Baker, Ph. D. Gies., F.C.8., 42, Berry-street. 1844 Ellison, King, M.R.C.S.E., 30, Rodney-street. 1850 Evans, Henry Sugden, F.C.S., 1, Seel-street. 1846 Faram, John, 29, Seel-street, and 6, Craven-terrace. 1852 Ferguson, William, F.L.S., F.G.S., 18, Royal Exchange, London. 1852 Fischel, Rev. A., 4, Great George-square. 1849 Fisher, William MNaught, Ph. D., F.R.A.S., 39. Great George-strect. 1837 Fletcher, Edward, 122, Chatham-street. 1854 Fletcher, F. D., 1, Mornington-terrace. 1849 Forshaw, John, 1, Sweeting-street. 1854 Gee, Robert, M.D., 10, Oxford-street. 1853 Godden, Joseph, Oxion, Cheshire. 1844 Gray, Thomas, 1, North John-street, and Walton-on-the- Hill. 1853 Greenwood, Henry, 16, Canning-place, and 12, Fairfield Crescent, Prospect Vale, Fairfield. 1850 Hamilton, George, Wellington-road, North Egremont. 1847 Hampton, Rev. H., M.A., 18, Upper Parliament-street. 1837 Hartley, John Bernard, Coburg Dock, and Mount Pleasant, Linaere. 1850 Hartnup, John, F.R.A.S., Liverpool Observatory. 1850 Harvey, Enoch, 12, Custle-street, and 5, Prince’s-park-terrace. ee 4 —— Vil. Elected, 1841 Heath, Edward, Orange-court, Castle-street, and St. Domingo-grove, Breckhfield-road. 1850 Hibbert, Thomas Dorning, 39, Sackville-street, and Middle Temple, London. 1846 Higgins, Rev. H. H., M.A. Cantab., F.C.P.S., Rainhill. 1836 Higginson, Alfred, M.R.C.S.E., 44, Upper Parliament-stree 1850 Hodson, Thomas Llewellyn, M.R.C.S.E., Islington. 1852 Holt, Alfred, 2, India-buildings. 1849 Holt, George, Jun., Fenwichk-chambers, and 2, Rake-lane, Edge-hill. 1847 Horner, Henry P., Basnet-street, and 7, Everton-road. 1850 Howson, Rey. John Saul, M.A. Cantab., Principal of the Collegiate Institution, 2, Holland-place, Edge-hill. 1847 Huggins, Samuel, 35, South John-street, and 17, Brunswick-road. 1841 Hume, Rev. Abraham, D.C.L. Dub., LL.D. Glasg., F.S.A., Coresp. F.S.A. Scot., M.P.S., Hon. Sec. Hist. Soc., 9, Clarence-street, Everton. 1851 Hunt, George, The Brades, near Birmingham. 1851 Hutchinson, Richard, M.R.C.S.E., Upper Stanhope-street. 1850 Ihne, William, Ph. D. Bonn, 6, Carlton-terrace, Upper Parliament-street. 1844 Inman, Thomas, M.D. Lond., M.R.C.S.E., F.B.S.E., Lect. on Mat. Med. and Med. Jurisp. Liverp. Sch. of Med., 16, Rodney-street. -1844 Jevons, William, Devonshire-terrace, Birkenhead. 1854 Jones, John, 55, Rodney-street. 1852 Jones, Morris Charles, 75, Shaw-street. 1851 Jones, Roger Lyon, Great George-square. 1853 Keates, John, 2, Canning-street. 1846 King, Joseph, Jun., 3, Union-court, and 59, Shaw-street. 1854 Kirwan, Chas., Southern Hospital, Gireenland-street. 1848 Lamport, William James, Fenwick-chambers, and Rock-ferry. 1839 Lassell, William, F.R.S., F.R.A.S., 20, Wilton-street. 1852 Lassell, William, Jun., 20, Milton-street. 1844 Lear, John, 1, North John-street, and 11, Holland-terrace, Edge-hill. 1854 Lidderdale, William, 42, Canning-street. 1844 Lord, William, Lieut. R.N., Revenue-buildings, and 16, Sandon-street. 1834 M‘Andrew, Robert, F.R.S., F.L.S., 84, Upper Parliament-street. 1852 Macleod, Norman, Sailors’ Home, and 8, Peel-street. 1853 McNicholl, Thos., 32, Crown-strect. 1822 Macrorie, David, M.D. Edin., M.R.C.S.E. and Ed., 126, Duke-strect. 1853 Marrat, F. P., 15, White Mill-street. 1848 Marshall, Buchanan, M.D. Glasgow, 29, Islington-terrace. 1839 Martin, Studley, Exchange-chambers, and 3, Chesterfield-street. 1844 Mayer, Joseph, F.8.A., 68, Lord-street. 1854 Melly, George, 5, Bed ford-place, Bedford-street South. 1853 Milner, Rev. J. W., M.A., 1, Devonshire-terrace, Upper Parliament-street. 1849 Moss, Rev. John James, B.A., Otterspool. 1850 Mott, Albert J., South Castle-street, and Grove-park, Lodge-lane. 1854 Mott, C. G., 9, Hxchange-alley North. ‘ 1834 Neill, Hugh, F.R.A.S., L.R.C.S.E., 115, Mount-pleasant. 1851 Newlands, James, Borough Engineer, Cornwallis-street, and Lodge-lane. 1847 Nisbet, William, L.F.P. and 8.G., Church-street, Egremont. 1853 Pearse, W. T., M.D., 1, Upper Parliament-street. VIII. Elected. 1846 Picton, James A., F.S.A., 19, Clayton-square, and Sandy-knowe, Wavertree. : 1853 Porter, Rev. James, B.A., Collegiate Institution. 1854 Prange, F., Grove-park, Lodge-lane. 1850 Ramsay, Rev. Arthur, M.A. Cantab., Hayman’s Green, West Derby. 1844 Ramsay, Peter, M.D. St. And., F.R.C.P.E., M.R.C.S.E., Surg. R.N., 69, Chatham-street. 1812 Rathbone, Richard, 24, Water-street, and Woodcote, Aighurth-road. 1812 Rathbone, William, 24, Water-street, and Green-bank, Wavertree. 1851 Redish, Joseph Carter, 5, Falkner-street. 1854 Rees, William, 2, West Derby-strect. 1854 Rigge, Thomas, 64, Rodney-street. 1840 Robberds, Rev. John, B.A., High-park-street, Toxteth-park. 1853 Rowe, James, 2, Chapel-walks. 1850 Ryder, James O., 1, Fenwich-street, and 39, Falkner-square. 1836 Salt, Charles Fred., Hon. Sec. Liverpool Polytech. Society, 88, Upper Canning-street. 1845 Sansom, Thomas, A.L.S., F.B.S.E., Local Sec. Bot. Soc., London, Revenue-buildings, and 7, Everton-road. 1846 Scholfield, Henry Daniel, M.D. Oxon, M.R.C.S.E., 14, Hamilton-square, Birkenhead. 1853 Shain, James Miller, M.R.C.S., 4, Monument-place, London-road. 1812 Smith, James Houlbrooke, 28, Rodney-street, and Green-hill, Allerton. 1848 Smith, J. P. G., Borough Bank, Water-street, and Spring-bank, Breek- road. 1850 Smith, R. C., Church-street, Birkenhead. 1853 Somers, John Augustus, L.R.C.S.E., &e., 17, Hunter-street. 1842 Taylor, Robert Hibbert, M.D. Edin., L.R.C.S.E., F.B.S.E., Lect. on Opthalm. Med. Liverp. Sch. Med., Percy-street. 1849 Thomson, David Purdie, M.D. Edin., L.R.C.S.E., 4, Salisbury-street. 1812 Thorneley, Thomas, M.P., 8, Mount-street. 1844 Thorneley, Francis, 9, Exchange-alley, and 16, Hope-street. 1851 Towson, John Thomas, Sazlors’ Home, and 23, Great Greorge-square. 1844 Turnbull, James, M.D. Edin., Phys. Liverp. Infirm., 4, Mornington- terrace. 1844 Vose, James Richard White, M.D. Edin., Sen. Phys. Liverp. Infirmary, 5, Gambier-terrace. 1844 Walmsley, Joshua, Lord-street. 1849 Watling, John William Henry, M.R.C.S.E., Wavertree. 1844 Winstanley, Samuel, Church-street, and 68, Mount-pleasant. 1836 Yaniewicz, Felix, 60, Mownt-pleasant. 1812 Yates, Joseph Brooks, F.S.A., M.R.G.S., M.P.S., 25, King-street, and West Dingle. 1834 Yates, Richard Vaughan, 31, Branswick-street, and The Shrubbery, Toxteth-park. tx. CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. Elected. 1812 Rev. Francis Parkman, Boston, U.S. 1812 Peter Mark Roget, M.D, Edin., F.R.C.P., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.R.A.S.. F.R.G.S., &c., London. 1813 Very Rev. William Buckland, D.D, Oxon., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., Hon, F.C.P.S., Dean of Westminster, Deanery, West- minster. 1814 Alexander Blair, L.L.D., London. 1815 Benjamin Smith Barton, M.D., Philadelphia. 1816 Thomas Stackhouse. 1816 George Cumming, M.D., Edin., L.R.C.P., Denbigh. 1816 John Waketield Francis, M.D., Bond-street, New Yorks. 1817 John Bradbury, New York. 1817 George Cantrell, Eaton. 1818 Willis Earle, Calcutta. 1819 John Stanley, M.D., Edin., Whitehaven. 1819 and 1825 Rev. W. Scoresby, D.D., F.B.S.8.L. and E., &., &e. 1820 Joseph Carne, F.R.S., M-B.LA., F.G.S., &e., Penzance, Cornwall. 1823 John Reynolds. 1824 Rev. H. Jones. James Thomson, Mexico, 1827 Rev. William Hincks, F.R.S.E., F.L.S., F.B.S.E., Queen's College, Cork. 1828 Rev. Brook Aspland, Duckinfield, Cheshire. 1831 Charles Pope, Portishead, Bristol. John Ashton Yates, M.R.G.S., Bryanston-square, London. 1833 Professor Traill, M.D, Edin, F.R.C.P.E., F.RS.E., F.G.8., &e., Edinburgh. 1833 Earl of Harrowby, P.C., D.C.L., Sandon-hall, Staffordshire. 1833 James Yates, M.A., F.R.S., F LS., F.G.S., &e., Lauderdale-house, Highgate, London. 1834 William Macdowall Tartt. 1835 George Patten, A.R.A., London. ‘ 1835 William Ewart, MP., Cambridge-square, Hyde-park, London. 1835 Henry, Lord Brougham and Vaux, M.A., F.R.S., &., &e., &e. 1835 Francis, Earl of Ellesmere, D.C.L., ¥F.G.S., F.L.S., F.S.A., &e., London. 1835 Samuel Angell, Gower-street, Bedford-square, London. 1836 H. B. Robinson, London, 1836 Chevalier de Kirkhoff, Antwerp, 1837 Earl of Burlington, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., M.R.LA., F.G.S., F.R.G.S.. F.C.P.S., F.Z.8., &e., Belgrave-square, London. 1838 Professor Airey, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., Hon. F.R.S.E., Hon. M.R.T.A.. F.R.A.S., F.C.P.S., &e., Astronomer Royal, Greenwich. 1840 James Naysmith, Patricroft. 1840 Richard Duncan Macintosh, L.R.C.P., Exeter, Devonshire. 1841 Charles Bryce, M.D., Glasg., Fell. F.P. and 5.G., Socio dell’ Accad. de Lin, Roma., Ludlow, a. 1842 J. W. Dixon, Cape of Good Hope. 1844 George Chater, Norwich. . 1344 J. B. Jukes, M.A., F.R.S., F.G,S., Local Director of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin. 1844 Professor Edward Forbes, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S., Hon. F.C.P.S., University, Edinburgh. 1844 T. B. Hall, Coggeshall, Essex. 1844 Peter Rylands, Warrington. 1844 Professor Scouler, M.D., Royal Society, Dublin. 1844 Professor T. Rymer Jones, F.R.S., F.Z.8., F.L.S., M.R.CS.E., &e., King’s College, London. 1844 W. H. White, M.B.S., London. 1844 Robert Patterson, Belfast. 1844 Signor L. Bellardi, Turin. 1844 Signor Michelotti, Turin. 1844 M. L. Phillips, Brighton. 1844 Thomas Bell Salter, M.D. Edin., M.R.C.S. Eng. and Edin., F.L.S., F.B.S.E., Ryde, Isle of Wight. 1844 Professor Alger, Boston, U.S. 1844 Sir Charles Lemon, Bart., M.A. Cantab., F.R.S., F.GS., Cardew, Cornwall. 1844 Il Cavaliere Carlo Passerini, Pisa. 1844 Professor William Carpenter, M.D., Edin., M.R.C.S.E., F.R.S., F.G.S., London University. 1846 Rev. Professor Baden Powell, M.A., Oxon, F.R.S., F-R.A.S., F.G.S., &c., Oxford. 1847 Sir William Rowan Hamilton, LL.D., Hon. F.R.S.E., M.R.I.A., F.R.AS., F.C.P.S., Hon. F.C.P.S., &c., Astronomer Royal of Treland, Dublin. ; 1849 Thomas Nuttall, F.L.S8., Rainhill, Lancashire. 1849 Rev. Thomas Corser, M.A., Stand, Bury. 1850 Rev. St. Vincent Beechey, M.A. Cantab. Worsley, near Eccles. 1851 James Smith, F.R.SS.L. and E., F.G.8., Jordan-hill, Glasgow. 1851 Henry C. Pidgeon, Putney College, and 37, Berners-street, London. 1851 Rev. Robert Bickersteth Mayor, M.A. Cantab. Fell. St. John’s, Cantab., F.C.P.8., Rugby. 1851 George Johnston, M.D. Edin., LL.D. Aberd., F.R.CS.E., Berwich- upon- Tweed. 1852 Thomas Spencer, London. 1852 William Reynolds, M.D., Coed-du, Denbighshire. 1853 Rev. James Booth, LL.D., F.R.S, &c., Wandsworth, Surrey. PROCEEDINGS LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF LIVERPOOL. SESSION FORTY-THREE, 1853-4. FIRST MEETING. Roya Instrrution.—October 17, 1853. JOSEPH DICKINSON, M.D., F.L.S., &c., Prestent, in the Chair. The Srcrerany read the following Report of the retiring Council :— In surrendering their trust into the hands of the members, the Council cannot but congratulate the Society on the successful termina- tion of the Forty-second Session. During the past Session the following gentlemen have been added to the list of ordinary members: namely, Rev. A. Fischel, Messrs. William Lassell, jun., John Brewer, Wm. Ferguson, Henry J. Cauty, Morris C. Jones, F. P. Marrat, Dr. D, Cohen, Mr. James Rowe, and Rev. J. W. Milner; and the name of Mr. William Jevons has been transferred from the list of corresponding to that of ordinary members. The Council have to regret the removal, by death, of Mr. Edward Hebson. Resignations have been received from the following gentlemen: namely, Messrs. F'. Brent, John Conway, Henry Curry, S. M. South, Dr. Trench, Dr. M‘Naught, and Mr. John Wybergh, jun. The names of Messrs. Robert Rockliff, R. B. Reid, E. B. Spence, C. J. Ross, Dr. Parr, and Dr. R. H. Brett, have been removed from the list of members under the operation of the second law, which provides that, “if any member shall omit to pay his subscription for three consecutive years, his connexion with the Society shall cease.” 2 The Society now numbers 199 members ; namely, 183 ordinary, and 66 corresponding. During the session the following papers, many of which are of great interest, have been read, namely :— “On Time-balls and Sympathetic Clocks,” by Mr. Hartnup. “On some Greek Inscriptions at Ince Blundell,” by Mr. Yates. “On the Earthquake of the 9th Nov., 1852,” by Mr. J. P. G. Smith. * On the Coffees of Commerce,” by Mr. H. 8. Evans. “On the true Mythological Conception of Janus,” by Dr. Ihne. “On the Rheno-Danubian barrier of the Roman Empire,” by Mr. James Yates. «An Account of an Explosion in a Granite Quarry at the village of Furnace, on the western shore of Loch Fine,” by Mr. John James Moss «On the Trustworthiness of the Account respecting the Regal Period of the Roman History,” by Dr. Ihne. “ Who was Macbeth?” by Dr. Hume. “On the Occurrence in this Country of Bombycella Carolinensis, Bombycella garrula, and Merops Apiaster,” by Mr. W. Ferguson. “On the Practical Application of Comparative Philology,” by the Rev. Arthur Ramsay. “On the Deviation of the Compass on board Iron Steamers proceed- ing to the Southern Hemisphere,” by Mr. Towson. Architecture and Nature,” by Mr. Samuel Higgins. ‘On the History of Nautical Terms,” by the Rev. J. S. Howson. “On the Fall of an Aérolite in Corrientes, one of the Argentine Provinces, in January, 1844,” by Mr. H. E. Symonds. “On the History, Present Position, and Future Prospects of the Literary and Philosophical Society,” by Dr. Hume. “Results of Meteorological Observations taken at the Liverpool Observatory during the two years ending December, 1852,” by Mr. Hartnup. «On the General Character of Storms which pass over the British Isles, with some Practical Suggestions, by which the damage occasioned by them may be diminished,” by Mr. W. Stevenson. Donations to the Library have been received from the following individuals and Societies, namely :—The Right Hon. Lord Londes- borough, the Rey. Dr. Hume, Mr. Sansom, the Rev. Dr. Booth, Dr. Turnbull, Messrs. Chambers, Royal Society of Edinburgh, Liverpool Architectural and Archeological Society, Committee of the Salford Free Library, Committee of the Liverpool Free Public Library, Royal Astronomical Society, Society of Arts, Historic Society of Lancashire 3 and Cheshire, Royal Institution of Great Britain, Literary and Philoso- phical Societies of Hull and Manchester, Royal Irish Academy, and the Peace Conference Committee. The Council refer with great pleasure to two resolutions passed by the Society during the early part of the session. Ast. That Visitors be admitted at the commencement of the meeting.” 2nd. ‘* That the privilege of attending the public meetings be given to the presidents and secretaries, ea officio, of such societies as meet in the Royal Institution, or may be approved by the Society.” In accordance with the last mentioned regulation, the Society, on the recommendation of the Council, invited the attendance, at our meetings, of the President and Secretary of the Polytechnic Society, Architectural and Archeological Society, Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, and the Chemists’ Association. | This has been most gracefully acknowledged by these societies, and the same privilege has been extended to the officers of this soviety in return. Your Council are fully aware of the desirableness of encouraging that friendly feeling which now exists between the learned Societies of the town, and in order to cultivate it more fully, the Council are of opinion that, when papers of public or general iuterest are to be brought befure this: Society, they should be authorized to invite the members of other Societies and the public to attend the meeting. Invitations of this nature were received during the Session from the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, to attend a day meeting on the 5th May, and also from the Chemists’ Association, to attend the exhibition, by Mr. Staite, of the Electric Light, in the Theatre of the Royal Institution, on the 29th April. Both these invitations were gladly accepted by the members of this Society, and the meetings were numerously attended. The Council refer with satisfaction to a most agreeable re-union of the Societies at the celebration of the centenary of the birthday of William Roscoe, on the 8th March last. On this occasion the members of the learned Societies of the town, with their friends, met together (1,200 in number), at a public breakfast in the Philharmonic-hall, under the presidency of the Right Hon. the Earl of Sefton, Lord-Lieut. of the County, when we were also honoured with the presence of our excellent Chief Magistrate, the Lord Bishop of the Diocese, and other distinguished visitors. The opening of the valuable museum presented to the town by the Karl of Derby followed, and the day's proceedings closed with an 4 elegant entertainment, given by his Worship the Mayor, at the Town Hall. The Council congratulate the members on the determination of the British Association to hold its next meeting in this town, and they feel assured that nothing will be wanting on the part of the members of the Society and its officers to contribute to the comfort of the distinguished visitors that may be expected in Liverpool on that occasion ; and that every endeavour will be made to carry out such arrangement as shall make the meeting worthy of this town. During the recess, the publication of the Proceedings has advanced, but the Council regret that, owing to unforeseen circumstances, respecting the printing, over which they had no control, they are unable to present the entire volume in type this evening. The volume, however, will be in the hands of the members in the course of a few weeks. The Council cannot allow this opportunity to pass without expressing to the members the gratification they feel in being able to state that, inasmuch as every former volume has excelled its immediate predecessor, so will the present one excel the last, both in value of matter and in illustrations. The Council being anxious that the Suciety should still exercise its functions with unimpaired efficiency, appointed a sub-committee from . its own body, to consider the state of the finances, and to report to the council upon the following points; namely, the propriety of raising the subscriptions ; the formation of different classes of subscribers; on life subscriptions; on compositions ; upon the continuance of the practice of giving tea, coffee, &c., and sending out circulars; on the payment for the transactions, for the tea and coffee ; and such other points as they may consider to bear upon the subject; and the Council beg to lay before the Society their Report, which is as follows : “The Sub-Committee are of opinion that it is desirable the Society should make the following alterations with reference to the above subjects, namely :— ‘That the subscriptions payable by ordinary members be increased to £1 1s., with an entrance fee of 10s. 6d. as at present ; and that life members be admitted at £10 10s., without entrance fee. That the present members of the Society, and all proposed as members prior to the adoption of any alteration in the subscription, be allowed to compound for their future annual subscriptions by the payment of £5 5s., provided the same be done during the Session 1853-54. “The Sub-Committee are also of opinion that tea and coffee, and 5 circulars, should be continued ; and, also, that the transactions should be published as heretofore.” It was moved by the Rev. Dr. Hume, and seconded by Mr. Josrpu Bovutt— “That the Report be adopted, with the exception of that part containing a recommendation to increase the amount of annual subscription.” Amendment moved by Dr. Duncan, and seconded by Mr. J. B. YatTEs— “That the Report of the Council be received; and that the consideration of the increase of subscription be considered at a future meeting, to be called as soon as the laws will admit.”