“ ra re Sey sere Se _ ORS pE EE @)P i FOR EDVCATION FOR SCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Whi bbe M PROCEEDINGS Ry Aa 245 / A ase A aye | ] OO(Hh®a /wv OF THE o4 . Glare Island, Achill, Inishturk, and Inishbofin, and is the only land-bird that breeds on The Bills. It is common on all the neighbouring coasts, 1 Trish Nat., vol. xviii, p. 159. 20 14 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. including the awful 2liffs of North Mayo. On the Dingle peninsu Patten found it both on the cliffs and mud-flats. Is not known to migrate. Muscicapa grisola, Linn. Sprorrep FLycarcHer.—Though not observed on Clare Island, this is a regular summer visitor to the Westport, Belclare, and Louisburgh districts, and to Glendarary plantations on Achill. It dispersed through Donegal, even near the coast, as at Horn Head House, and on elders near a lonely cottage on the moors near Loughros Bay. Specimens killed striking light-house lanterns have been sent to Barrington in October, 1887, from Black Rock (Mayo) and from the Tearaght (Kerry). Hirundo rustica, Linn. SwaLLow.—Summer visitor to Clare Island in small numbers, chiefly seen about the port and settled parts, and sometimes at the light-house. The cow-houses are usually too low and closed-up for it to breed in; but Ussher discovered more than one pair nesting in the arch of a huge sea-cave open at both ends, south of Granuaile’s Castle (Plate LV, fig. 1). This seems a very unusual site, though Swallows often nest in the roofs of inland caverns. In a house on Achill Sound a est was built in a room, the Swallows entering by the hall-door (Patten). These birds are numerous about Westport, Belclare, Louisburgh; are found on Achill, Inishturk, and Inishbofin. On the coast and islands venerally and about Belmullet they are scarce; but in the summer of 1884 Dr. Burkitt found them numerous there. On migration they visit the Skelligs, Black Rock (Mayo), and Rathlin O’Birne, chiefly in spring, less frequently in autumn. Chelidon urbica (Linn.). Marrin.—One was observed on Clare Island in June, 1910, by Pastor Lindner. A few were noticed about Louisburgh (Foster) and near Westport, where Good finds them fairly common breeding birds. The Martin is a summer visitor to Achill (Sheridan) ; but its occurrence at Belmullet is exceptional (Wallace), though it is common about Ballina (Warren). It has not been recorded as breeding in sea-caves or over-hanging cliffs on the west coast, as it does on the less wave-beaten coasts of Munster, Leinster, and Ulster; and it is remarkable that the Swallow, not the Martin, breeds in a sea-cave on Clare Island, though this is not exposed to the waves. Cotile riparia (Linn.). Sanp-Marrin.—There is no record from Clare Island, but Sand-Martins were observed about Louisburgh (Foster) and breed freely near Westport (Good). This bird is not frequent on the coasts and islands, though one was seen on Inishbofin; but is found on the streams in Mayo and Donegal. Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 15 Ligurinus chloris (Linn.). GREENFINCH.— Winter visitor to Clare Island, whence Barrington got specimens in December and January, and another taken on Black Rock (Mayo) in November. Like the Chaffinch, this species resorts to western islands in company with others in very cold weather, though the notices of it are fewer than of the Chaftinch in the Migration Reports. Foster notices it from Louisbureh, and it is a common breeding bird near Westport (Good). Pike, of Achill, said, “Large flocks of various birds arrive about the first week in November, and remain until March... Green Linnets, Grey do., Chaftinches, &c.” In 1891, Sheridan wrote : “It now remains and breeds.” It is gregarious in winter at Killybegs (A. Brooke), and has been seen west of Dingle at that season (Patten). Coccosthraustes vulgaris, Pallas. HaWrincH.—Rare straggler to the west coast. Was obtained on Achill by Pike in 1874, and by Sheridan in 1897. Wallace records it once from Belmullet, and Warren once from near Ballina in 1859. It has been obtained a very few times in Donegal, Galway, and Kerry. Carduelis elegans, Steph. GoLDriINcH.—Occasional winter visitor in small numbers to Clare Island, Achill, and the Mullet; a resident breeding bird about Westport, where Good has repeatedly seen flocks of fifty or sixty. Itis resident in many bare, remote districts near the western coasts,-as in western Donegal, where in places it is the only breeding finch, nesting even in gooseberry-bushes and hedges of thorn and elder. Patten saw five on 29th December near Dingle. In his “ Migration of Birds,” p. 130, Barrington writes :—‘‘ On the west coast the records are comparatively numerous, but with few exceptions they are from islands where the Goldfinch breeds—Aranmore and Valencia.” Passer domesticus (Linn.). House SpAarrow.—Common resident, nesting in the thatched roofs and Grania Uaile’s Castle, Clare Island. Ofa series of birds taken there Patten remarks that the feet are more slender and the beak not so heavy as in Sheffield Sparrows, the plumage-markings being very rich and distinct in the male. Sparrows are common about Louis- burgh and on Achill, numerous about Westport, Ballina, and other towns, and around the thatched cottages of the western coasts and islands. A colony breed on the ivy-covered cliff over Inishturk harbour. They occur on Inishbofin, the Aran Islands, and Aranmore, west of Dingle, and on Dursey Island. Passer montanus (Linn.). TREE-SPARROW.— Breeds at a few points on the coasts of Londonderry, Donegal, and North Mayo (where it. now has 20 16 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. settlements on Killala Bay and at Belmullet). It is highly probable that it will be found further south, and one has been reported from Kerry, though this needs confirmation. Fringilla caelebs, Linn. CHAFFINCH.—Winter visitor to Clare Island from October to March, as it is to most of the treeless coast districts and islands from Donegal to Kerry. It is common and breeds regularly on the mainland round Louisburgh and Westport, and throughout western Connaught and Donegal it is the commonest finch in summer, A few have bred of late years on Achill and the Mullet and about Dingle, though said formerly to be exclusively winter visitors to those districts, where flocks continue to pass the winter. Chattinches have repeatedly arrived on Black Rock, Mayo, between 21st and 24th October (Barrington), and numbers visit the Tearaght and Skelligs, especially in hard frosts when there is a rush of birds to those islands and to the Isles of Aran. The preponderance of those in female plumage which arrive in autumn has been observed on Clare Island, the Mullet, and repeatedly on the Tearaght. Fringilla montifringilla, Linn. BrampBiinc.—lrregular winter visitor to the coasts and islands of Mayo and Kerry, which appears to arrive generally on the eastern and south-eastern shores of Ireland, not always reaching the west. Many were seen on Achill by Ed. Williams in October and November, 1898. Specimens have been sent to Williams & Son from Achill, Castlebar, and Killala. Barrington has received one from the Skelligs, shot out of a flock of forty,and others from the Bull Rock, Tearaght, and Donegal. Light-keepers frequently fail to recognize this species, and it probably visits Clare Island unrecorded. Linota cannabina (Linn.). Liyner.—Observed all over Clare Island in June and July and in flocks in September. It breeds on Tory Island, Avanmore and western Donegal, and commonly on Achill, north and west Mayo, and southward to Clare and Valencia; but we have no winter specimens as Barrington has from south-eastern lighthouses. Jt is quite possible that some of the flocks of “Grey Linnets,” so often reported by lght- keepers at that season on islands from Aranmore to the Bull Rock (includ- ing Clare Island), represent this species: but as light-keepers do not record Twites, which we know from specimens occur in winter on the west coast, most of the observations may include the latter. Barrington has dwelt on this in his “ Migration of Birds,” pp. 155-137; and he thinks that errors of identification are more numerous in the case of the Linnet _than of any other species. Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 17 Linota linaria (Linn.). Meaty Reppoun (ZL. holboelli (Breh.), LZ. rostrata (Coues)). A series has been obtained on Achill, including all three forms, chiefly in autumn, but once in February. In October, 1898, the late Ed. Williams saw Mealy Redpolls there each day from the 14th to the 21st, and obtained one. Another series of the large race rostrata was received by Barrington in different years from the Tearaght, all in autumn, between 1889 and 1893, and one in January, 1898, from Inishtrahull. We may expect Mealy Redpolls, therefore,at any point on the west coast (including Clare Island) from Donegal to Kerry. All the winter specimens have come from islands. Linota rufescens (Vieill.). Lesszr Reppott.—The nest has been found in Achill, the Mullet, Killybegs, and Aranmore. The bird is common near Westport, Louisburgh, and most parts of Connaught and Ulster; resident near Ballina (Warren). Large flocks in winter lead a nomadic life ; but there is no evidence from the Migration Reports of a transmarine migration. Linota flavirostris (Linn.). Twire.—Common resident on Clare Island, where the nest has been found, and many families seen forming into flocks: specimens obtained in December and March. Patten saw a flock mobbing a Peregrine. The rocky, mountainous coasts and islands of western Treland are favourite homes of the Twite; on Achill it is resident and breeds; on Inishturk a huge pit in the bare top of the island, lined with luxuriant ferns, communicates with a sea-cave below: in this Praeger and Stelfox found a swarm of T'wites roosting on 22nd July. They nest among heather on islands in the bog-lakes of Connemara (Leybourne Popham). In North Mayo they breed on the slopes of the higher hills ; but a nest was found on a low-lying bog (H. Scroope). Twites are very common on Inishbofin and the Aran Islands, towards which flocks fly from Connemara on winter evenings (Teesdale) ; common, too, on the Dingle hills and Valencia. Barrington has received specimens from September to April from the Donegal lighthouses and from the Tearaght and Bull Rock, but from no other part of Ireland; and it is probable that the frequent flocks of “ Linnets” reported in winter and spring from Clare Island and other western isles are largely composed of Twites, the latter name being generally unknown in Ireland. Pyrrhula europaea, Vieill. Buiirivcu.—Breeds about Westport, where it is resident. Though not a bird of the coasts and islands, the Bullfinch’s increase in Ireland has extended to those parts of western Donegal, R,I,A, PROU., VOL. XXXII, C 20 20 18 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Mayo, Galway, and Kerry which are not devoid of trees ; thus Lord Ventry stated in 1900 as a new and remarkable fact that Bullfinches had. appeared in the central part of the Dingle peninsula. No specimen has ever been obtained by Barrington in support of reported occurrences of “ Bullfinches ” at the light-stations, and there is probably little or no over- sea migration. Loxia curvirostra, Linn. Crosspitt.—On 14th July, 1911, Pastor Lindner and Ussher saw a Crossbill in splendid scarlet plumage flying from rock to rock on Black Rock, Mayo. It was alone on the remotest isle of Connaught. Two specimens were sent for preservation from Achill by Sheridan, February and March, 1894, and many have since been seen there in August. A small flock was noticed at Drumbeg near Killybegs in spring, 1890 (W. Sinclair). Emberiza miliaria, Linn. Corn Buntinc.—Resident on Clare Island, where these birds may be heard singing on the briars and bushes. A specimen was shot by Patten, 31st December, 1910. “ An odd pair every- where” in the Westport district (Good). This bird is resident on Achill, where it was in full song on 2nd February, 1886 (Palmer). It is frequent on the holdings of coast districts all round Ireland, and breeds on Tory Island, Aranmore, Inishbofin, and the Aran Islands. Patten found it more numerous in winter west of Dingle. Wallace has observed the appearance of flocks, numbering up to thirty-six, which kept together, near Belmullet in March or early April. These are probably local migrations. Emberiza citrinella, Linn. YELLOW Buntrnc.—One of our commonest resident birds. Observed all over Clare Island from March to September; and on the 27th of September Patten found the patches of scrub abounded in Reed and Yellow Buntings. The reverse is the case about Ballina and other districts, where Warren has remarked their absence in September. Good thinks this bird is more common about Westport in winter. Frequent in the bare coast districts from Donegal to Kerry, where we miss so many land-birds; it breeds on Tory Island, Aranmore, and Achill, and is found on Inishturk, Inishbofin, and the Aran Islands. It does not perform the great migrations of some Finches and Larks, but withdraws from certain exposed situations in winter and becomes gregarious. [The Cirl Bunting has been reported from Dunfanaghy and Belmullet, but no specimen has been obtained. ] Clive Island Survey— Aves. 20 19 Emberiza schoeniclus, Linn. Itenp Bunrinc.—On Clare Island Barrington saw many in March, and through the summer pairs were observed in a few places where they evidently bred, but we have no winter record. On the mainland, as about Westport, Good says this bird is common in winter. It is resident on Achill, and in summer is one of the very few widely distributed birds on the moorlands of Donegal and Erris, Co. Mayo. Eggs in Dublin Museum were taken by H. M. Wallis from a hole in the top of a stack off Aranmore. We observed it on Inishbofin; and in Connemara, as elsewhere, it nests on islands in the bog lakes. No Reed Bunting has been sent to Barrington from any western lighthouse, and the name of this bird is generally unknown in Ireland. Plectrophenax nivalis (Linn.). Snow-Bunrinc.—Barrington obtained a speci- men in October and Patten another in December on Clare Island. Hammond recorded the species there, twice in March, once in April, once 10th September (an early date), and twice in October. This is a frequent or regular winter visitor to the islands and coasts from Donegal to Kerry between October and April, remaining on Black Rock even when the spray is flying over it for days; and Snow-Buntings are sometimes seen later than April; thus Barrington has received specimens in May from Aranmore, Rathlin O’Birne, Slyne Head, and the Tearaght, and an adult male in full breeding-plumage from Aranmore shot on 25th July. These occurrences favour the hope that the bird may yet be found breeding in Ireland, possibly in Donegal. Sturnus vulgaris, Linn. Srartinc.— Winter visitor in flocks to Clare Island from October to March. Increasing and extending its breeding-range throughout Ireland, but much more numerous in winter; a few nest on Achill now (R. B. Sheridan), though none did so twenty years ago. Bred on the cliffs of Aranmore in 1886, on the Aran Islands before 1890, on the cliffs of Valencia in 1891; but these were only advanced posts. A new feature is the appearance of summer flocks, like the twenty Starlings seen around Waterville in July, 1891 (Dennehy), composed no doubt of Trish-bred Starlings, which now appear in so many districts. No winter migrant visits the western islands more largely, especially in times of snow. Witherby saw a pathetic sight on High Island and Cruagh (both uninhabited), a great number of dead birds, chietly Starlings, the victims of hard weather. Pyrrhocorax graculus (Linn.). CHouGH.—Clare Island may happily be called a sanctuary of the Chough, where it is resident and common; and as far as the orders of the Lord Lieutenant can go, both birds and eggs are C2 30 20 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy. protected. It breeds there both in the sea-eliffs and inland rocks, and in one place close to the Kestrel’s home. Lindner and Ussher saw a flock of thirty performing evolutions and screaming high in the air. Patten saw a Chough chase a Peregrine; but Barrington received the - remains of a Chough from a Peregrine’s feeding-place on another island. Choughs are resident all along the cliffs of the west coast, but especially on the larger islands, though less numerous than formerly, e.g., in Kerry where they have not been protected, except in Valencia. Barrington infers from reports of lighthouses that local movements of Choughs take place early in April and early in November. Some betake themselves to the Kerry isles in addition to the birds that breed there. Pica rustica (Scop.). Macpre—Not observed by our party on Clare Island, but is said to visit it in winter. It breeds on Achill, and increases there in winter. About Westport it is an increasing species. Barrington shows in a table’ that Magpies visit island stations (on the west coast) during autumn more and more each month up to November. This bird, so plentiful in Ireland, becomes scarce in the bare western district; it has been found breeding on a steep bank in Donegal, and on ivy- covered rocks near Carna, and on the Aran Islands, districts devoid of trees. Corvus monedula, Linn. JACKDAw.—Said to visit the island in winter. One seen on the castle by Patten, 30th December. It now breeds on Achill, but not on the other western islands, where its place is taken by the Chough. It has few colonies on the west coast, but breeds on Crohy Head and Dunmore Head, Donegal (as well as the Chough), also among the Bartragh sand-hills, Killala Bay; inland it becomes common, as at Louisburgh and Westport. Sixty per cent. of the light-keepers’ records of Jackdaws relate to the west coast, and, as in the case of the Rook, are most frequent in November and March. Thus in spring; and still more in autumn, these birds resort to the islands of the west coast, where they do not breed. Corvus corax, Linn, Raven.—Nests on Clare Island. Praeger has seen parents and young two years in succession, and Ravens have been observed in spring, summer, and autumn. They are also resident and breed on Achill (bitherto their special resort), on the north coast of Mullet, on High Island, and the Aran Islands, Claggan Head, and the 1 © Migration of Birds,”’ p. 160. Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20721 Twelve Pins; also on the Co. Clare cliffs, and the precipitous Kerry coasts, whence they visit the islands irregularly. But it is in Donegal, including Aranmore and Tory Island, that this bird has most breeding-places. In 1891, H. C. Hart considered it strongly dominant and by no means decreasing in the county. Corvus cornix, Linn. HoopEp Crow.—A few are resident on the island. Praeger has seen two nests, which on the Irish coasts are always on cliffs. Clare Island light-keepers have observed small flocks in May, September, and December ; and at Belmullet Wallace has noticed small flocks in September and October. Patten saw the Hooded Crow feed contentedly under a soaring Peregrine; and there is a record from the Tearaght, where these birds breed, that six pursued a Peregrine until it quitted the rock. The species seems to be increasing where not destroyed as vermin, and nests commonly on islands, as the Blaskets and Skelligs, where the Raven does not breed. In Connemara it builds on bushes of the islands in moorland lakes, one of which, “Lough Phenogee,” is called after it. Corvus frugilegus, Linn. Roox.—Does not breed on Clare Island, but considerable numbers resort thither in the end of June and onwards until March. Praeger saw 100 together in July. They feed even on the mountain moors; and young Rooks can be seen on the island fed by their parents. Light-keepers’ observations made there of the flocks of Rooks agree with Barrington’s statistics of this species for the whole west coast. ‘'hey show that the principal movement, as in the case of the Jackdaw, is in November, and that a lesser movement is observed in March. Great nomadic flights of Rooks, arriving fatigued from the Atlantic(chiefly observed at the Skelligs and Tearaght), were noticed on this coast at Black Rock and Slyne Head, in 1884, 1888, and 1890." Though the Rook does not breed on any western island, it nests as far as trees extend on the mainland, even at Ballycroy ; and there is a large rookery in Westport demesne. Warren has noticed a great increase of Rooks at Moyview, near Killala Bay. Alauda arvensis, Linn. Sky-LArkK.—Common. Breeds on Clare Island; heard singing in March and July ; observed at altitudes of 1000 feet in September, in which month and October and November flocks of “larks” are noticed by the light-keepers. The Sky-Lark is found everywhere in summer through the west, even on the desolate, wet moors of Mayo and 1 Barrington’s ‘* Migration of Birds,’’ pp. 153-15. 20 22 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Connemara ; and breeds on Tory Island, Rutland Island, the Aran Islands and the Blaskets. In western Donegal, also about Westport and Dingle, and on Valencia Island, it is said to increase in winter, and joins other birds in the rush for life to the Blaskets when the mainland is covered with snow. Alauda brachydactyla (Leisler). SHort-rorp Larx.—In the Barrington collection is an adult bird obtained at Black Rock (Mayo) on the 11th October, 1890. It is the only Irish specimen. Cypselus apus (Linn.). Swirr.—On Clare Island a few Swifts were observed, and six together, in June and July ; but whether they were breeding or not is uncertain. They are said to nest on Achill. The rarity of the Swift in the west of Ireland, spoken of by Thompson in 1849, is a strong contrast to its frequency now.. It breeds commonly in Westport, and has of late become plentiful in Belmullet, and is nowhere more in evidence than in western towns and villages, whence it ranges over land and sea, oceasionally visiting Owey Island in Donegal, Black Rock (Mayo), and the Skelligs (Kerry). Caprimulgus europaeus, Linn. NicuTsAr.—Messrs. Williams & Son have received Nightjars shot near Mullaranny, Westport, and Clifden ; moreover, the bird is stated to have been “heard and identified at Blacksod Bay” on 10th June, 1898.' It is found at Ballycastle and near the Pontoon Bridge on Lough Conn (H. Scroope), and has long been known close to the cliffs near Naran, Co. Donegal, whence specimens have been sent. This species has, like the Swift, extended its range to the west coast. Alcedo ispida, Linn. KincrisHer.—Kingfishers have been repeatedly shot in the neighbourhood of Westport and Newport in winter. Pike noticed the bird in his list for Achill: andit is occasionally seen near Ballina (H. Seroope). It has been obtained on the Aran Islands; but only two examples have been received by Barrington, and they were both from light-stations on the south-east coast. It is uncertain what “ Kingfishers,” reported from the western islands, may have been—possibly Terns. Upupa epops, Linn. Hoorozr.—The late Edward Williams received on 25th March, 1893, from Captain Boxer, a Hoopoe shot on Clare Island. Barrington received one shot on Eagle Island, Mayo, on 12th April, 1867, and another shot on Tory Island, 9th November, 1910. Seebohm 1 R. M. Gilmore in “ Irish Naturalist,’’ vol. vii., p. 200. Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 23 shot a Hoopoe during his stay on the Blaskets in September, 1876 ; and others have been obtained on or near the coasts of Donegal, Galway, Clare, and Kerry, though the west coast is visited less frequently than any other in Ireland. Cuculus canorus, Linn. Cucko0.—Common on Clare Island; not shy; alighting on walls, a young Cuckoo was seen on a boulder fed by a Pipit. First heard by Hammond on 20th April, an early date, though matched at Rathlin and Aranmore; and it was seenat Killybegs on 11th April (A. Brooke). The Cuckoo is a common breeding-bird on the neighbour- ing mainland and on Achill; it is much in evidence in the bare coast districts of western Ireland, as in Donegal, the barony of Erris, Connemara, and the Dingle peninsula in Kerry. It breeds commonly on Aranmore, Inishbofin, and the Aran Islands, visiting on migration the remoter rocks, such as the Skelligs and Blaskets. Strix fiammea, Linn. Barn Ow1t.—A few are resident at Westport ; but this species seems scarce and exceptional on the west coast. It has, how- ever, been observed at Valencia: and Patten saw one fly from the sea to a crevice in the cliffs of Dunmore on the Dingle peninsula, where it was caught. Asio otus (Linn.). Lonc-rarED Own.—Breeds in Glendarary wood, Achill, where more than one has been shot (R. B. Sheridan). It becomes a common resident further east, about Ballina and Ballinrobe, also at Ballynahinch in Connemara, and a pair breed on Lough Doon, in western Donegal; but though several other localities near the west coast, such as Dingle, could be named, they afford wooded retreats, and from bare coasts and islands this bird seems to be absent. Asio accipitrinus (Pallas). SHORT-EARED OwL.—Winter visitor to Clare Island, Achill, the Mullet, and the bare moorland districts of the west coast in Donegal, Mayo, Connemara, Kerry, and west Cork; and round Ireland generally it occurs more frequently in the mountainous, maritime counties. In some winters there seems to be a much greater immigration of those birds than in others. Nyctea scandiaca (Linn.). Snowy Owi.—McCabe states that this bird has once been seen under Croaghmore. It has been seen or obtained fourteen or fifteen times on the seaboard of Co. Mayo, that is on Achill, the Mullet, Blacksod Bay, and the north coasts; Donegal has five occurrences, and other counties one or two each. This Owl has chiefly been met with from November to March; but one was shot near Belmullet on 21st July, 1906. The specimen figured (Plate IV, fig. 2) is from western Mayo, 20 24 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Cireus cyaneus (Linn.). HeN-Harrier.—On 3rd July, 1910, about the middle of Clare Island, Patten saw an adult male Hen-Harrier mobbed by Pipits ; it soon disappeared down the slope towards the abbey. This bird, which has become scarcer in Ireland, is rare in Co. Mayo, though met with in Connemara, and more frequently in Kerry. Aguila chrysaétus (Linn.). GOLDEN EacLe.—The great cliffs on the north-west side of Clare Island, which rise sheer to about 1000 feet, were the home of this majestic bird. R. G. Symes, of the Geological Survey, who had been stationed in the district in 1867-1870, stated that the Eagles, generally a pair, used to be quite fearless, from the absence of guns, and that they did havoc among the young lambs, and lifted geese from the cottiers’ very doors. i T. Bourke Gaffney, who was a week on the island in 1878, and saw two Eagles, stated that there was an unbroken record of a pair occupying the same eyriefor the past century, which was never disturbed, being inaccess- ible. This is confirmed by the reports of light-keepers from 1882 to 1885, who speak of these birds having their nest in the highest cliffs; and’say that in winter, when they had not sea-birds, they were often observed near the villages, and used to prey upon the grouse, then plentiful on Clare Island. Brownall, principal light-keeper, wrote: “On 4th April, 1884,a young speckled Eagle perched about 200 yards from the lighthouse. The two eagles are here still in their usual abode in the highest cliffs. Noy. 20. Large Eagle close to station.” On the 14th October, 1887, a Golden Eagle was sent to the National Museum in Dublin, from Clare Island, by the late Captain Boxer (Plate 1), and this seems to mark the time of the disappearance of those birds, which have ceased to breed there ; though, as McCabe states, one is occasionally seen on Croaghmore. Western Mayo contained many of the last strongholds of these birds, several of which inhabited Achill. The late Howard Saunders and Ussher were there in 1898, and found them both on the Dooega cliffs and Croaghaun; but they have now ceased to breed for some years, the last having been seen in the spring of 1911. Another pair bred regularly on the neighbouring Curraun Mountain, and others on Mweelrea, where the last is stated to have been seen in March, 1911. The Nephinbeg and Corslieve range was also a home of these Eagles, as well as the north Mayo coast, where a solitary Golden Eagle survives, and there is another survivor in Donegal. Accipiter nisus (Linn.). Sparrow-Hawk.—Very uncommon on Clare Island (McCabe); breeds regularly in Glendarary wood, Achill (A. Williams). Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 25 Wallace has seen one immature bird at Belmullet ; resident and nearly as common as the Kestrel about Westport (Good); breeds wherever planting advances, as about Dingle, but seldom seen in the mountainous and treeless districts. Falco candicans, J. F. Gmel. GREENLAND FaLcon.—During the visitation of this species in 1905, on 10th March, a light-keeper on Clare Island saw “a White Hawk the size of a Sea-Gull eating a Curlew.”! Greenland Falcons have twice been obtained on Achill, and Black Rock has more than one such record. On the Mullet they have occurred so frequently as to be almost annual visitors, appearing oftenest in March and April, while in 1905 Wallace observed one, presumably the same, on the 11th, 13th, and I4th May. A series have been obtained on the Donegal coast, and again on the Blaskets and Skelligs in Kerry, the west coast and its islands being the part of Ireland most frequently visited. The Iceland Falcon is extremely rare. Falco peregrinus, Tunstall. PEREGRINE FALcon.—Resident on Clare Island; one pair at least breed on the western cliffs. It breeds on Achill and Duvyillaun, and along the north coast of Mayo there are several eyries, as well as on the inland cliffs. The same may be said of the precipitous coasts and isles of Donegal and Kerry; the Skelligs and Blaskets being favourite homes of this species, which loves the vicinity of large sea-biurd colonies, and it frequently visits for plunder other rocks, like Black Rock (Mayo), where there is no suitable nesting-site. Patten found three pellets, one composed of the white breast-feathers of the Kittiwake, another of black Puttin’s feathers, and the third of hair and teeth of a rat; and Praeger got Cuckoo’s feathers at a Peregrine’s plucking-place. Wallace notices an increase of Peregrines on the Mullet durmg October. Falco aesalon, Tunstall. Mertin. —In September, 1910, Patten saw a Merlin on several dates capturing Pipits and Wagtails near the shore, and finally two of these Falcons chasing each other. The Merlin is resident and breeds on Achill and through all the mountainous parts of the western counties, being frequent in Donegal, Mayo, and Connemara, though nowhere numerous. In Connemara it lays habitually on islets in the bog-lakes (Leybourne Popham). Falco tinnunculus, Linn. JesrrEL.—Common and resident on Clare Island Achill, and all through the western littoral, and is found on the island 1“ Trish Naturalist,” 1906, p. 201. R. I. A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. D 20 20 26 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. rocks, on many of which it breeds. It frequently uses the deserted nest of the Hooded Crow, both in clifis and lake islands. Ussher has seen such a nest in Donegal built m a holly, not more than 4 or 6 feet from the ground. On Clare Island Kestrels nest both in the sea-cliffs and on the mountain rocks; and Praeger observed the Kestrel and Chough nesting in proximity in the same cliff. This bird is called “Sparrow-Hawk ” generally in Ireland. Phalacrocorax carbo (Linn.). CormoraNnr.—A few have been seen at Clare Island in spring, summer, and autumn, usually flying past, but were not found breeding. This is a common resident bird, seen on Achill Sound, Louisburgh, and throughout Clew Bay ; but it does not seem to love the outer line of cliffs and iskands, such as the north Mayo coast, where its place is taken by the Shag. Cormorants have indeed colonies near the Campbell at Horn Head, and towards Hag’s Head, Cliffs of Moher; but, unlike the Shag, they avail themselves of islands in lakes, and nest on ivy-covered castles as on Loughs Corrib, Mask, and Carra, in trees and bushes on Loughs Tawnyard and Carrowmore, sometimes with Herons ; not far from Westport they bred in a lake on the ground among rocks. They also use islands in lakes as roosting-places. Phalacrocorax graculus (Linn.). SHac.--Resident and abundant on Clare Tsland, where numbers of this species nest in cavities of the western cliffs and other places. West of the lighthouse a large colony breed up to at least 200 feet above the sea, along broken scarps interspersed with large stones, and in more open places than is usual with this cave-loving bird. Patten found nine nests built on 25th March, yet some were feeding young on Sth July. They breed on Achill, Duvillaun, The Bills, and along the most lofty clifi-bound coasts of Donegal, Mayo, and Kerry. The light, agile Shag is quite at home where tremendous seas break, and loves exposed coasts, but is seldom seen far up Clew Bay, and never inland, unless when storm-driven. Large flocks of Shags were met with swimming together at Inishbofin and Broadhaven; and Warren noted an ~ immense congregation of them at the mouth of the Moy in December Sula and January. bassana (Linn.). GaNNeT.—Commonly to be seen fishing at sea round Clare Island, as well as all along the west coast, occasionally in Clew Bay. Most frequent in summer and autumn; but from January to April, a great northward movement of Gannets is observed along the whole coast. In autumn there is little evidence of a return migration Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 27 (Barrington). Gannets do not breed on the stags of Broadhaven, nor anywhere in Ulster or Connaught, their only Irish colonies being on the Little Skellig and the Bull Rock. Ardea cinerea, Linn. Common HErRon.—Straggling Herons frequently visit Clare Island after their breeding season, and seek food in the marshy spots. Hammond saw one chased by over fifty Gulls, Some breed in Glendarary wood, Achill, and there are heronries in trees at Newport House, Westport demesne, and Old Head House, all on Clew Bay. On the island in Lough Tawnyard, a mountain-lake, many Herons nest in the centre of the colony of Cormorants, and there is another colony of Herons and Cormorants on Lough Carrowmore, both in Mayo. Herons used to breed on cliffs on the coast of the Mullet (Moran) and the Dingle peninsula (Kane), and a pair were found nesting on Inishtooskert, Blasket Islands.! In western Donegal and Connemara Herons build on numerous islands in moorland lakes on any low trees or hollies; and Ussher has seen a nest on the ground on a stone crannog-island in Donegal. Botaurus stellaris (Linn.). BrrrerN.—A specimen was shot at Killybegs by Arthur Brooke about 1868. One is mentioned at Ballycroy,’ and others in 1900 on the Mullet. On 7th August, 1893, a Bittern was caught at Slyne Head among rocks and sent in the flesh to Barrington. Platalea leucorodia, Linn. SPOONBILL.—One was shot near Westport in 1854. Spoonbills have been obtained in most of the maritime counties of Ireland, including Donegal, Mayo, Galway, Clare, and several times in Kerry, being more frequent in the south, but rare in the west and in Ulster. Anser cinereus, Meyer. Grey LAG-Goosk.— Winter visitor to the mountains and bogs around Westport and in Achill and the Mullet according to Good, the Sheridans, and Wallace. Ussher has received from the latter wings of this species on an occasion when thirty-five were met with. Sheridan remarks that these birds remain until April, and Wallace speaks of them in May. Anser albifrons, Scopoli. WHITE-FRONTED GoosE—All the light-keepers'’ reports speak of flocks of “ Wild Geese and Bernacle ” which frequent the western parts of Clare Island from October to April, especially the western end, where they feed. Barrington saw seven on the island in the end of March which he considered were White-fronted Geese. This, * Turle in ‘‘ Tbis,’’ 1890, p. 7. 2 Thompson, ii., p. 163. 3“ Pield,’’ 26th November, 1904. 4 Proc. Dublin NH. Soc., lst February, 1861. D2 20 28 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. the most numerous species of Goose that visits Ireland in winter, has been sent repeatedly from Achill, and may be seen there and on the Mullet in large flocks every winter. Wallace has a large specimen in confinement, the length of which he gives as “ 31 inches and the wing 18; the white reaches as far as the eye, and extends to the throat, the black markings reaching almost to the tail.” He finds that some of the White- fronted Geese that visit Mayo are of this large variety, but that the majority are much smaller. Anser segetum (J. IF’. Gmel.). Buan-Goosk.—A winter visitor to the district according to Good and Sheridan; the latter says that small flocks of four or five may be seen on sand-points near the sea in Achill. In Connemara Caton-Haigh shot this and the last species, but found the Bean-Goose in decidedly smaller numbers and more shy than the White-fronted. Wallace does not give it as a visitor to the Mullet. Chen hyperboreus (Pallas), Chen nivalis (Foster). SNow-GoosE.—Though not yet recorded from the Clew Bay district nor Achill, Snow-Geese have been twice taken on the Mullet, and occasionally observed on Killala Bay (Kirkwood, Knox). Bernicla leucopsis (Bechst.). BERNACLE-GOOSE.—Common winter visitor in flocks to Clare Island, having been recorded there by Hammond in March and April and again in September, October, and November. On 18th February, 1912, McCabe reported that large tlocks had been seen for a fortnight flyimg over towards Cahir Island; this is one of their feeding grounds, as well as Duvilaun, Frehill, and all the other grassy uninhabited islands off Donegal, Mayo, and Galway, also pastures near those coasts, at Lissadell near Sligo, Keel commons on Achill, lands near Rinvyle, Con- nemara ; while specimens have been sent from Cahirciveen and Valencia. On Aranmore, Bernacle Geese are seen passing south in flocks during the latter half of October, and again in April going north, and some remain on that island all the winter. Bernicla brenta (Pallas). Brenrt-Goose.—Frequents during winter Blacksod Bay and Broadhaven in vast flocks, occurring on Achill shores, where Sheridan has shot Brent-Geese year by year, and Good has obtained them in the Westport district. They frequent Tralee Bay numerously, also Sligo and Drumeliff Bays, usually arriving in October, more rarely in September, and depart in April. They feed on the mud-banks, and not on the islands or pastures; this fact distinguishes them from Bernacles, with which they are generally confounded under the latter name in Ireland. Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 29 Cygnus musicus, Bechst. WHOOPER Swan.—McCabe on Clare Island reports that Wild Swans are often seen passing. Among their chief resorts 1 Treland are the lakes on the Mullet (whence they tly to Lough Carrow- more in rough weather), Keel I.ake in Achill, Loughs Foyle and Swilly, also Lough Gill near Castlegregory, and others in Kerry. Though the ereat majority of the flocks are of Bewick’s Swans, Whoopers also occur among them (Dr. Burkitt). Cygnus bewicki, Yarrell. Brwick’s Swan.—Lby far the most numerous wild Swan, frequenting the lakes above-mentioned in moderate flocks, which, in exceptionally hard winters, are sometimes increased to thousands on the Mullet ; while on Keel Lake, Achill, R. B. Sheridan has counted 175. The majority are immature birds. The Swans usually arrive about the end of November, and depart about the end of February, but sometimes occur earlier and later. Lough Gill, on the north coast of Kerry, is another long-established resort. Cygnus olor (J. F. Gmel.). Mure Swan.—Nests on lakes south of Louisburgh, quite unprotected. This shows that the bird can establish itself near wild coasts. Stragglers visit Achill at times. Tadorna cornuta (S. G. Gmel.). Common SHELp-Duck.—Several pairs with their broods were seen in Clew Bay, and there is evidence of this bird from Achill. It visits the Mullet in summer, and the numbers that breed increasingly on Killala Bay are largely reinforced in winter, when flocks appear. It is generally increasing round Ireland, and has bred on an island so exposed as Roaninish, off western Donegal. Anas boscas, Linn. MAatiarp.—Praeger found a nest on a pool near Craig- more on Clare Island, and McCabe says it breeds regularly; the light- keepers there frequently recorded flocks of Wild Ducks towards the close of the year and in April. Foster found Mallards numerous in May on lakes south of Louisburgh. They are common and resident along the west coast generally, and breed on Achill and Deer Island off Connemara. Anas strepera, Linn, GADWALL.—Frequent visitor in autumn and winter to Achill, the Mullet and Killala Bay. A female containing unripe eggs was obtained near Belmullet, 25th May, 1894. There are no records of the occurrence of the Gadwall between Achill and Kerry. Spatula clypeata (Linn.). SHOVELER.--An occasional winter visitor to Achill. The extension of the Shoveler’s breeding-range, which is taking place in Ireland, has reached the great lakes of Mayo, and an egg has been identified from Lough Carrowmore in 1905; while three immature birds have been shot in August near Belmullet (Wallace). 20 30 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Dafila acuta (Linn). Prixtat.—Occasional autumn and spring visitor to Achill (R. B. Sheridan). Warren has remarked an increase of Pintails which visit Killala Bay in winter, amounting in 1902 to over 100; they are also winter visitors in flocks to lakes near the coasts of Kerry and Donegal, as well as to intermediate bays and estuaries. Nettion crecca (Linn.). TxaiL—Common on Clare Island (McCabe), but not observed there in summer. In the Westport district, on Achill and the Mullet. and round Ballina the Teal is a resident, breeding bird, though much more numerous in winter. Querquedula cirica (Linn.). GarGaNey.—Two are said to have been shot on Achill (* Fowler in Ireland,” p. 62). Mareca penelope (Linn.). W1iGe0N.—Common winter visitor to Clare Island, Achill, and Clew Bay, and occurs in enormous flocks on the bays and harbours further north in Mayo, where they sometimes remain until late in April. Ona lake in Connemara Leybourne Popham observed a male Wigeon on several occasions in May. Fuligula ferina (Linn.). PocHarp.—Common winter visitor to Achill and the districts round Clew Bay. Flocks assemble on the estuaries and the coastal lagoons, as on the Mullet: and on Lough Cullen near Castle- gregory 3000 have been reported with Scaups and Golden-eyes (Payne- Gallwey). Fuligula cristata (Leach). Turrep Dctcx.— Winter visitor in limited numbers to Achill and the Westport and Newport districts, resorting rather to inland waters. The remarkable extension of its breeding-range had reached Lough Conn in 1905 (S. Scroope) and Lough Mask in 1906 (Good). Foligula marila Linn.). Scavr-Duck.— Winter visitor to Clew Bay and Achill, where Sheridan has observed numbers of this species with Pochards and Golden-eyes in severe winters. A few Scaups have been observed there and on the lakes on the Mullet in June, when Ussher was shown them by Wallace. The late Dr. Geoffrey Scroope saw Scaups there on 3rd July. They often linger on Lough Swilly until May, and more rarely remain there all the summer (Professor Leebody). Clangula glaucion (Linn.). GotpEN-zyE.— Winter visitor to Clew Bay and Achill. Not so plentiful as the last species, but Warren has observed a fiock of 50 on Killala Bay. OO Clare Island Survey— Aves. 20 31 Harelda glacialis (Linn.). LonG-raitep Ducx.-—Less regular winter visitor than the foregoing ducks to Clew Bay, Achill, the Mullet, and Killala Bay: is more frequent on the north coasts of Connaught and Ulster than on the south coast, but it visits Dingle Bay and Kilkee. Though marine in its habits, it has been shot on Lough Corrib and Lough Derg, and at Killarney. Somateria mollissima (Linn.). Emer Duck.—Has occurred on Achill (R. B. Sheridan), and has been obtained a few times on the Mayo coast (Birds of Ireland, p. 212), also on the coasts or islands of Donegal, Galway, and Kerry ; more frequent on the north coast. Somateria spectabilis (Linn.). KixG-Emer.—An immature male was shot by J. R. Sheridan, on Achill, 12th December, 1892, and identified by the late Dr. R. B.Sharpe. This is the only record from our west coast. Oedemia nigra (I.inn.). Common Scorer.— Winter visitor to Achill, Clew Bay, and Blacksod Bay, remaining on the latter sometimes until June. On Killala Bay, where it is a regular winter visitor, Warren has shot Scoters on dth July, 1889, and 31st August, 1900. As this bird has bred in Ulster, its nest should be looked for in Mayo. It is found as far south as Dingle Bay in winter, but is apparently more common on the coasts of Ulster and Leinster. Oedemia perspicillata (Linn.). Sure Scorer.—An immature female was shot at Dugort, Achill, by J. R. Sheridan, 25th October, 1890, and identified by A. G. More. An adult male and female, now in the National Museum, Dublin, were shot on Killala Bay by Robert Warren and the late A. C. Kirkwood in the winter of 1896-1897. These are the only records of this American species from the west of Ireland. Mergus merganser, Jinn. GoOOSANDER.— Wallace, Belmullet, states that one was shot, 3rd November, 1911. Good, Westport, says that he has seen a few specimens on J.ough Mask, but, except on the east coast of Kerry, the Goosander seems to be very rare along the western shores of Ireland. Mergus serrator, linn. RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.—Breeds numerously on the great lakes of central Mayo, and some nest on Lough Carrowmore. Pike recorded a nest on Achill Sound, and H. M. Wallis another at Burton Port in Donegal, though few are found near salt water; but in summer Mergausers are seen among the islands up Clew Bay, and in winter flocks appear there and visit Achill Sound, Clare Island, Blacksod and Killala Bays. On the latter Warren has seen in June a hundred or more, chietly immature, Swimming in a pack, such as the late Major Trevelyan has described on Lough Erne in August. 20 32 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Columba palumbus. Jinn. Rixe-Dove.—Not known on Clare Island, but resident in Glendarary wood, Achill. and fairly plentiful in wooded districts on the mainland. On the treeless Mullet Wallace says that flocks are sometimes seen passing, which do not stay there. Witherby found some wooded islands in the Connemara bog-lakes swarmed with Wood-Pigeons, and discovered a nest on the ground among tall heather. Patten saw a few birds about Dingle, but none at the bare west end of the peninsula. They spread with the increase of plantations. Columba livia. J. F. Gmel. Rock-Dove—Numbers breed and are resident on the cliffs of Clare Island and Achill: and the light-keepers on the former have repeatedly recorded flocks of “ Pigeons” im April, May, June, and again from August to December: but as they fail to distinguish the species, we are not sure that some of these flocks may not be migrant Ring Doves. Sheridan (Achill) and Good (Westport) think that Rock-Doves are decreasing. They are resident on the precipitous parts oi the west coast, frequenting the islands that afford caverns, such as Aranmore, High Island, Inishtooskert, and visit in locks others where they do not breed, as Black Rock, Mayo, and the Tearaght, Kerry. Turtur communis, Selby. ‘'urTLe-Dove.—Obtained on Black Rock, Mayo, 27th, June, 1887 (Barrington); another observed at Belmullet in June, 1903 (Wallace); three more at Moyview in May, July, and August (Warren). The Turtle-Dove visits the coasts of Donegal and the Connaught counties much less often than any other part of the Irish shores, Kerry more frequently ; while on the south coast it is of almost annual occurrence. Syrrhaptes paradoxus (Pallas. PatLas’s SaNp-GROUSE.—Has been obtained in 1863 at two points on the west Donegal coast; and in 1888 several were seen and two shot near Belmullet, otheis at Carrigaholt, Co. Clare. near the Shannon’s mouth, points north and south of our district. Lagopus scoticus (Lath.). Rep Grouse. —In 1882 Brownell, then light-keeper on Clare Island, reported “large numbers of Grouse from August to January”; in June, 1884, he wrote: “Saw a number of young Grouse”; and in August, 1884, “large flocks seen on the mountainous parts of the island.” Not long aiter that the Grouse and the Eagles which used to prey on them were exterminated as breeding species, though M‘Cabe says one or two of the former are seen every year. They are resident on Achill and on the mountains of Mayo as they are on the higher ranger _ of Ireland generally, but Good thinks they are getting scarce. One has been taken on Black Rock, Mayo, nearly dead from exhaustion. Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 33 Phasianus colchicus, Linn. PHEASANT.—Resident in Westport demesne and Glendarary, Achill, but when not hand-fed is a mere straggler, as, for example, near Louisburgh. Perdix cinerea, Lath. PartTripGkE—A few covies have been met with on Achill before 1890, but they are generally absent from the islands, and are getting scarce even in the Westport district and around Ballina as in most parts of Ireland. Coturnix communis, Bonn. QuatL.—One was killed at Dugort in 1910 (A. Williams). Good says it is years since he saw one in the Westport district, though before 1850 one might shoot six to ten brace in the day (T. J. Browne). Similar evidence has come from western Donegal and the Dingle peninsula, where they were common fifty or sixty years ago, but are now apparently extinct. Crex pratensis, Bechst. Corn-Craxe.—Very common on Clare Island where it breeds, and has been met with in winter (M‘Cabe). Also common on Achill and the Mullet, around Westport and south of Clew Bay, on Inishbofin and the Aran Islands; indeed this bird is nowhere more in evidence than on the western islands and adjacent coasts. It has been noticed near Killybegs craking in the open. Inishtrahull, Rathlin O’Birne, Black Rock, Mayo, the Tearaght, Skelligs, and Bull Rock have all been visited, the last in November. Rallus aquaticus, Linn. Warter-Rait.—Resident on Clare Island, Achill, the Mullet, and round Westport, and breeds in every county in Ireland. Its migratory occurrences at lighthouses from September to January are discussed in Barrington’s “ Migration of Birds.” He has up to 1911 received thirty-eight specimens from lght-stations, more than of-any other species that is not passerine; and he says that many of our Water- Rails evidently arrive in autumn by a route that tends to land them on the west coast, from which more than half the specimens sent him havecome. Water-Rails have arrived along with Snow Buntingsand Purple Sandpipers, and these facts suggest to him that they may have come when returning from N. Europe and Iceland. Three specimens from Clare Island were shot during the migration months, October, November, and December. Gallinula chloropus (Linn.). WATER-HEN.—Some are resident and breed on the small lakes in Clare Island, Achill, Inishturk, Inishbofin, and the Aran Islands. Moor-hens are common on the mainland of Mayo; and stray birds have wandered to Inishtrahull, Black Rock (Mayo), and the R,1,A. PROC., VOL. XXXI, K 20 20 34 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Aran Islands, and struck the lantern of Rathlin O’Birne, 28th October, 1886, “ with tremendous force.” Such occurrences are exceptional, and do not betoken a regular migration like that of the Water-Rail, but show that these birds wander forth in autumn, and are well able to sustain flight at sea. Fulica atra, Linn. Coor.—In Achill J. R. Sheridan said in 1891 that it was ji fairly plentiful in winter; Rh. B. Sheridan now states that it is resident and breeds there. On the Mullet vast flocks often arrive in autumn (Wallace). Coots are known to betake themselves to salt water when lakes are frozen. They are fairly common on the mainland lakes, such as those south of Louisburgh. A Coot has struck the South Aran light, and others have been reported from Killybegs and Aranmore, all in autumn, Aegialitis hiaticola (Linn.). RINGED PLOveR.—Breeds in small numbers on Clare Island, and flocks are seen there in September. A common resident on Achill, Clew Bay, and generally on the sandy or gravelly coasts and islands, breeding also on the inland lakes of Mayo. The eggs have been found on top of a rock on Deer Island, off Roundstone, and on Inishkea in shelter under a stone. Charadrius pluvialis (Linn.). GOLDEN PLover.—Flocks visit Clare Island in March and April, and again from August to December, most numerously in October and November, as appears by Hammond’s schedules ; and this agrees with Barrington’s summarized observations for the west coast- The Golden Plover breeds in Achill and through the vast flat bogs of Mayo and Connemara, as well as on the lower mountain slopes, some- times near the sea. This species is specially numerous in western Connaught, where assemblages of hundreds or thousands are seen some. Winters on bays and estuaries (Warren). Squatarola helvetica ‘Linn.). Grey PLOVER.—Scarce winter visitor to Clare Island, Achill, the Mullet, and Killala Bay. On the sands inside Bartragh Island, Warren has seen this bird up to June. It is usually unrecognized, the last species being called “ Grey Plover” in Ireland. Vanellus vulgaris, bechst. Lapwinc.—A few observed on Clare Island in --March and June, which probably breed; more numerous October to December. Nests on Achill, the Mullet, and in Mayo generally, as it does on many coastal tracts and marine islands round Ireland, as well as on islands in inland lakes. Lighthouse observations show a marked increase in. March ; but the great influx is from September to the end of the year. Care Island Survey—Aves. 20 35 Strepsilas interpres (Linn.). TURNSYONE.—Patten saw a few on Clare Island, in March and July, and flocks in September. In June there were flocks in Clew Bay among the islands. Very large flocks occur in autumn on Achill; but ‘'urnstones may be met with every month in the year, seldom in July, on these coasts and the adjacent rocks, though the nest has not yet been found in Ireland. Ussher has seen parties, chiefly of year-old birds, with some adults in full plumage, on islands off the coasts of Donegal and Connemara ; and instances of this occur round Ireland, though mucli more frequently in the north and north-west. Haematopus ostralegus, Linn. OysTeR-cATcHER.—Resident and breeds on Clare Island and Achill, keeping to the rocky Atlantic shore until September, when great flocks resort to bays and estuaries, and the numbers increase again in March and April. This is a most character- istic bird of the west coast, breeding commonly on the islands, even on stacks and reefs, where it nests on rock or turf, forsaking the shingly shores ; and eggs are laid regularly on rock-ledges on the Skelligs and the Aran Islands. The west coast broods form the winter flocks, which are probably reinforced from the isles of Scotland. Phalaropus fulicarius (Linn.). GREY PHALAROPE.—Obtained in October in different years on Achill, Black Rock (Mayo), at Belmullet, and on the Moy River, at (Killybegs, and Rathlin O’Birne, Slyne Head (in different years), in Connemara, the Aran Islands, the north-west of Kerry, and the Skelligs. In the storms of October, 1891, many of these occurred, when Phalaropes and Petrels were driven inland in numbers. Phalaropus hyperboreus (Linn.)}. RED-NECKED PHALAROPE.—A specimen in summer plumage was shot on Achill in May, 1902 (Sheridan). A very small colony, discovered in 1902, breed in the west, where they are protected, owing to raids of collectors. Seolopax rusticula Linn. Woopcocx.—Visits Clare Island and Achill most numerously from the end of October to the end of December, though some remain until March. It has not been established that they breed on the island; but Messrs. Williams say this bird has been obtained at Glendarary wood, Achill, in May, and is believed to breed there. In 1890, Good had found a nest on the mainland; though in 1881 it was said Woodcocks never bred in Mayo. Its woods have indeed been famous for cock-shooting; and forty brace have been shot in one day in BK 2 20 36 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Brackloon Wood. Light-keepers’ observations from the west coast are nearly half of those from all sides of Ireland; and the only September arrivals recorded in Barrington’s book (1900) are one from the north and four from the west coast. Some of the earliest, eock-shooting is stated by Major Ruttledge Phair to be in Achill ; and there is similar information as to Connemara, the Aran Islands, and the Kerry promontories. In short, the autumnal Woodcocks plainly arrive by the north of Donegal, and pass quickly down the whole west coast before they spread inland. In hard frosts they flee to the western shores and islands again ; and Black Rock (Mayo), Slyne Head, Tearaght, and Skelligs, show such records. In April departing birds have stifl been found on Inishowen, the far north of Donegal, where some of the earliest are seen in autumn. Gallinago major (J. F. Good). GreAar SnipeE.—Thompson gives a doubtful record for Achill ; but a bird of the year was shot there, 24th September, 1888*; and E. Willams received a female shot near Ballycloy, 15th October, 1893.* Gallinago coelestis (Frenzel.). Common Snipe.—Resident on Clare Island, where many breed; but there is a great influx in October, November and Decem- ber, and again in March(Hammond). There is similar information from Achill and Westport, and Good (Westport) and H. W. Scroope (Ballina) think more Snipe now breed in Mayo than formerly. Wallace remarks that on the Mullet large wisps occur in late August, which leave in September or October, as Thompson observed near Belfast. These are probably bred in the country. ‘lhe lighthouse observations are twice as numerous from the north and west coasts as from the south and east, and indicate that, like Woodcocks, the migrant Snipe arrive in the north and pass down the west coasts. Galinago gallinula (Linn.). Jack SnipeE—Winter visitor to Clare Island, Achill, the districts round Clew Bay, andis common in Mayo generally. Tringa maculata, Vieill. AmmRICAN PECTORAL SANDPIPER.—Has been twice obtained at Belmullet—in October, 1900, and in September, 1901. There has been only one other occurrence in Ireland. Tringa alpina (Linn.). Dunin.—Resident on Achill, and probably throughout our districts. Foster found the eggs up Clew Bay, where several pairs Field, 6th and 10th October, 1888. 2 Zoologist, 1893, p. 434. Olare Island Survey— Aves. 90 37 were nesting, im June. Ussher has seen many breeding on the Mullet, _ Where Wallace notices the great increase in September. This bird breeds in many parts of Mayo and Donegal. The numbers are largely increased . in winter. Tringa striata, Linn. PuRPLE SANDPIPER.—Barrington shot one on Clare Island, 51st March, 1911; and McCabe says it is often seen there in winter. This is a common winter visitor to Achill and the Mayo coast. Some remain until late in May, as Warren has found on Killala Bay, and Witherby observed a pair in full breeding-plumage on Inishturk on 28th May, 1895. There are many other May records from Irish coasts. Tue: a 5 Tringa canutus, Linn. KNor.—Winter visitor to Achill, and is reported from Clare Island. Wallace says small flocks arrive on the Mullet in August or September. Warren found it very abundant on Killala Bay, sometimes - remaining there-all the summer. Barrington got specimens from Slyne Bigag Calidris arenaria ([.inn.). SANDERLING.—Winter and spring visitor to Achill, Inishkea, Mullet, and Killala Bay, remaining in flocks until June - (Ussher), and observed on Achill, Inishkea, and West Mayo coast in August (Williams, Ussher); some few are seen in July (Wallace), remaining, like Turnstones, through the summer. Machetes pugnax (Linn.). Rurr.—Has been obtained on Achill, near Ballycloy, and on the Mullet and elsewhere in Mayo, each time in September (Williams & Sons). Totanus hypoleucus (Linn.). ComMoN SaNDPIPER.—A few breed on Clare Island, Achill, and the Mullet; many throughout Mayo round lakes and on the margins of bogs; in Connemara nearly every lake seems to be frequented by a pair (Leybourne Popham), also the rivers and some of the islands, ¢.g., Inishbofin, Deer Island; so also the bog-lakes in Donegal and the marine island Roaninish, from which eggs were received. Barrington has got specimens in May from Aranmore, Donegal, and Aran Island North, Galway, and in November from the Bull Rock. Totanus ochropus (Linn.). GREEN SANDPIPER.—Ussher sent to Dublin Museum one shot near Belmullet, 29th August, 1901; others have been obtained near Ballina (Warren) and Killybegs, but the species is rare on the west coast. 1 Trish Nat., 1896, p. 6. 20 38 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Totanus calidris (J.inn.). REDSHANK.—Met with on Clare Island in March ' (Barrington); in small parties along the shore in July; increased in September; and in numbers in the fields in December (Patten). On Achill it breeds, and is plentiful in winter (R. B. Sheridan) ; and this may be said of the Mullet, where flocks arrive in late August and in September (Wallace). Foster found it breeding on marshy ground beside Clew Bay, as it does on estuarine marshes on the north coast of Ulster; otherwise it seldom nests on the seaboard, though commonly on inland lakes and marshes, whence it betakes itself to the sea-shores, when the young can travel there. Totanus canescens (J. F. Gmel.). GREENSHANK.—“On the sea-shore in the neighbourhood of Clew Bay Greenshanks are rather numerous” (“Fowler in Ireland,’ p. 240). They are autumn and winter visitors to Achill, where A. Williams has heard the note as early as 26th July, and a few arrive on the Mullet in August. The Moy estuary is their favourite haunt, where Warren has seen fourteen as early as 19th June. He has shot both adults and young before the end of that month, and he dwells on the short time they are absent to breed. Greenshanks are not at all as numerous nor as frequent as the Redshanks with which they often associate. They are observed on the coasts of Kerry, Cork, &c., but not so commonly as on the northern shores. Limosa lapponica (Linn.). Bar-raiLeED Gopwit.— Autumn and winter visitor to Achill and the Mullet, but not so numerous there as on Killala Bay, where Warren has seen flocks exceeding a hundred (five hundred in rare instances), and has found some, that did not breed, remain all the summer. On Ulster coasts, though common in autumn and spring, they usually leave in winter.’ Limosa belgica (J. F. Gmel.). Biack-ramep Gopwir.—In Dublin Museum isa bird in summer plumage received in August, 1863, from Blacksod Bay. Warren obtained several on the Moy and Killala Bay, but they are rare on the west coast. Numenius arquata (Linn.). CuRLEw.—Common all the year round on the coasts and islands above-mentioned, but not plentiful during the breeding-season, when the birds found there are probably adolescent; but as early as 18th July there was a flock of fifty Curlews on Clare Island. The light-keepers chiefly report them from August onwards,? and October * Leebody in “* Irisi: Nat.,* 1892, pp. 176, 177. =-* Migration of Birds,” pp. 219, 220. SO Care Islund Survey—Aves. 20 39 brings great flocks, which continue more or less until they leave in April for the great rushy bogs where they breed. Warren has found the winter flocks have increased enormously in north Mayo. Curlews stray to all the island-rocks in winter, and dense packs roost securely on certain flat islands, as on one in Achill Sound. Barrington gives statistics which go to prove that the Curlew, unlike the Whimbrel, chiefly passes up the east coast during the spring migration, whereas in autumn it is recorded more frequently from the west. Numenius phaeopus (Linn.). WHImMBREL.—Appears on Clare Island about 26th April and leaves by Ist June ({M‘Cabe). During May it is numerous on the west coast, which it prefers on migration, also using the routes of the great Connaught lakes and of the Shannon. A few Whimbrels usually reappear in August on their return, but Williams and Patten heard the note on Achill Sound on 7th July. Hydrochelidon nigra (Linn.). Buack TERN.—An immature bird was shot by Sheridan on Achill, September, 1887, others by Warren on Killala Bay, 12th October, 1859; and there have been similar cases near Ballyshannon and on the north Kerry coast, but this species is very rare in the west. Sterna cantiaca, J. F. Gmel. Sanpwicu ‘l'ern.— Warren discovered a colony many years ago on an island in Rathroeen Lake, near Ballina, which is strictly protected. Of late years other colonies have been established elsewhere in Mayo, but change their nesting-ground occasionally. Sterna dougalli, Mont. RosratE TERN.—A specimen was obtained on Clew Bay, 3rd August, 1904. This bird has been rarely met with in Ireland during the last fifty years. Sterna fluviatilis, Naum. Common Trern.-—Nests in small numbers on islets up Clew Bay, on the Inch near Killala, and on Deer Island, Connemara, but prefers lake-islands, as on Lough Carrowmore in Irris, Loughs Conn, Mask, and Corrib, and resorts far less to exposed marine situations than the Arctic Tern. Both species are to be seen in late summer on Achill Sound, and between that and Clare Island; but this Tern is scarce along our west coast as compared to the next species. Sterna macrura, Naum. Arcric TERN.——A small colony breed on the detached, rocky western end of Clare Island, and a few on Clew Bay; while all 1 More’s List of Ivisi Birds. _ 20 40 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. round the coasts of Donegal and Connaught this species has numerous colonies on marine islands, some very large, the nesting-ground being occasionally shifted. Warren found that in 1904 the nests had increased to 800 or 10600 on the beach inside Bartragh on the Moy estuary. Arctic Terns breed also on the great lakes of Mask, Carra, and Corrib, where they probably outnumber the Common Terns, as they certainly do on the coasts. Sterna minuta, Linn. Lirrie ‘'ern.—Foster and Ussher found two colonies on gravelly reefs in Clew Bay, twenty-five nests on one; on Jnishkea several pairs were breeding. Many nest on Bartragh, and there are colonies on sandy shores in Donegal, Sligo, Connemara, and the Aran Islands, but this species is more local and far less numerous than the Common and Arctic Terns. Larus ridibundus, Linn. Buiack-HEaveED Guiu.—Arrives on Clare Island in very small numbers in June and July after breeding, when it becomes common on Clew Bay, Achill Sound, and generally on the coasts and estuaries. The only breeding-place recorded on a marine island is on Beginish, one of the Blaskets, now apparently abandoned (Praeger). This Gull nests on islands of fresh-water lakes near the coast of Donegal and near Killala Bay, and further inland is greatly increasing on lakes and bogs. Larus canus, Linn. Common Guit.—Another increasing species, which breeds on islets of lakes near the coasts of Donegal, Mayo, and Con- nemara, on one island off Kerry, on Inishkea, and near Inishbiggle in Achill Sound. After the breeding-time a few are to be seen about Clew Bay and the harbour of Clare Island. Larus argentatus, J. F. Gmelin. HeEkRING-GuLL.—Common and. resident, breeding in small colonies among the other sea-birds (for want of separate space) along the cliff-face of Clare Island. About a dozen pairs breed in company on The Bills, and on the cliffs of Achill there are other colonies, where Patten saw a flock precipitate themselves towards the sea for mere sport with closed wings, spreading them to stop their course just before immersion, and then rapidly reascending ‘with spiral flight. They nest on Inishturk, Inishark, and probably on every rocky coast and many an island round Ireland. Larus fuscus, Linn. Lesser Brack-spackrp Gui1i.—Occasionally seen on Achill Sound and about Belmullet. Wallace once saw there a flock of twenty-one. Three were seen among crowds of Herring Gulls at Inishkea whaling-station, Breeds on some marine islands off Donegal and Kerry, EE Clare Island Survey—-Aves. 20 41 but is not proved to do so in Mayo. Ussher found none on The Bills in June, 1890, neither did Praeger, who visited them in June, 1910, but these Gulls breed commonly on stony islets in Loughs Corrib and Mask. Larus marinus, Linn. Grear Buiack-Backep Gurt.—A most remarkable and increasing resident on the west coast. Breeds on the cliffs of Clare Island and on Kinatevdilla; on The Bills there is probably the largest colony in urope, which was estimated in 1890 at over 160 birds; but in 1910 Praeger and Welch saw about 200 there. ‘The nests are chietly on the western rock, which is most difficult to land on, even in calm weather. There are breeding-places on a stack off Duvillaun, on the Stags, and many an isolated rock along the coast, such as the picturesque Doonbrista (Plate V, fig. 2), off Downpatrick Head; and this bird nested once on a low gravelly island near Killala (Warren). On the Mullet these birds are poisoned, as they are said to attack young lambs. Larus glaucus, Fabricius. GLAUcOUS GULL.—Immature specimens occur almost every winter, singly or in pairs, on the north and west coasts of Treland, most frequently on those of Mayo and Donegal, and extend their visits to the western shores of Munster. This Gull has been repeatedly obtained on Achill, the Mullet and Killala Bay, and Mr. H. B. Knox has a beautiful adult in spring plumage from Mayo. Like the next species, Glaucous Gulls are most frequent in December, January, and February. Larus leucopterus, Fabr. IceLAND GuLL.—Immature birds are obtained in winter; but this Gull is much less frequent than the last; Barrington thinks the ratio is about 1 to 6, and some winters no Iceland Gulls are reported. Has been repeatedly obtained on Achill and the Mullet, and also on the Moy estuary and Killala Bay. Like our norihern visitors generally, these two Arctic Gulls affect the Atlantic shores from Donegal to Kerry. Rissa tridactyla (Linn.). KirvIwAke.—Breeds in great colonies along the cliff- face of Clare Island and on The Bills, where they occupy the steep eastern side of the outer rock. Light-keepers’ reports notice their arrival and continued increase during March, and rarity in November, when there is but one record. In that month flocks have been seen on the ocean from 30 to 70 miles south-west of Munster coasts (Farran). The northward migration in April has been reported from Slyne Head, and the south- westward in autumn from Black Rock, Slyne Head, and the Skelligs. ! Barrington’s ‘ Migration of Birds.’’ R.I.A. PROC., VOL, XXXI. F 20 20 42 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Colonies of vast numbers nest on the north coast of Mayo, and on the cliffs and islands of Donegal, Clare, and Kerry. Unlike other Gulls, immature birds are never seen at breeding stations; they keep far out to sea. Pagophila eburnea, Phipps. Ivory GuLL—A specimen observed by Wallace, 18th March, 1905, and afterwards found dead on the coast of the Mullet, is in the Dublin Museum. Only two others have been obtained in Ireland, one in Kerry and one on Bantry Bay; both over sixty years ago. Stercorarius pomatorhinus, Tenn. PoOMATORHINE SkuA.—Ivregular visitor, chiefly in October and November; has been obtained on Achill, on the Mullet, and repeatedly on Killala Bay, the line of the Moy, and Lough Conn, which is the route taken by occasional flocks of these birds on their autumn migration towards Kerry,! where they have been several times taken. Stercorarius crepidatus (J. F. Gmel.). RicHarpson’s Skua.—Frequent visitor in September and October, more rarely on its northward migration in May and June; has been obtained on Achill, where immature birds are oftener seen than adults; usually observed (occasionally in large flocks) in October passing south from Killala Bay, and afterwards (in 1862) on Tralee Bay (Warren). Storcorarius parasiticus, Linn. Burron’s Skua.—An adult bird, in Barrington’s collection, was caught alive on a bog in Clare Island, 15th June, 1906. Another was shot on Achill, 29th September, 1902, others on the Mullet and on the several sections of the west coast, indicating the same line of migration as in the case of other Skuas, the Shannon being also used as a migration route.” Alca torda, Linn. Razorpitt.—There is no more remarkable colony in Ireland than on the great cliff of Clare Island, where the Razorbills breed up to 1000 feet; they also nest on The Bills and Inishturk. Patten saw the birds arriving in the end of March. There are extensive colonies along the north Mayo coast, and on all the great bird-cliffs round Ireland. Uria troile (Linn.). GurmLLEMoT.—The considerable colonies on Clare Island are much more condensed and lower down (under 400 feet), and are far less extensive than those of the Razorbill. Guillemots have been first noted there from 12th to 21st March. Numbers have been noticed on aon ———— ‘ Warren in Irish Nat., 1896, p. 248. * Proc. Dublin N. H. Soc., 7th February, 1862. Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 43 the water by light-keepers as late as 14th November. They lay on The Bills in moderate numbers, and in all directions along the cliffs of north Mayo, as well as in the great sea-bird colonies round Treland. Uria grylle(Linn.). BLack GUILLEMoT.—A good many scattered birds observed, April-July, about the west and north shores of Clare Island, in Achill Sound, among the islands of Clew Bay, and round the Mullet, where they are often observed by Wallace in winter. Shores strewn with boulders offer cover for this bird to breed apart from other species. It is frequent in the inlets of the coast of north Mayo and Connemara, and many frequent High Island (Witherby), but not in colonies. Mergulus alle (Linn.). Lirrnz AuK.—Met with occasionally after fierce winter storms, when it is sometimes cast ashore on many parts of the Mayo coast, including Achill and Black Rock. Save as above, it is a bird of rare occurrence in Ireland, and occurs most frequently in the north and north-west. Fratercula arctica (Linn.). Purrin.—Considerable colonies extend along the upper parts of the Clare Island cliffs among and above those of Razorbills. They have no rabbit-holes to occupy, so they must dig their own burrows. They sometimes fight beak to beak, as though one were trying to take fish from the other, without pulling out feathers (Patten). Barrington saw none the last week in March, but Barrett-Hamilton noticed some on 10th April. On the eastern island of The Bills (Plate III) the whole of the peaty surface is simply riddled with burrows of Puffins, which are exceedingly numerous (Praeger). On the north Mayo coast the speciality is the great colonies of Puftins which reach up to the cliff- tops, over 700 feet high in places, and the sloping grassy tops of the Stags and Moistha (* [lanmaster”) have a dense, teeming population of these birds. Colymbus glacialis, Linn. GREAT NORTHERN Diver.—Haunts the coast and bays most of the year up to June, when there is a northward migration through Achill Sound; and Wallace has shown Ussher a bird on 4th June flying high from Blacksod Bay towards Broadhaven. McCabe has a specimen shot on Clare Island, where it is commonly seen. Good has seen this Diver on Lough Corrib and generally on Lough Mask. It has been obtained in Donegal more than once in July, and has been seen in Mayo as early as the first week in October (Good). Colymbus arcticus, Linn. Briack-THRoATED Diver.—Has been obtained at Achill (Sheridan), and identified on Killala Bay (Warren), but is exceedingly rare. F 2 20 44 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Colymbus septentrionalis, ].inn. RED-rHROATED DrvER.—Late autumn and winter visitor to Clare Island, Achill. and the Mullet. but not so well known as the Great Northern Diver. Warren has observed these birds congregate on Killala Bay before leaving in spring. Podicipes auritus (Linn.). ScCLAVONIAN GREBE.—Has been obtained on Achill, where it is known as a winter visitor, and is frequently found on Blacksod Bay : two in nuptial plumage, now in the Barrington collection, were obtained there out of a flock of six, 14th April, 1895; another adult brought to Wallace, and identified by Ussher, was taken near Belmullet, 17th April, 1907. This bird is a pretty constant winter visitor to the bays and estuaries of Mayo and Donegal, and has been repeatedly taken in Kerry. Its habits contrast with those of the Great Crested Grebe, which is unknown on the west coast. Podicipes fluviatilis (Tunstall). LivrLe Grese.—Breeds on lakes, as in Westport demesne, also on Achill and the Mullet, where it is scarce; takes to the sea-water in Achill Sound in September; appears to wander round the coast in winter; one was shot near Killybegs in February, aud another killed striking Slyne Head lighthouse in November. Procellaria pelagica, Linn. SrorM-PETREL.—Has been repeatedly caught at the Clare Island lighthouse in July and August, and probably breeds in escarpments west of it, as it does on Duvillaun, Black Rock, Inish- keeragh, Inishglora, and on the Mullet cliffs (Richards), also on Kid Island, the Stags, Pig Island, Moistha, and isles of Donegal, Connemara, and Kerry. The observations and specimens show that it frequents the west coast from April or May until November (Barrington’s “ Migration of Birds ”). Oceanodroma leucorrhoa (Vieill), FORK-TAILED PETREL—Darrington received specimens of this bird from Black Rock (Mayo), in November, 1887, and September, 1892; and on 15th August, 1899, a much incubated egg. Both birds and their eggs have been received from the Blaskets off Kerry in different years; and as the species has been proved to breed sparingly in Mayo and Kerry, it may have another breeding-place off Slyne Head. This Petrel is very little known even on our west coast : but a good many, blown inland by storms, have been recorded from various counties. It has been shot on Achill in 1911. 1 Thompson, vol. iii, p. 417. —_—e ee Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 45 Puffinis gravis, O'Reilly. GREAT SHEARWATER.—Not recorded from Co. Mayo except by Warren on Killala Bay and near Downpatrick Head; but repeatedly met with off that coast and off Achill by Rev. W. 8. Green. Ussher has seen it off Slyne Head; and it roams over the ocean, often in flocks, north and south of Connaught from August to November. Its nesting-place was discovered for the first time in 1909 on Tristan @Achuna (Bull. B. O. C., No. elxiv, p. 22). Puffinus griseus (Gmel.). Soory SHEARWATER.—A specimen in Dublin Museum was shot between Achill and The Bills on 22nd May, 1901. Another was shot at Portmore Bay on the Mullet, 5rd August, 1910 (Wallace). On 17th August, 1911, the Duchess of Bedford saw a large number between Eagle Island and Black Rock.! Sooty and Great Shearwaters have been repeatedly seen off the land’s ends of Cork and Kerry by Becher and Farran, chiefly in August and September, and sometimes in considerable numbers. Puffinus anglorum (Temm.). Manx SHEARWATER.—Reported by light- keepers as heard on Clare Island in April (when Shearwaters are frequently observed) ; M‘Cabe says, ‘often seen.” Common in summer on the neighbouring sea; and Wallace says, “ nests on various islands.” G. E. Scroope got the egg on Kid Island, and Moistha is another breeding- place (Warren ) Colonies exist on Aranmore and the Kerry isles. Fulmarus glacialis (Linn.). FuLmAr.—Seen on the wing inside Black Rock (Mayo), July, 1911, by Lindner and Ussher, who found a colony breeding on north Mayo coast same month ; while others were found breeding in north Donegal in May, 1911, and had been observed in both localities the previous season. Not found on Clare Island cliffs; but should be looked for there, now that it has taken to nesting on the Irish coast, and spreading so fast among the isles of Scotland. Fulmars are met with at all seasons twenty miles and upwards west of Ireland. ' << British Birds,’’ vol. v, p. 141. 20 46 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. TV.—CoMPARATIVE TABLE OF BIRDS OF CLARE ISLAND, ACHILL,; NEIGHBOURING ISLANDS, AND ADJOINING MAINLAND. < increasing. > decreusing. r, rare. = Craze I. ACHILL. Oruexr IsLanps. MaINLAND. Mistle-Thrush. . — O< — —_ — = x I decreasing. r, vare. = | Crare I. | ACHILL, | Orxer IsLtanps. MAINLAND. | & | 4 D = A wm || 3 A A) a rai || White Wagtail, -- | — es = | FX = = = e | tr X = Grey Wagtail, a ee | _ — | x — | xX | = = Yellow Wagtail, | — |} f}-] = | =ai5 PEK SS | esa Nl Meadow Pipit, . i x x = | x x | = PSs Ne = — | x | x | <= Red-throated Pipit, . |) | — ay 285 lee > x il = = = | = | = = Be MM a aalies) eet | Tae et Na fee || |e Spotted Flycatcher, . _— | a |e | “| = = He ees lees | x = = Swallow, : a) Ke Uliana Pian wl OS laa _ x SS = “|| x | = = Martin, 2 5 ||) — | = | X | x | | es | K | = = Sand-Martin, . a tt | — = | = = | = = | = | = | KS = Greenfinch, . : — Se a SS SS = = = | — | = = Hawfinch, 3 > il = — = _ — | ese i = | Se] =H] i — | = irs ceoptttricay, Se SIs e e e = Sie) = House-Sparrow, . x | _ | x | = ee x | = | = i x | —] — Tree-Sparrow, : | —- | — = | — — = — = = rx _ = 20 48 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. COMPARATIVE TABLE OF BIRDS OF CLARE ISLAND, &e.—continaued. < increasing. > decreasing. r, vare. = Crane I. | ACHILL. OvHER IsLANDs. MaINrAND. Te | = sb | sb | 2 | a | A | @ i va | || a || we ea | pA te Magpie, = | = x | x x — = — = kee at | = Jackdaw, _— —_— | x ase = — = kes peter [eee Raven, x —-,— |x a ye | = = x eee Ne Hooded Crow, x | x — || X — = ~ | = = Kx x a Rook, = x —- |- x -— = x — — rx | = Stes Cuckoo, x = | = >< — = x | = = | x a | = Barn-Owl, — }—)}] — = — = = = = || x |e ot eee Long-eared Owl, — — — >< — — = = =— I x so pa Short-eared Owl, = x — _— x = = — Seen ss x pes Snowy Owl, = — ? — — |rx = = == = == |p 5¢ Hen-Hanvier, . — = ins | ae es Golden Eagle, - — — >r = = |Sr =. = heat Sparrow- Hawk, = EF | 2 x x = = Greenland Falcon, = = & — — x — — x = — x Peregrine Falcon x — = 52 _— = x = = v4 = = Merlin, Fs = x 4 = Se as Kestrel, 3 — a x = a x aa wan aie ae Cormorant, — = x 2 _ Zs © Pa. = x ae = Shag, 5 a ie a |i elle Gielen (lt yO | 5 Gannet, . =" lees yell a Nexo Wx = |S x =) xe x Common Heron, — =| esi ih Ox == = = = x x ao ae Bittern, =) = P= I] eee oP pte | M5 wees lle He Sr a (ee | Bee pase Spoonbill. = =, || | = = ee a ee = || = S55. MENG Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 49 COMPARATIVE TABLE OF BIRDS OF CLARE ISLAND, &¢.—continued. < increasing. > decreasing. y, rare. — } Crane I. | ACHILL. OruEn IshanDs. | MAINLAND. | * A Rn ay a wm || A Dn ao A R Greylag Goose, 5 | | x = | = = = | _ x | = White-fronted Goose, | = x eri lee _ — x f= — = Mhuiited oD) ucla = || = “1 — Fy = | |= | =F] = SO ul == Seaup Duck, . : | = | = = ! a x ened |) = | — | = x | pk: Golden-eye, | ] se | | I ge i eat Long-tailed Duck, . || — | — as | = x ae ae gee = | Bea a2 aed Hitler Dad pe MM ese |p Se all ee) a area ee a le else King Eider, . 6 | | = rX | _— = = | eas eS: = Common Scoter, . | | | = | x \ = oe = eee || ae | x Surf Scoter, . é | — = = | = as l\sp Se | — = = = | =) e Goosander, . : = = ox | = = | — | _— — = Br oe | x ; : | | oo na | - | a. _ | x ~ | oy | ant = = | Ring=Waoyen! ya) = pe « = | == | = == = a | | \| R.1.A. PROC,, VOL, XXXI G 20 20 50 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. COMPARATIVE TABLE OF Brps OF CLARE ISLAND, &¢.—continued. < increasing. > decreasing. r, Tare. Crane I. ACHILL. Oruer IsLanDs. MaInLanp. Breeding. Not breeding. Stragglers. | Breeding. Not breeding. Not breeding. Breeding. Stragglers. Breeding. Not breeding. Stragglers. Rock-Dove, . Turtle-Dove, - Pallas’s Sand-Grouse, Red Grouse, Pheasant, Partridge, Quail, Com-Crake, Water- Rail, Water-Hen, Coot, Ringed Plover, Golden Plover. Grey Plover, Lapwing, Turnstone, Oyster-catcher, Grey Phalarope, Red-necked Phalarope Woodcock, Great Snipe, Common Snipe. Jack Snipe, American Pectoral | Sandpiper, ‘ Dunlin, Purple Sandpiper, Knot, . . . Sanderling, x x xX &X MEX KX >x P SPP Ee Seki S) consent SPAS PAS OS eS PN 2M x x x x OS DS OS eS oS bs x xX x KX OK OK | Ke KE tor | KR KS Clare Island Survey—Aves. 20 51 COMPARATIVE TABLE OF BIRDS OF CLARE ISLAND, &c.—continued. < increasing. > decreasinge r, rare. _ | Cuare I. ACHILL. OTHER IsLANDs. | MAINLAnb. = ui __ lll Se i ee eee 2 . & ee s F a} : ee ele Le Rutt, : ; 5 = | — = == — |lrx H a a - = = rx Common Sandpiper, | x | | ia x | = | x las [aes x | os | ea Green Sandpiper, . |} — | — — = = = | = = a = | — |ips edshan kamen) ra |e ere Niece xe Se x x Greenshank, = | — | — | = x | | é | x Hse Bar-tailed Godwit, . || — =/=]= x earih | x ine 2 Heit, | = | = |= p= | of aye fae} = fa | a ex Curlew, 6 D — x — = x Misetes = x — il se hee | wi Wii, o off a} 2 )oie ls | a ie eee Black Tern, . 5 — ee Neeser | ee = lr Se eT ely, Hee = = | = Sandwich Tern, . ||) — — — Sys a H alee | ce lS> } = | = 2% | a =| = Common Tern, : — x = | = | x | xs Ill 9 = nae | eT ANG | = Arctic Tern, . 0 x Sas = | = | = x | oh | = Herring-Gull, of xs i= = | x | = | | x | = | 3 Ep | = as la | \ ae 7) See eller of = = | x = — . ‘Cc Soph Bietaed We = etl ieee ee ie bee hlees ie ee Glaucous Gull, 6 | — — — — x = = a oe = x Iceland Gull, . 2 — — = x = a —~ {|= | = x = Kittiwake, . alliiase — — — =e = = x lhgaaise + aoe = = Ivory Gull, - . | — | | — irx Pomatorhine Skua, . | | x | ees, es se ie Richardson’s Skua, . f= | x? = — Ga | me = 4 = x = Buffon’s Skua, 5 | = == x re ue | x ! | i. iw Tecan: tome Meal SG || leo es es | =| x TR 50 8h eal ree (eee 20 52 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. COMPARATIVE TABLE OF BIRDS OF CLARE ISLAND, &¢.—continued. < inereasing. . > decreasing. ry "tia: — Craxz I. i ACHILL. OrueEn IsLanbs. | MAINLAND. Sl 2 | eal eee e | 2 | elke ie Sp Sees ceaceael Guillemot, x = ae aha -- x = x = Black Guillemot, — — x = x — il) x = Little Auk, - -— _ = x = = x —|—| Puffin, »< — — — — = x = = | > 5 US (6) Dredging, ; ° 0 - 38 | ty. Arrangement of the list, . ° = iO ur. The Molluscan Fauna : y. List of Species, 5 A 5 ill (a) Extent, constitution, and local vi. Bibliography, . ‘ < a . 39 distribution, . 5 0 . 4 | vu. Index of Genera, . 6 P . 3¢ I. THE AREA DEFINED AND DESCRIBED. UNLIKE most marine areas, the area dealt with in the following list admits of very precise definition. Itis included within a line drawn from the south- western extremity of Clare Island to the mainland at Emlagh Point and thence continued along the mainland coast by Old Head, Westport Quay, Newport, and Mulranny to the southern entrance of Achill Sound, whence it passes south-west to Clare Island Light-house and follows the eastern and southern coast-lines of the island to the starting-point. The area is, in short, the shores and waters of Clew Bay, having an extension east and west of some 15 miles and north and south of 8 miles. The coast-line, neglecting the minor sinuosities of the remarkably broken eastern shores, measures approximately 55 miles, a length which would be doubled by strictly following these sinuosities, and adding in the shore-limes of the crowded archipelago of drift islands which gives its peculiar character to the bay. The whole area thus defined may be considered a shallow-water one. The deepest dredging made, between Clare Island Light and Achillbeg, hardly exceeded 25 fathoms, while amongst the creeks and channels of the eastern islands and islets the dvedgings ranged from 2 to 5 fathoms. The physical character of the shores and of the sea-bottom, regarded as habita- tions for the various tribes of marine mollusca, is sufficiently varied. On the western side of the bay, the shores of Clare Island between tide-marks are almost exclusively rocky or boulder-strewn, the only sandy beach being R.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. A 22 22 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. a stretch of a couple of hundred yards at the harbour. On the east of Clew Bay, the inner shores are in general muddy or marshy, interspersed with sandy beaches, usually of small extent, bué occasionally, as off Annagh Island and Bartra towards the south, and east of Mulranny on the north, expanding into wide strands at low waiter. On the south, irom Roonah Quay to Leckanvy, rock predominaies, and towards the north-west, along ihe Curraun peninsula, narrow boulder-sirewn beaches stretch along the foot of the lofty scarps of drift which here wall in the coast. Amongst the inner - islands the bottom is in general muddy, gravelly, or weedy, and in some parts, especially off Inishlyre, is covered with beds of “coral,” Lithothamnion caleareum Aresch., locally Known as “Grooanock.” In the open bay, the bottom is for the most part sandy, but patches of rough gravel or of mud occur, with occasional small areas of drifted shell-sand yielding dredgings rich in the smaller Gasteropods. Il. EXPLORATION OF THE AREA. (a) Shore-collecting. The exploration of the marine molluscan fauna of the area just defined and described was allotted tome as my share of the Clare Island Survey. Though from a distributional point of view this branch of the survey is perhaps the least interesting and instructive, it proved by no means the least onerous ; and had it not been for the cheerful aid given me by many skilled helpers, I should have despaired of carrying it out with any approach to completeness in the short time available. Four visits, each of about a week's duration, were paid to the district during the thirteen months from July, 1909. to August, 1910; and on the whole quite as much attention was given to dredging as to shore-collecting. Clare Island itself was visited three times, July 16th—23rd, 1909; July 2Ist— 26th, and August 16th-2ist, 1910; and early in May of the latier year six days, 6th-11th, were spent on the shores of Westport Bay, with head- quarters at Belclare, about two miles south-west of Westport Quay. Almost daily during these visits shore-collecting was carried on at low water, with the result that the eastern and southern shores of Clare Island, the shores of Annagh Island, of Dorinish, of Inishimmel, and of the Scotch Bonnet, that curious grass-crowned fag-end of an island so conspicuous in the Westport channel, were fairly well explored. Some desultory shore-collecting was done, too, at Old Head on the 25th July, 1909; at Mulranny, on the 28th July, 1910; and at the south-western extremity of Curraun Achill on the 15th August of the same year. During the four visits to the district I had the good fortune tobe associated with other workers either well versed in Clare Island Survey—Marine Mollusca. 22 3 this department of marine research or actually investigating other depart- ments for the purposes of the survey, and their volunteer gatherings con- tributed not a little to the fullness of my collections. In this connexion I would specially mention Miss Jane Stephens and Mr, A. R. Nichols of our National Museum, Mr. A. D. Cotton of Kew Herbarium, and Mr. Praeger, the Carnot of our various survey campaigns. It will be seen from this sketch of the shore-collecting operations that large tracts of the eastern division of the area were left untouched. It may be fairly assumed, however, that the two sections worked yielded collections representative of the littoral mollusca of the area, and that an extended survey of the complex network of creeks and islands stretching northward from Dorinish to Newport would have added little to the final result, (0) Dredging. Quite as important as the shore-collecting were the dredging operations carried on during the four visits referred to. These operations would in all probability have been confined to the inshore waters, and would consequently have been hopelessly incomplete, but for the courtesy of the directors of the Fisheries Branch of our Agricultural and Technical Instruction Department, who arranged for several visits of their steamship “Helga” to Clew Bay during her scientific cruises and while survey parties were at work on the island. At each visit the “ Helga,” fully equipped for such work, made numerous dredgings, especially in the off-shore and deeper parts of the bay. On her first visit, May 22nd—27th, 1909, 15 effective hauls were made in the bay im from 5 to 253 fathoms, and one in Inishlyre Roads at 5 fathoms. The material taken in these dredgings (apparently the finer siftings were not preserved) was examined by Miss A. L. Massy of the Fisheries Branch, and yielded a list of 74 species, which was kindly placed at my disposal. On the second visit, August 23rd—26th, 1909, only four effective hauls were made, three in the bay in from 53 to 14 fathoms, and one off Inishgowla in 4 fathoms. The material was handed over to me, and on examination proved rather productive, giving a yield of 106 species. On the “ Helga’s” third visit, August 16th-18th, 1910, I enjoyed the privilege of taking part in the dredging operations conducted under the direction of Mr. G. P. Farran, and was thus enabled to select from the 8 effective hauls made, two in Inishlyre Roads at 2f. and at 4 f. and six im the bay in from 10 to 19f. the material likely to yield the best results. On careful examination this material gave me a total of 159 species. One dredging in from 10 to 12f. about a mile and a half N.E. of Old Head gave 98 species, and another in 19f, in mid-bay in a bed of shell drift A 2 22 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. produced no less than 133 species. This last was the richest yield of any single hanl made in the area, and has, [ think, been rarely exceeded by any single haul made in Ivish coastal waters. In a large proportion of the total of 28 effective hauls made by the “ Helga” during her three visits the tow-net was used attached to the dredge, so as to secure samples of the finer material. The inshore or shallow-water dredgings were made usually from a row- boat or small sailing-boat or from a pookaun, the stout lug-sailed craft by which communication is carried on between Clare Island and the mainland. A total of 24 productive dredgings were made, and in the majority of these I was assisted by Mr. Praeger. In July, 1909, five scrapes were made at Clare Island, one in about 12 fathoms off the Light-house Cove, and four in about 5 fathoms off the harbour or off Granuaile’s Castle. On the 26th of the same month Mr. A. D. Cotton joined me in a dredging-irip by sailing-boat amongst the inner islands of the bay from Rossmindle by Sruhnamael (Maelstrom) round Inishlyre and Collon Beg, when four productive hauls were made in from 2 to5fathoms. In May, 1910, twelve hauls were made in the Westport Channel, nine of these off Scotch Bonnet and Inishimmel and three in Inishlyre Roads ; and finally in July of the same year, three hauls were made at Clare Island, two of them off the Castle in about 5 fathoms, and the third within half a mile of Light-house Cove in about 10 fathoms. This last haul proved a rich one, yielding me a total of 104 species. All of these inshore dredgings were made with a close-meshed dredge-bag which retained much of the finer material. Altogether 52 effective dredgings were made within the area, the “ Helga’s” 23 deep-water hauls being so distributed as to yield samples from all parts of the open bay, while the shallow-water dredgings, like the shore-gatherings, were almost confined to the Clare Island shores and the neighbourhood of Westport Bay and channel. IIT. Toe Moiiuscan Fauna. (a) Its Extent, Constitution, and Local Distribution. The survey operations just described, incomplete though they were, have yielded material sufficient to serve as foundation, not only for what is the first detailed Jist of the Marine Mollusca of Clew Bay, but also for a first attempt to estimate the relative frequency of the various species. The bay was visited and dredgings made there about the middle of the last century by many able and zealous workers, such as Edward Forbes, Robert Ball, William Thompson, and Dr. Farran. But the only published results of their labours in the district are a few scattered records in various works, yielding a total of no more than 19 species. Clare Island Survey—Marine Mollusca. 22 5 The number of species recorded in the following list as the fruit of the dredgings and shore-collections made in 1909 and 1910 is 243. Adding to this three species previously recorded, but not taken during the survey opera- tions, Hledone cirrhosa, Bulla hydatis, and Doto fragilis, the total of known species for the district is increased to 246. No shallow-water area of the Irish west coast hitherto explored has yielded so rich a molluscan fauna as this. The closest approach to it is to be found in the List of the Molluscs of Ballina- kill and Bofin Harbours, the jomt work of Mr. G. P. Farran (Nudibranchs) and Mr. E. R. Sykes (Testaceous Mollusca), where a total of 191 species is recorded (“ Reports of Sea and Island Fisheries of Ireland,” published 1903 and 1905). It should be noted that the smaller forms were not specially sought for in collecting the material from which the second part of this list was drawn up. Next in importance to this Co. Galway list comes Miss Amy Warren’s for Killala Bay, with a total of 186 species, the fruit of shore-collecting alone extending over a period of several years (“ Journ. of Conchology,” 1892). Of the 243 species included in the present list as the result of the survey operations, two, Theeacera pennigera and Actaconia Cocksii, are for the first time recorded as Irish. The first is an addition to the Ivish marine fauna, the second may prove to be only the substitution of one species for another of the same genus. Five species, Zonicella rubra, Circulus striatus, Odostomia conspicua, Pyrgulina scalaris, and Mytilus phaseolinus, are additions to Marine Province V. of Mr. A. R. Nichols’ “List of the Marine Mollusca of Ireland,” the province stretching from Loop Head northward to Erris Head, and a sixth species, Cylichnina nitidula, is an addition to the shallow-water area of the same province. The occurrence of the elegant little Circulus striatus (Trochus Duminyi) i two dredgings in the bay makes a welcome addition to the existing small tale of Irish records for this rare species. Amongst the species taken in the Clew Bay area which, though not new to Marine Province V., are yet generally rare in Ivish waters, the following are worthy of mention :— Scalaria Trevelyana Odostomia diaphana Cadlina obyelata Alvania carinata Liostoma clavula Rostanga coccinea Manzonia zetlandica Kulimella nitidissima Triopa claviger Ceratia proxima Mangilia striolata Aeolis glauca Barleeia rubra M. attenuata Modiolus adriaticus Jeffreysia diaphana Tornatina mammillata Lima Loscombi Marginella laevis Volvulella acuminata Lepton nitidum Jordaniella nivosa Bulla Utriculus L. squamosum Kulima bilineata Philine scabra Tellina pusilla Odostomia conoidea Jorunna Johnstoni Saxicayella plicata 22 6 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. The molluscan fauna of the Clew Bay area is devoid of any very striking characteristic. Almost all of the principal groups and genera are well repre- sented in its total of 246 species in which the Gasteropods stand to the Pelecypods as 147 to 86. Some of the leading genera, taking them in the wide Jefireysian sense, appear, indeed, to be more fully represented in Clew Bay than in other Irish West Coast areas. Thus, Odostomia has 20 species, Trochus 9, Venus, Tellina, and Chiton 7 each, while Rissoa with 16 species is equalled only in Miss Warren’s list for Killala Bay. In one group, however, the Nudibranchs, the Clew Bay molluscan fauna with but 16 species compares very unfavourably with that of a neighbouring West Coast area, Ballinakill and Bofin Harbours, where the labours of a skilful observer, Mr. G. P. Farran, have resulted in the discovery of no less than 46 species (“ Ivish Fisheries Report,” loc. cit.). There is good reason to believe that a further exploration of some of the outer islands along the Westport Channel, especially Inishimmel (locally known as Inishivvel), would add considerably to the Nudibranch fauna of Clew Bay. Although considered as a section of the Imish West Coast, the Clew Bay area cannot be said to possess any very distinctive character in its molluscan fauna; the local distribution of the species presents some features of interest. Adopting a rough division of the area into western, middle, and eastern, we find that the total molluscan fauna of 246 species is thus distributed. The western division, including the shores of Clare Island and the waters imme- diately adjacent to a depth of 10 fathoms, yields 155 species, reduced to 105 if the seaward limit be drawn at the 5-fathom line, or to 51 species, or less than half that number, if its area be restricted to the shores of the island between tide-marks. The eastern division, including the shores of the bay from Old Head to Achill Sound, with the archipelago of drift islands and the shallow channels between them, has a fauna of 145 species, reduced to 53 if we limit the area to the shores between tide-marks; and the middle section, or the open waters of the bay lying between the eastern and western divisions, has a fauna of 178 species. The middle or deeper-water area has the largest number (41) of peculiar species, that is to say, species not found in either of the other divisions; the western has the smallest number (17) of such species, and the eastern division stands intermediate, with 22 peculiar species. Common to all three divisions are 81 species, or slightly less than one-third of the total molluscan fauna. A comparison of the littoral molluscan faunas of the eastern and western divisions, using the word “littoral” here, not in its strict sense, but as including all species actually found living between tide-marks during the course of the survey, Shows the eastern fauna to be more austral in character than the Clare Island Survey—Marine Mollusca. 22 7 western. ‘The eastern or mainland division, as already stated, has 53 littoral species to 51 in the western or Clare Island division. If we exclude from these totals the Nudibranchs and Ascoglossans, whose general range in Europe is hardly sutticiently well known to permit of their species being assigned to definite distributional groups, we find on analysis that the mainland or eastern littoral fauna thus reduced to 46, includes 6 austral species, or more than one-eighth of the total, while of the western or Clare Island littorals reduced to 38, only 2 species, or one-nineteenth of the total, belong to the austral group. It may be well to state here the precise meaning attached to the terms austral and boreal in the comparisons already made, or about to be made. By austral species of mollusca, we mean such species as range from the British Isles south to the Mediterranean; by boreal species, such as range from the English Channel northward to within the Arctic Circle. It must be admitted that there is a considerable element of uncertainty in the constitution of these groups, since they are based on a mass of records often lacking in detail and of unequal value. They may, nevertheless, be accepted as useful guides to the general character of our local molluscan faunas. The present ‘contrast in the physical conditions of the eastern and western divisions of the Clew Bay area would appear to be sufficient explanation of the absence from the island of the following group of species, which is characteristic of the molluscan fauna of the opposite or eastern shores of the bay :— Gibbula magus Modiolus barbatus Tapes decussatus Lunatia catena Axinus flexuosus T. aureus Paludestrina stagnalis §_ Tellina balthica Cardium exiguum Tornatina obtusa Scrobicularia piperata Mya arenaria Akera bullata Mactra subtruncata M. truncata The presence of these species in the east and their absence from the west merely show that each division exhibits in its marine fauna the defects of its physical qualities, and the whole group, or a large part of it, may at one time have inhabited the Clare Island shores, when the conditions there resembled those which now obtain on the opposite mainland shores. And it is not improbable that such conditions may have obtained on the island shores when the glacial deposits which at one time appear to have choked up the bay were in process of removal by erosion and denudation. Tf these absences from the Clare Island fauna are just such as we might expect, it is quite otherwise in the case of a widespread west Ivish species, Trochoclea lineata (Lvochus). No vestige of this could be found on any part 22 8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. of the carefully explored eastern or southern shores of the island, though it is frequent and well developed on the outer islands of the eastern coast of the bay some 8 miles distant. Having touched on these negative characteristics of the Clare Island marine mollusca, attention may be drawn to what appears to be a positive distinctive feature in the fauna of its shores as compared with those of the mainland—the presence of two interesting Ascoglossans or close allies of the Nudibranchs, Hermaea dendritica and Elysia viridis. Both of these occur in profusion between tide-marks on the island ; and their prominence in its marine fauna, if one may be permitted to associate the idea of prominence with such elusive, protectively coloured species, is perhaps conditioned by the abundance on the island shores of their food-plant, the green seaweed, Codiwm tomentosum. The absence of this weed from the greater part of the uncongenial eastern shores of the bay explains the absence therefrom of the two Ascoglossans. Yet it is not improbable that further research may prove that these species oecur on the imperfectly explored rocky coast from Roonah to Old Head, where Codiwm is abundant. Amongst the species found in the middle or deeper water division of the area, but not in either of the other divisions, the following are probably excluded by insufficient depth of water :— Calliostoma Montagui Cylichnina nitidula Astarte sulcata Sealaria Trevelyana Volvulella acuminata Cyprina islandica Rissoa cancellata Dentalium entalis Diplodonta rotundata Odostomia conoidea Lima Loscombi Saxicavella plicata In this small group, though we find that mingling of northern and southern forms which occurs all round the Ivish shores, the southern element in itis still perceptibly superior, as it is throughout the Irish shallow-water areas im general. (6) Comparison with the East Coast Mollusca. When the mollusean fauna of Clew Bay, as a whole, and so far as we know it at present, is compared with that of the shores and shallow waters of Co. Dublin on the east coast, we do not find the austral element directly pre- ponderant in the western area, as we have found it in comparing one part of that area with another, and as we should find it in comparing the Irish west coast as a whole with the east coast. But we find the boreal element much stronger in the east than in the west ; and it isin the relation of the boreal to the austral element in each of the faunas that we shall find the best standard of comparison. The western or Clew Bay area has 5 boreal species to 31 austval; the eastern or Dublin area has 12 boreals to 37 australs; so that Clare Island Survey—Marine Mollusca. 22 9 on the west the boreals are a little less than one-sixth of the australs, while in the east they are almost one-third. Dublin has the following 11 austral species not hitherto recorded for Clew Bay :— Calliostoma granulatum Plewrobranchus mem- Ceratisolen legumen Tninatia sordida branaceus Pholas dactylus Turbomilla pusilla Solenocurtus candidus PP. candida Bellardiella gracilis S. antiquatus P. parva Of these 11 Dublin australs, however, which are apparently absent from Clew Bay, all but one (Pholas parva) range round the south-west and west coasts of Ireland from Cork to Connemara, and 3 are known to extend even as far north as Donegal. It is not unreasonable, then, to assume that further research would reveal the presence of several of these species in Clew Bay. And although a century-long exploration of the Dublin marine area has yielded records for 11 austral species which two seasons’ work has failed to detect in Clew Bay, it must be borne in mind that 5 of these 11 austvrals, those in italics in the above list, are extremely rare in Dublin. On the other hand, the Clew Bay area has 4 austral species, Circulus striatus, Modiolus barbatus, Modiolaria costulata and Diplodonta rotundata, which are absent, not merely from Dublin, but from the whole Irish east coast, from Carnsore Point in Wexford to Fair Headin Antrim. Andall of these 4 species, in their extra-Britannic range, are much more distinctly southern than the majority of the 11 Dublin australs which are apparently wanting in Clew Bay, though, with one exception, widespread on the Irish west coast. If, from the Trish austral species, as already defined, we select a sub-group of what may be called Pure Australs—that is to say, of species ranging from the British Isles to latitudes south of the Mediterranean, or ranging from the Mediterranean only so far north as southern England, then the Clew Bay area, in the present imperfect state of our knowledge, shows a total of 18 such distinctively southern species to but 17 in the very fully explored Dublin area. The mere presence of a species or group of species in a given area is in itself an uncertain test of the character of the fauna of that area. We must consider the standing there of each species, whether it be assured or pre- carious; and looked at from this point of view the austral element in the Dublin marine molluscan fauna will be found to have much less weight than its numbers would seem to entitle it to. Of the 37 Dublin austral species six, Trochochlea lineata, Gibbula magus, Scalaria clathratula, Alvania carinata, Caecum trachea, and Dentalium vulgare, are quite rare there as compared with Clew Bay; and two others, Alvania cancellata and Hrato laevis, though R.A, PROC,, VOL. XXXI, B 22 22 10 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. undoubtedly present, if rare, m Clew Bay, rest their claim to a place in the Dublin fauna each on a single old record. And to counterbalance this there are only two of the Clew Bay austral species, Calliostoma Montagui and Lunatia catena, which appear to be rarer there than in Dublin. Writers on our marine mollusca have more than once drawn attention to the great abundance of Cerithium on the west as compared with the east coasts of Ireland. The Clew Bay dredgings gave striking proof of this preponderance, not only in the commoner species, C. reticulatum, but also in the allied C. perversum. A day’s dredging in Dublin waters has never yielded me more than half a dozen shells of either species; a single haul off Clare Island in July, 1909, gave me 160 perfect and 108 broken shells of the first species, and another haul off the island in July, 1910, gave me 132 perfect shells of the second. In Clew Bay, too, as in the west generally, C. reticulatwm attaims to a far finer development than in Dublin. Specimens dredged off Scotch Bonnet in 1910 were fully 16 mm. (2 inch) in length, twice the size of my largest Dublin specimen. LV. ARRANGEMENT OF THE LIST. In the following detailed account of the Clew Bay species I have adopted, as the most convenient for students of Jrish distribution, the nomenclature and sequence of Mr. A. R. Nichols’ well-known List of the Marine Mollusca of Ireland (Proc. R.I.A., 3rd series, vol. v, 1900). Where the generic name of the list differs from that used in Jeffreys’ “ British Conchology,” I have added Jeffreys’ generic name in brackets, together with his specific name where that differs in more than grammatical form from the specific name in the List. In most cases it has not been thought necessary to give the depth of the various dredgings in which the species were taken. Only the number of dredgings and their range in depth are given. Thus, “taken in 10 dredgings, 2-19 f.” indicates that a species was dredged in 2f. and in 19f., and in 8 other hauls at intermediate depths. As a help in estimating the relative frequency and degree of development of the various species within the area, details are given rather freely as to the number and maximum size of the specimens taken, the measurements being in millimetres of, say, 25 to the English inch. The capital letters, W., M., or E., aftixed to the name of a species in the present list, indicate the divisions of the area in which that species was found to occur. The western division, W., includes the shores of Clare Island and the waters within half a mile of them, where several dredgings were made off the harbour and Granuaile’s Castle in 5f., and one off Light-house Cove in 10f. The eastein division, E., includes all the shores of the mainland from Roonah Quay to the southern opening of Achill Sound, Clare Island Survey— Murine Mollusea. 232 11 as well as the shores of the drift islands and the channels between them. The middle division, M., includes the open waters of Clew Bay outside the limits of W. and E. In the list the word ‘ shell’ means ‘ empty shell.’ In concluding this introduction I wish to make special acknowledgment to Mr. A. R. Nichols, of the National Museum, for the valuable assistance he has given me in the determination of many critical species, and for the courtesy with which he has at all times granted me access to the museum cabinets of Irish marine mollusca. I have also to thank Mz. G. P. Farran and Miss A. L. Massy, of the Irish Fisheries Branch, for the communication of several interesting notes on the “ Helga’s” Clew Bay dredgings. VY. List OF SPECIES. Class CEPHALOPODA. Order DIBRANCHIATA. Eledone cirrhosa (Lamarck). M.E. Rare? Clew Bay (Dublin Museum) Nichols 1900; Westport (Miss M. Ball) Zhompson, *56. Sepiola atlantica d’Orbigny. M. Rare? Taken in 2 dredgings in the bay in from 13 to 20 f.’09, a total of 3 specimens. S. scandica Steenstrup (S. Hondeletz). M. Rare: a single specimen taken in 18 f., ’09. Loligo media (Linné). M. Frequent: trawled 4 times in the bay, 1909 and 1910, in from 16-20 f., a total of 15 specimens. Class AMPHINEURA. Order POLYPLACOPHORA. Acanthochites fascicularis Linné (Chiton). W.F. MJRare: under stones in several places on the E. and 8. of the island, 09 and °10, usually occurring singly, but 5 were taken in one gathering at Portarriv. One specimen at Blind Sound, Achillbeg, and 2 living specimens dredged in the bay, one in 8 f., the other in 10f. Hanleya mendicaria (Mighels). (Chiton Hanleyi.) FE. One specimen ona dead shell in 5 f., Inishlyre Roads. Lepidopleurus cancellatus (G. B. Sowerby, jun.). (Chiton.) W. One specimen 4°5 mm. long off Granuaile’s Castle, ‘09, and another in the same station, “10. L. onyx (Spengler). (Chiton cinereus.) W.M. E. Frequent on dead shells in dredgings in from 5-18 f. b2 22 12 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Trachydermon cinereus (Linné). (Chiton marginatus.) W. E. Occasional under stones on the E. and 8. shores of the island, also at Old Head, Dorinish, and Blind Sound. Callochiton laevis (Montagu). (Chiton.) E. Rare: One specimen under a stone at low tide, outer shore of Dorinish, 10. Clew Bay (Thompson MS.), Nichols, 1900. Tonicella rubra (Linné). (Chiton.) W.M.E. Rare. Valves in 5 f. off the Castle, Clare Is., 09; one living specimen in about 6 f. in the bay, ’09, and another at low water, Dorinish, ’10. Class GASTEROPODA. Order PROSOBRANCHIATA. Acmaea virginea (Miller). (Zectura.) W.M.E. Common. Living on stones at low water, Clare Island, and on the eastern shores of the bay, at Annagh Is., Dormish, &. Dead shells common in 18 dredgings, 4-19 f., as many as 95 having been taken in one haul off Mulranny. Patella vulgata Linne. W.E. Common in all suitable stations on the shores of the island and the bay. Var. depressa Pennant. Frequent in rock-pools, Clare Island. Helcion pellucidum (linné), W.M.E. Occasional, living, between tide- marks on the island and on the eastern bay shores; shells frequent in dredgings 5-18 f., living in 10 f. and in 18 f. Var, laevis Pennant. Common and of large size on Laminaria roots. Specimens 29 min. x 22 mm. were frequently seen round the kelp ovens on the southern shores of the island. Fissurella graeca (Linné), W.M.E. Frequent, living, between tide-marks on the eastern shores at Dorinish, Inishimmel, and Aunagh Is. A specimen from the last station measured 28:°5 mm. x 19 mm. In 6 dredgings off the island and in the bay, 4-19 f.; living in 6 f. Emarginula fissura (Linné) W.M. Frequent; in 4 dredgings 5-19 f.; 1 to 18 shells in a haul; living at 6 f. Cyclostrema serpuloides (Montagu). M.E. Not infrequent. Dredged 5 times, 2-19 f. C. nitens (Philippi). W.M.E. Rare? Taken in 4 dredgings, 4-19 f, a total of 12 specimens. Living in 4 f. off Inishlyre. Trochocochlea lineata (Da Costa). (Tvrochus.) E. Abundant and well-grown near high-water mark on the shores of the outer islands and promon- tories of the east coast, as at Bartra, Scotch Bonnet, and Dorinish, also at the S. E. extremity of Curraun Achill, Specimens taken at Clare Island Survey— Marine Mollusea. 22 13 Dorinish were fully 25 mm. in length and breadth. Quite absent froni the shores of the inner islands and from the muddy creeks and chanuels, the species apparently thriving only in pure open-sea water ; yet no trace of it could be found on the shores of Clare Island, though carefully searched for. Gibbula magus (Linné). (Zvrochus.) W.E. Abundant, living, and of large size, in the channels amongst the eastern islands in from 2-5 f. on muddy or “coral” bottoms. Especially fine in Inishlyre Roads, where examples up to 30 mm. in diameter were frequently dredged. Very rare in the deeper and purer waters of the open bay, where it was but once taken, a single shell in 10 f. G. cineraria (Linné). (Z'rochus.) W.M.E. Common between tide-marks : frequent in dredgings, 2-12 f., but of small size in depths greater than 8) ti, G. tumida (Montagu). (Z'rochus.) W.M.E. Frequent. In 5 dredgings, 4-19 f.; rare in the shallower water, but abundant in the 19 f. haul. G. umbilicata (Montagu). (Zrochus.) W.E. Very common between tide- marks ; absent from all dredgings. Circulus striatus (Philippi). (Zvochus Duminyi.) W.M. Rare. Twice dredged in 1910, 3 shells in 10 f. off Light-house Cove, July 26th, and 1 shell in 19 f. in mid-bay, August 17th. The largest of the 4 perfect shells taken measured almost 3°5 mm. in diameter. Clew Bay is but the fifth Irish station on record for this rare species. Calliostoma Montagui (W. Wood). (Z'rochus Montacutt.) M. Rare: twice dredged, once in 15 f. and again in 19 f., a total of 8 shells. C. miliare (Brocchi). (Zvrochus millegranus.) M. Rare: one juvenile shell taken in 10 f., and 2 others in 19 f. C. zizyphinum (Linné). (Zrochus.) W.M. E. Frequent, living, between tide- marks: occasional in dredgings, 10-19 f. Phasianella pullus (Linné). W. M. E. Frequent in dredgings, 2-19 f. Living at low water, Clare Island, and im 5 f. off the Castle. A more brilliantly coloured shell there than on the Dublin coast. Scalaria clathratula (G. Adams). W.M. Rare: 2 shells dredged in 10f., and 6 in 19 f. 8. Trevelyana Leach. M. Rare: a single shell taken in each of two dredgings, 1 in 16 f., the other in 19 f. 8. communis Lamarck. W.M.E. Frequent, living, at low tide amongst the inner islands, as at Annagh Island, Inishimmel, &e.; whole or broken shells in small numbers in dredgings off the island and in the bay in d-19 f, 22 14 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Cioniscus unica (Montagu). (Aclis.) EH. Rave: two shells in 5f. off Inishlyre. Aclis ascaris (Turton). M. Rare: 7 shells dredged in 10f., and 6 in 19 f. A. supranitida (S. V. Wood). M. Rare: 3 shells dredged, 1 in 16 f. and 2 in from 53-11 f., the largest 5 mm. in length. Paludestrina stagnalis (Basterot). (Hydrobia ulvae Pennant.) EH. Swarming in still brackish waters amongst the inner islands, notably at Annagh Island, where hundreds were seen floating foot upwards and drifting before the wind on sunny pools. The dead shells form a conspicuous creamy band at high water along the beach at Mulranny. Abundant in dredgings off Inishlyre at 2 f. and at 4 f. Lunatia catena (Da Costa). (Natica.) M.?E. Rare? One shell on the beach at Annagh Island. Not identified in any of the 52 dredgings made, though some very small immature shells occurring at 10 f may perhaps belong to this species. L. Alderi (Forbes). (WVatica.) W.M. E. Frequent, living and dead, in from 4-19 f, Lamellaria perspicua (Linné). W.M.E. Occasional. One living at low water, Portlea, Clare Island, and another in 5 f, off Granuaile’s Castle; 1 living in 4 f. off Inishlyre; 1 shell in 10 f. off Light-house Cove, and 2 in the bay, 1 in 11 f., the other in 14 f. Capulus hungaricus Linné. W.M. Rare: in 5 dredgings, 2-19f., a total of 4 immature shells. Homalogyra rota (Forbes & Hanley). E. Rare: 2 shells im drift material from rock-pockets, Dorimish, 1910. Littorina obtusata Linné. | f : : Llittoneaalinees: W. E. Common in all suitable stations. L. neritoides (Linné). W. Abundant in many stations on the E. and 8. of the island on shaded rock-faces or in rock-clefts, associated with Z. 7udis and often several feet above high-water mark ; also amongst Lichina with Lasaea rubra and Turtonia minuta. Specimens fully 6 mm. in length were taken on cliff-faces south of Granuaile’s Castle. Not seen on the eastern bay shores. L. rudis (Maton). W.M. E. Common in all suitable stations. Var. jugosa Montagu. Frequent, living, at low water Portlea, Clare Island, also dvedged in 19 f. in the bay, 14 shells. Var. tenebrosa Montagu. Abundant in muddy creeks and channels, Annagh Island. Lacuna puteolus (Turton). W.E. Rare: One shell at Annagh Island, another in 4 f. off Inishlyre, and a third in 10 f. off Light-house Cove. Olare Island Survey— Marine Mollusca. 