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Ciaad ay aT a tay jee a ‘ee oy sb abe a ete a bod bay tad 2b 7 of k rn é fe" Sintae elateie Used § you eed Bae i a hes sh roh ste aged sat Riese) ese i saben |e shhh ah sty sahry ePeartrit bes i of r. dod 4 Tide wee Peeled: rheleeadabt i Mpoals hard Je ibehicta see > - sa ast bine ey fee roe pete tioe aed ite HEIN TS ¥ ie pat 4 MY ial Tbh hitter pa eeaneteet ttf yleega ata hth sh eh ty 7¥ yer eres) ae ee aieed 14h rbEOE ; ot fis jiabsd pit? iu Jods lenis dees ved eae te Sreritata ded: Ash be heaed pers) ee ea aT ped resetided 45 bel BT pabrtenel? eesti ey ibe ae a Cattrt ee beeeee: babeted anak aaa s SE serneen ited ee hebeS ay. ena b) ot G98 pee pede e-879 i 4 a 4 eee hopansreiesceees SN ee ree et ceriotese! ee brt ne rere inte se At be beg tok th essence adhe! piarets 7 pes ba teri 2 re 24 ot hednars " east int imei Bt aged ah the * J i Fr tet ant nee an itetidest rhs 128 | ei ie "] ah sie wide iat tes steed as ibeeaees ate ey Helnsbalel a5 one reat 2 i: saat ni a * 5) vi Le ie i ed i Rite abe Ligetipacece a berth lab hadi ind 2 Thednitisierrt ats is grid) ora a eiatgtaettcd bit eevetretit re Bo Tete ‘apiedisey otyseie Lpirhtiace peaide) suarey sales ab itanapeueniciat ayer ba Kee 3 Ee r disettnaaaeeatsy bw be | eh ethers) net a we zy digsanienioaee 28 6G sea PE OY Si ab 2 ok th ott ve 16 oh ete ist aatat teehee osbokeseler * I Teche plertpeey) Me ca peert rie smahie ed (7 + patie Hoee ate bea ees eet edad ss oo hae ora jab weeded ahte sh e8tb ee as etter eatetanieity eh eres ert ic hed jee: +H Leesa eve) Aas of iiss pie a beh beg et te Taaceae aratbeisies sooeise :} a pgeaebede tise sana pede ¥ i ob i Gjsoeb taabebey ethtes) #1aR at) ahah oreseed cet meee “rite yy reel print rH uptetaberpm Tivitri tr ey dpst es csct rf oe ar whigedel eae bart! nedbry ie Si eleg reach oto bade ds a ebed? A ak tn ime yee raraeae FOR THE PEGELE FOR EDVCATION FOR SCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY —- ta 2 eS . 1 nag tt 4: itt, be : x et < “> , “ae - LF -_ x Sea ated Deiter Sexe « - q \ “a ; ae ye tp 4 | i ~ wi ‘! ~ > + ><. - - \, v. x s 4 ; = : By ) ty t oe ) Ree ee ee PROCEEDINGS — | ROYAL SOCIETY | QUBENSLAND = FOR 1917. 290) Bs AOE: ISSUED 13rH DECEMBER, 1917. | : : PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY ¢ BY H. POLE & CO., PRINTERS, ELIZABETH STREET, BRISBANE, 1917. eon, “Price: Ten Shullings. ROYAL SOCIETY OF Qube nNslaA ND sen sy), abwyaliyre NOTE, OXON EX: = Jechiel Ly A. B. WALKOM, B.Sc. The Authors of Papers are alone responsible for the statements made and the opinions expressed therein. PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY H. POLE & CO., PRINTERS, ELIZABETH STREET, BRISBANE. 1917. Price: Ten Shillings, nf) Mi 1 hy UY Ap AN si 1% Rn Maan a) ia’. he dh a ni 08 i fF WAR i} ney NA Hera eh / VAR au mA YROV ER es vee iy SSee No. 1 No. 2 Nor 3 No. 4 No. i No. «6 No.) 7 No. 8 No. 9. Not 10. No. 11. CONTENTS. VOL. XXIX. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS—Some Anthropo- logical Considerations of Queensland and the History of its Ethnography, by R&. ae yn- Harris, D.Sc. THe ANATOMY OF HyLA Ca&RULEA, 1. The Pectoral Girdle and Vertebral Column, by C. D. Gillies, M.Sc., and Edna F. Peberdy, BSc. A New SHELL FROM CaLounpRA, by Charles Hedley, F.LS. A NEw SPECIES OF XANTHOSTEMON FROM NORTHERN QUEENSLAND, by C. 7. White.. A New SPECIES OF PEDICILLINA FROM SypNgEY Harsour, by 7. Harvey Johnston, M.A., D.Sc., and Mavis J. Walker, B.Sc.. THE FLora OF A SINGLE TREE, by H. A. Longman and C.-T. White LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS, by A. Jefferis Turner, M.D., F.ES. Mouuusca FROM THURSDAY ISLAND AND CLEVELAND Bay, by J. Shirley, D.Sc. TuHEr-ANATOMY OF HyLA Ca@RULEA, II. The Skull, by C. D. Gillies, M.Sc., and Edna F. Peberdy, B.Sc. LOPHOPUS BRISBANENSIS, SP. NOV., by W. k. Colledge NOTES ON A SAPROLEGNIA EPIDEMIC AMONGST QUEENSLAND Fisu, by 7’. Harvey Johnston, Mean. DSc: v1. CONTENTS. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS List oF Liprary EXCHANGES List oF MEMBERS ou INDEX - TO: VOL: KX - pe RECEIVED oh) ae by RLY ZEB Royal Society of Queensland Patron: HIS EXCELLENCY SIR HAMILTON GOOLD-ADAMS, G.C.M.G., COB, Ere: ORFICGERSwl9t7. President : K. H. GURNEY. Vice- President : A. B. WALKOM, B.Sc. Hon. Treasurer : Hon. Secretary and Editor : J. SHIRLEY, D.Sc. A. B. WALKOM, B.Sc. Hon. Librarian: C. D. GILLIES, M.Sc. Members of Council : W. R. COLLEDGE. T. HARVEY JOHNSTON, M.A., D.Sc. R. HAMLYN-HARRIS, D.Sc. H. A. LONGMAN. H. C. RICHARDS, D.Sc. Trustees : R. H. ROE, M.A. HON. W. F. TAYLOR, M.L.C. HON. A. J. THYNNE, M.L.C. Hon. Auditor: Prorrssor H. J. PRIESTLEY, M.A, i ie ; x Petiteete r Bua. a a « A f a ’ 7 ‘ - “9 ay es ae ay en Oe ibe ‘ ay ey ae | > fa &. ‘J ~~ . PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS .* SOME ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF QUEENSLAND AND THE AISTORY OF ITS /THNOGRA PHY. By R. Hamuyn-Harris, D.Sc., F.R.A.L, F.LS., &o., Director of the Queensland Museum. (Delivered hefore the Royal Society of Queensland. 2th March, 1917). In relinquishing the office of President to which you -wete good enough to elect me a year ago, it is necessary that I first briefly refer to the work of the Society during my term. In spite of the war, the depression and monetary difficulties which have followed in its train, the Society has made good progress, and the session has been a full and instructive one. Lack of funds, however, is responsible for the paucity of papers published, and several have had to be deferred until the grant of £50 (fifty pounds), by the Government of Queensland make their publication possible. We are gratefully indebted for this timely assistance, and we are pleased to think that there is every prospect of the grant becoming (as _ previously) an annua! contribution to the Society. During the year, we are proud to relate it, a number of our members have been absent on Imperial Service, some doing duty at home, others further afield. Two of our corresponding members, Professors David and Pollock, have been with the Australian Mining Corps. Major T. Edgeworth David *Th> preliminary portion of the Presidential Address included reference to the work of the Commonwealth Bureau of Science and Industry. and to the need for national organisation. 2 ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF QU EKENSLAND received serious injuries while conducting mining opera- tions in Northern France, but has now recovered sufficiently to rejoin his regiment. W. H. Bryan, M.Sc., is “somewhere in France.”” D. B. Fry and A. Valentine Soul are “somewhere in Europe,’ and A. P. Dodd has. for some time past. been with the R.A.M.C., at Enoggera. W. D. Francis enlisted during the year, and when last heard of was on his way to Europe. Dr. A. J. Turner has also’ just’ left’ Australia’ for the front. We wish our colleagues ‘success in their several undertakings, and a speedy, safe return. We are sorry to record that during the last year the Society has lost two of its original members by death. Mr. George Watkins. whose death occurred on July 12th, after an illness of several months, had long held a position of influence in certain circles in Queensland. He was a Pharmacist of no mean order, and had been in business in Brisbane for just under thirty years. He became Secretary. in 1887 to the Council of . the Phar- maceutical Society of Queensland, and was appointed a member of the Pharmacy Board in 1888. He was_ twice President of the first Society, and nine times President of the Board between the years 1894-1912. Mr. Watkins possessed the naturalist’s instinct of observation, coupled with a native candour and friendliness which made him popular amongst all classes of the community. Mr. Watkins was long associated with the late F. Manson Bailey, under whose guidance he acquired a considerable knowledge of botany, which he found of great service to him in his private life, and was a means of affording many happy hours during his declining years. Mr. Watkins had been a member of the Royal Society for 32 years, and had acted in the capacity of Hon. Auditor since 1905 until his death. 4 Mr. Watkins. contributed the following to: the Roya Society’ s publications — (1) Notes on the Rboaaials of Stradbroke and Moreton Islands, VII. (2) 40. (2) Report of Field Naturalists’ Section V. (2), 70. BY R. HAMLYN-HARRIS. 3 With the death of Mr. D. O’Connor in his 9lst year, the Society lost a keen and faithful member. Mr. O’Connor took an active interest almost to the last in all the affairs of the community. He was an enthusiastic amateur gardener, and one of his hobbies was fish culture. He spent much time and money in trying to introduce choice and edible fishes into Queensland waters. He made more than one attempt to acclimatize trout and salmon, obtaining ova and young fish from Tasmania and New Zealand. He personally visited the Dawson Waters and obtained specimens of the remarkable Neoceratodus forsteri, and undertook to carry these specimens to England, and so successful was he that he delivered his charges alive to the Zoological Society of London, in whose gardens, I believe, they are still to be seen. Mr. O’Connor contribyted the following papers to the Royal Society of Queensland :— (1) Vol. iii,, 1887, p. 139, * On ‘Fish Acclimatisation in Queensland.”’ (2) Vol. iii., 1887, p. 141, “On the Occurrence of Chanos salmoneus in Moreton Bay.” (3) Vol. xii., 1897, p. 101, * Report on Preservation of Ceratodus.” (4) Vol. xii., 1897, p. 108, * Fish Acclimatisation in Queensland.” The first paper gives. an account of Mr. O’Connor’s visit to Ballarat, where he obtained 100 small fishes (perch, trout, carp and tench), and his journey home with them, resulting in the liberation in the Gold Creek Reservoir of 36 perch, 15 trout, 3 carp and 3 tench. The second records the capture of 4 ‘‘ Moreton Bay Salmon,” a common fish here. The third gives an account of the liberation of a number of specimens of the “ Queensland Lungfish ””— ( Neoceratodus forsteri), in certain Queensland waters, namely—North Pine, 8; Lagoon near the Albert River, 5; Dam communicating with Brisbane River; 8; Enoggera Reservoir, 18; -Condamine at Warwick, 21; Upper Coomera, 16; Botanical Gardens, 2. This paper is useful as a record. | ‘4 ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS ‘OF QUEENSLAND. In the fourth the Author gives his opimions as to the aeclimatisation of certain fishes, which, if carried out, would destructively interfere with the balance of Nature. He, however. advocates the introduction of the Gourami, a fish which is admirably suited to tropical areas. Another contribution was as- follows :— (5) Austr. Ass. Adv. Science, Brisbane, 1909. “ Notes on the Ceratodus,” Vol. xi., p. 383. It is also my painful duty to refer briefly to the death ef Mr. Henry Carlton (B.A., Oxon), which took place at the beginning of this year. He came out from England in 1866, and was one of the pioneers of the Sugar Industry mm the Nerang District where he lived. He took a keen interest in public affairs and in the flora and fauna of his district, and to his careful investigations Queensland owes the addition of a number of *new species. Mr. Carlton had been a member of this Society since its inception in 1884, and the loss of three such old members within so short a period of time is a sad loss to the Society. Their loss reduces the original members, who still. retain membership, to nine only :—These are D. Eglinton, Sir Samuel Griffith, Charles Hedley, Dr. Marks, R. H. Roe, T. Steel, the Hon. A. J. Thynne, Dr. A. J. Turner, and W. Weedon. My sincere thanks are due to the Executive Officers of this Society for their loyalty and invaluable support, and particularly to Mr. Walkom, our Honorary Secretary, on whose shoulders the bulk of the administrative work of the Society has fallen. SOME ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF QUEENSLAND AND THE HISTORY OF ITS ETHNOGRAPHY. At the present state of scientific research in Queens- land, a permanent Bureau of Information for the collection of statistics would be particularly useful, since the proficiency of the Race, m view of the coming struggle involved and post war problems, is at stake. I would also urge the necessity of systematic investigation in the matter of Eugenics and Genetics. We should ascertain the BY R. HAMLYN-HARRIS. Ds proportion of the mentally weak to our population and investigate individual cases and so endeavour to prevent marriage of such individuals, and to check the inevitable result of Race deterioration. Is it not time for us to endeavour to influence public opinion so that in the course of the future it might tolerate without resentment, laws to prevent the breeding of criminals and weaklings who form a blot and stain on the human race ? More fostering care is bestowed on the raising of wheat, sugar - cane, cabbages and turnips than in the breeding of human beings. In the animal world, weakly failures are remorse- lessly destroyed, and we take all sorts of care to ~ breed out ”’ upon degenerate and inefficient men and women. Such a subject is not to be approached without delicate and deliberate consideration of its effect, not only on the physical side of man, but on his tenderest passions, his morals and his spiritual welfare. We cannot and should— undesirable points while we exercise no restraint not if we could—except under abnormal circumstances control “the pure espousal of Christian man and maid,” but may it not be a duty to our Race that the law should forbid the union of men and women of criminal and vicious tendencies ¢ Might it not be possible to breed out of the blood certain taints, and to ensure to the generations to come pure minds and wholesome bodies ? Did Browning, in “ Fine Frenzy,” foresee. the future and give assurance to those who would endeavour to improve the conditions of the world by the imposition of checks. on the least fit ?— ~ And take at onec to his impoverished brain, The sudden element that changes things— That sets the undreamed rapture at his hand, And puts the cheap old joy in the scorned dust.” In advocating the systematic study of Anthropology, it is just as well to realise at the very beginning that our national welfare is intimately connected with it. | The vastness of the subject, including as it does so many branches of science, makes work difficult. sometimes indefinite, and on account of the fact that it presents to the commercial man no immediate return is often unpopular. It: is intimately connected with the problems of eugenics and 6. ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF QUEENSLAND. genetics, both. as I have just pointed out, neglect d in their relation to Queensland. The study of it should be imperative, and I suggest for the future consideration of some such scientific body as this Society the desirability of instituting a continuous series of investigations into the physical conditions of the people; continuity upon a uniform basis would alone make such statistics of permanent value. The necessity for it is, however, surely apparent: no sane man would deny that the fitter an individual is, the greater the productive energy of which: he is capable, and in tropical and sub-tropical countries doubly so. Amongst primitive races, idiots are treated as children. Insanity is rare, criminality is rare, and it is only with the rapid advance of civilization that ill-balanced natures become more frequent. It has been recognized for some years that anthropometric measurements are also of very great importance for the identification of criminals, and many interesting cases might be given of mistaken identity being rectified py such means. Dr. Garson gives one which more than emphasises my point. “A man recently convicted of robbery was identified as an ex- convict, but from our own metric office the true identity of the prisoner was found to be that of another convict who had been liberated on license.”” An instance—if such were needed—of the wonderful services rendered by this branch of Science is to be found in the utilization of impressions of the finger for purposes of identification. and Galton, the developer and creator of the system, lived to see how much his thoroughness and sound judgment from the scientific point of view were appreciated. We are such creatures of habit, that we know nothing practically of the new race growing up in Queensland, and the worst feature of it is that very few care. Our public men fail to grasp the importance of the nation’s true welfare in the matter of certain recognised educational. factors. The experiences of the present world-wide conflict. of races demonstrated the value of the systematic training of the mind of the people, and can we know how best to undertake the high duty, if we are uninformed as to the qualities and capacities of the minds of those whom. we haye BY R. HAMLYN-HARRIS. i! to train! We have learned that it would be impossible to transform a typical Englishman into a typical German or Turk. We have seen cases of Englishmen being con- verted into Teutons at any rate in sentiment, and we all know of instances which prove that certain Germans make good Australians, but it would be futile to dream of a world dominated by the broad views of thinking Englishmen and dangerous even if it were possible for us all to be re-moulded according to Germanic ideas. The national mind even in the old country is under- going changes. We see now that military effort alone would never win a great war: that as a nation we have failed to understand one of the secrets of power. It is also plain that the Germans for all their systems and organisations also miscalculated certain characteristics of the British mind. It is for us, with such lessons before us, at once and on sure ground to prepare the way for the triumphal progress of our own particular branch of the British race. No physical characters of adults and school children are available, and it is a mocking fallacy to believe that progress can at any time come out of a sea of resolutions. No problem stands alone: each sends its ramifications in all directions. No systematic study is made of the criminal with reference to his physical disabilities, and because only a small section of the public think, we do not really grasp that an act of violence may be a prelude to insanity, or the truth of the Venetian proverb, ‘* Trust not a woman with a man’s tongue.”’ All these considera- tions should be an additional spur to make some great effort for permanent recognition, which if we neglect, we do at our own peril. The Smithsonian Institute of America has set a worthy example in the establishment of a Bureau of Ethnology, and a large Commonwealth like Australia’ ” is surely large enough and important enough to possess a Department having for its functions the collection and classification of all such details as is necessary for the proper study of the human races, especially ‘those which we may consider to be our own immediate fellow men. It will be a great day for Australia when this comes about. os ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF QUEENSLAN D. _ Those of us who possess children of our own naturally find the study of child-life. most absorbing, but casual glances at the youths growing up in our midst force us to the conclusion that this subject does not receive general consideration. Backward and _ ill-developed children necessarily abound in all classes of society, and in view of the large sum spent yearly on education they constitute a section of no small importance to the student, and though Ethnography generally may only indirectly deal with. problems of infant life, it is nevertheless a matter which should be regarded of paramount sociological importance. Without being impious and a trespasser on the haunts of medical men it might be suggested that perhaps due consideration has not so far been given to the fact that: the. country breeds the people. Perhaps the Aboriginals have a truer conception of this fact than the average white man. They declare that children do not really belong to “their parents, but to the land on which they happen to be born. There is an illustration of this fact now growing into youth. The child was born of white parents living in a somewhat lonely district. He was immediately claimed by an old couple who had escaped the contamin- ating touch of the rough edge of our race and named by them. They argued that the child was actually of the soil, for did not the parents get most of their food from the soil? If they sustained their lives by the fruits of the earth then the life of the child came from the soil and the child belonged to it. In this particular case it was claimed that the germ of life came from fish caught on the coral reef fringing the beach on which the home of the parents stood, and the sea being of the land gave the child its birthright. The boy is known now by one of the names given him by the blacks.* 1 wonder do we sufficiently realise the effect of climate and local conditions upon the rising generations ? Would it be unreasonable to say that the sun and soil make the man? It is almost a universal aboriginal belief. In this connection a reference to the customs of the West Australian’ natives (Le Souef adds may serve to to strengthen . *On the authority of E. J. Banfield. ots ¢ These numbers refer to the bibliography at the cage BY R. HAMLYN-HARRIS. Ps sm beh 9 this opinion. The bodies in burial were placed facing the east so that they might see the rising sun. After burial it was sincerely hoped that the bodies would not trouble them again, and all kinds of precautions were taken in case of revival to hinder their progress through life. Nevertheless, in case of emergency certain utensils were left ready tor them, and sticks were placed in a definite direction from the graves so as to point the way to the country from which the deceased had originally come, showing clearly their views on this point. I have shown what the opinion of the black race is upon this subject and [ think in a matter of the kind we might agree with these primitives with alacrity and zeal. A considerable difference must in process of time exist between the man who lives on the steamy coast and the individual who makes his home out. west on the dry uplands, and | am inclined to proclaim belief in the formation of a type of human beings specially. adapted to live in Tropical Queensland. The type would be based on British blood and be so sustained and nourished, and be British in sentiment, but would be amended by the sun and soil, in appearance. physique, speech and temperament. There is, however, it seems to me, a flaw in the argument, and that is. that a Race being more rapidly evolved in ~~ permanently isolated’ areas makes the evolution of such a type difficult. We know that geographical isolation favours the production of new races, but. would such isolation be possible here / Keith (64) in his recent Presidential Address before the Royal Anthropological Society of Great Britain, states that “clannishness is the incipient stage of specific aversion.” Would such clannishness be possible in order to make Queensland the cradle of a new breed? Keith has shown most emphatically, using Germany as an instance,, how the national spirit of a country is really akin toa “ tribal spirit’ and that this is due to nothing short of tribal isolation, because the characteristics which bind the members of a tribe together also tend to isolate them from all surrounding tribes, and though the tendency to break down such isolation is brought about by the cultivation of the soil, by the freedom of the seas, and the interchange of trade relationships, it is nevertheless possible for any: 10 ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF QUEENSLAND. race to.develop such “* clannishness’”’ as will counteract: this effect and produce in the rising generations year after year. a vision of greatness and a dream of a great unifying ~ force at work producing, as in the case of Germany, ‘a single Evolutionary unit.” We have seen how war has: been used to weld the Germans from all surrounding: peoples, and in this sense has been employed to effect a “tribal” isolation. Viewed in this light therefore there is every possibility of even Queensland being converted by “ tribal’ isolation into.a new race, bred of the sun and the soil. This subject has received from the world but scanty attention, possibly because it is on the berderland of Biology and Ethnology, without belonging strictly to either. The acclimatisation of the white race, especially in tropical Queensland, concerns the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Townsville, and I am sure the Director would be able to make many valuable suggestions, if ‘he were asked to do so. It has been my fervent hope for some time that sufficient interest might have been forthcoming to enable a scientific expedition to be equipped and sent to some of the remoter parts of Queensland with a view to studying the remaining native tribes, and that an opportunity might have been given to retrieve in some little measure the injustice done to this doomed race and to save while there is yet time something from the wreck. If you take up at any time the recent Annual Reports of the Queensland Aboriginal Department there is very little said about the native from the anthropological standpoint. And although | say this, 1 do not do so from any desire to cast aspersions upon anyone in particular ; on the contrary, | have received much assistance from our present Chief Protector. Mr. Bleakley has on more than one occasion been of material service to Queensland Ethnographical Science, and this survey would be in- complete unless it were appreciatively acknowledged. But the ‘hative is passing, and who cares? Those who are capable, help least of all; occasionally there is heard, like a voice crying in the wilderness, an appeal for a better BY R. HAMLYN-HARRIS. li understanding of the Anthropography, Ethnology — or Psychology of the fast dying race, and then the voice dies away, having left no more impression than if it had never been. Such is the utter selfishness of the spirit of the times. It would be interesting to know with what, anathemas future generations will pour contempt upon our neglected opportunities. If it were not for individual enthusiasm it is doubtful whether such scientific investigations would ever have been. carried on in Anthropology, especially in those remoter parts of the Empire, where the necessity and advantages of definite method are not recognised or adequately under- stood. In Anthropology particularly. there are few paid positions, and consequently research, if it is carried on at all, is invariably the work of the disinterested enthusiast who is in love with his subject, and it is such as these who have kept the flame of Ethnology burning in Queensland. We are neglecting the study of mankind, especially in reference to Queensland, and have made no systematic effort to accumulate observations which are absolutely necessary to the proper understanding of our subject. As has so often been pointed out, enquiry could proceed more rapidly if we could only investigate the present day crude and simple ideas, that we might more easily institute definite methods to be applied to other races less likely to vanish than our own, and who can doubt that knowledge so acquired might in the near future produce greater happiness and greater prosperity both in us and them. It is, indeed, fortunate that the world has always produced unselfish characters labouring for the sake of posterity and the good of others, and it is to such that Queensland owes a good deal, and many are the records which have thus been acquired, Prior to 10th December, 1859. Queensland formed a part of New South Wales, and was known as the Moreton Bay District. the honour of its proclamation as a distinct, State falling to the lot of Sir George F. Bowen, the first Gevernor. From early records it would -appear that Captain Cook (15) entered Moreton, Bay in.1770, and gave 12 ANTHROPOLOGICAL. CONSIDERATIONS OF QUEENSLAND. it its name In 1779 Flinders (30) visited Bribie Island, Moreton Bay. but did not apparently come acros; any natives at that time. To John Oxley, Surveyor General, we owe the discovery: of the Brisbane River in 1823. Four years later H.MLS.: * Rainbow ” was the first war-ship to put in an appearance,. and in 1837 Petrie and his family arrived by the “‘ Jas.: Watt.’ the first steamer, so we are told, which ever entered what are now Queensland waters. . With the arrival of the early pioneers the history of Queensland Ethnography began. Their records and. observations are so intimately connected with the natives and their ways that it would be impossible to separate them even if we desired to do so, and though we only get a glimpse here and there, we find much _ corroborative evidence which is of the greatest possible value in enabling us to get a true perspective of the primitive race. But much as we naturally value the recorded observations of the early pioneers, it is nevertheless still necessary to issue’ a note of warning, since it is imperative that we take with caution statements, etc., conclusions of early settlers and explorers—-many of whom possessed no knowledge of native ways and thought, and whose wrong interpretations might consequently result in wrong deductions. Then’ again there is the question of language. the writing and spelling of native names and the difficulty of catching accurate sound and placing it on paper. Only those who have been constantly in touch with similiar efforts of settlers and others in recent years can have any idea of the recurring danger to which a science of this kind is constantly subject. Imagine the hopeless muddle of any- one trying to expound social customs appertaining to terms of relationship gauged by the same standard to which we ourselves have always been accustomed. For instance, by © Father ’’ the native understands every man of the totem to which the young man’s father belongs, and in addressing one such, it is customary to call him “ Father,” and the same with ~ Mother.”” A lad will point out several women and tell you that they are all his mothers,. and quite correctly so according to his definition of. the word, So, likewise, all women belonging to the: same totem: BY R. HAMLYN-HARRIS. 13 as his father are his “ aunts,”’ whilst his “ uncles ” are all his ‘“ mother’s’ brothers, and what a motley crowd he must have of them. In the early days when true friends of the native, among whom must rank Tom Petrie, Edward Palmer and latterly W. E. Roth and others, first probably out of curiosity, then later on, from real genuine interest and care. commenced investigation for some definite utilitarian purpose, we find the aboriginal in his native state, indulging in his own real customs untrammelled by civilization and all its evil effects—we find the men and women consistently unclothed, but ornamenting themselves with such decorative articles and deformation of body as_ local customs or the laws of initiation allowed or demanded. All early writers, however, lose no time in emphasiz- ing the fact—expressed or unexpressed—that as soon as the Aboriginal became aware that his actions were under surveillance, he no longer felt free to retain his freedom of manners under curious and vulgar gaze. And _ this attitude is not surprising, seeing how the average man regards him and the danger the savage invariably runs of being the victim of ridicule and worse, so long as the white man sees no immediate possibility of retaliation. This same callousness shows itself in other ways; in 1898 a book appeared entitled ‘ Queensland Past and Present ”’ (145) consisting of over 482 pages of which only a trifle over one page was devoted to Queensland’s native race. But even as we have to beware of indifference and inaccuracy on the one hand, so we need to exercise greater caution in dealing with the native on the other hand, ince he is, as I have already endeavoured to point out, more than easily influenced by his immediate environment. Qne or two instances of this are necessary to emphasise my point, and nowhere is it more noticeable than in the relationship of the blackfellow with white men, hence the following allusions. (a). A gentleman once rode up to an hotel in Queens- land, and seeing an aboriginal standing at the post motioned him to come and hold his horse. The aboriginal laughed. ‘“Come, hold my horse,” said the man. ‘‘ Hold’em horse, what you take’em for, think it blackfella, you been hold’em.”’ 14. ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF QUEENSLAND. (b.) It was Christmas time on a: station im ‘Queens- land, a good number of friends had assembled and at dinner time various toasts were drunk. An aboriginal of the name of -Joko”’ was outside occasionally peeping inside at the guests. At last the master of the house caught sight of him and called to him to come inside and have a nip. * Joko”’ walked in, took off his hat, and taking a glass of spirits from the hand of his master, drew himself up to his full height and in a loud voice said, ** Go to hell, missus ; Go to hell everybody,” and _ retired amidst confusion. * Joko” had evidently intended to wish them all .“~ Good Health.” (c.) A blackfellow once appeared on an ° adjoining station to where he was usually employed and asked to be allowed to work. The Manager asked him for what reason he had left. Billy replied,~ Mine bin run away alonga that fella, you see Mister that fella cranky. Every day that fella take us alonga room, read book first time. Then sit down alonga leg, and ask him notha fella (baal mine see him) give it bread, every time that cranky fella say * Give it bread’ that fella fool, plenty bread sit down alonga II* kitchen, me bin run away. During a recent discussion in The Times re * Modern Men of the Stone Age,”’ a correspondent (Mr. Goodfellow) says :—‘‘ They seemed to be extremely stupid people. We used to strike matches in front of them and do other things which we thought might interest them, but they would not look’, they turned their heads away from them.” To which Dr. Roth in a subsequent edition replied :—** With all due deference and respect, I would suggest that the boot is on the other foot. From my own experience of upwards of ten years’ intimacy with the North Queensland savage, I learnt to have a very high opinion of his intelligence. The savage only appears stupid because the cursory traveller does not understand him. I have also been guilty of striking matches to excite the curiosity of the untutored Australian black until I learned what I now know, that it is not natural for savage man to express surprise or curiosity by outward physical signs. Furthermore, although it is -* On the authority of T. Midge. ~~ - BY R. HAMLYN-HABRIS. 15 a story against myself, | might remind Mr. Goodfellow. of the circumstances under which | ceased to perform: this match-striking _ trick. Having struck match after match before a crowd of natives. who showed. not the slightest. signs of surprise, notwithstanding that a lucifer box was an absolute novelty to them, I asked the inter- preter to discover what these primitive children of nature thought of the performance. He informed me truly and tersely : ‘He say, what for no gib it he? He say .you blurry fool, chuck’um way.’ ”’ The earliest records of Queensland Ethnography are undoubtedly contained in Tom _ Petrie’s Reminiscences dating from 1837 (103), and Science owes a debt of gratitude to Miss Constance Petrie for preserving information of much ethnological value while the opportunity presented itself. Miss Petire’s book deals in the main with the old Brisbane tribe (TURRBAL), now extinct, and exposes’ the -erude methods’ by which the tribe was decimated. “The -experiences of Petrie serve to explain many difficulties and to throw light upon many a doubtful point. It is, however, of importance to note that some aboriginal traits in character, described, had been acquired by contact with early civilization. ue On the authority of Wickham and Simpson there were about four thousand Moreton Bay natives in existence in’ 1848. The tribe has been extinct for some years, the whole: of the membership having died out in little more than half a century. ; Miss Petrie, amongst other things, did wisely in expos- ing the fallacy referred to by Dr. Lang (69) in connection with the sacrifice of Queensland girls to propitiate an evil divinity, an idea entirely out of keeping with our conception of the laws of this race. The vocabulary at the end of Miss Petrie’s book is of special value, containing, as it does, native names which would: otherwise’ have been: lost to Science. wean! oir During the course ‘of this address the chronicles of ¢ number of voyages and scientific expeditions, ee aneae in the early days by resolute and valorous men, will be cited. Many of these. contain only isolated references to Queens- 16 ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF QUEENSLAND. land; in others are observations of more or less importance, and it is with these alone that we have now to occupy our- selves. King’s Narrative of a Survey of the Coasts of Australia (65) does not greatly concern us. King speaks of the natives as Indians and of their invariable hostility until confidence was obtained. The following points are of value: (a) Reference to ovens similar to those used by the natives of Tahiti are reeorded from the neighbourhood of Rockingham Bay (page 203). A circular hole is dug; at the bottom a layer of stones is placed, and as soon as these have been sufficiently heated by fire the meat is placed thereon. This is then covered by another layer of stones and over these they make another fire which very soon cooks their food. The native by this method shows an ingenuity which is somewhat unusual*. (6). At the Endeavour River (p. 213) were seen ovens of a similar nature to those used at Goold Islands. King’s description of the Goold Islands canoe is also of interest; the type still prevails. I am informed by Banfield that several have been made at the Hull River Settlement within the past two years. E. J. Eyre in his Expedition of Discovery into Central Australia (27) makes an interesting note on the rite of circumcision practised in the vicinity of the Gulf of Carpen- taria. Here he expresses the opinion that the practice spread from the North West Coast of Queensland in a south-easterly direction, and that the tribes appear early to have abandoned it, but to have retained amongst some of their branches the practice of knocking out the front teeth of the upper jaw. In another part he foresees the extinction of the Australian Race, and time is proving that his prediction was founded on personal observation and sound common sense. Between the years 1842 and 1846 H.M.S. “ Fly,” under the leadership of Jukes (63), visited our coasts on its surveying voyage. The narrative does not contain a great deal of matter having affinity with our subject, but there *Similar ovens to those described by King are in use in North Queens- lund to this day. Turtle, dugong and big fish are cooked in them. BY R. HAMLYN-HARRIS. 17 are references to various implements used in North Queens- land and to the existence of Papuan influence in that part of the State as shown by the introduction of New Guinea pipes, ete. Leichhardt’s Journal of the Overland Expedition in Australia from Moreton Bay to Port Essington (71) during the years of 1844-1845 is rich with interesting, though unfortunately disconnected details: much of the value of the observations is minimised by the fact that Leichhardt was never able to stay long enough in one particular place to enable him to get a thorough grasp of tribal singularities. Such a reference as that contained on page 279 to native ‘* bee-bread ”’ which does not state what it is, or what it is made of, is unsatisfactory.* On several occasions Leichhardt refers to having seen two-storied gunyahs (page 290), an observation confirmed by other explorers; such are not subsequently recorded in recent literature, and we may therefore presume that with the advance of civilization these huts were relinquished for other abodes. It appears, however, that there is some general knowledge on the point current. The gunyahs were evidently built to supply a means of baffling mosquitoes and bore the local name of “‘ mak-in-deen-ahrs”’ in the Gulf Country.t| What Cape York mosquitoes lack in size they compensate for in perseverance and ability to squeeze through seemingly impossible places. Your net may have a hundred holes to the square inch and 101 harmonious ereatures of diabolical activity and blood-thirsty proc- livities penetrate every inch. Cheese cloth, which filters the very breath of heaven, is in general use in some localities, but what are those to do who have neither net nor cloth, nor any other of the purely artificial adjuncts of civilization. Hardened as they may be by generations of painful subjection to the pest they have no resort but to smoke dry themselves. A stranger to these scenes might *Might not “bee-bread” from the black’s point of view, be wild bees brood-comb which is eaten with relish just as the puye# of other insects are ? tOn the authority of Ex-Inspector of Police Galbraith, through the - kindness of E. J. Banfield. a 3 IS ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF QUEENSLAND. be inclined to believe that the blacks have advanced architectural ideas. for their dwellings have a basement and floors. A smouldering fire is maintained in each basement, the staging above being the bed-chamber, so that during the mosquito season the occupants live in a smoke saturated ‘atmosphere, outside which the baffled insects hum ferociously. These mosquito proof dwellings in some localities are arranged in series, each for the accommodation of one man and so placed in accordance with the prevailing breeze that the smoke circulates through- out. To each “ mak-in-deen-ahr ” there must be a stoker or smoker: That office—as everyone who has the knowledge of the economic methods of Australian blacks will realise without explanation—falls to the wife of the owner of the structure. She squats beneath while her lord and master sleeps peacefully in his envelope of smoke, and if his rest be disturbed it is the easiest thing in the world to silently arouse his attendant with the expressive end of a spear. ‘The following points are worthy of special mention :—. qa). The original burning of grass, especially round water holes. (b). The. breaking of the wings of the emu after its capture to prevent its escape. (c). Surrounding water holes with dry stick fences to keep creatures from con- taminating the supply. (). Also with a view to using them as traps for emus. (e). The use gg Terminalia gum as a purgative. The voyage of H.M.S. ~ Rattlesnake ” (76) was note- worthy for Kennedy's ‘tragic expedition undertaken for the exploration of the Cape York Peninsula. The narrative describes the attitude of the natives, their friendliness and hostility, but since their moods were in most cases dependent upon the consideration shown and the temper of the explorers at the time, they are hardly of ethnological value. The confirmatory reference to stone ovens (as for instance near Princess Charlotte Bay) is important as well as the fact that boiling water was unknown. In the main portion of the book the following details might be picked out for special consideration. (a). The dual use of oblong pieces of bark, not much wider than the hand, as paddles and bailers of canoes. These are still in use on the coast north from Hinchinbrook Island, the ejection of water from the puece- > ~ BY BR. HAMLYN-HARRIS. ..., 19, canoe by deft and rapid action of the right hand being a remarkable feature. (b). The. piercing of the septum of the nose being the rule rather than the exception. (c). Frequent instances of the front teeth being absent are cited, and in view of the geographical distribution of this initiatory custom the records are important, as is also the reference to Papuan contact and influence. (d). The distribution of the five tribes of Cape York Peninsula is discussed with special bearing on the question of the fusion of Papuan and Australian Races in the tribes of the Prince of Wales Island group (pages 3 and 4. Vol. 2). The hostility between portion of the islanders and the mainland people with the exception of the “ GUDANG’’ tribe in the immediate vicinity of the Cape, seems to me to be a plausible reason, why Papuan influence has not been greater than it has, (e). The peopling of Australia from Timor referred to by the author, is in my opinion of some significance in view of the helio-lithic culture standpoint. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland contains in its pages a whole host of useful references to Queensland Ethnology, beginning with the year 1867, with notes by Dr. Creed (104). Refer- ence is here made to the locality around Cape York in which the author records the presence of the outrigger canoe, the use of bow and arrow on Prince of Wales Island, the practice of circumcision and the knocking out of the front teeth. though not universal. He also instances meagre evidence of Malay influence along the northern coast. Amongst the first subjects to attract the attention of early workers* was the question of Australian language and traditions, especially with reference to class systems in common throughout all parts of Australia, Queensland not excepted. So we find, for instance, in 1871 several workers occupying themselves with this theme and their work has been ably continued by a numbez of enthusiastic ethnologists, amongst whom Howitt (54, 55, 58). Lorimer Fison (31 & 32). John Matthew (85, 89), and EK. Palmer (102) “are the most prominent: The study of languages was con; sidered of great importance, due to the belief that language *Australian Languagés and ‘Traditions. Journal Anthropological Institute. Vol. 7, p. 232, 1878. 20° ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF QUEENSLAND. was a sure test of race—a fallacy now abandoned. The study of class systems demonstrates most emphatically that our present day geographical delineations cannot be said to have anything to do with the distribution of the native tribes originally, hence our references to Queensland must of necessity be arbitrary. Howitt (56) also devoted much time and energy to Australian initiation ceremonies, which, in so far as these contain references to portions of Queensland, must be briefly referred to here. The practice of sending a message through a totem occurs in North Queensland, and the fact is recorded that the message stick must be made of some tree belonging to the same class division as both the sender and the bearer of the message (page 438). E. M. Tyler “Qn the limits of savage religion” (140), discusses Australian conditions favourable to Queensland with reference to the mythical being “ DARAMULUM,.” and latterly R. Etheridge Jnr. (23, 24), has contributed useful articles on various weapons and implements from Queens- land, resulting in the description of a large number of Ethnological specimens mostly from Queensland (22). The first ethnological paper in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland was contributed by Henry Tryon (138) on “Rock Drawings.” The author depicts Queensland rock drawings of a very crude character, many being more like scratchings than drawings. Similar typical engravings occur in different parts of Queensland. including the locality of the Burnett River.* *With reference to Burnett River engravings, I would like to say that I recently examined these in company with Ald. Maynard, of Bundaberg (to whom I am indebted for many courtesies). The rocks on which the engravings have been scratched, now form a part of the bed of the river. At the time these were made the rocks must have stood some 6 or 7 feet high out of the creek’s bed; this is corroborated by old residents. In addition to the drawings, mealing-stones and sharpening surfaces for stone axes are scattered over the surface of the rocks near the edge, so that the native by standing on a ledge could work without stooping. The position of these rocks is close to Bingera, near that part of the Burnett where Pine Creek enters, in the parish of South Kolan, Shire of Gooburrum, 21 miles west of Bundaberg by road. This is evidently the “crossing place” or “ford” to which “ Bingera” owes its name. Various stone axes, wedges, ete., found here demonstrate Pare this was at one time a popular camping ground. ‘BY R. HAMLYN-HARRIS. oF A few years Iater George Watkins (143), contributed notes on the Aboriginals of Stradbroke and Moreton Islands, giving experiences as far back ax 1866, and herein lies the value of the contribution. Other Ethnological contributors to the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland have been Dr. Shirley (117, 118, 119), R. L. Jack (60), J. Lauterer (70), Cliffe Mackie (75), R. H. Matthews (90), W. E. Roth (111), and latterly myself (45, 46). Further literature bearing upon Queensland to which no special reference is here made will be found in the Bibliography at the end. With regard to works devoted exclusively to Queens- land Ethnology those of Dr. W. E. Roth (112, 113), and KE. J. Banfield (9, 10) stand out prominently. Two works by Mrs. Aeneas Gunn (37, 38) must, however, be mentioned here, particularly ‘‘ The Little Black Princess of the Never Never.” Though the scene is laid in the Northern Territory the manners and customs described -are remarkably similar to those of the Queensland natives, so that as one reads, one might also imagine that the book was dealing with the natives of this State. | Never again, I fear, will it be possible for such a delightful story of the natives to be written in so truthful a vein, since every year the possibility of finding the natives in an uncontaminated state is becoming more and more remote. Are we justified in expecting to find such another character as the notorious ‘* Google-eye ”’ ? Little need be said about the works of E. J. Banfield because they speak for themselves and require no commend- ation from my pen to make them of value. Banfield’s opportunities have been exceptional and he has used them for the greatest scientific good. To him we are indebted for a number of most excellent sketches of Queensland natives and their ways, and it is to his remarkable ability of gaining the confidence of the natives and inspiring their rust that we owe so much. It has fallen to Banfield’s lot to accumulate a whole host of ethnological matter of much scientific value. A touch here and there introduced unostentatiously into descriptive biological sketches has materially added 22 ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF QUEENSLAND. to our knowledge, and it is just the kind of knowledge which is required to get an insight into what is at the back of the blackfellow’s mind. The value of Dr. W. E. Roth’s contributions to Queens- land Ethnography cannot be estimated. His investigations were conducted at a time when hardly anyone else bothered bout the native or saw any reason why records of his life should be kept, and in places sufficiently isolated to give him unsmirched material and _ enviable opportunities. Dr. Roth zealously safeguarded all information that he could procure and has handed it on to us. Not until the native has completely passed, will the true value of his scientific researches be adequately realised. Dr. Roth was not an amateur at his work. He not only possessed enthusiasm and unique opportunities, but he had other special gifts. How cleverly and accurately he sketched ; look at the illustrations of the ~ cat’s-cradle”” work and the drawings of weapons and implements. Queensland deplores the loss of Roth’s considerable collections made during his Protectorship of the Aboriginals, but we never- theless are grateful to know that the collections are well and safely housed in the Australian Museum, Sydney, and graphically described under the able Curatorship of my colleague, Mr. R. Etheridge. It would not be out of place to say that the Queensland Museum is indebted to Dr. Roth for many. valuable exhibits, so that although the Museum has lost the larger and more complete collec- tion, we are yet able to say that, thanks to Dr. Roth’s efforts, many an important phase of Queensiaa native life is adequately illustrated. Some special reference to Lumholtz’s work (74) entitled ** Among Cannibals ’’ is needed to make this survey com- plete. Living as Lumbholtz did for some considerable time upon stations in different parts of Queensland, he had exceptional abilities for studying local conditions biologically. His carefully made researches into the life of the natives are of great value. The recent discovery of a fossil human skull from the Pleistocene of Queensland requires some mention at this stage The skull was found at Talgai, on the Darling BY R. HAMLYN-HARRIS. 23 Downs, in 1914, and was brought to the notice of the British Association in Sydney by Professor Edgeworth David. It was obtained froma river deposit in which remains of Diprotodon and other extinct marsupials had already been discovered. Dr. G. A. Smith, of the Sydney University, read a paper (by proxy) some months ago before the Royal Society of London, and there seems to be some doubt about the date of its publication. but the main substance of the conclusions reached by Dr. Smith are very briefly as follows: — The skull was found under conditions of great geological uncertainty. There is some slight evidence for believing it Pleistocene on geological grounds.. There- fore the main interest of the research is anatomical. Dr. Smith is strongly of the opimion that it is the skull of a not yet adult Proto-Australian which presents a picture of a brain case indistinguishable from that of the present day Australian, with a very primitive facial skeleton, in the jaw and teeth of which are some features more primitive than those hitherto described in any human except the Pitdown. In particular, these features are mainly the great squareness and enormous size of the palate and the enormous size of the teeth and the semi-anthropoid nature of the articulation of the upper canines with their mandibular opponents. In this connection it is significant to note that in 1896 Professor 8. 8. J. Skertchly found at Talgai in a newly- sunk well in river gravel a couple of rough implements at a depth of about 16 feet under conditions which in England o* France he would unhesitatingly have put down as Palaeolithic. These tools, he informs me, are, or should be, in the collections of the Geological Survey. But it is in the Nerang district, which Professor Skertchly has worked for some years, that he believes to have obtained indisputable evidence of considerable antiquity in undisturbed deposits. For the remainder | let Professor Skertchly speak for himself. “Speaking broadly the suecession of beds in the lower Nerang River is as follows :— 1. Modern blown (dune) sand, and River alluvium. 2. Old’ sand dunes. 24° ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF QUEENSLAN D. 3. Marine sands and clays. 4. Black soil (old land surface). 5. Old freshwater clays (late Tertiary). “In this connection it is in bed 4, an old surface soil from a few inches to a foot in thickness that I have obtained stone implements in three widely separated areas. “ The Nerang River at Coong and Biribon, about three miles downstream from Nerang township, is cutting back southwards and continually exposing fresh sections. The modern alluvium (No. 1) averages twelve feet in thickness and is a fine loam without the trace of a stone in it. Four years ago the river erosion exposed, in the old black soil (No. 4) what I take to be an old camping ground, there being a mass of burnt soil and wood a few feet in area, lying upon the old land surface of No. 5. 1 have found such hearths even of palaeolithic date. My son-in-law, Mr. E.. J. Cooper, on whose property this camp was found, carefully watched it, and two years ago noticed a stone beginning to protrude from the top of the old freshwater clay, No. 5; close to the camp. I went down to Nerang and we dug it out. It proved to be a crude stone implement. Last year we visited a newly formed great drain on the Merrimac estate, and from beneath the marine sand obtained another implement. These we have presented to the Queensland Museum. “This year | obtained another similar implement from beneath the marine, shell-bearing sands near the floodgate on the same estate, and my son-in-law has found two more hearths of burnt soil further down the river from Coong. The tools are quite crude, but unmistakable, and I incline to think may pertain to the Tasmanian migration stage.”’ Now with reference to the effect of civilization on natives constitutionally, it is not my intention to attempt to cover the whole ground but rather to pick out here and there isolated instances which may be of interest in the light of modern knowledge. One of the most interesting is the subject’ of teething in small children. An outstanding feature seems to be the fact that Aboriginal children under natural conditions get their teeth at a somewhat earlier age than white children and without any apparent pain or ‘ BY R. HAMLYN-HARRIS. 25 trouble, and the fact that the mothers say “ The teeth grow by themselves,” is evidence, I think, that they look. upon teething very much as the growth of the finger nails or hair. The reason for this is to be found, no doubt, in the fact that the Aboriginal babies are nursed by their mothers until they have reached the third or fourth year (in some cases even longer). As a rule the children eat very litile solid food before they have their teeth, which is between the second and third year. Now note the interesting difference where children are brought up near settlements or stations, or come into contact with whites where they get solid food, such as damper or beef, often only half cooked. These suffer from teething in the same way as white children do, and convulsions are quite common. Half caste children suffer the same as white children*. This seems to be the normal conditions of things, and is more or less confirmed by numerous correspondents. Taken as a whole the Aboriginal has no medicine for teething and this, I think, is confirmatory evidence of the non-existence of teething troubles. It would appear that full-blooded aboriginals do not suffer from teething, nor do the children of three- quarter aboriginal blood. Teething troubles seem to increase from practically nothing in the case of full bloods in direct proportion to the amount of white blood. Now there is a theory even amongst the blacks themselves by which they seek in certain parts of North Queensland to explain the reason why they enjoy practical immunity. They say it is due to the treatment they receive while young, and though to us the treatment does not seem of any importance, I mention it here as an interesting case of folk-lore handed down from one generation to another. (a). The fresh-water shrimp (aboriginal name “ JUNGI’’) is cooked and the hard part given to the child to bite, the parent also making a regular practice of rubbing it on the gums, even to the extent in some eases of drawing blood. (6). A grub (aboriginal name ~ JUMBON ’ ’) found in the decaying timber is cooked, and it then possesses a very tough and elastic skin containing a soft core. This *On the authority of Rev. N. Hey, Maroon. | * ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF QUEENSLAN D. is given to the child in the same way as (a) but it is not hused by the parent for rubbing purposes. : “ (e). Full-blooded aboriginal parents sit with their child in the morning before the fire and thoroughly warm i -all over. All the joints and muscles receive special treatment, such as’ pinching and kneading, and in many eases the knee joints are actually pinched between the teeth of the parént, causing sufficient pain for the child fo 'seream out. ~(d). The leaf of a particular species of lawyer cane {1 have not been able to ascertain the name) which is very prickly; is heated at the fire and then used to beat the child all over its body. It does not: appear to have any medicinal properties. Mr. Samuel Lyon, of Yarrabah, to whom I am indebted for many courtesies, says :—* (a) and (b) seem to take the place of the * comforter’ in white children. which would seem to indicate that there is a certain amount of irritation, but the parents assure me that the children do not really suffer, full bloods I mean, and this is also the experience of my wife in dealing with them as hospital matron.”’ (c) and (d) I am informed are ~ to make the child strong,” and they consider that this “strength” (really immunity from pain) is the result of the hardening treat- ment they have received.” Another curious notion is reported to me by Mr. J. L. Bramford, of ‘Oaklands, who, after remarking that the aboriginal children suffer only very little in this respect, says: ~ If the child should be sick from teething, the mother will cut her head on the top and make it bleed.”” Evidently with the belief that the operation makes the mother’s milk good. In this connection it is significant that H. Basedow (12), in his Anthropological Notes on the Western Coastal Tribes of the Northern Territory, says: “The child, on no account, must partake of the particular food until it has successfully teethed.”’ Those who knew the natives of 50 or 60 years ago are emphatic in their expression of opinion that they are all trained to express no symptoms of pain, but like stoics to grin and bear it, consequently any signs of toothache in the adult, would probably not transpire. BY R. HAMLYN-HARRIS. 27 Left to themselves it is astonishing the terrible ordeals which natives can pass through, ordeals under the influence of which whites would probably succumb. It would appear from reliable sources, principally blacks of 60 to 70 years of age, now long since dead, that syphilis existed amongst the blacks long before the advent of the white man. _ In the 1883 drought, which was a very severe one out west, Mr. W. H.. Watson was living at Currawilla Station at the time, and has informed me since, that syphilis was very bad amongst the blacks, so much so, that the king ordered all the worst cases out of the main bush camp, to a sandhill that was about three quarters of a mile away. Mr. Watson went into that camp one day with one of his blacks, who was much more intelligent than most Aboriginals: some of the patients both male and female were a mass of corruption. He asked his blackboy if these bad cases would recover? His reply was :—* Supposin’ rain come up and plenty of pig weed jump up, that one all right.” Well, rain did come in March, 1884, and there was any quantity of pigweed, which the blacks were very fond of, and used to eat raw as well as baked under the ashes, and most of the diseased blacks were healed and were able to hunt fish as well as ever. The presence of white men amongst blacks for some considerable time, often leads on their liberation to con- siderable information being obtained. but as regards Queensland, we have not been particularly fortunate. Miss Petrie in her father’s ~ Reminiscences of Early Queensland ’”’ (103) gives two instances, the most notable amongst which was the return to civilization of James Davies, known as ~ Duramboi,’’ through the instrument- ality of Mr. Andrew Petrie in 1842. * Duramboi”’ lived with the blacks for 14 years, and it is a most regrettable fact that no records exist of the life he led amongst them. Nothing would induce him to say anything about the blacks except to advise those desirous of information to take their clothes off and go and live amongst them as he had done. It would be in teresting to know what was exactly in * Duramboi’s ”’ mind and the reason of his mental attitude. 28 ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF QUEENSLAND. Then another interesting Queensland character is to be found in the history of Narcisse Pierre Pelletier,* who was picked up by the blacks of Cape Direction, and doubt- less on account of his youth (he was about 12 years of age). the boy was treated kindly, fed, and taken to their camp, and with this tribe, known as the MAKADAMAS, he lived for 17 years. When discovered in 1875 Narcisse Pelletier was stark naked like the tribe of blacks he was with; his. body was burned by the sun to a rich yellow red, his skin had quite a glazed appearance, and his breast was adorned . with raised lines of flesh of the thickness of a pencil, whilst the lobe of the right ear was ornamented with a piece of wood about half an inch in diameter and four inches long. The cuts on his breast, of which he was very proud, were: made with pieces of broken quartz, the lips of the cuts being raised by a series of constant pinching during the healing process. He states at first his thoughts continually reverted to his parents and his country, but as years rolled on, these faded from his memory and he became thoroughly identified with the blacks, from whom at the time of his rescue it was not his wish to part, and not their wish for him to go. His life appears to have been principally passed in fishing and hunting and occasionally fighting with a neighbouring tribe. Although a mere boy when deserted he had retained his knowledge of reading and writing and counting with ease up to one hundred, and drew some excellent sketches of the animals he had hunted (Henniker- Heaton 53}. It has been said, and I think truly, that when white men were admitted to the tribe they never really became as one of them. In tribal councils they were ignored. and were not permitted to take part in discussions nor to: qualify for initiation. We know that this is possibly not true in every case, but the interesting point is—does this account in some measure for the reticence displayed by some in speaking of those dark days and account for the white man’s apparent ignorance of the inner mysteries 7% And in this connection it would not be out of place. to say that the present day native in contact with whites and * A full account of Pelletier, Narcisse Pierre, is to be found in the Sydney Morning Herald, 20th September, 1875, p. 8. : BY kK. HAMLYN-HARRIS. 29 eyvilization has lost his keen powers of observation, his normal characters, so that he is unable to institute laws and customs as was done by his predecessors of a higher intelligence. I think it is necessary at this stage to make some reference to the fact that we find comparatively little ‘evidence of foreign influence in Queensland. As has already been pointed out the ‘“ clannishness ’’ which has contrived to isolate the native in his own territory had also been instrumental in keeping out foreign intruders. The old men in the north-west corner bordering on and including the Northern Territory all speak of very early invasions from Malaysia, records handed down from father to son, so that the adventures of the Malays who used to come over with the trade and go back by fair winds have become legends amongst them These exploits invariably ended with slaughter, and the flight of the remnant in their proas removed effectively from their midst all trace of Malay influence for the time being. The influx of certain import- ant customs, such as circumcision, sub-incision, etc., must be regarded, not, 1 think, as a single culture acquired independently, but flowing in from the Sumatran side of Australia, rather than the Papuan, wandering over at he ‘same time as the coming ef the present race. We see that the influence, wherever it came from, has not spread over the whole of Queensland uniformly. [t is significant that these customs are found only in restricted areas of Queensland. The cult which came from the Papuan mainland is marked by elaborate dances in which masked performers took a prominent part, but only in the very far North were such to be observed. On the other hand elsewhere, there is distinctive evidence of an influx of certain ritual appertaining to “heliolithic culture” of Egypt.* In addition to the practice of mummification we find evidence of what might I think be regarded as a manifest- ation of the same cult, man sleeping with his face towards *Consult G. Elliot Smith. On the Significance of the Geographical Distribution of the Practice of Mummification A study of the Migrations “of Peoples and the spread of certain Customs and Beliefs. Mem. & Proc. Manchester Lit. & Philos. Socy. Vol. 59, Pt. 2, 1915. 30 ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF QUEENSLAND. the rising sun and then after death the body being buried with its face in the same direction, and though there is no special reverence for the sun in the ~ heliolithic ”. sense of the word, the natives nevertheless personify the sun and imagine that they are capable of appeasing its anger. Shouid a storm arise, it is the spirit of the sun that is angered, and so the men get their boomerangs and tap the two together in the belief that this display will counteract. its evil influence and prevent the storm from carrying away one of their number. Further, a new sun was born daily at the Tully River (Roth). a belief of Ancient Egypt. i Pitt Rivers (108) tells us that the common return war boomerang is found in the three continents of Africa, India and Australia, and it is net unreasonable to suppesé that it must have originally spread from the | common, centre. . Though I, am forced. to agree with the various. authors who give expression to this opinion, it-is nevertheless... necessary to make some reference here to the peculiar shaped eel bone charms*. from the Atherton District of Norih Queensland. known locally as “* WAKKEE” whose shape seems to suggest the idea of the origin’ of. the boomerang. The extreme similarity of the bones of the pectoral girdle of the ee! with the shape of certain boomerangs is so remarkable, that I cannet do better than reproduce the specimens in the Museum collections, and leave Ethnologists to form their own opinion as to the probability or not of an independent origin (Plate 1, Fig. 2). Travelling from the north-west corner of the Northern Territory to the south and south-casterly portions of Australia, the only serviceable route possible would be that through the Macdonnell Ranges, taking a south easterly course along a path best calculated to pass through good country, with plenty of food and water available The rendezvous of all tribes taking such a course would then be the head waters of the Cooper, Georgina and Mulligan Rivers, whence they could spread in all possible directions’ Now if we take the geographical distribution of the practice of circumcision and sub-incision (not necessarily *Roth refers to this as a fillet in use among the Mallaupara' tribe of the Tully River (Waka7). N.Q.E. Bull. 15, p. 27. BY R. HAMLYN-HARRIS. St going hand in hand) we find that the rites are apparently confined to the very districts. covered. by this route, or im the immediate neighbourhood of this route, or along definite paths leading from this area. ria It is worthy of note that the practice of cutting off. the nipples from the breast synchronises. with sub-incision m the Cloneurry District and the Mackinley Range /Cox 16), | and it should also be mentioned here that N. de Miklouho- Maclay (98) records the practice of making an incision. in the groins and removing the ovaries on the Herbert and : Mulligan Rivers. These considerations [° have endeavoured to place — before you are a direct contradiction of Bancroft’s state-_ ment (7) that ~ It appears that sexual mutilations. are practised in those parts of Australia alone in which the - food supply is precarious.’”” As far as [ can see this is not borne out by any evidence whatever—the statement has evidently criginated from the belief that mutilation of the genitals was practised in order to restrict the increase of progeny in dry areas. The practice of mummification, however, does not seem to have taken this path, the principal centre being on the east coast of Queensland around Cairns and the Johnstone River, extending southwards. Now this singularly re- stricted area suggests that mummification was not intro- duced from Malaysia nor vid Cape York, but was brought from the far islands of the Torres Straits by natives who were carried on to the north-eastern coast of Queensland, more or less by chance. It would appear that the native eanoes sailing from the regions around the south-eastern portions of New Guinea would, if they were caught by the trade winds and currents, as thev frequently were, be carried towards that very area of Queensland where mumumification is*known to be practised. The placing of a dead warrior on a frame of wood over a smouldering smoking fire is only a phase of the same thing. (Cliffe Mackie 75).