—Amendment carried. The TreasurER’s Accounts were then read and passed.—/( Vide Appendix. ) The Society then proceeded to ballot for the new members of Council, three Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer, and a Secretary. At the conclusion, the Officers of the Society were announced as follows :— President. JosepH Dickinson, M.A., M.D., M.R.LA., F.L.S., &c. Vice-Presidents. JosePH Brooxs Yates, Esa., F.S.A., M.R.G.S. Rosert McAnprew, F.R.S., F.L.S., &e. Tuomas Inman, M.D., F.B.S.E. Treasurer. Epwarp Heatu, Esa. Hon. Secretary. Tuomas Sansom, A.L.S., F.B.S.E. Other Members of Council. FRANCIS ARCHER, ESQ. WILLIAM LASSELL, F.R.S., F.R.A.S, ISAAC BYERLEY, ESQ. J. P. G. SMITH, ESQ. JOHN HARTNUP, F.R.A.S. DAVID PURDIE THOMSON, M.D. REY. J. 8. HOWSON, M.A. JOHN THOMAS TOWSON, ESQ. WILLIAM IHNE, PH.D. | The Rev. Dr. Hume moved a vote of thanks to the retiring Council and Officers, which was carried unanimously. 6 Mr. Atexanper Baupey, Mr. Jonny Aveustus Sommers, and Mr. James Mitter SHarn were elected Ordinary Members. The Rev. James Booty, LL.D., F.R.S., &c., was elected a Corres- ponding Member. The Srcrerary read the following recommendation from the Council, viz.:—‘ That the form of Application for admission be altered, by leaving out the words—‘“ and to furnish, when called for, the title of a paper to be read in the Society.” It having been put from the chair, was carried unanimously. The Secretary read a letter from Mr. Abraham, Honorary Secretary- of the Chemists’ Association, inviting the members of the societies which meet at the Royal Institution, and also those of the Historic Society and the Liverpool Academy, to attend a lecture on the new Crystal Palace at Sydenham, to be delivered by Mr. T. C. Archer, at the Royal Institution, on Friday evening next. Resolved unanimously—“ That the thanks of the Society be presented to the Chemists’ Association.” The Secretary read a letter from Mr. Boult, dated the 14th of October, 1853, inclosing copies of the undermentioned resolutions, passed at a meeting of gentlemen, members of two or more of the local learned societies, publishing transactions, convened by circular, and held in the Library of Mr. Mayer’s Egyptian Museum, on Thursday evening, the 13th instant, Edward Heath, Esq., in the chair, viz. :— 1st. “ That it appears to this meeting that an union of the following societies, viz., the Literary and Philosophical, the Polytechnic, the Architectural and Archeological, and the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, is in many respects highly desirable.” 2nd. ‘ That, to obtain a full and deliberate consideration of the whole subject, we respectfully request each of the four societies to appoint representatives, not exceeding five, to deliberate together, and to prepare a Report, to be submitted to the societies respectively.” 3rd. “That, Mr. Thomas Brakell having offered to print 1,000 copies of the Report, when ready, for presentation to the members of all the Societies, the best thanks of this meeting be presented to Mr. Brakell, and his liberal offer be accepted.” Mr. ForsHaw gave notice that he would move the consideration of the subject at the next meeting. _ The Cuatrman having alluded to the intended visit of the British Association to Liverpool next year, it was moved by Mr. J. B. Yates, seconded by Dr. Hump, and carried unanimously — 7 “That this Society pledges itself to co-operate most cordially in securing the success of the meeting of the British Association.” Mr. Isaac Byrrtey exhibited a fine specimen of the Torpedo nobiliana, which was caught by some fishermen in Carnarvon Bay, on Saturday last. The fish is rarely met with, and (when in a living state) is capable of giving very severe electrical shocks. SECOND MEETING. Roya Institution, October 31, 1853. JOSEPH DICKINSON, M.D., F.L.S., &., PRESIDENT, in the chair. At an Exrraorpinary Meerine, held this evening, the recom- mendation contained in the last Annual Report of the Council, “That the subscription payable by Ordinary Members be increased to £1 Is., with an entrance fee of 10s. 6d., as at present, and that Life Members be admitted at £10 10s., without entrance fee:—That the . present members of the Society, and all proposed as members prior to the adoption of any alteration in the subscription, be allowed to compound for their future annual subscriptions by the payment of £5 5s., provided the same be done during the Session 1853-54 ;”—was taken into consideration: when it was moved by Mr. J. ForsHaw, and seconded by Mr. A. J. Mort—“ That the subscription payable by Ordinary Members be increased to £1 1s. for the present Session.”— Carried. Dr. J. B. Epwarps exhibited Photographs of the Torpedo nobiliana, taken from a specimen lately caught in Carnarvon Bay. Mr. J. B. Yarus exhibited the Victoria Nuggett, from Australia. The following recommendation from the Council was read and adopted by the Society, viz. : “That the Society be recommended, in an address to the Town Council, to suggest the propriety of associating with the Library Committee some members from the Councils of the Learned Societies.” 8 The following paper was read by Roperr McAnprew, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TESTA- CEOUS MOLLUSCA IN THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC AND NEIGHBOURING SEAS. The distribution of marine mollusca is a subject, not only interesting to the student of zoology and physical geography, but particularly so to the geologist, as by reference to it he is enabled to form an opinion of the climatal and other conditions that must have prevailed at the time when those strata were deposited, which contain fossils allied to existing forms. Although shells, as objects of beauty and rarity, have long excited the cupidity of collectors, it is comparatively only of late years that qualified individuals have been found to investigate and record local faunas, and that the commanders and officers of exploring and surveying expeditions have been stimulated to take advantage of the opportunities within their reach of illustrating the natural history of remote regions, whereby the philosophic naturalist has been enabled to form a much more correct idea of the range and distribution of this class of animals, and how far the same is affected by temperature and other circum- stances, than he could have derived from the grossly erroneous data supplied by many of the older writers on conchology. Very much, however, still remains to be accomplished in this direc- tion. The great sea, in which are “ things creeping innumerable,” is still the region of mystery; and people term it the “ waste of waters,” little reflecting how those waters teem with myriads of living beings; and that, even after its vast extent is taken into account, the ocean is pre-eminently the domain of animal, as the land is of vegetable, organization. That there should be found those who still believe in the existence of sea serpents, mermaids, and other monsters, whose terrestrial brethren, the griffins and unicorns, haye long since been banished to the realms of romance and of heraldry, proves the ignorance which exists concerning the things of the sea; while we need but to compare the extent of our knowledge of marine and of land animals, in order to perceive at once what a field is here presented to the lover of nature for research of the most pleasing and interesting kind, and for adding to our knowledge of the manifold works of the Creator. These and similar considerations have induced me to direct my et eee hal 9 attention to the exploring of the bottom of the sea, commencing with our own coasts, and occasionally extending my excursions to those of neighbouring countries. In laying before the Society some of the results of my investigations, I may be allowed to mention, as an evi- _ dence that they have not been altogether fruitless, the fact, that the marine fauna of the Canary Islands had been represented to be of African type, but is proved by me to be much more closely allied to that of the Mediterranean; and, in consequence, the line, marking on a physical map the limit of the tropical fauna, has had to be altered from the north to the south of those islands. There exists a considerable analogy between the distribution of animals (particularly those which, in consequence of a lower organiza- tion, enjoy but very limited power of locomotion,) and of plants. The fauna, as well as flora, of the arctic and antarctic regions being poor in genera and species, but rich in the number of individuals, while the tropics furnish the greatest variety of form in both departments. Also, similar conditions in distant parts of the world present representative, but not identical, species and genera, both in the animal and vegetable kingdoms; and, although the region of Australasia would appear at first sight to form an exception to this rule, a closer observation will shew that its real peculiarity consists in its representing a more ancient state of things, such as may probably have existed in other parts of the world at some period prior to the creation of man. This view is, I believe, borne out by the general character of the plants and vertebrate animals, whilst among the mollusca may be quoted the characteristic genus Trigonia, not met with elsewhere in a living state, but largely represented in the oolites of this country. It is well known with respect to land vegetation, that a difference of elevation compensates for difference of latitude, and that arctic forms are repeated in the same or similar species on the lofty mountains of the temperate and even of the torrid zones. It might be supposed that the analogy would hold good with respect to the marine mollusca, but such is the case only to a very small extent. The temperature of the ocean, at great depths, being uniform in all latitudes at about 40 de- grees of Fahrenheit,* it is very evident, that although the inhabitant of shallow seas in temperate regions may, by descending to a greater depth, procure a similar average temperature either in higher or lower latitudes, the same resource would not be available to the natives of: * Captain Denham states, that at 200 fathoms it averages 60° and 52°, no matter what the surface temperature may be; and below that depth, diminishes till it reaches the mini- mum of 40° at 900 to 1000 fathoms. 10 extreme climates. It is also necessary to bear in mind, that a suitable temperature is uot the only condition necessary to the existence of animals, and that at the moderate depth (compared with the height of mountains) of 600 fathoms, there must exist total darkness, and a pressure equal to 120 times that of our atmosphere, or about 1800 | pounds to the square inch; a state of things which we cannot imagine to be very convenient, even if it be not absolutely opposed, to animal existence. As the depths of the sea are influenced by climate in an inverse ratio to their distance from the surface, till the point of an unvarying temperature is reached, it is evident that difference of latitude must be of much less importance to those beings which inhabit the deep sea, than to shallow water species, and we accordingly find the former to be more extensively distributed than the latter. A considerable varia- tion, as regards the distribution of mollusca, takes place between the opposite sides of the north Atlantic. On the eastern shores, intervening between those of the arctic and tropical regions, are two distinct faunas, which have been termed the Celtic, and the Lusitanian or Mediterranean ; and these so run into one another, that it would be difficult to fix upon an exact line as the commencement or termination of either of them. On the American shores, species generally charac- teristic of the arctic seas extend southward as far as Cape Cod in lat. 42° (the parallel of the north of Portugal), where they are said to disappear abruptly, and to be replaced by genera including Pyrula, Ranella, and Columbella, evidently forms of a more southern type, and which appear to represent those constituting the Lusitanian fauna on this side of the Atlantic. Dr. Philippi has appended to his admirable work, on the Mollusca of Sicily, a comparison of the fauna of that country with the faunas of all the principal districts and localities of which there had been any list of shells published. I have considered that it would not be uninstructive to follow his example within a narrower sphere, by comparing together the shells of those parts which I have personally examined and some others of a similar character, with a view of illustrating the range of northern species southward, and likewise of southern species towards the north. I commence with WESTERN SCANDINAVIA. Ina catalogue of the Mollusca of Western Scandinavia, published by Professor Lovén, of Stockholm, there are, after rejecting a few 11 which prove to be synonyms, 289 species provided with shells, con- sisting of— Acephala lamellibranchiata ............ 466 Acephala palliobranchiata UELOPOUE fier och cones ciexerseu souisesissais-ous oe Gasteropoda prosobranchiata ... 0.1... esses see cee eee cee ces Gasteropoda opisthobranchiata ........ Of these the following are found in North America, being taken prin- cipally from Dr. Gould’s catalogue of the Mollusca of Massachusetts :— ACEPHALA LAMELLI- BRANCHIATA,. Teredo navalis Pholas crispata Saxicava arctica “ rugosa Mya arenaria », truncata Panopea Norvegica Solen ensis Tellina proxima Cyprina Islandica Lucina borealis » flexuosa Turtonia minuta Astarte sulcata Mytilus edulis Modiola modiolus Crenella discors x decussata a nigra Nucula tenuis Leda caudata Leda pygme@a Peten Islandicus Anomia aculeata ACEPHALA PALLIO- BRANCHIATA. Hippothyris psittacea Terebratula caput ser- pentis GASTEROPODA PROSO- BRANCHIATA. Chiton albus » asellus > marmoreus » Yuber 5 cinereus Acmoea testudinalis Propilidium ancyloide ? Puncturella noachina Trochus (Margarita) cine- reus 9 » undulatus » 124 21 Trochus (Margarita) he- licinus Littorina rudis ar tenebrosa Lacuna vincta » puteolus Scalaria Greenlandica Natica clausa » pusilla », helicoides Velutina levigata Lamellaria perspicua Trichotropis borealis Admeta crispa Purpura lapillus Bueccinum undatum Fusus antiquus » Islandicus Trophon clathratum 5 harpularium Mangelia Trevilliana turricula " rufa Being in proportion to the Scandinavian species— - Acephala lamellibranchiata ..........::.:. seus QA Acephala palliobranchiata..........0seseweree 2 PATODO AG sys se sicee vesieo Gasteropodo prosobranchiata ...... +0062 see. 32 Gasteropoda opisthobranchiata 1.16. sce see ee. — in 124, or 19 per cent. 5, ” 40 ” 3,0 — » 136, ,, 24 9 21, — Total of testaceous mollusca, common to Western Scandinavia and North America, 58 in 289, or 20 per cent. of the former. The Scandinavian species found in the British seas are— ACEPHALA LAMELLI- BRANCHIATA, Teredo navalis » Norvagica Xylophaga dorsalis Pholas dactylus » erispata candida ” Saxicava arctica ss rugosa Mya arenaria » truncata Panopwea Norvegica Corbula nucleus » rosea Necera cuspidata » costellata abbreviata 23 Lyonsia Norvegica Thracia conyexa »; phaseolina » distorta Cochlodesma preetenuc Solen ensis » marginatus », pellucidus Solecurtus coarctatus Psammobia vespertina Fe ferroensis as tellinella Tellina crassa » pygmoea > tenuis » | solidula » proxima Syndosmya alba a intermedia a prismatica Scrobicularia piperata Donax anatinus ? Mactra elliptica > subtruncata Tapes virginea > aurea s» pullastra Venus casina > fasciata » striatula » ovata Artemis exoleta 5 lincta Lucinopsis undata Cyprina Islandica Astarte suleata » elliptica + compressa > aretica Tsocordia cor Cardium Norvegicum 55 echinatum i edule 12 Cardium fasciatum = nodosum rr, Suecicum Lucina borealis + Spinifera ; flexuosa Montacuta substriata Turtonia minuta Kellia suborbicularis Mytilus edulis Modiola modiolus Crenella decussata ES discors rp marmorata » Migra Nucula nucleus » nitida » decussata » tenuis Leda caudata » pygmoea Area tetragona » Yaridentata - Lima hians » subauriculata », Losecombii Pecten Varius + pusio » striatus » tigrinus ;, Danicus » Maximus + Opercularis Ostrea edulis Anomia ephippium » aculeata » patelliformis striata ACEPHALA PALLIO- BRANCHIATA. Hypothyris psittacea Terebratula caput ser- pentis x cranium Crania anomala GASTEROPODA PROSO- BRANCHIATA. Chiton fascicularis y Chiton Hanleyi » albus » einereus » asellus > marmoreus » levis > ruber Patella vulgata »; pellucida Acmcea testudinalis » vVirginea Pilidium fulvum Propilidium ancyloide Dentalium entalis Pileopsis Ungaricus Puncturella noachina Emarginula crassa 7a reticulata Trochus zizyphinus Bs millegranus cinerarius ; tumidus Fi alabastrum oa undulatus a5 helicinus Scissurella erispata Littorina littorea SF rudis ” neritoides 2 tenebrosa ” saxatilis 2 littoralis Lacuna pallidula + puteolus , vincta Rissoa Zetlandica . Beanii » seulpta » costata ; striata . eingillus > parva . rufilabrum labiosa » ulve Skenia planorbis Turritella communis Aporrhais pes pelicani Cerithium reticulatum ” Cerithium adversum “ metula Scalaria Greenlandica » Turtonis » communis » Trevilliana Aclis supranitida Stylifer Turtoni Eulima subulata s distorta » polita (nitida) Chemnitzia rufa Odostomia Warreni -- conoidea re spiralis a rissoides 7 eulimoides Eulimella Scille Natica monilifera » nitida » pusilla » Montagui » helicoides Showing the proportion to Scandinavian species Acephala lamellibranchiata ...... 97 in 13 Velutina levigata FA flexilis Lamellaria perspicua rf tentaculata Trichotropis borealis Murex erinaceus Purpura lapillus Nassa reticulata » incrassata Buccinum undatum » Humphreysianum Fusus Islandicus » antiquus ,, Norvegicus Trophon clathratulus * Barvicensis Mangelia turricula a3 Trevilliana si rufa Ae nana +p teres linearis ». nebula Acephala palliobranchiata...... 