22 15 Lacuna pallidula (Da Costa), var. patula Thorpe. W. M. Rare? » o Le 21 14 16 17 24 Kellia, . . Lacuna, . Lamellaria, . Lamellidoris, Lasaea, Lepidopleuros, Lepton, . Lima, Limacina, Limapontia, Liostoma, Littorina, Loligo, Lucina, . Lucinopsis, . Lunatia, Lutraria, Mactra, Mangilia, Manzonia, Marginella, Modiolaria, Modiolus, Montacuta, . Murex, Mya, . Mytilus, Nassa, Natica, Nucula, . Ocinebra, Odostomia, . Ondina, . Onoba, Ostraea, . Paludestrina, Panopaea, 22 35 Page. 26 22 36 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. INDEX OF GENERA — continued. Page. ANE R 8 Cone ao WZ) Persephone, . . . 15 Rectenw ees sie ee emer Pectunculus; © . . 26 Phasianella, . . . 18 JOM, 5236 a 5 Al Pleurobranchus, . . 21 Pleurotoma,. . . . 19 ROIWOGE, 6 5 6 of BK Psammobia, . . . 32 PM, =f go o oo LW Eyre ulina ya ee eeeS Rissoa, wats) @ eco Rostanga, . . . . 24 pny, 6 o « o Pl SPIUEVEb oro 5 of Oo Saxicavella, . . . 33 Scaphander, . . . 22 SAT, § og 5) Go 1B Scrobicularia, . . . 30 SHOOGH, oa 0 4 o Mill DKeneas ease e eLO Sy gt oon oko 1a SWRA go ow! Bl Syndosyma, . . . 30 Tapes, Tectura, . Tellina, . Thecacera, . Thracia, Tonicella, Tornatina, Trachydermon, Triforis, Triopa, Trivia, Trochocochlea, Trochus, . Trophon, Turbonilla, . Turritella, Turtonia, Utriculus, . Venus, Venerupis, . Volvulella, . Zippora, . Clare Island Survey, 23 LAND AND FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA. By ARTHUR WILSON STELFOX. Prates I, II. Read January 22. Published Marcu 7, 1912. CONTENTS. PAGE PAGE 1. Introduction, 4 1 8. Annotated Lists, 4 set te 2. Field-work, . . . 3 9. Altitudinal Distribution of Species,. 48 3, Sub-division of the District, 4 10. Recent or Holocene Deposits, . 2350. 4. Comparison of the Sub-districts, 5 11. Table showing Local Distribution 5. Rare Species found in the District, 7 of Species, 0 : . 54 6. The Question of Dispersal, 5 8 12. Bibliography, : : 6 - 58 7. Influence of Man, . «i 9 > ld 13. Index of Species, . 5 , - 60 1, INTRODUCTION, CARPENTER! and Praeger,? as well as other writers, have pointed out the interest attached to the intermingling and overlapping of northern and southern—Arctic and Lusitanian—species along the west coast of Ireland. This is well exemplified in the Mollusca, though it is sometimes difficult to decide to which group a particular species should be referred, owing to the wide range in western Europe that some of these have obtained. Geomalacus maculosus, Helicella itala, H. barbara, Helix aspersa, Pupa anglica, and P. cylindracea are typical southerners and reach their most northerly stations in the Britannic area. Zonitoides nitidus, Planorbis glaber,s Vertigo lilljeborgi, and Pisidium lilljeborgi may be taken as typical of the northern group, the majority of which are partially cireumpolar in their distribution or have close 1 The mingling of the North and the South. Irish Nat., v, 57-68. 1896. 2 A Tourist’s Flora of the West of Ireland. 1909. 3 Pupa anglica has often been spoken of as a “northern ”’ species, from its frequently inhabiting the northern faces of the cliffs and similar shady habitats, &c. It is, however, a typical Lusitanian and occurs from St. Kilda, off the west coast of Scotland, to Algeria in north Africa, and has its nearest allies on the Atlantic Islands. 4 Planorbis glaber occurs trom northern Europe to the Atlantic Islands and appears to be replaced in Arctic Europe by P. areticus, in Siberia by P. sibiricus, and in North America by P. parvus. RIA, PROC., VOL. XXXL. A 23 23 2 Proceedings of the Roya! Irish Academy. allies in North America or Siberia. These two groups together comprise what I shall refer to afterwards as the “ western” fauna. Some of the western species appear to have formerly occupied a much greater area than they now inhabit, and they have probably been replaced by a newer fauna from the east in all but the most isolated districts of western Europe. The migration of others would appear to have been aided by a continuous coast-line from the Iberian peninsula northwards during the period of their dispersal. Some of the former have been preserved by the mountains and other places of retreat on the mainland of the Con- tinent, but the British archipelago has served as a retreat for several species which otherwise would have been exterminated ere long. The land and fresh-water Mollusca of Ireland may be roughly divided into two groups, namely, “western” and “eastern.” These terms are used since they briefly express the distribution of the species in western Europe, although in Ireland the eastern group is rather “ central,” while the western element is frequently dominant in parts other than in the west. Thus the greater part of the fauna of Wicklow is distinctly “western.” In parts of Ireland separated by natural barriers from the central lime- stone plain it is usual to find almost identical molluscan faunas. ‘Thus, that of north-west Donegal does not differ essentially from that of south-west Kerry, the west division of Cork, or parts of Wicklow. The greater part of the ground included in the Clare Island Survey is isolated from the central plain, but it embraces in the Castlebar and Clew Bay districts western exten- sions of the limestone area, Hence the list of the land and fresh-water mollusks of the district is considerably greater than otherwise would have been the case. That some of the species included in this list have inhabited this country since pre-Glacial times, there is, I think, sufficient evidence. The apparent lack of this evidence in the case of others belonging to the eastern group tends, in my opinion, to throw considerable doubt upon the supposed pre-Glacial arrival of this part of the fauna. Jfit be true that we have species of pre-Glacial and others of post-Glacial arrival, it would be expected that some of the more widely distributed species would have reached us during both periods. It is therefore interesting to find that some of these present two forms or races with different geographical ranges in Ireland, the one corresponding with that of species of the western group, while the other resembles the distribution of the eastern fauna. When the country has been closely re-surveyed, and we have expunged from our lists all records founded upon specimens collected in gardens, towns, or other similar situations, where there is the slightest possibility of their having been introduced by man; and when the marls containing fresh-water Clare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca, 23 3 species, which in many districts underlie our peat-bogs, have been scientifically examined, we shall be in a better position to discuss the probable time of the arrival in Ireland of species of the eastern group. In several cases where the pre-peat marls have been examined, the species contained in them present a more western facies than that of the fauna now living in the district. One of the characteristic species of these marls, in certain districts, is Planorbis glaber, which at the present day has a distinctly anti-central or “western ” range in Ireland. Species with such a range are often referred to as “ calci- fuge,” but, in the case of the Mollusca, I think this term is hardly applicable. The western species do not appear to object to the presence of lime, yet evi- dently they have been unable to maintain their position upon the limestone areas, probably owing to increased competition in these favourable districts. © - The nomenclature which is employed throughout this report is that given in the “List of the Land and Fresh-water Mollusks of Ireland” (Proc. of R.L. Acad:, xxix, Section B, No. 3.1911). All the records given for the Pisidia are founded upon specimens verified by Mr. B. B. Woodward, to whom I tender my most sincere thanks for his invaluable kindness in identifying specimens sent to him. The area dealt with, as will be seen by the accompanying map (fig. 1); is probably more extensive than that covered by most workers on the Survey. It includes, besides Clare Island and the adjacent mainland from Belmullet to Killary, Achill Island, the Bills of Achill, Inishturk, Inishbofin, and Caher Island, and extends as far inland as Castlebar. The greater part of this area belongs to West Mayo according to Praeger’s division of Ireland.! Inishbofin, however, is in West Galway. 2. FIELD-WORK. Until the commencement of the Clare Island Survey only one paper dealing solely with the Mollusca of West Mayo had been published. I refer to that by J.G. Milne (4), which deals mainly with the Mollusca found by him on Achill Island in 1891. Some collecting by Miss A. L. Massy, P. H. Grierson, G. P. Farran, and R. J. Welch had, however, brought the list of species for this division at the commencement of this Survey up to fifty- three. When the “Irish List” (18) was published in 1910, this number had increased to eighty-eight; since then no further additions have been made, During the preparation of the present report I have spent fifty days in the district, viz., 8th till 16th April, and 4th till 16th September, in 1909 ; ! Irish Topographical Botany. 1901. A2 23 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 24th March till 3rd April, in 1910; and 15th July till Ist August, in 1911.- Twelve days were spent in actual field-work on Clare Island; six and a half on Achill; four hours on Caher Island; two days on Inishturk ; three and a half days on Inishbofin; one day in The Mullet; five in Erris; six and a half around Clew Bay and at Castlebar ; five in the Louisburgh district ; and four in work upon the mountains of the mainland. In September, 1909, I had the assistance of the late Dr. G. W. Chaster, Messrs. E. Collier, J. Napier Milne, and R.J. Welch, and a great amount of work was accomplished during this visit. Mr. Welch spent 10 days in the district in June,1910, principally on Clare Island, and has handed me his notes made during that trip. Throughoutthe period of the Survey I have received considerable assistance from various workers, in the way of information as to likely ground for shells, as well as specimens ; among these I may mention F. Balfour Browne, G. P. Farran, Nevin H. Foster, H. Wallis Kew, D. McArdle, and R. Ll. Praeger. To those acquainted with the district, the above time-schedule will show how much filling-in work remains to be done. That this work will add greatly. to the list of species found in any of the sub-districts, 1 doubt, as. most of my work has been done in the choicest bits of each district, these having been carefully selected from the Ordnance maps previous to each visit. The Mullet and Erris, however, may still yield surprises ; while a complete survey of the lakes and rivers of the Clew Bay and Castlebar areas will prove interesting. In the detailed reports to be found below, it may seem that I have given useless and unnecessary notes. As, however, there is a probability that, at some future time, this district will be re-surveyed, my aim has been to give those who will be in charge of this second survey as much information as possible, in order that any changes which may have taken place between now and then may be the more easily observed. 3. THE SUB-DIVISION OF THE DISTRICT. Each island naturally forms a district in itself, no matter how small it may be in area. In dividing the mainland into districts, 1 have tried to show contrasts, rather than similarities. These sub-divisions, it will be seen, are five in number, namely—The Mullet; Erris; Louisburgh; Clew Bay and Castlebar; and the mountains of Curraun, Croaghpatrick, and Mweelrea above 500 feet altitude. The Mullet consists of the peninsula known by that name westward of the canal at the town of Belmullet. Erris includes the strip of land between sea- level and the 500-foot contour-line south of Broadhaven and north of the Clew Clare Island Survey —Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 23 5 Bay and Castlebar district. Louisburgh includes a similar strip south of Clew Bay and between the mountains of Croaghpatrick and Mweelrea and the sea. The Clew Bay and Castlebar district consists of that portion of the limestone area of West Mayo, or areas influenced by lmestone Boulder-clays, from Mulranny and Old Head harbour round Clew Bay, and it extends as far inland as the limits of the vice-county. CARROWMEE LOUGH OAVN DS LSv4 3 /SLAND Pee Mi? SONEWPORT Rapacusets yECLEW BAY OCASTLEBAR CLARE CLEW BAY “28 & CASTLEBAR; > ISLAND; ‘9d OWESTPORT S| ~ 4 TOUIS— “(ROAGHE, scayen )BURGH : “PATRICK miserunnes © : WES a LES? IMISHBOFIN Caen Hai - [ER sa NAN Z : EL ee ee %, x o «A %e 2 RT Geelees es 4. COMPARISON OF THE SUB-DISTRICTS. A comparison of the different sub-districts into which I have divided the area surveyed is not difficult to make. The islands, except for a stretch of Carboniferous sandstone on Clare Island, are composed mainly of Silurian and metamorphic rocks, so also are the districts of The Mullet, Erris, and Louis- burgh. - All are for the most part covered with peat, with narrow. stretches of 93 6 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy. cultivated ground or sand-dunes along the coasts. Fresh-water lakes and pools are numerous, but small and often peaty, except where these lie among the sand-hills, the latter being usually highly calcareous. In Achill Island. The Mullet, and near Louisburgh the coastal lakes form one of the chief topographical features. The Clew Bay and Castlebar division is low-lying and undulating, composed mainly of Carboniferous and metamorphic rocks, which are generally covered with calcareous Glacial drift, in which lakes and waterways are naturally numerous. As might be expected, the last-mentioned district contains the bulk of the fresh-water mollusca included in the total list, for, although many of these shells are also met with in the Louisburgh district, the fresh-water snails are but poorly represented in the remaining areas. In the case of the slugs and terrestrial shells the contrast between Clew Bay and Castlebar and the other districts is not so strongly evident on paper. Yet the limestone area shelters at least one species, Pyramidula rupestris, which is absent from the other districts. On the other hand, Zonitoides excavatus appears to be absent from the limestone area, but perhaps occurs in some unworked corner of it, where the metamorphic rocks are exposed or where non-caleareous Boulder-clay over- lies the Carboniferous rocks. Along the southern shores of Clew Bay, between Belclare and Murrisk, the maximum contrast is to be observed between the “calcicole”! and “calcifuge”' fauna. At this point, known as the Deer- park, the mountain slopes almost to the sea-shore and is covered in places with a dense tangle of native scrub, with intervening stretches of heath-land, while between the base of the mountain and the sea there extends a narrow flat belt of calcareous Boulder-clay lying upon the Carboniferous limestone. The road from Westport to Louisburgh runs along the base of the hilly ground, and the wall along its southern side forms the actual boundary between the limestone and non-calcareous areas. Upon this wall we find such a characteristic calcicole plant as Ceterach officinarwm, and the mollusk Pyramidula rupestris, while five yards up the hillside the prevailing flora is a calcituge one, consisting largely of Calluna vulgaris and Erica cinerea, with patches of Hazel, Holly, and Birch wood. Among this scrub, Z excavatus is common, associated with shade-loving, but not necessarily calcifuge species, such as Hygromia fusca, Acanthinula lamellata, and Acicula lineata. Upon the mainland twenty species have been found which are as yet unknown from any of the adjoining islands. ‘These are mainly fresh-water species, and ones which have a central and eastern range in Ireland and a southern distribution in Great Britain. In the following lists those records which are founded on doubtfully native specimens are not considered. ‘I use these terms for want of better. Clare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Molluscu. 23 7 List OF SPECIES FOUND ON THE MAINLAND AS YET UNKNOWN FROM THE ISLANDS. Limax maximus. Physa fontinalis. Pyramidula rupestris. Aplecta hypnorum. Vertigo angustior. Paludestrina ventrosa. Succinea putris. P. jenkinsi. S. oblonga. Bithynia tentaculata. Phytia myosotis. Valvata cristata. Limnaea stagnalis. Neritina fluviatilis. Planorbis albus. Margaritana margaritifera. P. contortus. Anodonta cygnea. P. fontanus. Sphaerium corneum. Four species have been taken on the islands not yet recorded from the mainland :—Limazx cinereo-niger, Pupa muscorum (fossil), Pisidium steenbuchi, and P. hibernicum. All of these are, of course, known from the mainland in other parts of Ireland. Four species are known from Clare Island which have not been reported from the other islands :—Limaz cinereo-niger, Helicella intersecta, Acanthinula lamellata, and Valvata piscinalis, Six species are recorded for Achill Island not known to occur on the other islands :—Limnaea auriculiria, Planorbis glaber, Paludestrina stagnalis, Pisidium pulchellum, P. steenbuchi, and P. lilljeborgi. Three are found on Inishbofin not yet known on any of the other islands :— Vallonin costata (fossil), Pupa muscorum (fossil), and Pisidium hibernicum. Of these three, the first two occurred in the deposit described on p. 51, and have not been found in a living state on Inishbofin. Helicella barbara has been taken on the islands of Achill and Bofin, but not on Clare; Hygromia fuscu and Arion cirewmscriptus on Clare Island and Achill Island; while Acanthinula aculeata has been taken only on Clare Island and in the deposit on Inishbofin. All these species are frequent in the mainland except //. barbara, which has been found only upon the sand-dunes of The Mullet. 5. RARE SPECIES FOUND IN THE DISTRICT. In a group like the land and fresh-water Mollusca, in which so much work has been done in Ireland, there was little expectation of finding any new shells ; it was, however, hoped that during the present survey, some of our more local western species might be found to possess a wider distribution 23 8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish \cudemy. than had been known hitherto. In this we were not disappointed, for Pisidium hibernicum, which up to the present year was unknown from any part of the world but West Cork and South Kerry, has been recognized by B. B. Woodward amongst specimens of this genus sent to him for identifica- tion. These examples were taken in Lough Gowlanagower on Inishbofin. Two other species of Pisidia found in the district were unknown from Ireland at the time this survey was commenced. These—P. /illjeborgi and P. steenbuchi— appear to be of ancient origin, and in Ireland are probably most- abundant along the west coast, though both are known also from the central plain. Next in importance to the above discoveries, I regard the finding of numerous forms of Limnaea pereger, which show an almost complete gradation between normal Irish specimens and those doubtful species LZ. involuta Harvey and Z. praetenuis Bowell (see Plate II, figs. 1-39). The anatomy of these West Mayo Limnaeae has not yet been examined. When this has been done, I feel sure that the radula or genitalia will show the same liability to vary as the shape, size, and texture of the shell. Before, however, one’s opinion upon this delicate subject could carry any weight, it would, in my opinion, be necessary to collect and dissect examples from many different habitats, each season, for a number of years. The finding of Limaa cinereo-niger upon Clare Island makes an interesting addition to the molluscan fauna of our western Irish islands; while the presence of Vertigo angustior and Succinea oblonga upon the mainland at Dooaghtry may be included among the best discoveries made during the survey. One remarkable feature of the district, worth drawing attention to here, is the luxuriance of the fauna of the sea-cliffs, which on some of the islands proved the chief strongholds of the land mollusca (see Plate I). That precipitous cliffs, overlooking the western ocean, can shelter a fauna typical of our native woods upon the mainland, is a fact which must be taken into consideration when we are speculating on the means of dispersal of these “ specialized ” animals. 6. THE QUESTION OF DISPERSAL. The lists of species found on the islands off the western coast of Mayo resemble closely those which may be compiled upon the opposite mainland. To some this fact will tend to confirm the idea that shells are carried across barriers such as the sea by chance means, as by winds, currents, birds, or insects To others, such as myself, it points to a former connexion with the mainland by land-bridges. Clare Island Survey — Land and lresh-water Mollusca. 23 9 Thus, in the case of Clare Island, the molluscan fauna of parts of the mainland such as Old Head, Dooaghtry and Curraun, is so similar to that of the island, that I believe a land-connexion must have existed between these localities during the period when this part of the fauna was dispersed. The geologists engaged upon the Survey are willing to allow that a post-Glacial Boulder-clay land-bridge existed between the island and the mainland. While this probably accounts for the presence on Clare Island of Hyalinia cellaria, Zonitoides nitidus, Helicella intersecta, H. itala, Hygromia hispida, and Feliz. aspersa, as well as most of the fresh-water species, the arrival of the remainder seems more than likely to have been pre-Glacial. If there existed any place of retreat during the Ice Age on the west coast of Ireland, the great sea-cliff of Croaghmore would strike one as being a most probable refuge ; facing, as it does, away from the mainland and towards the temperate waters of the Atlantic, the ice descending from the mainland could not surely have affected the conditions prevailing upon the cliff-face to any great extent.” The hypothesis that shells are carried by birds or insects (see “The Dispersal of Shells,” by H. Wallis Kew) is founded mainly upon evidence afforded by the fact that water-beetles, birds, &c., have been found to transport fresh-water snails. ‘Vhere has been little evidence to support such a theory of dispersal in the case of the terrestrial species; yet it is a fact that while Clare Island and the other islands included in this survey contain almost all the land-species which, from a study of habitat, would be expected to occur on them, they are singularly deficient in species of the fresh-water group. This does not appear to me to be altogether due to the want of suitable habitats, for the lakes on some of the islands, such as those in Achill, are very similar to those of the Louisburgh district. The latter, however, contain twenty-four fresh-water species, while in the former only fourteen have been found, eight of those from Achill, and six from Louisburgh, being of the genus Pisidium, some at least of the members of which are capable of spreading across almost waterless tracts of land (p. 10). Sphaertum corneum, which must be considered one of the most likely species to be carried by animals (see H. Wallis Kew, op. cit.), is unknown on any of the western islands. 1 Tt is often urged by those who do not believe in the pre-Glacial origin of our fauna and flora that the proximity of glaciers or snow-fields signifies an ‘‘ Arctic climate,’’ in which only species now regarded as of Arctic origin could live. Many mollusks, however, which are abundant in the west of Ireland, are also common in close proximity to glaciers in western Norway. These are protected during the long, cold winters in the latter country by a thick mantle of snow, a covering which nature seldom provides for our western Irish animals. Thus our winter is perhaps more likely to be injurious to some species than that of semi-glaciated districts such as parts of Norway. * These remarks cannot apply to some of the smaller islands, where no places of retreat are visible. Thus it appears that their molluscan faunas must be of post-Glacial origin. R.I.A. PROC,, VOL, XXXI. B 28 22 10 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. While many naturalists have sought for means by which shells could be dispersed by chance, few appear to have studied the power of fresh-water species to travel over “dry land,” such as from one river-basin to another. It seems probable that during wet weather fresh-water snails may travel considerable distances, aestivate during intervening spells of drought, and proceed once more when rain again falls.’ The power of some of these mollusks to live out of water for considerable periods, especially when young, is considerable.* From personal observa- tion it seems to me almost certain that such species as some of the more widely distributed Pisidia, Limnaea pereger, L. truncatula, L. palustris, Ancylus fluviatilis, and Planorbis spirorbis would have little difficulty in overcoming most barriers, excepting sea or waterless tracts of land. It is therefore not surprising to find that these species are generally to be met with in the most isolated peninsulas and on the western islands of Iveland. These habitats appear to differ only by the fact that the land-bridges connecting the peninsulas to the mainland are still in existence, while in the case of the islands the connecting links have disappeared. 7. INFLUENCE OF MAN UPON THE FAUNA. Tn cultivated areas, and more particularly near seaports and towns, man’s influence upon the flora of a country is well known. Conchologists, however, have, up to the present time, scarcely studied the effect of man’s presence upon the distribution of the mollusca. Thus a shell gathered in a garden, in many cases, has been considered sufficient proof that the species to which it belongs is a native of the area in which the garden is situated.’ 1 Since writing the above, I have received the following notes from Mr. H. Lamont Orr, of Belfast, which confirm the suggestion that some species of fresh-water shells may cross damp areas of ‘‘ dry land.” ‘* When collecting on Black Mountain [Co. Antrim], 600 feet above sea-level, I turned over a stone lying among the grass and rushes, and I was surprised to see the bleached shells of Pisidia. Upon further examination I found a considerable number of live Pisidia. ‘The situation was a grassy slope, with a gradient of about one in three or one in four, and at no time could have held standing water. I found the living shells at the roots of grass, where the ground was damp, but not splashy. ‘They were full-grown specimens, and must have lived for more than one season.”’ Had a pond been dug in the neighbourhood, and some of these Pisidia found by Mr. Orr at the roots of the grass made their way into it, and been subsequently discovered by a conchologist, we should have been asked to believe that here indeed was absolute proof of the carriage of shells by birds, insects, or wind. I myself have taken Pisidia in places somewhat similar to Mr. Orr’s habitat. Among places where these have occurred to me, I may mention the north-eastern cliffs of Clare Island, the great talus beneath Fair Head in Antrim, and atan altitude of 1,200 feet on the sea-cliffs of Brandon in Kerry. *Young L. stagnalis have remained out of water, sealed against the side of a bell-jar, in my house, from June, 1910, till about January, 1911, except upon the occasions when I pushed them back into the water. 3See L. E. Adams, Journal of Conch., xiii, 211-214. 1911, Clure Island Survey —Land and Fresh-water Molluscan 283 11 This makes one consider for what reason do we study the range of a particular species? Everyone must answer this question after his own fashion and according to his own view of the subject ; nevertheless, most will. agree that the final aim of geographical conchologists is to determine the natural range of a species before man’s influence acted upon it. IE this be true, the publication of “garden” records is the greatest barrier which stands between us and our goal. Gerrard, writing in the sixteenth century, says of a certain plant :—“It groweth upon the mountaines of Germanie: we have great quantitie of it in our London gardens.” But although botanists have long ago come to distinguish between “casual,” “native,” and “naturalized” plants, few conchologists when publishing their local lists have stated whether any of the species included in these are confined to gardens or cultivated ground. In a part of the country such as West Mayo, where man’s influence has been so little felt, it is a simpler matter in most cases to separate the natives from the introduced species than in the surroundings of London, Manchester, or other large towns. Because a mollusk is found in a garden it does not necessarily follow that it has been imported by artificial means; yet such a record is quite useless for the purpose of geographical distribution. Thus, in the districts included in the Clare Island Survey, Limaz flavus, Milax sowerbyt, Arion hortensis, and Hygromia rufescens, having been taken by me only in the neighbourhood of habitations, I do not consider that up to the present they can be considered “native” in West Mayo. On the other hand, we cannot say that they are not “native” in Ireland, nor can we say that they are not “found” in West Mayo. How, then, are we to record their standing? The formula proposed by R. Ll. Praeger in his report on Clare Island Flowering Plants (Part 10 of this series) solves, so far as I can see, this difficult problem. Praeger in this adopts Dunn’s definition of a native (S. T. Dunn: Alien Flora of Britain, pp. 9-10). A native species is defined as one living in a natural habitat, which it has reached by natural means from an uncontaminated source. This is designated NNN, while a species, in an artificial habitat, to which it has been brought by artificial means from a contaminated source, is shown by ***. Between these two we have six sets of conditions, and by these eight combinations of N and *, the standing of any species may be recorded, according to our own ideas on the subject. In the table at the end of this report I have given the standing of each species, as it appears to me, by means of the above formula. Were it possible to do this with every record of every species for every division of Ireland, the NNN distribution of some shells, such as Helix aspersa, Milax sowerbyi, Limax flavus, and Hygromia rufescens, would differ essentially B2 28 12 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. from their range in the country as known at present. So many old records would have to be dealt with, however, that before one could accomplish this work an almost complete re-survey of our whole island would be necessary in the case of such species as Avion hortensis, or of those just mentioned, all of which live more or less under the “protection” of man. The bulk of our molluscan fauna is, however, composed of “anthropophobes” rather than “anthropophiles ”; thus when a re-survey of the country on scientific lines is undertaken, the range of a species such as Hygromia fusca or Acanthinula lamellata, may be taken as NNN, or at least NN*. The latter combination would have to be used where a plantation had taken the place of a native wood, or where introduced trees, such as Fir or Beech, are planted among native trees, thus altering the habitat from a “natural” into an “artificial” one. For purposes of geographical distribution only those species which can be conscientiously recorded as either NNN or NN* are of the slightest use. Except around Westport, Newport, Mulranny, Louisburgh, and the smaller villages, by roadsides or in the neighbourhood of habitations, man has not affected the mollusca of West Mayo up to the present.’ 8. ANNOTATED LISTS. CLARE ISLAND. Perhaps nowhere in Europe is there a place in which the aboriginal fauna can be studied better than in Clare Island. Man’s influence is but little noticed, as neither his cultivation of certain portions of the island nor the close cropping of other parts of it by sheep and cattle, appears to have affected the mollusca to any extent. The reason for this is, I think, that before the historic period the mollusks had been driven to the cliffs by the heavy accumulation of peat on the flatter parts of the island. Here they have dwelt secure, and are still unaffected by the changes that have taken place in the other parts of the island. The partial draining of Lough Avullin may have exterminated some fresh-water species, but no proof of this has been obtained so far. The fresh-water fauna is, however, distinctly poor, and I should have expected to find Planorbis glaber, Aplecta hypnorum, and 1] have been forwarded by R. Ll. Praeger four shells found in ‘‘ mud from the boots of Pat Grady on landing on Clare Island from Carrowmore, after two days at Louisburgh, November, 1910.”’ The shells are four in number, two specimens being of Carychium minimum, and one each belonging to Vallonia puicheila and Pupa anglica. All the shells had been dead for a considerable period, and were perhaps wind-blown specimens deriyed from some of the coastal marshes near Louisburgh. It is scarcely likely that living mollusks thus transported wonld found a colony, but if nothing more tie observation shows the danger of fuunding records of mollusca upon dead shells. Qare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 28 18 Limnaea auricularia in addition to those species at present on the list. Valvata piscinalis —discovered by R. J. Welch in the outlet of L. Avullin— was a surprise, until I remembered that this shell is frequently met with on the western islands of Scotland. This is, however, the only Ivish record other than for the mainland. None of the land-shells on the island can be considered unexpected, though the list is more complete than I had hoped for and absentees are few, Helicella barbara being the most prominent. Several species on the island are in a somewhat precarious condition and a few unfavourable seasons might accomplish their extinction. Among these Z. witidus, H. intersecta, and L. palustris stand in the worst position. H. nemoralis is still plentiful in places, but does not appear to be thriving—a condition observable on all of these western islands. The remainder appear to be holding their own well, and should exist on the island far into the future. In the case of only two species in the following list is there sufficient evidence to doubt their rank as natives. These—Arion hortensis and Limaz maximus—seem to be confined to the gardens adjoining Mr. M‘Cabe’s hotel at the harbour, and they have undoubtedly been imported from the mainland, other obviously imported animals occurring with them. The chief interest from a conchologist’s point of view centres round the fauna of the cliffs which almost encircle the island, and the escarpment of Knocknaveen in the interior of it. The cliffs and banks along the southern shore are too dry at certain seasons to shelter a large fauna, but on the series of cliffs facing east and north-east, from Minnacorra to the light-house, a larger list may be compiled. The cliffs on the north-eastern shoulder of Knocknaveen also proved to be a good collecting-ground, especially for the Hyaliniae. It is, however, upon the great sea-cliff of Croaghmore that the real head-quarters of the land-shells of the island are situated (Plate 1). Upon this twenty-seven of the forty-two species of terrestrial species found on the island may be collected. On the 1200-foot path along the face of the cliff I took A. agrestis, A. ater, A. subfuscus, A. intermedius, V. pellucida, A, alliavia, H. nitidula, H. pura, H. crystallina, S. edentulum, P. rotundata, A. aculeata, H. fusca, C. lubrica, P. anglicu, P. cylindracea, C. bidentata, C. minimum, L. truncatula, and A. lineata. Between 800 and 1100 feet altitude, L. arborum, H. radiatula, EB. fulvus, P. pygmacwm, and A. lamellata also occurred, while at about 500 feet V. substriata and a single dead specimen of B. perversa were taken. Shells appeared to be most abundant at about 1000 feet. At this elevation every handful of moss yielded dozens of specimens, each patch of Luzula was crowded with Hygromia fusca, and if the day were damp hundreds of Avion ater—all var. aterrima—might be seen crawling upon the vegetation, This slug is reported by Welch and Praeger 23 14 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. to show great partiality for the tlowers of Silene acaulis (see Part 10, p. 24 and Plate V). Ialso observed it feeding on this plant, as well as on the flowers of Jasione montana, but its customary food seemed to be sheep-droppings, or decaying vegetable matter. During the long drought of 1911 4. «ter was frequently seen under stones in the beds of half-dried streams and under clumps of Sphagnum. The effect of exposure—or perhaps it is due to the action of salt water during winter storms—is well shown on many of the shells living on Croaghmore, especially in the cases of Pupa anglica and Clausilia bidentata (Plate II, fig. 41). Many examples of these are to be found with the upper half of their shells completely bleached or eroded while the lower remains in perfect condition, having been formed since the passing of the previous winter. The old shells of these, and often of other species, are bleached throughout. The most interesting shell living on Croaghmore is, to my mind, Zimnaea truncatula, which swarms on the bare rock-faces of the cliff and is frequently associated among the moss and other vegetation with what would generally be termed “ woodland” species. Excepting the escarpment of Knocknaveen, the only inland sanctuaries for mollusca are the small areas of native scrub on the hill-sides above L. Avullin and in the valleys above Portlea, near Maum. ‘These two localities furnished almost identical lists, but no species is confined to either station. Upon the northern slope of the last-mentioned valley stand the ruins of several cottages. These attracted my attention for two reasons. Firstly, there were many stones to turn over round about them; secondly, I wanted to see if man’s former habitation was reflected in the neighbouring fauna. In no case was man’s former presence traceable, for while Hyalinia alliaria, Arion subfuscus, and other species typical of the island lived about the ruins, Zimax arborum and Zonitoides excavatus—the latter a typical “anthropophobe ’— occupied the interior of one of the buildings, eight examples of the latter occurring under a large stone near the hearth. Perhaps one of the strangest groups in the fauna is that met with at the extreme western end of the island where Plantago sward is the prevailing form of vegetation. During heavy winter storms this portion of the island must be almost immersed in sea water. Yet no less than fifteen species of mollusca have been found to live in this area. The list is as follows :—/imax arborwm, Milax gaugates, Agrio- limax agrestis, A. laevis, Arion ater, A. intermedius, Hyalinia alliaria, Clausilia bidentata, Ancylus fluviatilis, Limnaea pereger, L. palustris, Plunorbis spirorbis, Pisidiwm subtruncatum, P. casertanum, and P. personatum. 1The fresh-water species-occurred in the pools forming Lougi-na-phuca, and in the small stream which flows through some of these pools. Clare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 28 15 List OF MOLLUSKS OF CLARE ISLAND. Limax arborum Bouch.-Chant.—T'wo distinct colour-forms of this slug are to be met with. One, probably var. maculata, Roebuck, is rather dark, and is covered with spots on the body in a manner very similar to the young of Z. maximus, but is distinguished at once from that species by possessing the characteristic shield-markings of the present slug. The second form is referable to the var. nemorosa Baudon. Of the variety alpestris, Less. and Poll., which prevails on Inishbofin, Inishturk, and on Caher Island, no specimen was observed on Clare Island so far as I am aware. [L. maximus L.—Occurs in the gardens adjoining Mr. M‘Cabe’s hotel near the Harbour, but is certainly an artificial introduction. | L. cinereo-niger Wolf.—The nocturnal habits of this beautiful slug render its presence often overlooked. In the present instance it is due to H. Wallis Kew that I am able to record it from the island. Mr. Kew, having been fortunate enough to discover its habitat at Kinnacorra, returned after nightfall with Welch and Praeger, and the party had the satisfaction of proving that the species was plentiful over a considerable area of the rock-strewn heath-land which lies above Kinnacorra. No typical specimens were taken, so far as I am aware, nor did any occur to me when Praeger and I visited the locality in July, 1911. Examples sent by Mr. Welch to W. Denison Roebuck, were referred by him to var. maura Held. During my last visit, however, a single specimen was taken in a small, disused limekiln above Lighthouse Cove, which might almost be referred to the type, though the white dorsal stripe was scarcely distinct enough. ‘he majority of the specimens taken at Kinnacorra in 1911 were of an almost unicolorous greyish-brown, with a paler dorsal stripe. None were full-grown, and none clearly showed the characteristic markings of the foot-sole. One specimen was exceptionally handsome from the fact that at irregular intervals large black spots nearly an eighth of an inch in diameter were scattered over the body; this is, perhaps, the var. punctata, Lessona, recorded by J. W. Taylor from Sutherland and Cork. ‘he beautiful lineation of the shield of this slug, resembling a “thumb-print,” was strongly marked in all examples. An attempt was made to discover the food of these slugs during a damp night in July, 1911, by Praeger and myself, but we were unable to find them eating anything. We observed, however, that whereas all the specimens of L. arborum were seen on rocks, evidently feeding on lichens or algae, LL. cinereo-niger was always crawling on the short grass which grows between the boulders and the clumps of taller vegetation, 23 16 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Agriolimax agrestis L.—Abundant in all parts of the island, except on the moorland. The prevailing form is of a unicolorous brown, but that with reticulated markings was also frequent. The var. lilacina, which is frequent on Achill and the Curraun promontory, occurred near Portlea, as well as two jet-black specimens. A. laevis Miill—Frequent over the low-lying parts of the island, and found also on the moorland surrounding Creggan Lough, as well as upon the slopes of Knocknaveen. Milax gagates Drap.—Common at the west end of the island, and occurs also along the southern and south-eastern shores. . Several almost jet-black specimens were noted, and the tan-coloured form was taken in the Abbey. The var. plumbea is the prevailing form. Vitrina pellucida Mill.—Decidedly rare, though odd specimens were taken in most parts of the island. Hyalinia cellaria Mill—Common in the Abbey, and taken sparingly in the ditches near the Pound, and along the south shore between the Harbour aud the Abbey. All the specimens are referable to Vitrea hibernica Kennard. The shells from the Abbey were all of the opaque, white form, var. margaritacea Schmidt. H. alliaria Miller.—The most generally distributed species of the genus, and shares with P. rotundata and Z. excavatus the claim to be the commonest shell on the island. All specimens are of the large, dull, flat, western form, and in colour range from the type to opaque white or green. This western form appears referable to Westerlund’s var. anceps, found in Sweden. H. nitidula Drap.—Except upon the cliffs of Croaghmore, this shell was decidedly rare, though it was noted also on Knocknaveen and along the south and north-east coasts. All examples have the suddenly expanding and drooping aperture characteristic of the H. witens of Michaud. H. pura Alder.—Not nearly so common as the next species, but both type and var. nitidosa are frequently to be found. H. radiatula Alder._—T'ype and the green form are equally common in most parts of the island. H. crystallina Miill.--Generally distributed, but not common. Most specimens appear referable to H. contracta Westerlund. Euconulus fulvus Miill—-Common in most parts of the island, but full-grown shells were seen only on the north-east cliffs and on Croaghmore. Zonitoides nitidus Mill._-Extremely local and rare. Observed only in a damp spot above Lighthouse Cove, and with S. pfeiferi along the margin of the stream at the harbour, Clare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 28 17 Z. excavatus Bean.—Both the type and the var. vitrina occur, but the former seems the more generally distributed. This shell was a noticeable absentee from the cliffs of Croaghmore and those of the north-east coast, although common on the moorland up to the very edge of the latter cliffs. The presence of a calcareous Boulder-clay and Carboniferous and Silurian sandstones must be put down as the most likely cause for this otherwise unaccountable fact. Arion ater L.—Abundant over nine-tenths of the island, even on the heathery slopes of Croaghmore, which are frequently fired for grazing purposes. The habit of this slug in resting beneath clumps of Sphagnum possibly saves it from being killed by these fires. Until my last visit, during the drought of 1911, scarcely any examples but those of the black form were observed, though a few brown ones were seen, and quite a colony of the var. plumbea occurred round the Signal Tower. Upon my last visit, however, everything appeared changed, and these two colour- forms were quite as abundant as the type in all of the low-lying parts of the island. Could the dry season have effected this remarkable change in the relative proportions of these colour-forms ? A. subfuscus Drap.—Both the type and var. cinereo-fusca occurred in most parts of the island, but this species was common only on the great cliff of Croaghmore. On the open tracts of moorland in the centre of the island both this and the last species were frequently observed crawling at mid-day-and in sunshine. A. intermedius Normand.—Extremely abundant on the cliffs of Croaghmore, and generally distributed. The majority of the specimens seen by me resembled in a remarkable degree the original illustration of Geomalacus mabilli Baudon, which slug is regarded by J. W. Taylor’ as a synonym of A. intermedius None of the specimens which I have seen from Clare Island have shown when at rest the serrated dorsal outline characteristic of this slug—a condition which Dr. Scharff believes to be due to the animal being saturated with moisture. In order to be quite sure that we were not dealing with a pale form of A. hortensis, I examined the radulae of about a dozen examples, and although these showed considerable variation from those of A. intermedius taken in the neighbourhood of Belfast, they were at once distinguishable from the radulae of A. hortensis taken on the mainland at Louisburgh. The vivacity of the Clare Island specimens of this slug, to which characte1 Mr. Welch drew my atitention, is only equalled by that of Agriolimaz laevis. 1 Baudon, Mémoire sur Les Limaciens du Département de 1’ Oise, pl. 1, figs. 8-12. 2 Monograph L. & F. W. Moll. ii. 240. R.LA, PROC., VOL, XXXI, C 23 23 18 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy. [A. hortensis Fér.—Several half-grown examples, with Limaz maximus and other slugs, in the garden opposite the hotel at the harbour. Evidently introduced with plants or other imports. | A. circumscriptus Johnston.—As on Achill and in parts of the mainland, this species was distinctly local on Clare Island. It is probably common on the northern escarpment of Knocknaveen during winter, as well as along the north-east coast. Punctum pygmaeum Drap.—Fairly common at the roots of herbage along the southern and north-eastern coasts of the island. Also taken on the cliffs of Knocknaveen and Croaghmore and among the scrub above Portlea. Sphyradium edentulum Drap.—Particularly common on Croaghmore and on the southern slope of Knocknaveen, overlooking the Harbour, and occurred also in several places round the southern coast. This seems to be one of the species which ranges over the most peaty areas, as I took several examples under a stone upon the heathery slope south of the lighthouse, associated with 7, excavatus. Pyramidula rotundata Miill—Generally distributed, and, though not abundant every where, is one of the commonest species on the island. All specimens were pale and many almost unicolorous. Acanthinula aculeata Mill._Sparingly in moss above Lough Avullin and on the cliffs of Knocknaveen and Croaghmore. Several pure white specimens were taken by the late Dr. Chaster in the second locality. A. lamellata Jeffreys.—In the same localities as the last—except on Knock- naveen—but common only in the remnants of old scrub above Lough Avullin and Portlea. Vallonia pulchella Miull.—Taken in great numbers by R. J. Welch round and upon some large boulders sunk in the earth near the lace school, east of the Harbour. Also frequent along the southern cliffs, and one specimen occurred to me at 250 feet on the southern shoulder of Knocknaveen. Helicella itala L.—A small dark-banded form occurs on the sand-flat at the Harbour, those found along the southern and north-eastern cliffs being much larger and paler in colour. In the latter station the shell lives on banks of stiff Boulder-clay, which, although containing calcareous matter, are nevertheless a somewhat strange habitat for this species. H. intersecta Poiret.—The large western form of this shell is common in a very restricted area on the sand at the Harbour and for a short distance up the road leading to Maum. (Plate II, fig. 51.) Hygromia fusca Mont.—Common on the cliffs of Knocknaveen, and on Croaghmore to an altitude of about 1,300 feet, or as high as there is Olare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 23 19 sufficient vegetation to shelter it; clumps of Zuzula maxima in all cases being its habitat. Three colour-fourms occur, viz., greenish-brown, pale brown, and darker brown. H. hispida L.—Great numbers of a dark and very hispid form occur around the Abbey, while along the north-eastern cliffs and near the Harbour a paler form occurs more sparingly. Helix aspersa Miill.—Almost confined to the areas around the Harbour and the Abbey, but was also taken by Welch along the south coast between these two localities. A marked peculiarity shown by many specimens of this shell on Clare Island, as well as on the adjoining islands and in parts of the mainland, is that while the young shells are all of the normal mottled colouring the last or last two years’ growth is almost black, but frequently this is interrupted by vertical streaks of a chestnut colour. Seldom does it happen that the colouring of any specimen is uniform throughout the entire period of its growth. (Plate I, fig. 53.) Beneath the stones in the interior of the Abbey nearly all the shells are malformed in a remarkable manner, being wrinkled and so fragile that one can scarcely handle them. H. nemoralis Miill.—Except along the north-east coast, this species is very scarce indeed, but it nevertheless is to be found on the cliffs of Knockna- veen, and on the southern shore between the Harbour and the Abbey. The commonest form was 00300 libdellula or rubella. Some of those taken on Knocknaveen had very thin shells, which were covered with bruises, probably caused by the specimen being blown down the cliff in stormy weather. White-lipped examples were not plentiful, but in the last- mentioned locality J. N. Milne took a very beautiful one of var. rubella, without bands. A single specimen of the var. citrinozonata occurred at the same place. Cochlicopa lubrica Miill.—Common throughout most parts of the island, greenish specimens being the only form of variation. Carychium minimum Miill.—Generally distributed. The majority of the shells are rather large and slender. Pupa anglica F'ér.—Fairly common in all portions of the island, and especially common on the great cliff of Croaghmore and along the N.E. coast. Type and vars. pallida and alba all observed, but the type is the prevail- ing form. (Plate II, fig. 46.) P. cylindracea Da Costa.—Like P. anglica, this shell is found nearly every- where, and is equally abundant on Croaghmore. A large proportion of the shells from this locality appear referable to the var. anconostoma Lowe, the denticle being poorly developed or absent. (Plate II, figs. £7, C2 23 20 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. - 48,49.) The shape of these shells is also different from the type, as they are distinctly more cone-shaped and not cylindrical, but all intermediate forms appear to exist. Clausilia bidentata Strom.—Extremely common on Croaghmore and in several other localities, and shows great variation in size and shape, specimens from the more exposed situations being shorter and more tumid than those occurring on the more sheltered parts of the cliffs. (Plate I, figs. 40, 41, 42.) Balea perversa L.—On my first visit to the island I failed to find this shell, though it was searched for keenly, It turned up afterwards on the cliffs of Croaghmore and Knocknaveen, while a single specimen occurred to me at the Abbey, and Welch took another at the west end. Vertigo antivertigo Drap.—Very common where it occurred, but not so generally distributed as the next two species. Near the Signal Tower in the bed of a small stream, south slope of Knocknayveen, shore L. Avullin, and N.E. coast. Vertigo substriata Jetireys.— Widely distributed over the island, but as usual not found in large numbers, nevertheless it is undoubtedly common on Croaghmore, near the Signal Tower with V. antivertigo, and along the south coast. Also taken in moss above L. Avullin, on the N.E. clifts, and on the south slope of Knocknaveen. Vertigo pygmaea Drap.—Very generally distributed, but nowhere abundant. Two forms were noted: one small and stumpy and of a pale colour, lives on the dry southern cliffs, while a darker and very slender form is found along those of the N.E. coast. Succinea pfeifferi Rossm.— Fine specimens at the Harbour Pool in July, 1911. Frequent in the damper parts of the eastern districts of the island, as round L. Avullin and along the north-eastern coast. Some of those from the Harbour bear shells of a peculiar bronze-green colour. Limnaea pereger Mill—A small stunted form is to be found in nearly all permanent water on the island, and fair-sized specimens occur in L. Avullin, Creggan L., the Harbour Pool and one of those forming Lough-na-phuca at the west end. This last “lakelet” consists of about a dozen or more pools, surrounded—and at most seasons, at any rate, isolated from each other—by “ Plantago-sward.” A small stream flows through some of the pools, but the majority depend on rain for their supply, and were quite dry in July, 1911. During winter storms these pools must frequently be distinctly brackish, and it is therefore not surprising to find that the majority of the shells are very small and greatly eroded. (Plate LI, tigs. 1-7.) Clare Islund Survey— lund and Fresh-water Mollusca. 23 21 L. palustris Miull.—Occurred in one of the pools of Lough-na-phuca, where a small rather deeply-sutured form was common. In the Harbour Pool I took two large specimens during my last visit. L. truncatula Mill.—Generally distributed, but most plentiful on the face of the cliffs of Croaghmore. Several white shells were taken by the late Dr. Chaster in the bed of a stream, or perhaps it was a road—it is frequently difficult to distinguish between these in certain places in the west-—above Craigmore. Ancylus fluviatilis Mill—Common in all streams between the Abbey and the Signal Tower; but though many other suitable habitats occur, none seemed to shelter this species. Planorbis spirorbis L.—Very local, and common only in the drains by the road- side between the Harbour and Craigmore. Also lives in Lough-na- phuca, in the marsh below the cliff of Knocknaveen, and round L. Avullin, though in the latter localities not more than half a dozen specimens were taken in all. All specimens seem referable to a stunted form of Planorbis leucostoma Millet. P. crista L.—After repeated failures this shell was found in Creggan Lough, where to judge from the number of young shells afterwards collected by Welch, it is perhaps not rare. Acicula lineata Drap.—The type was taken in moss on the cliff of Knock- naveen, but seemed exceedingly rare, only five or six examples in all being found. On Croaghmore it appeared more plentiful, but none of the var. a/ba—usually the more common form in Ireland—was met with. Several specimens were taken in the latter locality clinging to the stems of the moss Hypnum cupressiforme—an association commented upon by J. A. Hargreaves in the Journal of Conchology (xui, 331) as being frequent in Yorkshire. Valvata piscinalis Mill —Taken by Welch in the outlet of Lough Avullin, where during September, 1909, it was very plentiful. However, during my last visit in July, 1911, scarcely a single specimen was seen. Pisidium subtruncatum Malm.—Occurred sparingly in Lough-na-phuca and in the marsh at the base of the cliff of Knocknaveen. P.casertanum Poli.— Widely distributed and common in most parts of the island. P. pusillum Gmelin.—Sparingly in Lough Avullin and in Creggan Lough on my last visit, but not previously taken on the island. P. nitidum Jenyns.—Taken in Light-house Pool and near Craigmore.' ? P. pulchellwm appeared in my first notes as occurring on the island, but the specimens were alter- wards identified by B. B. Woodward as P. nitidum. I regret therefore that this shell was reported by me from the island in Proceedings R.I.A., xxix, Section B, 124. 23 22 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. P. obtusale Pfeiffer—With the last species in Light-house Pool, and also occurred in Creggan Lough. P. personatum Malm.—Widely distributed and common in the roadside pools, field-drains, and bog-pools. P. milium Held—Not at all common, but was taken in Light-house Pool, in Lough Merrignagh, at Craigmore, and in the marsh north of Knocknaveen. Three species in the above list -Z excavatus, A.lamellata,and H. fusca— are almost confined to the Britannic area. hese with Hygromia granulata, a mollusk not found within the boundaries of the present survey, form a small but interesting group of shells perhaps protected from exterminating influences by the isolation of our islands. Judging by the geological evidence, A. /amellata is retiring towards the north-west corner of Europe, as I learn from A. S. Kennard that it is known from the Miocene of central Europe, and it has been recorded from several Pleistocene deposits in the south of England,’ though not now known to live in these districts. The distribution of the Pisidia is uncertain, owing to the difficulty of recognizing our species in Continental lists. The remaining species are widely distributed in western Europe, but five are mainly coastal in their range, and are unknown from central or northern Europe. Sixteen are almost circumpolar in their distribution, or there exist closely allied species in the polar lands of Asia or America. Thirteen are recorded by Kennard and Woodward (czd.) from the Pliocene of the south of England, and thirty-eight from the Pleistocene. The remaining seventeen species, absent from the Pleistocene, have a mainly western distribution, and perhaps did not live in Pleistocene times in the localities where deposits of that age are known; or they are slugs; or they have fragile shells not likely to become fossilized. THE MULLET. So isolated a district is the peninsula of The Mullet, that it might almost be compared with the neighbouring islands, rather than with the adjoining parts of the mainland. Perhaps one might be forgiven for terming it an “island” still connected to the mainland by a “land-bridge.” It will be at once seen, therefore, that its fauna deserves special attention. Unfortunately one evening and one long day were all the time that I was able to devote to its exploration, during which time a cold, dry, northerly wind blew con- tinuously. Thus my list must be correspondingly short, and the absence from it of many species, such as Limax arborum, Pyramidula rotundata, and 1 See Kennard and Woodward: On the Post-Pliocene Non-Marine Mollusca of the South of England, Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, xvii, (4), 213-260. Clare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 23 23 Clausilia bidentata, need not be commented upon. The peninsula consists in reality of several low rocky masses which have once been islands, connected to each other by extensive sand-dunes, and it provides even less shelter for a molluscan fauna than any of the islands included in the survey. Along the north coast—a part which I have not yet been able to visit—more favourable ground probably exists. Though considerable areas of the sands are shifting too constantly to harbour any fauna or flora, the list of xerophile species is larger than that of any of the islands. The fresh-water fauna is—for such an ultra-western locality—a large one. All the species are, however, typically “western,” and the list does not include any of the common central species, such as Physa fontinalis, Limnaea stagnalis, or Sphaeriwm corneum. The following is my list for the district :— List of Mollusks of The Mullet. Agriolimax agrestis. Cochlicopa Iubrica. A. laevis. Carychium minimum. Vitrina pellucida. Pupa cylindracea. Hyalinia alliaria. Vertigo antivertigo. H. radiatula. V. pygimaea. H. crystallina. Succinea pfeifferi. Euconulus fulvus. Limnaea pereger. Arion ater. L. palustris. A. subfuscus. L. truncatula. A. intermedius. Aplecta hypnorum. A. circumscriptus. Planorbis glaber. Punctum pygmaeum. P. crista. Vallonia pulchella. P. spirorbis. V. costata. Paludestrina stagnalis. Helicella itala. P. ventrosa. H. intersecta. Pisidium milium. H. barbara. P. nitidum. Hygromia hispida. P. obtusale. Helix aspersa. P. personatum. H. nemoralis. As I have already said, the absentees from the above list need not be commented upon, but several of those contained in it are worthy of a passing remark. Although Vallonia pulchella is frequently met with on the western islands, its companion, V’. costata, has been reported only from one of these! 1 V. costata occurs on Cruit Island in West Donegal, but it is only at high-water that this piece of land is an island, being at vther times connected to the mainland by a broad sand-flat, across which shells may be blown at times, 983 24 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy. until found in Inishbofin during the present survey. Thus its LOEICETEE at Cross Abbey is interesting. The fact that Helicella intersecta occurred on the peasiniets did not surprise me, but I was astonished to find that all the specimens which I saw in this district belonged to the small form which I had hitherto associated with the central limestone plain. The large or western form being common at Louis- burgh, Curraun, and on Clare Island, I expected to find the same form on The Mullet. Some authorities on the Continent have regarded these two forms as distinct species, referring the larger one to the H. intersecta of Poiret! and the smaller one to the H#. striata of Draparnaud (non Miiller). The type of H. caperata, Mont. would appear to be the latter shell. In the graveyard at Cross Abbey, Helix nemoralis occurred abundantly, but three forms only were observed in this locality. Of these the var. citri- nozonata accounted for about sixty per cent. of the total, typical specimens for about twenty-five per cent., while the remainder were of a bandless yellow form with bright purple lip. A peculiar feature of this last form—common in many of the western sand-hills—is that the lip is not reflected, and its colour scarcely shows upon the exterior. Thus it gives one the impression of either an immature or a malformed example. Aplecta hypnorum, which I have been unable to find upon any of the islands, is common in many places, and occurs even in the extreme southern portion of the peninsula.” That this species may have at one time existed on all or some of the islands seems not improbable. To judge by its habits, its existence in any isolated district must always be precarious, as a severe spell of dry weather might exterminate it. Upon the mainland of Ireland and in England this shell has the reputation of appearing and disappearing at intervals—a phenomenon which could not happen easily upon islands. The form of Limnaea pereger occurring in Cross Lough is a very elegant one (Plate II, fig. 24), with a high spire and strong opaque white shell. Some few years ago R. Ll. Praeger collected a similar form of this shell on North Inishkea, which island lies off the coast of The Mullet. Paludestrina stagnalis and P. ventrosa were taken in Lough Leam, into which the sea rises at high water. 1 The synonymy of this group of shells has been so muddled that it is now quite impossible to be certain of the identity of Poiret’s species. This has led to the adoption of Montagu’s name by many authorities. 2 Dr. Scharff mentions this species from Achill Island (Irish Nat., i, 151), but this is seemingly an error. He was then under the impression that J. G. Milne had recorded the species from that island (Journal of Conch., vi, 413), but Milne says that it is not to be met with west of Newport ; a statement which my work in the latter district appears to verify, though to the south of Clew Bay A. hypnorum is frequently met with to the extreme points of the mainland. Bo ri Clare Island Survey—Lund and Fresh-water Mollusca, 28 25 AcHILL ISLAND. The area of Achill—some fifty square miles—is best realized by one who makes an attempt to survey a part of its fauna. Thus, although six and a half days were spent by me on the island in addition to time spent there by J. G. Milne and others, much work remains to be done. I do not anticipate that a large number of species will be added to the list, but some that figure below are perhaps commoner or more widely distributed than my work has led me to believe. Owing to the considerable advance of our knowledge since the publication of J. G. Milne’s paper on the mollusca of the island (1891),! it seems well to give a complete annotated list. Owing partly to the great extent of the island and partly to the diverse character of its different portions, I have divided Achill into three sub-districts, viz., North, South, and West. The southern division is bounded on the north by the road running from the head of Salia Bay, past Lough Naneaneen and Loughannascaddy, to River and thence past Shruhillbeg Lough to the sea at Dookinelly. The western portion is bounded on the east by the 200-foot contour-line, running from near Corrymore House, through Slievemore village, and round the eastern shoulder of Slievemore, down to the sea near the quay west of Dugort. The northern district includes the intervening tract of com- paratively low-lying ground, all the sand-dunes, and almost all the lakes which yield fresh-water species. The letters N, S, and W, following the name of a species, denote in which division it has been found. Additions to Milne’s list are marked *. List of Mollusks of Achill Island. Limax arborum Bouch.-Chant.—N.S.W. Generally distributed, and ranges to the highest point of the island, 2204 feet. *(L. maximus L.—N. A few specimens in the village of Valley, associated with Hygromia rufescens, and in all probability introduced by man. ] Agriolimax agrestis L.—N.S.W. Common throughout the low-lying parts of the island, except on the most peaty areas, the vars. brunnea, reticulata, and near the sea var. lilacina, predominating. *A. laevis Mill.—N. Frequent round the shores of the lakes near Valley. _ [Milax sowerbyi Fér.—N. Reported by J. G. Milne from Dugort. Still found there, and also in the village of Valley. An evident introduction. ] M. gagates Drap—N.W. Frequent. Mainly type and var. plumbea. One almost jet-black example at 800 feet altitude above the eastern Lough Nakeeroge. Var. rava—Slievemore village (J. G. Milne). 1 Journal of Conchology, vi, 412-421. K.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI, D 23 23 26 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Vitrina pellucida Mull—N.W. Generally distributed, but nowhere so common as in the northern parts of Ireland. Hyalinia cellaria Mill.—N.S. Near habitations, and in the old church at Kildawnet. In the latter locality only the var. margaritacea Schmidt (var. alba, J. G. Milne) was observed. Milne states that this white form does not occur on the island. H. alliaria Miller.—N.S.W. Generally distributed up to at least 800 feet, the type being slightly commoner than the var. viridula. *H, nitidula Drap—N.S.W. Frequent on the northern cliffs and in similar damp and shady spots. At the foot of the cliffs between the two Loughs Nakeeroge, the var. helmi occurred commonly and without the type. The latter form was taken on the sea-cliff of Croaghaun at 1400 feet. *H. pura Alder.—S.W. Frequent on the cliffs, and met with at Kildawnet. H. radiatula Alder.—N.S.W. Generally distributed. H. crystallina Mill—N.S.W. Generally distributed, but seldom common. Euconulus fulvus Mill—_N.S.W. Generally distributed. Zonitoides nitidus Miill—N. Regarded by J. G. Milne as that species “which above all would appear to be a survival of forest times.” It is, however, in this country—so far as my experience has gone— essentially a marsh or lake-side dweller. It occurs sparingly on the warren near Valley and by Keel Lough. *Z. excavatus Bean.—S. The type appears abundant in the woods at Glendarary, while a few specimens of the var. vitrina occurred to me by the shore, near the same locality. Arion ater L.—N.S.W. Generally distributed. Vars. castanea and plumbea frequent near the sea. On the elevated peaty areas the var. aterrima, Taylor, was alone met with; this form is common to the highest point of the island, over 2200 feet. A. subfuscus Drap.—N.S.W. Generally distributed up to 1800 feet. The prevailing form appears referable to var. cinereo-fusca. *A. intermedius Normand.—N.S.W. Generally distributed. Almost all the specimens seen by me were of the grey form. [A. hortensis Fér.—N.S.(? W.). Recorded by J. G. Milne from the gardens at Dugort—where it has probably been brought with plants—and from the Signal Tower. A. intermedius is common at the last station, though not mentioned by Milne; I am therefore inclined to regard this record as due to an error of determination, as it would be a most unlikely habitat for A. hortensis. In the plantation at Glendarary, this slug is abundant; and though it has all the appearance of a native, Clare Island Survey— Land und Fresh-water Molluscu. 28 27 it may be only a “garden escape.” All the examples in the last locality were of the very black form, with bright orange foot-sole.] *A. circumscriptus Johnston.—N. Frequently met with, but always rare. Punctum pygmaeum Drap.—N.S. Local, and does not appear to be plentiful. Sphyradium edentulum Drap.—N.S. Probably generally distributed. Pyramidula rotundata Mull—N.S.W. Generally distributed up to 1400 feet altitude, except on the peaty areas. Helicella itala L—N. Abundant on all sandy areas. H. barbara L.—N. Common at Keel Strand, at Dugort, and on the warren at Valley, though recorded by J. G. Milne only from the last station and regarded by him as a new-comer. *Hygromia hispida L.—S. Not mentioned by J. G. Milne, and appears absent from the greater part of the island. It is, however, common along the shore at Kildawnet. [H. rufescens Pennant.—N. Still in Milne’s station in the gardens at Dugort, and, as he suggests, is undoubtedly an artificial introduction. Also occurs on the refuse-heaps in the village of Valley.] *H. fusca Mont.— Abundant on the cliffs—on clumps of Luzula maxima— at 800 feet altitude, above the eastern Lough Nakeeroge. Also occurs almost at sea-level on the cliffs a quarter of a mile east of the village of Dugort. Vallonia pulchella Mull—N. Frequent and common on the sand-dunes. Helix aspersa Mill—N.S. J. G. Milne regarded this species as probably a recent introduction; but from its almost universal occurrence on the western islands, I think it has an undoubted claim as a native. There is always the chance, however, that this shell may have been introduced by primitive man as an article of food. It is more widely distributed on Achill than Milne appears to have been aware of, and occurs not only at Keel, but also at Dooagh; while it is abundant im the southern portion of the island at Kildawnet.+ H. nemoralis Mill—N.W. Considered by J. G. Milne as dying out on Achill—an opinion which is probably correct. Besides the only station mentioned by Milne—Ship Point—it still survives on the sand-dunes near Lough Nambrack; on the cliffs, close to the sand-hill deposits, at Dugort; and on the cliffs to the east of the eastern Lough Nakeeroge, 1In a former paper (Proceedings R,I.A., vol. xxix, Section B, No. 3, p. 93) I quoted Mr. J. G. Milne as saying ‘‘ that this shell is apparently losing ground in certain localities, and that it was seemingly extinct in Achill.”’ I regret that this note appeared under H. aspersa, as it really referred to H. nemoralis. D2 23 28 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. in the western division of the island. Without doubt, it will be found in other places on the cliffs, and in the neighbourhood of Kildawnet. The specimens taken near Lough Nakeeroge were large, flat, and very fragile ; and in general appearance they were very similar to many of the shells taken in 1910, on Tory Island in Donegal! On the warren at Lough Nambrack a fair number of the var. citrinozonata were taken. Want of shelter, the shifting of the sands, and the increase of peat are perhaps the main causes acting towards the extermination of this and other shells on Achill, and indeed on many of the other islands. [H. hortensis Mill—? N. “Occurred with H. nemoralis, with a similar band formula.”—J. G. Milne. This is undoubtedly an error of determination, as I have previously pointed out. The white-lipped form of H. nemoralis, which is found on Achill, must have been mistaken by Milne for this species. ] Cochlicopa lubrica Mull—N.S.W. Generally distributed; but absent from the extremely peaty areas. *Pupa anglica Fér—N.W. Common on the clifis at Dugort and near the eastern Lough Nakeeroge. P. cylindracea Da Costa.—_N.S.W. Generally distributed. Vertigo antivertigo Drap.—N. Frequent in the Keel and Dugort neighbour- hoods. V. substriata Jefireys—N. “Dugort, in the fields of the Colony.”—J. G. Milne. Not seen by me on any of my visits, though probably frequent along the northern cliffs, V. pygmaea Drap.—N. Frequent. Clausilia bidentata Strom.—N.W. J. G. Milne considered that this shell “had vanished from Achill with the trees, and that it now stopped where the trees stop, at Mulranny.” Clausilia bidentata, however, still flourishes on the cliffs, close to Dugort; while it is also common on the cliffs at the eastern Lough Nakeeroge. [Succinea putris L—?N. The shells recorded as this species by J. G. Milne from Dugort and Keel must have been our western form of S. pfeifferi, which has so often been mistaken for a small form of S. putris by English conchologists. ] S. pfeifferi Rossm—N. Frequent by the lake-shores and in marshy places. Carychium minimum Mill—N.S.W. Common everywhere off the peaty land. ! Irish Nat., Sept. 1910. Olare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 23 29 *Ancylus fluviatilis Mill—N.W. A large, very fragile, and strongly striated form is found in the eastern Lough Nakeeroge, and also in Keel Lough. Limnaea auricularia L—N. Common in marshy spots in the sand-dunes near Doo Lough, and also in the lake itself. Occurs more sparingly in Keel Lough. All the specimens belong to the var. acuta Jeffreys. This variety, which prevails all along the west coast and in the north of Ireland, appears similar to some forms of the continental ZL. dagotis Schrank. L. pereger Miull.—N.S.W. Some interesting varieties of this shell occur on the island, which go far to convince me of the great effect of environ- ment on this, as well as on some other species. In the sandy lakes the usual form is met with, with acute spire and inflated body-whorl ; while in some of the peaty lakes, forms approaching Z. involuta Harvey may be found. An intermediate, referable to var. lacustris Leach, is to be found in Keel Lough, which is a large sheet of water, but one not much affected by peat. (Plate II, figs. 8-14.) L. truncatula Mill—N.S. Frequent; and is found even on the great bog north of Dooagh. Planorbis glaber Jeffreys—N. Occurs in Loughs Keel, Nambrack, and Doo; but appears rare, and during my last visit was not seen alive. *P crista L—N. Common in the marshy portions vf Lough Doo, and is also found in Keel Lough. *Paludestrina stagnalis Baster.—S. Occurs along the muddy shores near Achill Sound. *Pisidium pulchellum Jenyns.—N. Occurs in Lough Gall and in Keel Lough. *P. casertanum Poli—N.S.W. Generally distributed, and is the only shell which seems to inhabit some of the western lakes of the island. Occurs in Lough Acorrymore—550 feet altitude—but was not seen in Bunnafreva Lough West. *P. obtusale Pfeiffer.—N.S. Occurs in Lough Gall and Sraheens Lough. P. pusillum Gmelin.—N.S. Common in Lough Gall and in Sraheens Lough, and reported from Dugort by J. G. Milne. *P. personatum Malm.—N.S. Frequent in boggy drains with P. casertanum. *P. milium Held.—N. Common with Planorbis crista in Lough Doo. *P. steenbuchi Moller—_N. The first living specimens collected in Ireland appear to have been those taken in Keel Lough. *P. lilljeborgi Clessin—N.S. Common in Keel Lough among wind-drifted material. This shell occurred among material collected for me at Keel by the late Dr. G. W. Chaster in September, 1909, but was not recognized at that time. It is also found in Sraheens Lough and Lough Gall. 23 30 Proceedings of the Royul Trish Academy. In J. G. Milne’s list, thirty-eight species are recorded as living on Achill ; two of these— Helix hortensis and Succinea putris—are certainly erroneous records. Since then, twenty species have been added. Even now, I do not think the list is complete, for Acicula lineata must surely occur somewhere on the cliffs ; Balea perversa may linger in the same places, as it is met with on the cliffs of Clare Island; Acanthinula aculeata and A. lamellata are, perhaps, in the woods at Glendarary, as these have been only superficially surveyed ; and Limnaca palustris or Alplecta hypnorum may lurk in some of the many pools along the shores. The absence of Planorbis spirorbis appears to be real, and is surprising when one considers its frequency on Clare Island and its prevalence on the Curraun promontory. Helicella intersecta is another unaccountable absentee from the present list, and plenty of suitable habitats exist for Limax cinerco-niger) THE BILLS OF ACHILL. This remote group of rocks was visited in June, 1910, by some members of the survey—R. Ll. Praeger, R. J. Welch, and A. D. Cotton—who have reported that no specimens of mollusca were to be seen, though woodlice and other small animals were abundant among the vegetation in the bird colonies: On Lambay, in County Dublin (Irish Nat., xvi, 41-42), under somewhat similar conditions, several species were collected among the débris of the nesting-places; but it is possible that the molluscan fauna of The Bills has been exterminated by the heavy Atlantic seas which must break over the rocks in winter time. THE BLack Rock. For Limaz flavus J. W. Taylor (Mon. L. and F. W. Moll. II, 87) gives the following record for West Mayo, “Black Rock Lighthouse, 1890. R. Widdicombe.” That this slug is native on the island, which, I learn, is but a sea-swept stack, is scarcely possible. Mr. R. J. Ussher, who visited the island. in July, 1911, informs me that he only observed one species of flowering plant— Armeria maritima—upon that occasion. It is most probable, therefore, that the specimens sent to the referees of the Conchological Society had been brought from the mainland, with stores for the lighthouse attendants.2 (See record for Z. flavus from Inishturk, p. 33.) 1 Fora list of the shells found on the neighbouring island of Inishbiggle and for various localities and lakes on Achill, see J. G. Milne’s paper (4). ? This opinion is shared by Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, to whom the specimens were sent by Mr. Widdicombe. Clare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 28 31 INISHKEA. During the Clare Island Survey no party visited these islands, which lie to the west of The Mullet. From the North Island, however, I possess specimens of Limnaea pereger (Plate II, fig. 23), collected in 1905 by R. Ll. Praeger. These are somewhat similar to examples taken in Cross Lough on The Mullet, and are of an opaque white colour, strong in texture, with an acute spire and slender body-whorl. CAHER ISLAND. Caher is a small rocky island about half a mile in width and one mile in length, lying some two and a half miles N.H. of Inishturk, partially drift- covered, andrising gradually towards the north-west, where it attains an altitude of some 200 feet. Thus the northern and eastern parts of the island are more or less sheltered from the prevailing winds, and though the vegetation here can scarcely be called luxuriant, it is sufficient to harbour at least twenty-four species of land mollusca. A few shallow pools near the highest point of the island, containing Limnaea pereger ; several marshy spots in which L. truncatula is to be found; and the small lakelet (Kilkeel Lough) about one hundred yards in diameter, near Caher Point, are the only habitats on the island for fresh-water shells. In the last-mentioned locality L. pereger occurs also and is associated with Pzrsidiwm miliwm and P. personatum. The water of this lake is distinctly saline. (See report on Rhizopoda, by Wailes and Penard, Part 65, p. 12.) The list of shells taken by me on the island is as follows ;— Inst of Mollusks of Caher Island. Limax arborum. Vallonia pulchella. Milax gagates. Helicella itala. Agriolimax agrestis. Helix aspersa. A. laevis. Cochlicopa lubrica. Vitrina pellucida. Hyalinia alliaria. H. nitidula. H. radiatula. H. pura. H. erystallina. Euconulus fulvus. Arion ater. A. intermedius. Pyramidula rotundata. Carychium minimum. Vertigo antivertigo. V. substriata. V. pygmaea, Pupa anglica. P. eylindracea. Limnaea. pereger. L. truncatula. Pisidium milium. P. personatum. 23 32 Proceedings of the Royul Irish Academy. All of these would be found in a typical faunal list from a western island, and the absentees are perhaps more interesting. Thus I could not find Hyalinia cellaria, Arion subfuscus, Zonitoides excavatus, Punctum pygmaeum, Sphyradium edentulum, Hygromia hispida, Heliz nemoralis, nor Clausilia bidentata. The precincts of the old church would probably have yielded some from this list, but I was unable to spend more than a few moments at this spot. One species—Vallonia pulchella—is common by the lake-shore on Caher, which did not occur to me on Inishturk, while the abundance of Vitrina pellucida and Hyalinia alliaria contrasted strangely with their extreme scarcity on the latter island. INISHTURE. This in several ways resembles Clare Island on a smaller scale, but suitable habitats for mollusca are even more restricted than on the latter. Grassy cliffs, such as those of Croaghmore and Knocknaveen, are absent, the majority being quite precipitous and almost devoid of vegetation. Around Garranty, however, some of the ridges with which the island is everywhere crossed are on their northern slopes covered with a dense scrubby vegetation, which includes Hazel, Holly, and Birch. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that twenty-six out of the thirty-one land shells obtained by me on the island occur in this neighbourhood. Ooghnalee, a vertical pipe communicating with the inland end of a large sea-cave, yielded an interesting list of species. In this cave the only specimen of Vitrina pellucida was taken. The ancient graveyard was disappointing,! and contained nothing of interest beyond Hyalinia cellaria, a colony of H. nitidula var. helmi, and some Helix aspersa with the curiously wrinkled texture met with in shells of this species upon several of the other islands surveyed. Habitats for fresh-water species are confined to the three small lakes, some boggy pools and small streams. Lough Coolaknick contains imnaea pereger, Pisidium casertanum, P. nitidum and P.milium ; Lough Aleen, L. pereger ; and Lough Namucka, in the most exposed situation of all, contains Z. pereger, L. palustris, and Pisidium pusillum, while its shore appears to be the only haunt of Zonitoides nitidus. Except in the habitats mentioned above, the island is almost devoid of a molluscan fauna, consisting as it does, for the greater part, of heavily glaciated ridges of Silurian rock, bare of drift, but here and there thinly covered with peaty soil. Upon these inhospitable areas Zimazx arburum —the so-called Tree Slug—is usually abundant; Arion ater is common; while A. subfuscus, A. intermedius, Hyalinia alliaria, H. radiabula, Pyramiubae rotundata and Cochlicopa luhrica occur sparingly. 1 The large quantity of Bracken (Pteris Aquilina) may account for the scarcity of shells. Clare Tsland Survey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 23 33 The total list of species found on Inishturk is as follows :— List of Mollusks of Inishturk. Limax arborum, Helicella itala. [L. flavus (probably introduced Hygromia hispida. by man). ] Helix aspersa. Agriolimax agrestis. H. nemoralis. A. laevis. Cochlicopa lubrica. Milax gagates. Carychium minimum. Vitrina pellucida. Pupa anglica. Hyalinia cellaria. P. eylindracea. H. alliaria. Vertigo antivertigo. H. nitidula. ; V. substriata. H. pura. V. pygmaea. - HH. radiatula. Clausilia bidentata. H. crystaliina. Ancylus fluviatilis. Euconulus fulvus. — . Limnaea pereger. Zonitoides nitidus. L. palustris. Z. excavatus. L. truncatula. Arion ater. : Pisidium casertanum. A. subfuscus. P. nitidum. A. intermedius. P. pusillum. Punctum pygmaeum. P. milium, Pyramidula rotundata. A few of these call for special mention. imax flavus, a single specimen, which occurred beneath a stone close to the Congested Districts Board store at Garranty, is, I feel sure, an artificial introduction. Except in this one instance, and excluding the influence exercised upon it by browsing cattle and sheep, I could detect no sign that man’s habitation of Inishturk had affected its molluscan fauna. Milax gagates, though frequent round the north-eastern shore, is not so abundant as on most of the western islands, while Z, alliaria ——perhaps the most typical land-shell of the west of Ireland—appeared to be almost extinct, and though after vigorous search I managed to find a few dead shells here and there throughout the island, no living specimen occurred. The type of Z excavatus was frequently met with, and of the var. vitrina a few specimens were taken near Garranty. Helicella itala, Hygromia hispida, and Clausilia bidentata are confined to the south shore, the latter two being conspicuous absentees from the graveyard and the village at Garranty. V. antivertigo was several times encountered, but the other two species of this R.I,A. PROC., VOL, XXXI, K 23 23 34 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. genus were seen only in a damp gully near the south-eastern corner of the island. Pupa anglica was common in many places, the type prevailing in the open, and the vars. pallida and alba where the vegetation became denser. Ancylus fluviatilis occurred abundantly in the small stream flowing into the harbour at Garranty and probably lives in some of the other rivulets as well. Although the above list is very similar to that from Clare Island, several notable absentees will be noted. Some of these, such as imax cinereo- niger, Arion circumscriptus, Sphyradium edentulum, Acanthinula aculeata, and Acicula lineata, would have no doubt been found had my visit been paid at a more favourable time of year. The scarcity of Luzula maxima and of the kind of ground that favours its growth is possibly responsible for the absence of Acanthinula lamellata and Hygromia fusca, while Helicella intersecta and H. barbara could hardly exist on the island. On Inishturk, as well as on all the western islands I have visited, the struggle for existence among the mollusca is clearly to be seen, and evidence in favour of Mr. C. B. Moffat’s idea! that island faunas tend steadily to diminish, is vividly brought before one’s mind. A hundred years hence and several of the species upon my list may have vanished for ever from Inishturk. INISHBOFIN. Compared with the islands of Turkand Clare, Inishbofin may be considered as low-lying. There are, nevertheless, several hills exceeding 250 feet in elevation. None of these is steep enough to yield any great degree of shelter; but, as in the case of the other islands, there exist along the eastern shore several places where a rank vegetation flourishes. To the south of Church Lough are several rocky slopes, which proved excellent collecting-ground, while behind the sandy beach of the eastern harbour is an extensive tract of damp meadow-land, appropriately called Cloonamore. At Bunnamullan Bay, and about a quarter of a mile eastward of Doonahineena on the north coast, there is a certain amount of cover for mollusca upon some of the cliffs, which in places run inland for considerable distances. Here and there all round the coasts similar but smaller refuges may be found. Sandy areas are more extensive on Inishbofin than on any of the neighbouring islands nearer than Achill, and an abundance of the two xerophiles, Helicella itala and H. barbara, is not surprising. One might almost say that the greater portion of the interior of the island possesses no molluscan fauna whatever. Naturally inhospitable to mollusca, the inhabitants have completed what nature began, and by stripping the peaty soil down to the very rocks have left the island, in places, 1 |rish Nat., xvi, 133-148, Clare Island Survey—Land und Fresh-water Mollusca. 28 35 barren beyond description. Except on Tory Island, in Donegal, and on the outer islands of the Shyrgaard of Norway, I have never seen such desolate tracts of land. Fresh-water habitats are frequent, but yielded no species of special interest, with the single exception of Pisidiwm hibernicum. I have to thank G. P. Farran for an unpublished list of mollusks collected by him on the island during the years 1900 and 1901. This contains twenty-three species, five of which were only represented by dead examples found in the “shell-pockets ” on the sand-dunes. The total list of species known to live or to have lived on Inishbofin is as follows! :— List of Mollusks of Inishbofin. [Limax maximus (? introduced). ] Helix aspersa. L. arborum. H. nemoralis. Agriolimax agrestis. Cochlicopa lubrica. A. laevis. Carychium minimum. Milax gagates. Pupa anglica. Vitrina pellucida. P. cylindracea. Hyalinia cellaria. (P. muscorum.) H. alliaria. Vertigo antivertigo. H. nitidula. V. substriata. H. pura. V. pygmaea. H. radiatula. Clausilia bidentata. H. crystallina. Balea perversa. Euconulus fulvus. Limnaea pereger. Zonitoides excavatus. L. palustris. Arion ater. L. truncatula, A. subfuscus. Planorbis crista. A. intermedius. P. spirorbis. (Punctum pygmaeum.) Acicula lineata. Sphyradium edentulum. Pisidium subtruncatum. Pyramidula rotundata. P. casertanum. Vallonia pulchella. P. hibernicum. (V. costata.) P. milium. (Acanthinula aculeata.) P. nitidum. Hygromia hispida. P. obtusale. Helicella itala. P. pusillum. H. barbara. 1 Those enclosed in brackets have not so far been found in a living state. The list of species found in the deposit near Carricknamoyla, opposite Inishlyon, will be found on p. 41. H2 23 36 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Notes on some of the more interesting species. - G. P. Farran reports Z. maximus from neat the harbour, and it seems most likely that this slug may have been imported from the mainland as on Clare. Island and Achill Island. : H. cellaria is confined to the graveyard and the neighbourhood of houses. Probably native in the former situation. Z exrcavatus, except on the cliffs at Bunnamullan Bay, is very local and rare. Of S. edentulum I took only one example: this occurred on the cliffs east of Doonahineena. V. pulchella is apparently almost extinct, except on several sandy areas between Lough Bofin and The Stags of Bofin, though abundant in the deposit near Carrickna- moyla. H. hispida seems to be confined not only to the graveyard, but to one spot in this enclosure, yiz., beneath the east window of the old church. H. itala is abundant on all the sandy areas, but H. barbara and H. aspersa were only noted near those along the southern andeasternshores. Of H. nemoralis G. P. Farran says :—“ None seen alive; recent shells common in sandhills.” These, at first, were all I could find, and the species appeared to be extinct on all the sandy areas. Profiting, however, by experience gained on the other islands, I afterwards found it living on the cliffs east of Doonahineena, and sheltering under Sazi/raga umbrosa on the blufis south of Church Lough. In the latter place it was fairly common, but in the former it appeared to be struggling to maintain its hold. All the shells were small, and also exceedingly delicate in texture. Several of the var. /zbellula with white lips and no bands no doubt would have been passed in certain quarters as Helix hortensis; but an examination of the darts showed them to be H. nemoralis. Pupa anglica occurred frequently, the beantiful var. alba being almost the commonest form met with. 2. muscorum I could not find alive, though to judge by the deposits it must have been very common formerly. It is evidently one of the shells which, along the west coast at any rate, is losing ground. (See Irish Nat., xvi, 359.) Vertigo antivertigo and V. substriata were met with on the shore of Loughnabraud and at Cloonamore, but V. pygmaea was seen only near the sandy area east of Church Lough. Though common in the deposits, it was not till 1 In spite of friendly warning from R. Welch and myself, J. W. Taylor (Mon. L. and F. W. Moll., vol. iii, p. 363) has recorded H.-hortensis from Achill Island and Ballina. I am quite sure, however, that this species has never been taken so far in either division of Co. Mayo. The former record is an old one of J. G. Milne’s (Journ. of Conch., vol. vi, p. 417), which 1 have previously pointed out must be an error (Proceedings R.I.A., xxix, Section B, 95. 1911), while the habitat given in the latter case—Bartragh Island—would be sufficient to cast doubt upon the record to anyone who had studied the habits of the respective species in this country. As Mr. Welch has so often pointed out, H. hortensis does not live on the exposed sandy areas of the west coast, where the white-lipped form of H. nemoralis is quite common. Clare Islund Survey—Land und Fresh-water Mollusca. 28 37 near the close of the first day’s work that I found Clausiliv bidentata alive— a single shell on the cliffs of the great sea-gully at Alladoon, opposite Inishshark. On the following day it was taken sparingly on the cliffs east of Doonahineena. Balea perversa occurred on the south-east angle of the mortared wall enclosing the graveyard. Acicwla lineata figures in G. P. Farran’s list, but was not seen by me, though several likely spots were carefully searched for it. The habitats for the fresh-water species are as follows :— . Lough Fawna—L. pereger, P. obtusale. Loughnabraud—Z. pereger and Pl. erista. Loughnagrooaun —Z. pereger, -P. obtusale. ‘Lough Gowlanagower—ZL. pereger, P. pusillum, P. hibernicum, and P, milium. Church Lough—Z. pereger, L. palustris, Pl. crista (in the outlet), P. subtruncatum, P. milium, P. casertanum. Stream in the meadow-land at Cloonamore—Pi. spirorbis, Pisidiwm subtruncatum, P. pusillum, P. nitidum, and P. miliwm. Several other streams and pools contained P. casertanum and P. milium. Lough Bofin was found to be too salt to contain any fresh-water species. The best find on Inishbofin was undoubtedly Fisidium hibernicum. This bivalve, unknown up to the present outside Ireland, has hitherto been taken only in three small alpine tarns, one in South Kerry and two in West Cork. T have suggested to Mr. B. B. Woodward that it may be an American species, but so far he has failed to recognize it among the species described from that continent. Taken as a whole, the molluscan fauna of Inishbofin strikes me as being rather more closely related to that of the mainland of West Galway than to that of either Inishturk, Clare Island, or Achill Island, though on paper the lists of species from these districts will be found to be similar. LOUISBURGH. This may be regarded as the richest district in mollusca of all those included in the survey, for of the eighty-eight species so far recorded for West Mayo, seventy are to be found living within its boundaries. The absentees are mainly fresh-water species, which have a more or less strictly central distribution in Ireland, and do not extend their range beyond the districts of Westport or Castlebar. The great stretches of highly calcareous sand-dunes between Louisburgh and the entrance to Killary Harbour contain many lakes, in which, besides the usual western fauna, represented by shells 23 38 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy. like Limnaea auricularia var. acuta, Planorbis crista, and P. glaber, a number of species are found which are unknown in other parts of the west coast. These latter are some of the more widely-ranging members of the central fauna, and include Limnaea stagnalis, Physa fontinalis, Bithynia tentaculata, and Sphaerium corneum. Immediately north of the entrance to Killary Harbour is a rough uncultivated area of heavily glaciated rocky knolls known as Dooaghtry. This, on the landward side, is in sheltered places covered with patches of dense scrub, while towards the west it is deeply covered with blown-sand. It contains three shallow lakes and a fair extent of marshy ground. Dooaghtry is perhaps the richest sanctuary for mollusca on the west coast, and provides shelter for no less than sixty-three species. Besides Zonitoides nitidus, Z. excavatus, Acanthinula aculeata, A. lamellata, Hygromia fusca, Balea perversa, Pupa anglica, Vertigo anti- vertigo, V. substriata, V. pygmaea, Acicula lineata, Limnaea auricularia, and Planorbis glaber, we find here two species—Vertigo angustior and Succinea oblonga—which are otherwise unknown in West Mayo. Both these shells are common, but whereas V. angustior is confined to the shore of Dooaghtry Lough, the latter is widespread and swarms over several miles of country, wherever damp marshy land is to be found. A note on the habitat of this Vertigo may be interesting, since it is similar in every respect to that in which it occurs at Dog’s Bay in West Galway. It lives on the sides of stones sunk in more or less wet ground, and is particularly common on clumps of the moss—Hypnum velutinwm—which grow on and around the stones. Throughout the coastal portions of this district of Louisburgh Helicella itala is abundant and H. intersecta (the large western form) occurs on the sand near the town of this name. Thus the inexplicable absence of H. barbara is more pronounced. The effect of exposure near the coast is shown toa great extent on H. itala. On the flat wind-swept swards, where the turf is still unbroken, thousands of this shell, of a size no bigger than an ordinary Hygromia hispida, may be found sheltering under a vegetation which has all the appearance of a well-kept lawn. In the hollows of the dunes, in some cases no more than one hundred yards from where the dwarf form lives, moderate-sized specimens occur, which bear little or no resemblance in colour, texture, or shape to their puny neighbours. Similar forms appear to occur on the west coast of France: from these several supposed species have been described, which we in this country probably include in our Helicedla itala. (Plate II, figs. 44 & 45.) ‘A single specimen of the spineless form, var. sublaevis West., occurred amongst scrub at Dooaghtry. This appears to bea very rare variety, as only a few previous instances of its occurrence in Ireland ure recorded. Clare [stand Surrey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 28 39 The woods at Old Head, and above all those in the Deer-park near Belclare, at the extreme eastern corner of this district, would well repay further work. Even during my hurried visits to these localities excellent lists were compiled after but a few minutes’ collecting. The letters after the names of species in the following list—B, O, L, R, or D—signify that the species referred to was taken in the neighbourhood of Belclare (metamorphic area), Old Head, Louisburgh, Roonah Lough and Lough Baun, or at Dooaghtry. Where no letter is found, the species may be taken as generally distributed in the district. List of Mollusks of the Louisburgh District. Limax maximus, O. L. arborum. Agriolimax agrestis. A. laevis. Milax gagates, D, L. Vitrina pellucida. Hyalinia cellaria. H. alliaria. H. nitidula. H. pura. H. radiatula. H. erystallina. Euconulus fulvus. Zonitoides nitidus, R, D. Z. excavatus, B, D. Arion ater. A. subfuscus. A. intermedius. [A.hortensis (ingardensonly), L.] A. circumscriptus. Punctum pygmaeum, D. Sphyradium edentulum O, D. Pyramidula rotundata, Helicella itala. H. intersecta, L. Hygromia fusca, D. H. hispida, B, R. Acanthinula aculeata, D. A. lamellata, B, O, D. Vallonia pulchella, R. D. Helix aspersa. H. nemoralis. Cochlicopa lubrica. Pupa anglica. P. cylindracea. Vertigo antivertigo. V. substriata, D. V. pygmaea. V. angustior, D. Balea perversa, O, D. Clausilia bidentata. Succinea pfeifferi. S. oblonga, D. Carychium minimum, Ancylus fluviatilis, in streams on Croaghpatrick, above Mur- risk, up to 450 feet alt.; also in the Carrownisky River. Limnaea auricularia, R, D. L. pereger. L. stagnalis, R, D. L. palustris. L. truncatula. Planorbis albus, R, D. P. glaber, Rk. D. P. crista. P. spirorbis, P, contortus, R. 23 40 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy. Physa fontinalis, R, D. Pisidium subtruncatum.. Aplecta hypnorum, R, D. P. casertanum. Paludestrina jenkinsi, R. - - . P. obtusale, D, - Bithynia tentaculata, R. - P. nitidum, R, D. Valvata piscinalis, R, D. FRc P. personatum, D, V. cristata, R. P. milium. Acicula lineata, B, D. P. pusillum, D. Sphaerium corneum, D. Zonitordes excavatus, though common in the Deer-park near Belclare, its nearest approach to the limestone area (see p. 6), is rare in the district, and the Dooaghtry record rests on a single specimen taken by the late Dr. Chaster near Killary Lodge in September, 1909. The finding of Paludestrina jenkinst, the first and only record of West Mayo, in the small lake between. Lough Baun and the sea is interesting. This pool lies behind the great storm-beach, which is a characteristic feature of the coast; the lake is slightly brackish, as the sea at very high tides flows into it, as it must also do during winter gales. With P. jenkinsi, which-was not by any means so common as this shell usually is in Ireland, were associated small stunted forms of Limnaca pereger, Valvata piscinalis, and Pisidiwm nitidum. The presence of Planorbis glaber, associated with P. albus, is interesting, as it has often been stated that these two shells do not inhabit the same waters. In all probability P. glaber will in time give way before the other. The only record for Arion hortensis is that from the garden at McDermott’s hotel in Louisburgh, where it was, no doubt, imported with plants. As no previous work has been done in this out-of-the-way district, we can only imagine the effects produced’ by the shifting of the sands, which for the last hundred years or so has been the curse of the Dooaghtry coast. From the changes which have taken place during the last ee years (compare the old and modern Ordnance maps), I should not be surprised if some of the present lakes will entirely vanish during the next. century. The ancient graveyard, formerly surrounded by dunes, and until a generation ago used for interment,-now forms a fortress-like mound upon the coast, and offers an ever-weakening resistance to the elements, for while the wind and rain remove the lighter material from it the river undermines its foundations. The sight of tombstones, skulls, bones, and even coftins and their contents, sliding down a sandy slope into the river below, is one that is not easily forgotten. A few Helix aspersa still live in this desecrated spot, rabbits burrow beneath the remaining head-stones, and the cattle use as a “ rubbing- post” the end of a coffin, which projects from the face of the sandy cliff. Olare Island Survey—Luand and Fresh-water Molluscu. 23 41 ou : ERRIS. Almost the entire district is heavily peat-covered, and were it not for the small patches of native scrub along some of the river courses—as at Glen- castle, a wild pass on the lonely road between Belmullet and Bangor—and the sandy areas along parts of the coast, the list for this division of the county would be a meagre one indeed. In these small areas of woodland, a typical “western” fauna is always to be found. That along the shore of Bellagh- cragher Bay, about a mile north of Mulranny, proved to be one of the most interesting sanctuaries met with during the survey, and here several species oceurred which were not met with elsewhere in Erris. The chief species of interest occurring at Bellaghcragher are Limax maximus, Zonitoides excavatus, Punctum pygmaewm, Hygromia fusca, Acanthinula lamellata, Balea perversa, Pupa anglica, and Vertigo substriata. At Glencastle the main feature was the extraordinary abundance of Hyalinia nitidulu, which, though generally distributed throughout West Mayo, is not often really common.! Quite a different fauna exists along the shores of Achill Sound at Curraun village. Here sand-dunes and dry stony ground form the chief features, and Vallonia pulchella, Helicella itala, H. intersecta, Helix uspersa, and H. nemoralis occur in thousands. Of the last-mentioned many remarkable varieties were taken by our party in September, 1909. On the Boulder-clay cliffs which face towards the south, a colony of var. roseozonata was discovered, living and resting under the leaves of the Colt’s-foot (Tussilago Farfara) and apparently feeding on the orange fungus which attacks the leaves of this plant. Among the band-formula variations, 12000, 12300, 12034, 00345, and 00305 may be mentioned, while the fourth and fifth bands in many examples showed a tendency to split into a number of hair-like streaks. (Plate II, fig. 52.) The fresh-water fauna of the district is almost nl, streams, peat-holes, and drains forming the only habitats throughout the greater portion of it. In Carrowmore Lough Physa fontinalis—a small stunted form—was taken, this large lake appearing to be its most westerly habitat in this neighbourhood. Some interesting dwarf forms of Limnaea pereger occur, but the most peculiar is that living in Carrowmore Lough. This is of a commonplace lacustrine form in shape, but is so beautifully and evenly striated that its surface has a distinctly silky appearance in a strong light. Owing to the great extent of this district and the little time available for its survey, the absentees from the following list need not be commented upon, 1] have on several occasions noted that in places where H. nitidula was common, HZ. cellaria was absent, but this may have been merely a coincidence. R. J. A. PROG., VOL. XXXT. F 23 23 42 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. with the possible exception of Helicella barbara and Hygromia hispida. The latter must occur somewhere in the area, but is evidently not common; and the former, though undoubtedly absent from the sandy shores about Curraun, probably occurs further north along the shore of Blacksod Bay. The fresh- water list is, I think, possibly complete or almost so. The letters B, C, G, and M following the name of a species denote that it was found at Ballaghcragher Bay, Curraun, Glencastle, or Carrowmore Lough respectively. Those not followed by any letters are generally distributed. List of Mollusks of Erris. Limax maximus, B. L. arborum. Agriolimax agrestis. A. laevis, C, M. Milax gagates, C. Vitrina pellucida. Hyalinia cellaria, C, B. H. alliaria. H. nitidula. H. pura. H. radiatula. H. crystallina. Euconulus fulvus. Zonitoides nitidus, M. Z. excavatus, B, C. Avion ater. A. subfuscus. A. intermedius. [A. hortensis (near houses only). ] A. circumscriptus. Punctum pygmaeum, B. Sphyradium edentulum, B. Pyramidula rotundata. Helicella itala, C. H. intersecta, C. Acanthinula lamellata, B. Vallonia pulchella, C. Hygromia fusca, B. Helix aspersa. H. nemoralis. Cochlicopa lubrica. Pupa anglica. P. cylindracea. Vertigo antivertigo, C. V. pygmaea, B, C. V. substriata, B. Clausilia bidentata. Balea perversa, Bb, G. Carychium minimum. Limnaea pereger. L. palustris, M. L. truncatula. Physa fontinalis, M. Ancylus fiuviatilis (Srahna- manragh Bridge). Planorbis spirorbis, C. Pisidium subtruncatum, M. P. casertanum. P. obtusale, M. P. nitidum, M. P. personatum, C. P. pusillum, M. P. milium, B. Clare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Molluseu. 23 48 THE HiGH GROUNDS OF CURRAUN, CROAGHPATRICK, AND MWEELREA, AND THE DooLOoUGH VALLEY. Judging by the fauna of the cliffs of Croaghmore on Clare Island, where at an elevation of 1000 feet we find twenty-seven species of mollusca, it cannot be due to altitude that the districts now under consideration yield such poor lists. This poverty is, I fancy, due rather to the enormous accumulation of peat upon these mountainous areas. Perpendicular cliffs are few owing to the smoothing action of the former ice-covering, and where these exist, as on the northern face of Croaghpatrick, the crumbling nature of the rocks renders them unsuited to molluscan life. The fact that all these mountains are composed of non-calcareous rocks also militates against the compilation of a long list of species. In order to survey satisfactorily such a district as the present one, a great deal of time and labour would have to be given up to the work. This I was not able to do, but I consider that it is best to publish the somewhat meagre list which I have compiled. ‘This consists of twelve species only, and is the result of four laborious days’ work, none of which, however, were at the most suitable seasons. Twenty-two species known to occur in the Doolough valley are included also, as this locality is completely isolated from the adjoining districts by high ground or peaty areas. In the following list, C signifies that the species was found on Curraun Mt., P on Croaghpatrick, M on Mweelrea and its neighbours, and D in the Doolough Valley. With the exception of those from the last area, all specimens were collected above 500 feet altitude. Inst of species found in the mountainous areas. Limax arborum, P. A. intermedius, P. Agriolimax agrestis, D. Punctum pygmaeum, D. A. laevis, P. Sphyradium edentulum, D. Vitrina pellucida, D. Cochlicopa lubrica, D. Hyalinia alliaria, D. Pupa anglica, M, D. H. nitidula, D. P. cylindracea, D. H, pura, D. Vertigo pygmaea, D. H. radiatula, D. V. substriata, D. H. crystallina, P, D. Limnaea pereger, M, D. Euconulus fulvus, D. L. truncatula, M. Zonitoides nitidus, D. Ancylus fluviatilis, C, D. Z. excavatus, D. Pisidium personatum, D, M. Arion ater, C, D, P. P. casertanum, C. A. subiuscus, C. Margaritana margaritifera, D. F2 23 44 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy. The last-mentioned species was taken some years ago in quantity by Mr. Welch in the Bundorragha River between Doolough and she sea; it has not otherwise been reported from West Mayo, except in the adjoining Erriff Valley. Mr. Welch is responsible for the majority of the Doolough SESS, as he is the only collector who has worked that area. sue The most interesting of the species in the above list is the eal dark alpine form of Z. arborwm which abounds all over Croaghpatrick, even to the very. summit, an elevation of 2,510 feet. Attention seems to have been first drawn to this interesting form of the present slug by Dr. Scharff! who took almost black specimens at considerable altitudes on Macgillicuddy’s Reeks in Kerry, during the year 1899. This variety is not, however, confined to the mountainous areas of the west, as it occurs on Knockdhu, Co. Antrim, associated with arctic or alpine plants such as Arenaria verna and Dryas octopetala, at an altitude of about 900 feet. CLEW Bay AND CASTLEBAR LIMESTONE AREA. Nowhere in Ireland will the study of the local distribution of the fresh- water mollusca prove more fascinating than in a district situated on the fringe of the central faunal area. In some instances, as in West Mayo, this corresponds with the edge of the central limestone plain; in other districts, as in the north-east of Ireland, this is not the case. In the latter part of the country many members of the central fauna occupy the greater part of Co. Down, as well as the basins of the Rivers Bann (Lough Neagh) and Lagan. Thus what at first glance would appear to be due to the influence of the limestone evidently cannot be put down entirely to that source. Nevertheless, where limestone areas and non-calcareous and peat-covered ones are contiguous, the line of demarcation of the central fauna is more strongly marked. This is shown clearly in the district-under consideration, and a detailed survey of the lakes and rivers between Castlebar and Clew Bay should prove intensely interesting. Even by the time the boundary of West Mayo is crossed at Castlebar many of the central species have vanished ;? among which Planorbis umbilicatus, P. carinatus and P. vortex are most noticeable. One species—Neritina fluviatilis—still common at Castlebar, does not seem to cross the watershed between this and the basin of the Carrowbeg ; 1 See Scharff and Carpenter, Irish Nat., viii, 213-218. *The district between Castlebar and the River Shannon is perhaps the least known area in Ireland, und it is not pussible to give at present the exact boundary of these central species. It is possible that some of them do not occur westward of the Shannon basin. Clare Island Survey— Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 23 45 but all the remaining central species found at Castlebar occur also in the Clew Bay area. Westward of this they are conspicuous by their absence, except in the coastal lakes south of Louisburgh, where some of them make their reappearance. That these outliers once upon a time lived in direct communication with the main body is perhaps possible. _ The sudden disappearance of the members of the central fauna, as one proceeds from Newport towards Mulranny, has been commented upon by J. G. Milne (Journal of Conch., vi, 412-421, 1891), and is worthy of notice. Thus, my list for Creevaghaun Lough comprises (besides universally distributed species such as JL. pereger) A. hypnorum, Pl. albus P. crista, P. fontanus, V. cristata, B. tentaculata, S. corneum, P. obtusale, P. pusillum, and P. milium; that from Dougan Lough, L. stagnalis (a peculiarly stunted form), P/. albus, P. contortus, P. spirorbis, B. tentaculata, V. cristata, P. casertanum, P. lilljeborgi, and P. miliwm; while from Lough Arrow,! collected by F. Balfour Browne, I have A. hypnorum, P. fontinalis, Fl. contortus, P. fontanus, B. tentaculata, and S. corneum. All these lakes lie to the east or south of Newport, and contain a curious mixture of central and western shells. With the exception of P. contortus, which occurs in a small lakelet near Burrishoole Abbey, none of the central species has been reported west of Newport; and Bunnamucka Lough, a small lake near Rosturk, contains only Z. pereger, L. truncatula, Pl. crista, and P. milium, P. subtruncatum, and P. pusillum, which, if L. palustris and P. glaber were present, might be looked upon as a typical fauna for a small western lake. In the southern part of the district the local distribution of the central members of the fresh-water fauna is similar to that around Newport, as eight of these occur in the Carrowbeg at Westport, and none in the 18 miles of country which lie between this town and the nearest of the Louisburgh lakes. The problem which requires to be solved in connexion with these species is whether they have once had a wide western distribution and have since retired ¢o the central plain, or whether they have endeavoured to spread from the central plain in post-Glacial times? The finding of deposits underlying the peat-bogs might solve this, and it is to be regretted that the study of these deposits has been greatly neglected. The terrestrial species of the central type ave, in this district, limited to three—Pyramidula rupestris, Hygromia rufescens (probably introduced by man), and I include Swecinea putris—these exhibit a local distribution somewhat similar to the fresh-water species of the group. The two former 1'lhis must not be confounded with the larger L. Arrow in Co. Sligo, 23 46 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy. are abundant in the environs of Westport, and as far west as Murrisk ; while H. rufescens is found near houses as far north as Newport, and sparingly by the roadside at Mulranny, where the roads to Ballycroy and Achill part. South of Clew Bay all three species live near the harbour at Old Head, upon the extreme edge of this district, the boundary of which I have extended so as to include their habitats. Here S. putris occurs sparingly by the side of the small stream which flows from the woods, and appears on the verge of extinction. P. rupestris and H. rufescens! are to be found among limestone boulders near the old lime-kiln, associated with one of the rarest of West Mayo land-shells, Vallonia costata. The limestone appears to have been taken from the Boulder-clays forming the cliffs which face the bay some distance to the east. The upper surface of this Boulder-clay probably marks the post-Glacial level of the land, where Clew Bay now is. Thus it is possible that the ancestors of these shells inhabited an area of land, which has since been destroyed by the inroads of the sea. This idea is strengthened by the fact that P. rupestris occurs on Dorinish, one of the many islands which stud the bay, and the only one upon which land-shells have been collected. The semi- marine species which I include in my list are three in number. Paludestrina stagnalis is abundant round all parts of the bay (see Nathaniel Colgan’s report on the Marine Mollusca, Part XXII); P. ventrose was brought to me by F. Balfour Browne from the salt-marsh below Mulranny ; while Phytia myosotis is no doubt common in many places, as it occurred south of Newport, in the only habitat in which I searched for it. The following is a full list of species so far found in the district. C signifies that the species was found near Castlebar, W near Westport, N near Newport, M (Murrisk) between Westport and Old Head, and B (Burrishoole) that it occurred between Newport and Mulranny. Those species unmarked may be taken as generally distributed in the district. List of Mollusks of the Clew Bay and Castlebar Areas. Limax maximus, W, B, C. A. laevis. L. arborum. [Milax sowerbyi,” W, B, M.] Agriolimax agrestis. M. gagates, W, B. | H. rufescens probably owes its origin here to man’s interference, and is surely an ‘‘ escape”’ from a former cottage-garden, situated close by. ‘Ihe other species are certainly native. *Since Milax sowerhyi, Arion hortensis and Hygromia ruféscens are confined to the neighbourhood of habitations, it is impossible to say whether they are ‘‘native”’ or only ‘‘naturalized.’’ Their standing is therefore given as * * * in the table at the end of this report. In the south-east of England H. rufescens lives in uncultivated areas, but I haye no record of its being found in Ireland under such circumstances. Arion hortensis is certainly native in many parts of eastern and central Treland ; but in the west it appears to be just making its appearance. Many old records for this slug should in all probability be referred to the dark-grey form of 4. intermedius Normand. Clare Islund Survey—Lund and Fresh-water Mollusca. 28 47 Vitrina pellucida. Hyalinia cellaria. H. alliaria. H. nitidula. H. pura, B, M. H. radiatula. H. erystallina. Euconulus fulvus. Zonitoides nitidus. Arion ater. A. subfuscus. A. intermedius. [A. hortensis,! W. ] A. circumscriptus, W, B. Punctum pygmaeum, M, C. Sphyradium edentulum, W, B. Pyramidula rupestris, W, M, C. P. rotundata. Helicella itala. H. intersecta, W, B. Hygromia hispida. [H. rufescens, W, N, M, B, C.] Acanthinula aculeata, C. Vallonia pulchella, C. V. costata, M. Helix aspersa. H. nemoralis. Cochlicopa lubrica. Pupa anglica, W, M, C. P. cylindracea. Vertigo antivertigo. V. substriata, M, B. V. pygmaea. Balea perversa, W, M. Clausilia bidentata. Succinea putris, W, M. S. pfeifferi, C. Carychium minimum. Phytia myosotis, N. Ancylus fluviatilis, M, C. Limnaea auricularia, C. IL. pereger. L. stagnalis, C, N. L. palustris. L. truncatula. Planorbis albus, W, N, C. P. crista, M, N, C. P. spirorbis, M, N, W. P. contortus, W, N, C. P. fontanus, N, C. Physa fontinalis, W, N, C. Aplecta hypnorum, N. Paludestrina stagnalis, W, M, N, B. P. ventrosa, B. Bithynia tentaculata, W, N, C. Valvata piscinalis, W, C. V. cristata, W, N. Neritina fluviatilis, C. Anodonta cygnea, W. Sphaerium corneum, W, N, C. Pisidium subtruncatum. P. pulchellum, W. P. casertanum. P. obtusale. P. nitidum, P. pusillum. P. personatum. P. milium. P. lilljeborgi, N. Some examples of Hygromia rufescens collected in the environs of Westport show distinct traces of the quinquefasciation characteristic of many Helices. (Plate IT, fig. 43.) 1 See note 2 on previous page. 23 48 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Some common species are absent from the above list. “This is, no doubt, due to insufficient work, as I was unable to devote much time to this district. : 9, ALTIDUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES. No great amount of work has been done in this direction by British conchologists, but several interesting papers dealing with it have nevertheless been published.! From a purely conchological point of view, a day’s work which perhaps only yields Arion ater, Limax arborum, and a severe drenching in mist, might be considered unproductive. I can express from experience a feeling of sympathy with those who regard the subject from that point of view, but if a list of a dozen or more species can be compiled at an elevation of a thousand feet above the sea, the interest attached to such should amply compensate one for the exertions expended. A complete list of the mollusca found in Ireland at an altitude over 1,000 feet will, I think, be found closely to resemble a list of the molluscan fauna of the western islands, with this difference, that the xerophytic species will be absent. These xerophiles being all southern species, or having their headquarters in the south of Europe, it might be imagined that this “alpine” list would include only northern species. This is, however, not the case, as a fair proportion of those mollusks met with on our mountain-tops are typical Lusitanians. Thus Milax gagates lives on the summit of Brandon in South Kerry, one of the few mountains in Ireland which exceed 3,000 feet in height. Dr. Scharff has pointed out? that the members of the genus Arion are Lusitanians, yet three of the five species found in Ireland are almost universally met with on our highest mountains. ie Confining ourselves to the district included in the Clare Island Survey, we find that suitable habitats for mollusea, at an altitude exceeding 1,000 feet, are few in number and restricted in area. Moreover, the mountains being almost entirely composed of non-calcareous rocks, smoothed by glaciation, and covered with accumulations of peat, our alpine list would be small indeed were it not for the great sea-cliff of Croaghmore on Clare Island. Except for the two species of Pisidia in the following list, and Ancylus fluviatilis, all are 1 Scharff and Uarpenter: *‘Some Animals from the Magillicuddy’s Reeks.”” Inrish Nat., viii, ~ 213-218. 1899. W. Harcourt-Bath: ‘‘On the vertical and bathymetrical distribution of the non- © } marine mollusca, with special reference to the Cotteswold fauna.’’ Zoologist (4), xiii, 41-53. 1909, 2 European Animals, p. 90, Clare Island Survey— Land und Fresh-water Mollusca. 28 49 to be found in this ene locality. In the following table all species which have been recorded as occurring at an altitude of 750 feet or more in West Mayo are listed. List of Species found above 750 feet altitude :— SPECIEs. 750 1,000 1,250 1,500 2,000 2,500 to to to to to 1,000 1,250 1,500 2,000 2,500 upwards. Limax arborum. Xx x x x x x Agriolimax agrestis. x x = = = Milax gagates. Vitrina pellucida. = = = Hyalinia alliaria. nitidula. oS OS O6 OS OS pura. radiatula. erystallina. Euconulus fulvus. . Arion ater. subfuscus. eX Ks | | intermedius. Punctum pygmaeum. Sphyradium edentulum. Pyramidula rotundata. Hygromia fusca. Acanthinula aculeata. lamellata. Cochlicopa lubrica. Pupa anglica. cylindracea. Vertigo substriata . «eK KKK KKM KKK BKK BK BK XK Balea perversa. : Clausilia bidentata Carychium minimum. KOE % XK & | | | Limnaea truncatula. Ancylus fluviatilis. Acicula lineata. Pisidium casertanum. Ve eK MK MRK RRM BRB KKK BWR KA SK personatum. ep) 23 R.1.A. PROC., VOL, XXXI, 23 50 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Limax arborum heads the above list in two senses, as it occurs from sea- level to the summit of Croaghpatrick (2,510 feet), the highest altitude at which I have collected in West Mayo. Several species just fail to reach the 750-foot contour-line, so far as my experience has gone. Thus on Clare Island V. pygmaea, V. antivertigo, and Z. excavatus live as high as 600 feet on the shoulder of Croaghmore, above the Signal Tower, while A. laevis was taken on Knocknaveen at about 500 feet altitude; and on the mainland this slug was noted on Croaghpatrick at about the same elevation. Limnaea pereger was collected in Lough Alisheen (650 feet altitude) among the Mweelrea mountains, by F. Balfour Browne, this being the highest lake in which, up to the present, it has been observed in the district. The remainder of the species occurring in West Mayo are apparently confined to the low-lying parts of the county and the sea-coast, few of them probably living above an altitude of 250 feet. 10. RECENT OR HOLOCENE DEPOSITS. SAND-DUNE DEPOSITS. Small deposits of shells occur in sand at Dooaghtry and on Clare Island and Achill Island. None of these, however, appear to be of any great age, and except on Inishbofin, where there is a fine section, nothing approaching the great sand-hill deposits of Dog’s Bay,’ or the north of Ireland,? has been found in the districts surveyed. In the section exposed along the shore of the Harbour on Clare Island Mr. Welch has obtained Helicella itala, Vallonia pulchella,and Cochlicopa lubrica, while in a section at Dooaghtry the same collector found H. itala, C. lubrica, Timnaea pereger, and L. truncatula. The latter deposit had clearly been formed at the bottom of a small lake or pool, which had, at some subsequent date, been filled up with blown sand. It is quite possible that, owing to the destruction of the greater part of the Dooaghtry dunes during the last hundred years by westerly winds, many deposits have been destroyed. Nevertheless, around the ancient graveyard, where a small area of the original dunes remains and good sections are to be seen facing the river-course, I was unable to find any shells except Helix aspersa and H. nemoralis. These occurred in the upper layers, associated with the bones and teeth of various animals, and had evidently been used for human food. From the deposits at Dugort, Achill Island, 1 See R. D. Darbishire on ‘‘ Land Shells at Dog’s Bay, Connemara.’’ Journal of Conch., iv, 317. 1885. 2R. J. Welch: Irish Nat., vii, 77-82. 1898. bid., xviii, 113. 1909. Clare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-watéer Mollusca. 23 51 J. G. Milne (Journal of Conchology, vi, 412-421) lists six species, all of which are still living in the neighbourhood, although at that time some had not been found alive. It is quite possible that none of the above deposits are of even prehistoric age, for the kitchen-middens at Dugort are still being augmented by the refuse from the native village. [ use the word “native” in contradistinction to the newer village known locally as “ The Colony.” The deposit which occurs on Inishbofin, opposite Inishlyon, and close to Carricknamoyla, is of greater interest than any of the foregoing, and seems to be of considerable antiquity. Many sand-dunes may, however, have been formed and been obliterated upon this spot before the present series came into existence ; thus the fact that the lower beds in some cases are within eighteen inches of the underlying Boulder-clay does not help us to determine the age of the deposit. In this section, which is clearly divided into strata, I have found the following shells :— Section of the deposit on Inishbofin and list of the shells found in it. Stratum H.—This bed appeared to be quite recent and to be still forming at the surface. It contained H. nitidula (frequent), H. itala (common), H. barbara (&.), V. pulchella ?! V. costata ?! H. hispida (rare), H. nemoralis (r.), C. lubrica (f.), and C. bidentata (very rare). Stratum D.—Only a local deposit, and was mainly composed of marine shells. Possibly a portion of a kitchen-midden. Stratum C.—H. alliaria, H. nitidula, H. pura, P. pygmaeum, P. rotundata, A. aculeata, V. pulchella?! V. costata? H. hispida, H. nemoralis, CO. lubrica, P. anglica, P. cylindracea, P. muscorum, C. bidentata, V. substriata, and C. minimum. Stratum B.—Contained H. itala (scattered), C. lubrica (scattered), and P. muscorum (in a distinct zone). Stratum A.——This consisted of fine blown sand and appeared to contain no shells. Helix aspersa, although the commonest living species in the immediate neighbourhood, did not appear in any part of the deposit. Of P. muscorum, the Valloniae, 4. hispida and C. bidentata, found in the deposit, three were not ' Vallonia costata was notrecognized until I returned to Belfast, and by that time I had mixed the shells that came from the various strata. I cannot be sure, therefore, that both species of Vallonia occurred in Strata C and E. It is quite possible that one may have occured in C, while the other may only have been taken from E or vice versa. G2 23 52 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. taken alive in this part of the island, and V. costata and P. muscorum are not now known to live on the island at all. The occurrence of V. costata in this deposit is of particular interest, for not only has this species not been found alive on Inishbofin, but it has not previously been found on any of the out- lying islands off the Irish coast. In fact, the only “island” that it has been taken on—Cruit Island in West Donegal—is connected to the mainland at low-water by a broad stretch of sand. Were it not for the fact, however, that V. pulchella is a common resident on these islands, the distribution of its ally would not be of any special interest. SHELL-MARLS. Throughout central Ireland few districts will be found which do not contain deposits of marl. This material is a fine creamy substance formed at the bottoms of lakes by decaying vegetation (species of Chara predominating), shells, other organisms, and particles of calcareous matter. In the district here dealt with there exist near Castlebar and Westport extensive deposits of this material; but no information is to hand of the shells contained in them. That on the shore of Lakelands Lough near Manulla Junction, in Kast Mayo, was examined in Nevember, 1911, by R. Ll. Praeger and myself. Owing to artificial drainage the level of this lake, like many others throughout the central counties, has been lowered. At the time of our visit the lake was slightly flooded, but was yet some four or five feet below its old level, which was marked by a distinct beach composed of Carboniferous limestone-boulders. Thus the marl was exposed on the flat foreshore, and its upper surface was in places some 12 inches above the level of the water in the lake. In some places the marl was covered by peat to a depth of about 2 feet. At the junction of the peat and the marl there was in places a band formed of the compressed rhizomes of Phragmites. Two holes were dug, and samples of the marl from five different levels were obtained, the lowest sample being from a depth of about 5 feet. The depth of the deposit we were unable to ascertain; it was, however, at least 9 feet deep in places. Millions of shells lie around the present margin of the lake, the majority of which are derived from the underlying marl, but these are mixed with many shells only recently dead. Among the drift were several species not obtained from the samples of marl, the fauna of which proved to be very poor. The list of shells obtained in the drift-material is as follows :—- Zonitoides nitidus, Succinea pfeifferi, Limnaea pereger, L. palustris, L. stagnalis, L. truncatula, Planorbis albus, P. contortus, Valvata piscinalis, V. cristata, Bithynia tentaculata, and Pisidium pusillum. Clare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 23 53 The shells obtained in the samples of marl were :--Limnaca pereger. L. palustris, L. stagnalis, Valvatd cristata, Bithynia tentaculata, and Pisidiwm pusillum. Of these last only a single specimen of Z. palustris was found, in a sample from a depth of 2 feet ; one each of V. erzstata and L. stagnalis (very young), at a depth of 5 feet; while the remaining species were common in all the samples taken. At least fifteen per cent. of the shells collected in the flood débris of the lake belonged to V. piscinalis; yet the species did not appear in any of the samples of the marl examined. As no great change in the fauna appears to have taken place in the district, comments on the above lists are unnecessary ; and the fact that certain species were present in the drifted material and yet absent from the samples of marl may be due to chance. The fauna represented in the combined lists would be typical of that found living in many small lakes in this district, but the apparent absence of Sphaerium corneum, Physa fontinalis, and Pisidia (other than P. pusillwm) is strange. [TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION. gs of the Royal Trish Academy. n v Proceed: 23 54 | NNN ¥* NN pus “ NNN +* NN PU® NNN NNN x NN pus “ NNN eR NNN ** x PUY NNN {1 ‘d 908 ‘ynuoy §,1e8ou1g 0} Surpi0908 Yorysip eq} ur Surpuryg ich cual \ Oat LD + AT pe le Tes a~q<4<4<<“<4<4< 4 SS) 1S) H2a eae Sex fF keke FA se < AaAAAA AAA A Se 8 ae RR RRR A o O00 8 8D SeapPeaePeProspepaseuo Pee: : aR Qa iF & aa4<4%Y 4 4 < « So & © ONS * unulsoxy SNTPOUIEzUT : “(-dpaq) Siosnyqns 0 p + ¢("77) 1098 UOLLY “CrnpAT) SNATNF sntudoong, a “(upag ) 8NYVABOXO “(2T) SAPHI seployToZ ‘Cqngr) BurTeysAr9 ‘(dap]y) Bynqerpes ‘(wapyp) vind “(-doiq) Bnpyra “(wouy) BELerTTe (77m) BEvy[9o vruyes * (impr) sprouted BurgtA ‘(-dvaq) 80y83e3 (tay) AqueMos XBITAL “(CURAL) STAR] ‘(v7) syysorse xvUMpOUsy ‘ounyg-yonog “wn10g.B OT BUADE ‘fog, 1BtU-0919U10 + Gry snUMTxeor XCULT | A i) i i“) o = <4 Oo ;pasn spoquidg SOTA ysno|oog “Bal [99M YL THEA EO *yanqystuy Vy unening | *ySiuqsinoT PUMA PUL {PURIST 1OqKD | TUTE UD PHGES SA) “youiqed Sro1g “1eqa[}st,) pur Arg walD | *sa1oadg 40 Lsl'T | ‘SHIOUdS AO NOLLAGMILSIG TVOOT ONIMOHS ATAIVL * sy) Clare Island Survey —Land and Presh-water Mollusca. 23 “oR {9 Sy ‘sorpeaT UL UMOYs ort oATBU Ay[NFQnop uaoq eavy 07 pasoprsuos oar YoU Ay suout NNN * NN pus “ Se ||. <2) ARMA | RR 8 “[ISsoy v sv ATUO patinoag ; toads uo papunog sproaayy , oOo 5 Vv a oS) © ‘shaifap soysusue ‘(‘dvuq) sows hd ‘(shaifar) vyeuysque ‘CdpuT) o8y4190ayue 0314104 * “(7) umnso9snut ‘(77809 mq) Boovapurfho * (aq) vorsue vdng “Cyupr) woraqny edoatyyo0g “UMW styexourau * “7 esiedse x10 Hy * “(mpr) Bye3800 ‘Cum) *1aqoqnd vruoiye 4 ‘(shaifar) vyuyourey ‘CUMAL) vyeaynow vinuryjULoy ‘(quouuag) sueoseznit *(-7) eprdery ‘(‘quopy) vasng wrm013A Fy ‘ (7) vavqaeq §(n0.020q) ¥4098.10} UL (CT) vpeqr vypoore yy ‘(amn) Byepunzor (dou) stxysodus vpnpiusd ‘(dmaq) wn{nyuepa uniperdydg ‘(dowrr) wanavas#4d mnaain + gs of the Royul Irish Academy. © mn NNN | Ss © 8 Sea eqeeaeearta & aeoeoeed © =a ee y y Sioa SSS Sa) “(q00f7yhr7) sacearey : * (+7) sn410;U09 *C-7) stqtoatds ‘shaifar 1aqe|3 (7) e809 * “1A suqye squour| dt ‘Cm Bnyeoun.sy > “(Copr) seqsnyed (77) syeuseys “(ymyr) 1930100 (7) BLINN’ BavUMLT “me styerang snjdouy “cdvq) syosodr ey hqq “yay wnunrura wnryo41e/ “dna BSuotqo “wssoy Waytoyd ‘(7) strynd voutoong “(modag) vIBIUOPTG VITISNLT ‘(“7) vsidaiod voleg Proceed: S A a = = is) i] = a2) iS) =| A ~ o rpasn spoquidg 23 56 "TT ‘d aes SenuAof 8 1adov.ig 0} Zutpi10908 401148Ip eq} Ul SuIpurys “STL, *1eqatysrg pus Avg MeO “AaTTR A ysnoloog *porpeeM “yq Une) “ySanqsno'T POTION OUT, “uyoq ystuy yang ystuy -yortyedyseoi) “puv[sy 1eyey) “pueysy TeV | | “puURIs] OP[D | “panutijzuogI—SaIoadS 410 NOMOAIMLSI(L TVOOT DNIMOHS ATAV ‘sa1oddg 10 LST Chire Island Survey— Land and Presh-water Mollusca. 23 57 GL OL 6S 6& 1g 66 OF 9¢ 8¢ “TVLO J, W W ‘punjsagsag, Wnotaraquy “wassaq9 Wroqel tT “wayjomy Tyonquac4s ‘nar wry ‘uynyy wanyeuosi0d ‘(wajaup) wnqisnd ‘suhiuar WnpytE ‘wafiafT ‘ayesnyqo ‘yog wnurz1eseo ‘suhuar wanteqotnd ‘uj wnyeounyqns wnipistg ‘(-7) wneutos tanierydg ‘(-7) vausho vyuopouy “T BlOFYNVSIVOL VULIILS.Ie “CZ) sTTperang wuryr20 py ‘(douq) eyeouty vpnoiy “(qn AT) eyeIs119 ‘Cuam) steuiostd vyeaye A <7) eyenovquey erudgyg ‘(cajsug) styeuse,s 23 VOL, R.I.A. PROC., XXXI, . ea - ee SSS a ——$—$—=——_—_— 23 58 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 12, BIBLIOGRAPHY. Nore :—Many of the papers in this Bibliography do not deal directly with the district surveyed, but they have been referred to by the writer in the compilation of the foregoing report. ADAMS, Lionel Ernest, B.A. : 1 Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the Ballycastle District. [Includes list from Rathlin Island.] Ivish Nat., vi, 179-183. 1897. BLAND, Thomas: 2 On the Physical Geography of, and the Distribution of ‘Terrestrial Mollusca in, the Bahama Islands. Ann. Lyceum of Nat. Hist. New Works xs oll = 3245 M8i73: Kennarp, Alfred Santer, F.G.S.,and Bernard Barnham WooDWARD, F.LS., F.G.S. : 3 Notes on non-marine Mollusca from some Irish lakes, obtained by Major H. Trevelyan. Irish Nat., xx, 46-51. 1911. Minne, J. G.: 4 Notes on the [and and Freshwater Molluscs of Achill Island. Journ, of Conch., vi, 412-421. 1891. Mors, Alexander Goodman, ¥£.R.S.E., F.L.S., M.R.LA. : 5 Notes on the Animal of Zimnaea involuta (Harvey). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4) iv, 46. 1869. 6 Limnaea involuta probably a Variety of L. peregra. Zool., xlvii, 154— 155. 1889. PHILLIps, Robert Albert : 7 The Non-Marine Mollusca of Inishmore [Aran Islands]. Irish Nat., sabe, IMs), Il )il{0), Rorpuck, William Denison, F.L.S. : 8 [New variety of Limax arborwm in West Mayo]. Journ. of Conch, iv, 375. 1885. ScHARFF, Robert Francis, PH.D , B.SC., M.R.I.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. : 9 The Slugs of Ireland. Sci. Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc., (2) iv, 513-558, 2 Plates. 1891. 10 The Irish Land and Freshwater Mollusca. Irish Nat., i, 45-47, 65— 67, 87-90, 105-109, 135-138, 149-153, 177-181. 1892. 11 An addition to the Irish Molluscan Fauna. [Pisidiuwm hibernicum Westr.] Irish Nat., iv, 335. 1895. 12 The Land Mollusca of the Great Skellig. Irish Nat., vii, 9-11. 1898. 13 European Animals: their geological history and geographical distribution. 8vo, London. 1907. 14 On the evidences of a former land-bridge between northern Europe and North America. Proc, R. I. Acad., xxviii, Sect. B, 1-28. 1209, Clare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 23 49 STANDEN, Robert, (Hon. Curator Conch. Soc. G. B. & L.) : 15 Land and Freshwater Mollusca [of West Galway mainly, with records from Inishmore and Mae Dara’s Island]. Ivish Nat., iv, 266-270. 1895. STELFOX, Arthur Wilson, A.R.1.B.A.: 16 Some notes on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Galway and District. [Including list from Inishmore and Mac Dara’s Island.] Trish Nat., xvi, 353-264. 1907. 17 Additional notes on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of north-west Donegal [including lists from Inishmeane and GolaIsland]. Irish Nat., xviii, 86-92. 1909. 18 A list of the Land and Freshwater Mollusks of Ireland. Proc. Roy Trish Acad., xxix, (B), 65-164, Plate vi. 1911. SreLFrox, Arthur Wilson, and Robert John WELCH : 19 Land and Freshwater Mollusca [of Lambay, Co. Dublin, in report of the special survey of the island]. Irish Nat., xvi, 41-42. 1907. 20 Land and Freshwater Mollusca [of N.W. Donegal and Tory Island, in Report of I. F. C. U. Conference, Rosapenna, July, 1910]. Irish Nat., xix, 172-178, plates5 & 10. 1910. Taytor, John William, F.Ls.: 21 Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Islands. 8vo. i, 1894-1900; ii, 1907 [still appearing periodically in parts, many plates and maps of distribution, British and foreign]. Taytor, John William, F.L.s., and William Denison ROEBUCK, F.LS. : 22 Authenticated materials towards a Land and Freshwater Molluscan Fauna of Ireland. Proc. Roy. Irish 47, 52. arcticus, 1. carinatus, 44. contortus, 7, 39, 45, 47, 52. crista, 21, 23, 29, 35, 37, 38, 39, 45, 47. fontanus, 7, 45, 47. glaber, 1, 3, 7, 12, 28, 29, 38, 39, 40, 45. leucostoma, 21. parvus, l. sibiricus, 1. spirorbis, 10, 14, 21, 23, 30, 35, 37, 39, 42, 45, 47. umbilicatus, 44. vortex, 44. Punctum pygmaeum, 13, 18, 238, 27, 32, 33, 35, 39, 41, 42, 43, 47, 49, 51. Pupa anconostoma, 19. anglica, 1, 12, 13, 14,19, 28, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 47, 49, d1. cylindracea, 1, 18, 19, 23. 28, 31, 38, 35, 59, 42, 43, 47, 49, 51. muscorum, 7, 3d, 36, 51, 52, Pyramidula rotundata, 13, 16, 18, 22, 27, 31, 32, 33, 39, 39, 42, 47, 49, 51. rupestris, 6, 7, 45, 46, 47. Sphaerium corneum. 7, 9, 28, 38, 40, 45, 47, 53. Sphyradium edentulum, 13, 18, 27, 32, 34, 35, 36, 39, 42, 43, 47, 49. Succinea oblonga, 7, 8, 38, 39. pfeifferi, 16, 20, 23, 28, 39, 47, 52. putris, 7, 28, 30, 45, 46, 47. Vallonia costata, 7, 23, 33, 46, 47, 51, 52. pulchella, 12, 18, 23, 27, 31, 32, 35, 36, 39, 41, 42, 47, 50, 51, 52. Valvata cristata, 7, 40, 45, 47, 52, 53. piscinalis, 7, 13, 21, 40, 47, 52, 53. Vertigo angustior, 7, 8, 38, 39. antivertigo, 20, 23, 28, 31, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 47, 50. lilljeborgi, 1. pygmaea, 20, 23, 28, 31, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43, 47, 50. substriata, 13, 20, 25, 31, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 47, 49, 51. Vitrea hibernica, 16. Vitrina pellucida, 13, 16, 23, 26, 31, 32, 33, 35, 39, 42, 43, 47, 49. Zonitoides excavatus, 6, 14, 16, 17, 18, 22, 26, 32, 33, 34, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 50. nitidus, 1, 9, 13, 16, 26, 32, 33, 38, 39, 42, 43, 47, 52. 23 62 Fig. ily Sal fork Wat is @ Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE II. Figures 40, 41, and 42 are magnified 1-5 diameters; 46, 47, 48, and 49 are x 8:2; all other figures are natural size. Care Isnanp. . Acuit IsLaNnpD. do. do. do. do. do. do. 5. [NISHTURK. do. do. . LNISHBOFIN. do. do. . Caner Isnanp. do. Limnaea pereger (Miill.). From a road-side drain near the Abbey. A. W.S., April, 1909. In one of the pools forming Lough-na-phuca. A. W. S., April, 1909. In one of the pools forming Lough-na-phuca. A. W. &., April, 1909. In shallow lakelet near harbour. A. W.S., July, 1911. Creggan Lough. A. W.5., April, 1909. Lough Merrignagh. Lough near Westport, four ? ; Clogher, six ¢ and two ? ; Knappagh, one g,and Belclare, one 9. This is a true Pelopia (Tanypus) in the restricted sense, having hairy wings, the fork of the fifth longitudinal vein petiolated, and the subcostal vein bifurcated at its extremity. P. sp.—M.: asingle ? of a pretty little species, which I cannot refer to any described form, was taken by me at Castlebar Lough on the last day of July,1911. It measures only 2 mm. in length, has an almost white thorax with very distinct black longitudinal bands, the abdomen black with whitish incisures, legs pale, with the tips of the tibiae, the tip of the first tarsal joint, and the rest of the tarsus blackish. Ablabesmyia nebulosa Mg.—ClI.: one ? (H.); two ¢ (G.). M.: Glendarary, one ¢ and one 9, and Achill N.E., one @ (H.); Mulranny, one ¢? (G.). A well-marked species, belonging to a genus characterized by having hairy wings, with sessile fork of the fifth longitudinal vein, and the supcostal vein with bifurcated tip. *A. phatta Hgger.—M.: Knappagh, one ¢, and Belclare, one? (G.). A pretty species, with mottled wings and annulated legs as in A. monilis L., but differing from that species in having the front tarsus in the male bearded, Clare Island Survey—Diptera. 25 9 *A, pygmaea V. d. Wip.—M.: Knappagh, one 3 (G.). A tiny species (only 2mm.), easily recognized by its hight grey thorax with three conspicuous black longitudinal bands and banded abdomen. *Helea (Ceratopogon) rostrata Winn.—Cl.: Twodand one ?.M.: Castlebar Lough, one ?; Belclare, a pair ( g and @ ) in cop. and one 2; Lough near Westport, one ?; and Knappagh, one ¢ and two? (G.). This species is not uncommon, and is easily recognized by the unusual length of the proboscis, which is fully as long as the depth of the head. The wings are practically bare in the g, but distinctly (though only partially) hairy in the ?. Culicoides pulicaris Z.—CI.: one ¢(G.). M.: Castlebar Lough, one ¢; and Lough near Westport, one g (G.). A common species. The genus Culicoides differs from Helea in the absence of a distinct empodium, this structure never attaining half the length of the claws. C. pulicaris has elegantly spotted wings, and is easily recognized. Palpomyia flavipes M@g.—CI.: one ?(H.); one 9 (G.). M.: Belclare, ones and one @(H.); Louisburgh, three ?(M.); Westport and Lough near Westport, one ? at each (G.). This species is distinguished by the following characters: Thorax shining black, front femora alone armed with spines up to about eight in number, hind femora yellowish with the apical third blackish. The genus Palpomyia, containing about half a dozen British species, has been recently separated by Kieffer, the following being some of the characters: some or all of the femora spined beneath, none of them thickened, empodia absent. Serromyia femorata Hab.—ClI.: one 9 (H.). M.: Glendarary, one ¢ (H.). The only British species of the genus, which is characterized by the strongly thickened and spined hind femora. Family Culicidae. Anopheles bifurcatus Z.—M.: Westport, one ? at riverside (G.). Culex pipiens Z.—CI.: one 9? (H.). M.: Westport, one ¢? at riverside (G.). The “Common Gnat,” of universal distribution in Britain. Sayomyia (Corethra) plumicornis /ab.—ClI.: three ¢ and one ? (G.). M.: Glendarary, one ¢ and two 9,and Belclare, one 9 (H.); Clogher, two ¢ and one ? (G.). Thecharacter given by Theobald (Mon. Culicidae, vol. ii, p. 300) for distinguishing this species from culiciformis, Deg., viz. the position of the posterior cross-vein, is variable, and hence of no value for this purpose. Moreover, K. Griinberg, in “Die Siiswasserfauna Deutschlands—Diptera, p. 94 (1910), places culiciformis, Deg. along with velutina, Ruthé in the genus Corethra, Mg. (sens. str.), which is R.A. PROO., VOL. XXXI, B 25 25-10 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. characterized by having the basal joint of the tarsus only about one-fifth the length of the second. Family Liriopidae (Piychopteridae). Liriope (Ptychoptera) albimana Fab.—ClI.: one 2 (J.); one g (G). L. lacustris 1/g.—M.: Belclare one ¢ (HL). L. paludosa Mg.—M.: Westport, one ¢ in demesne; Louisburgh, one (? sex) (M.). L. scutellaris M/g.—CI.: one ¢ ; M.: Lough near Westport, one ¢ (G.). Family Dixidae. Dixa aestivalis Mg.—ClI.: one ¢ and one ?, Creggan (H.). This species is distinguished from its allies by its entirely clear (unspotted) wings and its bright yellow thorax, which is adorned with three conspicuous dark brown longitudinal stripes. Family Melusinidae (Simuliidae). *Melusina (Simulium) argyreatum J/g7—M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ (M.). *M. latipes JM/g.—M.: Glendarary, one ? of what I believe to be this species (H.). M. reptans Z.—CI.: one ¢ and one ? (G.). M.: Mulranny, one ? (H.); Belclare, one 2 (H.). Family Psychodidae. Ulomyia fuliginosa Mg.—M.: Belclare, one ¢ (G.). *Pericoma cognata Haton.—M.: Westport, three 3 in garden (G.). *P. notabilis Yaton.—M.: Westport, one (? sex). Family Phrynidae (Lhyphidae). Phryne (Rhyphus) fenestralis Scop.M.: Westport, two 2 in garden (G.). A common fly, often found on windows (hence its specific name). P. punctata /uab.—ClI.: (G.). M.: Westport (H. & G.); Lough near Westport (G.); Belclare, and Louisburgh (M.). Family Itonididae (Cecidomyidac). Hormomyia sp.—M.: Louisburgh, one (M.). [Two other species of this family are in the collection, but I am unable to determine them. ] Olare Island Survey—Diptera. 25 11 Family Limoniidae (Zimnobiidac). Dicranomyia autumnalis Stacg.—M.: Belclare, one ? (H.). This, is, I believe, the species given in Verrall’s list as stagmatica, Mg. In the determination of the name I have followed Osten-Sacken (Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., xxxix, 1894, pp. 251-253). I have not seen a ¢, but the species is already recorded from Ireland, so that I have little hesitation in applying the name to the present specimen. *D. goritiensis Mik.—Cl., one ¢ (? H.), and one ¢ (G.). Of this species I know no definite British records, although it has a place in Verrall’s List. D. lutea My.—M.: Westport, one @ in garden (G.). *P. mitis M/g.—ClI.: one ¢ near lighthouse (? H.), and one ¢ (G.). M.: Belclare, one 3: (G.) D. morio Hab.—ClI.: one ¢ (G.). Limonia (Limnobia) bifasciata Schrk.—M.: Glendarary, one ? (? H.). L, quadrinotata Mg.—M.: Brackloon Wood, one ¢; and Belclare, one ¢ (G.). A handsome species. The thorax is shining ochreous, with four dark longitudinal stripes; the wings are elegantly spotted in the costal half only. L. tripunctata /ab.—M.: Westport, one 2 in Demesne (? H.). *Rhypholophus nodulosus I/cg.—ClI.: one ¢ (G.). M.: Brackloon Wood, one @ (G.). Molophilus ater M/g.—M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ (H.). *M. bifilatus Verr.—CI.: one g (? H.). M.: Glendarary, one ¢ (? H.). *M. obscurus My.—CI.: two ¢ (G.). M.: Louisburgh, one ? (H.); Lough near Westport, one ¢ (G.). *M. ochraceus Mg.—Cl.: (G.). M.: Castlebar Lough, Knappagh, Brackloon Wood, Lough near Westport, and Belclare (G.). *M. propinquus Hgg.—M.: Lough near Westport, one ¢ (G.). *Erioptera flavescens Z.—M.: Belclare, two ¢(H.); Knappagh, two ¢(G.). *E. fuscipennis M/g.—CI.: two ? (H.); five ¢ and two 9° (G.). M.: Lough near Westport, two gand one (? sex); Belclare, one ¢ and one ?; and Clogher, one ¢ and two @ (G.). : E. trivialis /g.—CI.: one g (H.) and one # (G), Symplecta stictica M/y.—M.: Westport, four g¢ and one ? in Demesne (G.), Gonomyia tenella M/y.—CI.: two d andtwo ? (G.). M.: Castlebar Lough, one g ; Clogher, one g; and Belclare, one ? (G.). *Empeda nubila Schwim.—M.: Westport, three g and two @ in garden (G.), Ephelia marmorata Mg.—CI.: one ?. B2 25 12 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. *Limnophila discicollis M/g—CI.: one ¢ (G.). M.: Castlebar, one ¢ (? collector), L. ferruginea My.—CI.: one g, N. side (H.). M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ (H.); Lough near Westport, one g, and Knappagh, two ¢ (G.). *L. lineolella Verr.—M.: Brackloon Wood, one ? (G.). *L. meigenii Verv.—ClI.: one ¢ (G.). L. nemoralis 1y.—M.; Lough near Westport, one ¢,and Brackloon Wood, one ? (G.). L. ochracea My.—-CI.: one ¢ (G.). M.: Westport, one ¢ at riverside, and Brackloon Wood, one ¢ and four ¢ (G.). Amalopis littoralis My.—CI.: two ¢ of this fine species were found resting under the arch of a small bridge over a stream on the south side (G.). Family Tipulidae. *Prionocera turcica Fub.—M.; Belclare, five ¢ (G.). This is the Zipula diana of Verrall’s List. The genus Prionocera is separated from Tipula on account of the thick, serrated antennae. The species was confirmed as British in 1892, and since then has been taken in a few widely separated localities. Tipula fulvipennis Dey. (/utescens Fab.)\—M.: Mulranny, one ¢ and one ? (G.); Brackloon Wood, two ¢ and one 9(G.). T. lateralis Ig—CI.: one ¢ andone 9? (G.). M.: Castlebar Lough, six ¢ and one @ ; near Westport, one ¢; Belclare, one ¢; and Knappagh, three. ¢ (G.). T. longicornis Schwm.—M.: Westport, one ¢ (? collector). T. maxima Poda (gigantea Schrk.).—M.: Belclare, one ? (H.), and one 9 (G.); near Westport, one 9; and Mulranny, one ¢ (G.). . ochracea My.—M.: Mulranny, one 9 (G.); Belclare, one ¢ (H.). T. oleracea Z.—CI.: (Milne and G.). M.: Louisburgh (H.); Westport, Clogher, Knappagh, and Mulranny (G.). *T. rufina My.—CI.: one ¢ (? collector); three ¢ (G.). M.: Achill, one $(J.); Glendarary, one ¢(? H.). *T. scripta My.—CI.: one ¢ (G.). M: Belclare, one ¢, Knappagh, one ¢, and Brackloon Wood, one ¢ (G.). T. variicornis Schuwm.—M.: Glendarary, one ¢ (? collector). This is the Pachyrrhina annulicornis of Verrall’s List. T. variipennis 1/y.—M.: Curraun District, one ¢ (Scharff) ; Belclare, one (H.). Lae Clare Island Survey— Diptera. 25 13 Pachyrrhina lineata Scop. (histrio Fab.) —CI.: one ¢ and two ° (G.). M.: Curraun District, one ¢ (S.); Westport, one @ in Demesne (? H.); Mulranny, one ¢ (G.). *P. quadrifaria 1/y.—M.: Westport, one 2 in Demesne (H.). P scalaris Mg. (imperialis Mg.)—M.: Mulranny, one ¢ and one 9 (G.); Westport, one ? in garden (G.). ORTHORRAPHA BRACHYCERA. Family Stratiomyidae. Nemotelus nigrinus H.—M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ (H.). *N. notatus Zit—M.: Mulranny, one ¢ and four ? (G.). N. uliginosus L.—M.: Westport, in Demesne, one ¢ (G.), and two 2 (H.) Hermione (Oxycera) pygmaea F/n.—ClI.: one ¢(G.); five gand two 9 (M.). H. trilineata /ab.—M.: Westport, one ? in Demesne (H.). Hoplodonta (Odontomyia) viridula /ab.—CI.: one 2 (G.). M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ (M.) and one ? (H.).; Mulranny, two ¢ and one 2? (G.); Westport, one 2 in Demesne (H.). Sargus flavipes Wy.—M.: Belclare, one 2 (H.). 8. iridatus Scop.—M.: Belclare, one 9 (H.). *S. minimus 7//.—M. : Belclare (H.). This represents what I take to be Verrall’s species under this name. Chloromyia formosa Scop—M.: Westport, one g and one ¢@ (?H.); Louisburgh, one ¢ and one ? (H.). Microchrysa cyaneiventris 7/7—M.: Belclare, one g (H.). M. polita Z.—CI: one g¢ (M.). M.: Belclare, one 9 (H.). Beris chalybeata Forst.—M.: Westport, one ¢. *B. fuscipes 1/g.—_M.: Westport, one ¢ and one ¢ in Demesne. B. vallata Forst.—CI.: two ¢ (G.). M.: Westport, one g¢ in Demesne (2 collector); Louisburgh, one ¢ (M.); Belclare, one @ (H.); Darby’s Point, Achill Island, one ¢ and two @ (J.): Glendarary, one ?, Mul- ranny, one g and three ¢, and Polranny, one ? (J.). Family Tabanidae. Chrysops relictus J/y.—M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.); Louisburgh, one ¢ and nine 2? (M.) ; Laghta, Louisburgh, one ¢ (? collector). Chrysozona (Haematopota) crassicornis Vah/bg.—Cl.: two ¢ and one? (G.). M.: Laghta, Louisburgh, one ¢ and one ¢ (? collector). C. pluvialis Z.—CI.: (G.). M.: Belelare (H.); Louisburgh (M.); Croagh- patrick (H. and M.); Mulranny, Westport, and Lough near Westport (G.). 25 14 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Tabanus (Therioplectes) solstitialis My—CI.: one? (M.). M.: Louisbureh, five 2 (M.); Croaghpatrick, one ¢ (M.); Laghta, Louisburgh, two ?. Family Leptididae. Leptis lineola 2a).—M.: Belclare, two g (H.); Louisburgh, one s (M.); Old Head, Louisburgh, one ¢ (H.). L. scolopacea 2.—CI.: one g andone ¢. M.: Achill, one 9° (J.)andone $ (? collector); Curraun District, one 3 (? collector) ; Croaghpatrick, one g (H.), one ¢ and one ¢ (M.); Louisburgh, one # and one ¢ (M.). Chrysopilus cristatus /ub.—Cl.: one ¢ (? collector); four ¢ and two ? (G.). M.: Louisburgh, one g and two ¢ (M.); Brackloon Wood, one ¢ and one ? (G.). Family Empidae. Noeza (Hybos) culiciformis Fal.—M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.); Westport, twos in Demesne, and Brackloon Wood, one # and six @ (G.). This is the species standing in British Lists as grossipes L., but is distinguished from that species by the yellow colour of the notopleural and postalar bristles, likewise the yellow colour of the bristles on the margin of the scutellum, the very large genitalia, and the absence of long hairs on the front tibiae and tarsi of the ¢. (See Lundbeck, “ Diptera Danica,” Part iu, p. 15, and Carter, Ent. Mo. Mag., 1912, pp. 59-60). N. femoratus Ifii//.—CI.: six g and three 9 (G.). M.: Louisburgh, one 3 (H.), one g and four @ (M.); Croaghpatrick, one ¢ (M.); Belclare, one g$ (H.); Clogher, one 2, Knappagh, one ?, and Brackloon Wood, one go (G.). Bicellaria (Cyrtoma) nigra M/g.—M.: Glendarary, two ¢ (H.). - B. spuria //n.—M.: Westport, one g and one 9 in Demesne (G.). Rhamphomyia flava #/n.—M.: Castlebar Lough, one 9 (G.). R. variabilis //n.—CI.: one ¢ (G.). (It should be noted that R. tenuirostris, Fin. is regarded by Lundbeck as identical with this species.) *Empis aestiva /w.—M.: Westport, one 2 in Demesne (G.). E. borealis 1.—M.: Croaghpatrick, one ? (H.). *E. grisea 7'/n.—M.: Belclare, one ? (H.). E. livida Z.—CI.: three ¢ and one ? (G.). M.: Westport, one ¢ in Demesne (? H.); Louisburgh, one ¢ and ? (M.); Belclare, one ? (H.); Clogher, one ? (G.). E. stercorea 1.—CI.: one ¢ (G.). M.: Westport, one ? in Demesne (? H.); Belclare, one ? (H.). E. tessellata Fub.—ClI.: two g and two ? (G.). M.: Mulranny, one ¢ and one g (G.); Louisburgh, one ? (M.). Clare Island Survey—Diptera. 25 15 Hilara chorica Fin.—CI.: seven gf and eighteen ? (G.). M.: Mulranny, Westport, Lough near Westport, Clogher, Belclare, Knappagh, and Castlebar Lough (G.). *H. cinereomicans Strob/.—M.: Westport, one ¢ (G.). The specimen here recorded agrees in nearly every respect with Strobl’s description, and I am tolerably certain of the identification. The fork of the cubical vein, however, appears to be somewhat wider than his description indicates. On the other hand, the arrangement of the hairs and bristles on the legs, especially those of the front tibize and tarsi, is very characteristic, and agrees exactly. H. flavipes I/g.—M.: Louisburgh (M.); Belclare (H.) ; Iough near West- port, Knappagh, and Castlebar Lough (G.). Verrall, in his List, followed Schiner in relegating this species to a distinct genus (Oreogeton), but it is now generally considered to be a true Hilara. **H. lasiopyga Lundbeck.—M.: Westport, nineteen ¢ and one ? in Demesne, July, 1911 (G.). This interesting species, hitherto unrecorded from the British Isles, was described as new by Lundbeck, in his “ Diptera Danica” (Part iii, pp. 178-180) in 1910. It is easily distinguished, as Lundbeck states, “by the erect hairs at the end of the abdomen, and by the, to be sure small, but, however, very characteristic dilatation at the base of the middle metatarsi.”” Our Irish specimens agree with the original description in every respect, save that the front metatarsus appears to me to be broader than shown in Lundbeck’s figure, while I can only see one bristle—not a pair—at the apex of the same joint. H. litorea #/n.—M.: Belclare, one ¢ and three @ (H.); Brackloon Wood, one g and ? (G). *H. quadrivittata My.—M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.). H. sp.—Two ¢ and four 9? of a species which I cannot determine were taken by me in the Demesne at Westport, July, 1911. Trichina clavipes Mg.—CI.: two ¢ and two ¢? (G.). M.: Glendarary, one g (H.); Louisburgh, one 3 (M.). Ocydromia glabricula 7/m—M.: Glendarary, one ¢ (H.); Westport, one 3 (?collector); Brackloon Wood, one ? (G.). Kowarzia (Clinocera) bipunctata Hal.—M.: Belclare, one ? (G.). Heleodromia fontinalis Hal.—M.: Croaghpatrick, one ¢ (M.); Belclare three g (G). Hemerodromia oratoria //n.—M.: Glendarary, one ? (H.); Achill, one 9°. H. precatoria F/n.—ClI.: one ¢ (H.). M.: Westport, one ? in Demesne (H.). Chelipoda (Lepidomyia) melanocephala Fab.—CI.: two ¢ and ? (G.). M.; Glendarary, one ?, and Belclare, one ¢ and one ? (H.). 25 16 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Drapetis aterrima Curt.—M.: Westport, twelve specimens in Demesne and one in garden; Lough near Westport, one specimen (G.). According to Lundbeck (‘ Diptera Danica,” Part i, p. 255) this is the same as nervosa Lw. and nigritella Ztt. Tachista arrogans l.—M.: Westport, one 2 in Demesne (H.). *“Tachydromia albocapillata F/n.—M.: Westport, four ¢ and eight ? in Demesne, and Knappagh, one ¢ (G.). This species is new to the British fauna. It is closely allied to 7. albiseta Pz., but distinguished therefrom by several important characters. The third joint of the antenna is longer, the whole antenna (without the arista) being about as long as the head, while the arista is only about as long as the third joint. The legs are entirely black, except for some obscure brownish about the knees, while the wings have the cubital vein more curved. *T. calceata Mg.—M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.); Knappagh, one 9 (G.). *T. cothurnata Mcy—M.: Westport, one ¢ and two 2 in garden (G.). T. flavipes Fab.—M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.); Westport, one 9? in Demesne (G.). *T. fulvipes My.—CI.: one 9 (G.). M.: Roonah, one ? (? collector) ; Mulranny, two g and eight ? (G.); Westport, one 2 in Demesne (G.). This species varies much in the colour of the legs. Most of the specimens from Mulranny have the legs entirely yellow, while the Westport example shows the other extreme. But I have little doubt of their representing the same species. T. longicornis 1/y.—M.: Westport, one pale (immature) 2 in Demesne (G.). T.minuta M/g.—CI.: one 9 (G.). *T. pallidiventris M/y.—CI.: one g and two ? (G.). M.: Mulranny one ¢ ; Westport, two ¢ in Demesne; Castlebar Lough, one g and ? ; and Knappagh, one ¢ (G.). Family Dolichopodidae. Sciapus (Psilopus) platypterus #ab.—ClI.: one 2? (G.). M.: Westport, one ¢ in Demense (? collector); Belclare, one ¢ (H.) and one ? (G.); Brackloon Wood, one ? (G.). Eutarsus aulicus I/y7.—M.: Westport, one ? on riverside (G.). *Dolichopus arbustorum Sfann.—M.: Belclare, one ? (H.). D. atratus My.—ClI.: two ¢ (H.); two ¢ (no data); four g¢ and four ? (G.). M.: Achill, one -¢ (no data); Louisburgh, six ¢ and two 9 (M.); one @ (H.). D. atripes My.—CI.: (G.). M.: Louisburgh (M. and H.); Mulranny, Belclare, Knappagh, and Lough near Westport (G.). Clare Island Survey— Diptera. 25 17 Dolichopus brevipennis Mg.—M.: Curraun District, two ¢ (Scharff), *D. claviger Stann.—M.: Westport, one 9 in Demesne (G.). D. discifer Stann.—M.: Brackloon Wood, two ¢, and Clogher, one ? (G.). *D. longitarsis Stann.—ClI.: one ? (G.). M.: Lough near Westport, one 9 (G). D. nitidus #/2—M.: Westport, Castlebar Lough, Belclare, and Clogher (G.). D. nubilus J/y.—M.: Mulranny (G.); Westport in Demesne (G.). D. plumipes Scop.—Cl.: (G.). M.; Westport, in Demesne (H. and G.) and on riverside (G.); Lough near Westport, and Clogher (G.) ; Louisburgh (H. and M.); Mulranny (G.). D. popularis Wied.—M.: Westport, one ¢ (? collector) and one ¢ in Demesne (? collector) ; Belclare, two 3g and one ? (H.); Louisburgh, four @ (M.). D. simplex Mg.—Cl.: (G.). M.: Westport (? collector), five ¢ and five in Demesne (G.) : Curraun District (Scharff); Mulranny (G.); Louisburgh (M. and H.); Belclare (H.); Castlebar Lough, Clogher, and Lough near Westport (G.). D. trivialis Ha/l.—ClI.: one ¢ (G.). M.: Louisburgh (M.); Mulranny (G.) ; Belelare (H.); Westport, in Demesne (H. and G.); Lough near West- port (G.). D. ungulatus Z.—CI.: (G. and M.). M.: Castlebar (? collector); Mulranny (G.); Westport, in Demense (G.). D. vitripennis 1y—ClI.: (G.). M.: Louisburgh (M. and H.): Lough near Westport, and Knappagh (G.). *D. wahlbergi 7¢.—M.: Brackloon Wood, one ¢ and one ? (G.). Tachytrechus notatus Stann.—M.: Knappagh, one 2 (G.). Hercostomus nigripennis //n.—ClI.: one ¢ (? collector); seven g and five ? (G.). M.: Louisburgh, two ¢ and one ? (M.). *Hypophyllus discipes Ahr.—M.: Westport, one ¢ caughi in garden (G.). This species is not only new to Ireland, but is evidently rare in the British Isles generally. I know of only three previous records, viz., two in England and one in Scotland. H. obscurellus //n.—M.: Westport, one ¢ and four ? in garden, and two ? in Demesne (G.); Brackloon Wood, one ? (G.). Gymnopternus aerosus /7n—ClI.: (G.). M.: Mulranny (G.); Belclare (H. and G.); Westport, Clogher, Castlebar Lough, Knappagh, Lough near Westport, and Brackloon Wood (G.). Chrysotus cilipes My.—ClI.: (G.). M.: Mulranny, Westport, Castlebar Lough, Belclare, Knappagh, and Clogher (G.). C. gramineus #/n.—ClI.: (G.). M.: Louisburgh (M. and H.); Belclare (H.); R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI, C 25 25 18 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Castlebar Lough, Westport in Demesne and on riverside, Knappagh, Clogher, Lough near Westport (G.). Chrysotus/neglectus Wied.—ClI.: one ? (H.); eight? (G.). *C. pulchellus Kow.—Cl.: five @ (G). Argyra argentina Mg.—CI.: one g (M.); and one g (G.), M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ (M.). A. diaphana Fab.—M.: Achill, one ¢ (? collector). A. leucocephala Mg.—M.: Louisburgh, two ¢ (M.); Croaghpatrick, one ¢ (H.); Westport, one ¢ on riverside; Clogher, one g and two ?,and Brackloon Wood, three ¢ (G.). Leucostola vestita Wied.—M.: Westport, three ¢ (G.)}. Rhaphium longicorne //n.—CI.: one? (G.). M.: Glendarary, one ¢(H.); Louisburgh, one ? (M.). Porphyrops consobrina Zt.—M.: Westport, two ? in Demesne (G.). Syntormon monilis JV//k.—CI.: three $ (G.). S. pallipes #ub.—M.: Westport, three ¢ and six ? in Demesne, and one 9? on riverside (G.) ; Castlebar Lough, one ? (G.). S. pumilus M/y.—CI.: one g and one 9 (G.). S. tarsatus F7n.—M.: Belclare, one ? (G.). Xiphandrium brevicorne Cu7t.—M.: Clogher, one ¢ (G.). X. caliginosum M/gy.—M.: Clogher, one ¢ (G.). X. monotrichum /iv.—ClI.: one ¢ (H.). *Medeterus dendrobaenus Kow.—ClI.: one ¢ and one ? (G.). M.: Westport, one ? (G.). Liancalus virens Scop.—CI.: one 9 (M.); and one ? (G.). Campsicnemus curvipes //n.—M.: Westport, one ¢ and one ? in garden; Brackloon Wood, one ¢ and four 9 ,and Belclare, one 92 (G.). C. loripes Hu/.—ClI.: three ¢ and three ? (G.). M.: Westport, two ? in Demesne, Lough near Westport, one ¢, Knappagh, one ¢, Brackloon Wood, six ¢ and three ?,Clogher, one ?,and Belclare, one ? (G.), Ectomus alpinus Hu/.—ClI.: one 2 (G.). Teuchophorus spinigerellus Zt.—M.: Westport, one ¢ and one 9? in Demesne (G.). Sympycnus annulipes My.—Cl.: (H. andG.). M.: Achill (H.); Mulranny (G.); Louisburgh (H. and M.); Castlebar Lough, Westport, Clogher, Knappagh, Belclare, and Lough near Westport (G.). S. cirrhipes W/k.— CI.: three ¢ (G.). Anepsiomyia flaviventris W/y.—ClI.: one ¢ (G.). Schoenophilus versutus W/k.—M.: Knappagh, one ? (G.). Aphrosylus celtiber MHal—M.: Roonah, Louisburgh, one ? (M.). A Clare Island Survey — Diptera. 25 19 maritime species, previously recorded from Cornwall, Devonshire, and Co. Kerry. Family Musidoridae (Lonchopteridae). Musidora (Lonchoptera) flavicauda My.—CI.: one ¢ and ? (G). M.: Louisburgh, one ? (M.). M. lutea Panz.—M.: Westport, one ¢ and one ? in garden, five ? in Demesne (G.); Castlebar Lough, two ?,Clogher, one ? , Knappagh, one ?, and Lough near Westport, three ? (G.). M. trilineata Zt.—CI : one ¢ (G.). M.: Belclare, one ? (H.); Mulranny, one 2, Westport, one ¢ and two ? in garden, and one g in Demesne, and Lough near Westport, one ? (G.). [I cannot convince myself of the distinctness of the above three species, and believe they are mere colour-varieties. | CYCLORRHAPHA. Family Syrphidae. Paragus tibialis M/n.—M.: Achill, one g (no data); Castlebar Lough, one 3 (G.). Pipizella flavitarsis Mg.—M.: Westport, one ¢ (?collector); Louisburgh, one 2 (M.). P. virens /ab.—M.: Glendarary, one ¢ (H.); Louisburgh, one ? {M.). Pipiza noctiluea Z—M.: Castlebar, one ¢ and one ? (H.). Liogaster metallina Mab.—CI.: (H., M.. & G.). M.: Curraun District (Zeollector) ; Mulranny (G.) ; Louisburgh (M.) ; Knappagh (G.). Chrysogaster chalybeata Mg.—ClI.: three gand one ?(G.). M.: Mulranny, two ?, and Westport, two ¢ in Demesne (G.). C. hirtella Zw—cCI.: one $ and three ? (G.). M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.); Louisburgh, four ¢ (M.). C. macquarti Zw.—M.: Clogher, one ¢ (G.). C. solstitialis #/n.—M.: Knappagh, two ? (G.). C. splendens Wg.—M.: Louisburgh, one g (M.); Clogher, one 9 (G.). *Chilosia bergenstammi ecker—M.: Castlebar, one 9 (? collector) ; Lough near Westport, one ¢, and Clogher, one ?-(G.). C. illustrata Harris—M.: Mulranny, one ¢ and one 2 (G.); Westport, two @ on riverside (G.). *C. intonsa Lw.—M.: Clogher, one ? (G.). C. pagana Wg. (pulchripes Lw.)—M.: Maen: one @ G). Platychirus albimanus Fu).—ClI.: (H. & G.). M.: Mulranny, Castlebar, Lough, Lough near Westport, Clogher, and Belclare (G.). D2 25 20 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. P. angustatus Z/#.—CI.: two @ (G.). . P. clypeatus My.—CI.: (G.). M.: Mulranny (G.); Belclare (H.); Louis- burgh (M.); Westport, in Demesne, and on riverside; Lough near Westport, Knappagh, and Clogher (G.). *P. immarginatus Zt.—M.: Westport, one ¢ (?collector); Lough near West- port, one ¢, and Belclare, one ¢ (G.). P. manicatus My.—Cl.: (G.). M.: Achill (? collector); Curraun District (Scharff); Mulranny, and Castlebar Lough (G.). P. peltatus W/g—M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ (M.); Belclare, one 9(H.); Brack- loon Wood, one ¢ (G.). P. perpallidus Ver7—M.: Clogher, one 2, and Lough near Westport, one 2 (G.). *P. scambus Sfaeg.—Cl.: one ¢ (G.). Pyrophaena granditarsa Forst—M.: Westport, one ¢ and one 9 in Demesne (collector), one ¢ on riverside (G.); Louisburgh, one 2 (M.); Lough near Westport, one ? (G.). P. rosarum #a#).—CI1.: four ¢ (G.)andone? (M.). M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ (M.), and one 2 (H.); Belclare, one 2 (H); Lough near Westport, two ¢ (G.). Melanostoma mellinum Z.—CI.: (G.). M.: Sraheens Lough (J.); Curraun District (? collector); Achill (? collector); Glendarary (H.); Mulranny (G.) ; Louisburgh (M.); Westport, Castlebar Lough, Lough near West- port, Clogher, and Knappagh (G.). M. scalare /ab.—M.: Sraheens Lough, one ? (J.); Glendarary, one ? (H.); Louisburgh, one 9 (H.); Westport, one 2? in Demesne; Clogher, two ¢, and brackloon Wood, one ¢ (G.). Leucozona lucorum Z.—M.: Westport, one ¢ on riverside (G.). Ischyrosyrphus glaucius Z.—M.: Westport, three ? on riverside (G.). I. laternarius 0. 7. Miul/.—M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ (M.). Didea intermedia Zv.—M.: Knappagh, one ? (G.). Lasiophthicus (Catabomba) pyrastri 1.—ClI.: two 2 (G.). M.: Mulranny, one ¢ (G.). Syrphus albostriatus #/n.—M.: Mulranny, two ? (G.). S. balteatus Deg—M.: Brackloon Wood, one ¢ (G.). S. cinctellus Z/.—M.: Westport, one g and two 2 on riverside; Castlebar Lough, one ¢; Knappagh, two ¢ ; and Brackloon Wood, three $ (G.). S. corollae Fab.—CI.: one g (G.). M.: Mulranny, two ? (G.); Westport, one g in Demesne(G.). S. grossulariae I/y—M.; Westport, one ? in Demesne (G.). Clare Island Survey—Diptera. 25 21 *Syrphus latifasciatus Mceg.—M.: Mulranny, one ¢ (G.); Castlebar Lough, one 3 (G.). S. luniger M/y.—M.: Clogher, one ? (G.). S. ribesii Z.—CI.: two ? (G). M.: Belclare, one 29 (H.); Westport, one ¢ and two g on riverside; Knappagh, one 9; and Lough near Westport, one ? (G.). 8. vitripennis MWg.—CI.: one ? (G.). M.: Mulranny, one 2; Westport, one g and one 2 in Demesne; Castlebar Lough, one #; and Knappagh, one 2 (G.). _Sphaerophoria menthastri Z.—CI.: one ? (H.), and one 3 (G.). M.: Glen- darary, one g (H.); Mulranny, one ¢ (G.); Louisburgh, one @ (M.); Belclare, one 2 (H.); Castlebar Lough, one @; and Lough near Westport, one ¢ and four ? (G.). Baccha obscuripennis Mg—M.: Brackloon Wood, one ¢ (G.). Sphegina clunipes /7n.—M.: Sraheens Lough, one ? (J.); Brackloon Wood, one 3g (G.). Neoscia (Ascia) floralis Mg.—ClI.: one gs and two 2 (H.); one ? with pale anterior legs [? dispar Mg.] (G.). M.: Westport, two 2? (?collector) ; Louisburgh, two ¢ (M.); Belclare, one ¢ (H.); and one ¢ (G); Castlebar Lough, one ¢; and Knappagh, one ¢ and one @ (G.). Rhingia campestris M/j.—Cl.: (G.). M.: Belclare (H.); Louisburgh (M.) ; Mulranny, Clogher, and Lough near Westport (G.). Volucella bombylans Z.—CI.: two ¢ (G.). M.: Westport, one 2 on river- side (G.). V. pellucens Z.—M.: Knappagh, one @? (G.). Eristalis aeneus Scop.—ClI.: one 3 (H.); two 2 (G.). E. arbustorum Z.—CI.: (Milne, J.,and G.). M.: Louisburgh (J.); Mulranny (G.); Belclare, Westport, Castlebar Lough, Lough near Westport, and - Clogher (G.). E. horticola Deg.—CI.: (G.). M.: Achill (? collector); Mulranny (G.) ; Belclare (H.); Louisburgh, one ? var., with quite clear wings (M.) ; Westport and Knappagh (G.). E. intricarius Z.—CI.: two ¢ (G.). M.: Glendarary, two (J.) ; Louis- burgh, one ¢ (M.). - E. nemorum Z.—CI.: one ¢ (G,). E. pertinax Scop.—Cl.: (G.). M.: Mulranny, Westport, Knappagh, and Brackloon Wood (G.). E, sepulchralis Z.—Cl.: one ¢ (G.). E. tenax Z.—ClI_: (Milne, Praeger, and G.). M.: Mulranny and Westport (G.). 25 22 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Tubifera (Helophilus) lunulata Mg.—CI.: one @ (M.). M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.). T. pendula Z.—CI.: (Milne and G.). M.: Mulranny (G.); Belclare (H.); Westport, Lough near Westport, and Knappagh (G.). *T. transfuga Z.—M.: Westport, one g (? collector). Myiatropa florea 7.—M.: Westport, one ¢ and three ? on riverside (G.). Syritta pipiens Z—M.: Darby’s Point, Achill Island (J.); Mulranny (G.); Belclare (H.); Westport, Clogher, and Knappagh (G.). Arctophila mussitans #a).—M.: Knappagh, one ? (G.). Cinxia (Sericomyia) borealis 7/n.—CI,: one 3g, “between 700 and 800 feet up the mountain” (J.); one g (M.); three g andone 9? (G.). M.; Achill, one g (7 collector); Mulvanny, three g (G.); Louisburgh, one g (M.); Westport, one g on riverside; Knappagh, one g; and Belclare, one 3 (G.). C. lappona Z.—CI.: one g (G.). M.: Glendarary, one ¢ (H.); Knappagh G.). ve Family Dorylaidae (Pipunculidae). Dorylas (Pipunculus) varipes I1/g7.—M.: Belclare, one ? (H.). Verrallia aucta /'/n.—M.: Belclare, one ? (H.). Family Phoridae. *Spiniphora dorsalis Becker.—M.: Brackloon Wood, one ¢(G.). *Stenophora unispinosa Z/t._-M.: Westport, one 9 in garden (G.). *Aphiochaeta campestris /Vood.—M.: Knappagh, one (G.). *A. rata Collin.—M.: Brackloon Wood, one (G.). Trineura aterrima /ab.—M.: Glendarary, one (H.). - Family Larvaevoridae (Tachinidae). Echinomyia fera 2._-M.: Mulranny, one 9? (G.). - E. grossa Z.—CI.: one 9 (G.): M.; Mulranny, one 2 (G.); Westport, one 9 on riverside (G.). Ernestia (Erigone) radicum /a).—CI.: one ¢ (G.); M.: Castlebar Lough, one 9; and Knappagh, four g and 3 (G.). *Carcelia gnava Wg. (Sisyropa lucorwm).—M.: Knappagh, one ¢(G.). *C. lota Wfy.—CI.: one g and one 2 (G.). Crocuta (Siphona) geniculata Deg.—Cl.: (H.; M. and G.);.M:: Achill (7 collector); Mulranny, Westport, Castlebar Lough; Clogher, Lough near Westport, and Knappagh (G.). Eriothriz rufomaculatus Deg. (Oliviera lateralis F.)\—M.: Westport, one ¢ in Demesne (G.); Lough near Westport, one 2 (G.). Clare Island Survey—Diptera. 25 28 Thelaira nigripes /ab.—CI.: four ¢ and three ? (G.). M.: Belclare one 6 (H.); Westport, one ¢ on riverside and one 2 in Demesne, (G.). Dexiosoma caninum /ub.—M.: Brackloon Wood, eight gand six ? (G.). Sarcophaga carnaria Z.—M.: Belclare (H.); Westport; Castlebar Lough, Knappagh, and Clogher (G.). | *S. haemorrhoidalis 7/.—M.: Clogher, one ¢(G.). *Brachycoma devia //.—M.: Castlebar Lough, two ¢,and Knappagh, one 3 (G.). Miltogramma punctatum J/y.—ClI.: one 6(G.). Pollenia rudis /av.—Cl.: (G.). M.: Belclare (H.); Mulranny ; Westport, Lough near Westport, Knappagh; and Brackloon Wood (G.). P. vespillo #ab.—M.: Mulranny, four ¢ and five @ (G.); Castlebar Lough, one 6(G.); Kmappagh, three ¢; and Belclare, one ¢(G.). Lucilia caesar Z.—M.: Mulranny, one ¢ and one ? ; Westport, one ¢ in Demesne and three 9 on riverside; Knappagh, two 9; and Brackloon Wood, one ¢(G.). L. sericata My.—M.: Westport, one ¢ and one @ on riverside (G.). Calliphora erythrocephala Mg.—CI.: one ¢ (Welch); one 9 (? collector); two g and one 9 (G.). M.: Mulranny, two 2 (G). C. vomitoria Z—CI.: one ¢ and three ? (G.). M.: Mulranny, two ¢, and Westport, three ? on riverside (G.). Onesia cognata M/g.—M.: Westport, one ¢ on riverside, and Lough near Westport, one ¢ (G.). *0. sepulchralis Mg—ClI.: (G.). M.: Belclare (H.); Louisburgh (M.); Westport, Castlebar Lough, and Knappagh (G.). Family Anthomyidae. *Graphomyia caerulescens Wahlbg.—M.: Westport, one ¢ on riverside (G.) ; Lough near Westport, one ¢ (G.). I believe that this species, which has hitherto gone under the name of picta, Ztt., is merely a colour variety of the better-known G. maculata, Scop. G. maculata Scopy—M.: Mulranny, one ¢ (G.); Castlebar Lough, one ? (G.); Knappagh, two ¢ (G). Morellia hortorum #/n.—CI.: two ¢ and one ? (G.). M.: Mulranny, one ¢ (G.); Belclare, one ¢ (H.); Westport, five ¢ on riverside; Lough near Westport, one 9, and Knappagh, one ¢ and one 9 (G.). *M. simplex Zw.—M.: Mulranny, two ¢ and three 2 ; Westport, one ¢ and one ¢ on riverside; Castlebar Lough, one ¢; and J.ough near Westport, one $ (G). 25 24 Procecdings of the Royal Irish Academy. Musca domestica Z.—CI.: one ¢ and one ? (G.). *Pyrellia eriophthalma J/cq.—M.: Brackloon Wood, one ¢ (G.). Pseudopyrellia (Euphoria) cornicina Fab.—CI.: (J.), (Milne), and (G.). M.: Belclare (Praeger); Mulranny (G.); Louisburgh (M.) ; Westport, Castlebar Lough, Lough near Westport, and Clogher (G.). Mesembrina meridiana Z.—M.; Mulranny, one ?, Knappagh, one $, and Brackloon Wood, one ? (G.). Haematobia stimulans Mg.—CI.: four ¢ and three 9 (G.). M.: Mul- ranny, one g, and Westport, one ? on riverside (G.). *Polietes albolineata /’/n.—M.: Lough near Westport, one @ (G.). *Phaonia (Hyetodesia) basalis Z#/.—CI.: one ¢ (M.). M.: Knappagh, four 3 and seven 92, and Clogher, one ? (G.). *P. errans JJg.—M.: Westport, one ¢ (?collector); Brackloon Wood, one ¢ (G.). P. incana JWJ7ied.—ClI.: (G.). M.: Achill (?collector); Glendarary (H.) ; Curraun District (Scharff); Mulranny (G.) ; Louisburgh(H.); Clogher Knappagh, and Lough near Westport (G.). *P. pallida ab.—M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.); Brackloon Wood, four ? (G.). *P. perdita Mg.—Cl.: two g (G.). M.: Louisburgh, one ? (H.). *P. scutellaris //n.—M.: Brackloon Wood, one ? (G.). *p. signata M/g.—M.: Mulranny, one 9 (G.). Drymeia hamata //n.—Cl.: (Milne), (G.), and (M.). M.: Mulranny (G.); Louisburgh (M.); Belclare (H. and G.); Castlebar Lough, Westport, Knappagh, and Lough near Westport (G.). *Hebecnema (Mydaea) nigricolor #7m—M.: Brackloon Wood, one ¢ (G.). *H. (Hyetodesia) umbratica M/7.—ClI.: one ? (G.). M.: Mulranny, two ¢ ; Westport, one ¢ and one ? on riverside; Castlebar Lough, one ¢ ; Lough near Westport, one @ and one 9, and Clogher, one ? (G.). **Mydaea (Spilogaster) anceps Z//.—M.: Lough near Westport, one ¢ (G.). If I am correct in the identification of this species, this is a new record for Britain. It is distinguished from J/. duplicata, Mg. by the longi- tudinal lines on the thorax being narrower, the wing-veins more clouded (especially the posterior transverse), and by the presence of a long median bristle on the posterior surface of the front tibiae. *M. depuncta FJn.—M.: \Vestport, one ? in Demesne(G.); Brackloon Wood, five ? (G.). *M. duplicata J1/g.—CI.: (Welch and G.). M.: Curraun District (Scharff) ; Mulranny (G.); Belclare (H.); Westport, Lough near Westport, and Clogher (G.). Clare Island Survey— Diptera. 25 25 Mydaea impuncta 77n.—M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.); Westport, one ? on riverside (G.). *M. (Hyetodesia) lucorum Fin.—Cl.: (G.). M.: Achill (? collector) ; Mul- ranny (G.); Belclare and Louisburgh (H.); Clogher and Brackloon Wood (G.). M. (Myiospila) meditabunda #ab.—M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ (M.); Mulranny, four ¢ and four ?, Lough near Westport, three ¢, and Clogher, one 2? (G.). M. pagana Fab.—M.: Westport, one ° in Demesne (? collector). M. (Spilogaster) quadrum /ab.—CI.: one ¢ and two 2 (G.). M.: Mul- ranny, one ¢ and two @ (G.). *M. separata Mg.—M.: Westport, one ? in Demesne (G.). *M. urbana M/g.—CI.: one g and two @ (G.). M.: Westport, one ¢ on riverside, and Lough near Westport, one ? (G.). *Hydrotaea albipuncta Z#t.—CI.: one ¢ (G.). H. dentipes Fub.—ClI.: (Welch and G.). M.: Mulranny and Brackloon Wood (G.). H. irritans H/n.—M.: Mulranny, Westport, Castlebar Lough, Lough near Westport, Knappagh, and Brackloon Wood (G.). H. militaris 1/g.—M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.); Brackloon Wood, thirty-one 2 (G.). *Fannia (Homalomyia) aérea Zit—ClI.: two ¢ (G.). M.: Louisburgh, one ? (H.); Mulvanny, one °, Westport, one ? in Demesne, and Brackloon Wood, five ? (G.). F. canicularis Z.—CI.: one ¢ (? collector); one ¢ and three ? (Welch) ; one ¢ (G.), *F. coracina Lw.—M.: Westport. one ¢ in Demesne (G.). *F. fuscula Fém.—M.: Westport, one ? in Demesne (G.). *F, genualis Stein.—CI.: one ¢ (G.). M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.); Mulranny, one 4, and Lough near Westport, one 2 (G.). *F. scalaris Fub.—M.: Castlebar Lough, one (G.). *F. serena Win.—CI.: (G.). M.: Louisburgh (M.); Mulranny, Westport, Lough near Westport, and Brackloon Wood (G.). *F. sociella Ziti—M.: Westport, two ? on riverside, and Brackloon Wood, one 2 (G.). *Azelia cilipes Hal—ClI.: one ¢ (G.). M.: Belclare, one g¢ (H.)); West- port, one ¢ and one ¢ in garden (G.). *A, macquarti Staeg.—M.: Westport, one ¢ on riverside (G.). *A. zetterstedti Rond.—ClI.: five ¢ and four 9 (G.). M.: Mulranny, two ¢ and two ? (G.). R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXX. D 25 25 26 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. *Limnophora litorea /ln.—CI.: one ¢ (G.). M.: Achill, one -¢(? collector). **Z, nigriventris 7t—M.: Mulranny, four ¢ and five 2, and Westport, four 2in Demesne (G.). This is, I believe, a new record for Britain. It is recognized in the 2 sex by the highly-polished area on the frons. -*Hydrophoria ambigua F/n.—M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.) ; Castlebar Lough, one g, and Brackloon Wood, four ? (G.). *H. brunneifrons 7//.—M.: Clogher, one ? (G.). *H. ruralis Wg—M.: Brackloon Wood, two ¢ (G.). This is the H. anthomytea Rond. of Meade’s papers and Verrall’s List. “Hylemyia brunneilinea Zt. (seticrwra, Rond.).—CI.: one ? (? collector); one g and one 2 (G.). M.: Westport, three ¢ and two @ in Demesne, Lough near Westport, one ¢ andfour ?,and Clogher, one ? (G.). The colour of the frontal stripe in the 9 is not constant in this species, being in some specimens entirely black, and in others black tinged with red in front. Meade says: “frontal stripe wide and rufous,” but this is not accurate. *H. puella Schin. (nee Mg.)—M.: Brackloon Wood, three ¢ and one ? (G.). This is a rare and little-known species. It is distinguished by its pale legs, long-haired arista, and two-striped thorax. *H. pullula 7//.—M.: Knappagh, one ¢ (G.). H. strigosa Mab.—M.: Westport, one ¢ in Demesne (? collector), three ¢ and three ? in Demesne and two 9 on riverside (G.); Belclare, three ¢, Knappagh, one 9, and Brackloon Wood, twenty-two g and two ? (G.). *H, tristriata Stein (? cinerella Meade).—M.: Brackloon Wood, one ¢ (G.). *H. variata //n.—ClI.: one ? (Milne); two ¢ andone ? (G.). M.: Westport Demesne, one ? (H.), one g and one ? (G.); Lough near Westport, two ? (G.). Pegomyia bicolor Wied.—CI.: one ¢ (G.). M.: Westport, one ? on river- side and one ¢ in garden, and Clogher, three ¢ (G.). *P. flavipes Yn. var. diluta, Stein—M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.). *P. rufipes, #/7—M.: Belclare, one ¢ (H.); Brackloon Wood, one ? (G.). Chortophila (Phorbia) cilicrura Rond.—CI.: two ¢ (G.). M.: Mulranny, two ?, and Knappagh, one g (G.). [See remarks under C. tricho- dactyla). C. discreta My.—CI.: one g (G.). M.: Mulranny, one ¢, Westport, one gon riverside, Lough near Westport, one ¢, and Clogher, one ¢ (G.). C. trichodactyla Rond—CI.: one g¢ and four ? (G.). M.: Mulranny, four g and one 2 ; Westport, two ¢ and two 9in garden, and Knappagh, one ¢ (G.). The 2 of this species may be distinguished from ‘that of Clare Island Survey— Diptera. 25 27 C. cilicrura, Rond., to which it bears a very close resemblance, by the following character, which, I believe, has not been hitherto noticed. In C. trichodactyla the two rows of acrostichal bristles are much closer to each other than to the dorso-central row on either side, while the surface of the thorax between the rows is absolutely bare. In C. cilicrura, on the other hand, the two rows of acrostichal bristles are as widely apart (or nearly so) as the distance of each from the dorso-central row, while there are always a few fineand tiny scattered bristles between them. *Anthomyia aestiva Wy. (sulciventris Ztt.)—Cl.: (Milne and G.). M.: Mulranny, (G.), Louisburgh (M. and H.) ; Belclare (H.); Castlebar Lough, Westport, Lough near Westport, Clogher, and Knappagh (G.). A. radicum Z.—M.: Mulranny, Westport, Clogher, Knappagh, and Brackloon Wood (G.). *Macrorchis intermedia #7n.—M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ (H.); Belclare, one ¢ and four @ (H.); Westport, two ¢ and ten 2 in Demesne, and one 9 on riverside (G.). *Coenosia geniculata /n.—ClI.: one ¢ (G.). M.: Westport, one ¢ in Demesne, Castlebar Lough, one ¢, and Lough near Westport, one 3 (G.). C. pumila #7n.—M.: Castlebar Lough, one ¢ (G). This species has been recorded as British under the name of C. albicornis Mg. *C. sexnotata Mg.—M.: Belclare, two ¢ (H.); Westport, two ? in Demesne (H.). C. tigrina /ab—M.: Westport, one 2 (? collector) ; one @ in Demesne, one 2 and two ¢ on riverside (G.); Castlebar Lough, one ¢ and two Q ; Belclare, one 2, Clogher, four ¢ and four 2, Knappagh, four ¢ and two 2, and Lough near Westport, four ¢ and one 92 (G.). C. tricolor Z7/7.—M.: Achill N.E., one ¢ (H.). This is the species recorded in British lists as C. infantula Rond. ; but, as Stein has pointed out, the two names are probably synonymous, and Zetterstedt’s name has the priority. Schoenomyza litorella F/n.—CI.: one ¢ (M.); four ¢ and four ? (G), M. : Castlebar Lough, three ?, and Westport, one 2 in Demesne (G.): Fucellia fucorum /7n.—CI.: six ¢ and one 2 (G.). M.: Mulranny, one ¢ (G.). F. maritima Ha/.—ClI.: one ? (? collector); ten ¢ and fourteen 2 (G.). M.: Mulranny, three ? ; Louisburgh, one ? (M.). Judging from the number of specimens taken, this species appears to be quite as abundant as the previous species, or even, perhaps, more so. D2 25 28 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Family Scatomyzidae (Cordyluridae). Cordylura pudica I/g7.—M.: Westport, one ¢ (? collector), one 2 on river- side (G.); Belclare, one 2, Castlebar Lough, one g and one 9, and Lough near Westport, one ¢ (G.). Scopeuma (Scatophaga) litorea F/n.—Cl.: (Milne, Welch, G.,and M.). M.: Croaghpatrick (H.); Louisburgh (M.); Mulranny, Westport, and Belclare (G.). S. lutaria Fab.—M.: Castlebar, one 2, and Westport, one 2 (? collector). S. scybalaria Z.—M.: Clogher, one ¢ (G.). S. squalida Mg.—ClI.: one 2 (? collector), three ¢ and two 2 (G.). M.: Achill, one 2 (? collector); Croaghpatrick, one ¢ and two @ (M.), one ¢ (H.); Louisburgh, one ¢ (H.). S. stercoraria Z.(+merdaria /ab.)—CI.: (Milne andG.). M.: Curraun District (Scharff) ; Achill (? collector); Louisburgh (M.).; Mulranny (G.) ; Westport, Castlebar Lough, Clogher, Lough near Westport, Knappagh, Belclare, and Brackloon Wood (G.). In the above records I have included many specimens which would be referred by some authors to merdaria Fab., but I am convinced that this name should rank as a synonym only. S. suilla Fab—CI.: (G.). M.: Mulranny (G.); Croaghpatrick (M.) ; Louisburgh (M.); Belclare (H. and G.); Castlebar (? collector); Castlebar Lough (G.); Westport, Clogher, Lough near Westport, and Knappagh (G.). *S. villipes 7¢.—CI.: one ° (G.). M.: Achill, one ¢ and one 9? (? collector) ; Mulranny, two ¢ and two ¢ (G.). Norellia spinimana //n.—M.: Westport, one ¢ on riverside and one ¢ in garden (G.). *Pogonota hircus Zt.—M.: Lough near Westport, one ¢ (G.). Tricopalpus punctipes I/g.—M.: Castlebar Lough, one ¢ and one 2? ; Clogher, one ¢, and Knappagh, one 2? (G.). Family Coelopidae (Phycodromidae). Malacomyia (Phycodroma) sciomyzina Ha/—CI.: one 2 (M.). Oedoparea buccata F7n.—ClI.: one ¢ (H.); one ¢ (G.); three ¢ (M.). M.: Glendarary, one ¢ andtwo ? (H.); Louisburgh, one ¢ and one ?(M.); Belclare, one 2 (H.). Fucomyia frigida F7n.—CI.: one ¢ (Welch); five ¢ and one 2 (G.). M.: Achill, one ¢ (? collector); Mulranny one ¢ (G.); Louisburgh, one 2 (H.). Clare Island Survey—Diptera. 25 29 Fucomyia parvula Ha/—Cl.: two ¢ and six ? (G.). M.: Multanny, one 3(G.). I do not feel very sure about my identification of the two species of this genus. ‘The females appear to differ in nothing but size. Family Cypselidae (Borboridae). Cypsela (Borborus) equina //m—CI.: one ? (H.); seven ¢ andsix ? (G.). M.: Mulranny, one 2 (G.); Clogher, one ¢ and one @ (G.). C. nitida M@g.—M.: Brackloon Wood, one ¢ (G.). Olina (Borborus) geniculata Mcg.—CI.: one ¢ (H.); one ¢(M.); three ¢ and nine ? (G.). M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ (M.); Westport, four ¢ in Demesne; Clogher, one ¢ and one ? ; and Lough near Westport, one 2 (G.). Sphaerocera subsultans /ab.—M.: Westport, one @ in garden, and Castlebar Lough, one ¢ (G.). Limosina fontinalis /7n.—Cl1.: two(G.). M.: Westport, two in garden, and Belclare, two (G.). L. limosa F/n.—M. : Castlebar Lough, nineteen; Westport, four in garden, four on riverside, and two in Demesne; Lough near Westport, one; and Clogher, three (G.). *L. rufilabris Stenh.—M.: Achill, one ? (H.). L. sylvatica Mg.—M.: Louisburgh, one ? (M.). Family Dryomyzidae. Dryomyza flaveola Fub.—M. : Westport, one ? in garden (G.). Family Helomyzidae. Helomyza bicolor Zt. (zetterstedti, Lw.).—M.: Glendarary, one ¢ (H.). H. similis MM/g.—M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ and ¢? (?collector); Westport, one ¢ onriverside; and Brackloon Wood, twelve ¢ and thirteen 9? (G.). Leria (Blepharoptera) inscripta I/g.—M.: Westport, one ¢ and one @ in garden (G.). *L. modesta My.—M.: Glendarary, one ¢ (H.). *Heteromyza commixta Collin.—CI.: one ¢$ (G). Tephrochlamis canescens M/g.—CI.: one ? (M.). Family Sciomyzidae. *Sciomyza griseola //n.—M.: Louisburgh, one ? (M.). 8. nana Fln.—M.: Castlebar Lough, one, and Lough near Westport, one (G.). *Colobaea (Sciomyza bifasciella //n.—M.: Castlebar Lough, one (G.). Ditaenia (Sciomyza) cinerella /#/n.—CI.: one ? (G.). M.: Curraun District, one 2 (Scharff). 25 30 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. *Renocera striata J/j7.—M.: Lough near Westport, one ¢ and one 2 (G.). This species was only added to the British List in June, 1910, on the evidence of specimens taken in Scotland (see Collin, nt. Mo. Maz., 1910, pp. 127-128). Tetanocera elata 2ub.—M.: Westport, one ¢ in garden and one ¢ on river- side; Lough near Westport, one ? (G.). T. ferruginea #/n.—M.: Louisburgh, one ¢ (M.); Knappagh, one ¢ (G.). T. laevifrons Zw.—ClI.: one ¢(H.). M.: Louisburgh, two g and one ? (M.). T. robusta Lw.—M. : Louisburgh, one ? (M.) ; Westport, one ? on riverside, and Castlebar Lough, one 9; Knappagh, one ¢; Clogher, one ¢ and three ? ; and Lough near Westport, one gand two 2 (G.). T. unicolor Zw.—CI.: one ¢ (G.). M.: Louisburgh, one ? (M.); Lough near Westport, one ¢ ; and Clogher, one ? (G.). Dictya (Tetanocera) umbrarum Z.—CI.: two 2 (H.); one ? (G.). Trypetoptera (Tetanocera) punctulata Scop.—M.: Westport, one ? (2 collector). Pherbina (Tetanocera) coryleti Scop.—Cl.: one d(G.). M.: Achill, one ¢ (2collector); Westport, one ¢(? collector); Belclare, one ¢ (H.); Knappagh, one ¢ and one 2; Clogher, two ¢ and one ?; and Lough near Westport, three ? (G.). Elgiva albiseta Scop.—M.: Belclare, one 2 (H.); Castlebar Lough, four ¢ and four 2, Westport, one 2 on riverside, Clogher, one ¢ and three 9, Lough near Westport, one ¢, and Knappagh, one ¢ (G.). E. lineata H/n.—M.: Louisburgh, one ? (M.); LBelclare, one ¢; and Knappagh, one ? (G.). Hydromyia (Elgiva) dorsalis #ab.—ClI.: one ¢ (M.)andone ? (G.). Limnia unguicornis Scop.—M.: Achill, one ? (?collector). Sepedon sphegeus #a).—M.: Clogher, one 9 (G.). Family Sapromyzidae. *Sapromyza apicalis Zw.—CI.: two 2 (G.). *§. decipiens Zw.—M.: Westport, one on riverside (G.). *§. illota Zw.—ClI.: one gand one ?(G.). M.: Glendarary, one ? (H.). *S. longiseta Zw.—M.: Belclare, one ? (H.). S. lupulina 7ub.—M.: Lough near Westport, one 9 (G.). *S. opaca Becker.—M.: Belclare, one 9 (H.); Lough near Westport, one ? (G.). *S. plumicornis 77n.—M.; Belclare, one ? (H.). S. praeusta //n.—M.: Glendarary, one ¢ (H.); Westport Demesne, three ?(H.); Belclare, one ? (H.) and one ¢(G-.). Clare Island Survey— Diptera. 25 31 Sapromyza rorida 7n.—M.: Glendarary, one ¢ (H.); Westport, one ¢ and eleven ? in garden (G.). §. trispina Rond.—M.: Achill N.E., one @ (H.); Mulranny, one ¢ and seven @ (G.). This species has already been obtained in Ireland, although but recently. (See Collin, Ent. Mo. Mug., 1910, p. 170.) Peplomyza litura Iq. (wiedemanni Lw.).—M.; Belclare, one 9 (H.). Family Lonchaeidae. Palloptera saltuum Z.—M.: Westport, one 2 (? collector). Family Ortalidae. Tetanops myopina #/m.—M.; Mulranny, one ? (J.). Herina (Pteropaectria) frondescentiae Z.—CI.: three (G.); and one (M.) M.: Westport, one (? collector); Belclare, one, and Louisburgh, one (H.): Louisburgh, six (M.); Croaghpatrick, one (M.); Castlebar Lough, four (G.). This is the commonest species of the family. Family Euribiidae (7Z'rypetidae). Acidia heraclei Z.—M.: Westport, one ? Roman Island (H.). Euribia (Trypeta) cylindrica Rob. Dsv. (onotrophes Bouché Lw.).—CI.: one @(M.). M.: Belclare, two ? (H.). Urophora solstitialis Z.—CI.: one ? (G.). M.: Louisburgh, one ? and one (? sex) (? collector); one ¢ Old Head; Belclare, one ¢ (H.). *U. stylata Mab.—M.: Louisburgh, one g(M.). Oxyphora flava Geoff. (miliaria Schrk.).—M.: Belclare, one ¢ and one ? (.). Tephritis conura Zw.—M.: Westport, one ¢ on riverside, and Lough near Westport, one ? (G.). Family Sepsidae. Sepsis cynipsea Z.—CI.: (G.). M.: Mulranny (G.); Belclare (H.); West- port, Castlebar Lough, and Lough near Westport (G.). Sepsis violacea Mg.—M.: Westport, one ¢ and one ? (? collector); Knappagh, one ? (G.). Enicita annulipes 1/g.—M.: Westport, one ¢ on riverside (G,). Themira minor Hal.—ClI.: one ¢ (H.); three ¢ and seven ? (G.). M.: Mulranny, one ? , and Clogher, one gand three 9 (G.). T. putris Z.—CI.: one ? (G.). T. superba Hal.—M.: Clogher, one $; Castlebar Lough, one ¢; and Knappagh, one ¢ (G.). 25 32 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Nemopoda cylindrica /ab.—ClI.: one ¢ (H.); two ? (G.). M.: Westport, one in Demesne (H.), and one g in garden (G.) Mulranny, two 2? ; Lough near Westport, one 9 ; and Knappagh, one ° (G.). *Piophila vulgaris /7n.—M.: Knappagh, one (G.). Family Psilidae. Psila atra Mg.—M.: Westport, one ¢ in Demesne (H.). P. debilis Hgger—M.: Belclare, three ¢ (H.). *P. humeralis Zt.—ClI.: one 9 (G.). P. nigricornis M/g.—M. : Louisburgh, one ? (H.); Mulranny, one 9 (G.). P. rosae Hab.— M.: Belclare, one ? (H.). Loxocera aristata Pz. (elongata Mg.)—M.: Sraheens, one ? (J.); Roonah, one ¢ ; Mulranny, one ¢ (J.); Achill, one 2 (? collector); Belclare, one ° (H.); Louisburgh, three ¢ (M.), onedgand one@(H.); Lough near Westport, one ? (G.) Family Chloropidae. Centor myopinus Zw—M.: Westport, two ¢ in Demesne and one ¢ on riverside (G.). *C. nudipes Zw.—CI.: one ¢? (M.), two ¢ and one ? (G.). M.: Croagh- patrick, one ? (M.); Louisburgh, three ¢ and five ? (M.), and one ? (H.). Melanum (Chlorops) lateralis Hal—M. : Westport, ten specimens in Demesne (G.). Diplotoxa messoria //n—CI.: one (G.). M.: Castlebar Lough, one (G.). *Meromyza laeta Mg.—M.: Westport, one in Demesne (G.). M. saltatrix L.—M. : Louisburgh, two (M.); Westport, one in Demesne (G.). *Chlorops didyma Z/.—CI.: one (M.). M.: Old Head, Louisburgh, one (no data); Louisburgh, one (M.); Belclare, one (H.); Westport, four in Demesne (G.). *C. hypostigma M/y.—CI.: one (G.). M_.: Louisburgh, one (M.) ; Westport, two in Demesne (H.); Belclare, one, and Brackloon Wood, three (G.). C. taeniopa Mg.—M. : Louisburgh, one (M.), and two (H.); Westport, six in Demesne; Lough near Westport, one, and Clogher, one (G.). *C. umbelliferarum Schrk. (nasuta Schrk.)—M.: Castlebar Lough, four (G.). Crassiseta cornuta F/n—M.: Westport, one 9 on riverside (G.). Family Ephydridae. Notiphila annulipes Stenh.—M. : Belclare,two ? (H.); Westport,one ? on riverside (G.); Lough near Westport, one ¢ and one ? (G.). Clare Island Survey —Diptera. 25 33 Notiphila cinerea #/n.—ClI.: five ?(G.). M.: Mulranny, one gand? (G.); Louisburgh, five 2 (Morley); Westport, one ? on riverside, Castlebar Lough, two °, Lough near Westport, one ¢ and one ?, Belclare, one g and three 2, Clogher, six 2, and Knappagh, three ? (G.). Trimerina madizans /’/n.—M.: Westport, one in Demesne (G.). Ephygrobia (Psilopa) leucostoma J/y.—M.: Westport, one in Demesne (G.). Hydrellia albiceps My.—CI.: one (G.). M.: Achill, one (H.); Louisburgh, one (M.); Lough near Westport, one; Clogher, three, and Knappagh, eight (G.). H. griseola M/m.—ClI.: (H. and G.). M.: Louisburgh (M.); Mulranny, Westport, Lough near Westport, Knappagh, Clogher, Belclare, and Brackloon Wood (G.). H. nigripes 7//M.: Westport, one ¢ in Demesne (G.). *H. obscura Jy. (discolor, Stenh.).—CI.: one (H.). M.: Knappagh, one (G.). H. ranunculi Ha/.—M.: Mulranny, one (G.). *Philhygria vittipennis 7#¢.—M.: Knappagh, one (G.). Ochthera mantis Deg—M.: Louisburgh, one (M.); Lough near Westport, one (G.). Pelina aenea //n.—M.: Westport, one in Demesne (G.). Parydra coarctata F/n.—CI.: three (G.). M.: Mulranny, one (G.); West- port, one in garden (G.). P. fossarum Ha/.—M.: Castlebar Lough, seven, and Belclare, one (G.). P. pusilla My.—M.: Belclare, one (G.). - Scatella stagnalis #/n.—ClI.: one (H.); one (M.); five (G.). M.: Westport, one in Demesne, and Belclare, one (G.). Family Drosophilidae. Drosophila melanogaster J/g.—ClI.: two (G.). D. phalerata M/7.—M.: Westport, two in garden (G.). Scaptomyza flaveola J/y.—M.: Roonah, Louisburgh, one (no data) ; Louis- burgh, one (H.). S. graminum //n.—ClI.: seven (G.). M.: Westport, one on riverside, and one in Demesne (G.) ; Croaghpatrick, one (M.). Family Geomyzidae. *Diastata unipunctata Z//.—M.: Louisburgh, one (M.). Opomyza germinationis Z.—CI.: N.E. cliffs, one 2 (no data); one ¢ (H.); two ¢(G.), M.: Louisburgh (no data); Louisburgh (M.); Croaghpatrick (M.) ;- Westport, Castlebar Lough, Lough near Westport, Belclare, Knappagh, and Brackloon Wood (G.). RIA, PROC., VOL. XXXI. 10) 25 25 34 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Balioptera combinata Z.—M.: Westport, one in Demesne (H.). B. tripunctata F7n.—M.: Louisburgh, one (H.); Westport, one in Demesne (Gey : Anthomyza gracilis #7n.—M.: Westport, two (? collector); Westport, one in Demesne and one on riverside (G.); Louisburgh, one (H.); Lough near Westport, one (G.). *Paranthomyza nitida /7—M.: Westport, four in garden (G.). Family Ochthiphilidae. Ochthiphila aridella F/n.—M.: Westport, five in Demesne, and Lough near Westport, one (G.). 0. juncorum /7.—M.: Westport, one in Demesne (G.). Family Milichidae, Phyllomyza securicornis #7n.—CI.: one g (G.). Family Agromyzidae. Agromyza flaveola #/n.—M.: Glendarary, one (H.); Westport, one, and Brackloon Wood, two (G.). A. nigripes 1/y.—M.: Westport, one on riverside (G.). *A. reptans Fin. -M.: Westport, one in garden (G.). Cerodonta (Ceratomyza) denticornis Panz—M.: Louisburgh; two (M.); Belclare, one (H.); Westport, one in Demesne (G.)- Family Phytomyzidae. Phytomyza affinis #/n.—CI.: one(G.) M.: Belclareone (H.); Lough near Westport, one /G.). P. flava F/.—M.: Westport, one in Demesne (H.), one in garden and one in Demesne (G.); Knappagh, one (G.). *P. flavicornis //n.—M: Westport, six in garden (G.). P. obscurella #/n.—M.: Louisburgh, one (H.). P. populicola W/i.—M.: Westport, three on riverside and onein Demesne ; Belclare, one (G.). Napomyza lateralis F/n.—CI.: one (H.). Family Conopidae. Conops quadrifasciata Deg—M.: Knappagh, three ¢ (G.). Occemyia atra Fal.—M.: Westport, one in Demesne (HL). Sicus ferrugineus Z—CI.: one ¢ (M.). M.: Mulvranny, one 3, and Lough near Westport, one ¢ ‘G.). OE, Clare Islund Survey. 26 LEPIDOPTERA. By W. F. pp VISMES KANE, F.E.S., M.RL.A. Read Decrmper 11, 1911. Published January 16, 1912. INTRODUCTION. THE list of Lepidoptera here presented is arranged so as to show, by means of representative symbols, captures on Clare Island itself, followed by mainland localities on the shores of Clew Bay; and in the case of a few interesting species other records from more distant parts of Mayo are added. Though a great deal of work was done during the last three summers by Mr. Greer, Mr. Bonaparte Wyse, and myself, the results are disappointing, chiefly for the followmg reasons :—First, the enormous tracts of very wet bog, peculiarly barren of herbage and heather, that stretch for miles in every direction in Co. Mayo seem, in my experience, peculiarly devoid of Lepi- dopterous life. The vast moorlands that clothe the sides of the mountains yield a fauna peculiar and interesting, but monotonous and restricted in species. Secondly, the coasts of Clew Bay are wanting in the wide margins of sand- dunes with their pecuhar flora and abundant fauna which form such a feature of the western coast which faces the Atlantic. Thus a copious list of sand- hill species also fails to be represented. Thirdly, the general absence of woodlands, except the small stretch of plantations and scrub at Glendarary, Achill Island, and some promising wooded slopes near Belclare, and woods at Westport. And lastly, with the exception of the summer of 1911, the frequent rainfall, the high winds that so frequently prevail, and the chilly fall in temperature toward evening that characterized the western coast even in the hot summer of 1911, and proves so disastrous to the flight of moths, are too well known to the entomologist in that part of Ireland. Moreover scarcely any of the numerous species which emerge from March to May swell the numbers of the list, nor the large host of autumnal species that are to be taken on ivy blossom in October and November. This is due to the impossibility of getting research carried on at these periods of the year, in so remote a district, characterized by so considerable a rainfall. The few spring insects catalogued were taken by Mr. Greer in May. The results here tabulated are chiefly records of moorland species, mixed with a fair proportion of such as inhabit cultivated lowlands, rocky hillsides clothed with scrub, and species which have an almost universal Irish distribution, But the absence R,I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI, A 26 26 2 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy. of certain groups which might have been almost certainly expected is as remarkable as the presence of others of great rarity in Ireland. For instance, several evenings were spent on Clare Island watching for Dianthoeciae at flowering tufts of Silene maritima, a plant which undoubtedly is plentiful on the precipices on the northern side of the island. Neither D. capsophila, D. cucubali, nor D. nana, which are so common on the Irish littoral, was seen, nor any others of the genus. Moreover, at the proper season, careful and widespread examination of the capsules of Silene proved that none of the genus were bred on it—an almost unprecedented experience to me on the Irish coast. The only result of this examination was the discovery of larvae of Eupithecia oblongata. Further disappointment was caused by the almost complete failure of the light-house lantern to attract night-flying moths, which was attributed by the light-house keeper (who was familiar with this method) to the constant high winds which sweep the lofty cliffs on which the buildings stand. Dicranura vinula, Saturnia pavonia, Arctia caja, and a few common Noctuae were the only captures at the lamp. On the main- land such woodland species as were taken came from the demesne of Glendarary, near Achill Sound, where several specimens of Macroglossa bombyliformis were captured; from the woods of Old Head near Louisburgh ; and from some woods beside the town of Westport and near Belclare. Unfor- tunately the old oak-woods belonging to the Marquess of Sligo were too far away from Westport to be examined. The most interesting forest-lands in Mayo fringe the south-eastern shores of Lough Conn and Lough Cullin, some fifteen miles as the crow flies to the north-west of Westport. These extensive woodlands stretch from Muckersnavy to Pontoon. I found them rich in Lepidoptera. The locality is too distant to be included in this report, but among the rarities taken there may be mentioned the following :—Cymato- phora or, i some plenty, of dark coloration; BO Helophorus aquaticus, Z. 5) planus, F. : : Se gual viridicollis, Steph. 36 lituratus, #. : a ey brevipalpis, Bedel. 13 Agabus paludosus, /’. ee ill Octhebius pygmaeus, Z. 1 sturmii, Gyll. . A ane lejolisii, Rey & Muls. 2 bipustulatus, L. 30 Cyclonotum orbiculare, /’. 1 Ilybius fuliginosus, & 5 2 By far the majority of the collections were made in peaty pools where Sphagnum and Eriophorum formed the dominant vegetation and if we there- fore take out of the above list those species which occurred in most collections we have an association of peat-pool species as follows :— Hydroporus gyllenhalii, ) Hydroporus pubescens, i 36 sees 20 Helophorus viridicollis, ) ebsem 23 Agabus bipustulatus, 5 onl) URSA, ¢ ; i UE Philhydrus melanocephalus, . 26 Anacaena globulus, se he These same eight species head the lists of the Skye and Eigg (Joc. cit.) and Coll? water-beetles, although not in precisely the same order. Thus the ' May include several species. Unfortunately no specimens were kept. * F. Batrour Browne: ‘The Aquatic Coleoptera of the Mid-Ebudes.”” Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist., April, 1910. 29 6 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. - typical peat-pool fauna of Clare Island is identical with that of these other three islands. Only three species in the Clare Island list call for any remark. JZ. celatus occurred at 700 feet on Croaghmore in a small pool in a trickling stream, the typical habitat of the species. The Irish records for this species are few. It was first taken by Mr. J. N. Milne at Downhill (Derry) and recorded by the late C. W. Buckle. A single specimen was taken by Rev. W. F. Johnson in 1907 in Co. Armagh, and I have since that taken the species in Mid Cork (1) August 1907; in Down, 1908; in Leitrim and Clare Island, 1909 and in Co. Antrim, August 1911. It is a mountain species by choice, and therefore in Iveland its distribution is marginal but it is, I think, much less rare than the records indicate. P. nigroaenevs Was common in a few peat-holes at various parts of the island up to about 700 feet above sea-level. It occurred also on Achill and on the mainland but did not seem to be so common as in the pools on Clare _ Island. O. lejolisii I found on both sides of Clare Island, east and west, and it was common. On the east side I found it at once quite near the hotel and just above high-water mark. At the west end I searched for a considerable time before I discovered it; here it was in pools rather more than 100 feet above the sea, which gives some idea of the delicacy of the balance between this insect and its environment. It always occurs along a narrow belt sufficiently close to the sea to be certain of an intermittent but fairly frequent supply of sea-water in the form of spray and yet far enough above the high- tide mark to ensure occasional flushings of the pools with fresh water. The height above sea-level at which it occurs on the western side of the island as compared with the eastern side indicates the comparative wave-motion on the two sides. Achill Island produced much the same kinds of habitat as Clare Island but I worked the former much less thoroughly than the latter and found only thirty-eight species. Only nine collections were made during each visit and on the second occasion I did not work any of the same places as on the first so that a comparison of the results is not quite reliable, although perhaps it indicates the relative abundance of species in July and March. In the former month the average number of species per collection was eleven or twelve while in the latter it was only five or six. Apart from D. griseo-striatus already referred to, the only species worthy 1 «Beetles collected in Lough Foyle District, Counties Donegal and Derry.’’ Irish Nat., January, 1900, pp. 2-11. Clare Island Survey—Aquatie Coleoptera. 29 7 of notice from Achill is Laccobius reqularis of which [ found one male specimen. It is quite readily recognised from the other Laccobii which come near it by the aedeagus. This species was first recorded as British by Dr. Sharp! from Brockenhurst and he mentions having seen specimens from Surrey. It has since been recorded from Berks and South Devon,? and these are at present the only known British localities. It was first introduced under Motschulsky’s name but, owing to the vagueness of that author's description, Rey’s name has since been adopted. The Achill Island list, including all records, amounts to forty-four species and is as follows :— ACHILL IsLanp LIsT. Haliplus fulvus, F. (W. F. Johnson, Ilybius fuliginosus, Ff. 1911). aenescens, 7'oms. ruficollis,? Brit. auct. Rhantus bistriatus, Bergstr. lineatocollis, Marsh. Dytiscus punctulatus, 7. Laccophilus obscurus, Panz. Gyrinus minutus, 7. Caelambus inaequalis, /’. natator, Scop. Deronectes assimilis, Payk. opacus, Sahlb. xii-pustulatus, O/. (A. W. Stel- Hydrobius fuscipes, var. picicrrs, fox, 1911). Thoms. griseo-striatus, De G. (A.W.5., Philhydrus melanocephalus, Ol. 1911). minutus, /’, Hydroporus lepidus, O/. Paracymus nigroaeneus, Sab. umbrosus, Gyll. Anacaena globulus, Payk, gyllenhalii, Schiod. limbata, palustris, Z. (A. W.S., 1911). var. ovata, Reiche. incognitus, Sharp. Helochares punctatus, Sharp. erythrocephalus, Z. Laccobius regularis, fey. memnonius, Vic. alutaceus, Zhoms. obseurus, Sturm. minutus, Z. (A. W. 8., 1910). nigrita, J’. Limnebius truncatellus, Zunbd. pubescens, Gyll. Helophorus aquaticus, L. lituratus, F. viridicollis, Steph. Agabus sturmu, Gy/l. brevipalpis, Bedel. chalconotus, Panz. Octhebius bicolon, Germ. (J. N. bipustulatus, L. Halbert, 1898). 1¢* Taccobius seutellaris, Motsch., in England.’’ EMM., ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 217. 2J.R. ie B. Tomi: ‘‘New Localities for LZ. seulel/aris, Motsch.’”? MMM., ser. 2, xxi, 1910, p. 15. 3 Vide foot-note, p- 5. 29 8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. The only species worth mentioning from the Curraun district is Octhebius punctatus. I succeeded, after much labour, in finding at Mulranny two or three specimens of this, one of the only two salt-marsh species in the West Mayo list. I spent a very short time in this locality, and took only twenty- three species. The Westport district, where I took forty-two species, may be passed over without comment. The Louisburgh district produced sixty-nine species and was therefore the richest part of the whole area. This was largely due to variety of habitat, for instance, the numerous pools in the Boulder-clay along the road to Doo Lough, in which many helophile species occurred, and the sandy loughs along the coast where, besides helophiles, one or two lake species find a home. The halophile fauna was remarkable for its absence, although several places seemed to be specially suitable for it. The occurrence of Ayabus congener in this district has already been referred to and otherwise only three species need be mentioned. Helophorus granularis was found in hundreds in the flooded grassy ground by the Bunowen River in the spring. A single specimen had occurred in a shallow grassy ditch in the neighbourhood in the previous July, perhaps a survivor of the army of the previous spring. A Hydraena testacea, previously only taken once in Ireland, at Thomastown (Kilkenny),! occurred very sparingly in one grassy ditch near Louisburgh. This species is easily passed over and is, I fancy, chiefly a spring insect. It occurs mostly in the southern counties of England but has once been recorded from Scotland (IKirkeudbright) and I took it in the Isle of Man. From this district A. W. Stelfox brought me a single specimen of Agabus unguicularis, a species I was unable to find. An interesting point about its distribution in Ireland is its apparent absence from the south-eastern counties. It occurs in the north and west as far south as North Kerry but there is no record for Leinster or for the eastern part of Munster. The following list includes all the species taken on the mainland of West Mayo. After each species I have indicated the districts in which it has occurred and, unless I have taken the species myself, I have given the initials of the collector. In a case where I have received a species or one has been recorded from a district in which I myself have taken it I have only given my own record, as in the case of the Clare and Achill Island lists. 1 Johnson and Halbert’s ‘‘ List,’’ Clare Islind Survey— Aquatic Coleoptera. MAINLAND LIST. Haliplus obliquus, /”.— Westport (J. N. H.) confinis, Stepi.—Louisburgh. 29 9 fulvus, #.—Belmullet (A. W. 8.) ; Louisburgh; Westport and Castlebar (J. N. HL). ruficollis,, Brit. auct.—Belmullet (A. W. 8.): Curraun; Louisburch; Westport. ruficollis, De G.—Rosturk and Newport (A. W. S.). wehnekei, G'er.—Louisburgh (J. N. H.). lineatocollis, JZarsh.—Curraun ; Louisburgh ; Westport. Noterus sparsus, Marsh.—Louisburgh ; Westport. Laccophilus obseurus, Panz—Curraun ; Louisburgh ; Westport. Hyphydrus ovatus, .—Westport; Castlebar. Caelambus v-lineatus, Zett.—Louisburgh ; Westport. inaequalis, #.—-Curraun ; Louisburgh ; Westport. ix-lineatus, Steph.—Louisburgh. impressopunctatus, Schal/.—Louisburgh. Deronectes assimilis, Payk.—Louisburgh. elegans, Panz. ([depressus, Brit. auct.].—Louisburgh ; (W. E. Sharp). xii-pustulatus, O/.—Louisburgh ; Killala (W. E. Shar))). Hydroporus pictus, #’.—Louisburgh ; Westport. lepidus, O/.—Curraun ; Louisburgh. rivalis, Gyl/.—Louisburgh. septentrionalis, Gv//.— Louisbureh. lineatus, /.— Westport. tristis, Payk.—Louisbureh. umbrosus, Gy//.— Louisburgh ; Westport. angustatus, Stwrm.— Westport (A. W. S.). gyllenhalii, Schiddte—Curraun ; Louisburgh ; Westport. vittula, #7.—Louisburgh. palustris, 2.—Curraun ; Louisburgh; Westport. incognitus, Sharp.—Louisburgh. Kallala ; erythrocephalus, Z.—Curraun (A. W. 8.) ; I.ouisburgh ; Westport. memnonius, Vic.—Louisburgh ; Westport. obscurus, Sturm.—Curraun; Louisburgh. nigrita, #—Belmullet (A. W.S.); Curraun; Louisburgh; Westport. 1 Vide foot-note, p. 5. RIA. PROC., VOL. XXXI. B 29 29 10 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy. Hydroporus pubescens, G'y//—Curraun ; Louisburgh ; Westport. planus, #.—Curraun ; Louisburgh. lituratus, #.—Curraun; Louisburgh. Agabus paludosus, #.—Belmullet (A. W. S.). affinis, Payk.—Louisburgh. unguicularis, 7homs.—Louisburgh (A. W. S.). congener, Payk.—Louisburgh. nebulosus, /orst.— Westport (Murrisk). sturmii, G'y//.—Louisburgh. chaleonotus, Panz.—Louisburgh; Westport. bipustulatus, 2.—Curraun; Louisburgh; Westport Tlybius fuliginosus, “,—Louisburgh. obscurus, Marsh.—Louisburgh. aenescens, Z’oms.—Curraun ; Louisburgh. Rhantus bistriatus, Bergstr.—Louisburgh. Colymbetes fuscus, L.—Castlebar (A. W. S.); Louisburgh. Dystiscus punctulatus, #.—Louisburgh. marginalis, 2.—Curraun ; Louisburgh. Acilius sulcatus, Z.—Louisburgh. Gyrinus minutus, /'.— Louisburgh. elongatus, Avbé.—Belmullet (A. W. 8.); Westport. natator, Scop.—Curraun ; Louisburgh ; Westport. marinus, Gyl/.— Westport. Orectochilus villosus, J/i//.—Louisburgh ; Castlebar. Hydrobius fuscipes, Z.—Louisburgh ; Westport. var. picierus, Thoms.—Curraun ; Louisburgh. Philhydrus melanocephalus, 0/.—Curraun; Louisburgh; Westport. nigricans, Zett.—Killala (W. E. Sharp). minutus, #.— Louisburgh. coarctatus, (7ed/.—Louisburgh ; Westport. Paracymus nigroaeneus, Sa//b.—l.ouisburgh ; Westport. Anacaena globulus, Payk.—Curraun ; Louisburgh. limbata, #.—Louisburgh. var. ovata, Reiche.—Louisburgh ; Westport. Helochares punctatus, Sharp.—Louisburgh. Laccobius alutaceus, Z’oms.— Louisburgh. minutus, Z.—Louisburgh ; Westport. bipunctatus, #.— Westport. Limnebius truncatellus, 7/uwnb.—Louisburgh; Westport. Chaetarthria seminulum, Herbst.—Louisburgh; Westport, Clare Island Survey— Aquatic Coleoptera. 29 11 Helophorus aquaticus, Z.—Louisburgh ; Westport. viridicollis, Steph. (acnerpennis, Thoms).—Belmullet (A. W.S.); Curraun ; Louisburgh ; Westport. affinis var. griseus, Herbst.—Louisburgh ; Westport. granularis, Z.—Belmullet (A. W.8.); [ouisburgh; Westport. brevipalpis, Bedel—Curraun ; Louisburgh; Westport. Octhebius viridis, Peyron.—Westport (J. N. H.). pygmaeus, /.— Westport. bicolon, Germ.—Curraun; Louisburgh; Westport. punctatus, Stepr.—Curraun. lejolisii, Rey and Mwls.—Louisburgh. Hydraena testacea, Curt.—Louisburgh. riparia, Kug.—Louisburgh ; Westport. gracilis, Germ.—Louisburgh. Cyclonotum orbiculare, /’.—Louisburgh ; Westport; Castlebar. The only other parts of West Mayo for which I have any records are Caher Island and Inishturk from which Mr. Stelfox brought me a few specimens after his visit last July. From the former I have two species :— C. inaequalis and A. stwrmit and from Inishturk I have three :—-H. lituratus, G. natator and O. lejolisi. From the inequality in the time spent in the different districts it would not be possible to make any comparison of the separate faunas, but what 1 said with regard to the habitats on Clare Island will explain any differences in the mainland districts. For instance, a number of species occurred on the Curraun peninsula and about Louisburgh which were not found at Westport merely because no peat moss was worked in the latter district. So far as I know, geological conditions have little or no direct effect upon the water- beetle fauna. Where the conditions are such as to produce acid humus, the oxylophile fauna occurs, while in areas of good drainage the helophile fauna dominates. But peat-mosses occur even in limestone areas and are not peculiar to any particular geological conditions, although some rocks may be better suited to their formation than others. With regard to the relationship of the Clare Island fauna to that of the mainland, it possesses one species, Hydroporus celatus, which was not found anywhere else but which almost certainly occurs wherever a suitable habitat exists. It is by no means a rare species but the small trickling streams in which it normally lives are easily passed over and thus the species seems to be scarce. There is, therefore, nothing peculiar about the Clare Island water- beetle fauna as compared with that of the mainland. The total of forty-seven species compares favourably with that of other islands I have worked; on B2 29 12 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Aademy. Coll, which is larger but farther north, the same number of species occurred while on Eigg, still farther north, and with very poor accommodation for helophiles, there were only thirty-seven species. I doubt very much, however, whether there is much relationship between the size of an island and the number of species it possesses—which seems to me to depend entirely, or almost so, upon the variety of habitats. I have spoken in a general way of fresh-water-marsh, and peat-moss, but each of these names really covers a number of different habitats which grade into one another in such a way that only a very critical examination would reveal the differences. For instance, the heating capacity of a pond depends upon its depth and the nature of the water-supply and of the soil in which it lies. This will affect the vegetation and the fauna and assuming that heating capacity alone were what determined these—and | believe it is of some considerable importance— we might find two or three apparently different kinds of ponds possessing the same general fauna and flora. Then again Birge has shown in his “ Plankton Studies on Lake Mendota” that of two species, one was abundant and the other scarce according as to which got the start at the beginning of the season and, from what is known of the oecological relations between species, the result of such a struggle might quite well affect the whole fauna and flora of the habitat, so that two ponds closely similar in all their physical characters might contain very different species and yet be classed as the same habitat. Further, the nature of the habitat is constantly and often rapidly changing owing to the growth and decay of the fauna and flora. A small, shallow pool with no surface vegetation heats up rapidly and cools rapidly while a pool filled with vegetation has a much more equable temperature ; in a pool partly covered with vegetation the temperature differs in the bare and pro- tected parts as much as 8 or 10 degrees at the hottest time of a summer day. Thus a pool which one year is a suitable habitat for species which endure extremes of heat and cold, may next year be suitable for those which only endure small variations. There seems, however, to be much less variation in the “ peat-moss” pool habitat than in the “fresh-water marsh” pool habitat and hence the similarity between the faunas of oxylophytic areas such as Clare Island, Coll, Higg, and Skye. I would therefore account for the poverty of Clare Island fauna in comparison with that of the adjoining mainland merely through lack of variety of habitat. There seems to be geological evidence that the island has become separated from the mainland only in comparatively modern times, so that no question arises as to how the fauna may have reached it. ''Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci., &c., x. & xi. Clare Island Survey —Aquatic Coleoptera. 29 13 With regard to the water-beetles of West Mayo as a whole, they include species showing very different ranges of distribution in Ireland. Most of them show no particular localisation ; a smaller number are marginal in their distribution, being almost or entirely confined to the coastal counties while a very few are remarkable chiefly in that they are absent from the centre and east of Ireland. Some of these latter are found in the north and west, others in the south and west, none apparently being common to north, west and south. This ‘“‘ western’ group consists of only eight species but if we include a few which, although not so far found in West Mayo, occur in one of the neighbouring western counties, it consists of thirteen species which are as follows :— West and North Species. West and South Species. N. Caelambus ix-lineatus, Steph. S. Copelatus agilis, /. N. Deronectes griseo-striatus, De G. S. and W. Paracymus nigro-aeneus, S. Hydroporus dorsalis, F. Sahlb. N. H. melanarius, Stwrm. S. Helochares punctatus, Sharp. N. Agabus unguicularis, Zhoms. S. Laccobius ytenensis, Sharp. N. A. congener, Payh. 5. L. regularis, Rey. N. Dytiscus lapponicus, Gill. S. Hydraena testacea, Curt. The accompanying “ symbol ”-maps illustrate the distribution of these two groups :— WDED LD AN WD ED LD AN FE TY AR DO FE TY AR DO WMSL LE WO WMSL LE MO EM RO CV LH EM RO CV LH WC NG LF WHME WG NG LF WHME SG KC KD DU _ $G KC KD DU CL NI QC CW WI CL NT QC CW WI NK LK ST KK WX NK LK ST KK WX SK MC EC WA SK MC EC WA WC wc Fic. 1.—West and North Group. Fic. 2.—West and South Group. With regard to their British distribution, six of these species may be described as belonging to the “Scottish ” and “ Highland” types—marked N. in above list—and six apparently belong to the “ English ” type—marked 8. 29 14 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. in the list—while one species with a southern and western distribution might possibly be described as belonging to Watson’s “ Atlantic” type. A reference to the Continental distribution of these thirteen species shows that seven of them have a range from Scandinavia to south Europe; iz, D. griseo-striatus, A. congener, D. lapponicus, H. melanarius, H. dorsalis, C. agilis and P. nigro-aenevs. The first three however owe their southern distribution to the fact that they there inhabit highland lakes while the fourth has, I think, two forms—a smaller highland and a larger lowland one —which may account for its very wide range. WH. dorsalis is a distinctly northern species and like D. griseo-striatus and D. lapponicus has a holarctic range, while the other two species, C. agilis and P. nigro-aeneus, are much more common in the south than in the north. Two other species of the thirteen are northern, i.c., C. iz-lineatus and A. unguicularis, and do not extend south of Belgium and North Germany, while the remaining four species are distinctly southern not being recorded from farther north than about the latitude of Denmark. The Continental distribution of these species therefore corresponds with the Ivish distribution while that in Britain differs from both only in the cases of H. dorsalis and P. nigro-aenevs. Apart from these two cases we have therefore in the western Irish group two clearly-marked elements and if we analyse the distribution of the other seventy-nine West Mayo species we find that in them also we have northern and southern elements, and in some cases anomalies with regard to British distribution. For instance, Cuelambus v-lineatus is a good example of a distinctly northern species abundant in pools in Lapland, according to Zetterstedt (Insecta Lapponica, 1840), and not found south of Denmark and north Germany. It is also a good example of anomalous British distribution since it has occurred sparingly in various parts of England, even as far south as the New Forest (Hants S.), while in Scotland it has so far been recorded from only four counties—Kirkcudbright, Fife, South Perth and Forfar. Of the markedly southern species, H. lituratus, O. punctatus and probably 0. lejolisii may be mentioned, while a number of others are also southern, e.g. H. lineatocollis, N. sparsus, L. obscurus, H. ovatus, D. elegans and xii-pustulatus, H. lepidus, pubescens and planus, A. nebulosus; &e., &e. The western group is therefore chiefly peculiar on account of its “ wester- ness” but it also contains the two most arctic of all our British water-beetles— D. griseo-striatus and D.lapponicus. The southern species are more southern than the majority of the similar group of the generally distributed fauna so that we may to some extent associate the western localisation with extreme northern or extreme southern Continental range. This is significant from the Clare Island Survey——Aquatie Coleoptera. 29 15 fact that in other groups the same tendency is noticeable. It has been accounted for on the ground that these western species are a remnant of the pre-Glacial fauna and flora, the northern species having come southward with the Glacial period, the southern having come northward at an earlier date. The statements in either direction are at present most unconvincing. Bulman! for instance points out that “Ice-sheets and glaciers terminate in temperate latitudes so that a temperate fauna would be in close proximity to ice, as in Switzerland, the Himalayas and America,” and he suggests that the British fauna was not exterminated during the Glacial period, but only some- what reduced. Scharff? produces evidence to show that the Ice Age was a much less severe period than is generally supposed and he also accommodates the bulk of the present fauna and flora in our islands during that period. This view undoubtedly has the advantage of being able to account for the comparative abundance of mammals, a group which, however easily the rest of the fauna and the flora might be transported can scarcely have reached our area after that became separated from the continent, and although there seems to be great differences of opinion with regard to when that separation took place, the majority of geologists seem to favour the view that it happened during or about the time of the Glacial period. On the other hand, Clement Reid* regards any survival of our flowering plants, except in the case of a few arctic and alpine species, as quite impossible. He mentions the discovery in alluvial deposits of south Devon- shire almost at sea-level, of leaves of the dwarf arctic birch and some arctic mosses as indications of the severity of the Glacial climate and also refers to evidence of floating ice in the English Channel. His views are supported also by the work of Lewis on the Scottish Peat-mosses! who finds evidence that the first flora on the Glacial deposits consisted of arctic species such as Dryas octopetala. But even many of those who recognize the arctic nature of the fauna and flora of the Glacial period consider that the southern and western Irish group is pre-Glacial and apparently follow Edward Forbes’ in regarding it as having reached our area during or before the Miocene period. Forbes, however, 1 50 w,¢ 100 pn, d 150. Seta over 6 30, spine over ¢ 50, overd 50. Seta a has the usual palp at its base. Lateral and dorsal setae at b very fine; setae c and d with thick bases and very fine points. Spines over c and d straight, or nearly so, very thick and stout, not flattened, but round. Spine e¢ also thick and round, sometimes enlarged in middle. The dots are pellucid discs, almost touching at their bases, in regular rows. They did not seem to be either raised above the general surface, or depressed. None of the plates is crossed by plain bands. The lumbar plate is trifoliate, and obscurely faceted. The claws measure about 25 4 im length. The larva has not been seen. A skin of 180 w in length contained two eggs of 60 u by 50 u. Habitat.—Castlebar, among Cinclidotus at margin of small lake near the railway station. H#. militaris is distinguished from all other species by haying dorsal setae over b, by the extraordinary thickness of the spines over ¢ and d, and by the stout spike ate. Only #. africanus has setae over 0, and it has several pairs of them, and is otherwise very different. 2. bellermanni and L. creplini might be supposed to have spines over 0; but it is difficult to tell exactly what the figures are intended to show, and at any rate they differ widely from EL. militaris. Echiniscus columinis sp.n. (Plate L., figs. 3a—3B.) Specific characters.—Size moderate, colour red. Plates nine, v and vi joined, two median, dots small, uniform, pellucid. Lateral processes five, all fairly long setae. Dorsal processes two—over c a long seta, springing nearer the middle line than the posterior angle of the plate; over d a short spine. Fringe on the fourth leg ; inner claws barbed. Length about 200 yu, exclusive of fourth legs; seta a about 75 uw; 6, c, and @50 to 60,4 each; e 125. Dorsal seta over ¢ 80. Fringe of small triangular spines. The setae taper gradually from the base. The dots appear to be flat granules, but they sometimes look like pits. Habitat—Summit of Shevemore, Achill Island. There are only a few Echinisci described which have five lateral setae. E. scrofa and E. quadrispinosus both possess some additional plates between 37 6 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. the ordinary plates, and the spine over d is longer. . creplini has three pairs of dorsal spines. £. othonnae usually has 6 and d as spines, but some- times all five are setae. It has spicules at the bases of the setae, and the outer claws are usually barbed. In distinguishing #. columinis from similar species the position of the dorsal seta over ¢, nearer the middle line than in most species, 1s an important character. Echiniscus sp. ? Three forms occurred which appear to be related to H#. columinis. Two of them are figured. First.—Lateral setae a, c, d, e; over ¢ a moderate spine, over d a spicule. A spicule on first leg. This form is not figured, as it is exactly like ZL. columinis (Plate I., fig. 54), but lacks seta 6. The animal was mature, as an example was found with two eggs in the skin. Second.—(Plate I, fig 5.) Lateral setae a, ¢, d, e; over c and d small spicules. This differs from the first form described above in having the dorsal process over ¢ reduced to a spicule. The setae c, d, and e sometimes have bulbose bases. Examples with two and three eggs occurred. Third.—(Plate I1., fig. 6.) Lateral setae a, c,d; over ¢ a moderate spine, over daspicule. Differs from the type of £. columinis in lacking setae 6 and e, and the reduction of the dorsal process over ¢ to a spine. All these three forms agree with Z. colwminis in having the dorsal pro- cesses over ¢ nearer the middle line than in most species. They differ from it mainly in the lack of one or two of the lateral setae, and in the varying proportions of the dorsal process over e. Milnesium tardigradum Doy. All the Irish specimens closely examined had three points on each of the lesser claws of all legs. It is important to note this, as there may be incipient local races distinguished by the number of points. Often the number of points varies from one to three in the same individual, the first leg having one point, the second and third legs two and three, and the fourth leg three. Macrobiotus crenulatus Richters. This arctic species was abundant on the two mountains visited, Shevemore and Croaghmore, at elevations of over 1,000. feet. Distribution.—Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Lau, Orkney, Shetland, Ireland. Clare Island Survey—Aretiscoida. 37 7 Macrobiotus occidentalis Murray. (Plate II1., fig. 14.) Habitat.— Westport, several examples. Irish examples did not show the rectangular plates, floating in clear fluid between two layers of skin, as in Canada. No eggs were found. ‘The species is recognized from the dotted skin, and the characters of pharynx and claws. It was ascertained that the dots are arranged in pairs, forming longi- tudinal, and probably also transverse, rows. The larger paired dots appear elliptical or almond-shaped. Herr Thulin, of Lund, has just found the species and eggs in Sweden. Distribution.— Australia, Hawaii, Canada, Sweden, Ireland. Macrobiotus areolatus Murray. Apparently rare in Ireland, where it is replaced by M. richtersii. Only eggs were seen, in a tarn at about 1,000 feet on Slievemore, Achill. Macrobiotus richtersii sp.n. (PI. IIL, figs. 154-15.) Specific characters.—Large, strongly pigmented; no eyes. Teeth thick; gullet very wide; three narrow rods in pharynx, and a small “comma” distant from the last rod. Claws of hufelandii-type, jomed for half the length of the longer one, which has two supplementary points. Processes of egg conical, truncate, and slightly expanded at apex; egg-surface between the processes areolate. Length 750 to 1,000u. Gullet about 16 in width. Pharynx shortly oval, 80u in length; first and second rods about four times as long as broad, third five times aslong. The pattern on the egg-surface is symmetrical, and consists of obscure polygons, which appear to have originated as regular hexagons, each divided by a partition into two equal pentagons. The processes are faintly papillose; the expansion of the apex varies in amount, and it is bordered by a circlet of papillae. The egg measures 120 over the processes, 75 without them. M. richtersii is closely related to M. areolatus, which is distinguished by the pointed processes of the egg, the claws united at the base only, the absence of comma in the pharynx, and the possession of eyes. Habitut—Among Hylocomiwm squarrosum from the salt marsh at Kinnacorra, Clare Island, collected by G. H. Wailes, March, 1911. Though it had not been described, the species was previously known, and had been found in many places—Loch Morar, Scotland (1904); Uganda (N. D. F. Pearce, 1906); Pretoria, Transvaal (Hewitt, 1910), 37 8 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy. Prof. Richters has studied the egg, which he found in material from Samoa, and figured it in the “ Moosfauna Australiens,” plate 17, fig. 10. It is therefore appropriate that this species should be named in honour of the naturalist who has done so much to extend the knowledge of the Water- bears. Variety (figs. 13G-13H).—Processes of the egg shorter, very obtuse, and rounded. Pattern on the shell sometimes exactly as described for the type, sometimes with the polygons further divided by partitions. Embryo in the egg with the rods of the pharynx short and thick, the length not more than twice the thickness. Adult quite typical. In the embryo, and also in the adult, the middle rod of the pharynx often appears shorter than the other two. This suggested that the animal might be M. virgatus Murray, of which the egg is unknown. There are, however, several differences: JZ virgatus possesses eyes, has no comma, and the claws are much thicker, with larger supplementary points. Habitat.—Among Tortula ruralis growimg on the sandy sea-shore at Louisburgh, March, 1911, plentiful. I have not seen any intermediate forms of eggs between the type and the variety. M. richtersii is an animal which tends to re-establish faith in the constancy of species of Water-bears. If the adult only were found, it might be identified as one of the forms of hufelandii or harmsworthi, or some other species; and it would be regarded as one of the puzzling intermediate forms which throw doubt on the validity of species. If the egg only were found, we would suspect close relationship with Jf areolatus, and no connexion with hufelandu and its friends. Really the species is very distinct from both; but we must know both the adult and the egg before we perceive this. Macrobiotus virgatus Murray. The occurrence of this recently discovered Canadian species in Ireland is interesting, in view of the fact that two other Canadian Water-bears and a Canadian Bdelloid Rotifer were also found in Ireland. The species is another link between Ireland and the Arctic, as it has been recorded for Franz Josef Land. Although unfortunately the egg has not yet been discovered, the species has two good marks—the short middle rod in the pharynx, and the very thick claws, thicker than in most species of the hufelandi-group. 1 Zoo!, Jahrh. Abt, f. Syst. xxvi, Taf. 17, fig. 10, 1908, Clare Island Survey— Arctiscoida. 37 9 Macrobiotus sp.? (Plate I1., figs. 94-98.) Egg like that of JZ. harmsworthi, with closely set acuminate processes (fig. 9B). Pharynx of young in the egg with two short rods—first twice as long as broad, second quadrate—and no comma; teeth thick; gullet of moderate width ; claws not seen. This might be WZ. echinogenitus Richters 6; but in that species the pharynx, when so well developed as in the figure, would usually show the comma distinctly. Macrobiotus hibernicus sp.n. (Plate III., figs. 15a—15c.) Specific characters.