* . Elliot Smith in his most interesting study of. ‘the: migrations of peoples connects thé Cape York Peninstila ra *Consult also Spencer and Gillen on tree burial (1274, Chapter 17). 32 ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF QUEENSLAND. via Torres Straits as the hypothetical route in the migrations of the culture bearers who were responsible for the diffusion of the “ Heliolithic culture complex.”’ Our present day knowledge of the distribution of these cults in Australia does not, however, confirm this view, nor do we find any one of them established in these northern areas of Cape York where we should have a right to expect them if the route chosen had been. from New . Guinea via the Torres Straits. We know that only in recent years have natives of the West commenced to commingle with the East, the great hostility still existing even in the present day between the two, being the cause why in previous years there existed no intercourse of any kind between them. Further evidence shows that in geological times Australia was in land gonnection with Asia, not only with New Guinea but probably also with Timor. The north west portion of the Gulf is still undergoing steady subsidence and the flooding of the low-lying lands is becoming yearly more _ severe. Further, Asiatic origin for certain of our birds and animals is also urged since it is a known fact that certain of these are far more closely allied to the Asiatic species than they are to the Papuan. Im support of my theory it is also interesting to note that the bamboo tobacco pipe is found principally in the region around Cairns. An exceptionally ornamented and elaborately carved bamboo pipe of New ‘Guinea design is in the collections of the Queensland Museum (Q.E. 14/569), and was obtained at Cooktown. Another instance of Papuan influence in this region is to be found in the presence of the gourd water botile, all the specimens so far recorded coming from Cardwell. Beyond _ this, Papuan influence (Hamlyn-Harris 42) is rather of a different nature, and the idea of an infusion of Papuan blood is not borne out by any direct proof. Further,in this connection Graebner (34) confirms this when he says :—‘‘ Geschlossene Gebiete melanesischen Einflusses finden wir jedoch nur im nordoestlichen Teile von Queensland.” It is true that the practice of carrying portions of the human body in dilly bags is universal, and the practice common over nearly all parts of Cape York Peninsula of _ burying the bones in bark coffins in trees and caves BY R. HAMLYN-HARRIS. 33 (Hamlyn-Harris.41). The knocking out of teeth is practised in the Peninsula, but finds its principal centre around Princess Charlotte’s Bay, and it is worthy of note that amongst some tribes, only the males, in others only the females, are operated upon. It might appear at first sight that the presence of a primitive form of mummification in South Australia would contradict the idea I have sought to emphasise, but on further consideration this is not so. Taplin (134) describes the method of exposure of the body on platforms with the ultimate object of burial amongst the Narrinyeri natives, and this is the only approach to mummification in South Australia; so that the practice is evidently more primitive because of its temporary and partial nature. -}, The phaliic aspect is, 1 understand, not an essential part of ‘ heliolithic ’ culture, and was originally insignificant in its original home (Elliot Smith 122). This is interesting in view of the fact that Queensland has never virtually indulged in such ritual, and although there have been apparent examples (of stone) urged from time to time as evidence to the contrary, I am convinced that those can be satisfactorily explained and attributed to quite natural causes. Two such specimens are in the possession of Captain W. C. Thomson, One is, in my opinion, a characteristic mealing stone worn right through from constant usage, the other, ostensibly of the opposite sex —is a water worn pebble deceivingly fashioned through constant rotation in running water. [ have personally examined these with care in company of visiting ethnologists, and opinion is invariably unanimous on this point. Indirect evidence of the presence of such a cult, however, is forthcoming in the curious phallocrypts of Cape York, described by myself (42) as breast ornaments, from the Pennefather R. District of Cape York. I even then doubted their import and added a footnote suggesting a phallic significance, since which 1 have received informa- tion which proclaims these as curious emblems of phallicism, and the objects need only to be examined in order to be understood. All this is most instructive, but only represents an isolated case, evidently of Papuan origin. This, however, cannot be said of the peculiar cylindro- be . C 34 ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF QUEENSLAND. conical stone implements, which are found in a portion of the same area traversed by the overland route referred to elsewhere, and especially plentiful along a course taken in a south-easterly direction reaching its extreme centre of development in the valley of the Darling. Etheridge (20) has discussed the matter fully, and has most rightly retained an open mind, but the evidence of their existence is there, even if we are actually unable to understand it ; suffice it to say that the native mind would be always in a receptive condition for such a topic, always eager to absorb anything which would work upon his imagination and please his taste, especially if by so doing he incurred the goodwill of his fellow men. Might not this natural propensity be sufficient to account for the presence of such emblems, made in such an unmistakable fashion, or is the evidence sufficient to allow us to regard the develop- ment of phallicism even in an incipient stage, as of independent origin? My own inclinations turn towards the former. In this connection I venture to emphasise the fact already laid down by Rivers (107) and Elliot Smith (122), that the oceanic cultures have been derived mainly from contact with other peoples, and to show how widespread the use of any one particular article can be, take for instance the toy windmill made of coconut fronds, described by Somerville (126) from New Georgia. The same kind of toy turns up again on the Funafuti Atoll, as mentioned by Hedley (52). The windmill is contrived by plaiting four arms of palm pinnule. The identical toy made of Pandanus leaves is again found on Dunk Island, off the Coast of Queensland, where, in addition to its being used as a windmill affixed to a spindle, it is also used as a toy boomerang, and is described by Banfield (10) under the name of “ Par-Yrir-AH”’: thrown high, it descends spirally, twisting so rapidly throughout its course that it appears to be a solid disc. (Plate I, Fig 1.). Roth also records the use of the same toy in the Cardwell District of Queensland, and figures it.* It also occurs at Cape Grafton, as I have since ascertained from Dr. Roth. Then, *Roth, W. E. North Queensland Ethnography Bulletin No. 4. Games, Sports and Amusements. 1902. Plate 32, Fig. 21. ‘ BY R. HAMLYN-HARRIS. ao still further afield, we find the identica! article in use in Bavaria (Schulenburg 120), not this time as a toy, but as a charm. QOne form is prepared out of the bark of the willow, and is used to protect the inhabitants against witchcraft, and on occasions, is placed in different parts of the house or on the outbuildings in order to ensure immunity from malevolence. The geographical distribution of this and other implements must be of some account when further consideration is given to culture movements in these areas. In bringing my remarks to an end, one thing still remains to be said. The hour for Queensland will soon have struck, for the native is passing at an appalling rate, and the systems of life which have remained unchanged from generation to generation are being crushed under the iron heel. Yet far from the coast there are many fine specimens of natives, perhaps still of the highest in physique and culture, men who know but little of the white man’s “ witchcraft’: the existence of their native arts and crafts being sufficient evidence of their intellectual life. There is a duty then which we owe to future generations to hand down to them what remains, and this brief survey would be incomplete without such a reminder. On Mornington Island, in the Gulf of Car- pentaria, the natives have been enjoying until quite recent times an unmolested hfe of happy things. There we find an absence of those tribal feuds which have done so much harm on the mainland, and there are many evidences of their long isolation from the rest of the world. One convincing instance alone is necessary, and that is the presence of primitive wind screens on the island (Roth 114), evidence of such rare ethnological value that an example is here reproduced.* (1. IT). *Through the kind courtesy of Mr. J. Bleakley, Chief Protector of Aboriginals. 36 ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF QUEENSLAND. BIBLIOGRAPHY. With special reference to Queensland Ethnography. (1) Barry, F. M. Queensland Woods. Brisbane, 1886. (A large number of Queensland native names are appended to the systematic nomenclature). 2) Ibid. Botwny of the Bellenden-Ker Expedition. Department of Agriculture, Brisbane, Queensland. Report of the Government Scientific Expedition Bellenden-Ker Range, ete., 1889, pp. 29-80. (Numerous references to Aboriginal foods and other vegetable substances used, and their native names). (3) Bancrort, JosepH. Pituri and Duboisia. Trans. Q’land Philos. Soc., vol. 2, 1877 (1878). Brisbane. (4) Ibid. Pituri and Tobacco. Trans. Q’land. Philos. Soe., vel. 3, 1879, Brisbane. (5) Bancrort, T. L. On the habit and use of Nardoo (Marsilea drummondii, A. Br.) Proc. Linn, Soc., N.S.W., 1893, viii (2), pt. 2, pp. 215-217. (6) Ibid. Note on the Bungwall (Blechnum serrulatum, Rich). An Aboriginal food. Proc. L.S., N.S.W., 1894, ix (2), pt. 1, p. 25. (7) Ibid. Abstract of Proceedings (25) Journal and Proceedings, Royal Society, New South Wales, vol. 31, 1897. ' (8) Banrrerp, E. J. Blacks as Fishermen; expedients, devices, stratagems. Q Geog. Journ., vol. 24, p. 43, 1909. (9) Ibid. The Confessions of a Beachcomber: 1906. (10) Ibid. My Tropic Isle, 1911. (11) Barrow, H. Vocabulary of Aboriginal Dialects of Queensland. Journal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 1872, 11, No. 2, pp. 166-175. (11a) Barriey, N. (Edited by J. J. Knight.) Australian Pioneers and Reminiscences. (Chapter 8—to end contains special references to early Queensland, including many references to the Aborigines). Brisbane, 1896. (12) Basepow, H. Anthropological Notes, ete. Transactions Royal Society of South Australia, vel. 31, 1907, p. i. (13) Beppo, J. On the Aborigines of Central Queensland. J.A.I., 1877, vii., No. 2, pp. 145-148. (14) Berry, R. J. & Rogertson, A. W. D. Dioptrographice teachings in three norme of ninety Australian Aboriginal crania. Trans- actions Royal Society of Victoria, vol. vi., 1914. (Several Queensland Aboriginal skulls are described here). (14a) “Challenger” Expedition (see Moseley, H.N.) BY R. HAMLYN-HARRIS. 37 (15) Coox, James. The three famous voyages around the World. In 1768-1771. (First voyage, Book 3, pp. 201-258 deals with Captain Cook’s visit to Queensland; also appendix pp. 1166-1169). (16) Cox, J. C. Notes on some of the habits and customs of Australian natives in Queensland. Proc. L.8., N.S.W., vol. 5, p. 634, 1881. (17) Cunnryeuam, R. A. Exhibition of Three Queensland Natives in Europe. J.A.I., vol. 17, 1888, pp. 83-84. (18) Curr, E. M. The Australian Race—Its origin, languages, customs, ete. Melbourne, 1886. (19) Duckworru, W. H. L. Studies from the Anthropological Labora- tory. The Anatomy School, Cambridge, 1904. (See skulls from Queensland, p. 135). (20) Eruertpcr, R., Junr. The Cylindro-conical and cornute stone implements of Western New South Wales and their significance. Memoirs Geological Survey, New South Wales. Ethnological Series, No. 2, 1916 (see also William R.. Harper, P.L.S., N.S.W., vol. 23, pt. 3, 1898). (21) bid. Contributions to a catalogue of work, etc., of the Australian and Tasmanian Aborigines. Mem. Geol. Sur., N.S.W., Paleeont- ology No. 8, pt. 1(1890); pt. ii. (1891); pt. iii (1895). (22) Ibid. Notes on Australian Aboriginal stone weapons and imple- ments. P.L.S., N.S.W., 1890, vol. v. (2), pp. 251-258, 289- 291, 367, 370; 1891, vol. vi. (2), p. 31; 1892, vol. vi. (2), pt. 3, p- 357; 1892, vol. vii. (2), pt. 1, pp. 170-173; 1893; vol. vili. (2), pt. 2, pp. 300-302; 1894, vol. ix. (2), pp. 109-112 ; 1895, vol. x. (2), p. 506; 1896, vol. 21, pp. 14, 260; 1898, vol. 23, pt. 4, p. 201. (23) Ibid. On a modification of the Australian Aboriginal Weapon termed the Leonile, Langeel, Bendi, or Buecan, ete. J.A.1., vol. 23, 1894, pp. 317-320. (24) Ibid. An Australian Aboriginal Musical instrument. J.A.I., vol. 23, 1894., pp. 320-324. (25) Ibid. Has Man a Geological History in Australia? P.L.S., N.S.W., 1890, v. (2), pp. 259-266. (26) Epcr-Partincton & Harr. Ethnographical Album, 1898. Third series, plates 95-146. Australian weapons, ete., in Aus- tralian collections; also plates 347-365, illustrate Australian examples in public and private collections in England. (27) Eyre, E. J. Expeditions of Discovery into Central Australia, ete., in the years 1840-41. (2 volumes), 1845. (28) FarrnormE, J. K. E. Observations of the Pteropus of Australia. Proceedings of Zoological Society, 1856, pt. xxiv., p. 311; also the blacks of Moreton Bay and the Porpoises, p. 353. (29) Fuasaman, J. Froupe. The Morphology of the Brain of the Australian Aboriginal. Reports from the Pathological Laboratory of the Lunacy Department, N.S.W., vol., ii. part iii., 1908: 38 ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF QUEENSLAND. (30) Frinpers, MarrHew. Voyage of Terra Australia in H.MLS. “Investigator,” London, 1814. Vol. ii., Natives of Hervey Bay, p. 10. Port Curtis, p. 20; Keppel Bay, p. 30; reference is kere made to the same hard tumours on the wrist as previously recorded amongst the natives of Hervey Bay. Shoal- water Bay, p. 46; Wellesley’s Group, p. 145, (31) Fison, Lormmer R. (see A. W. Howitt). (32) Ibid. On Australian Marriage Laws. J.A.I., vol. 19, pp. 354- 357, 1880. (33) Gitten, F. J. (see Baldwin Spencer). (34) Granpner, F. Melanesische Kultur in WNord-ost-Australien, Ethnologica, ii., Heft i., Leipsig, 1913. Grecory, A. C. & F. T. Grecory. Journals of Australian Explora- tions, Brisbane, 1884 (contains a few references to Queensland natives). (35 ~— (36) Grecory, Epmunp. Narrative of Jas. Murrell’s seventeen years’ . exile among the wild blacks of North Queensland, ete. (1863), Brisbane, 1896. (37) Gunn, Mrs. Anneas. “ We of the Never Never,” 1907. (38) Ibid. The Little Black Princess of the Never Never. 1909. (39) Happon, A. C. Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits Cambridge, 1904 (contains many valuable references to that part of Queensland in close proximity to the Straits). (40) Hamiyn-Harris, Ronatrp. Papuan mummification. Memoirs Queensland Museum, vol. 1, 1912, p. 1. (41) Ibid. Mummification and other similar customs. Mem. Q.M., vol. 1, 1912, p. 7. (42) Ibid. Some evidences of Papuan culture on Cape York Peninsula. Mem. Q.M., vol. 3, 1915, p. 10. (43) Ibid. On certain Implements of Superstition and Magic. Mem. Q.M., vol. 3, 1915, p: 3. (44) Ibid. Sacred sticks or Bull-roarers, as exemplified by specimens in the Queensland Museum collections. Mem. Q.M., vol. 2, p- 25. (45) Ibid. Queensland Ethnological Notes. Proc. Roy. Soc., Queensland, vol. 28, No. 9, 1916. (46) Ibid. Notes of an exhibit of a sma!l aboriginal “camp” collection, ete., P.R.S., Q’land, vol. 27, 1915, p. 103. (see also Abstract of Proceedings, 1915, and subsequently). (47) Ibid. Queensland Stone Implements. “Man,” vol. 15, No. 95, 1915. (48) Hamiyn-Harris, Ronatp & SmirH, Frank. On Fish Poisoning and Poisons employed among the Aborigines of Queensland. Mem. Q.M., vol. v., 1916, p. 1. (49) Hepiery, C. Use of some Queensland Plants. P.R.S8., Q’land, 1888, Wes Puls ape Le BY R. HAMLYN-HARRIS. 39 (50) Ibid. Use of the Leaf-stalk of a Water Lily by the natives of Northern Queensland. P.L.S., N.S.W., 1891, vi. (2), pt. 2, p- 139. (51) Ibid. Shells of Nautilus pompilius traded by the Queensland coast blacks. P.L.S., N.S.W., 1893 (1894), viii. (2), p. 239. (52) Ibid. The Ethnology of Funafuti. Memoirs Australian Museum, Sydney. xi., p. 229, 1896-97. (53) HennrkeR-Heaton. The Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. (See Aboriginals). (54) Howirt, A. W. & Fison, L. From Mother-right to Father-right (with tables of social organization). (References to Wakelbura tribe, Balynadi River, Queensland, Kunandaburi tribe, Cooper’s Creek). J.A.I., vol. 12, p. 30, 1883. (55) Howirr, A. W. Notes on the Australian Class systems with maps, showing Queensland systems 2 and 3. J.A.I., vol. 12, p. 496, 1883. (56) Zbid. On Some Australian Ceremonies. of Initiation. J.A.I., vol. 13, 1884. (57) Ibid. On Some Australian Beliefs. J.A.I., vol. 13, 1884, p. 185. (58) Jbid. On Australian Medicine men or doctors and wizards of some Australian tribes (throws light on some Queensland customs), J.A.1., vol. 16, 1887. (59) Ibid. Anthropology in Australia. Trans. & Pree. R.S., Viet., vol. 3. (n.s.) 1891, p. 14. (59) Jbid. Notes on Australian Message Sticks and Messengers, with plate. J.A.I., vol. 18, 1889, p. 314. (60) Jack, R. L. On Aboriginal cave diawings on the Palmer Goldfields. P.R.S.Q., vol. 2, 1896, p. 91, with plate. (61) Ibid. The exploration of Cape York Peninsula, 1606-1915. The Australian Historical Society Journ. and Proe., vol. 3, part v., 1915. (62) Jarpine, J. Description of the neighbourhood of Somerset, Cape York, Australia. P.R. Geographical Society, 1866, x., p. 85; Journ., 1866, xxxvi., p. 76. (Description of the natives and the customs of the “ GUDANG,” “ GOOMKODING,” * YADAIGAN ” and the “ UNDOOYAMO” tribes, numbering in all not more than from 250 to 300 men). (63) Jukes, E. B. Narrative of the Surveying voyage of H.M.S. “ Fly ” during the years 1842-1846. (2 volumes), 1847. (Aboriginal Graves). (64) Kerra, ArrHur. On certain factors concerned in the Evolution of Human Races. J.A.I., vol. 46, 1916. (Presidential Address). (65) Krxc, P. Narrative of a Survey of the Coasts of Australia, between the years 1818 and 1882. Vols. 1 and 2, London, 1827. 40 ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF QUEENSLAND. (66) Kiaarscu, Hermann. The skull of the Australian Aboriginal. Reports from the Pathological laboratory of the Lunacy Depart- ment, New South Wales, vol. 1, pt. ii, 1908, p. 44. (67) Kynicut, J. J. In the Early Days. Brisbane, 1898. (68) Krause, W. Anthropologische Reise nach Australien. Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie, 1897. (In this article two hundred skulls are examined, forty of which came from localities in Queensland. (Warra, Gayndah, Cape York, Wide Bay, Hinchinbrook, Dawson River, Rockhampton, Brisbane). (69) Lance, J. D. Queensland. London, 1861. (70) Laurerer, J. The Aboriginal languages of E. Australia eed. PR:S., Q., wol: 12, 1897, p. IL (71) Lercunarpt, L. Journal of an Overland Expedition in Australia during the years 1844-1845, London, 1847. (72) Liversipcr, A. On Stone Implements. P.R.S., N.S.W., vol. 28, 1894. (73) Ibid. The Alkaloid from Pituri. P.R.S., N.S.W., 1880 (1881), xiv., p. 123. (74) Lumuottrz, Cart. Among Cannibals, 1889. (74a) v. Luscuar. Das Wurfholz in Neu-Holland und in Oceanien. Adolf Bastian Festschrift, Berlin, 1896. (75) Mackie, R. Currre. Anthropological notes of fifty years ago. P.B.S., @:, vol. 23, p. 107, 1910: (76) Maccititivray, J. Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. “ Rattle- snake’ during the years 1846-1850 (two volumes), London, 1852 (includes a yocabulary of Cape York natives). (77) Mackenzie, A. Native Australian Languages. J.A.I., vol. 3, 1874, p. 247. (78) Macxrttop, Donatp. Anthropological notes on the Aboriginal tribes of the Daly River. Trans. R.S., 8.A., vol. 17, 1893, p. 254. (79) McDonatp, A. Mode of preparing the dead among the natives of the Upper Mary River, Q. No. 1, J.A.I., vol.-1, 1872, p. 214; No. 2, 7d., vol: 2, 1873; ps Li: (80) MacpHerson, Joun. Negarrabul and other Australian tribes. Pt. 1, P.L.S8., N.S.W., vol. 27, 19025 0p: 9G37- pus tesla N.S.W., vol. 29, 1904, p. 677. Including a map showing distribu- tion of tribes in Southern Queensland. (81) MacpHeRson, P. The Oven Mounds of the Aborigines in Victoria. P.R.S., N.S.W., vol. 18, 1884, p. 49. (82) Jbid. Aboriginal names, ete. P.R.S., N.S.W., vol. 20, 1886, Dp. 3. (83) Matinowsk1, B. The Family amongst the Australian Aborigines. London, 1913. (84) Mannine, Jas. Notes on the Aborigines of New Holland. P.RB.S., N.S.W., vol. 16, 1882, p. 155. BY R. HAMLYN-HARRIS. 41 (85) Marruew, Jonn. The Cave Paintings of Australia, their author- ship and significance. J.A.I., vol. 23, 1894, p. 42. (86) Jbid. The Australian Aborigines. P.R.S., N.S.W., vol. 23, 1889 p- 339. (87) Ibid. Two representative tribes of Queensland. London, 1910. (88) Jbid. Eagle Hawk and Crow. 1899. (89) Ibid. On the Kabi Dialect of Queensland (Wide Bay and Burnett Districts). J.A.I., vol. 9, p. 312, 1880. (90) Marnews, R.H Aboriginal customs in North Queensland P.R.8., Q., vol. 18, 1898, p. 33. (91) Zbid. Australian Divisional Systems. P.R.S8., N.S.W., vol. 32, 1898, p. 66. (Queensland Divisions, pp. 78-84). (92) Zbid. Group divisions and initiation Ceremonies, ete. P.R.S.. N.S.W., vol. 32, 1899, p. 241 (with an appendix, pp. 250-253). (93) Ibid. Divisions of some Aboriginal tribes. P.R.S., N.S.W., vol. 33, 1899, p. 108. (94) Ibid. Marriage and Descent, etc. P.R.S., N.S.W., vol. 34, 1900,. p- 120. (Some tribes of Cape York Peninsula, p. 131). (95) Ibid. Languages of some native tribes of Queensland, ete. Proc. R.S., N.S.W., vol. 36, 1902, p. 135. (96) bid. Some curious stones used by the Aborigines. P.R.S., N.S.W..,. vol. 45, 1911, p. 359. (97) Ibid. The Bora of the Kamilaroi tribe. Proc. R.S.) Victoria,. vol. 9 (n.s.), 1897, p. 137. (98) MixtovHo-Macray, N. Dr. On the practice of ovaviotomy by the natives of the Herbert River. Proc. L.S., N.S.W., vol. 6, p. 622, 1882. (98a) Zbid. On a very dolichocephalic skull (Darling Downs District of Queensland, 1863-1864), P.L.8., N.S.W., vol. vii., 1884, p- 401. (99) Meston, A. Report of the Government Scientific ‘Expedition, Bellenden-Ker Range. Department of Agriculture, Brisbane. 1889; (of particular interest are the references to small hands and feet, p. 18; Cannibalism, p. 19; Vocabularies of Dialects, pp. 21-22. (100) Zbtd. Queensland Aboriginals. Proposed system for their imy rove- ment and preservation. Brisbane, 1895. (100a) Moserny, H. N. Narrative H.M.S. “* Challenger,” 1885 (contains description and illustration of a black’s camp at Cape York (Palm-Leaf huts). Also references to Papuan influence among members of the GUDANG tribe, pp. 356-540). (100b) OtpFreLp, THos. On the Aborigines of Australia. Trans. Ethnol. Soc., L’dn., vol. 3., n.s., 1865, p. 215. (101) Patmer, E. On Plants used by the natives of North Queensland, Flinders and Mitchell Rivers, for food, medicine, ete., Journ. R.8., N.S.W., 1883 (1884), xvii., p. 93. 42 ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF QUEENSLAND. (102) Zbid. Notes on some Australian tribes, with an appendix by A. W. Howitt. Remarks on class systems, collected by Mr. Palmer, vol. 13, p. 276, 1884. (103) Perriz, Constance C. Tom Petrie’s Reminiscences of Early Queensland, Brisbane, 1904. (104) Ripitey, Wiiitam (Dr. Creed). On the Aborigines of the North “ Coast. J.A.I., vol. 7, 1878. (105) /bid. Kamilaroi and other Australian Languages. Sydney, 1875. (106) Rivers, W. H. R. Is Australia Culture simple or complex ? Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Australia, 1914, p. 529. (107) Zbid. The History of Melanesian Society, 1913. (108) Rivers, Pirr. On the Egyptian boomerang and its affinities. J.A.I., vol. 12, p. 454, 1883. (109) Ropertsoyn, A. W. D. Craniological observations on the lengths. breadths and heights of a hundred Australian Aboriginal Crania Proce. R.S. Edin., vol. xxxi., pt. 1. (No. 1), 1910 (included in this are three Queensland skulls). (110) Ibid. (see Berry). (111) Rorn, W. E. Notes on social and individual nomenclature among certain North Queensland Aboriginals. Proc. R.S., Q’land., vol. 13, 1898, p. 39. (112) Jbid. Ethnological studies among the N.W.C. Q’land Aborigines. 1897, Brisbane. (113) Zbid. N. Queensland Ethnography, Bulletins 1-18. Bulletins 1-8 published by the Home Secretary’s Department, Brisbane, and the remainde. in the Records of the Australian Museum, Sydney. (114) Ibid. A visit to the people of a little knownisland. Bull. American Geographical Society, vol. 37, No. 8, p. 492. (115) Russect, Stuart Heyry. The Genesis of Queensland. Sydney, 1888. (116) Sarc, F. C. A. Die Australischen Bumerangs, etc., Verdffentli- chungen aus dem Stadtischen V6lker-Museum, Frankfurt am Main, 1911. (117) Saimuey, Jonx. A Fish Poison of the Aborigines. Proce. Roy. Soc., Q., vol. 11, pt. 2, 1896, p. 88. (118) Zbid. Vocabulary of the GOWRBURRA and KOOLABURRA tribe. Proc. R.S., Q., vol. 12, 1897, pt. 1: (119) bid. On a Bora ring in the Albert Valley Proc. R.S., Q., vol. 23, pt: 1, 1910, p. 103.4 (120) ScuuLeNBuRG, W. V. Trudenfuss bei Wilshofen in Bayern Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie, p. 600, 1897. . (121) SmirH, Frank (see Hamlyn-Harris). ‘BY R. HAMLYN-HARRIS. 43 (122) Smiru, G. Eviior. On the significence of the geographical dis- tribution of the Practice of Mummification. A study of the Migrations of peoples and the spread of certain Customs and Beliefs. Memoirs and Proceedings, Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, vol. 59, pt. 2, 1915. (123) Sarnt-SmitH, E. Cecm. Geological Survey Report, Annan River Tinfield, Cooktown District, N.Q. Queensland Government Mining Journal, August, 1915, p. 379. Recent Alluvium deposits of extremely youthful age, evidenced by finding of Aboriginal stone axes at numerous places, three found 9 feet from surface (in wash dirt), whilst beds of alluvial as much as 16 feet in thickness have been found to overlie these relics. (124) Semon, R. In the Australian Bush, London, 1899. (125) Sournr, D. Ln. Wild life in Australia, p. 398. (126) Somervitte, B. T. Ethnographical notes in New Georgia. J.A.I., vol. 26, 1897, p. 409. - (127) Spencer, Batpwry anv GitueN, F. J. Across Australia. 2 vols., 1912. (127a) Ibid. Northern Tribes of Central Australia, 1904, Chap. 17 for tree burial. (128) Spencer, Batpwry. Native tribes of the Northern Territery of Australia, 1914. (129) “Sprrrmr” Exprpition. Brisbane, 1860. (Natives of “M.” Island and Port Moolle, pp. 16 and 17, and other scattered notices.) (130) Srrerron, W. G. Customs, Rites and Superstitions of the Aboriginal tribes of the Gulf of Carpentaria. Trams. R.S8., 8.A., vol. Lis 1893; ps 27- (131) Strrtinc, E. C. Anthropology, ““ Horn” Expedition, pt. iv., 1896. (132) Stuart, ANpuRsoN. The Mika or Kulpi operation of the Australian Aborigines. P.R.S., N.S.W., vol. 30, 1896. (Hardman, Proceed- ings Royal Irish Academy, 1881, p. 115). (133) Tartin, Grorcre. Notes of a comparative table of Australian languages. J.A.J., vol. 1, 1872. (134) Ibid. Folklore, manners, customs, etc., of the South Australian Aborigines. Adelaide, 1879. (135) THomas, N. W. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia. London, 1906. (136) bed. Natives of Australia. London, 1906. (137) THozet, A. Notes on roots, tubers, bulbs and fruits used as vegetable food by the Aboriginals of Northern Queensland. Rockhampton, 1866. (138) Tryon, Henry. Rock Drawings. Proc. R.S., Q., vol. 1, 1885. (138) Turner, Wiuriam. The Comparative Osteology of Races of Man. Reports of the voyage of H.M.S. “Challenger,” Edinburgh, vol. x., 1884 (a number of Queensland skulls are here described). 44 ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF QUEENSLAND. (140) -‘Tyter, E. M. On the limits of savage religion. J.A.I., vol. 21, p. 283, 1892. (141) Urqunart, F. C. Legends of the Australian Aborigines. J.A.L., vol. 14, 1885, p. 87. (142) VircHow, RuportpH. Australien. Journal des Museum Godeffroy, Heft x., Hamburg, 1902. (Description of Queensland skeletons, skulls and weapons, with plates). (143) Watkins, Grorcr. Notes on the Aborigines of Stradbroke and Moreton Islands. Proce. R.S., Q., vol. 8, pt. 2, 1891, p. 40. (144) Wax, C. Sranrmanp. The nature and origin of group marriage.. J.A.I., vol. 13, 1884, p. 151. (145) WrEpon, THORNHILL. Queensland Past and Present. 1897 (1898), p- 10. (146) Wetssy, Tuomas. Schnappering and Fishing, ete, Brisbane,. 1905 (contains various references to the native). (147) WHreEter, G. C. The Tribe and inter-tribal relations im Australia. London, 1910. Proc. Roy. Soc. Q’nanp, Vou. xxix. Pratt I. Hie: 1. Pandanus Leaf Toy Boomerangs and Crosses in use until quite recently on Dunk Island. The Crosses are still in use on the mainland, N.Q. Fie 2. * el-bone”’ Charms, Cairns Distriet, N.Q. Puare II. Proc. Roy. Soc. Q’ranp, VoL. XxIx. “urreyuod IR, ) fo fie) “pury SI WOPDUIUTO|Y UO osm UL TIS (WOOL Spur Ad JATILUILA | Vv ee | i a es Gaal 7 rhe Wee) x’ i ee y re * 4c) t a ~ ’ ‘ 5 ’ r r4 ‘ F 7) i) . iy i ve ‘ ans ‘ . ; h as ra, : r r : ; if 7 1 ’ { ee _ ~- t > ' ’ s, * rh A ' x. -/ . Ld iy hn , : i 4 . i Lv: - heyy R . ] ,; nd “4 bs ‘ . ee oa ’ at ‘ r . - ‘ . y * 7 ‘ . Q ‘ e . ; a - ‘die . ¥ x ~ " >; . Cente | , . , ¥ : ' “ 7” t 7 } ' de 4 r' tn = a i ” ‘ , . ae ’ a rt 4 rte me | at iw } 4 Pid jé a ‘ : , / ¥ as € c ; c: 2 , \ ‘ . on Z "= wee a At a 2 te Pf ‘ + ws ; . i } , " 4 5 ‘ Vy wil Be ‘ 2 » a of p “is seit We ‘ OR ? ‘ ‘ ; res 4 F i) : . ‘ OP as ae P) RY ViaNl ee ay 7 « f Ae oe ne * ' se ve — iF Ti | uy % iP of pA? 3 * 1% 4 "re if a ert a So hh uae Bae a igs WE ie = eee pi ses keene tt elates atom tey ily ) Warotae THE ANATOMY OF HYLA CHRULEA WHITE. J.—TuHE PECTORAL GIRDLE AND VERTEBRAL COLUMN. By C. D. Gruuies, M.Sc., anp Epna F. Preserpy, B.Sc., Biology Department, The University of Queensland. (With Ten Text Figures). (Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, 30th April, VOL7). The Pectoral Girdle. The pectoral girdle of Hyla cerulea White, is ‘described and figured by W. K. Parker* under the name Calamites cyanea Fitzinger. In the specimens examined by us we found that they exhibited a number of features differing from Parker’s work. F. E. Beddard (1) states that it is probable that some of the species described by Parker in his “Monograph” have been incorrectly identified. The acceptance of this view may explain the differences observed by us. The pectoral girdie of Hyla cerulea White (Fig. 1) is of the Arciferous type, in which the epicoracoids are not united in the mid-line ventrally, and the right portion of the girdle overlaps the left, when the girdle is examined from the ventral surface. Out of twenty-three specimens, four were abnormal in having the left portion of the girdle overlapping the right. This means that the frequency of the occurrence of the abnormality is about 17 per cent. in this particular case. We are of the opinion, however, that this percentage is rather higher than the average. *** Monograph of the Shoulder Girdle,” p. 76, pl. vii., fig. 6. 46 THE ANATOMY OF HYLA C/ZRULEA WHITE. The coracoids (Figs. 1 and 2, cor.) are stout bones, expanded at the ends. They run posteriorly inwards, and their inner extremities are fused with the paired cartilaginous epicoracoids (Fig. 1, ep. cor.) The anterior and posterior borders of each coracoid are concave. A coracoid is divided into two regions, a proximal and a distal, of which the latter is the larger and is fan-shaped or dilated. The epicoracoids are flattened plates which pass forwards and become continuous with the procoracoids (Fig. 1, pr. cor). The outer margin of each epicoracoid ‘an Doge 2) PB ses Gas ff PAT ow Uh V eaes yifeie® : Fig. 1—Ventral view of pectoral girdle (enlarged nearly twice). Fig. 2—Ventral view of scapula and suprascapula drawn stretched out (x 2): ¢e. cornu at junction of coracoid and epicoracoid ; cal. cartilaginous portion of suprascapula; cl. clavicle; cor. coracoid; cor. fen. coracoidal fenestra; ep. cor. epicoracoid; g.c. glenoid cavity; g.f., g. for. glenoid foramen; omos. omosternum; os. ossified region of suprascapula ; pr. cor. proceracoid; pr. sc. prescapular process; r. transverse ridge on xiphisternum; sc. scapula; s. sc. suprascapula; 2p. st. xiphisternum. BY C. D. GILLIES AND EDNA F PEKBERDY. 