0060.0. 4 Pteropoda .. Gasteropoda prosobran CHIDTA eras nersieneescinas of AOA! Gasteropoda opisthobranchiata ...+........ 15 Mangelia costata yy attenuata Cyprea Europea Ovula acuminata Marginella losvis GASTEROPODA OPISTHO- BRANCHIATA, Cylichna cylindracea 9 truncata “ nitidula i» strigella % umbilicata Amphispira hyalina Tomatella fasciata Akera bullata Bulla Cranchii Scaphander lignarius Philine aperta » quadrata » seabra » - pruinosa Aplysia hybrida of— 124, or 78 per cent. 5, ,, 80 5 3 ake 136, ,, 75 T 2p 9 Total of testaceous mollusca, common to the west of Scandinavia and the British seas, 217 in 289, or 75 per cent. of the former. The Scandinavian species found on the north coasts of Spain, in- cluding Vigo, are the following—N.B. Some of them which I have not actually procured within the district, are included in consequence of their having been met with further south, and these are distinguished by the addition of their locality :— ACEPHALA LAMELLI- BRANCHIATA,. Teredo navalis, Canaries and Madeira Pholas candida, Malaga » dactylus do. Saxicaya arctica as rugosa Corbula nucleus Newra cuspidata Necra costellata, Cana- ries & Madeira » abbreviata, Medi- terranean Lyonsia Norvegica Thracia convexa, Gibral- tar re: phaseolina Solen ensis » marginatus Solen pellucidus, Gibral- tar Solecurtus coarctatus Ca- naries & Mediterranean Psammobia Ferroensis Canaries and Mediterranean * vespertina ” tellinella Tellina crassa Tellina tenuis » solidula, Medi- terranean Syndosmya alba 3 prismatica Serobicularia piperata Donax anatinus Mactra subtruncata Tapes aurea » Virginea » pullastra Venus casina, Gibraltar, Canaries & Madeira » Sstriatula » fasciata » Ovata Artemis exoleta » lineta Lucinopsis undata Astarte sulcata Isocordia cor, Medi- terranean Cardium fasciatum, Medi- terranean 5 Norvegicum . edule nl echinatum Lucina borealis, Mogador » Spinifera » flexuosa Montacuta substriala, Mediterranean Kellia suborbicularis Mytilus edulis Crenella marmorata Nucula nucleus » nitida » decussata Area raridentata,Gibraltar ,», tetragona Lima Loscombii, Gibral- tar » subauriculata, Can- aries & Mediterranean ;; hians Pecten maximus ss Opercularis », Varius » tigrinus 14 Pecten pusio », striatus Ostrea edulis Anomia patelliformis » ephippium (squa- mulata) » aculeata ACEPHALA PALLIOBRAN- CHIATA. Terebratula cap. serp, Mediterranean Anomia anomala GASTEROPODA PROSO- BRANCHIATA, Chiton fascicularis Chiton asellus » cimereus » levis Patella vulgata » pellucida Acmea virginea Dentalium entalis ? Pileopsis Ungaricus Emarginula reticulata, Mediterranean Trochus millegranus, do. i. zizyphinus a3 tumidus a cinerarius Littorima littorea aa rudis as littoralis 4. saxatilis a tenebrosa a neritoides Lacuna puteolus Rissoa seulpta, Mediter- ranean s ulve » ¢cingillus » costata ,, labiosa yy» parva » striata Turritella communis Aporrhais pes pelicani Cerithium reticulatum ” adversum Sealaria Turtonis ” communis Eulima nitida, Mediter- ranean ,, distorta, Canaries & Mediterranean » subulata Chemnitzia rufa Odostomia conoidea Eulimella Scilloe, Gibral- tar and Canaries Natica nitida » monilifera ? Velutina levigata Lamellaria perspicua Murex erinaceus Purpura lapillus Nassa reticulata », incrassata Mangelia attenuata a costata re nebula zs linearis ¥ teres, Mediter- ranean, Canaries, and Madeira Cyprea Europea Ovula acuminata, Medi- terranean GASTEROPODA OPISTHO- BRANCHIATA. Cylichna strigella 3 cylindracea PP umbilicata HF truncata Amphispira hyalina, Can- aries & Mediterranean Tornatella fasciata Akera bullata Bulla Cranchii, Canaries and Mediterranean Scaphander lignarius Philine aperta » seabra Aplysia hybrida? Canaries | Oc Being— Acephala lamellibranchiata....00.00.0...0..0. 68 Acephala palliobranchiata ..............60.0. 2 Pteropoda i rs.c.. ..:s5% SRESCOIE Josie — Gasteropoda LS ee Wades GOD Gasteropoda Ger hopeaieiiath. os ssouon cece ee Total of Testaceous Mollusca, common to the the north of Spain, 137 in 289, or 47 per cent. of the former. All the species, enumerated in the list immediately preceding, in- habit the Mediterranean, or to the southward of Cape St. Vincent, except the following :— ACEPHALA LAMELLI- BRANCHIATA. Donax anatinus ? Pecten tigrinus? ACEPHALA PALLIO- BRANCHIATA. Crania anomala GASTEROPODA PROSO- BRANCHIATA. Chiton cinereus »» assellus Trochus tumidus a cinerarius Littorina rudis i littoralis ” saxatilis in 124, or 55 per cent. ” 5, ” 40 ” ” 3, ee » 136, ,, 40 A ” 21, ” 57 ” west of Scandinavia and Littorina tenebrosa Rissoa Ulvee » striatula s vitrea Lacuna puteolus Natica monilifera Velutina levigata Purpura lapillus Consequently, there are of Scandinavian species extending into the Mediterranean region— Acephala lamellibranchiata... 060... se. see see eee Acephala Pwned | Sohiecetngceacenenanea oak Pteropoda ... Gaaarohead pr De enchiata, = Gasteropoda Gut Rotiranchiste ©. Sspitch dan gteeren LE: oer 40 ty AGS. SO) 66 in 124, or 58 per cent. ” 3, ” 20 ” gt iy ” » 21,, 57 ,, Total of testaceous mollusca, common to the west of Scandinavia and the Mediterranean region, 119 in 289, or 41 per cent. The Scandinavian species obtained in the Canary Islands are— ACEPHALA LAMELLI- BRANCHIATA. Teredo nayalis Saxicava arctica Corbula nucleus Necera cuspidata ; costellata Thracia phaseolina Solecurtus coarctatus Psammobia vespertina a ferroensis Donax anatinus Mactra subtruncata? Venus casina Cardium echinatum Cardium fasciatum PP Norvegicum 33 edule Lucina flexuosa » Spinifera Kellia suborbicularis Crenella marmorata Area tetragona Lima hians 3, suborbicularis Pecten opercularis » pusio GASTEROPODA PROSO- BRANCHIATA, Chiton fascicularis Emarginula reticulata Trochus zizyphinus Littorina neritoides Rissoa parva » costata » textilis? Cerithrum adversum 3 reticulatum Eulima nitida Eulima distorta Chemnitzia rufa Odostomia conoidea Eulimella Scilla Nassa reticulata Nassa incrassata 16 GASTEROPODA OPISTHO- Bulla Cranchii Mangelia linearis BRANCHIATA. Philine aperta ” nebula Cylichna eylindracea Aplysia punctata or > teres ¥ truncata hybrida Amphispira hyalina Being— Acephala lamellibranchiata...,...++.+.... 25 im 124, or 20 per cent. Acephala palliobranchiata ........ Wie Sips os sie Ob ee E- PterOpoda .....sceeccescccereseccsesss — 35 3,45, — 45 Gasteropoda prosobranchiata ......++. see AD PMB O TS Le Ks Gasteropoda opisthobranchiata .......... 6 4, 21, ,, 29 i Total number of marine testaceous mollusca common to the west of Scandinavia and to the Canary Islands, 50 in 289, or 17 per cent. of the former. BririsH SEAs. The number of species of British marine testaceous mollusca, re- corded by Messrs. Forbes and Hanley, is 406. Acephala lamellibranchiata ........:.10sseceeee terres 168 Acephala palliobranchiata ........cscecsesecsssreeseetseree OD PERRO POOR) ceeces coeerciecticere-scccices ove rtalehates esieasions/syalaes Pane Gasteropoda prosobranchiata ........+sseseeseeseeeee eves BOD Gasteropoda opisthobranchiata .......22.cccsereeceereeeee 25 The following British species are common to North America :— ACEPHALA LAMELLI- BRANCHIATA. Teredo Noryagicus Pholas crispata Saxicava arctica . rugosa Mya truncata "4, arenaria Panopwea Norvegica Solen ensis Tellina proxima Cyprina Islandica Astarte suleata Lucina borealis » flexuosa Turtonia minuta Kellia rubra Mytilus edulis Modiola modiolus Crenella discors Fr nigra s. decussata Nucula tenuis Leda caudata Leda pygmea Anomia aculeata ACEPHALA PALLIO- BRANCHIATA. Hypothyris psittacea Terebratula caput ser- pentis GASTEROPODA PROSO- BRANCHIATA, Chiton albus 5 assellus » ecimereus 5» Marmoreus > ruber Acmcea testudinalis Propilidium ancyloide ? Puncturella noachina Trochus helicinus > undulatus Janthina communis Littorina rudis 50 tenebrosa Lacuna vincta Lacuna puteolus Skenia divisa (serpu- loides) » planorbis Skenia? (margarita?) costulata Scalaria Groenlandica Natica pusilla ;, helicoides Velutina levigata Lamellaria perspicua Trichotropis borealis Purpura lapillus Buccinum undatum Py Dalei Fusus Islandicus » antiquus » propinquus Trophon clathratus a muricatus Mangelia turricula Bs rufa . Trevilliana Vik Shewing the proportion to British species of— Acephala lamellibranchiata... .......26 000 00 24 in 163, or 14 per cent. Acephalapalliobranchiata ....<-.c1-nsesimeres “2 45,1 D5) 45.40 = Pteropoda .. ascLee ies — 4, — bieeauindes ceeMonines aBpisteasiece: OO! geht oO Guay a AS Gasteropoda hohe: ae aa recldseivoe —= 25, 5, — * Total of British marine testaceous mollusca, common to North America, 61 in 406, or 15 per cent. Referring to the list of species common to Britain and Scandinavia, we find them to bear the following proportion to the British species :— Acephala lamellibranchiata .................. 97 in 165, or 61 per cent. Anepbals palliobranchiata....so,enen.se-eqrse 4 5, | Ds 53 SO » MBLOT OPO. face seciact seale Sisssispefesawtetsaas. == 4, — Gasteropoda F ohranbhinta Wecrsweusevedeerh LOM eer, QOOE et, Ff Gasteropoda opisthobranchiata............... 15 ,, 25, ,, 60 - Total of British marine testaceous mollusca, common to Scandinavia, 217 in 406, or 53 per cent. The following British species have been obtained on the coasts of the north of Spain, including Vigo, except those marked,* which, though not hitherto procured from the district, may be considered as belonging to it, in consequence of having been found in more southern localities :— ACEPHALA LAMELLI- BRANCHIATA. Teredo navalis* » palmulata* Pholas candida* » dactylus* » parva* Gastrocheena modiolina ? Saxicava arctica ” rugosa Petricola lithophaga Venerupis irus Corbula nucleus Sphenia Binghami* Necera cuspidata » costellata* » abbreviata* Poromya granulata* Pandora rostrata is obtusa D Lyonsia Noryegica Thracia phaseolina 5» pubescens * » convexa * Solen marginatus » ensis » Ssiliqua ,, pellucidus * Ceratisolen legumen * Solecurtus coarctatus * A candidus * Psammobia vespertina ts tellinella 7 Ferroensis * Fy costulata Diodonta fragilis Tellina crassa . balaustina ¥ » incarnata* » donacina Tellina tenuis fabula * » solidula * Syndosmya alba Br prismatica os tenuis Scrobicularia piperata Donax anatinus » politus * Ervilia castanea * Mactra subtruncata s, solida » stultoum * » helvacea*’ Lutraria elliptica Ps oblonga Tapes decussata » Virginea », pullastra » aurea Cytheria chione * Venus verrucosa 5 striatula >, casina* » fasciata » ovata Artemis exoleta see Weta. Lucinopsis undata Circe minima Astarte sulcata » triangularis Tsocordia cor* Cardium aculeatum* a rusticum - echinatum ss edule " fasciatum i pygmeum 9 Norvegicum Lucina borealis* » spinifera » divaricata* » flexuosa 5 leucoma ., ferruginosa* Diplodonta rotundata* Montacuta bidentata ” ferruginosa* - substriata* Kellia suborbicularis » rubra Lepton squamosum Galeomma Turtoni Mytilus edulis Modiola tulipa PA barbata* Crenella marmorata 4 costulata ¥ rhombea* Nueula nucleus » nitida » Yradiata » decussata* Arca tetragona » lactea » Traridentata* Peetunculus Glycimeris Auricula Tarentina 18 Pinna pectinata* Lima subauriculata* ;, Loscombii* ; bians Pecten varius + pusio » striatus » tigrinus » similis » opercularis » maximus Ostrea edulis Anomia ephippium » patelliformis - aculeata* ACEPHALA PALIIO- BRANCHIATA. Terebratula caput ser- pentis* Crania anomala PrEROPODA. Hyalcea trispinosa* GASTEROPODA PROSO- BRANCHIATA. Chiton fascicularis » diserepans » cinereus » asellus » cancellatus » levis Patella vulgata » pellucida Aemcea, virginea Dentalium Tarentinum Pileopsis Ungaricus Calyptrea reticulata Fissurella Sinensis Emarginula reticulata* r rosea Haliotis tuberculata Trochus zizyphinus a granulatus 3 millegranus 3 exiguus striatus x Montagui Trochus tumidus * cinerarius Be umbilcatus rs magus ne lineatus Phasianella pullus Adeorbis subcarinata Janthina pallida* * exigua* fs communis Littorina neritoides 89 littorea " rudis 9 littoralis 9 saxatilis Lacuna puteolus ? Rissoa striatula* » lactea > erenulata , ¢Calathus » sculpta » costata* » striata » parva > eostulata + labiosa », semistriata* ; rubra* » cingillus s vitrea » ulve Jeffreysia opalina Skenia nitidissima », loevis* Turritella communis Ceecum trachea Aporrhais pes pelicani Cerithium reticulatum 2 adversum Scalaria communis » Turtonis » Clathratula Aclis ascaris Eulima polita , distorta .» subulata Chemnitziaelegantissima ra rufa = fenestrata oe | FY Po » pecten Montacuta bidentata Kellia suborbicularis Kellia? (genus uncertain) Lepton squamosum Galeomma Turtoni Mytilus Galloprovincialis » edulis Modiola tulipa Lithodomus caudigerus Crenella marmorata a costulata Nueula nucleus » nhitida » vadiata Area tetragona > lactea Pectunculus glycimeris Avicula Tarentina Lima hians Pecten maximus » Opercularis », varius +» pusio », Striatus » tigrinus » similis Ostrea edulis Anomia ephippium » patelliformis ACEPHALA PALLIOBRAN- OHIATA, Crania anomala GASTEROPODA PROSO- BRANCHIATA, Chiton rufus Chiton fascicularis + cinereus » asellus » loevis » cancellatus » cajetanus Patella vulgata » , pellucida Acmcea virginea Dentalium Tarentinum 53 Dentalis ” new spec. Pileopsis Ungaricus Calyptreea Sinensis Fissurella reticulata Es gibba Emarginula rosea Haliotis tuberculata Trochus zizyphinus if umbilicatus “ tumidus on striatus 5 exiguus a Montagui os magus 2 Laugieri cinerarius +, lineatus ” Phasianella pullus Solarium luteum 6 straminiuin Adeorbis subearinatus Turbo rugosus Janthina communis ? Littorina neritoides pS littorea yh rudis “4 littoralis x tenebrosa * tigrina (Dorb. ) 45 Saxatilis Lacuna puteolus Rissoa uly » ¢ingillus » costata » costulata Rissoa labiosa » striata » vitrea » parva 5 calathus » crenulata » lactea + purpurea Jeffreysia opalina ? Skenia nitidissima ? Turritella tricostalis % communis Cecum trachea Aporrhais pes pelicani Cerithium reticulatum pA adversum Scalaria communis a Turtonis = clathraluta Aclis ascaris Eulima polita » subulata Chemnitzia elegantis- sima » scalaris 0 rufa Being of— Acephala lamellibranchiata ............ Acephala palliobranchiata ... ........ Gasteropodaprosobranchiata ......... Gasteropoda opisthobranchiata ... ... 22 Chemnitzia fenestrata a indistincta ” Odostomia conoidea 39 Natica nitida » monilifera Velutina levigata Lamellaria perspicua Murex erinaceus » corallinus » Edwardsii ” Lachesis minima Purpura lapillus } hemastoma Nassa reticulata » incrassata » pysmoa », trifasciata Buecinum corniculum Cassis saburon ? Fusus contrarius ” Trophon muricatus Triton nodiferum it 13 10 Triton corrugatum Mangelia attenuata rs, costata y, linearis os brachystoma 53 purpurea A septangularis - striolata Pleurotoma elegans Cypriea Europea Marginella loevis Ringuicula auriculata GASTEROPODA OPISTHO- BRANCHIATA. Cylichna cylindracea * mamillata a truncata Tornatella fasciata Akera bullata Bulla hydatis Scaphander lignarius Philine aperta » scabra Aplysia Patersoni 212 Species. The following species appear to be common to the North of Spain and to North America :— ACEPHALA LAMELLI- BRANCHIATA. Teredo navalis ? Saxicava arctica af rugosa Solen ensis Astarte sulcata Lucina flexuosa Mytilus edulis GASTEROPODA PROSO- BRANCHIATA. Chiton cinereus Janthina communis ? Littorina rudis Lacuna puteolus Velutina levigata Lamellaria perspicua Purpura lapillus Trophon muricatus Shewing the proportion of North Spanish species recorded from North America to be— Acephala lamellibranchiata ......... Acephala palliobranchiata... ..... Gasteropoda prosobranchiata Gasteropoda opisthobranchiata ... — ,, Total 15 in 212, or 7 per cent. 7 in 88, or 8 per cent. — » fe Bren bl C3 Bier 28 / f 10, ,, — ” 23 Referring to the list already given of species common to Scandinavia and the North of Spain, and deducting from it those species which are included upon the strength of their having been found further South, the proportion of North Spanish species common to Scandinavia will be found to be— Acephala lamellibranchiata 49 in 88, or 56 per cent. Acephala palliobranchiata ......... 1, 1, ,, 100 Gasteropoda prosobranchiata ... 48 ,, 115, ,, 42 Gasteropoda opisthobranchiata... 8 ,, 10, ,, 80 - Total L06 in 212, or 50 per cent. On comparing the North of Spain list with species recorded from the South of Spain and Mediterranean, there appears to be absent from the latter district— ACEPHALA LAMELLI- BRANCHIATA. Kellia? genus doubtful Donax anatinus ? Mactra solida Tapes pullastra Pecten tigrinus ? GASTEROPODA PROSO- BRANCHIATA. Chiton rufus + cinereus Chiton asellus >» cancellatus Dentalium, new spec. Trochus tumidus “d cinerarius? Littorina rudis # littoreus : saxatilis - tenebrosa Rissoa ulvee » striata 5 vVitrea Jeffreysia opalina ? Lacuna puteolus Natica monilifera Velutina levigata Murex — Purpura lapillus Fusus contrarius ” GASTEROPODA OPISTHO- BRANCHIATA. Aplysia Patersoni Leaving of Gallician and Asturian species known to inhabit South of Cape St. Vincent— Acephala lamellibranchiata...... Acephala palliobranchiata ..........— ., Gasteropoda prosobranchiata...... 91 ,, 115, ,, 80 Gasteropoda opisthobranchiata .. 9 ,, Total 183 in 212, or 86 per cent. The following species of the North of Spain have been obtained in the Canary Islands :— ACEPHALA LAMELLI- BRANCHIATA. Gastrochwa cuneifor- mis ? Saxicava arctica Venerupis irus Corbula nucleus Nera cuspidata Pandora rostrata ? 5 obtusa Thracia phaseolina Psammobia vespertina Tellina distorta F serrata Donax anatinus Mactra subtruncata Lutraria rugosa Venus verrucosa Circe minima Astarte triangularis ... 83 in 88, or 94 per cent. i at ae ” 10, ,, 90 “ Cardium edule e echinatum 3 rusticum Fe papillosum _ norvegicum Lucina leucoma » flexuosa » Spinifera s, pecten Kellia suborbicularis Modiola tulipa Crenella marmorata Arca tetragona » lactea Pectunculus glycimeris Auricula Tarentina Lima hians Pecten opercularis +» pusio GASTEROPODA PROSO- BRANCHIATA. Chiton fascicularis Dentaluim dentalis 2Q4 Trochus magus 5 zizyphinus Solarium luteum Turbo rugosus Phasianella pullus Janthina communis Littorina neritoides Rissoa costata »» parva purpurea >» erenulata Turritella tricostalis Ccecum trachea Cerithium reticulatum Chemnitzia indistincta ? Odostomia conoidea Murex corallinus ; Edwardsii Purpura hemastoma Nassa reticulata ;, imerassata Mangelia purpurea 5 striolata linearis 5 nebula Pleurotoma elegans GASTEROPODA OPISTHO- Calyptreea Sinensis x adyersum BRANCHIATA. Fissurella reticulata Scalaria clathratula Cylichna cylindracea 3 gibba Eulima polita ? FP mamillata Haliotis tuberculata Chemnitzia elegantis- - truneata Trochus exiguns sla | Bulla hydatis dd striatus 5 rufa | Philine aperta Being in proportion to the whole number of north of Spain species— Acephala lamellibranchiata................ 36 in 88, or 41 per cent. Acephala palliobranchiata ............ 6. — 1,.— Gasteropoda prosobranchiata ........... 