—Size moderate. Claws of Diphascon-type. Gullet slender ; pharynx with three short rods. Eggs round or oval, thick-shelled, studded with nail-like rods embedded in a hyaline matrix, the rods arranged in a reticulate pattern. Egg about 60 w by 70m. The rods have somewhat bulbose bases, are contracted in the middle, and expanded at the end into a broad head like that of a nail. The size of the head varies. The reticulate pattern on the surface is fairly regular, the spaces enclosed nearly circular and about 15 win diameter. The young squeezed out of the egg was 140 win length. The gullet is slightly expanded at the end in the pharynx. The rods are nearly equal, about twice as long as broad, and there is a comma. The claws were too small to allow details to be accurately seen. The Diphascon character does not appear to be very pronounced, the pairs being nearly equal, with the long claw of one pair somewhat produced. This shows an approach to the type of hufelendii; but it is not safe to take the characters of the claws from the young in the egg, as their development may be incomplete. The teeth and pharynx are fully developed earlier than the claws. Eyes were not seen. The size of the adult cannot be given, as, although they may have been present in the material, the identity of any adult with the egg could not be proven. Closely related to WZ. arctieus and W. hastatus. Although the observations are incomplete and the adult is unknown, the reticulate pattern on the egg and the three rods in the pharynx sufficiently distinguish MW. hibernicus from these species. Both of them have only two rods in the pharynx, and the rods on the egg are more numerous and closer together, not forming a reticulation. Judging by what is known of the related species, it may be expected that R.I.A, PROC., VOL. XXXI, B 37 37 10 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. the adult will have the rods in the pharynx relatively longer, and the claws more decidedly of the Diphascon type. Habitat—Among moss from the margin of a tarn on Shevemore, Achill Island, at an elevation of about 1,000 feet; only a few examples. Macrobiotus papillifer Murray. (Plate I1., figs. 104-10c.) Variety.—Papillae in number and position as in the type, but arising from large hemispherical or conical bases. There are six papillae in a transverse row on each segment and pseudo-segment; and they cover the whole surface of the segments, touching at their bases. ‘he last three apparent segments have only four papillae on each. There is a large papilla at the base of each fourth leg. Pharynx with three short rods, and no comma. Claws unequal, united near the base only, diverging at about a right angle. Length 200 p. The large size of the dorsal and lateral processes, which occupy the whole surface, gives the animal an appearance very different from that of the type; and it may prove to be a distinct species. It agrees in pharynx and claws. The variety has been seen in Scotland, but never recorded. Habitat.—Salt-marsh, Clare Island; among Sphagnum, Blantyre Moor, Scotland. Macrobiotus ornatus Richters. All the three forms described by Richters (spinifer, spinosissimus, and verrucosus) occurred in Ireland. Var. verrucosus. (Plate II. fig. 124 to 12c.) As Professor Richters identified my first drawing of I. scabrosus as this variety, it is here figured and described in order to point out the differences. Var. verrucosus is exactly like the other varieties of Jf. ornatus, except that the spines are greatly reduced or lacking. All these varieties are smaller than J/. scabrosus; the papillae are in regular rows across the segments; there are no eyes; and the claws are Y’s with short stem, rather than V’s. The spines of the spiny varieties spring from the transverse ridges, and in the var. verrucosus these ridges are still represented by lines. Macrobiotus scabrosus sp. n. (Plate II., figs. 114, 113.) Specific characters.—Small, papillose; papillae unequal and irregular ; gullet narrow, pharynx with two short rods; dark eyes; claws V-shaped, united at base only, pairs equal, claws of each pair unequal. Length about 250 ». The slender gullet ends with conspicuous apophyses, and the two rods of the pharynx are little longer than broad. There is no Clare Island Survey—Arctiscotda. 37 11 comma. The back, sides, and the basal parts of the legs are papillose. The papillae are scattered irregularly, not arranged in transverse rows, and some are very large. Some have the appearance of being the product of secretion ; but if so, they are strongly fixed, and do not come off under rough usage. ‘The claws diverge but moderately. Habitat—Among moss from the sea-shore, Clare Island. This animal was recorded in 1905 (11) for Scotland as var. verrucosus of M. ornatus Richters; but I have since seen reason to doubt the identity with Richters’ species. The differences are—the larger size, the possession of eyes, the irregularity of the papillae, and the relatively larger claws of different form. All the forms of If. ornatus, including verrucosus, occurred in W. Ireland. All were smaller, without eyes, with papillae in regular transverse rows, and very small claws. The claws are partly united, forming little Y’s, with the arms unequal. Richters’ name has not been adopted for the new species, because it is believed we are dealing with a different animal, and that there is a verrucose variety of MZ. ornatus. Distvibution.—Only known in Scotland and Ireland. Macrobiotus augusti Murray. Although it has a fairly wide range, since it has been noted for the Arctic, Scotland, Ireland, and Australia, I/, augusti seems to be rare, or extremely local. In Scotland it occurs in one patch of bog, and not in any of the numerous similar bogs in the same neighbourhood. Similarly, in Ireland, where the whole country seems suitable for it, it only occurred once. M. schaudinni Richters. (Plate III., figs. 164, 168.) As Richters gave no figure with his description of this species, it is here figured. It is a fairly large animal, and possesses eyes, three short rods in the pharynx, and claws of the Diphascon-type. There are some differences from Richters’ animal, but they are too slight to justify its separation in the meantime. Irish examples have not the rods very obviously increasing in size from first to third, and very often there is no comma. Though only recently described from Spitsbergen material, the animal has long been known in Scotland, and has just been recorded for that country (16). It was abundant in some localities in W. Ireland, though it did not appear to be generally distributed. B2 37 12 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. SUMMARY. The Clare Island Survey has collected thirty-three species of Water-bears, besides some distinct varieties which may eventually be elevated to the rank of species. The examination of the Ivish Water-bear fauna will be instructive in so far as it brings to light some correspondence with the faunas of other countries, as well as peculiarities of its own. It is natural to compare the Irish Arctiscoida first with those of Scotland, as the countries are so near, and so similar in physical features and climate. Scotland has fifty species of Water-bears, and Ireland has thirty-three. Scotland has been worked for a longer time and over a wider area. As the Trish list was compiled in one small corner of the island, the number of species may be considered very fair as a beginning. The amount of difference between these two adjacent countries is con- siderable. There are twenty-two species common to the two countries, leaving twenty-eight Scottish species which are unknown in Ireland, and eleven Irish species which have not been recorded for Scotland. The difference is reduced by the recording here of three species previously known in Scotland, but not recognized as distinct. Among the eleven species not found in the Scottish list there are five which are described as new species. Macrobiotus richtersii and M. scabrosus are here recorded for Scotland, so that there are only three species which at present appear to be peculiar to Ireland (Hehiniscus militaris, H. columinis, and Macrobiotus hibernicus). Arctic Species in Ireland.—It was expected that some Arctic species might appear on the Irish mountains, as they are known to occur in Scotland. Sixteen species, or nearly half of the Irish list, are common to Ireland and the Arctic Region; but the majority of these are cosmopolitan species. The following half-dozen species are at present limited in their known range to the north temperate and Arctic regions :-—Echiniscus crassus, Macrobiotus crenulatus, M. virgatus, M. areticus (also in the Antarctic), MZ. schaudinm, Diphascon angustatum. Canadian Species in Ireland.—An interesting feature of the Ivish list is the occurrence of three Water-bears which were recently discovered in Canada, and which were hitherto unknown in Europe :—Lehiniscus intermedius, Macrobiotus occidentalis, and M. virgatus. The two first have now been found in Sweden by Herr Thulin, though I am not aware that the records have been published. Z. intermedius is also on record for Australia and Hawaii; but it is very likely that the three forms will be eventually recognized as distinct Clare Island Survey—Arctiscoida. 37 13 species. With the Canadian Water-bears there was associated in Ireland a Canadian Bdelloid Rotifer. This fact strengthens the idea that this “ Atlantic” distribution may be due to some real community of conditions. Marine species.—Echiniscoides sigismunds is the first marine Water-bear to be recorded for the British Isles, and the Irish form has some peculiarities not previously noted. Rare and local species——A bout one-half of the Irish species are cosmopolitan or widely distributed. The others are more or less limited in their range. Some of these have been already noticed under the Arctic, Canadian, and Marine species. Others show various peculiarities in distribution. L. gladiator is in the British Isles, Canada, and New Zealand, but the variety exarmatus only in Britain and New Zealand; M. harmsworthi in Europe, Australasia, and the Arctic; JZ hastatus in Britain and Switzerland, M. papillifer in Britain and Australasia WM. annulatus in Britain, New Zealand, and the Arctic; J. schaudinni and Diphascon angustatum in Britain and the Avctic. No doubt further work in other countries will greatly modify our ideas of distribution, but some species (such as M. augusti and M. hastatus) appear to be, from some unknown cause, extremely restricted in their range, as among hundreds of apparently suitable locations they will be found only in one here and there, or even in a single spot. Conclusion.—As the thirty-three species of Water-bears were all collected in a small part of one county, it cannot be supposed that the list is fairly representative of the whole of Ireland. When other parts of the country, offerig varying conditions, come to be studied, it would not be surprising if the list were easily doubled. As there appear to be no earlier records of Tnish Water-bears, all thirty-three species are new for Ireland. As indicated in the table on p. 3, there are eleven species which are new records for the British Isles, making the Britannic list up to sixty-one species. [See Murray (16) in Bibliography. | BIBLIOGRAPHY. There is no bibliography relating to Irish Arctiscoida; but as this is the first paper dealing with this group in Ireland, references are given to the works in which the student will find further information about Water-bears in general, and especially about the species here recorded. 1 Doyverg, M. L.: Mémoire sur les Tardigrades. Ann. Sci. Nat.,Sér. 2,7. xiv, Zool.,p. 269. 1840. 2 DuJARDIN, F.: Sur le Tardigrade, ete. Ann. Sci. Nat., Sér. 2, T. x, Zool., p. 181. 1838. 3 Sur les Tardigrades,etc. Ann.Sci.Nat.,Ser.3,T. xv, Zool.,p.160. 1851. 37 14 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 4 EHRENBERG, C.G.: 19 Diagnoses novarum formarum. Verh. K. Ak. Wiss. Berl., p. 530. 1853. Mikrogeologie. Atlas, Taf. 358. Leipzig, 1854. GorzE, J. A. E.: Ueber den kleinen Wasserbir. Bonnet’s Abh. aus der Insectologie, p. 367. 1773. IETAYEO Whey beets A Bear-Animal renamed. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xix., p. 46. 1907. HEnmnis, Fr. : Moosbewohnenden Tardigraden, etc. Arch. f. Hydrob. u. Planktonk., Bd. vy. 1910. Mctter, O. F.: Von dem Birthierchen. Fuessly’s Arch. d. Insectengesch., vi, p. 25. 1785. Morray, J.: Tardigrada of the Forth Valley. Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist., p.160. 1905. —— Tardigrada of the Scottish Lochs. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., xli, p.677. 1905. —— Water-bears or Tardigrada. Journ. Quekett Mier. Club, p. 55. April, 1907. —— Scottish Tardigrada, collected by the Lake Survey. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., xlv, p. 641. 1907. —— Arctic Tardigrada, coll. by Wm. S. Bruce. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., xlv, p. 669. 1907. —— Tardigrada. Brit. Antarct. Exped. 1907-9, Sci. Rep., Biol., L., p- 83. 1910. —— Scottish Tardigrada, a review, etc. Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist., p. 88. April, 1911. ; —— Water-bears or Tardigrada (Suppl. Paper). Journ. Quekett Micr. Club. April, 1911. Perty, M.: Die Familie Xenomorphidae, ete. Oken’s Isis (for 1834), H. xii, p. 1241. 1835. Prats, L. H.: Naturgeschichte der Tardigraden. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. Anat., etc., iii, p. 487. 1888. Clare Island Survey—Arctiscoida. Sire Is) 20 RIcHTERS, F. : Fauna d. Umgegend von Frankfurt-a-M. Ber. Senckbg. Natf. Ges., p. 40. 1900. 21 —— Nordische Tardigraden. Zool. Anz., xxvii, p. 168. 1903. 22 —— Islandische Tardigraden. Zool. Anz., xxviii, p. 373. 1904. 23 —— Tardigraden-Studien. Ber. Senckbg. Natf. Ges., p. 28. 1909. 24 —— Marine-Tardigraden. Verh. d. deutsch. Zool. Ges., p. 84. 1909. 25 SCHRANK, F. von P.: Fauna Boica, pp. 178, 195. Landshut, 1803. 26 ScuuttzE, C. A. S.: Macrobiotus hufelandii. Berlin, 1834. —— Kchiniscus creplini. Gryphiae, 1861. SCHULTZE, M. : Kchiniscus sigismundi. Arch. f. micr. Anat., Bd. L, p. 186. 1865. 27 28 Fig. la. 1B. le. . Echiniscus crassus Richters: larva. . The same: head of adult. . The same: part of the surface-markings. Ee CD BO LS PS we) SS oy fy PS Doe EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE I, Echiniscus militaris sp. n. The same: outer and inner claws, the latter with barb. The same: part of the surface-markings. . Echiniscus columinis sp. n. . The same: outer and inner claws, the latter with barb. . Echiniscus intermedius Murray : head of adult, showing the “ bearers ” of the teeth, ete. . The same: surface texture, of two sorts of dots. Echiniscus, probably a form of L. columinis. Echiniscus, probably another form of #, colwminis. ov 16 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. PLATE II. 7A. Echiniscus testudo Doy., variety. 7B. The same: claw. 8a. Eehiniscoides sigismundi (M. Sch.). 8p. The same: claws, showing the web. 94. Macrobiotus sp.?: teeth and pharynx. 9p. The same: one process of the egg. 10a. Macrobiotus papillifer Murray: variety with very large papillae. 10s. The same: teeth and pharynx. 10c. The same: claws. 11a. Macrobiotus scabrosus sp. n. 11s. The same: claws. 12a. Macrobiotus ornatus var. verrucosus Richters: skin with egg. 128. The same: teeth and pharynx. 12c. The same: claws. Puate III. 184. Macrobiotus richterswi sp. n. ; 138. The same: teeth and pharynx of adult. 13c. The same: teeth and pharynx of young in the egg. 13p. The same: claws. 13E. The same: egg. 13r. The same: one process of the egg. 13c. The same: variety of the egg. 15H; The same: one process of the egg. 14. Macrobiotus occidentalis Murray, showing the surface-markings in pairs. 15a. Macrobiotus hibernicus sp.n. The egg. 158. The same: teeth and pharynx of young in the egg. 15c. The same: the claws of the young, probably incompletely developed 16a. Macrobiotus schaudinni Richters. 168. The same: claws. Part 37. Prater I Proc. R.I,Acap., Vor. XXXI. J. Murray, del. ad nat. CrarE IsLanp SurvEY.—Murray: ARCTISCOIDA Proc. R.I.Acap.. Vor. XXXI. Part 37. Prater II J. Murray, del. ad nai, Prate III, PART 37. Proc. R.I.Acap., Vor. XXXI. J. Murray, del. ad nat, ARCTISCOIDA. Murray: CrarE Istanp Survey. > Pre Clare Island Survey. 38 PSEUDOSCORPIONES. By H. WALLIS KEW. Read Ferruary 27. Published June 15, 1911. A CAREFUL examination of Clare Island for False-Scorpions was made from the 17th to the 22nd of June, 1910, when most parts of the island were visited, including the old castle and more modern buildings at the Quay, much of the coast-line, the broken cliffs of Toormore, the stony drift-covered region north of Kinnacorra, the small native scrub of Portlea, the low inland cliff near Ballytoohy, the northern flank of Knocknaveen, and the great southern slope and summit of Croaghmore. The writer was joined on one or two occasions by Mr. Thomas Greer and Mr. Robert Welch; and altogether a somewhat thorough search was more or less satisfactorily completed. As a result it appeared certain that the little animals for which we were looking were here unusually scarce ; this fact being related in the main no doubt to the character of the island’s surface, which is in great part more or less peat-covered and bogey. Obisium maritimum Leach—a false-scorpion of exceptional habitat— is doubtless by no means uncommon on the shore below high-water mark ; but for the rest only a few individuals of CAthonius tetrachelatus Preys. and one of the common Obisvwm muscorum Leach were found. Of species which follow man none occurred. The byres were too damp for Cheiridium museorum Leach and other species which are apt to live in such places; and even the common Chihonius Rayi L. Koch, which has, mainly as a low-land species, a wide range in Ireland, appeared to be absent. OBISIIDAE. Obisium maritimum Leach. This animal lives on the shore between tide-marks—always below high- Water mark—and generally in places subject to rather deep submersion at every tide. By taking out a geologist’s hammer and chisels and splitting open narrow fissures in the slaty rocks we found it in some plenty in two places about Gubanoomeen, on the southern coast of the island. ‘The rocks here had a moderate covering of Fucus and acorn-barnacles, and were studded over RIA. PROC., VOL. XXXI. C 38 38 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. with limpets and sea-anemones; and in their fissures were living, besides the Obisium, some of the usual associates of this animal, viz., the blue Collembolan Anurida maritima, the yellowish carabid-beetle Aépus, and the blackish staphylinid Mieralymma brevipenne. Of the Obisium itself were observed numbers of adult and partly grown individuals moving freely on the inner surfaces of the opened fissures; and in addition to these there were several females enclosed in their silken brood-nests and bearing the embryo-mass; we saw also one or two moulting-nests containing the cast-skin of the animal. Obisium maritimum, already known on the shores of the bays of Kenmare, Co. Kerry, and Bantry, Co. Cork, is likely to have an extended range on the littoral zone of Ireland. Beyond, it is known in the Isle of Man, on the western and south-western shores of Britain, in Jersey, and on the northern and western shores of Franee. Obisium muscorum Leach. A common species among dead leaves, moss, under stones, etc., from sea- level to the tops of our mountains, but evidently scarce on Clare Island. One specimen was obtained, in the scrub of Portlea, by sifting dead-leaves and débris of ferns; and this was the only one seen on the island. On the adjoining mainland the animal has occurred at Delphi, Co. Mayo (Halbert) and Leenane, Co. Galway (Halbert). Ohisium muscorum is common and widely distributed in Ireland, being already known in the counties of Antrim, Tyrone, Armagh, Down, Dublin, Wicklow, Carlow, Cork, and Kerry, as well as in Mayo and Galway as above noted. It is generally distributed in Britain; and its range abroad extends from north of the Polar Circle in Norway to the Mediterranean. CHTHONIIDAE. Chthonius tetrachelatus l’reys. A species living under stones, etc., more especially in maritime and inountainous districts, and:sometimes in old gardens. On Clare Island a few ' specimens were found, north of Kinnacorra, on a rough slope of drift; they were living here, in characteristic fashion, in cavities formed by fragments of rock which were irregularly massed together and more or less sward-covered. On the adjoining mainland the animal has occurred at Westport, Co. Mayo (Pack-Beresford). Chthonius tetrachelatus is probably widely distributed in Ireland, where it is known in the counties of Antrim, Dublin, Cork, and Kerry, as well as in Mayo; it iscommon in Britain, and ranges widely in Europe. Clare Island Survey. 39 ACARINIDA. By J. N. HALBERT, M.R.LA. SECTION I.—HYDRACARINA. Pruates [.-II1. Read Fesruary 27. Published May 30, 1911. THIS paper deals with the species of fresh-water mites (Hydracarina) inhabiting Clare Island and the neighbouring district. It is mainly the result of two collecting expeditions organized since the Clare Island Survey was begun in the spring of 1909, when nothing was known of the water-mite fauna of the district in which the island is situated. The first of these expeditions was carried out in the beginning of June, 1909, when numerous gatherings of these interesting creatures were made in the neighbourhood of Westport and Castlebar, and also at Achill Island, in the lakes and bog-pools lying between Achill Sound and Dugort. On this occasion, also, a few days were devoted to the fauna of Clare Island. Towards the end of July in the following year about a fortnight was spent collecting in the district between Belclare and Louisburgh on the southern shore of Clew Bay; and it may be mentioned that this part was more thoroughly searched for Hydracarina than was the corresponding district to the north of the bay. In order to make the list more representative, a few species collected in the neighbouring highlands of County Gaiway—which certainly belong to the same faunistic area—are also included. The localities are as follows :— Ballynahinch Lake, Connemara, eleven species collected in June, 1900, by W. F. de V. Kane. Glendalough Lake, Connemara, forming part of the same chain of lakes as the preceding, fourteen species collected by myself in September, 1905, Garranbawn Lake, near Ballinakill, ten species collected by G. P. Farran in June, 1901. Cartron Mountain, near Letterfrack, three species collected by S. W. Kemp in March, 1904. Lake near Clifden, seven species collected by W. F. de V. Kane in June, 1900. R. I. A. PROG., VOL. XXXI. A 39 89 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. a The species recorded in the following list are fairly representative of the Hydracarid fauna of the district, as, with some experience of the habits of the species, a fairly satisfactory knowledge of this group can be obtained in a comparatively short time. The ordinary methods of netting, both from boat and shore, were carried out pretty thoroughly, often necessitating wading, especially in the case of the small, treacherous peaty lakes, to reach the water- plants amongst which these mites are mostly to be found. On account of the remote nature of many of these lakes, a boat was often unobtainable, otherwise a few additional species might have been found, more especially in the deep tarns of the mountainous parts. As regards the general results of the Survey, it will be seen that thirty-one genera, represented by eighty species of fresh-water mites, were collected. It is satisfactory to be able to record the occurrence of four previously undescribed species. These are :— Hylais relicta 7. sp. Frontipoda Carpenteri 2. sp. Atractides (Torrenticola) brevirostris 7. sp. Unionicola (Atax) rivularis 7. sp.' The first of these occurred in Glendalough Lake, Connemara; and I have also taken immature examples in Castlebar Lake, and in the mountain tarn on Cromaglaun, near Killarney, well known to British conchologists as the home of the rare water-snail Limnaea involuta. The new Frontipoda is, however, the most interesting species discovered during the Survey, as up to the present time the genus was represented by one widely distributed form— Frontipoda musculus, Miiller—from which the new species is distinguished by well-marked characters. It is probable that Hrontipoda Carpenteri will prove of distributional interest when its range in western Europe has been ascertained. The Atractides adds another to the four species described since the appearance of the “ Tierreich ” volume ten years ago. Unionicola rivularis isaremarkably small species apparently inhabiting rivers ; the type specimens were found in the Westport River, and in the River Nore in S. E. Ireland. A distinctive name (montanus un. var.) has been given to the interesting rapid-water form of Megapus spinipes(C. L. Koch). Features of this variety are the absence of swimming-hairs, and the enlarged claw-armature—modifi- cations of structure to suit its usual habitat in rapid highland streams, There will also be found in the following pages a reference to a second nymphal form which has not been previously observed in the genus Protzia. ‘A fifth new species, Arvhenurus bipapillosus, found recently outside the Clare Island district, is also for conyenience described in this paper (p. 39). Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 3 The following twelve species are now recorded for the first time from the Britannic area :-— Protzia eximia (Protz). Megapus nodipalpis Sig. Thor. Sperchon undulosus Koenzke. Megapus tener Sig. Thor. Lebertia fimbriata Sig. Thor. Unionicola gracilipalpis ( Viets). Oxus plantaris Sig. Thor. Aturus runcinatus (Sig. Thor). Atractides amplexus Koenike. Feltria circularis Piersig. Atractides Maglioi Koentke. Feltria Rouxi Walter. With the exception of Lebertia fimbriata and Unionicola gracilipalpis, these are all forms inhabiting low-temperature streams and lakes (stenothermal forms) ; and as very little appears to be known of the occurrence of these species in Great Britain, it is extremely likely that they await discovery in the highland parts of that country. In addition to the foregoing at least ten other species are additions to the recorded water-mite fauna of Ireland. In the present state of our knowledge of Hydracarid distribution it is not possible to apply to them the geographical groupings which have been used for insects and other groups. There is no doubt that many of the species are local and of restricted range, yet, generally speaking, the water-mites ave remarkably widely spread animals, a characteristic which they share with other fresh-water organisms. For the present, therefore, it is as well to adopt Dr. Zschokke’s division of the fresh-water mites into two great faunistic groups—the Cosmopolitan, and the Northern and Alpine. The Cosmopolitan group contains a great many species of very wide distribution, that mostly inhabit lowland waters of a higher temperature (eurythermal forms), although a few possess a high alpine range. The Northern and Alpine group, on the other hand, live in waters of a lower temperature (stenothermal forms), inhabiting the rapidly flowing streams of upland districts, and cold alpine and sub-alpine lakes. It will be seen that both of these groups are well represented in the Clare Island district. Apart, however, from these two faunistic groups there is evidence of a distinct northern element inhabiting ordinary high-temperature waters. As examples we may refer to Lebertia fimbriata Sig. Thor and Ozus plantaris Sig. Thor, species which have hitherto been recorded only from Norway. There is also evidence of a distinct moor-fauna in the Clare Island district, as well as in the west of Ireland generally. The more characteristic members of this group are rare in or absent from localities where peat does not A 2 89 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. occur. The following would seem to belong to this peat-moor fauna :— Thyas vigilans Koenike, Pionacerus Leuckarti Piersig, Arrhenurus Newmana Piersig, and possibly Oxus plantaris Sig. Thor, and Lebertia fimbriata Sig. Thor. Some interesting problems are concerned in the past history of the fresh-water fauna of the Clare Island district. It is generally agreed that the area of the island formed part of the mainland in former times, so _ that a Hydracarid fauna was doubtless established there. We are assured by those who have studied the evidences of ice-action that the district must have passed through a period of severe glaciation. ‘Vhis Ice Age is believed by some to have existed subsequent to the separation of the island from the mainland; so that, if the ice exterminated the fresh-water fauna, it must have been reintroduced in some way. On the other hand, it has been urged from the evidence supplied by the occurrence of peat bogs that are now partly submerged under the sea that the island may well have been united with the mainland after the cold period. With regard to the extermination by ice of the original Hydracarid fauna, one can only say that, had the conditions been so severe as has been supposed, the survival of a water-mite fauna resembling the present one would have been impossible, especially as regards those species that inhabit water of a higher temperature (eurythermal forms). With those that inhabit low-temperature waters (stenothermal forms) the case is not so clear, as these forms reach their highest development in northern and alpine regions ; indeed Dr. Zschokke, who has carefully studied the stenothermal forms, believes that they are relics of the Glacial Age. The dispersal of the fresh-water mites is closely concerned with their larval stage, when they attach themselves to various winged aquatic insects. It is chiefly through the agency of these temporary hosts that they are carried from place to place, and in course of time reach the most remote localities. Numerous winged aquatic insects are found on Clare Island and throughout the neighbouring district—such are species of Dytiscus, Agabus, Notonecta, Nepa, and Corixa, all favourite hosts of Hydracarid larvae. One would imagine, however, that the wings of such insects as Notonecta, Corixa, and other aquatic Hemiptera are more suited for comparatively short flights than for facing a sea-barrier of from 3 to 14 miles over which sweeps an opposing westerly breeze. In the case of Dytiscus and Agabus, however, the island must be con- sidered as being in the “danger zone,” as it is quite possible that these comparatively strong fliers do occasionally cross from the mainland with Hydracarid larvae attached to their bodies, Clare Islund Survey—Acarinida. 39 5 As far as the present water-mite fauna of Clare Island is concerned I am inclined to believe that it has survived there since the island formed part of the mainland; and that if glacial conditions did occur subsequent to the separation of the island they were probably not as severe as is generally supposed to have been the case. The occurrence of even a short summer— such, for example, as exists in Lapland at the present day—when permanent fresh-water pools were formed in sheltered places in the glacial clays, would probably be sufficient to have preserved a Hydracarid fauna on the island. Sub-Order HYDRACARINA. Fam. LIMNOCHARIDAE. Sub-fam. LIMNOCHARINAE. Limnochares aquatica (L.). Sraheens Lough, Achill; common in the shallow margin of Lough Cahasy, Louisburgh ; Garranbawn Lough, Ballinakill. Sub-fam. EYLAINAE. Eylais discreta Koenike. (Plate L., fig. 1.) Castlebar Lake; lake near Westport; Prospect Lough near Belclare ; Lough Namucka near Louisburgh. This fine species, one of the giants of the genus Eylais, occurred abundantly in the above localities in the southern part of the district. Var. stagnalis Halbt. (Plate L., fig. 2 a, b.) Hylais infundibulifera var. stagnalis (6). The structure of the eye-plate shows considerable variation. The great majority of the Clare Island district specimens differ from the typical form, as this is figured by Koenike (12, etc.), in having a chitinous muscle- attachment projecting well beyond the front margin of the eye-plate in the middle line (Pl. I. fig. 2). The concavity of the hinder margin is deeper, and is usually rounded at the apex. This form agrees with the Eylais which I described under the name Z. infundibulifera var. stagnalis some years ago. After a careful examination of the abundant material now in hand, there is little doubt that this form should be referred to a variety of Hylais desereta Koenike. The palps in these specimens are decidedly shorter and stouter than in EL. infundibulifera, The second segment is broad with nine to ten stout spines along the inner distal margin; those in the middle are pectinated. In the 389 6 Proceedings of the Koyal Irish Academy. third segment the prominence is only slightly developed, with about eighteen spines. The fourth segment shows a pronounced hump near the base, lower half of the inner surface with about twenty long spines, not including a row of strongly pectinated ones placed distally ; the lower outer margin has about seven long bristles. Apex of the fifth segment furnished with eight or nine short, stout, and bluntly pointed teeth. Many of the Mayo specimens are fully grown, the males measuring about 3mm.,, while the females often reach 5mm. in length. A figure of the male genital area, which has not apparently been previously figured or described, is given (Pl. I, fig. 2b), and it will be seen that it is very different from that of H. infundibulifera figured by Koenike (12, etc.). Eylais infundibulifera Koenike. (Plate L, fig. 3.) This species was found in the neighbouring parts of Galway. A figure of the eye-plate, which is large and variable in shape, is given on Plate L., fig. 3. Eylais relicta nov. sp. (Plate L, fig. 5 a—f) During a visit to Connemera in September, 1905, an Eylais occurred in Glendalough Lake which I was unable to identify at the time. Another specimen, not quite fully developed, of the same species occurred in Castlebar Lough (June) during the Clare Island Survey, and a third still smaller specimen found in a tarn on Cromaglaun Mountain, Killarney, is also to be referred here. The species may be compared with infundibulifera, and appears to be undescribed. The eye-plate (PI. L., fig. 5) is highly chitinized, and rather smaller. The measurements are as follows :— Breadth across anterior lenses, ‘407 mm. Breadth of bridge between the lenses, 110 mm. Breadth between the hair-pores, ‘O77 mm. Length of eye-plate, 142 mm. The front margin of the eye-plate is produced in a broad prominence which is truncated at the apex, and shows, in the type-specimen (Glendalough Lake), a cone-shaped subcutaneous part resembling Thon’s figure of #. meridionalis. The posterior concavity may apparently be either acute or somewhat rounded at the apex. The reticulated eye-plate is remarkably broad behind, and distinctly narrowed in front on the inner side, much as in Z. latipons Thon, while the outer margin is only moderately sinuate. The anterior lenses are comparatively small and stalked. The hair-pores are placed at some distance from the eye-plates, and underlying them is a chitinous ring, which is more strongly developed in the smaller specimens. Clare Island Survey—- Acarinida. 39 7 The capitulum (Pl. L., fig. 5c) is very similar to that of infundibulifera ; the length of the maxillary plate is ‘588mm. Both the front and hinder processes are long and broad; the latter are evenly rounded at the apex. Air-tubes rather broad, sinuate on the front margins, and they slightly overreach the hinder lateral processes. The mandibles are of the usual shape; a character which deserves mention however, is the shape of the projection—which Thon calls the stigma—on the front margin of the mandible. In the present species this is blunt (Pl. L., fig. 5d), while in the allied species it ends in a sharp pomt. (PI. L., fig. 30). The palps (PI. L., fig. 5¢) measure about 1356 mm. in length, being a little longer and more slender than in #. infundibulifera. A remarkable feature of the second segment is the absence of spines from the middle part of the inner distal margin; but there is a row of three pectinated spines towards the inner end, and two more are placed on the ventral surface; the dorsal surface of the segment carries seven or eight smooth bristles. The third segment shows scarcely any trace of a ventral prominence, being almost parallel-sided, lower part of the inner side with about eighteen or twenty spines, many of which are pectinated; about eight of these are placed ina group on the apex of the segment. The fourth segment is of very uniform breadth, not so strongly angled on the ventral side as itis in the allied species, lower half of the inner surface furnished with about thirty long spines ; several of those placed towards the end of the segment are pectinated, and in addition to these there is a row of five or six strongly pectinated spines along the distal margin. The fifth segment is slightly bent towards the apex. inner side armed with from ten to twelve stout spines, while the outer side carries seven or eight; apex furnished with a group of five or six rather slender and sharply pointed spines, the dorsal surface with four or five long, smooth spines. The leg-measurements of the Glendalough specimen are about as follows :— First leg, 2:892 ; second, 3:072; third, 3°302; and the fourth, 3-763 mm. Localities.— Glendalough Lake, Connemara, September, 1905, a mature specimen; Castlebar Lough, ‘immature, June, 1909; Crincaum Lough on Cromaglaun mountain, Killarney, immature, June. Eylais Soari Piersig. Glendalough Lake, Connemara, September, 1905. Eylais similis Thon. (Plate L., fig. 6.) Lakes on Clare Island; at Westport and Louisburgh. A species which is apparently referable to #. sumilis Thon is abundant 39 8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. in the Clare Island district. The eye-plates of this form are subject to con- siderable variation. In very young examples the bridge connecting the eye- plates is absent, and its subsequent development into the mature form can be seen in specimens of different growth. In fully grown individuals the eye- plate is distinctly humped on each side of the median incision (PI. L, fig. 6), and in Irish specimens the central muscle-attachment is large and circular. A well-developed chitinous ring is usually present under the hair-bearing pores. The concavity of the hinder margin is generally rounded, as shown in the accompanying figure, or it may be more or less acuminate, as in the typical form figured by Thon (24). ‘I'he lenses are comparatively large and unstalked. In the palps the hump on the third segment is strongly developed, and carries about ten or twelve spies of moderate length, some of which are pectinated. The fourth segmentis robust, with six or seven bristles along the inner lower margin; two or three of these are sometimes pectinated, and there is a row of four strongly pectinated spines along the distal margin of the segment. Lylais similis is apparently a common form in Ireland; and though it seldom figures in local lists, 1 believe it will prove to be a widely distributed species. Eylais celtica Halbt. (Plate I., fig. 4). LZ. celtica Halbt. (6). This is one of the largest species of Hylais; the type measured about 4+ mm. in length; the body is depressed in form, and the epimeral region relatively large. The eye-plate is large, being about equal in size to that of large examples of infundibulifera, with a bridge of great length, which is only slightly concave on the hinder margin, and produced in front in a bluntly pointed prominence. There is a small central muscle-attachment connected by a very narrow band of chiton with the eye-plates. The latter are much wider in front than behind—a very unusual character in Eylais; they are sinuate both on the inner and outer margins, and the front lenses are large and cup-shaped. The hair-bearing pores are placed well within the margins of the plates. The capitulum resembles that of #. infundibulifera, especially in the shape of the maxillary plate and pharynx. It measures about 550 mm., not including the posterior side-processes. The latter are short and curved inwards at their apices. The air-tubes reach to a point between the end of the maxillary plate and the chitinous ring near the apex of the pharynx. The latter is long and narrow. ‘he palps are of the infundibulifera type. Second segment with Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 9 four or five spines along the inner distal margin, and a group of four pectinated spines is placed at the extreme inner corner. The prominence on the third segment is only moderately developed, and carries upwards of twenty long spines, many of which are strongly pectinated. The lower half of the inner surface of the fourth segment is crowded with numerous long bristles, while on the outer side there is a row of nine or ten similar ones. The type-specimen of this interesting and well-marked species was found in Ballinahinch Lake, Vonnemara, by Mr. W. F. de V. Kane in June, 1900. It was not found in any of the lakes in the immediate vicinity of Clare Island visited durmg the survey. No doubt more specimens will be forth- coming when the larger lakes of Galway and Mayo have been more thoroughly searched for these mites. [I take this opportunity to figure (Pl. I., fig. 7) the eye-plate of Eylais Koentkei Halbt., of which a specimen was found ina small lake at Ardfry, county Galway, some years ago. This specimen is more fully developed than the one from which the species was described. The eye-plate is much larger measuring about ‘80 mm. across both plates; the length of a single plate is about 44mm. The eye-bridge is long and narrow, with a circular muscle-attachment in the centre, and the bristles springing from the hair-pures are of great length. The lens-bearing plates are very characteristic im shape, being somewhat quadrate in front, and distinctly sinuate on the inner margins. ‘he general surface is facetted with peculiar diamond-shaped markings, which are very different from the usual sculpturing found on the eye-plates in this genus. The lenses are large. The palps are long and slender (about 1°26 mm.). Second segment with about seven pectinated spines on the distal margin ; the third is only slightly swollen, with about eight stout spines at the apex; the innermost ones are distinctly pectinated; fourth segment with about ten long spines close to the inner margin, a few of which are arranged in pairs; on the outer side there are seven long bristles. A figure of the capitulum will be found on the accompanying plates. | Sub-fam. PROTZIINAE. Protzia eximia(Protz). (Plate I., fig.8 a, 0.) Stream on lower slopes of Croaghpatrick, June, 1905. A Protzia which I found in the above-mentioned locality amongst aquatic mosses is apparently to be referred to this species. The general shape of this specimen (length about 1228 mm., breadth 920 mm.) resembles that of Koenike’s figures (12, fig. 45). The shoulders are R. I. A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. B 39 39 10 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. very marked, and the front is produced in a rounded prominence. The colour is a fine scarlet with black-pigmented eyes. The arrangement of the epimera differs from the figures given by Piersig and Protz. In both of these figures the genital area is placed considerably in front of the third and fourth epimera, and shows a row of cone-shaped dises arranged towards the inner margin of the genital field. In the Croaghpatrick example the end of the genital area lies between the third pair of epimera; and the discs are placed in a groove on the outer side, much as they are drawn in Protzia rotunda Walter (33). Tn his recent useful handbook on German Hydracarina, Koenike figures what he considers to be Protzia eximia; and in this the above-mentioned characters are shown just as they are in the Croaghpatrick specimen (12). Protzia occurs commonly in certain of the Dublin and Wicklow streams, though I have not yet ascertained whether all of the specimens collected are referable to one or more species. It is especially fond of small mountain burns, where it lurks in aquatic mosses, or clings to small granite boulders in the bed of the stream. On one occasion, towards the end of September, a number of specimens were collected in a stream on Kilmashogue, Co. Dublin, amongst which were two interesting nymphal forms. Nympxu.—One of these, measuring °870 by 655 mm., resembled the adult in the shape of the body and the arrangement of the epimera. This specimen possessed four rather widely separated, cone-shaped, genital discs (Pl. L., fig. 80) sunilar to those found in the provisional genital area of the nymphs of Thyas. The second specimen is an encysted nymph measuring about 790 mm. in length, ovate in shape, and covered with much longer papillae than occur in the adult. With the exception of the first and second legs of the right side, the nymphal appendages have disappeared. Inside this nymph-skin all of the folded legs and palps, and, in fact, all the chitinous parts of the adult Protzia, can be clearly seen. The interesting point is that the provisional genital area of this second nymph differs from the four-disked type in having ten rather small genital discs, arranged five on each side, much as in the accompanying figure (Pl. I., fig. 8), and these discs are smaller and less cone-shaped. On the outer side of the field there is a row of short, sharply pointed spines. Immediately under this provisional area lies the apparently fully developed genital field of the adult mite. This observation would seem to show that in the genus Protzia there is a well-marked second form of the nymph, following on the four-disked type, somewhat similar in structure to the ten-disked type of Thyas curvifrons Walter, recently described (38) by Dr. C. Walter from Switzerland (Waldquelle bei Parpan, 1700 m.). Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 11 Sub-fam. HyDRYPHANTINAE. Hydryphantes ruber (de Geer). Common in bog-pools on Cartron mountain, near Letterfrack, March, 1904 (S. W. Kemp). A few specimens with a somewhat longer eye-plate approaching the variety prolongatus, Piersig, occurred with the type-form in this locality. In these specimens the eye-plate measures about “410 mm. along the middle line, by ‘407 in breadth, so that it falls short of Piersig’s description, which gives ‘6 mm. as the length of the eye-plate in prolongatus. Mr. Williamson has recorded the variety from Scotland (36). Thyas longirostris, Piersig. An example of this fine species was collected by Mr. W. F. de Vismes Kane in Ballynahinch Lake, Connemara, June, 1900. I first met with this species at Kenmare, in the south-west of Ireland, where some extremely large specimens, nearly 3 mm. in length, occurred in a small pool full of Callitriche in the month of April. It has also been found in the county Dublin, and in Donegal (Bundoran). My. Soar has recorded it from the Norfolk Broads, and Mr. Williamson met with it in the Island of Tiree, Scotland (40). Distribution—Germany (Koenike); Sweden (Piersig); Switzerland, Gotland, and Belgium (Walter); British Isles. Thyas vigilans Piersig. An adult specimen of this species was found in a Sphagnum-pool near Louisburgh in July, while the nymph occurred amongst moss on the edge of a small stream on Clare Island. These are the first specimens of this interesting species that have been found in Ireland. The characteristic chitinous plate surrounding the pigmented median eye is well developed in the nymph. The provisional genital area carries four rather large paired discs, separated by an oblong chitinous structure, which appears to be partly subcutaneous. Three long, stout bristles spring from the front margin and extend backwards across the genital field. Thyas vigilans seems to affect pools containing Sphagnum, and the German specimens occurred in a very similar habitat (18, p. 399). According to Piersig the larvae of this mite are parasitic on gnats. Distribution. —Germany (Koenike) ; England (Soar); Ireland. B2 89 12 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Sub-fam. DIPLODONTINAE. Diplodontus despiciens (O. F. Miill.). Achill Island; Westport River; lakes in the Westport, Belclare, and Louisburgh districts. Sub-fam, HyDRARACHNINAE. Hydrarachna scutata Piersig. (Plate I., fig. 9.) Lakes at Castlebar, Westport, and in the Louisburgh district. Common, and, in company with H. conjecta Koenike, the prevalent forms of the genus found in the Clare Island district, and indeed throughout Ireland generally. The shape of the eye-plate varies from the form figured under the name of H. binominata Vhor, to the type as described by Piersig (18). There seems little doubt that the immature (nymph) form of Hydrarachna which has been described as a separate species, under the name of H. biscutata Thor, is really the nymphal form of H. scutata Piersig. In Ireland it occurs frequently in company with the last-mentioned species ; but never apparently in the adult condition. I have found a series of specimens showing different stages in the development of the eye-plate between the paired (biseutata) and the adult unpaired (scutata) condition, One of these is figured, showing the way in which plates of the biscutata form gradually unite in the frontal region, much as sometimes occurs in H. globosa (8). Some of these nymphal forms were found in Lough Namucka near Louisburgh, and in Garranbawn Lake at Ballynakill, county Mayo, in the month of June by Mr. Farran. Hydrarachna conjecta Koenike. Common in shallow lakelets at Craigmore and in Creggan Loughs on Clare Island; Achill Island; lakes at Westport, Belclare, and Louisburgh. Apparently common throughout the district. Hydrarachna distincta Koenike. (Plate L., fig. 10«-c.) Lough Avullin on Clare Island; lakes at Castlebar and Westport. 1 have referred to this species certain specimens with eye-plates, &c., similar to those figured by Piersig in “ Deutschlands Hydrachniden” (Plate I, fig. 180c). In his description of this species Dr. Koenike compares it with Clare Island Survey—Acarinidu. 389 13 HT, globosa (de Geer); but if the Ivish specimens are correctly named, they are much more closely related to H. conjecta Koenike; and I should not be surprised if they are really a variety of that species. The eye-plates of two of these specimens, male (Plate I., fig. 10a) and female (Pl. I., fig. 100), from the Clare Island district are figured in the present paper. It will be seen that they are very similar to the published drawing of H. distincta above referred to. ‘lhe fourth epimeron also agrees in showing a somewhat broader inner end, outside of which there is a narrow chitinous rim, which is also present on the hinder margin, as in Koenike’s figure (12, fig. 57). What especially leads me to believe that this form is a variety of conjecta is the identity of the male genital area in the two forms. ‘he specimen of which the eye-plate is figured (Pl. I., fig. 10c) is amale, and the genital area of this example agrees exactly with that of males showing the typical ribbon- shaped eye-plate of H. conjecta. The length of the male eye-plate is about °32 mm. The skin is covered with cone-shaped papillae, which are sharply pointed on some parts of the body. ‘he palps of the male are remarkably short and thick; the lengthis about 66mm. The mandible agrees in structure with that of H. conjecta ; length:about ‘972 mm. The genital area measures 512 mm. in length by ‘587 mm. im breadth. This species has already been recorded from Lough Gill, Co. Sligo, and Mr. Soar says it has been found in Lincolnshire (28). [Hydrarachna Thoni Piersig. (Plate I., fig. 11a-0.) This species must be recorded with reserve; an immature form collected by Mr. W. F. de V. Kane in a lake near Clifden very closely resembles Piersig’s figures and descriptions of this species. Unfortunately only the nymph-form of H. Thoni has been described. The characters of the species are based on the structure of the eye-plates, the genital area, the fourth epimera, and the skin papillae. ‘lhe eye-plate (length about ‘54 mm.) of the Irish specimen is very hike that of H. globosa, except that the lower half of the inner margin is not so deeply concave as it is in that species; this is, however, a variable character. The genital plates are convex on their outer margin, and are shaped more as in the nymph of H. scutata Piersig—see preceding remarks on the nymph of this species. The third and fourth epimera agree almost exactly with Piersig’s drawings, the subcutaneous chitinous margins of the fourth pair being well marked (Pl. L, fig. lla). The skin papillae are long, and suggest the teeth of a saw in their regular arrangement (Pl. I., fig. 110).] 39 14 Proccedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Sub-fam. SPERCHONINAE. Sperchon brevirostris Koenike var. pachydermis Piersig. (Plate IL. fig 18.) Abundant under stones in a stream on the lower slopes of Croaghpatrick ; Bunowen stream, where it flows from Lugaloughaun, near Louisburgh, July, 1910. The specimens from these and from other Ivish localities do not altogether agree with Dr. Koenike’s description of S. brevirostris. They are rather to be referred to the form described by Dr. Piersig as S. pachydermis, which is, I think, a variety of Dr. Koenike’s species. The Irish form is large, ovate in shape, and with prominent shoulders. The epidermis is remarkably thick, and there are strongly developed dermal glands, the arrangement of which is well shown in Piersig’s figure (18, fig. 1851). The body is covered with low rounded papillae, which are often a little more prominent on the front margin; the only sharply pointed ones are on the anterior side margins. The palps are also somewhat different; they are longer in the variety, and the chitinmous peg on the ventral side of the second segment is a little longer. (PI. II., fig. 18.) ‘The rostrum of the mouth organs is also slightly longer. The only character in which the Trish form would appear to disagree with S. pachydermis is in the structure of the first and second epimera. Dr. Piersig describes the inner ends of these as “nicht durch eine Brucke mit einander verschmolzen ” (Tierreich, 1901). In the Irish examples they meet in the middle line, and are often undoubtedly anchylosed posteriorly through a subcutaneous band of chitin. This does not seem to be a character of much importance, especially as the joing of the epimera is not very evident, except in specimens that have been dissected. I have sent Irish examples of this mite to Dr. Koenike, and he also is of the opinion that it should be referred to pachydermis, considering that form as a variety of Sperchon brevirostris. I am indebted to him for a loan of his type- specimen of that species. In company with the ordinary form of pachydermis, a few specimens of a smaller size and brighter colouring occurred on Croaghpatrick. I think these are the males of the variety pachydermis. The chief difference is in the epimeral region, which is very much larger. The legs, especially the last pair, are decidedly longer and of more robust build, and the palps are also a little longer than in the ordinary form of the female. Common in many Irish mountain streams ; examples, in various stages of growth, may be found clinging to the undersides of submerged stones, often Clare Island Survey—Acarinida, 39 15 where there is a very strong current of water. The greatest altitude at which I have taken the species is 1,500 feet in the stream flowing from Lough Fighter on Carrantuohill mountain in Kerry. Sperchon glandulosus Koenike. Abundant in streams on Croaghpatrick in June and July. Sperchon undulosus Koenike. S. undulosus Koenike, 1907 (11). Streams on Croaghpatrick, June, 1909; stream flowing from Lough Namucka, near Louisburgh, July, 1910. This mite is an addition to the recorded British species, and does not seem to have been found since it was described from Germany by Dr. Koenike four years ago. The four-disked genital area of the nymph is figured on Plate II., 10t@y, 1G). Sperchon setiger Sig. Thor. In stream flowing from Lough Avullin, Clare Island. Pseudosperchon verrucosus (Protz). (Plate II., fig. 20.) Clare Island in small streams flowing from the hills; Croaghpatrick. Found commonly in both of these localities in June and July. In the nymph of this species the nodules on the surface of the body are arranged much as in the adult mite. The provisional genital area is figured in the present paper (Pl. IL., fig. 20). Pseudosperchon verrucosus is an abundant species in Ireland; it occurs amongst mosses in mountain streams. Distribution—Norway; Germany; Switzerland; Italy; Scotland; Ireland. Fam. HYGROBATIDAE. Sub-fam. TEUTONIINAE. Teutonia primaria Koenike. Owenwee River at Belclare ; Carrownisky River near Louisburgh. Limnesia fulgida C. L. Koch (LZ. histrionica Herm.). Achill; lakes at Westport, Belclare, and Louisburgh, and in the Galway highlands, 39 16 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Both this and the following species are common in lakes throughout the district, though they were not found on Clare Island. Limnesia maculata (O. F. Miill.). In the same localities as the preceding species. Limnesia undulata (O. F. Mull). Glendalough Lake, Connemara, September. Not found in the immediate district of Clare Island. Limnesia Koenikei Piersig. In rivers at Westport, Belclare, and Louisburgh. Sub-fam. ATRACTIDINAE. Until the appearance of Dr. Koenike’s paper (11) on Atractides' the species of this genus had not been critically examined by acarologists, and it was generally assumed that only one well-marked form was found in Europe.’ In that paper he describes three new species; and Dr. Maglio has since characterized a fifth species from Italy (16). In the present paper a descrip- tion is given of a sixth species found in the Clare Island district and elsewhere in Treland. Atractides brevirostris nov. sp. (Plate IL. fig. 13 a-e). This species may be compared with 4. anomalus Piersig, which it resembles in the arrangement of the chitinous plates of the dorsal surface, where the frontal shield is not enclosed by the large dorsal plate. The colour is rather dark yellowish brown ; the eye region and parts of the epimera are tinged with carmine, legs yellow. The body is larger, less ovate, and the front margin is not concave in the female, as it is in A. anomalus. The chief differences between the two forms will be more readily seen in tabular form. * Torrenticola of authors. * Under the name of Rusetria spinirostris, Sig. Thor has described an Atractides from Norway. It is difficult to say if this representsa distinct form. In the ‘‘ Tierreich’’ it is referred to by Piersig as a doubtful species (18). Clare Island Survey—Acarinida, Atractides anomalus C. L. Koch. Female. Length -793, breadth -665 mm. Rostrum long and rather slender, greatest length of rostrum and maxillary part °363 mm., breadth of capitulum +132 mm. (PI. I1., fig. 14 a, b.) Epimera well produced beyond the front margin of the body. Wedge-end of the first pair, acute, separated by a slightly greater distance from the area genitalis. Capitular recess deep and rather narrow. Legs of moderate length, more slender and not thickened at the extremities. Palps as figured by Piersig (‘‘ Deutschlands Hydrachniden,” plate xxvii., -fig. 69 d). Lengths of the segments as follows :—first -040; second -100; third -080; fourth -130; fifth -025 mm. Mandible, length :396 mm. Genital area as figured by Piersig (18, pl. xxvil., fig. 69 a). Male. Length :640, breadth *512 mm. Epimera—second and third pairs very long and much narrower at their hinder extremities, median furrow between the inner margins occupying more than half the distance between the genital area and the capitular recess. Well figured by Piersig (18). Genital area smaller, only slightly longer than broad, and placed much nearer the hinder margin of the body. Length :132, breadth “121 mm. 39 17 Atractides brevirostris n. sp. Female. Length °896, breadth +742 mm. Rostrum decidedly shorter, stouter, and tapering more rapidly towards the apex; greatest length, along maxillary shield to tip of rostrum, -320 mm., breadth of capitulum “154 mm. (PI. II., fig. 13 4, c.) Epimera less produced in front, end of the first pair approaching close to the avea genitalis, much as in A. complexus. Capitular recess broader. Legs longer and more robust, with thickened terminal segments. Palps, third and fourth segments a little shorter, teeth on the second and third seements stouter, central hump on the ventral side of the fourth not so prominent, and the distal spine on the inner side of the same segment is more strongly developed. Lengths of the segments : first -040; second -100; third -075; fourth 115; fifth 025 mm. (Plate II., fig. 13 e.) Mandible, length -352 mm. Genital area much as in A. anomalus. (Pl. I1., fig. 13 d.) Male. Length -768, breadth -614 mm. Epimera —second and third pairs much shorter and broader, median furrow between them occupying less than half the distance between the genital area and the capitular recess. (P].II., fig. 13 a.) Genital area larger, decidedly longer than broad, and placed further away from the pos- terior margin. Length -209, breadth -154 mm. Localities —Owenwee River at Belclare, Co. Mayo, June, 1909; River Lee at Carrigrohane about three miles from Cork. Collected in the latter locality by Mr. F. Balfour Browne in July, 1907. Atractides amplexus Koenike. Carrownisky River near Louisburgh; Owenwee River at Belclare ; stream flowing from Lough Namutka, July. In Dr. Koenike’s description of A. amplexus the large dorsal plate is said to enclose the hinder end of the second frontal shield; and in his drawing of R.I.A. PROC., VOL, XXXI. 39 39 18 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. the dorsal surface (11, fig. 18) a distinct groove is shown between the two plates in question. In all of the Ivish specimens the thick chitinous margin of the dorsal plate is anchylosed with the frontal plate posteriorly. I am con- vineed, however, that the specimens from the above localities are to be referred to A. amplexus, as the general structure agrees well with the description of that species. [ Atractides anomalus C. L. Koch was not found in the Clare Island district ; it is common, however, in the mountain streams of Dublin and Wicklow. The epimeral area of the nymph is figured on Plate II., fig. 14¢; the genital area is triangular in form and carries four long, narrow discs. } Atractides Maglioi Koenike. Glendalough Lake, Connemara, September. Elsewhere in Ireland I have taken this very distinct species in the River Dargle, county Wicklow, where males were found in August, 1907. Distribution.—Known range Germany (Koenike) ; Italy (Maglio) ; Treland. It may be useful to give here a synoptical table pointing out characters for the separation of the six species of Atractides that have now been described, more especially as I have had opportunities of examining specimens of all of them from Irish localities. A table of the four German species has been published by Koenike (12). 1. Hinder part of the second frontal shield enclosed by (or anchylosed with) the chitinous margin of the dorsal shield, ; et Hinder margin of frontal shield not enclosed, ; : 0 @ 2. Wedge-shaped end of the first pair of epimera approaching close to the genital area; shape ovate; front margin of the body straight between the eyes, . . A. amplexus Koenike. End of first epimera separated from the genital area by slightly more than a third of the space between the capitular recess and the genital area; shape decidedly less ovate; front margin concave between the eyes, . A. connexus Koenike. 3. Anal ring placed on the posterior margin of the body, A, Maglioi Koenike. 4, Anal ring placed at some distance from the posterior margin, KO ‘The male of dAtractides connexus Koenike has been found in Glendalough Lake, ‘county Wicklow, in the month of April. Not previously recorded from Britain. Clare Island Survey—Acarinidu. 839 19 5. Shape of the body elliptical, only shghtly narrowed in front ; frontal setae very long ; anterior side corners of the large dorsal plate blunt, 6 0 5 6 . A. ellipticus Maglio. 6. Shape ovate, strongly narrowed in front ; anterior corners of dorsal shield angled, : : ; : : ntl 7. Rostrum long and slender; capitulum narrower; wedge end of the first pair of epimera’ removed a short distance from the genital area; front margin of the body strongly concaye; legs more slender. Male with the second and third pairs of epimera much longer, and the genital area placed further back, A. anomalus C. L. Koch. 8. Rostrum decidedly shorter and stouter; capitulum broader ; wedge-end of first pair of epimera approaching closer to the genital area; front margin straight between the eyes; legs longer with thickened terminal segments. Male with the second and third pairs of epimera shorter and _ broader ; genital area placed further forward, . A. brevirostris n. sp. Sub-fam. HyGROBATINAE. Hygrobates longipalpis (Hermann). Achill; Westport ; Louisburgh, &e. Common throughout the district, but it was not found in Clare Island. Hygrobates naicus Johnson (reticulatus Kramer). Clare Island, stream from Lough Avullin; Westport; Carrownisky River, Lugaloughaun, and other lakes near Louisburgh. Hygrobates calliger Piersig. Found in the Bunowen River near Louisburgh. This is a stenothermal form occurring in rapidly flowing water. It is common in mountain streams in county Wicklow. The nymph of this species ‘TI have found the males of this elegant species amongst mosses growing on submerged stones in the River Dodder at Friarstown, county Dublin, in July ; and the female has occurred in the River Flesk, near Killarney. The species may be easily recognized by its peculiar elliptical shape, which is quite different from the remaining species of the genus. ‘The known range is Germany and Italy. This is the first record for the British Isles. 2 The female of A. anomalus C. L. Koch has been described and figured showing the wedge- shaped end of the first epimera reaching the genital area. In the Irish examples, however, there is always a short intervening space. C2 389 20 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. has been described from Switzerland by Dr. Walter (32, p. 529). The pro- visional genital area of one of these immature forms is figured in the present paper (Pl. IL., fig. 17). Distribution —The known range is Norway ; Germany; Switzerland ; Italy; and Britain (7). Megapus spinipes (C. L. Koch), noy. var. montanus. (Plate II., fig. 15). Stream on Croaghpatrick; Bunowen stream at Louisburgh. The specimens from these localities are to be referred to the large steno- thermal form of JZ. spinipes, for which it would be convenient to have a distinctive varietal name. Compared with the smaller eurythermal form this variety, for which I propose the name montanus, is distinguished by the following characters :— montanus noy. var. Decidedly larger, the Irish specimens ranging from 1 to 1:40 mm. in length. More richly coloured than the typical form, some specimens are suffused with a pinkish tinge; the legs are hyaline or pale yellow. The most distinctive character is the absence of swimming-hairs (in the typical form, as it occurs in stagnant and slowly flowing water, there are a few of these hairs on the last three pairs of legs). The claw-armature, especially of the first pair, is more strongly developed, with a large blade-like basal part. The terminal segment of the first leg (Pl. IL., fig. 15) is rather more strongly bent.’ Length of first pair of legs 1-280 mm., fourth pair 1-740 mm. The palps (480 mm.) are relatively longer, and of more robust structure than in the lowland form, with a less truncated apex to the fourth segment, and the sword-like spine on its inner side is much stronger. Certain of these characters are such as we should expect to find in a stenothermal form. The absence of swimming-hairs, combined with the greater development of the claw-armature, is an adaptation for life amongst aquatic mosses, or for lurking under the stones of the rapid highland streams in which this form reaches its greatest development. The variety montanus brings to mind the interesting stenothermal form, Diplodontus torrenticolus recently described by Dr. Walter from Italy (“ grossen Quelle bei Sarno”). In this species there is a great reduction in the number \ The terminal segment of the first leg of the typical eurythermal form is figured (PI. 11., fig. 16) for comparison; the specimen from which it was drawn occurred in quarry holes near Crumlin, Co. Dublin. Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 21 of swimming-hairs present on the legs, as compared with the lowland Diplodontus despiciens ; the legs are also shorter, stouter, and are furnished with more strongly developed claws (84). This variety is no doubt widely distributed. I have found it commonly in the River Dodder and in various rivulets on the Dublin and Wicklow mountains, as well as in other localities in Ireland. Megapus tener Sig. Thor. Carrownisky River near Louisburgh, Co. Mayo, July. A male of this little-known species occurred in the above locality, and I have also taken both sexes in the River Dodder near Dublin. Length of male about ‘66 mm. The epidermis is remarkably thick and exceedingly finely lined ; front margin indented and furnished with very long antenniform bristles. First pair of legs with the terminal segment short, stout, and less bent than it is in UZ. spinipes. There are two swimming-hairs on the fifth segment of the last pair of legs. In males from the River Dodder (Co. Dublin) the last pair of legs are a little shorter and stouter, and swimming-hairs are absent. The palps are more slender than the basal segments of the first pair of legs; the fourth segment, seen from above, is decidedly swollen, and its dorsal surface is crowded with numerous short hairs; sword-like bristle on the inner side strongly developed. A figure of the male palp is given by Maglio (16). The epimeral area is large ; between it and the hinder margin of the body there are three pairs of large gland-openings with strongly chitinized margins. The female may be easily recognized by the fact that the three genital dises are arranged in a triangular form instead of in a linear row as they are in UW. spinipes. Distribution—tThe ascertained range is Norway; Germany; Italy; and the British Isles. Megapus nodipalpis Sig. Thor. Clare Island, in a rivulet flowing from hills, June; Bunowen River, Louisburgh, July ; Croaghpatrick, June. This species occurs in rapid streams and is widely spread in Ireland. The specimen found on Croaghpatrick is in the nymph stage. Distribution.— Norway ; Switzerland; N. Italy ; and Britain. 89 22 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Sub-fam. LEBERTIINAE. Lebertia insignis Neuman. Glendalough Lake, Connemara, September. Lebertia porosa Sig. Thor. Owenwee River, Belclare; Bunowen River, Louisburgh. Lebertia fimbriata Sig. Thor. (Plate III., fig. 31.) Clare Island, in peaty drains on the north-east side of the island between the Harbour and Maum, June, 1909. Two examples occurred in the above-mentioned locality. They are of a golden-brown colour, with darker markings on the dorsal surface; the legs and palps are greyish. This is one of the smallest species of the genus Zebertia; and it may be easily recognized by the elongate form, indented front margin of the body, and the scarcity of swimming-hairs. A full description of this mite will be found in the “ Zoologischer Anzeiger ” (29, pp. 41-52). Although the Clare Island specimens (Plate IIL, fig. 31) agree in measurement (length “896, breadth ‘614 mm.) with Thor’s description of this species, yet they are decidedly more elongate in form, and the epimera are narrower than is shown in his figures in the paper just referred to. The latter difference may, however, be due to the process of mounting of the original specimens from which these drawings were made, as a slight pressure causes the epimera to appear wider. The swimming-hairs are greatly reduced; there are only two of these, placed on the fifth segment of the last pair of legs, in the Irish specimens. Distribution —Lebertia fimbriata is apparently a local species; it has not been previously recorded from the Britannic area, nor, as far as I can ascertain, from any European country except Norway, where the original specimens were found by Dr. Sig. Thor near Kristiania and Bergen. Rrontipoda musculus (O. F. Miill.). One example found in Lough Bann, near Louisburgh, July, 1910. Frontipoda Carpenteri noy. sp.’ (Plate IL., fig. 12a-<.) This new and very distinct species must be compared with #. musculus, 1 Named in honour of Professor G. H. Carpenter, n.sc., M-R.1.4., whose researches on the arachnid fauna of Ireland are well known. Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 23 the only previously known representative of the genus, from which it differs amongst other characters in its smaller size and shorter and stouter legs. The average size is a little smaller than in F. musculus; the length of the Westport example is 92 mm. and the height about ‘71 mm. The colour of the living mite was not observed; specimens that have been preserved in elycerine solution are of a pale brown or pinkish-brown tinge; and the eyes are pigmented with black. The skin-sculpture is much as in F. musculus; the general surface appears to be closely and finely punctured, and presents in places a striated appearance, while immediately surrounding the eyes there is a small reticulated area resembling the skin-markings of Hygrobates natcus. The dorsal groove is moderately wide and straight-sided, showing as a deep cleft on the hinder margin of the body. A short distance behind the eyes in this groove there are two chitinous hair-pores placed close together in the middle line. In side view (PI. II, fig. 12a) the body is scarcely so strongly arched as in F. musculus ; a row of about ten hair-bearing pores are arranged in a line close to the margin of the dorsal groove, and a few others are scattered on the sides of the body. The epimeral shield in front of the genital area is straight, and comparatively longer than in F. musculus. The capitulum is rather long, narrow, and pointed in front. The epimeral region resembles that of #. musculus; the first pair are bluntly rounded or truncated at the apex. The genital area (Pl. II., fig. 12d) measures 145 mm. in length along the frontal plates, and the breadth across the field is ‘110 mm. ; it is placed closer to the hinder margin than in /’. musculus. Seen from the side itis prominent and angled at the hinder end. The genital discs are rather narrow, and distinctly pointed at the ends in some specimens. The anal plate is remarkably short, broad and rounded at the apex (Pl. IL., fig. 12d), and quite different from that of # musculus, which is prolonged and rather pointed posteriorly. The palps (PI. II., fig. 12e) are short and much thinner than the first pair of legs; the length is about 155 mm. At the end of the first segment there is a strong, curved bristle, which is also finely pectinated. ‘lhe second segment is only very slightly longer than the first; it is furnished with four or five stout spines, and a long, fine hair springs from its inner distal corner. The third segment is shorter than the first, and on its upper part there are about four very long, fine hairs; two of these are situated on the inner side. Fourth segment (length -050 mm.), stout, curved outwards on the ventral O99 24 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. side, where there is a fine forwardly directed hair close to the base of the segment. The fifth segment is blunt at the apex. As may be clearly seen in the figure (Pl. IL, fig. 12a), the legs of this species are much shorter and stouter than in /. musculus; segments 2-5 of the last three pairs are more or less clavate at the extremities. The swimming-hairs are remarkably well-developed. There are three long - terminal spines at the end of the fourth pair of legs; the longest of these usually equals or is slightly longer than the sixth segment, whereas in F. musculus it is shorter. One of these terminal spines is much shorter than the other two, and all of them appear, under a high magnification, to be finely pectinated. Male. Specimens which are presumably the males of this species appear to differ from the females only in their smaller size, as far as the external characters are concerned. Nymeu.—A Frontipoda nymph dredged from shallow water in Castlebar Lough is, judging by its short, robust legs and other characters, to be referred to the present species. This example measures -495 mm. in length by ‘253 mm. in breadth. The legs, palps, and highly chitinized parts of the body were of a greenish tint in the living mite, the coecal area being yellowish, surrounded by a darker brown colour. The large black-pigmented eyes are situated on the front margin of the body, and when viewed from above they show clearly through the dorsal plate. The general form (PI. IT., fig. 12) is oblong, narrowed, and evenly rounded in front, and somewhat truncated at the end ofthe body. The dorsal surface has a thickly chitinized rim, and is slightly sinuate at the posterior margin. There is a comparatively wide dorsal furrow with sinuate margins between which and the side margins of the body there are at least four pairs of large hair-bearing glands, while in the groove itself are embedded five more pairs of these glands. Two long bristles are present on both the upper and lower front margins of the body. The ventral area is very similar to that of the nymph of Frontipoda musculus figured by Koenike (10, Pl. XI1V., fig. 9), except that the end of the body is produced in a truncated manner, and is longer. The apex of the first epimeron is capped by two broad, spade-shaped spines, one lying immediately behind the other, and the edges of these are extremely finely serrated, much as they are in Ozus ovalis (O. F. Miller). The provisional genital area carries the usual four discs, the inner margins of which are flattened. There are four hair-bearing glands surrounding the anal plate (Pl. IL., fig. 12c). Localities.—Lake at Barley Hill near Westport amongst Myriophyllum and Clare Island Survey—Acarinda. 39 25 Ranunuculus, June, 1909; nymph in Castlebar Lough, June, 1909. Elsewhere in Ireland I have found this species in a pond on the bank of the River Corrib (close to Galway, June, 1903); and it also occurs in lakes in the Killarney district. The specimens of Frontipoda taken in the eastern parts of Ireland are all to be referred to the common /. musculus, so that the new species would appear to have a western range in Ireland. Oxus plantaris Sig. hor. (Plate IL., fig. 21 ac.) Bog pool in Cartron Mountain, near Letterfrack, County Galway, March, 1904. A female Oxus collected in this locality by Mr. 8. W. Kemp is apparently to be referred to 0. plantaris Sig. Thor, a species which has hitherto only been recorded from Norway. In his short description of the species, Thor compares it with O. ovalis, which it resembles in size, shape, and colour. The characters by which he distinguishes it are the spines on the first pair of epimera, and the peculiar shape of the genital discs. The Galway specimen is the only representative of the genus Oxus hitherto found in Ireland. It is preserved in balsam, so that the exact size cannot be given. The colour of the lLvmg mite is noted as reddish-brown, with a darker central dorsal area, and the legs are slate-coloured. The epimeral region is shorter and broader than in female ovalis; and the posterior concavity to receive the genital area is a little wider, with more bluntly rounded corners. The first epimeral process is longer and more slender, with a distinctly sinuate inner margin. In this respect it would appear to resemble 0. guadriporus Piersig (12, fig. 116 6). Unfortunately the terminal spine-armature is damaged in the [vish specimen, and only one of the modified spines remains at the apex of each. ‘This is, however, the long claw-shaped spine (Pl. II., 21 ¢), described and figured by Thor as one of the characteristics of the species. The genital area lies deep in the epimeral region. A decided difterence from 0. ovalis will be noticed in the peculiar shape of the genital discs. These have remarkably small external apertures, with the chitinous basal part much larger; and in the case of the first two pairs these bases are acuminate at the extremities. Thor points out their resemblance, in this respect, to the dises of Lebertia brevipora. The palps are longer than in 0. ovalis; they measure about ‘255 mm. in length. Two long, stout spines spring from the upper distal extremity of the second segment. Two rather similar spines are situated near the middle of the third segment on the dorsal side, and there is a long, fine hair at the R.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. D 39 39 26 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. extremity. The fourth segment is long (09 mm.), and concave in its dorsal outline (Pl. IL., fig. 21 5). The legs are very similar to those of 0. ovalis; they are, however. noticeably longer in the present species. Distribution—Norway, and West of !reland. Sub-fam. UNIONICOLINAE. Unionicola (Atax) crassipes (O, F. Miill.). Clare Island in Lough Avullin; lakes at Westport, Belclare, and Louisburgh. Unionicola gracilipalpis (Viets). A female of this species occurred amongst water-plants in Lough Namucka, a peaty lake a few miles from Louisburgh, July, 1910. The present species was briefly described by Viets (80) from specimens taken near Bremen. Ina subsequent paper (31) the differences between it and the common U. crassipes were fully defined. It may be easily separated from the last-mentioned species by the structure of the palps, which are longer and much more slender; the chitinous pegs on the fourth segment are much less developed. In the Irish specimens the palps measure 1:05 mm. in length, agreeing in every respect with Viets’ description of the species. The legs are slightly longer and more slender in JU. crassipes, this being especially noticeable in the case of the first pair; and the pegs on which the long bristles are placed are weaker. Measurement: first pair of legs, -312; second, 373; third, ‘268; fourth, 360 mm. The eyes are large and much pigmented with black. I have also taken this species in Lough Nafin, County Donegal, in the month of September. Unionicola rivularis sp. nov. (Plate IIL, fig. 32 a-c.) Westport River, June, 1909. This is a small free-living species of Unionicola, which appears to inhabit rivers, as the only specimens I have found are from the Rivers Nore and Barrow, as well as from the above-mentioned locality. It is closely allied to Unionicola crassipes Miller, which it resembles in general structure ; but is readily distinguished from that species by its much smaller size, and especially by the palp-characters. Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 89 27 The palps (Pl. III, fig. 32 a) are extremely small, being only about half as long as in average examples of U. crassipes. The second segment is rather strongly arched dorsally, furnished on its inner side with two small stout spines. The third segment carries two long and rather stout bristles, one situated distally, the other springing from near the middle of the outer surface, and reaching to near the end of the fourth segment. This outside spine is very much shorter in U. crassipes. Both of these bristles are decidedly bent towards their extremities, and under a high magnification (x 386) they are seen to be excessively finely pectinated. The fourth segment is short and stout in comparison with U. crassipes, and the three chitinous pegs (length of longest, ‘085 mm.) appear rather close together in side view; near the base of the segment on the outer side is a very fine long hair. The form of the body is oval, except at the posterior end, where it is flattened, or slightly simuate. The length of the female is 89, and the breadth ‘69 mm. The colouring is much as in U. crassipes. Some of the female specimens, collected in the month of June, contained numerous eggs, the average diameter of which is about 143 mim, The capitulum has the sides remarkably straight; and overlying the basal part in some specimens is a thin plate of chitin forming a bridge between the first pair of epimera. The latter meet or are separated by a slight distance on the middle line of the body. ‘he sub-cutaneous processes (Pl. IIL, fig. 32) of the second pair vary a little in length, but they appear to be longer and more slender than in U. crassipes. The genital area closely resembles that of U. crassipes. A tigure of that of the male will be found on Plate III., 32 0. The male of this species is a little smaller than the female. The measure- ments are as follows :— Male. female. Length of palp 5 i aa. ‘ -40 mm. - first lee . 1:05 mm. - 1°25 mm. p second leg . 1:71 mm. 5 1:74 mm. ‘i thirdleg . 1:07 mm. - 1:17 mm, » fourth leg . 1:08 mm. : 1-74 mm. Localities —Westport River, June; River Barrow, at Monasterevan, September ; River Nore, near Thomastown, June. Neumania spinipes (O. F. Mill.). Glendalough Lake, Connemara, September. 839 28 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Feltria Rouxi Walter. (Plate IIL. fig. 30 a—0.) Amongst aquatic mosses in a stream on the lower slopes of Croagh- patrick, at Murrisk, County Mayo, July. The female of #. Rouxi was described by Walter from Swiss specimens, and apparently the male was unknown. A description of it, with figures, is given in the present paper. The colour of this mite is pale yellow, with black pigmented eyes. In the female, the dorsal surface is occupied by a large shield, which projects between the eyes, much asin the ¢ of F. cirewlaris; but the small anterior separate plates present in that species are wanting, and there are only two small circular plates placed behind the dorsal shield instead of the three found in F. circularis. The posterior marginal cleft is similar to that of F. muscicola @, and there is a large anal plate. The antenniform bristles spring from well-developed frontal prominences, and are usually directed towards the sides of the body. The MALE of this species occurred on Croaghpatrick. It is considerably smaller than the female, measuring only -286 mm. in length by *253 mm. in breadth, The appendages are much stouter. It differs from the males of the described species in having the dorsal surface almost entirely covered by a well-developed chitinous shield (PI. IIL, fig. 30 a), with the exception of an extremely narrow marginal rim, in which are placed the prominent hair-bearing papillae. This plate shows the coat-of-mail sculpture so characteristic of some genera of Hydracarina. About half way between the middle and the sides of the body, on each side, there is a row of small hair-bearing glands The end of the body is double-margined, the upper ledge carrying two papillae. The arrangement of the epimera is very similar to that of the allied species. The processes of the first two pairs are rather long, and the outer margins of the fourth pair are strongly sinuate. The sub-cutaneous margins are separated by a very narrow space in the middle line. The male genital plate resembles that of F. musecicola, except that the front margin is not pointed in the middle; and, judging by Piersig’s figures, the hinder margin is not so deeply cleft. The number of genital-discs varies. In the Croaghpatrick specimen there are about twenty-two on each plate. The legs are remarkably stout, much more so than in the female. The secondary sexual structure, found on the last segment of the third pair of legs, consists of three modified spines placed close together on the swollen ventral margin of the segment (PI. IIL, fig. 303). The palps are short, and a little stouter than the first pair of legs. Length, Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 89 29 ‘02mm. The second segment is strongly convex, and the ventral surface is produced in a prominent rounded knob. Fourth segment suddenly swollen outwards at the middle of the under side, and at the distal end of the evenly rounded hump thus formed is placed a forwardly directed hain. Distribution—The known range is Germany, Switzerland, and Ireland; this being the first British record of the genus Feltria. Feltria circularis Piersig. Found in the same locality as the preceding species. Occurs also in streams on the Dublin Mountains. Sub-fam. PIONINAE. Piona nodata (O. F. Miill.). Lakes in the north-east of Achill Island ; Lough Cahasy near Louisburgh. The brightly coloured form figured by Piersig (18, pl. xi., 304) occurred in the latter locality. Piona longipalpis (Krendowsky). Clare Island (Lough Avullin); lakes at Castlebar, Westport, Belclare, and Louisburgh. A fine bright red form of this mite is not uncommon in lakes in west and central Ireland. Piona stjordalensis (Sig. Thor). Loughs Baun and Cahasy, near Louisburgh. Occurred abundantly in these lakes in July; a few specimens of the nymph were also found, the genital area of which greatly resembles that of the common Piona nodata (O. F. Mull.). Distribution—Scandinavia (Thor); Switzerland (Walter, 84); Great Britain (Norfolk Broads, Soar); Ireland (7). Piona carnea CU. L. Koch. Clare Island; Achill; lakes at Westport, Belclare, and Louisburgh. Common, especially in lakes on peaty ground. Piona circularis (Piersig). Clare Island, Lough Avullin, June. Piona discrepans (Koenike). Lough Namucka near Louisburgh. 89 30 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Piona rotunda (Kramer). Doo Lough and Carrownisky River near Louisburgh ; Garranbawn Lough near Ballynakill. Much less common in the Clare Island district than the following species. The number of acetabula present in the female varies from about 18 to 23 on each plate. Piona rotundoides (Sig. Thor). (Plate III, fig. 33 a-0.) Loughs Cahasy and Lugaloughaun near Louisburgh; Lough Conn; Glendalough Lake, Connemara ; lakes near Clifden. ; A Piona which agrees well with Thor’s description (26) of the present species is widely spread in Irish waters, being especially abundant in the larger lakes of the west of Ireland. At Lugaloughaun a deep sub-alpine lake, this species and Hygrobates naicus were the only water-mites found. The chief character by which it may be separated from . rotunda Kramer is the greater number of discs on the genital plates. The latter are larger than in rotunda ; the Irish specimens that I have examined carry from twenty-eight to thirty-five discs on each plate, and occasionally as many as forty (Pl. LIL, fig. 33 4). In addition to these there are from two to six discs lying free between the plates on each side. he hair-bearing pores on the lower extremity of each plate are arranged in a row close to its margin. In the male the genital plates are also larger and carry more discs than the allied species (Pl. IIL, fig. 33 a). Distribution—Scandinayia (Thor); Great Britain (Norfolk Broads, &e., Soar) ; Ireland. Piona rufa C. L. Koch. Common in lakes at Westport and Louisburgh. Piona paucipora (Sig. Thor). (Plate III., fig. 34.) Lough Conn, June, 1903. A number of examples were collected im this, the only known Ivish locality, by Mr. W. F. de V. Kane. Piona paucipora is closely allied to Piona rufa, but may be easily distin- guished from that species by the structure of the genital area; the colour of the mite is yellowish, with dark blotches on the upper side. In the male there are about ten genital dises; one of these lies free within the genital plates. The latter are sickle-shaped and are very characteristic of Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 31 the species. The long spine at the apex of the third pair of legs is armed at the base with two strongly curved processes, and the chitinous peg at the end of the fourth palp segment is strongly developed. The third and fourth pairs of epimera are very large and resemble those of P. rufa, except that their inner margins are much wider apart than they are in that species. In the female the chitinous genital plates are very feebly developed, rarely uniting more than about five dises in one piece. The number of dises in the Trish specimens varies from eight to twelve on each side. (PI. IIL, fig. 34.) Distribution—tVhe records of this species are few—Scandinavia (Thor) ; Gotland (Walter, 35); Germany (Koenike and Thieneniann, 14); Turkestan (Thor); Mngland (Lincolnshire, George); Scotland (Edinburgh, Rannoch, Lydoch, Williamson); Ireland. Piona conglobata C. L. Koch. Lakes in the Louisburgh district. A few specimens taken in the Carrownisky River in the above locality are apparently to be referred to the variety congugula Koenike. This variety may be recognized by the absence of the small peg which in the typical form is present at the base of the tooth on the inner side of the fourth segment. Hydrochoreutes ungulatus (C. L. Koch). Glendalough Lake, Connemara, September. Hydrochoreutes Krameri Piersig. Clare Island; Carrownisky River and Cahasy Lough near Louisburgh. Much commoner than the preceding species in the Clare Island district, while the reverse is true of the Hast of Ireland. Wettina podagrica (C. L. Koch). One specimen found in the Westport River, June. This is the first record of the species from Ivish waters. Distribution.Norway (Thor) ; Switzerland (Walter) ; Germany (Piersig) ; Italy (Maglio); England and Scotland (Oban, Soar); Ireland. Pionacercus Leuckarti Piersig. Clare Ireland, in bog pools, June. The specimens (3, ? ) from this locality should perhaps be referred to the variety scutatus Sig. Thor, though they differ somewhat from the description of that form. The male of scwtatwus is said to have the terminal segment of 39 32 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. the third leg only weakly thickened, with but few bristles. The fourth and fifth segments of the last pair of legs are described as being furnished with smooth bristles, and the sixth segment of the same pair is not much swollen. In the Clare Island specimens (¢ ) the terminal segment of the third leg is decidedly less thickened than in Piersig’s figure (18, pl. xvii., fig. 430) of the typical form; it seems to be slightly concave on the lower margin, and there is a moderate number of hairs. At first sight the bristles on the fourth and fifth segments of the last pair of legs appear to be smooth, but under a high magnification a few of them are seen to be extremely finely pectinated along one side. The terminal segment of the last pair of legs is of the usual crozier shape, with a row of ten chitinous pegs on the moderately swollen basal part; an additional one is placed in the deep concavity, and there is another at the end of the segment. I have taken this form in various localities in Ireland, where it is not uncommon in pools on peat moors. Acercus (Pionopsis) lutescens (Herm.). Ballynahinch Lake, Connemara, June. Forelia (Tiphys) liliacea (O. F. Miull.). Lough Cahasy near Louisburgh. The females occurred commonly in this locality in July ; the male appears to be much rarer. Sub-fam. ATURINAE. Aturus scaber Kramer. Streams on Croaghpatrick; Carrownisky River; stream flowing from Lugaloughaun, June and July. Aturus runcinatus (Sig. Thor). Streams on Croaghpatrick, June and July. Some of the females from these localities contain a single elliptical egg of huge size in comparison with the mite; one of these eggs measures “154 by -110 mm. Common amongst aquatic mosses growing on stones in company with the preceding species. They are probably the most abundant of all of the stenothermal forms occurring in Irish streams. Brachypoda versicolor (O. F. Miill.). Westport River; Cahasy Lough near Louisburgh. Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 33 Sub-fam. MIDEOPSINAE. Midea orbiculata (O. F. Mill.). Crott Lough near Belclare, Co. Mayo. Mideopsis orbicularis (O. F. Miill.). Owenwee River at Belclare; Lakes near Westport; Prospect Loughs at Belclare. Sub-fam, ARRHENURINAE. Arrhenurus securiformis Piersig. Clare Island, Lough Avullin, June. Widely spread in Ireland, though rather rare and usually met with singly as far as the male is concerned. No doubt both this and the following species escaped observation on the adjacent mainland. Arrhenurus cylindratus Piersig. Clare Island, Lough Avullin, June. Arrhenurus globator (O. F. Miull.). Lough Baun, Louisburgh. Arrhenurus Kanei Halbt. (Plate III., fig. 26 a-d.) A female example of this species occurred in a small peaty lake in the north-east of Achill Island, in the month of June. Arrhenurus Kanei would seem to be a rare lake-frequenting species ; it was described from afew specimens discovered by Mr. W. F. de V. Kane in the north of Ireland (4). The species is closely allied to a Swedish mite, Arrhenurus nobilis, described by Neuman in his well-known monograph on Swedish Hydracarina (17) ; and it is a question whether the Irish mite should not be referred to a variety of that species. If Neuman’s description and figures of A. nobilis are correct—and judging by their excellence in other cases there is no reason to doubt this—certain differences are apparent between the two forms. rescentic plate, on the posterior margin of which are three pairs of pectinated bristles springing from tubercles. Ventral surface, sternal area (fig. 26%), with two paired plates, slightly separated, in the middle line of the body, each narrowing into a bluntly pointed extremity which does not reach the hinder 39 84 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. margin of the second coxae. The thickened front margin of each of these plates is very wide, and carries a single hair. The pedal shields are fused inter se, enclosing the three last pairs of legs. The area genitalis is trapezoidal, and lies opposite the third and fourth coxae. The anterior margin is rounded, anterior part protected by a triangular shield, the pointed apex of which reaches to about the middle of the genital area; the side margins are strengthened bynarrow plates, hinder margin not chitinized. Ventro-anal plate much smaller than in the male, long oval, narrowed in front, densely areolated and punctured, armed with about four pairs of small bristles, and there are two pairs of strong pectinated hairs on the hinder margin. On each side of the ventro-anal shield is an oval inguinal shield. Peritreme (fig. 267) as in male, tritosterum with a hatchet-shaped base, much larger than in the male, filaments long and finely pectinated. Capitulum cup-shaped, maxillary plate with three pairs of long, widely separated hairs. Epistome, palps, and mandibles closely resembling those of the male. ‘Ihe legs are longer and less incrassate, their respective lengths are 814, 748, 737, and 902n. Nywmru (fig. 267).—An immature example, representing an early nymphal stage, of the female was found at Westport in July. It measures 998m in length, by 614 in breadth. The general structure greatly resembles that of the adult, except in the plate armature of the body. The dorsal surface is protected by jive plates arranged as follows :—two narrow marginal plates running from the chitinized frontal extremity to the point where the peritreme turns inwards on the dorsum; a large anterior shield, which is somewhat cone-shaped, containing the first two pairs of dorsal pits; at a little distance from this is a smaller semicircular plate, emarginate in front, enclosing the third pair of dorsal pits, and immediately behind this a small terminal plate similar to that of the adult. There are indications that in the still younger nymph there may possibly be three pairs of these central shields. Two sternal plates are present ; they seem, however, to be fused on a chitinous base which reaches beyond them, and is deeply excavated on its hinder margin, so that the nymph differs in this respect from the adult female. There is a long ventro-anal shield, and on each side of this two circular inguinal shields. ‘he legs and ambulacra are like those of the adult. Localities. —Found in some numbers under stones on the sea-shore at Westport, County Mayo, in July (¢, 2, and nymph). I have also found both sexes in a similar habitat, between tide-marks on the south shore of Howth, County Dublin, in the month of April, Clare Island Survey— Acarinida. 39 85 Family UROPODIDAE. Cilliba cassidea (Herm.). Clare Island, in moss, March; Achill Island ¢ and ¢ in moss and under bark, September and Nevember; Westport district, adults and nymphs in August. Berlese describes two forms of this species which he separates as follows :— “Dorsum glaberrimum, scutum genitale foeminae, nitidum 750. long... Discopoma cassidea G. et R. Can. (Herm.). “Dorsum setosum, scutum genitale foeminae punctulatum., Ad 460. long. D. cassidea var. minor Berl.” (2) An examination of numerous Irish specimens shows the presence of hairs on the dorsum, and the female genital shield is distinctly punctulate. In the matter of size, however, they agree with the typical form, measuring from 744u to 9214 in length. Both sexes vary equally in size. Possibly these specimens may be referable to a large form of the species. A few of the nymphae homeomorphae were also found. In these the broad marginal part of the body is imperfectly chitinized on the ventral side, forming three pairs of plates. The second segment of the first pair of legs is without the distal spur which is always present in the adult. Distribution.—Gerimany (Koch); Italy (Berlese); Holland (Oudemans, who records both the type form and the variety mino: Berl.). There is a difference of opinion amongst acarologists concerning the use of the generic names Cilliba, von Heyden and Discopoma, Canestrini for the preceding species (cassidea Herm.), a question concerning the validity of von Heyden’s genera. Mr. Michael has dealt with the subject at length (49, p. 295) giving his reasons for the revival of certain of von Heyden’s genera including Cilliba. Until the appearance of his valuable paper “ Acari Mirmecofili,” Berlese had consistently used Discopoma to include cassidea | Herm. In that paper, however, he states that there is sufficient reason for the revival of Cilliba, with cassidea as the type, as indicated by von Heyden, thus agreeing with Michael’s use of this name, while Kramer’s “ Uropoda splendida” is selected as the type of Discopoma. Berlese remarks “il genere Discopoma di G, et R. Canestrini, sembra avere realmente per tipo la D. splendidu, almeno questa ¢ la prima specie (sotto 11 nome D. ¢/ypeata), che i detti Autori illustrano.” It is fortunate if, for this reason, both of these generic names can be preserved. R,I.A. PROC., VOL, XXXI. M 39 39 86 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Cilliba vegetans (Duges). Westport, found attached to a large Dor Beetle (Geotrupes stercorarius) in July.. This specimen is in the nympha homeomorpha stage, and agrees closely with the figure given by Oudemans of this form (78, pl. viii, fig. 35). Distribution.—A widespread European species. Discopoma integra Berl. Clare Island, 9 and xympha homeomorpha in sphagnum, July; Achill Island, females under bark, in decayed wood and in moss, September. Not uncommon in these localities. The nympha homeomoryha is smaller (length 407, breadth 350) and less elliptical in shape than the adult female, an Irish example of which measures 440u by 340u. I have also found the female on decayed wood at Glendalough, Co. Wicklow. The male is unknown. There is an error in the original description of this species (15, p. 244) which should be corrected. Berlese refers to the marginal plates of the dorsum as follows:—“Scutum dorsi marginale integrum, totum aeque chitineum, transverse striatulum.” An examination of the Irish specimens shows that the marginal plates are not entire, and indeed Berlese’s excellent figures of the species, published subsequently (11, pl. ii, fig. 18), make this point quite clear. These plates taper to a point a short distance from each other, leaving uncovered a small part of the posterior end of the body. Distribution.—ltaly (im moss at Vallombrosa, Palermo, Roma. Berlese). Discopoma pulcherrima Berlese. A single specimen of this handsome species occurred in a nest of the ant Formica fusca in a decayed birch stump at Glendalough, Co. Wicklow, last September, in company with Urovbovella notabilis Berl. It does not seem to have been recorded from the British Isles. Berlese found it in rotten wood, and also in ants’ nests, though he does not mention the species of ant (5, p. 247). , Phaulocylliba Berlesii sp.nov. (Pl. VII, fig. 27a-d ) This genus was described by Berlese from Norwegian and Italian speci- inens in 1903 (6, p. 270), and P. ventricosa was indicated as the type species. The genus is briefly characterized as follows :—* Characteres generis Dvsco- poma, sed scutum marginale dorsi omnino nullum. Scutum dorsuale medium ovale, sat a marginibus discretum. Metapodia ut in Uropodis. Fossulae pedales subevanidae,” Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 87 The most interesting feature about this genus is the absence of marginal plates. On the Dublin coast I have found an undoubted species of Phaulo- cylliba, which from its much smaller size and peculiar habitat evidently represents an undescribed species. MALE (fig. 27@).—A small yellowish brown, oval-shaped species; the measurements are—length about 670y, breadth 486u. The dorsal shield is large, very finely punctured, and also with larger punctures. There is a double row of short adpressed hairs on the middle of the dorsum, and a few scattered hairs towards the sides. Marginal plates absent, so that the body margin from behind the shoulders is unprotected (fig. 270) with seven or eight pairs of short spines, two pairs of these, at the end of the body, are longer than the others. The ventral plate is large, and leaves uncovered a narrow body margin behind the last pair of legs. The fosswlae pedales of the fourth legs are not strongly marked; their outlines run obliquely from the last acetabula and curve round to within a short distance of the body margin, remaining Jossulae evanescent. The peritreme starts a little in front of the second legs ; curving outwards it les along the margin of the body, and thence turns obliquely inwards reaching a point near the acetabula of the third legs. Genital foramen (fig. 27c, between the fourth acetabula, oblong, slightly flattened at each end; a pair of strong hairs spring from near its hinder margin. Camerostoma small. Base of tritosternum semicircular, end of filament three-branched. Capitulum nearly square, maxillary plate with three pairs of short hairs along the middle line, and a pair of very long hairs on its front margin; outer lobes small. The under side of the tirst palp segment is swollen into a large rounded prominence which carries at its apex a two segmented process ; the end segment is bilobed, and its inner lobe terminates in four or five curved bristles (fig. 27d), otherwise the palps are of normal structure. ‘The chelicerae are withdrawn into the body cavity. Armature of legs much as in Cilliba ; there is a small branched hair on the underside of the patella and tibia of the last three pairs of legs. Locality.—Found under stones between tide-marks in Howth Harbour, Co. Dublin, towards the end ot November. Haluropoda n. gen. In salt marshes both on the east and west coasts of Ireland there occur two species of the Uropodidae which would appear to be referable to an undescribed genus, intermediate in character between the genera M2 89 88 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Discopoma and Uropoda, Auct. The generic characters are briefly as follows :— Dorsal plates consisting of the usual large shield and two marginal plates which do not cover the posterior margin of the body, resembling the genus Discopoma in this respect. Ambulacra present on all legs, those of the first pair obvious, though smaller than the others. The fossulae pedales are sufficiently well developed, last pair without a separate groove for the reception of the tarsal segments (such as is found in Urodiscella and other genera). Metapodial line present, evanescent towards the middle of the body. Type species, Haluropoda interrupta sp. nov. In order to indicate the position of this new genus I have prepared a table based on the characters of the dorsal plates and on the presence, or otherwise, of ambulacra on the first pair of legs. Mr. Michael has published a synoptical table of the then known genera in his “ Notes on the Uropo- dinae” (49, p. 298), and more recently Berlese compiled a very useful table of the uropodid genera (12, p. 324). With regard to the ambulacra, Michael does not agree that their presence on, or absence from, the first pair of legs is a good method of dividing these genera, though “it may be preserved to differentiate smaller groups,” yet it is undoubtedly a useful character, and cannot, in my opinion, be overlooked in the grouping of the genera. First pair of legs without ambulacra— Marginal shield entire, fused with the central dorsal shield, : ‘ Culliba (Cullibano) von Heyd. Marginal shield interrupted, not covering the end of the dorsum. : Discopoma G. et R. Canestrini. Marginal shields absent, Phauwlocylliba Berl. First pair of legs furnished with ambulacra— Marginal shield interrupted, . . Haluropoda n. gen. Marginal shield entire, : . 'Uropoda Auct. Haluropoda interrupta sp. nov. (Pl. VIL, fig. 28a-c.) Mate(fig. 28~).— Length 866 to921p, breadth 716y. Colour light chestnut, shape sub-discoidal, produced to form the narrow anterior margin. Dorsal shield large, very finely punctured with small scattered hairs. The marginal plates are indistinctly punctured, and taper to a point at a little beyond the "For the distinctive characters of the genera allied to the Uropoda of Auct., see Berlese’s table (12 p. 325). They are Uroplitella Beri., Urodiscella Berl., Uroobovella Beri., Urodinychus Beri., and the myrmecophilous genera, Urotrachytes Ber/., and Trachyuropoda Berl. Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 89 third quarter of the body; in the cuticle of the uncovered part of the dorsum are about six pairs of hair-bearing pores ; there are also a few fine hairs on the posterior margin. Ventral surface (fig. 285) highly chitinized; in the epigastric region the metapodial line runs inwards from the margin of the body, immediately behind the last pair of leg pits, becoming evanescent towards the anal region. Leg pits well developed, consisting of single depressions in the integument The genital foramen lies between the coxae of the third legs, oval, occupied by two small crescentic plates, aperture pear- shaped. In the sternal plate on each side are three hair-bearing pores. Peritreme short, rising on the side margin of the body it runs along the mesopleural ridge, it then turns downwards for a short distance into the leg pit of the third leg. Tritosternnum hidden by the first coxae, basal piece rudimentary, stem with a small branch on each side beyond the middle, apex very finely branched. Legs, first pair unarmed, coxae with inner basal prominence and outer incised lamellar plates. Femur of second pair carrying the usual spur, as in Uropoda, and also a smaller spine beyond the middle, the patella has a small distal spine, and the tibia is unarmed. Femora of the third and fourth legs with the pointed lamellae usual in the Uropodidae. Ambulacra of first pair of legs reduced, thin at the base, strongly thickened at the apex, in which the small, stout claws are deeply imbedded, ambulacra of the three posterior pairs, much as in Cilliba (fig. 28c). The capitulum is broad and strongly convex below ; maxillary plate, one pair of long bristles in front and three pairs of short ones in the middle. Maxillary lobes small; central processes consisting of two adjacent rods, bifurcated at their extremities. Epistome long and narrow, base with a few strong spines, densely pectinate at the middle, and the apex appears to be forked. Chelicerae drawn deeply into the body cavity, small; fixed chela with rounded terminal hood, there is a small prominence on the middle of the blade; free chela much shorter witha tooth-like process half way between the middle and the terminal tooth, or there may be scarcely any trace of armature. Fremate.—Length 896u. Apart from the genitalia, the armature of the second legs, and a few other points the female strongly resembles the male. The genital plate is large (176, x 132), widely rounded in front and truncated at its hinder margin, coarsely granulated in front,and near the hinder margin there is a pair of minute hairs. The tritosternum differs from that of the male in having a large crown-shaped basal piece with strong lateral angles and a bluntly pointed central process. The ventral shield of the capitulum is less convex, with a pair of long hairs near the base of the maxillary lobes and three pairs of short hairs, arranged more or less in a line, behind these. 39 90 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Localities—Occurs commonly under stones on the sea-shore at and a little below high-tide mark, and also in salt-marshes.- Westport, g, and @ with eggs July; Mulranny, ¢ 2 and nymphs, September. I have found it in county Dublin at Howth and at Dollymount salt-marsh in November. Haluropoda minor sp. nov. (PI. VII, fig. 29a—d.) Mate (fig. 29a).—Length 614y, breadth 460. Colour reddish-brown, shape oval. Dorsal armature consisting of a long oval central plate, and two marginal plates, which leave a small part of the end of the body uncovered. Central plate with exceedingly fine punctures and also with very coarse punctures; there are at least three double rows of piliferous pores as well as some scattered hairs. Marginal plates long, coarsely granulated, tapering to obtuse extremities which almost reach the end of the central shield, on the outer margin there is a row of hairs. Uncovered end of the body with a few hair-bearing pores. Imbedded in the side margins of the body are a number of modified hairs very similar to the T-shaped hairs found in the genus Trachyuropoda. All the ventral plates are fused. Peritreme and leg pits very similar to those of the preceding species, hinder margin of last pair widely rounded. Genital area opposite the coxae of the third pair of legs, ovate, narrowed, and somewhat truncated in front (fig. 29d). Coxae of first pair of legs rather short, and strongly angled on the inner side, femur armed with a papilla, placed distally. The femur of the second pair carries a curved spur and in front of it two small round lamellae; there is a smaller spur on the patella. The third and fourth pairs, and the ambulacra, are of the usual uropodid type. Tritosternum, base small, main stem with a distinct branch near the middle on each side, extremity also branched. Capitulum short and very broad, there are three pairs of small spines on the ventral surface, the middle pair, placed slightly in front of the palp acetabula, are stout and spur-like, and two very long bristles stand close to the bases of the maxillary lobes. Epistome and chelicerae similar to those of the preceding species. Palps short and stout, ventral surface of first segment with a distal prominence and two bristles, one long and extremely finely spinous; second segment with about four stout spines; the third segment fig. 29¢) is armed on its inner surface with a sharply pointed spur, and behind this spur there is a long sabre-like bristle, dorsal surface with two long spines. On the fourth segment there are six or seven dorsal spines, two of these spring from large pores, and on the ventral surface one very long bristle. FEMALE (fig. 297).—Length 627, breadth 462u, closely resembling the Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 91 male in general structure. Genital plate very large, of a regular oval shape, except at the truncated hinder margin, surface coarsely punctured. Trito- sternum with crown-shaped basal piece, stem with a branch on each side, close to the base, extremity branched. The hairs of the maxillary plate are more slender. Palps as in the male except for the absence of the peculiar armature on the inner side of the third segment, in place of which there is a single small spine. The chief points in which the present species differs from the preceding, apart from size, are the longer marginal plates, the coarse puncturing of the epidermis, the presence of modified hairs on the side margins of the body, and, especially in the male armature of the third palp segment. Localities.— Westport, under stones on the sea-shore, nymphs and adults in July, and in a similar habitat at Mulranny, Co. Mayo, in September. Nymphs and adult males were also obtained from debris collected from old nests of Black-backed Gulls, and Puffins, on The Bills Rocks in June. I have also found it in company with the preceding species on the coast of county Dublin at Dollymount and Howth. Uropoda obscura (C. L. Koch) Berl. I have found the immature (nymphal) stage of this mite amongst moss at Tibradden, Dublin mountains, in the month of June. Uropoda tecta Kramer. Occurs in fungi in woods at Glendalough, county Wicklow, September. Uroobovella notabilis Berl. Found commonly in a nest of the ant Formica fusca in a decayed birch log at Glendalough in September; also at the Scalp and Powerscourt in county Wicklow. The specimens are a little shorter and broader than those described by Berlese (12, p. 338), the largest measures about 717u in length, by 588u in breadth. This species does not appear in Mr. Donisthorpe’s records of British myrmecophilous mites. Urodinychus ovalis (C. L. Koch), var. Thorianus Berl. Adult males and females of this fine species were found under bark in the Westport demesne in July. They are of a reddish-brown colour ; one of the examples measures 896m in length, therefore a shade smaller than the type. It is possible that the large specimens (950), recorded from Holland by Oudemans (74, p. 46), may be referable to this variety. Distribution.—Described by Berlese (6, p. 271) from specimens collected in Norway by Dr, Thor, 4 39 92 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. ° Urodinychus punctatissimus sp. nov. (Pl. VII, fig. 30a-0.) This species is allied to Urodinychus ovalis (Koch) with which it agrees closely in form, size, and in general structure. Female (fig. 30a) Length 614, breadth 486, shape oval, dorsum slightly convex. The entire surface of the body is exceedingly closely and minutely punctured, so that a fairly high magnification is necessary in order to make clear the individual punctures, and without a trace of the stronger puncturation present in U. ovalis. The dorsal shield is crowded with short hairs. Marginal shield very narrow, entire, with a row of widely separated hairs, inner edge weakly crenulate, there are no cross striations. Camerostoma small. Genital area (fig. 300) as in U. ovalis, pointed in front, surface of plate very minutely punctured. Ventro-anal plates com- pletely fused, studded with hairs, but not so thickly as the upper surface of the body. ossulae pedales and metapodia like those of U. ovalis, as figured by Berlese (1, Fase. xli, No.9). Peritreme with two loops, stigmal extremity directed inwards, with a post-stigmal continuation in the fossulae of the third legs. Locality. Achill Island, a single specimen in moss, November. Urodinychus campomolendina Berl. Under bark in the Westport district, July. I have found this species commonly under bark of decayed tree trunks in the Dublin and Wicklow districts. Distribution.—A widespread European species. Urodiscella philoctena (Trouess.). 1902. Uropoda philoctena 'Trouessart 96, p. 36. 1904, Berlese 12, p. d42. A single male example occurred in a nest of the small yellow ant Lasius flavus, in company with the following species, at Westport, Co. Mayo. M. Janet was the first to use the specific name “philoctena,’ accom- panying his reference to the mite is a sketch of a male Urodiscella attached to the strigil of an ant (Lasius mixtus). However, as he gave no description of the animal, the name remained a nomen nudum until Trouessart subsequently described the species. Janet's figure gives a very good idea of the under side of the male, except that the peritreme is not included. I have also found the male and female of this species in nests of Lasius flavus at Glendalough, and can state that the peritreme is similar in both sexes, It is shaped almost exactly like a note of interrogation, differing, in Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 93 this respect, from the figure of the female in Berlese’s “ Acari Mirmecofili”’ (12, pl. vi, f. 20). The measurements of the male are 495u x 407u, and of the female 517 x 429u. Distribution.