47 is convex, and near the junction with the corresponding coracoid is a slender cartilaginous cornu (Fig. 1, ¢.), which travels posteriorly to the body wall. The procoracoids are paired cartilaginous bars, running from the anterior ends of the epicoracoids to the glenoid regions of the girdle (Figs. 1 and 2,9.c.) In the triangle formed by the coracoid, epicoracoid and procoracoid of each side, is the coracoidal fenestra (Fig. 1, cor. fen), which is oval in shape. The clavicles (Figs. 1 and 2, cl.) are paired and ossified. They are curved, with the concavity facing anteriorly, and almost completely invest the procoracoids. but the posterior borders of the latter are uncovered. On each side the glenoid cavity (Figs. 1 and 2, g.c.) is formed by the coracoid, scapula, clavicle. and procoracoid. The scapula (Fig. 2) is similar to that figured by Parker. In the glenoid region the scapula is bifid, and the prescapular process (Fig. 2, pr. sc.) is the longer of the two portions. Between the latter lies the glenoidal foramen (Fig. 1 and 2, g. for., q.f.). The distal border of the scapula is straight, and the anterior and posterior are concave. The suprascapula (Fig. 1, s. sc.), is attached to the distal border of the scapula (Fig. 2). It is four-sided, and lies dorsally. Parker described the anterior border as being convex, and draws attention to the statement. We found that both the anterior and posterior borders are concave. Part of the suprascapula is ossified (Fig. 2, os.), but the remainder is cartilaginous (Fig. 2, cal.) The ossified region arises along the scapula- suprascapular junction. Distally it is bifid. The anterior arm is more or less uniform in width, while the posterior is somewhat triangular in most examples. The anterior border of the suprascapula is ossified, but the posterior and distal are cartilaginous. The omosternum of Parker’s Calamites cyanea is ‘shark tooth shaped,’ to use his words, and furnished with an “ ectosteal crown.” At the base are two soft diverging fangs or processes. We find that the omosternum is a cartilaginous oval or circular plate (Fig. 1, omos). Beddard states that the sternum of Hyla caerulea exactly resembles that of Parker’s Acrodytes daudinii (? a Hyla). The omosterna examined by us resemble that figured for the latter (pl. vii., Fig. 1), but the long axis in the oval 48 THE ANATOMY OF HYLA CHRULEA WHITE. forms is transverse and not vertical or parallel to the long axis of the animal. The omosternum is situated anteriorly to the epicoracoids, and unites the two pectoral components in this region. On tearing the girdle components apart, the omosternum divides into two—each part remaining attached to its corresponding epicoracoid. There is a constriction between the omosternum and the epicoracoids. The xiphisternum (Fig. 1, vip. st.) is a flattened cartilaginous plate with two posteriorly directed cornua. We find that they are not so slender as figured by Parker for Calamites cyanea, neither are they so stout as those of his Acrodytes daudinii, the form Beddard (1) says Hyla caerulea exactly resembles in regard to the sternum. The condition observed by us is intermediate between the two.: In our specimens the outer border is convex, while in Calamites cyanea it is straight. Each cornu is thickened in the mid-longitudinal line. Arising on each side of the ventral mid-line of the anterior undivided portion of the xiphisternum is a transverse ridge (Fig. 1, r.) running a little posteriorly. These two ridges are ventral to the epicoracoids and overlap their posterior edges. Anteriorly, an oblique median septum separates the two compartments formed by the transverse ridges. The xiphisternum is connected to the pectoral arch by connective tissue. The sterno-hyoid muscle arises as two strands from the dorsal surfaces of the xiphisternal cornua—a strand from each cornu. The fibres pass anteriorly, and are inserted into the body of the hyoid. Vertebral Column. The vertebral column (Fig. 3) consists of the typical Anuran components, viz.:—nine vertebre including the atlas, and a urostyle or os coecygeum. Hyla cerulea agrees with the other species of Hylide in having the sacral transverse processes or diapophyses expanded. The transverse processes of the vertebre fall into two groups in regard to size. Those of the second, third, fourth and ninth are well developed, while those of the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth are comparatively slender. Tn the second-eighth vertebre the posterior notches in the pedicles, forming the anterior portions of the inter-vertebral foramina, are larger than the anterior ones. The anterior BY C. D. GILLIES AND EDNA F. PEBERDY. 49 and posterior zygapophyses are well developed in the third-eighth (Fig. 7). On the posterior border of each diapophysis of the third, is a small prominence, which in extreme cases was very poorly developed on either one or both processes. gth. urostyle . Fig. 3—Vertebral column (ventral view). 50 THE ANATOMY OF HYLA C#RULEA WHITE. Atlas (Fig. 4, A, B.) On the dorsal surface is a neural spine, represented by a median longitudinal ridge, which is more strongly developed posteriorly. The anterior edge of the neural arch is notched slightly in the mid-line dorsally. The posterior zygapophyses are small, and the anterior are absent. The posterior articular face of the centrum is strongly flattened dorso-ventrally. Posterior notches in the pedicles are present for the anterior portions of the first intervertebral foramina, but there are no anterior ones. Second vertebra (Fig. 5). The transverse processes are horizontal and _ well-developed. The posterior zygapophyses are normal, but the anterior are small, in agreement with the small size of the posterior processes of the atlas. The neural spine is comparatively prominent and projects in front. Posteriorly, ridges are given off from it to the posterior zygapophyses. Third vertebra (Fig. 6). The transverse processes are very well developed, being next in size to those of the ninth or sacral vertebra. In the vertical plane the trans- verse processes make an angle of 90 degrees with the longitudinal axis of the centrum, but in the horizontal plane they are directed ventrally at an angle of about. 20 degrees. The neural spine is comparatively well developed, like that of the second, but projects posteriorly. Fourth vertebra. The transverse processes are well developed, and directed posteriorly. Fifth vertebra (Fig. 7). The transverse processes are slender and directed posteriorly like the former. Siath vertebra. In the sixth the transverse processes are slender but horizontal. Seventh vertebra. The only difference of importance between this vertebra, and the sixth is that in the former the transverse processes project anteriorly, : Highth vertebra. The transverse processes are similar to those of the seventh, but they approach the vertical more Closely than the latter. Nicholls (7) draws attention to a statement of Gadow (2) in which the latter remarks that the eighth vertebra is bi-concave in the proccelous families of Anura. Nicholls shows that this is incorrect, — BY C. D. GILLIES AND EDNA F. PEBERDY. 51 Tign. Figs. neurz] Spine att post Ly A. Rest 2y6 laminz Cenlrum Fig. anterior conca vily bristle in ee aeura! canal fig to. bristle Fig. 4—Atlas A. anterior view. B. side view. Fig. 5—2nd vertebra, dorsal view. Fig. 6—3rd vertebra, posterior view. post zyg.=posterior zygapophysis. Fig. 7—5th vertebra, dorsal view. ant. zyg.=anterior zygapophysis. Fig. 8—9th vertebra, ventral view. Fig. 9—9th vertebra, dorsal view. Fig. 10—Urostyle. A. side view with bristle showing course of neural canal. 8B. dorsal view, with bristles indicating position of 10th foramina. (Figs. 4-10 enlarged 24 times). By THE ANATOMY OF HYLA CJERULEA WHITE. for all the vertebre are proccelous in the Hylide, Bufonide and Cystignathide examined by him. He made observa- tions on eighteen species of Hylide, including two specimens of Hyla caerulea. We support his statements in regard to this form. We found that in fourteen disarticulated eighth vertebra the centra of them all were proccelous. Ninth or sacral vertebra (Figs. 8 and 9), The transverse processes are large and dilated, edged with cartilage. The anterior zygapophyses are well developed, but the posterior are absent. In the disarticulated specimens examined by us numbering sixteen, all the centra were proccelous, and thus we confirm Nicholls’ work with reference to the sacral or ninth of Hyla cerulea. Immediately behind the double convexity of the posterior surface of the centrum, is a depression on its ventral aspect. The anterior notches in the pedicles are better developed than the posterior. Usually the latter, in the other vertebre, are the more prominent. The neural spine is continuous posteriorly with a ridge, on each side, running towards the outer edge of a transverse process, in the region of the posterior border. Urostyle (Fig. 10, A, B.) The urostyle is somewhat under half the total length of the vertebral column. It consists of a ventral cylindrical portion and a dorsal crest. The former is straight, but curves slightly ventrally in the anterior region. The articular surface is on the anterior face of the cylindrical part of the urostyle. It is oval, . and bears the double concavity into which fits the double convexity of the sacral vertebra. The sides of the anterior face are concave. Anteriorly, the crest is more or less perpendicular, while the dorsal edge slopes away gradually. The anterior edge is about equal in height to the minor axis of the articular surface. The crest runs from the anterior end to about two-thirds of the length of the ossified portion of the urostyle. Posteriorly, the latter is tipped with cartilage. Apparently, the neural canal’s running obliquely upwards and opening on the dorsal surface of the neural crest, is a normal feature. Seventeen complete specimens of urostyles were examined. The neural canal was present in them all. A hair or bristle passed through fifteen, from the anterior opening of the canal to the exterior on the dorsal surface. In one BY C. D. GILLIES AND EDNA F. PEBERDY. 53 specimen a hair was inserted from the dorsal opening, and passed anteriorly ; it didn’t travel completely through, as evidently some obstruction was present in the canal. In the remaining specimen, the latter could be seen passing from the anterior end to the crest, but while endeavouring to insert a bristle into the passage, a portion of the former broke off and became firmly wedged in the cavity. The opening of the crest is in the region of the middle third of the distance along the latter. In some urostyles the foramina of the 10th spinal nerves were observed. Apparently (a) both may be present : (>) only one, or (c)} both may be absent. In the examination of the urostyles (for the neural canals) and the vertebre, the specimens first were placed in a solution of sodium hydroxide. Care had to be taken to avoid prolénged boiling, as this resulted in the destruc- tion of the bone. Several variations of interest were observed. In one sacral vertebra the specimen was asymmetrical; the extremity of the left transverse process (the vertebra being viewed from the ventral surface) was higher than the right, and the right tuberosity of the urostylar articulation was malformed. Another vertebra, a second, was remarkable in having the right transverse process (from the ventral surface) directed anteriorly, while the left was horizontal. One of the vertebral columns examined showed a double variation. The transverse processes of the eighth and one of the ninth were dilated or fan-shaped. The remaining one of the ninth was flattened but not dilated. Apparently the two vertebre formed a species of double sacrum. When viewed from the ventra! surface the right transverse process of the eighth was larger than the left. but the left of the ninth was larger than the right. In size, the larger of the eighth was about equal to the larger of the ninth. Our thanks are due to Dr. T. Harvey Johnston, Biology Dept., University, for allowing us to use the Biology Laboratory for this research; we are also indebted to him for kindly criticism and directing our attention to important literature. THE ANATOMY OF HYLA C#RULEA WHITE. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bepparp, F. E.—‘“‘ Notes upon the anatomy of a species of frog of the genus Megalophrys, with references to other genera of Batrachia.” Proc. Zool. Soc., 1907, p. 328, footnote. Gapvow, H.—Amphibia, Cambridge Natural History, 1901. Marsuaryt, A. M.— ‘The Frog,” 1912. McAtringe, M.—‘ Biologieal Atlas,” 1881. 2? Nicwoiis, G. E.—* A note on the Urostyle of Anurous Amphibia. Proe. Zool. Soc., 1915, p. 239. NIcHo.Lis, G. K.—** Some notes on the anatomy of Rana tigrina.” Proc. Zool. Soe., 1915, p. 603. Nrcuwouis, G. E.—‘‘ The structure of the Vertebral Column in Anura Phaneroglossa.”” Proc. Linn. Soe., Lond., 1916, p. 80. Parker, W. K.—* Monograph of the Shoulder Girdle.” Ray Society, 1868. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SHELL FROM CALOUNDRA. By Cuarves Heptey, F.L.S., Australian Museum, Sydney. Communicated by Dr. T. H. JoHnston, (With Two Text Figures). {Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, 30th April, 1917). CLANCULUS JOHNSTONI, n. Sp. (Figs. 11, 12.) Shell small, solid, globose conic. Colour carmine, with radial buff dashes, about eight to a whorl, reaching from the suture half-way to the periphery, umbilicus and bordering funicle white; as in allied forms, there is a colour dimorphism in which olive brown replaces the carmine, a trace of which yet remains on the summit, Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Figs. 11 and 12—Clanculus johnstoni, Hedley. Whorls five. On the penultimate there are four spirals, the upper being a double bead row, and a fifth half-buried in the suture by the succeeding whorl. On the last whorl there are thirteen spirals which become taller, broader, more widely spaced and more inclined to break up into 56 DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SHELL FROM CALOUNDRA. beads as they ascend from base to suture. Aperture oblique finally ascending. Within the outer lip are about a dozen entering ridges, the lowest larger than the rest. Columella oblique, twisted, the edge reflected, with a large tooth at the base and a small one above. Umbilical margin broadly over-reaching the cavity, its edge with three or four denticules. A translucent callus unites the lips. Height, 6; major diam., 6; minor diam., 5 mm, Habitat: Caloundra, Queensland. This species was first sent to me by Mr. T. Iredale, with the information that it was un-named. Subsequently, Dr. T. Harvey Johnston collected it in the same locality. It is much like C. thomasi Crosse from New Caledonia, but is smaller, duller in colour and more delicately sculptured. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF XANTHOSTEMON (NAT. ORD. MYRTACKAE) FROM NORTH QUEENSLAND. By C. T. Wuirts, Acting Government Botanist, Brisbane. (With One Text Figure). (Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, 25th June, 1917). XANTHOSTEMON, F.v.M. X. PUBESCENS, sp. nov. (Figure 13). A large tree, branchlets, inflorescence and under surface of the leaves pubescent. Leaves lanceolate, average size 44in. (11°5 cm.) long, Ijin. (3°8 cm.) wide, apex bluntish, base tapering into a petiole of about #in. (2 cm.), under surface thinly pubescent, denser on the petioles and main nerves, upper surface glabrous or glabrescent with the exception of the midrib, which is more or less densely pubescent in the lower half. Flowers in terminal or subterminal pedun- culate, crowded cymes, peduncles up to 6 lines (14 em.), peduncles, pedicels and calyces densely beset with light- brown hairs. Calyx-tube broadly campanulate, 3. lines (7 mm.) diam., lobes triangular-ovate 2 lines (4 mm.) long. Petals glandular-dotted, densely tomentose, — shortly exceeding the calyx-lobes. Stamens numerous, (apparently shorter than in X. chrysanthus, but not seen in a perfect condition). Ovary glabrescent. Capsule nearly globular, 6 lines (1-4 cm.) diam., 3-celled, seated on the flattened and enlarged calyx-tube.— X. chrysanthus J. F. Bailey, Queens. Agric. Jl., v., 398 (non F.v.M.). 58 DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF XANTHOSTEMON, Fig. 13—Xanthostemon pubescens, sp. nov. A. Shoot, nat. size. B. Longitudinal section of calyx showing ovary, slightly enlarged. C. Capsules, nat. size. BY CG. T. WHITE. 59 Hab.: Common at Mazlin’s Creek, Herberton District, J. F. Bailey (type); Atherton District, H. W. Mocatta (received through N. W. Jolly, Director of Forests, Brisbane). According to Mr. Mocatta, Forest Inspector, Atherton District, this tree is generally known as “ Penda,” a vernacular applied in Southern Queensland to 4X. oppositifolius, Bail. This new species stands intermediate between X. chrysanthus and X. oppositifolius. Though previously classed with X. chrysanthus. it seems to me to have more affinity with X. oppositifolius, but differs in its narrower, longer, lanceolate leaves and in its more densely pubescent character. In the shape of the leaves it undoubtedly approaches X. chrysanthus, but apart from its pubescent character, differs in the calyx- tube enlarged and flattened under the fruit not partly enclosing it. A NEW SPECIES OF PEDICELLINA FROM SYDNEY HARBOUR, By T. H. Jonnston, M.A., D.Sc., and Mavis J. WALKER, B.Se., Biology Department, The University of Queensland. (With One Text Figure). . (Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, 25th June, 1917): The only species of the endoproct Polyzoon genus Pedicellina recorded from Australia, as far as we are aware, is P. cernua, the identification having been made by Whitelegge (1889, p. 293), who collected his material under stones in Sydney Harbour. About twelve years ago, one of us obtained specimens in similar situations between tide marks at Middle Harbour and Watson’s Bay, Port Jackson. An examination of the material has led us to regard the Sydney Pedicellina as belonging not to P. cernua but to a closely-related new species, P. whiteleggii, named in honour of Mr. Thomas Whitelegge, who did so much to further the study of the invertebrate fauna of New South Wales. The new species resembles the EKuropean one in its general habit and structure. From the creeping stolon, devoid of spines, there are given off stems well provided with spines throughout their length, these stems terminating in calyces in various stages of development or regeneration. The spines are much shorter than those of P. cernua. In the latter, the distal portion of the stem is generally more or less devoid of spines, a point of difference between it and the Australian species. BY T. H. JOHNSTON AND MAVIS J. WALKER. 61 Fig. l4—l. Pedicellina whiteleggii. Calyx—most of the anteriorly situated spines are not indicated in this figure. 2 and 3.—Spines from stalk of P. whiteleggii and P. cernua, respectively drawn to the same scale. a., anus; br. p., brood- pouch; embr., embryos; ep., epistome ; excr., one of the excretory tubules; hep., “liver’?; ¢nt., intestine ; m., mouth; ng.. nerve ganglion; oes., oesophagus; o0v., Ovary; ovid., common oviduct; st., stomach. 62 A NEW SPECIES OF PEDICELLINA, The calyx of the latter differs from that of the former in being well supplied with spines, apparently irregularly distributed, generally abundant but sometimes less numerous. There is usually a fairly well-defined ring of them at about the level of the bases of the tentacles. In young calyces spines may be absent. Though P. cernua generally has a smooth calyx, yet a very spiny condition is known*, while Hincks+ has figured some with a few scattered spines. The calyx of P. whiteleggii is narrower than that of P. cernua. The text figure represents a camera lucida drawing of an adult embryo-bearing calyx—a mounted specimen. It is rather larger than the rest in our possession. The anatomy does not call for special comment, the position of the organs being indicated in the figure. The ganglion is only slightly bilobed. The two ovaries are relatively large and the common oviduct is a wide tube with thick walls. The endoproct Polyzoa recorded from Australia are as follows :— (1) Pedicellina cernua Whitelegge, 1889==P. white- leggit Johnston and Walker, 1917, Sydney Harbour. (2) Pedicellinopsis fruticosa Hincks (1884)—Port Phillip Heads, Victoria. In 1886, Busk reported on specimens collected by the Challenger in 150 fathoms, off Twofold Bay, N.S.W., and defined a genus Ascopodaria (p. 42, pl. 9-10), including Hincks’ genus and species under it. It is under Busk’s name of Asc. fruticosa that the animal has since been listed by Whitelegge (1889, p. 293) who recorded finding it among seaweed on ocean beaches in the vicinity of Sydney. Hedley (1915, p. 72) also mentioned its occurrence there. Some writers regard Busk’s genus as a valid one, distinct from, though closely- related to, that erected by Hincks. (3) % Loxosoma sp., recorded by Whitelegge (p. 293) as occurring on a Sipunculid, Phascolosoma australis Keferst, in Port Jackson. *Johnston, Brit. Hydr. Zoophytes, vol. 2, 1847, pl. 70, fig. 5. +Brit. Polyzoa, p. 566, and pl. 81, fig. 2. BY T. H. JOHNSTON AND MAVIS J. WALKER, 62 (4) Loxrosoma sp., found by Goddard (1909, p. 725), on a marine leech, Pontobdella australiensis Godd. No locality is mentioned, but presumably it was collected in New South Wales. (5) Lozosoma sp. Macdonald (1876, p. 211) drew attention to and figured certain structures associated with two species of marine leeches (Pontobdella and a gill-bearing form) from Shark Bay, West Australia. He regarded them as spermatophores and noted that those found on the Pontobdella were different to those occurring on the other leech. Goddard (1909) referred to Macdonald’s discovery and showed that the structures seen by him were really two different species of an endoproct polyzoon, probably Loxosoma, infesting Pontobdella australiensis and Branchellion sp. respectively, the former belonging to the same species (No. 4) as that examined by Goddard. LITERATURE. 1886. Busk—Report on the Polyzoa, Part 2. Challenger Reports, 17 (1), 1886. 1909 Gopparp—Contributions to our Knowledge of Australian Hirudinea, Part 4, with a note on a parasitic endoproctous Polyzoon. P.L.S., N.S.W., 34, 1909 (1910), pp. 721-732. 19L5 Hepdtey—An ecological sketch of the Sydney Beaches. P.R.S., N.S.W., 49, 1915, pp. 15-77. 1884. Hrxcxs—Contributions to a general history of the Polyzoa, xiii., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), 13, 1884, pp. 363-5. 1876 MacDonaLtp—On a new genus of Trematoda and some new or little-known parasitic Hirudinei. Tr. Linn. Soe., ser. 2, 2, 1876 (1877), pp. 209-212. 1889 WuireLecce—List of the marine and freshwater invertebrate fauna of Port Jackson and the neighbourhood. P.R.S. N.S.W., 23, 1889, pp. 163-327. THE FLORA OF A SINGLE TRIE. By H. A. Loneman anv C. T. WHITE. (Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, 27th August, 1917.) Whilst collecting in the sub-tropical rain-fdrest of Tambourine Mountain in February last, the writers had many opportunities of obtaining ferns, creepers and epiphytal orchids from large trees which had recently been cut down. The idea then occurred that it would be ° of interest to select a certain tree and collect representatives of the entire plant population, so far as possible, and tabulate a list. After some discrimination in the area in which the axe had been recently employed, a Lauraceous tree, Litsea reticulata (Meiss) Benth., a “ Bolly Gum,’’* was selected. This tree was chosen for its comparative wealth of accompanying specimens, and also because it had fallen in such a way as to separate its essential or partial dependents from its neighbours in the surrounding rain-forest. It is not suggested, however, that this list represents a probable maximum for a single tree, as under certain circumstances a far larger tree whose foliage was still more interlaced might be selected with more remark- able results. So far as actual specimens, not species, are concerned, Frederick Turner has noted that more than two hundred epiphytal orchids have been observed on one eigantie fig tree, Ficus Teer OP TYEE + and H. Tee notes «J. H. Maiden, ho gives an Shenae ‘iinsteatione in ie Forest Flora, V. pl. 170, uses the spelling: ‘‘ Bolly Gum.” This is how it is generally pronounced by timber getters. J. F. Bailey (Qld. Agric. Journ., V, 1899, p- 396), and K. Domin (Pr. Roy. Soc. Qld., XXIII, 1911, p. 62, associate the term ‘“ Bally Gum” in North Queensland with Blepharocarya énvolucriger a. +Rep. Brit. Assn., 1914, p. 589. tVic. Nat. Vol. 4, 1887, p. 69. BY H. A LONGMAN AND C. T. WHITE 65 that in a Gippsland gully he counted “over twenty different kinds of mosses, ferns, and lichens and fungi growing on the same trunk.” In designating the area we have used the term sub- tropical rain-forest for the following reasons. Although the word scrub is almost indispensable in local usage, in strict botanical parlance it can only be applied to dwarf growths, such as shrubs growing in thickets or to alpine trees. Kerner and Oliver thus speak of scrubs as being ** repetitions of woods or forests in little.’* In the other parts of Australia the popular term “scrub”’ agrees with the correct botanical designation; for example, Prof. T. G. B. Osborn} speaks of the wide-spread occurrence of scrub, typical of hundred of square miles of South Australia, composed of bushes of from 2 metres to 4 metres high. J. H. Maiden refers to * rich coastal vine brushes (scrubs), tropical and sub-tropical ” in his useful study of Australian vegetation published in the Federal Handbook of Australia, 1914, making brush correspond with what in India is called jungle. Karel Domin, in his paper on Queensland Plant Associations,{ makes use of the word ‘* vine-scrub,” but in a later publication** he substitutes ** regen waldern.”’ The various terms used in distinguishing plant com- munities have been so clearly set forth in Warming’s valuable work, ‘‘Oecology of Plants ’’ (1909), which was prepared for publication in English by Prof. Perey Groom, that we have no hesitation in following these well-known authorities and using the term sub-tropical rain-forest. At Tambourine Mountain the * Bolly Gum” is now used for building purposes. The older timber is said te be borer proof; it does not split, it takes polish and shows a good grain. Mr. David Lahey informs us that the timber is suitable for broom-heads. General description :—the main trunk measured 60 feet to its first division, whilst with its highest ramifications it totalled fully 110 feet. The base was sub-quadrangular in section, the four angles being formed by strong but- *Nat. Hist. Plants, II, 1902, p. 892. +Hbk. Sth. Aus., Brit. Assn. Visit, 1914. tPr. Roy. Soc. Qld., XXIII, 1911, p. 59. **Prodromus Einer Farnflora, Queenslands. 66 THE FLORA OF A SINGLE TREE. tresses. The maximum diameter across these buttresses on the ground was 12 feet, and the circumference of the’ trunk above them was 11 feet. The tree was curiously hollow at the base, the sides averaging only six inches in thickness. The hollow gradually narrowed, but extended. for about twenty feet. A common fig, Ficus watkinsiana Bail., formed a complete lattice work of slender strands: about the trunk. As is well known, this fig commences: growth in a fork and then sends down a network of aerial roots until the ground is reached. On the days of our collecting, the fig was still flourishing in contrast with the. foliage of the ‘ Bolly Gum,” only a few leaves of which: were still green. The outstanding features of this plant community were the large Bird’s nest ferns, Asplenium nidus, in company with the Elk-horn and Stag-horn ferns, Platycerium bifurcatum and grande, the Hare’s-foot fern, Davallia pyxidata, and the so-called Rock Lily, Dendrobium speciosum. Masses of Loranthus celastroides were still flowering, and on this a young plant of the hyper-parasite, Notothixos cornifolius, var. subaureus, the ** Golden Mistle- toe,’ was sending out new shoots. Entwined amongst the foliage of the host-tree were the two Apocynaceous creepers: Chilocarpus australis and Parsonsia velutina, the long follicles of the latter being much in evidence. Another interlaced creeper proved to be Rhipogonum elseyanum ( Liliacee). The leaves of the common Legnephora Moorei were plentifully scattered around, but this creeper, as well as the prevailing Lawyer vine, Calamus Muellert, could not be positively associated with the tree. | Somewhat to our surprise a thriving specimen of Pithecolobium grandiflorum was found growing in the humus deposited in a fork cavity. This tree, of course, - would have soon died under natura: conditions. Probably. the seed was carried aloft by a bird. is In all seven species of orchids were obtained. With the exception of Cleisostoma tridentatum (which was seen characteristically growing on slender branchlets), these were all on the main trunk, or main branches. The list shows nine ferns. BY H. A. LONGMAN AND C. T. WHITE. 67° Comparatively few mosses and hepatics were found, the smooth flakey bark of the “ Bolly Gum,” which is covered with small nodules, lending itself more to the growth of lichens, although the actual species were but few. Con- siderable quantities of the Horse-hair fungus, Marasmius equicrinus, were present. On the third and last occasion of our visit, new fungi were found in the hollow base, but these have not been included. Our thanks are due to the Rev. W. W. Watts, Wycheproof, Vic., and Mr. E. Cheel, Botanic Gardens, Sydney, for determination of the Mosses and Hepatics and Lichens respectively. - Tabulated List of 50 Plants Associated with a single Tree of the Bolly Gum, Litsea reticulata (Meissn.) Benth. PHANEROGAM 2. Leguminosz,— Pithecolobium grandiflorum Benth. Apocynacee,—Chilocarpus australis F. v. M. Parsonsia velutena R. Br. Loranthacez,— Loranthus celastroides Sieb. Notothixos cornifolius Oliv. var. subaureus. Urticacee,— Ficus Watkinsiana Bail. Liliaceze,— Rhipogonum elseyanum F. v. M.* Orchidex,— Dendrobium speciosum Sm.; D. tetragonum A. Cunn.; D. teretifolium R. Br.; D. gracili- caule F. v. M. Sarcochilus divitiflorus F. v. M.; 8S. falcatus IR) BE. Cleisostoma tridentatum Lindl. Fitices (Ferns.) _Polypodiaceze,— Arthropteris tenella J. Sm. (Polypodium ten- ellum Forst.) Davallia pyxidata Cav. *Bentham in Flora Wstralicnsia VII, 10, and Bailey in Queensland Flora, p. 1621, give the size of the leaf 3-6 lines—a slip of the pen for inches. A good figure of the plant is given in Hook, Ic., Pl tab. 1369. 68 THE FLORA OF A SINGLE TREE. Polypodiacez,— Asplenium adiantoides C. Chr. ( A. faleatum Lam.) ; A nidus L. Vittaria elongata Sw. Polypodiwm pustulatum Forst. (P. scandens Forst. non Labill.) Cyclophorus serpens C. Chr. var. rupestris. Platycerium bifurcatum C. Chr. (BP. aletcorne Gaud.) Plaiycertwum grande J. Sm. Musci (Mosses.) Determined by Rev. W. W. Watts. Calymperacee,—Syrrhopodon platycerti Mitt. Mr. Watts writes: ‘‘A new record for Australia ; it belongs to Lord Howe Island and is very, very rare even there.” Fissidentacee,— Fissidens sp. Orthotrichacex, Neckeracee,—Papillaria kermadicense (C.M.) Jacq.; P. flexicaulis (Tayl.) Jacq. Macromtrium platyphyllaceum CM. Camptochete brisbanica C.M.; C. Letch- hardtit (Hpe.) Broth. Thamnium eflagellare Angstr. Rhacopilaceze,— Rhacopilum convolutaceum Hpe. Leskaeaceer,—Thuidium (?) suberectum Hpe. Hypnodendracex,— Braithwaitea suleata (Hook) Lindl. Mr. Watts writes: ‘(and a few bits of a little moss that puzzles me. It is in a young stage and belongs to the Hypnacee or perhaps even to the Hypnodendracee. Hepatic# (determined by Rev. W. W. Watts). Frullania sp.:; Plagiochila sp.; * Brachiolejeunea sp. LICHENES (determined by Mr. E. Cheel). Usneaceee,— Usnea strigosa Ach. Parmeliacee,— Parmelia tinctoria Despr. ; P. trichotera Hue. Mr. Cheel writes “‘No apothecia present but seems to be this species, which is frequently confused with P. perlata, a European and American species.” BY H. A. LONGMAN AND C, T. WHITE. Lecanoraces,— Lecanora, subfusca Ach.? Lecania’ punicea Ach. Pertusaria sp. Graphidacex,— Opegrapha sp. Pheographis australiensis Mull. Arg ! to} Chiodectonacese,—Glyphis cribrosa Fee. Astrotheliacee,— Parmentaria gregalis C. Kn. Imperfect ,— Lepraria. x FUNGI. Agaricacese,— Marasmius equicrsnus Muell / 69 LEPIDOPIEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS, By A. JEFFERIS TURNER, M.D., F:E.S. ( Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, 27th August, . 1917.) On the eve of my departure for England I propose to take this opportunity of sending for publication descriptions of some new species belonging to various families, which might otherwise remain for long unpublished. Among them is a complete account of the few known Australian Aegeriade. . Fam. GEOMETRID/.. Subfam. Larentiane. LARENTIA PETRODES 2. Sp. Xanthorrhoe dascia var. petrodes. Turn.; P.R.S.V., 1903, p. 276. This is a very distinct species, and not a local race, as I supposed. In addition to the differences in the forewings the hindwings are free from marking except close to dorsum and termen, and in the ¢ there is a subcostal spot of modified ochreous scales on upper surface, to which there is nothing similar in L. dascia. Q. Warwick in April; Gisborne in March. Three specimens. Subfam. Acidaliane. EOIS EPICYRTA 7. sp. émixvotoc, bent; in allusion to hindwings. 6-19 mm. Head ochreous-whitish ; face blackish. Palpi ochreous - whitish. Antenne ochreous - whitish ; ciliations in ¢ 1. Thorax and abdomen ochreous-whitish. BY A, JEFFERIS TURNER. Tal Legs fuscous, posteriorly whitish; posterior pair wholly whitish, in ¢g slender, subaborted, tibiz hairy without spurs, tarsi short. Forewings triangular, costa gently arched, ap2x rounded, termen bowed, oblique; ochreous- whitish ; first line indicated by three fuscous dots on veins ; discal dot and median line obsolete; postmedian line indicated by a series of fuscous dots on veins; subter- minal whitish, dentate, very obscure ; a very faint interrupted grey terminal line ; cilia ochreous-whitish. Hindwings sub- quadrate, prominent and bent on vein 4; as forewings but with markings still fainter, and without first line. Nearest EH. philocosma, easily distinguished by the obsolescence of median line, and the very differently shaped hindwings. Type in Coll. Goldfinch. N.S.W. Mt. Kosciusko (Snowy River Valley), 3,500 ft., in January; one specimen. Subfam. Geometrine. CHILOROCOMA PERIGRAPTA 2. Sp. méolyeaatocs, marked around. 6.18 mm. Head green; fillet whitish; face and palpi reddish. Antennz whitish; pectinations in @ 2}, apical 4 simple. Thorax green. Abdomen green, with a reddish median line not reaching base. Legs whitish ; anterior pair reddish. Forewings triangular, costa straight, towards apex slightly arched, apex acute, termen straight, oblique ; green ; an ochreous streak along costa ; a crimson terminal line ; cilia whitish, with a crimson hook at apex. Hindwings quadrate, termen acutely angled on vein 4; as forewings but without costal streak, and apical hook in cilia, apices of cilia crimson. Underside similar but terminal line faint. Type in Coll. Goldfinch. N.Q. Ingham in May; one specimen. Gen. HEMICHLOREITS nov. EutyAwonic, half-green. Face smooth. Tongue well-developed. Palpi moderate, porrect ; basal and second joints shortly rough- 72 LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS. haired beneath; terminal joint short, obtuse. Antenne in ¢ bipectinated, apices simple. Thorax not crested ; beneath not hairy. Abdomen not crested. Femora not~ hairy. Posterior tibix without median spurs; in g not dilated. Hindwings without costal expansion at base ; frenulum and retinaculum in g well-developed. Fore- wings with 3 and 4 short-stalked (or sometimes connate 4) 6 and 7 short-stalked (or sometimes connate ?), 10 out of 9, 1! from cell running into 12. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate. 6 and 7 short-stalked, 8 approximated to cell near base, rapidly diverging : discocellulars nearly straight, moderately oblique, costal edge of cell much exceeding 3. A very distinct genus, which should be placed before Crypsiphona, but does not approach any genus closely. HEMICHLOREIS THEATA fh. Sp. featos, conspicuous. 