59 ,, 113, ,, 35 Gasteropoda opisthobranchiata ......... Os , OU Total, 80 in 212, or 38 per cent. MEDITERRANEAN S&A AND SOUTHERN Coasts OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. One marine fauna is distributed generally throughout the Mediter- ranean, but many forms found in the East do not extend to its western extremity; and others, generally inhabitants of the Atlantic, seem to have penetrated but a short distance to the eastward of the Straits of Gibraltar. As examples of the former, may be mentioned the genera Clavigella, Thecidia, Umbrella, Pedicularia, Dolium, Casidaria, &c., with numerous species, such as Venerupis decussatus, Trochus Sprattit, &e. ; and of the latter the genera Ervilia, Siphonaria, Acmea, Mesalia, and Cymba, with the species Lutraria eliptica, Venus striatula, Astarte sulcata, Astarte triangularis, Natica intricata, and various others. Some forms and species appear to have the whole of their range within the limits of the Mediterranean, as Pedicularia, Thecidia, Casi- daria echinophora, &c.; while there exist a few, such as Psammobia costata, Ervilia castanea, Lithodomus caudigerus, found on the coasts of the Atlantic, both north and south of the Straits of Gibraltar, but not, 25 so far as is known, either within or to the eastward of these Straits. Although various districts of the Mediterranean have been explored, and their fauna described by naturalists eminently qualified for the task, we do not yet possess a general catalogue of the mollusca of that sea. I trust that this desideratum will not remain long unsupplied ; in the mean time it may suffice for the object of comparison, to give a list of species collected by myself in the district extending from Faro, at Cape St. Mary’s in Algarve, to Carthagena near Cape de Gatt in Murcia, which includes the southwesternmost corner of the European continent. Species obtained on the south coasts of Spain and Portugal— ACEPHALA LAMELLI- BRANCHIATA. Gastrochena cuneiformis Saxicava arctica Pholas dactylus » candida » parva Petricola lithophaga Venerupis irus Panopeea Aldobrandi Corbula nucleus Necera cuspidata ;, costellata Pandora rostrata a obtusa Thracia phaseolina » convexa ss pubescens Solen marginatus 5, ensis » Siliqua » pellucidus Ceratisolen legumen Solecurtus coarctatus ey strigillatus » eandidus Solemya Mediterranean Psammobia vespertina a costata * costulata 9 tellinella a Ferroensis Diodonta fragilis Tellina tenuis » pulchella » distorta » donacina E Tellina crassa 7: serrata » balaustina » iIncarnata » Planata » cost ss punicea » fabula ” — (new) Syndosmya alba - prismatica aS intermedia Scrobicularia piperata . Cotardi Donax trunculus s venustus 5 politus Mesodesma donacilla Ervilia castanea 5 — (new) Mactra subtruncata » helvacea > stultorum Lutraria elliptica rf oblonga ra rugosa Tapes decussata s aurea » virginea », Beudantii » geographica s, florida Cytheria Chione a Venetiana ” — (new) Venus gallina » striatula Venus verrucosa », fasciata » easina 3, ovata » (new) Artemis exoleta oF lincta Lucinopsis undata Circe minima Astarte sulcata ss imcrassata , triangularis Cardium erinaceum ve rusticum Pe, aculeatum 33 Norvegicum ss papillosum 3 punctulatum? ay minimum i echinatum Ee edule “ pygmeum on fasciatum Cardita suleata 4, Squamosa » calyculata » trapezium Lucina leucoma ;, borealis? » spinifera » digitalis » divaricata » pecten » bullata Ungulina — Diplodonta rotundata Kellia suborbicularis Kellia corbuloides ; complanata she te oo (genus uncertain ) Lepton squamosum Chama gryphoides Mytilus galloprovincialis a Afer - minimus Modiola barbata ¥ tulipa 05 vestita ” petagnoe Lithodomus dactylus, (Cadiz ) » caudigerus, (Faro) Crenella marmorata of costulata rhombea Nucula nucleus » nitida » vadiata » decussata Leda emarginata ;, striata Area Nowe ;, tetragona » barbata »» lactea » antiquata s vraridentata » obliqua? Pectunculus glycimeris pilosus or purpurascens Avicula Tarentina Pinna squamosa Lima subauriculata », Loscombii » hians ; scabrella Pecten maximus » opereularis varius pusio polymorphus ” 26 Pecten gibbus » Striatus » similis » pes felis », hyalinus Spondylus gedaropus Ostrea edulis Anomia ephippium patelliformis ” PrEROPODA. Hyalsa tricornis Cleodora cuspidata GASTEROPODA PROSO- RRANCHIATA. Chiton fascicularis s» Siculus s, Risso » levis Patelia vulgata ? , athletica ? ” Siphonaria concinna Acmcea virginea Dentalium rubescens "7 Tarentinum * dentalis Pileopsis Ungaricus Calyptrosa Sinensis Crepidula unguiformis Fissurella reticulata s rosea 5 gibba Emarginula elongata a reticulata Haliotis tuberculata Trochus zizyphinus Me striatus Ss magus os granulatus Fs Laugieri 4 conulus * tesselatus 5 Richardii Pa divaricatus “a articulatus FA Viellotti Trochus fragaroides Rs Montagui 0 dubius ? a fanulum » millegranus dp canalyeulatus ” Solarium straminium + pseudoscalaris Turbo rugosus Phasianella pullus ig intermedia ? Janthina pallida Littorina neritoides ra littoralis " tigrina ( Dor.) Rissoa monodonta s labiosa 5, parva ,) purpurea ; Sstriatula 5 Bruguieri +, clmex ;, ¢calathus | » Montagui ; lactea » erenulata » acuta Turritella communis 7 tricostalis 7 ? (Aclis?) new Mesalia sulcata >» striata Aporrhais pes pelicani Cerithium yulgatum Po fuscatum a reticulatum 9 adversum Scalaria communis », pseudoscalaris ;» Turtonis 5 crenata i clathratulus Vermetus gigas BY glomeratus 55 corneus rs pa cancellatus :—_- Aclis — Eulima polita » nitida? > subulata » distorta » wunifasciata? Chemnitziaelegantissima “ varicosa sb sealaris “ rufa Odostomia conoidea i acuta Br spiralis 3 — (new) Eulimella Scillee ef acicula Truncatella Montagui Natica nitida s Guilleminii 4, intricata », bicallosa? » sordida » sagra? s macilenta Neritina viridis Sigaretus haliotideus Lamellaria perspicua Cancellaria cancellata : (new) Murex corallinus > truncatus » Brandaris » erinaceus » Edwardsii s» ¢eristatus Being of— Acephala lamellibranchiata ......... Gasteropoda opisthobranchiata... ... Cephalopoda. j.ccstvastatedarussasoast 27 Murex multilamellatus Lachesis minima Purpura hemastoma Nassa reticulata », imerassata » Pygmea », mutabilis » neritoides », Variabilis », trifasciata, » grana Buecinum minus aa. corniculum Fe seriptum Pollia maculosa Cassis sulcosa 5, saburon ? Fusus pulchellus », rostratus » corneus ” Trophon muricatus Triton nodiferum » Olearium ? s cutaceum » corrugatum Ranella gigantea Columbella rustica Pleurotoma elegans Mangelia brachystoma 5 nebula et reticulata tp purpurea by Lefroyii if séptangularis a attenuata P gracilis Mangelia crispata * Vauquelina * leevigata “ striolata Ringuicula auriculata Mitra ebeneus », columbellaria Cymba olla Marginella levis A clandestina a miliacea “r catena ? Ovula spelta +, acuminata Cypreea pyrum >» moneta? » Huropea » pulex Conus Mediterraneus GASTEROPODA OPISTHO- BRANCHIATA. Cylichna ecylindracea 3 truncata 3 umbillicata a: strigella mamellata rT — (new) Tornatella fasciata Bulla striata 5, Cranchii Scaphander lignarius Philine aperta CEPHALOPODA. Spirula Peronii 353 species, Of these the following only are supposed to extend to North America— 98 ACEPHALA LAMELLI- ' Astarte sulcata | GASTEROPODA PROSOBRAN- i j CHIATA. ‘HIATA. | Lucina borealis ‘ : paces Lamellaria perspicua Trophon muricatus Marginella miliacea Saxicava arctica | Solen ensis | The identity of the two last with European species I conceive to be doubtful. Lucina flexuosa, mytilus edulis, and anomia aculeata, are common to the Mediterranean Sea and North America, though not included in the foregoing list. The proportion of the south west European species common to the Scandinavian seas is— Acephala lamellibranchiata ................ 55 in 162 or 34 per cent. IPTEYOMOUSM ccaesesen seuss Sie alesseant teiis Wee 2 — Fasteropoda SF eabraniniints RR Or GaN: a as i Saar re Gasteropoda opisthobranchiata .......... 8 ,, 11 ,, 73 As Total, 97 in 352, or 28 per cent. Of the same common to the British seas— Acephala lamellibranchiata ............... 100 in 162 or 61 per cent. PterOpOda ....00+0. s+ eeteseieay —— 2 — Gasteropoda Pech ahiain Pacers (00 35 Lie. soe. = Gasteropoda opisthobranchiata ......... 9 ,, 11 ,, 82 a Total, 178 in 352, or 51 per cent. There have been obtained of them as far north as Vigo— Acephala lamellibranchiata ............... 111 in 162 or 69 per cent. PTETOPOGRA cnstccaivssicenst Shttciness) 2 — ‘ Gasteropoda Ssaashranohiats Racitistasies (U2 5; LAR aoe a Gasteropoda opisthobranchiata ......... 0 bE See me Together, 212 in 352, or 60 per cent. of the species of the south of Portugal and Spain common to the north of Spain. It is worthy of notice, that while of 212 species collected in the north of Spain only 29 do not extend to the south of Cape St. Vincent ; out of 352 species obtained on the coasts of Portugal and Spain to the south of that Cape, 140 species have not been met with so far north as Vigo. Following is the proportion of south peninsular species which have been procured in the Canary Islands— 29 Acephala lamellibranchiata ......... ..... 62 in 162 or 38 per cent. TALEO POM Ayes suscices canersisaeiece) oe acoenasaen en Mot stage 2), LOD . Gasteropoda prosobranchiata ........... 75 ,, 177 ,, 42 ia Gasteropoda opisthobranchiata Tessie ML! ay Od: = Total, 146 in 352, or 41 per cent. Moaapor. In the month of April, 1852, I spent two days at Mogador, in the south west of Morocco, when I obtained 110 species of mollusca; the following is the list, not previously published— ACEPHALA LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. Depth. Living at Ground. Frequency, &e. Gastrochena cuneifor- mis 2 fathoms — sand 1 valve Saxicava artica 35 fath. = sand 1 valve Pholas candida shore — _ valves Corbula nucleus 35 to 40 f. | 35 to 40 f. tne or frequent Pandora rostrata 3fathoms | 3fathoms| sand moderate a obtusa 35 to 40 f. | 35 to40f. | fine sand} 1 specimen Thracia (young) 3fathoms | 3fathoms| sand 1 young Ceratisolen legumen shore — — frequent Psammobia costata shore —' = 1 valve Tellina cost shore _ _ 1 valve » fabula? 3fathoms | 3fathoms| sand 1 specimen » tenuis? 3fathoms|3fathoms| sand 1 specimen 19 35 fath. — sand 2 valves, species fre- quent at Madeira Syndosmya alba 3 to 36 fth _ sand valves, frequent Donax anatinus ? shore _ sand frequent Mactra stultorum shore = — valves » subtruncata 3fathoms | 3 fathoms sand frequent Lutraria rugosa shore _— — 1 valve Tapes pullastra ? 3 fathoms — sand 1 specimen Venus striatula 36 fath. | 36 fath. sand 1 specimen » (undeseribed) 36 fath. | 36 fath. sand 1 specimen Cardium edule shore = — rare - fasciatum 3fathoms|3fathoms} sand 1 specimen f papillosum ° |3fathoms| fathoms} sand moderate Cardita calyculata shore shore _— frequent Lucina flexuosa 36 fath, | 36 fath. | sand&m.| 1 specimen » Spinifera 36 fath. | 36 fath. | sand&m,| frequent » borealis ? 3 fathoms | 8 fathoms sand 1 specimen » leucoma 3 fathoms | 3 fathoms sand rare Montacuta ferruginea Sfathoms | 3fathoms| sand rare 80 Depth. Living at Montacuta 3 fathoms | 3 fathoms Kellia corbuloides shore — » complanata shore ia peg shore — Mytilus Galloproyincialis| shore shore aj. Afer shore shore Modiola barbata 36 fath. —_ Crenella costulata shore shore Nucula nucleus 3fathoms | 3 fathoms Area lactea shore shore Pinna — 36 fath. —_ Pecten pusio shore —_ Spondylus goedaropus shore — Ostrea edulis? shore — GASTEROPDOA PROSOBRANCHIATA. Ground. sand sand &m. sand rocks sand &m. Frequency, &c. rare rare 1 valve valves, species ob- tained at Faro frequent frequent 1 valve 2 specimens frequent frequent frequent valves frequent valves valves ~ Chiton fascicularis » cinereus “1 (new) Patella —— ” 5 pellucida Siphonaria concinna Acmeea virginea Dentalium Tarentinum x dentalis Fissurella rosea 7 5 reticulata Haliotis tuberculata “Trochus zizyphinus a cinerarius a lineatus Adeorbis subearinatus Phasianella pullus Turbo rugosus ” = Fossar Adansoni Littorina neritea Depth. Living at shore shore shore shore shore shore shore shore shore shore 3fathoms | 3 fathoms shore shore 3 fathoms = 3 fathoms — 36 fath. | 36 fath. shore shore shore shore shore shore shore shore shore shore shore shore shore shore shore shore shore shore 3 fathoms — 3 fathoms | 3 fathoms 3 fathoms | 3 fathoms shore | sh.1spec. shore — shore shore Ground. -rocks rocks rocks rocks rocks weed rocks sand sand sand &m. rocks rocks rocks rocks rocks rocks rocks rocks rocks sand weed sand rocks rocks Frequency, &c. frequent, large frequent very frequent, white frequent frequent frequent, abundant on laminaria rare frequent rare llive &2 dead specimens frequent frequent frequent frequent frequent frequent frequent frequent frequent 4 specimens frequent 1 young specimen frequent 1 specimen frequent 31 Littorina Rissoa crenulata parva? » lactea Cerithium adversum ay reticulatum Turritela communis Mesalia suleata var. Scalaria pseudoscalaris crenata » ¢lathratula Chemnitziaelegantissima Odostoma conoidea Natica macilenta Murex coralinus 3, torosus Lachesis minima Purpura hemastoma eae: (new) Nassa reticulata variabilis trifasciata mutabilis ? ” » Sscalariformis Buccinum corniculum ks minus Mangelia purpurea levigata am brachystoma Columbella Broderippii Mitra ebeneus » zebrina *Marginella glabella (new) ” miliacea ? Ringuicula auriculata ” ” Depth. Living at Ground. Frequency, &e. shore — — 1 specimen 3 fathoms — sand moderate shore == = moderate shore =i9 — 2 specimens 3 fathoms = uae frequent 3 fathoms = tt frequent 36 fath. — sand&m.| frequent 3 fathoms |3 fathoms sand frequent, 2 or 3 varieties shore = pa moderate shore a = rare 36 fath. 1 sand &m.| 1 specimen 3 & 40 f. a sand&m.]| several specimens 36 fath. =¥ sand&m.| several specimens 3 fathoms |8fathoms| sand rare 3fathoms |8fathoms| sand frequent shore a — frequent shore shore rocks frequent shore shore rocks | frequent 3 to 5 fth. = sand several 3to5fth. |8to5fth. sand frequent; small size shr. to5 f. |3 to 5 fth. sand frequent 35 to 40 f. 135 to 40 f, | sand&m.| frequent shore shore rocks | freq.; small, species at Cadiz & Can. Islands 2to5 fth. |2 to5fth. sand several shore shore rocks frequent shore shore rocks frequent 3 fathoms — sand rare 3 fathoms —_ sand several 36 fths. — sand&m.| frequent 3fathoms |8fathoms} sand frequent shore shore rocks moderate shore — — rare shore — — rare 2to 5 fth. |2to 5fth.| sand very frequent shore shore rocks rare 35 to40 f. — sand &m. | frequent GASTEROPODA OPISTHOBRANCHIATA. Cylichna cylindracea FY truncata Tornatella fasciata Philine aperta Aplysia hybrida ? Depth. Living at Ground. Frequency, &c. maa RM ES ee ne Sand 36f. — sand &m. |rare 3 fathoms — sand _|rare shore — — 1 specimen 3 fathoms | 3 fathoms sand rare; small 3 fathoms |8fathoms| sand _ |several specimens 32 It will be seen that the fauna of Mogador, as illustrated by the preceding list, is generally identical with that of the Mediterranean and southern peninsula, and that while a few (Marginella, Mitra zebina, a Chiton, Columbella Broderippii, and a Turlo unnamed) are probably natives of tropical Africa, and all but the last obtained in the Canaries : others, such as Tellina fabula, Lucina borealis, Patella pellucida, Trochus crassus, &c., are typical of a more northern fauna than that of the Mediterranean. About one-half the species range as far north as Britain, but of 22 of them dredged in 35 to 50 fathoms, (the remainder being littoral or from shallow water,) all but 6 are well-known inhabitants of the British seas. Canary IsLANDs. Messrs. Webb and Berthelot, in their valuable work on the Natural History of the Canary Islands, enumerate 124 species of Marine Tes- taceous Mollusca. During a month that I passed in these Islands, in 1852, I procured the following :— AcrEPHALA LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. Depth. Living at Ground. Frequency, &c. Teredo shore — — frequent; in the stock of an anchor Gastrochneacuneiformis| 2to60f. | 2to60f.| coral | frequent Saxicaya arctica 12to40f.|12to40f.| sand not frequent Venerupis irus shore shore _ frequent Corbula nucleus 16 fath. | 16 fath. | sand&m, | notfrequent; Lancerote Necera cuspidata 20to35f.| 25 fath. mud rare; Teneriffe », costellata 20 to 85f. — mud valves; Teneriffe Pandora obtusa 12to40f.| 16 fath. sand frequent 7 rostrata ? 12 fath. _ sand 1 valve Thracia phaseolina 12 to 60 f. — sand not frequent; Orotava » pubescens 40 to GOf. — sand valves ? Solecurtus candidus 12 to 40 f. _ sand valves; frequent 3 coaretatus 20 to 40 f. “= mud 1 specimen, and valves Solemya mediterranea 12 fath. 12 fath. | m.& weed | rare; Lancerote Psammobia vespertina 12 fath. _ sand &m.| frequent; Lancerote a costulata 30 to GOF. | 30 to 60 Ff. | sand &m. | very frequent % Ferroensis 30 fath. — sand rare; Teneriffe Tellina incarnata sh.to 16 f. — sand frequent; Lancerote » distorta 12 to 6OF, | 12 to 60 f. sand very frequent » balaustina 25 fths. — mud 1 valve; Teneriffe » serrata 12t040f,| 20 fath. mud rare; dead valves fre- quent; Teneriffe 33 Depth. Living at Donax anatinus? shore — Ervilia castanea 12tol6f, | 12 tol6f. » -— (new) | 12tol6f.|12tol6f. Mactra subtruncata? 12 to 16f. = > stultorum 35 fath. — Cytheria chione 12to40f. | 12 to40f. a Venetiana 20 to 35 f. — 5 — (new?) | 20to35f.| 25 fath. bi — (new) 50 fath. | 50 fath. Venus verucosa 12 to 60f. | 12 tolG6f. » casina 20 to 40 f. | 20 to 40 f. ” ? 50 fath. —_ Circe minima 12 to 50f. | 12to50f. Astarte incrassata 16 to 70f. | 16 to 70f. » triangularis 40 to 70f,| 50 fath. Cardita calyculata sh.to60f.| shore Cardium echinatum 16 to 20 f. | 16 to 20f. - rusticum 16 to 40 f. | 16 to 40f. + papillosum 12 to 60 f. | 12 to 20f. a Norvegicum 30 fath. — 53 fasciatum 16 fath. — Lucina Adansoni 12tol6f.|12tolGf. » leucoma 12 to 1l6f. —_— » flexuosa 20 to 60 f. — s divaricata 16 to 30f. — » pecten sh. to 60f. _— » spinifera 20 to 35 f. | 20 to 35 Ff. » transversa 12t0 35 f.| 12 fath. +» — (minute) 12 to16 f.| 12 to 16f. Diplodonta rotundata 40 to 60f. — i. apicalis 12 to 60f. - Kellia rubra shore shore » suborbicularis 12 to 20 f. | 12 to 20 f. Modiola tulipa 50 fath. -- a --— 12 to 50f. | 20 fath. Crenella rhombea 12 toG60f, | 12tol6f. 9 marmorata 50 fath. — F Ground, sand &m. sand &m. sand sand &m. sand sand sand sand sand rocks sand sand s. & weed mud mud m.&weed m.&weed sand&m. sand&m. sand sand&m, sand &m. sand &m. sand sand mud sand coral & stone graveld&wood Frequency, &e. valves frequent; young; Lan- cerote frequent; Lancerote ; species obtained at Gibraltar & Madeira rare; Lancerote 1 valve; Teneriffe frequent rare; Teneriffe rare; white; obtained in Mediteranean and Madeira 1 specimen; Orotava; large, thin, with brown spots very frequent; small, with much colour frequent; finely lami- nated and coloured rare; valves frequent frequent rare; Orotava; small frequent not frequent frequent; small frequent; bright colour rare; valyes; Teneriffe rare frequent; Lancerote frequent; Lancerote rare rare rare frequent several; Lancerote frequent; yellowish rare; Orotava rare very rare; Lanerote moderate rare : frequent ; allied to M. Petagn of Scacchi frequent 1 valye ; Orotava Depth, Chama gryphoides 12 to GOF. Area lactea 12 fath. ,, tetragona 20 to GOF. +, antiquata 20 to 35 f. ss imbricata 40 fath. Pectunculus glycimeris | 30 to 50f. a Siculus 30 fath. Avicula Tarentina 20 to 50 f. Pinna rudis sh. to35f. Lima squamosa sh. to 70f. » hians 12 fath. » subauriculata 12 to 60f. Pecten maximus | 12 to 60F. » opercularis? 