—Italy (Portici, Silvestri) ; France (Beauvais, Janet, in nest of Lasius mictus); England (Weybridge, in nests of Lasius wmbratus, Donisthorpe). Urotrachytes formicarius (Lubbock). This beautiful species is the only one of the large, red, ants’ nest mites found in the district. It is common both on Clare Island and at Westport in nests of the yellow ant Lasius flavus. The male occurred in some of the nests. It is slightly smaller than the female, the length varying from 844u to 947u. The circular genital aperture is situated, in most specimens, opposite the third and fourth coxae, in others it is exactly opposite the third pair. Each chela of the mandibles is armed with a single strong tooth. Immature examples in the second nymphal stage were also found. This stage measures 768u in length, and very closely resembles that of Zrachywropoda laminosa, figured by Berlese (12, pl. xi, fig. 63), with a raised central ridge and three pairs of large depressions on the dorsum. The ventral surface is also very similar in the two species. Distribution —France (Luxemburg, Wasmann); England (Cornwall, Michael; Isle of Wight, Boxhill, Bradgate Park, Forth Bridge, and other localities, Donisthorpe in “ Entom. Record,’ xxii, xxiii). Berlese remarks that he has not found this species in Italy. Trachyuropoda coccinea (Michael). This species occurs commonly in uests of the ant Formica fusca in the eastern parts of Ireland, as at Scalp, Powerscourt, Glendalough, and Howth, yet I could find no trace of it in the Clare Island district. The variety sinuata Berlese, lives in nest of the same ant at Glendalough, and no doubt in many other localities. Trachyuropoda lamellosa (Can. et Berl.). 1877. Trachynotus troguloides Can. et Fanzago 25, p. 62. 1884. Uropoda laminosa Can. et Berl. “ Atti. Soc. Ven. Trent,” ix, p. 6. 1884. Uropoda lamellosa Berl. 1, Fase. xiii, n. 1. 1894, Glyphopsis lamellosa Michael 49, p. 309. 1904. 7. laminosa Berl. 12, p. 360. T. celtwea Halbt. 31, Tallaght, County Dublin, many females and a few males found in nest of the ant Lasivs niger on the bank of the Dodder in April; has also occurred with Lasius flavus, on Lambay Island. R.I.A. PROG., VOL. XXX1. N 39 39 94 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. The ants’ nest mite, described and figured as this species by Canestrini and Berlese in the references 1, 12, 25, does not altogether agree in the sculpturing of the dorsum with the mite recorded from the above-mentioned localities. However, Mr. Michael has taken a similar species in England, and he informs me that his specimens were referred to the present species by Canestrini, so that we must accept this identification of the British form, unless the latter represents a local variety of the species. Has been found in Luxemburg, France, Bohemia, Italy and Britain. Dinychus tetraphyllus Berl. A single specimen occurred amongst moss in the Westport district in July. Quite a short description of this curiously formed mite was published by Berlese (5, p. 247). | More recently Tragardh has given a very iull account of the species with some good drawings of the nymph, male, and female (88, p. 450); it is a rich brown oval-shaped creature, and may be recognized by the four blade-like hairs placed on a narrow transverse plate close to the hinder margin of the body, a little in front of these is another row of four longer and more slender spines. sae Distribution—Sweden (Sarekgebirge, Tragardh); Italy (under rotten wood and also, though more rarely, in moss, Berlese). Family LABIDOSTOMMATIDAE. Labidostomma cornuta (Can. et Fanzago). 1877. Nicoletia cornuta. Canestrini et Fanzago 25. Achill and Westport districts, not uncommon in moss on trees, and under bark, during September. I have also found it in pine woods in counties Dublin and Wicklow where it was noticeable enough on account of its bright orange colour. There are two recorded European species of this curious genus which, as regards its systematic position, has long been a trouble to acarologists. Descriptions and figures of both of these species may be found in Berlese’s work on Italian Mites (1). JZ. cornuta is said to differ from ZL. lutea, Kramer, in being larger, and the front corners of the fore body are produced into sharp points. Canestrini and Fanzago’s figure of Z: cornuta (Tav. I, fig. 2) shows these very clearly. ‘The Irish specimens that I have seen agree well with Z. cornuta except in the matter of size, the length being about 700p. In the original description the length is given as 1000y, and according to Clare Island Survey—Acarinidu. 39 95 Berlese it may reach a length of 1200u. JZ. lutea has been recorded as a British species (47A and 28C), but the figures accompanying the records resemble the present form. Distribution.— Probably widespread in Europe (Germany ; Hungary, 33; Italy ; Britain). Sub-Order IXODOIDEA. Family [IXODIDAE. Ixodes ricinus (Linn.). The common tick is abundant throughout the district, especially so amongst grass and heather in wooded districts. One example occurred on a young rat. I have noticed that in the south and west of Ireland this species is more abundant-and is much more liable to attack man than it is in the eastern parts of the country. Distribution.—Europe; Asia ; N. Africa; N. America; &c. (Neuman 54). Eschatocephalus vespertilionis (C. L. Koch). A female of this species found on a bat in the Edenvale Caves in County Clare has been identified by Professor Nuttall. I am informed by Dr. Scharff that the host was the Lesser Horse-Shoe Bat (Ahinolophus hipposideros), a local species of which a number were found hanging from the roof of one of the inner caves during the month of April. Aryas vespertilionis (Latvr.). I have seen specimens of this tick obtained off the Pipestrelle Bat in County Longford, and it has also occurred at Blarney in County Cork. Sub-Order ORIBATOIDEA. Family ORIBATIDAE. Pelops acromias (Herm.). Clare Island, Achill and Westport district. Not uncommon in moss and rotten wood, also swept off furze bushes and pine trees. Distribution—Vhroughout Europe. Pelops fuliginosus UC. L. Koch (P. laevigatus Nicolet). Delphi in moss; the Bill Rocks off Clare Island in debris from nests of sea birds; June. Distribution—A widespread European species. N2 39 96 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Pelops phaenotus C. L. Koch. Slopes of Croaghpatrick in sphagnum, October. Distribution. —Germany ; England; Italy. Oribata sphagni Michael. Local. Croaghpatrick, amongst moss on stones in a small stream on the lower slopes of the mountain, July; also a few specimens amongst wet sphagnum, at about 600 feet, in the same locality in October. The Croaghpatrick specimens measure about 330m in average length. Mr. Michael points out that the pseudostigmatic organs are hidden in this species occasionally, however, these organs are extended. They are small with a very slender stalk and large globular head. There are two fine, widely separated, interlamellar hairs. On the abdomen there is a marginal row of fine hairs and a few pairs are present on the dorsum of the animal. Distribution.—Germany (Sellnick); England (on sphagnum, Michael) ; Scotland (Evans). Oribata gracilis Michael (var. major Berlese). The Lill Rocks, in debris from old nests of gulls and puffins, June; Achill, under bark, September; Delphi, in moss; Mulranny, on the sea-shore, in September. Berlese has described and figured, from Irish specimens, a variety of this species (var. major) which is larger than the typical form measuring 520u-640u in length, and the pseudostigmatic organ is “longe fusiformibus, subplumosus” (7, p. 29). The above recorded specimens are possibly to be referred to this variety. They measure from about 520u to 539u in the length of the body, the pseudostigmatic organs are long and fusiform, suluewhat bent at the base and their extremities are finely spinous. Distribution.—Iltaly ; Holland (in decaying leaves, Oudemans); England (in moss on trees, Michael) ; Scotland (Evans). Oribata mollicoma C. L. Koch. A tew specimens found in moss on Croaghmore mountain, Clare Island, also on Achill Island, and in the Westport district (Croaghpatrick, &e., in sphagnum). Distribution.—Finland (Nordenskiéld) ; Swedish Lapland (Sarekgebirge, Tragardh); Germany; England ; Scotland, Clare Islund Survey—Acarinida. 389 97 Oribata alpina sp. nov. (Pl. VIII, fig. 32a, 5). The following short description refers to an apparently undescribed species of Oribata which is common enough in the mountain districts of the County Mayo. It is unknown to Mr. Michael, to whom specimens were sent, and it does not appear to agree with any of the European species of this genus described since the publication of the “Tierreich” volume treating of the Oribatidae. The species may be compared with Oribata mollicoma C. L. Koch, to which it is allied in general structure. It is, however, much larger and of more robust build and the hairs of the notogaster are shorter, other differences are also noticeable. The measurements are: length 716u, breadth 512u. Colour pitchy black with a lighter patch on the front of the body. The texture of the epidermis is dull, due to the extremely fine and close punctuation of the surface of the body. Cephalothorax rather narrow, rounded at the extremity. Lamellae a pair of broad blades ending in stout bluntly pointed cusps, which are bent downwards, and are separated by a cup-shaped hollow. The translamella is a narrow band. As in the case of O. mollicoma the end of the lamellar region reaches far forwards so that the frons is very short. The prostigmatic organ is moderately long with a stout stem and weakly clavate extremity, directed upwards. Interlamellar hairs widely separated, long, and finely setose. Notogaster globular with a double row of marginal hairs and there are also three or four pairs on the back of the animal, these hairs are rather stout, finely setose, and are much shorter than in 0. mollicoma. Front margin of the progaster gently rounded, sloping back- wards towards the side marvins. Pteromorphae normal, not produced in front. Legs long and rather stout. Mouth parts of the usual type. This species may be easily separated from Oribata Edwardsi by the much greater length of the lamellae. Localities. —Clare Island, in moss on Croaghmore mountain, August; Lough Fenagh, in sphagnum, October; Delphi, in moss, August. Oribata Edwardsi Nicolet. Clare Island, Achill, and the Westport district. Rather a common species in moss and under bark from March to October, and doubtless throughout the year. Also on the Dublin mountains and apparently widespread in Treland. Distribution. — Finland; Sweden; Germany; France: Italy; and Britain, 39 98 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Oribata lapidaria H. Lucas. - Westport, common under stones on the shore of Clew Bay, and swept. off plants ; Castlebar under stones on the lake-shore. Distribution —F inland to Africa (Algeria). Oribata globula Nicolet. Not uncommon. Clare Island, in moss: Achill, in rotten wood and on decayed fir cones; Mulranny, under stones on the sea-shore. Distribution.—A widespread species ranging from Finland to Algeria. - Oribata orbicularis C. L. Kock A few specimens of an Oribata apparently referable to this species, or perhaps to a variety of it, were found under stones on the sea-shore at Mulranny, County Mayo. The shape is broader and stouter than in typical O. orbicularis. In this respect it agrees very closely with a mite described from Swedish Lapland under the name of 0. monticola (88). In that species, however, the lamellar and interlamellar bristles have very distinct secondary hairs, while in the Mulranny form these are minutely setose. As the species is a somewhat critical one it seems best to record these specimens as above. Distribution.—Finland to Ltaly. Oribata piriformis Nicolet. A few specimens in moss from Knappagh Wood near Westport, August. Distribution.— Europe. Oribata fuscipes C. L. Koch. Westport, one specimen in sphagnum at Coolbareen Lough, July ; and a few under stones on the shore of Clew Bay. Distribution. — Finland (Nordenskidld); Germany; ?North America- (Michael); England (Epping Forest, Michael); Scotland (Forth Area, Evans). Oribata setosa C. L. Koch. Achill Island, swept off conifers; Mulranny sandhills; Westport, common on furze, and in sphagnum. The Ivish specimens vary considerably in size and in the shape of the lamellae. The cusps of the latter are produced at the outer angle, but not so markedly as in the form figured in “British Oribatidae ” (plate vu, fig 3), which doubtless represents an extreme form of the species. The prostig- matic organs vary in structure, in a number of specimens, obtained off furze, Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 99 they are shorter with compactly clubbed extremities, in other specimens these organs are more drawn out. In addition to the marginal hairs there are five or six pairs of hairs on the dorsum of the animal. Distribution—A widespread European species ranging into the Arctic Circle (Franze-Joseph Archipelago, Spitzbergen, Michael). Oribata quadricornuta Michael. Evidently a local species in the district. Westport, on furze, July; Mulranny, under stones on the sea-shore in September. Distribution.—F inland ; Germany ; Holland; Algeria; Britain. Oribata ovalis C. L. Koch. =< Abundant in moss. Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district. Distribution—Common and widely distributed in Europe. Oribata dorsalis (C. L. Koch). Mulranny, under stones on the sea-shore, and on the banks of stream flowing from the Curraun lakes, September; var. Jongiplumus Berlese, common under bark in the Westport demesne, July. The specimens are referable to two recognizable forms. In one of these the pseudostigmatic organs are shorter, closely resembling 0. alata vay. integer Berlese in this respect. I cannot say, however, that the specimens are identical with this variety as they do not seem to agree in the other characters mentioned by Berlese. The second form is a little larger, and the pseudostigmatic organs are very long and strongly recurved, hair-like and exceedingly finely setose at their extremities. This form is probably the same as Berlese’s 0. eliminatus var. longiplwmus, which is described and figured in the same paper (7, p. 30, pl. 1, figs. 21, 22). In none of the Irish specimens that I have seen are the pseudostigmatic organs sufficiently short and clavate to enable one to refer them to typical O. alata (Herm.) as this is figured by Berlese (1, Fasc. lxxviii, N. 9) and other acarologists.’ Distribution.—This species has an extremely wide European range. 1 Since these notes were written I haye received from Dr. Berlese a paper dealing with the alata group of the genus Oribata. (Acari Nuovi, Manipulus ix, Redia, x, 1914.) A re-examination of the Mayo specimens confirms me in the belief that the form with long recurved, pseudostigmatic organs is O. longiplwmus, now established as a species by Berlese. ‘The only ditference is that the transverse line dividing the cephalothorax from the abdomen is wanting in the Irish specimens, but Berlese figures a variety (myrmophilus) of this species in which this line is evanescent. The form with shorter and more clavate pseudostigmatic organs is not integer but O. nervosus, Berl. recorded from Norway, North America, and South Africa. Specimens of this form, found on the sea-shore at Mulranny, measure about 653 « in length by 486 u in breadth. 389 100 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Oribata cuspidata Michael. Clare Island, Achill, and the Westport district. This small and variable species is abundant in the district especially amongst sphagnum on the mountains (Croaghmore and Oroaghpatrick). On Achill Island it was found amongst fallen pine needles in September. Distribution.— Finland ; Germany ; Sweden; Italy. Oribata Lucasi Nicolet. Achill, one specimen found under bark of a fir tree, September. This specimen is very small measuring only 374 in length. Michael gives the average length of this species as 600. A second Irish example which I found on Lamibay measures 550 p. Distribution.—Finland (Nordenskiold); Germany (Sellnick); Holland, (Oudemans) ; France; Algeria; Britain. Oribata fusigera Michael. Achill, on furze, September; Croaghpatrick, on sphagnum, October ; Westport, at Coolbareen Lough, on sphagnum. Distribution. England (in moss, Michael, Common amongst sphagnum at Gibside, Hull); Scotland (livans). There is an unrecorded example of this species in the museum collection found some years ago on Lambay off the Dublin coast. Oribata parmeliae Michael. Common under lichens growing on granite rocks on the sea-shore at Howth, county Dublin. Recorded by Michael from an exactly similar habitat in Cornwall. Scutovertex sculptus Michael. The Bill Rocks, 9 miles off Clare Island, in old nests of gulls and puffins, June; Mulranny, abundant under stones on the sandhills in September. Distribution—Germany (Sellnick); Kngland and Algeria (Michael); Scotland (Evans). Scutovertex bilineatus Michael. Westport, under stones on the sea-shore a little above high-water mark in July. Distribution—Russia (“in subsaline algae,’ Oudemans); England (“ aquatic, on fresh-water algae,” Michael). Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 101 Scutovertex corrugatus Michael. Mulranny, common under stones on the sea-shore at high-water mark in September. Distribution.—According to Tragardh this interesting species is identical with Hremaeus lincatus Thorell (88). It has therefore an extremely wide range in north-western Europe i.e. Siberia, Novaya Zemlya, Spitzbergen, Baren Insel, Sweden, and Sellnick records it from the Faroes. In Britain it was first discovered by Mr. Bostock at Puffin Island, North Wales, “ crawling on fresh-water algae (Prasiola stipitata and Cladophora fracta), where the fresh water was dripping over the rocks close to the sea, but not where the sea would come” (48). At Mulranny it was most abundant under stones where a small stream flows into the sea at the head of Ballacragher Bay, but it was by no means confined to the fresh water. Scutovertexr maculatus Michael. Has been found on the shore of Lambay off the Dublin coast (81). Cepheus bifidus Nicolet. Westport district, a few specimens found amongst moss at Knappagh Wood in August. Distribution—Finland (Helsingfors, in damp pine forests, Nordens- kidld); Holland, in decaying leaves (Oudemans); France; Britain. Cepheus tegeocranus (Herm.). Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district, in moss. Distribution—Finland to Algeria. Tegeocranus latus (C. L. Koch). Achill Island, abundant under bark of decayed fir trees in company with its curiously formed nymph, September. Distribution.—Similar to that of the last species. Carabodes elongatus (Michael). Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district. Frequent in moss. Distribution.—Vhere are few records of this species, it is widespread, however, having been recorded from Italy, Algeria and Britain. Tragardh has described a variety, swbarctica, from Swedish Lapland (88). Tegeocranus marginatus Michael. Abundant amongst lichens on the Portmarnock sandhills. January. R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI, O 39 389 102 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Tegeocranus labyrinthicus Michael. Under lichens growing on rocks by the sea-shore at Howth, Co. Dublin. This species must be recorded with reserve as the specimens found in this locality are not quite typical. Liacarus coracinus (C. L. Koch). Clare Island, in moss, March. Has also been found under bark at Bray Head, Co. Wicklow, in May. Distribution—Finland to Algeria. Liacarus ovatus (C. L. Koch). Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district. The Achill specimens occurred in rotten wood and amongst pine needles, September. Distribution.—Germany ; Holland: France; Italy; Lritain. Notaspis bipilis Herm. Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district. Distribution—A common and widely distributed species ranging from Novaya Zemlya to the extreme south of Europe; Siberia. Notaspis exilis Michael. Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district. Distribution.—Probably equally widely distributed as the preceding species. Notaspis venustus (Berlese). (Pl. VIII, fig. 33 a-0.) There is little doubt that a Notaspis found commonly on the sea-coast at - Mulranny is to be referred to this species, originally described from Norway by Dr. Berlese under the name of Ovibatula venusta. The extremely short description is as follows:—“Testacea. Facies O. calypterae Berl., sed multo maior abdomineque magis rotundato. Organa pseudostigm. bene clavata. Pteromorpharum rudimenta ut in 0. calyptera. Ad 600 p long.; 400 p lat.” (14, p 8). A figure of the dorsal aspect of the animal appears in a subsequent paper (10, p. 229, Taf, xx, fiz. 70). The species differs from allied forms in the shape of the body, the lamellae, and the pseudostigmatic organs. The Irish examples vary but little in size and shape (fig. 33a), the length is about 539 uw, and the breadth 341,, therefore slightly smaller than the Norwegian specimens. The form is broadly ovate, shoulder flaps very pronounced, a little more so than in WV. similis, the end of the body is slightly Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 103 pointed in most specimens, and there are four pairs of small markings, rather like gland openings, near the margin of the abdomen. Hair armature short and sparse. Cephalothorax broad and bluntly pointed, lamellae long and rather broad, widest at the distal extremity, their hairs are strong and finely spinous, and spring from the outer angle of the lamellae; translamella absent, or extremely faintly marked; interlamellar hairs widely separated. The prostigmatic organs are rather short, with distinctly clubbed, and finely setose, extremities (fig. 330). Front tibia armed with a prominence and tactile hair. Locality.—Mulranny, common on the sandhills and under stones on the sea-shore near high-water mark in September. Notaspis similis Michael. Clare Island, The Bill Rocks, Achill, Delphi and the Westport district, common in moss. Distribution.—Finland; Holland; Britain. Notaspis lucorum (C. L. Koch). Common in moss. Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district. Distribution.—Spitzbergen to Italy. Notaspis oblonga (C. L. Koch). Achill Island, in moss and amongst fallen pine-needles, September ; Westport (Knappagh Wood, in moss). Distribution.—A widespread species, l’inland to Italy. Notaspis lacustris Michael. Mulanny, in sphagnum pools, September; Delphi; Croaghpatrick at about 600 feet, in sphagnum, October. Distribution.— Finland; Germany ; Holland; Italy; Britain. Dameosoma lanceolata (Michael). Clare Island; Achill; Westport (Croaghpatrick, 600 feet, in sphagnum, October). Distribution.—Holland (Oudemans); England (in moss, Michael); Scot- land (Forth area, Evans). 1 have also found this species in Dollymount saltmarsh, Co. Dublin, in October. O 2 39 104 Proceedings of the Royal Lrish Academy. Dameosoma splendens (C. L. Koch). Achill, several specimens in moss, September. Distribution Scandinavia (Tragardh) to Italy. Dameosoma clavipectinata (Michael). Achill Island, in moss, September. Distribution.—Not known. Finland (Nordenskiéld); Lapland (Tra- gardh); England (Michael); Scotland (Evans). Suctobelba trigona (Michael). Westport (Croaghpatrick, 600 feet, in sphagnum, October). Distribution.—Italy (frequent in moss, Paoli, 76); England (Michael) ; Scotland (Evans). Damaeus clavipes (Herm.). Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district. Evidently a fairly common mite in moss throughout the district, which seems poor in the species of this genus. Distribution —F inland to North Africa (Algeria). Damaeus geniculatus (L.) C. L. Koch. This common species occurs at Lambay and other localities in the Dublin and Wicklow districts. Damaeus vertilicipes Nicolet. Westport (Knappagh Wood, several in moss, August). Distribution —Finland; Germany; Holland; France; Britain. Hermannia convexa (C. L. Koch). Clare Island, Achill and Westport district. Common in moss and under bark. Distribution.—Sweden; Germany; Holland; France; Britain. Hermannia scabra (L. Koch). (H. nodosa Michael.) The Bills Rocks, in old nests of sea-birds, June; Mulranny, abundant under stones on the sea-shore just above high-water mark, September ; Westport, on shore, July. Distribution. — Finland (under wood on the sea-shore, Nordenskiold) ; Siberia and Novaya Zemlya (L. Koch); Germany (Sellnick); Sweden; England (Michael) ; Scotland (Evans). Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 105 Hermannia reticulata Thor. Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district. Distribution. — Evidently a widespread species in northern latitudes, Novaya Zemlya; Spitzbergen; Baring Island; East Greenland; Holland ; Britain. Hermannia bistriata (Nicolet). Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district. Common in moss. Instribution.—A widespread European species. The specimens recorded as fH. carinata Kramer, from Lambay (81) are to be referred here. Hermannia nanus (Nicolet). Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district. The commonest species of the genus, occurring in moss in all parts of the district. Dstribution.—Finland to Italy. Nothrus sylvestris Nicolet. Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district. Distribution.— Finland (Nordenskiold) to Algeria (Michael). Nothrus palustris C. L. Koch. Clare Island, in moss, October; Achill, adults in moss and nymph under bark, September ; Westport (Knappagh Wood, a few in moss, August). Distribution.— Widespread. Finland to Italy. Nothrus spinifer C. L. Koch. Clare Island, a few specimens in moss gathered on Croaghmore mountain, July. I have also found this species on Lambay and under bark of decayed fir trees at Glendalough, Co. Wicklow. Distribution.—Germany ; France; Italy; Algeria; Britain. Nothrus bicarinatus C. L. Koch. Achill Island, under bark and amongst fallen pine needles, September. Distribution—Germany ; Holland; France; Italy ; Britain. Nothrus segnis (Herm.). Clare Island, in moss, adult in March, nymph in July; Achill, in moss ; Mulranny, in moss, and off conifers, September. Iisvribution— Widespread. Finland to Italy. 389 196 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Nothrus invenustus Michael. Not uncoinmon under lichens growing on large boulders on the south shore of Howth, near the Baily lighthouse, county Dublin. Nothrus horridus (Herm.). The nymphal form has been found on Lambay, county Dublin. Nothrus teleproctus (Herm.). Abundant under stones amongst heather on Lambay and also at Howth, county Dublin. Malaconothrus glaber (Michael). Westport, common on the slopes of Croaghpatrick in wet sphagnum, October. The statement that the cuticle of this species is “ smooth, but not shining, without any reticulations ” (48, p. 520) must be understood in a comparative sense. Ina note received from Mr. Michael he remarks “the word smooth in my description (British Oribatidae) must be taken only as compared with reticulated. I give ‘not reticulated’ in a bracket as the equivalent and explanation of ‘smooth.’ When there is an entire absence of all punctures and granulations I use the word ‘polished.’” It seems worth emphasizing this point as in one or two recent descriptions of allied continental species it seems to have been misunderstood. As a matter of fact in the present species both the cephalothorax and the abdomen are exceedingly finely punctured, and there are also numerous light-refracting punctures. Malaconothrus was introduced as a new sub-genus by Berlese with Il. egregia as the type species, it would really seem to be worthy of generic rank on account of the structure of the legs, and also of the pseudostigmatic area. Berlese gives a very short diagnosis which is as follows “ Organa pseudostigmatica setula nulla vel inconspicua aucta. Pedes curti, erassiusculi, tarsis apice spinis validis armatis ”’ (7). Distribution.—England (amphibious, in moss and sphagnum, Michael) ; Scotland (Evans). An allied species M. sphagnicola, Tragardh, has been recorded from Swedish Lapland (88). Malaconothrus tardus (Michael). Clare Island (Croaghmore), and on Croaghpatrick. Evidently rather a common species in sphagnum in both of these localities. In these specimens the anterior side corners of the. abdomen are almost square and do not form rounded projections. This refers, however, to dead specimens, and Mr. Michael remarks im Jit. that in these the appearance of Clare Island Survey— Acarinida. 39 107 projecting rounded anterior corners to the abdomen is lost. The notogaster of this species is finely punctured and interspersed with larger punctures, and there is a marginal row of six hairs. Distribution —England (Cornwall, on lichen growing on granite rocks, Michael). Malaconothrus monodactylus (Michael). Clare Island in sphagnum, August; Westport, common amongst sphagnum on Croaghpatrick, October. The cephalothorax of this curious species is distinctly granular, and the abdomen is finely punctured with numerous larger punctures. The hinder margin is rather more acuminate than it is figured in “ British Oribatidae ” (48). Distribution.—England (on moss and sphagnum, Michael); Scotland (Evans). An allied, if not identical, species M. globiger Traégardh has been described from Swedish Lapland (88). Lohmannia insignis Berl. Found associated with Springtails (Lipura ambulans) attacking the roots of Kidney Beans in a Dublin garden during the month of June (Carpenter 27). Hypocthonius rufulus C. L. Koch. Common in moss on Clare Island and Achill, and in the Westport district. Distribution. Finland to Italy. Brachychthonius brevis (Michael). A few examples of this minute species were found amongst sphagnum moss on the slopes of Croaghpatrick in October. This genus was recently described (10, p. 219) by Berlese with Hypoc- thonius brevis as the type. In the same reference three new varieties of the species are briefly described. The Croaghpatrick specimens agree with the typical form as described by Michael (48, p. 539). The pseudostigmatic organs have the extremities strongly fusiform and setose. In addition to the rostral hairs there are two other pairs of hairs on the cephalothorax of this species. An anterior pair in a position which corresponds to that of the lamellar hairs of the typical oribatid and the other pairs springs from a prominence immediately in front of the pseudostigmata. The Irish specimens measure from about 200u to 2104 in length, by 135 in breadth. Distribution —Italy (Berlese); England (Michael); Scotland (Evans); Lapland (Sarekgebirge, var. Japponwa 'lragardh). 39 108 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Hoploderma magnum (Nicolet). Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district. Abundant in moss, amongst fallen pine needles, and under bark. Distrvbution.— Germany ; Holland; France; Britain. Hoploderma dasypus (Ant. Duges). Clare Island, Achill, and Westport district. Common Distribution.—Finland to North Africa (Algeria). Phthiracarus arduus (C. L. Koch). Clare Island, in sphagnum and under bark. Distribution.—Finland; Germany; Holland; Britain. Sub-order SARCOPTOIDEA. Family HYADESIDAE. Hyadesia fusca (Lohm.). 1894. Lentungula fusca Lohmann 48, p. 86. 1899. L. fusca Canestrini and Kramer 26, p. 156. 1901. Z. fusca Michael 51, p. 196 (reference). 1907. H. fusca Lohmann 45, p. 368. A number of specimens were found amongst coralline seaweeds in rock- pools on the coast of Clare Island in July, with sea mites of the genus Rhombognathus. This would appear to be the first recorded occurrence of this marine species on the coasts of Britain. It is closely allied to H. algivorans, deseribed by Michael (51) from brackish water on the coast of Cornwall. Lohmann separates the two northern’ species as follows :— Stalked claw of the first leg very small, much shorter than the strong end claw of the fifth leg segment; claw of the first pair of legs much shorter than that of the second pair; claw of the last pair of legs without adjacent tooth at the base. Length of female 380u, . . LH. algivorans (Mich.). Stalked claw of the front legs only a little shorter than the strong end claw of the fifth leg segment ; claw of the first two pairs of legs of about equal length. Length of female 530u, . : : Hf, fusca Lohm. Apart from its larger size H. fusca may also be known by the presence of a narrow chitinous plate on the front margin of the body, and the palpus has only two free segments. The Clare Island specimens agree in every respect with H. fusca except that they are a shade smaller. ‘ Two other species are found in the southern ocean, i.e., H. uncinifer Mégnin at Tierra del Fuego (47), and H. kerguelensis Lohmann amongst algae on the coast of Kerguelen (45). Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 89 109 There seems to be no doubt that the genus Lentungula is synonymous with the previously described genus Hyadesia notwithstanding the fact that the latter was described from an immature form. The general structure, and especially of the peculiar claw armature, puts this fact beyond doubt. Con- sequently as H. wneinifer Mégnin is the type species the name of the family (or sub-family if preferred) must be changed accordingly. Distribution—H. fusca has been recorded from the coasts of the North Sea (Heligoland), and the Baltic (Riigen, Kiel). Family TYROGLYPHIDAE. Glycyphagus domesticus de Geer. Tyroglyphus siro (Linn) Gervais. Tyroglyphus longior Gervais. Specimens of these three common and widely distributed species were found in the Westport district. Tyroglyphus Wasmanni Moniez. A few specimens, in the hypopial nymph stage, were found on ants in a nest of Lormica fusca at Mulranny, Uo. Mayo, in the month of September. As far as I can ascertain this is the first definite record of this ants’ nest mite from the British Isles. The specimens agree closely with Mr. Michael’s excellent description and figures of the hypopus of this species, except that the shape is more regularly oval and the end of the body is not truncated ; however, the slightest pressure would cause a change in the shape of this delicately organized creature. There is also a pair of small suckers on the first pair of epimera. With regard to the occurrence of this interesting species in Britain Mr. Michael remarks: “I am not quite sure that it is found in Britain—I have a strong impression that it is so” (51). As long ago as 1881 Mr. Parfit found the early stages of an acarus on the abdomen and antennae of ants in a nest near Exeter, in all probability this was referable to the present species, which was not described until 1892 (Entom. Mo. Mag. xviii, p. 43). Distribution.—In natural nests of Lasius fuliginosus in Holland, and in artificial nests at Prague (Wasmann). Four additional species of Tyroglyphidae have been found in Ireland. They are— Histiostoma rostro-serratum Mégnin. A few specimens found in company with other tyroglyphid mites attacking decayed bulbs, Dublin, January. R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. P 39 39 110 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Histiogaster corticalis (Michael), in a bulb of Hippeastrum (Carpenter, Inj. Tnsects, Econ. Proc. R. Dublin Soc. i, p. 603). Carpoglyphus anonymus (Haller). Specimens of this mite were found feeding on jam, Dublin, June. Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Fumouze et Robin), a common and destructive species, occurring in various kinds of bulbs, and in decayed potatoes. Sub-Order THROMBIDOIDEA. Family EUPODIDAE. Eupodes variegatus C. L. Koch. The Bills Rocks off Clare Island. in refuse from old nesting sites of sea-birds, June. Distribution.—Germany ; Italy; and Britain. Rhagidia terricola (C. L. Koch). Common under stones on the Mulranny sand-hills in September. Distribution —Enurope (Berlese). Rhagidia halophila (Lab.). There is referred to this species a rather large Rhagidia, which was found under stones partly embedded in sandy mud, &c., and also running with great speed on rocks, between tide-marks, on the shore at Mulranny in September. It was recorded by Moniez in his paper on marine mites and insects under the name of Norneria halophila Lab. His remarks concerning its habits apply excellently to its occurrence on the Irish coast, and are worth repeating: “Nous avons assez souvent trouvé sous les fucus cu sur les pierres que recouvre la marée, un Acarien d'un beau rouge que nous avons aussi rencontré hors de la portée des eaux de la mer, sur la falaise, ou méme a l’intérieur des terres, dans des stations variées, toujours un peu humides. Il est remarquable par son extraordinaire agilité et par les mouvements circulaires qu'il décrit volontiers; il est de nature fort délicate et on l’endommage facilement en le voulant prendre ” (52). As the species has not been satisfactorily described the following notes on its structure may prove useful. The Irish specimens (female) measure as much as 1280 in length; breadth 640. Colour during life, orange. The length of the mandible from its base to the tip of the fixed chela is about 352n, Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 111 breadth 1544; length of free chela 1434. Body of the mandible with an evenly rounded base, not truncated; both chelae are without teeth, but under a high magnification the edge of the free chela is seen to be very minutely serrated. Palps rather large, length about 363; dorsal surface of the segments armed with long bristles as follows :—Second segment, two widely separated bristles; third, three bristles, middle one the longest ; fourth, with nine long setose bristles. Distribution.—Coast of France (Moniez). Penthaleus ovatus C. L. Koch. Mulranny under stones on the sea-shore, September. Identified from a single specimen of which the colour during life was not noted. It agrees, however, with Berlese’s description and figures of this mite (1, Fase. lx, n. 2), except in size. The Italian specimens are recorded as measuring 400u, while the Mulranny example is 640, in length, not including the rostrum. Distribution.— Germany ; Italy ; Britain. Halotydeus hydrodromus (Berl. et Trouess.) var. albolineatus nov. The genus Halotydeus was founded by Berlese in his work on Italian mites (1, Fase. Ix,n. 10). ‘The type species is H. hydrodiomus, one of the littoral mites discovered by Trouessart on the coast of France and recorded in a joint paper with Berlese in 1889 (17). The genus may be readily distin- guished from Notophallus by the six segmented legs, and the terminal position of the anal foramen. The form here recorded is in all probability a variety of the type species from which it differs noticeably in colour. Berlese describes, and figures, the colouring of 1. hydrodromus as follows :— “Color corporis nigro olivaceus, macula dorsi media rufescenti, pedibus rostroque cinnabarino roseis. Oculi albo micantes.” In the Irish specimens the ground-colour of the body is black with a longitudinal white stripe along the middle of the back, this line widens out a little at each end and extends on to the cephalothorax. ‘lhe legs and mouth organs are bright red. The following is a short description of this variety :— Length about 800u; shape and general structure as in the type. Cephalothorax with three pairs of hairs. There is a shoulder bristle, a double row of a few hairs cn the dorsum, and there are about five pairs of hairs grouped on the posterior third of the animal; all of these hairs are straight and finely spinous. Second palp segment stout, very strongly P2 39 112 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. arched, with two spinous hairs: third segment much smaller with three stout bristles; end segment short and conical with a terminal row of bristles consisting of a stout, strongly pectinated hair and immediately over this a row of four shorter flexed spines, which are pectinated only at their bases. Palps as figured for H. hydrodromus (1, Fase. lx, n. 10) except that the movable claw is more strongly bent. Berlese figures three pairs of hairs on the lower face of the capitulum though he remarks: “ Capitulum setis duabus simplicibus auctum.” In the present form there are two, strongly pectinated, hairs in this position. Localities—Under stones between tide-marks on the sea-shore at Mulranny, Co. Mayo. On more than one occasion large colonies of adults and young forms were found under stones partly embedded in mud well below high-water mark. I have also observed this species running about on rocks exposed by the tide at Malahide on the Dublin coast in company with other littoral mites. Family BDELLIDAE. Bdella capillata Kramer. 1881. Kramer 37, p. 446. 1891. Berlese 1, Fase. lix, n. 6 (var. Berleset Tragardh). 1902. Tragardh 85, p. 17. Clare Jsland in rock-crevices between tide-marks on the sea-shore ; Mweelaun (a wave-swept rock) ; Louisburgh and Westport districts. An interesting point concerning this species is whether the ordinary form found under stones, &c., is identical with the form occurring between tide- marks on the sea-shore. In his paper on the littoral species of Bdella, Tragardh describes two shore-frequenting varieties of this species, 2.e., var. pallipes and var. pallipediformis. I have found examples of B. capillata in both habitats, and cannot say that they differ in any respect, although it is not unlikely that one or other of these littoral varieties may occur on the Irish coast. The following is a short description of the essential characters of the form here recorded; it applies equally to specimens found inland and on the sea-shore. Length, including rostrum, from 2 to 250mm. The measurements of the last four palp segments are about 473, 99u, 1874, 4754. Grouped towards the end of the second palp segment are five bristles, four of these are arranged in pairs, the proximal half is without bristles, ventral side with only one bristle, which is placed near the base; third segment, one bristle ; fourth with four bristles. In dorsal view the fifth palp segment carries about twelve bristles, and there is a group of three others on its extremity; they Ya = Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 113 are arranged much as in Tragardh’s figure of B. littoralis (85, pl. i, fig. 1). As Kramer points out in his description of B. capillata, the central one of these terminal hairs about equals half the length of the segment, and is a little longer than the others. Upper side of mandible with eleven or twelve pairs of hairs, and on the ventral side of rostrum there are four pairs. Distribution.—Scandinavia ; Germany ; Italy ; Britain. Bdella longirostris (Herm.) Lam. Mulranny, Westport, Castlebar, and probably throughout the district. This brightly coloured yellow, black, and red mite is well figured by Berlese (1, Fase. xlv, n. 6). It was found commonly in a variety of situations, on sand-hills, under stones on the banks of mountain streams and on more than one occasion in sphagnum pools. Distribution.—Germany ; France ; Italy; Britain. Bdella vulgaris (Herm.) Koch. _ Common. Clare Island, in moss from Croaghmore ; Mulranny; Croagh- patrick amongst sphagnum, October. Distribution—Scandinavia; Germany; France; Italy ; Britain. Bdella decipiens ‘l'horell. 1871. B. decipiens 'Yhorell 81, p. 699. 1890. B. vulgaris vay. littoralis. Moniez 52, p. 196. 1902. B. decipiens Tragardh 88, p. 21. Clare Island, in rock crevices between tide-marks ; Mulranny, abundant under stones between tide-marks at Bellacragher Bay in September. As a result of a careful comparison of the shore-frequenting Bdellas Dr. Tragardh gives his reasons for believing that they are all to be referred to two species, of which one is the present species, and that it is probably a variety of Bdella vulgaris (85, p. 23). Distribution.—Has been found on the Siberian coast; also in Sweden and Spitzbergen. Cyta latirostris C, L. Koch. Mulranny, a few specimens found under stones on the sand-hills; The Bill Rocks, in sea-birds’ nests ; Westport district. Distribution —Apparently a common European species ranging from Finland to Italy. 39 114 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Family RAPHIGNATHIDAE. Cryptognathus lagena Kramer. 1879. Kramer, “ Arch. f. Naturgesch.” Jahrg., xlv, p. 156. 1882. Haller 30, p. 313. 1885. Berlese 1, Fasc. xxii, n. 9. Westport, a single specimen found amongst moss from Knappagh Wood in July. This is a beautiful and easily recognized species. It is a bright scarlet mite of long oval form, with a transparent chitinous collar which projects from the anterior end of the body and partly encloses the capitulum. The skin is finely punctured and is also distinctly reticulated. An excellent figure of the species is given by Berlese in the above reference. Distribution.—Germany (Kramer and Haller); Italy (Florence and the Apennines, Berlese). Bryobia praetiosa CU. L. Koch. Abundant under stones on the Mulranny sand-hills, and under refuse on the shore near Westport. Distribution—A common European species. Tetranychus telarius (L.) Duges. The common “red spider” is an abundant species in gardens in Dublin and elsewhere in Ireland. I have noticed it in swarms on violets during the month of October. Family ERYTHRAEIDAE. Actineda vitis (Schrank) Berlese. Clare Island and the Westport district ; a common species on plants in woodland localities. Distribution.—Widespread in Europe, also found in South America (Berlese). Family RHYNCHOLOPHIDAE. Rhyncholophus regalis U. L. Koch. Clare Island, under stones on hills, July; Westport district. Distribution. — Widespread in Europe. Rhyncholophus nemorum CU. L. loch. Westport district ; Mweelrea mountains, June to September. Distribution.—Germany ; Italy ; Britain; &e. Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 389 115 Rhyncholophus rubripes Trouessart. 1889. R. mineatus var. rubripes Berl. et Trouessart 17 ; see also Trouessart 90, p. 754. 1889. Moniez 52, p. 196. Westport and Mulranny, locally common on the sea-shore, July and September. This brightly coloured mite is a denizen of the sea-shore where it may be found under stones and running actively on rocks exposed by the receding tides below high-water mark. During life the body is red with darker markings on the back, the legs and mouth parts are of a bright red. The length of the Irish specimens ranges from about 10244 to 1434u, and the breadth is 8704. The shape varies, as a rule the shoulders are well marked, and the end of the body is more or less truncated. The abdomen is set with a comparatively dense covering of rod- like hairs, those of the fore-body are shorter and somewhat adpressed. The cephalothorax is bluntly pointed in front ; form of the crista as is usual in the genus, median rod rather broad, frontal sensory area with eight or nine stout bristles (average length 50) in front of the two long sensory hairs. Palps long and very stout, last segment with a stout, club-shaped appendage which extends a little beyond the tip of the terminal claw, apex covered with strong curved bristles. The legs are long and robust, tarsus of the first pair not very strongly arched, its length is about 175, breadth 90,. Distribution.—Coasts of France and the British Isles. ‘he mite described from the Scotch coast under the name of Ritteria hirsutus George (“The Naturalist,’ 1910, p. 182), is to be referred to the present species. At Malahide on the Dublin coast I have found it abundantly, in company with Hydrogamasus Giardi, on rocks studded with the small acorn-shell Lalanus balanoides well below high-water mark. Trouessart observed it under similar conditions on the French coast, and remarks of the former species: “Ce Gamase vit en commensal sur Balanws balanoides.” Rhyncholophus mineatus (Herm.), Berl. Found in the Westport district. Distribution.— Widespread in Europe. Rhyncholophus norvegicus Sig. Thor. 1900. Ritteria norvegica Sig. Thor., Norges Rhyncholophidae, Christiania Vid.-Selsk. Forhandl. No. 3. I am inclined to refer to this species a Rhyncholophus which was found not uncommonly in the Westport district during April and May. It does not seem to agree with any one of the species described from Germany or Italy by acarologists, 39 116 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. It is a robustly built species ranging from 2,200 to 2,380u in length, and the breadth is about 1,300. The cephalothorax is sharply pointed in front and, in most specimens, there is but little demarcation from the abdomen. Thor describes the crista as follows:—“ The ecrista lies in the centre of an oblong, thinnish, chitinized plate (something as in the case of R. vertex Kramer). The actual linear-shaped crista widens posteriorly in a diamond or circular shape with two hair pores and extends anteriorly into the promi- nent chitinized edge where there are from 7 to 9 smaller hairs and behind these at the edge of the crista the usual two large hair pores.” Rhyncholophus tardus sp. nov. (Pl. VIII, fig. 34a-d). The following is a short description of a slender-legged Rhyncholophus which was found under stones on the sea-shore at the head of Bellacragher Bay, near Mulranny, in September. It does not appear to have been previously described. The shape of this mite (fig. 34a) is long oval, rounded at both extremities ; the length, including apex of crista, is about 1,638u, breadth 844u. Colour orange red. There is only a sparse covering of hairs; on the anterior parts of the body these are short and curved, on the posterior margin they are more Closely set, longer, and all are minutely spinous (fig. 340). The cephalo- thorax is indistinctly marked off from the abdomen by a slightly convex groove. Eyes minute, consisting of a single lens on each side. ‘lhe crista (fig. 34¢) is a slender rod in the centre of a very thin chitinous plate; distal sensory area of the usual triangular shape, sharply pointed, with two long sensory hairs, and immediately in front of these is’a single, forwardly directed hair which reaches a little beyond the anterior end of the body. Proximal sensory area as usual in the genus. The legs are slender and rather weakly developed ; the first pair are considerably shorter than the body, with elongate tarsi (length 195, breadth 65), which are but little swollen on their dorsal margin somewhat resembling Thrombidium in that respect; the lengths of the four pairs are approximately as follows :—1078p, 594, 650, 891. The shape of the rostrum and palps is shown in dorsal view (fig. 34d). Rhyncholophus sabulosus sp. nov. (Pl. VIIi, fig. 35a, b.) The following are some comparative notes on a small species of Rhyncho- lophus which was found not uncommonly on the Mulranny sandhills, County Mayo, during the month of September. It is a noticeable species during life on account of its bright red colour. The general structure closely resembles that of the preceding species (R. tardus). Shape oval, rather elongate (fig. 35a), Size smaller. Length, Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 89 117 including the apex of the crista, about 960, breadth 506. Hair armature sparse and slightly more setose than in &. tardus. The crista is of an exactly sunilar type, with only one hair in the front of the anterior sensory area, the latter is less acuminate, and the rod of the crista is decidedly shorter. The leg measurements are approximately as follows :—605y, 385y, 407, and 594; they are comparatively shorter and more robust than in R. tardus, and the tarsi (length 140y, breadth 65,2) of the first pair of legs are noticeably less elongate (fig. 35d). Smaris expalpis (Herm.) Koch. S. impressa Koch, 34, Fasc. xv, fig. 1. 1882. S. impressa Haller 30, p. 314. 1887. S. expalpis Berlese 1, Fasc. xxxix, n. 2. Clare Island (Creggan Lough, June): Mulranny, September; Westport district (Belclare, June). This interesting mite is of decidedly aquatic habits and seems to be especially fond of sphagnum pools, at least this is so in the Clare Island district. A few fully grown specimens were found during the month of June, and immature examples were met with in September. I have also collected this species from a pond on the bank of the River Corrib near Galway, as well as in other parts of Ireland. Distribution.—Scandinavia; Germany; France; Italy; Britain (Dr. George records it from Lincolnshire, 288). Family THROMBIDIDAE. Eothrombium siculum Berl. A single specimen occurred amongst moss near Lough Fenagh in October. The measurements of this specimen are smaller than those recorded for the species by Berlese (16, p. 40). The length of the body is about 742u; length of tarsus 165 by 66 (dorsal view) ; length of tibia 110y. There is a rather sparse covering of somewhat adpressed spines ranging in length from about 45u to 60. Berlese separates this species from the allied #. echinatum chiefly on account of its smaller size and more slender legs. In all probability the Lough Fenagh specimen is an immature example of the present species. Distribution.—Sicily (Palermo, in moss, Berlese). Podothrombium bicolor (Herm.). A single specimen found in the Westport district in April. Smaller than the type form as described by Berlese (13, p. 68), and possibly to be referred to a variety of the present species. The measure- ments are length of body 1690, breadth, 9724; length of tarsus 385y, R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. Q 39 39 118 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. breadth of same 132u, length of tibia 330u. In the leg measurements it approaches nearer to Berlese’s variety cisalpinum, but the tarsi are longer. Distribution.—Central Murope (Berlese 16). Podothrombium filipes (Koch). Mulranny, under stone on the sea-shore, September. In all probability the single specimen found in the above locality is to be referred to a variety of the present species, though the record must be made with reserve until more specimens are found. According to Berlese’s table of the species of Podothrombium it would appear to belong to the macrocarpum group, but the great length of the legs inclines me to believe that the specimen may be a variety of P. filipes. The size of the creature and the structure of the palps, &c., also agree with that species. The measurements are as follows :—length of the body about 1460u; the length of the first pair of legs is about 20481; length of tarsus 506u, breadth 1104; length of tibia 516y. Distribution.— Norway and Germany (Berlese 16). Microthrombidium valgum George. (PI. VIII, fig. 36.) Slopes of Croaghpatrick in wet sphagnum, also in sphagnum pools at Mulranny and Louisburgh, July to October. This species is allied to I. pusillwm Herm., it was described under the name of Oftonia valga a few years ago by Dr. George (“The Naturalist,” 1909, p. 423) from a specimen found by Mr. Evans at Aberfoyle. The following is a short description of the Irish specimens :— The length varies from 717 to 9474. The colour is red. Shoulders prominent, front margin concave, and the body is strongly narrowed posteriorly. Cephalothorax very small; crista a thick chitinous rod, widened in front to form a lobe-like extremity which projects slightly beyond the front margin of the animal. ‘he eyes are placed immediately in front of the proximal sensory area and quite close to the crista. air vestiture rather dense, consisting of moderately long (25 to 30) bristles, these are thickened at the middle, and sharply pointed, with strong secondary hairs. Palps stout, appendage of fourth segment short and very broad, rounded at its extremity with a number of long bristles, all of which are spinous, with the exception of one terminal hair; external spine absent; dorsal comb distinct, consisting of about eight bristles. Legs shorter than the body, tarsus of first pair, in side view, of an oblong shape, a little more than twice as long as broad (155, by 70u); length of tibia about 90,. I am indebted to Dr. George, and also to Mr. Sheppard of the Hull Museum, for a loan of the type specimens of this and the following species. Clare Island Survey— Acarinida. 389 119 Microthrombidium ramosum (George) var. similis nov. (Pl. VIII fig. 377.) This well-marked form is allied to M. sucidwm (C. L. Koch), but differs from it in the shape of the body papillae. A description, with figures, was published by Dr. George in “The Naturalist ” for the year 1909. Apparently the Irish form, of which a single specimen was found amongst moss on Clare Island (June), differs from the type in the shape of the body hairs, and in other details. The measurements of this variety are as follows:—length of the body, including cephalothorax, 1126u, and the breadth is about 6404. General structure as in Microthrombidium. Crista normal. Iyes placed on the lateral outline of the cephalothorax. The hair armature is very peculiar. The shape of these hairs varies in different parts of the body, on the cephalothorax, and the humeral regions—they are, mostly, pointed bristles all very strongly spinous. Elsewhere on the animal the hairs have thickened extremities, reaching their greatest development, in this respect, on the hinder region of the body, where they are distinctly clavate with four, five, or six pointed lobes or teeth at their extremities. The average length of these hairs, especially on the hinder margin, is about 404. The palps are short, length about 300; fourth segment wide at the base, and its appendage is large (45 by 25p), near its base is a strong “inferior spine.” The legs are robust: length of first pair about 7164; tarsus sub-cylindrical widest near base, lencth 250n, breadth (on side view) 90u, length of tibia 125n. In this variety the tessellated hairs are less closely set than in the type; they are not quite so clavate, and the extremities are less deeply branched. The appendage of the last palp segment is shorter (in MW. ramoswm it measures 60u by 25). Microthrombidium spinosum (Can.). A specimen of this distinct species was found amongst moss on the north- east cliffs of Clare Island in September. All the measurements of this specimen are a little smaller than those recorded by Berlese (16, p. 157), there is no doubt, however, that it is to be referred here. There are two kinds of body spines, one kind having distinct secondary hairs, and the other is plain and sword-like. Distribution.—Norway ; Italy; Britain. Microthrombidium simulans Berl. Found in the Westport district in April. This species may be recognized by the strongly fusiform body hairs. There is only one stout external spine near the appendage of the last palp segment. Here again the Irish specimens are smaller than the Italian. 39 120 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Distribution.—Norway, and a variety (trispinwm Berl.) has been described from Germany (16). Microthrombidium calycigerum Berl. Found in the same locality as the preceding species. This species is remarkable for the peculiarly modified body hairs. These are very strongly clavate and finely setose, with a septate extremity, and though of similar type throughout, they vary considerably in length in different parts of the body. All of these hairs spring from beautifully formed stellate bases. The form of the body of this species is rather elongate, the Irish specimens varying in length from 1433, to about 1800, breadth about 1000u. The length of the first tarsus is 330, breadth, 115, thus agreeing closely with the measurement given for this species by Dr. Beriese. On the last palp segment there are five stout spines arranged along the outer side close to the appendage. Distribution.— Norway. Microthrombidium subrasum Berl. Clare Island, a single fully grown specimen found in June. A species having an extremely dense covering of almost globular, papilla- like hairs. The measurements differ only slightly from those of the type form. Distribution —Germany ; Italy ; Britain. Sericothrombium holosericeum (Linn.). Clare Island, Achill Island, and the Westport district. Distribution—Found throughout Europe. [| Thrombidium (2) fucicolum Brady. Under this name Brady has described an acarid which was ‘“ washed from among the roots of Algae gathered between tide-marks in Roundstone Bay” (19). In a later reference (20) he changes the name to Zhrombidiwm Juscum, and remarks that it was subsequently ,found in fresh water. The Trish localities mentioned are “ Bog-pools near Clifden (Connemara), ditches (slightly brackish) near Newport (Mayo), Kinny Lough (Donegal).” The description of this acarid is unsatisfactory and leaves many points in doubt so that the true identity of the creature does not appear to have been settled. The rough figure accompanying the original description somewhat suggests one of the sub-aquatic oribatid mites. It certainly does not belong to the genus Thrombidium.] Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 121 Family HALACARIDAE, Rhombognathus setosus (Lohm.). Clare Island, one specimen found amongst coralline seaweeds in July. Distribution.—Recorded by Lohmann from the Baltic (strand and littoral regions to a depth of 19 métres, 44). Rhombognathus notops (Gosse). Slare Island, a few examples amongst coralline seaweeds, July. Distribution.—Atlantic (ranging as far north as Greenland, 44). Baltic. Rhombognathus pascens (Lohm.). Clare Island, common in coralline seaweeds and in Lithothamnion, July ; Blacksod Bay, on shore during March (Irish Fisheries Station W. 189). Elsewhere on the Irish coast at counties Dublin and Cork. Distribution.— Atlantic, North Sea, and Baltic. Littoral regions down to 46 metres (44). Rhombognathus Seahami (Hodge). Clare Island, in coralline seaweeds and in Lithothamnion, July ; Blacksod Bay, in Lithothamnion (Irish Fisheries Station W. 235). Has also been found on the east coast at Howth and Sandycove in February and March. Distribution.— Similar to that of the preceding species. With regard to the relative numbers in which the species of this genus occur I may mention that of 80 specimens obtained from a small quantity of coralline seaweeds, 66 are referable to R. pascens, 10 to R. Sechami,3 to R.notops, and 1 to R. setosus. Halacarus (Halacarus) actenus Trouess. Clew Bay, nymph dredged in 24 fathoms in May (Irish Fisheries Station W. 84); Blacksod Bay, adult male in March, and nymphs in weed from the shore, September (Irish Fisheries Station W. 234). Has also occurred adult on a Holothurian at Portmarnock, on the Dublin coast, in February. Distribution.—Atlantic, evidently a widespread species in both the northern and southern oceans, occurring as far south as Kerguelen. Littoral region down to 500 métres. R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. R 39 39. 122 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Halacarus (H.) ctenopus Gosse. Recorded as occurring on weeds between tide-marks at “ Westport and Birterbury Bays” and at the “ Isles of Aran (Galway Bay).” (Brady 19.) Distribution. —Littoral region of north-western Europe down to 64 métres (44), and as far west as the Bermudas (45). Halacarus (H.) Basteri (Johnst.). H. spinifer Lohmann 40. Clare Island, nymph amongst weed on the coast in August (Irish Fisheries Station W. 281); Blacksod Bay, female, with eggs,in March, and nymphs in September. Has also been found at Ardfry on the Galway coast in May (nymph), and on our eastern coast at Howth and Sandycove. Distribution.—A widespread species, occurring in the Baltic, North Sea, English Channel, and the Atlantic, with a variety (afinis, Trouess.) in the Mediterranean. Halacarus (H.) Southerni sp. nov. (P]. VIII, figs. 38a, 5). This species belongs to the balticus group of Halacarus, and in some respects resembles H. floridearum Lohmann. It differs from the allied species in the small size, in the form of the body, the armature of the first pair of legs, &c. The inner spur of the third palp segment is very small. _ FEMALE (fig. 38a).—Length about 385, breadth 240u. Hyaline, with the eyes and a median spot, black. Form very broad, sub-ovate, fore-body produced in a broadly rounded extremity covering most of the capitulum. Side margins indented only at the origin of the third pair of legs, with one shoulder bristle. Dorsal plates rather weakly chitinized and finely punctured. Frontal plate rounded posteriorly ; eye-plate oblong and bluntly pointed ; hinder dorsal plate long and tongue-shaped; its front margin is truncated, and lies quite close to the frontal shield. Capitulum (length, including rostrum, 165p, breadth 75), with the hinder margin somewhat truncated, and the sides are rounded; rostrum of a rather broad, triangular form, its apex does not reach the end of the second palp segment. The third palp segment is armed with a minute inner spur. Legs moderately long and robust, first and second pairs of very similar structure. The length of the first leg (fig. 38D) is about 350, dorsal surface of third segment strongly humped before middle, with a pair of distal hairs ; fourth segment with one ventral and three dorsal hairs, and near the former is a strong spine; fifth segment with two long hairs in addition to the Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 123 terminal pair, ventral side armed with three pairs of hairs, of which the first is much shorter than the others; end segment stout, with a dorsal hair, two terminal hairs, and a short ventral spine. Locality—Vwo specimens were dredged in Clew Bay at a depth of 24 fathoms on a bottom of gravel and shelly sand, 25th May, 1909 (Irish Fisheries Station W. 84). Halacarus (H.) areolatus sp. nov. (Pl. VIII, fig. 39a, 0). The present species is evidently allied to H. floridearum much more so than the preceding form. The much broader frontal plate and the differently sculptured genital area may be noted. ‘The type specimen was unfortunately injured during preparation, so that Iam unable to give exact measurements. Mate—A small species, shape rather long and narrow, and with a weakly chitinized armature. Front margin of the body broad and truncated. ‘There is only one shoulder bristle. First dorsal shield very broad, rounded posteriorly, though in an immature specimen, which possibly belongs to this species, the hinder margin is slightly emarginate. Second dorsal shield tongue-shaped, with a broadly truncated front margin, separated from the first shield by a very narrow space, in which lie two small hair-bearing plates. The eye-plates are rather small and of an oblong shape. Genito-anal plate large, its front margin reaches well in front of the last pair of leg acetabula ; area genitalis semi-circular, with numerous hair pores, which are rather widely separated ; at the sides of the porous area there is present a group of from twenty to twenty-four distinct areolations in the epidermis (fig. 39a). Capitulum large, basal part very broad and finely punctured; rostrum moderately long, apex not quite reaching the end of the second palp segment. Third palp segment with a strong inner spine. Legs long and slender, and of fairly uniform thickness; the following hair armature applies to the first pair :—third segment, 2 dorsal and 3 ventral hairs; fourth segment, 2 dorsal and 2 ventral hairs; fifth segment, 6 ventral hairs, of which the proximal pair are spur-like, and 4 dorsal hairs; end segment, 1 dorsal and 1 ventral hair, the latter is short and spine-like (fig. 590). Locality —Found amongst seaweeds on the shore of Blacksod Bay in September (Irish Fisheries Station W. 234). Halacarus (Copidognathus) gracilipes Trouess. Blacksod Bay, slightly immature, March; in the same locality both adults and nymphs were found in weed on the shore (Irish Fisheries Station R2 39 124 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. W. 233), and adults were dredged in four fathoms during the month of September (Irish Fisheries Station W. 232). This beautifully sculptured species is evidently not uncommon in Blacksod Bay, the only Irish locality in which it has been found. Two varieties have been described by Trouessart; apparently the Irish specimens belong to the typical form. Distribution.—Littoral and abysmal regions, to a depth of 1410 métres, Trouessart (95). North Sea (44) Atlantic; Mediterranean (92). Trouessart has recorded it from the English coast. “ Cétes d’Angleterre, iles Silly (sur une préparation communiquée par M. Brady, confondue avec Halacarus ctenopus)” (91). Halacarus (C.) gibbus Trouess. Clew Bay, adults dredged in 24 fathoms on gravel and shelly sand, May (Irish Fisheries Station W. 84). A variable species, of which no fewer than five distinct forms have been deseribed by ‘l'rouessart (92, &c.). The Irish specimens were all dredged in the one locality, and in spite of their small size they appear to me to belong to the type form. At least they possess the sharp frontal process of the dorsal shield, the longer legs, strong lamellae, and the capitulum is distinctly swollen at the sides. The measurements are about 400m in length, by 2424 in breadth. Distribution.—Has been recorded from the North Atlantic (French coast, aud the Azores 91, 44), with varieties in the English Channel, Mediterranean, South Pacific, and in the Indian Ocean (45). Halacarus (C.) oculatus Hodge. Blacksod Bay, dredged in four fathoms, September (Irish Fisheries Station W. 232). Has also been found in Malahide Inlet on the Dublin coast, July, and in Kinsale Harbour in from two to five fathoms, May (Irish Fisheries Station R. 45). Distribution—Apparently a widespread species. Baltic; North Sea ; Atlantic (coasts of Britain, and as far south as Kerguelen in the South Atlantic, Lohmann, 45). Trouessart records it from a depth of 1410 métres (95). Halacarus (C.) rhodostigma Gosse. Blacksod Bay, adult dredged in three fathoms, March (Irish Fisheries Station W. 181). Additional localities on the Irish coast are—Valencia Clare Lsiand Survey—Acarinida. 39 125 Harbour in from seven to nine fathoms, August (Irish Fisheries Station W. 196), and Kinsale Harbour, two to five fathoms, in weeds during May (Irish Fisheries Station R. 45). Distribution.—North Sea; English Channel; Atlantic. Littoral region down to 58 métres (44). Halacarus (C.) tabellio Trouess. Has been found in rock-pools at Malahide and Howth on the Dublin coast. Halacarus (C.) lamellosus var. septentrionalis nov. (Pl. VIII, figs. 40a,d). There seems no doubt that two examples of a Halacarus dredged in Clew Bay are to be referred to a variety of H. lamellosus, Lohmann, and in all probability represent a northern form of this species. Matz (fig. 40a). Compared with the typical form as described and figured by Lohmann (41) the present variety is much larger (length 396y-410,, breadth about 242). The marginal lamellae of the third segment of the first pair of legs are greatly reduced, or are absent. This segment is also relatively longer, about equalling the fifth segment in length. There is only a faint trace of a lamella on the corresponding segment of the second pair of legs. ‘The lateral extremities of the leg segments are strongly produced, as in the type form. Length of first leg (fig. 400) about 330u; there are two short spines and a fine hair on the under surface of the fifth segment. The extremity of the last palp segment is about on a level with the end of the fourth segment of the first pair of legs, in the typical form it evidently overreaches it considerably. The second dorsal shield is narrower and of more uniform breadth throughout ; it is very long, truncated in front, and almost touches the posterior margin of the first dorsal shield. Locality.—Clew Bay, County Mayo, dredged in 24 fathoms on a bottom of gravel and shelly sand, 25th May, 1909 (Irish Fisheries Station W. 84). Hf. lamellosus has been recorded by Lohmann (44) from the Atlantic littoral (Bermudas, mouth of the Amazons), and from the Pacific Ocean (Sydney). Trouessart has also recorded it as having been dredged on Lnthothammon coralloides in the English Channel (Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue). The specimens from the last-mentioned locality are without leg lamellae and possibly belong to the present variety (94). Halacarus (C.) Fabricii (Lohm.) Blacksod Bay, the nymph and adults were found amongst weeds on the shore during September (Irish Fisheries Station W. 234). Elsewhere on the 89 126 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Trish coast it has occurred at Ardfry in Co. Galway, in from one to three fathoms during May (Irish Fisheries Station A. 134); and also at Malahide and Howth on the Dublin coast in February and June. Distribution.—Littoral region down to 318 métres (44). Atlantic ‘widespread) ; Baltic. Scaptognathus Trouessarti sp. nov. (Pl. VIII, fig. 41a, 5.) For the single example of this interesting species | am indebted to Mr. R. Southern, who found it amongst material dredged in from 19 to 20 fathoms in Dingle Bay on a bottom of fine gravel during the month of August (Irish Fisheries Station W. 260). The habitat probably corresponds with the very similar ground in Clew Bay (gravel and shelly sand, 24 fathoms) where H. actenus, H. Southern, H. gibbus, and H. lamellosus were found. The species is undescribed, and I have much pleasure in naming it in honour of Dr. Trouessart who has kindly compared my drawings of the creature with his types of S. tvidens and S. Hallezi. It is evidently intermediate between these two species, the only hitherto known representatives of this peculiar genus. The following characters will serve to distinguish the three species of Scaptognathus. Size larger, total length exceeding 700 p. Capitulum very large, more than half the breadth of the body; end of the second palp segment terminating on its under side ina long, slender spine,’ which is bent sharply downwards; the extremities of the two strong apical teeth are widely separated. Total length of the animal 750p . ; . S. tridens Trouess. Capitulum much smaller, slightly less than half the breadth of the body ; apex of the second palp segment (in dorsal view) ending in a small bluntly pointed lobe, armed with a long fine hair; a long setiform bristle springs from the underside of the seg- ment; both of these hairs are directed inwards ; the extremities of the strong apical teeth le almost in the same plane. Total length about 71l6y. . ; . SS. Trovessarti sp. nov. Size smaller, total length 450,. Capitulum much as in S. 7’rouessarti, but its sides are more evenly rounded ; end of the second palp segment without a long inwardly directed hair, instead of which there is a short hair on its outer extremity ; ends of the two strong teeth separated. S. Hallez Trouess. ' Corresponding with the “‘ apophyse olécranienne ’’ of Dr. Trouessart’s paper on this genus (92). Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 127 Apart from the smaller size of the capitulum the present species is apparently more closely allied to 8. tridens than to S, Hallezi. It resembles the former species in size, and in the sculpturing of the dorsal and ventral plates, especially of the first and second epimera. The front margin of the body is very distinctly truncated, and the genito-anal plate is vase-shaped, with pronounced anterior corners; in the latter character it would appear to differ from both of these species. In the size and shape of the capitulum (length 286, breadth 138,), it closely resembles S. Hallezi, but the side margins are rather distinctly angled immediately in front of the basal constriction. The second palp segment is armed as indicated in the preceding table, but there is also on its underside, close to the apex, a stout ventrally directed process, which is not visible when the animal is seen from above. Trouessartiella falcata (Hodge). Blacksod Bay, nymph and adult in September. Distribution.—Littoral and abysmal regions (44), Baltic, North Sea, and Atlantic, ranging into the Antarctic Ocean (to a depth of 385 métres, 45). Simognathus sculptus (Brady). Clare Island, the larva, nymph, and adult occurred commonly on Lithophyllum wmerustans on the shore during the month of July. The adult has also been found in rock pools at Portstewart in October. The six-legged larval form of this remarkable species measures about 330 in length, including the capitulum and rostrum. It has a comparatively large frontal shield shaped much as in the adult, and there is a small oval plate at the end of the body. Apparently the frontal plate does not alter much during the development of the creature, as the plate armature of the first nymphal stage (length 614u, breadth 307) is practically the same as in the larva. Note.—The type specimens of the new species and varieties described in this paper are preserved in the National Museum, Dublin. 39 128 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. BIBLIOGRAPHY. A great many of the papers in the following bibliography are essential for the identification of the terrestrial and marine Acarina of these countries. So that, as well as supplying a convenient form of reference for the present report, this bibliography may also be of use to students, as it contains many important papers which have recently appeared on European mites. The works of Koch, Berlese, Michael, and others in the numbers 1, 13, 16, 34, 48, and 51 are of great use. Mr. A. D. Michael has*kindly supplied me with a note of the contents of one paper (17) which was not accessible :— BERLESE, A. :— 1 Acari, Myriapoda et scorpiones hucusque in Italia reperta. Patavii, Florentiae, 1882-1892. Ibid., Ordo Mesostigmata (Gamasidae), 1882-1892. Ibid., Ordo Prostigmata (Thrombidiidae), 1882-1893. Tbid., Ordo Cryptostigmata (Oribatidae), 1882-1896. Acari nuovi, Manipulusi. “ Redia” i, 1903. Acari nuovi, Manipulus 11. “ Redia” i, 1903. Acari nuovi, Manipulus ili. “ Redia” ii, 1904. Acari nuovi, Manipulus iv. “Redia” ii, 1905. Acari nuovi, Materiali pel “Manipulus v.” “ Redia” ii, 1905. 10 Acari nuovi, Manipuli v-vi. ‘“ Redia” vi, 1910. 11 Acari nuovi, Manipuli vi—vili. “ Redia” ix, 1913. 12 Acari mirmecofili. “ Redia ” i, 1904. 13 Monografia del Geneve Gamasus Latr. “ Redia” in, 1906, oe ow bo ~“I qo Oo mM 14 Elenco di generi e specie nuovi. “Redia” v, 1908. 15 Lista di nuove specie. “ Redia” vi, 1910. 16 Thrombidiidae. Prospetto dei generi e delle specie finora noti. “Redia” vili, 1912. BERLESE, A., et EH. TROUESSART : 17 Diagnoses d’acariens nouveaux ou peu connus. Bulletin Biblio. scientifique de l'Ouest, 1889. BuLaTHWaAYT, L. : 18 Some common species of the Gamasidae. Journ. Micros. and Nat. Science, 1889. Brapy, G.S.: 19 A Review of the British Marine Mites, with Descriptions of some new Species. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870. 20 Notes on British Freshwater Mites. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1877. Clare Island Survey—Acarinida, 39 129 CANESTRINI, G. : 21 Acari nuovi o poco noti. Atti Ist. Veneto, 1883. 22 Prospetto dell’ acarofauna italiana. Atti Soc. Veneto-Trentina. Padova, 1885-1899. CANESTRINI, G. et R.: 23 I Gamasi italiani. Monografia. Atti Soc. Veneto-Trentina, viii, 1882. 24 Acari italiani nuovi o poco noti. Atti Ist. Veneto, viii (5), 1882. CANESTRINI, G., et F. FANzAGoO: 25 Intorno agli Acari italiani. Atti Ist. Veneto, iv (5), 1877. CANESTRINI, G., and P. KRAMER: 26 Demodicidae und Sarcoptidae. Das Tierreich, 7 Lieferung. Berlin, 1899. CARPENTER, G. H.: 27 A new Irish Mite, Lohmannia insignis, Berlese. Irish Nat., xiv, 1905. GEORGE, C. F.: 28a Lincolnshire Mites. Epicrius. The Naturalist, 1906. 288 Lincolnshire Mites. Rhyncholophidae. The Naturalist, 1907. 28c Some British Earthmites. Labidostomma lutewm Kramer. The Naturalist, 1912. Goss, P. H.: 29 Notes on some new or little-known Marine Animals. Ann. Nat. Hist., xvi (2), 1855. HAuLier, G.: 30 Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Milbenfauna Wiirttembergs. Wirttemb. Naturwiss. Jahresb., xxxvili, 1882. Hasert, J. N.: 31 Acarina of Lambay. Irish Naturalist, xvi, 1907. 32 Clare Island Survey. Acarinida. Section I.—Hydracarina. Proc. Roy. Ivish Acad., xxxi, 1911. 2 KARPELLES, L. : 33 Bausteine zu einer Acarofauna Ungarns. Math. Termész. Kdozle- mények, xxv, 1893. Kocu, C. L.: 34 Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden. Regensburg, 1835-1844. R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI, 8 39 89 130 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Kocn, L.: 35 Arachniden aus Siberien und Novaya-Semlya. Kongl. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., xvi, 1878. KRAMER, P.: 36 Zur Naturgeschichte einiger Gattungen aus der Familie der Gamasiden. Arch. f. Naturg., Jahrg., xlii, 1876. 37 Ueber Milben. Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Naturwiss., Bd. (vi) liv, 1881. 38 Ueber Gamasiden. Arch. fur Naturg. Jahrg., lxvili, 1882. LeonarpI, G. : 39 Nuove specie di Acari trovate a Portici. 1899. Loumany, H.: 40 Die Unterfamilie der Halacaridae Murr. und die Meeresmilben der Ostsee. Zool. Jahrb. Syst. iv, 1889. 41 Die Halacarinen der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebn. Plankton Exp., ii, 1893. 42 Bemerkungen zu den auf der Holsatia-Fahrt 1887 gesammelten Halacarinen. Bericht Komm. deutschen Meere, vi, 1893. 43 Lentungula fusca, n.s. eine marine Sarcoptide Wiss. Meeres Untersuchungen von der Biol. Austalt auf Helgoland i, 1894. 44 Fam. Halacaridae. Das Tierreich, 13 Lief., 1901. 45 Die Meeresmilben der deutschen Siidpolar-Expedition, 1901-1903. Deutsch. siidpol. Expedition ix. Zool. i, 1907. 46 Uber einige faunistische Ergebnisse der Deutschen Siidpolar Expedi- tion, unter besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Meeresmilben. Schrift. Nat. Ver. Schleswig-Holst. xiv, 1908. Mfenin, P.: 47 Note sur un Acarien de la Terre de Feu, Hyadesia uncifer. Mission scientifique du Cap Horn, vi, 1889. Micwakt, A. D.: 474 On two species of Acarina believed not to have been before recorded a as British. Journ. Queckett Micros. Club, vi, 1880. 48 British Oribatidae. Ray Soc., London, 1883-1887. 48a On the Association of Gamasids with Ants. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, xliii, 1891. 49 Notes on the Uropodinae. Journ. Roy. Micr. Soe., xxxu, 1894. 50 Oribatidae. Das Tierreich. 3, Lief. Acarina. Berlin, 1898. 51 British Tyroglyphidae. Ray Soc., London, 1901-1903. Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 89 131 Montez, R.: 52 Acariens et Insectes marins des Cotes du Boulonnais. Rev. Biol. du Nord de la France ii, 1889. 53 Acariens observés en France (Premiére List). Rev. Biol. du Nord de la France, i, 1890. NeEuMANN, L. G.: 54 Ixodidae. Das Tierreich. 26 Lief. Acarina. Berlin, 1911. Nicouet, M. H.: 55 Histoire naturelle des Acariens qui se trouvent aux. Environs de Paris. Archiv. du Muséum Whist. Nat., vu, 185d. NORDENSKIOLD, E. : 56 Zur Kenntnis der Oribatidenfauna Finnlands. Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, xxi, 1901. OUDEMANS, A. C.: 57 Notes on Acari. First Series. Tijdschr. v. Entom., xxxix, 1897. 58 Further notes on Acari. Second Series. Tijdschr. v. Entom., xliui, 1900. 59 Notes on Acari. 3rdS. Tijdschr. Nederl. Dierk. Ver., vii (2), 1901. 60 Notes on Acari. 4th 8. Tijdschr. Nederl. Dierk. Ver., vii (2), 1902. 61 Notes on Acari. Fifth Series. Tijdsch. v. Entom., xlv, 1903. 62 Notes on Acari. Sixth Series. Tijdsch. v. Entom., xlvi, 1903. 63 Noteson Acari. 7th Series. Tijdsch. Nederl. Dierk. Ver., viii (2), 1902. 64 Notes on Acari. 8th Series. Tijdsch. Nederl. Dierk. Ver., viii (2) 1903. 65 Acariden von Borkum und Wangeroog. “Notes on Acari” ix serie. Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, xviii, 1905. ae 66 Notes sur les Acariens. x° Série. Parasitidae Thrombididae et Oriba- tidae d’Jtalie. Mém. Soe. Zool. France, xvi, 1903. 67 Notes on Acari. Eleventh Series. Tijdschr. v. Entomj, xlvi, 1904. 68 Noteson Acari. 12th 8. Tijdschr. Nederl. Dierk. Ver., viii (2), 1905. 69 Notes on Acari. Thirteenth Series. Tijdsch. v. Entom., xlvii, 1905. 0 Notes on Acari. Fourteenth Series. Tijdschr. v. Entom., xlviii, 1905. 71 Notes on Acari. Fifteenth Series. Tijdschr. v. Entom., li, 1908. 2 New List of Dutch Acari. First part. Tijdschr. v. Entom., xxxix, 1896 3 Bemerkungen tiber Sanremeser Acari. Tijdschr. vy. Entom., xl, 1900. 4 New List of Dutch Acari. Second Part. Tijdschr. v. Entom., xlv, 1902. 7 - 7 7 OUDEMANS, A. C., and H. Vorcats : 75 Zur Kenntnis der Milben-Fauna von Bremen. Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, xviii, 1904. $2 89 132 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Paout, G. : 76 Monografia del genere Dameosoma Berl. e generi affini. “Redia” v. 1908. POLICE, G.: 77 Alcune nuoue specie di “ Halacaridae” del Golfo di Napoli. Arch. Zool., i1, 1909. Poprg, 8. A.: 78 Nachtrag zur Milben-Fauna der Umgegend Bremens (mit Beitragen von Dr, A. C. Oudemans). Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, xix, 1909. Rrpaea, C.: 79 Gamasidi Planticoli. Rev. Patol. Veget., x, 1902. SELLNICK, M.: 80 Die Tardigraden und Oribatiden der Ostpreussischen Moosrasen. Schrift. der Physik.-okonomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg, xlix, 1908. THORELL, T.: 81 Om Arachnider fr. Spetsbergen och Beeren-Hiland. Ofv. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Férhandl., xxviii, 1871. TIETZE, F.: 82 Contributo all acarologia d'Italia. Atti Soc. Veneto-Trentina, 1899. TRAGARDH, I. : 83 Beitrage zur Fauna der Baren-Insel. 5. Die Acariden. Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handlr., xxvi, 1900. 84 Revision der von Thorell aus Gronland, Spitzbergen und der Baren- Insel und von L. Koch aus Siberien und Novaya-Semlja beschreiben Acariden. Zool. Anzeiger, xxv, 1901. 85 Zur Kenntniss der Litoralen Arten der Gattung Bdella Latr. Kong]. Svenska. Vet.-Akad. Handlr., xxvii, 1902. 86 Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Schwedischen Acaridenfauna 1. Ibid., xxviii, 1902. 87 Monographie der arktischen Acariden. Fauna Arctica, iv, 1.904. 88 Acariden aus dem Sarekgebirge. Naturwiss. Untersuch. d. Sarek- gebirges in Schwed.-Lappland, iv. Zoologie, 1910. 89 Biospeologica xxii. Acari (First Series). Archiv. de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale, viii, (5) 1912. Clare Island Survey —Acarinida. TROUESSART, E. L.: 90 91 89 133 Note sur les Acariens recueillis par M. Giard au laboratoire maritime de Wimereux. Comptes-rendus de l’Acad. des Sciences, 1888. Revue synoptique de la famille des Halacaride. Bull. Soc. France Belg., xx, 1889. 92 Note sur les Acariens marins (Halacaridae) récoltés par M. Henri Gadeau de Kerville, sur le littoral du département de la Manche. 94 95 96 WARBURTON, C., and N. PIERCE: 97 New and rare British Mites of the family Oribatide. Soc. London, 1905. Bull. Soc. Se. nat. Rouen, viii, 1894. Note sur les Acariens marins (Halacaridae) dragués par M. P. Hallez dans le Pas-de-Calais : 1894. Rey. Biol. Nord France, vi, Note sur les acariens marins (Halacaridae) récoltés par M. Henri Gadeau de Kerville dans la région d’Omonville-la-Rogue (Manche) et dans la fosse de la Hague. Campagne du “ Caudan.” Halacariens. 1896. Bull. Soc. Se. nat. Rouen, x1, 1900. Note sur les Uropodinae et description d’espéces nouvelles. Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, xxvii, 1902. INDEX TO GENERA AND SUBGENERA. Actineda, 114. Amblygamasus, 51. argas, 9d. Asca, 80. Bdella, 112. Brachythonius, 107. Bryobia, 114. Carabodes, 101. Celaenopsis, 79. Cepheus, 101. Cilliba, 84. Copidognathus, 123. Cosmolaelaps, 72. Cryptognathus, 114. Cyrthydrolaelaps, 59. Cyrtolaelaps, 62. Cyta, 113. Damaeus, 104. Dameosoma, 103. Dendrolaelaps, 68. Dinychus, 94. Discopoma, 86. Kothrombium, 117. Epicrius, 80. Eschatocephalus, 95. Eugamasus, 50. Eulaelaps, 69. Euphis, 77. Eupodes, 110. Gamasoides, 45. Gamasolaelaps, 58. Gamasus, 49. Glycyphagus, 109. Halacarus, 121. Halolaelaps, 56. Halotydeus, 111. Haluropoda, 87. Hermannia, 104. Proc. Zool. 89 134 INDEX TO GENERA AND SUBGENERA— continued. Fi 1 9 4 wo o S- Holostaspis, 66. Hoploderma, 108. Hyadesia, 108. Hydrogamusus, 65. Hypoaspis, 70. Hypocthonius, 107. Ixodes, 95. Labidostommia, 94. Laelaps, 69. Lentungula, 108. Liacarus, 102. Lohmannia, 107. Malaconothrus, 106. Microthrombidium, 118. Notaspis, 102. Nothrus, 105. Ologamasus, 44. Ololaelaps, 70. Oolaelaps, 73. Oribata, 96. Pachylaelaps, 63. Paraseius, 77. Pelops, 95. Penthaleus, 111. Pergamasus, 51. Phaulocylliba, 86. Phthiracarus, 108. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Podothrombium, 117. Poecilocheirus, 55. Pseudoparasitus, 70. Rhagidia, 110. Rhombognathus, 121. Rhyncholophus, 114. Scutovertex, 100. Scaptognathus, 126. Seius, 74. Seiulus, 74. Sericothrombium, 120. Simognathus, 127. Smaris, 117. Suctobelba, 104. Tegeocranus, 101. Tetranychus, 114. Thinozercon, 82. Trachyuropoda, 93. Trouessartella, 127. Tyroglyphus, 109. Uroboyella, 91. Urodiscella, 92, Urodinychus, 91. Uropoda, 91. Urotrachytes, 93. Zercon, 79. DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. Gamasus (Pergamasus) runcatellus Berl. Gamasus (Pergamasus) runciger Berl. type form. 4 andc, Ventral view of femoral process. PLATE LV. Male. Male. a, Armature of second leg, Var. armatus Armature of second leg. nov. Male. d, Ventral view of femoral process. ¢, Armature of second leg. f, Trochanter of fourth leg. 4g, Chelicerae. Gamasus (Pergamasus) diversus sp. nov. Male. a, Armature of second leg. 6, Trochanter of fourth Jeg. cerae. ¢, Epistome. Gamasus (Pergamasus) processiferus sp. nov. trochanter. b, Avea genitalis. c, Outer maxillary lobe. d, Cheli- Female. a, Armature of ce, Chelicerae. Fig. 5 6 i (oa) 25 Clare Island Survey—Acarinida. 39 135 Gamasus (Pergamasus) crassipes L. Male. a, Armature of second leg, Irish form. 06, Ventral view of tibia. c, Ventral view of tibia of var. longicornis Berl. Gamasoides bispinosus sp. nov. Male. a, Second leg of male. 6, Chelicerae. Halolaelaps celticus sp. nov. «a, Ventral view of male. 6, Same of female. c, Male chelicerae. d, Ambulacrum. e, Epistome. PLATE V. Cyrthydrolaelaps hirtus Berl. «a, Male. Ventral view. 06, Male Chelicerae. ce, Second leg of male. d, Ambulacrum. e, Female area genitalis, nymph. 7, Epistome of female. g, Ambulacrum ofnymph. h, Ventral view of immature male. 7, Epistome of male (nymph). J, Chelicerae of male (nymph). Cyrtolaelaps transisalae Oudms. Hpistome. Cyrtolaelaps Kochi Trig. Epistome. Pachylaelaps littoralis sp. nov. Male. a, Ventral view. 6, Second leg. c, Epistome. d, Chela. Pachylaelaps longisetus sp. nov. Female. a, Ventral view. 6, Epistome. ¢, Chelicerae. d, Second leg. Holostaspis terreus (Can. et Fanzago). Epistome. Holostaspis marginatus var. littoralis nov. a, Ventral view of male. 6, Capitulum and palp. c¢, Epistome. d, Fourth leg of immature male. é, Female. Puate VI. Dendrolaelaps Oudemansi sp. nov. Male. a, Ventral view. 0, Chelicerae, c, Tarsus of second leg. d, Female, believed to be of this species. Laclaps (Hypoaspis) oblongus sp. nov. Female. Laelaps (Hypouspis) ovatulussp.noy. Female. a, Under side. 0, Chelicerae. Laeclaps (Hypoaspis) longipes sp. nov. Male. a, Under side. 0, Chelicerae. Laelaps (Cosmolaelaps) styliferus sp. nov. Male. a, Trochanter. 6, Second leg. c, Chelicerae. Seiulus reniger (Kramer). Dorsal view. Seiulus laevis Oudms. Female. Under side. Paraseius italicus (Berl.) Female. a, Under side. 6, Ambulacrum. Paraseius serratus sp. nov. Female. a, Under side. 06, Part of dorsal shield. c¢, Ambulacrum. d, Epistome. Paraseius tenuipes sp. nov. Female. a, Under side. 06, Tritosternum, c, Chelicerae. Zercon trigonus Berl. Dorsal view, 39 136 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Puate VII. Fig. 26 Thinozercon Michaeli sp. nov. a, Ventral view of male. 0, Male genital foramen. c,Epistome. d, Malechelicerae. e-h, Leg spines. 7, Ambu_ lacrum. j, Dorsal view of female. 4, Sternal area of female. J, Side view of peritreme. m, Dorsal view of nymph. 27 Phaulocylliba Berlesii sp. nov. Male. a, Under side. 6, Part of body margin. ¢, Genital foramen. d, Armature of first palp segment. 28 Halwropoda interrupta sp.nov. a, Dorsal view. 0, Under side of male. c, Ambulacrum. 29 Haluropoda minor sp. nov. a, Dorsal view. 0b, Male genital foramen. c, Third segment of male palp. d, Ventral view of female. 80 Urodinychus punctatissimus sp. nov. Female. a, Under side. 6, area gemitalis. Puate VIII. Seiulus minutus sp. nov. Dorsal view of body. Oribata alpina sp. nov. a, Dorsal view. 6, Pseudostigmatic organ. 33 Notaspis venustus Berl. a, Cephalothorax. 6, Pseudostigmatic organ. 34 Rhyncholophus tardus sp. nov. 4a, Dorsal view. 06, Body hair. ¢, Crista. d, Rostrum and palps. 35 Rhyncholophus sabulosus sp. nov. «a, Dorsal view. 6, Tarsus of first leg. 36 Thrombidium valgum George. Crista and eyes. 37 Lhrombidium ramosum George. var. similis nov. a, Body hair. 0b, Body oo OO bo rR hair of typical form. 38 Halacarus Southerni sp. nov. a, Dorsal view of body. 4, First leg. 39 H. areolatus sp.nov. a, Side margin of area genitals. b, End segments of first leg. 40 H. lamellosus Lohmann var. septentrionalis nov. a, Dorsal view. b, Ventral view of first leg. Scaptognathus Trouessarti sp. nov. a, Dorsal view, 6, Extremity of palp. a + Touhy a an PROC] ROI ACAD, \ViOl, Xoxexl. Parr 39, PLATE VI. / fh. f Orr: | A @) CLARE ISLAND SURVEY.—HALBERT: ACARINIDA. Proc. R. I. Acap., VoL. XXXI. PART 39, PLavE VII- Ny, WM LIZZ, CLARE IsLAND SuRVEY.—HALBERT: ACARINIDA. ~ i i a. z : ited | mt ih Pie ae Proc. R. I. Acab., VoL. XXXI. PART 39, PLATE VIII. CLARE ISLAND SURVEY.—HALBERT: ACARINIDA. Clare Island Survey, 40 DECAPODA. By G. P. FARRAN, B.A. Read Aprin 22. Published June 4, 1912. Turs list of Clare Island and Clew Bay Decapoda is based on collections made by Mr. W. Rankin on Clare Island itself and the islands and shores of Clew Bay, mainly near Belclare, and on material dredged and trawled by the Fisheries cruiser “ Helga ” in Clew Bay and the neighbourhood in up to about 20 fathoms of water. Most of the captures made by the ss. “Helga” were identified by Mr. S. W. Kemp, now of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and are indicated by his initials. The list has been supplemented by the inclusion, in square brackets, of species occurring in Blacksod Bay to the northward and Ballynakill Harbour to the south, which may reasonably be expected to be present in Clew Bay. Even with these additions, the list falls far short of the total number of species of Decapoda which have been taken in shallow water on the west coast of Treland ; but as the missing species are either very scarce or else are diffi- cult of capture, as, for instance, the burrowing forms, it is probable that continuous work in the district would not add much to the total. The distribution of each species, both in the British Isles and elsewhere, is briefly given ; and it will be seen that, in the light of our present knowledge, they may be divided into two very unequal groups. The first consists of six species—Pandalus montagui, Eupagurus bernhardus, Eupagurus pubescens, Carcinus maenas, Hyas araneus, and Hyas coarctatus, which are found in N. E. America and within the Arctic Circle, and stretch southwards for various distances along the west coast of Europe, two of them, Carcinus maenas and Hupagurus bernhardus, reaching as far south as the Mediterranean. The second group contains forty-six species, almost 90 per cent. of the total, which are found in the Mediterranean, and extend northwards along the west coast of Europe. Fourteen of these species fall short of Norway, only reaching to the British Isles or the southern North Sea; twenty-five reach the south or west coasts of Norway, and thirteen extend along the west coast of Norway to within the Arctic Circle, several of them having been found on the East Finmark coast. ‘R.I,A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. A 40 40 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Intermediate between these two groups are three species, absent from the Mediterranean, Anapagurus hyndmanni, Philocheras echinulatus, and Philo- cheras bispinosus, of which the distribution seems at present to be centred in the British Isles. The large excess of southern over northern forms 18, perhaps, to be expected, when it is realized that the west coast of Ireland hes in the track of a current of warm Atlantic water, reinforced by an outflow from the Medi- terranean, which sets northwards along the west coast of Europe, and produces a marked effect as far north as the mouth of the White Sea. Such a current would prove a formidable obstacle to the southern extension of northern forms, both on account of its climatic effect and also by reason of the mechanical obstacle which it opposes to the drift of floating larvae. It is, perhaps, worth noting that, of the forty-eight species which extend their range into the Mediterranean, at least thirty-two are found in the Adriatic, an area the fauna of which seems in many ways to resemble that of the west coast of Europe. The majority of the species recorded are widely distributed forms, as is to be expected; perhaps the most interesting record in the list is that of Zupa- gurus pubescens, a northern species not found hitherto on the west coast of Treland, though known from the north coast. LIST OF SPECIES. Sub-order DECAPODA NATANTIA. Pandalus montagui Leach—Clare I. harbour, one (W. R.). Scarce outside the islands, Clew Bay; Inishgowla, common (S. W. K.). Distribution—From the extreme north of Norway to the English Channel, N. E. America, Greenland, Iceland. Common round the British and Irish coasts. Pandalina brevirostris (Rathke).—Inishlyre, two; Inishgowla, few (S. W. K.). Distribution.—F vom the extreme north of Norway to the Mediterranean, the Adriatic. Common round the British and Irish coasts. Hippolyte varians (Leach)—Clew Bay, moderately common (W. R.), Inish- gowla, abundant (S. W. K.). Distribution.—From the extreme north of Norway to the Mediterranean, the Adriatic. Abundant round the British and Irish coasts. [Hippolyte prideauxiana Leach.|—Not yet recorded from Clew Bay, but pro- bably occurs. It has been taken in Zostera beds in shallow water at Ballynakill and Blacksod. Distribution. Mediterranean, Bay of Bisvay, Shetlands. West coasts of Scotland and Ireland, English Channel. Ciare Island Survey— Decapoda. 40 3 Spirontocaris cranchi, Jeach.—Off Mulranny, Inishlyre, Inishgowla, moderately common. Distribution.—West and south Norway to the Mediterranean, the Adriatic. All coasts of the British Isles in shallow water. It is very common on the west coast of Ireland, but, apparently, exceedingly scarce on the east, where its place is taken by the more northern form S. pusiola. Athanas nitescens (Montagu).—Not yet recorded from Clew Bay, but occurs at Ballynakill and Blacksod. Distribution—West coast of Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Black Sea, Madeira, Cape Verde Is. West coast of Ireland and English Channel. [Processa canaliculata, Leach.|—Not yet recorded from Clew Bay, but occurs at Ballynakill and Blacksod. Distribution—West coast of Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Madeira. Coasts of the British Isles. Leander serratus (Pennant).—Clew Bay, 6-12 fms.; Ooghnamaddy and Clare I. harbour (W. R.). Distribution—Denmark to the Mediterranean. English (and Scottish ?) coasts, east, west, and south coasts of Ireland. Leander squilla (Linn.).—Ooghnamaddy, Clare I., in rock-pools; Clew Bay, 6-12 fms.; Clew Bay islands, 44 fms. (W. R.). Distribution.—West Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Black Sea, Azores, Canary Is. English and Scottish coasts, common all round Treland. Palaemonetes varians (Leach).—Bog-hole on Annagh I. (W. R.). Distribution.—Sweden to the Mediterranean. English coasts and Firth of Forth, Irish coasts ; a brackish-water species. Crangon vulgaris Linn.—A common species, chiefly on sand; Clare I. harbour ; Mulranny (W. R.). Inishgowla; Inishlyre (S. W. K.). Distribution.—White Sea to the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Iceland. All coasts of the British Isles. Philocheras echinulatus (M. Sars). —North-east of Clare I., 16-19 fms., three (S. W. K.). Distribution— West coast of Norway, North Sea, north side of Bay of Biscay. West coast of Scotland, east and west coasts of Ireland. Philocheras trispinosus (Hailstone).—East of Clare I., 20 fms., one (S. W. K.). Distribution.—Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean, Azores Coasts of British Isles. A2 40 t Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Philocheras_bispinosus (Hailstone and Westwood).—Very common throughout Clew Bay (S. W. K.). Distribution.—Lofoden to the Azores. All British and Irish coasts. Pontophilus spinosus (Leach).—East of Clare I., 20 fms., one; s. E. of Clare ils 13-16 ims., two (S. W. K.). Distribution—W est coast of Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. All British and Inish coasts. _ Sub-order DECAPODA REPTANTIA.- Jaxea nocturna, Chiereghin.—The adult has not been found, but the free- swimming larval stage (Trachelifer), which, as Scott! has pointed out, is referable to this species, was occasionally taken at Inishbofin in 1900 and 1901, and more recently, in May, 1909, in a surface tow-net in Killary Harbour (three specimens) and in a bottom tow-net off Crump Island (two specimens). Palinurus vulgaris, Latreille—The larval form (Phyllosoma) was taken in a bottom tow-net off Clare I. in May, 1909, at a depth of 29fms. The adult has been taken at Ballynakill. Distribution.—British Isles to the Meiers Adriatic. West coasts of Ireland and Scotland, English Channel. Homarus gammarus (L.).—South and east of Clare I, common (W.R,). It is fished for regularly by the islanders. Distribution —S. W. Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. Coasts of the British Isles. Replaced by a closely allied species in N. E. America. [Galathea strigosa (Linn.).]—Not yet recorded from Clew. Bay, but occurs at Ballynakill and Blacksod. Distribution —Extreme north of Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Canaries, Azores. Coasts of British Isles, Shetlands to the English Channel. Galathea squamifera, Leach.—Annagh I., two (W.R.). Probably would be found to be common if looked for in spring, at which season it visits the _ Shore, between tide-marks, in large numbers. Distribution North-west Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. All the British and Ivish coasts. 'isth Aun. Rep. Scotch Fishery Board, p. 405. Clare Island Survey— Decapoda. 40 5 Galathea dispersa, Bate.—North-east of Clare I., 18 fms., one (S. W. K.). Distribution.—South and west coasts of Norway, France, Mediterranean. British and Irish coasts, Shetlands to the English Channel. Galathea intermedia, Lilljeborg.—Clew Bay, common (8. W. K.). Distribution. —From the extreme north of Norway to the Mediterranean, Madeira, Azores. All British and Irish coasts. Porcellana longicornis (Linn.).—Abundant in Clew Bay (S. W. K.). Annagh I. common at low water (W.R.). This species occurs from between tide- marks to about 20 fms. Distribution—S.W. Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Black Sea, Canaries. All coasts of British Isles. Porcellana platycheles (Pennant).—Hast shore of Clare I., common (8S. W. K., W.R.). Annagh I., common (W. R.). Occurs almost exclusively between tide-marks. Distribution.—Southern North Sea to the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Canaries. British and Ivish coasts, Shetlands to the English Channel. Eupagurus bernhardus (Linn.).—Common in Clew Bay (8S. W. I.), N., E., and W. shores of Clare I.; Old Head (W. R.). Distribution.—Extreme north of Norway to the Mediterranean ; N.E. America. All coasts of the British Isles. Eupagurus prideauxi (Leach).—EHast of Clare I., 16 fms., one (S. W. K.). East of Clare L., 21 fms., one (G. P. F.). Distribution.—N.W. Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. Ivrish Sea, west coasts of Scotland and Ireland, Shetlands, English Channel. Eupagurus cuanensis (Thomp.).—Inishlyre, on coral sand, common (8S. W. K.). Mulranny, 10 fms. ; Clew Bay, 8 fms. (W.R.). Off Inishgort, 7-10 fms. (S. W. K.). Distribution.—S.W. Norway to the Mediterranean. Coasts of British Isles, Shetlands to the English Channel. Eupagurus pubescens (Kroyer).—Clew Bay, 10fms., two(W.R.). This record is of interest as being the first from the west coast of Ireland of this distinctly northern species. Distribution—N.K. America, Greenland, Iceland, Norway. Scotland, north coast of Ireland, N.E. coast of England. Anapagurus laevis (W. Thomps.).—{ mile north of Clare I. lighthouse, 21 fms., two (G. P. F.). Frequents much deeper water than A. Hyndmanni. Distribution.—West Norway to the Mediterranean. All British and Irish coasts. : 40 6 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Anapagurus hyndmanni (W. Thomps.).—Clew Bay, 10 ims., two (W. R.). Small specimens not uncommon throughout Clew Bay; Inishlyre, 4 fms. (S. W. K.). Usually found from low-water mark to about 12 fms. Disiribution.—Southern North Sea. All British and Ivish coasts. Ebalia tumefacta (Montagu).—Off Inishlyre, one (N. Colgan). Three miles E. of Clare I., one; N.E. of Clare I., 18 fms., one; 2 miles N.W. of Inishgort, § fms., one ; Inishlyre Roads, one (G. P. F.). Distribution—N.W. Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. English Channel, Irish Sea, west coast of Ireland, Shetlands. Ebalia cranchi Leach.—2 miles E. of Clare I., 18 fms., two; south of Mulranny, 5-11 ims., one (G. P. F.). Distribution —S.W. Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. English and Irish coasts, east coast of Scotland. Corystes cassivelaunus (Pennant).—Ofi Clare I. lighthouse, 253 fms., two young ; N.E. of Clare I, 13-16 ims., one young; off Mulranny, 13 fms., one young (S. W. K.). Distribution—Southern North Sea to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. ; Coasts of England and Ireland, east coast of Scotland. Carcinus maenas (Pennant).—South and east coasts of Clare I., common ; islands in Clew Bay, moderately common (W. R.). Distribution.—N. E. America, extreme north of Norway to the Medi- terranean, Adriatic. All British and Irish coasts. Portunus puber (Linn.).—North and east coasts of Clare J., moderately common ; Annagh I. (W. R.). Usually found between tide-marks. Distribution.—Southern North Sea to the Mediterranean. British and Trish coasts. Portunus depurator (Linn.).—Clew Bay,common (S. W.K.). Islands in Clew Bay, frequent; Mulranny, 6 fms. (W. R.). Distribution —N.W. Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. All coasts of British Isles. Portunus corrugatus (Pennant).— Inishlyre, 4-5 fms., two (S. W. K.). Distribution.—Southern North Sea to the Mediterranean, Adriatic Canaries. Irish coasts, south and east coasts of England. Portunus arcuatus Leach.—Generally distributed and very common. Distribution —S.W. Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. English Channel, Irish Sea, east coast of Scotland. Portunus pusillus Leach.—Clew Bay, 5 ims., two(W.R.). N.E. of Clare L., 13-16 ims. ; east of Clare I., 17 ims.; Inishlyre, 4 ims. (S. W. K.) Distribution.—S.W. Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. All British and Irish coasts. Clare Island Survey—Decapoda. 40 7 Portunus holsatus (Fabr.).—Mulranny, 10 fms., two (W. R.). Only found on a sandy bottom. Distribution.-—S.W. Norway to the Mediterranean, Canaries. British and Irish coasts, Shetlands to the English Channel. Cancer pagurus Linn.—Clew Bay, frequent (S. W.K.). S. and E. of Clare L., common, taken in lobster pots; Annagh I. at low water (W. R.). Distribution.—Extreme north of Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. All British and Ivish coasts. Pirimela denticulata (Montagu).—Off Mulranny, 7 fms., two (S. W. K.). Distribution.—Extreme north of Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. English Channel, east coast of England, Irish coasts. Xantho incisus (Leach). (XY. jloridus (Montagu)).—S. and E. shores of Clare I., common (W. R.). Distribution.—British Isles to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. Enelish Channel, west coast of Ireland. Xantho hydrophilus (Herbst.) (XY. rivulosws Risso).—Rock-pool Ooghnamaddy, Clare I., three (W. R.). Distribution.—S.W. Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. English Channel, west coast of England, west coast of Ireland, Shetlands. Pilumnus hirtellus (Linn.),—Islands in Clew Bay, five (W.R.). Off Mulranny, two (S. W. K.). Distribution—Southern North Sea to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. English Channel, Irish Sea, west coast of Ireland. [Gonoplax angulatus (Pennant).|—Not yet recorded from Clew Bay, but occurs at Ballynakill. Distribution Southern North Sea to the Mediterranean, English Channel, Irish Sea, west coast of Ireland. Pinnotheres pisum (Linn.).—“ A living specimen [of Mytilus Modoilus| dredged in about 2 fms. off Annagh Island contained a living egg-bearing female of the Pea Crab (Pinnotheres Piswm) with a carapace measuring 7°5 mm.” Colgan: Marine Mollusca, Clare Island Survey, p. 26. Distribution.—Southern Norway to the Mediterranean. Coasts of British Isles. Inachus dorynchus I.each.—Taken a few times N.H. and S.E. of Clare L, 13-20 fms. (S. W. K.); Clew Bay, 12 fms.; off Old Head, 16 fms. (W. R.). Distribution. —8.W. Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Canaries, Coasts of British Isles, Shetlands to the English Channel. Inachus dorsettensis (Pennant).—In small numbers throughout Clew Bay, 7-20 fms. Distribution.— West Norway to the Mediterranean, 40 8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Macropodia rostrata (Linn.).—Common throughout Clew Bay (S. W. K.). Islands in Clew Bay, 43 fms. ; off Clare I., 13 fms. ; common (W. R.). Distribution.—Kxtreme north of Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Azores, Madeira, Senegambia. All British and Irish coasts. [Maia squinado (Herbst.).|—Not yet recorded from Clew Bay, but has frequently been taken at Ballynakill. Distribution—Southern North Sea to the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Canaries, English Channel, west coast of Ireland. [Pisa tetraodon (Pennant). |—Scarce at Ballynakill and Blacksod; not yet taken in Clew Bay. Distribution.— British Isles to the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Canaries, English Channel, west coast of Ireland. Eurynome aspera (Pennant).—Small specimens often taken in crevices of bored limestone between Clare I. and Mulranny, 6-16 fms. (S. W. K.). Distribution—S. W. Norway to the Mediterranean, Adriatic. All British and Ivish coasts. Hyas araneus (Linn.).—Clew Bay, frequent; Annagh IJ. (W. R.). Distribution.—N. EK. America, extreme north of Norway to the English Channel. All British and Irish coasts. Hyas coarctatus Leach.—Mulranny, 12 {ms., two; off Belclare, 34 fms. (W.R.). Off Inishgort, 8-10 fms., few (G. P. F.). Much rarer on the west than on the east coast of Ireland. Distribution —Alaska, N. E. America, extreme north of Norway to the English Channel. All British and Irish coasts. Clare Island Survey. 41 NEBALIACEA, CUMACEA, SCHIZOPODA, AND STOMATOPODA. By W. M. TATTERSALL, D.Sc. Read Aprit 22. Published June 4, 1912. THE Clare Island marine area, as understood in this report, extends from Blacksod Bay in the north to Slyne Head in the south. Seawards it may be considered to extend to the fifty-fathom line. Up to about a dozen years ago no collecting appears to have been done in this area, At least L can find no records pertaining to the orders of Crustacea here dealt with. In 1899 the Fisheries Branch of the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland established a marine station at Inishbofin and Ballynakill, and commenced a series of observations which have gone very far to elucidate the marine fauna of the southern part of the area. The Clare Island Survey, commenced some three years ago, has more particularly dealt with the northern part of the district. In the preparation of this report I have supplemented the results obtained by the latter survey by including the species obtained by the former series of investigations, so that the present report includes all the species of the Crustacea concerned which have up till now been found in the area. The list of the Cumacea here given is partly derived from Calman’s paper,’ and partly from the collections made during the survey; while the list of Schizopoda has been largely supplemented by extracts from a larger paper on the littoral Schizopoda of Ireland, which I have in preparation. The Crustacea here considered are creatures of normally bottom-haunting habits, living either in rock-pools on the shore, or among the littoral seaweeds, or buried in sand. But they have the additional peculiarity that they frequently become true pelagic forms during the hours of darkness, and may be captured in enormous numbers at such times. Whereas, therefore, the usual method of collecting such forms is by using a dredge or attaching 1 Fisheries, Ireland, Sci. Invest., 1904, I. (1905). R. J, A. PROG., VOL. XXXT. A 44 41 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. fine-meshed nets to trawls worked over the ground, the use of a tow-net at night, especially in the shallow bays and harbours, not only facilitates the collection of species, but gives a better and more correct idea of the abundance or scarcity of the different species collected. In the Cumacea it is usually the males only which become free-swimming at night, but among the Mysidae both sexes appear to be equally represented in night gatherings. The Stomatopoda are represented so far only by larval forms caught in the tow-nets. These belong to two distinct genera; but the species cannot yet be definitely settled pending the capture of adult specimens. The present report includes one species of Cumacea and one of Mysidae new to Ireland and one species of the former and eight of the latter not hitherto recorded from the district. SYNCARIDA. Nebalia bipes (Fabricius).—WVebalia bipes is abundant throughout the district. It is to be found at low water at spring tides, under stones on the shores, and seems to prefer the neighbourhood of black, evil-smelling mud. It is lkewise frequently captured at night in tow-nettings taken in harbours and sheltered bays. On one occasion a lobster, which had died in the lobster-pot, was found to be covered literally with thousands of this Crustacean. CUMACEA. Bodotria scorpioides (Montagu).—Taken in nineteen gatherings from Bofin Harbour, three from Fahy Bay, Ballynakill Harbour, and one from just north of Cleggan Bay. It never occurred in very large numbers, and was most abundant in the tow-nettings at night. Clew Bay, once. B. pulchella (G. O. Sars).—Fahy Bay, Ballynakill Harbour, twice; north entrance to Ballinakill Harbour, once; Cleggan Bay, once; Blacksod Bay, twice. Cumopsis goodsiri (van Beneden).—Feorinyeeo Bay, Blacksod Bay, two males and two females. New to Ireland. Iphinoé trispinosa (Goodsir).—One of the most abundant species in the area in harbours and sheltered bays. Abundant in tow-nettings taken at night in Ballynakill and Bofin Harbours ; Clew Bay, 5-11 fms., common; Blacksod Bay, 2-9fms., common. Vauntompsonia cristata, Spence Bate—Occurs in considerable numbers in Ballynakill Harbour. Common in night tow-nettings, but only male specimens are captured in this way. Elly Bay, Blacksod Bay, 1-4 fms., three specimens. Clare Island Survey—Schizopoda, ete. 41 3 Eudorella truncatula (Spence Bate).—Taken three times in Bofin Harbour and three times in Fahy Bay, Ballynakill Harbour. Clew Bay, 1-5 fms., common. Blacksod Bay, 5 fms., two specimens. Cumella pygmaea, G. O. Sars.—Generally distributed throughout the area, both in the harbours and sheltered bays, and in the open seas down to 45 fms, Nannastacus unguiculatus, Spence Bate.—Very abundant in the sheltered bays and harbours of the district, but also found in the open seas round Clare Island and Inishturk. Blacksod Bay, one specimen. N. brevicaudatus, Calman.—The types and only known specimens were found in Ballynakill Harbour. Pseudocuma longicornis (Spence Bate).—The most abundant species of Cumacea in the area, and generally distributed. Often taken in large numbers in tow-nettings made at night. P: similis, G. O. Sars.—-Bofin Harbour, one specimen. 13 miles N.W. by W. of Inishturk, one specimen. Between Clare I. and Achillbeg, one specimen. Diastylis rugosa, G. O. Sars—From Ballynakill Harbour, on five occasions. Blacksod Bay, one specimen. D. rostrata (Goodsir).—Twice taken in Ballynakill Harbour. Clew Bay, 5-10 fms., two specimens. Blacksod Bay, 3-9 fms. common. 5 mi. S.S.E. of Clare I. light, 17 fms., four specimens. D. spinosa, Norman.—24 miles 8.E. of Clare I. light, 18 fms., one male. 34 miles S.S.W.of Mulranny pier, Clew Bay, 15fms., onefemale. Blacksod Bay, 9 fms., two males. New to the district. EUPHAUSIACEA. Meganyctiphanes norvegica (M. Sars).—J/. norvegica is very frequently taken in tow-nettings in the open seas of the Clare Island marine area, but is seldom found in any of the harbours in that area. It may, however, be driven in during gales, and even cast up on the beach. It forms the main food of mackerel, herring, salmon, and trout in the springtime, and, judging from the contents of the stomachs of these fishes examined at that period of the year, this Euphausian must be enormously abundant at certain seasons. The contents of the stomach of a whale captured at Inishkea in the spring of 1900 were found to consist entirely of this species. Nyctiphanes couchi (Bell).—A smaller form than J. norvegica, N. couchi is usually found associated with this species in the open seas round Clare Island and district, and appears to be equally abundant. Considered A 2 41 4 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy. broadly, however, V. covchi is a more distictly shallow-water species than MV. norvegica. Like the latter, it is a favourite food of pelagic fishes. Thysanoéssa inermis (Kroyer).—This species has a distribution in the district under review entirely coincident with that of ML norvegica and N. couchi and is usually found associated with them. Under this species I include records formerly listed under the name Borcophausia inermis (Kroyer), and Thysanoéssa neglecta (Kroyer), since, according to Hansen, these two supposedly distinct species are merely dimorphic forms of one species, which must bear the earlier name here given to it. MYSIDACEA. Siriella armata (Milne-Edwards).—Near Portlea, Clare Island, 5-6 fms. Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay, 1-4 fms. South side of Feorinyeeo Bay, Blacksod Bay, shore. Feorinyeeo Bay, 2-5 fms. Elly Bay, Blacksod Bay, 1-3 fms. Carrigeenmore, Blacksod Bay, in tow-net through weeds, close to shore. Entrance to Blacksod Bay, 7 fms. Bofin Harbour, very common. Ballynakill Harbour, common. Cleggan Bay, 17 fms. A very common and abundant species in the district, generally found living among Laminaria and other seaweeds, or in rock-pools, and frequently captured free-swimming at night, by means of tow-nets. S. clausii, G. O. Sars.—Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay, 1-4 fms. South side of Feorinygeeo Bay, Blacksod Bay, rock-pools on the shore. Entrance to Blacksod Bay,7 fms. Cleggan Bay, 17 ims. 23 miles S.W. by W. of Shark Head, Inishark, surface. Half mile N. of Cleggan Head, surface. Bofin Harbour, very abundant. Ballynakill Harbour, very abundant. A very common species, especially abundant at night in the harbours and shallow bays of the area. 8. jaltensis, Czerniavsky.—Carrigeenmore, Blacksod Bay, shore. South side of Feorinyeeo Bay, Blacksod Bay, shore. Elly Bay, Blacksod Bay, shore. Barranagh, Blacksod Bay, 2-3 ims. Portlea, Clare Island, in tow-net. 23 miles S.W. by W. of Shark Head, Inishark, surface. 2 miles W. by S. of Inishturk, surface. 4 mile N. of Cleggan Head, surface. Bofin Harbour, very abundant. Ballynakill Harbour, very common. A species of similar habitats and abundance to S. clausii, and usually found associated with it. It has not been previously recorded from the area under review, though known te me for several years from the collections of the Fisheries Branch of the Department of Agriculture for Ireland. Clare Island Survey—Schizopoda, ete. 41 5 Gastrosaccus spinifer (Goés).—Entrance to Blacksod Bay, 7 fms. letween Inishturk and Inishark, surface. Between Innishinny and the Gun Rock, Inishbofin, surface. Fahy Bay, Ballynakill, 2 fms. Found also on one occasion in the stomach of a mackerel caught off Cleggan Head. A free-swimming form usually found in the open sea and rarely taken in the harbours and bays of the area. G. sanctus (van Beneden).—Bofin Harbour, very abundant, especially at night. Ballynakill Harbour, taken on six occasions, and only very young specimens. The specimens from Bofin Harbour depart from the typical forms in being without lobes on the posterior margin of the carapace. G. normani, G. O. Sars.—One mile outside Bofin Harbour, one specimen. Between Bofin and Carrickmahoga Rocks, one specimen. 