6- 19 mm. Crown of head green; fillet reddish- brown. face 1eddish-brown, upper and lower edge snow- white. Palpi reddish-brown, base white beneath ; antennz fuscous-brown:; basal joint snow-white beneath ; pectin- ations in g 5, apical } simple. Thorax green, posterior edge and apex of patagia reddish-brown. Abdomen reddish-brown. Legs ochreous-brown with white annu- lations. Forewings triangular, costa straight to near apex, apex pointed, termen sinuate, oblique ; bright-green, mark- ings reddish-brown-fuscous, an ochreous brown costal streak from base to apex ; a transversely oval discal spot before iniddle, its centre paler, preceded by a short longitudinal subcostal streak; a short erect mark with paler centre from mid-dorsum ; a broad terminal band bounded by a straight edge from 3 costa to + dorsum, and containing a green subapical blotch; suffused darker terminal line ; cilia fuscous brown, bases partly white. Hindwings with termen rounded; as forewings but without costal streak and subapical blotch ; an ill-defined white line in terminal band. Underside exactly similar. Type in Coll. Goldfinch. N.5.W. Taree (Manning River) in December; one apecimen. BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 73 Fam. NOTODONTID. Gen. ANTIMIMA nov. artiiwos. Closely imitating. Frons rounded. Tongue well-developed. Palpi short, porrect, with long rough hairs. Antenne in Q simple ($ unknown). Thorax not crested. Forewings with 2 from ?, 3 from angle, 6 from middle of areole, which is formed by 9 arising from LO and anastomosing with 7, 8. Hindwings with 3 and 4 separate, 5 obsolescent from above middle of discocellulars, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 approximated to near end of cell. Allied to Destolmia, but without trace of thoracic erest. The following species closely resemble a Noctuid. ANTIMIMA CRYPTICA 2. Sp. zxovmtizos, capable of concealment. Q. 44 mm. Head. palpi, and thorax grey. Antenne ochreous-fuscous. Abdomen and legs grey-whitish. Fore- wings elongate-triangular, costa straight nearly to apex, apex pointed, termen slightly bowed, rather strongly oblique ; grey, rather densely irrorated with whitish; a rather broad darker grey line, interrupted on veins, from termen beneath apex to before tornus, and continued as a narrow streak along dorsum to base; cilia grey-whitish. Hindwings grey, towards base whitish ; cilia white. Type in West Australian Museum. W.A. Quindalup: one specimen: received from Mr. W. B. Alexander. PHERASPIS SYMMETRA 7. Sp. ovumeToos, Similar. ¢. 48 mm. Head whitish. Palpi whitish-ochreous, on dorsum fuscous. Antenne whitish-ochreous ; in g with short pectinations (13), each with a short terminal bristle. Thorax grey mixed with whitish. Abdomen ochreous ; terminal segments whitish. Legs grey-whitish. Fore- wings elongate-triangular, costa rather strongly arched, apex rounded, termen bowed, oblique ; grey irrorated with whitish ; lines obscure, fuscous: an oblique line from 4 costa to base of dorsum: a wavy line from 4 costa to 4} dorsum ; two faint oblique parallel dentate lines from costa 74 LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS. beyond middle to dorsum beyond middle ; an interrup ed dentat >» subterminal line ; cilia grey irrorated with whitish. Hindwings with termen slightly rounded ; pale-ochreous ; towards apex and termen fuscous ; cilia fuscous, on dorsum pale-ochreous. . Very similar to P. mesotypa, Turn., but immediately distinguished by the short antennal pectinations. ; Type in W.A. Museum. N.W.A. Derby. DISCOPHLEBIA LIPAUGES ” Sp. Ainavyys, dark. S. 54 mm. Head fuscous, irrorated with whitish be.ween antenne; face dark-fuscous. Palpi fuscous irrorated with whitish. Antenne grey; in ¢@ with a double row of short pectinations (1) extending nearly to apex. Thorax and abdomen dark-fuscous. Legs fuscous with some fine whitish irroration. Forewings elongate- oval, costa strongly arched, apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded ; fuscous, lines blackish ; a short transverse line at base not reaching margins; two short longitudinal _treaks beyond this , a line from 3 costa, outwardly curved, strongly waved, double on costa, to 4 dorsum; a second line from } costa, strongly oblique, then angled and waved to mid-dorsum ; a circular pale-centred orbicular spot between these lines; a similar but less distinct transversely-oval reniform spot beneath mid-costa ; a fine, rather indistinct line from mid costa very obliquely outwards, then angled, finely dentate, and sinuate to 3 dorsum; cilia fuscous. Hindw'ngs with termen gently rounded; fuscous; cilia fuscous. Undoubtedly referable to this genus in spite of the short antennal pectinations. Veins 7 and 8 of forewings are short-stalked from areole. Type in W.A. Museum. W.A., Nannup. Fam. EUPTEROTIDA. EPICOMA BARYTIMA 2. Sp. fPaevtiocs, precious. gS. 38 mm. Head white; face ochreous. Antenne fuscous-whitish ; pectinations in g 12. Thorax white. BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 715 Abdomen dark-fuscous with a median dorsal series of ochreous spots ; tuft ochreous, apices of hairs white. - Legs whitish-ochreous; tarsi dark-fuscous annulated with ochreous. Forewings rather narrowly triangular, costa straight except close to base and apex, apex round-pointed, termen bowed, slightly oblique ; shining white with a very few ochreous and dark fuscous scales ; a dark-fuscous discal spot beneath costa at 2; a dark-fuscous thick strongly sinuate line finely edged with ochreous from { costa to } dorsum; a sub- terminal and a terminal series of pale-ochreous dots; cilia white. Hindwings with termen rounded; ochreous; a median fuscous discal dot, followed by a transverse fuscous line ; a subterminal series of white spots preceded by a slight fuscous irroration; cilia white. Type in Coll. Illidge. W.A., Cunderdin in November; one specimen taken by Mr. R. Illidge. Fam. PYRALIDA. Subfam. Crambine. SEDENIA MESOCHORDA 2. Sp. fecoxoodos, with median chord. 46.22 mm. Head whitish with a central pale-fuscous line. Palpi pale fuscous. Antenne whitish; in ¢ moder- ately ciliated (1). Thorax whitish, a central line, tegulae, and patagia pale-fuscous. Abdomen whitish, towards base ochreous. Legs fuscous; posterior pair whitish. Fore- wings triangular, costa sinuate, slightly excavated in middle, apex round-pointed, termen slightly oblique, straight, rounded beneath; whitish, densely suffused with pale fuscous ; a median whitish streak from base to end of cell ; cilia white with a pale-fuscous median line. Hindwings with termen rounded; whitish; faintly suffused with fuscous along apical portion of termen ; cilia white. Type in Coll. Drake. V., Beaconfield (1,000 ft.), near Melbourne, in January ; one specimen taken by Dr. W. E. Drake. Subfam. Schoenobiane. Gen. NIP H,OPYRALIS. Niphopyralis, Hmps., Ul. Het., ix. p. 181; P.Z.8., 1895, p: 90k 76 LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS. Tongue absent. Palpi short (1), slender, cylindrical, smooth-sealed, porrect ; terminal joint minute. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Antenne with an anterior tuft of scales from basal joint ; in ¢ bipectinated, apex simple. Posterior tibis in 4 witha single long median spur, outer median spur absent, in Q with both median spurs absent. Forewings short and rounded; 8 and 9 stalked. Hindwings with 3, 4, and 5 separate but approximated at base, discocellular very oblique, 6 and 7 stalked and anastomosing soon after origin with 8. An isolated and singular genus, which has somewhat of the facies of one of the Nolinew. There is only one known species, which has no close allies. NIPHOPYRALIS NIVALIS. Niphopyralis nivalis, Hmps., Ill. Het., ix, p. 181, pl. 174 f. 6 (6); Moths Ind., iv, p. 38. Niphopyralis albida, Hmps., Ul. Het., ix, p, 181, pl. 174, f. 25 (9); Moths Ind., iv, p. 39. Niphopyralis contaminata, Hamps., Ill. Het., ix, p. 181, pl. 174, f. 14 (¢@ var.) ; Moths Ind., iv, p. 38. So. 10-15 mm. Head and palpi white. Antenne whitish-ochreous ; pectinations 24, apical | simple. Thorax white, sometimes irrorated with pale ochreous-fuscous. Abdomen white. Legs white; anterior pair fuscous anteriorly. Forewings rounded-oblong, costa strongly arched at base, thence moderately, apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded, white ; suffused more or less with pale ochreous-fuscous ; a fine dentate line from + costa to mid- dorsum ; a dark-fuscous discal dot beneath 2 costa; cilia white mixed with pale ochreous-fuscous. Hindwings with termen rounded ; white ; cilia white. Q. 20-24 mm. Both wings white with a fine fuscous. terminal line ; markings of forewing obsolete. Var. gS contaminata. Forewing partly suffused with dark-fuscous posteriorly. N.Q. Townsville, from September to March ; a series. received from Mr. F. P. Dodd. Also from Borneo, Ceylon,. and India. BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 77 Gen. CIRRHOCHRISEA. Cirrhochrisia, Led., Wien. Ent. Mon., 1863, p. 440; Hmps., P:Z.8.;. 1895; po 918. r The neuration of this genus is more variable than has been recognised. Both 7 and 10 of the forewings are frequently stalked with 8+9, but either vein may be free im other examples of the same species. CIRRHOCHRISTA AETHERIALIS. Ctrrhochrista aetherialis, Led., Wien. Ent. Mon., 1863, p. 441, pl. xvii, f. 9. N.Q. Mareeba, Kuranda in August; one specimen. Also from New Guinea and Moluccas. CIRRHOCHRISTA BRIZONALIS. Margaronia brigoalis, Wik., Beit. Mus. Cat., xix, p. 976. Cirrhochrista brizoalis, Hmps., Moths Ind., iv, p. 50. Cirrhochrista cyclophoea, Low., Tr. R.S.8.A., 1903, p. 50. Lower’s species appears to be a slight variety. N.Q. Kuranda. Q. Brisbane, from February to May. Also from Celebes, Borneo, China, Japan, Ceylon, and India. CIRRHOCHRISTA PUNCTICULATA. Cirrhochrista puncticulata, Hmps., P.Z.8., 1895, p. 919. N Q. Townsville, in March ; from larve feeding in the fruit of a rough-leafed species of fig (F. P. Dodd). Q. Rock- hampton, Gayndah. CIRRHOCHRISTA RAUMA. Cirrhochrista rauma, Swn, A.M.N.H. (7), vi, p. 313 (1900). N.Q. Townsville. Q. Bundaberg, Brisbane, in January and February. Subfam. Pyraustine. METALLARCHA THIOPHARA Nf. &p. fsetopagoc, sulphur-robed. ¢d.23 mm. Head pale yellow, frontal process fuscous. Palpi 3; dark fuscous, lower part of first and second joints pale yellow. Antennz fuscous; cilations in ¢ 1. Thorax pale yellow, bases of patagia fuscous. Abdomen pale ochreous. Legs fuscous. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa straight to near apex, thence arched, apex round- pointed, termen bowed, oblique; pale yellow; markings 78 LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS. fuscous ; a costal streak from base to 2, thickened in middle ; a short inwardly oblique fine streak from 4 dorsum; a moderate transverse fascia at $, constricted in middle, expanded at extremities ; a broad terminal band, its anterior edge minutely dentate; cilia fuscous. Hindwings pale ochreous with some-pale fuscous irroration and a large pale fuscous apical patch ; cilia pale ochreous with a fuscous. sub-basal line. Type in Coll. Lyell. W.A. Dore Island, Shark’s Bay, in October; one specimen received from Mr. Grant-Watson. Fam. AEGERIADA This family is scantily represented in the Austra ian fauna ; the few known species are of Indo-Malayan origin. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked 2 } Hindwings with 3 and 4 separat2 + Forewings with 2 absent 3 ie with 2 present _ Trochilum | ¢ with tongue absent, and posterior | tibiz heavily tufted above Lophocnema. iene present in both sexes, posterior tibie of ¢ without tuft Diapyra. Antenne clubbed and hooked, posterior tibiz and tarsi densely clothed with long hairs Melittia. i \ Antennse hooked but not clubbed, posterior tibiz only moderately hairy \ Sciapteron. Gen. LOPHOCNEMA nov. Aopoxvyuos, with crested legs. Tongue absent in ¢, present in @. Palpi short, ascending, not reaching base of antenne; second joint shortly rough-haired ; terminal joint thickened with loosely appressed hairs. Posterior tibie of g with a large dense crest of scales on posterior half of dorsum ; middle tibie of ¢ thickened with long hairs. : Forewings densely scaled throughout except between basal portions of veins 4 and 7 ; 2 absent, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked. . ‘ BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 79, LOPHOCNEMA EUSPHYRA 2. sp. evogrvoos, with beautiful ankles. ° So @ 15-20 mm. Head blackish; lower part of face orange. Palpi ochreous-whitish. Antenne ochreous- fuscous ; ciliations in ¢ 14. Thorax blackish with a posterior pair of orange spots. Abdomen blackish; an ochreous whitish spot on dorsum of second segment, and orange dots on dorsum of fourth and following segments; tuft orange. Femora blackish with longitudinal ochreous- whitish streaks on anterior and posterior margins; tibiz: fuscous mixed with ochreous-whitish; tarsi ochreous- whitish. Forewings elongate, very narrow somewhat dilated towards apex, costa sinuate, apex rounded, termen oblique, slightly rounded; pale orange with longitudinal blackish streaks ; a blackish spot in dise at 3, followed by a large oval hyaline area traversed by black veins 5 and 6 ;, cilia fuscous, at tornus whitish-orange. Hindwings hyaline ; veins and termen blackish ; cilia fuscous. N.Q. Kuranda near Cairns; two specimens received from Mr. F. P. Dodd. Gen. DIAPYRA_ nov. diamveoc, red-hot. Tongue present. Palpi short, ascending, not reaching base of antenne ; second joint shortly rough-haired ; terminal joint as long as second, with loosely appressed long hairs. Forewings densely scaled throughout ; 2 absent, 7 and 8. stalked, 7 to apex. Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked. DIAPYRA IGNIFLUA. Sesia igniflua, Luc., P.L.S.N.S.W., 1893, p. 138. 6 @. 10-18 mm. Head blackish with lustrous re- flections. Palpi whitish ; terminal joint fuscous. Antenne blackish ; ciliations in ¢@ 13. Thorax blackish, central area irrorated with reddish-orange in 4, wholly reddish- orange in @. Abdomen blackish; apex of fifth segment whitish, more broadly so at each side ; a few whitish scales on some of the other segments ; underside whitish, apices of third and fourth segments. blackish. Legs blackish ; most of femora and annulations on tibia and tarsi whitish, Forewings elongate, very narrow, somewhat dilated towards 80 LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS. apex, costa sinuate. apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded ; blackish with lustrous reflections, largely irrorated and suffused with reddish-orange, more so in Q ; a reddish orange subapical spot: cilia fuscous. apices whitish. Hindwings hyaline, except on veins and a rather broad terminal band, which are blackish; cilia fuscous. Q. Brisbane. a series in November. I took this species during several years, and bred it from a piece of detached bark of a tree. which I believe to have been a Quandong ( Eleocarpus grandis). Unfortunately this tree disappeared some years ago. Gen. TROCHILIUM. Trochilium, Scop., Int. Hist, Nat., p. 414, Meyr., Brit. Lep., p. 563. Tongue present. Forewings with 2 present, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex. Hindwings with 2 and 3 stalked. Type T. tipuliforme Clerck, from Europe. TROCHILIUM ISOZONUM. Sesia isozona, Meyr., P.L.S.N.S.W., 1886, p. 689. I have not seen this species. @. Maryborough. TROCHILIUM CHRYSOPHANES. Sesia chrysophanes, Meyr., P.L.S.N.S.W., 1886, p. 689. Specimens from Southern Queensland differ from those from the North in having the orange markings replaced by bright vellow, but they are otherwise identical. Mr. F. P. Dodd informs me that the larve feed on the inner bark of Alphitonia excelsa. The larve form cocoons composed largely of grass and fragments of bark. N.Q. Townsville. Bowen. Q. Brisbane, Mt. Tambourine. Gen. MELITTIA. Melitt-a, Wik.. Brit. Mus.., viii, p. 66.: Hmps., Moths Ind., i, p. 202. Tongue well developed. Antenne clubbed and hooked towards apex, which is pointed: in ¢@ ciliated. Palpi moderate, ascending ; second joint hairy, not reaching base of antenne: terminal joint rather short, hairy, acute. Posterior tibie and tarsi clothed with immense tufts of s BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 81 dense hairs. Forewings hyaline except on veins, margins, and a transverse bar at end of cell; 2 present, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen. Hindwings hyaline ; 3 and 4 separate, 6 and 7 stalked. MELITTIA THAUMASIA 7. sp. favuactoc, wonderful. 6 9. 30-32 mm. Head blackish with a few ochreous scales. Palpi blackish mixed with white hairs; terminal joint ochreous-brown. Thorax blackish with some ochreous scales and tufts at wing bases. Abdomen dark-fuscous, apices of segments pale-ochreous ; beneath bright yellow. Legs blackish mixed with white hairs; middle tarsi annu- lated with white ; hairs on posterior tibiz and tarsi blackish mixed with reddish-brown, on upper surface of tibize partly white. Forewings narrowly elongate, dilated towards apex, costa straight to 3, then arched, apex rounded, termen straight, oblique; hyaline; margins and veins blackish, including a transverse bar on end of cell, and a terminal band ; cilia fuscous. Hindwings hyaline ; veins and margins slenderly blackish; rather broader bands on costa and dorsum, at their bases mixed with ochreous ; cilia fuscous. N.Q. Kuranda near Cairns in January ; two specimens received from Mr. F. P. Dodd. Gen. SCIAPTERON. Sciapteron, Stgr, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1856, p. 195; Meyr., Brit. Lep., p. 567; Hmps., Moths Ind., i, p. 191. ; Tongue well developed. Antenne slightly dilated and hooked (but not clubbed) towards apex; in ¢ ciliated. Palpi moderate, ascending ; second joint not 1eaching base of antennez, clothed with dense hairs which in Q form an anterior tuft; terminal joint smooth, acute. Posterior tibie in @ with a slight tuft of hairs on upper surface. Forewings clothed with scales or hyaline ; 2 present ; 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex. Hindwings with 3 and 4 separate, 6 absent. SCIAPTERON TERRIBILE 2. Sp. Terribilis, causing fear. G 24-26 mm. Head blackish; face yellow. Palpi yellow, some long fuscous hairs on sides of second joint. ‘Thorax blackish, tegulae, base and apex of patagia, and a F 82 LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS. small postmedian spot orange. Abdomen blackish with four slender orange rings. Legs blackish; middle and posterior tibiz banded with orange. Forewings hyaline ; margins and veins blackish, including a transverse bar at end of cell: cilia blackish. Hindwings hyaline ; veins and margins slenderly blackish, or, towards bases, orange ; cilia blackish. i Q 28-30 mm. Antenne orange except at apex. Palpi with long anterior tuft on second joint yellow in front. blackish behind. Thorax yellow except a blackish trans- verse bar behind tegulae. Abdomen with postmedian and ante-apical rings and apical tuft orange. All tibize mostly orange on dorsal surface. Forewings orange; a hyaline -streak in and another beneath cell; a hyaline spot above tornus ; costa, termen, and some of the veins blackish. N.A. Port Darwin in January ; eight specimens received from Mr. F. P. Dodd. Melville Island ; one specimen from Mr. S. F. Hill, who informs me that it was bred from a gall- like swelling on the stem of a native vine. Fam. ELACHISTIDA. Subfam. Cosmopterygine. PERSICOPTILA LAROZONA, ”. Sp. Aaogogmvos, daintily banded. $ 9.12-13 mm. Head white, sidetufts orange. Palpi . white. Antenne whitish. Thorax white, anteriorly mixed with orange. Abdomen ochreous. Legs whitish; tibize and tarsi annulated with ochreous. Forewings white with four orange-yellow transverse fascie, sharply defined ; first at 1; second before middle; third from 3 costa to before tornus, inwardly oblique ; fourth terminal not quite reach- ing tornus, sometimes connected with third, leaving a white dot at apex; cilia pale-ochreous, at apex of wing white. Hindwings pale-grey; cilia pale-ochreous-grey. N.Q. Townsville in February ; two specimens received from Mr. F. P. Dodd. PERSICOPTILA DASYSCELES, 1. sp. dacovoxzes7s, with hairy legs. 6 92.12 mm. Head whitish. Palpi whitish, apex of terminal joint fuscous. Antenne whitish. Thorax whitish BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 83 with a fuscous anterior spot. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Legs whitish; tibiz and tarsi fuscous annulated with whitish ; crests on posterior tibiz ochreous-whitish crossed by two blackish lines. Forewings with a transverse white median fascia; anterior to this the wing is fuscous with some whitish and pinkish scales ; posterior to fascia’ wing is fuscous brown, with a narrow white line from costa before apex to mid-termen ; cilia grey, on apex of wing brownish. Hindwings pale-grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous, on costa and apex grey. N.Q. Kuranda near Cairns in October; Innisfail in November ; three specimens. PERSIGOPTILA TRITOZONA, 7. sp. Toitogmvos, three times banded. g 11-12 mm. Head and palpi white. Antenne ochreous-whitish. Thorax white, anterior edge narrowly fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, beneath whitish ; tarsi ochreous-tinged with fine fuscous annulations, but posterior tarsi pale-pink, not annulated ; tufts on posterior tibiz ochreous-whitish irrorated with fuscous. Forewings white with three fuscous transverse fascie; first fascia sub-basal, second before middle, third at 2; cilia ochreous- whitish. Hindwings whitish ; cilia ochreous-whitish. N.Q. Kuranda near Cairns in September and October ; two specimens received from Mr. F. P. Dodd. PERSICOPTILA ARENOSA, 1. Sp. Arenosus, sandy. 6 2 11-138 mm. Head white. Palpi white ; terminal joint fuscous on external surface towards apex. Antenne grey-whitish. Thorax whitish more or less suffused with brownish-ochreous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Legs whitish ; anterior pair pale-fuscous; middle tibie with a subapical, posterior tibiz with an apical fuscous ring, crest on posterior tibiz whitish-ochreous partly tipped with fuscous. Forewings pale-brownish-ochreous with three, very ill-defined transverse ochreous-whitish fasciae at } middle, and 3, the last narrower ; sometimes a slight fuscous irroration above mid-dorsum ; cilia brown-whitish. Hind- wings pale-grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous, on costa and apex pale-grey. 84 LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS. N.Q. Kuranda near Cairns in November. Q. Coolan- gatta in December; Rosewood in November. Five specimens. PERSICOPTILA (ENOSCELES, Nn. Sp. oivooxedinc, with wine-coloured legs. 6 2 12-13 mm. Head, palpi and antenne whitish. Thorax white. Abdomen in Q ochreous-whitish; in @ whitish, towards apex fuscous. Legs whitish; tibie and tarsi with pale-fuscous annulations; crests on posterior tibie pale-crimsom tipped and _ irrorated with dark fuscous; a similar but smaller crest on apex of middle tibie Forewings whitish with slight pale-crimson suffusion at apex and near dorsum; markings ill-defined, brownish mixed with dark-fuscous ; a basal and a sub-basal suffusion mostly dark-fuscous; a transverse fascia before middle, brownish, succeeded by a dark-fuscous dorsal spot; a terminal suffusion, brownish towards costa, dark-fuscous towards termen: cilia pinkish-white, apices dark-fuscous, on dorsum whitish. Hindwings and cilia grey-whitish. N.Q. Kuranda near Cairns. Q. Mount Tambourine in November ; Toowoomba in November. Three specimens. Subfam. Heliodininae. IDIOGLOSSA METALLOCHRYSA, 7. sp. petadsoyovoos, golden-metallic. Q 9-10 mm. Head, palpi, and antennze whitish. ‘Thorax and abdomen ochreous-whitish. Legs whitish. Forewings ochreous-whitish; a suffused fuscous spot beneath 4 costa, with an ochreous suffusion between it and dorsum; a fuscous line containing some _ golden- metallic scale. from 2 costa to termen beneath middle, dise on both sides of this line suffused with ochreous ; cilia ochreous, on dorsum grey. Hindwings ochreous with four transverse golden-metallic fasciz, at 3, #, %, and 7, the last fascia broader and edged posteriorly with fuscous; cilia grey-whitish. N.Q. Kuranda near Cairns in October. Q. Mount ‘Tambourine in November. Three specimens of which one is in Coll. Meyrick. BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 85 ISORRHOA ATMOZONA, N Sp. atuoEwrvoc, with smoky girdle. 36 2 8-10 mm. Head and thorax white. Palpi and antenne grey-whitish. Abdomen whitish, on dorsum ochreous-brown. Legs whitish; posterior tibiz and tarst with broadly suffused grey annulations. Forewings white with ochreous-grey suffusion towards apex; markings of fine alternating dark-fuscous and brownish ochreous striae ; a squarish spot on base of costa ; a transverse fascia immed- iately beyond this, broad on costa, narrowing and faint. towards dorsum ; a second fascia at 4, immediately beyond first, evenly broad and distinct ; an S-shaped white mark in posterior suffusion, commencing from costa near apex, running to termen, then curved inwards, describing a loop in disc, and ending at tornus; cilia grey. Hindwings and cilia grey. N.Q. Kuranda and Cairns in October; Cardwell in August ; five specimens. HIEROMANTIS ALBATA. Stathmopoda albata,Meyr., Exot. Micro., i, p. 94 (1913). Q. Stradbroke Island in February ; taken abundantly in tropical * scrub.’’ Also from New Guinea. STATHMOPODA BASIXANTHA, 2. SD. Baotgavbos, yellow at the base. 6 11 mm. Head fuscous; face whitish. Palpi grey externally, whitish internal. Antenne grey; ciliations in g 3. Thorax golden-yellow. Abdomen fuscous, beneath whitish. Legs fuscous; posterior femora whitish, hairs on posterior tibiz pale-ochreous. Forewings before middle golden-yellow, with leaden metallic lines on costa, dorsum and fold ; a median transverse pale-fuscous fascia, its outer edge suffused ; beyond this disc is whitish-ochreous, with the exception of a pale-fuscous apical blotch, bounded by a line from # costa to termen above tornus ; cilia brownish- grey. Hindwings and cilia brownish-grey. Q. Rosewood in September; two specimens of which one is in Coll. Meyrick. 86 LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS. STATHMOPODA TRITOPHAEA, 2. Sp. Toltogatoc, three times fuscous. dg 8-10 mm. Head whitish-ochreous ; face and palpi whitish. Antenne whitish-ochreous sharply annulated with blackish ; ciliations in ¢ extremely long (8). Thorax pale- ochreous. Abdomen pale-fuscous, apices of segments and tuft whitish ; beneath whitish. Legs ochreous-whitish ; apex of middle tibiz and whorls of hairs on posterior tibie and tarsi fuscous ; apical joint of posterior tarsi white. Fore- wings whitish-ochreous ; three fuscous fasciz, at base, 4 and 32, the second fascia broader ; cilia dark-grey. Hind- wings and cilia dark-grey. .N.Q. Kuranda near Cairns in September; Cairns in August ; five specimens. STATHMOPODA ARACHNOPHORA, 2. sp. caoaxvo~0oooc, destructive to spiders. 6 2 9-13mm. Head yellow. Palpi fuscous externally, whitish internally. Antennz fuscous; ciliations in ¢@ 3. Thorax shining dark purple-fuscous. Abdomen fuscous, apices of segments sometimes narrowly ochreous. Legs fuscous ; posterior tibize annulated with ochreous. Fore- wings shining purple-fuscous ; a broad orange-yellow trans- verse fascia extending from 34 nearly to middle, its edges straight ; cilia grey. Hindwings brassy; cilia grey with brassy lustre. Q. Eidsvold in September, October and November. There is an interesting history attached to this species. On September 2nd, 1913, Dr. Thomas Bancroft wrote to me from Eidsvold—‘ I found some months ago lepidopterous larve in a spider’s nest ; it occurred to me that it might be a new discovery. I cannot say whether they were in the nests as parasites or messmates. It happened thus: I am endeavouring to exhaust this place for spiders ; it was rather late May, June, and July, but Mr. Rainbow of the Sydney Museum was anxious to get several particular spiders. There is one in the Brigalow scrub that has a long hanging egg-nest in the web; it was noticed (June) that the spider was absent in every web. Attempts to find him by tearing open the egg bag revealed the lepidopterous larve. I collected a few nests, and placed them in a glass jar, and succeeded in hatching out several moths, apparently BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 87 two different kinds. The kind with the yellow wings I am hoping may be of interest chiefly. The yellow-winged kind is what I bred out first, but I have since introduced a different spider’s egg nest into the jar, and it is possible the other species is from that nest.” Dr. Bancroft sent me several bred specimens of the two species of moths—the present species and Pyroderces terminella Wilkk.—and a number of globular spider’s egg-cases connected by web. I have seen very similar egg cases about Brisbane, but cannot say whether they are of the same species. On tearing some of these open I found several adult larve and pupe corresponding to the species described above in size, and a number of that species emerged during the months of September, October, and November. How they got inside is a mystery as yet unsolved, but it seems a fair inference that they feed on the spider’s ova. Very few young spiders emerged from this large number of egg-sacs. I saw no trace of larve of terminella, nor did I breed any. The larval habits of the latter species are un- known, but it is a very common species in South-Eastern Queensland, and | think it may have got accidentally into Dr. Bancroft’s jar. The whole matter invites further research. CALICOTIS SIALOTA, 1”. Sp. aladotos, greasy. 62 8-9 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax whitish. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Legs whitish ; a grey dot on outer aspect of apex of posterior tibia. Forewings whitish with oily lustre; costal edge at base fuscous; a streak along fold, and a spot on mid-costa, pale-ochreous ; cilia whitish. Hindwings whitish-grey ; cilia whitish. Q. Brisbane in August, April, May, and June ; Strad- broke Island in August and January; Southport and Coolangatta in March, April, and May; Toowoomba in April ; rather common. Fam. TINEIDA. Subfam. Gracilariane. PARECTOPA AGETA, ”. Sp. ayHtoc, wondrous. Q 9 mm. Head whitish. Palpi crimson; terminal joint and inner surface of labial palpi whitish. Antenne 88 LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS. grey-whitish. Thorax crimson, spotted with whitish. Abdomen pale-grey. Legs whitish ; apices of anterior and middle tibiz crimson. Forewings brilliant crimson-red ; markings whitish tinged with yellow; a basal and a sub- basal costal dot; a short thick outwardly oblique streak from costa at }, another from middle, and a spot on costa. between them ; an elongate mark on # costa, its lower edge fuscous ; two fuscous costal dots between this and apex ; a large yellowish dorsal spot at | ; two others more elongate on middle and on tornus: a broad white terminal line ; cilia (abraded), on dorsum grey. Hindwings and cilia grey. Q. Coolangatta in April ; one specimen. CYPHOSTICHA OSTRACODES, 7”. Sp. ootoaxwdys, like burnt clay. go 14-16 mm. Head and thorax brown. Palpi brown; second joint with a small apical tuft. Antenne grey-whitish annulated with dark-fuscous. (Abdomen broken). Legs fuscous-brown ; posterior pair grey-brown. Forewings rich brown with slight purple gloss, marbled more or less with whitish-brown; costa mostly whitish- brown with minute blackish strigule; sparsley scattered minute blackish dots in disc and on dorsum ; cilia grey, on and beneath apex of wing brown, sometimes barred with whitish-brown. Hindwings and cilia grey. Nearest C. bryonoma Turn. T. Cradle Mountain (3,000-3,500 ft) in January ; three specimens received from Mr. R. J. Tillyard. GRACILARIA CROCOSTOLA, 7. Sp. xo00zx00To10¢, saffron-robed. g 10mm. Head, thorax, and antenne yellow. Palpi yellow; terminal joint of labial palpi blackish at apex. Abdomen orange-ochreous with slight fuscous suffusion ;- undersurface whitish-ochreous. Legs yellow ; anterior and middle femora and tibize irrorated with blackish; anterior and middle tarsi white. Forewings yellow suffused with deeper yellow ; basal fifth of costa brownish strigulated with dark-fuscous ; cilia yellow. Hindwings yellowish-brown, with some grey irroration on costa; cilia yellowish-brown. Q. Coolangatta in October ; one specimen. BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 89 Subfam. Hyponomeutinz. Gen. SPANIOPHYLLA _ nov. onaviopvidoc, scantily winged. Head with appressed scales. Tongue rudimentary Labial palpi moderate ascending, recurved ; second joint short, expanded and shortly tufted anteriorly at apex ; terminal joint longer than second. stout, acute. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Antenne about 3; in terminal half with joints somewhat expanded at apices; in g moderately ciliated. Thorax smooth. Posterior tibiz smooth-scaled. Forewings with all veins present and separate, 2 from @, 7 to termen. Hindwings lanceolate ; with 7 veins, 2 from 2,3 and 4 coincident, 5, 6, 7 parallel. Nearest Prays Hb., but with lanceolate hindwings and very different palpi. SPANIOPHYLLA EPICLITHRA, 2. Sp. émixhevioos, marked with a bar. 6 Q@ 10-11 mm. Head white. Palpi white; second joint grey externally except at apex. Antenne white, apical 3 dark-fuscous ; ciliations in g 1. Thorax white. Abdomen pale-grey. Legs white; anterior tarsi fuscous ; middle and posterior annulated with fuscous. Fore- wings moderate, costa gently arched, apex round- pointed, termen straight, oblique ; white, but with most of posterior half of disc suffused with brownish-grey ; costa! edge near base fuscous ; a fuscous subcostal dot near base, a second beneath costa at ?, and a third between centre of disc and tornus; a broad ochreous bar with rounded ends in middle of disc between } and centre ; cilia brownish-grey. Hindwings and cilia grey. N.Q. Kuranda near Cairns in October and November ; four specimens received from Mr. F. P. Dodd. ETHMIA CLYTODOXA, %. sp. xAvtodoéoc, most famous. 