40 to 60f. » corallinoides 12 to 50 f. » pusio 12 to50f. » pes felis 50 fath. » gibbus 20 to 40f. Spondylus goedaropus sh.to70f. Ostrea — 30 to 40 f. GASTEROPODA PALLIOBRANCHIATA, 34 Living at 20 fath. 30 to 50 f. 30 fath. shore 50 fath. 16 fath. 30 fath. Ground. m.& stones sand mud sand sand &m. sand mud sand &m. sand &m. sand &m. sand&coral sand coral & weed sand coral sand&m. sand Frequency, &e, frequent moderate; valves frequent; valves; Tene- riffe rare ; valves; Teneriffe 1 valve; Orotava frequent frequent rare; valves rare frequent ; valves rare ; valves rare frequent ; fragments, and young valves rare; 1 living; small moderate frequent; valyes rare ; valves rare frequent; valves, and fragments rare Depth. Living at Ground. Frequency, &e. Argyope decollata 60 fath. a sand&coral | rare ; Orotava ey truncata 60 fath. “= sand&coral | rare ; Orotava - Neapolitana 60 fath. _— sand&coral | rare ; Orotava fs GO fath. | 60 fath. | sand&eoral| rare; 1 specimen; Oro- | tava PreEnopoDa. Depth. Living at Ground. Frequency, &c. Hyaleea trispinosa 20 to 50f. — mud rare » tridentata 20 to 50 f. — mud rare » Vaginella = surface — rare Atalanta Peronii shore = — frequent Creiseis.spinigera — surface — frequent ” =, = surface — frequent ” Sa = surface = frequent Cuvieria —— 20 fath. — mud rare Spirialis —— 50 fath. — sand rare Chiton fascicularis ,, Canariensis ” — (new) Patella crenata » guttata » Lowei » Candei » Gussonii Dentalium dentalis cs rubescens— 7 (new ?) Umbrella Mediterranea? Gadinia Garnoti Calyptreea Sinensis Fissurella reticulata cp gibba Emarginula elongata +: reticulata Haliotis tuberculatus Trochus zizyphinus a conulus 5 erenulatus +» Magus 7 striatus = granulatus » Sauleyii ” 9 Ss ! ” ct ae Monodonta Berthelotti Solarium luteum ” Turbo rugosus Fossar Adansoni 33 GASTEROPODA PROSOBRANCHIATA. Depth. Living at Ground. Frequency, &c. sh. to20f, | sh. to20f. | rock & w.| frequent; asmall variety upon red weed in 12 to 20 fathoms shore shore rock rare; Orotaya shore shore rock frequent; same species as at Mogador shore shore rock rare shore shore rock rare shore shore rock rare shore shore rock rare 12tod50f.| 12 fath. weed rare 50 fath. — sand one small specimen ; Orotava 12 to20f. | 12 to20f. | sand&m.| frequent 12 to50f.| 12 fath. sand frequent 40 to 60 f. — sand rare; small shore — — rare 16 to 30 | 30 fath. sand rare shore shore rock rare sh. to 60 f. — sand rare 20 to 60 f. — sand rare 40t060f} = — sand | rare, small shore shore rocks | frequent 40 to GO f. = sand rare; fragments & young 20 fath. | 20 fath. | sand | one specimen; Bocaina channel 12 fath. | 12 fath. sand frequent 16 to 20f.|16to20f.| sand | freq.; Bocaina channel 12 fath. | 12 fath. sand frequent, Lancerote 40 to 60f.|40toGOf.| sand rare; variety; Orotava shore shore rocks frequent shore shore rocks | frequent shore shore rocks | frequent 60 fath. = = frequent; minute; Orotaya 60 fath. == == frequent ; minute ; Orotava 60 fath. — -- frequent; minute ; Orotava shore shore rocks moderate shore — — 1 specimen; Lancerote 25 to 60 f. | | 12 toGOf | 12 to l6E. shore sand & w. sand & in. several; Orotava; one Santa Cruz frequent; small rare ; Lancerote Phasianella pullus Janthina fragilis js exigua Littorina striata 7 affinis 5s neritoides Auricula Ferminii? Pedipes Rissoa Canariensis 3; costata » parva », purpurea » lata? , textilis » erenulata ” Jeffreysia ? —— Skenea Turritella triplicata Coecum trachea » glabrum Cerithium vulgatum 5 fuscatum + adversum 4 reticulatum 5 angustinum Scalaria pseudoscalaris Webbii He cochlea + crenata , clathratula ? se elathrus > —— (new) Depth. | 12 to 60 f. shore shore high wtr. high wtr. high wtr. shore shore 40 to 60 f. 12 to 60 f. 12 fath. 12 fath. 40 to 60 f. 40 to 60 f. 12 to GOf. 40 to 60 f. 40 to 60 f. 40 to GO Ff. 40 to GO f. 40 to GO f. 40 to 60 f. 40 to 60 f. 12 fath. 40 to 60 f. 12 to 50 f. 50 fath. 12 to 50 f. sh. to 16f. shore sh. tol6f. sh. tol6f. 60 fath. shore 25 fath. 12 fath. shore 16 fath. shore 12to 16 f. 40 10 60 f, 36 Living at surface surface high wtr. high wtr. high wtr. shore shore 12to30f. 12 tol6f. shore shore shore 12 fath. 12tol6f. Ground. rocks rocks rocks rocks rocks sand sand sand &m. sand &m. sand sand sand sand sand sand sand sand sand sand sand sand sand& m. sand sand sand &m. rocks rocks sand sand rocks mud mud rocks sand sand & weed sand Frequency, &c. frequent ahundant not frequent ; small abundant frequent ; probably a variety of preceding frequent frequent rare; Orotava frequent ; Orotaya frequent; Orotava and Lancerote frequent ; Lancerote frequent ; Lancerote frequent; Orotava frequent ; Orotava frequent frequent; Orotava frequent ; Orotava frequent ; Orotava frequent ; Orotava rare; Orotava rare; Orotava rare; Orotava rare ; Lancerote rare; Orotaya frequent ; small frequent ; Orotava frequent frequent frequent frequent dead, 2 living, at low water; Lancerote frequent rare, Orotaya frequent rare, Santa Cruz rare; lL spec.; Lancerote several rare rare, (1 specimen) moderate frequency ; spire somewhat re- sembling Chemnitzia rare ; concentrically grooved or striated ; small aie he Sealaria 3 = Aclis ? ——(new) ? ms (new) ? Eulima distorta » nitida ” Stilifer —— 9 9 Chemnitzia rufa ‘ elegantissima Bs indistincta i —- (new) Odostomia conoidalis | ” Eulimella Scille Truncatella Montagui Scissurella Berthelotti Natica porcellana » millepunctata » sagra ? », bicallosa ” Neritina viridis Lamellaria perspicua ” (new) Cancellaria —— (new) PA (new) Cerithiopsis tuberculare Nanella levigata Murex corallinus » Edwardsii ; Brandaris », saxatilis i ei Purpura hemastoma 4: viveratoides Buccinum minus cu (new) or Pur pura Depth. 40 to 60 f. 25 fath. 40 to 60 f. 12 fath. 12 to60f. 40 to 60 f. 40 to 60 f. 40 to 60 f. 40 to 60 f. 16 fath. sh. to60f. 40 to 60 f. 40 to 60 f. 12 to 60 f. 40 to 60 f. 40 to 60 f. 40 to 60 f. 40 to 60 f, 20 fath. shore 50 fath. sh.to60 f. 16 to 40 f. 20 fath. 12 to 16 f. sh.to 60 f. 12 tol6f. 12 fath. 40 to 60 f. 12 to 20 f. 12 to 20 f. 40 to GOT. 20 to 60 f. 12 to 30f. shore shore shore shore shore shore 12 to 16 f. 20 fath. 37 Living at 12 to 16f. 20 to 40 f. 12to 16 f. 12 to 16 f. 50 fath. shore shore Ground. sand mud sand sand sand sand sand sand sand sand sand sand sand sand &m. sand & m. sand &m. sand &m. sand &m. sand &m. sand &m. sand sand sand sand sand sand rocks rocks Frequency, &e. rare ; resembling pre- ceding butnot striated rare, Santa Cruz rare, Orotaya rare, Lancerote rare rare; Orotava rare ; Orotava rare; Orotava rare; Orotava rare; Lancerote moderate rare frequent ; small ; pupa- shaped, banded,species at Pantellaria moderate rare; Orotava rare; Orotava rare; Orotayva rare; Orotava 1 specimen ; Santa Cruz rare; Lancerote very rare; Orotava frequent rare 1 specimen; Santa Cruz moderate rare frequent; Lancerote rare; Lancerote rare rare; small, white; spe- cies at Gibraltar rare; ditto, brown rare; Orotava rare; UOrotava; &c, rare frequent ; Lancerote rare rare rare; white frequent moderate frequent 1 specimen; Santa Cruz ; species at Mogador —. 38 Depth. Living at Ground. Frequency, &e. Nassa reticulata sh.& 16 f.| 16 fath. sand moderate ; Lancerote s, incrassata shore = = frequent; Lancerote s mutabilis ? shore shore - frequent; small s, variabilis shore — — frequent » Canariensis ? 40 fath. a sand rare; Orotava », prismatica 20 to 40 f.| 30 fath. mud | frequent », scalariformis ? 20 fath. — mud rare Dolium perdix sh. to 60f. — — rare ; fragments Terebra shore — —— rare; Grand Canary Fusus Maroccanus sh. to20f. _ s. & coral] rare; Lancerote > rostratus 20 fths. — mud rare; Santa Cruz » pulchellus 40 fths. | 40 fath. sand rare; Orotava Triton nodiferum shore — — rare; Lancerote > cutaceum shore — — rare; Lancerote > pileare shore — — rare; Grand Canary +. — 20 to 40 f.| 20to40f. sand rare Mangelia purpurea sh. to40f. — — rare Lefroyii 12 fths. = sand&m.,| rare; Lancerote ‘: striolata 12 to60f. ~ sand &m.} moderate », Vauquelina sh. & 25f. — sand &m.| moderate; Lancerote linearis 12 fths. — sand &m.} rare; Lancerote . ginniniana 12 to 25f. — sand&m.} frequent; Lancerote 7 gracilis 20 fths. = mud rare; Santa Cruz = teres 25 to 60F. — sand&m.| rare; Santa Cruz i — 40 to GOF. — sand | frequent; Orotava i — 40 to 60f. — sand rare; Orotava Pleurotoma elegans 12 to GO. —_ sand&m.} rare - balteata 50fths. | 50 fath. sand 1 specimen; Orotava Mitra columbellaria 12 to GOF. — sand &m.| rare » fusca shore shore rocks | frequent ,», zebrina shore shore | rocks | frequent ———— 12 to 30f. a sand &m.| frequent Columbella rustica shore shore rocks frequent % eribella shore — rocks | frequent Hp $ 12 to 30f. sand moderate Conus Mediterraneus shore shore rocks frequent ; Lancerote, and Grand Canary; notin Teneriffe; whiter . in colour than Medi- terranean specimens ». papilionaceus 12 &20f.| 12 fath. | sand&m.| rare Cypreea spurea shore shore rocks | frequent; dead lurida shore —- — rare ‘ +» pyrum shore | — | — rare » moneta shore _- — rare 37 > pulex 12fths. | — sand&m. rare ee eee Depth. Living at™| Ground. Frequency, &e. Cyproa candidula ? 12 to 50 f. = sand moderate; white; very small Ovula spelta? 40 to 60 f. _— sand rare; Orotaya Marginella glabella sh.tol5f.| 12 fath. | sand&m.| frequent 6: guancha 20 to GO f. = sand &m. | frequent = — 12 tol6f.|12to16f. | sand&m.| rare » = shore shore rocks | rare » — shore shore rocks | rare GASTEROPODA OPISTHOBRANCHIATA. Depth. Living at Ground. Frequeney, &c. Aplysia occellata shore shore rocks | frequent; Orotava » hybrida? sh.to12f. | sh.tol6f. | rocks &s. | moderate Cylichna cylindracea 12 to 50f. — sand&m.| frequent 45 truncata 12 to 50f. = sand&m.| frequent ia mamillata 40 to 60 f. — sand rare ; Orotava oF (new) 12 to GOF. — sand&m.| frequent; white; stri- ; ated and banded with opaque white bs (new) 12 & 16f. - sand&m.| rare; species at Cartha- gena, Spain Philine aperta 12 to 20f. | 12 to 20f. | sand&m.| rare; Lancerote Amphispira hyalina 60 fath. — sand rare ; Orotava Bulla ampulla sh.to 60f. = sand frequent », hydatis shore _ = frequent 5, Cranchii 12 fath. == mud 1 specimen ; Santa Cruz > = shore — —_ frequent; Grand Canary CEPHALOPODA. Depth. | Living at Ground. Frequency, &e. Spirula Peronii shore — — frequent Octopus sh.&20f. | sh. &20f. | rocks & s. | moderate Of the 273 species, at least 170 were new to the fauna of the district. generally of a more southern type, which I procuring. The whole number is composed of— 84 Acephala lamellibranchiata........ Acephala palliobranchiata ... PterOpodA .....0 sor s000e0e Gasteropoda prosobranchiata............. 184 Gasteropoda opisthobranchiata. ......... Cephalopoda,........... ee a 16 ver L2 0 4 Among those recorded in the work before-mentioned are 30, did not sueceed in 302 species, (Two or three doubtful). AO Only two or three of them are found in North America, viz.: Saxicava arctica, Lucina flexuosa, Lamellaria perspicua ? The Canary species, common to Scandinavia are— Acephala lamellibranchiata ...... 25 in 84, or 30 per cent. Acephala gia 5 grace —, 45— is (pteropod atawss-tengeneee Sires, Os 2 = 19) 5) L845 (45 10! oa Co) LR ae 10) 5 Guciernelie pr onan Gasteropoda Satna tee chints,. “ Total, 50 in 302, or 17 per cent. The proportion of Canary species found in the British seas is— Acephala lamellibranchiata......... 49 in 84, or 58 per cent. Acephala palliobranchiata ......... = 4 a= ¥ Pteropoda ... ... 00 saves Pere real eee (oper As, r Gasteropoda piccltmntbidin athe’ AL. ,,.l84,.. 30:22 is Gasteropoda Sesame GES Creole OU 7 Cephalopoda... 0 ee F 20, — 5 Total, 97 in 302, or 32 per erat: The Canaries have, in common with the north of Spain,— Acephala lamellibranchiata............ 86 in 84, or 43 per cent. Acephala palliobranchiata ............— 5, 4; 9. = ” Pteropoda, ... .00s00see0e pesaettts) — oy LOS Ree ” Gasteropoda indecbtinsliaia eG, dL Gaes eee r Gasteropoda opstobranchint Mega O59 Leah ay ” Cephalopoda .. tec CCH aetna ” Total 80 in 302, The following species inhabit the Canaries and the Mediterranean, or south coast of Spain and Portugal. or 60 per cent. ACEPAHLA LAMELLI- BRANCHIATA. Teredo navyalis ? Gastrochcenacuneiformis Saxicava arctica Venerupis irus Corbula nucleus Neera costella » cuspidata Pandora obtusa ” rostrata Thracia phaseolina 3) pubescens Solecurtus candidus o9 coarctatus Solemya Mediterranea Psammobia vespertina Psammobia costulata G5 Ferroensis Tellina incarnata » distorta », balaustina », serrata Eryilia castanea ” Mactra subtruncata », stultorum Lutraria rugosa Cytheria chione » Venetiana ? Venus verrucosa ») casina Circe minima Astarte incrassata », triangularis Cardita calyculata » corbis ? Cardium echinatum o rusticum as papillosum a Norvegicum » fasciatum Lucina leucoma » flexuosa »» divaricata », pecten » Spinifera Diplodonta rotundata 43 apicalis Kellia suborbicularis ‘ Kellia rubra Modiola tulipa Crenella rhombea ” marmorata Chama gryphoides Area lactea », tetragona ») lnbricata », antiquata », Now Pectunculus glycimeris a Siculus Avicula Tarentina Pinna rudis Lima squamosa » hians », Subauriculata Pecten Jacobeus 3» opercularis 4) pusio >> pes felis » gibbus * Spondylus goedaropus ACEPHALA PALLIO- BRANCHIATA. Argyope truncata » decollata » Neapolitana ” PTrEROPODA. Hyalea trispinosa », tridentata » vaginella Creiseis spinigera ” ” Atalanta Peronii GASTEROPODA PROSO- BRANCHIATA. Chiton fascicularis Patella Gussonii Dentalium dentalis a rubescens ” Gadinia Garnoti ? Calyptroea Sinensis Fissurella reticulata + gibba Emarginula reticulata i elongata r* 4] Haliotis tuberculata Trochus exiguus PF striatus » magus i conulus 5 granulatus + zizyphinus | ” Solarium luteum ? Turbo rugosus Fossar Adansoni Phasianella pullus Littorina neritoides Rissoa costata »> parva ») purpurea » elata? » textilis? », ¢crenulata Skenia ? Turritella triplicata Coecum trachea » glabrum Cerithium vulgatum » fuscatum >» adversum » reticulatum » angustinum Scalaria pseudoscalaris » crenata » ¢lathratula Eulima distorta 9, nitida . Chemnitzia rufa 3 elegantissima os indistincta 9» —— (undescribed) Odostomia conoidea ” Eulimella Scille Truncatella Montagui Natica millepunctata » sagra? » bicallosa ? Neritina viridis Lamellaria perspicua Cancellaria —— (unde- scribed) Cerithiopsis tuberculare Murex brandaris », corallinus », Edwardsil », trunculus Purpura hemastoma Buccinum minus Nassa reticulata’ » imerassata », mutabilis? ») Variabilis ») prismatica 5, scalariformis Dolium galea Fusus rostratus »» pulchellus Triton nodiferum », Cutaceum Mangelia purpurea “F Lefroyii a striolata a Vauquelina 26) linearis » nebula a gracilis ” teres Pleurotoma elegans a balteata Mitra ebenea », columbellaria Columbella rustica Conus Mediterraneus Cyproea spurca » lurida » pyrum » moneta >, Ppulex Ovula spelta GASTEROPODA OPISTHO- BRANCHIATA. Cylichna cylindracea ” truncata BS mamillata ” Bulla hydatis », Cranchii Aplysia hybrida Umbrella Mediterranea CEPHALOPODA. Spirula Peronii Argonauta Argo 42 The proportion which these bear to the Canary species is— Acephala lamellibranchiata......... 72 in 84, or 76 per cent. Acephala palliobranchiata ......... 4 ,, 4, ,, 100 +, Pteropoda... cucsssccersattdestanae Fi, sgt LOy pe 0 Ak a Gasteropoda Shodshaansleiatt mes 97 ,, 184, ,, 53 = Gasteropoda A ehh Panias BS a Les. as On, , Cephalopoda... Aes Beer esi Ry gy LOO * Total 190 in 302, or 63 ae pean The Canary species which have not been found in the south of Europe or Mediterranean are generally of more southern type, and such of them as are not already known inhabitants of Western Tropical Africa, will probably prove to be so. Of these, the species of Pedipes is found in Fayal, Littorina Striata and Mitra fusca in Madeira and the Azores, Modiola (unnamed), Pecten corallinoides, Patella crenata, P.guttata, P. Lowei, P. Candei, Monodonta Bertheloti, a Solarium, Scalaria cochlea, Eulima? (new), Natica porcellana, and another Natica, a new Cancellaria Mitra zebrina, and another Mitra, Cyprea candidula ? Marginella guancha, and an undescribed Cylichna extend to Madeira. Neritina viridis, and Columbella cribraria are common to the Canary, Madeira, and West India Islands. The marine fauna of the Canary Islands is characterized by the pre- sence of numerous species of Scalaria, and by the absence of all repre- sentatives of the genera Nucula, Leda, and Anomia. MapDEIRA. During a few days spent in the Madeira Islands I obtained 156 species of marine testaceous Mollusca. ACEPHALA LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. Depth. Living at Ground, Frequency, &e. Gastrochoena cunei- formis 20 fath. | sand&m.|sand&m.! 1 valve Saxicaya arctica 20 fath. | — sand &m.-| 1 valve _ Venerupis irus QO) Tatlin | ge sand&m.} 1 valve Necera cuspidata 18 to24f.; 20 fath. |sand&m.} rare 5 costellata 18 to24f.| 24 fath. | sand&m.} rare Poromya granulata 20 fath. = sand&m.| 1 valve Lyonsia Norvegica 20 fath. | 20 fath. | sand&m. Thracia phaseolina 15 to 24 f. — sand &m.| valves Solecurtus candidus 20 fath. _ sand&m.| valves ot coarctatus 20 fath. _— sand &m.} valves Tellina incarnata 20 fath. — sand &m.! valves Tellina distorta ; balaustina » donacina ” Psammobia costulata Ervilia castanea Pe — (new) Cytheria chione ? (new) Venus verucosa + casina Circe minima Cardium echinatum 35 rusticum - papillosum a3 Norvegicum ” "re Cardita calyculata Lucina spinifera » divaricata +» pecten 5 (new) ? Diplodonta rotundata 3 apicalis Kellia rubra Modiola Arca tetragona Pectunculus glycimeris 4 Siculus Avicula Tarentina Pinna squamosa Lima squamosa » hians Pecten maximus » pusio » similis » corallinoides » polymorphus » pes felis » opercularis » gibbus Ostrea Aniomia ephippium 15 to 24f.| 20 fath. 43 Depth. Living at 20 fath. a 29 fath. — 18 to 24 f. —_ 15 to 20f. | 15 to 20f. 15 to 20 f, | 15 to 20f. 15 to20f. | 15 to20f. 15 to24f. | 15to 24f. 18 to 24f. | 18 to 24 f. 20 fath. | 20 fath. 15 to20 f. | 15 to 20f. 15 to 20f. | 15 to 20f. 18 to 24f. | 18to24f. 18 to 24f.} 18 to24f. 18 to 24 f. | 18 to 24 f. 18 to 24f. -—- 18 to 24 f: — sh.&15f°| shore 18 to 24f.} 20 fath. 15 & 20f. _— 15 fath. — 20 fath. | 20 fath. 20 fath. — 20 fath .