25 miles 8.W. by W. of Shark Head, one specimen. 2 miles S.S.W. of Shark Head, two specimens. Between Inishturk and Inishark, one specimen. An open-sea species, never taken in harbours or sheltered bays. All the west of Ireland specimens have upturned lobes on the posterior margin of the carapace, and differ in this respect from Mediterranean specimens, in which the lobes are absent. All the specimens were captured at the surface. Anchialus agilis, G. O. Sars——Taken on about a dozen occasions in the open seas round Inishbofin, Inishark, Inishturk, and Clare Island, but never taken in the harbours or enclosed bays of the district. It is usually captured at the surface of the sea. Not previously recorded from the area. Heteromysis formosa, S. I. Smith—Bofin Harbour, 23 fms., three young specimens. Not previously recorded from the area. Erythrops elegans, G. O. Sars.—Fahy Bay, Ballynakill, 2 fms., one specimen. Not previously recorded from Ireland. Mysidopsis angusta, G. O. Sars.— North entrance to Ballynakill Harbour,7 fms., one specimen, New to the district. M. gibbosa, G. O. Sars—Bofin Harbour, rarely. Ballynakill Harbour not infrequently. Leptomysis lingvura, G. O. Sars.—Bofin Harbour, three specimens on three separate occasions. New to the district. Hemimysis lamornae (Couch).—Entrance to Blacksod Bay, 7 fms., two specimens. Off Portlea, Clare Island, in tow-net. Macropsis slabberi (van Beneden).—Ballinakill Harbour, surface, one specimen, LBofin Harbour, on three separate occasions, at the surface at night. 41 6 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Macromysis flexuosa (Miiller).—A. very common species, enormously abundant in the bays and harbours of the area, usually found among Laminaria and other seaweeds and in rock-pools. M. inermis (Rathke).—Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay, 1-4 fms. Carrigeen- more, Blacksod Bay, in tow-net through weeds close to shore, abundant. Off Portlea, Clare Island, in tow-net, 5-6 fms., abundant. Ballynakill Harbour, on two occasions. Bofin Harbour, common. A moderately abundant species in the area, but never found along the shores or in rock-pools like WZ. flexuosa. It usually occurs in about 5 fms. of water. Schistomysis ornata (G. O. Sars).—Entrance to Blacksod Bay, 7 fms., abundant. Feorinyeeo Bay, Blacksod Bay, 5 fms., one specimen. 8. arenosa (G. O. Sars).—Off the white strand, Ship Sound, Bofin Harbour, 3 fms., in sand, very abundant. Carrigeenmore, Blacksod Bay, in tow- net through weeds, close to shore. Neomysis integer (Leach).—Lough Leam, Mullet, abundant. Lough Leam is a brackish-water lough, cut off from the sea, and only entered by the tide at spring-tides. New to the district. STOMATOPODA. In 1905 I recorded the fact that Stomatopod larvae, belonging to two distinct genera of adult Stomatopoda, occurred regularly in tow-nettings taken in the late autumn off Inishbofin and Ballynakill Harbour. Since the publica- tion of that note further specimens have come to hand; and I now wish to correct an error in the identification of one-of the types of larvae. I referred the two kinds of larvae to the larval genera Alima and Gonerichthus, the young forms of Squilla and Gonodactylus respectively. The latter larvae in reality belongs to the genus Lysiosquilla. I was able to correct my earlier determination by the discovery of a single specimen, 16 mm. in length, in the first adult stage, in which the raptorial claw bears nine teeth, including the large terminal one. It suffices for the present to include the genera Squilla and Lysiosquilla in the fauna of the Clare Island marine area. No adult specimens have yet been found; but the larvae in all stages of develop- ment occur free-swimming in the shallow seas of the district every year in the late summer aud early autumn. Clare Island Survey—Schizopoda, ete. 417 TABLE INDICATING THE KNOWN GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF NEBALIACEA, CUMACEA, AND SCHIZOPODA, A B Cc D 3 Og asl E ape | fe es ae 2288 g 5 45 v4 I 4 ato xo H aA SA | eeoe a | gee Se SHS | 8280s | SEs KE fed |madud| HES SyNCARIDA. Nebalia bipes, . : : : : x x x x Cumacga. Bodotria scorpioides, x x x x Bodotria pulchella, _ x x x Cumopsis goodsiri, 6 : : — x = x Iphinoé trispinosa, . : . : x x x x Vauntompsonia cristata, = x x x Vudorella truncatula, _ x x x Cumella pygmaea, : x x — x Nannastacus unguiculatus, x — x Nannastacus brevicaudatus, — x = = Pseudocuma longicornis, x x x x Pseudocuma similis, 3 ‘ x x = = Diastylis rugosa, . 6 5 : x x x x Diastylis rostrata, : = x x = = Diastylis spinosa, a x = = EUPHAUSIACEA. Meganyctiphanes norvegica, x x x x Nyctiphanes couchi, a x x x Thysanoéssa inermis, x x = = Mysipacea. Siriella armata, i ° 6 6 — x x x Siriella clausii, . x = x Siriella jaltensis, — x = x Gastrosaccus spinifer, x x< x — Gastrosaccus sanctus, = x x x Gastrosaccus normani, — x x x Anchialus agilis, — x x x Heteromysis formosa, x x — — Erythrops elegans, x x — < Mysidopsis angusta, x x — < Mysidopsis gibbosa, . x x — < Leptomysis lingvura, x x x x Hemimysis lamornae, x x — x Macropsis slabberi, = x x x Macromysis flexuosa, x x x — Macromysis inermis, . x x — — Schistomysis ornata, . x x < — Schistomysis arenosa, 4 — x — x< Neomysis integer, . : x x x _— | | | 41 8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES NOTED ABOVE. The preceding table indicates broadly the known geographical range of the species recorded above. A study of this table reveals the interesting fact that the marine fauna of the west of Ireland, as far as these orders of Crustacea are concerned, is a blending of northern forms with southern species from the Mediterranean, the latter element somewhat preponderating. The single species of Nebalia, WV. bapes, extends from Norway to the Medi- terranean. Among the Cumacea we find seven species have been recorded from Norway and ten from the Mediterranean, while five are common to Norway, the British area, and the Mediterranean. Five species, Vannastacus unguiculatus, Budorella truncatula, Bodotria pulchella, Cumopsis goodsiri and Vauntompsonia cristata, have the northern limit of their geographical range in the British area, while two forms, Pseuwdocuma similis and Diastylis rostrata, have yet to be met with south of the British area. One species, Nennastacus brevicaudatus, is peculiar to the Clare Island marine area, Diastylis spinosa has so far only been found in the British area, and none of the species extend to the American coasts. Of the three species of Euphausiacea, one, Meganyctiphanes norvegica, extends from Norway to the Mediterranean; the second, Wyctiphanes couchi, is known from the Mediterranean, but not from Norway; while the third, Thysanoéssa imermis, is not certamly known to the south of Britain. M. norvegica is also found off the North American coast. Here again, therefore, we get a blending of northern and Mediterranean species. Of the nineteen species of Mysidae here recorded, thirteen extend to the Mediterranean and eleven to Norway, but only five from Norway to the Mediterranean. Six of them have the southern limit of their known geographical range in the British area, while eight of them have not yet been recorded south of the English Channel. There are no species peculiar to the British area, and only one species, Heteromysts formosa, extends to the American coasts. No Stomatopoda are known from Norway, so that the Stomatopod element in the fauna of the West of Ireland is of southern origin. Clare Island Survey—NSchizopoda, ete. 41 9 Summing up the known geographical range of all the species here recorded we get the result set forth in the following table :— { Norway. British Area. Mediterranean. Compien ts all Seer. ul aah aaa ike oon ay Apa aaa eee eel omer Ve aha iy ces om ream pie arte CEs ge ace [eee en ee erie eae eats atk keege renee ele a yen nce ae a This table brings out well the fact that the shallow-water marine fauna of the west coast of Ireland is a blending of a northern and southern fauna, the latter element preponderating slightly as a whole and in each separate order. Concerning the horizontal and bathymetric distribution of the species here noted definite information is difficult to obtain, owing to the peculiarity of habit already noted for the majority of forms of becoming free-swimming at night. Nebalia bipes is a purely littoral species, not extending below the ten- fathom line. Of the Cumacea, the following species appear to be true littoral forms confined to the ten-fathom limit of the shore :— Bodotria pulchella. Diastylis rugosa. Iphinoé trispinosa. Cumopsis goodsiri. Nannastacus brevicaudatus. The seaward limit of the remaining species, as far as at present known, is as follows :— Cumella pygmaea, 67 fms. Pseudocuma longicornis, 58 fms, Bodotria scorpioides, 15 fms. Pseudocuma similis, 28 fms. Vauntompsonia cristata, 50 fms, Diastylis rostrata, 1063 fms. Nannastacus unguiculatus, 64 fms. Diastylis spinosa, 183 fms. Eudorella truncatula, 1443 fms. The three Euphausians are pelagic Crustacea, often extending far out to sea and in water of considerable depth, which reach the maximum of abundance in the adult stage at about the 100-fathom line, and in the young and half-grown stages in considerably shallower water. They are at 1 Two species peculiar to the British Area. * One species extends to America. R. 1. A. PROC., VOL. XXXI, B aM 41 10 . Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. all times creatures of the open shallow seas, and are rarely found in harbour and bays unless driven there under stress of weather. The following species of Mysidae may be regarded as purely littoral species :— Siriella armata. Macropsis slabberi. 8. jaltensis. Macromysis flexuosa. S. clausii. Schistomysis arenosa. Heteromysis formosa. Neomysis integer. Leptomysis lingvura. The species of Gastrosaccus and Anchialus are more purely pelagic than the other Mysidae, but only G. normani extends seawards for any distance. It has been recorded from a depth of 180 fathoms. The remaining species are bottom-living forms which range from all depths down to about fifty fathoms. Clare Island Survey. 42 AMPHIPODA. By W. M. TATTERSALL, D.Sc. Read Junr 28. Published Avcusr 18, 1913. INTRODUCTION. THE area covered by this report is the same as that given by me in the reports on the Schizopoda and Isopoda, namely, from Blacksod Bay in the north to Slyne Head in the south, and seaward to the 50-fathom line. The material on which the report is based is derived from the following sources :—(1) the collections made by the Fisheries Branch of the Depart- ment of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland “during their survey of the harbours of Ballinakill and Bofin and the neighbouring fishing- grounds; the full results as regards the Amphipoda have not yet been published, but I have abstracted such records from my notes as concern the area now under review; (2) the collections made by the same Department during the survey of Blacksod Bay; (3) the collections made specially for this Survey by the Department’s cruiser “ Helga” and by other naturalists engaged in the Survey, among whom should be mentioned Mr. Nevin H. Foster and Mr. Robert Welch, who made collections of the semi-terrestrial Amphipoda in the Westport district and on Clare Island. The result is that an enormous quantity of material is available for the purposes of this report ; and the total of ninety-five species here recorded must be considered a fairly exhaustive list of the Amphipoda of the district. Very little systematic collecting has been done in the area previous to the making of the collections here dealt with. In 1868 Messrs. Brady and Robertson spent a week dredging the bays round Clifden, and recorded twenty-two species of Amphipoda. Isolated records have been noted by Walker, Norman, Calman, Spence Bate, and others from time to time, so that up till now a total of forty-one species of Amphipoda is known from the Clare Island marine area. The present report adds a further fifty-four species, nineteen of which are now added to the fauna of Ireland, the remaining thirty-five species being new to the district. R.A. PROC., VOL. XXX1. A 42 42 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. I have seen all the species previously recorded except Phozxocephalus holbolli recorded irom Ardbear Bay by Brady and Robertson, and Gammarus campylops noted from Newport, Co. Mayo, by Norman. The former I suspect to be either Metaphoxus fultoni or M. pectinatus, both comparatively common in the district; and the latter, as pointed out by Walker, will probably prove to be only a form of Gammarus locusta. The Amphipoda are normally creatures of bottom-haunting habits, and a large part of the material has been captured by means of a dredge or by shore-collecting. But tow-netting in the harbours and shallow waters of the district at the surface at night has yielded excellent results. A great number of Amphipoda become pelagic during the hours of darkness, and can then be caught in immense numbers. In this way a better idea can be obtained of the relative abundance of the various species in the district than would be got by a considerable amount of shore-collecting and dredging. I have already published a paper on the pelagic Amphipoda of Ireland, and have abstracted from it the records which concern the area under review. In the course of the examination of the collections of the Amphipoda I have come across a few additional Isopoda. No species of the latter occurred that had not been previously recorded; but the following species were noted from new localities within the area, and may, perhaps, be fittingly placed on record here :-— Paratanais batei, G. O. Sars.— 24 miles E. of Clare Island light, 22 fathoms, one. Gnathia oxyuraen (Lilljeborg)—Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay, 4 fathoms, one. Munna kréyeri, Boeck —Inishlyre Roads, 4 fathoms, one. The arrangement and nomenclature of the Gammaridea here followed are those of Stebbing, “ Das Tierreich.” SYSTEMATIC LIST. AMPHIPODA GAMMARIDEA. Family LYSIANASSIDAE. Nannonyx goésii (Boeck). Elly Bay, Blacksod Bay, shore, one; 2 faths., one. New to Ireland. Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, N. Atlantic from Norway to the English Channel, West Norway. Clare Island Survey—Amphipoda. 42 3 Lysianassa ceratinus (Walker). Blacksod Bay and inlets, taken on nine occasions, shore to 5 faths. Inish- lyre Harbour, 5 faths., and surface, two. Off Clare Island, 7-17 faths., two. Bofin, common. Ballinakill Harbour, common. Previous Irish Records :—Strangford Lough, Clew Bay, Valentia. Distribution :—Atlantic coasts of Great Britain, Ireland and France. I have accepted Chevreux’s decision, that this species is distinct from L. longicornis Lucas, with which it has been united by Stebbing. I have seen over one hundred specimens of this species, and they all, without exception, have the hind margin of the third segment of the metasome rounded. None of them shows any approach to the spiniform condition seen in L. plumosa Boeck. It is quite the most abundant Lysianassid in shallow water on the West of Ireland. Perrierella audouiniana (Bate). Blacksod Bay, 5 faths., two. Inishlyre Harbour, 5 faths., two. Fahy Bay, Ballinakill Harbour, 3 faths., sixteen. New to Ireland. Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France, Mediterranean. Orchomene batei G. O. Sars. Blacksod Bay, 1-8 faths.,common. Outer Harbour, Bofin Island, one. Not certainly recorded from Ireland before, though it is probable that Thompson's records of Anonyx elegans from Bangor, Co. Down, and Kinahan’s of Anonyx minutus from Belfast Lough refer to this species. Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France, Mediterranean. Ichnopus spinicornis Boeck. Off High Island, Co. Galway, surface, one. New to the district. Previous Irish Record :—Off Valentia (Porcupine). The present record is only the second one for the British Isles. Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea, Mediterranean and Java Sea. Socarnes erythrophthalmus Robertson. 13 miles E.N.E. of Clare Island light, 21 faths., eleven. Previous Irish Records :—Valentia (Walker); Ardbear Bay, Co. Galway (Norman). Distribution :—Atlantic coasts of Great Britain, Ireland, and France. A 2 42 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Tryphosa sarsii (Bonnier). Blacksod Bay, N. of Ardelly Pt., 2-5 faths., two. Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay, 1-4 faths., one. Fahy Bay, Ballinakill Harbour, 1-3 faths., twelve. Previous Irish Record :—Clew Bay (Norman). Distribution :—Atlantic coasts of South and West Norway, Great Britain, and Ireland. Tmetonyx cicada (Fabricius). Blacksod Bay, one young specimen. Previous Irish Records: —Kenmare River (Walker); several records from deep water off the west coast of Ireland, 90-630 faths. (Walker and Norman). Distribution :—Arctie Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France. Orchomenella nanus (Kroyer). Inishlyre Harbour, 5 faths., one. Bofin Harbour, 1-4 faths., on three occasions. Fahy Bay, Ballinakill Harbour, 1-3 faths., two. New to the district. Previous Irish Records :—Valentia and district, off Galley Head, Co. Cork (Walker) ; deep water off the West of Ireland, 40 faths. (Porcupine). Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France. Lepidepecreum longicorne (Bate and Westwood). 1 mile outside Bofin Harbour, 17 faths., one. 5 miles N.W. by N. of Inishturk, 48 faths., one at surface. 2 miles S. of Shark Head, 42 faths., one at surface. Previous Irish Records :—Off Galley Head, Co. Cork, and off Teelin Head, Co. Galway, 33-37 faths. (Walker). Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from South Norway to France, Mediterranean. Family AMPELISCIDAE. Ampelisca brevicornis (A. Costa). Blacksod Bay, common in sand. Ballinakill Harbour, Coastguard Bay, in sand, two. # mile S. of Mulranny Pier, 5-11 faths., thirty. New to the district. Previous Irish Records :—Valentia Harbour, Dunbeacon Harbour (Walker); Belfast Lough (Kinahan). Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France, Mediterranean. Clare Island Survey—Amphipoda. 42 5 Ampelisca spinipes Boeck. Blacksod Bay, 7-9 faths., common. 13 mile N.W. by N. of Carwell, off Crump Island, 24 faths., two. Clew Bay, 2 miles EH. of Deace’s Rock, 182 faths., one. 13 mile E.N.E. of Clare Island light, 21 faths., one. 1 mile N. by E. of Cleggan Hd., 19 faths. three. Ballinakill Harbour, 2-4 faths., one. Previous Irish Records :—Dingle Bay, Valentia Harbour (Walker) ; Round- stone (Calman); several places in deep water off the West coast, 70-744 faths. (Porcupine). Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France. Ampelisca diadema (A. Costa). Blacksod Bay, 3-9 faths., three. Inishlyre Harbour, 5 faths., one. New to the district. Previous Irish Records :—Belfast Bay, Dublin Bay (Spence Bate); West of Ireland, 183 faths. (Porcupine). Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France, Mediterranean. Ampelisca typica (Bate). Blacksod Bay, 4-8 faths., few. Bofin Harbour, in tow-nets, on six occasions. New to the district. Previous Irish Records :—Belfast Bay, Dublin Bay (Kinahan); Lough Foyle (Norman); West of Ireland, 90 faths. (Porcupine). Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France. Ampelisca tenuicornis Lilljeborg. Blacksod Bay, 4-9 faths., common. # mile S. of Mulranny Pier, Clew Bay, 5-11 faths., two. Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay, 1-4 faths., five. Fahy Bay, Ballinakill Harbour, six. Bofin Harbour, in tow-nets, frequent. New to the district. Previous Irish Records :—Valentia Harbour (Walker); Donegal Bay (Norman); W. of Ireland, 183 faths. (Porcupine). Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France. Family HAUSTORIIDAE. Bathyporeia guilliamsoniana (Bate). Blacksod Bay, in sand at low-water, common. New to Ireland. Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France. 42 6 Proceedings of the Royal lrish Academy. Bathyporeia pelagica (Bate). S. of Mulranny Pier, Clew Bay, 5-13 faths., two. Ballinakill Harbour, 1-3 faths., six. Bofin Harbour, in surface tow-nets, ten. New to the district. Previous Irish Record :—West of Ireland, 183 faths. (Porcupine). Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France. Urothoe marina (Bate). Elly Bay, Blacksod Bay, in sand, two. N. of Ardelly Point, Blacksod Bay, 5 faths., one. Inishlyre Harbour, tow-net, one. Off Bundowlish, tow- net, one. Bofin Harbour, tow-nets, common. Male specimens, caught in surface tow-nets, are beautifully rose-coloured when alive. In this respect they agree with U. elegans and U. pulchella, so that the colouration of specimens is no guide to their identity. Previous Irish Records :—Dublin Bay (Kinahan); Ardbear Bay (Brady and Robertson). Distribution :—Coasts of the British Isles and France. Urothoe brevicornis Bate. Elly Bay, Blacksod Bay, in sand, common. New to the district. Previous Irish Record :—Church Island, Valentia (Walker). Distribution :—Coasts of the British Isles and France. Urothoe elegans Bate. Elly Bay, Blacksod Bay, tow-nets, two. 34 miles E.S.E. of Clare Island light, 20 faths., three. Very abundant in tow-nettings in Bofin Harbour and in the open sea between Bofin and Cleggan Head. Previous Irish Records :—Blacksod Bay (Walker) ; Dublin Bay (Kinahan) ; Berehaven, and several localities on the West coast of Ireland (Porcupine). Distribution :—Atlantic coasts of Europe from Norway to the Azores. Family PHOKXOCEPHALIDAE. Metaphoxus fultoni (T. Scott). Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay. 1-5 faths., seven. Bofin Harbour, taken sparingly on numerous occasions in surface tow-nets at night. Ballinakill Harbour on two occasions. Also taken occasionally in the open seas around Bofin, Shark, and Inishturk. New to the district. Clare Island Survey—Amphipoda. 42 7 Previous Irish Records :—Galway (Calman) and Roundstone (Norman). Distribution :—West and south coasts of the British Isles, France and the Mediterranean. Metaphoxus pectinatus (Walker). Ballinakill Harbour, in surface tow-nettings at night and in the dredge, 1-4 faths., on twelve occasions. Taken twice in the open sea near Bofin and High Island. New to the district. Previous Irish Records :—Valentia (Walker) and Roundstone (Norman). Distribution :—West coast of the British Isles and France. Patience (“ Glasgow Naturalist,” vol. i, 1909) is of opinion that these two species of Metaphoxus should be united. It is not my intention to discuss the matter here; but it is interesting to record, in support of one of the arguments put forward by Patience for his view, that on two occasions I have dredged the two forms in company. This fact leaves no doubt that the two species live in association in their normal habitat, for, in dredging from a small boat, very little ground is covered in a single haul. Harpinia crenulata (Boeck). Off Mulvanny Pier, 7 faths., one. New to the district. Previous Irish Record :—Valentia (Norman). Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to the west of France. Family AMPHILOCHIDAE. Gitana sarsi Boeck. Inishlyre Harbour, 5 faths., one. Derryinver Bay, Ballinakill Harbour, 1-3 faths., one. Bofin Harbour, one. Previous Irish Records :—Valentia and Carrigaholt (Walker). Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France, Mediterranean. Family LEUCOTHOIDAE. Leucothoe spinicarpa (Abildgaard). Blacksod Bay, from an Ascidian, one. 34 miles N. $ W. of Clare Island light, 28 faths., three. Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay, 1-4 faths., one. Fahy Bay, Ballinakill Harbour, on ship’s bottom, two. New to the district. 42 8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Previous Irish Records :—Valentia (Walker) and Roundstone (Norman). Distribution :—Arctie Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France, Mediterranean, Azores. Leucothoe lilljeborgii Boeck. Kallary Bay, 7 faths., two. New to Ireland. Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from South Norway to France, Mediterranean. Family METOPIIDAE. Metopa rubrovittata G. O. Sars. Ballinakill Harbour, from Hydractinia echinata, two. New to Ireland. Distribution :—Arctie Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France. . Family STENOTHOIDAE. Stenothoe monoculoides (Montagu). Blacksod Bay, 1-3 faths., two. Clare Island, south shore of Portanibb, one. 3 miles N.W. of Clare Island light, 25 faths., one. Ballinakill and Bofin Harbours, frequent in tow-nets. Previous Irish Records :—Valentia (Walker); Belfast Bay (Kinahan) ; Sligo (Bate) ; Ardbear Bay (Brady and Robertson); Roundstone (Norman). Distribution :—North Atlantic and adjoining seas from Norway to the Azores, Mediterranean. Stenothoe marina (Bate). Clare Island, 13-29 faths., nine. JBallinakill Harbour, three. Bofin Harbour, one. Previous Irish Records :—Valentia (Walker); Donegal Bay, Bray Head, Valentia (Norman); Porcupine Station 6, 90 faths. Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France, Adriatic. Family COLOMASTIGIDAE. Colomastix pusilla Grube. 5 miles N.W. by W. of Clare Island light, 29 faths., one. Inishlyre Harbour, 5 faths., one. New to the district. Previous Irish Record :—Birterbuy Bay (Brady and Robertson). Distribution :—West and South coasts of the British Isles, France and the Mediterranean. Clare Island Survey— Amphipoda. 42 9 Family ACANTHONOTOZOMATIDAE. Panoplea minuta (G. O. Sars). Coastguard Deep, Ballinakill Harbour, 2-8 faths., two specimens. North entrance to Ballinakill Harbour, 6-8 faths., five. Cleggan Bay, 5-10 faths., two. 4 mile E.S.E. of Clare Island, 7 faths., three. New to the district. Previous Irish Records :—Valentia Harbour, Dunbeacon Harbour, and the S.W. of Ireland, 6 faths. (Walker). Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from South Norway to the British Isles, Mediterranean. Family LILLJEBORGIIDAE. Lilljeborgia brevicornis (Bruzelius). 7 miles S.E. of Clare Island light, 16 faths., two. 4 mile 8S. of Mulranny Pier, 5-11 faths., one. New to Ireland. Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France. Family OEDICEROTIDAE. Perioculodes longimanus (Bate and Westwood). Feorinyeeo Bay, Blacksod Bay, 2 faths., one. S.W. of Mulranny Pier, 13 faths.,one. Ballinakill and Bofin Harbours, very common in tow-nettings taken at night. Previous Irish Records :—Valentia Harbour, Carrigaholt (Walker); Clew Bay (Norman). Distribution: —Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France, Mediterranean. Pontocrates arenarius (Bate). Blacksod Bay, 6-74 faths., fine sand, one. 34 miles E.8.E. of Clare Island light, 20 faths., one. Off the White Strand, Bofin Island, fine sand, 2-5 faths., ten. New to Ireland. Distribution :—North Sea from Norway to Holland, West and South coasts of the British Isles. R,I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. B 42, 42 i0 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Synchelidium haplocheles (Grube). Clare Island, inside Portlea, 1 fath., one. Bofin Harbour, on eight occasions in tow-nettings taken at night. New to the district. Previous Irish Records :—Valentia (Walker) and W. of Ireland (Calman). Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to the British Isles, Mediterranean. Monoculodes carinatus (Bate). Blacksod Bay, 5-74 faths., fine sand, three. Ballinakill Harbour, tow-net at surface, at night, one. Bofin Harbour, tow-net at surface, at night, one. Outside Bofin Harbour, 17 faths., fine sand, three. New to Ireland. Previous Irish Records :—Off Galley Head, Co. Cork, Valentia Harbour and off Bull Rock (Walker). Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France, Mediterranean. Family CALLIOPIIDAE. Calliopius rathkii (Zaddach). Feorinyeeo Bay, Blacksod Bay, shore, one. Killary Bay, 6 faths., one. Bofin Harbour, tow-net at night, two. New to Ireland. Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France. Apherusa cirrus (Bate). Blacksod Bay, shores, common. Bofin Harbour, on two occasions. Previous Irish Records :—Valentia (Walker); Roundstone (Calman); Sligo, Bangor, Co. Down, and Belfast Lough (Bate). Distribution: Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France. Apherusa bispinosa (Bate). Blacksod Bay, shores, common. Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay, 1-4 faths., one. Clare Island, Portlea, common. 13 mile E.N.E. of Clare Island light, 21 faths., one. Ballinakill and Bofin Harbours, very abundant in tow-nettings taken at the surface at nights. Previous Irish Records :—Valentia (Walker); Ardbear Bay (Brady and Robertson); Belfast Lough and Bangor, Co. Down (Kinahan); Carrigaholt (Walker); Kingstown Harbour (Tattersall). Distribution :— Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France, Mediterranean. Clare Island Survey—Amphipoda. 42 11 Apherusa jurinei (Milne-Edwards). Blacksod Bay, shores, ten. Portlea, Clare Island, six. Ballinakill Harbour, surface tow-net, one. Bofin Harbour, on five occasions. Clifden Bay, one. New to the district. Previous Irish Records :—Valentia (Walker). Distribution.—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France, Mediterranean. - Family PLEUSTIDAE. Neopleustes monocuspis (G. O. Sars). Blacksod Bay, one specimen. New to Ireland. Distribution :— Norway, Ivish Sea. Stenopleustes nodifer (G. O. Sars). S.S.W. Mulranny Pier, 13 faths., one. New to Ireland. Distribution :—Norway, North Sea and Ivish Sea. Family ATYLIDAE. Nototropis swammerdamei (Milne-Edwards). One of the most abundant and characteristic Amphipoda of the district. Taken on sixty-five occasions all over the area from Blacksod Bay to Ballinakill. Frequently there were two or three hundred specimens in a haul. Previous Irish Records:—All round the coast from Valentia northwards to Kingstown (various authors). Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic, and Mediterranean. Nototropis vedlomensis (Bate and Westwood). 2 miles 8.S.W. of Clare Island, 27 faths., two. 14 mile N.N.W. of Conwell, off Crump Island, 24 faths., one. Off the entrance to Bofin Harbour, 16- 19 faths., two. 1} mile north of High Island, surface, three. Ballinakill Harbour, on three occasions. New to the district. Previous Irish Records:—Off Galley Head, Co. Cork, and Valentia (Walker). Distribution: —North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France. BQ 42 12 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Family MELPHIDIPPIDAE. Melphidipella macra (Norman). 4 miles W.S.W. of High Island, 54 faths., two. New to the district. Previous Irish Records :—Valentia and west of the Aran Isles, 44-46 faths. (Walker). Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to Ireland. Family GAMMARIDAE. Gammarellus homari (Fabricius). Blacksod Bay, shores, on five occasions. Portlea, Clare Island, one. Tangaree anchorage, Achill Sound, one. Ballinakill and Bofin Harbours and neighbouring seas, in small numbers on seventeen occasions. Previous Irish Records :—Valentia (Walker); Sligo (Bate); Bray (Bate and Westwood); S.W. Ireland; Dursey Sound. Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France, North America. Cheirocratus sundevalli (Rathke). Blacksod Bay, sixteen. Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay, 1-4 faths., one. Fahy Bay, Ballinakill Harbour, seven. Bofin Harbour, on three occasions. Previous Irish Records:—Valentia (Walker); Ardbear Bay (Brady and Robertson) ; Roundstone (Norman). Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic from Norway to France, Mediterranean. Melita palmata (Montagu). Blacksod Bay, shores, common. Clare Island, shore, one. Fahy Bay, Ballinakill Harbour, shores, common. New to the district. Previous Irish Records: —Valentia (Walker); Belfast Lough and Dublin Bay (Kinahan). Distribution: —North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to the Azores. Melita obtusata (Montagu). Very widely distributed throughout the area in shallow water, but not actually a shore species. Previous Irish Records :—Off the Skelligs, 52-62 faths. (Walker); Ardbear 3ay (Brady and Robertson); Roundstone (Norman). Clare Island Survey—Amphipoda. 42 13 Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France, Mediterranean. Ceradocus semiserratus (Bate). Ballinakill harbour, 1-3 faths., two. Previous Irish Records :— Ardbear Bay (Brady and Robertson); Roundstone (Norman). Distribution : — British Isles, West Coast of France. Maera tenuimana (Bate). Blacksod Bay, two. New to Ireland. Distribution :— British Isles. Maera othonis (Milne-Edwards). 23 miles 8.E. of Inishturk, 13 faths., one. Ballinakill Harbour, 2-8 faths., two. New to the district. Previous Irish Records :—Valentia (Walker); Belfast Bay (Thompson) ; Dublin Bay (Kinahan); Berehaven. Distribution: —North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France, Mediterranean. Gammarus marinus Leach. Common on the shores throughout the district. Previous Irish Records:— Round all the coasts (various authors), Distribution: —North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France, Mediterranean and North America. Gammarus duebenii Lilljebore. Elly Bay, Blacksod Bay, shores, several. Clare Island—Lough Avullin, Creggan Lough, stream at S.W. end of Harbour, pool at north base of Knocknaveen, common. Ballinakill Harbour, shores, not uncommon near streams. Found generally throughout the district on the shores near brackish water or in fresh and brackish water streams. New to the district. Previous Irish Records :—Lough Doon, Co. Kerry, Lough Corrib (Walker) Lough Erne (Kane). Distribution :— Brackish water on the coasts of Norway, Holland, and the British Isles. 42 14 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Gammarus locusta Linn. Very abundant everywhere throughout the district, but always distinctly marine and a shallow-water rather than a shore species. Previous Irish Records :—All round the coasts (various authors). Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and adjoining seas from Norway to France, North America. Family DEXAMINIDAE. Dexamine spinosa (Montagu). A very abundant and widespread species throughout the area. Has been taken on sixty-five occasions, sometimes in considerable numbers, more especially in tow-nets taken at night. Previous Irish Records :—From all round the coasts (various authors). Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France, Mediterranean. Dexamine thea (Boeck). Blacksod Bay, three specimens. Ballinakill and Bofin Harbours, common, but never so abundant as the last species. New to the district. Previous Irish Record :—Galway (Calman). Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France. Tritaeta gibbosa (Bate). Blacksod Bay, shores, two. Bofin Harbour, on four occasions. New to the district. Previous Irish Records :—Valencia (Walker); Lambay. Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to the Azores, Mediterranean. Gurnea coalita (Norman). Blacksod Bay, tow-nets at surface, three. Bofin Harbour, frequently in surface tow-nettings taken at night. Ballinakill Harbour, on two occasions. New to the district. Previous Irish Record :—Valencia (Walker). Distribution :—Coasts of the British Isles, France and the Mediterranean. Family TALITRIDAE. Talitrus saltator (Montagu). Louisburgh district, one. Louisburgh to Roonagh, two. Westport, Co. Mayo, one. Clare Island Survey—Amphipoda. 42 15 These specimens were collected by Mr. Nevin H. Foster, and are the only specimens I have seen from the district. Previous Irish Records :—KFrom all round the coasts (various authors). Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from South Norway. to France, Mediterranean, Azores. Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas). Generally distributed throughout the area. Found in the nests of the Great Black-backed Gull and the Puffin on the Bills off Clare Is., from 50-120 ft. above the sea. This occurrence of Orchestia so far from the sea is interesting, but by no means rare on the cliffs of the west of Ireland coast. I have myself taken the species on the tops of the high cliffs of the western shore of the Aran Isles. . Previous Irish Records :—From all round the coasts (various authors). Distribution: —North Atlantic and North Sea from South Norway to the Azores. Hyale prevostii (Milne-Edwards). Blacksod Bay, shores, not uncommon. Clare Island, rock-pools at Portlea, and south shore of Portanibb, one. New to the district. Previous Irish Records:—Valentia (Walker) ; Berehaven. Distribution: —North Atlantic and North Sea from 8. Norway to the Azores. Family AORIDAE. Aora typica Kroyer. Clare Island, 10-20 faths., twenty-four. Bofin Harbour, sixteen. Ballinakill Harbour, five. Previous Irish Records :—Lambay, Valentia, and Daslkengon Harbour. (Walker); Roundstone (Calman); Ardbear Bay (Brady and Robertson). Distribution :—North Atlantic coasts of Europe, South America, New Zealand, Australia, and Kerguelen. Microdeutopus anomalus (Rathke). Blacksod Bay, common. Inishlyre Harbour, one. S. of Mulranny Pier, 5 faths., one. Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay, 1-4 faths., four. Ballinakill and Bofin Harbour, frequent. Previous Irish Records :—Killybegs (Walker); Ardbear Bay (Brady and Robertson). 42 16 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea froin Norway to France, Mediterranean. Microdeutopus danmoniensis (Bate). Blacksod Bay, twenty-six. Ballinakill and Bofin Harbours, not uncommon. New to the district. Previous Irish Record :—Valentia (Walker). Distribution :—South of England, Bay of Naples. Coremepas versiculatus (Bate). Blacksod Bay, seventeen. Killary Bay, 7 faths., one. S. of Mulranny Pier, Clew Bay, 5-11 faths., one. Ballinakill and Bofin Harbours, common. Previous Irish Record :—Ardbear Bay (Brady and Robertson). Distribution :—West and south coasts of the British Isles. Lembos websteri (Bate). Blacksod Bay, eleven, 2} miles S. E. by E. of Clare Island light, 17-19 faths., three. Ballinakill Harbour, one. Bofin Harbour, seven. New to the district. Previous Irish Record :—Dunbeacon Harbour (Walker). Distribution :—North Atlantic and adjoining seas from Norway to France Mediterranean. b) Family PHOTIDAE. Microprotopus maculatus Norman. Blacksod Bay, tow-net, one. South of Mulranny Pier, 7-154 faths., three. ¢ mile 8. E. of Clare Island light, 14 faths., three. Ballinakill and Bofin Harbours, on twelve occasions. Previous Irish Records :—Valentia, Killybegs, and Carrigaholt (Walker). Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to the Azores, Mediterranean. Photis longicaudata (Bate and Westwood). 1 mile E. of Blacksod light, 8-9 faths., four. 1} miles N.E. by E. of Clare Island light, 254 faths., one. S.W. of Mulranny Pier, 5-13 faths., seven, 2% miles W. by N. of High Island, 54 faths., one. New to the district. Previous Irish Record :—Valentia (Walker). Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France, Mediterranean, are Island Survey—Amphipoda. 42 17 Eurystheus maculatus (Johnston). Blacksod Bay, shores, six. 2} miles E. 4 N. of Clare Island light, 19-25 faths., one. 24 miles N.E. by E. of Clare Island light, 5 faths., one. Bofin Harbour, two. : Previous Irish Records :—Lambay and Valentia (Walker) ; Ardbear Bay ‘(Brady and Robertson). Distribution :—Arctic Ocean and North Atlantic from Norway to the Azores. Megamphopus cornutus Norman. Bofin Harbour, two. New to the district. Previous Irish Record :—Valentia (Walker). Distribution :—Axrctic Ocean and North Atlantic from the Lofoten Isles to the south of England. Family ISAEIDAE. Isaea montagui Milne-Edwards. Barnaderg Bay, Ballinakill Harbour, 3 faths., thirty-two from Mamaia squinado. New to Iveland. Distribution :—North Atlantic and Mediterranean, from the British Isles tothe Adriatic. Family AMPHITHOIDAE. Amphithoe rubricata (Montagu). Very abundant in shallow water throughout the area. Previous Irish Records :—Several localities all round the coasts (various authors). Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to France. Pleonexes gammaroides Bate. Common in the littoral zone throughout the area. New to the district. Previous Irish Records:—Valentia and Dungarvan (Walker); Kingston (Tattersall). Distribution :—North Atlantic and adjoining seas from Norway to the Azores. Sunamphithoe pelagica Milne-Edwards. Blacksod Bay, three. Ballinakill and Bofin Harbours, occasional specimens on twelve occasions. R.1.A. PROG,, VOL. XXXI. C 42 42 18 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. New to Ireland. Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to the Azores. Family JASSIDAE. Parajassa pelagica (Leach). Clare Island, south shore of Portanibb, three. New to Ireland. Distribution :—Arctic Ocean and North Atlantic from Norway to the British Isles. Jassa falcata (Montagu). Jassa dentex (Czerniawsky). Common in the littoral zone throughout the area. Previous Irish Records :—Several localities round the coasts (various authors). Distribution :— Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and adjoming seas from Norway to the Azores, Mediterranean, Rio Janeiro, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and Australian Seas. Mrs. Sexton has, to my mind, conclusively proved that Jassa falcata (Montagu) is synonymous with Jassa pulchella Leach; and J therefore have used the former name in preference to the latter, used by Stebbing in his monograph. I have given the two specific names above to indicate that I have seen the two forms of male to which these names were given, and not because I believe the species are really distinct. Indeed I share Walker’s doubts as to the validity of the two supposed species, and I believe that future research will show that they are only forms or varieties of a single polymorphic species. Jassa ocius (Bate). ¢miles N. 3 W. of Clare Island light, 25 faths., eight. New to Ireland. Distribution :—Irish Sea, Mediterranean. Ischyrocerus anguipes Kroyer. Ballinakill Harbour, five specimens. Bofin Harbour, two. New to the district. Previous Irish Records :—Valentia and Dalkey (Walker). Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and adjoining seas from Norway to the British Isles. Clare Island Survey—Amphipoda. 42 19 Family COROPHIIDAE. Erichthonius brasiliensis (Dana). Blacksod Bay, shallow water, common. Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay, one. Bofin Harbour, ten. Ballinakill Harbour, on six occasions. Previous Irish Records: —Belfast Lough (Kinahan); Valentia (Walker) ; Ardbear Bay (Brady and Robertson). Distribution :—North Atlantic and adjoining seas from Norway to the Mediterranean, N.E. coast of America, Brazil, California. f Siphonoecetes colletti Boeck. One mile E. of Blacksod light, 8-9faths., one. Seas between Clare Island and Westport, 5-20 faths., common. Bofin Harbour, one. New to the district. Previous Irish Records: —Dalkey (Walker). Distribution :—North Atlantic and North Sea from Norway to the British Isles, north-east coast of America. Corophium volutator (Pallas) Muddy flats at Rossadillisk, five. Previous Irish Records :—-Several localities in which muddy tidal flats occur round the coasts. Distribution :—North Atlantic from Norway to the Mediterranean. Corophium crassicorne Bruzelius. Fahy Bay, Ballinakill Harbour, six. Bofin Harbour, twenty-one. } Previous Irish Records :—Ardbear Bay (Brady and Robertson) ; Killybegs (Walker). Distribution :—Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic and adjoining seas from Norway to the Mediterranean. Corophium bonelli (Milne-Edwards). Very common throughout the area, especially in tow-nets taken at night. A much more abundant species than the last. New to the district. Previous Irish Records :—Valentia (Walker) and Kingstown (Tattersall). Distribution :— North Atlantic and adjoining seas from Norway to France. C2 42 20 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. AMPHIPODA CAPRELLIDEA. Proto venticosa O. F. Miiller. Taken on fifty-three occasions within the area. A widely distributed and abundant form, very commonly taken in tow-nettings at night. Previous Irish Records:—From several localities all round the coast. Distribution: —North Atlantic from Norway to the Azores, Mediterranean, S. America. Pseudoprotella phasma (Montagu). Blacksod Bay, shores of Elly Bay, one. 2} miles 8.E. of Inishturk, 13 faths., two. Ballinakill Harbour, ten. New to the district. Previous Irish Records :—Cork, Dublin Bay, Strangford Lough. Distribution :—North Atlantic from Norway to the coast of Africa and the Azores, Mediterranean. Podalirius typicus Kroyer. Blacksod Bay, two. S.W. of Mulranny Pier, 5-17 faths., six. Bofin Harbour, one. Ballinakill Harbour, two. Killary Harbour, one. New to Ireland. Distribution :—North Atlantic from Norway to the Azores, Mediterranean. Caprella linearis Linn. Blacksod Bay, Feorimyeeo Bay, shore, twenty-seven. 33 miles S. by E. of Clare Island light, 10 faths., two. New to the district. Previous Irish Records :—Several localities on the east coast. Distribution :—North Atlantic from Norway to the British Isles, North America, California, Behring Sea, and Kamtscatka. Caprella fretensis Stebbing. 34 miles S. by E. of Clare Island light, 10 faths., one male, bright red in colour when alive. 4 mile S. of Mulranny Pier, Clew Bay, 5-11 faths., one male. New to Ireland. Distribution : —N. Atlantic, coasts of England, France, and Spain. Clare Island Survey—Amphipoda. 42 21 Caprella acanthifera Leach. Blacksod Bay, six. 5 miles N.W. by W. of Clare Island light, 29 faths., one. 4+ mile E.S.E. of Clare Island, 7 faths., one. Ballinakill and Bofin Harbours, young specimens frequent in surface tow-nettings at night. Previous Irish Records :—Valentia and Dalkey (Walker); Springvale, Co. Down (Bate and Westwood); Ardbear Bay (Brady and Robertson). Distribution :—North Atlantic from Norway to the Azores, Mediterranean. AMPHIPODA HYPERIIDEA. Family HYPERIIDAE. Hyperia galba (Montagu). Clare Island Harbour, one. Fahy Bay, Ballinakill Harbour, from Pelagia perla, abundant in the year 1901. Hyperoche tauriformis (Bate and Westwood). Open sea between Bofin and the mainland, on six occasions, all in the autumn of three different years. On one occasion associated with Bolina. An oceanic species with an autumnal inshore migration. Parathemisto oblivia (Kroyer). Common in open sea tow-nettings throughout the area, especially in the autumn. Euthemisto compressa (Goés). The most abundant Hyperid in the area. Met with at all times of the year, sometimes in great numbers. Family LYCAEIDAE. Tryphaena malmi Boeck. Six specimens taken from the stomach of a spur dog-fish, Acanthias vulgaris captured in mackerel nets drifting 7 miles W. by S. of Beetle Head, Clare Island. The dog-fish had, in all probability, previously swallowed a mackerel which had been feeding, as is their custom, on planktonic organisms of which the Hyperid formed a part. 42 22 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES NOTED ABOVE. The list of Clare Island Amphipoda includes ninety-five species, of which seventy-nine are known from the coasts of Norway and forty-five from the Mediterranean, while thirty-nine are common to all three places. Thirty-three of the species are Arctic forms, of which fourteen extend to the Mediterranean, the remaining nineteen haying not yet been recorded from further south than the coasts of France. Of the non-Arctice species, twenty five extend from Norway to the Mediterranean, and a further twenty-one are known from the Atlantic coasts of Europe from Norway to France, but have so far not been met with in the Mediterranean. The following six species :—WMetaphoxus fultoni, Colomastix pusilla, Guernea coalita, Microdeutopus danmoniensis, Isaea montagui, and Jassa ocius, are Mediterranean forms which have the northern limit of their distribution in the waters of the British Isles, and do not reach Norway. The following ten species have the centre of their distribution in British waters, and are not at present known from either Norway or the Mediterranean :— Lysianassa ceratinus Socarnes erythrophthalmus. Metaphoxus pectinatus. Urothoe marinus. Urothoe brevicornis. Urothoe elegans. Ceradocus semiserratus. Maera tenuimana. Coremepas versiculatus. Caprella fretensis. Finally seventeen of the species are known from the coasts of North America : Hoplonyx cicada. Leucothoe spinicarpa. Ampelisca spinipes. Calliopius rathkii. Gammarellus homari. Gammarus locusta. Gammarus marinus.._ Dexamine thea. Microdeutopus danmoniensis. Amphithoe rubricata. Ischyrocerus anguipes. Erichthonius brasiliensis. Siphonoecetes colletti. Proto ventricosa. Caprella linearis. Hyperia galba. Euthemisto compressa. All but five of these species—Gammarus marinus, Mucrodeutopus danmoniensis, Amphithoe rubricata, Erichthonius brasiliensis, and Suphonoccetes colletti—are Arctic species. Clare Island Survey—Amphipoda. 42 23 The following table summarizes the distribution of the Clare Island species under the various families of the Amphipoda. ee ga |kSee| fe : aa ges | gis | gfe S224 eee 288 gees ileum clean ered ere 2 ate gs pes 4s | 4 4 6 » 2 2 c= 3 az, Ss) 2 c 5 GAMMARIDEA. | | Lysianassidae, 3 8 10 | 8 4 | 1 4 Ampeliscidae, 2 5 5 5 1 1 L Haustoriidae, 1 | 2 5 5 | 1 | — 1 Phoxocephalidae, . 0 | 1 3 | 3 | 1 — 1 Amphilochidae, 1 | 1 il | Tt | 1 = 1 Leucothoidae, 1 H 2 2 | 2 | 2 1 2 Metopidae, 1 | 1 1 | 1 0 — 0 Stenothoidae, 0 2 ONO a aes: 2 2 | ih 2 Colomastigidae, 0 | 0 1 | 1 1 | — 0 Acanthonotozomatidae, 0 | 1 } 1 | 1 1 = 1 Lilljeborgiidae, 1 1 1 1 0 | — 0 Oedicerotidae, 1 4 4 3 3 | = 3 Calliopiidae, 3 4 4 4 | 3 1 2 Pleustidae, 0 2 2 | 0 0 — 0 Atylidae, 1 2 2 2 1 — 1 Melphidippidae, 0 1 1 0 0 — 0 Gammaridae, 3 8 10 9 | 4 3 4 Dexaminidae, 3 3 4 4 | 3 1 2 Talitridae, 0 3 | 3 3 | 1 = 1 Aoridae, 0 3 | 5 3 3 1 2 Photidae, ale 4 4 3 2 ae 2 Isaeidae, 0 0 1 1 1 — 0 Amphithoidae, 0 3 3 3 0 1 0 Jassidae, 3 3 4 1 2 1 1 Corophiidae, 1 5 | fs) 4 3 2 3 CAPRELLIDEA, 2 5 | 6 6 5 2 5 HYpERIIDEA, 4 5 | 5 4 | 0 2 0 Total, 33 79 a 80 | 5 | 17 39°C 42 24 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Summarized in another way, the Amphipod fauna of the Clare Island marine area is made up as follows :— Arctic species, 33, of which 14 extend to the Mediterranean, 19 ex British Isles, 12 sf N.E. coast of America. Non-Arctic species, 62, of which 25 extend from Norway to the Mediterranean, malt . 5, - British Isles, 6 Bs British Isles to the Mediterranean, 10 are centred mainly round the British Isles. Clare Islund Survey. 43 MARINE ISOPODA AND TANAIDACEA. BY W. M. TATTERSALL, D.Sc. Read Aprit 22. Published June 4, 1912, THE area covered by the present report is the same as that given by me in the report on the Cumacea and Schizopoda, namely, from Blacksod Bay in the north to Slyne Head in the south, and seaward to the 50-fathom line, I have already published a paper on the Isopoda of Ballynakill and Bofin Harbours,’ and I have incorporated the records from that paper in the present report, which is, therefore, a complete list of the species of marine Isopoda known to occur in the Clare Island district. One species, Tanais cavolinii, is now recorded from Ireland for the first time, while the specimens of Pseudione sp. from Porcellana longicornis appear to be the first Bopyrids found on this crab in British waters. One species, Paratanais batei, is new to the district. In the paper mentioned above I have given tables indicating the known geographical distribution of the British and Irish Isopoda. It will, therefore, be sufficient here to mention that out of the thirty-six species of shallow-water Isopoda known to occur in the Clare Island marine area, twenty-two extend to Norway and eighteen to the Mediterranean, while only nine species are common to all three districts. Eight of the species are known from the coasts of North America. This result is very similar to that noted for the Cumacea and Schizopoda, namely, that the shallow-water marine fauna of the west of Ireland is a blending of boreal and Mediterranean species, in very nearly equal proportions. Only four of the species noted below extend into deep water, namely, Gnathia oxywraea, Cirolana borealis, Janira maculosa, and Munna kroyert, while Lurydice truncata and Idotea metallica are pelagic species which extend occasionally far out to sea. In fact, Z. metallica is a true oceanic species, usually associated with floating barnacles and timber, and only reaching littoral waters under stress of weather. 1 Fisheries, Ireland, Sci. Invest., 1904, 1. (1908). R.A, PROC., VOL. XXXI. A 43 43 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. TANAIDACEA. Fam. Apseudidae. Apseudes hibernicus, Walker—Ballynakill Harbour, common in dredgings from the muddy ground in Coastguard Bay, 5-8 fms. Bofin Harbour, one specimen from Port Island Bay. 23} miles S.E. of Clare Island light-house, 18 fms., one specimen. Inishlyre Harbour, 5 fms., one specimen. 4 mile S. of Mulranny pier, Clew Bay, 8 fms. seven specimens. Fam. Tanaidae. Tanais cavolinii, H. Milne-Edwards.—1} mile S.E. of Clare Island light, 18 ims., three specimens. Elly Bay, Blacksod Bay, shore-collecting, one specimen. This species is now for the first time added to the Irish list. I have also received specimens from Valencia. Leptochelia dubia (Kréyer).—This species is common im dredgings on muddy ground in Ballynakill and Bofin Harbours in 5-8 fms. Inishlyre Harbour, 5 ims., eleven specimens. Paratanais batei, G. O. Sars—Inishlyre Harbour, 5 fms., two specimens. Blacksod Bay, Carrigeenmore Rocks, two specimens. New to the district, the only other Irish locality known for the species being Galway Bay. Leptognathia longiremis (Lilljeborg).—Coastguard Bay, Ballyuakill Harbour, one specimen. Tanaopsis laticaudata, G. O. Sars.—Ballynakill Harbour, common. ISOPODA. Tribe FLABELLIFERA. Fam. Anthuridae. Anthura gracilis (Montagu).—Coastguard Bay, Ballynakill Harbour, 6 fms., one specimen. Fahy Bay, Ballynakill Harbour, 3 fms., three specimens. 23 miles east of Clare Island light, 22 ims., one specimen. 34 miles N.W. 3. of Clare Island light, 25 fms., one specimen. 14 miles S.E. by E. of the Bills, off Achill Island, 274 fms., one specimen. Olare Island Survey—Marine Isopoda und Tanacdacea. 43 3 Fam. Gnathiidae. Gnathia oxyuraea (Lilljeborg)—Very common in dredgings from Bofin and Ballynakill Harbours. The larvae are frequently taken in tow-nets at night and attached to the fins of fishes such as Coalfish, Pollack, Gurnard, and White Trout. Off Ardelly Point, Blacksod Bay, in one fm., two male specimens. Following Sars, I named this species Gnathia maaillaris (Montagu) in my former paper. Norman has shown, however, that G. mawillaris is quite a different species, and that the species so named by Sars must bear the name here given to it. Fam. Cirolanidae. Cirolana borealis, Lilljeborg—Not rare in the sand of Coastguard Bay, Ballynakill Harbour, from which specimens may be dug at low-water, spring tides. 3 mile S. of Mulranny Pier, Clew Bay, 8 fms., two specimens. Conilera cylindracea (Montagu).—One mile N. of Cleggan Head, 19 fms., one specimen. Eurydice pulchra, Leach.—Achill Sound, surface tow-net, one specimen. Bofin Harbour, surface tow-nets, on three occasions. Elly Bay, Blacksod Bay, one specimen dug from sand at low water, and two from a surface tow- netting. E. spinigera, Hansen.—Ballynakill and Bofin Harbours, single specimens occasionally in surface tow-nets. E. truncata (Norman).—Ballynakill and Bofin Harbours, very common in surface tow-nettings. 1} miles N.N.W. of Corwell, off Crump Island, Co. Galway, 24 fms., one specimen. Fam. Limnoriidae. Limnoria lignorum (Rathke).—Found boring into the bottoms of two hulks moored in Ballynakill Harbour, and also attacking wooden stakes at low water. Fam. Sphaeromidae. Sphaeroma serratum (Fabricius)—Clifden Harbour, under stones at high-water mark. Elly Bay, Blacksod Bay, shore-collecting, two specimens. A2 43 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Dynamene bidentata (Montagu).—Ballynakill Harbour, under a stone on Ross shore, one male. From Saxicava-bored limestone, Black Rocks, Ballina- kill, several specimens. Clare Island, shore of harbour, three specimens, Feorinyeeo Bay, Blacksod Bay, shore, thirteen specimens. Elly Bay. | Blacksod Bay, shore, two specimens. Moyrahan, Blacksod Bay, shore, one specimen. Cymodoce truncata (Montagu).—Ballynakill Harbour, from Saxicava-bored limestone, several. + mile S. W. of Gun-rock, Inishbotin, 16 fms., one specimen. Bofin Harbour, one specimen. Clare Island harbour, three specimens. 4 mile E. S. E. of Clare Island harbour, 7 fms., five specimens. 4 mile W. by S. of Cloghcormick Buoy, Clew Bay, 10 fms., three specimens. Tribe VALVIFERA. Fam. Idoteidae. Idotea baltica (Pallas)—Abundant in shallow water among Laminaria, eM H ae as everywhere throughout the area. . pelagica, Leach.—Occasional specimens have been met with at Ballynakill and Bofin among floating weeds. . granulosa, Rathke.—Ballynakill and Bofin Harbours, occasional specimens from Laminaria. Clare Island harbour, three specimens. Louisburgh, Co. Mayo, one specimen. 33 miles N. of Clare Island light, 25 fms., nine specimens. Elly Bay, Blacksod Bay, 3 ims., two specimens; also shore-collecting, two specimens. . viridis (Slabber).—Not uncommonly met with in Ballynakill and Bofin Harbours, in Laminaria and Zostera beds. . neglecta, G. O. Sars.—Taken once in Ballynakill Harbour from the hollowed stems of dead Laminaria and once in Bofin Harbour among floating weeds. Clare Island harbour, two specimens. Carrigeenmore Rocks, Blacksod Bay, shore, one specimen. . emarginata (Fabricius) Almost as common in the district as J. baltica, in Laminaria and floating weeds of all kinds. . metallica, Bosc.—One male and one female specimen from the surface of the sea between Inisgort and Gun-rock, Inishbofin. linearis (Pennant).—Very common in Ballynakill and Bofin Harbours. S. of Mulranny pier, Clew Bay, 7 fms., one specimen. Clare Island Survey— Marine Isopoda and Tanaidacea. 43 5 Tribe ASELLOTA. Fam. Janiridae. Janira maculosa, Leach.—Coastguard Deep, Ballynakill Harbour, 6 fms., one specimen. 33 miles N. of Clare Island light, 25 fms., two specimens. Carrigeenmore Rocks, Blacksod Bay, shore at low-water spring tides, seven specimens. 14 miles S. E. by S. of the Bills, off Achill Island, one specimen. Jaera marina (Fabricius).— Common throughout the district, under stones on the shore between tide-marks, especially where a stream of fresh water enters the sea. J. nordmanni (Rathke).—Usually found associated with the last species, and almost equally abundant. Fam. Munnidae. Munna kroyeri, Boeck.—Ballynakill Harbour, twice taken in 7 fms. of water. Bofin Harbour, one specimen. M. fabricii, Kroyer.—Ballynakill Harbour, 7 fms., three specimens. Pleurogonium rubicundum, G. O. Sars.—Coastguard Deep, Ballinakill Harbour, 7 fms., common. Tribe EPICARIDEA. Fam. Bopyridae. Bopyrus squillarum, Latreille.—Ballynakill Harbour, one specimen from Palaemon serratus. Bopyrina virbii (Walz).—Bofin Harbour, one specimen from Hippolyte varians. Pleurocrypta galatheae, Hesse—Ballynakill Harbour, two specimens from Galathea squamifera. 24 miles S.E. of Clare Island light, three young specimens. Feorinyeeo Bay, Blacksod Bay, three specimens from Galathea squamifera. Pseudione sp.?,—Blacksod Bay, 5 fms., two specimens from Porcellana longicornis. The only Bopyrid which has up till now been found parasitic on Porcellana longicornis is Plewrocrypta porcellanae, Hesse. The males of this species, as, indeed, of all species belonging to the genus Pleurocrypta, have the abdomen unsegmented. In the specimens now under notice, however, both males have the abdomen markedly segmented. This would seem to place them in the genus Pseudione, Kossmann ; and indeed they bear a strong resemblance to the 43 6 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. males of Pseudione hyndmanni as figured by Sars in his “ Crustacea of Norway, vol. u. The latter species is, however, generally found parasitic on Eupagurus bernhardus, though Scott has recorded it from Azppolyte varians. The present specimens are the first, so far as I am aware, to be found on Porcellana longicornis in British waters. I prefer leaving their identity an open question till more specimens have been obtained. I may mention that I have since seen two specimens of Plewrocrypta porcellanae Hesse, from Porcellana longicornis taken at Port Erin, Isle of Man, and in both specimens the males conformed to the type in having the abdomen unsegmented. It seems probable, therefore, that these specimens from Blacksod Bay represent an undescribed species. The genus is new to the district. Athelges paguri, Rathke.—Ballynakill, a single specimen from a Pagurid. Epicaridan larvae.—Larval Epicaridea are of very common occurrence in tow-nettings from Ballynakill and Bofin Harbours, either free or attached to Copepoda. A single Cryptoniscid larva was also found attached to Dynamene bidentata. Clare Island Survey. 44 LAND AND FRESH-WATER ISOPODA. By NEVIN H. FOSTER, M.B.0.U. Read Apri 22. Published June 4, 1912. ISsOPODA TERRESTRIA. THE survey of the Land Isopods (Woodlice) of Clare Island shows that in this group the fauna of the island does not reveal any striking difference from that of the adjacent mainland. Although only one species, Cylisticus convexus, which has not been taken elsewhere in Co, Mayo, was discovered on the island, it is likely that this woodlouse (very sparingly found throughout Treland, although recorded from fourteen counties!) has been so far overlooked in this county. Of the twenty-seven species of woodlice known in Ireland four— Trichoniscus pusillus, Philoscia muscorum, Oniscus asellus, and Porcellio scaber—are abundant in every county; and in respect of these species the same obtains on Clare Island and the Clew Bay islands, as also on Caher, Inishturk and Inishbofin, At least five of the recorded Irish species must be regarded as introduced exotics, and none of these has been observed in Co. Mayo. The following nine species have been found on Clare Island :— Ligia oceanica (Linn.). Oniscus asellus Linn. Trichoniscus pusillus Brandt. Porcellio scaber Latreiille. Trichoniscoides albidus (Budde- P. pictus Brandt, Lund). P, dilatatus Brandt. Philoscia muscorum (Scopolt). Cylisticus convexus (De Geer’). All the species recorded from West Mayo have been observed on Clare Island, with the exception of one, Metoponorthus cingendus, which had been noted on Achill Island. It seems probable that this species may eventually be found on Clare Island, as it is by no means rare in the west of Ireland. 1P. R. Pack Brresrorp and Nevin H. Foster: ‘The Woodlice of Ireland: their distribution and classification.’’ Proc. R. I. Acad., vol. xxix, sect. B, No. 4, March, 1911. R.I.A. PROU., VOL. XXXI. A AA 44 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Haplophthalmus mengii and Trichoniscus pygmaeus may also prove resident there, as in the case of the former species the general experience is that wherever found in this country it is only in very small numbers (except in greenhouses, where it often occurs in considerable colonies), and its minuteness renders it easily overlooked; but the latter species, though so diminutive, is readily recognized in the field, and, though the special attention of Mr. Stelfox and myself was directed to its discovery, we failed to find it either on the island or the adjoining mainland. This is rather surprising, as we have succeeded in finding it in every other Ivish county in which we have searched for it. H.- mengti and T. pygmaeus have recently been taken (A. W.S.) at Manulla Junction in Mayo East, only some few miles from the boundary line between the western and eastern divisions of the county. For assistance in collecting specimens of woodlice in the district I have to tender thanks to Dr. Scharff (referred to below as R.F.S.), Rev. Canon Lett (H.W.L.), Rev. W. F. Johnson (W.F.J.), Messrs. D. R. Pack Beresford (D.R.P.B.), J. N. Halbert (J.N.H.), R. Ll. Praeger (R. Ll. P.), A. W. Stelfox (A. W.S.), RB. J. Welch (R.J. W.), and numerous other collectors who materially aided me in the survey of this group. The following notes on the various species found on Clare Island are appended :— Ligia oceanica (Linn.). This species is common in suitable situations all round the shore-line of Clare Island, as well as on the shores of Clew Bay and its islands. It has also been taken on Mweelaun Rocks. Those observed in this district were mainly of small size, rarely exceeding 25 mm. in length, and usually very dark (almost black) in colour, but a specimen found at Belclare on the southern shore of Clew Bay was of a brick-red colour. Trichoniscus pusillus Brandt. In damp situations this little species was met with everywhere in con- siderable numbers. It is not confined to low-lying situations, having been taken on the face of the Croaghmore cliffs at an altitude of 1,300 feet. A few specimens of the violet-coloured variety were observed. Trichoniscoides albidus (Budde-Lund). When examined in life under a lens this small species is easily recognized. Its. colour is white, but its bright pink eyes and the pink ramifications on the dorsal surface are distinctive characteristics, which, however, immediately disappear on the specimen being put into spirit. Two specimens were taken (R. Ll. P. and N. H. F.) under a deeply embedded stone (which also covered the nest of an Clare Island Survey—Land and Fresh-water Isopoda. 44 3 ant, Lasius flavus) on the top of the low cliffs of the southern shore beyond the Abbey; and it was also found in a similar situation (R.F,S.) on the eastern shore of the island. The only other localities in Mayo where this species has been obtained are Old Head, Louisburgh (A. W.S.), and on the shore at Westport demesne (J. N. H.). Philoscia muscorum (Scopoli). This species is common in the district, though not seen on any of the islands in the eastern part of Clew Bay, except on Annagh Island. On Clare Island it was obtained up to elevations of 900 feet. As a rule the specimens were dark-coloured, but a few of the bright yellow variety were noted. Oniscus asellus Linn. As obtains elsewhere in Ireland, this species shares with Porcellio scaber the distinction of constituting our commonest species of woodlouse. On Clare Island it was not observed at an altitude higher than 1000 feet ; but in the lower parts of the island and all through the mainland district it is present in great numbers. Many of the specimens of this species measured 17 x 9 mm., and all through the district the average size must be considered greater than usually obtains in Ireland. The coloration in this species was generally typical, but some tawny-coloured examples were found in the vicinity of Westport. Porcellio scaber Latreille. Like the preceding the average size of this species was larger than obtains in the north-eastern parts of Ireland, a very broad form being common both on the island and throughout the district. Only the uniformly dark-coloured typical examples were seen on Clare Island; but the mainland yielded numerous specimens lighter in colour—some of them tawny-coloured with brown markings, or even uniformly of a brownish orange shade. This species, on Clare Island, exists in countless numbers on the shore, and cannot be regarded as uncommon in inland situations. P.scaber was the only woodlouse found on Bills of Achill, Porcellio pictus Brandt, This species affects drier habitats than those usually tenanted by woodlice, and was frequently observed inside houses—even invading the beds in several of our stopping-places in the district. The specimens seen were all of small size, none of them attaining 14 mm. in length, and the coloration was not so vivid as generally obtains in this species. On the mainland it was 44 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. found at Achill Sound (D.R.P.B. and H.W.L.), Louisburgh (H. W.1.), Belclare (N. H. F.), and also at Curraun, near Achill Island. Porcellio dilatatus Brandt. A single specimen of this species was captured in the hotel garden on Clare Island. Elsewhere in Mayo it has been found at Louisburgh (also in a garden) and at Killala. It seems probable that this species is not native in the district, but has been introduced with garden plants. Cylisticus convexus (De Geer). Outside Clare Island this species has not yet been found in Co. Mayo, and it cannot be regarded as common on the island. A little colony was discovered under stones near the base of the castle at the harbour, and it was also captured in the hotel garden. A collection of woodlice made by various workers on Clare Island contains one specimen of this species, the precise locality not being stated. IsOPODA FLUVIATILA. Asellus aquaticus Linn. The only fresh-water Isopod observed on Clare Island was Asellus aquaticus, which was obtained in the small lakes of the island, as well as on the mainland. This species iscommon in ponds, lakes, and streams all over Treland, and is the only fresh-water Isopod so far detected in this country. Clare Island Survey. 45 MARINE ENTOMOSTRACA. By G. P. FARRAN, B.A. Puates IIIT, Read January 27. Published Apriz 11, 1913. THE sources from which the lists of species of the various groups included in this paper (comprising, as they do, many records other than those obtained during the Clare Island Survey) are taken, are given in detail at the head of each group. The lists themselves vary very much in completeness. The Cladocera, four in number, probably include all that usually occur on this part of the coast. The Ostracoda, numbering 65, comprise two-thirds of those recorded from the west coast of Ireland, and doubtless represent about the same proportion of the fauna of the district. The Copepoda number 159, about 30 of these being free-swimming, more or less planktonic forms, and the remainder littoral or living on the bottom. The former section is probably fairly complete, the species com- prising it being few in number and uniformly distributed ; but the latter must be regarded merely as a preliminary list, since it is probable that, if more time were given to collecting and working out the results, the number of species would be more than doubled. The Cirripede list only contains a few of the commoner forms whose presence has been casually noted. The material, as a whole, being so far from complete, it would be unprofit- able to compare the entomostracan fauna with those of other localities, very few of which, it may be remarked, are any better known, or to discuss the respective faunas of different parts of the district. Attention may be called, however, to one dredging, made in May, 1909, in 24 fathoms off the mouth of Killary Harbour, which contained a large number of scarce species of Copepods. ‘I'he bottom consisted of finely broken shells with a slight admixture of sand and stones. Out of eighteen species R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI, A a5 45 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. identified from this station, the following may be noted as being little-known forms :— Amphiascus attenuatus. Leptomesochra attenuata. Amphiascus simulans. Paramesochra dubia. Amphiascus spinifer, 7. sp. Tetragoniceps malleolata. Ameira tenella. Pteropsyllus consimilis. Ameiropsis nobilis. Laophonte denticornis. Stenocopia spinosa. Cylindropsyllus laevis. Most of these species have been recorded by Professor G. O. Sars (« Crustacea of Norway”) from one or two localities on the west coast of Norway at similar depths. CLADOCERA. Evadne Nordmanni Lovén.—Abundant in Ballynakill Harbour, 1901-2. Frequent in the open sea. Podon intermedius Lillj.— Frequent in the open sea off Cleggan. P. Leuckarti(G. O. Sars). —Common in Ballynakill Harbour, 1901-2. Killary Harbour. Scarce in the open sea. P. polyphemoides Leuck.—Frequent in Ballynakill Harbour, especially the least saline parts, 1901-2. Killary Harbour. Not found in the open sea. OSTRACODA. Although no collection of Ostracoda from the Survey has been worked out, yet a considerable number of marine species has been recorded from the Clare Island district. These records have been extracted from the paper by Canon Norman on “Irish Crustacea Ostracoda,” published in the “ Irish Naturalist” (vol. xiv). They are due mainly to Brady and Robertson or to Canon Norman himself. ‘lhe names of the recorded species are given below; and for details reference should be made to the paper in question. Fam. CYPRIDAE. Fam. CYTHERIDAE. Aglaia complanata B. & R. Cythere lutea O. #. Mull. Paracypris polita G. 0. Sars. confusa Brady & Norman. Pontocypris mytiloides (Norman). pellucida Baird. trigonella G. 0. Sars. porcellanea Brady. Argilloecia cylindrica &. 0. Sars. macallana B.& £. semipunctata Brady. Fam. BAIRDIIDAE. hadla Norman. Bairdia inflata Norman. erispata Brady. Clare Island Survey— Marine Hntomostraca. 45 3 OSTRACODA.—continwed. Fam. CYTHERIDAE.—continued. Fam. CYTHERIDAE.—continued. Cythere gibbosa B. & L. Cytherura sella G. 0. Sars. albomaculata Baird. acuticostata G. O. Sars. Robertsoni Brady. striata G. O. Sars. convexa Bawrd. producta Brady. cuneiformis Brady. undata G. O. Sars. villosa G. O. Sars. nigrescens (Bazr'd). quadridentata Baird. fulva B.& Re. emaciata Brady. cellulosa (VWorman). tuberculata (@. O. Sars). Cytheropteron nodosum Brady. ungulata (@. O. Sars). punctatum Brady. antiquata (Baird). depressum Brady & Norman. Jonesii (Baird). Bythocythere recta Brady. Cytheridea elongata Brady. Sclerochilus contortus (Vorman). papillosa Bosquet. laevis G. W. Mill. Kurycythere declivis Norman, var. Cytherideis subulata Brady. argus. Cytherois Fischeri G. 0. Sars. anglica Brady. Paradoxosoma variabile (Baird). Loxoconcha impressa (Baird). obliquum (G. 0. Sars). viridis (0. F. Miil.). hibernicum Brady. guttata (Norman). fasciatum Brady & Norman. tamarindus (7. &. Jones). arcuatum Brady. multifora Norman. flexuosum Brady. pusilla B.& R. Machaerina tenuissima (Vorman). Xestoleberis aurantia (Baird). depressa G. O. Sars. Cytherura gibba (0. F. AMuill.). cornuta Brady. Fam. POLYCOPIDAE. Polycope orbicularis G. 0. Sars. Polycopsis compressa B. & R. COPEPODA. The list of species has been compiled from several sources. A number of records from the district, chiefly from Westport Bay and Clifden Bay, are to be found in Brady and Robertson’s paper “ On Marine Copepoda taken in the West of Iveland” (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1873), and in Brady’s “Monograph of the British Copepoda.” These are indicated in the list by (B. and R.) and (Brady, Mon.). ‘The Ms. records of the Marine Laboratory at Ballynakill for 1901-2 contain several references to both free-swimming and bottom forms, though very little detailed work was done on the latter group; and finally during the last few years several small collections have been made by the A2 45 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. ss. “ Helga,” both in Blacksod Bay and Clew Bay. For the identification of the Ballynakill and Blacksod and Clew Bay specimens I am myself responsible. Species new to Ireland are marked with an asterisk. They number seventy, and, in addition, four species, which appear to be new to science, are described. CopEPODA GYMNOPLEA. Family CALANIDAE. Calanus helgolandicus (Cls.).— Better known under the name of C. finmarchicus, which has, however, in recent years been reserved for the slightly different and larger form which inhabits the Norwegian seas. C’. helgo- landieus forms, in the spring and summer, immense swarms all along the west coast of Ireland, which extend seawards for from ten to twenty miles, and form the main food of the spring mackerel on their arrival on the coast. It seems to require water of a moderately high salinity for its development, but penetrates into the bays and harbours when driven shorewards by a westerly wind. Paracalanus parvus (Cls.).—Common along all the west coast, both in the open sea and in bays and harbours. Pseudocalanus elongatus (Boeck).—Very common both in the open sea and in bays and inlets, and often occurs in shoals. Calocalanus styliremis Giesbr.—An oceanic species, taken off Shark Head in May and August, 1901. Clausocalanus arcuicornis (Dana).—An oceanic species, taken three times in the beginning of 1901, off Clare Island, Inishturk, and Inishbofin. Ctenocalanus vanus Giesbr.—An oceanic species, taken once off Inishturk in June, 1901. Chiridius armatus (Boeck).—An oceanic species, taken once off Shark Head in April, 1901. Bradyidius armatus Giesbr.—Taken off Clare Island, 42 fathoms, in a bottom tow-net in February, 1901. It is a bottom-haunting species usually found on muddy ground. *Stephos Scotti G. O. Sars.—Taken occasionally in Fahy Bay, Ballynakill, in 1901. Scolecithricella minor (Brady).—In a bottom tow-net off Shark Head, 54 fms., in July, 1901. Probably should be regarded as an oceanic species. Diaixis pygmaea (Scott).—In tow-nettings taken off Cleggan in 1901, one to two miles from shore, scarce. Clare Island Survey—Marine Entomostraca. 45 5 Family CENTROPAGIDAE. Centropages typicus Kroyer.—Common at Ballynakill in 1901, both in the harbour and in the open sea. C. hamatus (Lilljeborg).— Very common in inshore tow-nettings at Ballyna- kill in 1901, much scarcer in the open sea. Killary Harbour. Isias clavipes Boeck.—Clifden Bay (B. and R.). Common in Ballynakill Harbour in 1901, and in the open sea close to shore. Temora longicornis (Miill.).—Very common in bays and inlets and in the open sea close to shore. Ballynakill Harbour, Clew Bay, Blacksod Bay. Metridia lucens, Boeck.—Very common in the open sea along all the west coast of Ireland, and found in much smaller numbers in the bays and inlets. ' Family PSEUDOCYCLOPIDAE. Pseudocyclops obtusatus Brady.— Frequent in Ballynakill Harbour, 1901-2. Family CANDACIIDAE. Candacia armata, Boeck.—Occasionally in the open sea off Cleggan, 1901. Clew Bay, surface, August, 1911. Family PONTELLIDAE. Anomalocera Pattersoni Templeton.—Occasionally in the open sea off Cleggan, 1901. Parapontella brevicornis (Lubbock).— Westport and Clifden Bays (B. and R.). Plentiful close to shore, and in all the bays and inlets. Acartia Clausi Giesbr.— Universally distributed throughout the district both in the open sea and in bays and inlets. A small form, 2 =7 mm., was found plentifully in Blacksod Bay in September, 1909, in company with others of normal size, ? = ca. 1:15 mm. A. discaudata (Giesbr.).—Common in Ballynakill and Killary Harbours. This species is characteristic of water of low salinity. COPEPODA PODOPLEA. Family CORYCAEIDAE. Corycaeus anglicus Lubbock.—Frequent both in Ballynakill Harbour and in the open sea in the winter of 1901-2. Family ONCAEIDAE. Oncaea conifera Giesbr.—A common oceanic species taken a few times off Cleggan and Clare Island in 1901. 45 6 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Family LICHOMOLGIDAE. Lichomolgus fucicolus Brady.—Clifden and Westport Bays (B. and R.). Ballynakill Harbour, October, 1901. *L. agilis (Leydig)—Ballynakill Harbour, parasitic on Holts papillosa February, 1902. *L. albens Thorell—Ballynakill, 1901, in Ascidiella aspersa, few. L. forficula Thorell.—Blacksod Bay, in Aseidia mentula, September, 1910. *Hermanella arenicola (Brady).—Ballynakill Harbour, several, December, 1900. *H. maxima (I. C. Thompson).—Ballynakill Harbour, 2 fms., in Pecten maximus, May, 1902. Pseudanthessius furcillatus (Thorell)— Westport Bay (B and R.). Family BOMOLOCHIDAE. *Bomolochus soleae Claus.— Ballynakill, 1900, one. Family MISOPHRIIDAE. Misophria pallida Boeck.—Ballynakill, 1-2 fms., one, February, 1901 Family LONGIPEDIIDAE. Longipedia Scotti G. O. Sars.—Clifden Bay (B. and R. sub Z. coronata) Ballynakill, frequent, 1901-2. Clew Bay, 14 fms., August, 1910, common. Blacksod Bay, 4 fms., September 10, few. L. minor Scott.—Ballynakill, common, 1901-2, often in the open sea close to shore. Inishlyre Roads, March, 1910. Blacksod Bay, September, 1911, frequent. *Sunaristes paguri Hesse.—Blacksod Bay, washed from weeds between tide- marks, March, 1911, one male. *Canuella perplexa Scott.—Blacksod Bay, 4 fms., September 1910, one. Inishgowla, Clew Bay, 1-4 fms., August, 1909, one. Family ECTINOSOMIDAE. Ectinosoma melaniceps Boeck.—Ballynakill, 1901-2; off Clare Island, 18 fms., August, 1910; Inishlyre Roads, March, 1910; Blacksod Bay, 1911, frequent. E. erythrops Brady.—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909, one. The E. gracile, figured in Sars’ “Crustacea of Norway,’ appears to be identical with Z. erythrops, and does not agree at all with the Z. gracile of Scott’s original description. Clare Island Survey— Marine Entomostraca. 45 7 *E. gothiceps Giesbr.— Off Clare Island, 18 fms., August, 1910. E. propinquum Scott.—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909. *E. tenuipes ‘I’. & A. Scott.—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909. *E, curticorne Boeck.—Ballynakill Harbour, 14 fms., April, 1901. *Pseudobradya minor (T. & A. Scott).—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909. The fifth foot of the single specimen, 2, resembles Scott’s: figure more than that given by Sars. Family HARPACTICIDAE. Harpacticus chelifer (Miiller)—Clew Bay, 18 fms., August, 1910; off Clare He *H. Island, 5 fms., August, 1911. littoralis G. O. Sars—L. Leam, Blacksod Bay (brackish), September, 1909, several. uniremis, Kroyer.—I record this species with some doubt, both on account of the locality in which it was taken, between tide-marks in Blacksod Bay, and because the form of the fifth foot (Pl. II, fig. 12), in the @, differs slightly from that figured by Sars, the exopod being a little broader, and its setae longer. The other characters agree fairly well, and the size, ¢ 145 mm., ? 1°35 mm., is approximately the same. Sars records this species from 20 to 100 fathoms on the west coast of Norway. H. gracilis (Claus)—Ballynakill Harbour, 1901, common. Clew Bay, common, August, 1910, August, 1911. H. flexus Br. & Rob.—Westport Bay, type specimen (B. & R.). Ballynakill Harbour, 14 fms., January, 1901. Imnishlyre Roads, 2-4 fms., March, 1910. Blacksod Bay, 4 fms., September, 1910. Zaus spinatus Goodsir.—Ballynakill Harbour, February, 1901. Clew Bay, 18 fms. August, 1910, several. Blacksod Bay, between tide- marks, March 11th, abundant. *Z. abbreviatus G. O. Sars.——Blacksod Bay, between tide-marks, March, 1911, one specimen. Family PELTIDIIDAE. Alteutha depressa Baird (Peltidiwm crenulatwm).—Clew Bay, 18 fms., August, 1910, several. Frequent at Ballynakill, 1901-2. Killary Harbour, 1901. A. interrupta (Goodsir) (Alteutha bopyroides).—Plentiful in tow-nettings in Ballynakill Harbour, 1901-2. A. purpurocineta Norman (=P. depressum, Brady, non Baird). Clifden Bay (B. & R. sub P. depressum). Occasionally dredged in 1-4 fms. Ballynakill, 1901-2. 45 8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Family TEGASTIDAE, *Parategastes sphericus (Claus).—Inishlyre Roads, 2-4 ims., February, 1910, common. Blacksod Bay, 1-2 ims., September, 1911, several. *Tegastes nanus G. O. Sars.—Blacksod Bay, 4 ims., September, 1910, one. Family PORCELLIDIIDAE. Porcellidium fimbriatum Claus—Clifden Bay (B. & R.). Westport Bay (B. & B., sub P. viride). Ballynakill Harbour, frequent. Blacksod Bay, between tide-marks, few. P. tenuicauda Claus.—Clifden Bay (B. & R.). *P. lecanoides Claus.—Blacksod Bay, between tide-marks, March, 1911, two specimens. The colour of this species is remarkable, the centre of the cephalon and of the abdominal segments being dark crimson, and the thoracic segments and margins of the body colourless, though rather opaque. Family IDYIDAE. Aspidiscus littoralis G. O. Sars.—Clifden Bay (B. & R. sub A. fasciatus). Ballynakill Harbour, 1910, frequent. *A. fasciatus Norman.—Blacksod Bay, between tide-marks, 1911, two specimens. Psamathe longicauda Philippii—Clifden Bay (B. & R. sub Scutellidium thisboides).. Ballynakill Harbour, 3-4 fms., December, 1901, two. Blacksod Bay, between tide-marks, September, 1911, one. Idyaea furcata (Baird)—Blacksod Bay, between tide-marks, 1911. common. *I. angusta G. O. Sars.—Blacksod Bay, 1-3 fms., September, 1909, three, 2 fms., September, 1911, one. *I tenera G. O. Sars.—Clew Bay, 18 fims., Aug. 1910, one; 5-6 ims. August, 1911, three. *I. longicornis (Scott)——Off Clare Island, 56 ims. August, 1911, two. Family THALESTRIDAE. Thalestris longimana Claus—Common at Ballynakill both in dredged material and in tow-nettings taken at night, as are many other species of the Thalestridae. Occasionally taken in the open sea. Frequent in Blacksod Bay. Parathalestris Clausi (Norman)—Clifden and Westport Bays(B. & R.). Ballynakill, 1901-2, common. Clew Bay, 5-7 ims., May, 1899, August, 1911, common. Clare Island Survey— Marine Entomostraca. 45 9 P. harpactoides (Claus)—Ballynakill, 1901, frequent. Clew Bay and Blacksod Bay, common. Found swarming in immense numbers under stones between tide-marks, below the whaling station in Blacksod Bay. P. hibernica (Br. & Rob.).—Westport Bay, type-specimen (B. & R.). Ballynakill Harbour, 1911. Blacksod Bay, surface tow-net, September, 1909. Phyllothalestris mysus (Claus).— Westport and Clifden Bays (B. & R.). Ballynakill, 1901, frequent in small numbers. Inishlyre Harbour. March, 1910. Blacksod Bay, September, 1909. Rhynchothalestris rufocincta (Norman).—Clew Bay and Clifden Bay (Brady, Mon.). Ballynakill, 1901, frequent. Blacksod Bay, between tide-marks, September, 1911, common. R. helgolandica (Claus)—Cliffden Bay (Brady, Mon.). Ballynakill, 1901-2 frequent. Blacksod Bay, between tide-marks, September, 1911, frequent. *Microthalestris littoralis G. O. Sars.— All the specimens of Microthalestris examined from Clew Bay and Blacksod Bay agree in the form of the fifth feet with J. littoralis; but as the variation in size is considerable (‘5 mm.—"85 mm.), it is possible that a second species may also be present. Frequent between tide-marks, Blacksod Bay ; Clew Bay, 18 fms., August, 1910. Dactylopusia thisboides (Cls.).—Clifden and Westport Bays (B. & R.). Ballynakill, 1901-2, common. Blacksod Bay, September, 1911, few. A ¢ form of this species with seven setae on the exopodite of the fifth foot and a nine-jointed first antenna, was taken in 24 fms. off Killary Harbour in May, 1909. D. vulgaris G. O. Sars.—Clew Bay (Brady, Mon. sub D. Stromit). Ballynakill, 1901-2, common, Clew Bay, 18 fms., August, 1910,common. Blacksod Bay, 2fms. Dactylopodella flava (Cls.).—Clew Bay (Brady, Mon.). Ballynakill, 1901-2, several. Inishlyre Roads, March, 1910, one. Blacksod Bay, between tide-marks, September, 1911, several. Idomene forficata, Phil.—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909, one. Westwoodia nobilis (Baird).—Ballynakill, 1901, few. Clew Bay, 18 fms., August, 1910, several. Blacksod Bay, between tide-marks, September, 1911, several. W. minuta, Cls.—Westport Bay (Brady, Mon.). Blacksod Bay, between tide-marks and in 2 fms., September, 1911, common. : R.LA. PROC., VOL. XXXI. B 45 45 *W. *W. W. 10 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. pygmaea (Scott).—Ballynakill, 1-2 fms., 1901, one. Blacksod Bay, between tide-marks and in 2fms., September, 1911, several. monensis (Brady).—Ballynakill, in stomach of white trout, 1901, one. Clew Bay, 18 fms., August, 1910, one. SATURNI. n. sp. (Pl. I, figs. 1-4).— FEMALE (PI. I, fig. 1), length, ean Body short and stout, but not so robust as in W. nobilis; abdomen bent sharply backwards, about half as long as the cephalothorax, slightly tapered; caudal rami broad and short; 2nd caudal seta from the inside markedly thickened at the base. Ist antenna (Pl. I, fig. 2) short, six-jointed, the terminal part consisting of three joints; proportional UE Ay O56 * TR Tine 2g Oo ea W. nobilis. 1st pair of feet (Pl. I, fig. 4) with endopodite about two and a half times as long as the exopodite. Outer edge seta of Ist joint of endopodite not reaching to the end of the joint, inner terminal claw about three times as long as the outer; exopodite two-jointed, Ist joint with one outer-edge spine, 2nd joint with three outer-edge spines, the middle one being very small, one terminal spine and one terminal seta. oth pair of feet (Pl. I, fig. 3) almost as in W. nobilis, except that the innermost seta on the endopodite is proportionately much shorter. Colour, yellow. Two specimens dredged in Fahy Bay, Ballynakill, in 14 fms., February, 1901. This species agrees in size with W. nobilis, but differs in the jointing of the 1st antenna, the two-jointed exopodite of the first feet, and the length of the setae on the 5th feet. It agrees with W. (Pseudothalestris) imbricata Scott, from Ceylon, in most respects, differing in its larger size and in the presence of a small additional outer-edge seta on the second joint of the exopodite of the first feet and in the absence of an inner-edge seta on the same joint. Other cephalic appendages as in length of joints Family DIOSACCIDAE. Diosacecus tenuicornis (Cls.)—Clifden and Westport Bays (B. & R.). Ballynakill, 1901-2, frequent. Inishlyre Roads, Clew Bay, to 18 fms., and Blacksod Bay, between tide-marks and 18 fms., frequent. AMPHIASCUS VARICOLOR n. sp. (PI. II, figs. 1-8; Pl. III, figs. 1, 2).— FEMALE (PI. ITI, figs. 1, 2), length 1:05 mm. Body of the usual Amphiascus form, moderately slender, with well-developed rostrum ending bluntly in dorsal view. Anal segment a little shorter than the preceding one. Caudal rami short, about as wide as long, and widely separated. Caudal setae Clare Island Survey—Marine Entomostraca. 45 11 uniformly tapering. 1st antenna (PI. IT, fig. 1) eight-jointed, moderately DUE elady: bye 25. 24.18.22.12.17.10.15. long; proportional length of joints, he OR Wan Vie eS v. 2nd antenna as usual in the genus, exopodite two-jointed, first joint with one, and second with three setae. Mandible (PI. II, fig. 4) with strongly denticulate cutting edge, three inner-edge setae on second joint, exopodite very small with two setae, and endopodite with two lateral and five terminal setae. Maxilla (Pl. II, fig. 3) with strongly chitinized and denticulate inner basal lobe, which almost forms a second mandible, distal portion feebly developed, but of usualform. 2nd maxilla (Pl. II, fig. 8) with three stout basal lobes as in Diosaceus, with short spines. Maxillipede (PI. II, fig. 9) with large concave hand and strong claw as in Diosaccus, but comparatively smaller than in that genus. 1st pair of feet (Pl. II, fig. 5) as in Diosaceus rather than Amphiascus, both branches being rather slender, and the two terminal joints of the endopodite smaller than in Amphiascus. 2nd pair of feet, exopodite with 1.1. 3 outer-edge and one terminal spine, and 0 . 1 . 3 inner- edge setae, endopodite with 0.0.1 outer-edge, one terminal and 1.2.2 inner-edge setae. 3rd pair of feet, exopodite with1 .1. 3 outer-edge and one terminal spine, and 0 . 1 . 4 inner-edge setae, endopodite with 0.0.1 outer-edge, one terminal, and 1.2. 3 inner- edge setae. 4th pair of feet similar to the 3rd, except that there are only 1.1.35 inner-edge setae on the endopodite. 45th pair of feet (Pl. II, fig. 6), small, with comparatively short spiniform setae, inner extension of basal joint with five setae, distal joint with six setae. The 6th pair of feet is represented by three fine setae on each side of the front margin of the genital segment. Mats, length 1:0 mm. 1st antenna of usual prehensile form. Ist pair of feet with a short, blunt hook on the inner margin of the second basal joint. Endopodite of 2nd pair of feet with the second joint terminated by two strong spines and two very small setae. 5th pair of feet (Pl. II, fig. 7) with two setae on the inner extension of the first joint, and four on the second joint. Colour, second and third thoracic segments bright crimson, abdomen yellow. This species might be mistaken for Amphiascus cinctus, which it greatly resembles when fresh, but it may be distinguished by the absence of the longitudinal dorsal band on the cephalon, and by the abdomen being yellow instead of colourless. A few specimens have been found of a uniform yellow colour. B2 45 12 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. This species is in some respects intermediate between the genera Diosaccus and Amphiascus; it is, however, quite distinct from Scott’s Pseudodiosaccus, which also exhibits characters of both genera. The first pair of feet and the Ist and 2nd maxillipedes agree with Diosaccus rather than Amphiascus, but the form and proportions of the body and the form of the 2nd antenna are of the Amphiascus type. *A. cinctus (Cls.)—? Westport Bay (B. & R.). Blacksod Bay, between tide- marks, September, 1911, common. *A. obscurus G. O. Sars.—Clew Bay, 18 fms., August, 1910, two. Blacksod Bay, between tidemarks, March, 1911, two. These specimens do not agree exactly with Sars’ description and figures. They are distinctly larger, 91:28 mm., ¢112mm., and the female has only six setae on the second joint of the 5th pair of feet, which thus resemble those of A. cinctus. The colour is the same as in Sars’ specimens, the thoracic and abdominal segments being of a dark reddish chocolate with the appendages and caudal rami stained indigo. *A. similis Claus.—Ballynakill, 1901, 6-8 fms., one, 1-2 fms., one. Blacksod Bay, between tidemarks, September, 1911, one. *A. phyllopus G. O. Sars—Blacksod Bay, 4 fms., September, 1910, one ¢. The 5th feet in this specimen are slightly wider than shown in Sars’ figure, approaching in form those of A. latifolius. “A. minutus Claus.—Inishlyre Roads, 2-4 fms., March, 1910, several. *A. longirostris Claus.— Clew Bay, 18 fms., August, 1910, two. *A. debilis G. O. Sars.— Ballynakill, 2 fms., 1901, one. A. imus (Brady).—Clew Bay, in dredge (Brady, Mon.). *A. simulans (Scott)—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909, several. The peculiar form of the first antennae, amongst other characters, distinguishes this species from the allied A. sinwatus and A. spinulosus. *A. attenuatus G. O. Sars.—Off Kallary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909, two. A. hispidus (Brady).—Clew Bay, 10 fms. (Brady, Mon.). Ballynakill, 1901, one. A. SPINIFER, nu. sp. (PI. III, figs. 5-9).— FEMALE (Pl. ITI, fig. 5), length 6 mm. Body moderately slender, shghtly tapered posteriorly. Rostrum (P1II1L fiz. 6) very long, more than half the length of the cephalic segment, contracted towards the tip as in A. lagenirostris, but not so wide basally as in that species. ‘The 5th thoracic segment bears dorsally a pair of large upward-directed spines, and the posterior dorsal margins of the abdominal segments (Pl. IIL, fig. 4) bear transverse rows of much smaller spines, about eight spines in each row. Anal segment short, deeply hollowed between the furcal rami, which are short, slightly longer than Clare Island Survey— Marine Entomostraca. 45 13 wide, and separated by about two and a half times their own width. First antenna (PI. IIT, fig. 6) slender, eight-jointed, proportional length Ie Ao@®s £.9.6.068 16.22.7.10.3.4.4.7 on its upper distal margin. Second antenna (PI. III, fig. 7) slender, outer branch three-jointed, the first two joints each with a distal seta, the third joint with a lateral and two much smaller terminal setae. Maxillipede (PJ. III, fig. 9) with a slender hand and claw. First foot (Pl. IIL, fig. 5) slender, outer branch much shorter than the inner, inner branch with second and third joints together equal to about one-third of the first joint, third joint twice as long as the second. Second to fourth feet almost exactly as in A. lagenirostris. Fifth feet with long and narrow parallel-sided second joint bearing of joints the second joint with a small tooth one inner edge, two terminal and three lateral setae. First joint with three terminal and two lateral setae and a small tooth distally on the outer margin. This species is allied to A. lagenirostris, but can easily be recognized by its narrower rostrum and the great development of spines on the abdomen and last thoracic segment. Several specimens were taken in May, 1909, off Killary Harbour in 24 fms. in a tow-net attached to a dredge. Family CANTHOCAMPTIDAE. *Mesochra pygmaea Cls.—Blacksod Bay, between tidemarks, one. *Ameira attenuata Thomps.—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms.,one. Agrees with Sars’ figures as given under A. tenella. *A. tau (Giesbrecht)—Ballynakill, 1901, 1-3 fms., one. *A. minuta Boeck.—Blacksod Bay, March, 1911, between tidemarks, two. *Ameiropsis longicornis G. O. Sars.—Blacksod Bay, September, 1911, 2 fms., one. The specimen differs slightly from Sars’ figures ; and I give figures of the first and fifth feet (Pl. II, figs. 13, 14). *A. nobilis G. O. Sars.—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909, one. *Stenocopia spinosa (Scott),—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909, few. *§. longicaudata (Scott).—Ballynakill, 1901, 1-2 fms., one. *Leptomesochra attenuata (Scott)—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1901, one. *Paramesochra dubia Scott.—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909, two females, length 54 mm. *Tetragoniceps malleolata Brady.—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909, few. ‘his is the true 7’. malleolatus of Brady, and not the species referred 45 14 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. to under that name by Scott, which, as Sars has pointed out, was a new species (7. Scotti Sars). Both females and males were present, the latter, until now, unknown. The fifth feet of the male are here figured (Pl. ILI, fig. 10). *Pteropsyllus consimilis Scott.—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909, few. Family LAOPHONTIDAE. *Laophonte cornuta Phil.—Ballynakill, 1901, few. Blacksod Bay, between tide- marks, several. Inishlyre Harbour, 24 fms., March, 1910, few. Clew Bay, 18 fms., August, 1910, two. L. similis (Claus).—Westport and Clifden Bays (B. & R.). Slew Bay, 18 fms., August, 1910, common. Blacksod Bay, between tidemarks, March, 1911, one. L. horrida Norman.—Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay, 1-4 fms., August, 1909, one. *L. stromi (Baird).—Clew Bay, 18 fms., August, 1910, two. Blacksod Bay, between tidemarks, March, 1911, one. L. serrata (Claus).—Clew Bay (Brady, Mon.). Clew Bay, 18 fms., August, 1910, one. *L. thoracica Boeck.—Inishlyre Harbour, 2-4 fms., March, 1910, one. *L. Koreni Boeck—Clew Bay, 18 fms. August, 1910, one. Blacksod Bay, between tidemarks, March, 1911, several. *L. brevirostris (Claus) —Blacksod Bay, between tidemarks, September, 1911, common. Inishlyre Harbour, 2-4 fms., March, 1910,two. L, BULLIGERA n. sp. (PI. I, figs. 5-10, Pl. I, fig. 11).—Fermaze (PI. J, fig. 5), length 53 mm. Body slightly depressed, thus appearing slender in lateral view, with posterior margins of all the segments finely spinulose. There is a marked constriction indicating the fusion of the Ist and 2nd abdominal segments to form the genital segment, and the postero- lateral margins of Ist-3rd abdominal segments are produced and spinulose (Plate I, fig. 10). Anal segment as long as the preceding. Furcal rami small, widely separated, about half as long as the anal segment, and two-thirds as wide as long. Furcal setae long and slender, uniformly tapering. First antenna (Pl. J, fig. 7) slender, moderately long, six-jointed, with scanty setae; proportional length of joints Is Bo Bos. O jointed with one stout terminal and three more slender lateral setae. Maxillipede with narrow hand and slender finger. First feet (PI. I, fig. 8), endopodite slender with moderately strong terminal claw, exopodite two- Second antenna (Pl. I, fig. 6); endopodite one- Clare Island Survey— Marine Entomostraca. 45 15 jointed, first joint with one, second with five setae. Second and third feet of the usual type. Fourth feet (Pl. IT, fig. 11), endopodite two-jointed, first joint without setae, second joint with two terminal and two inner- edge setae. The second inner edge seta has a remarkable expanded base, to the distal side of which is attached a curious glandular or sensory organ which appears to consist of an oval mass of protoplasm without any definite structure or chitinous covering, analogous probably to the “aesthetasks ” of the Ist antennae, occurring throughout the order, or the modified setae on the second maxillae of the Scolecithricidae. Fifth feet (Pl. I, fig. 9) of the same type as in Laophonte elongata and L. typhlops, the second joint being parallel-sided, about five times as long as broad, with four outer-edge setae, the two most proximal being placed almost alongside each other, one slender terminal seta and one on the inner edge. The short parallel-sided portion of the first joint carries two terminal setae, and there are two setae on the inner margin. This species is closely allied to Laophonte elongata, L. typhlops, and LL. longiremis, but may be readily distinguished from the first two by its much shorter furcal rami, and from the last by its six-jointed antenna, two-jointed exopodite of the first feet, and different number and arrangement of setae on the fifth feet. In the peculiar structure of the fourth feet it agrees with none of the three. Several specimens were taken in Blacksod Bay, 1-3 fms., in September, 1909, and September, 1911. *L. littoralis Scott.—Clew Bay, 18 fms., August, 1910, two. Though the habitat, tidal pools and brackish water, recorded by Scott and Sars for this species, differs from that in which specimens were found in Clew Bay, there seem to be no structural grounds for regarding them as distinct. L. curticauda Boeck.—Clifden and Westport Bays (Brady, Mon.). *L. congenera Sars.—Ballynakill, 1901, 6-8 fms., one. *L, denticornis Scott.—Off Killary Harbour, 25 fms., May, 1909, one. L. longicaudata Boeck.—Off Killary Harbour, 25 fms., May, 1909, one. *L. elongata Boeck.—Off Killary Harbour, 25 fms., May, 1909, several. *L. bulbifera Norman.—Ballynakill, 1901, in dredged material from 1-2 fms., one; Blacksod Bay, 4 fms., September, 1910, one. Laophontopsis lamellifera (Claus).— Ballynakill, 1901, 1-2 fms., one. Asellopsis hispida Br. & Rob.—Westport Bay, surface-net, type-specimen (B. & R.). Clew Bay, 15-17 fms., tow-net on dredge, August, 1910, one, 45 16 . Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. *Laophontodes bicornis (A. Scott).—Ballynakill, 1901, frequent in dredged material. Inishlyre Roads, 2-4 fms., March, 1910, one. Blacksod Bay, between tide-marks, September, 1911, few. Normanella minuta (Boeck).—Clew Bay (Brady, Mon., sub WNormanella dulia). Family CLETODIDAE. Cletodes limicola Brady.— Westport Bay, dredge (B. & R.). *©. tenuipes Scott.—Inishowla Harbour, Clew Bay, 1-4 fms., August, 1909. Orthopsyllus linearis (Claus).— Westport Bay, on a sponge (B. & R.). *Eurycletodes similis (Scott).—Ballynakill, 1901, 1-2 fms., one. Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909, one. Blacksod Bay, $-3 fms., September, 1909, one. Enhydrosoma propinquum (B. & R.).—Clew Bay (Brady, Mon.). Blacksod Bay, 4 fms., September, 1910, one. *E. curticaudatum (Boeck).—Ballynakill, 14-2 fms., one. Rhizothrix curvata Brady.—Inishgowla Harbour, Clew Bay, 4 fms., August, 1909, several. Family CYLINDROPSYLLIDAE. *Cylindropsyllus laevis Brady.—Off Killary Harbour, 24 fms., May, 1909, two. Family TACHIDIIDAE. Tachidius brevicornis Lilljeb.—lL. Leam, Blacksod Bay, September, 1909, one. Family METIDAE. Metis ignea Phil—Blacksod Bay, between tide-marks, September, 1909, September, 1911, several. Family CYCLOPIDAE. Cyclopina littoralis Brady.—Ballynakill and Killary Harbour, 1901, frequent. C. gracilis Claus.—Ballynakill Harbour, 1901. Eurete longicaudata Phil. Westport and Clifden Bays (B. & R. sub Thorellia brunnea). Oithona nana Giesbr.—Common in Ballynakill and Killary Harbours in 1901. 0. similis Giesby—Common throughout the district, both in the open sea and in bays and inlets. Clare Islund Survey—Marine Entomostraca. 45 17 O. pelagica Farran.—lI use this name for the species usually recorded from the north-east Atlantic as O. plumifera, although it appears to be specifically distinct. It is an oceanic form, but occurred a few times in the open sea off Cleggan in 1901. Cyclops aequoreus Fischer.—Clifden Bay (B. & R.). Family MONSTRILLIDAE. *Thaumaleus rostratus Scott.—Off Inishbofin Harbour, 1900, two females. *T. rigidus (I. C. Thompson).—Ballynakill Harbour, 1901-2, tow-nets 1-2 fms., four females, lengths, 21-27 mm. These specimens agree in size and proportion with 7. rigidus as re-described by T. Scott. ‘The last two segments of the abdomen are, however, completely separated—not partially as in Scott’s specimens. Family ASCIDICOLIDAE. *Ascidicola rosea Thorell—Blacksod Bay, March, 1911, 2 -fms., one in Cynthia sp. Notodelphys Allmanni Thorell.—Killary Bay (Brady, Mon.). Blacksod Bay, September, 1911, from Asezdia mentula between tide-marks. *Notopterophorus elongatus Buchholz. (Dorypygus auritus).—Blacksod Bay between tide-marks, September, 1910, in Ascidiella aspersa ; September, 1911, in Ascidia mentula. *Notopterophorus papilio Hesse.-—Ballynakill, 1902, in Ascidia mentula, many. These agree with the form figured by Scott, in which the wings are not ereatly developed. *Enterognathus comatulae Giesbr.—Taken a few times in Ballynakill Harbour in 1901, parasitic in Antedon rosea dredged in about 5 fms. The parasite is to be found lodged in the anal extremity of the intestine of the Antedon with the fureal rami projecting into the open. When disturbed it withdraws itself completely within the body of its host. Family ASTEROCHERIDAE. Asterocheres lilljeborgi Boeck.—Westport Bay, on a sponge (B. & R.). Dermatomyzon nigripes (Br. & Rob.).—Ballynakill, 1902, 3-8 fms., one. *Rhynchomyzon purpurocinctum (Scott).—Ballynakill, 1901, 4-6 fms., one. Acontiophorus scutatus (Br. & lob.).—Clifden Bay, on Laminaria fronds, type- specimen (B. & R.). Westport Bay (Brady, Mon.). Ballynakill, 1902, 3-8 fms., one. R. I. A. PROO., VOL, XXXI. C a5 45 18 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. *Scottocheres elongatus (Scott).—Ballynakill, 1902, 4-6 fms., one. Dyspontius striatus Thorell.— Ballynakill, 1902, 3-8 fms., one. *Cancerilla tubulata Dalyell—kKillary Harbour, 1911, 3 fms., on Amphiwra elegans. CIRRIPEDIA. Lepas anatifera Linn.—Frequently drifted into the district on floating timber. L, fascicularis Ell. & Soll—Much scarcer than the last, but occasionally occurs on floating weed. Unusually large numbers of well-grown colonies were noticed off Cleggan, and for several miles to seaward in August, 1903. Verruca stromia Miill.—Plentiful in Blacksod Bay, from L.W.M. down- wards, on bare rocks and stones. Only exposed by very low spring- tides. Balanus balanoides Linn.—Universally covering exposed rocks and stones from high- to low-water mark. B, porcatus Da Costa.—Blacksod Bay, September, 1909, on Mytilus modiolus from 43 fms. Clare Island Survey—Marine Entomostraca. 45 19 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Prate I, Westwoodia satwrnt, un. sp. Fic. 1. Female lateral view. 2 » first antenna. St » lifth foot. 4, 5 frst foot. Laophonte bulligera, n. sp. . Female, lateral view. » second antenna. » first foot. , fifth foot. 10. ,, abdomen dorsal view. 3) 6. UE » wurst antenna. 8 9 Prats II. Amphiascus varicolor, n. sp. Fic, 1. Female, first antenna. », endopodite of second antenna. » first maxilla. », mandible. first foot. b » fifth foot. . Male, fifth foot. . Female, second maxilla. » Imaxillipede. » endopodite of second foot. CHIA T P w L — S Laophonte bulligera, n. sp. 11. Female, fourth foot. Harpacticus wriremis Kroyer. 12. Female, fifth foot. Ameiropsis longicornis, G. O, Sars. 13, Female, fifth foot. 14, =) first) foot: 45 20 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Puate III. Amphiascus varicolor, n. sp. Fic. ; 1. Female, dorsal view. 2. », lateral view. Amphiascus spinifer, n. sp. 3. Female, lateral view. 4 abdomen dorsal view. 5 » first foot. 6. » rostrum and first antenna. U » second antenna. 8 fifth foot. 9 » maxillipede. Tetragoniceps malleolata, Brady. 10. Male, fifth foot. Proc. R.I.AcCAD., Vor. XXXI. PART 45, PLATE I, CLARE IsLAND SURVEY.—FARRAN: MARINE ENTOMOSTRACA. Proc, R.I.Acap., Vor. XXXI. PART 45, PLare LIL. Crare Istaxp Survey. -FARRAN: XI ARINE ENTOMOSTRAGA. Clare Island Survey. 46 FRESH-WATER ENTOMOSTRACA. By D. J. SCOURFIELD, F.Z.S., F.R.M.S. Puate I. Read June 10. Published Juny 22, 1912. TuE collections forming the basis of the present report were made for the most part in Clare Island, in the north-eastern part of Achill Island, and in the immediate neighbourhood of Westport, though a few were also obtained from Castlebar and Islandeady Loughs and some others from the district on the southern side of Clew Bay as far inland as Doo Lough. All the localities are situated, therefore, either in Clare Island or within 10 miles of the shores of Clew Bay, and this may be considered as the area covered by the Survey so far as fresh-water Entomostraca are concerned. No previous collections of fresh-water Entomostraca had apparently been made in Clare Island itself, and very little had been done in the country surrounding Clew Bay. In 1868 Brady and Robertson (9) visited Westport. and recorded a few Cladocera and Ostracoda, among these being a new species, Limnicythere sancti-patrici, obtained from Lough Moher, and the rare Monospilus dispar. Canon Norman visited Westport in 1874, but only the Ostracoda obtained on that occasion seem to have been recorded (20). Mr. Kane also visited the district prior to 1909, and recorded the remarkable Holopedium gibberum from L. Keel, Achill (19), while Messrs. W. & G. S. West made collections of phyto-plankton in two Jakes in Achill in 1904, and incidentally refer to the presence of certain Entomostraca (24). Much more attention had been given to the district to the south, embracing Connemara and Loughs Corrib and Mask, and a considerable number of species from this area are to be found in the papers and notes by Andrews, Norman, Brady, Kane, West, and others. Nevertheless the records are very imperfect even for this district, owing mainly to the fact that no attempt has hitherto been made to compile a complete list of species, including the commoner as well as the rarer forms, Most of the collections dealt with in this paper were made in June, 1909, either by the writer or by Mr. Kane. Later in the same year, and again in 1910 and 1911, Mr. Kane collected in the same area, aud small gatherings were also made by Mr. James Murray (March, 1911), and Mr. J. S. Dunkerly (April, 1911). I wish to express my thanks to these gentlemen for the R,1.A. PROG., VOL. XXXI, A ; 46 46 2 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. trouble they have taken in this matter, and especially to Mr. Kane, who has rendered invaluable help in many ways in the preparation of this paper. As regards the methods of collection employed, it may be mentioned that, in addition to the gatherings made with various kinds of nets, some attention was given to washing wet mosses from bogs, mountain torrents, &c., and by this means a few species were obtained which were not found in any other way. A certain amount of bottom material was also passed through fine sieves ; but it was not found possible to employ this method as frequently as could have been wished. Generally speaking, the collections were obtained from quite small pieces of water, such as bog-pools, peat-cuttings, ponds, and small lakes. The only lakes of any size investigated were Castlebar Lough, Islandeady Lough, and Doo Lough; and it is much to be regretted that no collections could be obtained from the two largest lakes in the district, viz., Loughs Feeagh and Beltra. The total number of species now recorded for the district is 90, including three recorded by Brady and Robertson, one found by Mr. Kane, and one given by Canon Norman, but not found again during the progress of the present investigation. The species are distributed among the three Orders as follows :—Cladocera 48, Copepoda 26, and Ostracoda 16. The majority of the species are fairly common types in the British Isles, being either generally distributed or abundant in particular localities. One, however, a species of Copepod from Clare Island, herein described as Canthocamptus (Attheyella ?) praegeri appears to be new to science, and there are a few others which may be specially mentioned on account of their rarity in the British records, e.g., Latona setifera, Ceriodaphnia affinis, Alona intermedia (in the British Isles hitherto recorded only from Scotland), Rhynchotalona falcata, Alonella exigua, and Cyclops rubellus. The following species are recorded for Ireland for the first time :— CLADOCERA :—Latona setifera. Alona intermedia Ceriodaphnia affinis. Alonella exigua. Acroperus angustatus. CopEPpopA :— Eurytemora velox. Cyclops affinis. Cyclops languidus. Canthocamptus lucidulus. nanus. cerassus. vernalis. pygmaeus. bisetosus. zschokkei. bicolor. praegeri n.sp. rubellus. hirticornis. varicans. Nitocra spinipes. OstTRacoDa :—Cypris obliqua ? Clare Island Survey—Fresh-water Entomostraca. 46 3 A number of slight variations from the typical forms have been noted, some of which are referred to under the notes on the species, but nothing apparently of real importance, except in one specimen from Clare Island of what seems to be Cunthocumptus hirticornis. In this case the furca and their setae, as shown on Plate I, fig. 10, are completely changed from the usual type to something unlike what is found in any known species. It may be merely an example of malformation, although, as the structures are perfectly symmetrical, it more probably represents a distinct mutation. A comparison of the Entomostracan faunas of the different sections of the area comprised in the Survey brings out a number of interesting facts. Considering first the relation of Clare Island to the country around Clew Bay, we find that whereas the total number of species of the Cladocera recorded from the island is only about one-half the number from the mainland, the number of Copepoda is very nearly the same, and the number of Ostracods about two-thirds. The actual figures are as follows :— Cladocera. Copepoda. Ostracoda. Total. Clare Island, .. ane ae 24 19 10 53 Mainland (ineluding Achill), 48 21 15 84 The Clare Island fauna is mainly noticeable, as perhaps was to have been expected, for negative rather than positive characters. It is true that a few species have been obtained there which have not hitherto been found in the mainland area (e.g. Cyclops bisetosus, Canthocamptus hirticornis, C. praegeri, n. sp., Witocra spinipes, and Cypris obliqua ?), but these, with the exception of the new species, about which nothing can be said, may be confidently expected to occur on the mainland also. On the other hand, there are some rather remarkable absences from the Clare Island list, viz., Diaphanosoma, Bosmina. Alonopsis, and Polyphemus. It seems almost impossible to imagine that these absences can be without significance, as representatives of the genera mentioned are fairly common on the mainland. What the significance may be is not known, but it may be surmised to be connected with the means of dispersal. The Achill Island list contains the following species which have not been noticed in other parts of the area covered by the survey :—Zatona setifera, Holopedium gibberwm, Llyocryptus sordidus, Cyclops nanus, Limnicythere inopinata. As none of these, however, can be considered as common species, it is not possible to draw any inferences from their presence in Achill and apparent absence elsewhere. The absence of Simocephalus vetulus, a very common species in all parts of the country, is rather surprising, but may be only accidental. The Westport-Castlebar list shows the following characteristic species :— Ceriodaphnia pulchella, C. affinis, Bosmina lonyirostris, Pleuroxus trigonellus, A2 46 4 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Monospilus dispar, Cyclops bicolor, C. varicans, Canthocamptus lucidulus, Noto- dromas monacha, Ilyocypris bradyi, Limnaicythere sancti-patrien, and Cytheridea torosa. The first and third named at least may be considered as typical “lowland” species, for they are rarely if ever found in mountainous and moorland districts, and, taken in connexion with the other species enumerated and the rarity of such forms as Acantholeberis curvirostris and Alonopsis elonguta, clearly indicate the influence of the different physical conditions of this district as compared with the others. The Louisburgh-Croaghpatrick list exhibits the following peculiarities :— Diaphanosoma brachyurum var. nasuta, Daphnia hyalina var. galeata, Simo- cephalus exspinosus, Ceriodaphnia reticulata, and Bosmina longicormis. I am indebted to Mr. Kane for all the records from this district except those from Croaghpatrick itself. The species recorded from the latter mountain are as follows :—Acantholeberis curvirostris, Alona rustica, Chydorus sphaericus, Cyclops viridis, C. fuscus, C. prasinus, and Canthocamptus zschokkei. These I obtained by collecting in bog-pools at various heights up to about 1500 feet, and by washing mosses taken from the sides of the small streams. Acantholeberis eurvirostris, Chydorus sphaericus,-and Cyclops prasinus were characteristic of the former, Alona rustica and Canthocamptus zschokkei of the latter. Mr: Kane’s collections were made about Louisburgh, and as far west as Roonah. Lough, and as far south as Doo Lough. The Copepoda and Ostracoda were. only partially studied. Taking the district worked over by the Survey as a whole and comparing it, so far as the imperfect records allow, with the rest of the counties of Mayo and Galway, the most noticeable differences are to be found in the absence from the former of a number of typically plankton species of Cladocera and Copepoda (eg. Bosmina coregoni, Bythotrephes, Leptodora, Diaptomus laticeps, &e.) and a considerable number of Ostracods. The explanation of the missing plankton forms is almost certainly to be found in the fact that the larger lakes of the survey area were not examined, while the larger number of Ostracods in the list from the remainder of Mayo and Galway is accounted for by the attention devoted to this group, especially in Connemara, by such well-known authorities as Brady, Robertson, and Norman. r nett : Combining the survey results with the records from the other parts of Mayo and Galway, we obtain for the first time in Ireland a list from a fairly - large and compact area (practically the “West of Ireland” par excellence) showing some signs of approaching completeness. The total of 115 species compares not very unfavourably with the numbers recorded from some much more thoroughly worked districts in England and Scotland, and considerably Clare sland Survey—Fresh-water Entomostraca. 46 5 exceeds the total yet recorded from Wales. It only falls short of the complete Irish list by about twenty-eight species.’ Tn addition to the species recorded in this paper for the first time for Ireland, the Mayo-Galway list comprises quite a number of forms which have uot hitherto been seen in other parts of Ireland, but little or no importance can be attached to this at present, owing to the fragmentary nature of the records outside the two counties named. It contains three species, Diap- tomus sancti-patricit, Canthocamptus praegert, n. sp., and Cypridopsella picta (the first-named, however, only doubtfully distinct from D. Jaciniatus), which have not been found elsewhere in the British Isles. It also includes two species, Alona rectangula and Candona stagnalis (or three species if we consider INaptomus sancti-patricii as only a variety of D. laciniatus) and one variety, Diaphanosoma brachyurum var. nasuta, which have also been found in Scotland, but nowhere else in the British Isles. With the English list it has five species in common which have not yet been found in Scotland, viz. Acroperus angustatus, Cyclops oithonoides, C. rubellus, Cypridopsella obesa, and Metacypris cordata. On the other hand, the Mayo-Galway list, as well as the complete Trish list, contains no representative of the Daphnia magna group, nor of the genera Moina and Moraria, and naturally a number of individual species from several other genera are also absent. 1 In view of the subsequent remarks on distribution the names of these additional Irish species may be usefully given here :— CLADOCcERA. Osrracopa. Daphnia cucullata. Cypvis pubera. Ceriodaphina laticaudata. virens. Macrothrix laticornis. affinis. Alona tenuicaudis. Leydigia acanthocercoides. Pleuroxus laevis. aduncus. Anchistropus emarginatus. Bythotrephes cederstrémii. CopEropa. Diaptomus castor. * Cyclops leuckarti. phaleratus. aequoreus. Argulus foliaceus. bispinosa. Herpetocypris tumefacta. Ilyodromas olivaceus. robertsoni. Cypridopsella yariegata. Candona angulata. elongata. lactea. compressa: fragilis. Cytheridea lacustris. 2 It is very much to be desired that good lists of Entomostraca from various districts in Ireland should be obtained in the near future. I would suggest that attention should be paid particularly to the north-west, south-west, and east or south-east. * Nore.