36 Q@ 30-34 mm. Head white; a spot on crown, and middle of face black. Palpi white ; basal part of second joint, ' and terminal joint except apex black. Antenne grey ; basal joint white, apical margin and a spot on upper surface 90 LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS, black ; ciliations in g minute. Thorax white; bases of patagia an anterior spot, a pair of median and a pair of postmedian spots black. Abdomen black ; lower surface apex of first segment and an interrupted median line above white. Legs black banded and annulated with white. Forewings elongate-oblong, costa moderately arched, apex rounded, termen slightly oblique, not rounded ; white with numerous moderate black spots; a row of eight spots on costa, the first three tending to be reduplicated in disc, the last four near apex dotlike; one spot on dorsum at ?; three spots beneath and touching fold, and three in dise above fold ; six or seven irregularly disposed in posterior part of disc ; a row along termen partly confluent with each other and with a rather large spot in disc ; cilia white, with a black apical line and some black basal scales at apex. Hindwings twice as broad as forewings, termen rounded, white; apical fourth fuscous, cilia white, with a basal fuscous line toward apex of wing, and fuscous apices at apex. Q. Brisbane in June and November; Mount Tam- bourine in October and November. N.S.W. Sydney; Bulli in January. Seven specimens Subfam. Glyphipterygine. GLYPHIPTERYX AUTOPETES. Meyr., P.L.S-N.S:W., 1075 o -ile: Q. Coolangatta in August ; flying shortly before sunset among the sand flora behind the beach; plentiful. The only previously recorded locality is W.A. Albany ; no doubt this species occurs in similar localities all round the coast of south and south-east Australia, but owing to its minute size it is easily overlooked. Subfam. Xyloryctine. CRYPTOPHASA EPIXYSTA, 2. Sp. émtévotos, polished. Q 52-56 mm. Head orange-ochreous ; face whitish. Palpi moderately long, second joint reaching base of antenne, terminal joint 3 ; whitish-ochreous, some dark-fuscous scales towards base of external surface of second joint. Antenne fuscous. Thorax white ; tegule fuscous ; patagia ochreous. Abdomen dark-fuscous, undersurface ochreous ; dorsum of BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 9] first two segments whitish, of third segment, to a less degree of succeeding segments, and of tuft reddish-ochreous. Legs dark-fuscous ; anterior coxe ochreous-whitish. Forewings | elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen gently rounded, slightly oblique; 2 from 3; shining white ; cilia concolorous. Hindwings and cilia white. N.A. Port Darwin in December and January ; two specimens received from Mr. G. F. Hill. CRYPTOPHASA BLOSYRA, 2. sp. PpdAoovoos, stern. g 43-44 mm. Head grey-whitish. Palpi moderately long, second joint reaching base of antennz, terminal joint 3; white with some fuscous suffusion towards base of external surface of second joint. Antennz white * pectin- ations of g 4, ochreous. Thorax grey-whitish, mixed with fuscous posteriorly. Abdomen fuscous, undersurface ochreous whitish, dorsum of basal segments and tuft grey- whitish Legs whitish; anterior tibize, femora, and basal halves of coxe dark fuscous. Forewings with costa nearly straight, apex obtuse, termen scarcely oblique, rounded beneath ; 2 from ?; grey-whitish with a few fuscous and blackish scales ; these form a dark streak along fold not reaching tornus, and a median streak from } to #; an ochreous grey annular mark at ? interrupting median streak ; an ochreous grey submarginal line feebly barred with blackish ; cilia grey with basal and median whitish lines. Hindwings pale fuscous; on costa whitish ; cilia whitish with a grey sub-basal line. N.Q. Stannary Hills; two specimens received from Dr. T. Bancroft. CRYPTOPHASA PENTASTICTA, 2. Sp. mevtaotixtoc, five-spotted. Q 43 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen white. Palpi moderate, second joint reaching base of antenne, terminal joint 3; white, basal half of external surface of second joint black. Legs white; tarsi broadly annulated with black ; inner surface of anterior femora and tibie black. Fore- wing moderate, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly oblique, rounded beneath ; 2 from 3; white; five black dots, first subcostal near base, second at 2, third on 927) Hy LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS. fold beyond middle, fourth at %, fifth beyond and beneath fourth ; two or three blackish terminal dots above tornus ; cilia white. Hindwings and cilia white. N.Q. Kuranda near Cairns in July; one specimen taken by Miss Enid Hewett, of Melbourne, communicated to me by Mr. F. P. Dodd. CRYPTOPHASA ZORODES, Nn. Sp. Ewowdyc, pure, unmarked. Q 48 mm. Head grey-whitish. Palpi rather short, second joint scarcely reaching base of antennz, terminal joint 4; whitish. Antenne grey, towards base whitish. Thorax pale grey. Abdomen grey-whitish; dorsum of third segments and of posterior margins of succeeding segments reddish-ochreous. Legs whitish; tarsi annulated with blackish; inner surface of anterior tibize blackish. Forewings moderate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; 2 from 3, 3 from before angle ; pale grey; cilia pale grey. Hindwings grey-whitish ; cilia whitish. N.A. Port Darwin in November; one specimen received from Mr. F. P. Dodd. CRYPTOPHASA CATHARIA, 2. Sp. xa0aotoc, clean, spotless. Q 45 mm _ Head and thorax ochreous-whitish. Palpi rather short ; second joint scarcely reaching base of antennse ; terminal joint 4; whitish. Antenne grey-whitish, basal joint ochreous-whitish. Abdomen grey; underside and dorsum of first two segments whitish; dorsum of third segment reddish orange; margins of succeding segments on dorsum narrowly reddish-orange with whitish fringes. Legs whitish; tarsi annulated with blackish. Forewings with costa gently arched, apex rounded-rectangular, termen straight, scarcely oblique; 2 from 2; uniformly whitish with a slight brown tinge; cilia concolorous with dark fuscous bars. Hindwings grey-whitish; dorsal hairs and cilia whitish. One of the sarcinota group. W.A. Waroona in December; one specimen received from Mr. R. Illidge. BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 93 CRYPTOPHASA ARGYROCOLLA, 7. Sp. doyvpoxoAdoc, inlaid with silver. 6 92 30-36 mm. Head brown-whitish. Palpi with ‘second joint reaching base of antennz, somewhat dilated towards apex; terminal joint rather short, %; whitish, external surface of second joint fuscous on basal 3. Antenne grey; pectinations in ¢ 3, ochreous-tinged. Thorax brown-whitish; patagia grey. Abdomen dull reddish-ochreous, apices of segments ochreous-whitish. Legs grey ; anterior pair fuscous ; posterior tibize ochreous- whitish. Forewings with costa arched near base, thence straight, apex rounded, termen straight, scarcely oblique ; 2 from near middle grey; a broad silvery white costal streak from } to apex, broadest at } from base, there angled and gradually narrowing to a point at apex ; a broad brownish suffusion beneath costal streak towards base ; a transversely oval, black-edged, brownish spot at 3, in- denting costal streak ; some whitish suffusion before tornus ; a blackish dentate subterminal line, edged posteriorly with brownish ; cilia grey, bases and apices whitish. Hindwings grey ; cilia whitish with a grey sub-basal line. W.A. Cunderdin in November and December; two specimens received from Mr. R. Illidge. CRYPTOPHASA BALIOCOSMA, 2. sp. Badtoxoomoc, adorned with spots. g 26 mm. Head whitish. Palpi moderate, second joint reaching base of antenne, thickened with loosely spreading scales towards apex, terminal joint }; whitish. Antenne whitish; pectinations in @ 33, ochreous-tinged. Thorax whitish-grey. Abdomen grey. Legs whitish ; apices of anterior and middle tibiz fuscous ; anterior and middle tarsi annulated with fuscous. Forewings with costa moderately arched, apex rounded; termen obliquely rounded ; 2 from 3 whitish-grey sparsely irrorated with grey ; base of costa dark-fuscous ; a dark-fuscous spot in disc near base, a second at 4, and a third at 2; three equi- distant dark-fuscous costal dots beyond middle; cilia whitish-grey. Hindwings pale grey ; dorsal hairs whitish cilia whitish with a pale grey sub-basal line. N.A. Port Darwin in November; two _ specimens received from Mr. F. P. Dodd. 94 LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS. CRYPTOPHASA ATECMARTA, 1. Sp. atéxaotos, obscure. 6 32 mm. Head grey-whitish. Palpi moderate, second joint just reaching base of antenne, terminal joint 1; whitish irrorated with grey. Antenne grey ; pectinations in ¢ 33. Thorax grey. Abdomen fuscous-grey, mixed with whitish on sides, under-surface whitish’; apices of segments on dorsum narrowly reddish-ochreous. Legs whitish irrorated with grey. Forewings with costa gently arched, beyond middle straight, apex rounded, termen rounded, scarcely oblique; 2 from 2; grey with sparse fuscous irroration; markings indistinct; a fuscous dot in disc at 1, a second in middle, a third at 2; this last forms the apex of a darker shape, the terminal area being paler grey ; cilia grey. Hindwings and cilia pale fuscous. W.A. Cunderdin in December; two _ specimens received from Mr. R. Illidge. XYLORYCTA CONISTICA, 7. Sp. zxoviotizoc, dusty. g¢ 29mm. @ 43 mm. Head whitish. Palpi rather short, second joint in g not reaching, in 9 just reaching base of antennz, terminal joint in g¢ # in Q 4; whitish irrorated with grey. Antenne grey-whitish; im ¢ simple, with moderate ciliations (1) in tufts. Thorax grey mixed with whitish. Abdomen grey, third segment and apices of succeeding segments reddish-ochreous on dorsum. Legs grey-whitish ; anterior pair mixed with fuscous. Forewings with costa nearly straight, apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded 2 from 3; whitish intimately mixed with fusc@us- grey : fuscous grey marks in dise at 3 and beyond middle, sometimes obsolete; a fuscous-grey interrupted terminal line ; cilia pale-grey, bases whitish. Hindwings pale grey ; cilia whitish. The distinction between the genera Cryptophasa and Xylorycta appears to be an artificial one, so far as regards this species. N.Q. Stannary Hills; three specimens received from Dr. T. Bancroft. <> 1 BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. XYLORYCTA THIOPHANES, 7. sp. bewgarys, sulphur-coloured. 6 25 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous. Palpi rather long, slender; second joint not quite reaching base of antenne ; terminal joint very slender, nearly as long as second; whitish-ochreous with a few dark-fuscous scales. Antenne ochreous-grey ; in g dentate with short ciliations (4). Abdomen whitish-ochreous, posterior ends of segments, but not fringes, reddish-ochreous on dorsum. Legs ochreous. Forewings sub-oblong, costa gently arched, apex pointed, termen sinuate, not oblique ; whitish-ochreous ; markings dark fuscous ; a large sub-basa] spot on dorsum ; a transverse line at 4, slightly curved and outwardly oblique, not extending to margins ; a very oblique broad line from 3 costa to termen beneath apex; a spot on costa beyond this ; a broad terminal line ; cilia whitish-ochreous, on apex and tornus dark fuscous. Hindwings whitish-ochreous ; central part of disc and terminal area suffused with fuscous ; cilia whitish-ochreous. Q. Gayndah; one specimen received from Dr. Hamilton Kenny. XYLORYCTA COSMETA, 2. Sp. x00 1/TOS, neat. 6 Q 22-26 mm. Head white. Palpi moderate ; second joint reaching base of antenne; terminal joint 1; white, external surface of second joint fuscous except at apex. Antenne white becoming grey towards apex; in 6 slightly dentate with long ciliations (13). Thorax white with a large grey posterior spot. Abdomen white with some ochreous-fuscous admixture on dorsum. Legs white ; anterior pair fuscous ; anterior tarsi annulated with white. Forewings with costa strongly arched, apex round-pointed, termen nearly straight, scarcely oblique; white with a few fuscous-grey scales; markings fuscous ; a semicircular blotch on dorsum before middle not reaching middle of dise ; a line from 2 costa to ? dorsum, strongly angulated outwards in middle, dilated on both margins ; cilia fuscous, on apex and tornus white. Hindwings and cilia whitish. N.Q. Herberton in December and January; four specimens received from Mr. F. P. Dodd. 96 LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS. Gen. LOPHOBELA nov, jopofedoc, with tufted weapons (palpi). Head with appressed hairs. Tongue weakly developed. Palpi moderately long, curved, ascending ; second joint with long scales anteriorly forming a large triangular tuft ; termina] joint as long as second, rather stout, slightly roughened anteriorly, tolerably pointed. Antenne of ¢ bipectinated, basal joint stout. Thorax smooth. Posterior tibie densely rough-haired above and beneath. Forewings with termen sinuate; 2 from #, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen, 8 to apex. Hindwings with termen sinuate ; 3 and 4 connate or short-stalked, 5 parallel to 4, 6 and 7 connate or short-stalked. LOPHOBELA SINUOSA, 7. Sp. Sinuosus, many-curved. g 18 mm. Head whitish, sidetufts slightly ochreous- tinged. Palpi whitish with some fuscous irroration, base of second joint on external surface and apex of terminal joint fuscous. Antenne fuscous; pectinations in ¢@ 3, Thorax ochreous-whitish, bases of patagia greyish-tinged. Abdomen’ whitish-grey, bases of segments brownish- ochreous. Legs grey mixed with whitish; apical tarsal joints fuscous; anterior pair wholly fuscous. Forewings oblong, costa strongly arched near base, thence slightly sinuate, apex acute, termen sinuate; pale brownish-grey, apical half beyond a line from 4 costa to 3 dorsum densely irrorated with white, costal edge and a small tornal area greyish; a dark fuscous line from base of costa, soon bifurcating, one limb approaching costa, the other median to 3, turned slightly upwards at extremity, and giving off a branch towards dorsum from near extremity; cilia brownish-grey, apices fuscous. Hindwings with apex acute, termen sinuate; pale grey; cilia pale grey, apices except towards tornus whitish. Type in Coll. Lyell. N.Q. Townsville in September; one specimen stated to be bred, but without particulars, received from Mr. F. P. Dodd. BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 97 COMPSOTORNA ECCRITA, 2 Sp. éxxoltos, picked out. g 32 mm. Head whitish; face pale fuscous. Palpi moderate, second joint reaching base of antennz, terminal joint stout, }; fuscous, apex of second joint and a broad median band on terminal joint whitish. Antenne whitish, becoming fuscous towards apex ; ciliations in ¢@ 1. Thorax fuscous, anterior margin whitish. Abdomen ochreous- whitish. Legs ochreous whitish mixed with fuscous ; anterior and middle tarsi fuscous; anterior tibize densely dilated with hair-scales. Forewings moderate, costa gently arched, apex obtusely rounded, termen rounded, scarcely oblique ; 7 and 8 coincident, running to apex ; fuscous ; a large ill-defined basal subcostal whitish suffusion ; a large ochreous- whitish tornal suffusion extending nearly to apex, and connected with basal suffusion above fold; some blackish scales tending to form a streak on basal half of fold; a large irregularly oval discal spot beyond middle, fuscous outlined with blackish ; several fine short blackish streaks between this and apex ; cilia pale fuscous towards apex mixed with whitish. Hindwings ochreous-whitish ; cilia ochreous-whitish with a fuscous spot at apex. Certainly allied to C. oligarchica, although vein 7 of forewings is absent—an unreliable character for generic distinction in this group. Xylomima Turn., is a genus near to and derived from Compsotorna. N.Q. Kuranda near Cairns; one specimen received from Mr. F. P. Dodd. Cena PHC OxP Hen LpAe- To this genus I refer Lichenaula choriodes Meyr., poliochyta Turn., and micradelpha Turn. Gen. ARAEOSTOMA nov. aeatootouwos, with weak mouth. Tongue weakly developed, nearly obsolete. Labial palpi short, not reaching base of antenneze, smooth, slender. Antenne of ¢ unipectinate. Thorax smooth. Posterior tibiez rough-haired. Forewings with 2 from 3, 7 and 8 long-stalked, 7 to apex. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate, 6 and 7 connate. G 98 LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS. Distinguished from Plectophila by the nearly obsolete tongue, short palpi, and peculiar male antenne. In general facies the following species nearly resembles Plectophila poliochyta Turn. ARAEOSTOMA AENICTA, 2. SD. aivixtos, obscure. | 6 Q 17-28. Head and thorax fuscous with some whitish scales. Palpi short, slender, not reaching base of antenne ; terminal joint in ¢ 4, in Q 4; fuscous mixed with whitish in Q. Antennz fuscous, in Q with obscure whitish annulations, pectinations in ¢@ 38. Abdomen fuscous, apices of segments on dorsum reddish-ochreous, on sides and lower surface whitish in Q. Legs fuscous mixed with ochreous-whitish ; posterior pair mostly ochreous- whitish. Forewings elongate-oval, costa strongly arched, apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded; fuscous with patchy whitish irroration ; a dark fuscous discal dot above middle at 4, a second obliquely elongate before 2 ; posterior third of costal edge whitish with four dark fuscous dots ; a fine crenulate whitish line just before termen; cilia fuscous, in Q with some whitish admixture. Hindwings and cilia fuscous. Q. Brisbane in September ; four specimens (1 g, 3 2) received from Mr. R. Illidge. MAROGA LEPTOPASTA, 2. Sp. Aemtomactos, lightly sprinkled. 6 46-50 mm. Head whitish. Palpi dark-fuscous. Antenne dark-fuscous, paler towards apex; in @ shortly laminate and minutely ciliated. Thorax grey, tegule whitish. Abdomen fuscous, bases of segment suffused with ferruginous; three basal segments grey; tuft and apices of lateral marginal hairs ochreous ; underside whitish. Legs fuscous; posterior tibize, and posterior surface of middle tibiz ochreous; middle and posterior tarsi annu- lated with whitish. Forewings sub-oblong, costa straight, apex rounded-rectangular, termen scarcely oblique, rounded. beneath ; grey-whitish very sparsely irrorated with large single black scales ; sometimes a black discal dot at 2; cilia whitish, sometimes with a few black scales. Hindwings somewhat prominent at tornus ; whitish ; cilia whitish. BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. YY . Near M. setiotricha Meyr., but smaller, the forewings whiter, the irroration much more sparse and yet coarser. M. paragypsa Low., which I have not seen, should be distinguishable by the long yellowish hairs on hindwings. N.A. Port Darwin in February; two _ specimens received from Mr. G. F. Hill. PROCOMETIS VEPALLIDA, n. sp. Vepallidus, very pale. 6 26 mm. Head and palpi grey mixed with whitish. Antenne grey; in @ dentate with very short ciliations (4). Thorax dark grey. Abdomen dark grey, paler towards base, apices of segments and tuft grey-whitish. Legs (missing except) anterior pair fuscous. Forewings oval, costa moderately and evenly arched, apex round-pointed, termen slightly rounded, oblique ; pale grey patchily suffused with whitish, with silky sheen; a short blackish subcostal basal streak; a blackish dot on fold at 4, preceded and followed by some blackish scales ; a blackish discal dot at 2; cilia pale grey. Hindwings grey-whitish, paler towards base, darker towards termen ; cilia whitish with a pale grey sub-basal line. Type in Coll. Lyell. W.A. Kelmscott in September ; one specimen received from Mr. G. F. Berthoud. AGRIOPHARA DYSCAPNA, 1. Sp. Ovoxamvoc, very smoky. 36 2 25 mm., Head, palpi, and thorax dark fuscous with a few whitish hairs. Antennz dark-fuscous ; cilia- tions in g 3. Abdomen grey. Legs dark-fuscous with some whitish hairs; posterior tibiz grey. Forewings elongate-oval, costa moderately and evenly arched, apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded ; dark fuscous irrorated with whitish scales, which tend to form longitudinal lines ; cilia dark fuscous mixed with whitish. Hindwings grey ; cilia pale grey. Type in Coll. Lyell. V. Gisborne in December; Birchip in September; two specimens. 100 LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS. Subfam. Gelechiane. Gen. PERICLITA nov. mepiziettos, splendid, glorious. Head with appressed scales. Tongue well-developed. Labial palpi very long, smooth, slender, recurved ; terminal joint as long as second, slender, acute. Antenne over 1, basal joint with moderate pecten. Thorax smooth. Posterior tibie clothed with long rough hairs. Forewings with 2 from #, 3 from midway between this and angle of cell, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen, 9 and 10 connate, 11 from middle of cell. Hindwings as broad as forewings, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate ; 3 and 4 connate, 5, 6, and 7 nearly parallel. Near Barantola Wlk., which it resembles exactly in facies, but the neuration is more primitive, 2 and 3 of forewings being separate, 9 and 10 not stalked, and 1] from middle of cell. In Sarantola 11 is from near end of cell approximated to 10. PERICLITA PANARISTA, 7%. Sp. mavagistos, best of all. Q 25 mm. Head snow-white; side-tufts crimson tipped with fuscous; lower edge of face crimson. Palpi orange-ochreous. Antenne orange-ochreous ;_ basal joint crimson above, white beneath; pecten crimson. Thorax snow-white ; tegulz crimson tipped with fuscous ; extreme base of patagia fuscous. (Abdomen broken). Legs white ; anterior pair ochreous, tibize with median and subapical fuscous rings and a crimson spot on outer side apex, first tarsal joint with a median fuscous ring ; middle pair ochreous anteriorly with median and subapical bars on tibiz. Fore- wings dilated posteriorly, costa slightly arched at base, thence straight, slightly sinuate before apex, apex acute, slightly produced, termen sinuate, scarcely oblique ; shining snow-white; a costal streak from base to apex, orange-ochreous, but crimson near base, and shortly crimson- tinged at #; a dark-fuscous line limiting costal streak from 1 to ¢; a transverse bar from } of costal streak, crimson- wo 7 ochreous coarsely outlined with dark-fuscous, nearly reach- BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 1OL ing } dorsum, and connected with it by a crimson-ochreous dot containing some fuscous scales ; a similar much shorter bar from beyond: middle, not reaching middle of disc; a dark-fuscous line edged with crimson around apex and termen; cilia orange-ochreous with a fine fuscous post- median line, on tornus and dorsum white. Hindwings white with a small grey suffusion at apex; cilia white, bases grey on apical } of wing. Q. Mount Tambourine in November; one specimen. Subfam. lLyonetiane. LOXOSTOMA BASILISSA, 2. sp. fpacthiooa, a queen. Q@ 11 mm. Head yellow; face and fillet whitish. Palpi whitish. Antennz whitish, posterior surface of basal joint dark-fuscous Thorax yellow. Abdomen grey. Legs ochreous-whitish ; anterior pair fuscous. Forewings bright shining yellow: a broad fuscous-purple streak along basal third of costa; a narrow inwardly oblique dark-fuscous fascia with brilliant purple reflections from costa at # to be- fore tornus ; beyond this disc is wholly brown ; cilia brown. Hindwings and cilia grey. Somewhat resembling L. protodoxa Metr., but at once distinguished by the yellow head. Q. Mt. Tambourine in March; one specimen. LOXOSTOMA TETRASEMA, %. Sp. Tetoaoywocs, four-marked. 6 10-13 mm. Head yellow, face whitish, fillet fuscous. Palpi whitish. Antennz whitish, posterior surface of basal joint dark-fuscous. Thorax yellow, patagia dark-fuscous. Abdomen grey. Legs ochreous-whitish; anterior pair fuscous. Forewings bright yellow: a dark-fuscous basal fascia slightly produced on costa ; a triangular fuscous spot on middJe of costa connected with a similar larger spot on dorsum before tornus, which is produced along termen expanding at apex; cilia fuscous. Hindwings and cilia grey. Q. Mt. Tambourine in March; three specimens. 102 LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS. COMODICA TIGRINA, 7”. Sp. 62 7-9 mm. Head yellow. Palpi whitish-ochreous, external surface of second joint dark-fuscous. Antenne grey. Thorax yellow, anteriorly dark-fuscous. Abdomen dark-fuscous. Legs whitish-ochreous ; anterior pair fuscous ; posterior tibiz and tarsi fuscous on dorsal surface. Fore- wings orange-yellow ; markings dark-fuscous ; a basal spot ; four outwardly oblique costal streaks at 4, ?, # and #, some- times joined at apices to form an irregular median line from base to apex; an oblique dorsal streak at 3, and another much broader at middle, both usually joining median line ; a terminal line usually confluent with fourth costal streak ; cilia dark-fuscous with purple reflections, at apex yellow with a fine blackish fork. Hindwings dark-fuscous ; cilia grey. : Q. Brisbane in September ; seven specimens ; some- times taken abundantly at rest on fences. Subfam. Tineine. IPHIERGA CHRYSOPA, . sp. yovownos, golden. n 6 26mm. Head orange. Palpi blackish mixed with orange, second joint with long spreading hairs beneath. Antenne fuscous; in ¢@ the short teeth bearing tufts of long cilia (3). Thorax blackish. Abdomen blackish, sides and tuft ochreous. Legs blackish ; posterior tibiz ochreous. Forewings sub-oblong, costa rather strongly arched, apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded ; 7 and 8 coincident, blackish with four sharply defined rather narrow pale- ochreous fascie ; first near base, second at }, third at middle, interrupted in disc, fourth from ? costa to tornus, interrupted in disc; cilia blackish. Hindwings broad; blackish; a large circular golden-ochreous tornal blotch reaching more than half across disc ; cilia blackish. The antennal structure is exceptional in this genus, but the relationship to X. chrysophalsis is very clear. Type in Coll. Lyell. W.A. Waroona in November ; one specimen received from Mr. G. F. Berthoud. BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 103 IPHIERGA CHRYSOPHAES 7”, Sp. yovooyars, golden. 6 19 mm. Head yellow. Palpi yellow ; second joint with a tuft of loose spreading hairs beneath. Antenne blackish; pectinations in @ 23. Thorax _ blackish. Abdomen blackish, some dorsal hairs, a Jateral stripe, and tuft yellow. Legs blackish; tarsi with yellowish annula- tions ; posterior tibiz yellow with blackish irroration. Fore- wings sub-oblong, costa moderately arched, more strongly at base and apex, apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded ; 7 and 8 stalked ; blackish with deep yellow markings con- sisting of three fasciz and an apical spot ; first fascia sub- basal, transverse ; second from 4 costa to dorsum before middle, sometimes constricted in disc ; third fascia from 2 costa to tornus ; a small apical spot ; cilia blackish, on apical spot yellow. Hindwings blackish; a large orange-yellow basal blotch, not extending to dorsum ; and bisected by a blackish longitudinal line ; cilia blackish. This is the only species in which vein 7 is present, a form of variation which occurs in allied genera. Type in Col. Lyell. N.S.W. Ebor in January ; one specimen received from Mr. R. J. Tillyard. IPHIERGA MACARISTA, 2. Sp. faxaolotos, enviable. g 18-20 mm. Head ochreous-brown. Palpi ochreous- brown, on external surface mixed with fuscous. Antenne pale-fuscous ; pectinations in ¢ 4. Thorax dark-fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-brown. Legs fuscous; posterior pair except tarsi ochreous. Forewings oval, costa rather strongly arched, apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded ; whitish ; markings blackish ; a rather large basal fascia, its posterior edge doubly sinuate; a small spot on } costa, another beneath and beyond it, usually a dot on } dorsum, some- times other minute dots in basal part of disc; a broken fascia from costa beyond middle to 3 dorsum, outwardly curved, narrow, interrupted above dorsum and_ some- times also beneath costa ; two costal spots between this and apex ; a terminal series of dots; sometimes other dots in 104 LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS. apical part of disc: cilia whitish. Hindwings and cilia ochreous-whitish. Near [. pycnozona Low., but with only two fascie,. and one of these interrupted, and with additional spots. W.A. Cunderdin in December ; four specimens received from Mr. R. Illidge. ARDIOSTERES SPOROCOSMA, %. Sp. omo90x0ou0s, with scattered ornament. Q 29-32 mm. Head _ brownish-ochreous. Palpi brownish-ochreous on external surface mixed with fuscous. Antenne dark-fuscous. Thorax dark-fuscous with a brownish-ochreous median transverse line. Abdomen fuscous. Legs fuscous annulated with pale-ochreous. Fore- wings broad, costa strongly arched, apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded ; dark-fuscous ; a small brownish-ochreous spot at base of costa; numerous pale-ochreous spots and dots ; a spot on 34 costa, another double spot on costa before middle, several costal dots between these, a costal spot at: 3 and another shortly beyond, an apical spot ; large spots on dorsum at }, middle and ?, a smaller dot between the first two, and a dot at tornus; a spot in disc between second costal and second dorsal ; a dark-centred discal spot beneath fourth costal; several scattered dots in disc; a subterminal spot above tornus; a series of terminal dots ; cilia dark-fuscous barred with pale-ochreous. Hindwings fuscous ; cilia fuscous barred with whitish-ochreous. N.A. Port Darwin in January and March ; two speci- mens received from Mr. F. P. Dodd and Mr. G. F. Hill. ARDIOSTERES EUMELANA, %. Sp. ev uesaros, well-blackened 2 26mm. Head, palpi, antennz, and thorax blackish- fuscous. Abdomen dark-fuscous. Legs dark-fuscous, annulated with whitish ; posterior pair except tarsi whitish. Forewings sub-oblong, costa rather strongly arched, apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded ; blackish-fuscous, with fine blackish transverse strigule; three pairs of whitish dots on costa at 3, %, and before #; cilia dark-fuscous with white dots, two on costa, four on termen, and one on tornus. Hindwings and cilia dark-fuscous. BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 105 Type in Coll. Lyell. N.S.W. Lilyvale near Bulli in March ; one specimen. MONOPIS TRIGONOLEUCA, ”. sp. Torymvodevzos, with white triangle. 6 15 mm. Head white. Palpi fuscous. Antenne grey. Thorax white. Abdomen ochreous-grey. Legs fuscous ; posterior pair ochreous-whitish. Forewings elon- gate-oval, costa strongly arched, apex round-pointed, termen obliquely rounded dark-fuscous, tinged with brownish and with purplish lustre; a large triangular white spot on middle of costa containing a few dark scales on costal edge, its apex reaching to middle of disc; cilia dark-fuscous. © Hindwings grey ; cilia ochreous-whitish. N.Q. Townsville ; one specimen. TINEA PORPHYROPHAES, 2. sp. Toopvoopays, purple-shining. 36 2 12-14 mm. Head ochreous. Palpi short, in ¢ fuscous, in Q pale-ochreous. Amtenne in ¢ I}; dark- fuscous, in @Q fuscous-whitish. Thorax shining purple. Abdomen fuscous. Legs purple-fuscous; posterior pair whitish-ochreous. Forewings moderate, not dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen very obliquely rounded ; deep shining purple ; a conspicuous transverse ochreous fascia before middle varying in breadth; cilia purple-fuscous. Hindwings and cilia dark-grey. Type in Coll. Turner. N.Q. Herberton and Evelyn Scrub in December, January, and February ; three specimens received from Mr. Pe Dodd. TINEA ISERES, 2. sp. (onoys, equal, similar. 6 @2 12-15 mm_ Head grey; face and palpi dark- fuscous. Antenne whitish. Thorax grey-whitish ; patagia dark-fuscous. Abdomen grey, towards base ochreous-tinged in ¢, paler grey in Q; beneath pale-ochreous in ¢ Legs fuscous ; posterior pair pale-ochreous in ¢, grey in Q. Forewings narrow-oval, costa moderately arched, apex rounded, termen very obliquely rounded; dark-fuscous 106 LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL GLEANINGS. almost blackish ; a white dorsal streak containing a few grey scales, moderately broad, but becoming narrow at tornus ; a broad terminal streak confluent with preceding, its posterior edge convex; cilia fuscous with minute whitish points. Hindwings in ¢ pale-ochreous towards apex and termen suffused with grey ; in Q wholly grey ; cilia grey. Very similar to 7. diaphora Meyr., but in that species the patagia are white except at base; the g is readily distinguished by its ochreous hindwings. Q. Brisbane in October; eight specimens bred from Jarve feeding gregariously among webbing under loose bark of Hucalyptus. MOLLUSCA FROM THURSDAY ISLAND AND CLEVELAND BAY. By JoHN SHIRLEY, D.Sc., F.M.S., Corresponding Member of the Royal Society of Tasmania, &c. ( Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, 24th September, EOL 7): (i) THuRsDAy IstAND MOLLusCa. A very large parcel of marine shells, gathered by Mr. Paul Guilletmot of Thursday Island, was received by me recently. The bivalves are rather thinly represented, but there is a good representation of local univalves, and from the whole supply over 120 species were obtained. This opportunity is taken to express my thanks to Mr. Guillet- mot for the time and energy devoted in collection, and to Mr. McKenna, District Inspector of Schools, for directing the attention of teachers of coastal schools to opportunities for nature study afforded by the littoral fauna. There is a strong resemblance between the faunas of | Thursday Island and Murray Island, as one would naturally expect, but there are also marked differences. Cerithium piperitum Sby. one of the commonest shells of Murray Island, exhibiting numerous varieties of shape and decoration, is in the Thursday Island collection conspicuous by its absence. On the other hand Pervisternia australiensis Rve. with its striking decoration of square spots between the raised ribs, is much more common on the Thursday Island beach. ° The genera most fully represented are Cerithium, Cyprea and Conus. This does not prove that they are the dominant factors in the fauna, but that their striking sculpture or ornamentation attracts the attention of the collector. 108 MOLLUSCA FROM THURSDAY ISLAND. The following is the list of species determined :— Class PELECYPODA. Order Prionodesmacea. Family ARCIDA. ARCA FASCIATA Reeve. rusca Brug. Family MYTILIDZ. MopIOLA AURICULATA Krauss. Order Teleodesmacea. Family CARDITIDA. CARDITA VARIEGATA Brug. Family CHAMID. — CHAMA SPINOSA Brod. Family LUCINIDA. DIVARICELLA ANGULIFERA Von Martens. LorreEs suspcrAssa Smith. Fr Family GALEOMMIDA. SOLECARDIA CUVIERI Desh. Family CARDILDAt CARDIUM LZVIGATUM JL. A very clear and distinct drawing of this shell is to be found in that rare old book * The Shells of Linnzus’”’ by Sylvanus Hanley, F L.S., published in 1855. The drawing forms figure 8 of Plate 1. CARDIUM UNEDO JL. Family VENERIDAL. GAFRARIUM AUSTRALICA Reeve. % AUSTRALE Sby. 4 cippium Lamk., s. G. tumidum Bolt. ae PECTINATUM JL. 4 caTILLuS Hedley. Ata PLICATINA Lamk. *PITARIA INFLATA Lamk. PAPHIA FLAMMICULATA Sby. d TRIstis Lamk. * Shells so marked are additions to Queensland lists. BY JOHN SHIRLEY. ; 109 Family TELLINIDA. TELLINA DISPAR Conrad. 7 STAURELLA Lamk. ASAPHIS DEFLORATA L., s. A. rugosa Lamk. Family MESODESMATIDA&. AMPHIDESMA PLANA Hanley, s. Davila plana Han. Fr STRIATA Gmelin. Class GASTEROPODA. Order Diotocardia. Family FISSURELLIDA. FISSURIDEA JUKESIL Reeve. Family TROCHID. TROCHUS RADIATUS Gmel. *MoONODONTA LABIO L. var. CONFUSA Tap. & Can. CANTHARIDUS ARRUENSIS H. A. Smith. ¥ SUTURALIS A. Ad. ANGARIA LACINIATA Lamk. CHRYSOSTOMA PARADOXA Born. Family TURBINIDA. TURBO ARGYROSTOMUS L. 5 CHRYSOSTOMUS JL. LAMINIFERUS Reeve —FOLIACEUS Phil. = PETHOLATUS L. ASTRALIUM TENTORIIFORME Jonas. LIOTINA PERONII Kiener. Family NERITIDA. NERITA ALBICILLA L. CHAMELEON L. LINEATA Gmel. POLITA Vv. RUMPHII Rech. sIGNATA Macl. 39 Order Monotocardia. Sub-Order TAENIOGLOSSA. * Shells so marked are additions to Queensland lists. 110 MOLLUSCA FROM THURSDAY [SLAND, Family LITTORINIDA. MELARAPHE SCABRA V. UNDULATA Gray. s. M. undulata Gray. Family PLANAXIDA. PLANAXIS SULCATUS Born. | QuUOYIA DECOLLATA Q. and G. Family HIPPONICID. Hipponix AUSTRALIS Q. and G. Family CERITHIIDAL. CLAVA ASPERA L. Fa SEMINUDA Sby. a VERTAGA JL. CERITHIUM COLUMNA Sby. 74, FILOSUM Sby. A GRANOSUM Kiener=EXIMIUM Sby. =RuUBUS Martyn. " JANELLIT Homb. & Jacq. s. petrosum Wood. Finely figured by Hanley in the “ Shells .of Linnzus,” figure 4, plate 4. One of the most variable of shells, often whole coloured, at other times banded in red and white or brown and white. *CERITHIUM JANELLII V. MONILIFERUM Sby. LEMNISCATUM Q. & G. | 3 Morus Lamk. Yy » V. BIFASCTATUM Sby. a » Vv. VARIEGATUM Q. & G. sh NOV H-HOLLANDIA Sby. - TENELLUM Shy. Ms TRAILII Sby. *PYRAZUS CALEDONICUS Jonas. This species can be separated from its allies by its cylindrical shape, and 4 clathrated girdles on each whorl except the body whorl. ; PYRAZUS CINGULATUS Gmelin. 4 LAYARDI A. Adams. CERITHIDEA LARGILLIERTI Philippi s. C. fortunet A. Ad. * Shells so marked are additions to Queensiand lists. BY JOHN SHIRLEY. 