} 20 fath. 20 fath. — 20 fath. | 20 fath. 20 fath. | 20 fath. 15 to20f | 15 to 20f. 15 to 20 f. | 15 to 20 f. 24 fath. = shore shore sh. &15 to 20f. shore 20 to 24 f. — 18 to 24f,| 20 fath. 15 to 24 f. — 18 to 24f, | 18 to 24f. sh.to24f, — 15 to 24f, fr I8to 24f. = 18 fath. | 18 fath. 20 fath. 20 fath. shore Ground. sand sand &m. sand &m. sand &m. sand sand sand sand &m. sand &m. sand &m. s. & coral sand &m. sand &m. sand &m. sand &m. sand &m. sand &m. sand sand &m. sand sand sand &m. sand &m. sand &m. sand& m. in nullipore s. & coral sand sand mud gravel s. & coral sand &m., sand &m. sand &m. sand &m, s. & coral sand & m. sand &m. sand sand &m. sand & m. Frequency, &c. rare rare; valves rare; valves frequent ; species ob- tained off Mogador frequent moderate moderate; species ob- tained at Lancerote and Gibraltar frequent moderate rare abundant frequent rare ; young moderate moderate rare valves; small; oval frequent; on shore rare rare rare frequent; minute rare rare 1 valve rare rare; but frequentvalves frequent frequent rare 1 specimen one living ; and valves valves rare; young valves frequent frequent; valves valves valves one; minute two (from stomach of fish,) and valves rare rare 44 GASTEROPODA PALLIOBRANCHIATA. Depth. Living at Ground. Frequency, &c. Argyope decollata 20 fath. — sand &m.| local PTEROPODA. Depth. Living at Ground. Frequency, &c. Hyalea tridentata 20 fath. — sand &m.] one specimen » trispinosa 20 fath. —_ sand&m.]| rare » vaginella 20 fath. — sand &m.]| rare 5 — 20 fath, — sand &m.]} rare Cuvieria 20 fath. = sand&m.| one GASTEROPODA PROSOBRANCHIATA. FS a I Ne les Tk ee a Depth. Living at Ground. Frequency, &c. Chiton fascicularis shore shore rocks frequent Oy (valves) | 15 to20f. — sand frequent Patella Gussonii 15 to 20f. _— sand frequent » guttata? shore shore rocks me erga gore Sus she abundant on the De- » Lowei shore shore rocks » Candei shore shore rocks pokey s, tenuis (Dillwyn)} shore shore rocks Dentalium dentalis 18 to24f.}18to24f.| mud frequent Calyptroea Sinensis 18 to24f. | 18 to24f.|m.&sand} yare Fissurella reticulata 18 to 24f. -= sand&m.} yare Emarginula —— (new?)} sh.to20f. | sh.& 20f, | sand &m. frequent (new?) sh. & 20f. | sh.& 20 f, | sand &m. frequent ” F reticulata 18 to 24f. — sand&m.| rare Haliotis tuburculata shore shore rocks frequent Trochus zizyphinus 15 to 20f. — s. & coral] rare » conulus 20 fath. a mud one specimen 3 crenulatus 15 to 20 f. — sand &m.| frequent » magus 15 to 20f. | 15 to 20f. | s.& coral} frequent; small + striatus 15 to 20f. — s. & coral} frequent » granulatus 20 fath. _— mud rare Monodonta Bertheloti shore shore rocks rare Solarium —- 20 fath. — mud rare; small Bifrontia Zanelea 18 to24f. | 18 to 24 f. | sand &m.| frequent Janthina communis shore — _ frequent 5 pallida shore — — frequent > exigua shore oo — rare Turbo rugosus 15 to 20 f. — s. & coral) frequent ; small mm Eee:t 45 Phasianella pullus Littorina striata x4 neritoides Rigsoa purpurea » crenulata BI ” ” Cerithium reticulatum » adversum ”» angustinum Turritella?(Aclis?)--new ” ” new Mesalia striata? Scalaria Turtonis as cochlea Eulima subulata » Ditida » distorta Bs —-? Chemnitzia rufa 5 elegantissima ” Eulimella Scille Natica Porcellana id — (new?) Lamellaria perspicua Neritina viridis Cancellaria (new) (new) 99 Murex corallinus » Edwardsii » eristatus >» erinaceus 9 ” Cassis sulcosa Buccinum minus Nassa prismatica » imerassata » variabilis Triton pileare Mangelia teres iy secalina Depth. 15 to 20 f, shore shore 18 to 24 f. 15 to 24f. 18 to 24 f. 18 to 24 f. 18 to 24 f. 15 to 24 f. 15 to 20f. 15 to 20 f. 20 fath. 20 fath. 20 fath. 18 to 24 f. 18 fath. 20 fath. 18 to 24f. 18 to 24 f. 18 to 24f. 18 fath. 18 to 24f. 18 to 24 f. 18 to 24f. 18 to 24f. 18 to 24 f. 11 to 24 f. 15 fath. 15 to 20f. 15 to 20f. 15 to 20 f. 15 to 20 f. 15 fath. shore shore shore 20 fath. 15 to 20f. 18 to 24 f. sh. to 20 f. sh. to20f. shore 18 to 24 f, 18 to 24 f. Living at shore shore 18 to 24f. 18 to 24f. 18 to 24f. 18 fath. 18 to 24 f. 18 to 24f. 18 to 24 f, Ground. s. & coral rocks rocks sand &m. sand &m. sand &m. sand &m. sand &m. sand &m, s. & coral s. & coral mud mud mud sand &m, s. & coral sand &m. sand &m. sand&m., sand &m. sand&m. sand&m. sand & m. sand &m. sand & m. sand & m. sand &m. sand sand &m. sand sand sand sand rocks rocks sand& m. sand sand &m. sand &m. sand&m. sand & m, Frequency, &c. frequent frequent frequent rare moderate frequent moderate moderate frequent frequent rare rare rare rare; (one) moderate rare; (one) Porto Santo rare ; small moderate rare rare rare frequent moderate rare; species obtained in Canaries, and at Pantellaria rare moderate frequent rare; one specimen frequent rare; small white rare; small brown rare one specimen rare frequent rare; species obtained in Canaries rare rare rare frequent frequent one specimen rare rare 46 Depth. Living at Ground. Frequency, &c. Mangelia Vauquelina 18 to 24f. — sand&m.| moderate % nebula 18 to 24 f. | 18 to24f. | sand&m.} frequent 3 gracilis 18 to 24f. — sand&m. | rare # variegata 18 to 24f. _ sand&m. | rare x linearis 18 to 24f. — sand&m.| rare Pr purpuera 18 to 24 f. — sand&m.| rare; one specimen ” == 18 to24f. —_— sand&m.| rare Lachesis minima shore as = moderate Mitra zebrina sh.to20f.| shore — moderate » fusca shore shore — frequent C= 15 to 20f. “= sand frequent; species ob- tained in Canaries Cypreea pulex 18 to 24 f. — sand&m.| rare » candidula 15 to 24 f. -- sand&m.| rare; very small Columbella rustica sh.to20f.| shore rocks frequent > eribraria shore shore rocks frequent ” 18 to 24 f. — sand &m.| moderate Marginella guancha 15 to 24f. _— sand&m. | frequent + miliaria 15 to 20 f. — sand &m.} rare Ringuicula auriculata 15 to 24f. | 20 to 24f.'sand&m.! frequent GASTEROPODA OPISTHOBRANCHIATA. Depth. Living at Ground. Frequency, &c. Cylichna cylindracea 18 to 24f. — sand & m.]} rare Ff 15 to 24 f. — sand&m.| frequent; species ob- tained in Canaries i — 18 to 24 f. — sand &m.| rare Bulla ampulla 20 fath. —_— sand &m.]| a fragment Amphispira hyalina 20 fath. — sand&m.} one specimen Philine aperta 18 to 24 f. — sand & m.} rare ANELIDES. Depth. Living at Ground. Frequency, &c. <<. Diturpa subuwata 20 to 24f.| 20to 24 f.| sand&m.| extremely abundant Being— Acephala lamellibranchiata ............ 54 Acephala palliobranchiata ... ........ 1 Pteropoda ... 00sec seeeereeeseeceees 58 1156 Species. Gasteropodaprosobranchiata ......... 90 Gasteropoda opisthobranchiata ... ... 6 Of these all that are recorded as North American species are Saxicava arctica, Janthina communis, Lamellaria perspicua. ee — 47 The following species are common to Madeira, and Scandinavia. Chemnitzia rufa ACEPHALA LAMELLI- Pecten pusio BRANCHIATA. » opercularis Eulimella Scille Saxicava arctica » maximus Lamellaria perspicua Necera cuspidata Anomia ephippium Murex erinaceus » costellata Nassa inerassata Lyonsia Norvegica GASTEROPODA PROSO- Mangelia teres Thracia phaseolina age 4 nebula Solecurtus coarctatus Trochus zizyphinus » __ linearis Littor'‘na neritoides Cerithium reticulatum Venus casina 2 : GASTEROPODA OPISTHO- Cardium Norvegicum yi echinatum 2 adversum BRANCHIATA, Lueina spinifera Scalaria Turtonis Cylichna cylindracea Arca tetragona Eulima subulata Amphispira hyalina Lima hians » nitida Philine aperta Being of the Madeira species— Acephala lamellibranchiata..................... 16 in 54, or 30 per cent, Acephala palliobranchiata .....0..5... 0600+. — 4; SESPEANa NG Bye sar ch aisswiett ikea -uelseslcacinae von caninee cosine Gasteropoda prosobranchiata .................. 15 ,, 90, ,, 17 Pe Gasteropoda opisthobranchiata .............. 3 6; 5, .00 Total 34 in 156, or 21 per cent. of Madeira species common to SEM OB ery hme Pe Scandinavia. Madeira possesses, in common with the British seas— ACEPHALA LAMELLI- BRANCHIATA. Saxicava arctica Venerupis irus Newra cuspidata » costellata Poromya granulata Lyonsia Norvegica Thracia phaseolina Solecurtus candidus ” coarctatus Tellina incarnata » donacina » balaustina Psammobia costulata Ervilia castanea Cytheria chione Venus verrucosa » casina Circe minima Cardium echinatum i rusticum Cardium Norvegicum Lucina spinifera », divaricata Diplodonta rotundata Kellia rubra Arca tetragona Pectunculus glycimeris Avicula Tarentina Lima hians Pecten maximus » pusio » sinilis » opercularis ? PrEeRopoDa. Hyalea trispinosa GASTEROPODA PROSO- BRANCHIATA. Chiton fascicularis Calyptroa Sinensis Fissurella reticulata Emarginula reticulata Haliotis tuberculata Trochus zizyphinus » magus ” granulatus Ac striatus Janthina communis “ pallida, ~ exigua Phasianella pullus Rissoa crenulata ” Cerithium reticulatum ey adversum Sealaria Turtonis Eulima subulata » nitida » distorta Chemnitzia rufa Eulimella Scille Lamelleria perspicua Murex corallinus Murex erinaceus Mangelia linearis GASTEROPODA OPISTHO- Nassa incrassata % gracilis BRANCHIATA, Mangelia teres Lachesis minima Cylichna cylindracea i nebula Amphispira hyalina ss striolata Philine aperta Being— Acephala lamellibranchiata ...... 33 in 44, or 61 per cent. Acephala palliobranchiata ......... —, 1ls,— i Pteropoda Peer Lee, Os sto : Gasteropoda peodebranohae Fab OOD Oe asso: Fi Gasteropoda opisthobranchiata.. 3 ,, 6, ,, 50 3 48 Total of Madeira species common to the British seas, 69 in 156, or 44 per cent. All the species common to Madeira and Britain are likewise to be found in the Mediterranean and Lusitanian district, with addition of the following :— ACEPHALA LAMETLI- BRANCHIATA. Gastrochena cunei- formis Tellina distorta Ervilia Cytheria. —— Cardium papillosum Cardita calyculata Lucina pecten Diplodonta apicalis Pectunculus Siculus Pinna squamosa Lima squamosa Pecten polymorphus » pes felis » gibbus ACEPHALA PALLIO- BRANCHIATA. Argyope decollata PTEROPODA. Hyalea tridentata » vaginella GASTEROPODA PROSO- BRANCHIATA. Patella Gussonii Dentalium dentalis Trochus crenulatus 35 conulus Turbo rugosus Rissoa purpurea Cerithium angustinum Mesalia striata Neritina viridis Cancellaria, undescribed Murex Edwardsii » eristatus Cassis sulcosa Buccinum minus Nassa prismatica s» vVariabilis Mangelia Vauquelina a secalina * variegata Cypreea pulex Columbella rustica Marginella miliacea Ringuicula auriculata GASTEROPODA OPISTHO- BRANCHIATA. Cylichna —— Making of Madeira species common to the Mediterranean and Peninsula; Acephala lamellibranchiata .................. 47 in 54, or 87 per cent. Acephala palliopranechinta, “.c.sncrcansees L 3, 1, ,, LOG. ..: Pteropod ay ccsisexssarse stoic s Pee ROP YI). vay | COO mae Gasteropoda porealpopichigta Sebeteae (OOM Gy COU 55 Olena Gasteropoda cateiiot nichts: copebeeeeaeereat a, Bits, BOY tua Total 110 in 156, or 70 per cent. All the Madeira species were obtained in the Canary Islands, except the following :—- { 49 PTEROPODA. Rissoa —— Hyalcea. tridentata ss 5 Turritella? (Aclis ?) GASTEROPODA PROSO- 3 % Mesalia striata ACEPHALA LAMELLI- BRANCHIATA. Poromya granulata Lyonsia Norvegica BRANCHIATA. Tellina donacina Chiton —— ? Sealaria Turtonis = Patella tenuis ” Lucina Emarginula —— Murex erinaceus Pecten similis $ dal? Mangelia variegata, » polymorphus Bifrontia Zancloea ‘ secalina Anomia ephippium Janthina pallida Amphispira hyalina Consequently the Madeira species common to the Canaries are— Acephala lamellibranchiata ...... 46 in 54, or 85 per cent. Acephala palliobranchiata......... 1 .,, 1, ,, 100 mS PAGLOPOUR Es .coect ceskes 3,, 5,,, 60 Gasteropoda prosobranchiata ... 73 ,, 90, ,, 81 es Gasteropoda opisthobranchiata... 6 ,, 6, ,, 100 8 Total, 129 in 156, or 83 per cent. From the foregoing statements it will appear that several species and forms typical of the Arctic fauna range far to the southward, whil scarcely one of those characteristic of warm latitudes extends into hig’ northern regions. This would appear in a still greater degree, were th more southern districts as thoroughly explored as have been the coasts of Britain, and the fact that such has not been the case should always be borne in mind when drawing a comparison between the Mollusca of Britain and of foreign countries. It will also be seen that the Acephala, animals gifted with smaller power of locomotion, are more widely dis- tributed than the Gasteropoda. I now proceed to give the result of my observations regarding the particular points at which certain species and forms reach the extreme limit of their range, northward or southward. Although, as already remarked, the transition from one fauna to another is effected gradually, yet there are certain geographical points at which a considerable change is observed to take place. The follow- ing northern species reach their most southern habitat about the northern and central parts of the British seas, though a few of them re-appear on the Nymph bank, a kind of Arctic outpost off the south of Ireland. Panopca Norvegica, North Sea Tellina proxima, * Astarte elliptica, Clyde and North Sea » aretica, Zetland Cardium Suecicum, Trish Sea G Crenella nigra, North Sea, Hebrides KS decussata, ,, a Nucula tenuis, Scotland, Trish Sea Leda pygmma, Hebrides Pecten niveus, ie 50 Anomia striata, Hebrides Hippothyris psittacea, North Sea Terebratula cranium, Zetland Chiton Hanleyi, North Sea, Hebrides » TMarmoreus, Acmecea testudinalis, Lrish Sea Pylidium fulvyum, Clyde & S. of Ireland Propylidium ancyloide, Puncturella noachina, ,, Emarginula crassa, Carnarvonshire Trochus alabastrum, Orkney undulatus, Hebrides “ helicinus, Hebrides & Irish Sea Scissurella crispata, Clyde Aporrhais pes carbonis, Zetland 7 ” 7 te Cerithium metula, Zetland Sealaria Greenlandica, North Seff Chemnitzia rufescens, Clyde Natica helicoides, Orkney & North Sea » pusilla, North Sea Velutina flexilis, ,, Trichotropis borealis, South of Scotland Fusus berniciensis, North Sea Norvegicus, 93 incon, be Trophon clathratus, Irish Sea ; Barvicensis, North Sea Mangelia Treyvilliana, rf nana, Orkney Philine quadrata, North Sea ” ” The following are northern species, extending only to the British Channel, or but little to the south of it. Xylophaga dorsalis Mya truncata Chiton ruber Megathyris cistellula Natica Montagui Buceinum undatum sy arenaria Lacuna pallidula » Humphreysianum Thracia villosciuscula » vineta » Dalei Cochlodesma preetenue » -erassior Fusus Islandicus Tellina pygma@a Rissoa Zetlandica 55 propinquus Cyprina Islandica Skenia planorbis » antiquus Astarte compressa Scalaria Trevilliana Mangelia rufa Modiola modiolus Aclis nitidissima fy turricula Leda caudata Eulima bilineata Crenella discors, I have never met with south of the British seas, and suspect that when reported from the south of Europe, it has been con- founded with Crenella marmorata, and Crenella costulata. Philippi’s description evidently applies to the former. The following find their southern limit in the neighbourhood of Vigo. Mactra solida Pecten tigrinus ? Crania anomala Chiton asellus cancellatus Rissoa cingillus Natica monilifera Velutina levigata Purpura lapillus Emarginula rosea ? Trochus tumidus Lacuna puteolus Rissoa vitrea striata thy ” Iittorina littoralis, and Littorina rudis are met with in Lisbon. I refer to lists already given for northern species, which are to be found in the Mediterranean, and the Canaries, most of which probably do not extend far to the south of these districts. Ceratisolen legumen, Venus striatula, Patella pellucida, Acmea virginea, and Trochus cine- rarius? appear to reach their extreme southward limit about Mogador. Proceeding from the south northward, we find the following species 51 of tropical type to be recorded from the Canary Islands, but not to have been met with in a more northern locality :— Crassatella divaricata Cardium costulatum Lucina Adansoni Cerithium nodulosum Murex saxatilis Ranella levigata Cassis flammea » testiculus Cymba Neptuni +) porcina Cymba proboscidalis Conus betulinus » Promethens » Guinaicus » papilionaceus Marginella glabella and a few other species, probably belonging to tropical Africa, reach as far north as Mogador. The coast from Cadiz to Cape St. Vincent appears to mark the northern limit of various members of the Mediterranean fauna. The following species, inhabitants of the south coast of Spain and Portugal, and of the Atlantic, are not recorded to have been obtained further north than Cape St. Vincent :— Solecurtus strigillatus Solemya Mediterranea Psammobia costata Tellina Costce » planata » pulchella » punicea Secrobicularia Cotardi Ervilia (undescribed ) Tapes Beudantii » florida + geographica Cytheria Venetiana ” Astarte incrassata Cardium erinaceum Cardita, all the species Ungulina Kellia corbuloides » complanata Chama gryphoides Mytilus Afer » minimus Modiola yestita ” petagna Lithodomus dactylus Leda emarginata », striata Area antiquata » barbata » Now Pectunculus pilosus, or purpurascens Lima scabrella Pecten gibbus » pes felis » hyalinus Spondylus goedaropus Chiton Siculus » Rissoi Siphonaria concinna Dentalium rubescens Crepidula the genus Fissurella rosea Emarginula ‘elongata Trochus tessellatus is Richardii En divaricatus ° articulatus * Viellotti Trochus fragaroides fe fanulum f canalyculatus Rissoa acuta » Bruguieri Mesalia sulcata. » striata Cerithium yulgatum Pr fuscatum Scalaria pseudoscalaris ” crenata Vermetus, all the species Natica Guillemini » TMmacilenta Natica intricata », bicallosa » sagra? Neritina viridis Sigaretus haliotideus Cancellaria cancellata Murex trunculus », brandaris » eristatus Nassa mutabilis 5, neritoides » grana » variabilis Buccinum minus Pollia maculosa Cassis sulcosa Fusus pulchellus > Yrostratus » corneus Ranella gigantea Columbella rustica ys corniculata Mangelia reticulata te Vauquelini - erispata Mitra ebeneus » columbellaria Marginella clandestina 5 miliacea Cyproa pyrum » pulex » moneta Conus Mediterraneus 52 Cymba melo, Pecten polymorphus, and Panopea Aldebrandi, are met with as far as the neighbourhood of Lisbon. The fine Chiton ‘rufus, the largest European representative of the genus, I have only obtained in Lisbon and Vigo, and am not aware of its being recorded from any other locality. The following species range from the southward to the coasts of Gallicia and Asturias :— ‘Tellina serrata Mesodesma donacilla Lutraria rugosa Cardium papillosum 45 ciliare Lucina digitalis » pecten Kellia ? (genus un- certain ) Mytilus Galloprovincialis Lithodomus caudigerus Chiton cajetanus Dentalium dentalis Fissurella gibba Trochus Laugieri Solarium luteum As straminium Littorina tigrina Rissoa purpurea Turbo rugosus Turritella tricostalis Fusus contrarius Murex Edwardsii Purpura heemastoma Nassa trifasciata Cassis saburon ? Triton nodiferum > corrugatum Pleurotoma elegans Ringuicula auriculata Aplysia Patersoni Of the followmeg species, the most northern known habitat is the south of Great Britain and the coasts of Ireland :— Pholas parva Gastrochena modiolina Petricola lithophaga Venerupis ius Pandora rostrata (Chan- nel Tslands Diodonta fragilis (Car- narvonshire ) Syndosmya tenuis Donax politus Ervilia castanea Mactra belvacea Lutraria oblonga Tapes decussata (Car- narvonshire ) Cytheria chione, (Car- narvonshire ) Venus verrucosa by Cardium aculeatum : rusticum Lucina divaricata Diplodonta rotundata Galeomma Turtoni Modiola barbata Crenella costulata =p rhombea Ayicula Tarentina Calyptreea Sinensis (Milford) Emarginula rosea Haliotis tuberculata Trochus exiguus ES striatus Adeorbis subearinatus Rissoa lactea » striatula Sealaria clathratula Chemnitzia scalaris fe fenestrata Truneatella Montagui Murex corallinus Lachesis minima Nassa pygma@a Mangelia gracilis (Clyde ) Ovula patula It is a fact to be noted, as probably bearing some relation to an ancient distribution of land, that the range of many species of mollusca, in proceeding northward, takes a curve to the west. Several inhabitants of the Mediterranean, such as Tellina balaustina, Circe minima, Psam- mobia costulata, Neera all the species, Mangelia Lefroyti, Marginella -levis, &e., touching upon the extremity of Cornwall, and extending round the west of Iveland to the Hebrides, although absent from the Channels and the north sea; also a few species being found common to a ee 53 the coast of West Africa, the Canary, Madeira, and Azore Islands, which are not to be obtained in Morocco or the south of the European continent. In treating of the distribution of mollusca, some notice should be taken of species which are considered to be local, that is, limited to a particular locality or a small area, though the number of these is constantly diminishing as we extend our knowledge. A newly-discovered species is supposed to be confined to the spot where it was first obtained, until it re-appears in a locality where it was perhaps least expected to be met with ; this more particularly happens with some of the deep water species. Many marine shells supposed to be peculiar to the Canary Islands are probably common to a large un- explored tract of the African coast—several of them I have found in Madeira. The interesting shell Plewrotoma, or Mangelia teres, was first discovered by Professor E. Forbes on the coast of Lycia; it was next met with, a few years afterwards, in the Channel of the Minch, between the Isle of Skye and the outer Hebrides, and has since been procured pretty generally throughout the British seas. I have obtained it in various parts of the Mediterranean, in the Canary and Madeira Islands, and it is in Loven’s enumeration of the shells of Scandinavia. Crenella rhombea, one of the rarest species of our seas, having been only found in three or four instances and one locality (off Weymouth), I have met with in the Bay of Gibraltar, Gulf of Tunis, and abundantly off Lancerote, one of the Canary Islands. Chemnitzia fenestrata, discovered only six years ago in Dartmouth harbour, has since been obtained from at least two other localities in the South of England; I have procured it in Vigo bay, and it has been found in the result of dredgings from Alexandria in Egypt. It would be easy to cite many similar instances, but what I have mentioned may suffice to prove how unsafe it is to conclude that a species is restricted to a peculiar locality, from the negative fact of its not having been found elsewhere. For my part, I believe that very few, if any, marine species are confined to very small areas. With reference to the curious mollusk Bifrontia zanclaa, which was only known as a very rare fossil obtained at Messina, and no recent example even of the genus recorded to have been seen, but which I found living in considerable abundance at Madeira, it is probable that further researches will discover its existence in other parts of the Atlantic; if not, it will appear to be an exception, and that its present habitat is its last refuge and stronghold, after becoming elsewhere extinct, 54 As has been already shown, the Islands of the Canaries, Madeiras, and the Azores possess a marine fauna closely allied to that of the old continent, notwithstanding that the prevailing set of the currents is from America. Very few mollusca are common to both sides of the Atlantic, except such as are inhabitants of the Arctic Seas, and extend along the coasts radiating from that centre. Out of about 160 species of shells of the Canary Islands and Mediterranean, of which I sent specimens to the late Professor C. B. Adams, he informed me that he could only identify one ( Colwmbella cribraria) with a West Indian species—he had probably overlooked Neritina viridis, and perhaps one or two others. Saxicava arctica appears to be the most cosmopolitan of mollusks ; belonging, as its specific name imports, to the Arctic Seas, but able to accommodate itself to a variety of climate, and to all zones of depth, as far as about a hundred fathoms; it has been brought from Spitzbergen, China, Behrings Straits, California, and Australia. This, with perhaps a few others, forms an exception to a general law which appears to limit the range of species in animals of this class. The distribution of mollusca depending partly on the nature of the sea bottom, and on other conditions difficult of appreciation, is hable to great intervals of space. Neera costellata, inhabiting the Mediterranean, Canaries, Madeira, and Norway, has only been met with at one point (och Fyne) between the first and last-mentioned localities, or in about 20 degrees of latitude, and there are other species which present parallel circumstances. Before concluding, I may be allowed to make a few remarks on the distribution of Land Mollusca, which must, it is evident, be affected by many conditions, different from those which influence the spreading of their marine relatives. We find among snails and allied genera an astonishing variety of habit. Some affect moist situations and dense forests never penetrated by the rays of the sun, feeding voraciously upon a rank vegetation; while others prefer the most arid tracts, where their food must be scanty and deficient in succulence; some, like Bulimus decollatus, pass most of their time buried in the earth; while others, “through winter's cold and summer’s parching heat,” select exposed situations, and are enabled to retain their vital powers through extreme changes of temperature. Of these our little Helix umbilicata and Helix pisana may be quoted as examples. Most species seek shelter in the crevices of rocks, and under stones. Although many terrestrial mollusca are capable of enduring not only extremes of heat and cold, but of existing for an astonishing long period 55 without food, (properties which, as admirably adapting them for a sea stock upon long voyages, are extensively taken advantage of for that purpose by sailors of the south of Europe; and I may here remark, that as an article of food, the mollusca, with very few exceptions, have been too much neglected by ourselves, and that snails are not only wholesome and nutritious, but even, where prejudices do not interfere, esteemed a delicacy, not to mention that their being in request for culinary purposes would be the means of relieving our gardens from their inroads); notwithstanding, I say, their powers of endurance, they appear to be particular in the selection of locality. The arctic climate and productions are evidently not suited to snailish and sluggish habits and tastes. Even in the colder temperate regions species are few, but increase in numbers as we proceed southward, and they are found particularly to abound in limestone formations. It is a most remarkable fact connected with the distribution of land shells, that some species are extended over very wide districts, while others are restricted to an area of a few square miles, or even less. Great Britain does not offer for observation a single species which is not likewise an inhabitant of France or Germany, though the neigh- bouring countries of the continent possess some which are not to be met with in this kingdom; and while thus among the hundreds of islands of Great Britain not one produces a species peculiar to itself, in the groups of the Canaries, Madeiras, and Azores, each island presents some species supposed to be strictly local. This fact is particularly striking in the Madeiras—where Madeira proper contains but few species, while the small island of Porto Santo supplies an astonishing number, in general specifically distinct from those of Madeira, and the rocky islets called the Desertas, with diffi- culty accessible by man, have each some peculiar forms and in great abundance. These facts seem to indicate that Great Britain and Ireland, includ- ing the Hebrides, Orkney, Zetland Islands, &c., have at one time formed part of the European continent, but that the more distant islands which I have named—raised by volcanic action from the depths of the Atlantic, have been each the scene of the creation of certain species which have been confined within their narrow limits by the surrounding sea. Opposed to this idea is the fact already alluded to, that some marine littoral species, I may particularly mention Littorina striata, are com- mon to West Africa, the Canaries, Madeira, and the Azores, which (as it is quite impossible for littoral phytophagous animals to haye travelled 56 along the bottom of the ocean,) would lead us to infer that the African continent had at one time extended as far west as the last-named islands, in accordance with an opinion very ably supported by Professor Edward Forbes, in his report on the connexion between the distribution of the existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles, published in the memoirs of the Geographical Survey of Great Britain. Which of these theories is correct, or whether they can both, with some modification, be reconciled to each other, I must leave for geologists to determine. The only solution which suggests itself to me is, that the shores of the African continent may have extended as far west as the islands in question, and that immediately on the subsidence of the land, when it was barely submerged, and the conditions not yet incompatible with the existence of littoral species of marine Mollusca, the volcanic action took place, elevating the lofty masses of which most of these islands are composed, and that their peculiar land mollusca are of more recent origin. Snch an explanation would, I believe, be consistent with established geological facts, but I merely suggest it for the consideration of those who are more qualified than I can pretend to be to grapple with the vast subject of the history and conditions of our planet, in times anterior to the present distribution of land and water. THIRD MEETING. Royat Instrrutron.—Novyember 14, 1853. JOSEPH DICKINSON, M.D., F.L.S., &c., Prestpent, in the Chair. At an Exrraorprnary Mrerine, held previous to the Ordinary Meeting, the following resolution, passed at the last Extraordinary Meeting, was read and confirmed, viz.—‘‘ That the Subscription, payable by Ordinary Members, be increased to £1 1s. Od. for the present session.” It was moved by Mr. Joun Forsuaw, and seconded by the Rev. Dr. Hume: “That this Society appoint five members of Council, viz.— The Treasurer and Secretary, Mr. J. P. G. Surra, Dr. W. Inne, and a7 Mr. Jonn Harrnup, as representatives to deliberate with the repre- sentatives of the Polytechnic, Architectural and Archeological, and Historic Societies, on the subject of the proposed union of the Societies, and report thereon.” An Amendment was moved by Mr. C. F. Satz, and seconded by Dr. Inman: ‘‘ That this Society has reason to be satisfied with its present condition and future prospects, and therefore respectfully declines the application to appoint five delegates to meet others to report on a proposed union.” The Amendment haying been put and negatived, the original motion was carried. It was moved by the Rev. Dr. Hur, seconded by Dr. Inman, and carried unanimously: “ That it be a recommendation to the Council to publish annually, and not at longer intervals, such account of the pro- ceedings, and such papers, or abstracts of them, as the Council may think right, and the funds warrant.” Mr. Henry Greenwoop, and W. H. Prarss, M.D., were ballotted for, and duly elected Ordinary Members. The Rey. Dr. Hume exhibited some curious manuscripts, denomi- nated the Ireland Manuscripts, relating to the Liverpool Election of 1670. Mr. Towson, in the absence of Mr. Hartnup, mentioned some interest- ing facts relating to the planet recently discovered by Mr. Hixp. This was the ninth discovered by him since he had adopted his systematic method of examining the heavens; and the total number of planets known to exist between Mars and Jupiter is now increased to twenty- seven. It isa most extraordinary fact, that the last discovered is the brightest of the small planets, and could be observed in the finder of the Liverpool telescope. It was observed by Mr. Harrnup, on the 10th, 11th, and 12th, of the present month, and its character fully established. Mr. T. P. Marrar exhibited a new mineral, called Cornistanite. Its appearance under the blow-pipe was similar to that of Borax, as was also its smell. It did not melt, but was very luminous, like lime or magnesia. Mr. Henry Cox exhibited an earth worm, which was phosphorescent. He was requested to make further observations on the subject, and en- deavour to furnish such information to the Society as would enable them to determine the origin and character of the animal. Mr. Josepx Boutr read a paper, of which the following is an abstract : H THE MOST MARKED DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARTS PROMOTED BY WAR. The alternations of public opinion are aptly compared tothe oscillations of a pendulum; usually more or less in extremes, it seldom passes through, and never abides in, that juste milieu known to mechanics as the centre of motion. Therefore, as each subject is brought under notice, it must be seen from many positions ere that is attained from which only the correct view can be taken. Whatever be the subject, a more or less extreme opinion is formed of its merits; and, according to the bias of the observer, every fact, or apparent fact, is eagerly enlisted in support of the opinion he upholds. In all states of society the majority will be dissatisfied with things as they are, and desirous of change, in the hope of obtaining more success in the several pursuits. Many reconcile themselves to the want of success, as far as that reconciliation may be effected, by assuming that in different circumstances they would have that scope which is now denied them. In times of peace such persons are ready to welcome war, as giving an entire change to the routine of operations; in war time they clamour for peace, from a similar motive. It was, therefore, extremely natural, during the lengthened continu- ance of the late European war, that publie opinion should incline to peace; an inclination which was no doubt strengthened by the heavy taxation and debt which now form part of its monumental record in this country. At the commencement of that war, and for many years of its progress, public opinion was decidedly in its favour, and prepared to uphold it at any cost; but the cost reached an almost fabulous amount, and a reaction ensued. The centre of motion was approached, and it was passed ; though, happily, not before that war was honourably concluded. Since the peace, the pacific oscillation has gradually ascended higher and higher, until the utmost extreme of literal non- intervention is almost attained. The experience of school-life is ignored, and men who, when boys, withstood the tyrant of the play-ground, and protected his feeble victim from oppression, haye now outgrown such weak generosity, and wish their country to look on, a dispassionate witness of similar cowardly aggression. Meanwhile, the most extreme statements, in favour of what are called the peace doctrines, are frequently hazarded, and ad captandum addresses upon the blessings of peace published. Amongst the most favoured and frequently reiterated opinions, are the intimate and mutually advantageous relations subsisting between SMO TA? Ls — a eo ee Fe 59 peace and commerce; and the exclusively favourable influence which peace and commerce exercise, not oniy upon the arts of industry, but also upon literature and the fine arts. This opinion appears premature. It is high in favour with the advocates of peace at all times, and by all means; but I do not think that history affords any record when peace and commerce, in conjunc- tion, and exclusively of war, have exercised the beneficial influence ascribed to them. When commerce has been a party to the patronage of literature, and of the fine arts and sciences, she has generally done so in conjunction with, or under the influence of war. Drawing con- clusions from the data furnished by past experience, it is more correct to say that most of the progress effected in those departments of study has been promoted, directly or indirectly, by war. This may appear a broad and startling assertion in the present state of public opinion in this country; but it may be not the less true, as there seems to be an unduly pacific bias in the received opinion. After alluding to the stormy times which preceded the age of Pericles, and prevailed during the earlier portion of his career, when he was a successful general, the author gave the following quotation : * From the age of Pericles to the time of Alexander the Great, Athens, though almost constantly engaged in wars, had not neglected those arts which have associated her name with civilization. Her public buildings were continually increasing in number and magnificence, which was mainly due to Lycurgus the orator, who built the Panathenaic stadium, and provided for the security of the city by the magazines in the Acropolis, and by the dockyards in the Peirszus.” He then remarked— Look now to the glorious galaxy of illustrious names with which this period of history is gemmed ; a period, be it remembered, of intestine feuds foreign invasions, “ thirty tyrants,” and sparse breathing times of peace. There are Anaxagoras, Socrates, and Plato, in philosophy ; Xenophon the historian; A%schines and Nicias in the fine arts. Where these more abstract pursuits, which are unnecessary to the ordinary routine of material existence, were so studied and adorned, we may be sure ‘that the useful arts were not neglected ; and that in the magazines on the Acropolis, the dockyards of the Peirwus, and the wooden walls of Athens was evidence of the practical ability of the Athenian mechanic. The buildings that remain testify to this—the works that are gone have no doubt carried away much testimony to the same effect; but it will be observed that with the exception of the thirty years’ truce, in the time of Pericles, the normal condition of Athens, during its most civilized period, was that of war in one shape or another; and that 60 it was success in war that ministered to the triumph of the peaceful arts. A The author enforced his views by reference to the Augustan age in Rome ; to the Italian republics ; to the eras of Elizabeth and Anne, in this country; and to the period of the American and Napoleonic wars ; observing of the latter—Notwithstanding their alleged crippling influence on the commerce of this country, see that commerce diffusing itself all over the globe, and bringing the more important products of every clime to our island home. See, while strife raged abroad, the gigantic improvements introduced into the arts and manufactures ; all the improvements in the machinery for spinning which have given fame or wealth to Arkwright, Strutt, Cartwright, and Peel; the adap- tation of steam to mining and manufacturing purposes by Watt; the application of coal gas to artificial illumination, by Murdoch, Winsor, and Clege; the formation of canals by Brindley and the Duke of Bridgewater; the foundation of the Royal Academy of Arts; the extension and improvement of periodical literature ; this is all so recent, you do not require to have your memory refreshed with parti- culars, nor need I enumerate more of the names of those who participated in these great works. After referring to the corroborative evidence afforded by the Egyptian and Assyrian remains, and commenting upon the general deductions to be drawn from the examples quoted by history, he obseryed—Nor let it be hastily supposed that the rapid advance recorded as having been made during the peaceful rule of Pericles or Augustus, was due entirely to that peace. What is called the peace of Europe has subsisted beyond the duration of that of Pericles; yet, in commercial England, with all the superior advantages we boast, we may look in vain for any adequate rivalry of Athens or of Rome. The attainment of excellence in any human pursuit of value is not to be compared to Minerva’s birth; it is the slow growth of years, sometimes of gene- rations. The consummate skill and grace, therefore, displayed by Phidias and his contemporaries, had been gradually matured through all the distractions of the Persian invasions and the preceding wars with Sparta and other states. ‘The siege and ruin of the older Athens prepared a stage on which the excellence attained might be displayed. The inferior productions of the period of pupilage were swept away, and there was no impediment to the free scope of the master mind; just as the prairie-fire destroys the withered remnants of an exhausted season, from whose ashes spring fresher and more luxuriant manifes- tations of productive energy. 