—The records of Diaptomus graciloides by W. and G. S. West (24) are probably incorrect, as this species as defined by Schmeil has never been seen in the British Isles. 46 6 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy. List OF FRESH-WATER EnTomosrraca from Clare Island and the Clew Bay District, together with the species recorded from the remaining parts of Mayo and Galway. {Notr.—The figures in the first four columns, except the totals which refer to the number of species, indicate the number of separate stations where the species have been found, and consequently give a rough idea of the relative commonness or rarity of the forms. | Ciew Bay Disrnicr. i Gline : Rest of PPA Island. Achill Westport Louisburgh aan Islan. | Guetlebar. “patric Total number of stations, : 21 15 14 | 9 = CLADOCERA. Sipmae. Sida crystallina(O. F.M.), : 1 2 3 2 x Diaphanosoma brachyurum (Liévin), _ 4 2 1 x nasuta, Kane, . F : _— — — 1 x leuchtenbergianum, Fischer, . — — — | — x Latona setifera (0. F.M.), . : _ 1 | — — | = Ho.Lorepipar. Holopedium gibberum, Zaddach, . — 1 | = — x DAPHNIDAE. Daphnia pulex (De Geer), 5 : _ — — — x obtusa, Kurz; propinqua, Sars. —_ 1 — _— — var., : . : : = 1 _— —_ | —_ longispina, O. F. M., “ : 1 — 3 — xe hyalina, Leydig, s. str., . ‘ _— _— ee — — lacustris, Sars, : : 1 1 1 — | x galeata, Sars, : : _ _— — 1 x Scapholeberis mucronata (0 F. M.), — _— 3 1 x Simocephalus yetulus (0. F. M.), . 7 — 3 1 x exspinosus (Koch), . : . — — = 1 x Ceriodaphnia reticulata, Jurine, : — _— — 1 | _— megalops, Sars, 5 4 : — _— _ — | xk quadrangula (O. F. M.), . : 6 3 3 — } x pulchella, Sars, . . _ = 1 ae affinis, Lilljeborg, . < : a — 1 _— | _— BosMInIDAE. | Bosmina longirostris (0. F. M.), _— _ 1 = = obtusirostris, Sars, 2 : _— 4 1 _ x longicornis, Schoedler, . : _ — — 2 _— longispina, Leydig, : : _— — — — 2 coregoni, Baird; mixta, Liilj., — — — — | x LYNCODAPHNIDAE. | Tlyoeryptus sordidus (Liévin), . — 1 — — | = Macrothrix rosea (Jurine), : ; — — — _— x Lathonura rectirostris (0. F. M.), . | — _ | _— — | x Clare Island Survey—Fresh-water Entomostraca. List OF FRESH-WATER ENTOMOSTRACA— continued. 467 SPECcIEs. | Clare Island. Total number of stations, LynxcoDaPHNIDAE—continued. Streblocerus serricaudatus (Fischer), Drepanothrix dentata (Eur€n), Acantholeberis curvirostris (0. F. M.), LyNcEIDAr. Eurycercus lamellatus (0. F. M.), Camptocercus rectirostris, Schoedler. Acroperus harpae, Baird, angustatus, Sars, Alonopsis elongata, Sars, . Alona quadrangularis (O. F. M.), affinis, Leydig, costata, Sars, guttata, Sars, intermedia, Sars, rectangula, Sars, rustica, Scott, rostrata (Koch) Rhynchotalona falcata (Sars), . Graptoleberis testudinaria (Fischer), Alonella excisa (Fischer) exigua (Lilljeborg), nana (Baird), Peracantha truncata (O. F. M.), Pleuroxus trigonellus (O. F. M.), uncinatus, Baird, Chydorus globosus, Baird, oyalis, Kurz, latus, Sars, : sphaericus (O. F. M.), barbatus (Brady), Monospilus dispar, Sars, . PoLYPHEMIDAE. Polyphemus pediculus (Linn. ), Bythotrephes longimanus, Leydig, LeproDoRIDAg. Leptodora kindtii (Focke), Total Cladocera (Mayo and ) Galway, 58), \ 21 oO st ow mw Ww Crew Bay Disrxicr. Lacie Rest ot ; aoe So Mayo and Achil| | Westport Louisburgh Galoaet aba and and Croagh- * ~ | Castlebar. patrick. 15 1400 |S = 2 1 1 x 2 = = x i 1 3 x 2 B) 1 < _ — — x 1 5 2 x #5 at 1 as 8 1 3 x = = 2 x 5) 5 2 x = 5 4 x 3 2 2 x 1 1 _ 2 = 3 1 x 1 —_ 1 x — 3 Z x 1 1 3 = 3 2 2 x 5 3 5 x 2 1 — =— 6 6 1 < 2 ao FTA oa 83 x — 1 = x 1 3 — _ 1 ut = x 2 2 1 SK 9 B) b) x 2 _— 1 x — 1 — — 5 5 4 x = = = x = = = x 31 33 31 45 Clew Bay District, 48 46.8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. List OF FRESH-WATER ENTOMOSTRACA—continued. Ctew Bay District. e 95, 00 eee SS SEnetes Island. Achil] | Westport Louisburgh Mayo and Tiana and and Croagh- zi * | Castlebar. patrick. Total number oi stations, : 21 15 14 9 COPEPODA. CENTROPAGIDAE. Sy) D ir) a Diaptomus gracilis, Sars. laticeps, Sars, - 5 E = = = 3 sancti-patricii, Brady, - = — a a Eurytemora velox (Lilljeborg), : 1 1 _— ae CycLoPipae. Cyclops strenuns, Fischer. x 2 = 2 5) =. oithonoides, Sars, .- “ — = = = ?bicuspidatus, Claus, . : 5 1 — — = languidus, Sars, 2 1 — — nanus, Sars, . ; ; : = 1 — = Ww ~) yernalis, Fischer, bisetosus, Rehberg. - | | | 1 viridis (Jurine), : = : a 4 bicolor, Sars, 5 5 5 — = Le el rubellus, Lilljeborg, : : 3 —_ yaricans, Sars, 3 : - — — fuscus (Jurine), z 5 : — — slbidus(Jurine), . s 4 6 = w we serrulatus, Fischer; varius, Lillj., _ ee ) CO he he ” macruroides, Lillj., . 5 3 ww 1) ™) prasinus (Jurine), affinis, Sars, lo et | a fimbriatus, Fischer, . CANTHOCAMPTIDAE. Canthocamptus minutus (O. F. M.), — = = = lucidulus, Rehberg, - _ crassus, Sars, 2 pygmaeus, Sars, : : 5 by 1 zschokkei, Schmeil, . a 1 = = 2 praegeri, 0.sp., 1 hirticornis, Scott, 1 Nitocra hibernica (Brady), : 3 _ = i! =e spinipes, Boeck, - . - 1 — = pis Total Copepoda (Mayo and } Galway, 30), Rs Pll Pi tae 16 ——— —_.— | Clew | Bay District, 21. x xX & Clare Island Survey—Fresh-water Entomostraca. 46 9 List OF FRESH-WATER ENTOMOSTRACA—continied., | Ciew Bay Disrricr. Clare Tsland. Rest of Mayo and Galway. SPEcIgs, Achill Westport | Lonisburgh and land Croagh-| Island. Castlebar. | patrick, Total number of stations, 21 15 wm | Q f= | OSTRACODA. | | CypnripIDAg. Cypria exsculpta (Fischer), . oa || = | _— = = | ophthalmica (Jurine), Cyclocypris globosa (Sars), = serena (Koch), P : 3 | laevis (O. F.M.), . : | 1 | — 1 — Cypris fuscata (Jurine), 1 incongruens, Ramdohr, . _ {| = ? obliqua, Brady, 2 Cyprinotus prasinus (Fischer), #4 1 Herpetocypris reptans (Baird), | 1 Cypridopsis yidua (0. F. M.), || 2 obesa, Brady and Robertson, . | — Cypridopsella aculeata (Costa), il 2 vileaGmim), <- >» .« | = | picta (Straus), . . f 5 — — = | = Potamoeypris fulva (Brady), - | — | — = | = Notodromas monacha (0, F. M.), . | = | al 1 Tlyocypris bradyi, Sars, . é | = — | 1 ay Candona candida (O. F. M.), . s 4 2 | — 2 | stagnalis, Sars, . ‘ | — = = | = fabaeformis (Fischer), . | - | = | = ay Candonopsis kingsleii (Brady and) | Robertson), | | | xxXxx | xXxXxXxXxX XX “84 x KXXXKX DAaARWINULIDAE. | Darwinula steyensoni, Brady and) | | Robertson, f | CYTHERIDAE. Metacypris cordata, Brady and } Robertson, ) Limnicythere inopinata (Baird), . | — Do = = x sancti-patricii, Brady'& Robertson. _— — l = = Cytheridea torosa (Jones), : sail — = 2 = x Total Ostracoda (Mayo and, | F * s 5 24 Galway, 27), ) Clew | Bay eek 15. | 53 4a | | 28 76 Total Fresh-water Entomostraca Ne] (Mayo and Galway, 114), ) | EES je | Clew | Bay Distriict, 84. R,I.4. PROC., VOL. XXXI. B 46 46 10 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy. NOTES ON SOME OF THE SPECIES. Diaphanosoma brachyurum (Liévin) var. nasuta Kane.—This variety, first described by Mr. Kane from Loughs Mask and Corrib (19), has now been found by him in Glencullin Lough within the Survey area. So far as the evidence goes at present this is one of the forms which seem to specially connect the fauna of the west of Ireland with Scotland, and possibly also with Scandinavia, for a practically identical variety has been found in the first-named country, and exceedingly closely allied varieties (e.g. producti- frons Sars and frontosa Lilljeborg) in both Norway and Sweden, whereas similar forms have not yet been found in other parts of Ireland or in England and Wales. Latona setifera (O. F. M.)—Only one specimen of this rare species was found in a collection from a bog-pool near Sraheens Lough, Achill. It is recorded for the first time for Ireland. Holopedium gibberum Zaddach.—This record depends upon a single specimen taken by Mr. Kane in L. Keel, Achill (19) before the commencement of the Survey. Previously Mr. Kane had found it at Ballynahinch, Connemara, and in L. Mask (17). It has not been found elsewhere in Treland. Daphnia obtusa Kurz va7.—The form referred to is a rather small variety (maximum size 5!,””) showing the characteristic obtusa bump supporting the first antennae in a very marked degree. Its shell spine is not so excessively short as in the typical form of the species, but corresponds with what is found in the variety “propinqua.” It may be the same as the form figured in Lilljeborg’s ‘Cladocera Sueciae,’ Tab. xi, fig. 7, I have seen it on several occasions in various parts of the British Isles and it has always been rose-pink in colour, quite different from the usual reddish tint of typical D. obtusa. ‘lhe specimens seen, which included males and ephippial females as well as ordinary parthenogenetic females, were found in a bog-pool near Valley Lough, Dugort, Achill. Simocephalus exspinosus (Koch).—Only seen from a bog-pool at Louisburgh by Mr. Kane. Although a comparatively common species in the south and east of England, it seems to be much rarer in other parts of the British Isles. Ceriodaphnia pulchella Sars.—Only found in Castlebar Lough. In spite of its close relationship to C. guadrangqula, the two species seem to be mutually exclusive, not only in the same piece of water, but in the same district. The present form is characteristic of what may be called, for want of a better name, “lowland ” country. Clare Island Survey—Fresh-water Entomostraca. 46 11 Ceriodaphnia affinis Lilljeborg. —Barley Hill Lough, near Westport, is the only place where this has been found. It is decidedly rare in the British Isles, there being but three previously recorded localities for it, two in England and one in Scotland. Bosmina longirostris (O. F. M.).—Only obtainedfrom Islandeady Lough between Westport and Castlebar. The particular form seen seems to be close or identical with the var. s¢malis Lilljeborg. Ilyocryptus sordidus Liévin.—A post-abdomen only of this species was seen in a collection from a deep pond on the moor between Dugort and Achill Sound. Acroperus angustatus Sars.—Under this name are included all forms of Acroperus having the dorsal and ventral margins nearly straight and nearly parallel. Some of them would probably come under A. neglectus Lilljeborg, but it is very doubtful if that form can be regarded as a good species. Alona intermedia Sars.—Found only in the deep pond already alluded to under Tlyocryptus sordidus and in Castlebar Lough. The previous British records of this species have all been from Scotland ; and as it also occurs in Norway and Sweden, it may perhaps be looked upon as one of the representatives of the fauna common to the west of Ireland, Scotland, and Scandinavia. Alona rustica Scott.—The two stations for this are Sraheens Lough, Achill, and Croaghpatrick. In the latter case the specimens were only obtained by washing wet mosses. Rhynchotalona falcata (Sars.)—I obtained this rather rare species from the deep pond previously referred to under J. sordidusand A. intermedia, and Mr. Kane found it in Roonah Lough and a neighbouring lakelet, and also in Glencullin Lough. Brady and Robertson record its occurrence in Lough Moher in the Westport district (9). Alonella exigua (Lilljeborg)—This species, as distinct from 9 |S85) g | St 3 5 R12 638] 4a |S I = = 2 OF Bese: a S S ja 2) a la 1 Se x x x — |x ! x x x x |—]— x Sa |x x | — | x | (ii sed ese ees) Wen | Peteco hada | x ek Seal m= le ar ne | x x = | = th = x x | ell eg ee || Se es oe) ea es cam Pres (ee x x |} — | x x x x | =F = | x x x Ey eee ee een os ' x —- i= x x x = x — — = = | Sa 6 ie i x x) ex x | x | x Sef ee ee ee | — | SSS =) X<- 1 HS SS ae Sa | an Roe oa ara ea x Ke ee | ee eS heeal x x x | x — eX Gia fae Zaha i llc tae || S| E. pusilla Oecrsted, Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. TABLE OF SPECIES —continued. 477 SPECIES. 7 Blacksod Bav. Clew Bay. Clare Island. Newport Bay and Westport Bay. Bofin Harbour. | Ballynakill Harbour. Other Stations. Eumida sanguinea (Oersted), Paranaitis Wahlbergi (J/alm.), P. Jeffreysi (Jf‘Intosh), Phyllodoce lamelligera (Gmelin), . P. Paretti (Blainville), P. greenlandica Oersted, P. maculata (L.), P. rubiginosa de St.-Jos., P. Lizziae (U‘Intosh), Mystides bidentata Lang., . M. limbata de St.-Jos., M. borealis Théel, M. elongata sp. ., Mysta barbata Malmgren, Eteone picta, Quatr., . E. foliosa Quatr., E. arctica Malngren, K. depressa Malmgren, ToOMOPTERIDAE. Tomopteris helgolandica Greeff, . NEREIDAE. Nereis pelagica L., N. cultrifera Grube, N. Dumerilii dud. § Edw., N. diversicolor Muller, N. longissima Johnston, N. fucata Savigny, NEPHTHYDIDAE. Nephthys caeca (Muller), N. Hombergii Lamarek, N. ciliata (Muller), . . N. hystricis Jl‘Intosh, x | ee OKO, GEG x X X KX X xX | x oS OS Ok oS DS OS DS files Gas Gi epee eG ams |e ep, Gast Gu a esima [a> Gue Gita 4 x xX x xX oS OS. 2K x Cae x | x ~% oO OS Killary Harbour. Killary Harbour. | Killary Harbour. { Killary Harbour. Cleggan Bay. Achill Sound. Killary Harbour. 47 8 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. TABLE OF SPECIES—continued. t | S/S | SpEcIEs. | 3 a = | Se € = Zs Other Stations. [ee aoe sene mrs comical i S ae Ee |e Nephthys cirrosa Ehlers, | < | x — = = | ag N. longisetosa Oersted, : : 2 | = x = = = = == | | | Eunicipae. | | | Ophryotrocha puerilis Clap. § Mecz., x x = oe || | = 2s Staurocephalus rubrovittatus Grube, . | x x es = face AX S. Kefersteini M‘Intosh, 6 x x = | —|- x = S. pallidus Langerhans, 5 — x = == = <= cides Lumbriconereis Latreillii Aud. § Edw., | X x — as ae re = L. impatiens Clap., . ° ¢ | x = = = | = == L. gracilis Ehlers, : ° 4 | f= x | — | = x = Arabella iricolor Montagu, - rial [aoe — = = = = = Notocirrus scoticus JI/‘Intosh, . a x | — =a) = = Onuphis britannica I‘Intosh, . = < - = yh Ss ae Hyalinoecia sicula (Quatr.), 2 ol eel = ey | ee = & Marphysa fallax Mar. § Bobr., . : x |e _ = = = M. sanguinea (Montagu), . S = — = = = x ees M. Belli Aud. § Edw., : 3 -| — — — || = ate = Nematonereis unicornis (Grube), . oS < | i — = Lysidice punctata (Risso), . 6 IIPS < — x = | 2s = SPHAERODORIDAE. | | Ephesia gracilis Rathke, >< x = x = | eu | 22 E. peripatus (Cap. ), x x = = == || Se | le Sphaerodorum Claparedii Greeff, . x = —|— ee x = S. minutum (Web. § Ben.), x< x ail rea x == GLYCERIDAE. Glycera lapidum Quatr., . S 2 _— x — = = = = G. Ehlersi Arwid., . 5 - =| = 3K = = = — = G. siphonostoma (D. Chive), < 5 x Se |) ce =— = || & = G. alba Blainville, . < : 2 x x x x | aa x | = Goniada maculata Oersted, . c : | — x — | = = ey i ee = x = Polyophthalmus pictus (Dzy.), . ail lire < — x — = x = A. branchialis Aud. § Hdw., 5 ol — —= | = = x = B 2 47 12 TABLE OF SPECIES—continued. SPEctrEs. ScaLIBREGMIDAE. Scalibrezma inflatum Rathke, Sclerocheilus minutus Grade, Asclerocheilus intermedius (de S¢ CHLORHAEMIDAE. Stylaroides plumosa (Muller), S. glauca (Malmgren), Flabelligera affinis Sars, . SaBELLIDAE. Sabella payonina Sae., . Potamilla reniformis (Muller), P. Torelli Malmgren, . ; _-Jos.), | Branchiomma vyesciculosum (Henz.), Dasychone bombyx (Dalyell), Laonome Kroyeri Malmgren, Jesmineira elegans dz St.-Jos., J. caudata Langerhans, Pabricia sabella (Ehren.), - Oria Armandi (Clap.), Chone Duneri Haiagren, C. filicaudata sp. m., Euchone rubrocincta (Sars), E. rosea Langerhans, . Myxicola infundibulum (Zenter), : SERPULIDAE. Serpula vermicularis Z., Pomatoceros triqueter L., Hydroides norvegica Gunn., Filograna implexa Berkeley, Blacksod Bay. x xX x x x Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. al ae | eo) eofece alae a m jesse] B | se] Other Stations. S|5 & P| a = | ] r | | x | os — Se = if = | = i = | = a —|—|—]|—-]|x = a eae ae — x = — — x = x x — >< | x | = | x = x — x ea x = — || — = = x x x - x a —s =. we = x ae x = x — x =e == Ze | = fae a! me —_— x = x = x = _— — = = — >< — — 1 — — x = —_— — = a x = _ — — = a = x — > = _ i r= ve x edi = = ve a x ca = p= — oe x = x = — — — = x x x _— me =. x = x —_— = — x Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychueta. 47 13 TABLE OF SPECIES—continued. 3 . fee a ce lee us} e ss SZ = & Ss : SPECIES. ° fas) 4 |u| & 35 Other Stations. x4 = o (26S) a | a 5 5 |e ee fi = £ i WG Sl) oe 3 =) S) Sia i) Ey el | Protula tubularia (Mont.), . = | = | x — < | Killary Harbour. Spirorbis spirorbis (Z.), SS Sas Bi = S. pusilloides Bush, x = x a sue a eu S. medius Pizell, x = as = aed _ ee HeRMELLIDAE. Sabellaria spinulosa Leuck., x SK — x = — — Myzostomanta. Myzostoma cirriferum Leuck., —_ — = — c= x — |= —— Total, 253 species and 2 varieties, . | 170 | 166+) 36 80 35 |112 + 1 yar. 1 var. | Disregarding the Archiannelida and Myzostoma, we find that the total number of species of Polychaeta is 249, and 2 varieties, distributed as follows :—Blacksod Bay, 169 species; ‘Clew Bay, 164 species and 1 variety ; Clare Island, 36 species; Newport and Westport Bays, 80 species; Bofin Harbour, 35 species; Ballynakill Harbour, 111 species and 1 variety; Killary Harbour, 22 species. The number of species confined to any one of these sub- areas is as follows :—Blacksod Bay, 20 species, or 11:8 per cent. ; ‘Clew Bay,’ 40 species, or 24:1 per cent.; Clare Island, 1 species, or 2:8 per cent. ; Newport and Westport Bays, 3 species, or 3°75 per cent.; Bofin Harbour, 1 species, or 2°8 per cent.; Ballynakill Harbour, 11 species, or 9:9 per cent. ; Killary Harbour, 3 species, or 13°6 per cent. It thus appears that ‘Clew Bay’ yields both the greatest number and the greatest proportion of peculiar forms, whilst Clare Island and Bofin Harbour contain the smallest proportion. The sheltered bays show greater resemblance to each other than any one of them does to ‘Clew Bay,’ as shown by the following figures, each sub-area being compared to Blacksod Bay, the latter sub-area containing the greatest number of species. The figures show the number of species the sub-area has in common with Black- sod Bay. ‘Clew Bay,’ 110 species, or 66°3 per cent. ; Clare Island, 35 species, or 47 14 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 97-2 per cent.; Newport and Westport Bays, 63 species, or 78°7 per cent. ; Bofin Harbour, 29 species, or 80 per cent. ; Ballynakill Harbour, 89 species, or 80 per cent.; Killary Harbour, 14 species, or 63°6 per cent. Westport and Newport Bays and Ballynakill have 51 species in common. Thus the fauna of Blacksod Bay shows greater resemblances to each of the other sub-areas than these do to each other. This is probably due to the high average suitability of the shores of Blacksod for maintaining a rich fauna, and the absence there of any large tracts of abnormal ground such as would only shelter a small and peculiar fauna. The species peculiar to ‘Clew Bay’ consist principally either of those forms living in 10-30 fathoms on clean sand, such as Achloé astericola, Sthenelais limicola, Lwmbriconereis impatiens, Onuphis britannica, Hyalinoecia sicula, &c., or of small forms living on the “ Polygordius ground.” Notwithstanding the small numbers of species which are restricted to any one sub-area, the number which occur in all the sub-areas is surprisingly small, consisting, in fact, of only one, Nereis Dumerilw. 24 species occur in five out of the six sub-areas, and 40 species are common to the four sub-areas in which the most work was done, namely, Blacksod Bay, Clew Bay, Newport and Westport Bays, and Ballynakill Harbour. A consideration of the geographical distribution of the Polychaeta is reserved for Part 67 of this series. SUMMARY OF RESULTS. Of the Archiannelida, two species of Polygordius, both probably widely spread on suitable ground, are added to the British fauna. The list of Polychaeta comprises 249 species and 2 varieties. This is by far the largest list of Polychaeta yet published from any limited area. The largest list hitherto published is that of the Baron de Saint-Joseph, who found 210 species at Dinard on the north-west coast of France. ‘he fauna of this coast shows great resemblances to that of our west coast. At St. Vaast-la-Hougue, a favourite collecting-ground for the French naturalists, 165 species have been found. In the report on the fauna of the Plymouth district, published in 1904 by the Marine Biological Association, 144 species are listed. At Wood’s Hole, Massachusetts, where the United States Bureau of Fisheries has 4 permanent Marine Laboratory, the report on the survey of the district, published last year, includes 135 species of Polychaeta. The large number of species found in Clew Bay is accounted for partly by the richness of the fauna on our west coasts, and partly by the large amount of time and care which was devoted to collecting them. It is impossible at present to institute comparisons of any value between Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 4'7 15 the Polychaete fauna of the east and west coasts of Ireland, for the reason that the east coast fauna has not yet been investigated with anything like the same degree of thoroughness as that of the west coast. Two new genera, Praegeria and Thelepides, sixteen new species, and three new varieties are described, viz. :— Exogone hebes, var. hibernica var. nov. Mystides (Mesomystides) elongata Sphaerosyllis bulbosa sp. 7. Pionosyllis serrata sp. n. Streptosyllis Websteri sp. 7. S. bidentata sp. n. Opisthodonta pterchaeta sp. n. Castalia fusea var. hibernica var. nov. C. fusca var. Pholoé tuberculata sp. n. Praegeria remota gen. et sp. nov. Sp. 1. Paraonis lyra sp. n. Nerinides tridentata sp. 2. Aonides paucibranchiata sp. 1. Chaetozone alata sp. 1. C. killariensis sp. x. Thelepides collaris gen. et sp. nov. Armandia flagellifera sp. n. Chone filicaudata sp. n. The generic name Anaitzs has been changed to Paranaitis, and Cirratulus norvegicus McIntosh, has been changed to C. Macintosh, nom. nov., the two original names having already been used for other forms. The following thirty-six species have not previously been recorded from the British Marine Area :— Sphaerosyllis erinaceus. Syllis (Typosyllis) vittata. Syllis (Ehlersia) ferrugina. Autolytus brachycephala. Autolytus punctatus. Microphthalmus Sczelkowi. Oxydromus propinquus. Chrysopetalum debile. Lacydonia miranda. Kulalia pusilla. Mystides bidentata. Mystides borealis. Mystides limbata. Marphysa fallax. Sphaerodorum Claparedii. Sphaerodorum minutum. Aricidea Jeffreysii. Nerinides longirostris. Polydora Giardi. Magelona rosea. Myriochele Heeri. Macrochaeta clavicornis. Cirratulus norvegicus. Cirratulus Macintoshi. Proclea Graff. Amphitrite afiinis. Polycirrus denticulatus. Micromaldane ornithochaeta. Petaloproctus terricola. Asclerocheilus intermedius. Jasmineira caudata. Chone Duneti. Euchone rubrocincta. Euchone rosea. Spirorbis pusilloides. Spirorbis medius. In addition, seventy-seven other species are here recorded from waters for the first time. Trish The collections described in the present paper, including the types of the new species, have been deposited in the Irish National Museum. 47 16 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. SYSTEMATIC PART. Order ARCHIANNELIDA. Nerilla antennata O. Schmidt. 1912. Nerilla antennata Goodrich, p. 397. This species was found frequently in Blacksod Bay, living in weeds on the shore. It was also found in the sand of a Zostera bed, and dredged in 2 fms. This species was until recently included amongst the Polychaeta. After an elaborate investigation of its anatomy, Goodrich concluded that the alleged resemblances to the Syllidae are merely superficial, and that the proper place for this species is with the Archiannelida, in which group it occupies a very central position. Habitat Btacxsop Bay—Found on the shore on 6 occasions. Dredged in 2 fms. Distribution.—Dublin Bay ; Plymouth ; Faroé; Helgoland ; Kiel; France ; Naples. Polygordius lacteus Schneider. 1887. Polygordius lacteus + P.neapolitanus. Fraipont, pp. 86,89. 1907. P. ponticus. Salensky, p. 103. 1906. P. lacteus. Hempelmann, p. 527. This species of Polygordius is very abundant in certain parts of Clew Bay, where the bottom consists of fine gravel, or of sand and shells. It occurs on similar ground in Dingle Bay. Hempelmann has shown (1906) that P. Jacteus of the North Sea is identical with P. neapolitanus of the Mediterranean, and adds that probably all the described European forms—with the exception of P. appendiculatus and P. triestinus, which are clearly distinct—will be shown on further examination to belong to the same species. ‘his seems extremely likely, as the diagnostic characters used are vague, and probably erroneous. Polygordius was dredged on 5 occasions in Clew Bay, on a bottom of gravel or shelly sand. Mature specimens were found in August. Hatitat.—CLiew Bay—Dredged on 5 occasions in 16-24 fms. Distribution.— North Sea ; Mediterranean ; Black Sea. Polygordius appendiculatus Fraipont. 1887. Polygordius appendiculatus. Fraipont, p. 88. Numerous specimens of this species were dredged on two occasions in Clew Bay, in 24-27 fms. on a bottom of sand and shells. They were accompanied by numerous specimens of P. /acteus Schneider. From the latter species they are easily distinguished by the shorter and thinner body, Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 4% 17 and by the characteristic pair of anal appendages. This species has not been found previously in British waters. Habitat Cirw Bay—Dredged on 2 occasions, in 24-27 fms., south-west of Clare Island. Distribution.—Helgoland ; Mediterranean (Villefranche, Naples, Messina). Order POLYCHAETA. Family SYLLIDAE. Exogone gemmifera Pagenstecher. 1908. #.g. McIntosh, p. 151. Mature specimens were found from May to October, sometimes swimming on the surface. Habitat.—Buacxsop Bay—Common in Laminaria roots. Dredged in 1 fathom. CLEw Bay—Dredged in Inishlyre Harbour on three occasions, in 2-5 fms. Dredged in the bay on five occasions, in 9-28 fms. BALLYNAKILL HArBouR—Dredged on 11 occasions, in 2-8 fms. Borin Harpour—Dredged on 4 occasions. Distribution.—British Isles; France; Madeira; Mediterranean. Exogone hebes, var. hibernica, var. nov. Pl. I, figs. 1A—H. 1884. Paedophylaw hebes. Webster and Benedict, p. 716. 1887. P.h. Webster and Benedict, p. 721. The specimens from the west coast of Ireland show several small differences from the description and figures of Webster and Benedict. However, the points of agreement are so numerous that it seems preferable, for reasons given below, not to create a new species, but to give a full description and figures, with which the American specimens may be compared. The largest specimen is 7 mm. long, and consists of 51 setigerous segments. The body is widest near the middle, and tapers gradually towards each end. It is creamy white in colour, without any pigment. The head (figs. 14, 1B) is separated from the palps and buccal segment by faintly marked grooves, and the length exceeds the width. It bears three tentacles, a long median subulate one, and two small laterals. The latter are about tth as long as the median tentacle. There are three pairs of eyes situated outside the lateral tentacles. In the type specimen, from Galway Bay, the eyes are very small, especially the anterior pair, and are arranged R.I.A. PROG., VOL. XXXL C AT 47 18 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. in a triangle. The specimens from Clew Bay have also small eyes, but one from Lough Swilly has very large eyes, and the pigment on each side is continuous. The arrangement is, however, the same. On the outer side of the eyes are conspicuous ciliated nuchal organs. The palps are large and conical, completely fused on the dorsal side, but showing a shallow median groove on the ventral surface. The brain is elongated and bilobed. The buccal segment is as large as the head, and has a pair of small bulbous tentacles tipped with stiff cilia. The first setigerous segment is normal, and the second is, as usual, without dorsal cirri. The anal segment (fig. 1c) has two slender cirri and a median papilla. The feet are very similar throughout the length of the body. The setigerous lobe (figs. 1D, 1£) is unequally bilobed, the dorsal portion contain- ing the aciculum being much the smaller, and having a rounded papilla near the tip. The dorsal cirri are small and bulbous, with stiff cilia at the tip. The ventral cirri are cylindrica] and much larger than the dorsal cirri. Each foot contains 4-10 compound setae in a fan-shaped series, with the tips pointing upwards. The shaft (1F,@) is slightly curved, swollen, and bevelled at the tip. The terminal pieces vary very little in size, the longer tips being in the centre of the series. They are coarsely toothed on the basal portion; and some distance below the tip is a broad tooth which gives them a bifid appearance. The tips of the setae are rather shorter in the two anterior segments than in those behind. There is a single spine ending in a swollen smooth tip (fig. 1r,c). In the type specimen a simple dorsal seta appears in the seventh foot and is joined in the posterior seven segments by a similar ventral seta. These setae are curved and pointed, with a conspicuous tooth below the tip (fig. lr,@). The ventral seta is slightly thinner than the dorsal one. The disposition of these simple setae varies considerably. In a specimen from Clew Bay the dorsal seta is present in all the feet, and the ventral seta commences in the 10th foot. A similar arrangement is found in a specimen from Blacksod Bay. The proboscis (fig. 14) extends from the 2nd to the 5th setigerous segment. It is covered with dark pigment, except for a narrow strip in the 4th segment. The anterior part of the proventriculus is long and narrow, occupying nearly two segments, and has 25 rows of glands. There is a constriction between it and the next portion, which is muscular, without glands. Into its posterior end open two small ciliated sacs (fig. 1H). The proboscis has 10 soft papillae in front, and a conical tooth (fig. 14, 1¢). The specimen from Galway Bay is a female, with two eggs in each segment from the 10th to the 22nd, and was collected in May. Through the kindness of the authorities of the U. S, National Museum, I was able to examine several Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 4'7 19 specimens of Paedophylax hebes, named by Webster and Benedict. Unfor- tunately the specimens had been mounted in Canada balsam, so it was difficult to make out the minute structure of the setae. There is very close agreement in the structure of the head and tentacles, feet, setae, and alimentary canal. The compound setae, very imperfectly figured by Webster and Benedict, resemble those shown in fig. 1r,d. The chief differences between the Irish and American specimens are in the shape of the simple setae and the length of the various divisions of the alimentary canal. In the American specimens, a dorsal simple seta appears in the 10th—12th foot. It is, as figured by Webster and Benedict (1884, Pl. III, fig. 35), a strong, almost straight seta with a simple pointed tip. In a few of the posterior segments there is also a simple ventral seta with a bifid tip (¢om. cit., Pl. III, fig. 36). The Irish specimens differ in that all the simple setae are of this latter type, with bifid tips (fig. lr,a). As stated above, their arrangement is subject to considerable variation. As regards the anterior end of the alimentary canal, there is very close agreement in the shape and proportions of the various parts, the American specimens, like the Irish, having a layer of dark pigment round the proboscis. The stomach in the American specimens is however, proportionally longer than in the Irish specimens, though there is some variation in this respect. It seems advisable under the circumstances to recognize the differences between the two forms by regarding the Irish specimens as a variety of the American species. I have found this species in Blacksod Bay, Clew Bay, Lough Swilly, Galway Bay, and in 78 fms. off the coast of Co, Kerry. Habitat.—BuacksoD Bay—A single specimen in the sand of a Zostera bed on the south shore of Elly Bay. CLEw Bay—Dredged in 24 fms., on a bottom of sand and shells. Dredged in Killary Hbr., in 7 fms. Distribution.— Provincetown, Mass. ; Eastport, Maine. Sphaerosyllis hystrix Claparéde. 1908. S.h. MelIntosh, p. 156. Mature specimens were found from May to October, and were occasionally taken in the surface tow-net. Swimming bristles occur from the 10th or 11th setigerous segment to the tail. Some females had two eggs in each segment, others four; and the eggs occupy the eighth to nineteenth setigerous segments. The packets of rhabdites commence in the fourth setigerous segment. A simple pointed seta is present dorsally in nearly all the feet, and this is jomed in the posterior segments by a similar ventral seta. C 2 47 20 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Habitat.—Btacksop Bay—In weeds from the shore. Dredged on four occasions, in 1-5 fms. Ciew Bay—Dredged in 4 fms. in Inishlyre Harbour. Dredged in 9 fms., in Laminaria roots. Trawled in 13-16 fms., in Laminaria roots. BALLYNAKILL Harsour—Dredged on nine occasions, in 2-8 fms. Borin Harsour—Dredged in 1 fathom. Distribution.—British Isles; France; North Sea?; Mediterranean; Black Sea. Sphaerosyllis erinaceus Claparéde. 1886. Sphaerosyllis erinaceus. de Saint-Joseph, p. 207. A single pelagic specimen of this species was taken at night in the surface tow-net in Ballynakill Harbour, in July. The genital products had been shed, and it was impossible to ascertain the sex of the specimen. Capillary setae begin on the 8th setigerous segment, and occur on 11 segments, being absent on the last setigerous segment. 47 88 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Distribution.—South of England; Channel Islands; France; Mediter- ranean ; eastern North America; South Africa: West Indies. Marphysa Belli (Aud. and Edvw.). 1910. Marphysa Belli. McIntosh, p. 448. Two specimens were found on the shore of Bofin Harbour. - Habitat. —Borix Harpour—On the shore. Distribution.—South of England; Channel Islands; France; Mediter- ranean; eastern North America; West Indies. Nematonereis unicornis (Grube). 1910. Nematonereis unicornis. McIntosh, p. 453. — The posterior end of a single specimen was taken in Clew Bay, on a bottom of sand and rock. : Habitat—CLew Bay—Dredged in 18 ims., east of Clare Island. Distribution —South coast of England; Channel Islands; France : Mediterranean; Madeira; Canaries; Cape Town?; Cape Verde Islands: Ceylon ; Pernambuco. = Lysidice punctata (Risso). 1910. Lysidice punctata. MelIntosh, p. 456. This species, better known as Z. ninetia, is common under stones on the shore. and in crevices of the schist, and young specimens are often found in Laminaria roots. On one occasion a specimen was found in the sand of a Zostera bed. Hobitat—BtacksoD Bay—Found on the shore on 15 occasions. CLEWw Bay—Dredged on two occasions in 5=11 ims. Distribution.—W est of Ireland ; south coast of England ; Channel Islands: France; Madeira; Canaries; Mediterranean; Black Sea ; Red Sea. Family SPHAERODORIDAE. Ephesia gracilis Rathke. 1911. Ephesia gracilis. Fauvel, p. 15. This species is widely spread throughout the district, living rarely in the littoral region, and more commonly in shallow water. Mature specimens were found from July to October. On three occasious mature specimens were taken in the surface tow-net at night. Hobitat—BtacksoD Bay—Found once on the shore. Dredged on S occasions, in 1-9fms. CLEW Bay—Dredged on 6 occasions, in 13-26 fms. BALLyNaKILL. HArBoUR=Taken in~ the surface tow-net at midnight. - Se Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 89 Distribution.—Great Britain; Arctic; Scandinavia ; North Sea; France Mediterranean ; eastern North America; 7 California; South Aivica, Ephesia peripatus (Claparéde). 1911. Ephesia peripatus. Fauvel, p. 17. This species is not so common as #, gracilis. It is, as a rule, considerably smaller than that species. A mature female, 75mm. long, was taken at midnight, in the surface tow-net, in Ballynakill Harbour. It contained 40 large eggs, resembling those found in the species of Sphaerodorum. Mature in July. Habitat.—Biacksop Bay—Found twice on the shore, in weeds and Laminaria roots. Dredged in 2fms. Ciew Bay—Dredged in 24fms. BALLYNAKILL HARrBour—Dredged on 2 occasions, in 2-Sfms, ‘Taken once in the surface tow-net at midnight. Distribution—South of England; France; Kara Straits; Mediterranean. Sphaerodorum Claparedii Greeff. 1866. Sphaerodorum Claparedii. Greeff, p. 358. A number of specimens were found in Blacksod Bay and Ballynakill Harbour which agree with Greeff’s species in having six rows of papillae on the dorsum, and in the structure of the head. A number of differences were noted, which probably result from the imperfect description of Greeft’s species. Of these the chief are:—({) There is a conspicuous median ventral papilla on the anal segment, such as occurs in other species of the genus, but is not mentioned or figured by Greeff. (2) There is a short cylindrical median tentacle in front of the eyes. (8) Greeff states that, in addition to the 6 rows of large papillae on the dorsum, there are four rows on the ventral surface. In the Ivish specimens there are no large papillae on the ventral surface, but only the smaller papillae such as are scattered irregularly over the dorsal surface. Of these there are on the ventral surface rows of 4 papillae between the parapodia, alternating with rows of 6 papillae, with other smaller papillae irregularly arranged. (4) The number of segments is much smaller. Greeff says that there are 18 segments, of which 16 are setigerous. I found only 12 setigerous segments, and one mature male specimen had only 8. There are two reddish-brown eyes on the buccal segment. The spaces between the four inner rows of dorsal papillae are less than the space between the two outer rows on each side. When the stomach is everted, it carries the eyes with it, and they then lie on its dorsal surface. 1 A translation of this paper was published in The Annals und Magazine of Natural History (3), vol. xx, 1867, p. 1. R.I.A. PROC., VOL. XXXI, M AT 47 90 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy. Mature specimens were found in April and September. This species does not appear to have been recorded since Greefi found it at Dieppe, in the oyster-basin of that town, in 1865. Habitat—BLacksop Bay—Found once on the shore, in weeds. Dredged on 2 occasions, in 1-8fims. BaLLyNakitt Harrocr—Taken in the surface tow-net. Distribution.—Dieppe. Sphaerodorum minutum (Webster and Benedict). Pl. IX, figs. 214-2. 1887. Ephesia minuta. Webster and Benedict, p. 728. 1913. S.m. Fauvel, p- 37. This species has previously been found only at Eastport, on the east coast of the United States, and to the north of Spitzbergen, and has been very inadequately described and figured. In view of this uncertainty a full description of the Irish specimens is desirable. Eleven specimens inall are available. They are small and broad, 2-3 mm. long, consisting of 17-22 setigerous segments. The ventral surface is flat and narrow, the dorsal surface almost rounded. The head (figs. 214-8) is narrow in front, and is covered with papillae. On the anterior border are four tentacles, two dorsal and two ventral. The basal portion of the tentacles is covered with cylindrical papillae. Behind the paired tentacles there is a short thick median tentacle. The buccal segment carries a pair of cylindrical tentacular cirri. In some specimens these cirri have a number of cylindrical papillae round the base; in others these papillae are absent. ‘The head is covered with papillae, in some specimens spherical, in others cylindrical, possibly depending on the state of preservation and contraction. Behind, and dorsal to, the tentacular cirri is a pair of large eyes, composed of lenses and dark reddish-brown pigment. Each segment carries a row of 10-12 large globular papillae on the dorsum, in a line with the parapodia. Numerous smaller papillae of various sizes are scattered over the body. There are none of the large papillae on the ventral surface, but only the smaller papillae, arranged in no very definite manner. The anal segment (fig. 21c) has two large globular lateral papillae and a long median cylindrical papilla. The anus is on the dorsal side. The parapodia (fig. 21p) consist of a rounded setigerous lobe, with a pointed spine, and 4-9 compound setae. There isa large cylindrical ventral cirrus and a similar slightly smaller papilla on the anterior face of the setigerous lobe. In addition there are several spherical papillae on or near the Clare tslund Survey—Arehiannelida and Polychucla. 4% 91 parapodium, When looked at from above, the foot seems to be bifid, this appearance being caused by the two cylindrical papillae. The setae (fig. 21u) are slightly curved. The tips of the shafts are swollen and bevelled, with a row of minute serrations along one edge. The terminal pieces are of medium size, curved at the tip. The barrel-shaped stomach (fig. 214) occupies 24-3 segments. It is dark in colour, furrowed along one side, and transversely striated. It is frequently everted in preserved specimens. The anterior margin is smooth, with a thickened rim. Mature specimens of both sexes were found in June, July, and August. They were usually taken in the surface tow-net at night. I have compared the Irish specimens with a number of individuals of Ephesia. minuta, named by Webster and Benedict, belonging to the United States National Museum, and with others in the Museum of the Union College. All the American specimens had been collected at Hastport, Maine. I was unable to find any distinction of specific vaiue between the Irish and American specimens. Webster and Benedict state that the stomach occupies four segments. An examination of the American specimens showed that this character is very variable, depending on the degree of contraction of the individual, and the number of segments occupied by the stomach ranged from three to six. In the Irish specimens the usual number of segments was three. The median tentacle, which the American naturalists describe as placed “between the eyes,” is really at some distance in front of them. The “reddish purple” corpuscles noted in the body-cayity axe eggs. Habitat.—Btacxsop Bay—A single specimen in Laminaria roots from Barranagh. Ciew Bay—Dredged in 24 fms., on a bottom of sand and shells. BatLyNAKILL Harsour—Taken in the surface tow-net at night on four occasions. Dredged on two occasions, in 2-8 fins. Distribution—Eastport, Maine, U.S.A.; Spitzbergen. Family GLYCERIDAE, Glycera lapidum Quatrefages. 1910. Glycera lapidum. McIntosh, p. 477. his species was not found in Blacksod Bay. It is a characteristic member of the fauna living on the trawling grounds near Clare Island, that is to say, on a bottom of sand. Habitat.—Ciew Bayv—Dredged on ten occasions, in 11-28 fms. Boris Harsour—Dredged outside the harbour, in 15-16 fms. M 2 47 92 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Acudemy. Disirthution—British Isles; Scandinavia; North Sea; France; Spain Mediterranean ; Azores; west coast of North America. Glycera Ehlersi Arwidsson. 1910. Glycera Eldersi. McIntosh, p. 481. This species is very abundant in Clew Bay, living on a sandy bottom. It is easily distinguished by its long slender head, composed of many rings, and by the large dorsal cirrus placed close to the setigerous lobe. Halntat—Ciew Bay—Dredged on five occasions, in 10-19 fms. Distribution.—Scotland ; France (St. Malo). Glycera siphonostoma (Delle Chiaje). 1910. Glyccra siphonostoma. McIntosh, p. 482. I have only found this species in gravel or coarse shelly sand. Halntat—BLacksoD Bay—In coarse sand on Carrigeenmore. CLEW Bay— Dredged on 2 occasions, in 21—24 fms., on gravel and shells. BALLYNAKILL Harsour—Found once on the shore. Distribution.—British Isles; France; Mediterranean ; Madeira; Canaries ; Canada ; South Africa ; Porto Rico ; Japan. Glycera alba Blainville. 1910. Glycera alba. MeIntosh, p. 486. This species is common on the shore, living in sand, under stones, and in the sand of Zostera beds. Habitat BLacksoD Bay.—'aken on the shore on 18 occasions. CLEW Bay—On the shore of Clare Island, near the Quay. Dredged on 4 occasions, in 4-18 fms. BALLYNAKILL Harpour—Found once on the shore. Dredged in 6-8 fms. Iistribution. — British Isles; Franee; Scandinavia; North Sea; Mediterranean ; east coast of North America; Japan. Goniada maculata Oersted. 1910. Goniada maculata. MeIntosh, p. 462. This species was dredged in mud or in fine gravel. Habitat —Ciew Bay—Dredged in Inishlyre Harbour, in 4 fms.; in Killary Harbour, in 173 fms.; north of Clare Island, in 21 ims. Distribution —British Isles; Scandinavia; North Sea; Spaim; Portugal; Madeira ; east coast of North Ameriea. Clure Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 93 Glycinde Nordmanni (Maliugren). 1910. Glycinde Nordmanni. McIntosh, p. 469. This species is very rare in the district, only a single specimen having been found. Habitat.—Ciew Bay—Dredged in 18 fms. Distribution.—A northern form. Ireland: Scotland; North Sea; Scandinavia; Siberia ; Behring’s Sea. Family ARICIIDAE. Aricia Cuvieri Aud. and Edw. 1910. Avricia Cuvieri. MelIntosh, p. 497. This species was only taken in Killary Harbour and Inishgowla, on « muddy bottom. Habitat.—CiEw Bay—Dredged on 5 occasions, in 7-17 fms. Distribution.—British Isles; France; Greenland; Farde; Scandinavia; North Sea ; Mediterranean. Aricia Latreillii Aud. and Edw. 1910. Aricia Latreillii. McIntosh, p. 602. This species was only found in fairly clean sand. Habitat.—BLAcKsoD BAy—Found on the shore on 7 occasions. BALLYNA- KILL HARBOUR—F ound on the shore on 2 occasions. Distribution.—Great Britain; France; Naples, Scoloplos armiger (O. F. Miiller). 1910. Scoloplos armiger. McIntosh, p. 510. This species is common under stones, in sand, and especially in the ond of Zostera beds. The everted proboscis of one specimen was composed of 8 lobes. Habitat —Buacksop BAy—Found on the shore on 14 occasions. Dredged in 2fms. CLEW BAy—Dredged on 2 occasions, in 4-14 fms. Distribution.—British Isles; France; Arctic; Scandinavia; east coast of Canada. Family PARAONIDAE. Aricidea Jeffreysii (McIntosh). 1878. Scolecolepis (2) Jeffreysii. McIntosh, p. 506. 1909. Aricidea Jeffreys. Cerruti, p. 469. ‘Two specimens of this interesting addition to the British fauna were found Al 94 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. in Ballynakill Harbour, in 2-6 fms., whilst several fragments were dredged in 2+ fms. in Clew Bay. The species has recently been described in detail by Cerruti, and I have nothing to add to his description. Halitat—CLew Bay—Dredged in 24fms., on a bottom of sand and shells. BALLYNAKILL Harsour—Dredged in 2-6 fms. Distribution.—Naples ; Davis Strait. Paraonis (Paraonides) lyra sp. n. Pls. 1X, X, figs. 22 a-c. A mature male specimen belonging to a new species of Paraonis was taken in the surface tow-net at midnight in June,in Ballynakill Harbour. Two mature females were afterwards dredged in 1-2 fms. in New Harbour, Galway Bay, also in June, and were studied alive. - The specimens are 12-20 mm. long, consisting of 90-105 setigerous segments. The body is colourless, widest in the middle, and tapering gradually towards each end. The head (fig. 22) is widest behind, rounded in front. On the anterior margin is a low rounded papilla, provided with stiff cilia. The nuchal organs are large and conspicuous, inclining backwards from the mid-lateral region on each side towards the posterior margin. They are richly ciliated, and are rendered conspicuous by the presence of brown pigment. No eyes were observed in any specimen, though there was a certain amount of yellow pigment on the head. The three anterior segments are provided with capillary setae and dorsal cirri. The branchiae commence on the fourth segment, and vary in number, the three specimens having eight, eleven, and fourteen pairs respectively. In the specimen with fourteen pairs, the two posterior pairs are small. The branchiae are richly ciliated. The dorsal cirri are small in the anterior segments, but gradually increase in size, and in the posterior segments are long and slender. The anal segment is rounded and almost globular (fig. 22c). It bears three slender subulate cirri, two dorso-lateral, and one ventral median. A pair of cirri seem to be attached to the anterior ventral border of the anal segment; but they probably represent the posterior pair of dorsal cirri. In the anterior bundles the dorsal and ventral setae are almost equal in length, and continue so to the end of the body in immature specimens, In the mature male specimen the ventral setae begins to increase in length at about the 15th-20th segment, whilst the dorsal setae become shorter. The setae in the male specimen taken in the surface tow-net are much more prominent than in the females; and in length they exceed the width of the body, especially in the posterior segments (fig. 228). ‘The dorsal cirri Clare Islund Survey Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 4% 95 are placed behind the dorsal bundle of setae (fig. 22p). The capillary setac are very slender, without wings; and in the male specimen the longer ventral setae are longitudinally striated. On the ventral side of the dorsal bundle there are 1-3 short setae with lyrate tips (fig. 22), One arm is longer than the other, and has a row of spines on its inner margin, This type of seta makes its appearance in the fourth segment, and continues to the end of the body. It has not been found in any other species of this family. The setae in each bundle are arranged in two rows, and the lyrate setae are at the lower end of the front row. In the 4th foot (fig. 22D) the dorsal setae are slightly longer than the ventral setae. In the 50th foot (fig, 228), the ventral setae are three times as long as the dorsal. In the male specimen the setae in the upper part of the ventral bundle are longer and thicker than the rest, and are longitudinally striated. The setae in the females do not show this distinction. In the 80th foot (fig. 22) the difference in length between the setae in the dorsal and ventral bundles is not so marked. In the female specimens the eggs commence in the 26th segment, and there are usually four ineach segment. They are red incolour. The absence of appendages on the head is characteristic of the genus Paraonis, Grube. The sub-genus Paraonides was created recently by Cerruti (1909, p. 503) to contain a species Paraonis (Paraonides) neapolitana Cerruti, distinguished by the presence of modified setae in the posterior dorsal bundles. In this sub-genus the present species must be placed, owing to the presence of the lyrate setae in the dorsal bundles. This type of seta has not hitherto been found in any species of the family Paraonidae, and its occurrence adds an additional proof of the close relationship of this family to the Aricidae. Habitat.—BAtuYNAKILL Harsour—Mature male taken in the surface tow-net at midnight. This species was also found in Galway Bay, and in Dingle Bay. Family SPIONIDAE. Spio martinensis Mesnil. 1896. Spio martinensis. Mesnil, p. 122. This species is very closely allied to S. filicornis Fabr., but as regards those characters in which the two species are said by Mesnil to differ, such as the shape of the head, feet, and setae, the Irish specimens agree with S. martinensis, According to McIntosh (1909, p. 162), the capillary setae of S. filicornis are striated but not dotted, whereas the Irish specimens have setae exactly like those figured by Mesnil for S. martinensis. I have not yet found the true S. filicornis in Ireland. The first crochets appear in the 47 96 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy. veniral division of the 11th foot, whereas Mesnil found them in the 13th-— 15th foot. The anterior end of the body is marked with dark-brown pigment in longitudinal rows on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the buccal segment, and in transverse rows on the following segmenis. Habitat —BiacksoD Bsay—Found on two oceasions, in sand under stones. Distribution —Ireland (Dublin Bay); France (St. Martin). Spio seticornis Fabricius. 1909. Spis seticornis. McIntosh, p. 163. Numerous specimens of this species were found, usually living in Lami- uaria roots. The anterior dorsal end is marked with dark pigment. The erochets begin on the 8th setigerous segment. Four eyes are present. The anal segment bears two long dorsal and two short ventral cirmi, the latter pair being full of brown pigment. Mature specimens were found in March. Huhitat.—Btacksop Bay—Found on the shore on three occasions. Dredged on three occasions, in 1-6 fms. CLew Bay—Dredged in 7-10 fms. Bormy Hangover. Distribution —Great Britain; Greenland; Farée ; Baltic. Scolecolepis vulgaris (Johnston). 1896. Scolelepis Girardi. Mesnil, p. 140. 1909. Scolecolepis vulgaris. McIntosh, p. 159. This species was generally found living in sand, rarely in Laminaria roots. It was never abundant. Mature specimens were found in March. Hatitut—Backsop Bay—Found on the shore on 5 occasions. CLEW Bay—Shore of Clare Island, near the Harbour. Distriution—British Isles; Norway; North Sea; France; Mediterra- nean. Scolecolepis faliginosa (Claparéde). 1896. Scolelepis fuliginosa. Mesnil, p. 152. This species is common locally in Blacksod Bay, but not widely distri- buted. Mature specimens were found in March. One specimen was found feeding on a red seaweed (Chylocladia sp.). Hatitat.—BLacksoD Bay—Found on the shore on 5 occasions. Distritution.—South coast of England; North Sea; France: Mediter- ranean, Clare Islund Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 97 Laonice cirrata (Sars). 1867. Scolecolepis (Laonice) cirvata, Malmeren, p. 91. 1896. Luoniee cirrata. Mesnil, p. 247. 1909. S. (Laonice) cirvata, MeIntosh, p. 160. This species is very common in Clew Bay, living usually on a sandy bottom. It is occasionally taken in the tow-net at night. The anal segment bears nine long slender cirri and two short blunt ventral cirri. Mature specimens were found in August. Habitat —CLEw Bay—Dredged on 10 occasions, in 5-27 fms. Distribution.—British Isles; Arctic; Scandinavia; Canada. Genus Nerinides. This genus was created by Mesnil (1896, pp. 119, 152) for the species which de Saint-Joseph described under the name Nerine lougirostiis Quaty. (1894, p. 74). Mesnil gives some reasons (p. 164) for thinking that the Nerine longirostris of Quatrefages is identical with Nerine cirratulus (D. Chiaje), but the description of Quatrefages is too meagre to decide this point with certainty. The discovery of a new species, described below, does not necessitate any change in the generic description given by Mesnil. This genus is intermediate between Spio and Nerine, and is very closely allied to both of them. A species has recently been described by McIntosh (1909, p. 175) under the title Neriudes lamellata, from Tangiers Bay. Only the anterior end was found, but it exhibits none of the generic characters of Nerinides. ‘lhe head is broadened in front, with lateral peaks. The first setigerous segment bears a branchia and both dorsal and ventral bundles of setae. The dorsal lamella is shorter than the branchia, and is separated from it distally by a deep indentation. The ventral modified setae are wingless, and simply pointed. It is not clear from the description given what genus this species belongs to, though it seems to have great affinities with Scolecolepis, but at any rate it is not a Nerinides, Neiinides longirostris (Quatr.) de St.-Joseph. 1894. Nerine longirostris. De St.-Joseph, p. 74. 1896, Nerinides longivostris. Mesnil, p. 152. This species was occasionally found in clean sand in Blacksod Bay, but is nowhere abundant. As stated above, there is reason to doubt whether the Nerine longirostris of de St.-Joseph is identical with the AMalacoceros longirostris of Quatrefages (1865, p. 444). Habitat—Buacksop Bay—Found on 6 occasions, in clean sand. Distribution.—Dinard; ? St. Malo. RTA. PROC., VOL. XXX. N 47 47 98 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy. Nerinides tridentata sp. l. PI. X, figs. 23 4-3. _ Eleven specimens of this new species were found on four different occasions, living in Laminaria roots in Blacksod Bay. This habitat at once distinguishes it from other allied species of Nerinides, Nerine, and Scolecolepis, all of which live in sand. The worms are comparatively small, resembling Spio in appearance. Mature individuals are 16-20 mm. in length, 1-5 mm. in width, and the body is formed of 61-70 segments. ‘The body attains its greatest width in the anterior region, near the 10th segment, and gradually tapers to the very slender tail. The anterior end is blunt, and tapers very little. The dorsal surface is flattened, the ventral surface rounded. In the anterior region the segments are very short, but in the middle region they are almost as long as wide. 7: The head (fig. 23 4) is spindle-shaped, acutely pointed at both ends, the posterior end forming a distinct occipital tentacle. Just behind the middle line of the head are two pairs of black eyes, arranged almost in a straight line. The head is separated from the buccal segment both dorsally and ventrally by deep grooves. The buccal segment forms conspicuous trans- lucent lobes on each side of the head, and is longitudinally folded on the ventral side. The tentacles are short, thick, and firmly adherent, of a deep chocolate colour. The first setigerous segment ‘figs. 23 4, 25 c) bears only a ventral bundle of capillary setae, and has no branchia. The setae are in two rows, one consisting of long slender setae, the other of shorter and thicker setae. Behind the setae is a low rounded lamella, and in the dorsal region of the foot are two rounded lobes. The second foot (fig. 23D) bears two bundles of setae, those in the dorsal region being much the larger. These setae are all longitudinally striated. The dorsal lamella is large, and completely fused with the branchia, which it slightly exceeds in length. A considerable interval separates the dorsal from the ventra! lamella. The tenth foot (fig. 23£) bears two large lamellae which are separated only by a small interval, and are much larger than those of the second foot. The dorsal division has two rows of setae, one row consisting of long slender longitudinally striated setae (fig. 23 H, 2), the other row of short thick finely pointed setae, with flattened dotted blades and cylindrical striated proximal shafts (fig.23 4, 4). The ventral setae resemble the short dorsal setae, but are rather shorter and wider. On the lower margin of the ventral bundle is a group of three slender striated setae. The branchiae attain their greatest length in the 15th-20th segments, They lie transversely across the dorsum, separated in front by a median Care Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 99 space. From the 15th to the 25th segment they meet in the mid-dorsal line, then further behind they are shorter again. In the 15th or 16th setigerous segment a row of hooks appears in the ventral division of the feet (fig. 257). They have an unusually long main tooth, bent at right angles to the shaft, and crowned with two sharp spines. The shaft is curved distally, and above the curve it is slightly constricted. The wing which envelops the distal end of the seta is wide beneath the imain tooth, and then abruptly narrows towards the neck of the seta, and is very characteristic in outline. The 24th foot (fig. 231) does not differ much in outline from the 10th foot. The dorsal division bears long and short setae, all of which are striated. The ventral division has 15-15 crochets, and 2 or 5 slender capillary setae. None of the setae have dotted blades. In the posterior feet (fig. 23G) the lamellae are more conspicuous. The branchia is short and the dorsal lamella projects outwards, forming an angle with the branchia. The ventral lamella is rounded and foliate. The dorsal setae are long and striated. The ventral division has 10-12 crochets, and } or 4 slender capillary setae. The anal segment (fig. 23B) bears a ventral flattened expansion, which is more or less bilobed. This structure seems to be intermediate between the anal cirri of Spio and the anal funnel of Nerine. Mature specimens were found in September. This species differs in many respects from Werinides longurostris (Quaty.). It is much smaller in size, has the four eyes in a transverse row, instead of in a square, and the ventral crochets begin on the 15th segment, whilst those of IL longirostris begin on the 33rd-—45th segment. These setae have a very long main tooth crowned with two spines, whilst those of JV. longirostris have a medium tooth with a single spine. The lamellae on the feet are more prominent in the posterior part of the body of the present species than those of WN. longirostris, and the anal segment is quite different. WV. longirostiis lives in clean sand, WV. tridentata in Laminaria roots. Habitat.—Buiacksop Bay. Found on 5 occasions, in Laminaria roots from near low-water mark. Nerine cirratulus (Delle Chiaje). 1896. Nerine cirratulus. Mesnil, p. 152. In the sandy beach at the head of Feorinyeeo Bay, in Blacksod Bay, there is a zone of sand, two or three feet below high-water mark, where this species occurs in immense numbers, The sand is quite honeycombed with their burrows, and is stained with their secretions. In other parts of the N 2 47 100 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. bay it is not socommon. It was found living in the sand of a very exposed Zostera bed. Habitat.—Buacksop BaAy—Found in large numbers on the sandy beaches. CrLew Bay—Clare Island, in sand near the Harbour. Distribution—British Isles; North Sea; France ; Mediterranean; eastern North America. Nerine foliosa (Aud. aud Edw.). 1896. Nerine foliosa. Mesnil, p. 165. This species lives in clean sand, in the lower half of the littoral zone. Habitat.—Buacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 6 occasions. BALLY- NAKILL Harsour—Found once on the shore. Distiibution—Great Britain; Iceland; Farée; Scandinavia; France. Aonides oxycephala (Sars). PIX, fies 25: 1596. Aonides oxycephala. Mesnil, p. 242. This species is very common and widely distributed throughout the intertidal area. It is usually found in the sand under stones, especially if there is any adimixture of mud or decaying weeds. Specimens are occasionally found in Laminaria roots. Mature specimens were found in March, Habitat. —Buacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 14 occasions. CLEW Bay—Clare Island shore. BALLYNAKILL HarBour—Dredged in 1-5 fms. Distribution.—British Isles; Scandinavia; France; ? Port Vendres; / United States. Aonides paucibranchiata sp. n. Pl. XI, figs. 24 a-E. A large number of specimens were dredged in Clew Bay which, whilst agreeing very closely in many respects with Aonides oxycephala, yet exhibit a certain number of constant and well-marked differences. It will be sufficient in describing this species to point out these differences, without siving a full account of the anatomy. The worms are considerably smaller than A. orycephala. No complete nature specimen was obtained, the largest fragment of a mature male being 18 mm. long, consisting of 80 segments. A small entire specimen from Berehaven had 54 segments, The general shape of the body resembles that of A. oxycephala. The head is spindle-shaped (fig. 24), rounded at both ends. There are 4 dark kidney-shaped eyes, with lenses. In some specimens the Care Island Survey—Archiannelidu and Polychaeta. 47 101 eyes are arranged in an almost straight transverse line, but the usual condition is that shown in fig. 244. The first and second segments closely resemble those of A. oxycephala as figured by Mesnil (1896, pl. x, figs. 21, 22). The number of branchiae is only 10 pairs or rarely 11, as against 22-25 pairs always found in Irish specimens of A. orycephala. The shape of the branchiae and lamellae in the anterior segments does not differ from the condition found in A. ovycephala (Mesnil, 1896, pl. x, fig. 25). The setae in these segments are all slender, with a delicate wing, and are not dotted. There is in each foot a row of long slender setae, and a row of shorter stouter setae, and the dorsal setae are longer than the ventral setae. Behind the 11th foot, the lamellae decrease rapidly in size, and are inconspicuous in the posterior part of the body. Winged crochets appear in the ventral division of the 31st foot, and in the dorsal division of the 36th foot, agreeing fairly closely with A. oxycephala in this respect. The crochets ditfer from those of A, oxycephala in having three teeth at the distal end. The large main tooth (fig. 24) is bent at right angles to the shaft. The middle tooth is short and pointed, and outside this is a short blunt tooth. In the 78th foot (fig. 240) the dorsal division contains 4 crochets and 6 slender capillary setae. ‘lhe ventral division has 5 crochets and 6 capillary setae, of which the two ventral are longer and stouter than the others, with a pronounced double curvature. The lamellae are rendered conspicuous by the presence of long finger-shaped glands, of a deep amber colour (fig. 24D). The anal segment (fig. 24B) bears two pairs of cirri, the ventral pair being the shorter. In A. oxycephala the anal segment bears two lateral plates, one on each side of the anus, and each plate has 5-5 cirri (fig. 25), usually 4. The points which distinguish this species from A. oxycephala may be summarized as follows :—(1) Smaller size; (2) smaller number of branchiae, there being 10 or 11 pairs as against 22 or 23: (3) three teeth on the crochets as against 2; (4) only two pairs of anal cirri, as against 5-5 pairs in A, oxycephala. Mature specimens were found in May. Habitat.—Cizew Bay—Dredged on four occasions, in 9-24 fms. This species was also found in Berehaven. Prionospio Steenstrupi Malmgren. 1867. Prionospio Steenstrupi. Malmgren, p. 93. 1880. P. 8. Langerhans, p. 90. 1897. P.S. Mesnil, p. 90. Three species belonging to the genus Prionospio have been described at leneth from European shores. Of these P. pluiosa (Sars, 1873, p. 63) seems to be distinguished by the shape of the head, the anal segment, and the very 47 102 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. numerous branches on the gills. Of the other two species, P. Steenstrupi has been examined by Malmgren, Langerhans, and Mesnil, with different results. According to Malmgren, the species has no eyes, there are two rows of branches on the gills, crochets are absent from the dorsal divisions of the posterior feet, and those in the ventral divisions have only a single spine on the crown. According to Langerhans, who found his specimens at Madeira, the head bears two pairs of eyes, there are four rows of branches on the gills, crochets are present in the dorsal divisions of the posterior feet, and they have five spines above the main tooth. Mesnil re-examined the specimens described by Malmgren and Langerhans, and confirmed the identity of the two species. He pointed out that the spines on the crown of the crochets are arranged in pairs. A large number of [ish specimens of this species have been collected, and they all show the same characters with very little variation. Jn only a single specimen are the eyes absent (Southern, 1910, p. 256), and this was a small immature worm. On the whole, they agree with the description of P. Steenstrupi given by Langerhans and Mesnil. The third European species, P. Malmgren’, has been described by Claparéde (1869, p. 75), and by Marion and Bobretzky (1875, p. 84). It appears to differ from P, Steenstrupi in haying no crochets in the dorsal divisions of the posterior feet, and in having only two spines above the main tooth of the crochets. The head as figured by Marion and Bobretzky (1875, pl. xi, fig. 20) agrees exactly with Irish specimens of P. Steenstrupi. ‘The statement that dorsal crochets are absent, and that those in the ventral divisions have only two spines, may be based on faulty observation. The anal segment and the structure of the gills agree closely with the Irish specimens; and it appears to me probable that a further examination of the Mediterranean forms will show that the two species are identical. McIntosh (1914, p. 82), who has examined some of the Inish specimens, refers them to P. Malingrent. In his remarks, however, he ignores the chief character separating the two species, viz., the presence or absence of crochets in the dorsal divisions of the posterior feet. Habitat Btacksop Bay—Dredged on two occasions, in 2-8 fms, CLEW Bay—Dredged in 18 fms. Distrilution—Norway; Iceland; Greenland; Madeira. Spiophanes bombyx (Claparéde). 1896. Spiophanes bombys. Mesnil, p. 249. This species is rare in the district. Two specimens were obtained by digging in sand near low-water mark in Blacksod Bay, and several were dredged in Clew Bay. Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychactu. 47 103 Mature specimens were found in September. Habitat—Btacksop BAY—Two specimens in sand on the shore. Crew Bay—Dredved on two occasions, in 13-17 fis. Distribution.—Great Britain (St. Andrew’s, Torquay); North Sea; France; Naples. Polydora ciliata (Johnston), 1896. Polydora ciliata. Mesnil, p. 210. This species was found in Blacksod Bay in varied surroundings. It lives in Lithothamnion, in the roots of corallines, in sponges, and forming tunnels in old shells. Larval forms were taken in the surface tow-net in September; and post- larval forms were dredged in weeds during the same month. This species is very abundant in the rock-pools on Clare Island. Most of these pools are lined with a layer of Lithothamnion in varying degrees of thickness. The Polydora forms tnnnels in the Lithothamnion. The two black tentacles protrude from a minute opening, and wave freely in the water. Habitat. BLacksoD BAyY—Found on the shore on six occasions. Dredged on 4 occasions in 2-5 fms. Crew Bay—Common in rock- pools on Clare Island. Distribution.—British Isles; France; Arctic; Scandinavia; North Sea ; Mediterranean ; eastern North America; Australia (Port Jackson). Polydora hoplura Claparéde. 1869. Polydora hoplura. Claparéde, p. 58. These worms were found on several occasions living In sponges such as Halichondria panicea, where they form slender mud-tubes. Habitat.—BuacksoD Bay—Found once on the shore. BALLYNAKILL Harsour—Dredged in 1-3 fms. Also found on the bottom of the ship. Bormy Harsour—Found in sponges on the shore. Distribution.—Great Britain; France; Mediterranean. Polydora caeca (Oersted). 1896. Polydora caeca. Mesnil, p. 191. This is probably the commonest species of Polydora on the coast. It is frequently found in Laminaria roots, under Ascidians, and in sponges. A specimen was dredged in Clew Bay which had regenerated the anterior end after having lost the first three setigerous segments. 47 104 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Habitat. BLAcksop Bay—Found on the shore, on 9 occasions. Dredged on 4 occasions,in 1-8 fms. CLEW BAy—Shore of Clare Island, in sponges and in Lithothamnion. Dredged on 5 occasions, in 9-28 fins. Distribution.—Plymouth; France; Arctic; North Sea; Farée. Polydora flava Claparéde. 1896. Polydora flava. Mesnil, p. 182. This species was found living in Lithothamnion, and between flakes of schist. Habitat. Buiacxsop Bay—Found on 2 0 on 2 occasions, in 33-5$fms. CLew Bay—Dredged in 16 fms. Distribution.—British Isles; France; Mediterranean. ecasions on the shore. Dredged Polydora Giardi Mesnil. 1896. Polydora Giardi. Mesnil, p. 195. This species, which has not been previously recorded from the British Tsles, is rare in the district. It was found only in Laminaria roots. Mesnil found it only in Lithothamnion. Tiabitat—Biacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 4 occasions. CLEW Bay—Dredged in 13-16 fms. Distribution —North of France (St. Martin and Cap de la Hague) ; ? Marseilles. Polydora Caulleryi Mesnil. 1897. Polydora Caulleryi. Mesnil, p. 88. 1909. Polydora Carazz. McIntosh, p. 172. A single specimen of this species was dredged in Clew Bay, in 24fms,, on a bottom of sand or shells. Habitut—Ciew Bay —Dredged in 24 fms. Dislribution—Great Britain; France (Cap de la Hague). Polydora quadrilobata Jacobi. 1897. Polydora quadrilobata. Mesnil, p. 87. 1909. P. q. MeIntosh, p. 170. A single specimen of this rare species was found in the sand of a Zostera bed in Blacksod Bay. It agrees exactly with the descriptions of Mesnil and McIntosh. The modified setae of the fifth segment have the brush-like row of spines between the two terminal teeth. Habitat.—BiLacksop: Bay—In the sand of a Zostera bed. Distribution.—Scotland (28t. Andrews); West Baltic (Kiel). Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida und Polychaeta. 4°97 105 Magelona papillicornis Fr. Miiller. 1896. Mesnil, p. 257. Frequently obtained in Blacksod Bay by digging in sand near low-water mark. /abitat.—BuLacKksop Bay—Common in clean sand near low-water mark. CLew Bay—Dredged in 54-11 fms., on a sandy bottom. Distribution.— British Isles; shores of Europe; Mediterranean. Magelona rosea Moore. 1907. Mlagelona rosea. Moore, p. 201. Only one species of Magelona has been previously recorded from European shores. This species has been referred by all zoologists to the I. papillicornis found by Fritz Miller on the coast of Brazil. As Moore (1907, p. 204) has pointed out, the two forms are probably specifically distinct. The form which occurs at Wood’s Hole, Massachusetts, was examined by Moore, and found to differ markedly from the European J. papillicornis. Whether the latter species occurs on the American coast is still uncertain. The most striking difference between J. rosea and J. papillicornis lies in the structure of the setae of the ninth setigerous segment. In the former species these setae are finely tapered to a point ; in the latter they terminate in a characteristic bulbous tip. A number of specimens dredged from the muddy bottom of Killary Harbour agree with J/. rosea in the structure of the setae. I sent several of the specimens to Professor Moore, and he confirmed the identification, This species also occurs in Galway Bay. The difference in habitat of the two forms in Ireland is very striking, ./. papillicornis being found in clean sand, M/. rosea in mud. Habitat.—Dredged in 7 fms. in Killary Harbour, on mud. Distribution.—W ood’s Hole, Massachusetts. Family DISOMIDAE. Poecilochaetus serpens Allen. 1904. Poecilochaetus serpens. Allen, p. 79. The larval form of this species has been described by Claparéde, Levinsen, McIntosh, and Gravelly. It is very commonly taken in the tow-net during the summer and autumn months. The adult has up to the present only been recorded by Allen, who obtained it by digging in sand at low-water spring- tides. Last year I found a number of adults in sand on the shore of Lough Swilly. I have no doubt that the specimens obtained in the tow-net are the larval forms of this species. The setae in the later larval stages are very R, I, A. PROC., VOL. XXXI. O 47 47 106 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. similar to those found in the adult. The short stout spines are found in the second and third setigerous segments of the larval form, as in the adult. The number of segments with flask-shaped cirri, however, is always five in the larval form, whilst the adult has seven. Habitat —CLeEw Bay—Frequently taken in the tow-net, generally near the bottom. BALLyNAKILL Harpour. BuacKsop Bay. Distribution.—British Isles; Norway ; Skagerrak ; North Sea; France. Family CHAETOPTERIDAE. Chaetopterus variopedatus Renier. 1894. Chaetopterus variopedatus. De Saint-Joseph, p. 147. This species is occasionally found in sand or muddy gravel near low-water mark in Blacksod Bay. Empty tubes are frequently obtained in the dredge. The living worm was almost always accompanied in its tube by the Polynoid Gattyana cirrosa. Habitat.—BuLacksop BaAy—Found on the shore on 4 occasions. Dredged on 6 occasions, in 1-9 fms. CLEW Bay—Dredged on 4 occasions, in 16-19 fms. 3ALLYNAKILL HarBouR—Found several times near low-water mark. Borin Harsour— Found on the shore. Distribution —Great Britain; shores of Atlantic; Mediterranean ; Magellan Straits. Family AMMOCHARIDAE. Owenia fusiformis Delle Chiaje. 1898. de Saint-Joseph, p. 397. Habitat —Buacksop Bay—Found on the shore in sand on 3 occasions. Dredged in 9 fms. CLEW Bay—Dredged on 8 occasions, in 4-20 fms., on a bottom of sand or mud. Distribution.—British Isles; Arctic; Atlantic; Mediterranean. Myriochele Heeri Malmgren. 1867. Malmgren, p. 101. 1912. Wollebaek, p. 31. his species has not previously been recorded from British waters. A number of specimens were found in Clew Bay, living on a sandy bottom. They are all small, with regenerated tails. The tube is composed of fragments of shell, which are set on edge and project at right angles to the tube. It thus differs from the imbricated tube of Owenia fusiformis, and from the membranous tube studded with quartz grains made by Myriochele Heeri in Arctic seas. Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 107 The anterior end and setae agree closely with the descriptions and figures given by Malmgren and Wollebaek. Habitat.—Dredged on three occasions in Clew Bay, in 16-22 fms., on a bottom of sand. Distribution.—Arctic ; Scandinavia; North Sea ; Madeira; Canada. Family CIRRATULIDAE. Cirratulus tentaculatus (Montagu). 1911. Cirratulus tentaculatus. McIntosh, p. 151. This species is sometimes found in enormous numbers in the sand of Zostera beds, where it 1s one of the dominant species. It also lives in the sand under or between stones, and occasionally in clean sand near rocks. Mature specimens were found in June. Hatitat.—Buiacxsop BAyY—Taken on the shore on 15 occasions. CLEW Bay—Shore of Clare Island near the Quay, under stones. Borin HAarBour—On the shore. Distribution—British Isles; France; Skagerrak ; North Sea. Cirratulus norvegicus ((Juatrefages). Plate XI, figs. 26 a-p. 1845. Cirratulus borealis Lamarck. Rathke, p. 180, Tab. viii, figs. 16-18. 1865. Audowinia norwegica. Quatrefages, p. 461. 1870. C. norvegicus ? Grube, p. 85. 1872. C. norvegicus. Grube, p. 62. Non Cirratulus norvegicus McIntosh (1911, p. 171). A number of specimens of Cirratulus, from various parts of the Irish coast, differ from any other British form, and appear to belong to the species first described and figured by Rathke as Cirratulus borealis Lamarck. The latter species is now regarded as identical with C. cirratus (Miiller), and differs markedly from that described by Rathke. Accordingly, Quatrefages (1865, p. 461) separated it as “Audowinia norwegicus,’ repeating the diagnosis of Rathke. At the same time he stated that he had found this species, or one extremely close to it, on the French coast at St. Vaast, the only difference being the somewhat smaller number of dorsal branchiae. A number of these specimens, labelled “ Cirratulus norwegicus,” by Quatrefages, are in the Paris Museum. I have been able to examine them, and without exception they belong to Cirratulus tentaculatus (Montagu), a species quite distinct from that described by Rathke. This fact does not, however, invalidate the name given by Quatrefages to Rathke’s species; and accordingly I adopt Cirratulus norvegicus (Quatrefages) as the correct name O2 477 108 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. for this species. In 1870 Grube recorded C. norvegicus from St. Malo, without giving any description. The description and figures given by Rathke are very meagre; and I have thought it desirable to give a full account of this species. A single mature female was dredged in Clew Bay, in 54-11 fms. Four other specimens were available from various places on the Irish coast, and have been utilized in drawing up the present description. The worms are 35-40 mm. in length, with 130-140 segments. The body is rounded dorsally, flattened ventrally, with a shallow median groove. It is widest and thickest between the 50th and 40th segments, and tapers gradually towards both ends. The anus is large and funnel-shaped, with crenulate margin, and with a rounded ventral papilla. There is a considerable amount of dark pigment on the ventral side of the head and anterior region and in the lateral region of the prostomium near the nuchal organs. The prostomium is followed by three achaetous segments. The first is slightly elevated dorsally. The third post-oral segment bears a pair of cirri (branchiae) on the postero-lateral margin (fig. 26 A). The position of the first pair of lateral cirri has been utilized as a specific character by various naturalists; but I find them normally occurring on the third post-oral segment in all species I have investigated. The dorsal tentacles (gills) are on the fourth setigerous segment. There are nine or ten pairs of them forming an oblique band on the sides of the segment, and leaving bare a broad median area. Each segment, except a number at the posterior end, bears a pair of lateral cirri, which are attached behind and above the dorsal setae. In the anterior region the distance between the cirri and the dorsal setae is small, considerably less than the distance between the dorsal and ventral setae. In the anterior region also, the dorsal and ventral setae are further apart than in the middle region of the body. Thus in the anterior region the space between the dorsal and ventral setae gradually becomes less, whilst that between the cirri and the dorsal setae increases. Behind the 20th segment the ratio between these two spaces remains constant, the distance between the cirri and the middle of the dorsal setae being two-thirds of that between the middle of the dorsal and the ventral setae (fig. 268). This ratio supplies a useful character for differentiating the species of Cirratulus. In the anterior region of the body the feet contain only capillary setae. The 10th segment has 13 setae in the dorsal division, 15 in the ventral, the dorsal setae being somewhat longer than the ventral. ‘There are three kinds of setae. The longest setae are very slender, with flattened serrate blades. The shorter setae are only half as long, but quite as wide as the long setae Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 109 (fig. 26c). On the lower margin of the dorsal and the upper margin of the ventval divisions are 2 or 3 very slender, short, smooth setae. Curved hooks appear in the ventral division of the 21st setigerous segment, and in the dorsal division of the 54th-41st segment. The ventral hooks are slightly thicker, shorter, and more strongly curved than the dorsal hooks (fig. 26D). In the 26th foot there are 9-11 capillary setae in the dorsal division, 3 hooks and 4 capillary setae in the ventral division. In the 75th foot there are 5—4 capillary setae and 2-3 hooks in the dorsal division, 3 capillary setae and 5 hooks in the ventral division. In the posterior feet there are 1-2 capillary setae and 2-3 hooks in each division of the foot. The dorsal capillary setae are longer than those in the ventral division. The difference in size between the dorsal and ventral hooks in the posterior segments is not so great as in C. tentaculatus. The other specimens of this species show very little variation from the above description. In one specimen, obtained in Laminaria roots in Dublin Bay, the dorsal tentacles encroach on the lateral areas of the third setigerous segment. A specimen from Lough Swilly has a small dorsal bundle of setae on the third post-oral segment. Mature specimens were found in August. This species differs from C. tentaculatus in the following respects :— (1) Smaller size and smaller number of segments; (2) smaller number of dorsal tentacles (in C. tentaculatus the latter form an almost continuous band across the segment); (3) the dorsal tentacles are on the 4th setigerous segment, those of C. tentaculatus being on the 6th or 7th; (4) the distance between the cirri and the dorsal setae is greater in C. norvegicus than in C. tentaculatus; (5) the hooks appear in a more anterior region than in C. tentaculatus. The relations with C. filigerus D. Chiaje are somewhat closer. The chief differences are :—(1) and (2) as above; (3) the dorsal tentacles in C. filigerus are on the 5th—7th setigerous segment; (4) the distance between the cirrus and the dorsal setae in C. filigerus exceeds that between the dorsal and ventral setae, reversing the ratio found in C. norvegicus. ‘The chief reasons in favour of regarding these Irish specimens as belonging to the same species as that described by Rathke are:—(1) the occurrence of the dorsal tentacles on the 4th setigerous segment; (2) the number of tentacles is the same in both forms ; (3) the number and arrangement of the capillary setae and hooks in the posterior segments and the relative position of the dorsal cirri are in close agreement. This species seems to be the same as that recently mentioned by MeIntosh (1911, p. 154) as “A form approaching Cirratulus filigerus Db. Chiaje, from: Malahide, Co. Dublin.” 47 110 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Habitat—CLEw Bay—Dredged in 53-11 fms. I have also found this species in Lough Swilly, Galway Bay, and on the Dublin coast, in Lithothamnion or Laminaria roots. Distribution.—Norway (Molde and Drontheim); France (?St. Vaast, 2St. Malo). Cirratulus cirratus (O. F. Muller). 1911. Cirratulus cirratus. MeIntosh, p. 154. This species lives under stones almost up to high-water mark. It prefers situations where there is a slight admixture of mud. It is sometimes found in Laminaria roots, and young specimens have been taken in the dredge. It is mature at least from June to September; and young specimens are found in the spring. Habitat.— Buacksop Bay—Taken on the shore on 7 occasions; young specimens dredged in 4} fms. in March. CLEW BAy—Hast shore of Clare Island; young specimens dredged in 10 fms., in May. Distribution.—British Isles; shores of the Arctic seas; Scandinavia; France; Madeira; Canaries; east coast of North America. Cirratulus Mcintoshi nom. nov. 1911. Corratulus norvegicus? McIntosh, p. 171. “A form dredged off Drébak, Christiania Fjord, in 30-100 fathoms,” was recently described by McIntosh under the name Cirratulus norvegicus? The meaning of the query-mark is not quite clear. It may indicate that the author is not certain that the form has not been previously described. In any case the title cannot be maintained, as Quatrefages described a species under the name Audouinia norwegica (1865, p. 461), afterwards changed to Cirratulus norvegueus by Grube (1870, p. 85; 1872, p. 62). The latter species is quite distinct from tbat described by McIntosh. Both occur in Clew Bay. I have used the name C. norvegicus for the species recorded by Rathke, Quatrefages, and Grube, and given the name (. Meintoshi to the species described by McIntosh. Four specimens were found in Clew Bay, and of these, two dredged in the mud of Killary Harbour in May and August were full of eggs. Of the other two specimens, one was dredged in the mud of Inishlyre Harbour, and the other was taken at night in the tow-net in Bofin Harbour. Ihave compared them with McIntosh’s specimens, and with others of the same species from the west coast of Norway. The relationship of this species with others having only capillary setae, such as Heterocirrus Marioni de St.-Joseph, H. multibranchis Grube, Cirratulus filiformis Keferstein, C. tenwisetis Grube, etc., requires investi- gation, and it will doubtless be found that a number of these titles refer to Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 111 the same species, Not one of them has been adequately described or figured. Habitat—Cirw Bay—Dredged in Inishlyre Harbour in 5 fms., on mud. Kittary Harsour—Dredged on two occasions in 7 fms., on mud. Born Harsour—Taken at night in the tow-net. Distribution. —West coast of Norway. Genus Chaetozone. The genus Heterocirrus was created in 1855 by Grube, for a species he named H. sawicola. This species was afterwards shown to be the Dodecaceria concharum of Oersted, described in 1843. De Saint-Joseph (1894, p. 52) conserved the genus Heterocirrus, whilst giving it a new definition ; but this is contrary to the Rules of Nomenclature; and Moore! adopted what, in his opinion, was the next available name, the Tharyx of Webster and Benedict (1887, p. 741). The genus Chaetozone was created by Malmgren in 1867; but he gave no generic diagnosis. In the opinion of subsequent writers, the distinguishing character of this genus was the modification of the setae in the posterior part of the body, where they form an almost complete ring, consisting of a mixture of crochets and capillary setae. Caullery and Mesnil (1898), in reviewing the genera of the Cirratulidae, retain the three genera Heterocirrus, Tharyx, and Chaetozone, defining them by the structure and arrangement of the setae. In Heterocirrus, crochets are present in the dorsal and ventral rami; in Tharyx all the setae are capillary; and in Chaetozone the crochets form an almost complete ring in the posterior segments. In practice this classifica- tion breaks down hopelessly. For instance, the Chaetozone zetlandica of MeIntosh (p. 115) has crochets in the ventral rami, and capillary setae in the dorsal rami. Again, the degree to which the crochets form a ring on the posterior segments is very variable ; and it is impossible to draw a distinction between Heterocirrus and Chaetozone in this respect. There is reason to think that some species which have crochets when fully grown have only capillary setae in their earlier stages. The marked development of the crochets in Chaetozone is evidently an adaptation for a pelagic hfe—an adaptation which exists in various degrees in all species of the three genera, and isa character to which no generic importance can be attached. In view of these facts the conclusion is irresistible that no valid distinction exists between the three genera. Chaetozone has clearly priority over Tharyx, and hence must be used, with Chaetozone setosa Malmgren, as the type species. ' Proc, Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, 1909, p. 268. 47 112 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Chaetozone viridis (Langerhans.) 1898. Heterocirrus viridis. Caullery and Mesnil, p. 117. This species, which has been described accurately by Langerhans, de Saint-Joseph, and by Caullery and Mesnil, is very common in Laminaria roots. It was recorded by Elwes from Torquay. Mature ¢ specimens were found in August and September. The eyes are much larger than in the immature specimens, and the dorsal capillary setae are longer and more numerous. Halitat—Buicksop Bay—Found on the shore on 6 occasions; dredged inlim. CLew Bay—Dredged on 2 occasions, in 9-16 fms, Borrmsy Harsour—A mature male with large eyes and long swimming setae was taken in the surface tow-net at night. Distribution.—South coast of England; France; Madeira; east coast of United States ? Chaetozone alata sp. n. Pl. XII, figs. 27 a—p. Three specimens of this species were obtained two from Ballynakill Harbour and one from Blacksud Bay. The body is 10-12 mm. long, consisting of 100-110 segments. It is very slender, and uniform in width, tapering only slightly at each end. The colour of the preserved specimens is a greyish brown. The head is conical in front (Pl. XII, fig. 274). There is a pair of dark eyes deeply embedded on the dorsal side of the head, probably lying on the brain. The nuchal organs could not be seen. The dorsal tentacles are very large, attaining a length of 2mm. The lateral cirri are 3 mm. long. The dorsal tentacles seem to be on the segment in front of the first setigerous segment, each accompanied by a lateral cirrus. This species is characterized chiefly by the shape and arrangement of the setae. The capillary setae vary in number and length according to the age of the specimen, and the following description applies to the largest individual. All the specimens were immature, and probably further changes in the setae occur with the advent of sexual maturity. Capillary setae are present in all the dorsal bundles. The longer ones are slender and cylindrical with no evident flattening of the blades (fig. 278, a). The shorter ones have a distinctly flattened blade, which is very thin along one edge (fig. 278, 6). In the anterior segments there are 4-6 capillary setae in the dorsal bundles, but in the middle and posterior regions the number is reduced to 2 or 3. Dorsal crochets appear on the twenty-first setigerous Clare Islind Survey—Archiannelida and Polyehuela. 47 113 segment. In the middle region there are 1 or 2 crochets in each dorsal bundle; in the posterior region the number increases to 3. In the smaller specimens there are only 3 or 4 capillary setae in each of the anterior dorsal bundles. The number gradually decreases, the 15th-20th segments containing 1 or 2 capillary setae, and the posterior segments only a single capillary. Crochets are present in all the ventral bundles—a character which distinguishes this species from all others. In the anterior segments there are 5-7 crochets in each bundle, accompanied by 2 very slender capillary setae (fig. 278, c). In the posterior segments each ventral ‘proualle contains 3-5 crochets and 1 or 2 fine capillary setae. The crochets (figs. 27c, 27p) ave distinctly bifid at the tip and boldly curved. The shaft is constricted at the point where it emerges from the skin. Above the constriction, on the posterior margin, is a delicate wing, a structure which I have not noticed in any other Cirratulid. ‘Yhe dorsal setae in each bundle are slightly thicker than the ventral ones. Passing backwards the crochets gradually increase in size (compare figs. 27¢ and 27p), although they still remain small as compared with C. setosa and C. zetlandica. The slender capillary setae (fig. 26B, c) which usually accompany the crochets, both dorsally and ventrally, are frequently absent. This species is most nearly allied to Chaetozone viridis (Langerhans), and these two species are sharply separated from other species of the genus by the structure and arrangement of the setae. The present species 1s distinguished from C. viridis by the following characters :—(1) the presence of crochets in ald the ventral bundles (in C. viridis they are absent from the two anterior bundles) ; (2) the shape of the crochets is somewhat different, and the wing is absent in the setae of C. viridis; (3) the presence of capillary setae in all the ventral bundles. Habitat —Buacksop Bay—A single specimen found in Laminaria roots from Carrigeenmore. BALLYNAKILL Harsour—T'aken on two occasions, in the surface tow-net at night. Chaetozone killariensis sp. n. Pl. XII, figs. 28a-r. This species has only been found, up to the present, in Killary Harbour. A number of specimens were obtained by washing the rich black mud, dredged from the bottom of the harbour, through a fine silk net. Some of the specimens contained immature eggs. ‘The largest individual was 11 mm. in length, and consisted of 84 setigerous segments. The body is widest in the anterior third, tapering rapidly towards the head, and very gradually towards PROC, R.I.A., VOL. XXXI, oe 47 47 114 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. the tail. In the anterior region the dorsal surface is flatter than the ventral, and the segments are very narrow. Further behind, the segments are longer and the body more rounded in section. The anus is dorsal, with a ventral lobe beneath. : The head (fig. 284) is pointed in front, and in the preserved specimens neither eyes nor nuchal organs can be seen. The dorsal tentacles are on the segment in front of the first setigerous segment. Each tentacle is accom- panied as usual by a lateral cirrus, situated externally to it. The dorsal cirri are fixed above the dorsal setae. Both dorsal and ventral bundles in the anterior and middle regions of the body contain only capillary setae. The dorsal setae are longer than the ventral setae ; but there are long and short setae in each bundle. The longest setae are in the upper part of the dorsal bundles. Passing backwards these dorsal setae gradually become longer, till in the 20th—30th segment they attain the leneth of :75-1:00 mm. ‘They then gradually decrease in length. In the anterior seements there are 5-7 setae in each bundle; in the middle region, 6-8. The shorter setae in the anterior segments (fig. 28B) have a cylindrical shaft and a flattened blade, with a distinct curve at the junction of the shaft and the blade. The segment on which the crochets first appear is variable in position. In the largest specimen the first ventral crochet appears in the 56th segment, the first dorsal crochet in the 61st segment. The normal arrangement of the setae in the posterior segments is shown in fig. 28r. In the dorsal division there are two crochets in the upper part of the bundle, the outer one being the largest in the whole segment (fig. 28c). Then follow a smaller crochet, and 4 or 6 capillary setae, alternately long and short. ‘The ventral division usually contains 2 or 3 crochets in the lower part of the foot, the lowest being also the shortest. Above the crochets are 3 or 4 capillary setae closely resembling the short capillary setae of the dorsal bundle (fig. 28p, ~), In the segments near the tail all the capillary setae of the ventral bundle may be replaced by crochets. ‘The arrangement of the crochets in the posterior segments depends on the age and size of the specimens. Two individuals of 44 and 50 segments respectively had crochets in the ventral bundles of the posterior 13-14 segments ; but the dorsal bundles consisted solely of capillary setae. Another specimen, somewhat larger, had crochets in the dorsal bundles of the posterior 8 segments. As already stated, the largest specimen, of 84 segments, had crochets dorsally in 24 segments, ventrally in 29 segments. The dorsal crochets (fig. 28c) resemble the short capillary setae in shape, except that the tip is curved and bifid. The uppermost crochet in the Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychacta. 4% 115 dorsal bundle is much larger than any of the others in either division. The upper crochet in the ventral division (fig. 28D, 5) is larger than the lower ones (fig. 28p,¢). The tip of the crochets is curved, and the two points diverge at a very wide angle (fig. 288). So far as can be seen from the available specimens, there is no tendency for the posterior setae to form a ving round the segment, such as characterizes Chactozone setosa and other species. However, as all the specimens except one fragment are immature, it is possible that considerable changes take piace in the setae at the period of sexual maturity. This species is closely related to Chaetozone setlandica McIntosh, but differs in having no eyes, in having crochets in the posterior dorsal bundles, in the relative position, size, and shape of the setae, etc. It differs from Chactozone caput-esocis (de St.-Joseph) in having no eyes, in having bifid crochets, and in the position, shape, and nwmbers of the crochets. Hobitat—Dredged in Killary Harbour, in 7 fms., in rich black mud. Chaetozone zetlandica McIntosh. Pls, XII, XIII, figs. 29a-x. 1911. Chaetozone zetlandiea. McIntosh, p. 161. This species was recently described by McIntosh from a single fragment consisting of the posterior end of a specimen dredged in 100 fathoms in St. Magnus Bay, Shetland. It is at once distinguished from all other species of the genus by the arrangement of the crochets, which are present in the ventral, absent in the dorsal bundles. Through the courtesy of Professor McIntosh, I was able to examine the type-specimen, and compare it with the individuals here described. Consequently any errors which may be involved in the assumption here made that the various forms described below are referable to one specific form—C. zetlandica McIntosh—will be due either to the fragmentary nature of the type-specimen, or to the wrongful interpre- tation of alterations in structure due to growth and development. Altogether, 25 specimens are available for study. These can be easily divided into 5 stages, the most obvious distinction being the size. These 5 stages will be considered separately. Stage A—The occurrence of this form is worthy of note. Twenty-three specimens were taken, on ten different occasions in the months of March— August. These specimens were always captured at night, in the tow-net, usually at the surface, and have only been obtained in Fahy Bay, a branch of Ballynakill Harbour. These worms are 4-6 mm. long, composed of 36-64 segments, of which, in the larger specimens, 40-50 are provided with cirri, The shape of the P2 47 116 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. body is very constant and characteristic. It gradually increases in size up to the 15th setigerous segment, and then tapers towards the tail (Pl. XIII, fig. 29c). The body thus seems to be inflated in the anterior region, re- sembling that of Scalibregma inflatum. 'The body segments are narrow, and not clearly differentiated. The head (fig. 294, 29D) is pointed in front, swollen behind. Just behind the narrow part of the head is a pair of laterally placed reddish-brown kidney-shaped eyes, the pigment of which seems to be partially soluble in alcohol. In front of, and on the outer side of, the eyes are the ciliated nuchal organs. ‘The individual segments composing the anterior part of the body are not distinguishable, except by the appendages they bear. The dorsal tentacles, each accompanied by a lateral cirrus placed externally, occur on the segment in front of that bearing the first bundles of setae. The lateral cirri, of which there are about 46 pairs, are situated as usual just behind and above the dorsal setae. The anus (fig. 298) is dorsal, bounded above by three ill-defined papillae and below by a prominent lobe. In the anterior segments the setae, 5-8 in number, both dorsal and ventral, are capillary. In the dorsal bundles there are a few very long slender cylindrical setae, without any distinct neck or flattening of the blade. These setae are about 1 mm. long. The ventral bundles sometimes have one or two slender capillary setae. The remaining capillary setae in the dorsal division and in the anterior ventral feet are shorter capillary setae, with flattened blades and a distinct neck and curvature where the cylindrical shaft emerges from the body-wall (fig. 29F). They are *2-°5 mm. in length. There are only capillary setae in the dorsal bundles. The position of the first crochets in the ventral division is not constant, varying from the 15th to the 25th segment. At first there are only 1 or 2 crochets in each foot, but in the posterior region the arrangement is fairly constant, as shown in fig. 298. The dorsal division usually contains 5 long slender cylindrical setae, alternating with 3 shorter thicker setae, with slightly flattened blades. ‘The ventral division contains 3 crochets alternating with short capillary setae. ‘The uppermost seta of the ventral division is usually a short capillary seta, thicker and more flattened than the rest. The crochets (figs. 29G, 29H) are bifid at the tip, the two points forming an acute angle. This is best seen in the ventral crochet. In the uppermost crochet, and sometimes in some of the others, the point is simple, through abrasion of the tip. ‘he shaft of the crochet is longitudinally striated. A distinet neck separates the shaft from the blade, and the latter is obliquely striated. This applies to all the setae except the very long dorsal capillary setae. The thick flattened setae in the middle and posterior dorsal divisions Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida und Polychacta. 4% 117 resemble the crochets in shape, except that they terminate in long slender points. The crochets increase in size in the posterior segments, where the setae are relatively much more prominent than in the anterior and middle regions, and occupy all the lateral area of the body. The distance between the dorsal and ventral bundles remains fairly constant, diminishing only very slightly towards the posterior end. Thus the arrangement of the setae in the posterior region is intermediate between that usually associated with Heterocirrus on the one hand and Chaetozone on the other. None of the pelagic specimens were sexually mature; and the free-swim- ming habit at night has evidently been adopted for the purpose of seeking food. : Stage B.—This stage is represented by a single specimen obtained by digging in clean sand in Blacksod Bay in September. It is 11mm. long, consisting of about 120 segments. The body is long and slender, and the inflation of the anterior end characteristic of Stage A is not evident. The anterior end resembles that of Stage A, but the eyes are darker and slightly more ventral in position. The setae resemble those already described, but are, on the whole, stronger, thicker, more prominent, and more numerous, especially at the posterior end. In the anterior region they do not differ from the arrangement found in Stage A. The concave side of the curved blade shows the same tendency to become frayed, owing to abrasion. In the posterior region there is also a close resemblance; but some of the ventral divisions have each four crochets, the bifid nature of which is not so evident asin those of Stage A. The lowest crochet is always bifid; the next may show a slight indication of a cleft at the tip; and the two remaining crochets have simple rounded points (fig. 293, a-c). The thick capillary setae of both divisions taper rapidly to very fine points (fig. 293, d). These thick setae and the crochets alternate with very slender long capillary setae. The tail shows a slight indication of flattening, Stage C.—This stage, to which the fragment described by McIntosh also belongs, is also represented by an entire specimen found in clean sand in Blacksod Bay in March. It attains the relatively enormous length of 44 mm., but consists only of 150 segments—a number not greatly exceeding that of Stage B. The head bears two ventrally placed reddish-brown eyes. A characteristic feature is the marked flattening of the posterior part of the body, which is only slightly indicated in Stage B. The setae are much more numerous than in Stages A and B, but have the same arrangement in two rows, one consisting of thick flattened setae, the other of long slender cylindrical setae. In the posterior segments there are 18-25 setae in each bundle. The ventral bundles contain 6-7 erochets, terminating in simple 47 118 rounded points. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. In some of the feet the lowest crochet shows traces of a cleft at the tip, but no distinctly bifid setae were seen (fig. 29K). No trace of genital products was seen in this specimen. The characteristics of the three stages may now be tabulated, so as to make the comparison clearer :— Stace A. 1. Taken only in the sur- face tow-net at night. | Srace B. Srace C. | Living in clean sand.| Living in clean sand. Found in September. Found in March. Found from March- | August. 2. Length 4-6 mm. 5. Number of segments | 56-64. | 4. Body inflated in the anterior region, with eylindrical — posterior end. 5. Head with pair of lateral eyes. 6. Dorsal branchiae on seg- ment in front of that bearing the setae. 7. Setae 5-8 in number in cach division. [oa] . Crochets absent from dorsal divisions. 9. The majority of the crochets distinctly bi- fid, but the upper crochet with simple tip. Length 11 mm. Number of segments 120. Body cylindrical, with slight flattening of pos- terior end. | Head with pair of ventro- laterally placed eyes. | Resembles Stage A. | Setae 7-9 in each division, nent than in Stage A. | Crochets absent from dor- sal divisions. | Crochets not so distinctly bifid as in Stage A. longer and more promi- | Length 44 mm. Number of segments 150. Body cylindrical in front, with marked flattening of posterior end. Head with pair of ventrally placed eyes. Hesembles Stage A. Setae 18-25 in each divi- sion, longer and more prominent than in Stage A or B. Crochets absent from dorsal divisions. Crochets with simple rounded tips. Only ex- ceptionally the lowest crochet shows indication of a bifid tip. It will thus be seen that the three stages resemble each other in the shape of the head, the position of the dorsal branchiae, the arrangement of the setae, the absence of crochets from the dorsal divisions of the feet, and the general shape of the setae. The chief differences between Stage A and Stage C relate to the size, number of segments, shape of the body, and the nature of the tips of the crochets. In all these characters, Stage B seems to Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaelu. 4° 119 he an intermediate form, with greater leanings towards Stage A, as might be expected from the relative sizes of the three stages. he differences between Stages A and C may be regarded as due to the different ages of the specimens ; and the dates of capture indicate that C isa year older than Stage A; whilst Stage B is intermediate in age. In view of the close resemblance in certain characters between the three forms, it seems safer to accept this conclusion for the present than to regard Stages A and © as separate species. The discovery of other intermediate stages will be necessary for conclusive proof. In any case, it is evident that the species represented by Stage A has adopted the free-swimming habit as part of its normal existence, and not merely as an aid to reproduction. Habitat.—Biacxsop Bay—Found on 2 occasions in clean sand. Batiy- -NAKILL Harsour—'aken on 10 occasions in the surface tow-net at night, in Fahy Bay. Distribution.—Dredged in 100 fathoms in St. Magnus Bay, Shetland. Chaetozone setosa Malmgren. 1867. Chaetozone setosa. Malmgren, p. 96. Several specimens of this species were taken in the tow-net, usually at night. None of them were mature. Habitat.—Buacksop Bay—Surface tow-net at night. Crew Bay—Many specimens taken in tow-net attached to dredge, in 14-17 fms. BALLYNAKILL Harsour—One specimen taken in surface tow-net at night. Distribution.—Scotland (Firth of Clyde); Arctic; Siberia; Scandinavia ; North Sea; eastern North America. Dodecaceria concharum Oersted. 1898. Dodecaceria concharum. Caullery and Mesnil, p. 11. This species is common throughout the district, especially in a calcareous habitat. It is found in Lithothamnion, in the roots of Corallines, in certain sponges, boring in shells and limestone, and between layers of schist. An epitokous male was dredged in Blacksod Bay in March. Habitat.—Buacxsop BAay—Found on the shore on 9 occasions ; dredged in 4 fathoms. CiEWw Bay—Common on the shores of Clare Island ; dredged in 16 fms., in limestone. Distribution.— British Isles; west coast of Europe; Mediterranean ; Madeira; eastern North America. 47 120 -Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Macrochaeta clavicornis (Sars). 1855. Nats clavicornis. Sars, p. 64. 1880. Mucrochaeta clavicornis. Langerhans, p. 95. 1898. Macrochaeta clavicornis Caullery and Mesnil, p. 150. This species was originally found by Sars near Bergen, and many years afterwards by Langerhans at Madeira. These are the only records of its occurrence. It is very common throughout Clew Bay and Blacksod Bay ; but I have not found it elsewhere in Ireland. In Blacksod Bay it occurs in corallines on the shore, in Laminaria roots, and is very common in weeds dredged in a few fathoms. The systematic affinities of this species are at present not clearly recog- nized. It is regarded by Levinsen and de St.-Joseph as belonging to the Syllidae ; by Langerhans and by Caullery and Mesnil, as undoubtedly a Cirratulid. I hope at some future date to give an adequate description of this species and its allies. For the present it may be stated that the relation to the Syllidae is very slight, whilst that to the Cirratulidae is not so pronounced as Caullery and Mesnil maintain. Mature specimens are found in May. This species is phosphorescent on irritation, showing a bright blue light. Habitat.—BiacksoD Bay—Obtained on 7 occasions, in weeds from rock- pools, in Laminaria roots, and with weeds in 1-4 fathoms. CLew Bay—Obtained in the dredge or tow-net on 4 occasions, in 4-21 fms. BattyNakint HarBour—Dredged on 6 occasions, in 2-8 fms. Distribution.—Norway (Floréen); Madeira. Family TEREBELLIDAE. Proclea Graffi (Langerhans). 1884. Leaena Grafii. Langerhans, p. 262. 1894. Proclea Graffit. de St. Joseph, p. 180. 1899. Solowetia Malmgreni. Ssolowiew, p. 195. A single specimen of this very interesting Terebellid was dredged in Clew Bay in 11-19 fms., on a sandy bottom. It was a mature female full of egos, and was taken in August. The description and figures given by Langerhans are very meagre and unsatisfactory. The characters of the species are so remarkable, however, and the agreement is so close between the two forms, that there can be little doubt as to the identification of the Irish specimen. The chief characters distinguishing this species are (1) the absence of branchiae ; (2) the presence of capillary setae in 16 segments, These setae Clare Islund Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 4% 121 are of three types; one type occurring in the anterior eight bundles, a second type in the posterior eight bundles, and the third type in all the bundles; (3) uncini, which have a characteristic shape and arrangement. I hope to publish a more complete description of this species on some future occasion; but meanwhile a single point may be mentioned. The first bundle of capillary setae is on the fourth segment. Langerhans says the third segment ; but it may be inferred from his figure of Leaena oculata that he does not include the buccal segment. In 1899 Ssolowiew described a new genus and species from the White Sea, which he named Solowetia Malmgrent. Apparently he was unaware of the writings of Langerhans and de Saint-Joseph on the ebranchiate Terebellidae, as their names are not mentioned in the paper. S. Malmyreni agrees with P. Grafi in the following characters :— (1) Branchiae are absent. (2) There are 16 pairs of bundles of capillary setae consisting of smooth and serrate setae, beginning on the 4th segment. (3) Uncini begin in the urd setigerous segment, and have the characteristic shape and arrangement in single and double rows. Ssolowiew does not appear to have noticed the peculiar arrangement of the smooth and serrate capillary setae, but otherwise no distinction can be found between the two forms, and I have no doubt but that they are referable to the same species. Habitat.—CieEw Bay—Dredged in 11-19 fms., 1 mile ES.E. of Clare Island lighthouse, on a sandy bottom. Distribution.— White Sea (73-94 fms.) ; Franz-Joseph Land; Madeira. Amphitrite affinis Malmgren. 1865. Amphitrite afinis. Malmgren, p. 375. 1912. A. a. Wollebaek, p. 101. A single small specimen, dredged in 16-19 fms. in Clew Bay, appears to belong to this species. It agrees with it in having 3 pairs of branched gills, capillary setae on 17 segments, in the shape and arrangement of the uncinate setae, and in having a tube formed of mud, with thick walls. The wings and teeth on the capillary setae are rather more prominent than is shown in the figures of Malmgren and Wollebaek. The uncini agree closely, the rounded base being very characteristic. On segments 11-20 the uncini are in two rows, on the other segments in a single row. This species seems to be very closely related to the Amphitrite variabilis (Risso) found in the Mediterranean, differing, so far as I can see, only in the simpler gills and the shape of the uncini. R.I.A, PROC., VOL. XXXI. Q aT 47 122 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Hahitat.—Cizw Bay. Dredged in 16-19 ims., on a sandy bottom, 1 mile E. by S. of Clare Island lighthouse. Distribuiion.—Spitzbergen ; Iceland; Norway; Siberia. Amphitrite Johnstoni Malmgren. 1865. Amphitrite Johnstoni. Malmgren, p. 377. 1898. 4. J. de Saint-Joseph, p. 421. 1912. A. J. Wollebaek, p. 103. This species is occasionally found under stones on the shore, but usually it lives in wide deep tunnels in the sand of Zostera beds. It lines the tunnel with a thick mud tube. A small specimen, 20 mm. long, was dredged in 1 im. in Blacksod Bay, living in Laminaria roots. It agreed with fully grown specimens in having 3 pairs of gills, 24 bundles of capillary setae, and double rows of uncini on segments 11—27. Habitat—BLacxsoD Bay—Found on the shore on two occasions. Dredged in 1 fm, in Laminaria roots. BaLiyNakint Harsour— Found on the shore. Borrxs Harsour—Found on the shore. Distribution —British Isles; France ; North Sea; Scandinavia; White Sea; east North America. Amphitrite gracilis (Grube). 1884. Amphitrite gracilis. Marenzeller, p. 176. 1894. A. g. de Saint- Joseph, p. 198. This species is extremely common on the shore at Blacksod Bay. Iz lives under stones on the shore, and in crevices of the flaky schist. Habitat—BuscksoD Bay—Found on the shore on 26 occasions. CLEW Bay—Dredged on two occasions, in 18-19 ims., on a rocky bottom. BALLYNAKILL H4rspour—Found on the shore on two occasions. Lepraea lapidaria (L.) 1894. Terebella lamdaria. De Saint-Joseph, p. 202. This species was very rare, only two specimens being found. Habitat.—Ciew Bay—Dredged in 16 fms. Distrijution.—South of England; France; Mediterranean. Seione maculata (Dalyell). 1894 Scione maculata. De Saint-Joseph, p. 205. ‘This species forms a fine tube of sand, small fragments of shell, and pieces of seaweed, usually attached to Hydroids, Polyzoa, or seaweeds. Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 4% 128 Halitat.—Buacksop Bay—Found once on the shore. Dredged on 2 occasions, in 4#-54 fms. CLEw Bay—Dredged in Laminaria roots from 13-16} fms. Distribution.—Secotland ; north of France. Nicolea venustula (Montagu). 1894. Nicolea venustula. De Saint-Joseph, p. 207. All the specimens of Nicolea from the Clare Island district, whether from between tide-marks, or dredged in 25 fms., agree with the species described by Marenzeller and de Saint-Joseph in having two pairs of gills and capillary setae on 17 segments. The form zostericola with capillary setae on 15 segments was not obtained. Mature specimens were found in March and May. Habitat.—Buacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 5 occasions. Dredged on 3 occasions, in 3-6 fms. CLEW Bay—Dredged on 5 occasions, In 9-26 fms. BALLYNAKILL Harspour—Dredged in 6-9 fms. Distribution.—British Isles ; France; Mediterranean ; Red Sea; ? Arctic; ?Scandinavia ; 2? North Sea. Lanice conchilega (Pallas). 1894. JZ. c. de Saint-Joseph, p. 211. 1912. JZ. c¢. Wollebaek, p. 105. This species is very abundant on the shores of Blacksod Bay. It lives with its tube buried deeply in the sand, the upper end usually projecting between two stones. It is also found occasionally living in clean sand, but more usually in mud, gravel, or the sand of Zostera beds. The empty tubes are very common in the dredge. Young specimens were dredged in May. Habitat.-—BuacksopD Bay—Found on the shore on 19 occasions. Dredged on 9 occasions in 1-9 fms. CLEW Bay—Dredged on 17 occasions, usually only empty tubes, in 5-22 fms. Batty- NAKILL HarBouUR—F'ound on the shore on 4 occasions. Distribution.— British Isles; France; Scandinavia; North Sea; Madeira ; Mediterranean. Pista cristata (O. F. Miiller). 1865, Pista cristata. Malmgren, p. 382. 1912. P.c. Wollebaek, p. 99. This species was rare in the district, only a single specimen having been dredged in Inishlyre Harbour, on a muddy bottom. It had four unequal gills. Habitat.—Ciew Bay—Dredged in 4 fms., in Inishlyre Harbour. Distribution—Shetlands ; France ; Iceland; Scandinavia; Spitzbergen ; Nova Zembla; White Sea ; east North America; Mediterranean. Q 2 47 124 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy. Polymnia nebulosa (Montagu). 1896. Polymnia nebulosa. De Saint-Joseph, p. 219. 1912. Terebella debilis. Wollebaek, p. 96. This species is abundant on the shore, living in long tubes on the under- side of stones in gravel, and in the sand of Zostera beds. The tubes are sometimes as much as a foot and a half long, consisting of a parchment- like membrane covered with sand and pieces of shell. Specimens taken in the dredge are always much smaller than those found on the shore. Mature specimens were found in September. Habitat.—Buacksop Bay.—Found on the shore on 15 occasions. Dredged on 4 occasions, in 2-6 fms. CLEW Bay—On the shore of Annagh Island. Dredged on 5 occasions, in 4-10 fms., usually on muddy ground. BattyNnakILL Harsour—Found on the shore on 3 occasions. Dredged on 4 occasions in 1-8 fms. Distribution.—Great Britain; France; Norway; Finmark; Skaggerak ; Helgoland ; Mediterranean. Polymnia nesidensis (Delle Chiaje). 1896. Polymnia nesidensis. De Saint-Joseph, p. 225. 1912. Terebella Danielsseni. Wollebaek, p. 97. This species is found on the shore, under stones and in the sand of Zostera beds. Mature specimens were found from February to May. Habitat.—Buiacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 8 occasions. Dredged on 7 occasions, in 1-8 fms. CLeEw Bay—Dredged in Inishlyre Harbour, in 5 fms. BALLYNAKILL HarBouR— Dredged on 3 occasions, in 2-9 fms. Distribution—Great Britain; France; Scandinavia; North Sea; Mediterranean. Thelepus setosus (Quatrefages). 1894. Thelepus setosus. De Saint-Joseph, p. 230. This species was common on the shore in Blacksod Bay, living under stones, in Laminaria roots, and in the sand of Zostera beds. It is frequently accompanied in its tube by the Polynoid worm Polynoe scolopendrina. Mature specimens were found in August, the eggs being of a pale salmon colour. Habitat.—Buacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 8 occasions. Dredged on 6 occasions, in 3-8 fms. CLEw Bay—Dredged on 4 occasions, in 9-26 fms. Distribution,—Dublin Bay ; south of England; France. Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47% 125 Thelepus cincinnatus (Fabricius). 1912. Thelepus cincinnatus. Wollebaek, p. 89. This species is very rare in Blacksod Bay, only two specimens having been found there. In Clew Bay, it was usually dredged in mud or muddy sand. Mature specimens were found in August, young specimens in May. Habitat.—BiacksopD Bay—Found on the shore on two occasions. Ciew Bay—Dredged off Mulranny in 7 fms.; in Inishlyre Harbour in 2-4 fms.; in Killary Harbour on two occasions in 7 and 174 fms. ; near Inishgowla in 8-10 fms. Distribution —British Isles; France; Arctic ; Scandinavia; North Sea; east North America; Mediterranean. Thelepides collaris gen. et sp. nov. Pl. XIII, figs. 30 a. A single specimen only of this interesting form was dredged in Clew Bay, in 15 fathoms. The tube is missing. The specimen, which is incomplete posteriorly, is 25 mm. long, and consists of 29 segments, of which 27 bear setae. The sexual organs are not mature. The body is only slightly swollen in the thoracic region, tapering towards the head. The abdominal region is cylindrical. The skin is smooth, and does not show the pitted markings so prominent in Thelepus setosus and T. cincinnatus. In the anterior region the segments are four times as broad as long, but the length gradually increases, and in the abdominal region the length considerably exceeds the breadth. Im the thoracic segments there is a superficial annulation of the skin. A conspicuous folded membrane surrounds the mouth (figs. 30a, 308). In the median ventral line there is a small lobe not connected with the folded membrane. The tentacles emerge in two lateral bunches. The first segment has two groups of eyes in a dorso-lateral position. On the ventral side it forms a smooth rounded lower lip (fig. 308), with its lateral boundaries indicated by the nerve commissures. The branchiae occur on the second and third segments (fig. 30a). As in the genus Thelepus, they are slender, cirriform, and unbranched. Each is faintly grooved. On the second segment there are four pairs of branchiae, on the thirdsegment two pairs. These numbers are much smaller than those found in species of Thelepus, and approximate to the condition in the genus Enthelepus McIntosh, where there is only a single pair of branchiae on 47 126 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. each segment. The branchiae on the second segment are somewhat larger than those on the third segment. Capillary setae commence on the third segment, as in the genus Thelepus, but they are only present on fifteen segments On the 3rd and 4th segments a conspicuous row of glands runs round the segment in a line with the setae (figs. 304, 30B). In each of the dorsal bundles the setae are in two rows. The posterior row consists of long slender setae (fig. 30C), tapering to a fine point, with a smooth edge and narrow unequal wings. The anterior row consists of shorter setae, with narrower wings, and with more abruptly tapered tips (fig. 30D). The ventral rows of uncini only commence on the 11th segment (9th setigerous segment). In the genus Thelepus they commence on the 5th segment. On the 9th setigerous seement there are 9 uncini, on the 10th there are 20, on the 18th 93, and on the 26th there are 86. They are arranged side by side in a single row, with no alternation. In the posterior segments they are moved by long slender chitinous tendons (‘soies de soutien’). In side view (fig. 30k, a), each uncinus shows two teeth above the main tooth. The base is rounded, with a sharp spinous muscle attachment in front, and a blunt one on the posterior border. In surface view (fig. 30E, 0) the crest shows a single row of seven slender teeth above the main tooth. The. uncini of the posterior segments are slightly larger than those of the anterior segments. These uncini differ considerably in shape from those so characteristic of the genus Thelepus. The rounded button-shaped knob on the base of the uncini of Thelepus is represented in the present species by a sharp spine, as in most genera of the Terebellidae. Moreover in Thelepus there are usually two or three rows of teeth on the crest of the uncini, as against a single row in Thelepides. In these cireumstances I propose a new genus for this form, which may be provisionally defined as follows :— Thelepides gen. nov. Forms agreeing with Thelepus in having (1) setae on the third segment ; (2) filiform. unbranched gills ; (3) uneint in a single row. They differ from Thelepus in having (1) capillary setae on 15 segments only ; (2) wneini with a single row of teeth on the crest, without the characteristic knob on the base. The uncini commence on the eleventh segment, those of Thelepus on the fifth. Halitat.—Ciew Bay—Dredged in 15 fms., 9 miles E.S.E. of Clare I. lighthouse, on stony ground. Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 49% 127 Polycirrus caliendrum Claparede. 1894. Polycirrus caliendrum. De Saint-Joseph, p. 237. Numerous specimens of this species were found throughout the area. It was most commonly found in Laminaria roots; but it was also found in the sand of a Zostera bed, and was dredged on several occasions. Mature specimens were found in March and May. The species most commonly recorded from the European coasts is P. avran- tiacus Grube. It differs from the present species in having only three pairs of nephridia instead of six pairs. In other respects the two species are almost identical. A careful examination of all the Irish specimens has shown that in all cases six pairs of nephridia are present. ‘The three posterior pairs are, however, very small and easily overlooked. The three anterior pairs are large and easily seen lying free in the body-cavity, whilst the three posterior pairs are hidden by overlying transverse strands of muscle. In view of these observations, it seems probable that a large proportion of the records of P. awrantiacus should really be referred to P. caliendrum, it indeed the two species are not identical. I am not in a position to pronounce definitely on this point. Specimens from various parts of Europe should be examined and compared. Habitat.—-BLacksop Bay—F ound on 2 occasions, on the shore. CLEW Bay—Dredged on 4 occasions, in 7-16 fms. BALLYNAKILL Harsour—Dredged on 2 occasions, in 1-8 fms. Borin IsLanD—Dredged in 16 fms. Distribution.— England; France; Naples. Polycirrus Smitti (Malmgren). 1865. Hreutho Smittz. Malmeren, p. 391. This species was found by digging in clean sand and in muddy gravel in Blacksod Bay. Mature specimens were found in May. The capillary setae occur on 13 segments. They are very slender, and either without, or with only a slight indication of, wings. The edge of the seta 1s sometimes serrate ; but this is owing to abrasion, and is not a specific character. The uncini have a single row of small teeth on the crest of the large tooth. The base of the uncini is striated. There are six pairs of nephridia. Habitat. —Buacksop Bay—Obtained on the shore on 3 occasions, by digging in sand and muddy gravel. Distribution.— Scotland; Arctic shores; Scandinavia; Hastport, Maine, U.S.A, 47 128 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Polycirrus haematodes (Claparede). 1894. Polycirrus haematodes. De Saint-Joseph, p. 241. In the littoral region this species was always obtained from Laminaria roots. It was taken a few times in the dredge. Mature specimens were found in August. ‘he capillary setae of this species are frequently serrate at the tip, owing to abrasion of the blade. Haintat.— Biacksop BAy—'l'aken on 3 occasions on the shore, in Laminaria roots. CLEW Bay—Dredged on 2 occasions, in 8-16 ims. BALLYNAKILL Harpour—Dredged in 6-8 fms. Distribution Scotland (Fairlie Channel); France; Madeira; Naples. Polycirrus denticulatus de Saint-Joseph. 1894. Polycirrus denticulatus. De Saint-Joseph, p. 242. This species was particularly characterized, according to de Saint-Joseph, by the serrate wings of the capillary setae. My observations on several species have convinced me that this character is of no importance. The serration of the delicate edge of the setae is caused by abrasion. I have frequently found smooth and serrate setae in the same bundle. In this genus the capillary setae have a fibrous structure, and readily become frayed at the edge. There is great resemblance between this species and P. haematodes (Claparéde). The chief differences are (1) the absence of uncini from the thoracic region in P. haematodes; (2) in P. denticulatus the winged portion of the capillary setae is shorter than in P. haematodes. It is possible that the species P. triglandula Langerhans, and P. tenuisetis Langerhans, are identical with the present species. According to Langerhans, these two species have only three pairs of nephridia; but he may have overlooked the three posterior pairs, which, in P. denticulatus, are very small, and are hidden by an overlying sheet of muscle. Hohitat.— Buacksop Bay—Obtained on one occasion in Laminaria roots on the shore. BALLYNAKILL HarsBourn—Dredged on 2 occasions, in 3-8 fms. Distribution. —France (Dinard). Terebellides Stroemi Sars. 1865. Terebellides Stroemi. Malmgren, p. 396. 1912. Terebellides Stromt. Wollebaek, p. 78. This species is usually found in mud, or in the sand of Zostera beds. Mature specimens were found in May and November. The geographical range is very extended, stretching from the Arctic to the South Pacific. ey Clare Island Survey —Archiinnelida and Polychaeta. 47 129 Habitat—Buiacxsop Bay—Found once on the shore. Dredged on 3 occasions in 1-4} fms. CLEew Bay—Dredged in Killary Harbour, in 7 fms.; in Inishlyre Harbour on 5 occasions, in 4—-5fms. BaLtyNakitt Harsour—Found on the shore on 5 oceasions. Dredged on 2 occasions in 1-4 fms. Distribution.—Great Britain; Arctic; Scandinavia; Siberia; Adriatic ; east coast of North America; Magellan Straits; Kerguelen; east of Bouvet Islands. Trichobranchus glacialis Malmeren. 1894. Trichobranchus glacialis, De Saint-Joseph, p. 244. 1912. 7. 9. Wollebaek, p. 79. This species is comparatively rare in the district. It is generally found on a muddy bottom. Habitat—CiEw Bay—Dredged in Inishlyre Harbour, in 5 fms.; in Killary Harbour in 8 fms. Batitynakinn Harsour— Dredged on 4 occasions, in 1-8 fms. Distribution—Scotland; Arctic; Scandinavia; North Sea; France ; Madeira; Canaries; Mediterranean ; eastern North America. Family AMPHARETIDAE. Ampharete Grubei, Malmgren. 1865. Ampharete Grubet, Malmgren, p. 363. 1897. Ampharete Gruber. Fauvel, p. 13. Mature specimens of this species were found in May. Habitat.—-Btacksop Bay—Dredged on 6 occasions, in 2-6fms. CLEW Bay—Dredged on 4 oceasions, in 54-17 fms. Distribution.—British Isles (Dublin Bay, Isle of Man); France; Arctic ; Seandinavia ; North Sea; eastern North America. Family AMPHICTENIDAE, Pectinaria auricoma (Miiller). 1865. Aimphictene auricoma. Malmgren, p. 357. This species usually lives in sand. It was also found in fine gravel, and in the sand of Zostera beds. Habitat.—Biacksop Bay—Found twice on the shore. Dredged in 7-8 fms. Ciew Bay—Dredged on 11 occasions, in 4-22 fms., usually on a sandy bottom. Distribution.—British Isles; Scandinavia; North Sea; Mediterranean. R.I,A, PROC, VOL, XXX1. R 47 47 130 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy. Pectinaria belgica (Pallas). 1865. Pectinaria belgica. Malmgren, p. 356. The only specimens of this species obtained in the district were secured by passing the rich black mud from the bottom of Killary Harbour through a sieve. Some of the specimens grow here to a great size, up to 80 mm. in length. The longest tube obtained was 90 mm. long. This species has been repeatedly confused with Zagis Koreni, and its distribution is probably much more restricted than would appear from the records. It is a northern form. Habitat.—Cirw’ Bay—Dredged on 3 occasions in Killary Harbour, in 8-17 fms. Distribution. —Irish Sea (Lambay Deep); Scotland (St. Andrews); Scandinavia; Belgium. Lagis Koreni Malmgren. 1891. Lagis Korent. De Saint-Joseph, p. 405. This species is common in Blacksod Bay, living in clean sand, more rarely in the sand under stones. Habitat.—Biacksop Bay—Found on the shore, on 8 occasions. Dredged in 6-Sfms. BattyNnakirn Harsour—Found once on the shore. Distribution —Great Britain (Plymouth); France; Scandinavia; North Sea; Mediterranean. Family CAPITELLIDAE. Capitella capitata (Fabricius). 1887. Capitella capitata. Eisig, p. 849. This species is not very common in the district, and was only taken on 4 occasions. Mature specimens were found in August. Habitat Buacksop Bay—In muddy sand on the shore. Dredged in 1fm. CLew Bay—In sand near the Harbour, Clare Island. Dredged in Laminaria roots, 13-24 fms. Distribution.—British Isles ; Scandinavia ; Arctic; North Sea; Madeira; Naples; Black Sea; east coast of North America; South Africa ; Kerguelen. Notomastus latericeus M. Sars. 1894. Notomastus latericeus, De Saint-Joseph, p. 117. This species is very abundant on the shore in clean sand, and especially in the sand of Zostera beds. It is also common in muddy sand and gravel, Clare Islund Survey—Arechiannelida und Polychueta. 49 131 Habitat.—Buacxsop BAy—Found on the shore on 20 occasions. CLEW Bay—Dredged in various parts of the bay, including Killary Harbour and Inishgowla, on 6 occasions, in 4-24 fms. BALLYNAKILL Harpour—-Dredged in 4-8 fms. Distribution—British Isles; Arctic; Scandinavia; North Sea; France; Madeira; Adriatic; east coast of North America; east of Bouvet Island (South Pacific). Fanily OPHELIIDAE. Travisia Forbesi Johnston. 1898. Travisia Forbesii. De Saint-Joseph, p. 381. This species lives in clean sand. It is exceedingly abundant in certain of the sandy beaches in Blacksod Bay, especially in Elly Bay, where large numbers were obtained by passing the sand through a sieve. The worms are enveloped in a delicate membranous tube, covered with sand-gvains. Mature specimens were found in March. Habitat—Buacksop BAy—Found on the shore on 11 occasions. Distribution.—Great Britain; France; Scandinavia; Arctic; North Sea ; east coast of North America; South Africa. Ophelia limacina (Rathke). 1843. Ammotrypane limacina. Rathke, p. 190. This species only lives in sand. A few large specimens were found in Blacksod Bay ; and it was taken in Clew Bay, when dredging on a sandy bottom. Halitat —Biacksop BAy—Found on 3 occasions, CLEW Bay—Dredged on 5 occasions, in 8-19 fms, Distribution.—British Isles; Scandinavia; Arctic; North Sea; east coast of North America. Ammotrypane aulogaster Rathke. 1845. Amimotrypane aulogaster, Rathke, p. 188. Very rave in the district. Not found in Blacksod Bay. Habitat.—CLew Bay— Dredged in Inishlyre Hbr., in 5 fms. ; in the middle of the bay, in 18fms. BaLLtyNAkILL HArsour—Dredged in 1-3 fms. Distribution.—Great Britain; Scandinavia; Arctic; North Sea; Gulf of St. Lawrence. R2 47 132 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Armandia flagellifera sp. n. PI. XIV, figs. 31 s—p. A single specimen of this new species was taken in the tow-net near the entrance to Ballynakill Harbour. A well-preserved specimen has also been dredged in 11 fathoms in Galway Bay; and as the latter individual is in some respects in better condition than the former, it has been largely used in drawing up the following description. The body is 12mm. long in one specimen, and 9mm. in the other, the latter being more strongly contracted and thicker than the former. It is of very uniform thickness throughout the greater part of its length, tapering to the pointed head, and more abruptly towards the tail. Starting immediately behind the mouth, a ventral groove runs along the body to the anal funnel. It is shallow in front, but gradually deepens towards the middle of the body ; and it is bounded laterally by two conspicuously rounded ridges. The colour is pale-brown with a greenish sheen, and any pattern which may have been present in the living worms has vanished. There are 33 setigerous segments in both specimens. Each segment is composed of three distinct rings, and each ring is biannulate. The annulation is not very distinct near the ends of the body. The head (fig. 31 4) tapers gradually to a slender tip. No eyes are visible on the head. In front of the first setigerous lobe on each side is a conspicuous nuchal organ. Long slender dorsal cirri are present on all setigerous segments except the first and the two last. Their absence from these segments is probably due to accident. The lateral eyes occur on 16 setigerous segments, the 4th to the 19th. The posterior ones are small and inconspicuous. In the specimen from Galway Bay the eye consists of small spheres of pigment, like a compound eye; but in the Ballynakill specimen the pigment in each eye is fused into a single sphere. The anal funnel (fig. 31c) is formed.of a delicate membrane, ringed externally. The opening is dorsal, sloping from below upwards and forwards. The membrane on each side of the opening projects in four lobes, each lobe bearing a fusiform papilla. On the ventral side of the anal funnel, in the median line in front, rises a long slender cirrus, nearly twice as long as the anal funnel. Such a cirrus has been found previously in two species of Armandia, A. /epfocirris Grube, Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaela. 47 135 and A. intermedia Vauvel, though its absence may in some other cases have been due to accident, as it is easily detached. In the latter case a careful search will reveal the fractured base of the cirrus. In other respects the anal funnel of these two species differs widely from that of A. flagellifera. In the specimen from Galway Bay, the proboscis is partially protruded (fig. 318). It projects as an arched membrane over the mouth, and is fringed with 13 slender papillae. A similar structure does not seem to have been noted in any other species of Armandia. Kukenthal’ gives a figure of the extended proboscis of A. polyophthalma. It is a globular lobate organ, without any papillae, and de Saint-Joseph states (1894, p. 115) that A. Dollfusi resembles A. polyophthalma in this respect. The feet are situated on the upper and outer sides of the ventro-lateral ridges. There is a rounded setigerous lobe (fig. 51D) from the upper and lower margins of which emerge the dorsal and ventral setae respectively. The dorsal cirri are long, slender, and tapering, the ventral cir1i short and finger-shaped. The setae are longitudinally striated, and are easily fractured into a bundle of long, slender needles. In the specimen from Ballynakill, the setae are all frayed out in this manner. In the dorsal division of the foot there are 7-8 long flat setae, the upper ones being the longest. In the ventral division there are 9-10 similar setae, almost equal in length, but shorter than the dorsal setae. In the posterior nine or ten segments, the setae are greatly elongated, exceeding the anal funnel in length. This species is easily distinguished by the shape of the head, absence of eyes, structure of the anal funnel, especially by the presence of the median ventral cirrus, and by the papillae on the proboscis. Halitat. — BALLYNAKILL HARBouR—A single specimen taken in the surface tow-net at night. Another specimen was dredged in 11 fms. in Galway Bay, living in sand, Polyophthalmus pictus (Dujardin), 1898. Polyophthalmus pictus. De Saint-Joseph, p. 385. This species is extremely common in the littoral and shallow-water areas of the west coast of Ireland. It is found in weeds from rock-pools, in Zostera beds, Laminaria roots, and is dredged on all types of ground, except clean sand and mud. 1 Jenaische Zeitschrift, Bd. xx, 1887, Taf. xxniii, fig. 28. 47 134 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Habitat.— BLAcKsop BAY—Found on the shore on 11 occasions. Dredged on 6 occasions, in 1-8 fms. CLEW Bay—Shore of Achill Island. Dredged in Inishlyre Harbour on 2 occasions, in 2-5 fms. Dredged in 14 fms., 1} miles off Cleggan Head. BaLlyNakILL Harsour—Dredged on 11 occasions, in 1-8 fis. Borry Harsour—Dredged on 17 occasions, in 1-6 fms. Distribution—West coast of Ireland; south-west coast of England; France ; Mediterranean; Red Sea. Family MALDANIDAE., Micromaldane ornithochaeta Mesnil. 1897. Micromaldane ornithochueta. Mesnil, p. 146. A number of specimens of this interesting little species were found in Laminaria roots dredged in 9-11 fms., in Clew Bay. I have also found them in Laminaria roots from Howth, Co. Dublin. Apparently the species has been previously seen only by Mesnil, who found it in the cavities of Lithothamnion polymorplum at La Hague, near Cherbourg. Habitat.—CLEw Bay— Dredged in 9-11 fms. Distribution.— France (La Hague). Nicomache maculata Arwidsson. 1911. Micomache (Nicomache) maculata. Arwidsson, p. 209. This species was described by Arwidsson partly from specimens collected in Blacksod Bay. They were found in muddy sand between stones on the north side of Feorinyeeo Bay. Mature specimens were found in October. Hahitat.—BLAcksop BAy—Found once on the shore. Distribution—lIveland (Howth, Portstewart); Scotland (Firth of Forth, St. Andrews) ; Helgoland. Caesicirrus neglectus Arwidsson. 1911. Caesivivrus neglectus. Arwidsson, p. 217. This species—only recently described by Arwidsson, from Ivish material— is exceedingly abundant in certain patches of clean sand in Blacksod Bay, The fine sandy tubes project in vast numbers from the sand near low-water mark. In other adjacent patches of sand, apparently of the same nature and under the same conditions, Caesicirrus is quite absent. Mature specimens were found in September. Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 186 Habitat. —Buackxsop Bay—Found in the sand on the shore on 13 occasions. Dredged on 2 occasions, in 4-5} fms. Crew Bay—Dredged in Inishlyre Harbour, in 4 fms., on corallines. BAniyNna- KILL Harpour—Found once on the shore. Distribution,—Iveland (Galway Bay, Valencia Harbour); Great Britain (Bangor, Firth of Forth). Petaloproctus terricola (Juatrefages. 1894. Petaloproctus terricola. De Saint-Joseph, p. 144. Two specimens of this species were found in Blacksod Bay, living under stones on the shore. They were compared with individuals from St. Vaast- la-Hogue, with which they agreed closely. The identification was confirmed by Arwidsson. The species has not previously been recorded from the British Isles, and has only been found on the Atlantic and Mediterranean shores of France. Habitat.—Btacxsop Bay—Found on 2 occasions, on the shore. Distribution—Atlantic and Mediterranean shores of France. Heteroclymene robusta Arwidsson. 1906. Heteroclymene ‘robusta. Arwidsson, p. 227. HOW. Jee WR Arwidsson, p. 224. A single complete specimen was dredged in Ballynakill Harbour, in 1-3 fms. It was named by Arwidsson (i911). This is the only record from the British Isles. _ Habitat. —BAttyNAKILL HAarsour—Dredged in 1-3 fms. Distribution.— West of Ireland; west coast of Norway. Family ARENICOLIDAE. Arenicola marina (L.). 1909. Avrenicola marina. Ashworth, p. 1. 1912. A. m. Ashworth, -p. 86. Post-larval stages of this species were found in Laminaria roots in September. One pelagic specimen, enveloped in a gelatinous tube, was taken in the surface tow-net in March, in Blacksod Bay. Habitut—Biacksop Bay—Very common in the sandy beaches. CLEW Bay—Common on the sandy beach near the Harbour, Clare Island. BattyNakin. Harsour—Common in the sandy beaches. Distribution.x—Shores of North Atlantic, Arctic, and western Mediterranean, 47 136 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Arenicola ecaudata Johnston. 1909. Arenicola ecaudata. Ashworth, p.2. 1912. A.e. Ashworth, p. 132. Post-larval stages of this species were frequently obtained in Laminaria roots in Blacksod Bay, in September, and young stages in March. Adults were rare in Blacksod Bay, only 4 specimens being found, whilst 4. branchialis was common. t Habitat.—BiLacksop BAy—Adults on 2 occasions, under stones on the shore. Post-larval stages frequently in Laminaria roots. Ciew Bay—Shore of Clare Island. PBaLLyNaKkILL Harpour— Under stones on the shore. Distribution.—British Isles; Scandinavia; France. Arenicola branchialis Audouin and Edwards. 1909. Arenicola Grubvi. Ashworth, p. 2. 1912. A. branchialis, Ashworth, p. 138. The only post-larval specimens of this species known up to the present were found in Laminaria roots in Blacksod Bay, in September, 1910. Young specimens were found in March. Adults were common in Blacksod Bay, living in gravel and coarse sand under stones. They were not found in clean sand, but live in numbers in the sand of Zostera beds. Some of the specimens are coloured a dark greenish brown ; others are light brown with broad bands of a deeper colour. Habitat. — Buacxsop Bay—Found on the shore on 10 occasions. BALiyNAKILL Harsour—Three specimens on the shore. Distribution—West shores of the British Isles; France; Spain; Portugal; Morocco; northern Mediterranean; Black Sea, Family SCALIBREGMIDAE. Scalibregma inflatum Rathke. 994 1901. Sealibregma inflatum. Ashworth, p. 237. This species was found on many occasions. It is fond of muddy places, and lives also between flakes of schist, in the sand of Zostera beds, in muddy gravel, and in coarse shelly sand. A large number of small specimens were taken in the surface tow-net at night, in Ballynakill Harbour, in the months of March, April, and May. Habitet—Btacxsop Bay—Found on the shore on 3 occasions. CLEW Bay—Dredged in Inishlyre Hbr., in 4 fms., on a bottom of mud. Dredged in 12fms., off Killary Hbr., on a bottom of sandy mud. BALLyNakiLL Harsour—Taken on 6 occasions in the surface tow-net at night, Clure Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 137 Distribution:— British Isles; Arctic; Scandinavia; North Sea; east coast of North America; South Africa; Kerguelen ; New Zealand. Sclerocheilus minutus Grube. 1894. Sclerocheilus minutus. De Saint-Joseph, p. 104. This species is not common in the district, but is occasionally found under stones on the shore, or taken in the dredge. When living, it is ofa bright red colour. Its distribution is distinctly southern. Habitat.—Buacxsop Bay—Found on the shore on 4 occasions. Dredged inlfm. Crew Bay—Dredged in 53-11 fms. Distribution.—South coast of England; Channel Islands; France ; Mediterranean. Asclerocheilus intermedius (de St.-Joseph). _ 1894. Lipobranchius intermedius. De St.-Joseph, p. 113. 1901. Asclerocheilus intermedius. Ashworth, pp. 294, 297. Several specimens of this species dredged in Blacksod Bay had regenerated the anterior end. The absence of eyes and ventral cirri at once distinguished this species from Selerocheilus minutus. Habitat.—Buiacxsop Bay—Found twice on the shore, living in the roots of Laminaria. Dredged in 1 fm., also in Laminaria roots. BALLYNAKILL Harpour—Dredged in 1-3 fms. Distribution.—France (Dinard); Azores (760 fathoms). Family CHLORHAEMIDAE. Stylarioides plumosa (O. F. Miller). 1894. Stylarioides plumosa. De Saint-Joseph, p. 101. This species is very common in Blacksod Bay, where it lives on the shore under stones and in gravel. It prefers sand with an admixture of mud, and is common in the sand of Zostera beds. Habitat.—Buacxsop Bay—Found on the shore on 18 occasions. Dredged on 4 occasions, in 1-5fms. Crew Bay—Dredged on 5 oceasions in 4-17 fms. BaLLyNaAkinL Harpour—Found on 2 occasions on the shore. Dredged in 2 fms. Distribution.—British Isles; Arctic; Scandinavia; North Sea; France ; eastern North America. ~ Stylarioides glauca (Malmgren). 1867. Trophonia glauca, Malmgren, p. 82. . ae This species is rare in the district. It is generally dredged on sandy ground. R.I.A, PROC., VOL, XXNT, 5 AT 47 138 Proccedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Habitat—Ciew Bay—Dredged on two occasions, in 4-12 fms. Batty- NAKILL Harspour—Dredged on 2 occasions, in 1-6 fms. Distribution.—Scotland ; Norway ; Sweden; North Sea. Flabelligera affinis Sars. 1894. Flabelligera affinis. De Saint-Joseph, p. 96. This species is very common in Blacksod Bay, where it lives under stones on the shore, and in Laminaria roots. It is possible that a number of the records may refer to Flabelligera Buskii McIntosh (1869, p. 420, and 1908 A, p. 533), but this species has not yet been adequately described, and the characters given by McIntosh are not sufficient to diagnose specimens, especially when they have been preserved in spirit. Hobitot.— Buiacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 23 occasions. Dredged on 2 occasions, in 1-6 fms. CLEW Bay—Shore of Clare Island, near Portlea. Dredged on 5 occasions, in 10-21 fms. BALLYNAKILL HArsourR—Common on the shore. Dredged on 2 occasions, in 1-4 fms. Borry Harsour—Dredged in 1-4 fms. , Distribution — British Isles; Arctic; Siberia; shores of western Europe ; Mediterranean ; eastern North America. Family SABELLIDAE. Sabella pavonina Savigny. 1894. Sabella pavonina. De Saint-Joseph, p. 267. Littoral specimens were found in muddy gravel, and in the sand of Zostera beds. Dredged specimens are usually attached to stones or shells. Habitat —BLacksoD Bay—Found on the shore on 5 occasions. Dredged on 2 occasions, in 3-9fms. CLEW Bay—Shore of Annagh Island. Dredged on 7 occasions, in 1-21fms. BaLiyNa- KILL Harspour—Found on the shore, and also on the ship's bottom. Distribution.—British Isles; Arctic: Scandinavia; North Sea; France: Mediterranean; eastern North America, Potamilla reniformis (O. F. Miiller). 1894. Potamilla reniformis. De Saint-Joseph, p. 292. This species was found in Laminaria roots, in crevices of limestone, and in the sponge Cliona celata. . .. Hobitat.—Biacksop Bay—Dredged in 5fms, CLew Bar—Dredged on 5 occasions, in 5-28 fms, Clare Islund Survey— Archiannelidu and Polychaeta. 47 139 Distribution—South coast of England; Arctic; Scandinavia; France ; custern North America; Mediterranean ; Madeira. Potamilla Torelli Malmgren. 1894. Potamilla Torelli. De Saint-Joseph, p. 296. This species is very abundant throughout the area. The tube is found attached to Lithothamnion, Polyzoa, shells, stones on the shore, Laminaria roots, &e. Habitat.—Buacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 4 occasions. Dredged on 3 occasions, in 1-6 fms. Crew Bay—Shores of Clare Island. Dredged near Dorinish; near Inishgowla, in 8-10 fms.; north of Clare Island, in 25 fms. BALiyNa- KILL HARBOUR—Dredged in 1-3 fms. Distribution.—Great Britain; Iceland ; France; Madeira; Mediterranean; Japan ; Cape Agulhas. Branchiomma vesiculosum (Montagu). 1894. Branchiomma vesiculosun. De Saint-Joseph, p. 300. Habitat Buacksop Bay—Yound on the shore on 4 occasions, in muddy gravel, and in the sand of Zostera beds. BALLYNAKILL Harsour—Found on the shore on 4 occasions. Young specimen dredged in 1-3 fms. Distiiiution—Great Britain; France; Naples; Madeira. Dasychone bombyx (Dalyell). 1894. Dasychone bombyz. De Saint-Joseph, p. 309. This species is able to adapt itself to a great variety of conditions. On the shore it is found under stones, in Laminaria roots, and sometimes in the sand of Zostera beds. It is frequently obtained in the dredge. Haltat—Btacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 8 occasions. Dredged on 5 oceasions, in 1-8 fms. Ciew Bay—Shore of Annagh Island. Dredged near Dorinish. Dredged in the bay on 3 occasions, in 13-21 fms. BaLtyNaAkini HArBoun—Found on 5 occasions on the shore. Dredged on + occasions, in 1-9 fs. Distirbution.—British Isles; Nova Zembla; Scandinavia; North Sea; Mediterranean. Laonome Kroyeri Malmgren. 1865. Laonome Kroyert. Malmgren, p. 400. A single specimen of this species was dredged in Inishlyre Harbour, on a bottom of mud. S2 47 140 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Habitot.—OLEw Bay—Dredged in Inishlyre Harbour, in 4 fms. Distribution.—Scotland (Firth of Forth); Spitzbergen ; west Baltic. Jasmineira elegans de Saint-Joseph. 1894. Jasmineira elegans. De Saint-Joseph, p. 316. This species is fairly common throughout the district. Mature specimens were found in May, August, and September. Halitat.—Biacksop Bay—Found on 2 occasions on the shore, in Laminaria roots. Dredged on 4 occasions, in 1-6 fms. CLew BAay—Dredged on 11 occasions, in 4-28 fms. Dredged near Inishgowla, in 9 fms., on sandy mud. BALLYNAKILL Harsour—Dredged on 3 occasions, in 1-8 fms. Distribution.— Great Britain (Dublin Bay, Firth of Clyde, Torquay) ; France. Jasmineira caudata Langerhans. 1880. Jasmineira caudatu. Langerhans, p. 114. Four specimens, dredged in 17 fms. in Clew Bay, agree with the above species, and differ from J. elegans, in having a filiform anal appendage. In the structure of the setae no difference could be found between these speci- mens and typical J. elegans. The number of setigerous segments in the abdomen is 20. Langerhans states that his specimens had 17 abdominal segments, whilst J. elegans has 28-32. The collar in J. caudata seems to be somewhat higher than, and not so oblique as, in J. elegans. No other distinctions could be found between the two species. The specimens were fully mature in May. Habitat.—CLEw BAy—Dredged in 17 fms. Distribution. —Madeira. Fabricia sabella (Ehrenberg). 1894. Fubricia sabelle. De Saint-Joseph, p. 319. This species lives amongst corallines, and forms tubes in sponges and Lithothamnion. Halitat—Buacksop Bay—Found in weeds from the shore on 10 occasions. OLEW BAy—Shore of Clare Island, in weeds and Lithothamnion. Distribution.—British Isles; Arctic; Scandinavia; western Baltic ; North Sea; France ; Mediterranean; Black Sea; Madeira; Canaries; eastern North America. Clare Island Survey—Archiannelidu and Polychaeta. 42 141 Oria Armandi (Claparéde). 1894. Oria Armandi. De Saint-Joseph, p. 321. This species was found only in Laminaria roots. Mature specimens were found in September. Habitat—Biacksop Bay—Found on the shore on 2 occasions. CLEW Bay—Dredged on 2 occasions, in 9-16 fins. Distribution.—South-west coast of England; France; Mediterranean ; Madeira. Chone Duneri Malmeren. 1867. Chone Duneri. Malmgren, p. 116. 1911. G. D. Fauvel, p. 42. A single specimen was dredged in 11 fathoms in Clew Bay. The trunk is slender, 16 mm. long, and the anal region is pointed. The specimen is a imature male full of sperm, and was taken in August. ‘The chief points distinguishing this species from C. infundibuliformis are the low narrow collar and the long filiform tips to the branchiae, and in both these respects the present specimen agrees with C. Duneri. I have compared it with specimens from the Arctic Ocean, named by Fauvel, and now in the Brussels Museum, and the resemblance between the two forms is very close. C. Duneri has been recorded from the Clyde area,’ but an examination of the specimen kindly sent to me by Dr. Gemmill shows that it is a large example of C. mfundibuliformis. Habitat Crew Bay—Dredged in 11 fms., on stony ground. Distribution.—North Sea (Jutland); Norway; Spitzbergen; Kara Sea ; Arctic ; Madeira. Chone filicaudata sp. n. Pls. XIV-XV, figs. 32 s—t. 1910. Chone infundebuliformis (Svoyer). Southern, p. 241. I formerly recorded this species from Dublin Bay as C. infundibuliformis (Ki6yer), but a subsequent examination of a number of specimens from the west coast has shown that it differs markedly from any previously described species. It resembles Jasmineira caudata, Langerhans, in having a filiform anal appendage. This species has been found in Inishlyre Harbour, Ballynakill Harbour, Dingle Bay, and Dublin Bay, The body is short, and comparatively stout. The whole body is 11 mm. long; the trunk being 7 mm., and the branchiae 4mm. The width is 1°5 mm. in the largest specimen, a female full of eggs. 1 J. F. Gemmill: ‘Marine Worms.’’ Reprinted from the British Association Handbook on the Natural History of Glasgow and the West of Scotland (1901). 47 142 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Tn a smaller specimen, 5mm. long, the branchiae are proportionally much longer, equalling the trunk in length. There are 26-28 setigerous segments, 8 thoracic and 18-20 abdominal. The first and last segments bear no setae. The body is creamy-white, at least in preserved specimens, and tapers somewhat abruptly towards the tail. The segments are biannulate. There are 8 or 9 pairs of branched gills, and one pair of ventral unbranched ills attached to the gill membrane. In addition there is an inner ring of unbranched gills of varying number and length. The connecting membrane runs up to the tip of the gills, the naked portion of which is intermediate in length between those of @. Duneri and @. infundibuliformis (Pl. XIV, fig, 325). The connecting membrane is about two-thirds as high as the filaments. ‘he collar resembles that of C. infundibuliformis, but is not quite so high and prominent. It is entire on the ventral side, is infolded dorsally, and does not slope obliquely as in C. Duneri (figs. 32 A-c). The lip-membrane terminates on the ventral side in a bifid process (figs. 832 B, C), which is absent in C. infundibuliformis. The first setigerous segment is narrow, and bears only a dorsal bundle, consisting of a row of long setae with narrow wings, and a row of short, slender setae with only traces of wings. The second setigerous segment bears a row of glands behind the setae (fig. 832A). This character has been noted in several species of Chone, Euchone, and other Sabellidae, and also in Zhelepides collaris and Tricho- branchus glacialis, The thorax consists of one achaetous and eight setigerous segments. They are biannulate, and longer than the abdominal segments, of which there are 19-21. The anal segment (fig. 32p) is achaectous. The anus is on the ventral side. On the dorsal side of the anal segment is a long filiform appendage which tapers to a fine point. Jt varies in length, but is generally longer and thinner than is shown in fig. 32p. It closely resembles the anal appendage of Jasmineira caudata Langerhans. There is a longitudinal median groove, which is dorsal in the thoracic, ventral in the abdominal region, passing round from the ventral to the dorsal side in the first abdominal segment. The margins of this groove, and also of the intersegmental grooves, are lined by numerous gland cells (fig. 32D), which are also present in a more diffused condition over the whole body. In the thoracic segments the dorsal bundles contain setae of three types. In the upper part of the bundle there are 13 long, slender setae (fig. 32H), with narrow striated wings. Beneath these are 14 setae with spatulate tips (fig. 32¥), which taper to a fine point much more gradually than those of Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 49 1438 C. Duneri and C, infundibuliformis, At the base of the spatulate setae is a row of short, slender setae, the basal setae, 13 in number (fig, 2c), They are bayonet-shaped, with finely pointed tips, and some of them have very narrow wings. All these setae have shafts with delicate longitudinal striations, and are very finely dotted. In the ventral division there are 17-27 long, stout crochets (fig. 52J), The main tooth is long and stout, making rather more than a right angle with the neck. Behind it are two distinct teeth and several indistinct ones. At the back of the crown is a delicate wing. I have noticed a similar wing in other species of Sabellidae. The shaft expands slightly below the neck, and is longitudinally striated. In the abdominal segments the capillary setae are long and slender (fig. 32K), with very narrow wings. ‘here are 10 in the first segment, 12 in the sixth. Below the origin of the wing, the shaft has a characteristic bend, and narrows suddenly, giving the setae the aspect of a very slender bayonet. ‘The capillary setae in the abdominal segments are longer than those in the thoracic segments. There are 34 uncini in the first abdominal segment, 42 in the sixth. The upper uncini are very small compared with the lower ones, but in all segments of the abdomen they have a similar shape. In surface view (fig. 821, 6) the crown shows seven or eight rows of teeth, 5-7 ina row. In side view (fig. 321, a) the main tooth projects beyond the base, and is surmounted by 10-12 rows of teeth. These numerous teeth are very characteristic of the uncini of this species. The posterior margin is rounded. The 18th abdominal segment has 5 capillary setae and 35 uncini. Mature specimens were found in May, July, and August. This species is readily distinguished from forms already described, with the exception of C. suspecta, Kroyer, by the presence of the filiform anal appendage. The latter species, recently redescribed by Hofsommer (1913, p. 339), has a conical anal appendage. In other respects, however, it shows considerable differences. It has 35-42 segments, as compared with 26-28, 6 pairs of branched gills, as compared with 8 or 9, and finally the setae are very different. The difference is specially marked in the number of setae in each bundle, it being far greater in C. filicaudata than in C. suspecta. he shape of the basal thoracic setae (‘spieszborsten’) is quite different in the two species, and finally the abdominal uncini of C. filicaudata are quite characteristic. Hatitat,—CLEw Bay—Three specimens dredged in Inishlyre Harbour, in 5 fms. BaLtyNakILL Harpour—A sinele specimen dredged in 2 fms, 47 144 Proceedings of the Royal [rish Academy. Also dredged in Dublin Bay (8-12 fms.), and in Dingle Bay (20 fms. in gravel). Euchone rubrocincta (Sars). 1865. Euchone rubrocincta. Malmgren, p. 406. Four specimens of this species were dredged in various parts of Ballyna- kill Harbour. Whilst preserved in formalin they retained the characteristic and beautiful bands of bright red pigment, but the colour disappeared quickly when the specimens were transferred to alcohol. In the thoracic segments the spatulate setae have long, gradually tapering tips, and more closely resemble the long capillary setae than in any other species of Euchone, but the resemblance is exaggerated in the figure drawn by Malmgren’s artist (1865, Taf. xxix, fig. 91B, 918’). The short capillary setae at the base of the spatulate setae, which might be called the ‘ basal’ setae for convenience, have the characteristic ‘bayonet® bend of the shaft, and are distinctly winged. These‘ basal’ setae furnish a useful specific character in many species of Sabellidae, but have only been figured in a few cases. The naked tips of the branchiae are filiform. The usual row of glands encircles the body behind the setae of the second setigerous segment. There are usually 31-32 setigerous segments, of which 9-11 form the anal funnel. Mature specimens were found in March, April, July, and September. Habitat.—BALLYNAKILL Harpour—Dredged on 4 occasions, in 1-8 fms. Distribution.—Norway ; Skagerrak ; Gulf of Marseilles. Euchone rosea Langerhans. Pl. XV., figs 33 a-K. 1884. Euchone rosea. Langerhans, p 271. Two small specimens of Euchone, dredged in 1-5 fms. in Ballynakill Harbour, agree in so many respects with those described by Langerhans from Madeira, that it seems advisable for the present to regard the two forms as identical. The description given by Langerhans is somewhat inadequate, so I have described the two Irish specimens at some length, and with figures. The points in which they resemble and differ from the description of Langerhans will then be noted. Of the two specimens found, one is a male and the other a female. They are very small, the female having a total length of 44mm., of which the trunk is 3-2mm., and the branchiae 12mm. The male specimen is slightly smaller. The body is very uniform in width, tapering slightly towards the tail. The colour of the preserved specimens is a transparent brown with a slight tinge of green. The ventral surface (Plate XV, fig. 334) is almost covered by Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 145 a series of opaque white glands. In the thorax there are two of these glands in each segment, but in the abdominal segments they are divided into four by the ventral furrow. Both specimens have 20 setigerous segments, 8 being thoracic and 12 abdominal. The first thoracic as usual bears only dorsal capillary setae. Behind the setae of the second setigerous segment is the row of glands which has been noted in other species of the Sabellidae. No eyes or otocysts were noted. There are five pairs of branched tentacles, and several pairs of unbranched ones, of which one long ventral pair is attached to the connecting membrane, whilst the others are free. Each of the branched branchiae has about 26 branches arranged in two rows. The terminal portion (fig. 33c) without branches is‘3mm. long. The longest unbranched branchia is 1 mm. long, the shorter ones “3 mm. long. The collar is wide, and its anterior border is curved outwards. It is dorsally infolded, ventrally only slightly indented. Beneath the collar on the dorsal side, the terminal portions of the thoracic excretory organs show as conspicuous dots. The anal funnel (figs. 33 4, B) is wide, with a much-folded border. It is formed by the four posterior setigerous segments, the first of which forms the anterior border. The first setigerous segment bears only dorsal capillary setae, of which 6 are long, with conspicuous wings. There is also a second row of shorter, slenderer setae, with curved shafts and delicate wings. The other thoracic segments bear dorsally a row of 5 capillary setae, the upper ones (fig. 53D, a) being longer than the lower ones (fig. 33D, d). Beneath these elongate capillary setae is a row of 4-5 spatulate setae, the upper ones haying longer blades than the lower ones (fig. 35E). At the base of the spatulate setae is a row of six shorter setae, the basal setae, of characteristic shape (fig. 33r). The shaft, on emerging from the skin, grows rapidly thinner, and shows a double curvature. It is delicately winged on both sides. The corresponding setae in Huchone rosea from Madeira, as figured by Langerhans (1884, Taf. xvi, fig. 35, g), ave shorter, thicker, more abruptly curved, and have no wings. In the ventral division of the foot are 9 crochets with long stalks (fig. 33G). Behind the main tooth there are 4 smaller teeth, and a delicate wing. Below the neck the shaft expands abruptly. In the abdominal segments the capillary setae have long, slender, tapering tips (fig. 35K), winged on both sides. In the anterior abdominal segments, the uncini (fig. 53H) differ slightly in shape from those in the posterior segments. In surface view the anterior R.J,A. PROC., VOL. XXXI, a: 47 47 146 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. uncini have about four rows of teeth above the main tooth, in lateral view 5 or 6 rows can be seen. The posterior uncini have a much greater number of teeth, as Langerhans has pointed out. In the second abdominal segment, there are 9 capillary setae and 7 uncini; in the seventh segment there are 6-7 capillary setae and 14 uneini, The two specimens, which were mature, were found in September. This form agrees with the #. rosea of Langerhans in the following points :— (1) size, the Madeira specimens measuring 5 mm. ; (2) number of branchiae ; (3) shape of the collar; (4) the number of segments composing the anal funnel; (5) the number and arrangements of the ventral glands; (6) the distinction between the uncini of the anterior and posterior abdominal segments. The only points of difference noted are (1) the absence of eyes on the peristomium and anal segment. This may be due to the method of preserva- tion ; (2) the larger number of setigerous segments, e.g. 26 as against 20; (3) the difference in the structure of the basal thoracic capillary setae, which are winged in the Irish specimens, and without wings in those from Madeira. As these differences, in themselves not very important, may be minimized by future observations, it seems preferable for the present to regard the two forms as identical. ‘This is another instance of the great affinity between the fauna of the west coast of Ireland and that of Madeira. Halitat.—BaLLyNAKILL Harsour—Two specimens dredged in 1—5 fms. Distribution.— Madeira. ; Myxicola infundibulum (Renier). 1898. Myzxicola infundibulum. De Saint-Joseph, p. 433. The only place in the Clare Island area where this species has been found is a small patch of muddy sand near the entrance of a small stream into Ballynakill Harbour. Hatbitat.—BaLlyNaKILL HarBouR—On the shore of Fahy Bay. Distribution.—South-west coast of England ; France ; Mediterranean. Family SERPULIDAE. Serpula vermicularis L. 1894. Serpula vermicularis. De Saint-Joseph, p. 328. Habitat—BuacksoD Bay—Found under stones on the shore on 3 occasions. CLEW BAy—Dredged on 8 occasions, in 5-28 fms. Distribution.—British Isles ; North Atlantic ; Mediterranean, Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 49 147 Pomatoceros triqueter L. 1894. Pomatoceros triqueter. De Saint-Joseph, p. 359. This species is extremely common throughout the whole area, growing on stones, shells, and Lithothamnion. Mature specimens were found in March. Habitat—Buacksop Bay—Common everywhere on the rocky shore, and dredged at all depths, Crew Bay—Common on the shores of Clare Island. Dredged in the bay on 5 occasions, in 19-28 fms. BALLYNAKILL HarBouR—Common on the shore, and at all depths. Distribution—British Isles; Arctic; North Atlantic ; Mediterranean, Hydroides norvegica Gunnerus. 1898. Hydroides norvegica. De Saint-Joseph, p. 440. This species is very commonly obtained in the dredge, attached to stones and shells, Halitat— Buacxsop Bay—Dredged on 3 occasions, in 3-6 fms. CLEW Bay—Dredged on 9 occasions, in 9-28 fms. Distribution.—British Isles; Arctic; Scandinavia; North Sea; Baltic; France; Mediterranean; Persian Gulf. Filograna implexa Berkeley. 1894. Filograna impleaa + Salmacina Dysteri. DeSaint-Joseph, pp. 335, 340. Only a few specimens were dredged in Clew Bay, attached to shells. They were without operculum, thus agreeing with the form described as Salmacina Dystert Huxley. This species is now considered as identical with Filograna implexa Berkeley. Habitat.—CLew Bay—Dredged on 2 occasions, in 5-19 fms, Distribution.—British Isles; Seandinavia ; Faroes; North Sea; France ; Mediterranean ; eastern North America. Protula tubularia (Montagu). 1894. Protula tubularia. De Saint-Joseph, p. 362. The specimens of this species obtained in the district fall readily into two groups. One form was only obtained by dredging in the mud of Killary Harbour, where the tubes are véry common. These tubes are 100-140 mm. long, more or less straight, and attached to each other in masses, but not to any extraneous object. The contained worms are 60-70 mm. long, not including the branchiae. The other form from Ballynakill Harbour, Inishgowla, and Killary T2 47 148 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Harbour is much smaller, the largest specimen having a body 50 mm. long, the usual size being 15-20mm. The tubes were always attached to stones or shells. Both these forms were obtained in the same haul of the dredge in Killary Harbour. No differences could be found in the setae or shape of the collar in these two forms. In these respects they all agree with the descrip- tions of P. tubularia. The larger form has the habit of P. itestinwm (Lamarck). The characters distinguishing these two forms do not seem to be of great weight. According to Fauvel,! the P. Meilhaci, found at Marseilles and Cette, is identical with P. tubularia. He examined specimens 80-120 mm. in length, comparable with the large specimens from Killary Harbour. Habitat. Kittary Harsour—Dredged on 5 occasions, in 6-22 fms., in mud. Westport BAy—Inishgowla. Dredged in 8-10 fms., in sandy mud. BALLYNAKILL Harpour—Dredged in 2-8 fms. Distribution.— Great Britain; France ; Mediterranean. Spirorbis spirorbis (L.). 1894. Spirorbis borealis. De Saint-Joseph, p. 345. This species is extremely common throughout the area. In the littoral region it covers the rocks and Fuci. It is also found on shells, worm-tubes, crabs, &c. The tube varies considerably, ridged and smooth forms being equally common. The smooth form is generally found on seaweeds, the ridged form on rocks. Some forms have narrow mouths, others wide trumpet- shaped mouths. Specimens were dredged in 26 fathoms in Clew Bay, on stones, others in 1 fathom in Blacksod Bay, on Laminaria roots. Halitat.—Clare Island; Clew Bay; Blacksod Bay on 24 occasions; Ballynakill Harbour. Distribution —Arectic ; Atlantic; Mediterranean. Spirorbis pusilloides Bush. 1894. Mera pusilla. De Saint-Joseph, p. 351. 1912. Spirorbis pusilloides. Pixell, p. 797. This species is closely related to, if not identical with, the S. Pagen- stechert of the Mediterranean. Like the latter species, the tube has ridges. It has not previously been recorded from the British Isles. Habitat—CuarE IstanD—On stones from Portlea. BLAcKsop Bay— On shells of Mytilus and Trochus. Distribution.—France (St. Vaast, Arcachon); Gabriola Island, British Columbia. * Comptes Rendus de |’ Assoc. Frangaise pour l’Avancement des Sciences. Lille, 1909, p. 696. Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47% 149 Spirorbis medius Pixell. 1912. Spirorbis medius. Pixell, p. 800. This species has only recently been described from the Pacific coast of Canada. In Blacksod Bay it occurred in dense masses under stones. The Irish specimens agree closely with the description and figures given by Miss Pixell, who has verified the identification. It is a comparatively large species. Mature specimens were found in September, and incubation takes place in the tube. The collar setae of the first setigerous segment show great variation. Some of them have the notch and fin as well developed as those of S. spirorbis, whilst in others the notch is quite absent, and the serrated edge is uninterrupted. All intermediate stages occur. Habitat.—Buacksop BAy—Under stones on the shore. Distribution.—Departure Bay, Vancouver Island. Family HERMELLIDAE. Sabellaria spinulosa Leuckart. 1894. Sabellaria spinulosa. De Saint-Joseph, p. 154. Isolated specimens of this species are common on the shore at Blacksod Bay, living under stones, in Laminaria roots, and on shells. One tube was found embedded in a sponge. It is commonly taken in the dredge, growing on shells and stones. Mature specimens were found in September. S. alveolata was not found in the Clare Island area, though it is common in some places on the west coast, forming large reefs. Habitat.—Buacxsop Bay—Taken on the shore on 17 occasions. Dredged on 4 occasions, in 2-6 fms. CiEw Bay—Dredged on 5 occasions in 5-17 fms. Distribution.—British Isles; France; North Sea; Skagerrak and Kattegat. APPENDIX TO THE POLYCHAETA. MYZOSTOMARIA. Myzostoma cirriferum Leuckart. 1877. L. von Graff in “ Das Genus Myzostoma,” p. 10. Two specimens of this species were found on the Crinoid Antedon bifida (Pennant), dredged in 4-8 fms. in Ballynakill Harbour, in June, 1902. One specimen was full of eggs. This species is widely distributed in European seas and in the Mediterranean. 47 150 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Auten, E. J. 1904.—The Anatomy of Pecilochatus, Claparéde. Quart. Journ. Microscop. Science, xlviii, p. 79. Arwipsson, I. 1906.—Studien itber die skandinavischen und arktischen Maldaniden. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. f. Syst., xxv. Heft. 1. 1911.—Some Irish Maldanidae. Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., xxix, B, No. 6. Asuwortu, J. H. 1901.—The Anatomy of Scalibregma inflatwm Rathke. Quart. Journ. Microscop. Science, lxv, p. 237. —-— 1909.—Polychaeta of the coasts of Ireland. 1. Arenicolidae and Scalibregmidae. Fisheries, Ireland, Sci. Invest., 1908, ii [1909]. 1912.—Catalogue of the Chaetopoda in the British Museum. Part I.—Avenicolidae. Jondon. Bosrerzxy, N. 1880.—Zoolog. Angeiger, p. 139. Cautuery, H., nr F. Musnm. 1898.—Les formes épitoques et l’évolution des Cirratuliens. Ann. de l’Université de Lyon, xxxix. Cerruti, A. 1909.—Contributo all’ Anatomia, biologia e sistematica delle Paraonidae. Mitt. aus Zool. Stat. zu Neapel, xix, p. 459. Cruaparipe, EH. 1864.—Glanures zootomiques parmi les Annélides de Port- Vendres. Mém. Soc. Phys. et d’Hist. Nat. de Genéve, xvii. ——— 1869.—lLes Annélides Chaetopodes du golfe de Naples. Mem. Soc. Phys. et d’Hist. Nat. de Genéve, xx. Cunnot, L. 1912.—Contributions 4 la faune du Bassin d’Arcachon. YV.— Kechinodermes. Bull. de la Station Biol. d’Arcachon, p. 17. Dirtevsen, Hs. 1909.—Annulata Polychaeta. Rept. of the second Norwegian Arctic Expedition in the ‘ Fram,” 1898-1902. No. 15. Kristiania. Euters, KE. 1864.—Die Borstenwiirmer. Leipzig. 1875.—Beitriige zur Verticalverbreitung der Borstenwiirmer im Meere. Zeit. fiir wiss. Zoologie, xxiv. Hisicg, H. 1887.—Die Capitelliden des Golfes von Neapel. Fauna u. Flora des Golfes von Neapel, xvi. Exwes, E. V. 1908.—Notes on the littoral Polychaeta of Torquay. I. Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc., N.S., viii, p. 197. —-—— 1910.—Notes on the littoral Polychaeta of Torquay. III. Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc., N.S., ix, p. 59. Fauvet, P. 1897.—Recherches sur les Amplharétiens. Bull. Sci. de France et Belgique, xxx, p. 277. 1911.—Annélides Polychétes. Due d’Orleans. Campagne Arctique de 1907. Bruxelles. ——— 1913.—Quatriéme note prélim. sur les Polychétes prov. des camp. de lHirondelle et de la Princesse-Alice. Bull. de l’Inst. Océano- graphique. No. 270. Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 4°97 1451 Frawont, J. 1887.—La Genre Polygordius. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel, xiv. Goovricu, £. 8. 1912.—Nerilla an Archiannelid. Quart. Journ. Microscop. Science, lvii, p. 397. Gravier, GC. 1897.—Recherches sur les Phyllodociens. Bull. Sci. France et Belgique, xxix. Greer, R. 1866.—Ueber die Anneliden Gattung Sphaerodorum. Arch. fir Naturgesch., xxxii, I. Gruss, EH. 1855.—Beschr. neuer oder wenig bekannter Anneliden. Arch. fiir Naturgesch., xxi. ———— 1860.—Beschr. neuer order wenig bekannter Anneliden. Arch. fir Naturgesch., xxvi. : ———— 1870.—Mitt. iiber St. Malo und Roscoff. Abhandl. der Schles. Ges., Nat.-Med. Abth., p. 75. ———— 1872.—Die Familie der Cirratuliden. Jahres. d. Schles. Gesell. fiir 1872, p. 59. Hemprnuann, F. 1906.—Zur Morphologie von Polygordius lactews, Schn., und P. triestinus, Woltereck, nov. sp. Zeit. fiir wissen. Zoologie, 1xxxiv, p. 527. Horsomurr, A. 1918.—Die Sabelliden—Ausbeute der Poseidon-Fahrten. Wiss. Meeresunt. Komm. wiss Unters. deutsch. Meere. Abt. Kiel. (N.F.), xx, p. 305. Hornet, J. 1891.—Report on the Polychaetous Annelids of the L.M.B.C, District. Proc. and Trans. of the Liverpool Biol. Soc., v, p. 233. Jounson, H. P. 1897.—A preliminary Account of the Marine Annelids of the Pacific Coast. Proce. Californian Acad. Science, ser. 8, i, p. 1538. Laneeruans, P. 1879.—Die Wurmfauna von Madeira, i. Zeit. fiir wiss. Zool., XXKxil, p. 518. ——— 1879a.—Die Wurmfauna von Madeira, ii. Zeit. fiir wiss. Zool., XXxiii, p. 271. —— 1880.—Die Wurmfauna von Madeira, iii. Zeit fiir wiss. Zool.; Xxxiv, p. 87. ——— 1881.—Ueber einige canarische Anneliden. Nova Acta Ksl. Leop.- Carol-Deutschen Akad. der Naturforscher, xlii, Nr. 8, p. 95. ——— 1884.—Die Wurmfauna von Madeira, ivy. Zeit. fiir wiss. Zool., xl, p. 247. MclInrosu, W. C. 1869.—On the Structure of the British Nemerteans, and some New British Annelids. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. xxv, p. 805. ——— 1878.—On the Annelida obtained during the cruise of H.M.S. Valorous to Davis Straits in 1875. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, ser. 2, vol, 1. 2 ——— 1900.—A Monograph of the British Annelids, Vol, i, Part ii. Ray Society. 47 152 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. McIntosu, W. C. 1908.—A Monograph of the British Annelids. Vol. ii, Part i. Ray Society. 1908 a.—Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory.—No. xxx. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. ii, p. 524. 1909.—Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory.—No. xxxi. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. ili, p. 153. —— 1910.—A Monograph of the British Annelids. Vol. ii, Part ii. Ray Society. ———— 1911.—Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory.—No. xxxii. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. vii, p. 145. ———— 1912.—Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory.—No. xxxiii. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. x, p. 119. ——— 1913.—Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory.—No. xxxiv. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. xi, p. 83. ———— 1914.—Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory.—No. xxxvi. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. xiii, p. 77. Maraguiy, A. 1893.—Recherches sur les Syllidiens. Mém. Soc. Se. Arts Lille. Materen, A. J. 1865.—Nordiske Hafs-Annulater. Ofv. of Kel. Vet. Akad, Forhd. Stockholn. —-— 1867.—Annulata Polychaeta. Ofv. of Kel. Vet. Akad. Férhd. Stockholm. Marenzewter, H. yon. 1874.—Zur Kenntniss der adriatischen Anneliden. I Abt. Sitz. der K. Akad. der Wiss. Wien., lxix. ———— 1875.—Zur Kenntniss der adriatischen Anneliden. II Abt. Sitz. der K. Akad. der Wiss. Wien. Ixxii. 1884.—Zur Kenntniss der adriatischen Anneliden. III Abt. Sitz. der K. Akad. der Wiss. Wien., Ixxxix. 1892.—Zoologische Ergebnisse der im Jahre 1889 Exp. nach Ost- Spitzbergen. Polychiiten. Zool. Jahrb., vi, p. 397. Marron, A. F., and N. Bosrerzxy. 1875.—Ktude des Annélides du Golfe e Marseille. Ann. Se. Nat., Zool., ser. 6, ii, p. 1. Mecznixow, H. 1865.—Beitrige zur Kenntniss der Chaetopoden. Zeit. fiir wiss. Zoologie, xy, p. 328. Mesniz, F. 1896.—Etudes de morphologie externe chez les Annélides. I. Bull. Sci. France et Belg., xxix, p. 110. ——— 1897.—Ktudes de morphologie externe chez les Annélides. II et III. Bull. Sci. France et Belg., xxx. Micuartsen, W. 1896.—Die Polychaeten Fauna der deutschen Meere. Wiss. Meeresunters. deutsche Meere, N.F. ii, Heft. i. Moorg, J. P. 1907.—Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, lix, pp. 201 448. Prxevt, H.L. M. 1912—Polychaeta from the Pacific coast of North America.— Part I. Serpulidae. Proc, Zool. Soc. London. Clare Island Survey—Arehiannelida and Polychaeta. 49 153 Quatreracrs, A. de. 1865.—Histoire naturelle des Annelés marins et d’eau douce. Paris. Raruxe, H. 1843.—Beitriige zur Fauna Norwegens. Nova Acta Acad. Leop. Car. Nat. Cur., xx. Samnt-JosepH, Baron pE. 1886.—Les Annélides Polychétes des cétes de Dinard. I. Ann. des Se. Nat., Zool. (7), 1. ———— 1888.—lLes Annélides Polychétes des cétes de Dinard. II. Ann. des Se. Nat., Zool. (7), v. —— — 1894.—Les Annélides Polychétes des cétes de Dinard. III. Ann. des Se. Nat., Zool. (7), xvii. ————-. 1895.—Les Annélides Polychétes des cotes de Dinard. IV. Ann. des Se. Nat., Zool. (7), xx. ———— i1898.—lLes Annélides Polychétes des cétes de France. Ann. des Se. Nat., Zool. (8), v. 1906.--Les Annélides Polychétes des cdtes de France. Ann. des Se. Nat., Zool. (9), iii. Sanensxy, W. 1907.—Morphogenetische Studien an Wiirmern. ii-iv. Mém. de VAcad. Imp. des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg, xix. Sars, G. O. 1873.—Bidrag til Kundskaben om Christianiafjordens Fauna, III. Nyt. Mag. f. Naturv. xix. Sars, M. 1835.—Beskr. og Iagttagelser over nye eller merkelige i hayet ved den Bergenske Kyst levende dyr. 1862.—Uddrag af en af detaillerede Afbildninger ledsaget udforlig Beskrivelse over en Deel norske Annelider. Forhand. Vid.-Selsk. Christiania, 1861. SourHern, R. 1910.—The Marine Worms (Annelida) of Dublin Bay and the adjoining District. Proc. Roy. Irish Academy, xxviii, p. 215. —-—— 1911.—Polychaeta of the coasts of Ireland. I1].—The Alciopinae, Tomopteridae and Typhloscolecidae. Fisheries, Ireland, Sci. Invest., 1910, iii [1911]. Ssotowirew, M. 1899.—Polychaeten Studien. I. Die Terebelliden des Weissen Meeres. Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. de St.-Pétersbourg, iv. Tutet, Hj. 1879.—Annélides Polychétes des Mers de la Nouvelle-Zemble. Kgl. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., Ny Foljd., xvi. Vieurrr, C. 1884.—Itudes sur les animaux inférieurs de la baie d’Alger. Archiv. de Zool. Exp., (2), ii. Wesster, H. H., and J. KH, Benepicr. 1884.—The Annelida Chaetopoda from Provincetown and Wellfleet, Mass. U.S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries, ix. Report for 1881. Washington. —- 1887.—-The Annelida Chaetopoda from Eastport, Maine. U.S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries, xiii. Report for1884. Washington. Woutesek, A. 1912.—Nordeuropaeiske Annulata Polychaeta, I. Videnskap. Skrifter.i. Mat.-Naturv. Klasse, 1911. No. 18. : R,I.A. PROC., VOL, XXXI. U aT 47 154 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy. to wo bp Ww bo \~] el -- NO bo 44, 4B. DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. Prate 1. Exogone hebes var. hibernica var. nov. Anterior end, dorsal view. x60. Head. x 170. Anal segment. x 120. Foot from anterior region. x 330. Foot from posterior region, showing arrangement of setae. x 400. Setae. x850. a=simple setae; 5=compound setae; ¢=tip of aspine. Tooth in the pharynx. Ciliated sacs entering posterior part of the proventriculus. Sphacrosyllis bulbosa sp. n. Anterior end, dorsal view. x 85. Posterior end, dorsal view. x85. Nuchal organ and tentacular cirrus, right side. x 530. Fifth foot. x 350. PuatE II. Sphaerosyllis bulbosa sp. n. (continued). Setae from the second setigerous segment. x850. a=compound setae ; 5=simple dorsal setae; ¢=spine. Setae from the twenty-fourth setigerous segment. x 850. a=com- pound setae; 4=dorsal simple seta ; ¢=spine. Simple dorsal seta from a posterior foot. x $30. Streptosyllis Websteri sp. n. Anterior end, dorsal view. x66. Posterior end, dorsal view. x 66. Third foot. x 330. Sixteenth foot. x 330. Setae from third foot. x 850. a=dorsal simple seta; 6=compound seta with long tip; e=compound seta with short tip; d=spine. Setae from sixteenth foot. x850. a=dorsal simple seta; 5=com- pound seta; c=spine; o=distal end of the shait of a compound seta; e= terminal piece of a compound seta. PuatTe IIT. Streptosyllis bidentata sp. n. Anterior end, dorsal view. x 66. Head, ventral view, x 66. Fig. =f Care Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 145 Third foot. x 330. Sixteenth foot. 330. Setae from third foot. 850. a=spine; 6b=dorsal simple seta ; c=compound seta with short tip; d=compound seta with long tip. Setae from sixteenth foot. 850. w=spine; b=dorsal simple seta ; ¢=compound seta with short tip; ¢ = compound seta with long tip. Pionosyllis serrata sp. n. Anterior end. x74. Posterior end. x74. Anterior end of alimentary canal, showing tooth. 100. PLATE IV. Pionosyllis serrata sp. n. (continued). Typical foot. 210. Setae. 800. a=spine; b=dorsal seta, with long tip; c=ventral seta, with short tip. Opisthodonta pterochacta sp. u. Anterior end, showing pharynx and proventriculus. 42. Anterior end. x 115, Thirteenth toot. x 160. Foot from middle of body. x 160. Tooth in the pharynx, greatly enlarged. Setae of thirteenth foot. x 850. a=spine; ) =compound seta; ¢=tip of compound seta on edge. Setae from mid-body. x850. w=spine; 6=compound seta; ¢=simple dorsal winged seta; d = simple ventral seta. PLAYE V. Microphthalnvus Sezelkouwi Mecznikow. Anterior end, dorsal view. x 100. Posterior end, dorsal view. x 230. Posterior end, lateral view. x 230, Fourteenth foot. x 250. Setae of fourteenth foot. x1150. a=Pectinate seta from dorsal lobe; 6=compound seta from middle of foot ; c= seta with short tip from ventral part of foot. Microphthalmus aberrans (Webster and Benedict). Setae in dorsal division of foot. x 1150. U2 47 156 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Fig. 8. 10. Castalia fusca var. hibernica var. nov. a=seta from middle of anterior foot ; =setae from middle of posterior foot. x 530. Ophiodromus flexuosus (Delle Chiaje). Simple bifid serrate seta from ventral side of dorsal division of the foot. x 800. Autolytus brachycephala (Marenzeller). Part of pharyngeal armature, to show the arrangement of the teeth. Greatly enlarged. Scalisetosus courmunis (Delle Chiaje), var. Papillae on the elytron. x 100. Mystides (Mesomystides) elongata sp. n. Anterior end, dorsal view. x 133. Anterior foot. x 200. Foot from mid-body. x 200. Setae. 850. a=simple setae; ) and c=compound setae. PLATE VI. Sthenelars zetlandica McIntosh. Anterior end, dorsal view. x 20. First foot on the left side, external view. x42. a=dorsal ctenidium of first foot; /=lateral tentacle; c = dorsal cirrus; d = ventral cirrus ; ¢= buccal ctenidium. Pholoe tuberculata sp. n. Anterior end, dorsal view. x42. /=facial tubercle. Anterior end, ventral view. x42. f= facial tubercle. Facial tubercle. x75. First elytron. x42. Tenth elytron. x42. Fifteenth foot. x 42. Dorsal lobe of foot, viewed from above, showing arrangement of setae. x 110. Papilla on tip of foot. Compound seta from the middle of the ventral lobe of the first foot. x 400. Compound seta from the upper part of the ventral lobe of the fifteenth foot. x 400. Simple setae from the dorsal lobe of the fifteenth foot. x00. a = median seta ; b = lateral seta. Piate VII. Praegeria remota gen. et sp. nov. Anterior end, dorsal view. x56. mo bw ww eee Ee 21 D. we ES & ob © Clare Islund Survey—Archiannelida und Polychaeta. 49 157 Head, dorsal view. x 210. Head, ventral view. x 210. . Anterior end, lateral view. 85. Posterior end, dorsal view. x40. Anterior end of everted proboscis, showing Jaws and papillae. x 135. Setae from fifth foot. 800. @=compound seta; = upper simple seta. Second simple seta from twentieth foot. 660. Pratt VIII. Pracgeria remota gen. et sp. nov. (continued). Fifth foot. x 210. Simple setae from a posterior segment. x 660. «=dorsal seta; 6 =second seta. Paranaitis Wahlbergi (Malmgren). ‘Typical setae from mid-body. x 530. Mystides bidentata Langerhans. Foot of a mature male, from mid-body, with swimming setae. x 120. Compound setae from mid-body. x 530. a=ventral seta; 6 = seta from middle of foot. Mystides imbata de Saint-Joseph. Typical foot from mid-body. x 215. Compound setae from mid-body. x 530. Mystides borealis Théel. Entire animal, dorsal view. x40. Anterior end, dorsal view. x 132. Posterior end, dorsal view. x 132. Compound setae from mid-body. x 800. Marphysa fallax Marion and Bobretzky. Posterior view of anal segment, greatly enlarged. PLavre IX, Sphaerodorum minutwm (Webster and Benedict). Anterior end, dorsal view. x40. Head, dorsal view. x 210. Posterior end, ventral view. ~ 140, Sixth foot, front view. x 330. Setae. x 1150. 47 158 Proceedings of the Royal Trish Academy. Paraonis (Paraonides) lyra sp. n. Anterior end, dorsal view. x 64. Head, dorsal view, drawn from living specimen. x 132. Posterior end, ventral view. x 80. Fourth foot, ¢. x85. Fiftieth foot, g. x85. Www by wy ws WNNNNONE el IS) @ Ge) fe ; PLATE XX. 22. Paraonis (Paraonides) lyra sp. n. (continued). 22¥. EHightieth foot,?. x 85. 22a. Lyrate seta. x 1000. 23. Nerinides tridentata sp. n. 23 A. Anterior end, dorsal view. x 40. ‘238. Posterior end, dorsal view. 100. 23c. First foot. x 146. 23D. Second foot. x 146. 238. Tenth foot. x 85. 25¥. Twenty-fourth foot, x 85. 23 G. Foot from posterior part of the body. x 85. 25H. Capillary setae, from tenth foot. x 500. «=long dorsal striated seta; ) = short flat dotted seta, either dorsal or ventral. 234. Crochet from twenty-fifth foot. x 500. PLaTe XI. 24. Aonides paucitbranchiata sp. nu. 24.4. Anterior end, dorsal view. x56. 248. Posterior end, ventral view. Compare fig. 25. x 100. 24c. Seventy-eighth foot. x 146. 24d. Ventral lamella of the seventy-eighth foot, to show the glands. x 146. 24. Crochet from ventral division of seventy-eighth foot. x 574. 25. Aonides oxycephala (Sars). Posterior end, side view. Compare fig. 248. x100. 26. Corratulus norvegicus (Quat.). 26A. Anterior end, dorsal view. x18. 268. Part of transverse section of thirty-first segment. x 40. 26c. Short capillary seta from dorsal division of tenth foot. x 210. 26D. Crochets from seventy-fifth segment. «=dorsal crochet; 6= ventral crochet. x85. Clare Island Survey—Archiannelida and Polychaeta. 47 159 Prate XII. Chaetozone alata sp. n. Anterior end, dorsal view. x56. Capillary setae. 570. a=long cylindrical dorsal seta from sixth seement; 6=short flattened dorsal seta from sixth segment ; e=slender capillary seta accompanying crochets in ventral and posterior dorsal segments. Ventral crochet from the sixth segment. x 1150. Ventral crochet from the eighty-sixth segment. x 1150. Chaetozone killariensis sp. n. Anterior end, dorsal view. x 56. Short thick capillary seta from the eighth segment. x 586. Upper dorsal crochet from a posterior foot. x 586. Ventral setae from a posterior foot. x 586. a=upper capillary seta ; b =upper crochet; ¢=lower crochet. Tip of ventral crochet shown in previous figure (c). x 850. Transverse section of a posterior segment, to show the arrangement of the setae. x 146. Chaetozone zetlandica McIntosh. “Stage A.” Anterior end, dorsal view. x 56. Transverse section of a posterior segment, to show the arrangement of the setae. x 146, Puate XIII, Chaetozone zetlandica McIntosh. “Stage A.” (continued). Figure of entire animal, side view. x 25. Anterior end, side view, x 456. Posterior end, dorsal view. x 85. Short thick dorsal capillary seta from an anterior segment. x 574. Bifid crochet from middle of ventral division of a posterior segment. x 574. Tip of crochet in previous figure. x 740. “Stage B.” Tips of setae in the ventral division of a posterior foot. x 574. a=lowest crochet; b=crochet next above “a”; c=the two upper crochets ; d= tip of thick capillary setae. “Stage C.” Tips of lowest crochets in the ventral division of posterior feet, showing indication of bifid termination. x 574. Thelepides collaris gen. et sp. nov. Anterior end, dorsal view. x 18. Anterior end, ventral view. x 18. Long capillary seta from the fifth setigerous segment. x 660. 47 160 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Fig. 30D. 30. wo 29 oD wo 09 wo OD OO OD OW NVNWNMWNW NW a a Fal (i @) Psi fo 8 NM) va ° 32 5. 32 K. oc Site 33h DovAs 33 B. 33.C. 33 D. BB oo vo wo v9 33 G. 33 H. 33 K. Tip of short capillary seta from the fifth setigerous segment. x 660. Uncinus from the eighteenth setigerous segment. x1070. a=side view; 6 = front view. Puate XIV. Armandia flagelifera sp. n. Anterior end, dorso-lateral view. x40. Lateral view of head of specimen with extruded proboscis. x 40. Posterior end, lateral view. x40. Foot of twenty-second segment. x56. Chone filicaudata sp. n. Collar region, dorsal view. x18. The same, with branchiae removed. x 18. Collar region, ventral view. x18. Posterior end, ventral view. x56. Tip of a branchia. ~x 26. : PLATE XY. Chone filicaudata sp. n. (continued). Spatulate setae from the fifth thoracic setigerous segment. x 930. Basal seta (‘spieszborste’) from the fifth thoracic setigerous segment. x 530. Winged capillary seta from the fifth thoracic setigerous segment. x 330. Crochet from fourth setigerous segment. . x 530. Capillary seta from an abdominal segment. x 330. Uncini from sixth abdominal segment. x 600. a=side view; 6 = front view. Euchone vosea Langerhans. Entire animal, ventral view. x 26. Posterior end, side view. x56. Tip of branchia. x 56. Capillary setae from second thoracic setigerous segment. x 530. a=seta from upper part of the bundle; /=seta from the middle of the bundle. Spatulate setae from the third thoracic setigerous segment. x 530. Basal seta (‘spieszborste’) from the second thoracic setigerous seg- ment. x 660. Crochet from the middle of the ventral bundle of the second thoracic setigerous segment. x930. Uncini from the second abdominal segment. a = front view; b = side view. 9530. Uncinus from the fourteenth abdominal segment. x 4530. Capillary seta from the second abdominal segment, x 530, Proc. R. I. Acap., Vor. XXXI., Part 47. Prare I. CLARE ISLAND SURVEY.—SOUTHERN: ARCHIANNELIDA AND POLYCHAETA. Proc. R. I. Acab., VoL. XXNI., Part 47. 2E i A Noy oe PLATE II. Miif pL) Lf TE. Weems ee 4 q rot y AA LMLPNL! IAs JE CLARE ISLAND SURVEY.—SOUTHERN: ARCHIANNELIDA AND POLYCHAETA. - aml . PLATE IIT. Proc. R. I. Acap., VoL. XXXI., PART 47 t, tj, My NV OW oe H CLareE IsLtaAND SURVEY.—SOUTHERN : ARCHIANNELIDA AND POLYCHAETA. AN MAST os BSS ees 0 EO sad beg ae Proc. R. I. Acap., VoLt. XXXI., Parr 47. PLATE IV. CLARE ISLAND SURVEY.—SOUTHERN: ARCHIANNELIDA AND POLYCHAETA, Proc. R. I. Acap., Vor. XXXI., Parr 47. PLATE V. 6 I2D CLARE ISLAND SURVEY.—SOUTHERN: ARCHIANNELIDA AND POLYCHAETA. PLATE VI. xin RY 47 XI., PAR? XX VOL. CAD., mo dle aN Proc. I ARCHIANNELIDA AND POLYCHAETA. CLARE ISLAND SURVEY.—SOUTHERN : Proc. R. I. AcAp., VoL. XXXI., PART 47. PLATE VII. ISE CLARE ISLAND SURVEY.—SOUTHERN: ARCHIANNELIDA AND POLYCHAETA, Proc. R. 1. ACAD., VOL. XX XI., PART 47. PrLare VIII. CLARE ISLAND SURVEY.—SOUTHERN : ARCHIANNELIDA AND POLYCHAETA., ema! 1 a en te eel et Proc. R. I. ACAD., VoL. XXXI., PART 47. PLATE IX. CLARE IsLAND SURVEY.—SOUTHERN: ARCHIANNELIDA AND POLYCHAETA. =) Proc. R. I. ACAD., VOL. XXXI., PART 47. PLATE X. SSGR_EE CLARE ISLAND SURVEY.—SOUTHERN: ARCHIANNELIDA AND POLYCHAETA. Proc. R. 1. Acan., Vor. XXXI., Part 4). Prere XI. 24E Se a ey oe Mt PAN oa ee eee 26 c CLARE ISLAND SURVEY.—SOUTHERN: ARCHIANNELIDA AND POLYCHAEYA. Proc. R. I. Acapb., Vor. XXXI., PART 47. PLATE XII. oS | alla lololaiss’ Vis On if nN S// a v oe __ a — CLARE IsLAND SURVEY.—SOUTHERN: ARCHIANNELIDA AND POLYCHAETA. ; rs ee oi meee nvaiied et c an axa Proc. R. I. ACAD., VoL. XXXI., Part 47. PLATE XIII. SSH Q Wee We \\\ ZZ 30c 3OE CLARE ISLAND SURVEY.—SOUTHERN : ARCHIANNELIDA AND POLYCHAETA. Proc. R. I. Acap., VoL. XXXI., Parr 47. PLATE XIV. CLARE ISLAND SURVEY.—SOUTHERN ; ARCHIANNELIDA AND POLYCHAETA. ape ia Bene |S sh 4k PLATE XV. i XOXXI., PAR? 47. Proc. R. I. AcCApD., VOL. “BSS Dae item Serr arenes 33D CLARE ISLAND SURVEY.—SOUTHERN : ARCHIANNELIDA AND POLYCHAELA. ( September, fous by ory ty i Mee 18, 19 : PROCEEDINGS _ ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY Vowwme XXXI CLARE ISLAND SURVEY ot Parts 17, 18, pe | MAMMALIA. oe us E. H. BARRETT- HAMILTON _- REPTILIA anp AMPHIBIA R. F. SCHARFF 3 | Vo iS ChS GEORGE P. FARRAN DUBLIN: HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO., Lr», LONDON: WILLIAMS & NORGATE 1912 Price Sixpence [For scheme of publication of this series see inside of wrapper] ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY CLARE ISLAND SURVEY THis survey of the Fauna Flora, Geology, Meteorology, &c., of Clare Island and the adjoining mainland in the West of Ireland was carried out by over one hundred specialists during the years 1909, 1910, and 1911. It was undertaken in order to furnish a study of a typical area of the west coast of RS Treland, a region which provides some of the most interesting faunistic and. floristic problems in Europe; and also as a contribution towards the study of island faunas and floras—a subject of wide and absorbing interest. The report when finished will provide the most complete survey of the Fauna and Flora of a definite area which has ever been made. In addition to systematic zoology and botany, special attention has been given to questions — ie of geographical distribution, dispersal, and ecology, and to the influence of human operations upon the Fauna and Flora, The complete report is estimated to run to about 1600 pages with 100 plates, and will cost 60/- or more. The whole series may be subscribed for at the reduced price of 50/- paid in advance, on receipt of which the reports issued up to the present will be forwarded, and future parts sent as soon as published. Hach part will also be sold separately. The reports when complete will include descriptions of some 50 species of animals and plants new to science; also records of about 200 species new to the British Isles, and at least 1,000 species new to Ireland. The list printed on pages 3 and 4 of this wrapper shows the scope of the work, the present state of publication, and the prices of the parts published so far. Communications relative to this publication to be addressed to the publishers or to THE SECRETARY, Roya Irish ACADEMY, DaAWsON STREET, DUBLIN. ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY CLARE ISLAND SURVEY "SCHEME OF PUBLICATION “he pals sandy iblighed: are marked with an Saterink, The whole will form — Vole ay of the Proceedings of ihe Academy. ] eae NM CGerate Deisene AND Nagrarive. R. Ll. Praeger. | f es History AND ‘Anonanotoay, T. J. Westropp. 78 pp. 10 plates. 4 ai 3 Prac Namzs. John MacNeill. T. J. Westropp. | Gaznio Pranr anp Anmmat Names. N. Colgan. 80 pp. 6d. % 5 Acniounrure. Prof. James Wilson. 46 pp. 1s. Be: Mrrgoronocy. W..J. Lyons. ; ' @uoroey. J.B. Kilroe. T. Hallisay. } Pear Deposits. F. J. Lewis. ) Trez-Growrs, A.C. Forbes. i; PHANEROGAMIA AND Prermorayra. R. Ll, sila ek 112 pp. 6 plates. 4s. {1 Musor. Rev. Canon Lett. 1B 6a. - Heramtoan, ‘Rey. Ganon Lett. PE: _ Foner. Carleton Rea. Sir H. C0. Hawley. 26 pp. 1 plate. 1s. | Inonenzs, Annie Lorrain Smith. 14 pp. 64. Arcas—Marwe, A.D. Cotton. “Arean—Faese-water, ‘William West. 62 pp. 2 plates. 2s. (a Manumatia, G. E. H. Barrott-Hamilton. 14 pp. 18 Repruia anp Arum. RB. FE. Scharff. 4 pp. jo. - Pisces anp Oxorosromara. G. P. Farran. 6 pp. Aves. R.J. Ussher. 54 pp. 5 plates. 2s. 6d. 24 Tuntoara ano Hemtononpa. G. P. Farran. RB. Southern. - Morivsca—Manmz, N. Colgan. 86 pp. 1s. 3 Motuusca—Lanp anp Fresa-water. A. W. Stelfox. 64 pp. 2 plates. 2s. | Hymenoprera. Claude Morley. 18 pp. 64d. - Drersra, P. H, Grimshaw. Lspmorrzna. W.F.de V. Kane. 10 pp. 6d. Nevgoprera. J. N. Halbert. “Conwoprera—Tzrrestaat. Rey. W. F. Johnson. J. N. Halbert. Conzorrzra—Aguatio. F. Balfour,Browne. 20 pp. 64d. Hemrera, J. N. Halbert. -OrtHoprera, Prof. G, H. Carpenter. [For continuation see nage 4. (4) PART $2 Aprera. Prof. G. H. Carpenter. 33 Cxmoropa ann Dretoropa. Rey. W. F. Johnson. 84 Pyonogorma. Prof. G. H. Carpenter. * 85 Aranewa. D. R. Pack Beresford. 8 pp. 6a * 36 Psatanema. O.R. Pack Beresford. 2 pp.) ~ cer Woah k % 87 Anoriscoma. James Murray. 16 pp., 8 he - nee % 88 Psevposcorriones. H. Wallis Kew. 2 pp. i pe aa whe # 389i Acarmma: i—Hypracarma. J.N. Halbert. 44 BP. 8 plates. 23, a. oe 89 ii Orne Acanmipa. J. N. Halbert. fe %* 40 Dercaropa. G.P, Farran. 8 pp. | 0 Pi % 44 Scurzopopa anp Comacea. W. M. Tattersall. 10 pp. 42 Ampureopa. W. M. Taitersall. wie # 43 Isopopa—Manme. W. M. Tattersall. 6 pp. 6a * 44 Isoropa—Trrrestaux. N.H. Foster. 4 pp.} ~ ne 45 Ewnromosrraca—Manine. G. P. Farran, KIO Aa % 46 Ewromosrraca—Fresuwarer. D. J. Scourfield. 18 pp: 1 plate. 6a. 47 Potyouarta anp Arcuiannetipa. R. Southern. 48 Onicocnsnrs. 8. Southern. aig) eh 49 Gernyrea. R. Southern. . Tee RR 50 Hrmoupines. RB. Southern. rhs oe * 51 Rormers (excluding Boettoma). C.F. Rousselet. 10 pp. 6d. % 52 Romrszra Bozrtoma. James Murray. 20 pp. I plate. 6d. %* 53 Ponyzos. A.R. Nichols. 14 pp. 64d. 54 Nemaraentwa ayy Cnartocnataa. R. Southern. G. 0: Sideeords” 55 Nemertiwea. R. Southern. %* 56 Puraryaenma. R. Southern. 18 pp: 6d. 57 Eocuropermata. A. R. Nichols. 58 Corzenterata. Miss J. Stephens. , %* 59 Porwera—Maring. Miss J. Stephens. 42 pp. 1 plate. 1s. 6d. * 60 Portrera—Fresuwater. Miss J. Stephens. 18 pp. 1 plate. 6d. 61 Inrusonm. J. §. Dunkerly. 62 Fracetata. J. 8. Dunkerly. * 63 Mycerozoa. Miss Lister. 20 pp. 6d. 64 Forammmera. Edward Heron-Allen. Arthur Harland. % 65 Rurzoropa axp Heurozoa. G. H. Wailes. Eugéne Penard. 64 pm 6 plates. 3s. ‘ ges 66 Nores ox Marme Prangeron. G. P. Farran. 67 Svmmary on Marie Disremourion. R,. Southern. 68 Susmary on Terrestriat Disrrwution. R. Ll. Praeger. uN July, 1912 | Cee yu pid ave PROCEEDINGS OF THE ey ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY | — Vowwme XXXI CLARE ISLAND SURVEY ee tne 20 AVES BY me R. J. USSHER DUBLIN: HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO., Lr». LONDON: WILLIAMS & NORGATE 1912 Price Two Shillings and Sixpence [For’ scheme of publication of this series see inside of wrapper] ROYAL TRISH ACADEMY CLARE ISLAND SURVEY THis survey of the Fauna, Flora, Geology, Meteorology, &e., of Chves Tenn and the adjoining mainland in the West of Ireland was carried out by. over one hundred specialists during the years 1909, 1910, and 1911. It was undertaken in order to furnish a study of a typical area of the west coast of Treland, a region which provides some of the most ‘interesting faunistic and floristic problems in Europe; and also as a contribution towards the study. of island faunas and floras—a subject of wide and absorbing interest. The report when finished will provide the most complete survey of the Fauna and Flora of a definite area which has ever been made, In addition to systematic zoology and botany, special attention has been given to questions *y of geographical distribution, dispersal, and ecology, and to the influence of : human operations upon the Fauna and Flora. The complete report is: 1% estimated to run to about 1600 pages with 100 plates, and. will cost 60/— s or more. The whole series may be subscribed for at the reduced price of 50/- paid in advance, on receipt of which the reports issued up to the present ‘i will be forwarded, and future parts sent as soon as published. Each part will also be sold separately. The reports when complete will: include descriptions of some 50 apecies ‘of a | animals and plants new to science; also records of about 200 species new to fie fe: ‘ the British Isles, and at least 1,000 species new to Ireland. Wanita oye The list printed on pages 3 and 4 of this wrapper shows the scope of the work, the present state of publication, and the prices of the parts published) so far. Communications relative to this publication to be addressed to the publishers or to THE SECRETARY, RoyvaL Trish ACADEMY, DAWSON STREET, DUuBLIN. ND ABRATIVE. | RB. i. coo Be i: t, cE Hehe 3 on 10 plates. 43, “80 i 6a. alate 1g. 43 ER. mae, West. pe 2 plates. “Og!” ne Hamilton. ar A PISOES xo) Orotostoaars G. P Banas: Ussher, 54 pp: 5 plates. 2s. 6d. AND Hemtonoapa. & RP: Parran, R. Southern. Manine, N Coleen. 86 pp. Ase \ aes dinude ee 18° Pp. “6a. PAGAC AY ae i TERA H. Grimshaw. 5 ts #26 Luprorrena, W. FE. de Y. Kane, 10 pp. 6d. ee /Conmopreka u : Part 26 , - LEPIDOPTERA BY W. F. de V. KANE DUBLIN: HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO., Urn, LONDON: WILLIAMS & NORGATE 1912 Price Sixpence { For scheme of publication of this series see inside of wrapper] ROYAL TRISH ACADEMY CLARE ISLAND pee SCHEME OF PUBLICATION [The parts already published: are ies rai an asterisk. The whole un: Vol. XXXI of the Proceedings of the Academy, and wil cost about 60s : GENERAL Prestige Narzarive. RB. Li. Pracger. aE eit History ann Aronazotocy. T. J. Westropp. 78 pp. 10 plates. Prace Nawes. T. J. Westropp. J. H. Lloyd. Peet oe Gartic Prant ann Annan Names. N. Colgan. 30 pp. 6d.° ~ Acnioutrure. Prof. James Wilson. 46 pp. 1s. sae Mereorotocy. W.J. Lyons. Grotocy. J. R. Kilroe. T. Hallissy. Pear Deposits, F. J. Lewis. Tree-Growre, A. C. One ** % OO Io om oO te * Ge: : B re bo ae a Ens 7 e Musor. Rey. Canon Lett. Heraticar. Rey. Canon Lett. Foner, Carleton Rea. Sir H. C. Hawley. * 14 Licsenes. Annie Lorrain Smith. 14 pp. 6d.: Azesaz—Marme. A.D. Cotton. ore 46 Aucae—Fresewarer... William West... « air aA Ney ca 417 Masnutm. G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton. > 48 Aves. R.J. Ussher. Prof.'0. J. Patten.’ N. H. Foster. 49 Reprmm snp Amupumm. R&R, F. Scharff. 20 Pisces ayp Ovcnostomata. G. P. Farran. 24 Toxioata axp Hemionorva. G. P. Farran.~ R. Bouthare: % 22° Motrusca—Marmez. N. Colgan. 86 pp. Is. ' 23 Moxtusca—Lanp and Fresawater. A. W. Stelfox. 24 Hywenoprers. Claude Morley. 18 pp. 6d. 25 Drerers.. P. H. Grimshaw. % 26 Lerworrera. W. F. de V. Kane. 10 pp. 6d: 27 Nevnoprera, J; N. Halbert: ys! 28 Corzoprera—Ternestrian. Rey. WE. Johnson. ° J. N. Halbert. 29 Cotzoprera—Aguatic. F. Balfour jbrowne. 80 Heanprera.. J. N. Halbert. $i Orrnorrera, Prof. G. H: Carpenter. > co bo ed a [For continuation see page 8. (5-855) 82 Aprmza. Prof, G. H. Carpenter. //88 Ontworopa anp Drenoropa. Rey. W. F. Johnson. 84 Pyonoeonma. Prof, G. H. Carpenter. -- % 85 Azannrpa. D.R. Pack Beresford. ‘8 pp. tea 9% 86 Puaranows. D.R. Pack Beresford. 2 pp.) ” # 87 Axoriscoma. James Murray. 16 pp., 8 a 1s 88 | Pswuposconeionss. H, Wallis Kew. 2 pp nn * $91 AcArima: i—Hypracanina. J..N. Halbert, 44 pp. 8 plates. 95, Bd. 89 ii Oran, Acazmma. J.N. Halbert. “40 Duoaropa. G.P, Farran. W. Rankin’ 4 Awemopa. ‘W. M. Tattersall. 42 Isoropa—Trrrusreian, N, H. Foster. ‘93 Isopopa—Masinn, W. M. Tattersall. © &% Somzoropa anp Ovmaona. W: M, Tattersall. ' 45 EyromostkacA—Prusawatar, D.'J, Scourfield. 46 Enromosrnaca—Marme, Gi. P. Farran, AT ‘Pongonamna anp Apcuiannetipa., BR. Southern. 48 Oxicoouanra. R. Southern. fi ; 49 Gernyana. RB. Southern. . 80. Himvpmma, R. Southern, seat % 64 Romana (excluding Bosrroma). 0. FB, Rousselet. 10 pp. 6d. 2% 62 Rovtrera Boertoms. James Murray. 20 pp. 1 plate, 6d. §8 Ponyzos, (A. RB. Nichols, §4 Newaraermia anp Cuantoanatea. KR. Southern, G, O, Sherrard, §5 Newentmma. R. Southern, - Pintisls ou ce 86 Praryesuma., R. Southern. Nps et .) 87 Hommovrrmara. AR. Nichols. | Ae | 88 Cortunterata. Miss J, Stepbens. Ys ; se aH 59 Pontrnra—Marine. Miss J.. Stephens. rane | 60 Posmnra—Vaestwaren. Miss J. Stephens, Ae Gthape | 64 Ivrusorm, J, §, Dunkerly, jis a }: # 62 Fracenzara, J. 8. Dunkerly. . a 68, Myonrozoa, - Miss Lister. ; 64 Foramimirura. Hdward Heron-Allen. “Arthur Harland. * 65 Rurzoropa anp Henrozoa.’ G. H. Wailes.. Hugéne Penard. 64 pp. 6 plates. 3s. 66; Notss on’ Marne PiLanxron. | G. RP) Farran. 67 Summary on Marine) Distamurtion.. R. Southern, 68 Summary on Torrestaun Disramvron. RB. Ll. Praeger. vii hae: ee 3 re ann “) r ‘ 27, 23 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Roya. IRISH ACADEMY V OLUME XXXI CLARE ISLAND SURVEY | Baye 27, 28 NEUROPTERA pec INe HALBERT TERRESTRIAL COLEOPTERA W. F. JOHNSON AND J. N. HALBERT DU Bie NSO iG eS) EGG BS tt Oe Ban LONDON: WILLIAMS & NORGATE Igi2 Price Sixpence {For scheme of publication of this series see inside of wrapper] ae a er Ow bk rd 7. A WT:3 We lee dae 7% lee aan ‘ HO ae ih B18 Tus survey, of the eae vine) cae ‘Me than and the adjoining snainand i in ee ae fre | eystematie me and 3 botany, ar T spel attention the Gin estimated to ron tw about 1000 pages an 100 plates, and ¥ MA or more. ‘The whole series Biche be: nbn for at th B 1 i) The reports phon eoaplateil include rion f son e animals and plants new to science 53 ee ‘records of =f about a n wt ge Pesie publishers ‘or to at ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY CLARE ISLAND SU RVEY SCHEME OF PUBLICATION (Pie parts Menge fabled are marked with an asterisk. The whole will form. fae See ee pees = oe 10 ae Gl a Ce 18 14 _ 45 146 % 17 * 18 * 19 % 20 24 *% 22 9% 23 *% 24 25 & 26 % 27 28 3.29 7 30 * 34 Met caw of rae Proceedings: of the Academy. } fe NB a as anp Narrative. .R. Gl. Praeger. “History anp ARosaroLosy. T. J. Westropp. 78 pp. 10 plates. 4s. ’ Prace ‘Nantes! | John Mac Neill. _'T. J. Westropp. “Gartio Pray ayn Axnian Names. N. Colgan. 30 pp. 64. » Acricoxrore. Prof. James Wilson. 46 pp. Is. “Mergoroxoey. “W. J. Lyons. - -Gronoex. J.B. Kilroo. 7. Hallissy. Pear Deposits. F. J. Lewis. i Tree-Growrs. A. CG. Forbes, rh Paanezocasma AND Prenipopayta. R. Ul. Praeger. 112 pp. 6 plates. 4s. Musor. Rey. Canon Lett. Heraticar. Rey. Canon Lett. Ri aseN eas ; Fonat. Carleton Rea. ‘Sir H.C. Hawley. 26 pp.. 1 plate. 1s. Liosenzs. Annie Lorrain Smith. 14 pp. 6d. ‘Auear—Maame, A. D: Cotton. Arésr—Faxsa-warer. William West. 62 pp- 2 plates. 23. “Manan. G. B.A. Barreti-Hamilton. 14 pp. Repriia anp Ameria. “R. F. Scharff. 4 pp. Pisces. G. P. Farran. 6 pp. } Aves.’ BR. J. Ussher. 54 pp. 5 plates. 2s, 6d. Tumtosra anp Hewronorpa. G. P. Farran. BR; Southern. Mortvsca—Marixe. N. Colgan. 86 pp. 1s. Motxusca—Lann ann Prusu-water. A. W. Stelfox. 64 pp. 2 plates. 2s. Hynmenoprers, Claude Morley. 18 pp... 6d. Dierena. P. H. Grimshaw. Lrpmorrera. W, BF) de V. Kane. 10 pp. 6d. Nuvgorrera, J.N, Halbert. 4 pp. ConzopreRA—Txerastnin. W, EF. Johnson. J. N. Halbert: 24 pp. Coneorrmra—Aguatio, EF. Balfour Browne. 20 pp. 64d. Heanprera, J, N. Halbert. 10 pp, | a. Oxtnoprera., Prof. G. H. Carpenter; 4 pp.) Gd. [For continuation see page 4- % FLacELzatA, J, 8: ee Ruizopopa ann Hxvrozos. ~ G. ia ‘Wailes, Posseeha ees ueae ane Inrusorua, J. 8. a Mycrrozoa. Miss Lister. 20 pp. 6 Poraminirera. Edward Heron-Allen. — » 6 plates, 88. Notes on Manne SI Sk eh 1) Suarmary on Magixe. Distasution.— Summary on TERRESTRIAL Distamunioy. January, 1912 | : <9 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL [IRISH ACADEMY Votume XXXI CLARE ISLAND SURVEY Part 29 AQUATIC COLEOPTERA BY FRANK BALFOUR BROWNE DUBLIN: HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO., Lro. LONDON: WILLIAMS & NORGATE IQI2 Price Sixpence {For scheme of publication of this series see inside of wrapper] ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY CLARE ISLAND SURVEY SCHEME OF PUBLICATION | [The parts already published are marked with an asterisk. The whole will PN Vol. XX XI of the Proceedings of the Academy, and will cost about 60s M ve PART 4 Gewnerat Desorivtion, anp Narrative. 2B. Ll. Praeger. Raat 2 Hisrory anp Aronarotoay. T. J. Westropp. 78 pp. 10 plates. as, a 3 Pracz Names. T. J. Westropp. J. H. Lloyd. BA easieat a en &% Gaztio Prant anp Annit Names. N. Colgan. 80 pp. 6d. 5 Acriovtrurn. Prof. James Wilson. 46 pp. Is. 6 Merzoronocy. W. J. Lyons. 7 Gszoxoey. J. R. Kilroe. T. Hallissy. 8 Prat Deposits. F. J. Lewis. 9 Tres-Growrs. A. C. Forbes. %40 Psanerogama anp Prermopuyra. RB. Gl. ae 112 pp. 6 plates. as 44 Musor. Rey. Canon Lett. 42 Herarioar. Rey. Canon Lett. 48 Foner. Carleton Rea. Sir H: C0. Hawley. % 414% Inonenes. Annie Lorrain Smith. 14 pp. 6d. 16 Axncazs—Marme. A. D. Cotton. 46 Axncazs—Fresawater. William West. 47 Manat. G. EH. H. Barrett-Hamilton. 148 Aves. R.J. Ussher. Prof. 0. J. Patten. N. H. Foster. | 19 Reprmu ann Ampnmm. RB, F. Scharff. 20 Pisors anp Cyotostomata. G. P. Farran. 24 Tuntoara ann Hewonorpa. G. P. Farran. RB. Southern. % 22 Moxrtvsca—Marme. N. Colgan. 86 pp. 1s. 28 Moxunvusca—Lanp anp Fresawater. A, W. Stelfox. 2% Hymenorrera. Olaude Morley. 18 pp. 6d, 25 Drerera. P. H. Grimshaw. %* 26 Lermortera. W, F. de V. Kane, 10 pp. 6d. 27 Nevroprers, J. N. Halbert. 28 Corzorrersa—Trrresteiat. Rey. W. F. Johnson. J. N. Halbert. ON + 29 Cotxoprzra—Aquano, F. Balfour Browne. 20 pp. 6d. y j 80. Hemera. J. N. Halbert. : $4 Onrnoprera, Prof. G. H. Carpenter. [For continuation see page 8. i % ie 32 “Avrora. Prof. G. ra Carpenter. t: 83 Ontzorona AND Dretoropa. ‘Rey. W. Fy. Tohnson: Prof, | A. Caxpenter. i Ane D eo Pack. Beresford. “8 pp. ea. . D.R. Pack Beresford. (2 ede j ‘James Murray. 16 PP. 8 rh tas onus. H. ‘Wallis Kew. 2 pp | Rt VDRAGAL na. JN. Halbert, 44 pp. 3 ae Dy 6d. BR ee ce Nl a ntates, ze. W. M. ‘Tattersall, ae ara ae ney B Souther, x i pat 1101DA). 6 RE. noel 10 pp. 6d. ek eee ae 20 PP. i 1 plate. 6d. ae oe Ba. ‘Newarzenama ‘AND Cuannoananaa, ‘R. mea G. 0. Sherrard. st! A R. ‘Southern. CU AB EMO AML a R. Southern. Bais — ALR. Nichols. 3 ‘Miss J. Stephens. vet Sees ‘Miss J. Stephens. Yi i oO 60. UN Gn Cee Miss J. ea 18 pp. 1 plate. 6d. — 6f “Inrusonia, desi Dunkerly, 62 Fracerzama. a ais Dunkerly. 68 Mycurozoa. Miss Lister. : 6h -Forammurena. Edward Heron- Allen. Arthur Harland. tas * 65 Batzorona AND Hextozoa. G. EL Wailes, Bugéne Penard, 64 PEs ‘yh 6 plates. Say aN , 66 eee on Marin ‘Puangton. G, P. ‘ramen Ae Summary on Marme Disrrmuzion. R. Southern. | Sowarany ON TennestaiaL Distrivtion, RB, Lil. Praeger, i venbel 1912 . ANE a i t " 30, ol | PROCEEDINGS OF THE Roya. IRISH ACADEMY VotumMe XXXI CLARE ISLAND SURVEY me | Parts 30, ol _ HEMIPTERA oN CHALBERT | ORTHOPTERA GEORGE H. CARPENTER DUBLIN: HODGES) FIGGIS;:&: CO.) Erp, LONDON: WILLIAMS & NORGATE 1Q12 Price Sixpence [For scheme of publication of this series see inside of wrapper] ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY CLARE ISLAND SURVEY THis survey of the Fauna Flora, Geology, Meteorology, &c., of Clare Island and the adjoining mainland in the West of Ireland was carried out by over one hundred specialists during the years 1909, 1910, and 1911. It was undertaken in order to furnish a study of a typical area of the west coast of Ireland, a region which provides some of the most interesting faunistic and floristic problems in Europe; and also as a contribution towards the study of island faunas and floras—a subject of wide and absorbing interest. The report when finished will provide the most complete survey of the Fauna and Flora of a definite area which has ever been made. In addition to systematic zoology and botany, special attention has been given to questions Re REE oe IR OE Oe hy ee TE GE ty Se fey See ee a A ee eae) of geographical distribution, dispersal, and ecology, and to the influence of © human operations upon the Fauna and Flora. The complete report is estimated to run to about 1600 pages with 100 plates, and will cost 60/— or more. The whole series may be subscribed for at the reduced price of 50/— paid in advance, on receipt of which the reports issued up to the present Ra will be forwarded, and future parts sent as soon as published. Hach part will also be sold separately. i The reports when complete will include descriptions of some 50 species of ~ animals and plants new to science; also records of about 200 species new to the British Isles, and at least 1,000 species new tc Ireland, The list printed on pages 3 and 4 of this wrapper shows the scope of ‘the work, the present state of publication, and the prices of the parts published — 80 far, Communications relative to this publication to be addressed to the publishers or to THE SECRETARY, Royan Irish ACADEMY, Dawson STREET, DUBLIN. ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY CLARE, ISLAND SURVEY SCHEME OF PUBLICATION [he Bars aleady published are marked with an asterisk. The whole will form oe XXXI of the Fo cetines 2 of the Academy. ] td 4 oe Dias AND Naseative, R. Gl. Praeger. * ar History anv Anonaronocy. T. J. Westropp. 78pp. 10 plates. 4s. mist 8 Prace Names, John MacNeill. T. J. Westropp. 1% 4% Gastro Praws ‘AND. Annan Names. N. Colgan. 380 pp. 6d. GRIOULTURE. Prof. James Wilson. 46 pp. Is, Merzoronoay. W. J, Lyons. Geonogy. J. R. Kilroe, T. ‘Hoallissy. 3 Pear Deposits. F. J. Lewis. 9 Tree-Growry. A. 0. Forbes. * ) Puanzrocanta anp Preriwopuyma. R. Ll. Praeger. 112 pp. 6 plates. 49. #44 Mosc. Rev. Canon Latt. 412 Heramioaz. Rey. Canon Lett. ad a aang ae 948 Foner, Carleton Res. Sir H.C. Hawley. 26 pp. 1 plate. 1s. 44% Lrouenzs, Annie Lorrain Smith. 14 pp. 6d. _ 46 Ategar—Marme. A. D. Cotton. . * 16 : ‘Atoar—Farsi-warer, William West. 62 pp. 2 plates. Qs. 17) Mawar. G. E. H, Barrett-Hamilton. 14 pp. | 6d #18 REPrmna | AND. ‘Amram, R. F. Scharff. 4 pp. ~* 19° ‘ag AND Cyonosromaza. G. P. Farran. 6 pp. *20 A RB. J. Ussher. 54 pp. 5 plates. 2s. 6d. os aa Renin anD Hemionorpa. G. P. Farran. R, Southern. *% 22 Moutusca—Manine. N. Colgan. 86 pp. 1s. 4 3 23 ; ‘Morzusca—Lanp anp Frese-warer. A. W. Stelfox. 64 pp. 2 plates. 2s, * 24, Hynmnoprena. Olaude Morley. 18 pp. 64d. 28 Dyrena. P. H. Grimshaw. 3626 Lepmorrera. W.F.de V. Kane, 10 pp. 6d. 27 Nevroprera. J. N. Halbert. 28 Congoprera—Terrestaut, Rev. W.F. Johnson. J. N. Halbert. % 29 Ooneorrega—Aguatio. F. Balfour Browne. 20 pp. 6d. * 80 Hewerera. J. N. Halbert. 10 pp. % 81. Onruorprera, Prof. G. H. Carpenter. 4 a ss ae [For continuation see page 4, PART 32 33 34 35 * 86 * 87 * 38 Aprera. Prof. G. H. Carpenter. Ozmoropa’ ann Drenoropa. Rey. W. RB. Jebncon. Ge Pyonoconma. Prof, G. H. Carpenter. ET ORIEN Re aha Aranewa. D, R. Pack Beresford. 8 pp. | | ea we Paaranaipa. D.R. Pack Beresford. 2 pp.) Aroriscompa, James Murray. 16 pp., 8 plates 1s, Pseuposconriones. H. Wallis Kew. 2 pp. bas + 391i Acariipa: i—Hypracanina, J. N. Halbert, 44 Lae 3 - ates, Soran 39 ii Ormpr Acaninipa. | J..N. Halbert. * 40 * 42, *k 48 2 aa 45 * 46 Deoaropa. G, P. Farran. . 8 pp. onl 6a. BY Sonrzopopa anp Cumaora. W. M. Tattersall. 10 PR: Ampniropa. W..M.. Tattersall. IsopopAa—Marine, W.M. Tattersall. 6 pp. 7 6 4 Isoropa—Turresteiu. N. H. Foster. 4 pp.) Exromostraca—Manine, G. P. Parran. Enromosrraca—FRESHWATHR, D. J. Scourfield,, 18 ae “Tne 6 Ponycuarta AND ARCHIANNELIDA, R. Southern, PAL Nae Onicoonarts. RK. Southern. Grruyrea. R, Southern. hi ehh Himopiea. BR. Southern. UM ek as Rorirera (excluding Bozzzowa).’ C.F. Soe 10) pp. “ea Rovers Bostzoma. James Murray. 20 pp. a plate. 64. Poryzoa. A. R. Nichols. 14 pp. 6d: Nemareenwma anp CxartocnarHa. BR, Bonther. He 0. Shera Nementmes. B. Southern. Praryeenaa. RK. Southern: 18 pp. 6a. Eornopermata. A. R. Nichols! 10 pp. i a. Costznterats. Miss J. Stephens. 10 pp.) 0) 1 Porwera—Manine. Miss J. Stephens. 42 pp. 1 plate, 49. 6d Ponwera—Fresuwarter. Miss J. Stephens, 18 pp. 1 plate. 6d. Inrusonma. J. 8. Dunkerly. : oP Di Fruacetrata. J. 8. Dunkerly. Myorrozosa. Miss Lister. 20 pp. . 6d. Alt Forammurera. Edward Heron-Allen. Arthor Bidand he Me Rurzoropa anp Heniozos. G.'H, Wailes! Eugene isa i ae 6 plates. 8s. Nores on Magne Pranzzon) G,P. Batran; at os i Summary on Maxine Disrareution. R.§Southern. Summary on Terrestauan Disrripution. RK. Ll, Praeger. i SCE, came Brame URLAUAY AA 32 "PROCEEDINGS ee ae a AS. oe ty h OF THE Roya IRISH ACADEMY Voume: OD "Pant 32 oe a - GEORGE H. CARPENTER yale “DUBLIN: “HODGES. FIGGIS, & CO., Er, LONDON : WILLIAMS & NORGATE 1913. Proce Sixpence [For scheme of publication of this series see inside of wrapper] fovitic potions in Boe: ant also a8, a contribution oe oe OG re ; ee melo and botany, spel sitention has been Pa aoe to, an ean x s4 ANG a? ‘i animals and plants new to science ; ahs records of! about 200, oppoiee: ne a the British Isles, and at least 1,000 species new to Treland, ead tee The list printed on pages 3 are 4 at ‘this wrapper shows be ene ae publishers or to THE SECRETARY, RoyaL Irish ACADEMY,’ | Dawson SrREEt, 4 ii “) DUBLIN. 1 “ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY. | - “CLARE. ISLAND SURVEY : ’ SCHEME. or PUBLICATION : poli! are. | marked with ¢ an estris. “The whole will Aer 1 Desonsoion AND. Ntee: Re GL. Biabpar. 08 mR: ‘Westropp, 78 pp. 10 ae 43) Lacu-Namns AND. Pun Naas, John Mac Neill. 42 PP. D> o®. Colgan. a PP- oo 46 BB: Suan ee pp. 6 plates. 43, 1 plate, tea: 14 'pp. 6d. Novant 178 pp. 11 pees ae est ‘ - Wiliam West. 62 pp. roles 9s. ‘14 pp. By F Senor, tp “fs a pp. 5 aye 2s, 6a. iD Brnoxonpa, G. P Farran, R. Southern. 36 pp. oe . 2 plates. 2s, iL a Bd pp- "Ga. sie Liepiormens. - W.F.de V. Kane, 10 pp. 6d. a ae) ~Nuvroprers. May N. Halbert. 4 pp. ‘ ee 28 | Connoprsna—Terrasretan., W.F. Johnson. J. N. Halbert. 24 a He i ea 29 ‘Conroprmna—Aguanio, P, Balfour Browne. 20 pp. 6d. rie 3 30 Hewrera, J.N. Halbert. 10 pp. } Pode oct $1 OntHoprena, Prof. G. H. Carpenter. 4 pp)" NY Neen Sen Oe aR rE UR CAR ON [For continuation see page 4, Eat PART 3 38 ben er) eee Nan am 2 Ow pe ee an ie eee OK ke RR RR RRR ORR OR RR KR HK iz) Lo! 38 Y 39 i Acarinia: i—Hypracarma. case ae 39 ii Orne Acarmpa. IN. Halbert. Hee _Eyromostrsca—Manine, G. P. Farran. ms Apreryeors. Prof. G. H. Sancta ie Cumoropa ann Diropopa. Rey. W. F Pyonogonma. Prof. G, H. Ca: pen Ananema. D. R. Pack Beresford. Puananems. D. R. Pack Bo Axottscompa. James Murray. Psruposcorpiones. H. Wallis Kons Drcaropa. G.?. argent 8 pp. Aaieceiate W. M. ‘Tattersall. Sori ty Isoropa—Marme. W. M. Tattersall. Isoropa—Tenrestrian. N. H. modes Dd £ 20 pp. eet Entomosrraca— FRESHWATER, ‘Dd. J: Scourfield. 18 pp. 1 ite Ponyonarra AND ‘Ancmanena. R. Southern, Ri OLIGOOHAETA. — -R. Southern, — 14 pp. “pe Gernyres. R, Southern. 6 pp. ihe Orns Himvpinga. R. Southern. 6 PRR rR. Rorirera Bpexoma. James Mawar “20 pp Potyzoa, A.R. Nichols. 14 pp.— Ga. ee! NeEMATHELMIA AND OnazroGnaTHa. R. ‘Southern, Nemmrtmes. R. Southern. 20 pp. 1 plate. cm Pratysermia. R, Southern. | 18 PP. 6d, Hrs) HouropermaTa. A.B. Nichols. 10 pp. 6a. CoELENTERATA. Miss J. Stephens. ie ae mf FrLaGeLnata. Crista. a Mycetozoa. Miss Lister. 20 pp. 6a. Forammnirera. Edward Heron-Allen. - anne Barland. BE Rarzoropa axp Hetsozos. G. H. Wailes. — 64 6 plates. 8s. Nores ox Marve Pranxrow. G. Pp, eres Sumuary on Mazine Disrerotion. R. Southern, fern aes Sunmary on Terrestran Distawvtion. RB. Ll. sigh af magento aie : Ve RM cat ONE HN Se tn Oo | | ProceEDINGs OF THE - Rovar IRISH AcapEemy Vue XXXT_ CLARE ISLAND. SURVEY ; _Paars 33, a _ ee AND DIPLOPODA ‘ Ww: iy JOHNSON ae _PYCNOGONIDA Ge A. es HOUBEIN HODGES, RIGGIS, 60. bre LONDON ‘ WILLIAMS & NORGATE : 192 Price Sixpence [¥or scheme of publication of this series ses inside of wrapper] ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY, ‘ CLARE a Tuis survey of the Fauna Flora, Geology, Meteorology, « ‘ and the acre ana ane in the West o eeland. was. C of geographical distribution, dispersal, and ee a to jet hnman operations upon the Fauna and ras ‘The ue ; or more, The whole series may be subscribed for at ne reduced 50/- paid in advance, on receipt of which the reports isaued up. tot will be forwarded, and future parts sent as soon as Berea sia will also be sold. separately. me . the British Isles, and at least 1,000 species new to Treland. . ) ne Ai The list airiti on pages 3 hi 4 of this ee shows the a. 80 far. Communications relative to this publication to’ be: adresse oy ‘ ne publishers or to ut | nid iia eee THE SECRETARY Roya. Irisn ACADEMY, DAWSON STREET, — Dusun.. pu ig are Need with an ‘asterisk. he whole will forma | XXXI of the bar wet of the Academy. Dh) ' ea oe AND Narraniye, R. Ll Praeger, ND Aronsnonoay, iN J, , Westropp. 78 pp. 10 lai: 4s. MacNeill. T. J. Westropp. be DIAL , Nass N. Hua 30 pp. 6d. 38 PP An 14 pp. 6d. : [ARNE ve D. cee 178 pp: 11 plates. 58.4009 45 William West, 62 pp. 2 plates. - yo suet G. EB, a Barrett- Hamilton. 14 pp. ia D Aupapna. RB. R. Beharf 4 pp. Je GiP: Farran, 6 ‘pp. nvr a ‘Ussher. BA pp: 5 pie! s. 6d, ae ‘Gy P, ee) oS Spain -M: cen Colgan, 36 Pp. PERL AND. ND Haak wvavimi. ALW. Stelfox. 64 PP. 2 plates. aa Claude Morley. 18 PP. 6d, uP. H. Grimshaw. . W.B de V. Kane, 10 pp. 6d. PENN at AG J.N. Halbert. 4 pp. eS avs ‘Tanewseana. Ww. ¥. Johnson. J. N. Halbert. a4 a) i Balfour Browne. 20 pp. 6d. 80 Howmprena. a N. etalber 10 pp. i ed oh ert ie Orruorrera, Prof, G. H. Carpenter. 4 pp ; RSS SHOU RAR GIN ea GENK HRT SGI Mu [For continuation see page 4. » = 1 Se ey MS fort a Pie he S 39 ii Orser Acarmipa. J. N. Halbert. HMR a ORR KR OK oe hoe Aprera. Profi @ Hy Carpenter CuropoDpa AND Dipropopa. Pxonoconma.' Prof. G. B.C Puscawowa. D. R Pack ‘Beresford. Ancriscoma. James Murray. 16 ‘pp. 8 Psetposcorpionss, _H. Wallis Kew. : 2 pp i Acanmapa: j—Hypracaniwa. a XN. albert, Dae G. 7K Farran. a et ae I Exstomoetnsoi—-Manraz. G. P. ‘Farcan. ees Paeagcce AND “AROMIANNELIDA,. ‘B. Sonthemn Oxtcocnazta. RB. Southern. - GEPHYREA, R Southern, Hinvpmes. - RB: Southern. | Rorard Bogutoma. | James srtbsce Poryzos. A. R. Nichols: 1 Pp. 6d. Newenrisa. RB. Southern. > Mes 1 Pratysetuma. B&. Southern. 18 pp. a. a Ecrropermara. A.B. Nichols. 10 pp. eS Conrenrerata.. Miss J. Stephens. 10 pp. J Porrerrsa—Maziwe. Miss J. Stephens. | 42 Pp. (ae Pontrena—Fresuwater. Miss J_ Sy iat 18 pp. Ixeusoma. J.S. Dunkerly. < / Fracettata. . J. 5, Dunkerly. Mycrrozos. Miss Lister: 20 Pe. 6d, Binvovani. ade! acaba ae: H. Nees cee 6 plates, 3s. Notes on ‘Mazme Prangvon. «-G, P, Farran, Summary on Mazrse Disrerecrion; “RB. Southern. 7 usitarny ox TERkesteqran Distamotion. RB. Ll. Drege eS oe PROCEEDINGS Pau Nde Monit hie) aut 4 oa) Royat IRISH ACADEMY Vowme XXXI egy ISLAND SURVEY DENIS R. PACK BERESFORD LONDON: WILLIAMS & NORGATE Rave ON Praca: Stapence [For scheme of publication of this series see inside of wrapper] oF leas AND: Anousovogy, be Prace Wath 8 Aomountone, Prof, aon oe - Mergorotoey. W. J. Lyons. Grovoey. J. R. Kilroe, T. Hallissy. Pear Deposrrs. BP. J. Lewis... if ) Taze-Growre. AL ‘C. Forbes. FER PHANEROGAMIA AND Preaworsyra. R. Ll Musor, Rey. Canon Lett. D. McAr dig. Heraricas,. ‘Rey. Canon Lett. MD: tial” a Foner. Sir H. 0. Hawley. Carleton Rea. yee Inonenes. Annie Lorrain Smith. | Ae BP 6a. Arcar—Manme. A.D. Cotton, - f Atear—Farsawater. William West. ee Masnana. G. B.A. Barrett-Hamilton. be Aves. RB. J. Ussher. Prof. 0. J. Patten. ‘ N a oster Reema anp Amparpra.| ‘Re BL ‘Scharff. ERS Pisozs anp Oxorostomata, G, P. Farran. aM Tonicara AND Heaucnorps. G. P. Farran. R. ‘Bouthe Motuvscs—Manrxe. N. Colgan. 36 pp. is. : Motxiusca—Lanp anp FRESE WATER. AW. Sielfos. Hymenoptera. Claude Morley. 18 a 6a. Dieters. P. H. Grimshaw. Lepmorrens. W. F. de V. Kane, Nevroprers. J.N. Halbert. Conzoprers—Tureustaiay. Rey. W. EF. ais a. N Cotmoprera—Aguaric. F, Balfour Browne. Hemrera. J. N. Halbert. Oxtzorrera. Prof. G. H. Carpenter. CAG a7) See " Proceeines (OF THE. -Rova “TRish “ACADEMY i Vouune XXX CLARE ISLAND SURVEY © , - Pants 37, 38 | } oo. Ve BY JAMES MURRAY _ PSEUDOSCORPIONES | By ‘H. WALLIS KEW DUBLIN: HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO, Lro. LONDON: WILLIAMS & NORGATE ‘TQEI Price One Shelling. |) [For scheme of publication of this series see inside of wrapper] a © oOo ine pS ee ee ee or more. The whole series may be subscribed for at the reduced price of i : 50/— paid in advance, on receipt of which the reports issued up to the present . . : will be forwarded, and future parts sent as soon as published. Each peas = will also be sold separately. rt The reports when complete will include descriptions of some 50 species of ud 4 animals and plants new to science; also records of about 200 species new to the British Isles, and at least 1,000 species new to Ireland. . The list printed on pages 3 and 4 of this wrapper shows the scope ‘of the = work, the present state of publication, and the prices of the parts yee: Bee so far. Communications relative to this publication to be addressed to the vi publishers or to THE SECRETARY, Roya Irish ACADEMY, Dawson STREET, DUBLIN. ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY CLARE ISLAND SURVEY ‘SCHEME OF PUBLICATION The paris lena published are marked with an asterisk. The whole will form Vol. eine ee the Gade of the Academy. | Wh eat iy ie Gunoaan, uakeaan: AND Mite scien: R. Ll. Praeger. 01 AND ARoHAEonoGY, T. J. Westropp. 78 pp. 10 plates. 4s. 2S Prack Nawes. John Mac Neill. T. J. Westropp. * % Gartio Prant AND Ayman Nawms. N. Colgan. 30 pp. 6d. Aeniounrore. Prof. James Wilson. 46 pp. 1s. { BTEOROLOGY. ¢ Wz J. Lyons. , R Gzotocy. J. R. Kilroe, T. Hallissy. Prar Devosirs. is, J. Lewis. Tang: Growrn. AL Ce Forbes. at | Puanerogawa AND Prenmorayza. RB, Oi. Praeger. 112 pp. 6 plates. 4s. Moser. | | Rey. Canon Lett. — aa se Rey. Canon Lett 18 PP. 6d. 26 pp. 1 plate, Is. dep pe: Oder 3 © annie: Toovrain Smith. A. D. Cotton. au ee nes William West. Maomratia,. G. BE. A. Barrett-Hamilton. Reprna anp Ampnipia. R, F. Scharff. \ Pisces AND. Cyonosromaza. G. P. Farran. Aves. RB. Br ‘Ussher. Tunroara AND. Hemouorpa. -G. P. Farran. R. Southern. ~ Motausca—Manme. N. Colgan. 386 pp. Is. Mousivsoa—Liann AND FRESH-WATER. _A. W. Stelfox, 64 pp. 2 plates. 2s. Hynenoprera. Claude Morley. 18 pp. 6d. ERA, Pe H, Grimshaw. - Lmpmorrena. W. F. de V. Kane, 10 pp. 6d. Connoprers—TeRRESTRIAL, - Rev. W. F. Johnson. J. N. Halbert. Cormorrera—Aguanic. F. Balfour Browne. 20 pp. 6d. Nevroprers. J. N. Halbert. Hemprers. J. N. Halbert. OxrHoprera, Prof. G. H. ieee [For continuation see page 4. cee PART 32 Aprera. Prof. G. GH. Goltaonteees LEA 88 Oxtoropa anp Dirroropa. Rey. W. F. Folinson. Ms 34 Pyonoconma. Prof. G. H. Carpenter. ale ‘s *% 85° Aranems. D. RB. Pack Beresford. 8 pp. lea. * 36 Psarancma, O.R. Pack Beresford. 2pp.\ * 37 Aroriscoma, James Murray. 16 pp., 8 plates ae % 88 Psevposcorpionss. H. Wallis Kew. 2pp. | # 391 Acannupa: i—Hypascarma. JN. Halbert. yeas 8 plates. 39 ii Oraer Acarmipa. J. N. Halbert. if 40 Decaropa. G. P. Farran. ae 44 Scutzopopa and Cumacga.. W. M. Tattereall. 42 Ampnwopa. W,. M. Tattersall. 9 9 ey *% 48 Isopopa—Marme. W. M. Tattersall. 6t pp. te 6a. +¢ 44 Isoropa—Trrrestaui. N, H. Foster. 4 pp.| ath 45 Hwromostraca—Maninz, G. P. Farran. es 46 Enrzomostraca—Fresawater. D. J. STE i 47 Potyosarta anp Ancurannenma. R, Southern, xf 48 Oxicoonazra. R. Southern. waclaths 49 Gepnyrea. RK, Southern. 50 Hrecpnes, R. Southern, PNG SE tele ase bc ey 2 $4 Rorrers (excluding Boexxoma). ©. F. Rousselet. 10 PP. 52 Rovirera Boxuroma, James ‘Murray. 20 pp. 1 are 6d. 53 Ponyzoa, A. R. Nichols. 54 Nemarsenmia anp CuaztocnatHa. R. Bouthare G. 0. Sher 55 Newerrmwes. R. Southern. ee Line tinue *% 56 Prarynenma. R. Southern. 18 pp. 6d. — 57 Bowmwopsrmara. A. R. Nichols. 58 Cortenrerata. Miss J. Stephens. 59 Pormwersa—Marme. Miss J. Stephens. * 60. Pormwera—Fresuwater. Miss J. veer 18 pai 61 Inrusort. J. 8. Dunkerly. i A 62 Fraceriata. J. 8. Dunkerly. fein HS 3.63 Mycrrozoa. Miss Lister, 20 pp. 6d. 64 Foramimimersa. Edward Heron-Allen, Arthur Harland! Ww %* 65 Rurzopopa snp Hetiozoa. G, H. Wailes. Eugéne Penaxd. 641 BPs ; 6 plates. 8s. ee 66 Nores on Marme Puanrron. G. P. Farran. 67. Summary on Marne Disrrivrion. R. Southern. 68 Sumaary on Trerrestaat Disrrmurion. R. Ll. Praeger. } * * an ian : ha . 415 PROCEEDINGS ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY VoLuME XXXI CLARE ISLAND SURVEY | Parr 45 ~ MARINE ENTOMOSTRACA BY Cok: FARRAN \ DURBIN: HODGES. FIGGIS, & CO, Lr. LONDON: WILLIAMS & NORGATE 1913 Price One Shitung [For scheme of publication of this series see inside of wrapper] ROYAL IRISH A 5 (CLARE ISLAND | shidebiatiand in order to eis a stady of a. pee area, ie Treland, a pene WES See some ‘of. the! host interes Ms The list printed on pages 3 aus 4 of this wrapper shows the me , ei publishers or to THE Sucueraby, Rovan Intsh ACADEMY, Dawson STREET, ; DUBLIN. the Proceedin Toe eerie ; Line a O10) aie a Mh uh, @. Bs] Auras Ra Sat fiiie? i tie SLT aD 1 see page 4. PART 82 % 33 %* 84 * 86 * 36 * 37 * 38 % 39i Acarnups: i—Hypracarma. J.N. Halbert. 44 PP. 8 laos 2s. 6a 89 ii Orser Acanwipa. J. N. Halbert. ‘ -Aprera. Prof. G. H. Carpenter. ( 4) Cuinopopa anp Dretopopa. Rey. W. By Johnson. 6 PP: Pyenoconma.. Prof. G. H: Carpenter. 4 pp. a Mar Pesto Araneipa. D. R. Pack Beresford. 8 pp. hea He e : % ee Puatanema. 'D, R. Pack Beresford. 2pp.) 0.) fy Arotiscoma, James Murray. 16 pp., 8 ant ae me Psevposcorriones. H. Wallis Kew. 2 pp Droaropsa. G. P. Farran. 8 pp. . ae : a Somrzopopa anp Cumacea. W. M. Tattersall. 10 PP. Ampuipopa.. W. M. Tattersall. Isopopa—Maring. W.M. Tattersall. 6 pp. Tsorpopa—Trrrestaist. N. HA. Foster. 4 pp. pee tet erst cf Enromostraca—Marine, G. P. Farran. 20 pp. 8 plates. 16:4 ae Enromostraca—Fresuwater. D. J. Scourfield. 18 pp. 1 Bee 6d. 3 Potyowarta anp Anomiannenipa. R&R, Southern, eae Oxtcoouarra. RK. Bouthern. _ j nN i ralien Gerruyrea. R. Southern. ae Hiuprxes. BR. Southern. Aten Na Rorirers (excluding Boetroma). C.F. Rousselet. 10 pp. 6d. i Rorirera Boettoma. James Murray. 20 pp. 1 plate. 6d. ay Potyzoa. A.R. Nichols. 14 pp. 6d. eye Nemarnenma anp Onartoonatna. R. Southern. G. 0. Sherrard, Newertrga. RB, Southern. i Pratynetmia. RK, Southern. 18 pp. 6d. Eourmopermata. A. R, Nichols. 10 pp. 6a. . Cortenrerata. Miss J. Stephens. 10 pp. } et Portrersa—Maring. Miss J. Stephens. 42 pp. «1 plate. 1s. 6d. Pormwera—Fresawarer. Miss J. Stephens. 18 pp. 1 plate, 6d. FLaGELuata, i Crurata. j Mycerozos. Miss Lister. 20 pp. 6d. ¥ Foramrmiers. Edward Heron-Allen. Arthur Marland. Ruizoropa anp Henrozoa. G. H. Wailes. Eugéne Penard. 64 pp. 6 plates. 8s. ; Nores on Marie Puanxton. G, P. Farran. Susmry on Manne Distawurion. RK. Southern. Summary on Terzesraai Distamvurion. R. Lil. Praeger, Joa, J. §. Dunkerly. 20 pp. 2 plates. Is. ih be ie i " ‘i | (AIM the on BUM: . } <6 uae PROCEEDINGS ~ Roya Irish ACADEMY ~ VortumMe XXXII» CLARE ISLAND SURVEY a Pant 46 | FRESH-WATER ENTOMOSTRACA od de SCOURFLEUD DBD Ns EO DG ES) PTGS Wa 0... b am LONDON: WILLIAMS & NORGATE Igi2 Price Sixpence [For scheme of publication of this series see inside of wrapper] ! Vat Yi Bb : ei} 96 (UPSET I OTS iy VOTER OAR UTA Soe ; ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY CLARE ISLAND BEALS) . The report when finished will provide the most complete. survey oe ‘bed Fauna and Flota of a definite area which has ever been made. In addition no human operations upon the Fanna ie Flora. The eee report is ae estimated to run to about 1600. pages with 100 plates, and will cost “60/- or more, The whole series may be subscribed for at the reduced price - . 50/- paid in advance, on receipt of which the reports issned up to the p re ent will be forwarded, and future parts sent as soon as published, Each ; 1 will also be sold separately. The reports when complete will include descriptions of some 50 species of 3 animals and plants new to science; also records of about 200 species new. to. : the British Isles, and at least 1,000 species new to Ireland. The list printed on pages 3 and 4 of this wrapper shows the scope of the A work, the present state of publication, and the prices of the parts published — so far, Communications relative to this publication to be addressed ‘to a publishers or to THE SECRETARY, Royan Irish ACADEMY, DAWSON STREET, DUBLIN. ae Ww. F. Shue a N, Halbert. ee Fr. Baltour, Browne. 20 PP 6a. Hane ; Ni SON ew _ [For continuation see page 4, PART. 82 33 34 % 38 * 36 37 * 388 %* 89i Acarinipa: i—Hypraoarwa. J, N. Halbert, “4 hee 8 fy $9 ii Orr Acanmipa. J. N. Halbert. 3 * 20 % 44 42, * 43 a Ah 48 * 46 AT 48 49 50 *% 54 * 52 a 68 54 55 * 56 57 58 % 59 * 60 61 62 %* 63 64 %* 65 66 67 68 Aprura. Prof. @. H. Garena AREA CumoropA anp Dienopopa. Rey. W. By Tohon. Bei Pyoxogoniwa. Prof. G. H. Carpenter. PaeaGe Ananripsa. D.'R. Pack Beresford.) 8 pp. os 6a, act! Puatancws. 1. R. Pack Beresford. 2 pp.) .’ Aroriscorma, James Murray. 16 BPs 3 vy Ne Psuuposcorriones. HH. Wallis Kew. 2 pp. ei Ducaropa. G.’P. Farran. 8 pps) Scurzopopa anp Cumacgs. W. M. ‘Tattersall. 10 pp Amprropa. W. M. Tattersall. Isorpopa—Manme. |W. M. Tattersall. 6 pp. Ae 6a. Isopopa—Terrestaiay. N.H. Foster. 4 pp. j Enromostraca—Mariz, G, P. Farran. ae Enromosrraca—Faesnwater, D. J. Scourfield. 18 pp. 1 Potyonanra anp Aromiannenipa. RB. wee i Oxicocnsrta. R, Southern: | : Gernyrea. R, Southern. Himupivza, RB. Southern. Romrers (excluding Bogxxoma). CG. Pr, Rousselet 10 ‘pp. “ea. Rorirera BpELLoma. James Murray. ‘20 Bae (i plate, Poryzos.. A. R. Nichols. 14 pp. 6d. ayy Nemarsenara and Caaztoenataa. R. Southern, G. 0, Sherrard Nemertes. R. Southern. Meena Praryuerana. BR. Southern, 18 pp. 6d. Eomnopermata, A. R. Nichols. Coxtenrerata, Miss J. Stephens. Porirerna—Marip. Miss J. Stephens. 42 pp. 1 pate, Pormwera—Fresawater. Miss J. Stephens. 18 pp. Ineusonra. J. 8. Dunkerly. : Fracernata, J. 8. Dunkerly. Mycerozoa. Miss Lister. 20 pp. 6d. i TForaminurera. Edward Heron-Allen. Arthur Hacienda. Heady NE Me Raizoropa anp Heutozoa. G. H. Wailes. tinea Penard. 64 | PD. 6 plates. 3s. ibe se Noves on Marne Puancron. G. P. Farran. Ate Oa eee Summary on Manme Distrisution. R. Southern. Summary on Terresrran Disrrmutioy. RB. Li. Praeger. ts 6 é a7 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY VotumMe XXXI CLARE ISLAND SURVEY es Part 47 a “a | | \RCHIANNELIDA ann POLYCHAETA 4 R. SOUTHERN DUBLIN: HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO., Lrp. LONDON: WILLIAMS & NORGATE 1914 Price Five Shillings [For scheme of publication of this series see inside of wrapper] and the adjoining mainland in the West of a . one hundred ea ocr ng pes the years. 1909, “1910, and 19H Ireland, 3 region which eaves some’ of the mtost Fane floristic problems in eeuihige? and oe asa contribution anes human operations : upon the Fauna and Flora. “The | shakers is estimated ‘to run to about 1600 pages with 100 plates, and wi, ost 60/— or more. The whole series caer be subseribed for at the redued p ice of — publishers or to Tue SEcREragy, Tee ; i ee M ue ° Royal Igish ACADEMY, Be Dawson STREET, ~ . Deus. 10 pp Lirek aire’ be Pp: / Sh an or continuation see page 4, Bonooonss ; | Contmteara, Sy ‘Pontpsna—Eassuwan, ? Miss J. Stephens, FF TAGKLLATA. , Ornrata. Mycrrozoa. Miss Lister, ? . Forammirera. Edward a len. 13 plates. 5s. 6d, ; Ruizopopa AnD hinigen 2 G1 6 plates. 8s. Noves on Marie Peabcein G. P. pen Susaary ox Marie Diszarsuron. BR pnieen Pri ner , a8, Dankerly. 20 pp 2 pie 1