111 Family TURRITELLID. TURRITELLA TEREBRA L. Family STROMBIDAL. STROMBUS CAMPBELLI Grif. & Pid. DENTATUS L. EPIDROMIS L. 4 LUHUANUS L.. e URCcCEUsS L. PTEROCERA LAMBIS L. Family STRUTHIOLARIIDA. STRUTHIOLARIA SCUTULATA Martyn. Family PYRAMIDELLIDA. PYRAMIDELLA ACUS Gmelin. Family NATICIDA. Natica COLLIE Recl. GUALTERIANUM Recl. eae INSULARUM Watson. + SEYCHELLIUM Watson POLINICES FLEMINGIANA Recl. mes MAMILLA L. Family CYPRASIDA. CYyPREA ANNULUS L. AS ARABICA L. ce CARNEOLA L. x EROSA L. 2 ERRONES L. v. SOPHIZ Braz. oi) be) % 9 i LYNX JL. ai MONETA JL. Bis TALPA L. Ae TIGRIS L. OvuLa ovum L. Sub-order STENOGLOSSA. Family VOLUTID. SCAPHELLA SOPHIE Gray. CyMBIUM FLAMMEUM Bolten. * Shells so marked are additions to Queensland lists, 112 MOLLUSCA FROM THURSDAY ISLAND. Family OLIVIDA. OLIVA CHRULEA Bolten. ANCILLA CINGULATA Sby. Family CONIDA. CoNnUS CAPITANEUS L. Livipus Brug. MARMOREUS L. MUSTELINUS Hwass. OMARIA Hwass. This shell is often mistaken for its ally C. teatile L. It may be separated by its darker colour, more cylindrical shape, and by the chestnut coloured patches being arranged horizontally rather than radially. Conus striatus L TEXTILE | WD vireo L. VITULINUS Hwass. Family TURRIDZ. *DRILLIA (SURCULA) JAVANA LL. s. Pleurotoma nodifera Gm. A novelty on our shores, but agreeing in all points of structure with a specimen from Molucca, obtained from Messrs. Sowerby and Fulton, the well known conchologists. It is beautifully figured by E. A. Crouch in his “ Lamarck’s Conchology ” published in 1826. Family TURBINELLID. PERISTERNIA AUSTRALIENSIS Rve. This shell is found on our eastern coast from the Tweed River to Thursday Island, and is easily recognizable by its oval shape, its 8 ribs on the body whorl, marked by two brown bands, broken into square spots. Family FUSIDA. FASCIOLARIA FILAMENTOSA Bolten. Family MITRIDAS. Mirra corruGata Lamk. = suKEesa A. Ad. us PORPHYRETICA Reeve. * Shells so marked are additions to Queensland lists. BY JOHN SHIRLEY. iis Family BUCCINIDA. CANTHARUS RUBIGINOSUS Rve. This species closely approaches C. subrubiginosus E. A. Smith, but differs in the more angular body whorl and in the smaller number of ribs. Family ARCULARIIDA. ARCULARIA CORONATA Brug. A GLANS L. 5 rs! Vv. SUTURALIS Lamk. "aa au Fe LEPTOSPIRA A. Ad. Family PYRENIDL. PYRENE ABYSSICOLA Brazier. iy CLATHRATA Brazier. S piscors Gmel. PARDALINA Lamk. v. TYLERI Gray. FULGURANS Lamk. 3 VERSICOLOR Sby. ENGINA LINEATA Reeve. Family THAIDA. THAIS AMBUSTULATUS Hedley. DRUPA TURBINOIDES Hedley. NassSA SERTUM Brug. Sub-order PULMONATA. Family SIPHONARIIDA. SIPHONARIA SIPHO Shy. Sub-order OPISTHOBRANCHIA. Family ACTASONIDA. * ACTHON CINEREUS Watson. PUPA SOLIDULA V. COCCINATA Reeve. + SULCATA Gmel. Family SCAPHANDRIDA. ATYS CHEVERTI Braz. » .NAUCUM L. * Shells so marked are additions to Queensland lists. H 114 MOLLUSCA FROM THURSDAY ISLAND. Family BULLIDA. BuLLARIA ADAMSI Menke. HAMINEA FLAVESCENS JA. Ad. Family APLUSTRIDA. HybDATINA PHysis JL. (ii) CLEVELAND Bay Mo.uwusca. The following were gathered by the teacher and children at Lucinda Point, near Townsville, and were kindly conveyed to Brisbane by Mr. McKenna, District Inspector of Schools. Class PELECYPODA. Order Prionodesmacea. Family ARC] DA. ARCA BICORS Jonas. GLYCIMERIS CAPRICORNEA Hedley. Family OSTREID. OSTREA IMBRICATA Lamk. Family ANOMIIDAE. PaTRO ELYROS Gray. PLACUNA PLACENTA ‘L. Family MYTILIDA. MopiIoLa PHILIPPINARUM. Hanley. Order Teleodesmacea. Family CRASSATELLIDA HEMIDONAX DONACIFORME Sch. Family CARDITID. CARDITA INCRASSATA Sby. Family LUCINIDAL. *+DOSINIA CANALICULATA Sby. * Shells so marked are additions to Queensland lists. { Named by Mr. Chas. Hedley. BY JOHN SHIRLEY. 115 Family CARDIID. CaRDIUM MULTISPINOSUM Sby. SUBRETUSUM Sby. Family VENERIDA. ANTIGONE FOLIACEA Dillw. CLEMENTIA PAPYRACEA Gray. PAPHIA TEXTILE Gmelin. Family TELLINIDA. *TELLINA PRETEXTA Martens. STAURELLA Lamk. s SPECTABILIS Hanley. Hs VIRGATA JL, VULSELLA Chem. PHYLLODA FOLIACEA L. Family DONACIDA. Donax AUSTRALIS Lamk. CUNEATA Lamarck. 3) Donax cuneata of Lamarck is figured as of that author by Mr. Edmund A. Crouch in his [llustrated Introduction to Lamarck’s Conchology, published in London in 1826. Family MACTRIDA. *+LUTRARIA CURTA Desh. MactTra ABBREVIATA Lamk. HGYPTIACA Reeve. - DISSIMILIS Desh. “3 LUZONICA Desh. QUEENSLANDICA FE. A. Smith. a PUSILLA Angas. TURGIDA Gmel. STRIGILLA SPLENDIDA Anton. Family MESODESMATIDA. AMPHIDESMA NITIDA Reeve. Family SOLENIDZ. SOLEN AUSTRALIS Dkr. 45 SLOANIL Gray. rs VAGINOIDES Lamk. * Shells so marked are additions to Queensland lists. + Named by Mr. Chas. Hedley. 116 MOLLUSCA FROM CLEVELAND BAY. Class GASTEROPODA. Order Monotocardia. Family NATICIDA#. NATICA GUALTERIANA Petit. Pouinices conicus Lamk. Ls pIDYMA Bolt. s. aulacoglossa Pils. NUX-CASTANEA Mart. PLUMBEUS Lamk. Family CYMATIIDAE. BurRSA RANA UL. Family TONNIDA. TONNA CUMINGII Reeve. Family CYPRAIDA. CYPR#A SUBVIRIDIS Rve. Trivia onyzA Lamk. Family OLIVIDAE. OLIVA ANNULATA Gmelin. FUNEBRALIS Lamk. GutTuLa — Lamk. Family ARCULARIIDA. ARCULARIA THERSITES Brug. THE ANATOMY OF HYLA CHRULEA WHITE. I1.—THE SKULL. By C. D. Giuuies, M.Sc., anp Epna F. Preserpy, B.Sc. (Biology Department, The University of Queensland). With Two Text Figures. (Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, 29th October, LS) rs The skull is semicircular in outline, but as the ratio of length to breadth is about 4 : 5 it is not so long as wide. By careful treatment with sodium hydroxide solution the premaxille, maxille, quadrato-jugals, nasals, vomers, palatines, pterygoids, squamosals, sphenethmoid and parasphenoid may be disarticulated. Usually, however, the latter is difficult to remove, as it is more or less fused to the occipito-otic region. The posterior portions of the fronto-parietals are more firmly united with this region so disarticulation only takes place anteriorly with the sphenet- moid. (a) The Cranium. There is a prominent occipito-otic region (oc.ot) formed by the fusion of the exoccipitals and pro-otics. The chondrocranium is almost entirely replaced by the occipito- otic region and the sphenethmoid (sph.eth.). Both the glossopharyngeal and vagus penetrate the occipital region by distinct foramina, the inner and larger of which being that of the vagus, but posteriorly the two foramina become confluent and give rise to a shallow fossa (fig. II, IX. X.) situated on the outer side of the base of ‘the related condyle. Dorsal to the latter is a prominence of the occipito-otic 118 THE ANATOMY OF HYLA C#RULEA WHITE. region. The foramen magnum is slightly compressed dorso-ventrally, and it is completely surrounded by bone. On the anterior surface of each otic wing is a horizontal groove, and in the central portion is situated the auditory recess leading to the auditory foramen. An extension of the wall of the recess prevents it from being viewed anteriorly. The hinder border of the optic foramen is formed by the anterior margin of the pro-otic, which is perforated more posteriorly by two small elongated foramina. The maxillo-mandibular branch of the trigeminal issues by the larger and more dorsal (fig. II, V,.) and the ophthalmic of the same nerve by the smaller (fig. II, V.). The anterior fontanelle (fig. I, f) is partially roofed over posteriorly by the fronto-parietals (fig. I, f.p.), but the anterior portion is uncovered. The sphenethmoid (sph.eth) is extensive, strongly compressed dorso-ventrally and roughly pentagonal in shape. Postero-ventrally the edge is entire, but postero-dorsally it is deeply notched for the anterior margin of the fontanelle (fig. I). The postero- Jateral borders are concave, each with a prominence along its length, which marks the position of the anterior extremity of the overlapping fronto-parietal (fig. II, X). The antero-lateral borders approximate forming an angle, which may be seen from the dorsal surface lying between the nasals. The sphenethmoidal septum is well developed, and on the floor of each olfactory recess is a strong ridge running to the olfactory foramen. The nasals (fig. 1, na.) overlap the antero-lateral borders of the sphenethmoid, and in shape each is semilunar with the concavity anterior and smooth, but the convexity is irregular. The ventral cornu is pointed and placed at an angle to the major portion of the bone; it comes into relation with the inner side of the nasal process of the maxilla (fig. I, na.p). The greater portion of the median ramus of the parasphenoid (fig. II, m.r.pa) is applied to the ventral surface of the sphenethmoid. Its edges at first slightly diverge, then converge almost to a point. On the posterior border of the transverse limb in the mid line, is an angular process (fig II, p). The arms of the transverse ramus (fig. II, tr.r.pa.) extend outwards to near the auditory recesses. The anterior extremities of the fronto-parietals BY C. D. GILLIES AND EDNA F. PEBERDY. 119 curve outwards, and their outer edges project slightly over the sphenethmoid. In the postero-lateral walls of the latter are the paired foramina for the entrance of the ophthalmic branches of the trigeminal into the olfactory capsules (fig. II, V.). Attached to the antero-ventral surface of the sphenethmoid are the vomers (fig. II, vo.) which diverge anteriorly placing their distal extremities into relation with the premaxillo-maxillary junctions. Each consists of a curved bar with a thin pointed lamina arising from its outer border ; the posterior region of the bar bearing the teeth is thickened (fig. II, vo.t.) and along the inner aspect of the vomer is a groove which fits into the sphenethmoid. (5) The Ma.eillary Arch. As the following bones are paired and symmetrically arranged, only one side need .be described. The premaxilla (fig. I], p.m.) is triradiate the rami being— I. Antero-dorsal (fig. I, a.d.r.) dorsally directed and arising near the symphysis. II. Maxillary (fig. I, m.r.) running postero-laterally to the maxilla and bearing teeth like the latter. III. Posterior (fig. Il, p.r.). This ramus has its origin near the antero-dorsal, and forms a prom- inent tooth-like process immediately within the anterior extremity of the upper jaw. The maxilla (m.) has a nasal process (fig. 1, na.p.), which is connected with the nasal. In front of the latter the maxilla is laterally compressed, while behind it gradually tapers to a point. Above the teeth of the premaxilla and maxilla is a small but definite flange of bone. The teeth of the maxilla extend a short distance behind the maxillo- pterygoidal junction (fig. Il, m.pt.j). The sphenethmoidal attachment of the palatine (fig. II, pal.) is posterior to the vomer, while the maxillary connection is in the region of the nasal process. On the inner side of the posterior portion of the quadrato-jugal (fig. II, ¢.j.) is ankylosed the quadrate (fig. II,-qg.), the dual ossification having the shape of a hammer lying on its side. The long ramus of 120 THE ANATOMY OF H¥LA CERULEA WHITE. 1. Skull of Hyla caerulea White (dorsal view) x about 23. Fig. 2. Skull of Hyla cerulea White (ventral view) x _ ,, = Fig. BY C. D. GILLIES AND EDNA F. PEBERDY. EXPLANATION OF LETTERING a.d.r. anterior dorsal ramus of premaxilla. c. cartilage. f. anterior fontanelle. f.m. foramen magnum. f-p. fronto-parietal. m. maxilla. m.pt.j. maxillo-pterygoid junction. m.r. maxillary ramus of premaxilla. m.r.pa. median ramus of parasphenoid. na. nasal. na.p. nasal process of maxilla. oc.c. occipital condyle. oc.ot. occipito-otic region. p. posterior process cf parasphenoid. pal. palatine. pm. premaxilla. p.r. posterior ramus of premaxilla. pt.a. posterior ramus of pterygoid. pt.b. anterior ramus of pterygoid. . pt.c. internal ramus of pterygoid. q. quadrate. q.j. quadrato-jugal. sph.eth. sphenethmoid. sqg.a. long ramus of squamosal. sq.b. anterior ramus of squamosal. sq.c. posterior ramus of squamosal. tr.r.pa. transverse portion of parasphenoid. vo. vomer. vo.t. vomerine teeth. x. position of anterior extremity of fronto-parietal, II. optic foramen. V,. foramen of maxillo-mandibular of trigeminal. V,. foramen of ophthalmic of trigeminal. V,-. entrance of ophthalmic of trigeminal into olfactory region. 1X.X. common foramen of glossopharyngeal and vagus. 122 THE ANATOMY OF HYLA C#RULEA WHITE. the squamosal (fig. [, sg.a.) lies along the outer side of the posterior limb of the pterygoid (fig. 1, pt.a.) and also fits over the dorsal edge of this ramus by means of a groove on its ventral surface. ‘The proximal portion is flattened, but the distal region is rod-like and curved, with the con- cavity facing outwards. The shorter arm of the transverse bar (fig. I, sq.c.) is directed postero-dorsally and the longer (fig. I, sqg.b.) antero-ventrally. Both the anterior and posterior rami of the pterygoid (fig. II, pt.b.; pt.a.) are curved, in the former the concavity being internal, but external in the latter. The inner ramus (fig. II, pt.c.) runs inwards and slightly posteriorly towards the otic region. On its postero-dorsal surface it is strongly grooved. The Skull of Hyla aurea. The skull of Hyla aurea is more pointed than that of H. cerulea, and its breadth is approximately equal to the length, hence proportionately it is less than in H. cerulea. The anterior fontanelle’is completely roofed over by the fronto-parietals meeting medianly, this condition differing from that of H. cerulea in which the fronto-parietals do not meet along the major portion of their length leaving the fontanelle open. The chondrocranium between the sphenethmoid and occipito-otic region is more extensive than in H. cerulea. Our thanks are due to Dr. T. H. Johnston for per- mission to use the laboratory and material of the Depart- ment of Biology. BIBLIOGRAPHY. }. Gapow, H. Amphibia, Cambridge Natural History, 1909. 2. Marswauzt, A. M. “The Frog” 1912. 3. Parker, W. K. ‘‘ On the structure and development of the skull in the Batrachia”’ pt. II. Phil. Trans., 1876, pp. 601-669. LOPHOPUS BRISBANENSIS. SP. NOV. By W. R. CoLLEDGE. (With one plate). ( Read before the Royal Society of Queensland , 29th October, TO17). The only species of Lophopus recorded from Australia appears to be L. lendenfeldi Ridley found in the Parramatta River, N.S.W. I have found in Brisbane some very large beautiful colonies bearing a resemblance to the well-known ““plumed polype”’ of Trembley, Lophopus crystallinus. They differ, however, from that species and also from L. lendenfeldi in important points, so that we have pre- sumably a new species. It is found in freshwater creeks, on the under side of water-logged timber and on the naked roots of trees beneath the surface of the water. When lifted out it appears as little masses of greenish jelly. The form of the zooids is similar to the European species. The polypes of the Brisbane form, however, are larger, and while half a dozen of the old world species occupy one sac, as many as thirty are found within the same cover here. In the European colony and also in L. lendenfeldi, a thin transparent membrane envelopes each colony and forms a disc of attachment to its substratum. This I have not observed, but when a colony is torn away from its resting place a thin membrane is seen to be the means of attach- ment ; this does not spread around the colony as is repre- sented in the illustrations of the two forms I refer to. Another important difference from the European species is in the absence of the epistome—I do not find any trace of it in our species, nor has it been observed in L. lendenfeldi. 124 LOPHOPUS BRISBANENSIS, SP. NOV. The mouth of the European form is shown as a round aperture ; in the Brisbane form the mouth is seen as a long slit in the floor of the vestibule, lying parallel to the horizontal arms of the lophophore. As it opens a funicular space, densely clothed with cilia, is revealed; the base opens by an oblique channel into the wide tube forming the main portion of the gullet, a strong cup-shaped muscle dividing it from the stomach. Here the food collects and at intervals a muscular wave passes down the organ ; as it reaches the sphincter relaxation ensues and the material is forced into the stomach. The statoblast also differs from JL. crystallinus and L. lendenfeldi. In the former, there is an angle rising to a sharp point at either end; in the latter the form is a Jong oval with a smooth outline. In our species it is circular in its early stages, becoming slightly oval at maturity, and alternately sending out from each end about ten short, serrated filaments of similar structure to that of the cells of the annulus. The nucleus is large, brown, lenticular and the annulus narrow and pale. PLATE II. Fig. 1. Colonies on root (natural size). Fig. 2. Colony (x. 6). Fig. 3. Statoblasts (x 17). BIBLIOGRAPHY. ALLMAN: Polyzoa, Ray Society. Riptey: Lophopus lendenfeldi, P.L.S.N.S.W., xx, p. 61. WHITELEGGE: P.L.S.N.S.W., viii (1883), pp. 297, 416. Puate III. Proc. Roy. Soc. Q’Lanp, Von xxix. Lophopus brisbanensts, sp. nov. . Colonies on root (nat. size). . Colony (x 6). . Statoblasts (x 17). Co pe NOTES ON A SAPROLEGNIA EPIDEMIC AMONGST QUEENSLAND FISH. By T. Harvey Jounston, M.A., D.Sc., C.M.ZS., Walter and Eliza Hall Fellow in Economic Biology, The University, Brisbane; Hon. Zoologist to the Queensland Museum. (Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, 26th November, POLE) Early in July, 1917, Mr. F. Mills wrote on behalf of the local authorities at Longreach, in Central Queensland, to the Health Department, Brisbane, stating that large numbers of fish were dying in the Thomson River from some unknown cause, and as the river was not running, it was feared that the drinking of such polluted water supply by the local residents might be injurious. He went on to say that it was commonly reported that the same state of affairs existed in all the western rivers from Long- reach to Mackinlay, the disease affecting nearly all species of local fish. Owing to the extent of the waterholes (i.e., the chain of ponds which represent the western rivers during the dry period of the year), and the great destruction of fish which was taking place, it was found impracticable to keep the water clear of dead fish ; consequently the water supply was in danger of contamination. The letter was eventually forwarded to the Director of the Queens- land Museum. In August a note was received at the Museum through the Inspector of Fisheries, Brisbane, from Mr. A. Sugden of the Quilpie pumping station, in connection with the extension of western railway line in Southern Queensland. He stated that various fish, particularly the ~ black bream ”’ *and ‘‘jew fish,” and, to a less extent, the “* yellow *Mr. J. D. Ogilby informs me that the fish mentioned are black bream = Therapon sp. ; jew fish= Tandanus tandanus or else Neosilurus hyrtlii, probably both; and the “ yellow belly ’=Plectroplites ambiguus. 126 SAPROLEGNIA EPIDEMIC. bellies,” or ‘‘ golden perch,” were affected in the Bulloo River by a disease which appeared to cause death by suffocation, and that quantities of dead fish were to be seen floating on the surface of the waterholes, giving rise to anxiety on the part of those persons who were com- pelled to use such water supply. He further mentioned that it was reported that the fish in Cooper’s Creek were similarly affected, and that wild pigs were fattening on them. The disease was not observed at Cheepie, in the Beechel Creek, a tributary of the Paroo River. A fresh-water catfish or jew fish (identified by Mr. Ogilby was Neosilurus hyrtlit Steind.) was sent down by Mr. Sugden to the Museum and was referred to me. On examination, it was found to be heavily parasitised by the fungus Saprolegnia. A conversation with Mr. Mills, who saw the specimen, convinced me of the identity of the cause of the outbreak in the two localities. Dr. J. 8. C. Elkington, Federal Quarantine Officer for this State, informed me that he had observed numbers of dead perch and catfish* floating down the Brisbane River in the vicinity of the city during August and part of September of this year (1917). From the above it will be noted that the epidemic had a very wide distribution during the late winter, extend- ing over practically the whole of western Queensland and occurring in the south eastern corner of the State also. It involved rivers belonging to the inland drainage system, at least one flowing into the Gulf of Carpentaria and one into the Pacific. The affected area must have comprised many thousands of square miles. On receiving my identification of the malady, the late Director, Dr. R. Hamlyn-Harris, wrote to the Southern States for information. In reply, Mr. E. Harkness, of the Fisheries Department, New South Wales, forwarded a copy of an article by Brotherstony} as well as notes on one by Dayt, and mentioned that one of his officers who had spent many years in Queensland, stated that over twenty-five years ago “ yellow-bellied perch” were dying in large *Mr. Ogilby states that this perch is Setena australis Gunther, and the cat fish are Tandanus tandanus and Neosilurus hyrilii. 7 A. Brotherston.*‘ Salmon disease ’’ in Herbert’s “ Fish and Fisheries.” t Day. Salmonide of Britain. BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON. 127 numbers at Lammermoor Station, on a tributary of the Barcoo. This fish he believed to be identical with the golden perch of the Murray River, Plectroplites ambiguus. A thunderstorm brought down a freshet heavily charged with silt and the fish mortality apparently ceased. The cause was believed to be Saprolegnia, or some related fungus. Mr. C. E. Lord, Hobart, wrote stating that Saprolegnia was well known in Tasmania, where it attacked fish, particularly in dry seasons, and although the fungus could be controlled in the hatcheries by immersing diseased fish in a salt water bath, no method of treating the affected lakes and rivers of the island had been discovered. As far as I have been able to ascertain, Saprolegnia has not been as yet recorded as occurring in Queensland. Bailey* does not mention it in his census of our plants, nor do either McAlpiney or Cooke{ make any reference to its presence in any of the Australian States. In (888, however, Mr. J. D. Ogilby** reported that black bream Chrysophrys australis (= Sparus australis) and eels, Anguilla australis were taken in the freshwater portion of the Port Hacking River, N.S.W., dying from disease caused by Saprolegnia sp. A concise description of the appearance of affected fish was given. He believed that the prevalence of the parasite was due to the long continued drought and to the almost complete stagnation of the fresh water. Dr. J.C. Cox in commenting on Mr. Ogilby’s remarks, pointed out that the epidemic was due to the unhealthy and unnatural conditions under which the drought had com- pelled these particular fish to live. In 1902 Dr. Greig Smiths exhibited before the Linnean Society of N.S.W., a salmon affected with Saprolegnia ferax, which was forwarded to him from Tasmania. The specimen submitted to me presented the typical appearance of a Saprolegnia infested fish. There were *F. M. Buailey. Comprehensive Catalogue of Queensland Plants, 1912, Govt. Printer, Brisbane. + D. McAlpine. Systematic Arrangement cf Australian Fungi, 1895, tN. C. Cooke. Handbook of Australian Fungi, 1892. ** J.D. Ogilby. Note on the cause of death in fishes from the National Park, N.S.W. P.L.S., N.S.W., 3 (z.s.), 1888, pp. 890-1. § Greig Smith. Notes and Exhibits P.L.S. N.8.W., 27, 1902, p. 495. 128 SAPROLEGNIA EPIDEMIC. greyish-white flocculent fungoid patches covering the skin of the greater part of the head, body and fins—detached and flaky in places. Entangled amongst the fungus were particles of reddish or orange grit probably added by the fish in its attempts to rub off the parasite against the river bank or gravel. On examination the fungus was seen to possess the characters of the genus Saprolegnia, falling into the subgenus Husaprolegnia (S. ferax group) as defined by Schroeter* and by Hofert. Though abundant sporangia were present, no mature sexual organs were detected and consequently a specific determination could not be satisfactorily made, though the parasite is most probably S. ferax Nees (or S. thureti de Bary, which apparently is a synonym{). Huxley gave an account of S. monoica** a very closely related form which also affects fish. The gills were invaded, and on examination were seen to be partly denuded of their epithelium and even of some of their more deeply-lying tissues, so that parts of the branchial arches came to project freely. The whole gill apparatus was clogged by the presence of large blood clots and mucus penetrated by the mycelium from which sporangia were developed. Sections of an infected gill and of the skin were made. Lying above the skin was a covering or feltwork of hyphe which readily became detached during the manipulation, but the rooting hyphe or haustoria could be seen at intervals penetrating into the * J. Schroeter. Saprolegniine in Engler and Prantl’s Naturlichen pflanzenfamilien Teil 1, Abt. 1, 1897, pp. 97-8, and fig. 77 B. and C. + B. Hofer. Handb. d. Fischkrankheiten. Stuttgart, 1906, pp. 106-7. tF. Gueguen. Les Champignons parasites de Vhomme et des animaux, Paris, 1904; p. 82, pl. 6. **T. Huxley. Saprolegniain relation to the salmon disease. Q.J. M.S. 22, 1882; Nature 25, 1882, p. 437. Gueguen. Jl. c., p. 81. Schroeter 1. c., p. 98. § The chief literature regarding Saprolegnia is listed by Schroeter {l. c., p. 93); Gueguen (/. c., pp. 90-2); and De Bary, Vergl. Morphol. n. Bio]. d. Pilze. 1884, p. 157. Cytological work on one species of the genus has been published recently by P. Dangeard (Bull. Soc. Mycol. France, 32, 1916, pp. 87-96), an abstract appearing in the J. R. Mier. Soc., 1917, (3), p. 323. Various: methods of cultivating Saprolegnia have been published, the information being summarised by Gueguen (I. e., p. 79-80) BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON. 129 skin between the epidermal cells, which were more or less destroyed. The underlying narrow layer of dermal muscular fibres did not seem to be much affected, though the connective tissue of the dermis was apparently injured or destroyed, especially between these dermal fibres and the adjacent body musculature. The latter readily broke up into bundles or even into fibres, this no doubt being due to the destruction or loosening of the surrounding connective tissue. Hofer* mentions that according to the duration of the disease, there may be produced only epithelial injuries or a complete destruction of the subcutaneous layers, or there may be relatively deep crater-like erosions into the muscu- lature even in living fish. He goes on to say that it has not been definitely determined whether the destruction of the cells surrounded by the hyphz which nourish themselves by diffusion of the cells’ contents, is caused by a toxin produced by the fungus, or whether it is the result of a loosening of the cells from their surrounding structures and a deprivation of their oxygen supply. In sections of the branchiz one could readily see that a large amount of gill substance had been destroyed by the fungus. The spaces between adjacent gills and between the two hemibranchs of the same gill were choked up with blood and mucus, the blood cells in places forming relatively large masses or clots continuous with the eroded ends of ruptured branchial blood-vessels. The epithelium of the gills was destroyed, as also were the branches of the branchial veins on the outer side of each hemibranch, though the capillaries extending between the arteries and veins were intact, probably being protected by their deeper situation in the gill substance. Sometimes the branches of the branchial arteries were eroded. Commonly it was impossible to determine the outer limits of the gill owing to the destruc- tion of the epithelium and the superficially situated blood vessels, whether afferent or efferent branchials, whose contents merged into the surrounding clots. The latter were penetrated by hyphe as also was the gill tissue itself. The mere presence of the fungus would act mechanically as a hindrance to the free circulation of water through the “Hofer: “Lees peelOlespl:, 10; J 130 SAPROLEGNIA EPIDEMIC. gills and thus impede aeration. When we consider the effect of the parasite destroying the tissues, we can readily understand why death soon follows. The presence of hemorrhage clogging the gills would accelerate the result. Much has been written regarding the parasitism of Saprolegnia, but it is generally admitted that the fungus is. a saprophyte and a facultative parasite, i.e., it can become parasitic when circumstances are favourable. Such would occur if the fish be weakened in any way, either by sickness, by lack of food, by unsuitable surroundings (e.g. stagnation. of the water, excessive fungoid or bacterial life depleting the oxygen supply), or by injury to the skin, whether caused mechanically or resulting from invasion by animal parasites. The rapidity with which the fungus extends. over the affected fish depends especially on the resistance of the host’s skin and to a less degree on the temperature. Healthy fish in suitable surroundings are apparently not- affected. In freshwater hatcheries and aquaria Saprolegnia may become a very serious pest, consequently all conditions. which interfere with healthy fish life—such as_ those mentioned above—should be guarded against, diseased and dead fish and insects should be removed, since the fungus is able to fructify on these. As remedies for infected fish, Hofer mentions a number of solutions—10 per cent. saline, .01 per cent. sublimate, .O1 per cent. magnesium sulphate, zinc or copper sulphate, weak boracic or salicylic acid, 1 per cent. potassium per- manganate. These should be applied by means of a sponge to remove and destroy superficial hyphz and sporangia but the more deeply situated mycelium is still capable of re- production. Sometimes fish are placed for half an hour in a bath containing one grain of potassium permanganate in 100 litres of water, aeration being resorted to during the bathing operation. This quantity of solution is said to be sufficient for ten pounds of fish. In the case of diseased salmon, their removal to the sea is known to destroy the fungus. When small ponds are infected it has been recommended that they be drained and then disinfected by using lime BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON. Ik water. The use of permanganate under such circum- stances is condemned. The above information may be of some use in the case of aquaria and fish hatcheries but is not applicable to the Queensland conditions where large expanses of water in widely distributed areas are concerned. Where the town water supplies are affected, little can be done beyond removing any dead and dying fish that can be reached— also any surplus vegetation. This may perhaps be done by netting. The boiling of such water before use is of course advisable. The state of affairs existing in the late winter was due no doubt to the long period of dry weather restricting the flow of the rivers and converting them into a chain of water- holes. Thus stagnant conditions prevailed, leading to unhealthy environment for the fish, causing weakness and thereby giving Saprolegnia an opportunity to exchange a saprophytic existence for a parasitic mode of life. The death of numbers of fish would increase the amount of organic pollution and deplete the oxygen supply owing to the presence of abundant saprophytic bacteria and fungi, thus still further aggravating the position. The arrival of the rainy season should soon remedy the trouble as the rivers will be set in motion, aeration will be improved, and the surroundings become again suitable for healthy fish life. Since the above was written, Mr. C. Booker, M.L.A., has informed me that during the recent very dry weather (August and September) thousands of dead fish were to be seen in the Wide Bay district, in Wide Bay Creek and the Mary River, whose waters had become stagnant and contained abundant vegetation. Amongst the affected fish seen by him were jew fish (Fandanus and Neosilurus hyrtlit) ; Murray cod (Oligorus macquarie) ; ceratodus (C. forsteri) ; mullet (Mugil dobula) ; bony bream (Dorosoma come); and perch (probably Plectroplites ambiguus, though perhaps it may be Sciena awustralis)*. The epidemic disappeared after the rains set in. *All names kindly supplied by Mr. J. D. Ogilby, of the Queensland Museum. " Abstract of Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, 26TH Marcu, 1917. The Annual General Meeting wa; held in the Geology Lecture Theatre, in the University, at 8 p.m. Dr. R. Hamlyn-Harris, President, in the Chair. A letter was read from His Excellency the Governor, expressing regret at being unable to attend the Annual Meeting. The Minutes of the previous Annual General Mecting were read and confirmed. The Annual Report of the Council was adopted, on the motion of Mr. J. B. Henderson, seconded by Mr. E. H. Gurney. The Financial Statement for 1916 was adopted, on the motion of Dr. J. Shirley, seconded by Mr. H. A. Longman. The following Office-bearers were elected for 1917 :— Patron: His Excellency Sir Hamilton Goold-Adams, G.C.M.G., C.B. President: E. H. Gurney. Vice-President: A. B. Walkom, B.Sc Hon. Treasurer : J. Shirley, D.Sc. Hon. Secretary and Editor: A. B. Walkom, B.Sc. Members of Council: W. R. Colledge, R. Hamlyn- Harris, D.Sc., T. H. Johnston, M.A., D.Se., H. A. Longman, H. C. Richards, D.Sc. Hon. Auditor: Professor H. J. Priestley, M.A. Dr. John Harris was proposed as an Ordinary Member, and Miss Mavis Walker as an Associate Member of the Society. Vill. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. Mr. Gurney thanked Members for his election to the position of President, and called on the retiring President to deliver his Presidential Address. Dr. Hamlyn-Harris teviewed the work of the Society during the past year, and took as the subject for the scientific portion of his address, ‘‘ Some Anthropological Considerations of Queens- land and the History of its Ethnography.’ A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Hamlyn-Harris for his address, on the motion of Dr. Johnston, seconded by Dr. Richards. 1X. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. LOANS IL, uo FT “oppn Pf ‘NVISNOd Ol & O85 Ol G O8F EG i osoueleg 0 OL 0 : asivyy yueg (i OA A oS ie 90ueiInsuy OMG Ge () 0) ts ase4sog sUBLIvIqry a -G & OG 2 Wil ae ‘ojo fadeysog ‘yseg A)0g 0 0 09 Pes (oD ® sfog) surjurrg ae (0) All [) Fl 3F Fay se ‘AUALIG NG AX “TE ‘916} FOX C42 40} LAHHS AONW IVa "LI/G/8% “oH KAVISEIAd Lf “HH *jOaI10() pUNOF puv pourM eX SSUIPIDIOIg JO Ie “" 9161 104 ue S1BVOILY —suorjdraosqng GI6[ Worz soURTeEg “SLdITH OU YY ae ‘ANWISNGAANO FO ALAIOOS IVAON AHL x. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, 30TH APRIL, 1917. The monthly meeting was held in the Geology Lecture Theatre, in the University, at 8 p.m. Mr. E. H. Gurney, President, in the chair. The President referred to the loss sustained by the Society in the death of the Rev. George Brown, D.D., who had been a corresponding member since 1910. The minutes of the previous ordinary meeting were read and confirmed. Dr. John Harris was elected an ordinary member and Miss M. Walker an associate member of the Society. Mr. R. Graff was proposed as an associate member. The meeting being a special meeting the following alterations to rules were carried : Rule 6. Delete the words “ or students at a recognised Educational Institution.” Rule. 15. Instead of the words ‘‘ a Vice-President,’ to read ‘‘ two Vice-Presidents, one of whom shall be the re- tiring President.” Rule 17. To read ‘‘ The Officers and Council, other than the retiring President, who becomes, ex officio, a Vice-President, shall. es The following papers were read : 1. The pectoral “girdle and vetebral column of Hyla cerulea, by C. D. Gillies, M.Se., and Edna F. Peberdy. Remarks were made by Dr. Johnston, Mr. Walkom, Dr. Richards, and Mr. Tryon. 