61 The muleteer’s path may, indeed, rudely sketch the general outline of the invader’s course; but who can deny that after Hannibal or Napoleon had constructed the broad military road for the passage of his troops, the intercourse, commercial and otherwise, along that route was greatly increased? So in the Highlands of Scotland, the rude and warlike people who inhabited those glens and fastnesses were inaccessible to the softening influence of civilization and of commerce, until Marshal Wade constructed his military roads through all their strongholds, and freed them from the contracting and jealous influence of isolation. ‘Had you seen these roads before they were made, you would hold up your hand, and bless General Wade.” It is well known that the Romans also consolidated their conquests by the construction of magnificent military roads. The muleteer—usually a contrabandiste, waging petty and personal warfare against the fiscal regulations of nations—pioneers the course of some great and successful warrior, in whose train the peaceful arts follow in triumphant security, ministering to his glory who prepared so spacious and safe a channel for the flow of their civilizing influence ; and commerce herself eagerly treads the same path, doing homage to the grandeur of the warrior’s achievement. He then proceeded to review the opposite or commercial view of the question, observing—That commerce is essentially narrow-minded and soul-contracting in its influence ; its vital principle is the love of gain; its rule of conduct self interest, not always “enlightened.” It has been said of its devotees, that they are so engrossed in making friends of the mammon of unrighteousness, they have no leisure to attend to the other precepts of the gospel. Itis manifest, then, that it is not accordant with the genius of commerce to encourage any arts or pursuits but those that minister to the love of gain. Essentially utilitarian in its nature, commerce has no imagination to gratify ; in- herently selfish, it has no noble deeds to record, no sympathy to crave or give ; its most extended range of thought begins and ends in self. If wesearch for the immediately exciting cause of national excellence in the fine arts, it is found to be religion or war, two of the most powerful agents to which men can be exposed, and both influencing the affections : the one swaying the mind through fear or love, the other through the love of glory, which, unlike the love of gain, requires sympathy for its perfect gratification. Hence the attachment of warlike nations to the fine arts, which are essentially dependent on sympathy for their perfect appreciation. Religion, particularly as theology, has not unfrequently incited nations to war, either from a sincere belief that the war was 62 necessary, or from a courtly, and not unusual, compliance with the prevalent vice or folly of the age. Under Paganism, Mahommedanism, and Christianity, wars and persecutions haye flourished. When warriors have achieved success, then ministers of religion have vied with bards in peans for the conqueror; they have swelled his triumph and ministered to his glory; and, in order to make their efforts more complete, they have enlisted the fine arts to their aid. Acting thus in conjunction, the influence of religion and war has been unrivalled, and the successful prosecution of the arts of peace, by any nation, has usually depended on these influences, conjoint or separate: it was so in Egypt and Assyria, in Athens andin Rome. The merchant prince of Italy warring with territorial potentates; the grandee of Spain fighting with the Moslem; the burgher of Ghent waging war with his suzerain or the invader, the fugitives who founded Venice, and they who fled to the marshes of Holland; these, and their descendants, with the spoils of war, or the fruits of agriculture, manufactures, and commerce, under the stimulus of a warlike era, enlarged and adorned their cities, indulged in luxurious palaces, paid tribute to religion, and com- memorated their departed heroes. The rudest nations manifest their dawning love for art by decorating the weapons and person of the warrior chief. The most acceptable ornament of religious edifices has been the spoils of war, either as taken from the field of battle and hung up for trophies, or transmuted by affection and piety into decorative memorials of departed heroism, uttering through long years, to succeeding generations, the touching appeal, “ Pray for his soul !” But where a nation has been permitted to enjoy a long period of commercial prosperity, undisturbed by war of any kind, its encourage- ment of the fine arts, more especially, has been stinted and illiberal. I am not aware that those carriers of antiquity, the Phcenicians, have left any records of profuse patronage behind them; and cevr- tainly the two most commercial people of modern times have been singularly remiss; neither England nor America is noted for its encouragement of the fine arts. America, which has been less occupied by war, it might be expected would have earned a profusion of bays, had the highways of successful commerce been the highways of the peaceful arts. England has exerted most of her patronage during her periods of war; from the time of Alfred the Great to the peace of 1815, the eras of her poets, historians, and artists of every kind are coincident with her most warlike and successful monarchs. On the other hand, Mr. Fergusson, and other writers on India, inform us that whilst each of the other numerous dynasties who have conquered that eee a a 63 country has recorded its predominance in great works of public utility, such as improvements in irrigation, or in temples and palaces, the commercial government of commercial England has hitherto prepared no such records; and were her authority to be overthrown to-morrow, future antiquaries may search in vain for any memorial of her sway, other than traditions of the salt monopoly, that metempsychosis of the odious gabelle. Here, then, is a country in which numerous warlike nations hold successive sway, and are followed by a race of merchant princes. The warriors, each in turn, endeavour to develop the material resources of the country they have subdued, or to record their wealth and power. The merchant princes, under the influence of an unmiti- gated commercial spirit, grind from their conquest every advantage personal to themselves, and, until recently, have felt no compulsion to benefit the source of their own wealth and power by any reproductive works ; and have deferred their patronage of the fine arts, whatever that may be, until they return home. Then look at England’s public monuments in St. Paul’s and West- minster Abbey; exclude the warriors and the statesmen, and how many remain? Look at this town of Liverpool, the greatest commercial emporium of the country, and who are the men its people have delighted to honour? Of twenty-five docks, nine testify loyal attachment to the reigning family ; they are the Clarence, Victoria, Prince's, George's, Albert, King’s, Queen’s, Coburg, and Brunswick; three commemorate former representatives in parliament, two of whom happened to be states- men of eminence, they are the Canning, Huskisson, and Sandon docks; four have names of purely local signification, they are the Salthouse, Union, Harrington, and Toxteth docks; three are said to be grateful acknowledgments of services from peers and local landowners, they are the Egerton, Stanley, and Salisbury docks; one, the Bramley- Moore dock, is a token of respect to a late chairman of the trust; and the names of the remainder, five in number, are the tribute paid by commerce to successful war; they are the Waterloo, the Trafalgar, the Wellington, the Nelson, and the Collingwood docks; not one com- memorating a man of science or literature, a philanthropist, nor even maritime discoverer. There are five public specimens of the sculptor’s art in Liverpool ; they are George III., Huskisson, Canning, Roscoe, and Nelson: one sovereign, three parliamentary representatives, and a naval hero. It does not appear to be the nature of commerce to be grateful to her own heroes. Columbus may be sufficiently noted in the pages of history, though another name than his has been bestowed upon the new world, 64 which has yielded so much wealth to Liverpool ; but had he, or Drake, Raleigh, Frobisher, or Cooke, been as distinguished in the annals of war, as they are in those of commerce, it may safely be presumed, that some town, or people, would have done honour to themselves by a grateful acknowledgment of the benefits derived from such daring enterprize. The ruling principle of commerce—the love of gain—of course ignores all such gratuitous appreciation of the services conferred upon her. Turning from the past, is there no hope that in the future commerce may be more propitious to the arts than the records shew that she has been? Faint traces of a change may, I think, be discerned. It must be remembered, that, with the exception of the department of electricity, most of the mechanical improvements of the day, by which commerce is more directly benefitted, are but refinements upon inventions and machines originated during the war. The locomotives on railways, for example, were originally introduced by Trevithick, on a coal tram in South Wales, as far back as 1808. But I would fain hope that we may discern a growing desire to nurture a more kindly interest between the several classes of the community ; to render less rigid and impas- sable the icy barriers that divide the employed and the employer, that they may cease to regard each other merely as instruments of personal advantage ; and to unite all in bonds of friendship and good feeling. Now the peaceful arts, especially the fine arts, depend for their perfect development upon active sympathy ; and it cannot be doubted that had more enlightened views prevailed, much greater progress in the arts would now be obtained. But commercial men have applied too often the test of pecuniary return; to have been betrayed into the unguarded patronage of objects which fill no line on the credit folio. The ad- vyancement of knowledge, the improvement of mankind, the encourage- ment of fine arts and poetry, or the study of abstract science, have usually been alien to the genius of commerce. The suggestions of science have only been deemed worthy of adop- tion when they facilitate the acquisition of wealth, or the economy of expense. Frequently advantages of either kind have been neglected through ignorance: the test of pecuniary return having been applied to education, and occasioned a very imperfect acquisition of knowledge. There now appears to be a growing suspicion that the hitherto prevail- ing test is not altogether infallible ; that there is much of value to which it cannot be applied ; and that intellectual study and consideration for others should have their portion in every man’s life, in order that he may worthily act his part as a citizen, without reference to higher 65 and more enduring relations. As the intellect and sympathies are allowed freer action, the sordid influence of commerce will be counter- acted and refined; and knowledge and philanthropy, aiding genius, may civilize the world. Very different has it been in times past! Very different is it now! The hardworking, toiling inventor, the ore of whose unmatured concep- tion is rich with benefit to present and future generations, whose earnest study of his one idea has grown almost into a monomania with the un- requited toil of twenty years, how often must he faint in his iron task! how often require the kindly word and look, or the substantial assist- aace of enlightened and sympathising capitalists ! And he, perhaps, of finer mould, rich in the great gifts of imagina- tion and study, who links in harmonious verse the noblest deeds or highest aspirations of our race, — or his brother poet, who, on canvas or in marble, gives shape to the poet’s dream, and records the hero’s achievement,—how often do these tire and faint in the turmoil of life’s fierce fight, and sigh for the sustaining hand, or friendly glance, that shall nerve them to continued conflict! nay, how often are they utterly cast down and forsaken, because the unheeding votaries of com- merce, wanting in the finer sensibilities, crushed out of them by cease- less efforts to make a living or amass wealth, cannot understand the works submitted to their patronage, and “pass by on the other side !” No! beautiful and attractive as is the dream that peace and successful commerce minister to the triumph of the peaceful arts, the most eloquent attempts to support such a conclusion from history will only half persuade, so long as the “merchant princes” of the “living present” give no general indication that their hearts are stirred within them by the graces of poetry and art; nor evidence the humanizing influence of commerce by grateful commemoration of those enterprising heroes “with souls thrice bound in brass,” who dared so many dangers, endured so much hardship, and opened so many highways for the peaceful arts. Let us not have to wait until all those highways are profaned, even more than they are, by the tread of hideous war; let us not have to wait until they are paved with the slaughtered dead, nor until some other bloodstained, but magnanimous conqueror, shall again show that in the train of successful war is the triumph of the peaceful arts ! 66 FOURTH MEETING. Royat Institution, November 28, 18538. J. B. YATES, Esq., F.S.A., Vice-PREsIDENT, in the chair. Mr. Tuomas Croxon ArcHER was ballotted for, and duly elected an Ordinary Member. Mr. J. B. Yates read extracts from a paper, on the “ Palatinate Jurisdiction of the City of Chester,” with a Memorial of the Life and Character of Edward, third Earl of Derby. Mr. J. T. Towson read the first part of a paper on “ Great Circle Sailing.” FIFTH MEETING. Royat Insrrrutton.—December 12, 1853. J. B. YATES, Esa., F.S.A., Vicr-PResipENT, in the Chair. The Rev. James Porter, B.A., Mr. THomas McNicnuott, Mr. JosEPpH Goppen, and Mr. Jonn Keates, were ballotted for, and duly elected Ordinary Members. Mr. J. T. Towson concluded his paper on GREAT CIRCLE SAILING. Great CrrcLe Sarina is the art of navigating a ship by the shortest possible route. A straight line is absolutely the shortest track between any two points; but a straight line cannot be projected on the surface of a globe. It must either touch it at one point, passing off from the surface as a tangent; or, if two points on such a surface be united by a straight line, it must be effected by tunnelling below the surface; the straight line in this last case being the chord of the arc between the two points. Since then we cannot sail over the surface of the ocean in a straight line, let us inquire what route is practicable, which differs less than any other from a straight line. This we shall find to be what we denominate the arc of a great circle. If we slightly bend a straight rod Alprida y | Fier id ERICA AM ye i af vending Fe Saeiery SS wang} Pigstora China) to am eT ioe y Splanlitgs a Nankin™ Trae Pp eoimpoeie i. 67 into a circular form, we shall find it to be the are of a large circle. If we bend it more into the form of an arc, we find that it becomes the part of a smaller circle, and the more we bend it into a circular form, the smaller will be the radius of the circle with which it will correspond. Thus we find that the larger circle deviates less from a straight line than the are of any of smaller radius; so that, if the mariner sails over the ocean by the route of an arc of the largest circle that can be drawn on the surface of the globe, he may be said to sail directly to this port. We may draw an unlimited number of circles on the surface of a globe, each varying in its diameter; but we cannot draw a circle on such a surface, the radius of which is greater than that of the globe; the arc of a circle, the radius of which is equal to that of the globe, is what we call the are of a great circle. The arc of any larger circle than that of a great circle, will, as is the case with a straight line, be a tangent to the globe, touching at one point only.