2. Description of a new shell from Caloundra, by Charles Hedley (communicated by Dr. T. H. Johnston). Exhibits. Dr. Richards exhibited two small Obsidian Buttons or Australites found in a tin of cassiterite crystals presented to the University by Mrs. H. L. Saunders. The specimens were not labelled, but were associated with Queensland minerals, so that their possible Queensland occurrence is ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. Ie of interest as there are only two or three previous records for Queensland. The specimens are very small, one weighing 1.0005 grammes and the other 0.5910 grammes. The larger specimen has a specific gravity of 2.436 and the smaller 2.581; the latter value is considerably higher than any other known to the exhibitor. Both specimens have the double convex button shape, one surface more convex than the other, the flanges have broken away and the surfaces are deeply pitted The smaller specimen on a weathered broken face shows a marxed fluxion structure. Mr. C. T White exhidited three specimens of interest (1) SLepidium perfoliatum, Linn. Among _ street sweepings, Brisbane Botanic Gardens, E. W_ Bick. (2) Inula graveolens, Desf. Stinkwort. Brisbane, C. T. White (only one or two plants seen). Neither of these plants are sufficiently established to record as naturalised. (3) Ohrysopogon aciculatus, Trin. Sandgate (Moreton Bay), C. T. White. A grass pest of the tropics, common in Northern Queensland and well established at the loeality referred to, probably introduced from the North. Dr. R. Hamlyn-Harris exhibited a specimen of Euspongia officinalis, var. rotunda, from the Barrier Reef at Cooktown, an example of the ‘ Hard-head Sponges,” which may be taken as a newly discovered Australian product, as an outcome of inquiries made by a committee appointed by the Commonwealth Advisory Council of Science and Industry, to investigate the commercial products of Australia’s tropical seas. The sponge is described as suitable for industrial purposes, such as motor cleaning, etc., He also showed two further sponges of excellent quality, the first, Huspongia discus Duch. and Mich. is undoubtedly a really good sponge, suitable for any purpose for which sponges are used. The second Hippospongia sp. is probably new. Its principal fault lies in its gritty nature, but it is suitable for any purpose except toilet use, and would probably make a very good bath sponge if properly prepared. These two latter sponges came from the reef south of Darnley Island. Dr. T. H. Johnston exhibited a specimen of a remark- able fish, Amphisile strigata, caught last March in Bribie Passage, Caloundra. This was the second specimen which ” xii. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. he had seen from this locality. |The species occurs in Torres Straits and is an extremely rare visitor in Southern Queens- land. He also recorded the discovery at Caloundra, of two molluses Glycimeris hedleyi and Drupa twubinoides (both identified by Mr. C. Hedley, of the Australian Museum, Sydney). These are both uncommon and _ had _ not previously been recorded as occurring in Southern Queens- land. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, 28TH May, 1917. The Ordinary Monthly Meeting was held in the Geology Lecture Theatre, in the University, at 8 p.m. Mr. E. H. Gurney, President, in the chair. The Minutes of the preceding Meeting were read and confirmed. The President referred to the loss the Society had suffered in the death of Mr. Dene B. Fry, who was the first member to be killed on active service. On the motion of Mr. Longman, it was decided that a letter be sent expressing the Society’s sympathy with the parents o° the late Mr. Fry. Mr. R. Graff was elected an Associate Member of the Society. Mr. H. A. Longman exhibited the cranium of a fossil wombat of the Phascolomys latifrons-gillespiei type, with prominent post-orbital processes. This was recently unearthed in the Clermont district and donated to the Queensland Museum. The locality is of unusual interest. The fossil was compared with a series of crania of living species, and the opinion was expressed that the cranial characters separating P ascolomys gillespiei from P. latifrons, as demonstrated by De Vis, were as distinctive as those used in distinguishing ursinus, mitchelli and tasmaniensis. Mr. C. T. White exhibited (1) Specimens of Hucalyptus seeana Maiden (near Brisbane). Mr. J. H. Maiden, to whom the specimens were referred for identification, wrote that he only knew of one other locality in Queensland -for it. The exhibitor stated, however, that it was quite ~ ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. xill. a common species in the Brisbane district, but had been passed over by botanists, through confusion with 2£. tereticornis on the one hand, and ZH. propinqua on the other. In his original description, Mr. Maiden refers to doubtful specimens collected near Rockhampton, (2) Specimens of Datura ferox Linn., an Asiatic species of ‘‘ Thorn Apple,” collected by Mr. E. W. Bick at Macalister, and stated by him to be the common species naturalised at that locality. (3) Specimens of Trianthema vportulacastrum Linn., a common tropical weed now recorded as naturalised in Queensland for the first time ; the specimens were collected at Bowen by Mr. D. Macpherson. (4) A piece of the root wood of Alyxia ruscifolia var. pugioniformis, collected by Mr. J. E. Young, who drew the exhibitor’s attention to the fact that the root-wood of this plant possessed a very pleasant fragrance reminding one of European Cherry wood. (5) Specimen of the mycelial fungus Xylostroma giganteum, taken from between the rings of growth of a Coolibar tree (ELucalyptus microtheca) at Rolleston, by Mr. D. J. Keating ; the specimen was rather thick and chamois leather like. Mr. E. Cheel has suggested (Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 35,308 and 38,254), that Xylostroma giganteum is the mycelium of Polyporus eucalyptorum. Mr. A. B. Walkom exhibited some Crustacean remains from the Cretaceous rocks of Woody Island. These specimens were exhibited last year, but have since been described and named by Mr. R. Etheridge, of the Australian Museum, Sydney. They are described as Glyphea arborin- sularis, sp. nov., belonging to the Macrura. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, 25TH JUNE, 1917. The Ordinary Monthly Meeting was held in the Geology Lecture Theatre, in the University, at 8 p.m. Mr. E. H. Gurney, President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed. A letter was read from Mr. A. Fry, thanking the Society for its expression of sympathy in the loss of his son on active service. XIV. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS The following papers were read :— 1. Description of a new species of Xanthostemon (N.O. Myrtaceae), from Northern Queensland, by C. T. White. Remarks were made by Mr. Longman. 2. A new species of Pedicillina from Sydney Harbour, by T. H. Johnston, M.A., D.Sec., and Mavis J. Walker, B.Sc. Mr. H. A. Longman exhibited specimens of Cryptostylis erecta R. Brown, a terrestrial orchid new to Queensland, which he had collected near Noosa Heads. The specimens were extremely attenuated, some being nearly three feet in length, but the flowers had been identified by Dr. R. 8. Rogers, of Adelaide, as being structurally those of C. erecta, a fairly common plant in New South Wales. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, 27th Av@ust, 1917. The ordinary monthly meeting was held n he Geo.ogy Lecture Theatre, in the University, at 8 p.m. Mr. E. H. Gurnéy, President, in the chair. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed. The following papers were read :— 1. The Flora of a Single Tree, by Messrs. H. A. Longman and C. T. White. Remarks were made by Dr. H. C. Richards. 2. Lepidopterological Gleanings, by A. Jefferis-Turner, MDs e RES. Exhibit. Dr. Richards exhibited specimens of hyalite from Mt. Boorambool, near Spr ngsure. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, 24TH SEPTEMBER, 1917. The Ordinary Monthly ivtestns of the Society was held in the Geology Lecture Theatre, in the University of Queensland, at 8 p.m. Mr. E. H. Gurney, President, in the Chair. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. SOV The Minutes of the precedings meeting were read and confirmed. The President expressed the sympathy of the Suciety with Mr. F. Bennett, B.Sc., late Hon. Secretary, in the death of his son. The following paper was read :— Mollusca from Thursday Island and Cleveland Bay, by J. Shirley, D.Sc. Remarks were made by Messrs. C. T. White and H. A. Longman. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, 29TH OcTOBER, 1917. The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Society was held in the Geology Lecture Theatre, in the University, at 8 p.m. Mr. E. H. Gurney, President, in the Chair. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and confirmed. The following papers were read :— ‘Ai. (Phe Anatomy of Hyla cerulea, I. The Skull, by C. D. Gillies, M.Sc., and Edna F. Peberdy, B.Sc. Remarks were made by Miss Bage, Drs. Johnston and Shirley, Messrs. Longman and Tryon. 2. Queensland Species of Lophopus, by W. R. Colledge. Remarks were made by Dr. Johnston. Exhibits. Mr. C. T. White exhibited specimens of some. alien plants, naturalised or met with as strays, and gave a few notes on each, particulars of which will be published in the Queensland Agricultural Journal for November, 1917. Mr. H. A. Longman exhibited a series of five newly- hatched specimens of the white-crowned snake. Psewdlelaps harriette (Krefft). These had been secured under a rubbish heap in a Brisbane suburb, and associated with them were seven empty egg-cases. Xvi. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, 26TH NOVEMBER, 1917. The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Society was held in the Geology Lecture Theatre, in the University of Queensland, at 8 p.m. Mr. E. H. Gurney, President, in the Chair. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and confirmed. The President expressed the Society's sympathy with the relatives of the late Dr. T. P. Lucas, who had been a member of the Society for many years. The following paper was read :— Notes on a Saprolegnia epidemic amongst Queensland fish, by T. Harvey-Johnston, M.A., D.Se., C.M.Z.8. Remarks were made by Messrs. H. A. Longman and C. T. White and Dr. Richards. Exhibit : Mr. H. A. Longman exhibited an aboriginal axe, the property of Mr. V. Read, now on loan in the Queensland Museum. This axe, which is said to have been unearthed at Yarraman Creek, is of unusual contour. The cutting edge is convex and no less than 220 mm. across ; the maxi- mum thickness is 60 mm. and the length 228 mm. From the lateral portions of the cutting edge the sides converge in pronounced curves and terminate in a sub-circular haft 50 mm. in diameter. In commenting on a sketch of this axe which had been forwarded to him, Sir Baldwin Spencer states :— It is of a type that I do not remember to have seen before. We have none like it in our very extensive collection. fi The axe has been fashioned from a flattened boulder of basaltic rock of medium grain. The rock material is considerably weathered, and under a thin, brown, iron- stained coating there is a rather thicker layer of weathered felspathic material resting on the darker and fresher rock. Seven or eight small pits, about the size of a pea, and probably representing steam cavities in the rock, occur on the sides of the implement. LIBRARY EXCHANGES RECEIVED. XV1l. Library Exchanges Received. 1st December, 1916, to 31st October, 1917. AFRICA. Natal Museum: Annals, Vol. 2 (Index), 3 (3). 8. African A.A.S.: Report, 1915 (Pretoria). AMERICA. CANADA. Canadian Record of Science: Vol. 9 (8) and index. Dept. of Mines : Annual Report of Mineral Production, 1915; Bulletin, 17; Memoir, 31 (Supn.), 51, 73, 85, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 97; Museum Bulletin, 23-26; Report, 388, 430, 449. Nova Scotia Institute of Science: Proc. and Trans., 14 (2). Royal Astronomical Society of Canada: Journal, 10 (9, 10), 11 (1-6) ; Observer’s Handbook for 1917, Royal Society of Canada: Trans., 10 (Sec. i. 3 pts. ; ii, 3 pts. ; ili. 3 pts.; iv, 3 pts.). MExIco. Instituto Geologico de Mexico: Boletin, 34. Observatorio meteorologico: Boletin, 1914 (4-12), 1915, 1916 (1-6). Sociedad Cientifica : Memorias, 34 (1-3, 10). UnitTED STATEs. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia: Prce., 57 (3), 58 (1-3), American Geographical Society: Geog. Review, Oct. 1916-Sept. 1917. American Museum of Natural History: Ann. Rept., 47; Anthropo- logical Papers, 10 (4), 11 (11), 12 (2-5), 13 (2, 3, Index), 14 (2), 17 (1, 3, 4,) 18 (1), 19 (1); Bulletin, 34, 35; Guide Leaflet Series, 43; Handbook Series, 5; Memoirs, N.S. 1 (6); Museum Journal, 16 (6-8), 17 (1-5); Bibliography of Fishes Vol. 1; Check-list of Mammals of the North American Continent; General Guide to the Exhibition Halls; Guide to the National Treasures of New York City: Scientific Publications of J. A. Allen. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia: Proc., No, 219, 220; Vol. 55 (1-6, 8). Bibliography of published writings of H. F. Osborn. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences: Bulletin, 11 (1, 2). Californian Academy of Science: Proc., 4th Ser. 5 (5-8), 6 (1-7). Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of Standards: Scientific Papers, 254, 272, 280; technologie papers, 53, 84; circular 58. Field Museum of Natural History: Pub. 186-190, 195. Florida Geological Survey: 8th Annual Report. Geographical Society of Philadelphia: Bull. 15 (1). Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota: Occ. Papers, 1. XVill. LIBRARY EXCHANGES RECEIVED Indiana Academy of Science: Proc., 1914. Kansas Academy of Science: Trans., 27. Library of Congress: Report, 1915, 1916. Lloyd Library: Bibliographical contributions, 2 (7-12); Synopsis of Section Apus cf the genus Polyporus. Michigan Academy of Science: 16th Report. Missouri Botanic Gardens: Annals, 2 (4), 3, 4 (1). National Academy of Sciences: Memoir, 14 (1); Monograph, 2: Proc. 2 (10-12), 3 (1-8). New York Academy of Sciences: Annals. 26 (pp. 395-486), 27 (pp. 1-191). New York Zoological Society: Zoopathologica, 1 (2). Ohio State University: Bull. 21 (No. 11, 28); Ohio Journal! of Science, 17 (1-8); Oberlin College Lab. Bull., 17, 18, 19. Smithsonian Institution: Ann. Rept., 1915. United States National Museum: Ann. Rept., 1915.. University of California: Botany, 5 (10, 11), 6 (13, 14), 7 Zoology, 12 (index), 13 (13, index), 15 (2, 3), 16 (18-24), 17 Scripps Institution for Biclogic Research. Bull. 1, 2. University of Kansas: Bull., 16 (5). University of Minnesota: Agric. Expt. Staticn, Bull. 149-164; Current Problems, 6-8; Language and Literature, 2-5: Sccial Sciences, 5, 6. Wilson Ornithological Club: Wilson Bulletin, 28 (4), 29 (1, 2). Wisconsin Academy of Science: Trans. 18 (1, 2). : (3, 4); (5-10) ; ASTA. INDIA. Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa: Report, 1915-6. Board of Scientific Advice for India: Report, 1915-6. Geological Survey of India: Memoirs, 43 (2), 45 (1); Records, 47 (3-4). Report on Progress of Agriculture in India for 1915-6. JAVA. Jaarboek van het Mijnwesen, 1914-5. PurviePIneE Is. Bureau of Science, Manila: Journal of Science, 11 [A. (4-6), B. (3-6), C. (4-6), D. (5-6)]; 12 [A. (1), B. (1-2), D. (1-3)]; Mineral resources of Philippine Is. for 1915. AUSTRALASIA. Australasian Antarctic Expedition: Scientific Results, Zoology and Botany, 4 (1). Notes on Acacia, No. II, by J. H. Maiden. New Sovutn WALES. Australian Museum: Records, 11 (6-11); Report of Trustees, 1915-6. Botanic Gardens: Ann. Rept., 1915; Census of N.S.W. Plants, Supp. 1; Forest Flora, 6 (10, index), 7 (1); Genus Eucalypius, 3 (8-10), 4 (1). LIBRARY EXCHANGES RECEIVED. xix. Dept. of Agriculture: Agricultural Gazette, 27 (12), 28 (1-10). Geological Survey of N.S.W.: Ann. Rept. Dept. of Mines, 1916; Minera! Resources, 22, 24, 26; Records, 9 (3). Linnean Society of N.S.W.: Proc. 41 (8, 4), 42 (1, 2). Naturalist’s Society of N.S.W.: Australian Naturalist, 3 (13, 14). Royal Society of N.S.W.: Proc. 49 (3), 50 (1-3). State Fisheries: Ann. Rept., 1915. Technological Museum: Report for 1915, University of Sydney: Science Papers A., B,, B, (1909-1916); Teaching of Mathematics in Australia; Sydney University Engineers; The War, Australia and the Engineer; Aust. Institute of Tropical Medicine, Rept. for 1910. New ZEALAND. Dominion Laboratory: Distribution of Titanium, Phosphorus and Vanadium in Taranaki. Dominion Museum: Bulletin, 5; Report of Director 1916-7. Geological Survey of N.Z.: Bulletin 18; Paleontological Bull. 4. NORTHERN TERRITORY. Geological Survey: Bull. 16, 21. QUEENSLAND. Chief Protector of Aboriginals: Ann. Rept., 1916. Colonial Botanist: Botany Bull.. 19. Field Naturalists’ Club: Queensland Naturalist, 2 (2). Geological Survey: Publications, 22la, 2216, 245, 247-250, 254, 257, 259, 260; Q’land Govt. Min. Jour., Dec. 1916-Oct. 1917. SoutH AUSTRALIA. Department of Chemistry: Bulletin, 2-6, 8. Geological Survey: Ann. Rept., 1916; Bulletin, 6; Metallurgical Rept., 2; Report, 3; Review of Mining Operations, 25, 26. Public Library: Report, 1915-6. Royal Geographical Society: Proc. 17. Royal Society: Proc., 40. TASMANIA. Field Naturalists’ Club: Easter Camp out, 1916, 1917. Geological Survey: Bull. 25; Mineral Resources, 1 (3), 2-4. Royal Society: Proc., 1916. VICTORIA. Australasian Institute of Mining Engineers: Proc. N.S., 24, 25, 27. Commonwealth Bureay of Census and Statistics: Census of the Commonwealth, 1911, Vol. 1. Commonwealth Advisory Council of Science and Industry: Bulletin, 1; Report of the Executive Committee to 30th June, 1917; Report on Tuberculosis; Memorandum on the organisation of Scientific Research Institutions in U.S.A. Dept. of Agriculture: Journal, 14 (12), 15 (1-10). Dept. of Fisheries: “Zoological Results of Fishing Experiments, 4 (2-4). \ XX. LIBRARY EXCHANGES RECEIVED. Field Naturalists’ Club: Victorian Naturalist, 23 (8-12), 24 (1-6). Geological Survey: Ann. Rept. Sec. for Mines, 1916; Memoirs, 13. National Herbarium: Contributions to the flora of Australia, 23, 24: Influence of nitrates on the development of reot tubercles ; Influence of Salt on plants; On the function of Chlorophyll ; Vernacular names for Victorian Plants. — Royal Australasian Ornitholegists’ Union: Emu, 16 (4), 17 (1, 2), Royal Society: Proc. 29 (1, 2). Scientific Australian: 22 (2-4), 23 (1). WESTERN AUSTRALIA. Geological Survey: Ann. Rept., 1916; Bull., 66-69, 72. Royal Society: Jour. and Proc., 1. OCEANIA. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu: Mem., 4 (2); Occasional Papers, 3 (3, 4), 6 (4). EUROPE. ENGLAND. Cambridge Philosophical Society: Proc., 19 (1). Conchological Society: Journal, 15 (5-7). International Catalogue of Scientific Literature: 13th issue (Botany, Chemistry, Mineralogy) ; 14th (Zoology). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Bull. Mise. Information, 1916. Royal Colonial Institute: United Empire, 7 (10-12), 8 (1-6, 8). Royal Society of London: Proc., A., 646-653 ; B., 617-622; Year- book 1917. FRANCE. Notes ptéridologiques, Fasc. II. University of Montpellier: Série Mixte, Mem. 4. IRELAND. Royal -Irish Academy: Proc. 33, [A (4, 5), C (6-11) ]. ITALY. Rassegna Mensile di Botanica: Malpighia, 27 (7-12). Societa Africana d'Italia: L’Africa Italiana. 34 (5-6). Societa’ Toscana di Scienze Naturale: Proc. Verb., 25 (2-4). SCOTLAND. Botanical Society of Edinburgh: Trans, and Proc., 27 (1). Royal Botanic Gardens: 9 (42-45). Royal Society, Edinburgh: Proc., 36 (1-4), 37 (1-3). SPaIn. Academia Real de Ciencias, Madrid: Revista, 14 (12), 15 (1-5). Academia Real dell Ciencias y Artes, Barcelona: Mem. 12 (18-28), 13 (1-8). SWITZERLAND. Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle; Mém. 39 (1), Compte rendu, 32. LIST OF MEMBERS. XX List of Members. CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. t Danes, Dr. J. V. .. Czech University, Prague, Bohemia. § David, Professor T. W. E., The University, Sydney, N.S.W. F.R.S. £ Domin, Dr. K. .. Czech University, Prague, Bohemia. { Hedley, C., F.L.S. .. Australian Museum, Sydney, N.S.W. { Jensen, H. I., D.Sc. .. Darwin, Northern Territory. Liversidge, Prof. A., F.R.S. Fieldhead, Coombe Warren, Kingston Hill, Surrey, England. ft Maiden, J. H., F.L.S., Botanic Gardens, Sydney, N.S.W. F.R.S. { Maitland, A. Gibb, F.G.S. Geological Survey Office, Perth, W.A. § Pollock, Prof. J. A., F.R.S. The University, Sydney, N.&.W. Rennic, Professor E. H. The University, Adelaide, S.A. { Skeats, Professor K. W. The University, Melbourne, Vic. ORDINARY MEMBERS, ETC. Archer, R. S. ~. .. Gracemere, Rockhampton. Badger, J. S. .. C/o Brisbane Tramways Co., Ltd., Brisbane. Bage, Miss F., M. Se. .. The Women’s College, Kangaroo Pt., Brisbane Bagster, L. S., B.Sc. .. The University, Brisbane. tpBatley, J: Ho :. .. Botanic Gardens, Adelaide, S.A. Bain, J... Pa .. National Agricultural Society, Courier Build- ing, Brisbane. { Ball, L. C., B.E. .. Geological Survey Office, George St., Brisbane. ttBancroft, Dr. T. L. .. Eidsvold, Queensland. Barton, EK. C., A,M.I.C.E. Boundary Street, Valley, Brisbane. t Bennett, F., B.Sc. .. State School, Toowong, Brisbane. { Brunnich, J. C., F.L.C. Agricultural Chemist’s Lab., William St., Brisbane. t§Bryan, W. H., M.Sc. .. Brydon, Mrs. .. .. Central Technical College, Brisbane. Bundock, Miss A. .. ‘‘ Kooralbyn,” Beaudesert. Bundock, C. W., B.A. .. “‘ Kooralbyn,’’ Beaudesert. Butler-Wood, F., D.D.S. Central Chambers, Queen St., Brisbane. Butler-Wood, Miss I. V., . B.D.S. é .. Central Chambers, Queen Street. ie Toyama, Wiveds Be .. Adelaide Chambers, Adelaide St., Brisbane. Cameron, W. E., B.A. .. Geological Survey Office, George St., Brisbane Chisholm, A. H. .. Mangerton House, Norman Park. Cleminson, Miss H., M.Sc. Girls’ Grammar School, Reckhampton. § On Active Service. + Life Members. { Members who have contributed papers to the Society. XXil. List OF MEMBERS. t Colledge, W. R. t Connah, F., F.1.C. Cooper, Sir Pope A. Cowley, R. C. Cullen, J. R. §tDodd, Alan P. Dunstan, B., EGS: ;. Eglinton, D., F.R.A.S. §tFrancis, W. D t+ Gailey, R ; Gibson, Hon. A. Gillies, C. D., M.Sc. Graff, R. Greene, Miss A. .. Greenfield, A. P. Griffith, Sir 8. W. Gurney, E. H. * ++ + t Hamlyn-Harris, R., D.Se. “ Hardeastle, Mrs. T. Harris, Dr. J. J. { Henderson, ” Tey LC Hirschfeld, E., M.D. Hiilsen, R. Hunt, G. W. of TtJack, R. L., F.R.G.S. .. +4 Jackson, A. G. .. Johnston, J. t Johnston, T. Harvey, M.A., D.Sc. + t Lambert, C. A. .. Lloyd, W.. M.L.A. t Longman, H. A. t Love, Dr. W. eliucas, Dy. Teas ++ McCall, 'T., F.1.C. Marks, Hon, Dr., M.L.C. May, Dr. Meston, L. A. .. Morris, L. C., A.M.1I.C E ++ Morton, C. R. Friendly Societies’ Dispensary, George &t Brisbane. Govt. Analyst’s Department, Brisbane. Supreme Court, Brisbane. Pharmacy College, 102 Elizabeth St., Brisbane. Montville, Queensland. Sugar Experiment Station, Gordon Vale, va Cairns. Geological Survey Office, George St., Brisbane. River Road, Toowong, Brisbane. ““Lone Pine,” Kin-Kin. Courier Buildings, Queen Street, Brisbane. Bingera, Queensland. The University, Brisbane. The University, Brisbane. High School, Wynnum. George Street, Brisbane. High Court of Australia, Sydney. Agricultural Chemist’s Lab., William St., Brisbane. Updown,” Stanthorpe, Queensland. Dugandan. Microbiolcgical Lab., Brisbane. Govt. Analyst, Brisbane. 33 Wickham Terrace, Brisbane. 238 Edward Street, Brisbane. Southport. Norwich Chambers, Hunter Street, Sydney, N.S. W. Synchronome Co., Ann St., Brisbanc. Dept. of Puble Instruction, George St., Brisbane. The University, Brisbane. C/o Bank of N.S.W., Melbourne, Victoria. Q’land Corr. College, Adelaide St., Brisbane. Queensland Museum, Brisbane. 1 Wickham Terrace. Vera Papaw Hospital, Moray and Sydney Streets, New Farm. Govt. Analyst’s Dept., Brisbane. 101 Wickham Terrace, Brisbane. Bundaberg. Govt. Analyst’s Dept., Brisbane. Dept. of Public Instruction, George Street, Brisbane. State School, Yeronga. § On Active Service. * Associate Members. + Life Members. {~ Members who have contributed papers to the Society. LIST OF MEMBERS. Xxill, t Parker, T., F.G.S. .. “Tynedale,” Gertrude Street, Brisbane. Parker, W. R., L.D.S. .. 185 Edward Street, Brisbane. t*Peberdy, Miss E. .. Emperor St., off Ipswich Road, South Bris- bane. f£ Pound, C. J., F.R.M.S. Bactericlogical Institute, Yeerongpilly. Priestley, Prof. H. J.,M.A.The University, Brisbane. t Richards, H. C., D.Sc. The University, Brisbane. Riddell, R. M. .. .. Central Technical College, Brisbane. t Roe, R. H., M.A. .. Queensland Club, Brisbane. Saint-Smith, E. C., A.S.T.C. 2 .. Geolcgical Survey Office, George St., Brisbane. Sankey, J.R. .. .. Flavelle’s, Queen Street. Brisbane. Saunders, G. J., BE. .. Central Technical College, Brisbane. Shirley, J., D.Se. .. Abbotsford Rd., Bowen Hills, Brisbane. Smith, F,, B.Sc. F.L.C. Govt. Agricultural Chemist’s Lab., William St., Brisbane. ++ 44+ Soul, A. Valentine Steele, Prof. B. D., D.Sc. The University, Brisbane. Steele, T., F.L.S., F.E.S. C.S.R. Co., O'Connell St., Sydney, N.S.W. + + Stevens, Hon. EK. J., M.L.C. Courier Office, Brisbane. Swanwick. K.ff., B.A., LL.B. ue .. The University, Brisbane. Sylow, Paul se .. Sugar Refinery, New Farm. Taylor, Miss Buckland “ Cumbcoquepa,’’ Vulture St., S. Brisbane. $ Taylor, Hon. W. F., M.L.C. Preston Hcuse, Queen St., Brisbane. Thynne, Hon. A. J., M.L.C.195 Edward Street, Brisbane. fe umner. AS de Me Ds F.E.S. ee .. 131 Wickham Terrace, Brisbane. *tWalker, Miss Mavis J., BISIGS ae at .. “Coolavin,” The Range, Rockhampton. t Walkom, A. B., B.Se. .. The University, Brisbane. + Weedon, W. .. Selby House, Wickham Terrace, Brisbane. {Weston, P. L., B.Sc., B.K. The University, Brisbane. { White, C. T. me .. Colonial Botanist, Botanic Gardens, Brisbane. * Associate Members. + Life Members. } Members who have contributed papers to the Society. . XxXiv. INDEX TO VOLUME XXIX. Index to Volume XXIX. Page Actwon cinereus .. fe an 113 Acrodytes daudinti a .. 47, 48 Aegeriadge F Le a 78 Agriophara dyscapna we ae 99 Alphitonia excelsa BS 3s 80 Alyzia ruscifolia vy. pugioniformis xili Amphidesma nitida oe ei 115 5 plana = 55 109 > striata 35 ais 109 Amphisile strigata Ae ace xa Anatomy of Hyla cerulea, by Cc. D. Gillies and Edna F. Peberdy i. The Pectoral girdle and vertebral column a 45 3 ii‘ The Skull oe 117 Ancilla cingulata no ae LZ Angaria laciniata ate ee 109 Anguilla australis ‘ 127 Anthropological Considerations ‘of Queensland and history of its Ethnography, By R. ane Harris 1 Antigone foliacea Be ae 115 Antimima he 4, er 73 *5 eryptica a6 A 73 Arcostoma Se He whe 97 5 ceenicta se ae 98 Arca bicors ar as sie 114 », fasciata ate 5 A 108 >> fusca ae A a 108 Arcularia coronata ae # 113 46 glans Eee {Solent as », Vv. suturalis 36 113 55 leptospira hs ae 113 5 thersites oe a 116 Ardiosteres eumelana te Aan 104 ne sporocosma oe ai 104 Arthropteris tenella a a 67 Asaphis deflorata a Ae 109 40 rugosa a5 ete a 109 Ascopodaria fruticosa oe ae 62 Asplenium adiantoides .. Ad 68 a nidus “fs Searle, Kite} Astralium tentoriiforme .. AEF 109 Atys cheverti of aa Sie 113 >» naucum Ac 5G A053 113 Australites 3 Ave xi Blepharocarya S eetines ate ors 64 Brachiolejeunea sp. Be oti 68 Braithwaitea sulcata a's se 68 Branchellion sp... ste BD 63 Bullaria adamsi An Ae 114 Bursa rana AG hie “fol weleke, Page Calicotis sialota ae 56 Bit 87 Calamites cyanea . 46, 47, 48 Calamus muelleri Sc ae 68 Camptocheete brisbanica oF 68 5 leichhardti *5 68 Cantharidus arruensis a vs 109 os suturalis ar oe 109 Cantharus rubiginosus aie ae 113 A subrubiginosus Rte 113 Cardita incrassata Sas ais 114 45 variegata 5 re 108 Cardium levigatum sve a 108 is multispinosum ie 115 ae subretusum o* a 115 Ae unedo nA ote 108 Carlton, H., obituary notice He 4 Ceratodus cneaiees ae ait ue 131 Cerithidea fortunet ae ee 110 NS largillierti Ye A 110 Cerithium columna ra am 110 5 eximium a ns 110 AS filosum ha sis 110 3 granosum aaa me 110 53 janellii as eee i, a », WV. moniliferum 110 Sis lemniscatum .. af 110 Aa Morus ats 50 110 f s, Vv. bifasctatum 110 Ay », V. variegatum 110 ts nove-hollandic fo 110 as petrosum oe He 110 a piperitum sive = 107 a5 rubus st aS 110 ae tenellum * Be ae 110 eS traili ae sea 110 Chama spinosa a ae 108 Chilocarpus australis ots ’ 66, 67 Chilorocoma perigrapta .. ae 71 Chrysophrys australis ae ae 127 Chrysopogon aciculatus ay xi Chrysostoma paradoxra a6 ate 109 Cirrhochrista ctherialis ae 77 a5 brizonalis ae T7 Sc cyclophea sf 77 a punceticulata BG 77 Ar rauma ae are ides Clanculus johnstoni ata aie 55 AA thomasi ais ate 56 Clava aspera bie : 110 >, seminuda oN ais Ape 2 Kt) 5, vertaga a a eee ils) Cleisostoma tridentatum sto 200 8, INDEX TO VOLUME xxix. » marmoreus aie Be 112 >» mustelinus se Ris 112 >> Omaria a8 ae ts 112 », striatus Ye te aa il tp », textile ae 210 at 112 >, virgo as ae ae 112 rip TOT. oe on Go 112 Cryptophasa argyrocolla .. ie 93 AD atecmarta of oi 94 AY baliocosma .. ae 93 . blosyra we ab gl st catharia aa se 92 Be epizysta Sig ms 90 - pentasticta .. int 91 ts zorodes ot nc 2 Cryptostylis erecta : a3 xiv Cyclophorus serpens v. sod, : 68 Cymbium flammeum We 111 Cyphosticha bryonoma oa Ss 88 35 ostracodes Aa er 88 Cyprea annulus ae ae Tetsyi as arabica or is 111 An carneola its 50 ial aS erosa ay a5 ate 111 5 errones an ae We 11] i an fe EL ae 111 33 lynx An 5d os 111 sc moneta nhs se ae ila tal Ae subviridis .. ne ava 116 AQ talpa As Se Pr 111 A tigris ae aa Pa 111 Datura ferox Lye abs Ke xiii Davallia pyxidata a OO. Od. Davila plana ae ote rs 109 Dendrobium gracilicaule .. se 67 5 Speciosum .. sais (ors aie teretifolium .. ave 67 Ss tetragonum .. 67 Description of a new shell from Caloundra by C. Hedley .. 55 Diapyra ae bin Me 79 as igniflua ag ‘it 79 Discophlebia lipauges OG se 74 Divaricella angulifera SiH A 108 Dona australis ote ane 115 >> cuneata one 06 ws 115 Dorosoma come a ave », watkinsiana .. aie Se OOn Or Fissidens sp. or ae Se 68 Fissuridea jukesii is 109 Flora of a single tree, by H. A. Longman and C. T. White.. 64 Frullania sp. is as LF “fe 70 a5 petrodes a 2 70 Lecania punicea ae ig 69 Lecanora subfusca ace as 69 Legnephora moorei se ac 66 Lepidium perfoleatum a she xi Lepidopterological Gleanings, by A. J. Turner a 3 70 Lepraria oS ae 57 69 Lichenaula Ghonnder mG ia 97 ss micradelpha Ale 97 poliochyta sive Bs 97 Liotina peronii nic ot 6 109 Litsea reticulata .. 64, 67 Longman, H. A., and White, (Sipe Ws Flora of a single tree aN 64 Lophobela oie oe I 96 as sinuosa re a 96 Lophocnema aD aie a4 78 A eusphyra ze a 79 Lophopus brisbanensis, by W. R. Colledge Es 4a Ee en ias Lophopus biisbanensis ae aA 123 53 erystallinus 123, 124 3 lendenfeldi 123, 124 Loranthus celastroides we ais (OO a Oud Loripes subcrassa oe is 108 Loxosoma sp. ee “ie .- 62, 63 Tutraria curta fe “fe - T15 Loxostoma baselissa sire 43 101 > tetrasema ne Ae 101 Macromtrium platyphyllaceum .. 68 Mactra abbreviata sa = 115 aie egy ptiaca ne ie 115 ,, dissimilis Ash) Vas 1 La 5 om luzonica rie os Eth 44 pusilla oe ae ar as s, queenslandica Se ote 115 4 turgida ste ote 3s 115 Marasmius equicrinus as ne OU ROD Margaronia brizoalis $3 os its Maroga leptopasta he ae 98 a paragypsa sic Ke 99 ay setiotricha is Sc 99 Melaraphe scabra, v. undulata .. 110 ca undulata ake 36 110 Melittia thaumasia Se a 81 Metallarcha thiophara 6 a Te Mitra corrugata a as ul Pe 3, jukesit se a she 112 5, porphyretica ne ie 112 Modiola auriculata fy =e 108 A philippinarum ne 114 Mollusca from Thursday Island and Cleveland Bay, DY) ae Shirley ats - mie 107 Monodonta labio, v. Paha exe 109 Monopis trigonoleuca ae Ae 105 Mugil dobula Ke ae a 131 Page Nassa sertum bi Pi aie 113 Natica colliei sts ae ae 111 >, gualterianum 111, 116 », insularum eA 111 s> seychellium ¥- a 111 Neosilurus hyrtlii sink oDs L2G. 13k Nerita albicilla bo Phe de 109 ae chameleon “8 of 109 Pp) lineata oo nie ae 109 “A polita v. rumphii.. * 109 33 signata se om 7 109 Niphopyralis albida Pg Pe 76 i contaminata an 76 . nivalis A ai 76 Notothinos cornifolius v. subaureus 66, 67 O’Connor, D., Obituary notice .. 3 Oligorus macquarie aie BS 131 Oliva annulata ES a2 Sie 116 ,. caerulea jn = ae 112 ,, funebralis x oa 116 5, guttula ay pu ue 116 ‘Opegrapha sp. * mie A 69 Ostrea imbricata as 26 114 Ovula ovum : og me chief Paphia famunetiaa we aK 108 5» tegtele a! ae or 115 tristis ae oa as 108 Papillaria flexicaulis aie a 68 % kermadicense Be 68 Parectopa ageta fe ahs ae 87 Parmelia perlata me as 68 - tinctora ate ae 68 aa trichotera aoe Re 68 Parmentaria gregalis a ay 69 Parsonsia velutina =a .. 66, 67 Patro elyros 2 ae ay, 114 Peberdy, Edna F. and C.3 2D. Gillies : ADAGE of Hyla coerulea aN 45, 117 Pedicillina, a new quecien of a Sydney Harbour, by t. Johnston and Mavis J. Wall: 60 Pedicillina cernua 60, 61, 62 iy whiteleggii 60, 61, 62 Pedicillinopsis fruticosa mie 62 Periclita ry 7 3 100 ~~ panarista 2 ate 100 Peristernia australiensis 107, 112 Persicoptila arenosa 5 a 83 ae dasysceles + sie 82 i6 larozona a he 82 ty cenosceles Po oe 84 AG tritozona as aia 83 Pertusaria sp. oe see ae 69 Pheographis australiensis ace 69 Phascolomys gillespiet i Ae xii AG latifrons ate aa xii “A tasmaniensis ata xii oe UrsinUs ae oe xii Phascolosoma australis .. se 62 Pheraspis mesotypa Sa ae 74 i symmetra re +8 73 INDEX TO VOLUME XXxXIX. Page Phylloda foliacea wis ui LED Pitaria inflata aa ae zs 108 Pithecolobium grandiflorum BOO. Od Placuna placenta ee ee 114 Plagiochila sp. 46 se ne 68 Planazis sulcatus he ae 110 Platycerium alcicorne ws a 68 a bifurcatum .. 66, 68 as “grande , .. 66, 68 Plectophila poliochyta abs Ae 98 Plectroplites ambiguus eb, 27, 1SL Pleurotoma nodifera bs a 112 Polinices aulacoglossa ae 5% 116 <5 conicus ie Bad 116 Sf didyma AC 50 116 A flemingiana Be Sa 111 a mamilla se ie 111 ats nuz-castaned of Ae 116 4A plumbeus Ae hic 116 Polypodium pustulatum ae 68 Ae scandens ore aye 68 nS tenellum Ae a5 67 Polyporus eucalyptorum se xiii Pontobdella australiensis Bre 63 Procometis vepallida a6 oe 99 Pseudelaps harriette ih oe XV Pierocera lambis Ae its 111 Pupa solidula v. coccinata its 113 >, suleata sh ae a 113 Pyramidella acus ae Pa iii Pyrazus caledonicus ee, ae 110 35 cingulatus se as 110 AG layardi ae ce ae 110 Pyrene abyssicola a Be 113 5, ¢clathrata ats a ws 113 », discors By as ae 113 >», fulgurans me oe 113 ,, pardalum v. tyleri ae 113 5, versicolor are Bic 113 Pyroderces terminella ae we 87 Quoyia decollata ar an 110 Rhacopilum convolutaceum ae 68 Rhipogonum elseyanum . 66, 67 Saprolegnia 126, 127 33 ferax 127, 128 ae monoica ae ah 128 Aes thureti ae Bo 128 Saprolegnia. Notes on a, epidemic amongst Queensland fish, by T. H. Johnston. ai ins 125 Sarcochilus divitriflorus .. .. 67 He faleatus ae Ris 67 Scaphella sophie sr Ses Nala! Sciena australis 4 126, 131 Sciapteron terribile sre us 81 Sedenia mesochorda HS, aie 75 Sesia chrysophanes ite ae 80 5, wsozona OG 80 Shirley, J.: Mollusca mon Thurs- day Is. and Cleveland B. .. 107 Siphonaria sipho .. sie ee 113 XXVIl. Page Solecardia cuvieri 108 Solen australis 115 >> sloanii 115 +, vaginoides 115 Spaniophylla 89 3 épiclithra 89 Sparus aiustralis Ta Stathmopoda albata 85 arachnophora 86 as basizantha 85 tritophea 86 Strigilla splendida 115 Strombus campbelli gla “5 dentatus 111 cA epidromis 111 Ae luhuanus 111 a urceus 111 Struthiolaria scutulata 111 Syrrhopodon platycerii 68 Tandanus tandanus aie 125, 126 Tellina dispar 109 a3 pretezta 115 aS spectabilis P sf 115 $6 staurella ae 109, 115 A, virgata 115 vulsella 115 Thais ambustulatus if fe Thamnium eflagellare 68 Therapon sp. 125 Thuidium suberectum 68 Thursday Is. Mollusca 107 Tinea diaphora 106 a3 iseres 105 ee ieivideonliacs 105 Tonna cumingii 3 116 Trianthema Deere ust Pua xii Trochilium os 80 ne chrysophanes 80 is isozonum 80 + tipuliforme 80 Trochus radiatus 109 Trivia oryza 116 Turbo argyrostomus 109 oe chrysostomus 109 ,, foliaceus 109 aS laminiferus 3 aa 109 ie petholatus 109 Turner, A. J.: Lepidopterological Gleanings 70 Turritella terebra Gh Usnea strigosa 68 Vittaria elongata 3 68 Walker, Mavis J., T. H. Fhiinsten and,—A new species of Pedicillina from Sydney Har- bour : 60 Watkins, G., Obituary Notics 2 White, C. T., New Bpecien -of Xanthostemon from N. Q’land 57 ——, H. A. Longman and, Flora of a single tree .. fe ae 64 XXVIII. INDEX TO VOLUME XXIX. Page Xanthorrhoe dascia v. petrodes .. 70 Xanthostemon, Description of new species, by C. T. White Ae 57 Xanthostemon chrysanthus oe ADO. oppositifelius ri 59 Xanthostemon pubescens Xylorycta conistica cosmeta a thiophanes Xylostroma giganteum 9? Page . 57, 58 94 95 95 xiii Vf NY: j MM eq 7 fA WW, AMNH LIBRARY [nn \MMN 00136750